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0005bec87e8d6783c03e42084bc614181e32dd2673f68c2569cf8877e5dfd7c7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2627470

Karl Erik Harr

Karl Erik Harr Norwegian artist Karl Erik Harr (born 8 May 1940) is a Norwegian painter, illustrator, graphic artist and author, best known for his representations of Northern-Norwegian scenery and coastal history. Background. Harr was born in Kvæfjord in Troms and studied at the Norwegian Academy of Art. He is currently[ [update]] living in Kjerringøy in Nordland county, Norway. Career. Since his debut at Statens kunstutstilling during 1967, his works have been presented at numerous separate and collective exhibitions. Harr has illustrated the works of Knut Hamsun. He has also made the indoor decorations for the Hurtigruten Coastal Express steamship "Richard With". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

carl erik haar carl erik haar (jonmo 8 mey '1940) ejon norobejiyan sitroxilpi, sitroxilpi, graphik xilpi aaru lekhok, ji uttor-norobejiyan drishyopot aaru upokuliyo itihaxor protinidhitwor baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. potobhumi. haaror jonmo hoisil tromsor cavefjordot aaru teu norobejiyan academy owo artot odhyoyon korisil. teu norober nordland countyr kejeringwoyit baax kore. keriyar. 1967 sonot statens constatchilingto aatmoprokax korar pisore poraa teur kambur oxongkhyo prithok aaru xamuhik prodorxonit uposthapon koraa hoise. haare nott hemsunor kambur sitrito korise. teu horitigruten upokuliyo express steamswip "rechard uith" ror baabe abhyontorin xojjau korise.

curl erik haar curl erik haar (jonmo 8 meey 1940) ekjon naraoyejiya chitroshilpi, chitrakar, graphika shilpi ebong lekhok, jini uttor-naraoyejiya drishyopot ebong upokuliyo itihaser protinidhitter jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. patabhumi. haar tromser cavefzord-ayee jonmogrohon corren ebong norwegian academy off arte padashona corren. tini norwer nordland kauntir kejeringye bosobas korchen. pesha. 1967 saale statons constatstilling-ayee taanr atmoprokasher porr theke, taanr kajguli asankhya prithak ebong sommilito prodorshonite uposthapito hoyeche. haar nott hamsuner kajguli chitrito korechen. tini hunnigrutten upokuliyo eksapresa steamship "richarda uith"-err jonno abhyantarin sajjao korechen.

carle erick haar carle erick haar (janm 8 meey 1940) norwena chitrakaar, chitrakaar, graphika kalakar aneey lekhak chhe, jeey uttar-norwena drashyo aneey dariyakanthana itihaasnee rajuaat maate jaanita chhe. prushthbhumi. haarno janm tromsmaa kwafjordma thayo hato aneey tene norwegian academy off artmaan abhyaas karyo hato. teey nordland kaauntii, norvemaa kejeringoma rahe chhe. karkirdi. 1967 darmiyan statens kunstatstillingma temnee sharuaat thaee tyaarthi, temnee kruteeo asankhya alag aneey saamuhik pradarshanomaa rajoo karvaamaa aavee chhe. haarae nutt hemsonni kruteeonun chitran karyoo chhe. temane hurigruten coastal express steamship "richard with" maate indor sajavat pann curry chhe.

carle erich haar carle erich haar (janm 8 maee 1940) ack norwey key chitrakaar, chitrakaar, graphic kalakar aur lekhak hain, joe uttari-norwey key drishyon aur tateey itihas key apane pratinidhitva key liye jaane jaate hain. prishthabhoomi. haar kaa janm troms mein kvfjord mein huaa thaa aur unhone norwey kii kalaa akadami mein adhyayan kiya thaa. vaha nordland county, norwey mein kejeringo mein reh rhaa haye. carrier. 1967 key dauran statance coonstalling mein unaki shuruat key baad seey, unaki kritiyon koo kaee alag-alag aur saamoohik pradarshaniyon mein prastut kiya gayaa haye. haar ney nutt humson key karyon koo chitrit kiya haye. unhone hurigruten tateey express steamship "richard vid" key liye indor sajawat bhee kii haye.

carle erich harr carle erich haar (janana 8 mayee 1940) narveya varnachitrakaara, chitrakaara, graphic kalaavida mattu lekhakaraagiddu, uttara-narveya drushyavaligalu mattu karavali itihaasada praatinidhyagalige hesaruvasiyagiddare. hinnele. haarravaru tramsna quefzordnalli janisidaru mattu narveya kalaa academiyalli adhyayana maadidaru. aata narveya nordland kountiya keringoiyalli vasisuttiddare. vrattijeevana. 1967ralli stattons kunstatilnalli avara chocchala praveshada nantara, avara krutigalannu halavaaru pratyeka mattu saamuhika pradarshanagalalli prastutapadisalaagide. haarravaru nutt hamson avara krutigalannu vivarisiddaare. avaru "richard vith" emba hernigruton karavali express steamshipgaagi olaangana alankaaragalannu saha maadiddaare.

kaal eric haar vadakkan-norwegian prakrithidrishyangaludeyum theeradesha charithrathinteyum praathinidhyathinu peruketta oru norwegian chitrakaaranum chitrakaaranum graphik aarttistum ezhuthukaaranumaanu kaal eric haar (jananam meyy 8,1940). pashchaathalam. tromsile kwefjordil janicha haar norwegian akkadami oof artle padichu. norwayile nordland kaundiyile keringoyilaanu addeham thaamasikkunnath. currier. 1967ll staattans kanstattilingil arangettam kurichathinushesham, addehathinte kruthikal niravadhi vyathyasthavum koottaayathumaaya pradarshanangalil avatharippikkappettittu. haar nattu haamsante kruthikale chithreekarichittundu. richard vithu" enna hittigroottan koosttal express steemshippinaayi addeham indor alankaarangalum nirmmichittundu.

carl erich haar carl erich haar (janm 8 meey 1940) haah eka norwegian chitrakar, chitrakar, graphik kalakar aanee lekhak aahe, joou uttar-norwegian drushye aanee kinarpattichya itihasachya sadarikaranasathi prasiddha aahe. parshvabhoomi. harcha janm troms yetheel quafzord yethe jhaala aanee tyane norwegian qalaa akadamimadhye shikshan ghetale. too nordland county, norweymadheel kjringoy yethe rahato. karkird. 1967 madhye statains kunstatilingmadhye padarpan kelyapasoon, tyanchi kaame anek swatantra aanee samoohik pradarshananmadhye sadar kelee gelee aahet. haar yanni nutt humsonchya kamanche chitran kele aahe. tyane 'richard with' yaa 'hurigruten coastal express' steamshipsathi antargehi sajavat kelee aahe.

carle erich haar carle erich haar (janma 8 mey 1940) ek nervegian chitrakar, chitrakar, graphic kalakar rar lekhak hun, jo uttari-nervegian drishya rar tatiya itihasko pratinidhitwaka lagi parichit chhan. prishthabhumi. harko janma tromesko quefjoardma bhaeko thiyo rar unle nervegian ekedemy aff artma adhyayan gareka thie. uni nordland county, narveko kejeringoyma basdai aeka chhan. currier. sann 1967 maa statains kunstatstilingma unko debue bhaedekhi, unka kamharu dherai chhuttai rar samuhik pradarshaniharuma prastut garieka chhan. harle nutt hamsonka kamharuko chitran gareka chhan. unle hurigruten coastal express steamship "richard whith" kaa lagi indor sajawat pani gareka chhan.

carle erika haara carle erich haara (janma 8 meey 1940) jane narawejian chitrakar, chitrakar, graphic kalakara ebong lekhaka, jie uttara-narawejian drushya ebong upakula itihasara upasthapana paain janashuna . prusthabhumi. haar trumser quefajardare janmagrahana karithile ebong narawejiana ekademy off artre adhyajana karithile. shay narawera nordland kauntira kejeringere rahuchanti. kyariyara. 1967 masihare statens kunstatilingare tankara debyu paratharu, tankara rachanagudika aneka pruthaka ebong samuhika pradarshaneere upasthapita hoichhi . haara nutt hamsunanka karjyaku chitrana karichanti. shay hurigrutena coastal express steamship "richard with" paain indor sajja madhya karichanti.

kaaral erik haar kaaral erik haar (janam 8 maee 1940) ikk norwegian chittarkar, chittarkar, graphik kalakar atey lekhak haii, joe uttri-norwegian drishan atey tattvarti itihaas dee numaindagi laee janhiaa jaanda haii. pichokad. haar daa janam troms witch covefjord witch hoiaa see atey usne norwegian academy aaf aart witch padahi keeti see. uh nordland kaoonti, narve dey kejringoi witch rahi riha haii. carrier. 1967 dauran statens kunstilling witch aapni shuruat toon baad, uss deeaan rachnavan noon kaee vakkhariaan atey samoohak pradarshaniaan witch pesh keeta giaa haii. haar neey nutt hamson dey kamman noon darsaiaa haii. uss neey hittigruton coastal express steamship "richard vid" laee andruni sajawat vee keeti haii.

carl erika haar carl rikk haar (janma 8 mey 1940) ekaha norwegian-chitrakaarah, chitrakaarah, graphic-kalakaraha, lekhakah cha asti, yah uttar-norwegian-drushyasya, tateeya-itihasasya cha pratinidhitvaartham prasidhah asti. prushtabhoomau. haarah tromes-nagarasya quafzord-nagare ajayata, norwegian-kalaa-akadami-madhye adhyayanam cha akarot. saha naarve-deshasya nordland-prantasya kjeringoy-nagare nivasati. vruttihi. 1967 tame varshe statens-kunstatil-madhye tasya prathamapradarshanat aarabhy, tasya rachanaah anekeshu pruthak saamuhikapradarshaneshu cha upasthapitaha santi. haarah nutt-haamsun ityasya krutayah chitrayat. saha "richard vith" iti hurigruten coastal express-steamship ityasya aantarik-alankaranaani api krutavaan.

carle erik haarr carle erik haarr (pirappu 8 mae 1940) oru norway ooviyar, illustrator, graphic kalaignar mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar, avar vadakku-norway iyarkaikkaatchi mattrum kadaloara varalaattrai pirathinithiththuvappaduththi nanku ariyapattavar. pinnani. haarr tromsil ulla quefjordil piranthaar mattrum norwejian kalai akaadamiyil padiththaar. avar noarvaeyin nordland kavundiyil ulla keringaayil vasikkiraar. thozhil. 1967 aam aandil statains gunstestillingle arimugamaanathilirunthu, avarathu padaippugal pala thanithani mattrum koottu kankaatchigalil vazhangkappattullana. haarr mudichchup pazhangkaala hamson padaippugalai vilakkiyullaar. avar hundicruden kadaloara express neeraavik kappalukkaana udpura alangaarangkalaiyum "richard vith" seithullaar.

carle eric harr carle eric haar (jananam 8 mae 1940) oka norwegian chitrakaarudu, chitrakaarudu, graphic kalakarudu mariyu rachayita, uttara-norwegian drushyaalu mariyu theera charitraku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru. nepathyam. haarr tromesloni quefzoard loe janminchaadu mariyu norwegian academy off artlo chaduvukunnadu. athanu naarvelooni nordland kounteelooni keringolo nivasistunnadu. vrutti. 1967loe stattens kunstastillinglo ayana tolisaarigaa pravesinchinappati nundi, ayana rachanalu aneka pratyeka mariyu saamuuhika pradarsanalalo pradarsinchabaddaayi. haar nutt hamsun rachanalanu vivarinchaadu. athanu hernigruten coastal express steam ship "richard vith" kosam indor alankaranalanu kooda chesaadu.

carle airak haar carle airak haar (paidaish 8 mayee 1940) eek naarway kay masoor masoor graphik artist aur masnaf haine juu shamali naarway kay munazir aur saahili tareekh kii numaindagi kay liye mashhur haine. piss manzar. haar tromes mein koaf jord mein paida hoay aur naarway kii academy aaf aart mein taleem haasil kii. wah nord lend county naarway kay kirangoyi mein rahh rehaa hay. carrier. 1967 kay doraan statens constling mein inn kay aaghaz kay baad say inn kay kaam mutadid alg alg aur ijtemayi numaishon mein paish kiye gayey haine. haar nay nutt humson kay kaamon kii akaasi kii hay. iss nay hartigrotan coustal express steam ship "richard wad" kay liye indor sajawat bhee banayi hay.

0005c3bb5d54c5632bb81c9693341f98e4d6b81edfc446841aa7eb41a62822f8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47775822

CASMEET

CASMEET CASMEET is a mnemonic acronym used by emergency medical services to communicate the important details of a patient over to an emergency control centre, receiving hospital, or other definitive care provider. A CASMEET message can be sent in order to pre-alert a receiving emergency department that a critically ill patient is being brought in. It can be used as an alternative to ASHICE. Meaning of the acronym. The acronym is used to pass all the most vital details of the patient to the receiving hospital in order to ensure staff have all the appropriate equipment and staff assembled and prepared. Other uses. CASMEET can also be used when handing over a patient from one level of pre-hospital care to another -- for example, from first responder to paramedic. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kesmit kesmit hoise jorurikalin sikitsa xewar dwara byobohrito ek smritisihno xongkhipto naam ji ejon rugir guruttopurno biboron jorurikalin niyontron kendro, sikitsaloy grohon, baa onyanyo nischito jotno prodankarir xoite jugajug koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. ejon gurutorbhabe oxustho rugeek onaa hoise buli jorurikalin bibhag etak purbe xotorko koriboloi etaa kesmit barta preron koribo paari. iyak esisor bikolpo hisape byobohar koribo paari. xongkhipto naamor ortho. kormosarixokolor xokolu upojukto xojuli aaru kormosari ekotrito aaru prostut koratu nischito koriboloi rugir xokolu guruttopurno biboron grohonkari sikitsaloyoloi pothiyaboloi xongkhipto naamtu byobohar koraa hoy. onyanyo byobohar. ejon rugeek praak-sikitsaloyor jotnor etaa storor poraa aan etaa storoloi hostantor korute kesmit byobohar koribo paari-udahoronsworupe, prothom xohari diyar poraa peramedikoloi.

casmit casmit holl ekti smriti sangkhipto roop jaa jaruri chikitsa porishebaguli dwara konao rogir guruttopurno biboron ekti joruri niyantran kendra, hospital grohonkari baa anyanno sunirdishto jotno prodankarir kachhe jogajog korte byabohrito hoy. ekti casmit barta pathano jete paare jaate ekti grohonkari jaruri bibhagke sotorko koraa yaay jey ekjon gurutoro oshustho rogike aanaa hachche. etty ashisher bikalpa hisabe byabohar koraa jete paare. sangkhipto shobder ortho. sangkhipto rupti rogir samasta guruttopurno biboron grohonkari hospitale pathate byabohrito hoy jaate karmider samasta upojukto saranjam ebong karmider ekotrito ebong prostuto koraa hoy. anyanno byabohar. ekjon rogike praka-hospitaler jotner eka stor theke onno store hastantar korar samayo casmit byabohar koraa jete paare-udahoronsorup, prothom protikriyashil theke paramedic porjonto.

casemit casemit aee aek smrutee sankshipt naam chhe jeno upyog katokati tabibi sevaao dwara dardini mahatvapurn vigatone katokati niyantran kendra, hospital praapt karvaa athavaa anya chokkas sambhaal pradaata saathe vaatchit karvaa maate thaay chhe. gambhir reete beemar dardine lavvama aavee rahyo chhe teey ange praapt curry rahela katokati vibhagne purv-chetvani aapvaa maate casemit sandesh mokali shakaay chhe. teno upyog aesheesna vikalp tareeke thaee shake chhe. tunkaksharno arth. tunkaksharno upyog dardini tamaam sauthee mahatvapurn vigato praapt karnaar hospitalma pahonchadva maate thaay chhe jethee staff paase tamaam yogya saadhno aneey staff bhegaa thaay aneey taiyar thaay. anya upyogo. casemitno upyog dardine purv-hospital sambhaalnaa aek starthi beeja star parr sonpati vakhate pann thaee shake chhe-udaaharan tareeke, pratham pratibhaav aapnarthi laeene paramedic sudhee.

casemete casmete ack smriti sankshipt naam haye jiska upayog aapaatkaaleen chikitsa sevaaon dwara ack rogi key mahatvapurna vivaran koo aapaatkaaleen niyantran kendra, aspatal praapt karane vaale, yaa anya nishchit dekhbhal pradaata koo sampreshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack casmete sandesh bheja jaa sakata haye taaki praapt karane vaale aapaatkaaleen vibhaag koo pahale seey soochit kiya jaa sakey kii ack gambhir roop seey beemar rogi koo laaya jaa rhaa haye. iska upayog raakh key vikalp key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. sankshipt naam kaa arth. sankshipt naam kaa upayog rogi key sabhi sabse mahatvapurna vivaranon koo praapt karane vaale aspatal mein bhejane key liye kiya jaataa haye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii karmchaariyon key paas sabhi upayukt upkaran aur karmchari ekatra aur taiyar houn. anya upayog. casmete kaa upayog ack rogi koo aspatal seey pahale kii dekhbhal key ack star seey dusare star koo saunpate samay bhee kiya jaa sakata haye-udaaharan key liye, pahale uttardaataa seey laker paramedic taka.

casmete casmete embudu turtu vaidyakeeya sevegalu rogiya pramukha vivaragalannu turtu niyantrana kendra, sweekarisuva aspatre athawa itara nirnayaka aaraike pooraikedaararige tilisalu balasuva smaraneeya sankshipta roopavaagide. gambhira anarogyadinda balaluttiruva rogiyannu karetaralaaguttide endu sweekarisuva turtu vibhagakke munchitavaagi echcharike needuva saluvaagi casemete sandeshavannu kaluhisabahudu. idannu boodige paryayavagi balasabahudu. sankshipta padada artha. sibbandige sooktavaada ellah upakaranagalu mattu sibbandigalannu jodisi siddhapadisalagideye endu khachitapadisikollalu rogiya ellah pramukha vivaragalannu sweekarisuva aaspatrege ravanisalu sankshipta roopavannu balasalaaguttade. itara upayogagalu. rogiyannu aaspatreya purva aaraikeya ondu hantadinda innondakke hastaantarisuvaaga saha casmete annu balasabahudu-udaaharanege, modala pratispandakarinda arevaidyaravarege.

kaasmeet oru rogiyude pradhana vishadaamshangal oru emarjansi kantrol centarilekko ashupatri sweekarikkunnathilekko mattu krithyamaaya paricharana daathaavileko ashayavinimayam nadatthaan emarjansi medical sevanangal upayogikkunna oru ormmakkurippaanu kaasmeet. gurutharaavasthayilulla oru rogiye konduvarunnathayi sweekarikkunna emarjansi departmentinu munkootty ariyikkunnathin oru kaasmeet sandesham ayaykkaam. ithu ashisinu pakaramaayi upayogikkaam. churukkezhuthu enna vaakkinte ardham. jeevanakkaarude ellah upakaranangalum staafum kootticherkkukayum thayyarakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu urappaakkunnathin rogiyude ettavum pradhanappetta ellah vishadaamshangalum sweekarikkunna aashupathriyilekku kaimaran churukkezhuthu upayogikkunnu. mattu upayogangal. oru rogiye pree-hospital paricharanatthinte oru thalatthil ninnu mattonnilekku kaimaarumbozhum kaasmeet upayogikkaam-udaaharanathinu, aadya prathikaranakkaaran muthal paramedic vare.

casmit casmit heey eka smaraneey sankshipt roop aahe jeey aapatkalin vaidyakeey sevandware rugnache mahattvache tapasheel aapatkalin niyantran kendra, rugnalay prapt karane kinwa itar nishchit kalji pradatyakade pohochavanyasathi vaparale jaate. gambhir aajari rugna aat aanala jaat aahe yachee purv-soochana denyasathi aapatkalin vibhagala eka casmit sandesh pathavala jaau shakato. tyacha vapar rakhala paryay mhanoon keela jaau shakato. sankshipt shabdacha arth. karmcharivargakade serve yogya upkarane aanee karmchari ekatra yeuun tayar aahet yachee khatri karnyasathi rugnache serve sarvat mahattvache tapasheel swikaranaya rugnalayat pathvanyasathi sankshipt roop vaparale jaate. itar upayog. rugnala ispitalachya purv-dekhbhalichya eka patalivarun dusya staravar sopavatana dekhil casmitcha vapar keela jaau shakato-udaharanarth, pratham pratisadkartyapasun nimvaidhyakaparyant.

casmet casmitt ek smaraniya sankshipta naam how june apatkalin chikitsa sewaharudwara biramiko mahatwapurna wiwaranharu apatkalin niyantran kendra, aspatal prapta garne, wa anya nishchit herchah pradayakma sanchar garna prayog garinchha. gambhir birami biramilai bhitra lyaieko chha bhanera prapta garne apatkalin vibhaglai purva-chetawani dina casmitt sandesh pathauna sakinchha. yasalai eshisko wikalpako rupma prayog garna sakinchha. sankshipta namko artha. karmachariharusanga sabai upayukta upkaran rar karmachariharu bhela rar tayar chhan bhanera sunishchit garna sankshipta namko prayog biramiko sabai mahatwapurna wiwaranharu prapta garne aspatalma pathauna prayog garinchha. anya prayogharu. casmitlai purva-aspatal herchahko ek starbata arkoma hastantaran garda pani prayog garna sakinchha-udaharanka lagi, pahilo uttardatadekhi paramedicsamma.

casmit casmit heuchhi eka smaraniah sankhipta naama jaahaa jarureekaleena chikitsa seba dwara jane rogeenka gurutwapurna bibaraneeku jarureekaleena nijantrana kendra, daktarakhana grahan, kimba anya nirdista jatna pradanakarinku jogajoga karibaku byabahruta hue . jane gurutara asustha rogeeku anajauchhi bolly grahan karuthiba jarureekaleena bibhagaku purbaru satarka kariba paain eka kesmit barta pathajaipariba . ehaaku chhaira bikalpa bhabe byabahara karajaipariba. sankhipta namara artha. karmacharinka pakhare samasta upajukta upakarana ebong karmachari ekatrita ebong prastuta heba sunishchita kariba paain rogira samasta gurutwapurna bibaranee grahanakaree daktarakhanaku pathaiba paain sankhipta naama byabahruta hue . anyanya byabahara. jane rogeeku daktarakhana-purba jatnara gotie stararu anya staraku hastantara kariba samajare madhya casmit byabahara karajaipariba-udaharana swaroopa, pratham pratikrijasheelankatharu paramedic parjyanta.

casmete casmete ikk yadgari sankhep haii joe emergency medical sevavan duaara ikk mareez dey mahattavpuran verviaan noon emergency controll center, prapat curran vaale hospital, jaan horr nishchit dekhbhal pradata noon sancharit curran laee vartiaa jaanda haii. ikk casmete sandesh bhejiaa jaa sakda haii taan joe prapat curran vaale emergency vibhag noon pahilan toon soochit keeta jaa sake kii ikk gambhir roop naal bimar mareez noon ander lianda jaa riha haii. iss noon aishis dey badal vajon vartiaa jaa sakda haii. sankhep daa arth. sankhep shabad dee varton mareez dey saare sabh toon mahattavpuran verviaan noon prapat curran vaale hospital noon denh laee keeti jaandi haii taan joe ih sunishchit keeta jaa sake kii staff cole saare dhukven upkaran atey staff ikkathe keete atey tiaar keete gaye hunn. horr varton. kesmeet dee varton udon vee keeti jaa sakadi haii jadon ikk mareez noon pree-hospital dekhbhal dey ikk paddhar toon dooje noon saunpiaa jaanda haii-udaharan vajon, pahile jawab denh vaale toon lae keey paira medical takk.

kasameet cosmit iti ekam smaraneey-sankshiptam naam asti yat aapatkaaleen-chikitsaa-sewaabhih roginah mahattvapoornaani vivaranaani aapatkaaleen-niyantrana-kendram, chikitsaalayam vaa anyaani nishchit-paricharyaa-pradaatru vaa prati sampreshanam kartum upayujyate. aapatkaaleenavibhaagasy praaptayebhyah, yah gambheeraroginah roginaam aanayati iti poorvasoochanaakartum, kesmit-sandesha preshayitum shakyate. asya upayogah ashis ityasya vikalparupena kartum shakyate. sankshiptam naam. sankshiptam naam roginah sarvaan mahattvapoornaan vivaranaan sweekartum chikitsaalayam prati preshayitum upayujyate yena sarvaan upayuktaan upakarana, karmachaarinah cha sangruhya sajjaan cha bhavanti iti sunishchitam kartum. anyaani upayogaani. roginah chikitsaalayapoorv-chikitsayaha ekastarebhyah anyastarebhyah pratyarpayitum api kesmit ityasya upayogah bhavet-yathaa, prathama-pratikriyaadaanen saha, upa-chikitsaadaanen cha.

casemit casemete enbathu oru noayaaliyin mukkiyamaana vivarangkalai avasara kattupaattu maiyam, maruthuvamanai allathu pira uruthiyaana paramarippu vazhangkunarukkuth therivikka avasara maruththuva sevaigalaal payanpaduththappadum oru ninaivoottal surukkamaagum. oru theevira noaivaaippatta noyaali kondu varappadugiraar endru peruthal avasara sigichchaip privai munkoottiyae echcharikka oru casemete seithiyai anupalaam. idhu saambalukku maattraaka payanpaduththappadalaam. surukkaththin porul. oozhiyargalidam porutthamaana anaitthu ubakaranangkalum oozhiyargalum koodiyiruppathai uruthi seivatharkaaga noayaaliyin anaitthu miga mukkiyamaana vivarangkalaiyum perum maruthuvamanaikku anuppa surukkam payanpaduththappadukirathu. pira payanpaadugal. oru noayaaliyai oru nilai maruthuvamanaikku munththaiya paraamarippilirunthu mattroru nilaikku oppadaikkumpoathu casemete payanpaduththappadalaam-eduththukkaattaaga, muthal pathilalippavar muthal thunai maruthuvar varai.

cosmete cosmete anedi roogi yokka mukhyamaina vivaraalanu atyavasara niyantrana kendraaniki, aasupatrini sweekarinchevaariki ledhaa itara khachitamaina samrakshana pradaataku teliyajeyadaaniki atyavasara vaidya sevalu upayoginche ghnaapaka sankshipta namam. teevramaina anaarogyamtho unna rogini teesukuvastunnarani sweekarinche atyavasara vibhaganni mundugaane heccharinchadaaniki casemete sandesaanni pampavacchu. dheenini buudidaku pratyamnaayamgaa upayoginchavacchu. sankshipta namam yokka ardham. sibbandi anni tagina parikaraalu mariyu sibbandini sameekarinchi, siddham chesela chuudataaniki roogi yokka anni atyanta mukhyamaina vivaraalanu sweekarinche aasupatriki pampadaaniki sankshipta namam upayoginchabadutundi. itara upayogaalu. oka rogini oka sthaayi prii-hospital cair nundi maroka sthaayiki appaginchetappudu kooda kesmeetnu upayoginchavacchu-udaaharanaku, modati pratispandanadaaru nundi vaidyula varaku.

casemet kismiyat eek yaadgaari mukhfif hay juu hungami tabee khidmaat kay zariah kasee mareez kii aham tafsilaat kuu hungami control center hospital wasool karnay waalay yaa deegar hatmi nigahdasht farahim kanandah takk pahunchanay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. mosulah emergency department kuu pehley say aagah karnay kay liye eek kees meet paigham bheja jaa saktaa hay kahh eek shadeed beemaar mareez kuu laaya jaa rehaa hay. asay aish kay muthbadil kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. mukhfif kay maanee. mukhfif kaa istemaal mareez kii tamaam aham tareen tafsilaat wasool karnay waalay hospital kuu muntaqil karnay kay liye kiyaa jaataa hay taakah yaha yaqeeni banaya jaa sakay kahh amley kay paas tamaam munasib saamaan aur emlah jamaa aur tayaar how. deegar istemaal. casemet kaa istemaal iss waqat bhee kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jabb mareez kuu hospital say pehley kii deekh bhaal kii eek satah say dosri satah parr hawalay kiyaa jaaye-misaal kay toor parr pehley jawaab dehandah say lay kirr piraa medek takk.

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https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=41983

Ricky Hatton

Ricky Hatton Richard John "Ricky" Hatton MBE (born October 6, 1978, in Stockport) is an English boxer. External links. Wikipedia has an article about: Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

rickie hatton richard jauhan "rickie" hatton aimm. bee. ee. (janam 6 aktubar, 1978, stockport witch) ikk angrezi mukkebaaz haii. baahari link wikipedia witch iss baare ikk lekh haiyav wikimedia commons witch heth likhe naal sabandhat media haiyav

ricky hatton richard jaan "ricky" hatton emm. bee. (jananam october 6,1978, stockport madhye) ekaha aangl-baaksar asti. baahya-samparkah. wikipedia ityatra ekaha lekhah asti. wikimedia commons ityatra sambaddhaani madhyamaha santi.

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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=3006202

Female Characters of Scripture. VI. The Reply of the Shunamite Woman

Female Characters of Scripture. VI. The Reply of the Shunamite Woman <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />Versions of Versions of The Reply of the Shunamite Woman include:

dharmgranth kii mahila paatr. vee. aaee. shunamite mahila kaa jawab key sanskaran shunamite mahila key jawab key sanskaranon mein shamil hainh

shastar dey mahila paatar. vee. aaee. shunamai aurat daa jawab dey sanskaran shunamai aurat dey jawab dey sanskarnan witch shamal hann

vaethaththin penn kathaapaaththirangal. vii. aii. sunaamiyap pennin pathil pathippukal sunamite pennin pathilin pathippukal pinvarumaaru

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033234

52nd Street (album)

52nd Street (album) 52nd Street is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel, released on October 11, 1978 by Columbia Records. Presenting itself as the follow-up to his breakthrough studio album, "The Stranger," Joel tried to give the new album a fresh sound, hiring various jazz musicians to differentiate it from his previous studio albums. It was the first of four Joel albums to top the "Billboard" charts, and it earned him two Grammys. Three songs reached the Top 40 in the United States, contributing to the album's success: "My Life" (number 3), "Big Shot" (number 14), and "Honesty" (number 24). It was similarly well received by critics, earning two Grammy awards for Album of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 22nd Annual Grammy Awards. This Grammy was presented to its producer, Phil Ramone. Upon Ramone's death, "52nd Street"'s Album of the Year Grammy was passed on to Joel. The album was among the first commercially released on the compact disc format, reaching store shelves on October 1, 1982, in Japan (it was one of 50 CDs released that day, including "The Stranger", but bore the first catalogue number in the sequence, 35DP-1, and so is frequently cited as the first to be released). In keeping with this history, it was also the first release when Sony returned to manufacturing vinyl records in 2018. The title is a reference to 52nd Street, a popular street location in Midtown Manhattan for jazz musicians, beginning during the Great Depression and continuing through to the 1950s. Joel's label was headquartered within the CBS Building on West 52nd Street at the time of the album's release. The studio where recording took place was also on 52nd Street, one block away from where Joel's label was headquartered. Reception. Reviewing "52nd Street" for "The Village Voice" in 1979, Robert Christgau noted Joel's talent for writing catchy songs and likened him to Elton John, albeit with more "smarm". Retrospectively, AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine praises Joel for expanding stylistically on 1977s "The Stranger", describing "52nd Street" as "more sophisticated and somewhat jazzy." In 2000, it was voted number 621 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In 2003, "52nd Street" was ranked number 352 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and at 354 on a 2012 revised list. Track listing. All songs written and composed by Billy Joel. Song notes. The song "Rosalinda's Eyes" was inspired by Joel's mother, Rosalind Nyman Joel. Personnel. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Accolades. Grammy Awards. <templatestyles src="Template:Awards table/styles.css" /> American Music Awards. <templatestyles src="Template:Awards table/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

52 nong street (elbam) 52nd Street hoise aamerikan gayok-gitikar billy juwelor xostho studio 'elbam, jitu kolombiya recordsor dwara 1978 sonor 11 octoborot mukoli koraa hoisil. nijor xofolotar studio "elbam" dyo stranger "ror onuxoron hisape nijoke uposthapon kori juwele notun elbamtuk ek notun xobdo diboloi chesta korisil, iyak teur purbor studio" elbamor poraa prithok koriboloi bibhinno jez xongitogyok nijukti disil. bilobo" rd "chartot xirxosthan laabh koraa sarita juwel elbamor bhitorot eituwei prothom aasil, aaru ee teuk dutaa gremi laabh koraisil. elbamtur xofolotat orihona juguwa tinita geet aamerika juktorastror xirxo 40 gonot uponeet hoisiloh "maai life" (3 nombor), "big swot" (14 nombor), aaru "xotota" (24 nombor). ekedhorone xomalusokxokoleu iyak bhalbhabe grohon korisil, jiye bosoror elbamtur baabe dutaa gremi botaa aaru 22 xongkhyok barxik gremi botar shrestho purux pop kontho prodorxon laabh korisil. ei gramitu iyar projujok fill ramunor aagot uposthapon koraa hoisil. ramunor mrityur pisot, "52nd Street" ror bosoror gremi elbamtu juweloloi preron koraa hoisil. ei elbamtu compact disk formatot banijyikbhabe mukoli huwa prothom elbamxomuhor bhitorot aasil, ji 1982 sonor 1 octoborot japanot sto 'ror swelfot uposthito hoisil (ee xei dinaa mukoli huwa 50taa chi. di.-ror bhitorot etaa aasil, zo' too "dyo stranger"-u ontorbhukto aasil, kintu ei kromot prothom ketlog nombortu aasil, 35di. pi-1, aaru xeyehe iyak xoghonai mukoli huwa prothom hisape ullekh koraa hoy). ei itihaxor xoite xongoti raakhi, 2018 sonot soniye vinail record nirmanoloi ubhoti ohaar xomoyot ee prothom mukti aasil. xirxoktu hoise 52 nong pothor ek proxongo, jez xongitogyoxokolor baabe midtown menhatonor ek jonopriyo poth owosthan, mohaa oboxador xomoyot aarombho hoisil aaru 1950 sonoloike obyahot aasil. elbamtu mukoli huwar xomoyot juwelor labelor mukhyo karzaloy poschim 52 nong pothor chi. bi. ess. ottalikar bhitorot aasil. recording koraa studio 'tu 52 nong pothot aasil, zo' too juwelor labelor mukhyo karzaloy aasil taar poraa etaa block durot. obhyorthona. 1979 sonot "dyo village bhois" ror baabe "52nd street" ror porzaluchona kori robert christogauye aakorxoniyo geet likhaar baabe juwelor protibhar kotha ullekh korisil aaru teuk elton jonor xoite tulona korisil, jodiu odhik "smarmo" ror xoite. pisfalor poraa, ol music editor stephen thomas erolewine 1977-ror doxokot "dyo stranger"-ror xoiligot xomproxaronor baabe juwelok proxongxa kore, "52 tomo poth"-koo "odhik otyadhunik aaru kichu porimane jeji" buli bornona kore."2000 sonot, iyak kolin larkinor" "xorbokalor xirxo 1000 elbam" "too 621 nombor bhut diya hoisil. 2003 sonot "52 nong street"-koo "rolling stone" alusonir xorbokalor 500khon xorbosrestho elbamor talikat 352 nombor sthan diya hoisil, aaru 2012 sonor xongxudhito talikat 354 nombor sthan diya hoisil. trekk talika. xokolu geet billy juwele likhisil aaru rosona korisil. gitor tuka. ror 'salinda' cho aais" gittu juwelor maatri ror 'salindo naiman juwelor dwara onupranito hoisil.

52 tomo strita (album) 52nd strita holl markin gayak-geetikar billy joeler shostho studio album, jaa kalambia records dwara 11ee octobor, 1978 saale mukti paay. nijer safalyer studio album, "dya stranger"-err follo-up hisabe nijeke uposthapon korey, joel notun albumtike ekti notun shobdo deoar chesta korechilen, taar ager studio album theke alada korar jonno bivinno jyaja sangitshilpider niyog korechilen. etty chhilo charti joel albumer modhye prothom album jaa "billboard" talika shirshe chhilo ebong etty taake duti grammy orjon korechilo. tinti gaan markin juktorashtre sheersho 40-ayee poucheche, jaa albumer safalye abodan rekheche "maai life" (3 nambar), "bigg shhata" (14 nambar), ebong "sotota" (24 nambar). etty somalochokder dwara ekibhabe bhalbhabe grihito hoyechilo, bochorer sera albumer jonno duti grammy puraskar ebong 22 tomo barshik grammy puroskare sera purush popp kanthaswar orjon korechilo. eyi gramiti err projojok phila ramoner kachhe uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. ramoner mrityur porr, "52nd Stright"-err bochorer sera album grammy joeler kachhe hastantar koraa hoy. albumty compact disk formatte prothom banijjikbhabe mukti pawa albumgulir modhye chhilo, jaa 1982 saaler 1laa octobor japane store takgulite pouchechilo (etty seii deane prokashito 50tii seedy-rawr modhye ekti chhilo, jaar modhye "dya stranger" chhilo, tobey eyi kromer prothom catalog nomborti chhilo, 35dipi-1, ebong taai prayashai prothom prokashito hisabe uddhrito koraa hoy). eyi itihaser saathe samanjasya rekhe, etty prothom muktio chhilo jokhon sonny 2018 saale vinail record toirite firey aase. shironamti 52 tomo rastar ekti reference, jyaja sangitagyader jonno midtown manhatoner ekti janapriya rastar abosthan, jaa mahamander somoy shuru hoyechilo ebong 1950-err doshok porjonto abyahoto chhilo. albumty prokasher somoy joeler lebeler sodor doptor poschim 52tomo rastar cbs buildinger modhye chhilo. jey studiote recording hoyechilo setio 52tomo rastai chhilo, jekhane joeler lebeler sodor daftar chhilo sekhan theke eka block doore. abhyarthana. 1979 saale "dya village voice"-err jonno "52nd strita" porjalochona korey, robbert christgau akarshaniya gaan lekhar jonno joeler protibha ullekh corren ebong taake elton joner saathe tulna corren, jodio arow "smarmo" soho. atiter dick theke, oll music editor steffen thomas erleuin 1977-err doshke "dya stranger"-err shoiligoto somprosaroner jonno joeler proshongsha corren, ebong "52 tomo strita"-keey "arow porishilito ebong kichuta jhalmale" hisabe bornona corren."2000 saale, etty collin larkiner" "sorbokaler sheersho 1000 albume" "621 nombore bhot paay. 2003 saale, "52nd Streat" "rolling stone" magaziner sorbokaler 500tii sera albumer talika 352 nombore ebong 2012 saaler sangshodhito talika 354 nombore chhilo. track talika. sabguli gaanyi likhechen ebong soor korechen billy joel. gaaner note. rosalinder chokh" ganti joeler maa rojalinda nyman joel dwara anupranito hoyechilo.

52mee sheree (album) 52mee street aee american gaayak-gitkaar biilii joaelnu chhaththu studiyo album chhe, jeey kolambiya records dwara 11 october, 1978naa roj rajoo thayu hatoo. potaana safal studiyo album 'dhaa stranger' naa follow-up tareeke potaane rajoo kartaa, joele navaa aalbamne aek navo avaaj aapvaano prayaas karyo, tene tenaa agaauna studiyo aalbamthi alag paadvaa maate viveedh jaaz sangitkaarone bhaade rakhyaa. teey "billboard" chartma toach parr pahonchnaar chaar joel aalbamomathi pratham hatoo, aneey tenaathi temne beey gramiz malyaa hataa. trana geeto united statesma tochnaa 40 gitomaa pahonchya, jeey aalbamni safaltama faalo aape chheh "maay life" (number 3), "bigg shhota" (number 14), aneey "pramanikta" (number 24). teey jaj reete vivechako dwara saaro pratisaad malyo hato, jene varshnaa beey grammy award melvyaa hataa aneey 22maa vaarshik grammy awardma shreshth purush pope gaayak pradarshan karyoo hatoo. aaa graameene tenaa nirmata phila ramonene rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. ramonnaa mrutyu pachhi, "52mee street" noon album off dhaa year grammy joelne aapvama aavyu hatoo. aaa album compact disk formate parr pratham vyaavsaayik reete rajoo thayelu hatoo, jeey 1 october, 1982naa roj japanma store chhajalio sudhee pahonchyu hatoo (teey divase "dhaa stranger" saheet 50 sidimathi aek hatoo, parantu krammaa pratham soochi number, 35dp-1 hatoo, aneey tethee tene vaaramvaar pratham rajoo karnaar tareeke tankvama aave chhe). aaa itihaasne dhyanma rakheene, jyaare soonee 2018 maan vinaila recordsnaa utpadanma paachho faryo tyaare teey pratham prakaashan pann hatoo. aaa sheershak 52mee shereeno sandarbh chhe, jeey jaaz sangeetkaaro maate midtown mainhatanma aek lokpreey sheree sthaan chhe, jeey mahamandi darmiyan sharoo thayu hatoo aneey 1950naa daaykaa sudhee chaalu rahyu hatoo. aalbamni rajuaat samaye joelnaa lablenu mukhya mathak pashchim 52mee shereemaa cbs buildingma hatoo. jeey studiyomaa reqordina thayu hatoo teey 52mee shereemaa pann hatoo, jyanthi aek bloqa door joaelnu label mukhya mathak hatoo. swaagat. 1979maan "dhaa village voice" maate "52mee street" nee samiksha karataa, roobert christago aakarshak geeto lakhvaa maate joelnee pratibhani nondh leedhi aneey vadhu "smarm" hovaa chhataa, tenee sarkhaamani elton john saathe curry. bhutkaalmaa, ola music editor stephen thomas airlewine 1977naa daykama "dhaa stranger" parr shailigat reete vistaran karvaa maate joelnee prashansa karey chhe, jemaa "52mee street" neey "vadhu vyavhardaksh aneey kaneek anshe jaazee" tareeke varnavama aave chhe."2000maan, tene collin larkinna" "ola time topa 1000 albums" "maan 621 number parr mutt aapvama aavyo hato". 2003maan, "52mee street" neey "rolling stone" megezinni 500 sauthee mahaan aalbamoni yaadimaa 352moow krama aapvama aavyo hato, aneey 2012nee sudhaareli yaadimaa 354moow krama aapvama aavyo hato. track listing. badhaa geeto biilii joel dwara lakhaayela aneey rachaayela chhe. geet nondho. rosalindaz ies" geet joelnee maataa rosalind nyaman joelthi prereet hatoo.

52 veen street (album) 52 street americi gaayak-geetkaar billy joel kaa chhathaa studio album haye, jise kolambiya records dwara 11 octuber, 1978 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. apane safal studio album, "dha stranger" key anuvarti key roop mein khud koo prastut karate hue, joel ney nae album koo ack naee dhwani dene kii koshish kii, ise apane pichhale studio albums seey alag karane key liye vibhinn jaiz sangeetkaron koo kaam parr rakhaa. yeh chaar joel albums mein seey pahala thaa joe "billboard" chart mein sheersh parr thaa, aur isane unhein dou grammy arjit kiye. teen gaane sanyukt raajya america mein sheersh 40 mein pahunch gaye, jinhone album kii safalata mein yogdan diyaah "maaee life" (number 3), "bigg shott" (number 14), aur "imandari" (number 24). ise alochakon dwara isi tarah achchi tarah seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa, jisane varsh key album key liye dou grammy puraskar arjit kiye aur 22vein vaarshik grammy puraskaron mein sarvshreshth purush popp gaayan pradarshan kiya. yeh grami isake nirmaata phil ramon koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa. ramon kii mrityu key baad, "52 vein street" key album off dha ear grammy koo joel koo diyaa gayaa. yeh album compact disk praarup parr pahali baar vyaavsaayik roop seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe 1 octuber, 1982 koo japan mein store almaariyon taka pahuncha (yeh usa dinn jaari kiye gaye 50 cd mein seey ack thaa, jisamen "dha stranger" bhee shamil thaa, lekin anukram mein pahali soochi sankhya, sankhya thee, aur isaliye aksar jaari kiye jaane vaale pahale key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye). iss itihas koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, yeh pahali release bhee thee jaba soney ney 2018 mein vinail record banaane key liye vaapsee kii. yeh sheershak 52 veen sadak kaa sandarbh haye, joe jaiz sangeetkaron key liye midtown mainhattan mein ack lokpriya sadak sthaan haye, joe mahaan avasaad key dauran shuru huaa aur 1950 key dashak taka jaari rhaa. album key release key samay joel key label kaa mukhyalaya paschim 52 veen sadak parr see. bee. aiss. imarat key bheetar thaa. jiss studio mein recording hui, vaha bhee 52 veen sadak parr thaa, ack block door jahan joel key label kaa mukhyalaya thaa. swaagat. 1979 mein "dha village voice" key liye "52 vein street" kii sameeksha karate hue, robbert christgau ney aakarshak geet likhane key liye joel kii pratibha kaa ullekh kiya aur unaki tulanaa elton johnn seey kii, halanki adhik "smarm" key saath. purvavyaapi roop seey, olmusic editor stephen thomas erlevine ney 1977 key dashak mein "dha stranger" koo shaileegat roop seey vistaar karane key liye joel kii prashansa kii, jisamen "52 vein street" koo "adhik parishkrit aur kuchh hudd taka ajib" bataaya gayaa."2000 mein, ise collin larkin key" "aul time topp 1000 albums" "mein 621 number parr vote diyaa gayaa thaa. 2003 mein, "52 vein street" koo "rolling stone" patrika kii 500 sarvakaalik mahantam albums kii soochi mein 352 vein sthaan parr aur 2012 kii sanshodhit soochi mein 354 vein sthaan parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. track soochi. sabhi geet billy joel dwara likhe aur rachit hain. geet notes. rosalinda kii aankhen" geet joel kii maan, rosalind nyamain joel seey prerit thaa.

52neey beedi (album) 52neey streat american gayaka-geetarachanaakaara billi joel avara aarane studio album aagiddu, idannu columbia records october 11,1978 randu bidugade maaditu. tanna munduvarida studio album, "dhii stranger" naa falo-up aagi tannannu prastutapadisida joel, hosa albange hosa dhwaniyannu needalu prayatnisidaru, adannu tanna hindina studio aalbangalinda pratyekisalu vividha jaajh sangeetagaararannu nemisikondaru. idu "billboard" pattiyalli agrasthana padeda naalku joel aalbangalalli modalaneyadaagittu mattu idu avarige eradu gryamigalannu galisitu. mooru haadugalu united statesnalli agra 40 sthaanagalannu talupidavu, albumna yashassige koduge niididavuh "mye life" (sankhye 3), "bigg shaat" (sankhye 14), mattu "pramanikate" (sankhye 24). idhe reeti vimarshakarinda uttama pratikriye padediddu, varshada albamgagi eradu grammy prashastigalannu galisitu mattu 22neey varshika grammy prashastigalalli atyuttama purusha pop gayana pradarshanavannu galisitu. ee gramiyannu adara nirmaapaka phil ramonge nidalaayitu. ramon maranada nantara, "52neey streat" naa varshada grammy album annu joyelge ravaanisalaayitu. ee album compact disk svaroopadalli vanijyikavagi bidugadeyaada modala aalbangalalli ondaagittu, idu october 1,1982 randu japannalli angadia kapatannu talupitu (idu aaa dina bidugadeyaada 50 sidigalalli ondaagittu, idaralli "dhii stranger" kooda serittu, aadare anukramadalli modala catalog sankhyeyannu hondittu, 35dp-1, mattu aaddarinda idannu bidugade maadida modalaneyadu endu aagaagge ullekhisalaaguttade). ee itihaasavannu gamanadallittukondu, 2018ralli sooni vinail daakhalegalannu tayaarisalu maralidaaga idu modala bidugadeyagittu. ee shirshikeyu 52neey beediyannu ullekhisuttade, idu jaajh sangeetagaararige midtown manhattennalliruva janapriya beedi sthalavagiddu, idu mahaa khinnateya samayadalli praarambhavaagi 1950rahra dashakadavarege munduvariyitu. album bidugadeyaada samayadalli joelna label paschima 52 neey beediyalliruva cbs kattadadolage pradhana kacheriyannu hondittu. recording nadeda studio kooda 52 neey beediyallittu, idu joelna label pradhana kacheriyannu hondidda ondu block dooradallide. svaagata. 1979ralli "dhii village voyce" gaagi "52neey beedi" yannu parisheelisida robbert christgou, joel avara akarshaka haadugalannu bareyuva pratibheyannu gurutisidaru mattu avarannu elton jaannondige holisidaru, aadaroo hecchu "smarm". hindina drashtikonadinda, aall music editor stephen thamus erlevin 1977rahra dasakadalli "dhii stranger" annu shailiyalli vistarisiddakkagi joel avarannu shlaghisutta, "52neey beedi" yannu "hecchu atyaadhunika mattu svalpamattige tamaasheya" endu vivarisiddaare."2000ralli, idu collin larkinra" "saarvakaalika agra 1000 aalbangalalli" "621neey sthaanakkeritu". 2003ralli, "rolling stone" niyatakaalikeya saarvakaalika 500 shreshtha aalbangala pattiyalli "52neey beedi" 352neey sthaanadallittu mattu 2012rahra parishkruta pattiyalli 354neey sthaanadallittu. track patti. ellah haadugalannu billi joel baredu samyojisiddaare. haadu tippanigalu. rosalinda 's ais" haadu joel avara taayi rosalind naiman joel avarinda sphurti padedide.

rasta (album) 52 street haah american gayak-gitkar biilii joelcha sahava studio album aahe, joou 11 aktoobar 1978 roji kolambiya recordsney prakashit keela. daad stranger' yaa tyachya yashasvi studio albumcha pathpurava mhanoon swatahla sadar karat, joelne naveen albamla eka naveen aavaj denyacha prayatna keela, tyachya mageel studio albampeksha vegale karnyasathi vividh jazz sangitkaranchi nemanook kelee. billboard' chya yadeet avval sthan midavanare heey chaar joel albumpaiki pahile hote aanee tyamule tyanna done grammy midale. teen ganee united statesmadhil pahilya 40 madhye pohochali, jee albumchya yashat yogdan dett hotih 'maay life' (kramank 3), 'bigg shaut' (kramank 14) aanee 'imandari' (kramank 24). 24) varshik grammy puraskaranmadhye sarvotkrusht purush popp gayan kamgirisathi aanee varshatil sarvotkrusht dhwanimudrika mhanoon done grammy puraskar midvoon, samikshakanni tyala ashach prakare changla pratisad deela. hii grammy tyache nirmate phil ramon yanna sadar karnyat aalee. ramonchya mrutyunantar, '52 street' chaa 'grammy' haah varshatil sarvottam album joelala denyat aala. haah album compact disk swarupavar vyavsayikdrushtya pradarshit jhalelya pahilya albumpaiki eka hota, joou 1 aktoobar 1982 roji japanmadhye stoar shelfmadhye pohochala (tyaa divashi pradarshit jhalelya 50 cdpaiki haah eka hota, jyat 'daad stranger' chaa samavesh hota, parantu yaa kramatil pahila catalog kramank, kramank hota aanee mhanoon too anekada pradarshit honara pahila mhanoon uddhrut keela jaato). yaa itihasachya anushangane, 2018 madhye soneene vinail recordschya nirmitimadhye punragman kele tevha haah pahila prakashanachahi hota. heey shirshak teey rastyacha sandarbh aahe, jeey manhattonchya madhyabhagi jaz sangitkaransathi eka lokpriy rastyavaril thikan aahe, jeey mahamandichya kalat suru jhaale aanee aanee dashkaparyant chaloo rahile. albumchya pradarshanachya velee joelchya labelche mukhyalay paschim teey rastyavaril see. bii. ess. imaratit hote. jyaa studiomadhye dhwanimudran jhaale teey teey rastyavar hote, joelchya labelche mukhyalay asalelya thikanapasun eka block antaravar hote. swagat. 1979 madhye 'daad village voice' sathee sathee rastyacha' aadhava ghetana, robbert christagau yanni aakarshak ganee lihinyachya joelchya pratibhechi nond ghetali aanee tyachi tulana elton johnshey kelee, jaree adhik 'smarm' saha. mage valoon, almusic editor stephen thomas erlevin yanni 1977 chya dashkatil 'daad stranger' chaa shailibaddha vistar kelyabaddal joelche kautuk kele aanee madhye rasta' heey 'adhik atyadhunik aanee kahise zakkas' asalyache varnan kele."2000 saalee, collin larkinchya" "sarvkaleen avval 1000 dhvanimudrikanmadhye" "621 kramankache matdan jhaale". 2003 madhye, madhye street' haah 'rolling stone' masikachya sarvkaleen 500 mahan albumchya yadeet yadeet kramankavar hota aanee aanee sudharit yadeet yadeet kramankavar hota. track yadee. serve ganee biilii joelne lihili aanee sangitbaddha kelee aahet. ganyanchya nondi. roslindache dolhe' heey gaane joelchi aaee roslind nyaman joel hichyapasoon prerit hote.

52 aun sadak (album) 52nd street americi gayak-gitkar billy joelko chhaitaun studio album how, june columbia recordharudwara october 11,1978 maa jaari garieko thiyo. afulai afno safalta studio album, "da stranger" ko falo-apko rupma prastut gardai, joelle nayan albumlai nayan awaz dine prayas gare, yasalai afno aghillo studio albumharubata farak parne vibhinna jyaj sangitkarharulai niyukta gare. yo "billboard" chartma shirshama pugne chaar joel albumharu madhye pahilo thiyo, rar yasale unlai dui gremiharu kamaeko thiyo. albumko safaltama yogdan dindai sanyukta rajya americama tinawata githaru shirsha 40 maa pugeh "mai life" (number 3), "bigg sutt" (number 14), rar "imandari" (number 24). 22 aun warshik gryami awardma album aff da iyarka lagi dui gryami award rar utkrishta purush pup bhokal pradarshan kamaera yasalai alochakharule pani tyasai gari ramro swagat gare. yo gryami yasaka nirmata fill ramonlai prastut garieko thiyo. ramonko mrityu pachhi, "52nd street" ko album aff da ear gremy joellai pathaieko thiyo. yo album compact disk dhanchama pahilo wyawasayik rupma jaari garieko thiyo, october 1,1982 maa japanma store almaraharuma pugyo (yo tyas dina jaari garieko 50 sidiharu madhye ek thiyo, jasma "da stranger" pani samawesh thiyo, tara anukramma pahilo catalog number thiyo, 35dp-1, rar tyasaile prayaha jaari hune pahiloko rupma uddhrit garieko chha). yass itihaslai dhyanma rakhdai, yo pahilo rilij pani thiyo jab sony 2018 maa vinail recordharu nirmanma farkie. shirshak 52 aun stritko sandarbha how, jyaj sangitkarharuka lagi midtauna manhattanko lokpriya sadak sthan, june mahamanda samayama suru bhayo rar 1950 ko dashaksamma jaari rahyo. album releaseko samayama joelko lebelko mukhyalaya paschim 52 aun sadakma raheko cbs bhawanbhitra thiyo. recording bhaeko studio pani 52 aun sadakma thiyo, joelko lebelko mukhyalaya raheko thaunbata ek block tadha thiyo. swagat. sann 1979 maa "gaaunko awaz" kaa lagi "52 aun sadak" ko samiksha gardai, robert cristgaule akarshak githaru lekhnaka lagi joelko pratibhalai note gare rar unlai alton jonasanga tulana gare, yadyapi adhik "smarm" sanga. purvavyapi rupma, all music sampadak stephen thomas erlevinle joellai 1977 ko dashakma "da stranger" maa shailigat rupma wistar garekoma prashansa gardai "52 aun street" lai "adhik parishkrit rar kehi hadasamma jaji" bhanera warnan gare."sann 2000 maa, yasalai collin larkinko" "sabai samayaka shirsha 1000 albumharuma" "number 621 maa matadan garieko thiyo. sann 2003 maa, "52 aun sadak" lai "rolling stone" patrikako sabai samayaka 500 mahan albumharuko suchima 352 nambarma rakhieko thiyo, rar 2012 ko sanshodhit suchima 354 maa raheko thiyo. track suchi. sabai githaru billy joeldwara likhit rar sangitbadha chhan. geet noteharu. rosalindako aankha" geet joelki amah rosalind nyaman joelbata prerit thiyo.

52tama street (album) 52 street heuchhi americae gajaka-geetikara billy joelanka shastha studio album, jaahaa kalambia records dwara october 11,1978 ray muktilabha karithila . nijara saphala studio album 'daa stranger "rahr parabarti ansha bhabe nijaku upasthapana curry joel ehi nooa alabamku eka nooa dhwani debaku chesta karithile, ebong ehaaku nijara purba studio album thaaru bhinna kariba paain bibhinna jaz sangeetagyanku nijukti deithile. billboard" chartre sheershare thiba charoti joel album madhyaru ehaa pratham thila, ebong ehaa tanku duiti grammy arjan karithila . tinoti geeta juktarastrare shrestha 40 ray pahanchithila, jaahaa albummer saphalatare yogdan karithilah "maain life" (nambara 3), "bigg sutt" (nambara 14), ebong "sachotata" (nambara 24) . samalochakamananka dwara madhya ehaa samaana bhabare bhal bhabare grahan karajaithila, barshar album paain duiti grammy puraskara ebong 22 tama barshika grammy puraskarare shrestha purush pop kantha pradarshan arjan karithila . ehi grammy ehara nirmata phil ramonnku pradan karajaithila. ramonka mrutyu parey, "52 tama street" rahr barshar album grammy joelnku diajaithila . compact disk pharmatare muktilabha karithiba pratham byabasajika album madhyare ehi album thila, jaahaa october 1,1982 ray japanare store alamarire pahanchithila (ehaa sehi deane muktilabha karithiba 50 sidi madhyaru gotie thila, jeunthire "daa stranger" antarbhukta thila, kintu ehi kramare pratham katalog nambara, 35dipi-1 thila, ebong tenu ehaaku prajatah pratham muktilabha bhabare uddhruta karajae). ehi itihasaku dhyanare rakhi, ehaa madhya pratham muktilabha thila jetebele sony 2018 ray vinaila record utpadanaku pherithile . ehi shirshakati 52tama street bishajare, jaahaa jaz sangeetagyamananka paain midtaun myanhatanra eka lokpriya street sthana, mahaa abanati samajare arambha hoi 1950 dashaka parjyanta jaari rahithila. album muktilabha samajare joelanka lebel paschima 52 tama street ray cbs building madhyare mukhyalaja thila . jeun studiore recording hoithila, taaha madhya 52tama rastare thila, jeuntharu joelanka lebelra mukhyalaja gotie block doorare thila. swagata. 1979 masihare 'daa village bhaes' paain '52tama street' samikhya curry, robart kristagau aakarshaneeah geeta lekhiba paain joelanka pratibhaku ullekha karithile ebong tanku elton jannka saha tulana karithile, jadio adhika 'smarm' sahita. ateetare, almusic sampadaka stephen thamas erlewine 1977 dashakare "daa stranger" saileere samprasarana paain joelanku prashansa karithile, ebong "52 tama street" ku "adhika atyadhunika ebong kichhi matrare jazzy" bhabare barnana karithile."2000 masihare, ehaa collin larkinnka" "sarbakaleena shrestha 1000 album" "ray 621 nambarare bhot paithila. 2003 masihare, "52tama street" "roling stone" patrikara sarbakalera 500tii sarbashrestha album talikare 352tama sthanare rahithila ebong 2012rahr sanshodhita talikare 354tama sthanare thila. track talika. samasta geeta billy joelanka dwara likhita ebong rachna karajaichi . geeta note. rojalindanka aakhi" geetati joelanka maaa rosalind niman joelanka dwara anupranita hoithila.

52 veen street (album) 52 veen street amriki gaeek-geetkar billie joel dee chhevin studio album haii, joe columbia records duaara 11 aktubar, 1978 noon jaari keeti gaee see. aapne aap noon aapni safalta studio album, "dha stranger" dey falo-upp vajon pesh karde hoye, joel neey naveen album noon ikk taaza aavaaz denh dee koshish keeti, iss noon aapniaan pichliaan studio ailabman toon vakkhra curran laee vakkh-vakkh jaiz sangeetkaran noon niyukat keeta. ih chaar joel ailabman vicchon pahili see joe "billboard" chaart witch sikhar 'teey see, atey iss neey uss noon doou grammy prapat keete. sanyukat raaj amrica witch tinn geet choti dey 40 witch pahunch gaye, jinhan neey album dee safalta witch yogdan payaya "myee life" (number 3), "bigg shaat" (number 14), atey "imandari" (number 24). isey tarahan aalochakan duaara iss noon changi tarahan prapat keeta giaa, saal dee album laee doou grammy puraskar atey 22ven salana grammy awardan witch sarbottam purash popp vocal pardarshan prapat keeta. ih grammy iss dey nirmata phil ramon noon pesh keeti gaee see. ramon dee maut toon baad, grammy dee 52 veen street dee saal dee album joel noon ditti gaee see. ih album sankhep disk format utte pahili vaparak taur utte jaari keeti gaee see, joe 1 aktubar, 1982 noon japaan witch store shelf takk pahunchi see (ih uss dinn jaari keeti gaee 50 cd vicchon ikk see, jiss witch "ajnabi" vee shamal see, parr kram witch pahila catalog number, 35dp-1 see, atey iss laee aksar jaari keete jaanh vaale pahile vajon havala ditta jaanda haii). iss itihaas noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, ih pahili rileez vee see jadon soonee neey 2018 witch vinayil recordan dey nirman witch vaapsee keeti. ih sirlekh 52 veen glee daa havala haii, joe kii jaiz sangeetkaran laee midtaoon manhattan witch ikk prasidh glee sathaan haii, joe mahan mandee dey dauran shuru hoiaa atey 1950 dey dahake takk jaari riha. album dey rileez honn vele pachmi 52 veen glee utte see. bee. aiss. imaarat dey ander joel dey label daa headquarter see. jiss studio witch recording hoee see, uh vee 52 veen glee utte see, ikk block door jitthe joel dey label daa headquarter see. suagat. sann 1979 witch "pind dee aavaaz" laee "52 veen glee" dee samikhiaa karde hoye, robert christau neey joel dee aakarshak geet likhan dee pratibha daa zikar keeta atey uss dee tulna elton jauhan naal keeti, halanki vadhere "samaram" naal. pichokad toon, aal music sampadak stephen thamas erlevin neey 1977 dey dahake 'dha stranger' noon shailigat taur 'teey vadhaun laee joel dee parshansa keeti, jiss witch "52 veen street" noon "vadhere gunjhaldar atey kujh hadd takk ajib" dassiaa giaa."saal 2000 witch, iss noon collin larkin dee" "aal time topp 1000 ailabman" "witch 621 number 'teey vott ditti gaee see. sann 2003 witch, "52 veen street" noon "rolling stone" magazine dee 500 sabh toon mahaan ailabman dee suchi witch 352 ven number 'teey atey 2012 dee sodhi hoee suchi witch 354 ven sathaan' teey rakkhiaa giaa see. track suchi. saare geet billie joel duaara likhe atey tiaar keete gaye hunn. geet dey notes. roselinda deeaan akkhan" geet joel dee maan, roselind nimain joel toon prerit see.

52 tamah maargah (aalbam) 52th street iti american-gayakasya-gitarachayitayaha bilee joyal ityasya shashtah studio-aalbam asti, yah 1978 october 11 dinaanke columbia-records ityanena pradarshitah. swasya safalataayaah studio-aalbam "da stranger" ityasya anuvarteeroopen swayam prastooy, joyal ityeshah nootan-aalbam ityasmai nootan-dhwanim daatum prayatat, swasya poorvavarteebhyah studio-aalbam-ityetaih bhinnam kartum vividhaan jaiz-sangeetajnaan niyuktavaan. bilboard" iti shirshasthane sthaanam praaptam chaturnam joyal-aalbam-madhye prathamam etat aasit, tathaa cha tatt tasya krute dwau gryaamee-puraskaarau arjayat. mai-laif" (sankhyaa 3), "bigg-shaat" (sankhyaa 14), "imanadari" (sankhyaa 24) iti geetaani samyuktarajyamerikadesha shirsha-40 madhye sthaanam agruhnaat, yena asya aalbam ityasya safalataa prapta. api cha, 22 tame vaarshik-grami-puraskaareshu varshasya sarvashreshta-aalbam iti gryaamee-puraskaaradwayam, sarvashreshta-purusha-paap-gaayan-pradarshanm cha praapya, vimarshakaih api etat uttamarupena sweekrutam. etat gryaami-chitram tasya nirmaatrubhyah phil raamone-ityasmai pradattam. ramon ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, "52th street" ityasya aalbam aaf da iyar grami joyal ityasmai dattam. compact disk-swaroope prathamavaaram vyaavasaayikaroopen pradarshiteshu aalbam-madhye etat aasit, 1982 october 1 dinaanke japan-deshe store-shelf-madhye praapnot (tasmin dine pradarshiteshu 50 see. dee.-madhye etat anyatam aasit, "da stranger" iti api aasit, parantu anukramasya prathamasuchim 35dee. pee-1 aasit, ataha praayah prathamaroopen pradarshitam iti uddhrutam asti). asya itihasasya anuroopam, etat prathamam vimochanam api aasit yadaa sonee 2018 tame varshe vinail-abhilekhanam nirmanartham punaraagacchat. asya sheershake 52 tamasya veethihi ullekhah asti, yat midtown-manhattan-nagarasya lokapriyam maargasthaanam asti, yat jaze-sangitakaranam krute asti, yat mahamanda-kalat aarabhy 1950 tamam dashakam yaavat prachalati. aalbam ityasya vimochanasamaye joyal ityasya label ityasya mukhyaalayah pashchim-52 veethi-madhye see. bee. ess. bhavanasya antah aasit. yatra dhwanimudranam jaatam tatt studio api 52 tama-maarge aasit, yatra joyal ityasya label ityasya mukhyaalayah aasit, tatah ekam khandam doore aasit. sweekaranam. 1979 tame varshe "da village vaays" ityasya krute "52th street" ityasya samiksham krutvaa, rabert christgou ityeshah joyal ityasya akarshakagitanam lekhanasy pratibhaam ullikhat, tathaa cha tam elton jaan ityanena saha tuchitavaan, yadyapi adhikena "smaarm" ityanena saha. poorvaanvayena, aal-music-sampaadakah stephen thaamas erlevain ityeshah 1977 tame dashake "da-stranger" iti shaileeroopen vistaaraartham joyal ityasya prashamsaam akarot, "52 tama-veethihi" iti "adhika-parishkrutah, kinchitkalam cha cha cha cha cha cha cha iti varnayat."2000 tame varshe, collin larkin ityasya" "saarvakaalikam sheersham 1000 aalbam" "ityasmin 621 iti sankhyayam matadanam abhavat. 2003 tame varshe "rolling stone" patrikaayaah saarvakaalikasy 500 shreshtaanaam aalbam-suchishu "52th street" 352 tame sthaane, 2012 tame varshe samshodhitasoochyaam 354 tame sthaane cha aasit. anusuchyam soochayati. sarvaani geetaani bilee joyal ityanena likhitaah, rachitaah cha. geetaani tippani. rosalinda 's ais" iti geetam joyal ityasya mataya roslind naiman joyal ityanena preritam aasit.

52 vadhu theru (aalbam) 52 vadhu theru enbathu america paadagar-paatalaasiriyar billie joyalin aaraavathu studio aalbamaagum, idhu october 11,1978 andru kolambiya pathivukalaal veliyidappattathu. thanathu thiruppumunai studio aalpaththin pinthodarthalaaga thannai munvaiththa "thii stranger", joyal puthiya aalpaththirku oru puthiya oliyaik kodukka muyantraar, thanathu munththaiya studio aalbangkalilirunthu vaerupaduththa palvaeru jaas isaikkalainarkalai niyamitthaar. naanku joyal aalbangkalil muthal muraiyaaga "pill poardu" tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththaip pidiththathu, maelum idhu avarukku irandu kiraamigalaip pettrathu. moontru paadalkal americavil muthal 40 idangkalai ettina, aalpaththin vettrikku bangalittanah "maii life" (enn 3), "bick shhaat" (enn 14), mattrum "nermai" (enn 24). idhaepoal idhu vimarsagargalaal nanku perappattathu, aandin aalpaththirkaana irandu kirami viruthugalaiyum, 22 vadhu varudaanthira kirami viruthugalil sirantha aann paap kural seyalthiranaiyum pettrathu. inththa grammy adhan thayaarippaalar pill ramonuku valangkinaar. ramon maranaththin pinnar, "52 vadhu theru" inn aandin kirami aalbam joyalukku anuppappattathu. inththa aalbam vaniga reethiyaaga muthanmuthalil compact disk vadivaththil veliyidappatta ontraakum, idhu october 1,1982 andru jappanil kadai alamaarigalai adainthathu (idhu antha naalil veliyidappatta 50 sidi-kazhil ontraakum, idhil "thii strencher" adangkum, aanaal varisaiyil muthal attavanai ennaik kondirundhadhu, kondirundhadhu, enavae veliyidappatta muthal endru adikkadi maerkoal kaattappadugiradhu). inththa varalaattraik karuththil kondu, 2018 aam aandil vinail pathivukalai urpaththi seiya soani thirumbiya muthal veliyeedaagavum idhu irunththathu. inththa thalaippu 52 vadhu theruvaik kurikkirathu, idhu jaas isaikkalainarkalukkaana mitt down manhatonil ulla oru pirabalamaana theru iruppidamaagum, idhu perum manachoarvil thodangi 1950 kall varai thodarkirathu. joyalin lable aalbam veliyidappatta neraththil maerku 52 vadhu theruvil ulla cps kattidaththirkul thalaimaiyagamaaga irunththathu. pathivu nadantha studiyoavum 52 vadhu theruvil irunththathu, joyalin lable thalaimaiyagamaaga irunththa idaththilirunththu oru pilaak tholaivil irunththathu. varavaerpu. 1979 aam aandil "kiraamaththin kural" kkaana "52 vadhu theru" aii mathippaaivu seitha robbert christca, kavarchiyaana paadalkalai ezhuthuvathil joyalin tiramaiyaik kuripittaar, maelum avarai elton jaanudan oppittaar, iruppinum adhiga "buddhisalithanam". pinnoakki paarkkumpoathu, anaitthu isai edittar stephen thamas earleawine 1977 kazhil "thii stranger" endra paaniyil virivupaduththiyatharkaaka joyalai paarattukiraar, "52 vadhu theru" "migavum athinaveenamaanathu mattrum oralavu manthamaanathu" endru vivarikkiraar."2000 aam aandil, idhu kolin larkin" "anaitthu neraththilum muthal 1000 aalbangkalil" "621 vadhu idaththil vaakkalikkappattathu". 2003 aam aandil, "52 vadhu theru" "rolling stone" paththirigaiyin anaitthu kaalaththilum 500 sirantha aalbangkalin pattiyalil 352 vadhu idaththilum, 2012 aam aandu thirutthappatta pattiyalil 354 vadhu idaththilum irunththathu. thadap pattiyal. anaitthu paadalkalaiyum billie joyal ezhuthi isaiyamaiththaar. paadal kurippugal. rosalindavin kankal" endra paadal joyalin taayaar rosalind naiman joyalinaal eerkkappattathu.

52 va veedhi (album) 52va veedhi american gayakudu-paatala rachayita billie joel yokka aarava studio album, idhi columbia records dwara october 11,1978naa vidudalaindi. thana purogati studio album, "dhi stranger" kuu phaalo-apga tananu taanu pradarsistuu, joel kotta albumku taja dhwanini ivvadaaniki prayatninchaadu, thana munupati studio albumla nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki vividha jaz sangeetakaarulanu niyaminchukunnaadu. naalugu joel albumlalo modatidi "billboard" chaartulalo agrasthaanamlo nilichindi, mariyu adhi ataniki rendu graameelanu sampaadinchindi. moodu paatalu united stateslo top 40kii cherukunnayi, album vijayaniki dohadapaddayi "mye life" (number 3), "bigg shaat" (number 14), mariyu "nijayiti" (number 24). adevidhamgaa vimarsakula nundi manchi aadarana pondindi, album off dhi iyar kosam rendu grammy avaardulanu mariyu 22va vaarshika grammy avaardulalo uttama maga pop gaatra pradarsananu sampaadinchindi. eee graamini daani nirmaata phil ramonku samarpinchaaru. ramon maranam taruvaata, "52 va streat" yokka album off dhi iyar grammy joyelku pampabadindi. compact disk formatlo vaanijyaparamgaa vidudalaina modati album, october 1,1982naa japaanlo store almaaraalaku cherukundi (idhi aaa roeju vidudalaina 50 sidi laloe okati, indulo "dhi stranger" kooda undhi, conny kramamlo modati ketalog nambarnu kaligi undhi, 35dipi-1, mariyu anduvalla tarachugaa vidudala cheyabadina modatidigaa perkonabadindi). eee charitranu drushtilo unchukuni, 2018loe soonee vinail recordula tayaareeki tirigi vachinappudu idhi modati vidudala kooda. eee sheershika 52 va veedhini suuchistumdi, idhi jaz sangeetakaarula kosam midtown maanhaatanloni oka prasiddha veedhi pradaesam, idhi mahaa maandyam samayamlo praarambhamai 1950 la varaku konasaagindi. album vidudala samayamlo joel yokka label pradhana karyalayam paschima 52va veedhilooni cbs bhavanamlo undhi. recording jarigina studio kooda 52va veedhiloo undhi, idhi joel yokka label pradhana karyalayam unna oka block dhooramlo undhi. reception. 1979loe "dhi village vois" kosam "52va veedhi" nuu sameekshinchina robbert christgou, joel yokka aakattukune paatalanu vraase pratibhanu gurtinchaadu mariyu atanni elton jaanto polchadu, ayithe marinta "smarm" thoo. gataanugatikamgaa, almusic editor stephen thamus erleavin 1977la naati "dhi stranger" nuu sailiparamgaa vistarinchinanduku joyelnu prasamsistuu, "52va veedhi" nii "marinta adhunaatanamainadi mariyu kontha utsaahamgaa" varninchaaru."2000loe, idhi collin larkin yokka" "aall time top 1000 albumlalo" "621va sthaanamlo ootu veyabadindi". 2003loe, "rolling stone" patrika yokka anni kaalaalaloonuu 500 goppa albumla jaabitaalo "52va veedhi" 352va sthaanamlo, mariyu 2012 savarinchina jaabitaalo 354va sthaanamlo nilichindi. track jabita. anni paatalanu billie joel rachinchi, swaraparichaaru. paatala gamanikalu. rosalinda kallu" paata joel talli rosalind naiman joel nundi prerana pondindi.

52 wein strait (album) 52 wein strait americi gulukaar woo naghmah nigaar bully joyal kaa chhataa studio album hay jasay columbia records nay 11 aktobar 1978 kuu release kiyaa. apnay paish kash studio album "dee strigener" kii peervi kay toor parr paish kartay huay joyal nay nayey album kuu eek nayee aawaz deenay kii koshish kii mukhtalif jaaz mausiqaron kuu apnay pachlay studio albumz say mamtaz karnay kay liye rakhaa. yaha "bull board" chaart mein sarfehrist honay waalay chaar joyal albumz mein say pehla thaa aur iss nay inhein duu greemi haasil karwaye. teen gaaney riyasathaye muthadah mein topp 40 mein pahunch gayey jiss nay album kii kamiyabi mein hasah daala: "mayee life" (number 3)yee "bugg shaat" (number 14)yee aur "imandari" (number 24). asay naqdin nay bhee asee tarah khoob pazirayi dee jiss nay 22 wein salanah greemi ewards mein album aaf dee aiyar kay liye duu greemi ewards aur behtareen mard paap wokal performans haasil kii. yaha greemi iss kay producer fill ramun kuu paish kii gayee thee. ramun kii moth kay baad greemi kaa "52 wein strait" kaa album aaf dee aiyar joyal kuu muntaqil kiyaa gayaa. yaha album compact disk formate parr tajarti toor parr release honay waalay pehley album mein say eek thaa juu yakam aktobar 1982 kuu japaan mein store sheelf takk pahuncha (yaha iss dunn release honay waali 50 see ddeez mein say eek thee jiss mein "dee stranger" bhee shaamil thaa leakin iss tartib mein pehla catalog number 35 ddee pee-1 thaa aur iss liye aksar asay release honay waalay pehley kay toor parr hawalah diyaa jaataa hay). iss tareekh kuu madnazar rakhtay huay yaha pehli release bhee thee jabb sonee nay 2018 mein wanael records bananay mein wapsi kii. anwaan 52 wein strait kaa hawalah hay juu kahh mudd town meen heaton mein jaaz mausiqaron kay liye eek mashhur glee kaa maqaam hay jiss kaa aaghaz baday afsardagi kay doraan hawaa aur 1950 kii dahayi takk jaari rehaa. album kii release kay waqat joyal kay leebal kaa sadr daftar vest 52 wein strait parr see bee aiss building kay andar thaa. jiss studio mein recording hoyee wah bhee 52 wein glee parr thee juu iss jagah say eek block door thee jehaan joyal kay leebal kaa sadr daftar thaa. isteqbaliya. 1979 mein "dee waleej waais" kay liye "52 wein strait" kaa jaizah leetay huay raabart christgaon nay joyal kii dilkash gaaney likhnay kii salahiyat kuu nott kiyaa aur inn kaa mawaznah elton jaan say kiyaa halankah iss mein ziyadah "asmaram" thaa. maazi kii taraf aal music editor stephan thamas airlavin nay 1977 kii dahayi mein "dee strigener" kuu andaaz mein wasaat deenay kay liye joyal kii tareef kii aur "52 wein strait" kuu "ziyadah nafees aur kasee hadd takk parr josh" qaraar diyaa."2000 mein asay colan larkin kay" "aal tyme topp 1000 albumz" "mein 621 number parr woat diyaa gayaa. 2003 mein "52 wein strait" kuu "roling stone" megzin kii abb takk kii 500 azeem tareen albumz kii fehrist mein 352 wein number parr aur 2012 kii nazar saani shadah fehrist mein 354 wein number parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. track listing. tamaam gaaney bully joyal kay likhay aur tartib diye gayey haine. gaaney kay nott. rozalanda kii aankhein" gaana joyal kii waldah rozalanda neeman joyal say mutasir thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5808867

Satrikh

Satrikh Satrikh is a town and a nagar panchayat in Barabanki district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Satrikh is also known as Sulaimanabad after the name of Saiyed Salar Sulaiman, the nephew of Ghazi Saiyed Salar Dawood. Demographics. As per the 2011 Census, Satrikh has a population of 12,107 of which 6,368 are male and 5,739 are female. The town has a literacy rate of 56.29%, lower than state average of 67.68%. Male literacy is 62.02% while female literacy is 50.00%. In Satrikh, 15.41% of the population is under six years of age. Legend. Ramayan Era. It is said that in ancient times Satrikh was a part of a kingdom ruled by Suryavanshi king. King Dashrath and his famous son Ram were part of this dynasty. Guru Vashisht was their Kulguru, and he preached and taught the young princes of the dynasty at Satrikh, which was initially known as Saptrishi. History. The Muslims made their first settlement at Satrikh, in 421 AD. / 1030 AD Ghazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu or Saiyed Salar Dawood or Sahu Bin Ataullah Alavi or Salar Sahu (Persian: غازى سيد سالار ساھو‎) was commander in the army of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi who came to the Indian subcontinent in the early 11th century. Salar Sahu was a descendant of Ali. His father's name was Tahir Ataullah, and his son was Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud. He had two brothers. One was Syed Maroofuddin Ghazi. He was probably a brother-in-law of the Sultan, purportedly married to the latter's sister, Sitr-i-Mu'alla. He came to India along with Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi as his army commander. He died and is buried in Satrikh. Nawabs of Awadh Era. During the last years of Nawabs of Awadh, Satrikh was a Taluqa of Nawabi and British Awadh. This estate comprised 85 villages. All the villages were to pay their 'lagan' (tax) to the Taluqedar of Satrikh. The Taluqa of Satrikh was transferred from Chaudhary's of Satrikh to Late Qazi's. He had the family still resides at Qazi Kothi at Qaziana area. Tomb of Ghazi Saiyed Salar Dawood. The mausoleum of Saiyed Salar Dawood Ghazi , father of Muslim Saint Saiyed Salar Masood Ghazi is situated in Satrikh. At his grave, people gather in pilgrimage during the full moon of the Hindu month of Jyeshta. A five-day-long urs allows thousands of devotees to pray. His tomb is known as "Budhe Baba ki mazar" (Grand Master's Mausoleum). The battlefield of Saiyed Salar Dawood Ghazi was at Zafarpur village and was fought between the invading army and the local farmers on the banks of Reth River. Remains from that period include unknown graves. The property is owned by the family of His Highness Sheikh Fareed Ahmed, who was the last Zamindar of Zafarpur. It is now used as an ancestral graveyard by his family. Presently, his sons namely Uzair Mustafa, Umar Mustafa, and Anas Mustafa, and grandson Sufyan Mustafa are custodians of this property. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xotrikh xotrikh hoise bharotor uttor prodex rajyor barabonki jilaar ekhon sohor aaru ekhon nogor ponchayot. gaajee sayed saaler daudor bhotija sayed saaler salemanor naamere satrikh salemanabad namereu jonajat. jonogathoni. 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, xotrikhor jonoxongkhya 12,107 john, jaar bhitorot 6,368 john purux aaru 5,739 john mohila. sohorkhonor xakhyorotar haar 56.29%, rajyor gorh 67.68% tokoi komm. puruxor xakhyorota 62.02% aaru mohilar xakhyorota 50.00%. xotrikhot jonoxongkhyar 15.41% lukor boyox choy bosoror tolor. kingbodonti. ramayan jug. kuwa hoy je prasin kaalot xotrikh xurjobonxi rojar dwara xaxito rajyor etaa ongxo aasil. roja doxoroth aaru teur bikhyat putro raam ei rajbonxor ongxo aasil. guru boxistho teulukor kulguru aasil, aaru teu xotrikhot rajbonxor juwo rajkumarxokolok prosar aaru xikhya disil, jaak prothomote xoptorixi buli jonaa goisil. itihax. musolmanxokole 421 khristabdot xotrikhot teulukor prothom boxoti sthapon korisil. 1030 sonor aagor gaaji sayed saalor xaahu baa sayed saalor daud baa saahe binn ataullah alabhi baa saalor xaahu (persianh غازى soyod saalor sou) 11 xotikar aarombhonite bharotiyo upomohadexoloi ohaa sultan mahmood ghojonobir xenar xenapoti aasil. saalor xaahu aalir bongxodhor aasil. teur pitrir naam aasil taahir ataullah, aaru teur putro aasil ghaji sayyad saalor mosud. teur dujon bhatri aasil. ejon aasil soyod marufuddin ghaji. teu xombhobotoh sultanor bhayek aasil, ji kothitobhabe sultanor bhogni chitro-ee-mu 'aalar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. teu sultan mahmood ghojonobir xoite teur xenar xenapoti hisape bharotoloi aahisil. teur mrityu hoisil aaru teuk xotrikhot xomadhistho koraa hoisil. aawodh jugor nowabxokol. aawodhor nowabxokolor xex bosorburot, xatorikh nowabi aaru britis aawodhor etaa taluka aasil. ei xompotitut 85khon gaau aasil. xokolu gaui teulukor 'logaan' (korr) xotrikhor talukdarok dibo lagisil. xotrikhor talukok xotrikhor soudharir poraa proyat kajiloi sthanantor koraa hoisil. teur poriyaltu etiyau kaziana oncholot kaajee kuthit baax korisil. ghaji sayed saalor daudor xomadhi. sotrikhot musolman xonto sayed saalor masud ghajir pitri sayed saalor daud ghajir xomadhi owosthito. teur koborot, hindu maah jyestor purno sondrot manuhe tirthojatrat ekotrito hoy. paas diniya ursor joriyote haajar haajar bhoktoi prarthona koribo paare. teur xomadhi "budhe baaba ki maajar" (prodhan gurur xomadhi) naamere jonajat. sayed saalor daud ghajir juddhokhyetro jaforpur gaont aasil aaru reth nodir paarot aakromonkari xena aaru sthaniyo krixokxokolor maajot juddho hoisil. xei xomoyor owoxistoburor bhitorot ogyat kobor ontorbhukto aase. xompotitu teur mohamanyo swekh fored aahmedor poriyalor malikanadhin, ji jaforpuror xex jomidar aasil. etiya iyak teur poriyale poitrik koborsthan hisape byobohar kore. bortoman teur putroxokol jene ujair mustafa, umor mustafa, aanas mustafa aaru naati sufiyan mustafa ei xompotir rokhyok.

satrikh satrikh bharoter uttor pradesh rajyer barbanki jelara ekti shohor oo nogor panchayet. ghazi sayed salar dauder bhagne sayed salar sulaimaner nameo satrik sulaimanabad naame porichito. jonosongkha. 2011 saaler jonogonona anujayi, satrikher jonosongkha 12,107, jaar modhye 6,368 john purush ebong 5,739 john mohila. eyi shohore sakkhorotar haar 56.29%, jaa rajyer garh 67.68%-err cheye qama. purushder sakkhorotar haar 62.02% ebong mohilader sakkhorotar haar 50.00%. satrikhe, jonosongkhar 15.41% chhoy bochorer qama vayasi. kingbadanti. ramayan jug. bolla hoy jey, prachinkale satrikh surjobongshi raja dwara shasito ekti rajyer ongsho chhilo. raja dasharath ebong taanr bikhyato putro raam eyi rajbongsher ongsho chhilen. guru boshistho chhilen taander kulguru, ebong tini satrikhe rajbongsher torun rajkumarder prochar oo shikkha diyechilen, jaa prathomikbhabe saptrishi naame porichito chhilo. itihas. musalmanra 421 khristabde satrikhe taader prothom bosoti sthapon korey. 1030 khristabder prothom dike bharatiya upomohadeshe assa sultan mahmoud ghajanabir senabahinir senapati chhilen ghazi saiyyed salar sahu baa saiyyed salar daud baa sahu binn ataullah alavi baa salar sahu. salar sahu chhilen alir bongshodhor. taanr pitar naam tahir ataullah ebong putrer naam ghazi sayed salar masud. taanr dui bhai chhilo. ekjon chhilen sayed marufuddin ghazi. tini sombhoboto sultaner shallock chhilen, kothitovabe sultaner boone, sitor-ee-moo 'alar saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hoyechilen. tini sultan mahmoud gajnavir sange taanr senapradhan hisabe bharte esechilen. tini maaraa zaan ebong satrikhe taanke somahito koraa hoy. awadh juger nawabra. awadher nobabder shesh bochorgulite, satrikh chhilo nawabi ebong british awadher ekti taluk. eyi estate 85tii grama niye gothito. samasta gramke taader 'logan' (corr) satrakher talukdarke ditey hoto. satrikher taluk satrikher chaudhuri theke prayat kazider kachhe sthanantorito hoyechilo. taanr poribar ekhono kaziana elakar kaajee kothite bosobas koroto. ghazi sayed salar dauder samadhi. musalman sonto sayed salar masud ghazir pita sayed salar daud ghazir samadhi satrikhe abosthito. taanr kobore, hindu maaser jyester purnimar somoy manush tirthojatrai joro hoy. panch dinbyapi urse hazar hazar bhokto prarthona korte paren. taanr samadhi "budhe baba kii mazar" (granned master samadhi) naame porichito. jafarpur grame sayed salar daud ghazir juddhokkhetro chhilo ebong reth nadeer teere akramankari senabahini ebong sthaniya krishakder modhye juddho hoyechilo. seii somoyer aboshistangsher modhye ajana kobor royeche. eyi sampattiti taanr mahamanya sheikh farid ahomeder poribarer malikanadhin, jini jafarpur shesh jomidar chhilen. etty ekhon taar poribar dwara purbopurusher kabarasthan hisabe byabohrito hoy. bortomane taanr putro uzair mustafa, umor mustafa ebong anas mustafa ebong naati sufian mustafa eyi sampattir rakkhak.

satrikh satrikh bhaarat key uttar pradesh raajya key barabanki zile mein sthit ack nagar haye. satrikh koo ghazi saiyyad salar doud key bhatije saiyyad salar suleiman key naam seey bhee sulaimabad key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye. jansankhyiki. 2011 kii janganana key anusaar, satrikh kii aabaadi 12,107 haye, jisamen seey 6,368 purush aur 5,739 mahilaaen hain. shahar mein saksharta darr 56.29% haye, joe raajya key ausat 67.68% seey cumm haye. purush saksharta 62.02% haye jabaki mahila saksharta 50.00% haye. satrikh mein, 15.41% aabaadi chhah saal seey cumm umr kii haye. kinvadanti. ramayan yug. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii pracheen kaal mein satrikh suryavanshi raajaa dwara shaasit raajya kaa ack hissa thaa. raajaa dashrath aur unakaa prasiddh putra raam iss rajvansh kaa hissa they. guru vashishth unake kulguru they, aur unhone satrakh mein rajvansh key yuva rajkumaron koo upadesh diyaa aur sikhaaya, jise shuru mein saptrishi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. itihas. musalmaanon ney 421 esvi mein satrakh mein apani pahali basti banaai. / 1030 esvi ghazi saiyyad salar saahuu yaa saiyyad salar doud yaa saahuu binn ataullah alvi yaa salar saahuu (faarsih غازى سید سالار ساہو) sultan mahmoud ghaznavi kii senaa mein commander they joe 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein aae they. salar saahuu allie key vanshaj they. unake pitaa kaa naam tahir ataullah thaa aur unake bete kaa naam ghazi saiyyad salar masood thaa. unake dou bhaai they. unamen seey ack sayed marufuddin ghazi they. vaha shayed sultan kaa behnoi thaa, jisaki kathit taur parr baad kii bahan, satra-aeye-muu 'allah seey shaadi hui thee. vaha sultan mahmoud gajnavi key saath apane senaa commander key roop mein bhaarat aaya thaa. vaha marr gayaa aur satrikh mein dafnaya gayaa. avadh yug key nawab. avadh key navaabon key antim varshon key dauran, satrakh nawabi aur british avadh kaa ack taluka thaa. iss estate mein 85 gaanv shamil they. sabhi gaanvon koo satrikh key talukdar koo apana 'lagaan' (curr) denaa thaa. satrikh key taluk koo satrikh key chaudhari seey divangat kaaji koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unakaa parivaar abhee bhee kaziana kshetra mein qaazi kothi mein rahata thaa. ghazi sayed salar doud kaa makbara. muslim sant sayed salar masood ghazi key pitaa sayed salar doud ghazi kaa makbara satrikh mein sthit haye. unaki kabr parr, loga hindu maheene key purnima key dauran tirthayatra mein ikattha hotey hain. paanch dinn taka chalane vaale urs mein hajaaron shraddhaalu prarthana curr sakate hain. unake makbare koo "budhe baaba kii majaar" (guru kaa makbara) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. sayed salar doud ghazi kaa yuddh kaa maidan zafarpur gaanv mein thaa aur raith nadee key tata parr aakramankari senaa aur sthaaniya kisaanon key beach ladaa gayaa thaa. usa avadhi key avasheshon mein agyaat kabrein shamil hain. iss sampatti kaa swaamitva unake uchch padasth sheikh fareed ahmed key parivaar key paas haye, joe jafarpur key antim jamindar they. abb iska upayog unake parivaar dwara paitrik kabristan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. vartamaan mein, unake bete uzair mustafaa, umar mustafaa aur anas mustafaa aur potey soofyaan mustafaa iss sampatti key sanrakshak hain.

satrikh satrakh bhaaratada uttara pradesha rajyada barabanki jilleya ondu pattana mattu nagara panchayitiyagide. ghazi sayed salar davood avara sodaraliya saiyed salar suleiman avara hesarinindaagi satrakh annu suleimanabad endoo kareyalaaguttade. janasankhyaashaastra. 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara, satrakh 12,107 janasankhyeyannu hondiddu, idaralli 6,368 purusharu mattu 5,739 mahileyaru. ee pattanavu <aii. dii. 1>% rashtu saaksharateyannu hondiddu, idu rajyada sarasari <aii. dii. 2>% kkinta kadimeyagide. purushara saaksharateyu <aii. dii. 1>% agiddare, mahileyara saaksharateyu <aii. dii. 2>% aagide. satrikh nalli, <aii. dii. 1> jansankhyeya% rashtu janaru aaru varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaragiddare. dantakathe. ramayana yuga. praachina kaaladalli satrakh suryavamshi rajanu aalida rajyada bhagavagittu endu helalaaguttade. raaja dasaratha mattu avana prasiddha maga ramanu ee rajavamshada bhagavagiddaru. guru vashishtharu avara kulagurugalaagiddaru, mattu aata aarambhadalli saptrushi endu kareyalaaguttidda satrikhnalli rajavamshada yuva raajakumaararige bodhisidaru mattu kalisidaru. itihaasa. muslimaru cree. shaa. 421ralli satrikhnalli tamma modala vasaahatu maadidaru. 1030ralli, 11neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli bhaaratiya upakhandakke banda sultan mahammed gajnaviya sainyada commander aagi ghazi sayed salar saahu athawa saiyed salar dawood athawa saahu binn atawullah alavi athawa salar saahu (pertian غازى سید salar saaho) iddaru. salar saahu avaru aaliya vamshastharaagiddaru. avara tandeya hesaru tahir atawullah mattu avara maga ghazi sayed salar masood. aatanige ibbaru sahodarariddaru. avaralli obbaru sayed marufuddin ghazi. avanu bahushah sultanana bhaviyagiddanu, aatana sahodari sitar-ii-muu 'allaarannu vivaahavaadanu. aata sultan mahmoud gajanaviyondige tanna senaadhipatiyaagi bharatakke bandanu. avanu maranahondidanu mattu satrikhnalli samadhi madalpattanu. awadh yugada nawabaru. avadhna nawabara koneya varsagalalli, satrakh nawabi mattu british avadhna ondu taalookaagittu. ee estate 85 gramagalannu olagondittu. ellah gramagalu tamma 'lagan' (terige) annu satrikh taallookina taallookudaararige pavatisabekagittu. satrikh taalookaavannu satrikh chaudhariyinda diwangata khajigalige vargaayisalaayitu. avara kutumbavu innoo kajhiyana pradeshada kaji kotiyalli vaasisuttittu. ghazi sayed salar davudna samadhi. muslim santa saiyed salar masood ghajiya tande saiyed salar davood ghajiya samadhiyu satrikh nallide. aatana samadhiyalli, hindoo tingalaada jyeshtada hunnimeya samayadalli janaru tirthayaatreyalli seruttaare. aidu dinagala avadhiya urgalu saaviraaru bhaktarige prarthane maadalu avakasha maadikoduttave. aatana samadhiyannu "budhe baba kii mazar" (mahaa guruvina samadhi) endu kareyalaaguttade. saiyed salar davood gaajiya yuddhabhumiyu zafarpur halliyallittu mattu raith nadiya dadadalli akramanakari sene mattu sthaliya raitara naduve yuddha nadeyitu. aaa avadhiya avasheshagalu agnaata samadhigalannu olagondive. ee aastiyu jafarpurada koneya jamindaaranaagidda aatana ghanatevetta sheikh fareed ahmed avara kutumbada odetanadallide. eega idannu avara kutumbavu purvajara smashaanavaagi balasuttide. prastuta, avana putraraada uzair mustafa, umar mustafa mattu anas mustafa mattu mommaga sufyan mustafa ee aastiya palakaragiddare.

sathrikh indian samsthaanamaaya utharpradeshile barabanki jillayile oru pattanavum nagara panchaayathumaanu sathrakh. ghazi sayyid salar daavoodinte anantharavanaaya sayyid salar sulaimaante peril ninnaan saathrakh sulaimanabad ennum ariyappedunnathu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. 2011leeii sensus prakaram, 6,368 purushanmaarum 5,739 sthreekalum ulppede 12,107 janasamkhyayulla sathrikhilaanu. samsthaana sharashariyaaya aii. dii. 1>% nekkaal kuravaaya eee pattanatthinte saaksharata nirakk aii. dii. 2>% aanu. purusha saksharatha <aii. dii. 1>% aanenkil sthree saksharatha <aii. dii. 2>% aanu. sathrikhil, janasamkhyayude%% aarr vayassinu thaazheyullavaraan. ithihaasam. raamaayana yugam. purathana kaalath suryavanshi rajaavu bharichirunna oru raajyathinte bhaagamaayirunnu sathrakh ennu parayappedunnu. dasharatha rajaavum addehathinte prashastha puthranaya raman eee raajavamshathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. guru vashisht avarude kulguru aayirunnu, thudakkathil sapthrishi ennariyappettirunna sathrikhil addeham raajavamshathile yuva rajakumaaranmaare prasamgikkukayum padippikkukayum cheythu. charithram. eiii. dii. 421ll musleengal sathrikhil avarude aadya vaasasthalam sthaapichu. 1030-ll 11-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil indian upabhookhandathil vanna sultan mahmoud gasnaviyude sainyathile kamaandaraayirunnu ghazi sayyid salar saahu allengil sayyid salar davood allengil saahu biinn athaavulla alavi allengil salar saahu (pershyan غازى سید saalar saaho). salar saahu aaliyude pingamiyaayirunnu. pithaavinte peru tahir athaavulla ennum makan ghazi sayyid salar masood ennum aayirunnu. addehathinu rund sahodaranmaarundaayirunnu. athiloraal sayyid marufuddin gaasiyaayirunnu. sulthaante sahodariyaaya sithar-iii-muu 'aalaye vivaham kazhichathaayi parayappedunna sulthaante bhaaryaasahodaranaayirikkaam addeham. sultan mahmoud gasnavikoppam addeham thante sainika kamaandaraayi indiayilekku vannu. addeham marikkukayum sathrikhil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. avadh kaalaghattatthile nawabmare. avadhile navaabumaarude avasana varshangalil, nawabiyileyum britiish avadhileyum oru thaalookkaayirunnu sathrakh. eee estettil 85 gramangal ulppedunnu. ellah graamangalum avarude 'lagan' (nikuthi) sathrikhile thaalookkaadhipanmaarkku nalkanam. sathrikh taluk sathrikh choudhariyil ninnu parethanaaya khaasi thaalookkilekku maatti. addehathinte kudumbam ippozhum khasiyaana pradeshathe khaasi kothiyilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. ghazi sayyid salar daavoodinte shavakudeeram. muslim sanyasi sayyid salar masood gaasiyude pithavaaya sayyid salar davood gaasiyude shavakudeeram sathrikhilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. addehathinte shavakudeerathil, hindu masamaaya jyeshtayile poornnachandranil aalukal theerthaadanatthinaayi othukoodunnu. anchu divasam neendunilkkunna urs aayirakkanakkin bhakthare praarthikkaan anuvadikkunnu. addehathinte shavakudeeram "budhe baaba kii massar" (grand maasttarude shavakudeeram) ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. sayeed salar davood gaasiyude yudhakkalathil safarpur graamathilaayirunnu, raith nadiyude theerathu adhinivesha sainyavum praadeshika karshakarum thammil yuddham nadannu. akkaalathe avashishtangalil anjjaathamaaya shavakudeerangalum ulppedunnu. safarpoorile avasaanathe jamindaaraayirunna hiss hynus sheikh fared ahammadinte kudumbatthinte udamasthathayilullathaanu eee vasthu. ippol addehathinte kudumbam ithu oru poorvvika shmashaanamaayi upayogikkunnu. nilavil addehathinte puthranmaraaya usair mustafa, umar mustafa, anas mustafa, kochumakan sufyan mustafa ennivaraanu eee swathinte sookshippukaaranmaar.

satrikh satrakh heey bharatachya uttar pradesh rajyatil barabanki jilhyatil eka shahar aanee nagar panchayat aahe. ghazi sayyed salar daudcha putanya sayyed salar suleiman yachya navavarun satrakhala suleimanabad asehi mhanatat. loksankhyashastra. 2011 chya jangananenusar, satrikhchi loksankhya 12,107 aahe, jyapaiki 6,368 purush aanee 5,739 mahila aahet. shaharacha saksharta darr 56.29% aahe, joou rajyachya sarasari 67.68% peksha qamee aahe. purushanchi saksharta 62.02% aahe tarr mahilanchi saksharta 50.00% aahe. satarikhmadhye, 15.41% loksankhya sahaa varshanpeksha qamee vayachi aahe. dantkatha. ramayan yug. asey mhatale jaate qee pracheen kalat satrakh haah suryavanshi rajachya rajvatitil rajyacha eka bhag hota. raja dashrath aanee tyacha prasiddha mulga raam haah yaa rajvanshacha bhag hota. guru vashishtha heey tyanche kulguru hote aanee tyanni satrakh yethe rajvanshachya tarun rajkumaranna upadesh deela aanee shikavale, jyala suruvatila saptrushi mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. itihas. ii. sha. 421 madhye musalmananni satrakh yethe tyanchi pahili vasahat kelee. 1030 madhye ghazi sayyed salar sahoo kinwa sayyed salar daud kinwa sahoo biin ataullah alavi kinwa salar sahoo (pertianh غازى سید salar saaho) heey 11 vya shatkachya suruvatila bharatiy upkhandat aalelya sultan mahmood gazanavichya sainyatil senapati hote. salar sahoo haah alicha vanshaj hota. tyachya vadilanche naav tahir ataullah aanee mulache naav ghazi sayyed salar masood hote. tyala done bhau hote. tyapaiki eka sayyed marufuddin ghazi hota. too bahudha sultancha mehuna hota, jyacha kathitpane sultanchi baheen, sitar-aii-muu 'allah hichyashi vivah jhaala hota. sultan mahmood gaznavisobat too aapala lashkarpramukh mhanoon bharatat aala. tyacha mrutyu jhaala aanee tyala satrakhmadhye daphan karnyat aale. avadh kalatil nawab. avadhchya navabanchya shevatchya varshanmadhye, satrakh haah nawabi aanee british avadhcha taluka hota. yaa vasahatit 85 gave hotee. serve gavanni tyanche 'lagaan' (curr) satrikhchya talukadarala bharayache hote. satrikhcha taluka satrikhchya chaudarikadun divangat kazikade hastantarit karnyat aala. tyache kutumb ajunahi kaziana parisaratil kazi kothee yethe rahat hote. ghazi sayyed salar daudchi kabar. muslim sant sayyed salar masood ghazi yanche vadil sayyed salar davood ghazi yanche makbare satrakh yethe aahet. tyachya kabarivar, hindu jyusht mahinyachya paurnimechya velee lock tirthyatresathi ekatra yetat. paach divas divas urasamule hajaro bhavik prathna karoo shakatat. tyachya thadgyala 'budhe baba qee majar' (grand mastercha makbara) mhanoon olakhale jaate. sayyed salar davood gazichi ladhai jafarpur gavat hotee aanee reith nadichya kathavar aakramankari sainya aanee sthanik shetkari yanchyat ladhai jhaali hotee. tyaa kalatil avasheshanmadhye adnyat kabarincha samavesh aahe. yaa malmattechi malki jafarpurcha shevatcha jamindar asalelya sheikh fared ahmed yanchya kutumbakade aahe. aata tyache kutumb heey purvajanche smashanbhoomi mhanoon vaparte. sadhya, tyache mulge, uzair mustafa, umar mustafa aanee anas mustafa aanee natoo sufyan mustafa heey yaa malmatteche snrakshak aahet.

satrikh satrakh bharatko uttar pradesh rajyako barabanki jillako euta sahar rar nagar panchayat how. ghazi saiyad salar daudka bhatija saiyad salar sulemanko nambata satriklai suleimanabad pani bhaninchha. janasankhyiki. sann 2011 ko janaganaanusar satrakhako janasankhya 12,107 chha jasmadhye 6,368 purush rar 5,739 mahila chhan. saharko saksharta darr 56.29% chha, june 67.68% ko rajya ausat bhanda cum how. purush saksharta 62.02% chha bhane mahila saksharta 50.00% chha. satrakhma, 15.41% janasankhya chha warshabhanda cum umerko chha. kinwadanti. ramayan yug. bhaninchha kii prachin samayama satrakh suryawanshi rajadwara shasit rajyako euta bhag thiyo. raja dasharath rar unka prasidha chhora ramm yass wanshaka sadasya thie. guru vashishtha tiniharuko kulguru thie, rar unle satrakhma rajwanshka yuwa rajkumarharulai prachar rar sikae, jaslai suruma saptrishi bhanera chininthyo. itihas. muslimharule 421 iswima satrakhma afno pahilo basti banae. / 1030 iswi ghazi saiyad salar sahu wa saiyad salar daud wa sahu binn ataullah alavi wa salar sahu (persianah غazی said salar saho) sultan mahmood gajanawiko senaka senapati thie jo 11 aun shatabdiko suruma bharatiya upamahadwipma aeka thie. salar sahu alika vanshaj thie. unka bubako naam tahira ataullah rar chhorako naam ghazi saiyyad salar masud thiyo. unka dui dajubhai thie. timadhye ekjana saiyad marufuddin ghazi thie. uni sambhawatah sultanka jwain thie, kathit rupma sultanki bahini, sitar-ae-mualasanga vivaha gareka thie. uni sultan mahmood gajanawisanga afno sena commanderko rupma bharat ae. unko mrityu bhayo rar satrikma gadiyo. awadh yugka nawabharu. awadhka nawabharuko antim warshaharuma, satrakh nawabi rar britis awadhko taluka thiyo. yass astatema 85 wata gaaunharu thie. sabai gaaunharule afno 'lagan' (curr) satrakhako talukdarlai tirnuparne thiyo. satrakhako taluk satrakhako chaudharybata swargiya kazima hastantaran garieko thiyo. unko pariwar ajhai pani kaziana kshetrako kazi kothima basobas gariraheko thiyo. ghazi saiyad salar daudko chihan. muslim santa saiyad salar masud gajika pita saiyad salar daud gajiko makbara satrikma awasthit chha. unko chihanma, manisharu hindu mahinako jyeshtako purnima samayama tirthayatrama bhela hunchhan. paanch dinasamma chalne ursale hajaraun bhaktaharulai prarthana garna anumati dinchha. unko chihanlai "budhe baba key mazar" (grand masterko makbara) bhaninchha. saiyad salar daud gajiko yuddhabhumi jafarpur gaunma thiyo rar reth nadiko kinarma akramankari sena rar sthaniya kisanharu bitch yuddha bhaeko thiyo. tyas awadhika awasheshharuma agyat chihanharu samawesh chhan. yo sampatti unko uccha sheikh fareed ahamadko pariwarko swamitwama chha, jo jafarpurka antim jamidar thie. yasalai ahile unko pariwarle paitrik kabristanko rupma prayog gardacha. hall unka chhoraharu ujaira mustafa, umer mustafa rar anas mustafa rar naati sufyan mustafa yass sampattika sanrakshak hun.

satrikha satarikha heuchhi bharatara uttara pradesh rajyara barabanki jillara eka sahara ebong nagara panchajata. ghazi sayed sayed sayed sayed daudanka putura sayed salara sulajamananka naama anusare satrikaku sulajamanabad madhya kuhajae. janasankhyika. 2011 janganana anujai, satarikhar janasankhya 12,107, jeunthiru 6,368 john purush ebong 5,739 john mahila. ehi saharar sakhyarata haara <aai. dii. 1>%, jaahaa rajyara harahari <aai. dii. 2>% thaaru comm. purush sakhyarata <aai. dii. 2>% thibabele mahila sakhyarata <aai. dii. 1>%. satarikhare, 15.41% janasankhya chhaa barsharu comm baisar. kimbadanti. ramajan juga. kuhajae je pracheen kaalare satrakh surjabanshi rajanka dwara shasita eka rajyara eka ansha thila. raja dasharath ebong taanka prasidha putra raama ehi rajabanshara anshabisesha thile. guru basistha semanankara kulguru thile, ebong shay satrikare rajabanshara juba rajakumaramananku upadesh ebong sikhya deithile, jaahaa prathame saptarushi bhabare janashuna . itihas. musalamanamane 421 khreestabdare satrikare semanankara pratham basati sthapana karithile. 1030 masihare ghazi saiyeda salara saahu kimba saiyeda salara daud kimba saahu binn ataullah alabhi kimba salara saahu (pharasihi غازى سید salara ساہو) sultan mahmoud gajanavinka senara commander thile, jieki 11shaa shatabdir prarambhare bharatiah upamahadeshaku aasithile. salara saahu alinka banshadhar thile. taanka pitanka naama tahira ataullah ebong taanka pua ghazi sayyada salara masud thile. tankara dui bhai thile. semananka madhyaru jane thile sayed marufuddin ghazi. shay bodhahue sultananka bhinoi thile, jieki sultananka bhaunee, sitara-ee-muu 'allanku bibaha karithile. shay sultan mahmoud gajanabinka saha taanka sena commander bhabe bharat aasithile. shay mrutyubarana kale ebong satrikare tanku kabara diajaithila. abadha jugara nabab. awadhara nababamananka shesh barshagudikare, satrakh nawabi ebong british awadhara eka taluk thila. ehi istetre istetre gramm thila. samasta gramm satrikhar talukadaranku semanankara 'lagaan' (ticks) debaku thila . satarikhar talukaku satarikhar chaudareenka thaaru swargata kajinka nikataku sthanantarita karajaithila. taanka paribara ebebi kaziana anchalara kazie kothithare rahuthile. ghazi sayed salara daudanka samadhi. musalman santha sayed salara masud gajinka pita sayed salara daud gajinka samadhi satrikare abasthita. taanka kabarare, lokamane hindu masser jest purnanga samajare tirthajatrare ekatrita huanti . pancha deane byapee urs hazar hazar bhaktanku prarthana karibaku anumathi deithae . taanka samadhi "budhe baba kii mazar" (grand mastaranka samadhi) bhabare janashuna . sayed salara daud ghazir judhakhetra jaffarpur graamare thila ebong reth nadee koolare aakramanakaree sena ebong sthaniah krushakamananka madhyare juddha hoithila . sehi samaira abasistangshare agyata kabara antarbhukta . ehi sampattira malika heuchhanti jafarpur shesh jamidara mahamahim sheikh fered ahammadanka paribara. bartamana ehaa taanka paribara dwara eka paitruka kabarasthana bhabare byabahruta hue . bartamana, taanka puamane jathaa ujaira mustafa, umara mustafa, ebong anas mustafa, ebong naati sufiyana mustafa ehi sampattira tatwabadharaka atanti.

satrikh satrikh bharat dey uttar pradesh raaj dey barabanki zilhe daa ikk shehar atey nagar panchait haii. satrikh noon gaazi saeed dey bhatije saeed salar suleiman dey naam toon vee suleimanabad dey naam naal janhiaa jaanda haii. jansankhiaa. 2011 dee mardamshumari anusar satrikh dee aabadi 12,107 haii jiss vicchon 6,368 marad atey 5,739 aurtan hunn. shehar dee sakharta darr 56.29% haii, joe raaj dee ausat 67.68% toon ghatt haii. purash sakharta 62.02% haii jadon kii mahila sakharta 50.00% haii. satrikh witch, 15.41% aabadi chhe saal toon ghatt umar dee haii. kathaa. ramayan yugg. ih kiha jaanda haii kii prachin qaal witch satrik suryavanshi raaje duaara shasan keete raaj daa ikk hissa see. raaja dashrath atey uss daa prasidh puttar raam iss rajvansh daa hissa sunn. guru vashisht uhanan dey kulguru sunn, atey uhanan neey satrik vikhe rajvansh dey naujwan rajkumaran noon prachar atey sikhaiaa, jiss noon shuru witch sapatrishi vajon janhiaa jaanda see. itihaas. musalmanan neey 421 eesvi witch satrikh witch aapni pahili basti banayi. 1030 eesvi witch gaazi saeed salaar saahu jaan saeed salaar daud jaan saahu binn attaullah alvi jaan salaar saahu (farci غازى سید salar saaho) sultan mehmood gaznavi dee fauj witch commander see joe joe sadee dey arambh witch bharti upp mahandeep witch aaiaa see. salar saahu allie dey vanshaj sunn. uss dey pitaa daa naam tahir attaullah see atey uss dey puttar daa naam gaazi saeed salar masood see. uss dey doou bharaa sunn. ikk see saeed marufuddin gaazi. uh shayed sultan daa jeeja see, jiss daa viaah kathit taur utte sultan dee bhainn, sitar-aii-mual naal hoiaa see. uh sultan mehmood gaznavi naal aapne saina commander vajon bharat aaiaa see. uh marr giaa atey satrikh witch dafnaiaa giaa. avadh yugg dey nawab. avadh dey navaban dey aakhri saalan dauran, satrikh nawabi atey british avadh daa ikk taluka see. iss astet witch 85 pind shamal sunn. saare pindan noon satrikh dey talukdar noon aapna 'lagaan' (taiks) denna see. satrikh dey taluk noon satrikh dey chaudhari toon marhoom kaazi noon tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. uss daa parivaar ajey vee kaziana khetar witch kaazi kothi witch rahinda see. gaazi saeed salar daa kabar. muslim sant saeed salar masood gaazi dey pitaa saeed salar daud gaazi daa makbara satrikh witch sathit haii. uss dee kabar utte, lock hindu maheene dey jayeshta dey puranmashi dauran tirath yaatra witch ikkathe hunde hunn. panj dinan dee umar hazaran shardhaluyan noon prarthna curran dee aagiaa dindi haii. uss dee kabar noon "buddhe baaba qee mazaar" (grand maastar daa makbara) vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. saeed salar daud gaazi daa jung daa maidaan zafarpur pind witch see atey ih raith nadee dey kinare hamlawar fauj atey sathanak kisanan darmiaan ladiaa giaa see. uss samein dey avsheshan witch anjaan kabran shamal hunn. ih jaidad uss dey mahamahim sheikh fareed ahmed dey parivaar dee haii, joe kii zafarpur dey aakhri zamindar sunn. iss noon hunn uss daa parivaar jaddi kabarstan vajon varatda haii. varatman witch, uss dey puttar uzair mustafa, umar mustafa atey uns mustafa atey pota sufian mustafa iss jaidad dey rakhwale hunn.

satreekh satrakh iti bharatasya uttar-pradesha-rajyasya baaraabanki-mandalasya nagar-panchayat cha asti. ghazi saiyad salar daavood ityasya bhraatujah saiyad salar suleiman ityasya namna satrikh-nagaram suleimanabad iti namna api prasidhah asti. janasaamkhyikee. 2011 janaganananusaram satreekh-nagarasya janasankhyaa 12,107 asti, yeshu 6,368 purushaah, 5,739 mahilaah cha santi. asya nagarasya saksharata-daraha 56.29% asti, yat rajyasya ausatasya 67.68% taha nyoonah asti. purushaanaam saksharata 62.02% asti, mahilaa-saksharata 50.00% asti. satrakh-pradeshe, 15.41% janasankhyaa shut varshaat nyoonawayaskah asti. akhyayika. ramayanayugam. prachinakale satreekh ityeshah suryavamshirajena shaasite rajyasya bhaagah aasit iti kathyate. raja dasharath, tasya prasidhah putrah raamah cha asya vamshasya bhaagah aasit. guru vashishtah teshaam kulaguruh aasit, saha satrakh-nagare vamshasya yuvarajaputran upadeshitavaan, shikshayat cha, yat praarambhe saptarushi iti namna prasidhah aasit. itihaasah. muslimajanaah saa. sha. 421 tame varshe satrik-nagare prathamam nivaasam krutavantah. / 1030 e. dee. gazi saiyyad salaar saahu athavaa saiyyad salaar dawood athavaa saahu binn ataullah alavee athavaa salaar saahu (phaaraseeh غازى سید salar saaho) 11 shataabdyaah aarambhe bhaarateey-upamahadvipam aagatah sultan mahammad gaznavi ityasya senayaha senaapatih aasit. salar-saahu ityeshah allie ityasya vamshajaha aasit. tasya pituhu naam taahir-ataullah, tasya putrah ghazi sayyad-salaar-masood cha aasit. tasya dwau bhraatuau aasan. ekaha sayyad maroofuddeen gazi aasit. saha sambhawatah sultan ityasya shyaalakah aasit, kathitataya tasya bhaginyaa sitar-ee-mu 'allaa ityanaya saha vivaahitah aasit. saha sultaanah mahammad gaznavi ityanena saha swasya senaa-senapatina saha bharatam aagacchat. saha mrutah, satrik-nagare samaadhisthah. avadhayuge navaabah. avadh-nagarasya navaabaanaam antimavarsheshu satrakh-pradesha nawabi-british-avadh-pradeshasya taalukah aasit. asmin bhoosampade 85 graamaah aasan. sarve graamaah satreekh-talukadar-janaan swa 'lagan' (karaha) daatum arhanti sma. satrakh ityasya taluka, satrakh ityasya chaudaree-taha swa. kaaji-krute sthanantaritaha. saha tasya parivaaram adyaapi kaziana-pradeshasya kazi-kothee-nagare nivasati sma. gazi saiyyad salar daavood ityasya samaadhih. muslim-santasya saiyad-salar-masood-gazi ityasya pitaa saiyad-salar-daavood-gazi ityasya samaadhih satrakh-nagare asti. tasya samaadhisthale, janaah hindu-rajyasya jyeshtamaasasya purnimaayaam tirthayatram kurvanti. panchadinaani yaavat yaavat urs-parvanam sahasrashah bhaktaan praarthayitum anumanyate. tasya samaadhih "budhe baba kee majaar" (guruhu samaadhih) iti namna prasidhah asti. saiyad salaar daavood ghazi ityasya yuddhabhoomih zafarpur-graame aasit, tathaa cha reth-nadyaah tate aakramanakaari-senayaha sthaniya-krushakaanaam cha madhye yuddham abhavat. tasmin kaalasy avashesheshu ajnaata-samaadhih antarbhavanti. asya sampattyaah swami tasya mahanayakaha shekh-fared-ahmed ityasya parivaarah asti, yah zafar-purasya antimah jamindaraha aasit. adhunaa tasya parivaarah poorvajanaah shmashaane upayujyate. samprati tasya putraah uzair mustafaa, umer mustafaa, anaas mustafaa, pautrah sufyan mustafaa cha asya sampattyaah rakshakaah santi.

sathrik sathrik enbathu inthiya manilamaana uththarappiradhaesaththil ulla parabangi maavattaththil ulla oru nagaram mattrum oru nagar panjaayaththu aagum. kaasi sayeet salar dowtin marumaganaana sayeet salar sulaiman endra peyarin peyaraal sathrik sulaimanabad endrum azhaikkappadukirathu. makkal thogai. 2011 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, sathrikkin makkal thogai 12,107 aagum, idhil 6,368 aangal mattrum 5,739 penkal aavar. inththa nagaraththil kalviyarivu vigitham 56.29% aagum, idhu maanila saraasariyaana 67.68% aii vida kuraivaagum. aann kalviyarivu 62.02% aagavum, penn kalviyarivu 50.00% aagavum ullathu. sathrikkil, 15.41% makkal aaru vayathirkutpattavarkal. puraanak kadhai. ramayana sagaaptham. pandaiya kaalangalil suryavanshi mannaraal aalapatta oru iraajjiyaththin oru paguthiyaaga sathrik irunththathu endru koorappadugiradhu. mannar dashrat mattrum avarathu pugazhpettra magan raam aagiyoar inththa vamsaththin oru paguthiyaaga irunththanar. kuru vasishtar avarkalin kulguruvaaga irunthaar, maelum avar sathrik vamsaththin ilam ilavarasargalukku pirasangkiththu karpitthaar, idhu aarambaththil sabdrishi endru azhaikkappattathu. varalaaru. muslimgal kibi 421ill sathrikkil thangal muthal kudiyaetraththai maerkondanar. 1030aam aandu aathi kaasi saiyath salar sahuu allathu saiyath salar dowd allathu sahuu pinn adhawullah alavi allathu salar sahuu (persiya mozhif قازى sayed salar sahuu) 11aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil inthiya thunaik kandaththirku vantha sultan mahmut kajnaviyin iraanuvaththin thalapathiyaaga irunthaar. salar saahuu aliyin vazhiththoantral aavaar. avarathu thanthaiyin peyar tahir adhawullah, avarathu magan kaasi saiyath salar masooth. avarukku irandu cakoothararkal irunththanar. athil oruvar saiyath maroofuddin kaasi. avar sultan maiththunaraaga irukkalaam, avarathu sagoathariyaana siththar-ii-muuu 'allaavai mananthaar. avar sultan mahmut kajnaviyudan thanathu iraanuvath thalapathiyaaga inthiyaavukku vanthaar. avar iranththu sathrikkil adakkam seiyappattaar. avath sagaapthaththin navaapkal. avath navaapkalin kadaisi aandugalil, sathrik nawabi mattrum british avath aagiyavattrin oru thaluvaaga irunththathu. inththa thoattaththil 85 kiraamangal irunththana. anaitthu kiraamangalum thangal 'laagan' (varii) sathrikkin thaalukketharukku seluththa vaendiyirunththathu. sathrikkin taluka sathrikkin savuthriyilirunthu maraintha kaasikku maattrappattathu. avarathu kudumbam innum kasiana paguthiyil ulla kaasi koaththiyil vasiththu vanthathu. kaasi sayeet salar dowtin kallarai. muslim thuravi saiyath salar masooth kaajiyin thanthaiyaana saiyath salar dowd kaajiyin kallarai sathrikkil amainthullathu. avarathu kallaraiyil, indhu maathamaana yashtavin muzhu nilavil makkal yaaththiraiyil koodugiraargal. ainthu naall urs aayirakkanakkaana baktharkalai praarththanai seiya anumathikkirathu. avarathu kallarai "puthae baabaa kii majaaril" (grand maastar kallarai) endru azhaikkappadukirathu. sayeet salar dowd kaajiyin poarkkalam japarpur kiraamaththil irunththathu, maelum padaiyeduppu iraanuvaththirkum ulloor vivasaayigalukkum idaiyae raeth aattrin karaiyil sandaiyidappattathu. anthak kaalatthaich saerntha echchangkalil ariyappadaatha kallaraigalum adangkum. inththa soththu avarathu maenmaimiku shake forrett ahmat kudumbaththirku sonthamaanathu, avar jabarpurin kadaisi jameendar aavaar. idhu ippoathu avarathu kudumbaththaal oru moothaathaiyar kallaraiyaaga payanpaduththappadukirathu. tharpoothu, avarathu magangalaana usair mustaba, umar mustaba, anas mustaba mattrum paeran sufian mustaba aagiyoar inththa soththin paathukaavalarkalaaka ullanar.

satrikh satrikh anedi bharatadesamloni uttara pradesh raashtramloni barabanki jillaalooni oka pattanam mariyu oka nagara panchayati. ghazi sayyad salar davud menalludu sayyad salar suleiman paeru meeda satrikhnu suleimanabad anie kooda pilustaaru. janabha. 2011 janabha lekkala prakaram, satrikh janabha 12,107, indulo 6,368 mandhi purushulu mariyu 5,739 mandhi mahilalu unnaaru. eee pattanamlo aksharaasyata raetu 56.29%, idhi rashtra sagatu 67.68% kante takkuvagaa undhi. purushula aksharaasyata 62.02% kaga, mahilala aksharaasyata 50.00%. satkh loe, janabhalo 15.41% mandhi aaru samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu galavaaru. puraanam. ramayana yugam. praacheena kaalamlo satrikh anedi suuryavamsi raaju paalinchina raajyamlo bhagamani chebutaaru. raaju dasarath mariyu athani prasiddha kumarudu raam eee raajavamsamlo bhaagamgaa unnaaru. guru vashisht vaari kulaguru, mariyu athanu modata saptrushi anie piluvabade satrakh vadda rajavamsa yuva raajakumaarulaku bodhinchaadu mariyu bodhinchaadu. charitra. muslimlu cree. sha. 421loe satrakh vadda tama modati sthaavaraanni yerparachukunnaru. 1030 AD ghazi sayyad salar saahu ledhaa sayyad salar davud ledhaa saahu binn attavullah alavi ledhaa salar saahu (pertian غازى سید salar saaho) 11va sataabdam praarambhamlo bhaarata upakhandaaniki vacchina sultan mahmud ghajanavi sainyamlo commander. salar saahu aleeki varasudu. athani tandri paeru tahir atavullah, mariyu athani kumarudu ghazi sayyad salar masood. aayanaku iddaru sodarulu unnaaru. vaarilo okaru sayyad marufuddin ghazi. athanu bahusha sultan yokka baavamaridi, athanu sultan yokka sodari sitr-ii-muu 'allanu vivaham chesukunnadu. athanu sultan mahmud ghajanaveetho kalisi thana sainyaadhipatigaa bharatadesaniki vacchaadu. athanu maraninchaadu mariyu satrakh loe khananam cheyabaddaadu. awadh sakaaniki chendina navaabulu. awadh nawabula chivari samvatsaraallo, satrakh nawabi mariyu british awadh yokka oka taluka. eee estatelo 85 gramalu unnaayi. anni gramalu tama 'lagan' (pannu) nuu satrikh taaluukaadarku chellinchaalsi undedi. satrakh yokka taaluukaanu satrakh yokka chaudari nundi chivari kaajeeki badilee chesaaru. ayana kutumbam ippatikee khajiana praantamlooni khaji kothi vadda nivasistondi. ghazi sayyad salar dowd samadhi. muslim sadhuvu sayyad salar masood ghazi tandri sayyad salar davud ghazi samadhi satrakh loe undhi. ayana samadhi vadda, hinduu maasam yashta pournami sandarbhamgaa prajalu teerthayaathralo gumigudutaru. aidu rojula paatu unde urs vaelaadi mandhi bhaktulanu praarthana cheyadaaniki anumatistundi. ayana samadhini "budhe baba kii mazar" (grand master samadhi) anie pilustaaru. sayyad salar davud ghazi yokka yuddhabhumi jaffarpur graamamlo undhi mariyu raith nadhi odduna daadi chese sainyam mariyu sthaanika raitula madhya poraadaaru. aaa kaalaaniki chendina avasheshaalalo teliyani samadhulu unnaayi. eee aasti jaffarpur chivari jameendaaraina ayana mahaneeyulaina sheikh fared ahmed kutumbaaniki chendinadi. ippudu dheenini athani kutumbam puurveekula smasanavatikaga upayogistondi. prastutam, athani kumaarulu uzair mustafa, umar mustafa, anas mustafa, manavadu sufyan mustafa eee aastiki samrakshakulu.

satreekh satreekh bhaarti riyasat utar pardesh kay zalaa barabanki kaa eek qasbah aur eek nigar panchayat hay. sateekh kuu ghaazi sayed salaar daaod kay bhatijay sayed salaar sulaiman kay naam say bhee sulaiman aabaad kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. aabadi. 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq satreekh kii aabadi 12,107 hay jinn mein say 6,368 mard aur 5,739 khwatin haine. iss qasbey mein sharah khwandagi 56.29% hay juu 67.68% kii riyasati ausat say kumm hay. mardon kii khwandagi 62.02% hay jabkah khwatin kii khwandagi 50.00% hay. satreekh mein 15.41% aabadi chh saal say kumm amar kii hay. legend. ramayan door. kahaa jaataa hay kahh qadeem zamanay mein satreekh eek aisi sultanat kaa hasah thaa jiss parr soriyah wanashi baadshah kii hukumat thee. baadshah dashrat aur iss kaa mashhur betaa raam iss khaandaan kaa hasah thay. grow vishisht inn kay kalgaro thay aur inhon nay satrekh mein khaandaan kay naujawan shehzadon kuu tabligh aur taleem dee jasay ibtadayi toor parr satreshi kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa. tareekh. muslimanon nay 421 eiswi mein satrikh mein apnee pehli bastee banayi. / 1030 eiswi ghaazi sayed salaar saahu yaa sayed salaar daaod yaa saahu bunn ataa allah alwi yaa salaar saahu (faarsi: ghaazi sayed salaar saahu) sultan mahmud ghaznavi kii foj mein commander thay juu 11 wein sadee kay awail mein barsaghir paak woo hund mein aayey thay. salaar saahu alee kii nasal say thay. inn kay waalid kaa naam tehreer ataa allah aur betay kaa naam ghaazi sayed salaar masud thaa. iss kay duu bhayee thay. inn mein say eek sayed maaruf aldeen ghaazi thay. wah ghaliba sultan kaa behnuyi thaa jiss kii shaadi mubinah toor parr sultan kii behan sataar maalaa say hoyee thee. wah sultan mahmud ghaznavi kay saath batoor foji commander hindustan aayaa. wah marr gayaa aur satreekh mein dafan hawaa. audh door kay nawaab. audh kay nawabon kay aakhri saalon kay doraan satreekh nawabiyon aur bartanvi audh kaa eek taluqah thaa. iss steat mein 85 gaaon shaamil thay. tamaam gaaon kuu apnay 'lagaan' (teks) satrikh kay taluqah daar kuu adaa karnaa thaa. satreekh kaa taluqah satrikh kay chodhari say marhum qaazi kuu muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kaa khaandaan abb bhee qazyana kay elaqay mein qaazi kothi mein rehta thaa. ghaazi sayed salaar daaod kaa maqbarah. muslim sunat sayed kay waalid sayed salaar daaod ghaazi kaa maqbarah satreekh mein waaqa hay. iss kii qabar parr loag hindo mahinay jeshta kay puray chaand kay doraan ziyarat mein jamaa hotay haine. paanch dunn takk chalnay waala arr hazaaron aqeedat mandon kuu duaa karnay kii ajazat deeta hay. iss kay maqbaray kuu "badhay baaba kii mazaar" (azeem astaad kaa maqbarah) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. sayed salaar daaod ghaazi kaa medaan jung zafar poor gaaon mein thaa aur iss mein hamlah aawar foj aur maqami kasaanon kay darmiyan daryaae reeth kay kinaray ladayi hoyee thee. iss door kii baqiyat mein namalum qabrein shaamil haine. yaha jayedad inn kay khaandaan kay muaziz shaikh freed ahmad kii malkiyat hay juu zafar poor kay aakhri zamindar thay. abb asay inn kay khaandaan kay zariye aabayi qabristan kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. phee alhaal iss kay betay azeer mustafi amar mustafi aur ins mustafi aur potay sufiyan mustafi iss jayedad kay muhafiz haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=529776

List of fictional Oxford colleges

List of fictional Oxford colleges Fictional colleges are found in many modern novels, films, and other works of fiction, probably because they allow the author greater licence for invention and a reduced risk of being accused of libel or slander, as might happen if the author depicted unsavory events as occurring at a real-life institution. Below is a list of some of the fictional colleges of the University of Oxford. "His Dark Materials". Philip Pullman's "His Dark Materials" novels feature a number of fictional Oxford colleges, most notably Jordan College, including: Inspector Morse. The Inspector Morse series of books by Colin Dexter is predominantly set within Oxford and its environs, including the University. Consequently, many fictional colleges are named. The derived television series, "Inspector Morse", "Lewis" and "Endeavour", continued this practice. "T"=TV series "Jude the Obscure". Thomas Hardy's novel "Jude the Obscure" is set in Christminster, "Wessex", a thinly fictionalized version of Oxford, and mentions the following colleges of Christminster University: "Loss and Gain". "Loss and Gain" by St John Henry Newman tells the story of the conversion of Charles Reding, an Oxford student, to Catholicism. In the novel, Newman creates the following colleges: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kalponik oxford mohabidyaloyxomuhor talika bohutu aadhunik uponyax, solositro aaru onyanyo kolpokahinir kamburot kalponik mohabidyaloyxomuh puwa yaay, xombhobotoh kaaron xeibure lekhokok udbhawonor baabe odhik onugyapotro aaru manhani baa opobador obhijug utthaponor xombhawona hraax kore, jene jodi lekhoke opritikor ghotonabur bastob jiwanor protisthanot xonghotit huwa hisape sitrito kore. tolot oxford biswobidyaloyor kisuman kalponik mohabidyaloyor talika diya hoise. "teur koo 'laa xamogri. phillip poolmanor "teur dark materials" uponyaxxomuhot keibatau kalponik oxford mohabidyaloy aase, bixexkoi jordan mohabidyaloy, jaar bhitorot aaseh inspector murch. kolin dexateror dwara likha kitapor poridorxok murch sringkhola prodhankoi oxford aaru biswobidyaloyoke dhori iyar poriwexor bhitorot sthapon koraa hoy. pholsworupe, bohutu kalponik mohabidyaloyor naam diya hoise. inspector murch", "lewis" aaru "prochesta" naamor television dharabahiktuwe ei protha obyahot rakhisil. "ti" = tibhi sringkhola "ospostok bisar korok. thomas hardir uponyax "jude dyo oh 'bokchur" christominstarot xongrosito, "wesex", oxfordor ek paatol kalponik xongskoron, aaru christominstar biswobidyaloyor nimnolikhito mohabidyaloyxomuhor ullekh aaseh "khyoti aaru laabh. "saint john henori newmanor "lukchan aaru laabh" too oxfordor saatro charls reddingor ketholik dhormoloi rupantoror kahini bornona koraa hoise. uponyaxkhonot newmane nimnolikhito mohabidyaloyxomuh sristi koriseh

kalponik oxford kolejgulir talika onek adhunik uponyas, cholochchitro ebong anyanno kolpokahinite kalponik kolejguli pawa yaay, sombhoboto kaaron taaraa lekhokke abishkarer jonno brihottor licenses ebong manhanir baa apobader abhijoge abhijukto howar jhunki hrass korey, jemonti lekhok jodi konao bastob jeeboner protisthane ghote yawa apritikar ghotonagulike chitrito corren tobey ghotote paare. neeche oxford bishwobidyaloyer koyekti kalponik colleger ekti talika deoa holl. "taar ondhokar bostu. phillip pullmaner "taanr ondhokar samagri" uponyasgulite besh koyekti kalponik oxford college royeche, biseshoto jordan college, jaar modhye royeche insapektara morse. collin dexter insapektara morse sirijer boiguli mulat oxford ebong vishwavidyalaya soho err poribesher modhye seeta koraa hoy. falaswarup, onek kalponik colleger naam deoa hoyeche. udbhuto television sirij, "insapektara morse", "luis" ebong "prochesta", eyi anushilan abyahoto rakhe. "tii" = tibhi sirij "osposhtotake bitcher korun. thomas hardyr uponyas 'judey dya abskur' christminster, 'oyeseksa'-ayee seeta koraa hoyeche, jaa oxforder ekti patla kalponik sanskaran ebong christminster bishwobidyaloyer nimnolikhito kolejgulir ullekh koreh "" "khoti ebong laav. "seenta john henry newmaner "loss anned geena" ekjon oxford chhatro charles redding-err catholic dhorme rupantarer golpo boley. uponyashtite, neuman nimnolikhito kolejguli toiri koreh

kaalpaneek oxford collegeoni yaadee kaalpaneek collego ghanee aadhunik navalkathaao, filmo aneey kaalpaneek sahityanaa anya kaaryoma jovaa maley chhe, kadaach etalaa maate keey teo lekhakne shodh maate vadhu licenses aape chhe aneey badnakshi athavaa apaprachaarna aaropma mukavanu jokham ghataade chhe, jooe lekhak vaastavik jeevanni sansthama thatee apreey ghatanaaone chitrit karey too aevu thaee shake chhe. neeche oxford universityni ketalik kaalpaneek collegeoni yaadee chhe. "tenee kaalee samagri". " phillip pulmenni "temnee darqa materials" navalkathaaomaa sankhyaabandh kaalpaneek oxford collego chhe, jemaa sauthee vadhu nondhpaatra reete jordana collegeno samaavesh thaay chheh inspektara morse. collin dextor dwara lakhaayeli inspektara morse shreneena pustako mukhyatve oxford aneey tenaa parisarma sthaapit chhe, jemaa universityno samaavesh thaay chhe. parinaame, ghanee kaalpaneek kolejonaa naam aapvama aavyaa chhe. inspektara morse", "lavis" aneey "prayaas" naamnee television shreniae aaa prathaa chaalu raakhi hatee. "tii" = tivi shrenee "aspashtne nyaay aapo". thomas hardini navalkathaa "jude dhaa obscure" oxfordnaa paatala kaalpaneek sanskaran "wessex", christminsterma seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe, aneey christminster universityni neecheni collegeono ullekh karey chheh "" "nuksan aneey laabh". "saint john henry neuman dwara "losa anned gaine" charles redding, aek oxford vidhyarthi, ketholik dharmamaa parivartit thavaani vaarta kahe chhe. navalkathaamaa, navaa maanas neecheni collego banaave chheh

kaalpanik oxford colleges kii soochi kaalpanik mahavidyalaya kaee aadhunik upanyason, filmon aur kathaaon key anya karyon mein paae jaate hain, shayed isaliye kii way lekhak koo aavishkaar key liye adhik licenses aur manhani yaa badnami key aarop mein honey key jokhim koo cumm karane kii anumati dete hain, jaisa kii lekhak ney vaastavik jeevan mein honey vaali apriya ghatnaaon koo chitrit kiya hoe sakata haye. neeche oxford vishvavidyalaya key kuchh kaalpanik colleges kii soochi dee gaee haye. "usaki kaali samagri. phillip pullman key "unaki dark materials" upanyason mein kaee kaalpanik oxford college hain, jinamen seey sabse vishesh roop seey jorden college, jinamen shamil hainh inspector morse. collin dextor dwara likhit pustakon kii nireekshak morse shrinkhala mukhya roop seey oxford aur vishvavidyalaya sahit isake parivesh key bheetar sthaapit kii gaee haye. natijatan, kaee kaalpanik colleges key naam diye gaye hain. vyutpann television shrinkhala, "inspector morse", "luis" aur "prayaas" ney iss abhyaas koo jaari rakhaa. "tii" = tv shrinkhala "aspashtata kaa nyaay karein. thomas hardy kaa upanyaas "jude dha abscure" christminster, "wessex" mein sett kiya gayaa haye, joe oxford kaa ack chhota saa kaalpanik sanskaran haye, aur christminster vishvavidyalaya key nimnalikhit colleges kaa ullekh kartaa haih "haani aur laabh. "sent johnn heinry neuman dwara "nuksan aur laabh" ack oxford chhaatr charles redding key catholic dharm mein parivartan kii kahani bataata haye. upanyaas mein, neuman nimnalikhit mahavidyalayon kaa nirmaan kartaa haih

kaalpanika oxford kaalejugala patti aneka aadhunika kaadambarigalu, chalanachitragalu mattu itara kaalpanika krutigalalli kaalpanika kaalejugalu kandubaruttave, bahushah avu lekhakarige avishkarakke hecchina paravaanagi mattu manahani athawa apaprachaarada aaropakke olagaaguva apaayavannu kadime maaduttave, lekhakaru ahitakara ghatanegalannu nija jeevanada samstheyalli sambhavisuvante chithrisidare sambhavisabahudu. oxford vishvavidyaanilayada kelavu kaalpanika kaalejugala pattiyannu kelage nidalaagide. "avana kattala padaarthagalu". " phillip pullman avara "avara dark materials" kaadambarigalu halavaaru kaalpanika oxford kaalejugalannu olagondive, avugalalli mukhyavaagi jordan kaaleju seriveh inspector morse. collin dextern pustakagala inspector morse saraniyu pradhaanavaagi oxford mattu adara parisaradalli, vishvavidyaalayavoo seridante, sthaapisalpattide. idara parinaamavaagi, aneka kaalpanika kaalejugalige hesarugalannu idalaagide. inspector morse", "levis" mattu "prayatna" emba duradarshana saranigalu ee abhyasavannu munduvaresidavu. "tii" = duradarshana sarani "aspashtateyannu nirnayisi". thamus hardy kadambari "jude dhii obscure" annu oxfordna teluvaada kaalpanika aavruttiyaada "wessex" emba christminsternalli hondisalaagide mattu christminster vishvavidyaanilayada ee kelagina kaalejugalannu ullekhisuttadeh "nashta mattu labha". " "saint zaan henry neuman "nashta mattu labha" vu oxford vidyarthiyaada charles redding catholic dharmakke matantaragonda katheyannu heluttade. kaadambariyalli, neuman ee kelagina kaalejugalannu rachisuttaaneh

saangalppika ooksfoord kolejukalude pattika pala aadhunika novalukalilum sinimakalilum mattu fiction kruthikalilum saangalppika collegeukal kaanapedunnu, orupakshe avaa rachayithaavin kandupiduthathinu kooduthal licenses nalkunnathum apakeerthippeduthalo apavaadamo aaropikkappedaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnathumaanu, ezhuthukaaran oru yadhaartha jeevita sthaapanathil sambhavikkunna asukhakaramaaya sambhavangal chithreekarichuvenkil sambhavikkam. ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalayile chila saangalppika kolejukalude pattika chuvadeyundu. "" "ayaalude irunda vasthukkal". philipp pulmaante "hiss dark meteeriyals" novalukalil niravadhi saangalppika ooksfoord collegeukal, prathyekichu jordan koleju, ulppede inspector morse. collin dekstarinte inspector mozhs seerees pusthakangal pradhaanamaayum oaksfordilum sarvakalashaala ulppedeyulla parisarangalilum sajjeekarichirikkunnu. thathfalamaayi, niravadhi saangalppika kolejukalkku perukal nalkiyittundu. inspector mozhs", "levis", "ephire" ennee television parambarakal eee sambradaayam thudarnnu. "tii" = television seerees "avyakthathaye vilayiruthuka". thomas hardy "juudu dhii obscure" enna noval ooksfoordinte nerttha saangalppika pathippaya "vessex" enna christaminstaril sajjeekarichirikkunnu, koodaathe christaminstar sarvakalaashaalayile inipparayunna kolejukalekkurichu paraamarsikkunnu "nashtavum nettavum". " "sent joonn henry neuman ezhuthiya "lose nettavum" ooksfoord vidyaarthiyaaya chaals reddingine catholica mathathilekku parivartthanam cheythathinte katha parayunnu. novalil, neuman inipparayunna collegeukal srishtikkunnu

kalpanik oxford collegeharuko suchi kalpanik collegeharu dherai adhunik upanyasharu, chalchitraharu, rar kalpanik kathaka anya kritiharuma painchha, sambhawatah kinbhane tiniharule lekhaklai awishkarko lagi badhi ijajatpatra rar manhani wa nindako arop lagne jokhim cum garna anumati dinchhan, yadi lekhakle apriya ghatanaharu chitran gare bhane huna sakchha. tall oxford vishwavidyalayaka kehi kalpanik collegeharuko suchi chha. "unko andhyaro samagri. phillip pulmanko "unko dark samagri" upanyasharuma dherai kalpanik oxford collegeharu chhan, vishesh gari jorden college, jasma samawesh chhah inspector morse. collin dextordwara pustakharuko inspector morse shringkhala mukhyataya oxford rar yasako warparko parisarma sett garieko chha, vishwavidyalaya sahit. falaswarup, dherai kalpanik collegeharuko naam rakhieko chha. wyutpanna television shringkhala, "inspector morse", "luis" rar "prayas" ley yo abhyas jaari rakhyo. "tea" = television shringkhala "aspashtalai nyaya garnuhos. thomas hardyko upanyas "jude da obscure" cristminster, "wessex" maa sett garieko chha, june oxfordko ek patlo kalpanik sanskaran how, rar cristminster vishwavidyalayaka nimna collegeharuko ullekha gardachhah "hani rar labh. "cent john heinry neumanko "hani rar labh" ley oxfordka vidyarthi charles readinglai catholic dharmama rupantaran gareko katha bataunchha. upanyasma, newmanle nimna collegeharu sirjana gardachhah

kalpanika oxford kalejagudikara talika aneka adhunika upenyas, chalachitra ebong anyanya kalpanika rachanare kalpanika collegeman dekhibaku milithae, sambhabatah kaaran semane lekhakanku udbhabana paain adhika anumathi dianti ebong manhani kimba apabadara abhijoga hebara aashanka hrass karanti, jepari lekhaka jadi eka bastaba-zeeban anusthanare ghatuthiba apriya ghatanagudiku chitrana karanti . nimnare oxford biswabidyalajara keteka kalpanika mahabidyalajara talika diajaichhi. "taa 'rahr andhakara samagri. phillip pulamyananka "tankara dark materials" upanyasare aneka kalpanika oxford college rahichhi, bisesh curry jordan college, jeunthire antarbhuktah inspector morse. collin dexternka dwara likhita inspector morse shrunkhalara pustaka mukhyatah oxford ebong biswabidyalaja sameth ehara paribesha madhyare sthapita hoichhi. phalaswaroopa, aneka kalpanika mahabidyalajara naama rakhajaichhi. inspector morse", "lewis" ebong "prayasa" namaka eka television dharabahika ehi abhyasaku jaari rakhithila. "tii" = tibhi sirij "aspastaku bichara karantu. thomas hardinka upenyas 'jude dee obscare' khristaminstara, 'wessex' ray sett hoichhi, jaahaa oxforder eka patala kalpanika sanskarana, ebong khristaminstara biswabidyalajara nimnalikhita college bishajare ullekha karichhih "" "khyati ebong laabh. "cent zohn henry nyumyanka "khyati ebong laabh" jane oxford chhatra charles redingnka catholic dharmaku paribartanara kahani ku barnana kare . upanyasare, nabman nimnalikhita collegeman srusti karantih

kalpanik oxford kaljan dee suchi kalpanik kaalaj bahut saare aadhunik navlan, filman atey glup deeaan horr rachnavan witch paae jaande hunn, shayed iss laee kii uh lekhak noon kaadh laee vadhere licences dinde hunn atey manhani jaan badnami dey dosh lagaun dey jokham noon ghataunde hunn, jiven kii lekhak neey kise asal jeevan sanstha witch vaparan valiaan ansukhavinyan ghatnavan noon darsaiaa howay. hethan oxford university dey kujh kalpanik kaljan dee suchi ditti gaee haii. "uss dee kaali samaggari. philip pulman dey "uss dey dark materials" navlan witch kaee kalpanik oxford kaalaj, khaas karke jorden kaalaj, shamal hann inspector moras. collin dextor duaara kitaban dee inspector moras luddy mukkh taur 'teey oxford atey university samet iss dey vatavaran witch sathapat keeti gaee haii. sitte vajon, bahut saare kalpanik kaljan dey naam ditte gaye hunn. iss toon prapat television ladiwar, "inspector moras", "luis" atey "yatan" neey iss abhiaas noon jaari rakkhiaa. "tii" = tii. vee. luddy "aspasht noon azmao. thamas hardy daa nawal "jude dha aspakkar" christmenster, "vasex", oxford daa ikk chhota jiha kalpanik sanskaran haii, atey christminster university dey heth likhe kaljan daa zikar karda haiyav "nuksan atey laabh". " "cent john hannery neuman duaara "nuksan atey laabh" oxford dey ikk vidiaarthi charles redding dey catholic dharam witch parivartan dee kahani dassdi haii. nawal witch, neuman heth likhe kaalaj banaunda haiyav

kaalpanik-oxford-mahaavidyaalayaanaam soocheeh anekeshu aadhunik-kaadambarishu, chalacchitreshu, anyeshu cha kaalpanik-krutishu kaalpanik-mahaavidyaalayaah drushyante, praayah yatah te lekhakaay aavishkaarasya adhika-anudnyaapatram, manahanim vaa apapracharam vaa aaropayitum nyooneekartum cha anumatim dadati, yathaa lekhakah asammanajanakan ghatanaah vaastavika-jeevan-samsthaayaam ghatayanti iti chitrayati chet bhavitum arhati. adhah oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya keshaanchan kaalpanik-mahaavidyaalayaanaam soochee asti. "tasya krushna-padarthah". phillip pulman ityasya "hiss dark materials" iti upanyaaseshu aneke kaalpanik-oxford-mahaavidyaalayaah santi, visheshatah jordan-mahaavidyaalayaha, yathaa - nireekshakah morse. collin dextor ityasya pustakanam infector morse-shrunkhalaa mukhyataya oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya parisarasya cha antargate sthapita asti. phalatah, bahavah kaalpanik-mahaavidyaalayaah namakaranam krutaani santi. inspector morse", "levis", "prayatnah" iti vyutpann-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaah eshaa prathaa anuvartayat. "tea" = dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa "asprushyam nirnaay. thaamas hardy ityasya "jood da abscure" iti upanyaasah oxford-nagarasya christminster-bhashayam "wessex" iti laghu-kaalpanik-samskarane sthaapitah asti, christinminster-vishvavidyaalayasya nimnalikhitebhyah mahaavidyaalayaanaam cha ullekhah asti. "haanih labha cha. "sent jaan henry neuman ityasya "laas and genn" iti grantham oxford-deshasya chaatrasya charles redding ityasya catholic-mata-parivartanasya kathaa kathanam asti. navalekhe nyumyan ityeshah nimnalikhitaan mahaavidyaalayaan nirmaati.

karpanaiyaana oxfordu kalloorigalin pattiyal karpanaiyaana kalloorigal pala naveena naavalkal, thiraippatankal mattrum pira punaikathai padaippugalil kaanappadugindrana, anegamaaga avai kandupidippukkaana adhiga urimaththai vazhangkuvatharkum, avathooru allathu avathooru kuttrachchaattu sumatthappadum abaayaththaik kuraippatharkum anumathikkintrana, aenenil ezhuththaalar oru nija vaazhkkai niruvanaththil nigazhum moasamaana nigazhvugalai siththaritthaal nadakkalaam. oxfordu palkalaikkazhagaththin sila karpanaiyaana kalloorigalin pattiyal keezhae ullathu. "avarathu irunda porutkal". " pilip bullman "avarathu irunda porutkal" naavalkalil pala karpanaiyaana oxfordu kalloorigal ullana, kurippaaga jorden kalluri, avattril adangum inspector morse. inspector morse thodar puththagangkal perumpaalum oxpordu mattrum adhan suttruppurangalukkul amaikkappattullana, idhil palkalaikkazhagam udpada. idhan vilaivaaga, pala karpanaiyaana kalloorigal peyaridappattullana. inspector morse", "levis" mattrum "muyarchi" endra tholaikaatchi thodarkal inththa nadaimuraiyaith thodarnthana. "dii" = tholaikaatchi thodar "thelivattrathai niyaayantheer". thamas haardiyin navalaana "juud thii aspser", oxfordu endra oru melliya karpanaiyaana pathippaana "vessex" endra christminsteril amaikkappattullathu, maelum christminster palkalaikkazhagaththin pinvarum kalloorigalaik kurippidugiradhu "izhappu mattrum aathaayam". " "saint john hendri neuman ezhuthiya "izhappu mattrum aathaayam", oxpordu maanavaraana charles redding catholica mathaththirku maariya kadhaiyaich solkirathu. navalil, neuman pinvarum kalloorigalai uruvaakkukirathu

kaalpanika oxford kalaasaalala jabita aneka aadhunika navalalu, chalanachitraalu mariyu itara kalpita rachanalalo kaalpanika kalaasaalalu kanipistaayi, bahusha avi rachayitaku aavishkaranaku ekkuva licenses ivvadaaniki mariyu rachayita nija jeevita samsthalo jarugutunnatlugaa asahyakaramaina sanghatanalanu chitreekarinchinatlayite, paruvu nashtam ledhaa apavaadu aaropanalu vachhe pramaadaanni tagginchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. oxford vishwavidhyaalayamloni konni kaalpanika kalaasaalala jabita krinda ivvabadindi. "athani cheekati padaarthaalu". phillip pullman yokka "athani cheekati padaarthaalu" navalalo aneka kaalpanika oxford kalaasaalalu unnaayi, mukhyamgaa jordan kalaasaala, veetilo inspector morse. collin dexter raasina inspector morse pustakaala shreni pradhanamgaa oxford mariyu vishwavidyaalayamtho sahaa daani parisaraalalo sett cheyabadindi. tatphalitamgaa, aneka kaalpanika kalaasaalalaku paerlu pettabaddayi. inspector morse", "levis" mariyu "prayatnam" anae television dharavahikam eee abhyasanni konasaaginchindi. "tii" = tv syries "aspashtatanu nirdhaarinchandi". thamus hardy navala "jude dhi obscure" christinster, "vessex" loe sett cheyabadindi, idhi oxford yokka sannani kalpita version, mariyu christinster vishwavidyaalayam yokka krindi kalaasaalalanu prastaavinchindih "nashtam mariyu labham". "seyint zaan henry neuman rachinchina "laas und geyin", oxford vidyaarthi charless reddingnu kaathalikkulugaa marchina kathanu chebutundi. navalalo, neuman eee krindi kalaasaalalanu srushtistaaduh

afsanvi oxford colleges kii fehrist behat say jadeed naawalon filmon aur afsanon kay deegar kaamon mein afsanvi college paaye jaatay haine shayed iss wajah say kahh wah masnaf kuu aijaad kay liye ziyadah license deetay haine aur toheen yaa badzabani kay alzaam mein malus honay kay khatray kuu kumm kartay haine jaisa kahh iss soorat mein how saktaa hay jabb masnaf ghair minn pasand waaqiaat kuu kasee haqeeqi zindagi kay idaarey mein paish kartaa hay. zeel mein oxford university kay kachh afsanvi colleges kii fehrist hay. "iss kaa tareek mawaad. flip palmeen kay "inn kay tareek mawaad" kay naawalon mein oxford kay mutadid afsanvi college khaas toor parr jorden college shaamil haine: inspector morse. colan dextor kii kitaabon kii inspector morse seerez bunyadi toor parr oxford aur iss kay maahul bashmol university kay andar tartib dee gayee hay. nateejta behat say afsanvi colleges kay naam rakhay gayey haine. akhz shadah teeli vision seerez "inspector morse"yee "leos" aur "koshish" nay iss amal kuu jaari rakhaa. "tye" = tye wee seerez "ghair waazah kaa faislah crow. thamas haardi kaa naawal "joday dee abscure" crist minister "vesex"yee oxford kaa eek chhota saa afsanvi version mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay aur crist minister university kay darj zeel colleges kaa zakar kartaa hay: "nqsan aur fayedah. "sent jaan hunry neomen kaa "nqsan aur fayedah" oxford kay eek taalib alam charlis reding kay catholic mazhab mein tabdil honay kii kahaani biyaan kartaa hay. naawal mein neo meen nay darj zeel college banaye haine:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49736909

Noyes Brothers

Noyes Brothers Australian engineering firm Noyes Brothers is an Australian engineering firm established in 1888 by Edward and Henry Noyes. History. Noyes Bros. was founded in Sydney in 1888 by Edward and Henry Noyes (see their biographies below), as importers of engineering products, then rapidly developed into engineering consultants and contractors servicing the rapidly developing transportation and mining businesses throughout Australasia. In 1907 they converted the business into two separate companies: Noyes Brothers Limited in Sydney under Edward Noyes, and Noyes Brothers (Melbourne) Proprietary, Ltd. in Melbourne, with Henry Noyes as managing director. Around 1991 the company was purchased by Clough Engineering, and traded as Noyes-Clough until 2004, when it was purchased by Project Solutions Australia. Some key people. Edward Noyes. Thomas Edward Woodhams Noyes (c. 1858 – 5 March 1920), always referred to as Edward Noyes, was born at Creaton, Northamptonshire, a son of Rev. Thomas Edward Noyes (c. 1830–1883) and his wife Jane Noyes, née Woodhams. He and his brother and sister Jane emigrated to New South Wales around 1886 and founded the firm of Noyes Brothers in Sydney in 1888. He formed the business into a limited company in 1907, and became the first governing director, a position he held up to the time of his death. He was also a director of Noyes Brothers (Melbourne) Proprietary, Ltd. He died at Medlow following a brief illness; two months after his close friend Edmund Barton, and in the same town. His wife, Catherine Campbell Noyes, died on 19 July 1942. Edward was the author of a number of patents: for a device for perforating leather in the shape of letters in 1894, an improved wire rope in 1895, an improved airbrake controller in 1899, improved airbrake compressor and eggframes for incubators in 1900. Henry Noyes. Henry Obed Noyes (20 June 1861 – 20 March 1922) was born at Creaton, Northamptonshire, a son of Rev. Thomas Edward Noyes. He, his brother and sister Jane emigrated to New South Wales around 1886 and founded the firm of Noyes Brothers in Sydney in 1888. They formed the business into a two limited companies in 1907, Edward remained in Sydney while Henry took over as governing director of Noyes Brothers (Melbourne). Henry was a recognised authority on steel, and was a member of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain. He was also a member of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and the American Institute of Mechanical Engineers. Under his direction the firm carried out large works, including electric lighting and railway construction. A significant project was the construction and electrification of the tramlines for the Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust. During World War I, as vice-chairman of the Victorian Recruiting Committee, he consulted closely with Sir John Monash. He gave generously to Red Cross, donated valuable X-ray equipment. He was regarded as an authority on business and commercial procedure and was associated with some of the largest engineering firms of England and America. He married Martha Elizabeth Halliday on 21 January 1891 and lived at "Holmby", Malvern Road, Malvern, Victoria. They had a son Edward and two daughters, Daisy and Lilian Elizabeth Noyes, who married John Humphrey England. Henry was survived by his second wife Winifred Noyes. Their home, "Holmby", on the west corner of Hopetoun Road and Malvern Road, Malvern, was designed by architect Beverley Ussher in the Queen Anne style. The brothers' youngest sister Jane Noyes married James Brown on 2 July 1900. J. H. D. Brearley. Joseph Henry D. Brearley (c. 1872 – 14 October 1941) was born in New South Wales and studied electrical engineering at Sydney University, then joined the staff of the New South Wales Government Railways. He joined Noyes Brothers, who had won a contract to install an electric tramway system in suburban Roslyn in Dunedin, New Zealand to link up with their cable tramway system. Brearley was needed to replace W. G. T. Goodman, the engineer who started on the contract, but had accepted a position with the city of Dunedin, then in 1907 with the Municipal Tramways Trust of Adelaide. He was to work with Goodman a few years later, after Noyes Bros. won the contract to electrify Adelaide's tramway system. Brearley was chief engineer with Noyes Bros. (Melbourne), and on the board of directors of that company for most of this time, taking on the position of chairman and managing director on the death of Henry Noyes, retiring in March 1932. He also had mining interests, and was chairman of directors of the gold mine Morning Star at Wood's Point. He was a longtime member of Melbourne's Yorick Club, and their secretary when he died. He lived at Walsh Street, South Yarra, and was buried in Brighton Cemetery. Recognition. The Noyes Electrical Engineering Laboratory at the SA School of Mines, was named for the company after it had made considerable donations of electrical equipment to the School. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

noyes bhatrixokol noyes braders hoise edward aaru henori noyesor dwara 1888 sonot protistha koraa ekhon australian obhijantrik protisthan. itihax. nais bhaiyera. 1888 sonot sidonir edward aaru henori noyese (tolot teulukor jiwani sauk) obhijantrik xamogrir aamdanikari hisape iyak protistha korisil, taar pisot xomogro australiat drutogotit bikax laabh koraa poribohon aaru khonon byoboxai xewa aagborhuwa obhijantrik poramorxodata aaru thikadar hisape drutogotit bikoxito hoisil. 1907 sonot teuluke byowoxaituk dutaa prithok companyloi rupantorit korisiloh edward noyesor odhinot sidonir noyes bradorso limited, aaru noyes bradorso (melborno) prietorial, limited. melbornot, managing director hisape henori noyesor xoite. 1991 sonor aaxe-paxe companytu klo 'pho engineeringor dwara kroy koraa hoisil, aaru 2004 sonoloike noyes-klo' hisape byoboxai koraa hoisil, jetiya iyak australier prokolpo xomadhanxomuhe kroy korisil. kisuman guruttopurno manuh. edward noyes. thomas edward udhems noyes (anumanik. 1858-5 march 1920), jaak xoday edward noyes buli kuwa hoy, rebhor ejon putro northamptonswayaror kriyetonot jonmo hoisil. thomas edward noyes (c. 1830-1883) aaru teur potni zen noyes, nee udhems. teu aaru teur bhatri aaru bhogni zen 1886 sonor aaxe-paxe niu sauth welsoloi probrojon korisil aaru 1888 sonot sidnit noyes bhatrixokolor protisthan protistha korisil. teu 1907 sonot byowoxaytu etaa ximito company hisape gothon korisil, aaru prothom porisalona xonsalok hoisil, ji podd teu mrityur xomoyoloike dhori rakhisil. teu noyes bradorso (melborno) prietorial limitedor xonsaloku aasil. teur ghonistho bondhu admond bartonor dumah pisot aaru eketa sohorote ek xongkhipto oxusthotar pisot medlut teur mrityu hoisil. 1942 sonor 19 julyte teur potni ketherin campbell noyesor mrityu hoy. edward keibatau patentor lekhok aasiloh 1894 sonot aakhoror aakarot chaal chidro korar baabe etaa xojulir baabe, 1895 sonot etaa unnot taaror rosi, 1899 sonot etaa unnot airbreak niyontrok, 1900 sonot incubatoror baabe unnot airbreak compresser aaru agframe. heniri noyes. henori ubed noyesor (20 june 1861-20 march 1922) jonmo hoisil northamptonswayaror kriyetonot, rebhor ejon putro. thomas edward noyes. teu, teur bhatri aaru bhogni zen 1886 sonor aaxe-paxe niu sauth welsoloi probrojon korisil aaru 1888 sonot sidnit noyes bhatrixokolor protisthan protistha korisil. teuluke 1907 sonot dutaa ximito companyt byoboxai gothon korisil, edward sidinito aasil, aanhate henoriye noyes bhatrixokolor (melborno) porisalona xonsalok hisape dayitwo grohon korisil. heniri aasil ispator uporot ek swikrito kortripokhyo, aaru teu aairon endo steel institut owo great britainor xodosyo aasil. teu aamerikan institut owo mining endo metallurgical engineers aaru aamerikan institut owo mechanical engineero xodosyo aasil. teur nirdexot protisthane boidyutik puhor aaru rey "lopoth nirmanoke dhori brihot kaam korisil. prohoron endo mulvern trumway 'jo trustor baabe trumline nirman aaru vidyutayan aasil ek guruttopurno prokolpo. prothom biswojudhor xomoyot victorian nijukti xomitir upo-odhyokhyo hisape teu chaar john munasor xoite ghonisthobhabe poramorxo loisil. teu redd krosor usorot udarotare dhon aagborhaisil, mulyowan ex-rey xojuli daan korisil. teuk byoboxai aaru banijyik prokriyar uporot ek kortritwo hisape gonyo koraa hoisil aaru england aaru aamerikar kisuman xorbobrihot obhijantrik protisthanor xoite jorito aasil. 1891 sonor 21 januaryt teu martha elizabeth helider xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy aaru victoriyar malvernor mulvern rudor "hoh 'lombi" too baax korisil. teulukor ejon putro edward aaru dujon konya deji aaru lilian lilian noyes aasil, jiye john humphrey englandok biyaa koraisil. henirir dwitiyo potni winifred noyes aasil. hoh 'pett' noo road aaru mulvern rudor poschim kunot thoka teulukor ghor "hoh 'lombi" ror rani eno xoilit sthopoti beverley iusare design korisil. bhatridwoyor xoru bhoniyek zen noyese 1900 sonor 2 julyte james braunor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. je. eis. di. brerley. juxef henori di. brairley (chi. 1872-14 octobor 1941) niu sauth welsot jonmogrohon korisil aaru sidney biswobidyaloyot boidyutik obhijantrik odhyoyon korisil, taar pisot niu sauth wels sorkari rey 'lower kormosarixokolor xoite jugdan korisil. teu noyes bhatrixokolor xoite jugdan korisil, jixokole newzealandor dunedinor uponogoriya rosolinot teulukor kebol trumway pronalir xoite xongzug koriboloi boidyutik trumway byowostha sthapon korar sukti laabh korisil. dobliu-koo xoloni koriboloi breyarolir proyujon hoisil. ji. ti. goodman, ejon obhijonta ji suktit aarombho hoisil, kintu dunedine sohoror xoite etaa podd grohon korisil, taar pisot 1907 sonot pouroxobhar trumway 'jo trust owo adelider xoite. keibosormanor pisot teu goodmanor xoite kaam koribo lagisil, noyes bro 'sor pisot. adelider trumway pronalir bidyutayonor sukti laabh korisil. brairly noyes bro "sor mukhyo obhijonta aasil. (melborno), aaru ei xomoyor besibhag xomoy xei companyr porisalok porixodot, heniri noyesor mrityur pisot odhyokhyo aaru porisalon xonsalokor podd grohon kori, 1932 sonor march maahot owoxor grohon kore. teur khononor protiu aagroh aasil, aaru kaathor sthanot thoka xunor khonir ratipuwar tarkar xonsalokor odhyokhyo aasil. teu dirghodin dhori melbornor yoy "rick clubber xodosyo aasil, aaru mrityur xomoyot teulukor xosibo aasil. teu dokhyin yarar walswo streetot baax korisil aaru bryton koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil. swikriti. ess. e. skool owo minesor noyes boidyutik obhijantrik porikhyagarkhon, companytuwe bidyaloikhonok boidyutik xojulir jothesto onudan diyar pisot iyar naamere naamkoron koraa hoisil.

noyce bhaiyera noyce brothers ekti australian engineering firm jaa 1888 saale edward ebong henry noyce dwara protisthito hoyechilo. itihas. bhaiyera. 1888 saale edward ebong henry noyce (neeche taader jeeboni dekhun) dwara engineering ponno amdanikarok hisabe sidney protisthito hoyechilo, tarpor druto australia judey druto unnayanshil poribohon ebong khanir byabosai porisheba prodankari engineering poramorshodata ebong thikadar hisabe bikoshito hoyechilo. 1907 saale taaraa byabosatike duti prithak companyte rupantarita koreh edward noyeser adhine sidney-teey noes brothers limited ebong noes brothers (melborn) malikanadhin, limited. melbourne, porichalona porichalok hisabe henry noyce. 1991 saaler dike companity cloff engineering dwara croy koraa hoy ebong 2004 saal porjonto noyce-cloff hisabe byabosa koraa hoy, jokhon etty project solutions australia dwara croy koraa hoy. kichhu guruttopurno manush. edward noyce. thomas edward udhams noyce (anumanik. 1858-5 march 1920), jini sarbada edward noyce hisabe porichito, nordumptonshire creatone jonmogrohon korechilen, rever putro. thomas edward noyce (shee. 1830-1883) ebong taar stree zena noyce, nee udhams. tini ebong taanr bhai oo boone zena 1886 saaler dike neu south wellsey choley asen ebong 1888 saale sidneyte noyce bhaider sangostha protistha corren. 1907 saale tini ekti seemit companyte byabosati gathon corren ebong prothom porichalok hohn, jey podey tini taanr mrityur somoy porjonto adhisthito chhilen. tini noyce brothers (melborn) malikanadhin limiteder porichaloko chhilen. tini ekti sangkhipto oshusthotar porey medlote maaraa zaan; taar ghonistho bondhu edmund barton ebong ekoi shohore dui maas porey. 1942 saaler 19shhey julai taanr stree cathryn campbell noyce maaraa zaan. edward besh koyekti patenter lekhok chhilenh 1894 saale akkharer akare chamda chhidro korar jonno ekti jontrer jonno, 1895 saale ekti unnoto taarer dadi, 1899 saale ekti unnoto airbreak niyantrak, 1900 saale incubatorgulir jonno unnoto airbreak sangkochkari ebong agframe. henry noyce. henry obed noyce (20 june 1861-20 march 1922) nordumptonshire creatone jonmogrohon corren, jini rever putro chhilen. thomas edward noyce. tini, taanr bhai oo boone zena 1886 saaler dike neu south wellsey choley asen ebong 1888 saale sidney-teey noyce bhaider sangostha protistha corren. 1907 saale taaraa duti seemit companyte byabosati gathon korey, edward sidney-teey theke zaan ebong henry noyce bhaider (melborn) porichalok hisabe dayitto grohon corren. henry ispater ekti swikrito kortripokkho chhilen ebong greta brittener ayron anned still instituter sadasya chhilen. tini american institute off mining anned metallurgical engineers ebong american institute off mechanical engineerser sadasyao chhilen. taanr nirdeshe protisthanti boidyutik alo ebong railpoth nirman soho borh kaaj korey. ekti ullekhjoggo prokolpo chhilo prohoran oo mulvern trumway truster jonno trumline nirman oo vidyutayan. prothom bishwojuddher somoy, victorian niyog komitir soho-sabhapati hisabe, tini syara john monasher saathe ghonisthobhabe poramorsho korechilen. tini reeda crosske udarbhabe daan korechilen, mulyaban eksa-reey saranjam daan korechilen. tini byabosa oo banijyik poddhotir ekti kortripokkho hisabe bibechito hoyechilen ebong ingland oo americar koyekti brihottomo prakaushal sangosthar saathe jukto chhilen. 1891 saaler 21shhey januari tini martha elizabeth halidayke biye corren ebong victoria malverner malvern roader "holmby"-teey bosobas corren. taader eka putro edward ebong dui konna deiji oo lillian elizabeth noyce chhilo, jaaraa john humphrey englandke biye korechilen. henry taanr dwitiya stree winifred noyce rekhe gechen. malverner hoppetun road ebong malvern roader poschim koney taader baadi "hombai" runny ayana shoilite sthopoti beverley eusher dwara design koraa hoyechilo. bhaider konistho boone zena noyce 1900 saaler 2raa julai james braunke biye corren. jeey. eich. dii. brearley. josepha henry dii. brearley (shee. 1872-14 octobor 1941) neu south wellsey jonmogrohon corren ebong sidney bishwobidyaloye boidyutik prakaushal niye padashona corren, tarpor neu south oyelasa sarkari railware karmider saathe jog deena. tini noyce bhaider saathe jog deena, jaaraa taader cable trumway byabosthar saathe sangjog sthaponer jonno newzealander dunediner shahartalir roseline ekti boidyutik trumway byabostha sthaponer chukti jitechilen. dablu protisthapon korar jonno brearley prayojan chhilo. zii. tii. goodman, seii prakaushali jini chuktite kaaj shuru korechilen, kintu dunedine shohorer saathe ekti abosthan grohon korechilen, tarpor 1907 saale adelider municipal trumway truster saathe. koyek bochor porr, noyce brotherser porr, goodmaner sange taanr kaaj korar kotha chhilo. adelider trumway byabosthake vidyutayita korar chukti jitechen. brairley noyce brotherser prodhan prakaushali chhilen. (melborn), ebong eyi somoyer beshirbhag somoy seii companyr porichalona porshode, henry noyeser mrityur porr chairman ebong byabosthapona porichaloker podey adhisthito hoye, 1932 saaler march maase abosar grohon corren. taanr khanir agrahao chhilo ebong tini kaather bindute sonara khoni sokaler tarar porichalokder chairman chhilen. tini melbourner ioric cluber dirghodiner sadasya chhilen ebong mrityur somoy taader sachib chhilen. tini dakkhin earer walsh streete thakten ebong bryton koborsthane taanke somahito koraa hoy. swikriti. esha. ayee school off mineser noyce boidyutik prakaushal poriikkhagarti, vidyalayatike boidyutik saranjamer jotheshto anudan deoar porey companyr naame namkaran koraa hoyechilo.

noyas bhaaio noyas bradhars aee edward aneey henry noyas dwara 1888maan sthapaayeli australian ijneri pedhhi chhe. itihas. bhaaio. 1888maan edward aneey henry noyas (neeche temnaa jivancharitro juo) dwara ijneri utpaadanona aayatkaro tareeke sidneyma tenee sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, tyarbad zadapthi ijneri salaahkaaro aneey samagr australiyama zadapthi vikasta parivahan aneey khankam vyavasaayone sevaa aaptaa thekedaroma vikasavvama aavee hatee. 1907maan temane vyavsaayne beey alag alag companyoma rupantarit karyoh edward noyas hethal sidneyma noyas bradhars limited aneey noyas bradhars (mailborne) proprietory, limited. mailbornemaa, managing director tareeke henry noyas saathe. 1991nee aaspaas companyne kloo engineering dwara khareedvama aavee hatee aneey 2004 sudhee noyas-kloo tareeke vepaar thato hato, jyaare tene project solutions austreliya dwara khareedvama aavee hatee. ketlaak mukhya loko. edward noyas. thomas edward woodems noyas (see. 1858-5 march 1920), jene hammesha edward noyas tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teno janm creaton, northamptonshirema thayo hato, jeey revnaa putra hataa. thomas edward noyas (see. 1830-1883) aneey tenee patnee jaine noyis, nee woodhames. teo aneey temnaa bhaai aneey bahen jaine 1886nee aaspaas nyu south velsamaa sthalaantarit thayaa aneey 1888maan sidneyma noyis bhaioni pedhhini sthaapnaa curry. temane 1907maan maryadit companyma vyavsayni rachnaa curry aneey pratham sanchaalak nirdeshak banyaa, jeey pada temane temnaa mrutyu sudhee sambhaalyu hatoo. teo noyis bradhars (mailborne) proprietory, limitednaa director pann hataa. tunkaa gaadaani mandgi baad teo medalo khaate mrutyu pamya; temnaa najiknaa mitra admond bartonnaa beey maheena pachhi, aneey teey jaj shaherma. temnee patnee, kethrin campbell noyis, 19 julai 1942naa roj mrutyu pamya hataa. edward sankhyaabandh patentnaa lekhak hataah 1894maan aksharnaa aakarma chaamadaane chhidrit karvaa maatena upkaran maate, 1895maan sudharel wire doradu, 1899maan sudharel airbreak niyantrak, 1900maan incubators maate sudharel airbreak compressor aneey agframes. henry noyas. henry obed noyis (20 juuna 1861-20 march 1922) noow janm creaton, northamptonshire khaate thayo hato, jeey revnaa putra hataa. thomas edward noyas. teo, temnaa bhaai aneey bahen jaine 1886nee aaspaas nyu south velsamaa sthalaantarit thayaa aneey 1888maan sidneyma noyas bradharsnee pedhhini sthaapnaa curry. teoae 1907maan beey maryadit companyoma vyavsayni rachnaa curry, edward sidneyma rahyaa jyaare henry noyas bradhars (mailborne) naa sanchaalak nirdeshak tareekeno kaarybhaar sambhaalyo. henry steel parr maanyata praapt adheekari hataa, aneey greta britainni aayarn anned steel institutenaa sabhy hataa. teo american institute off mining anned metallurgical angineers aneey american institute off mechanical angineersna sabhy pann hataa. temnaa nirdeshan hethal pedhhiae vidhyut prakaash aneey railway bandhkam saheet motaa kaamo haath dharya hataa. praharaan aneey malvern tramways trust maate tramline nirmaan aneey vidhyutikaran aek nondhpaatra project hato. pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan, viktoriyana bhartee sameetina upadhyaksh tareeke, temane surr john monash saathe najikthi paramarsh karyo hato. temane reeda crossne udaartaathi daan aapyu, mulyavaan ex-reey saadhno daanmaa aapyaa. temne vyavsaay aneey vyaapaari prakriyaa parr sattaa tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa aneey teo ingland aneey americani ketalik sauthee motee ijneri companyo saathe sankalaayela hataa. temane 21 january 1891naa roj martha elizabeth holiday saathe lagna karyaa aneey "holmby", malvern rooad, malvern, viktoriya khaate raheta hataa. temne aek putra edward aneey beey putreeo, dezzy aneey lillion elizabeth noyas hatee, jemane john humphrey ingland saathe lagna karyaa hataa. henrynaa parivaarmaa temnee beejee patnee winifred noyis hatee. hopeton rooad aneey malvern rooad, malvernna pashchim khoone aavelu temnu ghar, "hombie", architect beverley yusher dwara kween aenee shailima design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. bhaioni sauthee naanee bahen jaine noyse 2 julai 1900naa roj james braaun saathe lagna karyaa hataa. jeey. aech. dii. brayley. joseph henry dii. brerley (see. 1872-14 october 1941) noow janm nyu south velsamaa thayo hato aneey tene sidnee universityma electrical angineeringno abhyaas karyo hato, pachhi nyu south wells sarkari railwayna karmchaariomaa jodaayo hato. teo noyis bhaaio saathe jodaya, jemane temnee cable tramway system saathe jodava maate newzealandna dunedinema upnagareey roslinma electric tramway system sthaapit karvaano karaar jeetyo hato. doubleu neey badalvaa maate brairlyni jaroor hatee. jee. tii. goodman, aek ijner jene karaar parr sharuaat curry hatee, parantu tene dunedine shaher saathe, pachhi 1907 maan municiple tramways trust off adelaid saathe pada sveekaaryu hatoo. teo thodaa varsho pachhi, noyas bradhars pachhi goodman saathe kaama karvaanaa hataa. temane adeleidni tramway systemne vijadee aapvaano karaar jeetyo hato. brerley noyas bradhars saathe mukhya ijner hataa. (mailborne), aneey aaa motaa bhaagnaa samay maate teey companyna booard off directorsmaa, henry noyasnaa mrutyu parr chairman aneey managing directornu pada sambhaaline, march 1932 maan nivrutt thayaa. teo khankama pann rus dharaavtaa hataa aneey lakadana bindu parr sonaani khaannaa morning staarnaa directornaa adhyaksh hataa. teo laambaa samaythi mailbornee yorik klabnaa sabhy hataa aneey jyaare temnu avsaan thayu tyaare temnaa sacheev hataa. teo dakshin yaaraani walsh streetma raheta hataa aneey temne bryton kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. maanyata. aesa. aee. school off mines khaateni noyis electrical engineering laboratorynu naam kampani dwara shaalaama vidhyut saadhanonu nondhpaatra daan karyaa pachhi tenaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo.

noyas bhaaiyon noyas brothers ack australiyai engineering firm haye jisaki sthaapana 1888 mein edward aur heinry noyas dwara kii gaee thee. itihas. bhaaiyon. 1888 mein edward aur heinry noyas (neeche unaki jeevani dekhein) dwara engineering utpaadon key aayatakon key roop mein sidney mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, phir teji seey engineering salaahkaaron aur thekedaaron key roop mein vikasit huaa joe poore australia mein teji seey vikasit hoe rahey parivahan aur khanan vyavsaayon kii seva curr rahey they. 1907 mein unhone vyavasaay koo dou alag-alag companiyon mein badal diyaah edward noyas key tahat sidney mein noyas brothers limitted, aur noyas brothers (melburn) malikana, limitted. mailborne mein, heinry noyas key saath prabandh nideshak key roop mein. 1991 key aspas company koo cloff engineering dwara kharida gayaa thaa, aur 2004 taka noyas-cloff key roop mein karobar kiya gayaa thaa, jaba ise pariyojana samadhan australia dwara kharida gayaa thaa. kuchh pramukh loga. edward noyas. thomas edward woodhams noyas (see. 1858-5 march 1920), jise hamesha edward noyas key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa janm creaton, northamptonshire mein huaa thaa, joe rev key ack bete they. thomas edward noyas (see. 1830-1883) aur unaki patni jaine noyas, nee woodhams. way aur unake bhaai aur bahan jaine 1886 key aspas nyu south wells chaley gaye aur 1888 mein sidney mein noyas bhaaiyon kii firm kii sthaapana kii. unhone 1907 mein ack seemit company mein vyavasaay kaa gathan kiya, aur pahale shaasi nideshak baney, ack pada joe unhone apani mrityu key samay taka sambhala. vaha noyas brothers (melburn) proprietory, limitted key nideshak bhee they. ack sankshipt bimari key baad medlo mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee; unake karibi dost admond barton key dou maheene baad, aur usee shahar mein. unaki patni catherine campbelle noyas kii mrityu 19 julaai 1942 koo hui. edward kaee patent key lekhak theh 1894 mein aksharon key aakar mein chamade koo chhidrit karane key liye ack upkaran key liye, 1895 mein ack behtar taar russie, 1899 mein ack behtar airbreak niyantrak, 1900 mein incubators key liye behtar airbreak compressor aur andaa frame. heinry noyas. heinry obed noyas (20 juuna 1861-20 march 1922) kaa janm creaton, northamptonshire mein huaa thaa, joe rev key ack bete they. thomas edward noyas. way, unake bhaai aur bahan jaine 1886 key aspas nyu south wells chaley gaye aur 1888 mein sidney mein noyas bhaaiyon kii firm kii sthaapana kii. unhone 1907 mein dou seemit companiyon mein vyavasaay kaa gathan kiya, edward sidney mein rahey jabaki heinry ney noyas bhaaiyon (melburn) key shaasi nideshak key roop mein padbhar sambhala. heinry ispat parr ack maanyata praapt pradhikaran they, aur grate britten key lauh aur ispat sansthaan key sadasya they. way american institute off mining aind metallurgical engineers aur american institute off mechanical engineers key sadasya bhee they. unake nirdeshan mein firm ney bijli kii roshni aur railway nirmaan sahit badey kaam kiye. praahan aur malvern tramway trust key liye traum lines kaa nirmaan aur vidyuteekaran ack mahatvapurna pariyojana thee. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, victorian bharti samiti key upaadhyaksh key roop mein, unhone surr johnn monash key saath nikatata seey paramarsh kiya. unhone laal cross koo udaartaa seey diyaa, moolyavaan aiks-ray upkaran daan kiye. unhein vyaapaar aur vaanijyik prakriya parr ack pradhikaran key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur way ingland aur america kii kuchh sabse badee engineering farmon seey judey they. unhone 21 janwari 1891 koo martha elizabeth haliday seey shaadi kii aur "holmbie", malvern road, malvern, victoria mein rahate they. unake ack betaa edward aur dou betiyaan, dezzy aur lillion elizabeth noyas theen, jinhone johnn humphrey ingland seey shaadi kii. heinry key parivaar mein unaki doosari patni winifred noyas thee. hoppeton road aur malvern road key paschim koney mein unakaa ghar, "holmbie", malvern, raani annie shally mein vastukar beverley yusher dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. bhaaiyon kii sabse chhoti bahan jaine noyas ney 2 julaai 1900 koo james braun seey shaadi kii. jey. aich. dee. brairley. joseph heinry dee. brairley (see. 1872-14 octuber 1941) kaa janm nyu south wells mein huaa thaa aur unhone sidney vishvavidyalaya mein electrical engineering kaa adhyayan kiya, phir nyu south wells sarkari railway key karmchaariyon mein shamil hoe gaye. vaha noyas bhaaiyon key saath shamil hoe gayaa, jinhone apane cable tramway system key saath jodane key liye dunedine, newzealand mein upnagariya roslin mein ack electric tramway system sthaapit karane kaa anubandh jeetaa thaa. doubleu koo badalane key liye brairley kii aavashyakta thee. jee. tii. goodman, engineer jisane anubandh parr shuruat kii, lekin dunedine shahar key saath ack sthiti sweekaar curr lii thee, phir 1907 mein adelide key nagarpalika tramway trust key saath. kuchh saal baad, nayas brothers key baad, unhein goodman key saath kaam karna thaa. adelide key tramway pranali koo vidyuteekrit karane kaa anubandh jeetaa. brairley noyas brothers key saath mukhya engineer they. (melburn), aur iss samay key adhikansh samay key liye usa company key nideshak mandal mein, heinry noyas kii mrityu parr adhyaksh aur prabandh nideshak kaa pada lete hue, march 1932 mein sevaanivritt hoe rahey they. unake khanan mein bhee ruchi thee, aur way lakadi key bindu parr soney kii khadaan key subah key sitaare key nideshakon key adhyaksh they. vaha lambe samay taka melburn key yorik club key sadasya they, aur jaba unaki mrityu hui tou unake sachiv they. vaha dakshin yarra key walsh street mein rahata thaa aur usey bryton kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. maanyata. aiss. aeye. school off mines mein noyas electrical engineering prayogshala kaa naam company key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa kyonki usane school koo vidyut upkaran kaa kaafee daan diyaa thaa.

nois sahodararu nois sahodararu aastreliyaada engineering samstheyaagiddu, idannu 1888ralli edward mattu henry nois sthaapisidaru. itihaasa. sahodarare. 1888ralli edward mattu henry nois avaru (avara jivanacharitregalannu kelage nodi) engineering utpannagala aamadudaararagi sidniyalli idannu sthaapisidaru, nantara aastreliyaadaadyanta vegavagi abhivruddhi honduttiruva saarige mattu ganigaarike vyavahaaragalige seve sallisuttiruva engineering salahegaararu mattu guttigedaararaagi vegavagi abhivraddhigondaru. 1907ralli avaru ee vevahaaravannu eradu pratyeka kampanigalaagi parivartisidaruh edward nois avara adiyalli sidniyalli simitagonda nois sahodararu mattu nayis sahodararu (melburn) svaamyada, limited. melbernalli, henry nois avaru vyavasthapaka nirdeshakaragi. 1991rahra sumaarige kampaniyannu clau engineering khareedisitu mattu 2004ralli project solutions australia kharidisuvavaregu noes-clau aagi vyapara maaditu. kelavu pramukha vyaktigalu. edward nois. thamus edward woodhams nois (sii. 1858-5 march 1920), yavagalu edward nois endu kareyalpaduva, rev avara maganaada northamptonshiren kriyetannalli janisidaru. thamus edward nois (sii. 1830-1883) mattu avana hendati jaine nois, nee woodhams. avaru mattu avara sahodara mattu sahodari jaine 1886rahra sumaarige nyoo south velsge valase bandaru mattu 1888ralli sidniyalli nois sahodarara samstheyannu sthaapisidaru. avaru 1907ralli ee vevahaaravannu seemita kampaniyagi sthaapisidaru mattu modala aadalita nirdeshakaraadaru, ee sthaanavannu avaru tamma maranada samayadavarege ulisikondaru. aata nois brothers (melburn) svaamyada limited naa nirdeshakaroo aagiddaru. aata alpakaalada anarogyada nantara medlodalli nidhanaraadaru; aatana aapta sneehita edmond barton eradu tingala nantara, mattu adhe pattanadalli. avara patni catherine camp bell nois 1942rahra julai 19randu nidhanaraadaru. edward halavaaru petentgala lekhakaraagiddaruh 1894ralli aksharagala akaaradalli charmavannu randhra maaduva sadhanakkagi, 1895ralli sudhaarita tanti haggakkaagi, 1899ralli sudhaarita air break niyantrakakkagi, 1900ralli incubatorgaligaagi sudhaarita air break sankochaka mattu egframegaligaagi. henry nois. henry obed nois (20 zoon 1861-20 march 1922) avaru rev avara maganaada northamptonshiren kriyetannalli janisidaru. thamus edward nois. avaru, avara sahodara mattu sahodari jaine 1886rahra sumaarige nyoo south velsge valase bandaru mattu 1888ralli sidniyalli nois sahodarara samstheyannu sthaapisidaru. avaru 1907ralli eradu seemita kampanigalaagi vevahaaravannu rachisidaru, edward sidniyalliye ulidukondaru, henry nois sahodarara (melburn) aadalita nirdeshakaragi adhikara vahisikondaru. henriyavaru ukkina mele maanyate padeda pradhikaravagiddaru mattu grate britton kabbina mattu ukkina samstheya sadasyaraagiddaru. avaru american institute off maining und metallurgical engineers mattu american institute off mechanical engineers sadasyaraagiddaru. avara nirdeshanadalli samstheyu vidyut deepagalu mattu railway nirmaana seridante dodda kelasagalannu nadesitu. prahran mattu malvern tramways trustgagi tramlinegala nirmaana mattu vidyudeekaranavu ondu pramukha yojaneyagittu. modalane mahayuddhada samayadalli, victorian nemakati samitiya upadhyaksharagi, avaru surr zaan monash avarondige nikatavagi samalochisidaru. aata kempu shilubege udaaravaagi daana maadidaru, amoolyavaada ksha-kirana upakaranagalannu daana maadidaru. aatanu vyapara mattu vanijya kaaryavidhaanada pradhikariyagi pariganitanagiddanu mattu inglend mattu americada kelavu atidodda engineering samsthegalondige sambandha hondiddanu. aata 1891rahra janavari 21randu martha elizabeth holiday avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu viktoriyaada malvern malvern rasteya "holmby" yalli vaasisuttiddaru. avarige obba maga edward mattu ibbaru putriyaraada daisi mattu lillion elizabeth nois iddaru, avaru zaan humpri englendnannu vivaahavaadaru. henriyavaru tamma eradane patni winifred nois avarannu agaliddaare. malvernina hoppetown raste mattu malvern rasteya paschima mooleyalliruva avara maney "holmby" annu vaastushilpi beverley usher avaru queen aanne shailiyalli vinyaasagolisidaru. sahodarara kiriya sahodari jaine nois 1900rahra julai 2randu james braun avarannu vivaahavaadaru. zhe. etch. dii. brearley. joseph henry dii. brearley (sii. 1872-14 october 1941) nyoo south velsnalli janisidaru mattu sidani vishvavidyaalayadalli electrical engineering adhyayana maadidaru, nantara nyoo south wales sarkari railveya sibbandiyannu seridaru. avaru tamma cable tramway vyavastheyondige samparka sadhisalu newzealandna dunedinnalliruva upnagar roseline nalli vidyut tramway vyavastheyannu sthaapisuva oppandavannu gedda noes sahodararondige seridaru. doubleu annu badalisalu briarliya agatyavittu. zii. tii. oppandada mele praarambhisida, aadare dunedine nagaradalli, nantara 1907 ralli adelidena purasabheya tramways trustinalli sthaanavannu sweekarisida enginiyar goodman. avaru kelavu varshagala nantara, nois brothers nantara gudmyaannondige kelasa maadabekaagittu. adelidena tramway vyavastheyannu vidyuddeekarisuva oppandavannu geddaru. nois brothers jotegina mukhya engineer brearley. (melburn), mattu henry nois avara nidhanada nantara adhyaksha mattu vyavasthapaka nirdesakara sthaanavannu vahisikonda aaa kampaniya nirdesakara mandaliyalli, ee samayadalli hecchina samayadavarege, march 1932 ralli nivruttaraadaru. aata ganigaarikeya aasaktiyannu hondiddaru mattu woods pointnalli chinnada ganiya marning starna nirdesakara adhyaksharaagiddaru. avaru melburn yorik clubna deerghakaalada sadasyaraagiddaru mattu avaru nidhanaradaga avara karyadarshiyagiddaru. aata daksina yaaraada walsh beediyalli vaasisuttiddaru mattu aatanannu bryton smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. mannane. saa school off mainsnalliruva nois electrical engineering prayogaalayakke, adhu shaalege vidyut upakaranagalannu gananeeyavaagi denige needida nantara kampaniya hesarannu idalaayitu.

noyas bandhu noyas brothers hii edward aanee heinry noyas yanni 1888 madhye sthapan keleli austreliyan abhiyantriki company aahe. itihas. bhau naa. 1888 madhye edward aanee heinry noyas yanni abhiyantriki utpadananche aayatdar mhanoon sidneymadhye sthapana kelee (khalee tyanche charitra pahaa), nantar sampoorn austreliyamadhye vegane vikasit hott asalelya vahtook aanee khaan vyavasayanna seva denare abhiyantriki sallagar aanee kantratdar mhanoon vegane vikasit jhaale. 1907 madhye tyanni vyavasayache done vegvegalya companyanmadhye rupantar keleh edward noyas yanchya netrutvakhali sidneymadhye maryadit asalelya noyas brothers aanee nayas brothers (melburn) malkichi, limited. melburnmadhye, vyavasthapakiy sanchalak mhanoon heinry noyce. 1991 chya sumaras hii company cloff engineeringne vikat ghetali aanee 2004 paryant noyas-cloff mhanoon vyapar keela, jevha tee project solutions austreliyane vikat ghetali. kahee pramukh lock. edward noyas. thomas edward woodmus noyas (ii. 1858-5 march 1920), jyala nehmi edward noyas mhanoon sambodhale jaate, tyacha janm creaton, northamptonshire yethe jhaala, joou revcha mulga hota. thomas edward noyas (ii. 1830-1883) aanee tyachi patni jaine noyce, nee woodmus. 1886 chya sumaras teey aanee tyanche bhau aanee baheen jaine nyu south wells yethe sthalantarit jhaale aanee 1888 madhye tyanni sidney yethe noyas bandhunchya companychi sthapana kelee. 1907 madhye tyanni haah vyavasay maryadit companymadhye sthapan keela aanee teey pahile prashasakeey sanchalak banale, jeey padd tyanni tyanchya mrutyuparyant bhushavale. teey noyas brothers (melburn) malkichya, limitedche sanchalak dekhil hote. tyacha jawalcha mitra edmond barton yachya done mahinyanantar aanee tyach shaharat, eka alpakalin aajarane tyacha medalo yethe mrutyu jhaala. tyanchi patni catherine campbelle noyas yanche 19 julai 1942 roji nidhan jhaale. edward heey anek petantache lekhak hoteh 1894 madhye aksharanchya aakarat chamdyala chhidra karnyasathichya upkaranasathi, 1895 madhye sudharit wire dorkhandasathi, 1899 madhye sudharit airbreak niyantrakasathi, 1900 madhye incubatorsasathi sudharit airbreak compressor aanee egframesathi. heinry noyas. heinry obed noyes (20 juuna 1861-20 march 1922) yancha janm creaton, northamptonshire yethe jhaala, joou revcha mulga hota. thomas edward noyas. too, tyacha bhau aanee baheen jaine 1886 chya sumaras nyu south welsla sthalantarit jhaale aanee 1888 madhye tyanni sidneymadhye noyas bandhunchya companychi sthapana kelee. tyanni 1907 madhye done maryadit companyanmadhye vyavasay sthapan keela, edward sidneymadhye rahila tarr heinryne noyas bandhunche (melburn) prashasakeey sanchalak mhanoon padbhar swikarla. heinry heey poladache eka manyataprapt adhikari hote aanee gret brittonchya loh aanee polad sanstheche sadasya hote. teey american institute auph mining andd metallurgical engineers aanee american institute auph mechanical engineersche sadasyahi hote. tyanchya margdarshanakhali companyne vidyut prakash aanee railway bandhkamasah mothee kaame kelee. praharan aanee malvern tramway trustsathi tramline bandhkam aanee vidyutikaran haah eka mahattvapoorn prakalp hota. pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat, victorian bharati samitiche upadhyaksh mhanoon tyanni surr johnn monash yanchyashi jawalun sallamasalat kelee. tyane laal crossla udarpane daan kele, maulyavan ksh-kiran upkarane daan kelee. tyanna vyavasay aanee vyavsayik prakriyevareel adhikari mhanoon olakhale jaat asey aanee teey ingland aanee americetil kahee sarvat mothya abhiyantriki companyanshi sambandhit hote. 21 janewari 1891 roji tyanni martha elizabeth halidashy vivah keela aanee victoriyatil malvern road yetheel holmby yethe rahat hote. tyanna eka mulga edward aanee done mulee, dezzy aanee lillion elizabeth noyce hotya, jyanni johnn humphrey englandshee lagn kele. henrichya pashchat tyachi dusari patni winifred noyas assa parivar hota. hoppeton road aanee malvern rodchya paschim paschim tyanche ghar, "hombie", malvern, yachee rachana architect beverley yusher yanni queen enee shailit kelee hotee. yaa bhavanchi sarvat dhakati baheen jaine noycene 2 julai 1900 roji james braunashi vivah keela. jeey. etch. dii. brairley. joseph heinry dii. brairley (see. 1872-14 aktoobar 1941) yancha janm nyu south wells yethe jhaala aanee tyanni sidney vidyapithat vidyut abhiyantrikicha abhyas keela, tyanantar teey nyu south wells sarkari railwaychya railwaychya ruju jhaale. newzealandmadheel dunedine yetheel upnagariy roslinmadhye tyanchya kebal tramway pranalishi jodanyasathi vidyut tramway pranali basavanyacha karar karar noyas bandhunmadhye too sameel jhaala. doubleu badalanyasathi brerlichi garaj hotee. jee. tii. goodman, abhiyanta jyane kararavar suruvat kelee, parantu tyane dunedine shaharat, nantar 1907 madhye municiple tramway trust auph edelidemadhye padd sweekarle hote. kahee varshannantar, noyce brojnantar too goodmansobat kaam karnar hota. edelidechya tramway pranaliche vidyutikaran karnyacha karar jinkla. bryerley heey noyas brojsobat mukhya abhiyanta hote. (melburn), aanee bahutek vel tyaa companychya sanchalak mandalavar, heinry noyas yanchya nidhananantar adhyaksh aanee vyavasthapakiy sanchalak mhanoon padbhar swikarat, march 1932 madhye nivrutt jhaale. tyanche khankamatahi swarasya hote aanee teey lakadachya thikanavaril sonyachya khaneet sakalchya sakalchya sanchalak adhyaksh hote. melburnchya yorik clubche teey dirghkal sadasya hote aanee tyanche nidhan jhaale tevha tyanche sachiv hote. too dakshin yarratil walsh rastyavar rahat hota aanee tyala bryton smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. manyata. ess. aii. school auph minemadhil noyas vidyut abhiyantriki prayogshaleche naav companyne shalela vidyut upkarananchi lakshaniy denagi dilyanantar yaa companyche naav denyat aale.

noyas bhaiharu noyas brothers sann 1888 maa edward rar heinry noyasdwara sthapit ek astreliyali engineering ferm how. itihas. noyas bradarharu. sann 1888 maa edward rar heinry noysdwara (tall tiniharuko jiwani hernuhos), engineering utpadanharuka ayatakharuko rupma sidnima sthapana garieko thiyo, tyasapachhi australiabhari druta gatima vikas bhairaheko yatayat rar khani wyawasayaharuko sewa garne engineering sallahakarharu rar thekedarharuma druta rupma wiksit bhayo. sann 1907 maa uniharule wyawasayalai dui alag-alag companyharuma rupantaran gareh edward noyas antargat sidnima noyas brothers limited, rar noyas brothers (mailborne) proparaitari, limited. mailbornema, heinry noyassanga prabandha nirdeshakko rupma. sann 1991 ko waripari company cluff engineeringle kineko thiyo, rar sann 2004 samma noyas-clufko rupma wyapar garieko thiyo, jab yo pariyojana samadhanharu australiale kineko thiyo. kehi pramukh wyaktiharu. edward noyas. thomas edward woodhams noyas (c. 1858-5 march 1920), sadhain edward noyas bhanera chinine, creaton, northamptonshirema janmieka thie, revka chhora. thomas edward noyas (c. 1830-1883) rar unaki shrimati zen noyas, nee woodhams. uni rar unka bhai rar bahini zen sann 1886 ko asapas nyu south welsma basain sare rar sann 1888 maa sidnima noyas bhaiharuko ferm sthapana gare. unle sann 1907 maa simit companyma wyawasayako gathan gare, rar pahilo parichalak nirdeshak bane, june pada unle afno mrityuko samayasamma samhaleka thie. uni noyas brothers (mailborne) proparaitari, limitedka nirdeshak pani thie. unko chhoto rogpachhi medaloma mrityu bhayo; unko najikko sathi admond bartonko dui mahina pachhi, rar uhi saharma. unaki shrimati catherine campbelle noyasko 19 july 1942 maa mrityu bhayo. edward dheraiwata petentharuka lekhak thieh sann 1894 maa aksharko akarma chhalalai chhirkaune upkaranka lagi, sann 1895 maa sudharieko taar dori, sann 1899 maa sudharieko airbreak niyantrak, sann 1900 maa incubatorharuka lagi airbreak compressor rar egafremharu sudhar gare. heinry noyas. heinry obed noyas (20 june 1861-20 march 1922) creaton, northamptonshirema janmieka thie, revka chhora. thomas edward noyas. uni, unka bhai rar bahini zen sann 1886 ko asapas nyu south welsma basain sare rar sann 1888 maa sidnima noyas bhaiharuko ferm sthapana gare. tiniharule sann 1907 maa dui simit companyharuma wyawasaya gathan gare, edward sidnima rahe jabki henryle noyas bhaiharu (melburn) ko parichalak nirdeshakko rupma padabhar lie. heinry stillma manyata prapta pradhikaran thie, rar great brittenko falam rar ispat sansthanka sadasya thie. uni american institute aff mining anned metallurgical engineer rar american institute aff mechanical engineerka sadasya pani thie. unko nirdeshanma farmale vidyutiya prakash rar railway nirmansahit thula kamharu garyo. praharan rar malvern tramway trustka lagi tramlineharuko nirman rar vidyutikaran euta mahatwapurna pariyojana thiyo. pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama, victorian bharti samitiko upadhyakshako rupma, unle sear john monassanga najikbata paramarsha gare. unle redd kraslai udaratapurwak daan gare, bahumulya ex-rey upkaranharu daan gare. unlai wyapar rar wyawasayik prakriyama ek pradhikaranko rupma manincha rar england rar americaka kehi thula engineering farmaharusanga sambandhit thiyo. unle 21 janawari 1891 maa martha elizabeth halidaysanga vivaha gare rar "holmby", malbharn road, malbharn, victoriama basthe. uniharuka ek chhora edward rar dui chhoriharu, deji rar lillion elizabeth noyas thie, jasle john humphrey englandsanga vivaha gare. heinry afnie dosro patni winifred noysabata bancheka thie. hapetauna road rar malvern road, malbharnako paschim kunama raheko uniharuko ghar, "hombie", rani annie shailima wastukar beverley yusardwara design garieko thiyo. dajubhaiki kanchhi bahini zen noyasle 2 july 1900 maa james braunasanga vivaha garin. jey. etch. dee. brearly. josef heinry dee. brairley (see. 1872-14 october 1941) nyu south welsma janmieka thie rar sidney vishwavidyalayama electrical engineeringko adhyayan gareka thie, tyasapachhi nayan south wells sarkari railwayka karmachariharuma samel bhae. uni noyas bhaiharusanga samel bhae, jasle newzealandko dunedinko upanagariya roselinma uniharuko kebal tramway pranalisanga jodna vidyutiya tramway pranali sthapana garne samjhauta jiteka thie. w pratisthapan garna brairley awashyak thiyo. zee. tea. goodman, engineer jasle samjhautama suru gare, tara dunedine saharsanga euta sthiti swikar gareka thie, tyasapachhi sann 1907 maa edelideko nagarpalika tramway trustsanga. unle kehi warshapachhi, noyas bradarharu pachhi gudmyansanga kaam garne thie. edelideko tramway pranalilai vidyutikaran garne samjhauta jite. brerley noyas brojsanga mukhya engineer thie. (mailborne), rar yass samayaka adhikansh samayaka lagi tyas companyko nirdeshak boardma, heinry noyasko mrityuma adhyaksha rar prabandha nirdeshakko pada liera, march 1932 maa sewaniwritta bhae. unko khanima pani chaso thiyo, rar uni kathko binduma raheko suna khaniko bihanko taraka nirdeshakka adhyaksha thie. uni melbornko yorik clubka lamo samayadekhi sadasya thie, rar unko mrityu hunda tiniharuko sachiva thie. uni dakshin yarako walsh stritma basthe rar bryton kabristanma gadiyo. manyata. sa schol aff mineko noyis electrical engineering prayogshalako naam companyle skullai vidyutiya upkaranko paryapta daan garepachhi companyko namama rakhieko thiyo.

nois bhaimane noes brothers heuchhi eka astreliah injinijaring farm jaahaa 1888 ray edward ebong heinry noesnka dwara sthapita hoithila . itihas. bhaimane. 1888 masihare edward ebong heinry noes (tale semanankara jeebani dekhantu) nka dwara sidnire injinijaring utpada aamadaneekaree bhabare sthapita hoithila, taa 'parey druta gatire injinijaring paramarshadata ebong thikadara bhabare bikashita hoithila jaahaa samagra astreliaare druta gatire bikashashila paribahana ebong khani byabasai seba kare . 1907 masihare semane ehi byabasajaku duiti alga companyre parinata karithileh edward nojasnka adheenare sidnire noas brothers limited, ebong noas brothers (mailborne) malikanadhin, limited. melabornare, parichalana nirdeshaka bhabare henry najesnka saha. 1991 masiha pakhapakhi companyku cluff injinijaring dwara kraiah karajaithila, ebong 2004 masiha parjyanta noes-cluff bhabe karbar karajauthila, jetebele ehaaku project solution astrelia dwara kraiah karajaithila. kichhi pramukh byakti. edward nois. thamas edward udhams nois (c. 1858-5 march 1920), jaahaaku sarbada edward noes bhabare ullekha karajae, shay creaton, nardampatanashajar ray janmagrahana karithile, rebhnka pua . thamas edward naises (c. 1830-1883) ebong taanka patni zen nois, nee woodhams. shay ebong taanka bhai ebong bhaunee zen 1886 masiha belaku nyu south welsku chalijaithile ebong 1888 masihare sidnire naise bhaimananka sanstha pratistha karithile. shay 1907 masihare eka seemita companyre byabasai gathan karithile, ebong pratham parichalana nirdeshaka hoithile, ehi padabeere shay taanka mrutyu parjyanta rahithile. shay noes brothers (mailborne) malikanadhin, limiteder nirdeshaka madhya thile. eka sankhipta asusthata parey shay medlore mrutyubarana karithile; taanka ghanistha bandhu admond bartenanka dui maasa parey, ebong sehi saharare. taanka patni catherine campbelle noes 1942 masiha july 19 tarikhare mrutyubarana karithile. edward aneka patentra lekhaka thileh thileh akhyara aakarare chamada chhidra kariba paain eka upakarana paain, paain eka unnat taara russie, russie eka unnat airbreak controller, controller incubator paain unnat airbreak compressor ebong agframe. heinry noes. heinry obed noes (20 june 1861-20 march 1922) creaton, narthampatanasajarare janmagrahana karithile, jie rebhnka jane pua thile. thamas edward naise. shay, taanka bhai ebong bhaunee zen 1886 masiha belaku nyu south welsku chalijaithile ebong 1888 masihare sidnire naise bhaimananka sanstha pratistha karithile. semane 1907 masihare duiti seemita companyre byabasai gathan karithile, edward sidnire rahithile, jetebele henry naise bhai (mailborne) nka parichalana nirdeshaka bhabare dajitwa grahan karithile. heinry ispat upare eka sweekrutiprapta kartrupakhya thile, ebong great brittener lauha ebong ispat anusthanara sadasya thile. shay americae institute off maining anded metallurgical engineer ebong americae institute off mechanical injinijaranka sadasya madhya thile. taanka nirdeshare company bidyuta alokikarana ebong rela nirmana sameth bruhata karjya karithila. eka gurutwapurna prakalpa thila praharan ebong malvarna tramaway trust paain tramliner nirmana ebong bidyutakarana. pratham biswajudha samajare, victorian nijukti kamitira upadhyakhya bhabare, shay saar zohn monashnka saha ghanistha paramarsha karithile. shay redd krasku udaratara saha daana karithile, mulyabana ex-ray upakarana daana karithile. shay byabasai ebong banijyika prakriya upare eka kartrupakhya bhabare bibechita hoithile ebong englanda ebong americara keteka sarbabruhata injinijaring company sahita jadita thile . shay 21 januari 1891 ray martha elizabeth halidenku bibaha karithile ebong malvarna, victoriara "holmby", malvarna roadre rahuthile. semanankara eka pua edward ebong dui jhia, deji ebong lilian elizebeth naise thile, jeunmane zohn humphrey englandaku bibaha karithile. henareenka dwiteeja patni winifred noes thile. hoppetown road ebong malvern rodra paschima konare thiba semananka ghara "hombai" ku raanee aane saileere sthapati bebharli jusarnka dwara design karajaithila. bhaimananka saana bhaunee zen nois 1900 masiha july 2 tarikhare james braunnku bibaha karithile. jay. etch. dii. brarley. joseph henry dii. brerley (sii. 1872-14 october 1941) nyu south welsre janmagrahana karithile ebong sidney biswabidyalajare baidyutika injinijaring adhyajana karithile, taa 'parey nyu south wels sarkari relabaira karmacharinka sahita joga deithile. shay nois bhaimananka sahita joga deithile, jeunmane nyujilyandara dunedine antargata upnagariah roselyn thaare eka baidyutika tramaway byabastha sthapana kariba paain eka chukti jitithile, jaahaa semananka kebul tramaway byabastha sahita jodi heba. wi badalaiba paain breralira abashyakata thila. jii. tii. goodman, engineer jie chuktinama arambha karithile, kintu dunedine saharare eka padabee grahan karithile, taa 'parey 1907 ray myunisipala tramways trust off adelade sahita. kichhi barsha parey, nois bradarsnka parey, shay gudamyanka saha kaama karibara thila. adeladra tramaway sistamaku bidyutakarana kariba paain chukti jitithile. brerley noes bradarsnka saha mukhya engineer thile. (mailborne), ebong ehi samajare adhikansha samai paain sehi companyra nirdeshaka mandaleere, heinry nojesnka mrutyu parey adhyakhya ebong parichalana nirdeshaka padabee grahan curry, march 1932 ray absar neithile. tankara khani karbar prati madhya agraha thila, ebong shay kathara bindure thiba suna khani sakaala tarara nirdeshakamananka adhyakhya thile. shay dirgha deane dhari mailborner yorika clubber sadasya thile ebong mrutyu samajare semananka sachiba thile. shay dakhina jarara walsha stritare rahuthile ebong tanku bryton kabarasthanare kabara diajaithila. swekruti. ess. aii. skula off mineser noes baidyutika injinijaring parikhyagara, company bidyalajaku yathesta bidyuta upakarana daana kariba parey company naamare namit hoithila .

nois bharaa nois brothers ikk australiaai engineering ferm haii jiss dee sathapana 1888 witch edward atey hannery nois duaara keeti gaee see. itihaas. nois bharaa. iss dee sathapana edward atey hannery nois (hethan uhanan deeaan jeevani dekho) duaara 1888 witch sidney witch engineering utpadan dey daramadkaran vajon keeti gaee see, firr tezi naal engineering salahkaran atey thekedaran witch vikast hoiaa joe poore australia witch tezi naal vikast hoow rahey aavajai atey mining karobaran dee seva qarr rahey sunn. sann 1907 witch uhanan neey carobar noon doou vakkhariaan companyan witch badal dittaau edward nois dey adheen sidney witch seemat nois bharaa atey nois bharaa (melborne) malkiat, limted. hannery nois dey parbandh nirdeshak vajon, melburn witch. 1991 dey aas paas company noon clau engineering duaara kharidiaa giaa see, atey 2004 takk nois-clau dey roop witch vapaar keeta giaa see, jadon iss noon project hall australia duaara kharidiaa giaa see. kujh pramukh lock. edward nois. thamas edward woodhams nois (see. 1858-5 march 1920), jiss noon hamesha edward nois kiha jaanda haii, daa janam creaton, northamptonshire witch hoiaa see, joe rev daa ikk puttar see. thamas edward naais (see. 1830-1883) atey uss dee patni jaine nois, nee woodhams. uh atey uss dey bharaa atey bhainn jaine 1886 dey aas paas nioo south wells chaley gaye atey 1888 witch sidney witch nois bharavan dee ferm dee sathapana keeti. unhan neey 1907 witch ikk seemat company witch carobar daa gathan keeta, atey pahile governing director bann gaye, ikk ahuda joe uh aapni maut dey samein takk rakkhde rahey. uh nois brothers (melburn) malkiat, limted daa director vee see. ikk sankhep bimari toon baad uss dee medlo vikhe maut hoow gaee; uss dey nazdiki dosat admond barton toon doou maheene baad, atey use shehar witch. uss dee patni catherine campbell nois dee 19 julai 1942 noon maut hoow gaee. edward kaee patentan daa lekhak seeuuu sann 1894 witch akkhran dey aakaar witch chamde noon chhillan laee ikk upkaran laee, 1895 witch ikk sudhari taar rassi laee, sann 1899 witch ikk sudhari airbreak controller laee, 1900 witch incubatoran laee bihtar airbreak compressor atey agframe laee. hannery nois. hannery obed nois (20 juun 1861-20 march 1922) daa janam creaton, northamptonshire witch hoiaa see, joe rev daa ikk puttar see. thamas edward naais uh, uss daa bharaa atey bhainn jaine 1886 dey aas paas nioo south wells chaley gaye atey 1888 witch sidney witch nois bharavan dee ferm dee sathapana keeti. unhan neey 1907 witch doou seemat companyan witch carobar banaiaa, edward sidney witch riha jadon kii hannery neey nois bharavan (melborne) dey governing director vajon kamm sambhaliaa. hannery steel utte ikk maanta prapat adhikari see, atey gret britten dey iron aind steel institute daa member see. uh american institute aaf mining aind metallurgical engineers atey american institute aaf mechanical engineers dey member vee sunn. uhanan dey nirdesh heth company neey bijli dee roshni atey railway nirman samet vadde kamm keete. ikk mahattavpuran project prahan atey malvern tramway trust laee traum lines daa nirman atey bijlikaran see. pahile vishav yuddh dauran, victorian bharti kameti dey upp-chairman vajon, unhan neey sarr jauhan monash naal nediyon salaah mashwara keeta. unhan neey laal karaas noon khullh keey daan keeta, keemati aiks-reey upkaran daan keete. uss noon vaparak atey vaparak prakiriaa utte ikk adhikari manniaa jaanda see atey uh england atey amrica deeaan kujh sabh toon vaddiaan engineering farman naal judiaa hoiaa see. uss neey 21 janwari 1891 noon martha elizabeth holiday naal viaah karvaiaa atey "holmi", malvern road, malvern, victoria witch rahinda see. uhanan daa ikk puttar edward atey doou dhiaan, dezzy atey lilian elizabeth nois sunn, jinhan neey john humphrey england naal viaah karvaiaa. hannery aapne pichhe aapni duji patni winifred nois chhadd giaa see. unhan daa gharr, "holmi", hopeton road atey malvern road, malvern dey pachmi coney utte, architect beverley yousher duaara raanee ainee shaili witch design keeta giaa see. bharavan dee sabh toon chhoti bhainn jaine nois neey 2 julai 1900 noon james baraoon naal viaah karvaiaa. jey. aich. dee. baraili. joseph hannery dee. barairi (see. 1872-14 aktubar 1941) daa janam nioo south wells witch hoiaa see atey usne sidney university witch electrical engineering dee padahi keeti, firr nioo south wells sarkari railway dey staff witch shamal hoow giaa. uh nois bharavan witch shamal hoow giaa, jinhan neey aapne cable tramway system naal juden laee dunedine, newzealand witch upnagari rosleen witch ikk electric tramway system sathapat curran daa theka jittiaa see. w noon badlan laee braryli dee zaroorat see. jee. tii. goodman, engineer jiss neey ikrarname dee shuruat keeti see, parr dunedine shehar dey naal ikk sathiti savikar qarr laee see, firr 1907 witch mioonspal tramways trust aaf adelide dey naal. uh kujh saalan baad goodman naal kamm curran vaala see, nois brothers toon baad. adlide dey tramway system noon bijli denh daa ikrarnama jittiaa. barairi nois broz naal mukkh engineer see. (melburn), atey iss company dey board aaf directors witch ziaadaatar samein laee, hannery nois dee maut utte chairman atey managing director daa ahuda sambhalde hoye, march 1932 witch sevamukt hoye. uss dey khannan dey hitt vee sunn, atey uh lakkad dey sathaan utte sone dee khaan dey sware dey taare dey directoran daa chairman see. uh lambe samein toon melburn dey yorik club daa member see, atey jadon uss dee maut hoee taan uh unhan daa sakattar see. uh dakkhni yarra dey walsh street witch rahinda see atey uss noon bryton kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa see. maanta. saa school aaf mines vikhe nois electrical engineering prayogshala daa naam company dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see kiunki iss neey school noon bijli upkarnan daa kaafi daan ditta see.

nayas-bhraataah noyis brothers iti australia-deshasya abhiyaantriki-samsthaa asti yaa 1888 tame varshe edward tathaa heinry noyis ityanena sthaapitah. itihaasah. nyos brothers. 1888 tame varshe sidney-nagare edward tathaa heinry noys (adhah teshaam jeevanavruttaantaani pashyantu) ityetabhyam abhiyaantriki-utpadanam aayaatakatven sthaapitam, tatah sampoorne australia-deshe drutagatyaa vikasataam parivahana-khanan-vyavasaayaanaam sevaayaam kurwantah abhiyaantriki-paraamarshakaah, tekedaaraah cha iti drutagatyaa vikasitah. 1907 tame varshe te vyavasaayasya bhinna-bhinna-kampanee-dwayoh parivartanam krutavantah-edward noys ityasya adheene sidney-nagare seemitah noyis brothers, naays brothers (melborne) proprietary, limited. melborne-nagare, henry noys ityanena saha prabandhanirdeshakaroopen. 1991 tame varshe, eshaa kampanee klo-angineering ityanena krinita, 2004 tame varshe yaavat noyis-klo iti rupena vyaapaaram cha akarot, yadaa australia-deshasya pariyojanaa-samaadhaanaih krayanm krutam. kechan pramukhah janaah. edward naays. thaamas edward woodhams noyis (c. 1858-5 maarch 1920), yah sarvadaa edward noyis iti namna prasidhah aasit, saha kreeyetan, narthamptonshair ityatra rev ityasya putrah ajayata. thaamas edward noyis (c. 1830-1883) tathaa tasya patnee zen noyis, nee woodhams. saha, tasya bhrata, bhaginee cha zen cha 1886 tame varshe nyoo-sauth-wells-nagaram prati pravaasam krutvaa 1888 tame varshe sidney-nagare noyis-bhraatrubhihi samsthaam sthaapitavantah. saha 1907 tame varshe seemita-kampaneeroopen vyavasaayam aarabhat, prathamah shaasan-nirdeshaka abhavat, yah padam saha mrutyudinaparyantam dhaarayat. saha noyis-brothers (melborne) proprietary, lii. ityasya nirdeshaka api aasit. saha alpakaalasy rogaat anantaram medlo-nagare mrutah; tasya nikatamitrasya edmund barton ityasya masadvayanantaram, tasmin eva nagare cha. tasya patnee catherine campbell noyis 1942 julai 19 dinaanke mrutaa. edward ityayam aneke patent-patranam lekhakah aasit-1894 tame varshe akshararoopasy charmasya chhidrana-upakaranasy krute, 1895 tame varshe unnata-taar-rope-krute, 1899 tame varshe unnata-erbreak-niyantrakasya krute, 1900 tame varshe incubator-krute unnata-erbreak-compressor-krute, tathaa egaphrem-krute cha. heinry noyis. heinry obed noyis (20 joon 1861-20 maarch 1922) nartamptanshair-nagarasya kriyetan-nagare rev ityasya putrah ajayata. thaamas edward noyis. saha, tasya bhrata, bhaginee zen cha 1886 tame varshe nyoo-sauth-wells-nagaram prati pravaasam krutvaa 1888 tame varshe sidney-nagare noyis-bhraatrubhihi samsthaam sthaapitavantah. te 1907 tame varshe vyavasaayam seemita-kampanee-dwayoh rupena nirmitavantah, edward sidney-nagare eva aasit, henry-varyaha noyis-bhratrunam (melborne) shaasan-nirdeshakatvena karyam sveekrutavaan. heinry ityeshah steel-vishaye manyatapraptaha praadhikaranah aasit, gret britton-deshasya airan-and-steel-institute ityasya sadasyah cha aasit. saha american institute aaf manning and metallurgical angineers tathaa american institute aaf mechanical angineers ityasya sadasyah api aasit. tasya nirdeshena samsthaa vidyut-deepam, rail-nirmanam cha ityadini bruhat-karyani akarot. prahran-malvern-tram-ves-trust ityasya krute tram-lain-ityasya nirmanam, vidyuteekaranam cha mahattvapoornam prakalpam aasit. prathamavishvayuddhe, victorian-bhartee-samityaah upaadhyakshatwen saha surr jaan monash ityanena saha nikatayaa paraamarsham akarot. saha lalcross-krute udarataya daanam akarot, bahumoolyaani ksha-kirana-upakaranani daanam akarot. saha vyaapaar-vaanijya-prakriyayaha praadhikaranah iti manyate sma, england-amerikaadeshayoh keshuchit bruhattameshu abhiyaantriki-samsthaasu saha sambadhah aasit. 1891 janavaree 21 dinaanke martha elizaabet haliday ityanaya saha vivaahah krutvaa, malvern, viktoriyaadeshasya malvern-road-nagarasya holmby-nagare nivasat. teshaam ekaha putrah edward, dwau putraah cha aasan, dezie, lillion elizaabet noyis cha, ye jaan humphrey england ityetam parinayan. heinry ityasyaah dvitiyapatnya vanifred noyis ityeshaa jeevitavatee. malvern-nagarasya hopetoun-margasya malvern-margasya cha pashchimakone sthitasya "homby" iti teshaam gruhasya vinyaasah vaastushilpinaa beverley-yousher ityanena queen-enn-shailyaa krutah. bhratrunam kanishtasahotree zen noys ityeshaa 1900 julai 2 dinaanke james braun ityanaya saha vivaahitaa. jey. haha. dee. brearley. joseph heinry dee. brerley (c. 1872-14 october 1941) nyoo-sauth-wells-nagare janma praapnot, sidney-vishvavidyaalaye vidyudvidyuta-abhiyantrikeem abhyanayt, tatah nyoo-sauth-wells-sarvakaareey-rail-margasya karmachaarishu sammilayt. saha noyis-bhraatrubhihi saha militavaan, ye newzealand-deshasya dunedine-nagarasya upanagarasy roslin-nagare vidyut-tramway-vyavasthaam sthaapayitum, teshaam kebal-tramway-vyavasthayaa saha sambaddhum, anubandham praaptavantah. doubleu ityasya sthaane brearley ityasya aavashyakataa aasit. jii. tea. goodman iti abhiyantuhu, yah anubandham prarabdhavan, parantu dunedine-nagare sthaanam sveekrutavaan, tatah 1907 tame varshe adelade-nagarasya nagarapalika-tramways-nyaase sthaanam sveekrutavaan. saha katipayeshu varshaanaam anantaram, noyis brothers ityasya anantaram goodman ityanena saha karyam kartum shaknoti sma. adelade ityasya tramway-vyavasthaayaah vidyudeekaranasya anubandham praptavan. brerley, noyis brothers ityanena saha mukhya-abhiyantru aasit. (melborne), tathaa asya adhikamshakaalam tasya kampenee ityasya nirdeshakamandale, heinry noys ityasya mrutyoho anantaram adhyakshasy vyavasthaapakeey-nirdeshakasya cha sthaanam sveekrutya, 1932 maarch-maase nivruttah abhavat. tasya khanan-ruchihi api aasit, tathaa cha woods-point ityatra suvarna-khanyaah praatahkaal-nakshatrasya nirdeshakanam adhyakshah aasit. saha melborne-nagarasya yorik-club-ityasya dirghakalam sadasyah aasit, tasya mrutyoho samaye teshaam sachivah cha aasit. saha dakshinayarradeshasya vaalsh-veethi-madhye nivasati sma, bratton-shmashaane cha samaadhisthah. manyata. saa-school-aaf-mains ityatra sthitasya noyis-vidyut-abhiyaantriki-prayogashalayaha naam, vidyaalayaay vidyut-upakaranaam paryaaptam daanam adadat kampenee ityasya namanusarena krutam.

nois cakoothararkal nois prathars enbathu 1888 aam aandil edward mattrum hendri noisal niruvapatta oru australian poriiyal niruvanamaagum. varalaaru. cakoothararkalae. 1888 aam aandil sidniyil edward mattrum hendri nois (keezhae ulla avarkalin vaazhkkai varalaarugalaip paarkkavum) aakiyoaraal poriiyal thayaarippukalin irakkumathiyaalargalaaka niruvappattathu, pinnar australia muzhuvathum vaekamaaka valarnthu varum poakkuvaraththu mattrum suranga vanigangkalukku saevai seiyum poriiyal aaloachakarkal mattrum oppanthakkaarargalaaga viraivaaga valarnthathu. 1907 aam aandil avarkal vanigaththai irandu thanithani niruvanangalaaga maattrinar edward noisin keezh sidniyil varaiyarukappatta nois cakoothararkal, mattrum nois cakoothararkal (melbourne) thaniyurima, limited. melbornil, hendri noisudan nirvaaga iyakkunaraaka. 1991 aam aandil inththa niruvanam clow poriiyal niruvanatthaal vaangkappattathu, maelum 2004 aam aandu varai nois-kloavaaga varththagam seiyappattathu, pinnar adhu project solutions australiawal vaangkappattathu. sila mukiya nabarkal. edward nois. thamas edward woodhams nois (kii. 1858-5 maarch 1920), eppoathum edward nois endru kurippidapadugiraar, northamptonshire creatonil piranthaar, revin magan. thamas edward nois (kii. 1830-1883) mattrum avarathu manaivi jaine nois, nee woodhams. avarum avarathu cakootharar mattrum chakoothari jaenum 1886 aam aandil neu savuth vaelsirku kudipeyarndhu, 1888 aam aandil sidniyil nois cakoothararkalin niruvanatthai niruvinar. avar 1907 aam aandil oru varaiyarukappatta niruvanamaaga vanigaththai uruvaakkinaar, maelum muthal nirvaaga iyakkunaraanaar, inththa padhaviyai avar irakkum varai vagiththaar. avar nois cakoothararkal (melbourne) urimaiyaalar, limited niruvanaththin iyakkunaraagavum irunthaar. avar oru kurugiya noyaith thodarnthu metloavil iranthaar; avarathu nerungiya nanbar edmund barden irandu maathangkalukkup piragu, athae nagaraththil. avarathu manaivi keththarin cambell nois 1942 juulai 19 andru iranthaar. edward pala kaappurimaigalai ezhuthiyavar 1894 aam aandil ezhuththukkalin vadivaththil thoalai thulaiyiduvatharkaana oru saathanam, 1895 aam aandil maempatta kambi kayiru, 1899 aam aandil maempatta aer break kattuppadutthi, 1900 aam aandil ingupaettarkalukkaana maempatta aer break amukki mattrum muttaiyidum piraemgal. hendri nois. hendri obet nois (20 juun 1861-20 maarch 1922) northamptonshire creatonil revin maganaagap piranthaar. thamas edward nois. 1886 aam aandil avarum avarathu cakootharar mattrum chakoothari jaenum neu savuth vaelsirku kudipeyarndhu 1888 aam aandil sidniyil nois cakoothararkalin niruvanatthai niruvinar. avarkal 1907 aam aandil irandu varaiyarukappatta niruvanangalaaga vanigaththai uruvaakkinar, edward sidniyil irunthaar, athae neraththil hendri nois cakoothararkalin (melbourne) nirvaaga iyakkunaraaka poruppaettraar. hendri efku meethu angkeekarikkappatta athikaariyaaga irunthaar, maelum grade brittanin irumbu mattrum efku niruvanaththil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. avar america suranga mattrum uloagaviyal poriyaalarkal niruvanam mattrum america iyanththira poriyaalarkal niruvanam aagiyavattril uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. avarathu vazhikaattuthalin keezh niruvanam minsaara vilakkugal mattrum rayil kattumanam ullitta periya panikalai maerkondathu. brahran & malvern traum ways arakkattalaikaana traum paathaikalai nirmaanippathu mattrum minmayamaakkuvathu oru kurippidatthakka thittamaagum. muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu, victorian aatchaerppu kuzhuvin thunaith thalaivaraaga, avar charr john moanaashudan nerukkamaaga aaloasanai nadaththinaar. avar senchiluvaich siluvaikku thaaraalamaaga valangkinaar, mathippumikka exray ubakaranangkalai nankodaiyaaga valangkinaar. vaniga mattrum vaniga nadaimuraigalil oru athikaariyaagak karudhappatta avar, englaanthu mattrum americavin migapperiya poriiyal niruvanangalil silavattrudan thodarpudaiyavaraaga irunthaar. avar 21 janavari 1891 andru martha elisabeth holidaevai mananthaar, maelum victoriavin malvernil ulla malvern saalaiyil ulla hoambiyil vasiththu vanthaar. avarkalukku oru magan edward mattrum irandu magalgal, deisey mattrum lilian elisabeth nois irunththanar, avarkal john humbry englaandhai mananthanar. hendrikku irandaavathu manaivi oinifred nois. malvern hopedown saalai mattrum malvern saalaiyin maerku moolaiyil ulla avarkalin veedu, "hoombi", kattidak kalaignar beverley ashar enbavaraal raani annae paaniyil vadivamaikkappattathu. cakoothararkalin ilaiya chakoothari jaine nois juulai 2,1900 andru james pravun enbavarai mananthaar. jay. ech. dii. brearly. josaph hendri dii. brearly (chii. 1872-october 14,1941) neu savuth valcil piranthu sidney palkalaikkazhagaththil minn poriiyal payintraar, pinnar neu savuth wales arasaangka rayilveyil saernthaar. newzealaandhin dunetinil ulla puranagar roslin paguthiyil minsaara tramway amaippai niruvuvatharkaana oppanthaththai ventra nois cakoothararkaludan avar saernthaar. doublue-aii maattra brearly thevaippattathu. jii. dii. goodman, oppanthaththil thodangiya poriyaalar, aanaal dunedine nagaraththil oru padhaviyai aetrtrukkondaar, pinnar 1907 aam aandil nagaraatchi tramways arakkattalai adelidel. avar sila aandugalukkup piragu, nois prathars piragu kudmaenudan paniyaattra irunthaar. adlidene tramway amaippai minmayamaakkuvatharkaana oppanthaththai ventraar. brearly nois praasudan thalaimai poriyaalaraaka irunthaar. (melbourne), mattrum inththa neraththil perumpaalaana antha niruvanaththin iyakkunarkal kuzhuvil, hendri nois iranththa piragu thalaivar mattrum nirvaaga iyakkunar padhaviyai aetrtrukkondu, maarch 1932 ill oaivu pettraar. avar suranga aarvangkalaiyum kondirundhaar, maelum woods paayindil ulla thangach suranga kaalai natchaththiraththin iyakkunarkalin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. avar melbourne yoarik kilappil neenda kaalamaaga uruppinaraaga irunthaar, avar iranththapoathu avarkalin seyalaalaraaga irunthaar. avar therku yarravil ulla walsh theruvil vasiththu vanthaar, maelum briton kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. angkeekaaram. chaa surangap pallyil ulla nois minn poriiyal aaivagam, pallikku minsaara ubakaranangkalai kanisamaaga nankodaiyaaga valangkiya niruvanaththirku peyaridappattathu.

nois sodarulu nois brothers anedi 1888loe edward mariyu henry nois sthaapinchina australian injaneering samstha. charitra. nois brothers. 1888loe sidneylo edward mariyu henry nois (krinda vaari jeevita charitralanu chudandi) injaneering utpattula digumatidaarulugaa sthaapinchaaru, taruvaata australia antataa vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna ravana mariyu ganula tavvakam vyaapaaraalaku sevalu andinche injaneering consultants mariyu contractorluga vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendaaru. 1907loe vaaru vyapaaraanni rendu ververu companylugaa marcharu edward nois aadhvaryamlo sidneylo parimitamaina nois brothers, mariyu nois brothers (melbourne) yajamanya samstha, limited. melbornelo, henry nois managing directorga unnaaru. 1991 loe eee samsthanu clau injaneering konugolu chesindi, 2004 varaku nois-clouga vartakam chesindi, appudu dheenini project solutions australia konugolu chesindi. konni mukhya vyaktulu. edward nois. thamus edward woodhams nois (c. 1858-5 marchi 1920), ellappuduu edward nois anie piluvabade, northamptonshireloni creatonlo janminchaadu, rev kumarudu. thamus edward nois (c. 1830-1883) mariyu athani bhaarya jaine nois, nee woodhams. athanu mariyu athani sodarudu mariyu sodari jaine 1886 loe nyuu south wales kuu valasa vacchi 1888 loe sidneylo nois sodarula samsthanu sthaapinchaaru. athanu 1907 loe oka parimita samsthagaa vyapaaraanni erpaatu chesi, modati paalaka director ayyadu, eee padavini athanu thana maranam varaku konasaginchadu. athanu nois brothers (melbourne) yajamanya samstha, limited kuu director kooda. athanu kontakaalam anaaroogyam taruvaata medlo vadda maraninchaadu; athani sannihita snehitudu edmond barton rendu nelala taruvaata, mariyu adhe pattanamlo. ayana bhaarya catherine campbell nois 1942 juulai 19naa maraninchaaru. edward aneka patentla rachaitah 1894loe aksharaala aakaaramlo tholunu randhraalu cheyadaaniki oka parikaram kosam, 1895loe merugaina wire taadu kosam, 1899loe merugaina air break controller kosam, 1900loe incubatorla kosam merugaina air break compressor mariyu egframela kosam. henry nois. henry obed nois (20 juun 1861-20 marchi 1922) northamptonshireloni creatonlo rev kumaruduga janminchaadu. thamus edward nois. athanu, athani sodarudu mariyu sodari jaine 1886 loe nyuu south wales kuu valasa vacchi 1888 loe sidneylo nois sodarula samsthanu sthaapinchaaru. vaaru 1907 loe rendu parimita companylugaa vyapaaraanni erpaatu chesaaru, edward sidneylone undipoyaadu, henry nois sodarula (melbourne) paalaka directorga baadhyatalu sweekarinchaadu. henry ukkupai gurtimpu pondina adhikari, grate britton yokka iron und steel institutelo sabhyudu. athanu american institute off maining und metallurgical injaneers mariyu american institute off mechanical injaneers loe kooda sabhyudiga unnadu. ayana aadhvaryamlo samstha vidyut deepaalu mariyu railway nirmaanamtho sahaa pedda panulanu nirvahinchindi. prahran & malvern tramways trust kosam tramlinela nirmaanam mariyu vidyudeekarana oka mukhyamaina project. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, victorian recruiting kamiteeki vais chairmanga, athanu surr zaan monashto sannihitamgaa sampradinchaadu. athanu erra siluvaku udaaramgaa icchaadu, viluvaina ex-rae parikaraalanu viraalamgaa icchaadu. athanu vyaparam mariyu vaanijya vidhaanampai adhikaramga pariganinchabaddaadu mariyu ingland mariyu americaloni konni atipedda injaneering samsthalatho anubandham kaligi unnadu. athanu 1891 janavari 21naa martha elizabeth holidaynu vivaham chesukunnadu mariyu victorialoni malvernloni malvern rodloni holmbylo nivasinchaadu. vaariki oka kumarudu edward mariyu iddaru kumartelu, diacy mariyu lilian elizabeth nois unnaaru, veeru zaan humphrey inglaandnu vivaham chesukunnaru. henrieki rendava bhaarya winifred nois unnaaru. malvernloni hopetown road mariyu malvern road yokka paschima muulaloe unna vaari illu "homby" nuu queen anae shaililo vaastusilpi beverley asher roopondinchaaru. sodarula chinna sodari jaine nois 1900 juulai 2naa james braun nuu vivaham chesukunnaru. zhe. hetch. dii. brearley. joseph henry D. brearley (sii. 1872-14 october 1941) nyuu south vaelsloo janminchi, sidney vishwavidhyaalayamlo electrical injaneering chadivi, taruvaata nyuu south wales prabhutva railvela sibbandilo cheraaru. nyoojilaandlooni dunedinloni suburban roslinlo vaari cable tramway vyavasthatho anusandhaaninchadaaniki electric tramway vyavasthanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki oppandam kudurchukunna nois sodarulato athanu cheraadu. doubleu sthaanamlo brairley avasaram. zii. tii. goodman, injanir, oppandampai praarambhinchaadu, conny dunedine nagaramlo oka sthaanaanni angeekarinchaadu, taruvaata 1907loe adelide yokka munisipal tramways trustlo. athanu konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, nois brothers tarvaata goodmantho kalisi panicheyalsi undhi. adelide yokka tramway vyavasthanu vidyudeekarinche oppandaanni geluchukundi. nois bradarsto brearley cheef injanir gaa panicheesaaru. (melbourne), mariyu eee samayamlo ekkuva bhaagam aaa company directorla bordulo, henry nois maranaanantaram chhairman mariyu managing director padavini sweekarinchi, marchi 1932loe padavee viramana chesaaru. ataniki ganula tavvakaalapai kooda aasakti undedi, mariyu woods point vadda unna bangaaru ganula udayam nakshatraaniki directorla chairmanga kooda panicheesaaru. athanu melbourne yokka yorik clublo deerghakaala sabhyudiga, mariyu athanu maraninchinappudu vaari kaaryadarsigaa unnadu. athanu dakshina yaarraaloni walsh veedhiloo nivasinchaadu mariyu bryton smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. gurtimpu. saa school off mainslooni nois electrical injaneering prayogasaalaku, paatasaalaku vidyut parikaraalanu gananeeyamgaa viraalamgaa icchina taruvaata company paeru pettaru.

nois baradaran nois baradarz eek austrailvi engineering farm hay jasay 1888 mein edward aur hunry nois nay qayem kiyaa thaa. tareekh. nois baradaran. edward aur hunry nois (zeel mein inn kii sawanah umri dekhein) nay 1888 mein sudney mein engineering masnuaat kay daraamad kanandgan kay toor parr iss kii bunyaad rakhee phir teezi say engineering consultants aur theekedaron kay toor parr tarqi kii juu australia bhar mein teezi say tarqi pazeer nql woo hamal aur kaan kanee kay karobar kii khadmat kirr rahay thay. 1907 mein inhon nay karobar kuu duu alg alg companiyon mein tabdil kirr diyaa: edward nois kay tahat sudney mein mahdud nois baradaran aur nois baradaran (melborn) malkiti lameted. melburn mein hennery nois kay saath batoor minijing director. 1991 kay aas paas company kuu clow engineering nay kharida thaa aur 2004 takk nois clow kay toor parr tajarat kii jabb asay project solutions australia nay kharida thaa. kachh aham loag. edward nois. thamas edward wode hems nois (c. 1858-5 maarch 1920)yee jasay hamishah edward nois kahaa jaataa hay creaton northampton shayer mein paida hawaa riyo kaa betaa. thamas edward nois (c. 1830-1883) aur iss kii bewi jaine nois nee wode hems. inhon nay aur inn kay bhayee aur behan jaine nay 1886 kay aas paas neo saoth wells hijrat kii aur 1888 mein sudney mein nois baradaran kii farm kii bunyaad rakhee. inhon nay 1907 mein karobar kuu eek mahdud company mein tashkil diyaa aur wah pehley governing director bunn gayey yaha ahdah wah apnee moth kay waqat takk barqarar rahay. wah nois baradaran (melborn) malkiti lameted kay director bhee thay. wah eek mukhtasir bemari kay baad medlo mein inteqal kirr gayey. apnay qareebi dost admond barton kay duu maah baad aur asee qasbey mein. inn kii ahliyah catherine campable nois kaa 19 jolayi 1942 kuu inteqal hawaa. edward mutadid pattent kay masnaf thay: 1894 mein haroof kii shakal mein chamday kuu surakh karnay kay liye eek aalah kay liyay 1895 mein eek behatar taar rasee kay liyay 1899 mein eek behatar aiyar break controller kay liyay 1900 mein incubators kay liye behatar aiyar break compressor aur eeg freem. hunry nois. hunry aubeed nois (20 joone 1861-20 maarch 1922) creaton northampton shayer mein paida huay juu riyo kay betay thay. thamas edward nois. wah inn kay bhayee aur behan jaine 1886 kay aas paas neo saoth wells hijrat kirr gayey aur 1888 mein sudney mein nois baradaran kii farm kii bunyaad rakhee. inhon nay 1907 mein karobar kuu duu mahdud companiyon mein tashkil diyaa edward sudney mein rahay jabkah hunry nay nois baradaran (melborn) kay governing director kaa ahdah sanbhala. hunry steel parr eek tasleem shadah atharti thee aur bartaniah kay aairan aind steel insity teut kii rakan thee. wah american insity teut aaf mining aind metallurgical engineers aur american insity teut aaf mechanical engineers kay rakan bhee rahay. inn kii hidayat parr farm nay barqi roshni aur railway kii tameer sameet baday kaam anjaam diye. parharan aind maloran traum veez trust kay liye traum linon kii tameer aur bajli kaaree eek aham mansubah thaa. pehli jung azeem kay doraan victoriyayi bharti committy kay naib chairmeen kii haisiyat say inhon nay sarr jaan monash say qareebi mashawarat kii. iss nay reed karaas kuu farakhadli say atiyah kiyaa qeemati aiks ray kaa saamaan atiyah kiyaa. inhein karobari aur tajarti tariqah kaar parr eek atharti kay toor parr samjha jaataa thaa aur wah england aur america kii kachh sabb say bury engineering farmon say waabistah thay. inhon nay 21 januri 1891 kuu maartha alzabth holiday say shaadi kii aur "holambi"yee maloran road maloran victoriah mein rehtay thay. inn kaa eek betaa edward aur duu betiyan ddezi aur laliyan alzabth nois thein jinhon nay jaan humphry england say shaadi kii. hunry kay peeche inn kii dosri bewi venefried nois rahh gayee. hopiton road aur maloran road maloran kay maghrabi konay parr waaqa inn kaa gahar "holambi"yee koyeen aine andaaz mein mamaar beaurley yousher nay design kiyaa thaa. bhayiyon kii sabb say chhoti behan jaine nois nay 2 jolayi 1900 kuu jaims brown say shaadi kii. jay. aich. ddee. brereli. jozaf hunry ddee. brereli (c. 1872-14 aktobar 1941) neo saoth wells mein paida hoay aur sudney university mein electrical engineering kii taleem haasil kii phir neo saoth wells government railway kay amley mein shaamil hoay. wah nois baradaran mein shaamil how gayaa jinhon nay apnay cable traum way system say jadnay kay liye donedan newzi lend kay mazafati rozlan mein barqi traum way system nasb karnay kaa muahidah haasil kiyaa thaa. dabliyo kuu tabdil karnay kay liye brereli kii zarurat thee. jee. tye. gudd meen wah engineer jiss nay muahide parr sharoaat kii thee leakin iss nay donedan shehar kay saath eek position qabool kii thee phir 1907 mein municiple traum veez trust aaf adelide kay saath. nois baradaran kay baad wah chand saal baad gudd meen kay saath kaam karnay waalay thay. adelide kay traum way system kuu barqi bananay kaa muahidah haasil kiyaa. baryarli nois brose kay saath cheef engineer thaa. (melburn)yee aur iss waqat kay ziyadah tarr hasay kay liye iss company kay board aaf directors mein hunry nois kii moth parr chairmeen aur minijing director kaa ahdah sanbhalte huay maarch 1932 mein retire hoay. inn kay kaan kanee kay mufadat bhee thay aur wah wode point parr sonay kii kaan kay marning staar kay directors kay chairmeen thay. wah melburn kay yourak kalb kay derinah rakan thay aur jabb inn kii moth hoyee tuu inn kay secertry thay. wah janubi yaarah kay walsh strait mein rehta thaa aur asay bryton qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. pehchaan. saa school aaf mines mein nois electrical engineering libartry kaa naam company kay naam parr iss waqat rakhaa gayaa jabb iss nay school kuu barqi aalat kaa kaafi atiyah diyaa thaa.

0005da335928eaef5e2824d8031bc13950a95202805d50b1bce8b55ee6f3c149

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17176677

Mary Eccles, Viscountess Eccles

Mary Eccles, Viscountess Eccles Mary Morley Eccles, Viscountess Eccles (née Crapo; 8 July 1912 – 26 August 2003) was a book collector and author. She was renowned for establishing one of the largest private collections of 18th century literature with her first husband, Donald Hyde (1909-1966). This includes works from Samuel Johnson and James Boswell. She also created an Oscar Wilde Collection which was bequeathed to the British Library in 2003. Her second marriage (in 1984) was to the British peer, David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles, with whom she co-founded the Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library in 1992. Early life and education. Eccles was born Mary Morley Crapo in Detroit, Michigan, United States in 1912, to American railway executive Stanford T. Crapo (grandson of Governor Henry H. Crapo) and wife Emma Caroline Morley. She attended Vassar College in New York State where she became friends with novelist Mary McCarthy. She later attended Columbia University where she undertook her PhD in English literature. The dissertation from her doctorate was later developed into a book, entitled "Playwriting for Elizabethans". Literary collections. In 1939 she married Donald Hyde, a New York City lawyer. The couple bought Samuel Johnson's silver teapot in 1941 and threw a tea party in its honour. Over the next 25 years, they became avid collectors of Johnson's belongings, including hundreds of his letters, several of his diaries and a collection of his poems. Mary Hyde — as she was then known—bought Four Oaks Farm in Branchburg, New Jersey in 1943. Here they bought up surrounding land and added a library to the property, filling the house with their Samuel Johnson collection. Hyde also published "The Thrales of Streatham Park" in honour of Mrs Hester Thrale who had previously collected many of Johnson's belongings. During the following years, Hyde became well acquainted with many influential figures, including business tycoons, politicians and English aristocrats. Among them was businessman Robert Borthwick Adam, from whom she purchased a portion of her collection. Donald Hyde died in 1966. His wife later wrote "The Impossible Friendship", a study of Mrs Thrale and James Boswell. She also wrote "Bernard Shaw and Alfred Douglas: A Correspondence" and developed an Oscar Wilde collection that was second in size only to that of the University of California. She donated this collection to the British Library to form the Lady Eccles Oscar Wilde Collection there. The collection relating to Samuel Johnson and his circle was bequeathed to Houghton Library at Harvard University. Eccles Centre. Mary Hyde married David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles in 1984, becoming The Right Honourable The Viscountess Eccles. They founded the Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library in 1992 as Lord Eccles had previously been its Chairman. Honours. Lady Eccles was made an Honorary Fellow of Samuel Johnson's college at Oxford, Pembroke College. She was also Benjamin Franklin Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. She was a member of The Roxburghe Club, an exclusive society of bibliophiles, from 1985 to 2003. She was also an elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1978). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

meree eclos, viscountes eclos meree morley eklex, viscountes eklex (crape '; 8 july 1912-26 aagosto 2003) egoraki grontho xonggrahok aaru lekhok aasil. teu 18 xotikar xahityor ataitkoi dangor byoktigoto xongrohxomuhor bhitorot etaa teur prothom swami donald hyde (1909-1966) ror xoite sthapon korar baabe bikhyat aasil. iyar bhitorot aase semuwel jonoson aaru james bob 'sowelor kaam. teu etaa oskar wild xongrohou sristi korisil jitu 2003 sonot britis puthibhoraloloi borkhasto koraa hoisil. teur dwitiyo bibah (1984 sonot) aasil britis piyar, david eklex, 1moo viscount eklexor xoite, jaar xoite teu 1992 sonot britis libraryt aamerikan stadijor baabe eklex center xoho-protistha korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. 1912 sonot aamerika juktorastror mixiganor detoroitot aamerikan rey 'lower karzobahi stanford ti-ror ghorot meree morley crape' naamere ekelsor jonmo hoisil. crapu (rajyopal henori eis-ror naati. crape ") aaru potni emaa kerulin morley. teu nework rajyor bhasar collegeot porhisil zo 'too teu ouponyaxik meree mccarthyr xoite bondhutwo sthapon korisil. pisoloi teu kolombiya biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil zo 'too teu ingraji xahityot paisdi korisil. teur doctorator poraa prokaxito gowexona potrokhon pisoloi "elijebethanxokolor baabe naatok likha" xirxok ekhon grontholoi bikoxito koraa hoisil. xahityo xongroho. 1939 sonot teu nework sohoror odhibokta donald hydok biyaa koray. dompotihale 1941 sonot semuwel jonosonor rupali saahor paatro kinisil aaru iyar xonmanot etaa saahor party nikhyep korisil. poroborti 25 bosorot, teuluk jonosonor xamogrir aagrohi xonggrahok hoi porisil, jaar bhitorot aasil teur xo xo sithi, teur keibakhonu diary aaru teur kobitar xongroho. meree hyde-ji xomoyot teu porisito aasil-1943 sonot niu jarsir xakhabargot sarita uk firm kroy korisil. iyat teuluke sariufalor maati kinisil aaru xompotitut etaa puthibhoral jug disil, ghortu teulukor xamuwel jonoson xongrohore bhorai disil. hyde "dyo thrales owo strathum park" ror prokax korisil shree hester thraler xonmanot jiye aagote jonosonor bohutu xamogri xongroho korisil. poroborti bosorburot, hyde byowoxayi taikun, rajneetibid aaru ingraji obhijatoke dhori bohutu probhawxali byoktitwor xoite bhaldore porisito hoisil. teulukor bhitorot aasil byowoxayi robert borthouik edaam, jaar poraa teu nijor xongrohor etaa ongxo kroy korisil. 1966 sonot donald hydor mrityu hoy. teur potniye pisot srimoti threll aaru james bob 'sowelor odhyoyon "dyo impacible friendswip" likhisil. teu "bernard swo 'aaru alfred dogolaxoh e corporencend" buliu likhisil aaru california biswobidyaloyor pisot aakarot dwitiyo sthanot thoka ek oskar wild xongroho bikoxito korisil. teu ei xongrohotu britis puthibhoraloloi daan kori leady eklex oskar wild xongroho gothon korisil. xamuel jonoson aaru teur brittor xoite xomporkito xongrohotu harbhard biswobidyaloyor hoh 'tot' noo puthibhoralot borkhasto koraa hoisil. eclos center. meree hyde 1984 sonot debhid eclos, 1moo viscount iklosor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil, ji xothik xonmaniyo viscountes eclos hoi porisil. teuluke 1992 sonot britis puthibhoralot aamerikan odhyoyonor baabe eclos center protistha korisil kiyonu iyar purbe lord eclos iyar odhyokhyo aasil. xonman. leady acclessok oxford, pambrok mohabidyaloyor semuwel jonosonor mohabidyaloyor xonmaniyo felu hisape nijukti diya hoisil. teu royel cho "saiti owo artsor benjamin franklinor xohojugiu aasil. teu roxberge clubber xodosyo aasil, ek exclusive cho "saiti owo bibliofiles, 1985-2003 ror poraa. teu aamerikan darxonik xomajor (1978) nirbasito xodosyou aasil.

merry ecliss, viscountes ecliss merry morley accless, viscountes accless (crapo; 8 julai 1912-26 august 2003) ekjon boi sangrahak ebong lekhok chhilen. tini taanr prothom swami donald hyder (1909-1966) saathe 18 shotoker sahityer brihottomo byaktigato sangrahagulir modhye ekti protisthar jonno bikhyato chhilen. err modhye royeche samuel johnson ebong james boseweller kaaj. tini ekti askar wilde sangrahao toiri korechilen jaa 2003 saale british gronthagarke deoa hoyechilo. taanr dwitiya biye (1984 saale) british piar david accless, 1maum viscount ekleser saathe hoyechilo, jaar saathe tini 1992 saale british libraryte american studieser jonno accless center soho-protistha korechilen. prathomik jeebon ebong shikkha. accless 1912 saale markin juktorashtrer mishiganer detroite american railway executive stanford tii-err kachhe merry morley kryapote jonmogrohon corren. crapo (governor henry eich-err naati. crapo) ebong stree emaa caroline morley. tini neu eork rajyer vasar college padashona korechilen jekhane tini ouponyasik merry mccarthyr saathe bondhutto korechilen. porey tini kalambia bishwobidyaloye padashona corren jekhane tini ingrezi sahitye paechd corren. taanr doctorater gobeshonapotroti porey "elizabethder jonno natok lekha" naame ekti boite porinoto hoyechilo. sahitya sangraha. 1939 saale tini neu eork shohorer aainjibi donald hydeke biye corren. eyi dampati 1941 saale samuel johnsoner rupore chayer patroti kinechilen ebong taar sommane ekti chaa party diyechilen. poroborti 25 bochore, taaraa johnsoner shoto shoto chitthi, taanr besh koyekti diarry ebong taanr kobita sangraha soho taanr jinispotrer agrahi sangrahak hoye othe. merry hyde-jemonti tini tokhon porichito chhilen-1943 saale neu jarsir branchberge charti oka khamar kinechilen. ekhane taaraa ashepasher jommy kinechilo ebong taader samuel johnsoner sangraha diye baditi bhore ekti gronthagar jukto korechilo. hyde srimati hester thraler sommane "dya thrails off strathum park" prakash korechilen jini agey johnsoner onek jinispatra sangraha korechilen. poroborti bochorgulite, hyde byabasayi taikun, rajnitibid ebong ingrez abhijato soho onek prabhabshali byaktitter saathe bhalbhabe porichito hoye othe. taander modhye chhilen byabasayi robbert borthouic adam, jaar kachh theke tini taanr sangraher ekti ongsho kinechilen. 1966 saale donald hyde maaraa zaan. taanr stree porey 'dya impossible friendship' likhechilen, jaa chhilo misses thrall ebong james boseweller ekti adhyayan. tini "bernard shha ebong alfried doglasses ekti chitthipotro" likhechilen ebong ekti askar wilde sangraha toiri korechilen jaa california bishwobidyaloyer porey dwitiya sthane chhilo. tini eyi sangrahati british gronthagare daan korechilen sekhane lady accless askar wilde sangraha toiri korar jonno. samuel johnson ebong taanr britto somporkito sangrahati harvard bishwobidyaloyer hotton gronthagarke hastantar koraa hoyechilo. ecliss center. merry hyde 1984 saale david ecliss, 1maum viscount ecliske biye corren, jini sothik sommanito viscountes ecliss hoye othen. taaraa 1992 saale british gronthagare american studieser jonno eakless center protistha korey kaaron lord eakless err agey err chairman chhilen. sommanona. lady ekleske oxford, pembroke colleger samuel johnsoner colleger sommansuchok fello koraa hoyechilo. tini rayyal society off artser benzamin franklin fellow chhilen. tini 'aidi1' theke 'bibliophiles'-err ekti bishesh samiti 'roxberg club'-err sadasya chhilen. tini american darshonik samajero nirbachito sadasya chhilen (1978).

meerii accles, wiscounts accles meerii morley accless, wiscountess accless (crapo; 8 julai 1912-26 august 2003) aek pustak sangraahak aneey lekhak hataa. teo temnaa pratham patee donald hyde (1909-1966) saathe 18mee sadeena sahityanaa sauthee motaa khangi sangrahomathi aeknee sthaapnaa karvaa maate jaanita hataa. aamaa semual johnson aneey james boswellni kruteeono samaavesh thaay chhe. temane aek oskar wilde sangrah pann banaavyo hato jeey 2003maan british pustakaalayne varsama aapvama aavyo hato. temnaa beeja lagna (1984maan) british pier, david accles, first wiscount accles saathe hataa, jaimnee saathe temane 1992maan british libraryma american studies maate accles centerni saha-sthaapnaa curry hatee. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. acclessno janm meerii morley crapo tareeke united statesnaa mishiganna detroitmaa 1912maan american railway executive stanford tii. maan thayo hato. crapo (governor henry aech. noow pautra. crapo) aneey patnee emma kerolin morley. teneeae newyork raajyani vaasar collegemaa abhyaas karyo hato jyaan tenee navalkathaakaar meerii mccarthy saathe mitrataa bunny hatee. baadmaa temane kolambiya universityma haajari aapee hatee jyaan temane angreji saheetyma piaech. dii. curry hatee. teneena doctoratena mahanibandhne paachhalthi "elizabethans maate nataklekhan" naamnaa pustakma vikasavvama aavyo hato. saahityik sangraho. 1939maan temane newyork shahernaa vakeel donald hyde saathe lagna karyaa hataa. aaa dampatiae 1941maan semual johnsonni chaandini tipot khareedi hatee aneey tenaa sanmaanmaa aek tii party fenki hatee. aagaami 25 varshomaa, teo johnsonna senkado patro, temnee ketalik diaryo aneey temnee kaveetaona sangrah saheet temnaa saamaanna utsuk sangraahako banyaa. meerii hyde-jeey teey samaye jaaniti hatee-1943maan nyu jarsini shakhama chaar oak pharma khareedhya. aheen teoae aaspasni jameen khareedi aneey meelkatma aek pustakaalay umeryu, jemaa temnaa semual johnson sangrahthi ghar bharvama aavyu. hyday shrimati hester threlnaa sanmaanmaa "dhaa thrails off stratham paark" pann prakashit karyoo hatoo, jemane agau johnsonni ghanee vastuo aektrit curry hatee. pachhinaa varsho darmiyan, hyde ghanaa prabhavshali vyakteeo saathe saaree reete parichit thayaa, jemaa business tycoon, rajkarnio aneey angreji umraavo saamel hataa. temaanna aek udhyogpati roobert borthwick edam hataa, jaimnee pasethi temane temnaa sangrahno aek bhaag khareedhyo hato. donald hyde 1966maan mrutyu pamya hataa. temnee patniae paachhalthi shrimati thrail aneey james boswellno abhyaas "ashaky mitrataa" lakhee hatee. temane "bernard shau aneey alfred dougles aee correspondence" pann lakhyu hatoo aneey aek oskar wilde sangrah vikasaavyo hato jeey california universityna kadamaa beeja krame hato. temane aaa sangrahne british pustakaalayne daanmaa aapyo jethee tyaan lady accles oskar wilde sangrah rachaay. semual johnson aneey temnaa vartulne lagata sangrahne harvarda university khaatena hautan pustakaalayne varsama aapvama aavyo hato. church kendra. meerii hyday 1984maan david accles saathe lagna karyaa, pratham wiscount accles, jeey viscounts acclessno adhikaar maanyo. teoae 1992maan british pustakalayma american abhyaas maate ecliss centerni sthaapnaa curry hatee kaaran keey agau looard ecliss tenaa adhyaksh hataa. sanmaan. lady acclessne oxford, pambrock college khaate semual johnson collegena maanad sabhy banavvama aavyaa hataa. teo royal sosayati off artsna benjamin franklin phelo pann hataa. teo 'roxberge club' naa sabhy hataa, jeey 'aaee. dii. 1' maanthi 'bibliophiles' nee aek vishisht sosayati hatee. teo american philosophical sosayati (1978) naa chuntayela sabhy pann hataa.

mairi accless, viscountes accless mairi morley accless, viscountes accless (crapo; 8 julaai 1912-26 agast 2003) ack pustak sangraahak aur lekhak they. vaha apane pahale pati, donald hyde (1909-1966) key saath 18veen shatabdi key saahitya key sabse badey niji sangrhon mein seey ack kii sthaapana key liye prasiddh theen. isamen saimuel johnson aur james boswell kii kritiyaan shamil hain. unhone ack auskar wild sangrah bhee banaaya jise 2003 mein british pustakalaya koo viraasat mein diyaa gayaa thaa. unaki doosari shaadi (1984 mein) british pier, david accless, first wiscount accless key saath hui thee, jinake saath unhone 1992 mein british pustakalaya mein americi adhyayan key liye accless center kii saha-sthaapana kii thee. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. accless kaa janm 1912 mein detroit, mishigan, sanyukt raajya america mein mairi morley crapo mein americi railway karyakari steinford tii key ghar huaa thaa. crapo (governor heinry aich kaa potaa. crapo) aur patni emma carolin morley. unhone newyork raajya mein wasser college mein padhaai kii, jahan unaki upanyaskar mairi mccarthy seey dosti hoe gaee. baad mein unhone kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya jahan unhone angreji saahitya mein phd kii. unake doctorate key shodh prabandh koo baad mein ack pustak mein vikasit kiya gayaa, jiska sheershak "elizabethans key liye naatak lekhan" thaa. saahityik sangrah. 1939 mein unhone newyork shahar key ack vakeel donald hyde seey shaadi kii. dampati ney 1941 mein saimuel johnson kaa chaandi kaa chaay kaa bartan kharida aur usake sammaan mein ack chaay party fenki. agale 25 varshon mein, way johnson key saman key shaukeen sangrahakarta bunn gaye, jisamen unake saikadon patra, unaki kaee diarry aur unaki kavitaon kaa sangrah shamil thaa. mairi hyde-jaisa kii vaha taba jaani jaati thee-ney 1943 mein branchberg, nyu jersey mein chaar oak farm khareede. yahaan unhone aspas kii jameen kharidi aur sampatti mein ack pustakalaya jodaa, ghar koo apane saimuel johnson sangrah seey bhar diyaa. hyde ney shrimati hester thrail key sammaan mein "dha thrails off stratham park" bhee prakaashit kiya, jinhone pahale johnson kii kaee cheejen ekatra kii theen. agale varshon key dauran, hyde kaee prabhaavshaali hastiyon seey achchi tarah seey parichit hoe gaye, jinamen vyavasaayi tycoon, rajneta aur angreji abhijaat varg shamil they. unamen seey ack vyaapaari robbert borthwick addam they, jinase unhone apane sangrah kaa ack hissa kharida thaa. donald hyde kii 1966 mein mrityu hoe gaee. unaki patni ney baad mein shrimati thrail aur james boswell kaa adhyayan "asambhav dosti" likhaa. unhone "bernard shau aur alfred dagalsah aeye correspondence" bhee likhaa aur ack auskar wild sangrah vikasit kiya joe aakar mein california vishvavidyalaya key baad dusare sthaan parr thaa. unhone iss sangrah koo british pustakalaya koo lady accless auskar wild sangrah banaane key liye daan curr diyaa. saimuel johnson aur unake vritt seey sambandhit sangrah koo harvard vishvavidyalaya mein hotton pustakalaya koo viraasat mein diyaa gayaa thaa. church kendra. mairi hyde ney 1984 mein david accles, 1st wiscount accles seey shaadi kii, joe sahee sammaanit viscountes accles bunn gaye. unhone 1992 mein british pustakalaya mein americi adhyayan key liye church kendra kii sthaapana kii kyonki lord church pahale isake adhyaksh they. sammaan. lady accless koo oxford, pembroke college mein saimuel johnson college kaa maanad saathi banaaya gayaa thaa. vaha royal society off arts kii benjamin franklin saathi bhee theen. vaha roxberge club kii sadasya theen, joe kii ack vishesh granthasuchi samaaj haye, joe kii aaee. dee. 1 seey thee. vaha americi daarshanik samaaj (1978) kii ack nirvaachit sadasya bhee theen.

merrie eccless, wiscounts eccless merrie marley eccless, wiscountess eccless (crapo; 8 julai 1912-26 august 2003) obba pustaka sangrahaka mattu lekhakaraagiddaru. aake tanna modala pathi donald hyde (1909-1966) avarondige 18neey shatamaanada saahityada atidodda khasagi sangrahagalalli wandannu sthapisalu hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. idaralli samuel johnson mattu james bosewell avara krutigalu serive. aake aake british granthaalayakke hastaantarisalaada askar wild sangrahavannu saha rachisidaru. aakeya eradane maduveyu maduveyu british peer, david eccless, 1neey wiscount eklesnondige aagittu, avarondige avaru avaru british granthaalayadalli american adhyayanakkagi eccless center annu saha-sthaapisidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. eccless eccless americada michigan detroitnalli american railway karyanirvahaka stanford tii. ge merrie marley crapo emba hesarinalli janisidaru. crapo (governor henry etch avara mommaga. crapo) mattu patni emma caroline marley. aake newyork rajyada wasser colleginalli vyasanga maadidaru, allie avaru kadambarikara merrie mccarthy avarondige sneha belesidaru. nantara aake columbia vishvavidyaalayadalli vyasanga maadidaru, allie avaru inglish saahityadalli phd padedaru. aakeya doctorateninda prabandhavannu nantara "elijabetgalige nataka baravanige" emba shirshikeya pustakavagi abhivraddhipadisalaayitu. sahitya sangrahagalu. sangrahagalu avaru newyork nagarada vakilaraada donald hyde avarannu vivaahavaadaru. ee dampatigalu dampatigalu samuel johnson belliya teepaatannu khareedisidaru mattu adara gouravaarthavaagi tea paartiyannu haakidaru. mundina 25 varsagalalli, avaru johnson nooraru patragalu, halavaaru dinacharigalu mattu avara kavitegala sangraha seridante avara vastugala atyaasaktiya sangraahakaru aadaru. merrie hyde-avaru aaga tilidiruvante-1943 ralli nyoo jarsiya branchbergnalli naalku ok phaarmgalannu khareedisidaru. illi avaru suttamuttalina bhoomiyannu khareedisidaru mattu aastige granthaalayavannu serisidaru, tamma samuel johnson sangrahadinda maneyannu tumbidaru. ee hinde johnson avara aneka vastugalannu sangrahisidda srimati hester throllra gouravaarthavaagi hyde "dhii thrails off streatham park" annu prakatisidaru. nantarada varsagalalli, udyamigalu, raajakaaranigalu mattu inglish srimantaru seridante aneka prabhavi vyaktigalondige hyde chennagi parichitaraadaru. avaralli udyami robbert borthwick aadam kooda obbaraagiddaru, avarinda aake tanna sangrahada ondu bhagavannu khareedisidaru. donald hyde hyde nidhanaraadaru. avara patni nantara srimati throll mattu james bosewell avara adhyayanavaada "asaadhya sneha" vannu baredaru. aake "bernard shaa mattu alfred daglas aa correspondence" annu saha baredaru mattu california vishvavidyaanilayada gatradalli eradane sthaanadallidda askar wild sangrahavannu abhivraddhipadisidaru. aake ee sangrahavannu british granthaalayakke daana maadi allie lady eccless askar wild sangrahavannu roopisidaru. samuel johnson mattu avara vrattakke sambandhisida sangrahavannu haarvard vishvavidyaanilayada houton granthaalayakke hastaantarisalaayitu. church center. merrie hyde 1984 ralli david eccless, 1 neey wiscount eccless annu vivaahavaadaru, idu sariyaada gouravaanvita wiscount eccless aayitu. avaru avaru british granthaalayadalli eccless center phaar american studies annu sthaapisidaru, ekendare lard eccless ee hinde adara adhyaksharaagiddaru. gouravagalu. lady eccless avarannu oxford, pembroke colleginalli samuel johnson collegina gouravaanvita phelo maadalaayitu. aake raayal society off artsna benjamin franklin sahavartiyagiddaru. aake aii. dii. 1 ninda banda granthasoochigala vishesha samaajavaada roxberg clubna sadasyaraagiddaru. avaru american tatvika samajada (1978) chunaayita sadasyaroo aagiddaru.

merii eccless, wiscoundes eccless merii morley eccless, wiscoundes eccless (crapo; 8 juulai 1912-26 august 2003) oru pusthaka shekharanakkaariyum ezhuthukaariyumaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandile saahithyathile ettavum valia swakaarya shekharangalilonnu avarude aadya bharthaavaaya donald hydenoppam (1909-1966) sthaapichathil avar prashasthayaayirunnu. saamuval jonson, jaims bosewell ennivarude kruthikal ithil ulppedunnu. 2003ll britiish libraric vittukodutha oru ooskaar wilde shekharavum avar srishtichu. avarude randaamathe vivaham (1984-ll) britiish piyar, david eccless, phastt viscant eklessumaayullathaayirunnu, avarumaayi chernnu 1992-ll britiish libraryil eccless sentar phoor american stadees sthaapichu. aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum. 1912ll amerikkayile mishiganile detroyittil american railway executive stanford tii. yude makalaayi merii morley krappoyaayi eccless janichu. crapo (govarnor henry echu. crapo) bhaarya emma carolin morley. newyork stettile vassar collegil chernna avar novelist merii makkaarthiyumaayi sauhrudam sthaapichu. pinneedu columbia sarvakalashaalayil chernna avar avide engleesh saahithyathil phd cheythu. avarude doktarettil ninnulla prabandham pinneedu "elisabath janathaykkulla naadakarachana" enna peril oru pusthakamaayi vikasippichu. saahitya samahaarangal. 1939-ll avar newyork sitti abhibhashakanaaya donald hydine vivaham kazhichu. 1941ll dambathikal saamuval jonsante velli chayakkuppi vaangukayum athinte bahumaanaartham oru tea party nadathukayum cheythu. adutha 25 varshathinullil, jonsante noorukanakkinu kathukal, niravadhi dayarikal, kavithasamaharam ennivayulppede addehathinte vasthukkalude theevramaaya shekharanakkaraayi avar maari. merii hyde-avar annu ariyappettirunnathupole-1943 ll nyoojezhsiyile branchbergil naalu ooks phaam vaangi. ivide avar chuttumulla bhoomi vaangukayum oru library cherkkukayum cheythu, avarude saamuval jonson shekharam kondu veedu nirachu. munbu jonsante niravadhi vasthukkal shekharicha srimati hesttar thraalinte bahumaanaartham hyde "dhii thralas oof straitham paarkk" prasidheekarichu. thudarnnulla varshangalil, bisinesses vyavasayimaar, raashtreeyakkaar, engleesh prabhukkanmaar ennivarulppede niravadhi swaadheenamulla vyakthikalumaayi hyde nannayi parichayapettu. avaril oraalaayirunnu bisinasukaranaaya roobert borthwick aadam, avaril ninnu avar thante shekharathinte oru bhagam vaangi. donald hyde 1966-ll marichu. addehathinte bhaarya pinneedu srimati tralineyum jaims boswellineyum kurichulla oru padanamaaya 'asaadhyamaaya sauhrudam' ezhuthi. avar "bernard shhaa aandu alfred daglasa eiii correspondence" enna kruthiyum ezhuthukayum california sarvakalaashaalaykk sesham valippathil randaam sthaanathulla oru ooskaar wilde shekharam vikasippikkukayum cheythu. lady eccless ooskaar wilde shekharam roopeekarikkunnathinaayi avar eee shekharam britiish libraric sambhavana cheythu. saamuval jonsanumaayum addehathinte sarkkilumaayum bandhapetta shekharam harward sarvakalaashaalayile hauttan libraric vittu nalki. eccless sentar. merii hyde 1984-ll aadyathe viscant ecclessaaya david ecclessine vivaham kazhichu, ithu sariyaaya bahumanappetta viscantus eccless aayi maari. munbu loard eccless chairmaanaayirunnathinaal 1992ll britiish libraryil avar eccless sentar phoor american stadees sthaapichu. bahumathikal. pembrock kolejile ooksfoordile saamuval jonson kolejinte oonarari fello aayi lady eccless thiranjedukkappettu. royal sosaitti oof aartsinte benchamin franklin fello koodiyaayirunnu avar. avar aii. dii. 1ll ninnulla grandhasoochikakalude prathyeka samoohamaaya roxburg clubble amgamaayirunnu. american daarshanika samoohathile (1978) thiranjedukkappetta amgavumaayirunnu.

merrie accless, viscontess accless merrie morley accless, viscontess accless (crapo; 8 julai 1912-26 august 2003) hii eka pustak sangrahak aanee lekhika hotee. 18 vya shatkatil sahityatil sarvat mothya khajgi sangrahanpaiki eka, ticha pahila patee donald hyde (1909-1966) yachyabarobar sthapan karnyasathi tee prasiddha hotee. yamadhye samuel johnson aanee james bosewell yanchya kamancha samavesh aahe. tine auskar wilde sangrah dekhil tayar keela joou 2003 madhye british granthalayala denyat aala. ticha dusra vivah (1984 madhye) british samvayask, david accless, first viscount accless yanchyashi jhaala, jyanchyabarobar tine 1992 madhye british librarit american abhyasasathi accless centerchi saha-sthapana kelee. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. ecclescha janm merrie morley crapo, detroit, mishigan, united states yethe 1912 madhye american railway karyakari stanford tii. yanchya potee jhaala. crapo (governor heinry etch. chaa natoo. crapo) aanee patni emma carolin morley. tine newyork rajyatil vassar mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale, jithe tichi kadambarikar merrie mccarthyshy maitri jhaali. tyanantar tine kolambiya vidyapithat shikshan ghetale, jithe tine ingraji sahityat ph. dii. kelee. tichya doctoratechya prabandhala nantar 'elizabethansasathi natakalekhan' yaa shirshakachya pustakat vikasit karnyat aale. sahitya sangrah. 1939 madhye tine newyork shaharatil vakeel donald hydeshey lagn kele. yaa jodpyane 1941 madhye samuel johnsonchi chandichi chahachi bhandi vikat ghetali aanee tyachya sanmanarth chahachi mejwani dilee. pudhil 25 varshant, teey johnsonchya shekado patre, anek dincharya aanee tyachya kavitasangrahasaha tyachya vastunche utsuk sangrahak banale. merrie hyde-jee tevha teela olakhali jaat hotee-tine 1943 madhye nyu jarsichya branchbergmadhye chaar okche shet vikat ghetale. yethe tyanni aajubajuchi jameen vikat ghetali aanee malmattet eka granthalay jodale, jyamule ghar tyanchya samuel johnson sangrahane bharale. yapurvi johnsonchya anek vastoo gola gola shrimati hester threll yanchya sanmanarth hydene 'daad thralls auph straytham park' dekhil prakashit kele. pudhil varshanmadhye, udhyogpati, rajkarani aanee ingraji abhijat yanchyasah anek prabhavshali vyaktinshi hydechi changli olakh jhaali. tyapaiki eka vyapari robbert borthwick edam hota, jyanchyakadun tine tichya sangrahatil eka bhag vikat ghetala. donald hyde 1966 madhye maran pavale. tyanchya patnine nantar shrimati threll aanee james bosewell yancha abhyas 'ashakya maitri' lihili. tine 'bernard shau aanee alfried dougles aaa correspondence' dekhil lihile aanee auskar wilde sangrah vikasit keela joou california vidyapithanantar aakarane aakarane kramankavar hota. lady accles auskar wilde sangrah tayar karnyasathi tine haah sangrah british granthalayala daan keela. samuel johnson aanee tyachya vartulashi sambandhit sangrah harvard vidyapithatil hotton granthalayala varasatva mhanoon denyat aala. eclus center. merrie hydene 1984 madhye david accless, accless viscount ecclesshee vivah keela, aanee viscounts accless hii yogya sanmananiy vyakti bunley. 1992 madhye tyanni british granthalayat american abhyasasathichya eclus kendrachi sthapana kelee kaaran laurd eclus heey purvi tyache adhyaksh hote. sanman. lady eccles yanna auxford, pembroke mahavidhyalayatil samuel johnson mahavidhyalayache manad sadasya karnyat aale. tee royal society auph artschee benjamin franklin phelo dekhil hotee. tee roxberge clubchi sadasya hotee, jee granthsangrahanchi eka vishesh sanstha hotee, 1985-2003 pasoon. tee american philosophical societychi (1978) nivadoon aaleli sadasya dekhil hotee.

merry accless, viscountes accless merry merley accless, viscountes accless (crapo; 8 july 1912-26 august 2003) jane pustaka sangrahaka ebong lekhaka thile. shay taanka pratham swamee donald hyde (1909-1966) nka saha 18shaa shatabdir sahityara sarbabruhata gharoi sangraha pratistha paain prasidha thile. ethire samuel johnson ebong james bosawelanka rachna antarbhukta. shay eka askara wild sangraha madhya srusti karithile jaahaa 2003 ray british laibrereeku pradan karajaithila. tankara dwiteeja bibaha (1984 ray) british piara, devida accless, 1maha viscount accless sahita thila, jahanka saha shay 1992 ray british laibrereere americae adhyajana paain accless centre pratistha karithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. 1912 masihare americara mishiganra detroithare americae relabaira karjyanirbahee stanford tii. nka ghare merrie merley crapo naamare accles janmagrahana karithile. crapo (gabharnara heinry etch. nka naati. crapo) ebong patni emma carolin merley. shay nyujarka rajyara bhasara kalejare adhyajana karithile jeunthare shay upanyasakara merrie myakarthinka saha bandhuta karithile. parey shay kalambia biswabidyalajare joga deithile jeunthare shay ingraji sahityare ph. dii. karithile. taanka doctorate gabeshanapatraku parey eka pustakare bikashita karajaithila, jahara shirshaka thila "elijebethanmananka paain nataka rachna". sahityika sangraha. 1939 masihare shay nyujarka saharar okil donald haidanku bibaha karithile. ehi dampati 1941 ray samuel janasanka rupa chaa 'bottle kinithile ebong ehara sammanare eka chaa' party deithile. parabarti 25 barsha madhyare, semane janasanka samagrira utsahi sangrahaka hoithile, jeunthire tankara shaha shaha chithi, tankara aneka diary ebong taanka kabita sangraha antarbhukta . merry hyde-jaahaa shay setebele janashuna thile-1943 ray nyu jarsira branchbergre charoti oak farm kinithile. ethaare semane akhpakh jami kinithile ebong sampattire eka library joga karithile, gharaku semanankara samuel johnson sangrahare bhartti karithile . purbaru janasanka aneka jinishpatra sangraha karithiba srimati hester thralanka sammanare hyde "daa thrales off strytham park" madhya prakash karithile. parabarti barshagudikare, hyde aneka prabhabasali byaktitwanka saha bhal bhabare parichita hoithile, jeunthire byabasajee tycoon, rajneta ebong ingraji sambhranta byakti antarbhukta thile. semananka madhyare byabasajee robert borathawik adam thile, jahanka thaaru shay taanka sangrahara eka ansha kinithile. 1966 masihare donald haidanka dehant hoithila. taanka patni parey 'dee impossible friendship' lekhithile, jaahaa srimati thrall ebong james bosawelanka upare eka adhyajana thila. shay "bernard shaa ebong alfred dagalasah eka chithipatra" madhya lekhithile ebong eka askara wild sangraha bikashita karithile jaahaa aakarare kebala california biswabidyalaja parey dwiteeja thila . shay ehi sangrahaku british laibrereeku daana curry sethare ledi accles askara wild sangraha gathan karithile. samuel johnson ebong taanka brutta sambandheeah sangraha harbard biswabidyalajara hutton laibrereeku pradan karajaithila. ecles centre. merry hyde 1984 ray devid accless, 1maha viscount eklesanku bibaha karithile, jaahaa sathika sammanajanaka viscountes accless hoithile . semane 1992 masihare british laibrereere americae adhyajana paain accles centre pratistha karithile kaaran lord accles purbaru ehara adhyakhya thile. sammana. ledi ekalsanku pembroke colleger oxfordre thiba samuel janasanka colleger sammanajanaka fello karajaithila. shay rayal society off artsra benjamin phrankalin fello madhya thile. shay 'roxberg club' rahr sadasya thile, jaahaa eka swatantra society off bibliofilesra, '1985-2003 ru. shay americae darshanika society (1978) rahr jane nirbachita sadasya madhya thile.

mairi accles, viscountess accles mairi morle eclace, viscountess eclace (crapo; 8 julai 1912-26 agast 2003) ikk pustak colector atey lekhak see. uh aapne pahile patee, donald hyde (1909-1966) naal 18veen sadee dey saahit dey sabh toon vadde niji sangrahian vicchon ikk dee sathapana laee prasidh see. iss witch semual johnson atey james boswell deeaan rachnavan shamal hunn. uss neey ikk aaskar wild sangrah vee banaiaa joe 2003 witch british library noon virasat witch ditta giaa see. uss daa dooja viaah (1984 witch) british peear, david accless, 1 viscount accless naal hoiaa see, jiss naal uss neey 1992 witch british library witch amriki adhiaen laee accless center dee sahi-sathapana keeti see. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. accles daa janam mairi morle crapo, detroit, mishigan, sanyukat raaj amrica witch 1912 witch, amriki railway karajkari stanford tii dey gharr hoiaa see. crapo (governor hannery aich daa pota. crapo) atey patni aima caroline morley. uss neey newyork raaj dey vaasar kaalaj witch padahi keeti jitthe uss dee navalkar mairi mccarthy naal dosti hoow gaee. baad witch uss neey columbia university witch padahi keeti jitthe uss neey angrezi saahit witch ph. dee. keeti. uss dey doctorate dey khoj nibandh noon baad witch ikk kitaab witch vikast keeta giaa, jisda sirlekh "elizabethnan laee natak likhan" see. sahitak sangrah. sann 1939 witch uss neey newyork shehar dey vakeel donald hyde naal viaah karwa liaa. iss jode neey 1941 witch semual johnson dee chaandi dee chaah dee bottle kharidi atey iss dey sanman witch ikk chaah party keeti. agle 25 saalan witch, uh johnson dey saaman dey shaukin ikattar curran vaale bann gaye, jiss witch uss deeaan sainkade chitthiaan, uss deeaan kaee dairiaan atey uss deeaan kavitavan daa sangrah shamal see. mairi hyde-jiven kii uh udon jaanhi jaandi see-neey 1943 witch branchberg, nioo jarsi witch chaar oak farm kharide. itthe unhan neey aale duaale dee zameen kharidi atey jaidad witch ikk library shamal keeti, jiss naal gharr noon aapne semual johnson sangrah naal bharr ditta giaa. hyde neey shrimati hester thrail dey sanman witch "dha thrails aaf streatham park" vee prakashit keeta jiss neey pahilan johnson dey bahut saare samaan ikkathe keete sunn. agle saalan dauran, hyde bahut saariaan prabhavshali hastiaan naal changi tarahan jaanhu hoow gaye, jinhan witch karobari tycoon, siasatdan atey angrezi kuleen shamal sunn. unhan witch vapari robbert borthwick aidam vee shamal see, jiss toon uss neey aapne sangrah daa ikk hissa kharidiaa. sann 1966 witch donald hyde dee maut hoow gaee. uss dee patni neey baad witch shrimati thrail atey james boswell daa adhiaen "asambhav dosti" likhiaa. uss neey "bernard shaa atey alfried douglesous aii pattar vihaar" vee likhiaa atey ikk aaskar wild sangrah vikast keeta joe aakaar witch california university toon baad dooje sathaan utte see. uss neey ih sangrah british library noon lady accless aaskar wild sangrah banaun laee daan qarr ditta. semual johnson atey uss dey chakkar naal sabandhat sangrah noon harward university witch hotton library noon virasat witch ditta giaa see. eacles center. mairi hyde neey 1984 witch david accless, pahile viscount accless naal viaah karvaiaa, joe kii sahee sanmanyog viscountess accless bann giaa. uhanan neey 1992 witch british library witch amriki adhiaen laee eacles center dee sathapana keeti kiunki lard eacles pahilan iss dey chairman sunn. sanman. lady accless noon oxford, pambroke kaalaj vikhe semual johnson kaalaj daa aanreri failo banaiaa giaa see. uh raail suciety aaf arts dee benjamin frankleen failo vee see. uh rocksberge club dee member see, joe kii 1985-2003 toon bibliophiles dee ikk vishesh suciety see. uh amriki darshnik suciety (1978) dee ikk chunhi hoee member vee see.

merry accless, viscountes accless merry morley acclease, viscountes acclease (kraapo; 8 julai 1912-26 august 2003) ekaa pustaka-sangraahakah lekhakah cha aasit. saa swaprathamapatnyaa donald haid (1909-1966) ityanena saha 18 shataabdyaah saahityasya bruhattameshu nijeesangraheshu anyatama samsthaapayitum prasiddha aasit. asmin syaamuyel jaansan tathaa james boswell ityetayoho rachanaah antarbhavanti. saa oscar-weld-sangraham api niramaat, yat 2003 tame varshe british-pustakaalayaay viraktam aasit. tasyaah dwiteeyam vivaaham (1984 tame varshe) british-peer, david accles, prathama-viscount-accles ityanena saha abhavat, yayaa saha saa 1992 tame varshe british-pustakaalaye accles-center-faar-american studies ityasya saha-sthapanam akarot. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. accles ityayam 1912 tame varshe amerikaadeshasy mishigan-nagarasya detroit-nagare american-relve-karyakari stanford tea ityasya putree merry morley-kraapo iti namna ajayata. kraapo (governor henry ech ityasya pautrah. krepo) tathaa patnee emmaa carolan morley. saa nyuyaark-rajyasya vaasar-mahaavidyaalaye abhyanayt, yatra saa upanyasakaraya merry myakarthi ityanaya saha mitrataa krutavatee. pashchat saa columbia-vishvavidyaalaye abhyanayt, yatra saa aanglasaahitye pi. ech. dii. abhyanayt. tasyaah doctorate-adhyayan-prabandhah pashchat "elizabethans-krute natakalekhanam" iti sheershake pustakaroopen vikasitah. saahityasangrah. 1939 tame varshe saa nyuyaark-nagarasya adhivaktaa donald haid ityenam parineetavatee. dampatee 1941 tame varshe syaamuyel jaansan ityasya rajat-chayapatram kritva tasya sammanartham chaya-bhojam utsargam akarot. agrimeshu 25 varsheshu te jaansan ityasya samanyanam utsaahi-sangraahakau abhavan, yeshu tasya shatashah patraani, tasya anekaani dairi-patraani, tasya kavitaasangrahah cha antarbhavanti sma. merry haid-saa tadaa janiti aasit-1943 tame varshe nyoo jersey-nagarasya branchberg-nagare chatwaarah oaks-krushikshetraani krinaat. atra te paritah bhoomim kreenanti, sampatteh krute pustakaalayam cha yojayanti, teshaam gruham syaamuyel-jaansan-sangrahena poorayanti. haid ityeshaa, shrimati hester threll ityasyaah sammanartham "da thrails aaf streetham paark" iti api prakaashitavatee, yaa poorvam jaansan ityasya anekaani vastooni sangruheeta. agrimeshu varsheshu haid ityayam vyavasaay-udyamaah, raajanetruh, aangl-kuleenawargah ityaadayah bahavah prabhaawinah vyaktitvaani samyak parichinot. teshu vyavasaayihi rabert borthwick aadam aasit, yasmaat saa swasangrahasya ekam bhaagam krinaat. 1966 tame varshe donald haid ityasya mrutyuhu abhavat. pashchat tasya patnee "di impeasible friend-up" iti lekhaam alikhat, yat shrimati threll tathaa james boswell ityetayoho vishaye adhyayanm aasit. saa "bernard shaa tathaa alfred daglaash a corresponsend" iti api alikhat, tathaa cha oscar-weld-sangraham vikasitavatee, yat akare kevalam california-vishvavidyaalayasya anantaram dwiteeyasthaane aasit. saa etat sangraham british-pustakaalayaay daanam akarot, tatra leady-accles-oscar-weld-sangraham nirmaatum. syaamuyel jaansan tathaa tasya vruttasya vishaye sangrahah haarvard-vishvavidyaalayasya hautan-pustakaalayaay viraktah aasit. eclus-kendram. merry haid ityeshaa 1984 tame varshe david accles ityetam prathamam viscount accles ityenam parineetavatee, yena viscountes accles ityeshaa adhikaar-sammanita abhavat. 1992 tame varshe british-pustakaalaye american-adhyayanasya accles-kendram te sthaapayan, yatah poorvam lard accles iti asya adhyakshah aasit. sammaanah. leady acclease ityeshaa pembrok-mahaavidyaalayasya oxford-nagarasya syaamuyel-jaansan-mahaavidyaalayasya maanad-adhyetaa abhavat. saa rayal-sosaiti-aaf-arts ityasya benjamin-franklin-sadasyaa api aasit. saa roxberg club ityasya sadasyaa aasit, yat bibliophails ityasya vishishtah samaajah asti, yat 1985-2003 ityatah aasit. saa american-philosophical-societyaah (1978) nirvaachita sadasyaa api aasit.

maeri eccless, wiscondes eccless maeri morley eccless, wiscountess eccless (crapo; 8 juulai 1912-26 august 2003) oru puththaga sekarippaalar mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar. 18 aam noottraandin ilakkiyaththin migapperiya thaniyar thoguppukalil ontrai thanathu muthal kanavar donault hight (1909-1966) udan niruviyatharkaaga avar pugazhpettraar. idhil saamuvel johnson mattrum james bosewell aagiyoarin padaippugalum adangkum. avar oru askar wild sekarippaiyum uruvaakkinaar, idhu 2003 aam aandil british noolagaththirku oppadaikkappattathu. avarathu irandaavathu tirumanam (1984 ill) british peer, davit eccless, 1 vadhu wiscound eccless, avarudan 1992 aam aandil british noolagaththil american padippugalukkaana eccless myyaththai inai niruvinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. eccless 1912 aam aandil americavin michikanil ulla tetroitle maeri morley kiraaboavaaga america rayilway nirvaagiyaana stanford dii. kku piranthaar. grabo (covernor henry ech-inn paeran. grabo) mattrum manaivi emma caroline morley. avar newyorg maanilaththil ulla vaasar kallooriyil payintraar, angku avar novelasserior maeri mccarthyudan natpu kondaar. pinnar avar kolambiya palkalaikkazhagaththil payintraar, angku avar aangkila ilakkiyaththil munaivar pattam pettraar. avarathu munaivar pattam pettra aaivuk katturai pinnar "elisabeththangalukkaana naadaga ezhuththu" endra thalaippil oru puththagamaaga uruvaakkappattathu. ilakkiya thoguppukal. 1939 aam aandil avar newyorg nagara vazhakkarinaraana donault haittai mananthaar. inththa jody 1941 aam aandil saamuvel johnson velli theneer paattilai vaangki adhan ninaivaaga oru theneer virunththai veechinar. aduththa 25 aandugalil, avarkal johnson noottrukkanakkaana kadidhangal, avarathu pala naatkurippugal mattrum avarathu kavidhaigalin thoguppu ullitta avarathu udaimaigalai aarvaththudan sekarippavargalaaga maarinar. maeri hight-appoathu avar ariyappattapadi-1943 aam aandil neu jersiyin praanchparkkil naanku oaks pannaiyai vaankinaar. ingkae avarkal suttriyulla nilatthai vaangki, oru noolagaththai soththil serththanar, thangal saamuvel johnson sekarippaal veettai nirappiyathu. munbu johnson pala udaimaigalai sekariththa thirumathi hester throllin ninaivaaga hight "thii throllus off straitham paark" endra noolaiyum veliyittaar. aduthaduththa aandugalil, vaniga athiparkal, arasiyalvaathigal mattrum aangkila pirabukkal udpada pala selvaakkumikka nabarkaludan hight nanku parichayamaanaar. avarkalil thozhilathibar robbert portwick aadam irunthaar, avaridamirunthu avar thanathu sekarippin oru paguthiyai vaankinaar. donault hight 1966 ill iranthaar. avarathu manaivi pinnar "saaththiyamattra natpu", thirumathi throll mattrum james bosewell pattriya oru aaivu ezhuthinaar. avar "bernard shaa mattrum alfred tucklasses oru kadidhap pathivu" endrum ezhuthinaar, maelum california palkalaikkazhagaththirku aduththapadiyaaga irandaavathu idaththil irunththa oru askar wild thoguppai uruvaakkinaar. avar inththa sekarippai british noolagaththirku nankodaiyaaga valangkinaar, angku laedi eakless askar wild sekarippai uruvaakkinaar. saamuvel johnson mattrum avarathu vattam thodarpaana sekarippu haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththil ulla haaktan noolagaththirku oppadaikkappattathu. thiruchchabai maiyam. maeri hight davit ecclesai mananthaar, 1984 aam aandil 1 vadhu wiscont ecclessgal, sariyaana mariyaathaikkuriya wiscondes ecclessgalaaka maarinar. avarkal 1992 aam aandil british noolagaththil america aaivugalukkaana eakless myyaththai niruvinar, aenenil lard eakless munbu adhan thalaivaraaga irunthaar. gowravangal. laedi eccless bembroke kallooriyin oxfordil ulla saamuvel johnson kallooriyin kavurava saga uuzhiyaraaka niyamikkappattaar. avar raayal society off ards inn benjamin franklin saga uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. avar roxburg kilap endra pirathyaeka nooliyal sangaththin uruppinaraaga irunthaar, idhu aii. dii. 1 ill irunthu vanthathu. avar america thaththuva samoogaththin thernthedukkappatta uruppinaraagavum irunthaar (1978).

maerii eccless, wiscount eccless maerii morley eccless, wiscountes eccless (crapo; 8 juulai 1912-26 augustu 2003) oka pustaka sangrahakuralu mariyu rachayita. aame thana modati bhartha donald hyde (1909-1966) thoo kalisi 18va sataabdapu saahityamlo atipedda private sekaranalalo okadaanni sthaapinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. indulo shamyul johnson mariyu james bosewell rachanalu unnaayi. aame oka ascar wild sekarananu kooda srushtinchindi, idhi 2003loe british libraryki vaarasatvamgaa ivvabadindi. aame rendava vivaham (1984loe) british peer, david eccless, 1 va wiscount ecclesto jarigindi, aametho kalisi 1992loe british librarylo american studies kosam eccless centarnu saha-sthaapinchindi. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. eccless 1912loe united states looni michigaon looni detroit loe maerii morley crapolo american railway executive stanford tii. kuu janminchaadu. crapo (governor henry hetch manavadu. crapo) mariyu bhaarya emma carolin morley. aame newyork raashtramloni wasser kalasalalo chadivi, akkada navala rachayitri maerii makkartitoe sneham chesindi. taruvaata aame columbia vishwavidhyaalayamlo chadivi, akkada aangla saahityamlo PhD chesindi. aame doctorate nundi vacchina vyasanni taruvaata "elizabeth kosam naataka rachana" anae pustakamgaa abhivruddhi chesaaru. saahitya sekaranalu. 1939loe aame newyork nagara nyaayavaadi donald hydenu vivaham chesukunnaru. eee janta 1941loe shamyul johnson yokka vendi teepaatnu konugolu chesi, daani gouravaartham tii party icchaaru. taruvaati 25 samvatsaraalalo, vaaru johnson yokka vandalaadi lekhalu, aneka diarylu mariyu athani kavitala sekaranato sahaa athani vastuvula aasaktigala kalektarlugaa maararu. maerii hyde-aame appatiki telisinatlugaa-1943loe newjerseelooni branchberglo naalugu oaks polaalanu konugolu chesindi. ikkada vaaru chuttupakkala bhoomini konugolu chesi, aaa aastiki oka libraryni jodinchi, aaa intini vaari shamyul johnson sekaranato nimpaaru. gatamlo johnson yokka aneka vastuvulanu sekarinchina srimati hester throll gouravaartham hyde "dhi thrails off streatham park" nuu kooda prachurinchaaru. taruvaati samvatsaraallo, vyaapaaravaettalu, raajakeeya nayakulu mariyu aangla kuleenulatoo sahaa aneka mandhi prabhaavavantamaina vyaktulatoe hyde baga parichayam erpadindi. vaarilo vyaapaaravaetta robbert borthwick aadam kooda unnaaru, aame nundi aame thana sekaranalo kontha bhaganni konugolu chesindi. donald hyde 1966loe maraninchaadu. athani bhaarya taruvaata srimati throlle mariyu james bosewell gurinchi "asaadhyamaina sneham" anae pustakaanni rasindi. aame "bernard shaa mariyu alfred daglas eah correspondence" anie kooda rasindi mariyu california vishwavidyaalayam kante parimaanamlo rendava sthaanamlo unna ascar wild sekarananu abhivruddhi chesindi. aame eee sekarananu british libraryki daanamgaa icchi akkada laedii eccless ascar wild sekarananu erpaatu chesindi. shamyul johnson mariyu athani vruttaaniki sambandhinchina sekarananu haarvard vishwavidhyaalayamloni houton libraryki vaarasatvamgaa icchaaru. eccless center. maerii hyde 1984loe david ecclessnu vivaham chesukunnadu, modati wiscount eccless, idhi saraina gauravaneeya wiscount ecclessga maarindi. vaaru 1992loe british librarylo eccless center pharr american studiesnu sthaapinchaaru, endukante lard eccless gatamlo daani chairmanga unnaaru. gowravaalu. laedii ecclessnu oxford, pembroke kalaasaalalooni shamyul johnson kalaasaalaku gourava sabhyudiga niyaminchaaru. aame raayal society off artslo benjamin franklin phelo kooda. aame roxberg club sabhyuralu, bibliophiles yokka pratyeka samajam, 1985-2003 nundi. aame american taatvika samajam (1978) loe ennikaina sabhyuralu kooda.

meeri accles viscounts accles meeri morli accles viscounts accles (crapo vovo 8 jolayi 1912-26 agast 2003) eek kitaab jamaa karnay waali aur masnaf thein. wah apnay pehley shohar donald hyde (1909-1966) kay saath 18 wein sadee kay adab kay sabb say baday najee majmuon mein say eek qayem karnay kay liye mashhur thein. iss mein simoil jaansan aur jaims boose weel kay kaam shaamil haine. iss nay aaskar wild kaa eek majmuah bhee banaya juu 2003 mein bartanvi library kuu warasat mein diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kii dosri shaadi (1984 mein) bartanvi humm martabah dude accles frust vescount accles say hoyee jinn kay saath iss nay 1992 mein bartanvi library mein accles center faar american studies kii mushtarkah bunyaad rakhee. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. accles 1912 mein detervite mashee gunn riyasathaye muthadah mein americi railway kay execto stenford tye kay haan meeri morli crapo kay naam say paida hoay. crapo (governor hunry aich kaa potaa. crapo) aur bewi aima carolin morli. iss nay riyasat neoyork kay waasar college mein taleem haasil kii jehaan iss kii naawal nigaar meeri meek kaarthi say dosti how gayee. baad mein inhon nay columbia university mein taleem haasil kii jehaan inhon nay angrezi adab mein pee aich ddee kii. inn kay doctorate kay maqalay kuu baad mein eek kitaab mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa jiss kaa anwaan "plee ryting faar alzabthans" thaa. adbi majmuay. 1939 mein iss nay neoyork shehar kay wakeel donald hyde say shaadi kii. iss joday nay 1941 mein simoil jaansan kaa chaandi kaa chaye kaa bartan kharida aur iss kay aizaz mein chaye kii paarti kaa ahtamam kiyaa. aglay 25 saalon mein wah jaansan kay saamaan kay shoqeen jamaa karnay waalay bunn gayey jinn mein inn kay sainkadon khatut inn kii kayee diaryan aur inn kii nazmon kaa majmuah shaamil thaa. meeri hyde-jaisa kahh wah iss waqat jaanee jaati thee-nay 1943 mein branchberg neo jarsi mein chaar baloot kaa faarm kharida. yahaan inhon nay aas paas kii zameen kharidi aur jayedad mein eek library shaamil kii jiss say gahar apnay simoil jaansan kay majmuay say bhar gayaa. hyde nay mohtarmah hester tharal kay aizaz mein "dee tharlaz aaf stratham paark" bhee shaye kiyaa jinhon nay pehley jaansan kay behat say saamaan jamaa kiye thay. aglay saalon kay doraan hyde behat see baasir shaqsiyat say achhi tarah waaqif how gayey jinn mein karobari taikoon seyasat daan aur angrez ashrafiya shaamil thay. inn mein karobari raabart borth wak addam bhee shaamil thay jinn say inhon nay apnay majmuay kaa eek hasah kharida. donald hyde kaa 1966 mein inteqal how gayaa. baad mein inn kii ahliyah nay "dee namumkin friendship" likhee juu kahh mohtarmah tharal aur jaims boose weel kaa mutalah hay. iss nay "bernard shaa aur alfared diggles: eek khath woo kitaabat" bhee likhaa aur eek aaskar wild majmuah tayaar kiyaa juu size mein sarf university aaf california kay baad dosray number parr thaa. iss nay yaha majmuah bartanvi library kuu wahaan leady accles aaskar wild kaa majmuah bananay kay liye atiyah kiyaa. simoil jaansan aur iss kay halqay say mutaliq majmuah harward university mein houton library kuu warasat mein diyaa gayaa thaa. accels center. meeri hyde nay 1984 mein dude accles pehli viscount accles say shaadi kii juu saheeh muaziz vescounts accles bunn gayee. inhon nay 1992 mein british library mein accles center faar american studies kii bunyaad rakhee keunkah iss say qabal laard accles iss kay chairmeen rahh chakay thay. aizazat. leady accles kuu oxford pambrok college mein simoil jaansan college kaa aizazi filo banaya gayaa. wah raail society aaf arts kii benjaman franklin filo bhee thein. wah rocksberg kalb kii rakan thein juu kahh eek khususi society aaf bubluefiles hay juu kahh 1985-2003 say hay. wah american falasafi society (1978) kii muntakhib rakan bhee thein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5631559

USS Santa Barbara

USS Santa Barbara USS "Santa Barbara" was the name of two ships in the United States Navy. These ships were named for the city of Santa Barbara, California. <templatestyles src="Dmbox/styles.css" /> List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a with the same or similar names. If an [ internal link] for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.

uss xanta barbara aamerika juktorastror noubahinir dukhon jahajor naam aasil eu. ess. ess.-ror "xanta barbara". ei jahajxomuhor naam californier xanta barbara sohoror naamere rokha hoisil.

eu. esha. esha santa barbara markin juktorashtrer naubahinir duti jahajer naam chhilo eu. esha. esha "santa barbara". eyi jahajgulir namkaran koraa hoyeche californier santa barbara shohorer naame.

yuu. aesa. aesa. saanta barbara yuu. aesa. aesa. "saanta barbara" aee united states naukadalna beey jahajonu naam hatoo. aaa jahajonu naam keliforniyana saanta barbara shaher parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo.

yuu. ess. ess. saantaa barbara yuu. ess. ess. naa "saantaa barbara" yuu united states naukaapadeya eradu hadagugala hesaraagittu. ee hadagugalige californiada saantaa barbara nagarada hesarannu idalaagide.

yu. ess. ess. santa barbara yu. ess. ess. santa barbara heey amerikechya naudalatil done jahajanche naav hote. yaa jahajanna californiatil santa barbara shaharache naav denyat aale hote.

us santa barbara jayu. ess. ess. rahr "santa barbara" thila juktarastra americara nausenara duiti jahajar naama. ehi jahajagudikara naama californier santa barbara sahara naamare namit hoithila.

yuu. aiss. saanta barbara yuu. aiss. aiss. "saanta barbara" sanyukat raaj dee jall saina witch doou jahazan daa naam see. inhan jahazan daa naam california dey saanta barbara shehar dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see.

yuu. ess. ess. sanda barbara yuu. ess. ess. sanda barbara enbathu america kadarpadaiyil ulla irandu kappalkalin peyar. inththa kappalkal californiavin sanda barbara nagaraththin peyaraal peyaridappattana.

yuu. ess. ess. shanta barbara yuu. ess. ess. shanta barbara anedi united states naavikaadalamloo rendu naukala paeru. eee noukalaku californialoni saantaa barbara nagaram paeru pettaru.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5370868

Brisbane Australia Temple

Brisbane Australia Temple The Brisbane Australia Temple is the 115th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It is at 200 River Terrace, Kangaroo Point in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. History. On 20 July 1998, the LDS Church announced that a temple would be built in Brisbane. The church's temple in Brisbane is its fifth in Australia. The church has grown rapidly in the country. In 1955 there were 3,000 members in Australia; now there are 186 meetinghouses throughout Australia and more than 106,000 members. The temple in Brisbane serves 20,000 LDS Church members in the area. Of the five temples in Australia, four were opened within a three-year period. On 26 May 2001, Kenneth Johnson presided at the groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication. Construction of the temple began in November 2001 and took 18 months. A public open house was held from 10 May through 7 June 2003. The Brisbane Australia Temple was then dedicated on 15 June 2003 by LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. The 10,700 sq. ft. temple features two ordinance rooms and two sealing rooms. In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Brisbane Australia Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

brixben australia mondir brixben australia mondir hoise girja owo jesus christ owo letter-day saints (lds girja) ror ror karjyokori mondir. ee australier queenslandor brixbenor 200 taa nodir teres, kangaru pointot owosthito. itihax. 1998 sonor 20 julyte lds girjai ghuxona korisil je briswenot etaa mondir nirman koraa hoh 'bob. brixbenot thoka girjar mondirtu australier ponchomtu mondir. dexot girjatu drutogotit briddhi paise. 1955 sonot australiat 3,000 xodosyo aasil; etiya xomogro australiat 186 taa xobhaghor aaru 106,000 tokoi odhik xodosyo aase. brixbenor mondirtuwe oncholtur 20,000 lds girjar xodosyok xewa aagborhai. australier pasta mondiror bhitorot sarita tini bosoror bhitorot khula hoisil. 2001 sonor 26 mey "too keneth jonosone bhumi pujon onusthan aaru sthan xomorpon onusthanot xobhapotitwo kore. 2001 sonor novembor maahot mondirtur nirman aarombho hoisil aaru 18 maah xomoy lagisil. 2003 sonor 10 mey 'ror poraa 7 junoloike ekhon rajohuwa mukoli griho onusthito hoisil. tetiya 2003 sonor 15 junot lds girjar xobhapoti gordon bi-ye brixben australia mondirtu utxorga korisil. hinkley. 10, 700 borgo kilometer. fut. mondirot dutaa odhyadex kutha aaru dutaa siiling kutha aase. 2020 sonot, girjar aan xokolu mondiror dore, korunabhairas mohamarir protikriya hisape brixben australia mondirtu bondho koraa hoisil.

brisbane australia mondir brisbane australia mondir holl poroborti diner sadhuder (lds church) girjar 115tomo porichalito mondir. etty australier queenslander brisbaner cangaroo pointe 200 nadeer chhade abosthito. itihas. 1998 saaler 20shhey julai lds girja ghoshana korey jey, brisbane ekti mondir nirman koraa hobey. brisbane girjar mandirti australier pancham. deshe girjati druto briddhi peyeche. 1955 saale australia 3,000 sadasya chhilo; ekhon australia judey 186tii sabhaghar ebong 106,000-ero beshi sadasya royeche. brisbaner mandirti elakar 20,000 lds girjar sadasyader seba deyo. australier panchti mondirer modhye charti mondir tinn bochorer modhye khola hoy. 2001 saaler 26shhey meey, keneth johnson bhittiprostor sthapon anusthan ebong sthan utsarga anusthane sovapotitto corren. 2001 saaler novembore mandirtir nirman kaaj shuru hoy ebong 18 maas somoy laage. 2003 saaler 10ee meey theke 7ee june porjonto ekti public open house onusthito hoy. 2003 saaler 15ee june lds churcher sabhapati gordon bii dwara brisbane australia mandirti utsarga koraa hoy. hinkley. 10, 700 borgo kilometres. foot. mondire duti ordinance kokkho ebong duti seelmohar kokkho royeche. 2020 saale, girjar anyanno mandirgulir moto, coronviruses mahamarir protikriyay brisbane australia mandirti bondho korey deoa hoyechilo.

brisbane australianu mandeer brisbane australia mandeer aee isu kharistna church off latter-deey saints (aela. dii. aesa. church) noon noon kaaryarat mandeer chhe. teey 200 nadeeni chhat parr, brisbane, quinsland, australiyama kangaru point parr chhe. itihas. 20 julai julai roj, aela. dii. aesa. churche jaaherat curry hatee keey brisbanema aek mandeer banavvama aavashe. brisbanema aavelu churchnu mandeer australiyama tenu paanchmu mandeer chhe. deshmaa church zadapthi vikasyu chhe. chhe australiyama 3,000 sabhyo hataa; havey samagr australiyama 186 sabhaa gruho aneey aneey vadhu sabhyo chhe. brisbanema aavelu mandeer aaa vistaarmaa 20,000 aela. dii. aesa. churchna sabhyone sevaa aape chhe. australiana paanch mandiromathi chaar mandeero trana varshnaa samaygalama kholvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 26 meey meey roj, keneth johnasne groundbreaking samaroh aneey sthal samarpanni adhyakshta curry hatee. aaa mandeernu nirmaan november november sharoo thayu hatoo aneey temaa 18 maheenano samay laagyo hato. 10 meey thee 7 juuna 2003 sudhee jaaher khullu ghar yojaayu hatoo. tyarbad 15 juuna juuna roj aela. dii. aesa. churchna pramukh gorden bii. dwara brisbane australiana mandeerne samarpeet karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hinkley. 10, 700 choras kimee. foot. mandeerma beey vatahukam khand aneey beey seal khand chhe. 2020 maan, churchna anya mandeeroni jaim, coronavirus rogchalana javabma brisbane australianu mandeer bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

brisbane australia mandir brisbane australia mandir yeeshu masih key church off later-day saints (ell. dee. aiss. church) kaa 115vaan sanchaalit mandir haye. yeh 200 nadee kii chhat, brisbane, queensland, australia mein kangaru bindu parr haye. itihas. 20 julaai 1998 koo ell. dee. aiss. church ney ghoshana kii kii brisbane mein ack mandir banaaya jaayega. brisbane mein church kaa mandir australia mein iska paanchvaan mandir haye. desh mein church kaa teji seey vikas huaa haye. 1955 mein australia mein 3,000 sadasya they; abb poore australia mein 186 sabhaghar aur 106,000 seey adhik sadasya hain. brisbane mein mandir kshetra mein 20,000 ell. dee. aiss. church sadasyon kii seva kartaa haye. australia key paanch mandiron mein seey chaar koo teen saal kii avadhi key bheetar khol diyaa gayaa thaa. 26 maee 2001 koo, keneth johnson ney bhoomi poojan samaroh aur sthal samarpan kii adhyakshata kii. mandir kaa nirmaan navambar 2001 mein shuru huaa aur isamen 18 maheene lagey. 10 maee seey 7 juuna 2003 taka ack saarvajanik khula ghar aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. taba 15 juuna 2003 koo ell. dee. aiss. church key adhyaksh gorden bee. dwara brisbane australia mandir koo samarpit kiya gayaa thaa. hinkley. 10, 700 varg kii. mee. phut. mandir mein dou adhyadesh kaksh aur dou sealing kaksh hain. 2020 mein, church key anya mandiron kii tarah, coronavirus mahamari key jawab mein brisbane australia mandir koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

brisbane australia devalaya brisbane aastreliyaada devaalayavu yesuvina kristana nantarada dinada santara (ell. dii. ess. church) churchna 115neey karyacharana devaalayavaagide. idu 200 nadhi terrace, aastreliyaada queenslandna brisbennalliruva kangaaroo pointnalli ide. itihaasa. 1998rahra julai 20randu, lds church, brisbanelli devaalayavannu nirmisalaaguvudu endu ghoshisitu. brisbennalliruva churchna devaalayavu aastreliyaadalli aidaneyadaagide. deshadalli church vegavagi beledide. 1955ralli aastreliyaadalli 3,000 sadasyariddaru; eega aastreliyaadaadyanta 186 sabhaanganagalive mattu 106,000kkoo hecchu sadasyariddaare. ee pradeshada 20,000 ell. dii. ess. church sadasyarige brisbennalliruva devaalayavu seve sallisuttade. aastreliyaada aidu devaalayagalalli, naalku devaalayagalannu mooru varshagala avadhiyalli tereyalaayitu. 2001rahra mayee 26randu, kenneth johnson avaru nelasama samarambha mattu sthala samarpaneya adhyakshateyannu vahisiddaru. devaalayada nirmaanavu 2001rahra novembernalli praarambhavaayitu mattu 18 tingalugalannu tegedukonditu. mayee 10rinda zoon 7,2003ravarege saarvajanika mukta bhavanavannu nadesalaayitu. nantara 2003rahra zoon 15randu lds churchna adhyaksha garden bii. avaru brisbane aastreliyaada devaalayavannu samarpisidaru. hinkley. 10, 700 chadara kii. addi. devaalayavu eradu ordinance kotadigalu mattu eradu sealing kotadigalannu hondide. 2020ralli, churchna itara devalayagalante, coronavirus saankraamika rogakke pratikriyeyagi brisbane aastreliyaada devaalayavannu muchchalaayitu.

brisbane austreliya kshethram yesukristhu kristhuvinte pilkkala vishudharude palliyude (ell. dii. ezz. charchu) 115-aamathe pravartthana shethramaanu brisbane austreliya kshethram. australiyayile kweenslandile brisbanil 200 rivar terrous, kangaroo poyintilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. charithram. 1998 juulai 20nuu ell. dii. ezz. palli brisbanil oru kshethram nirmmikkumenn prakhyaapichu. australiyayile anchaamathe shethramaanu brisbanile palli. rajyath sabha athivegam valarnnu. 1955ll austreliyayil 3,000 amgangalundaayirunnu; ippol oostreliyayiludaneelam 186 meating houseukalum 106,000-ladhikam amgangalumundu. pradeshathe 20,000 aii. dii. ezz. sabhaamgangalkku brisbainile kshethram sevanam nalkunnu. australiyayile anchu shethrangalil naalennam moonnu varshathinullil thurannu. 2001 meyy 26nuu kennathu jonson tharakkallidal chadangil adhyakshatha vahichu. 2001 novemberil aarambhicha kshethrathinte nirmmaanam 18 maasamedutthu. 2003 meyy 10 muthal juun 7 vare oru pothu ooppan house nadannu. 2003 juun 15 nuu ell. dii. ezz. charchu president gorden bii. brisbane austreliya kshethram samarppichu. hinkley. 10, 700 chathurashra kilometer. adii. rund oordinans murikalum rund sealing murikalum shethrathilundu. 2020ll, palliyile mattu kshethrangaleppole, corona vairas pakarchavyaadhiyodulla prathikaranamaayi brisbane austreliya kshethram adachu.

brisbane austreliya mandir brisbane austreliya mandir heey yeshu khristachya church auph later-day sentsche (ell. dii. ess. church) 115 weey karyarat mandir aahe. heey 200 nadee gachchivar, brisbane, queensland, austreliya yetheel kangaru binduvar aahe. itihas. 20 julai 1998 roji ell. dii. ess. charchane jaheer kele qee brisbainmadhye eka mandir bandhale jaeel. brisbainmadhil churchche mandir austreliyatil tyache pachve mandir aahe. deshat charchchi zapatyane vaadh jhaali aahe. 1955 saalee austreliyamadhye 3,000 sadasya hote; aata sampoorn austreliyamadhye 186 sabhagruhe aanee 106,000 hoon adhik sadasya aahet. brisbainmadhil mandir parisaratil 20,000 ell. dii. ess. church sadasyanna seva dete. austreliyatil paach mandiranpaiki chaar mandire teen varshanchya kalavadhit ughadanyat aalee. 26 meey 2001 roji, kenneth johnson yanni bhoomipoojan samarambh aanee sthal samarpan samarambhat adhyakshapad bhushavale. mandirache bandhkam november 2001 madhye suru jhaale aanee tyasathi 18 mahine lagale. 10 meey teey 7 juuna 2003 yaa kalavadhit eka sarvajanik khule sabhagruh aayojit karnyat aale hote. tyanantar 15 juuna 2003 roji ell. dii. ess. churchche adhyaksh gorden bii. yanni brisbane austreliya mandir samarpit kele. hinkley. 10, 700 chauras qii. mea. phoot. mandirat done adhyadesh kholya aanee done seal kholya aahet. 2020 madhye, charchchya itar serve mandiranpramanech, coronavirus mahamarila pratisad mhanoon brisbane austreliya mandir bund karnyat aale.

brisbane australia mandira brisbane australia mandira pachhillo-dina santaharuko (lds church) yeshu khrishtako charchako 115 aun sanchalan mandira how. yo 200 nadi terres, brisbane, queensland, australiako kangaru binduma chha. itihas. 20 july 1998 maa, lds charchale brisbenma mandira nirman garne ghoshana garyo. brisbanema raheko charchako mandira australiama yasako panchaun how. deshma church druta gatima badheko chha. sann 1955 maa astreliama 3,000 sadasyaharu thie; ahile australiama 186 wata sabhagharharu rar 106,000 bhanda badhi sadasyaharu chhan. brisbenko mandirle yass kshetraka 20,000 lds church sadasyaharulai sewa dinchha. astreliaka panchwata mandirmadhye charawata tean warshako awadhima kholieka thie. 26 mey 2001 maa, keneth jonsonle bhumi pujan samaroha rar sthal samarpanko adhyakshata gare. mandirko nirman november 2001 maa suru bhayo rar 18 mahina lagyo. 10 medekhi 7 june 2003 samma sarvajanik khula ghar ayojana garieko thiyo. tyasapachhi 15 june 2003 maa lds charchaka adhyaksha gorden bee dwara brisbane australia mandira samarpit garieko thiyo. hinkley. 10, 700 warga kilometer. foot. mandirma duiwata adhyadesh kotha rar duiwata silling kotha chhan. sann 2020 maa, charchaka anya mandirharu jastai, brisbane australiako mandirlai corona bhairasko mahamariko pratikriyama banda garieko thiyo.

brisbane astrelia mandira brisbane astrelia mandira heuchhi yeeshu khristanka church off later-day cents (ell. dii. ess. church) rahr 115 tama karjyakhyama mandira . ehaa astreliaara queenslander brisbane thaare 200 nadee chhaata, kangaru paentare abasthita. itihas. 20 july 1998 ray, ell. dii. ess. church ghoshana karithila je brisabenare eka mandira nirmana karajiba. brisbane thaare thiba churcher mandira astreliaare ehara pancham atte . deshare church druta gatire brudhi paichi. 1955 masihare astreliaare 3,000 sadasya thile; bartamana samagra astreliaare astreliaare baithaka gruha ebong ebong adhika sadasya achanti. brisbane thaare thiba mandirati ehi anchalara 20,000 ell. dii. ess. church sadasyanku seba pradan karithae. astreliaara panchti mandira madhyaru chariti tini barsha madhyare kholajaithila. 2001 masiha meey 26 tarikhare, kenneth johnson bhittiprastara sthapana samaroha ebong sthana samarpanare adhyakhyata karithile. 2001 masiha navember maasare mandirar nirmana karjya arambha hoithila ebong ethipain 18 maasa samai lagithila. 2003 masiha meey 10 ru june 7 tarikh parjyanta eka sarbajaneena mukta gruha anusthita hoithila. ehapare 2003 masiha june 15 tarikhare ell. dii. ess. churcher sabhapati gerden bii. nka dwara brisbane astrelia mandiraku utsarga karajaithila. hinkali. 10, 700 berg kii. mea. phuta. mandirare duiti ordinance room ebong duiti siling room achhi . 2020 ray, churcher anya samasta mandira pari, brisbane astrelia mandiraku coronviruses mahamari pratikrija bhabare banda karajaithila .

brisbane australia mandar brisbane australia mandar baad dey dinan dey santan (ail. dee. aiss. church) dey yisu masih dey church daa 115vaan karajsheel mandar haii. ih 200 nadee chhatt, brisbane, queenzland, australia witch kangaru bindu utte haii. itihaas. 20 julai 1998 noon, ail. dee. aiss. church neey ailaan keeta kii brisbane witch ikk mandar banaiaa javega. brisbane witch church daa mandar australia witch iss daa panjwan mandar haii. desh witch church daa tezi naal vikas hoiaa haii. sann 1955 witch australia witch 3,000 member sunn; hunn poore australia witch 186 meating haaoos atey 106,000 toon vaddh member hunn. brisbane witch mandar khetar witch 20,000 ail. dee. aiss. church dey memberan dee seva karda haii. australia dey panj mandran vicchon chaar tinn saal dey ander-ander kholhe gaye sunn. 26 maee 2001 noon, keneth johnson neey neenh patthar samaroh atey site samarpan dee pardhangi keeti. mandar daa nirman navambar 2001 witch shuru hoiaa see atey iss witch 18 maheene lagge sunn. 10 maee toon 7 juun 2003 takk ikk jantak open haaoos aayojit keeta giaa see. firr 15 juun 2003 noon ail. dee. aiss. church dey pardhan gorden bee duaara brisbane australia mandar noon samarpit keeta giaa see. hinkley. 10, 700 varag kii. mee. futt. mandar witch doou ardiness kamre atey doou sealing kamre hunn. 2020 witch, church dey horr mandran dee tarahan, brisbane australia mandar noon corona viruses mahamari dey jawab witch bnd qarr ditta giaa see.

brisbane australia mandiram brisbane-australia-mandiram, yeshu-crast-charch-aaf-later-day-sents (ell. dii. ess. charch) ityasya 115 tamam karyashilamandiram asti. eshah 200 naditalasthah, brisbane, queensland, australia-deshasya kangaru-binduhu asti. itihaasah. 20 julai 1998 dinaanke, ell. dee. ess. charch ityanena brisbane-nagare mandirasya nirmanam bhavishyati iti ghoshitam. brisbane-nagare sthitam charch-mandiram australia-deshe panchamam asti. deshe charch drutagatyaa vardhate. 1955 tame varshe australia-deshe 3,000 sadasyaah aasan; adhunaa sampoorne australia-deshe 186 sabhaa-gruhaani, 106,000 taha adhikaah sadasyaah cha santi. brisbane-nagarasya mandiram asmin kshetre 20,000 ell. dii. ess. charch-sadasyanam sevaam karoti. australia-deshasya pancha mandireshu, varshatrayeshu eva chatwaarah udghaatitaah. 2001 mey 26 dinaanke, kenneth jaansan ityeshah bhoomiroopanasy, sthala samarpanasya cha adhyakshatam krutavaan. asya mandirasya nirmanam 2001 tame varshe november-maase aarabhy 18 massan yaavat yaavat abhavat. mey 10 taha joon 7,2003 paryantam saarvajanikam muktagruham aayojitam aasit. tatah 2003 joon 15 dinaanke ell. dee. ess. charch ityasya adhyakshen gorden bee ityanena brisbane-australia-mandiram samarpitam. hinkalee. 10, 700 varga kii. mee. parimitam. e. tea. mandire adhyaadesh-kakshadwayam, mudranayantradvayam cha santi. 2020 tame varshe, charch-ityasya anyeshu devaalayeshu iva, caronavairus-mahamaryaha pratikriyaaroopen brisbane-australia-mandiram api bandhitam.

brisbane australia koayil brisbane australia koayil enbathu pinththaiya naall punitharkalin (ell. dii. ess devalayam) iyaesu kiristhuvin devalayaththin 115 vadhu iyakkak koayilaagum. idhu 200 nadhi mottai maadiyil, australiavin brisbanil ulla gangaru pulliyil ullathu. varalaaru. juulai 20,1998 andru, brisbanil oru koayil kattappadum endru ell. dii. ess devalayam ariviththathu. brisbanil ulla devalayaththin koayil australiavil adhan ainthaavathu koayilaagum. naattil devalayam vaekamaaka valarnththullathu. valarnththullathu australiavil 3,000 uruppinarkal irunththanar; ippoathu australia muzhuvathum 186 koottangal mattrum 106,000 kkum maerpatta uruppinarkal ullanar. brisbanil ulla koayil ippaguthiyil ulla 20,000 ell. dii. ess devalaya uruppinarkalukku saevai seikirathu. australiavil ulla ainthu koayilgalil, naanku koayilgal moontru aandu kaalaththirkul thirakkappattana. 26 mae 2001 andru, kennath johnson adikkal naattu vizhaa mattrum thazha arppanippu nigazhchchikkuth thalaimai thaangkinaar. 2001 novemberil thodangiya inthak koayilin kattumanam 18 maathangkal eduththathu. mae 10 muthal juun 7,2003 varai oru podhu thiranthavezhi nadaipettrathu. brisbane australia koayil juun 15,2003 andru ell. dii. ess devalayat thalaivar carden pii. yaal arppanikkappattathu. hinkley. 10, 700 sathura kii. mee. addii. koayilil irandu kattalai araikal mattrum irandu seal araikal ullana. 2020 aam aandil, devalayaththin mattra koayilgalaip poalavae, brisbane australia koayilum, caronaviruses thottrunoaikku pathilalikkum vagaiyil moodappattathu.

brisbane australia aalayam brisbane australia aalayam anedi taruvaati roeju saints (ell. dii. ess charchi) yokka yesu kreestu charchi yokka 115va operating aalayam. idhi australialoni queenslandloni brisbaneloni 200 nadhi terrus, kangaaruu point vadda undhi. charitra. 1998 juulai 20naa, lds charchi brisbanelo oka alayanni nirminchanunnatlu prakatinchindi. brisbane looni charchi aalayam australialo aidavadi. desamlo charchi vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi. chendindi australialo 3,000 mandhi sabhyulu unnaaru; ippudu australia antataa 186 samavesa gruhalu mariyu 106,000 kante ekkuva mandhi sabhyulu unnaaru. brisbane looni aalayam eee praantamlooni 20,000 mandhi charchi sabhyulaku sevalu andistundi. australialoni aidu devalayalalo naalugu moodu samvatsaraala vyavadhilo praarambhinchabaddaayi. 2001 mae 26naa, kenneth johnson sankusthaapana veduka mariyu sait samarpanaku adhyakshata vahinchaaru. eee aalaya nirmaanam 2001 navambarulo praarambhamaindi mariyu 18 nelala samayam pattindi. mae 10 nundi juun 7,2003 varaku oka bahiranga sabha jarigindi. aaa tarvaata juun 15,2003naa ell. dii. ess charchi adhyakshudu gordan bii. dwara brisbane australia alayanni ankitam chesaaru. hinkley. 10, 700 chadarapu kilometres. adugula. aalayamlo rendu ordinance gadulu mariyu rendu sealing gadulu unnaayi. unnaayi, anni charchi itara devalayala maadirigaane, coronavirus mahammariki pratispandanagaa brisbane australia alayanni muusivaesaaru.

bracebon australia mandar bracebon australia mandar yasua maseeh kay charch aaf latter day cents (eel ddee aiss charch) kaa 115 waan operating mandar hay. yaha 200 daryaa kii chhath kangaro point parr bracebean queenz lend australia mein hay. tareekh. 20 jolayi 1998 cow eel ddee aiss charch nay aalaan kiyaa kahh barsabeen mein eek mandar tameer kiyaa jaaye gaa. barsabeen mein charch kaa mandar australia mein iss kaa panchwan mandar hay. milk mein charch teezi say tarqi kirr chakaa hay. 1955 mein australia mein 3,000 arakeen thay. abb puray australia mein 186 metting house aur 106,000 say ziyadah arakeen haine. bracebean mein mandar elaqay mein 20,000 eel ddee aiss charch kay arkaan kii khadmat kartaa hay. australia kay paanch mandaron mein say chaar teen saal kay arsey mein kholay gayey. 26 mayee 2001 kuu keenth jaansan nay sing bunyaad kii taqrib aur saait kii lagan kii sadarat kii. mandar kii tameer nomber 2001 mein sharoo hoyee aur iss mein 18 maah lagay. 10 mayee say 7 joone 2003 takk eek awami open house kaa anaqad kiyaa gayaa. iss kay baad 15 joone 2003 kuu eel ddee aiss charch kay sadr gorden bee nay bracebon australia mandar kuu waqaf kiyaa. hankli. 10, 700 marbaa. fitt. mandar mein duu ordinance room aur duu seeling room haine. 2020 mein charch kay deegar mandaron kii tarah barsabeen australia mandar kuu bhee korona wires wabayi amraz kay jawaab mein bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa.

0005dd7c7d9f978bf9abd46e4b8e6ad1c6f3ef1345485163fd0f2c21106d7187

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PLPA

PLPA PLPA may refer to: Topics referred to by the same term <templatestyles src="Dmbox/styles.css" /> This page lists associated with the title .

pi. el. pi. e. pi. el. pi. e.-ror ortho hoh 'bob paareh

pii. ell. pii. ayee pii. ell. pii. ayee bolte bojhate paareh

pii. aela. pii. aee. pii. aela. pii. aee. noow ullekh curry shake chheh

pee. ell. pee. aeye. pee. ell. pee. aeye. kaa ullekh hoe sakata haih

pii. ell. pii. aa. pii. ell. pii. aa. ee kelaginavugalannu ullekhisabahuduh

pii. ell. pii. eiii. pii. ell. pii. eiii. soochippikkaam

pii. ell. pii. aii. pii. ell. pii. aii. chaa sandarbh asoo shakatoh

pii. ell. pii. aii. pii. ell. pii. aii. ku bujhaeh

pee. ail. pee. aii. pee. ail. pee. aii. daa havala hoow sakda haiyav

pee. ell. pee. e. pee. ell. pee. e. ityasya ullekhah bhavet.

pii. ell. pii. aee. pii. ell. pii. aee pinvaruvanavattraik kurikalaam

0005df6379232ccad68eecd3a8d34785d83130949d31c8415c38b6ba2660d9be

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Defence Research and Development Establishment

Defence Research and Development Establishment Indian defence laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE) is an Indian defence laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Located in Gwalior, it is primarily involved in the research and development of detection and protection against toxic chemical and biological agents. DRDE is organised under the Life Sciences Directorate of DRDO. The present director of DRDE is Dr. Manmohan Parida. History. In 1924, the Maharaja of Gwalior established a research laboratory to explore forest products and mineral resources. In 1947, the Jiwaji Industrial Research Laboratory (as the lab was known) was inaugurated by C. Rajagopalachari, the then Governor General of India. In 1966, it was taken over by the Ministry of Defence. As its research activities expanded, in 1973, JIRL was made a separate laboratory, and renamed as Defence Research & Development Establishment. Advanced Biological Defence Research Centre (ABDRC) will be set up under DRDE as a Biosafety level 4 laboratory that will work on highly contagious virus, their effects on human being, and developing safeguards. Area of work. DRDE is the primary defence laboratory involved in the development of NBC detection and protection systems. It conducts research in the fields of biochemistry, microbiology, biotechnology, Virology and toxicology. It conducts safety and toxicological evaluations of hazardous chemicals and materials. It also develops rapid diagnostic tests for pathogens and investigates preventive measures for the control of diseases. To protect from Chemical weapons, it also conducts research in the area of detection, protection and decontamination of hazardous chemicals. Research and development activities at DRDO cover important demarcated disciplines like aeronautics, rockets and missiles, electronics and instrumentation, combat vehicles, engineering, naval systems, armament technology including explosives research, terrain research, advanced computing, artificial intelligence, robotics, works study, systems analysis and life sciences including high-altitude agriculture, physiology, food technology and nuclear medicine. In addition to undertaking research and development activities, DRDO also assists the Services by rendering technical advice regarding formulation of requirements, evaluation of systems to be acquired, fire and explosive safety and mathematical and statistical analysis of operational problems. DRDO offers specialised training at its two premier training institutions called Institute of Armament Technology, Pune and Defence Institute of Work Study, Mussoorie. The courses at these institutions have been evolved primarily to meet the needs of DRDO, Department of Defence Production and Supplies and the three Services. Projects and Products. Technologies for Civilian use. As a by-product of its research, the lab also develops civilian applications of biotechnology, especially in human waste disposal, disease control, pest control, etc. As is common with DRDO laboratories, many of the technologies developed by DRDE are available for civil use and have been transferred to private sector. Technologies transferred to the civilian sector include diagnostic kits/systems for Anthrax, Dengue, Plague, Malaria, and other infections. It has also developed insecticides, pest repellents and water quality testing and purification kits. Its major thrust area is defence against Bio-Terrorism, including chemicals agents like Sarin and biological agents like Botulinum neurotoxin. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

protirokya gowexona aaru unnoyon protisthan protirokya gowexona aaru unnoyon protisthan (di. aar. di. ee.) hoise protirokya gowexona aaru unnoyon xongstha (di. aar. di. u.) ror etaa bharotiyo protirokya gowexonagar. guwaliyorot owosthito, ee mulotoh bixakto raxayonik aaru joibik agentor biruddhe sinaktokoron aaru xurokhyar gowexona aaru bikaxor xoite jorito. di. aar. di. oh '.-ror jiwan bigyan xonsalkaloyor odhinot di. aar. di. ee.-ror aayujon koraa hoy. drder bortomanor xonsalok hoise drde. monmuhon porida. itihax. 1924 sonot guwaliyoror moharaje bonjat xamogri aaru khonij xompod onwexon koriboloi etaa gowexona porikhyagar sthapon korisil. 1947 sonot jiwaji oudyugik gowexona porikhyagar (porikhyagartur naam diya hoisil) chi-ror dwara udwudhon koraa hoisil. rajagupalasari, bharotor tetiyar gowornor general. 1966 sonot iyak protirokya montraloye dokhol korisil. 1973 sonot iyar gowexona karzokolapxomuh xomproxarito huwar loge loge, jarolok ek prithok porikhyagar hisape gorhi tulaa hoisil, aaru iyar naam xoloni kori protirokya gowexona aaru unnoyon protisthan rokha hoisil. unnot joibik protirokya gowexona kendro (e. bi. di. aar. chi) diaar. di. ee.-ror odhinot joibo xurokhya storor 4 porikhyagar hisape sthapon koraa hoh 'bob jiye oti xongkramok bhairas, manuhor uporot iyar probhab aaru xurokhya byowosthar uporot kaam koribo. kormokhyetro. drde hoise eno. bi. chi. sinaktokoron aaru xurokhya byowosthar bikaxot jorito prathomik protirokya porikhyagar. ee joibo roxayon, onujibobigyan, joibo projukti, bhair "lojee aaru bixakto bigyanor khetrot gowexona kore. ee bipojjonok raxayonik aaru xamogrir xurokhya aaru bixakto mulyayon kore. ee rug sristikari jiwor baabe drut nidan porikhyau bikoxito kore aaru rug niyontronor baabe protirudhmulok byowosthar todonto kore. raxayonik ostror poraa xurokhito koriboloi ee bipojjonok raxayonik podartho sinaktokoron, xurokhya aaru produxonmukto korar khetrotu gowexona kore. di. aar. di. oh '.-too gowexona aaru unnoyon karzokolape er "natiks, rocket aaru misail, electronics aaru jontro, juddho baahon, obhijantrik, nou byowostha, bisfurok gowexona, bhukhondo gowexona, unnot computering, kritrim buddhimotta, robtics, kaam odhyoyon, pronali bislexon aaru jiwan bigyanoke dhori uscho-uschotar krixi, xorirbigyan, khadyo projukti aaru parmanobik ouxodhor dore guruttopurno xeema nirdharito xakha xamori loy. gowexona aaru unnoyonmulok karzokolap haatot luwar uporiu, di. aar. di. u.-ye proyujoniyotar gothon, aahoron koribologiya byowosthaxomuhor mulyayon, ogni aaru bisfurok xurokhya aaru karjyokori xomosyaxomuhor ganitik aaru porixongkhyagot bislexonor xondorbhot karikori poramorxo prodan kori xewaxomuhok xohay kore. di. aar. di. oh '.-e iyar dutaa prodhan proxikhyon protisthan, institut owo armament tekon' loji, pune aaru defence institut owo work stody, masurit bixex proxikhyon prodan kore. ei protisthanxomuhot pathyokromxomuh mulotoh di. aar. di. oh ', protirokya utpadon aaru jugan bibhag aaru tinita xewar proyujoniyota puronor baabe bikoxito koraa hoise. prokolpo aaru xamogri. oxamorik byoboharor baabe projukti. iyar gowexonar upo-xamogri hisape, porikhyagarkhone joibo projuktir oxamorik proyugou bikoxito kore, bixexkoi manuhor aworjona nispotti, rug niyontron, keat niyontron aadit. di. aar. di. oh '. gowexonagaror khetrot xadharon huwar dore, di. aar. di. ee.-ror dwara bikoxito bohutu projukti oxamorik byoboharor baabe upolobdho aaru byoktigoto khondoloi sthanantorito koraa hoise. oxamorik khondoloi sthanantorito projuktixomuhor bhitorot aase anthrax, dengu, plagg, meleria aaru onyanyo xongkromonor baabe diagnostic kitt/pronali. ee kitnaxok, keat protirudhi aaru panir gunogoto maan porikhya aaru xuddhokoron kitou bikoxito korise. iyar mukhyo gurutwor khetrotu hoise joibo-xontraxbador biruddhe protirokya, jaar bhitorot aase sarinor dore raxayonik agent aaru botulinam neurotoxinor dore joibik agent.

protirokkha gobeshona oo unnayan protisthan defence research anned development establishment (dii. arr. dii. ee) holl defence research anned development organizationer (dii. arr. dii. oo) ekti bharatiya protirokkha porikkhagar. goaliore abosthito, etty prathomikbhabe bishakto rasayanik ebong joibik agentgulir biruddhe sanaktakaran ebong surakkhar gobeshona ebong bikasher saathe jorito. dii. arr. dii. oo-rawr jeebon bigyan adhidaptarer adhine dii. arr. dii. ee-rawr ayojan koraa hoy. dii. arr. dii. ee-rawr bortoman porichalok hollen daa. manmohan porida. itihas. 1924 saale goalior maharaja bonoj ponno oo khaniz sompod anweshaner jonno ekti gobeshona porikkhagar protistha corren. 1947 saale, geoagy shilp gobeshona porikkhagar (lyaba hisabe porichito) shee dwara udwodhon koraa hoyechilo. rajagopalachari, bharoter tatkalin governor general. 1966 saale etty protirokkha montrok dwara dokhol koraa hoy. 1973 saale gobeshona karjokrom somprosaroner sange sange jyarolke ekti prithak porikkhagar koraa hoy ebong err naam poriborton korey protirokkha gobeshona oo unnayan protisthan koraa hoy. unnoto joibik protirokkha gobeshona kendra (ebi. dii. arr. shee) ekti joibo surakkha stor 4 porikkhagar hisabe dii. arr. dii. ee-rawr adhine sthapon koraa hobey jaa atyanta sangkramak virus, manusher upor taader prabhab ebong surakkhar bikasher upor kaaj korbe. kormokkhetro. darde holl prathomik protirokkha porikkhagar jaa enn. bii. shee sanaktakaran ebong surakkha byabosthar bikasher saathe jorito. etty joibo rasayan, anujibbiggan, joiboprojukti, virology ebong bishaktobidyar khettre gobeshona porichalona korey. etty bipojjonok rasayanik ebong upokorongulir nirapatta ebong bishakto mulyayan porichalona korey. etty pathogengulir jonno druto diagnostic porikkhao bikash korey ebong roga niyantraner jonno protirodhmulok byabostha todonto korey. rasayanik ostro theke rakkha petey, etty bipojjonok rasayanik sanaktakaran, surakkha ebong dushonmuktokoroner khettreo gobeshona porichalona korey. dii. arr. dii. oo-teey gobeshona oo unnoyonmulok karjokromer modhye royeche bimanobidya, rockett oo kheponastro, electronics oo jontropati, juddho janbahon, prakaushal, nou byabostha, bisforok gobeshona, bhu-ongsho gobeshona, unnoto computing, kritrim buddhimatta, robotics, kormo adhyayan, system bishleshan ebong uchcho-uchchota krishi, sharirbritto, khaddo prajukti ebong paromanobik chikitsa soho jeebon bigyan soho ostro prajukti soho guruttopurno seemana chinnito shakha. gobeshona oo unnoyonmulok karjokrom grohoner pashapashi, dii. arr. dii. oo prayojaniyata pranayan, arjito byabosthar mulyayan, agni oo bisforok nirapatta ebong porichalongoto samasyar ganitik oo porisongkhangoto bishleshan somporkito projuktigoto poramorsho prodaner madhyome porishebagulike sahayata korey. dii. arr. dii. oo taar duti prodhan proshikkhon protisthan institute off armament technology, puney ebong defence institute off work studdy, musaurite bishesh proshikkhon pradan korey. eyi protisthangulite prathomikbhabe dii. arr. dii. oo, protirokkha utpadon oo sarbaraha bibhag ebong tinti porishebar chahida metanor jonno courseguli toiri koraa hoyeche. prokolpo ebong ponno. besamoric byaboharer jonno prajukti. gobeshonar ekti upo-ponno hisabe, labti joiboprojuktir besamoric proyogo bikash korey, biseshoto manusher borjyo nishpotti, roga niyantran, kitpatanga niyantran ityadite. jemonti dii. arr. dii. oo poriikkhagargulite procholito, dii. arr. dii. ee dwara unnoto onek prajukti nagrik byaboharer jonno upolobdho ebong besarkari khaate sthanantorito hoyeche. asamarik khettre sthanantorito prajuktir modhye royeche anthrax, dengue, plaig, malleria ebong anyanno sankramaner jonno diagnostic kitt/system. etty kitnashok, kitpatanga protirodhi ebong joler gunoman porikkha oo porishodhon saranjamo toiri koreche. err prodhan jorer khettro holl joibo-santrasbader biruddhe protirokkha, jaar modhye royeche sarin ebong botulinum neurotoxiner moto joibik agent.

sanraxan sanshodhan aneey vikaas sanstha sanraxan sanshodhan aneey vikaas sanstha (dii. aar. dii. ee.) aee sanraxan sanshodhan aneey vikaas sanstha (dii. aar. dii. oo.) nee bhaartiy sanraxan prayogshaalaa chhe. gwaliyarma stheet, teey mukhyatve zerii rasayanik aneey jaivik agento saame shodh aneey rakshanna sanshodhan aneey vikasma saamel chhe. dii. aar. dii. oo. naa jeevan vigyaan niyaamak hethal dii. aar. dii. oo. noon aayojan karvaamaa aave chhe. doow. doow. naa vartmaan nirdeshak doow. manmohan parida. itihas. itihas gwaliyarnaa maharaja vana utpaadno aneey khanij sansadhanoni shodh maate aek sanshodhan prayogshalani sthaapnaa curry hatee. hatee, jivaji audhyogik sanshodhan prayogshaalaa (jeey prayogshaalaa tareeke jaaniti hatee) noon udghaatan see. rajgopalachari, bhaaratnaa tatkalin governor general hataa. hataa, tene sanraxan mantralay dwara kabaje karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. jaim jaim tenee sanshodhan pravruttionu vistaran thayu tema, tema, jarlane aek alag prayogshaalaa banavvama aavee hatee, aneey tenu naam badaline sanraxan sanshodhan aneey vikaas sanstha rakhvama aavyu hatoo. dii. aar. dii. ee. hethal unnat jaivik sanraxan sanshodhan kendra (aee. bii. dii. aar. see.) nee sthaapnaa jaiv suraksha star 4 prayogshaalaa tareeke karvaamaa aavashe, jeey atyant chepee viruses, manushya parr tenee asaro aneey salaamati vikasavva parr kaama karashe. kaary kshetra. drde aee praathmeek sanraxan prayogshaalaa chhe jeey nbc shodh aneey suraksha pranaalionaa vikasma saamel chhe. teey biochemistry, microbiology, biotechnology, virology aneey toxicologyna kshetroma sanshodhan karey chhe. teey jokhami rasaayano aneey saamagreenu salaamati aneey zerii mulyankan karey chhe. teey rogkaarak jivanuo maate zadpi nidan parikshano pann vikasaave chhe aneey rogonaa niyantran maate nivaarak pagalaanni tapaas karey chhe. rasayanik shastrothi rakshan aapvaa maate, teey jokhami rasaayanoni shodh, rakshan aneey shuddhikaranna kshetramaa sanshodhan pann karey chhe. dii. aar. dii. oo. khaate sanshodhan aneey vikaas pravruttiomaa aeronotics, roqeta aneey misailo, electronics aneey instrumentation, ladaai vaahano, ijneri, naukadalni pranaalio, visfotako sanshodhan, bhupradesh sanshodhan, adhyatan computing, krutrim buddhi, robotics, kaary abhyaas, pranali vishleshan aneey uchch-unchai krushee, sharirvigyan, khaadhy technology aneey parmaanu davaa saheet jeevan vigyaan saheet shastrastra technology jevee mahatvapurn simankit shaakhaaone aavari levaamaa aavee chhe. sanshodhan aneey vikaas pravruttio haath dharvaa upraant, dii. aar. dii. oo. jaruriyaatoni rachnaa, hastgat karvaanee pranaalionu mulyankan, aag aneey visfotak salaamati aneey parichaalan samsyaaonu gaanitik aneey aankadaakiy vishleshan karvaa ange takneeki salah aapeene sevaaone madad karey chhe. dii. aar. dii. oo. tenee beey agranee taaleem sansthao institute off armament technology, pune aneey defence institute off varqa studdy, masuri khaate vishesh taaleem aape chhe. aaa sansthaoma abhyaskramo mukhyatve dii. aar. dii. oo., sanraxan utpaadan aneey purvathaa vibhag aneey traney sevaaoni jaruriyaatone pahonchi vadvaa maate vikasavvama aavyaa chhe. project aneey utpaadno. nagrik upyog maate technology. tenaa sanshodhannaa oop-utpaadan tareeke, prayogshaalaa biotechnologyna nagrik upyogo pann vikasaave chhe, khaas kareene manav kacharaana nikaal, rooga niyantran, jantu niyantran vageremaa. jaim keey dii. aar. dii. oo. prayogshalaoma saamanya chhe, dii. aar. dii. oo. dwara vikasavvama aaveli ghanee takneeko nagrik upyog maate uplabdh chhe aneey khangi kshetramaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavee chhe. nagrik kshetramaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aaveli taknikioma anthrax, dengue, plagg, meleriya aneey anya chep maate nidan kitt/pranaliono samaavesh thaay chhe. tene jantunashako, jantunashak aneey paanini gunvattaa parikshan aneey shuddhikaran kitt pann vikasavi chhe. teno mukhya bhaar jaiv-aatankvaad saame sanraxan parr chhe, jemaa sareen jevaa rasayanik agento aneey botulinum neurotoxin jevaa jaivik agento saamel chhe.

raksha anusandhaan aur vikas pratishthaan raksha anusandhaan aur vikas pratishthaan (dee. aar. dee. ee.) raksha anusandhaan aur vikas sangathan (dee. aar. dee. oh.) kii ack bhaaratiya raksha prayogshala haye. gwaliyar mein sthit, yeh mukhya roop seey vishaakt rasayanik aur javic agents key khilaf pataa lagaane aur suraksha key anusandhaan aur vikas mein shamil haye. dee. aar. dee. oh. kaa ayojan dee. aar. dee. oh. key jeevan vigyaan nideshalaya key tahat kiya jaataa haye. dee. aar. dee. ee. key vartamaan nideshak dow. manmohan parida. itihas. 1924 mein, gwaliyar key maharaja ney vann utpaadon aur khanij sansadhanon kaa pataa lagaane key liye ack shodh prayogshala kii sthaapana kii. 1947 mein, jiwaji audyogik anusandhaan prayogshala (jaisa kii prayogshala koo jaanaa jaataa thaa) kaa udghaatan see. rajagopalachari, bhaarat key tatkalin governor general they. 1966 mein, ise raksha mantralaya dwara apane kabje mein leey liya gayaa thaa. 1973 mein, jaise-jaise isaki shodh gatividhiyon kaa vistaar huaa, jearl koo ack alag prayogshala banaa diyaa gayaa, aur iska naam badalkar raksha anusandhaan aur vikas pratishthaan curr diyaa gayaa. unnat javic raksha anusandhaan kendra (aeye. bee. dee. aar. see.) koo dee. aar. dee. ee. key tahat ack jaiv suraksha star 4 prayogshala key roop mein sthaapit kiya jaayega joe atyadhik sankraamak virus, manushya parr unake prabhaav aur suraksha upaayon koo vikasit karane parr kaam karega. kaary kshetra. dee. aar. dee. ee. praathamik raksha prayogshala haye joe aine. bee. see. kaa pataa lagaane aur suraksha pranaliyon key vikas mein shamil haye. yeh jaiv rasayan, sookshm jeev vigyaan, jaiv praudyogiki, vish vigyaan aur vish vigyaan key kshetron mein anusandhaan kartaa haye. yeh khatarnak rasayanon aur samagriyon kii suraksha aur vishaaktata kaa mulyankan kartaa haye. yeh rogjanakon key liye teji seey naidaanik pareekshan bhee vikasit kartaa haye aur rogon key niyantran key liye nivaarak upaayon kii jaanch kartaa haye. rasayanik hathiyaron seey bachaane key liye, yeh khatarnak rasayanon kaa pataa lagaane, suraksha aur kitanushodhan key kshetra mein bhee shodh kartaa haye. dee. aar. dee. oh. mein anusandhaan aur vikas gatividhiyon mein mahatvapurna seemankit vishay jaise vaimaaniki, rockett aur missile, electronics aur upkaran, ladaakoo vaahan, engineering, nausena pranaliyan, visfotak anusandhaan, bhoo-bhaag anusandhaan, unnat computing, kritrim buddhimatta, robotics, kaary adhyayan, pranali vishleshan aur uchch oonchaai krishi, shareer vigyaan, khaadya praudyogiki aur paramanu chikitsa sahit jeevan vigyaan shamil hain. anusandhaan aur vikas gatividhiyon koo shuru karane key alawa, dee. aar. dee. oh. aavashyaktaon key nirmaan, praapt kii jaane vaali pranaliyon key mulyankan, agni aur visfotak suraksha aur parichaalan samasyaon key ganitiya aur saankhyikiya vishleshan key sambandh mein takniki salah dekar sevaaon kii sahaayata kartaa haye. dee. aar. dee. oh. apane dou pramukh prashikshan sansthanon, jinhen ayudh praudyogiki sansthaan, puney aur raksha kaary adhyayan sansthaan, masuri kahaa jaataa haye, mein vishesh prashikshan pradaan kartaa haye. inn sansthanon mein pathyakram mukhya roop seey raksha utpaadan aur aapoorti vibhaag aur teenon sevaaon kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye vikasit kiye gaye hain. pariyojanaaen aur utpaad. nagrik upayog key liye praudyogikiyaan. apane shodh key ack upa-utpaad key roop mein, prayogshala jaiv praudyogiki key nagrik anuprayogon koo bhee vikasit karati haye, vishesh roop seey maanav apashisht niptan, roga niyantran, keat niyantran aadi mein. jaisa kii dee. aar. dee. oh. prayogshalaon mein aam haye, dee. aar. dee. ee. dwara vikasit kaee praudyogikiyan nagrik upayog key liye upalabdh hain aur inhen niji kshetra mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa haye. nagrik kshetra koo hastaantarit praudyogikiyon mein anthrax, dengu, plaig, maleria aur anya sankramanon key liye naidaanik kitt/pranali shamil hain. isane keetnashak, keat vikarshak aur jall gunavatta pareekshan aur shodhan kitt bhee vikasit kiye hain. iska pramukh jore kshetra jaiv-aatankvaad key khilaf raksha haye, jisamen sareen jaise rasayanik agent aur botulinum neurotoxin jaise javic agent shamil hain.

raxana samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi sthaapane raxana samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi samsthe (dii. aarr. dii. ii.) yuu raxana samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi samsthe (dii. aarr. dii. oo.) yaya bhaaratiya raxana prayogaalayavaagide. idu gwaliyarnallide, idu prathamikavagi vishakaari rasayanika mattu jaivika agentgala viruddha patte mattu raksaneya samshoodhane mattu abhivraddhiyalli todagide. dii. aarr. dii. oo. yaya jeeva vignaana nirdeshanaalayada adiyalli dii. aarr. dii. ii. yannu aayojisalaagide. daa. dii. aarr. dii. ii. yaya prastuta nirdeshakaru daa. manmohan parida. itihaasa. 1924ralli gwaliorn mahaaraajaru aranya utpannagalu mattu khanija sampanmoolagalannu anveshisalu samshodhanaa prayogaalayavannu sthaapisidaru. 1947ralli, jiwaji kaigarika samshodhanaa prayogaalayavannu (prayogaalayavendu kareyalaaguttittu) sii. udghaatisidaru. rajagopalachari, andina bhaaratada governor general. 1966ralli idannu raxana sachivaalayavu swadhinapadisikonditu. adara samshodhanaa chatuvatikegalu vistarisidante, 1973ralli, jirl annu pratyeka prayogaalayavannaagi maadalaayitu mattu raxana samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi samsthe endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. unnata jaivika raxana samshodhanaa kendravannu (aa. bii. dii. aarr. sii) jaivika surakshata hanta 4 prayogaalayavaagi sthaapisalaaguvudu, idu hecchu saankraamika virus, maanavara mele avugala parinamagalu mattu surakshata kramagalannu abhivraddhipadisuttade. kelasada kshetra. drde embudu enbc patte mattu raxana vyavasthegala abhivraddhiyalli todagiruva praathamika raxana prayogaalayavaagide. idu jeevarasaayanashaastra, sukshma jivashastra, jaivika tantragyaana, virology mattu vishashaastra kshetragalalli samshoodhanegalannu nadesuttade. idu apayakari rasayanikagalu mattu vastugala surakshate mattu vishavaidyakeeya moulyamaapanagalannu nadesuttade. idu rogakarakagalige tvarita roganirnaya parikshegalannu saha abhivraddhipadisuttade mattu rogagala niyantranakkagi tadegattuva kramagalannu tanikhe maaduttade. rasayanika shastrastragalinda rakshisalu, idu apayakari rasayanikagala patte, raksane mattu malinyakaraka kshetradalli samshoodhanegalannu saha nadesuttade. dii. aarr. dii. oo. yalli samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi chatuvatikegalu aeronautics, raketgalu mattu kshipanigalu, electronics mattu upakaranagalu, yuddha vaahanagalu, engineering, nauka vyavasthegalu, spotaka samshoodhane, bhupradesh samshoodhane, sudhaarita computing, krutaka buddhimatte, robotics, krutigala adhyayana, vyavasthegala vishleshane mattu ettarada krishi, sharirashastra, aahara tantragyaana mattu paramanu aushadha seridante jeeva vignaanagalantaha pramukha gurutisalaada vibhagagalannu olagondive. samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi chatuvatikegalannu kaigolluvudara jotege, agatyategala sutrikarana, padeyabekada vyavasthegala moulyamaapana, agni mattu spotaka surakshate mattu karyacharaneya samasyegala ganita mattu sankhyaashaastriya vishleshanege sambandhisidante taantrika salahegalannu needuva moolaka sevegalige dii. aarr. dii. oo. sahaaya maaduttade. dii. aarr. dii. oo. tanna eradu pramukha tarabeti samsthegalaada puneya institute off armament technology mattu mussuri raxana institute off work studiesonalli vishesha tarabetiyannu niiduttade. ee samsthegalalli prathamikavagi dii. aarr. dii. oo, raxana utpaadane mattu sarabaraju ilakhe mattu mooru sevegala agatyagalannu puraisalu korsgalannu abhivraddhipadisalaagide. yojanegalu mattu utpannagalu. nagarika balakegagi tantragyaanagalu. tanna samshoodhaneya upa-utpannavaagi, prayogaalayavu jaivika tantragyaanada nagarika anvayikegalannu saha abhivraddhipadisuttade, visheshavaagi manava tyajya vilewari, roga niyantrana, keeta niyantrana ityaadigalalli. dii. aarr. dii. oo prayogaalayagalalli saamaanyavaagiruvante, dii. aarr. dii. ii. abhivraddhipadisida aneka tantragyaanagalu nagarika balakegagi labhyavive mattu avugalannu khasagi valayakke vargaayisalaagide. nagarika valayakke vargaayisalaada tantragyaanagalalli anthrax, dengue, playg, malaria mattu itara sonkugala roganirnayada kitgalu/vyavasthegalu serive. idu kitanashakagalu, keeta nivaarakagalu mattu neerina gunamatta parikshe mattu shuddikarana kitgalannu saha abhivraddhipadiside. saarininantaha rasayanika agentgalu mattu botulinum neurotoxinnantaha jaivika agentgalu seridante jaivika-bhayotpadaneya viruddhada raksaneyu idara pramukha ottu kshetravagide.

prathirodha gaveshana vikasana sthaapanam prathirodha gaveshana vikasana samghadanayude (dii. aarr. dii. oo) oru indian prathirodha laborattariyaan prathirodha gaveshana vikasana sthaapanam (dii. aarr. dii. iii). gwaaliyoril sthithi cheiyunna ithu pradhaanamaayum visha raasa, jaiva ejantumaaril ninnulla kandethalinteyum samrakshanathinteyum gaveshanathilum vikasanathilum earppettirikkunnu. dii. aarr. dii. oyude life sciences directoratinu keezhilaanu dii. aarr. dii. iii samghadippikkunnathu. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow. doow manmohan parida. charithram. 1924ll gwaaliyorile maharajavu vanaa uthppannangalum dhaatu vibhavangalum paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinaayi oru gaveshana laborattari sthaapichu. 1947ll jeevaji vyaavasaayika gaveshana laborattari (laab ennariyappettirunnathu) udghaadanam cheythath sii. annathe indiayude govarnor generalaya rajagopalachari. 1966ll prathirodha mantraalayam ithu etteduthu. 1973ll athinte gaveshana pravartthanangal vipuleekarichathode, jiral oru prathyeka laborattari aakkukayum prathirodha gaveshana vikasana sthaapanam ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. uyarnna pakarchavyaadhiyulla virusukal, manushyaril avaa cheluthunna prathyaaghaathangal, suraksha marggangal enniva vikasippikkal ennivayil pravartthikkunna bio sephtti level 4 laborattariyaayi drde keezhil advanced biological defense research sentar (abdrc) sthaapikkum. thozhil mekhala. enn. bii. sii. kandethal, samrakshana samvidaanangal ennivayude vikasanathil earppettirikkunna praadhamika prathirodha laborattariyaan dii. aarr. dii. iii. biochemistry, microbiology, biotechnology, virology, toxicology ennee mekhalakalil ithu gaveshanam nadathunnu. apakadakaramaaya raasavasthukkaludeyum vasthukkaludeyum surakshyum vishashaasthraparamaaya vilayiruthalukalum ithu nadathunnu. ithu rogakaarikalkkaayi drutha diagnostic parisodhanakal vikasippikkukayum rogangalude niyanthranathinulla prathirodha nadapadikal anweshikkukayum cheiyunnu. rasaayudhangalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi, apakadakaramaaya rasavasthukkal kandethuka, samrakshikkuka, malineekarikkuka ennee mekhalakalilum ithu gaveshanam nadathunnu. aeronotics, rokkattukal, misailukal, electronics, instrumenteshan, combatt vehicles, enchiniyaring, neval systems, spotaka gaveshanangal, terrain research, advanced computing, artificial intelligence, robotics, works stadi, systems analysis, uyarnna uyarathilulla krishi, physiology, phudu teknolaji, nuclear medisin ennivayulppedeyulla life sayans thudangiya pradhana athirthi nirnnayikkappetta vishayangal dii. aarr. dii. oyile gaveshana vikasana pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu. gaveshana vikasana pravartthanangal ettedukkunnathinu purame, aavashyakathakalude roopeekaranam, ettedukkenda samvidaanangalude vilayiruthal, theeyum sphodakavasthukkalum suraksha, pravarthanaparamaaya prashnangalude ganithashaasthraparavum sthithivivarakkanakkukalum vishakalanam ennivayumaayi bandhapetta saankethika upadesham nalkunnathiloodeyum dii. aarr. dii. oo sevanangale sahayikkunnu. pooneyile instittyoott oof aarmament teknolaji, mussooriyile defense instittyoott oof varkk stadi ennee rund pradhana pariseelana sthaapanangalil dii. aarr. dii. oo prathyeka pariseelanam nalkunnu. eee sthaapanangalile kozhsukal praadhamikamaayi dii. aarr. dii. oo, prathirodha ulppaadana, vitharana vakupp, moonnu sevanangal ennivayude aavasyangal niravettunnathinaanu vikasippicheduthath. padhathikalum uthppannangalum. sivilian upayogathinulla saankethikavidyakal. gaveshanathinte upolppannamenna nilayil, laab biotechnology sivilian aaplikkeshanukalum vikasippikkunnu, prathyekichu manushya maalinya nirmarjanam, roga niyanthranam, keeda niyanthranam muthalaayavayil. dii. aarr. dii. oo laborattarikalil saadhaaranapole, dii. aarr. dii. iii vikasippichedutha pala saankethikavidyakalum sivil upayogathinaayi labhyamaan, avaa svakaaryamekhalayilekku kaimaattam cheyyappettittund. sivilian mekhalayilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedunna saankethikavidyakalil anthrax, denkippani, playg, malaria, mattu anubadhakal ennivaykkulla diagnostic kittukal/samvidaanangal ulppedunnu. keedanashinikal, keedanashinikal, jalathinte gunanilavaara parisodhana, shudheekarana kittukal ennivayum ithu vikasippichittund. sarine polulla raasavasthukkalum botulinum neurotoxin polulla jaivavasthukkalum ulppedeyulla jaiva-bheekaravaadathinethiraaya prathirodhamaan ithinte pradhana oonnal mekhala.

sanrakshn sanshodhan aanee vikas aasthapana sanrakshn sanshodhan aanee vikas aasthapana (dii. aar. dii. eae.) hii sanrakshn sanshodhan aanee vikas sanghatanechi (dii. aar. dii. oo.) eka bharatiy sanrakshn prayogshala aahe. gwalhermadhye sthit, heey pramukhyane vishari rasayanik aanee jaivik ghatakanpasun shodh aanee sanrakshanachya sanshodhan aanee vikasat guntalele aahe. dii. aar. dii. oo. chya jeevan vidnyan sanchalanalayantargat dii. aar. dii. eae. chey aayojan kele jaate. dow. dii. aar. dii. eae. chey sadhyache sanchalak dow. manmohan parida. itihas. 1924 madhye gwalherchya maharajanni vann utpadane aanee khanij sansadhanancha shodh ghenyasathi eka sanshodhan prayogshala sthapan kelee. 1947 madhye, jivaji audhyogik sanshodhan prayogshaleche (prayogshala mhanoon olakhali jaat hotee) udghatan see. rajagopalachari, bharatache tatkalin governor general. 1966 madhye sanrakshn mantralayane teey tabyat ghetale. 1973 madhye, jarlachya sanshodhan upkramancha vistar hott asatana, tyala eka swatantra prayogshala banavanyat aalee aanee tyache sanrakshn sanshodhan aanee vikas aasthapana asey namkaran karnyat aale. dii. aar. dii. eae. antargat pragat jaivik sanrakshn sanshodhan kendra (aii. bii. dii. aar. see.) hii jaiv suraksha patali 4 prayogshala mhanoon sthapan kelee jaeel, jee atyant sansargjanya vishanu, manavanvar tyanche parinam aanee suraksha upay vikasit karnyavar kaam karel. kamache kshetra. dii. aar. dii. eae. hii aine. bii. see. shodh aanee sanrakshn pranalinchya vikasat guntaleli prathamik sanrakshn prayogshala aahe. hii sanstha jaivarsayanshastra, sukshmajivashastra, jaivtantradnyan, vishanushastra aanee vishavidnyan yaa kshetranmadhye sanshodhan karate. tee dhokadayak rasayne aanee samagriche surakshitata aanee vishashastriy moolyankan karate. heey rogjankansathi jalad nidan chachanya dekhil vikasit karate aanee roganchya niyantranasathi pratibandhatmak upayanchi tapasani karate. rasayanik shastranpasun sanrakshn karnyasathi, tee dhokadayak rasayanancha shodh, sanrakshn aanee nirjantukikaran yaa kshetrat sanshodhan dekhil karate. dii. aar. dii. oo. madheel sanshodhan aanee vikas upkramanmadhye vimanshastra, rockett aanee kshepanastre, electronics aanee upkaran, ladhau vahane, abhiyantriki, naudal pranali, sphotak sanshodhan, bhupradesh sanshodhan, pragat sanganakeey, krutrim buddhimatta, robotics, karya abhyas, pranali vishleshan aanee uchch unchivaril shetee, sharirshastra, ann tantradnyan aanee anushastra yasah jeevan vidnyan yasah shastrastra tantradnyan yasarkhya mahattvachya simankit shakhancha samavesh aahe. sanshodhan aanee vikas upkram haatee ghenyavyatirikt, dii. aar. dii. oo. aavashyakta tayar karane, midvanyachya pranalinche moolyankan, aag aanee sphotak suraksha aanee parichalan samasyanche ganiteey aanee sankhyikeey vishleshan yasambandhi tantrik sallah deuun sevanna madat karate. dii. aar. dii. oo. pune yetheel institute auph armament technology aanee masuri yetheel defence institute auph vark studdy yaa done pramukh prashikshan sansthanmadhye vishesh prashikshan dete. yaa sansthanmadhil abhyaskram pramukhyane dii. aar. dii. oo., sanrakshn utpadan aanee puravatha vibhag aanee tinhi sevanchya garja purn karnyasathi vikasit kele gele aahet. prakalp aanee utpadane. nagri vaparasathi tantradnyan. tyachya sanshodhanache up-utpadan mhanoon, prayogshala jaivtantradnyanache nagri upayog dekhil vikasit karate, visheshtah manvi kachara vilhewat, rog niyantran, keetak niyantran ityadinmadhye. dii. aar. dii. oo. prayogshalanmadhye samanya aahe, dii. aar. dii. eae. neey vikasit kelele anek tantradnyan nagri vaparasathi upalabdh aahet aanee khajgi kshetrakade hastantarit kele gele aahet. nagri kshetrala hastantarit kelelya tantradnyanamadhye anthrax, dengue, plaig, maleria aanee itar sansargansathi nidan sanch/pranalincha samavesh aahe. tyanni kitakanashake, keetak vikarshak aanee panyachya gunavattechi chachani aanee shuddhikaran sanch dekhil vikasit kele aahet. sareen sarkhya rasayanik ghatkansah aanee botulinum neurotoxin sarkhya jaivik ghatkansah jaiv-dahashatvadaviruddha sanrakshn heey tyache pramukh kshetra aahe.

raksha anusandhan tatha vikas pratishthan raksha anusandhan rar vikas pratishthan (drde) raksha anusandhan rar vikas sangathan (drdo) ko bharatiya raksha prayogshala how. gwaliyarma awasthit, yo mukhyataya vishakta rasayanik rar jaivik agentharu viruddha patta lagaune rar surakshako anusandhan rar vikasma sanlagna chha. drdeko jiwan vigyan nirdeshanalayantargat drde ayojana garinchha. dah. do. kaa wartaman nirdeshak dah. manmohan parida. itihas. sann 1924 maa gwaliyarka maharajale wann utpadan rar khanij srotharuko anweshan garna anusandhan prayogshala sthapana gare. sann 1947 maa, jiwaji audyogik anusandhan prayogshala (prayogshala bhanera chininthyo) ko udghatan see dwara garieko thiyo. rajagopalachari, bharatka tatkalin governer general. sann 1966 maa yasalai raksha mantralayale afno niyantranma lieko thiyo. yasako anusandhan gatiwidhiharu wistar bhaepachi, sann 1973 maa, jarlalai chhuttai prayogshala banaieko thiyo, rar raksha anusandhan rar vikas pratishthanko rupma punah namkaran garieko thiyo. unnat jaivik raksha anusandhan kendra (ae. bi. dii. arr. sii) dee. arr. dii. eae antargat jaiva suraksha star 4 prayogshalako rupma sthapana garinechha jasle atyadhik sankramak bhairas, manisma tiniharuko prabhawa rar suraksha upayaharu vikas garne kaam garnechha. karya khetra. drde prathamik raksha prayogshala how june nbc patta lagaune rar suraksha pranaliko vikasma sanlagna chha. yasale jaiva rasayan, sukshma jiwawigyan, jaiva praudyogiki, vishavigyan rar vishavigyanka kshetrama anusandhan sanchalan gardacha. yasale khatarnak rasayan rar samagriharuko suraksha rar vishakta mulyangkanharu sanchalan gardacha. yasale rogajanakharuka lagi druta nidan parikshanharu pani vikas gardacha rar rogharuko niyantranka lagi rokatham upayaharuko anusandhan gardacha. rasayanik hatiyarharubata jogauna, yasale khatarnak rasayanharuko patta lagaune, suraksha rar kitanushodhanko kshetrama anusandhan pani gardacha. drdoma anusandhan rar vikas gatiwidhiharule aeronautics, rockett rar missile, electronics rar instrumentation, ladaku sawari sadhan, engineering, nausena pranali, wisfotak anusandhan, bhubhag anusandhan, unnat computing, artificial intelligence, robotics, karya adhyayan, pranali vishleshan rar uccha-uchai krishi, sharira vigyan, khadya prawidhi rar anawik aushadhi sahit jiwan vigyan jasta mahatwapurna simankit vishayaharu sametchhan. anusandhan rar vikas gatiwidhiharu sanchalan garnuka sathai, dii. arr. dii. o. ley awashyakataharuko nirman, prapta garnuparne pranaliko mulyankan, ago rar wisfotak suraksha rar parichalan samasyaharuko ganitiya rar sankhyikiya vishleshanka sambandhama prawidhik sallaha diera sewaharulai sahayog gardacha. drdole afna dui pramukh prashikshan sansthanharu arthat institute aff armament technology, pune rar defence institute aff work study, masurima vishesh prashikshan pradan gardacha. yee sansthaharuma pathyakramharu mukhyataya dii. arr. dii. o, raksha utpadan tatha apurti vibhag rar tinn sewaharuko awashyakta pura garna wiksit garieko chha. pariyojana rar utpadanharu. nagarik prayogka lagi prawidhiharu. yasako anusandhanko upa-utpadanko rupma, prayogshalale vishesh gari manav fohor disposal, rog niyantran, keat niyantran, adima jaivik prawidhiko nagarik anuprayogharu pani vikas gardacha. jastai drdo prayogashalaharuma samanya chha, drdedwara wiksit dherai prawidhiharu nagarik prayogka lagi upalabdha chhan rar niji kshetrama hastantaran garieko chha. nagarik kshetrama hastantaran garieka prawidhiharuma anthrax, dengu, plegg, maleria rar anya sankramanharuka lagi nidan kitt/pranaliharu samawesh chhan. yasale kitnashak, keat pratirodhi rar paniko gunastar parikshan rar shuddhikaran kitharu pani vikas gareko chha. yasako pramukh jore khetra jaivik-atankawad wiruddhako raksha how, jasma sarine jasta rasayanik agentharu rar botulinum neurotoxin jasta jaivik agentharu samawesh chhan.

pratirakhya gabeshana ebong bikash pratisthana pratirakhya gabeshana ebong bikash pratisthana (dii. aarr. dii. ee.) heuchhi pratirakhya gabeshana ebong bikash sangathana (dii. aarr. dii. oh.) rahr eka bharatiah pratirakhya parikhyagara. gwalijarare abasthita, ehaa mukhyatah bishakta rasajanika ebong jaibika agent biruddhare chinhat ebong surakhyara gabeshana ebong bikashare jadita . dii. aarr. dii. oh. rahr zeeban bigyana nirdeshalaja adheenare dii. aarr. dii. ee. rahr ayojan karajaithae. drdera barttamanara nirdeshaka heuchhanti dodd. manmohan parida. itihas. 1924 masihare gwalijarra maharaja jangalajata drabya ebong khanija sampada anweshana kariba paain eka gabeshana parikhyagara pratistha karithile. 1947 masihare, jiwaji shilpa gabeshana parikhyagara (jeun parikhyagarati parichita thila) sii. nka dwara udaghatita hoithila. rajagopalachari, bharatara tatkaleena gabharnara general. 1966 masihare ehaaku pratirakhya mantranalaja dwara grahan karajaithila. ehara gabeshana karjyakalapa brudhi paiba sahita, 1973 ray, jarlaku eka pruthaka parikhyagara karajaithila, ebong pratirakhya gabeshana ebong bikash pratisthana bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila . unnat jaibika pratirakhya gabeshana kendra (aii. bii. dii. aarr. sii.) eka jaiba surakhya stara 4 parikhyagara bhabe dii. aarr. dii. ee. adheenare pratistha karajiba, jaahaa atyadhika sankramaka bhutanu, manish upare ehara prabhaba ebong surakhya byabastha bikashita kariba upare karjya kariba. karjya khetra. drde heuchhi prathamika pratirakhya parikhyagara jaahaa nbc chinhat ebong surakhya pranalira bikashare jadita . ehaa jaiba rasayan, anujeeba bigyana, jaiba prajukti bigyana, bhutanu bigyana ebong bishakta bigyana khetrare gabeshana karithae. ehaa bipajjanaka rasajanika padartha ebong samagrira surakhya ebong bishakta mulyankana karithae. ehaa roga srustikaree jeebaanu paain druta nidan parikhyana madhya bikashita kare ebong roga nijantrana paain pratishedhaka padakhyepagudikara anusandhana kare . rasajanika astrashastraru surakhya paain, ehaa bipajjanaka rasajanika padarthara chinhat, surakhya ebong bisodhana khetrare gabeshana madhya karithae. dii. aarr. dii. oh. ray gabeshana ebong bikash karjyakalapagudika aeronatics, rocket ebong khepanastra, electronics ebong upakarana, juddha yaana, injinijaring, nausena system, bisphoraka gabeshana, bhukhanda gabeshana, unnat computing, artificial intelligence, robotics, karjya adhyajana, system bisleshana ebong zeeban bigyana sameth uccha-uchchata krushi, sharira bigyana, khadya prajuktibidya ebong anabika oushadha pari gurutwapurna seema nirdharana bishajaku antarbhukta kare . gabeshana ebong bikash karjyakalapa kariba byatita, dii. aarr. dii. oh. abashyakata nirdharana, hassel karibaku thiba byabasthara mulyankana, agni ebong bisphoraka surakhya ebong parichalana samasyara ganitika ebong parisankhyana bisleshana bishajare baishajika paramarsha pradan curry sebagudiku sahajata kare . dii. aarr. dii. oh. ehara duiti pramukh prasikhyana pratisthana, arthat institute off armament technology, pune ebong defences institute off wark study, musureere swatantra talim pradan karithae. ehi anusthanagudikare pathyakramagudika mukhyatah dii. aara. dii. oh., pratirakhya utpadana ebong jogaana bibhaga ebong tini sebagudikara aabashyakataaku purana kariba paain bikashita karajaichi. prakalpa ebong utpada. nagarika byabahara paain prajuktibidya. ehara gabeshanara eka upa-utpada bhabare, parikhyagara jaiba prajuktibidyara nagarika prajoga madhya bikashita kare, bisesh curry manab barjyabastu nishkasana, roga nijantrana, keat nijantrana ityadi . dii. aarr. dii. oh. parikhyagaragudikare sadharana bhabe, dii. aarr. dii. oh. dwara bikashita aneka prajukti nagarika byabahara paain upalabdha ebong gharoi khetraku hastantarita hoichhi. besamarika khetraku hastantarita prajuktibidya madhyare anthrax, dengu, playg, maleria ebong anyanya sankramana paain nidan kitt/system antarbhukta . ehaa kitanashaka, keat pratirodhaka ebong jalara gunabatta parikhya ebong shudhikarana kitt madhya bikashita karichhi. ehara pramukh gurutwapurna khetra heuchhi jaiba-aatankabada biruddhare pratirakhya, jeunthire sarine pari rasajanika agent ebong botulinum neurotoxin pari jaibika agent antarbhukta .

rakkhiaa khoj atey vikas sathapana rakkhiaa khoj atey vikas sanstha (dee. aar. dee. ee.) rakkhiaa khoj atey vikas sangathan (dee. aar. dee. ou.) dee ikk bharti rakkhiaa prayogshala haii. gwaliar witch sathit, ih mukkh taur utte zahirile rasayanak atey jaivik agentan toon khoj atey surakhiaa dey vikas witch shamal haii. dee. aar. dee. ou. daa ayojan dee. aar. dee. ou. dey jeevan vigiaan directorate dey tehat keeta jaanda haii. dee. aar. dee. ee. dey maujuda director daa. manmohan parida. itihaas. sann 1924 witch gwaliar dey maharaja neey janglat utpadan atey khanij sarotan dee padchol curran laee ikk khoj prayogshala dee sathapana keeti. 1947 witch, jiwaji udyogik khoj prayogshala (jiven kii prayogshala noon janhiaa jaanda see) daa udghatan see. rajgopalachari, bharat dey tatkali governor general sunn. sann 1966 witch iss noon rakkhiaa mantrale neey aapne hatth witch lae liaa see. jiven-jiven iss deeaan khoj gatividhiaan daa vistaar hoiaa, 1973 witch, jaral noon ikk vakkhari prayogshala banaiaa giaa, atey rakkhiaa khoj atey vikas sathapana daa naam badal ditta giaa. dee. aar. dee. ee. dey tehat ikk biosphaty laival 4 prayogshala dey roop witch unnat jaivik rakkhiaa khoj kendra (aii. bee. dee. aar. see.) sathapat keeta javega joe bahut ziaada sankarmit viruses, manukh utte unhan dey prabhavan atey surakhiaa upavan noon vikast curran utte kamm karega. kamm daa khetar. dee. aar. dee. ee. primary rakkhiaa prayogshala haii joe ainn. bee. see. khoj atey surakhiaa pranaliaan dey vikas witch shamal haii. ih biochemistry, microbiology, biotechnology, virology atey toxicology dey khetran witch khoj karda haii. ih khatarnak rasainan atey samaggariaan dee surakhiaa atey zahirile mulankan karda haii. ih roganuyan laee tezi naal nidan test vee vikast karda haii atey bimariaan dey niyantaran laee roktham upavan dee jaanch karda haii. rasayanak hathiaaran toon bachaun laee, ih khatarnak rasainan daa pataa lagaun, surakhiaa atey keetanu-mukat curran dey khetar witch khoj vee karda haii. dee. aar. dee. ou. vikhe khoj atey vikas gatividhiaan witch mahattavpuran seemankit vishiaan jiven kii aeronautics, rocket atey mizailan, electronics atey instrumentation, ladaku vaahan, engineering, jall saina pranaliaan, visfotak khoj, bhumi khoj, unnat computing, nakli buddhi, robotics, kaaraj adhiaen, pranali vishleshan atey ucch-uchaee khetibadi, sareer vigiaan, khurak technology atey pramanu dawai samet jeevan vigiaan shamal hunn. khoj atey vikas gatividhiaan curran toon ilava, dee. aar. dee. ou. zaruratan dey nirman, prapat keetiaan jaanh valiaan pranaliaan dey mulankan, agg atey visfotak surakhiaa atey sanchalan samassiaavan dey ganit atey ankada vishleshan dey sambandh witch takniki salaah dey keey sevavan dee sahaita karda haii. dee. aar. dee. ou. aapne doou pramukh sikhlai sansthanan, jinhan noon institute aav arment technology, pune atey defence institute aav varak studdy, masuri kiha jaanda haii, witch vishesh sikhlai pardan karda haii. inhan sansthavan witch course mukkh taur utte dee. aar. dee. ou., rakkhiaa utpadan atey saplai vibhag atey tinnan sevavan deeaan zaruratan noon poora curran laee vikast keete gaye hunn. project atey utpaad nagrik varton laee technology. aapni khoj dey upp-utpaad dey roop witch, prayogshala biotechnology dey nagrik upyogan noon vee vikast kardi haii, khaas karke manukkhi rahind-khunhad dey niptare, bimari niyantaran, keat niyantaran aadi witch. jiven kii dee. aar. dee. ou. prayogshalavan witch aam haii, dee. aar. dee. ee. duaara vikast bahut saariaan technology nagrik varton laee upalbadh hunn atey niji khetar witch tabdil keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. nagrik khetar noon tabdil keetiaan gaeeaan technology witch anthrax, dengue, playg, maleria atey horr laagan laee diagnostic kittan/pranaliaan shamal hunn. iss neey keetnashak, keat nivarak atey paanee dee gunwatta dee jaanch atey shudhta kittan vee vikast keetiaan hunn. iss daa pramukh zor khetar baio-attvad virudh rakkhiaa haii, jiss witch saarin varge rasayanak agent atey botulinum neurotausin varge jaivik agent shamal hunn.

raksha anusandhaana aura vikasa pratishtaana raksha anusandhaana aura vikasa pratishtaana (dee. aar. dee. ee.) raksha anusandhaana aura vikasa sangathan (dee. aar. dee. o.) kee bhaarateey raksha prayogashala hai. gwalior-nagare sthitah ayam pradesha mukhyataya vishaakta-rasayanika-jaivika-karakanam anveshanasya samrakshanasya cha samshodhane vikaase cha karyam karoti. dee. aar. dee. o. ityasya jeevavijnaana-nirdeshaalayasy adheene dee. aar. dee. ee. aayojyate. daa. aar. dii. e. ityasya vartamaanah nirdeshaka daa. manamohanaparida. itihaasah. 1924 tame varshe gwalior-nagarasya maharajaha vana-utpadanam khanija-samsadhananam cha anveshanaartham anusandhaana-prayogashalam sthapitavan. 1947 tame varshe jivaji-audyogika-anusandhaana-prayogashalayaha (prayogashalayaha namanusarena) udghaatanam abhavat. rajagopalachari bharatasya tatkaaleenah rajyapalaha aasit. 1966 tame varshe, etat rakshamantralayena gruheetam. 1973 tame varshe, yathaa-yathaa tasya shodhakaryakriyaha vistrutaah, jirl-samsthaa pruthak prayogashala abhavat, tathaa cha tasya naam raksha-anusandhaana-vikasa-pratishtaanam iti parivartitam. dee. aar. dee. ee. ityasya antargatam unnata-jaivika-raksha-anusandhaana-kendram (e. bee. dee. aar. see.) jaiva-surakshaa-stara-4 prayogashaalaarupen sthaapayishyate, yat atyadhika-sankraamak-vishanunam, maanaveshu teshaam prabhaavaanaam, surakshopayanam vikaasasya cha vishaye karyam karishyati. karyakshetre. dee. aar. dee. ee. iti praathamik-raksha-prayogashala asti yaa enn. bee. see.-ityasya anveshanasya samrakshana-pranalinam cha vikaase samlagnah asti. eshah jaivarasaayanashaastrasy, sookshmajeevavigyaanasya, jaivarasaayanashaastrasy, vishavijnaanasya cha kshetreshu anusandhaanam karoti. ayam khataranaak-rasayananam, padarthanam cha surakshayaha vishavijnaanasya cha mulyamkanam karoti. eshah rogakarakanam druta-nidaana-pareekshanaani api vikasayati, roganiyantranaartham nivaarak-upayan api anveshtate. rasayanikashastraihi rakshayitum, khataranaak-rasayananam anveshanasya, samrakshanasya, nirjalikaranasya cha kshetre api anusandhaanam karoti. dee. aar. dee. o. ityatra anusandhaana-vikasa-kaaryeshu aeronatics, rockett-kshipani, electronics-upakaranani, yuddha-yaanaani, abhiyaantriki, nausainika-pranaaleeh, visfotak-anusandhaanam, bhupradesha-anusandhaanam, unnata-computing, krutrima-buddhimatta, robotics, karya-adhyayanm, pranaali-vishleshanam, jeevavidnyaanam cha, yathaa uccha-oordhvataa-krushihi, shareerawidnyaanam, khaadya-praudyogikee, paramaanu-chikitsaa ityadini mahattvapoornaani simamkitani vishayaani antarbhavanti. anusandhaana-vikasa-kaaryeshu api saha, dee. aar. dee. o. aavashyakataa-nirmaanavishaye, prapta-vyavasthaanaam moolyaamkane, agni-visfotak-surakshayaha vishaye, parichaalan-samasyanam ganiteey-saankhyikeey-vishleshanasya vishaye cha takaniki-paraamarsham dattvaa api sevaanaam sahayyam karoti. dee. aar. dee. o. samsthayaa pune-nagarasya ayudham-tantrajnaana-samsthaa, masuri-nagarasya raksha-karya-adhyayan-samsthaa iti namna khyaatau swasya pramukha-prashikshan-samsthabhyaam vishesha-prashikshanm pradadaati. eteshu samsthaasu paathyakramaah mukhyataya dee. aar. dee. o., raksha-utpaadana-aapoorti-vibhaagasya, tribhihi sevaanaam cha aavashyakataam poorayitum vikasitaani santi. prakalpaah utpaadaani cha. nagarika-upayogaay prayuktau. swasya shodhasya upotpaadaroopen, prayogashalayam jaivatantradnyaanasya nagarika-upayogah api vikasanti, visheshatah maanav-apashisht-nikshepana-kshetre, roga-niyantrane, keat-niyantrane ityaadishu. yathaa dee. aar. dee. o. prayogashaalaasu samanyam asti, tathaiva dee. aar. dee. ee. ityanena vikasitaani bahavah praudyogikeeni nagarika-upayogartham upalabhyante, tathaa cha swaayattakshetraay sthaanaantaritaah santi. naagarikakshetraay sthanantarita-praudyogikeeshu anthrox, dengyoo, playg, maleria, anye cha sankramakanam nidaana-upakaranani/pranalayah antarbhavanti. saha kitanashakani, keat-vikarshakaani, jala-gunavattaa-pareekshan-shuddhikaran-upakaranani cha vikasitavaan. asya pramukham kshetram jaivika-aatankavaadasy viruddham rakshanm asti, yatra saarin ityadini rasayanika-kaarakaah, botulinum neurotoxin ityadini jaivika-kaarakaah cha santi.

paathukaappu aaraaichi mattrum maempaattu sthaabanam paathukaappu aaraaichi mattrum maempaattu niruvanam (dii. aarr. dii. ii) enbathu paathukaappu aaraaichi mattrum maempaattu amaippin (dii. aarr. dii. ooo) inthiya paathukaappu aaivagamaagum. kuvaaliyaril amainthulla idhu, nachu irasaayana mattrum uyiriyal mugavargalukku ethiraana kandaridhal mattrum paathukaappin aaraaichi mattrum valarchchiyil muthanmaiyaaga eedupattullathu. dii. aarr. dii. ooo. vinn vaazhkkai ariviyal iyakkunaragaththin keezh dii. aarr. dii. ii. aerpaadu seiyappattullathu. dii. aarr. dii. ii. yinn tharpoothaiya iyakkunar doctor. manmogan barida. varalaaru. 1924 aam aandil, gwaliar maharaja vanap porutkal mattrum kanima valangkalai aaraya oru aaraaichi aaivagaththai niruvinaar. 1947 aam aandil, jivaji thozhilthurai aaraaichi aaivagam (aaivagam endru azhaikkappattathu) chii. rajagopalachari, appoathaiya inthiya covernor general. 1966ill idhu paathukaappu amaichagaththaal kaiyagappaduththappattathu. adhan aaraaichi nadavadikkaikal virivadainthathaal, 1973 aam aandil, jarl oru thanii aaivagamaaga maattrappattathu, maelum paathukaappu aaraaichi mattrum maempaattu niruvanam endru marupeyaridappattathu. maempatta uyiriyal paathukaappu aaraaichi maiyam (aprc) drde-yinn keezh uyir paathukaappu nilai 4 aaivagamaaga amaikappadum, idhu migavum thottru virus, manithanil avattrin vilaivugal mattrum paathukaappukalai maempaduththuvathu kuritthu seyalpadum. vaelai seiyum pakuthi. dii. aarr. dii. ii enbathu enn. pii. chii kandaridhal mattrum paathukaappu amaippugalin valarchchiyil eedupattulla muthanmai paathukaappu aaivagamaagum. idhu uyirvaethiyiyal, nunnuyiriyal, uyiri thozhilnutpam, virology mattrum nachiyal aagiya thuraikalil aaraaychchigalai nadaththukirathu. idhu abaayagaramaana irasaayanangkal mattrum porutkalin paathukaappu mattrum nachiyal mathippeedugalai nadaththukirathu. idhu noikkirumigalukkaana viraivaana noayarithal soathanaigalaiyum uruvaakkukirathu mattrum noaikalaik kattuppaduththuvadharkaana thaduppu nadavadikkaigalai aaraaikirathu. irasaayana aayuthangkalilirunthu paathukaappatharkaaka, idhu abaayagaramaana irasaayanangkalaik kandaridhal, paathukaaththal mattrum thooimaippaduththuthal aagiya thuraikalilum aaraaychchigalai nadaththukirathu. dii. aarr. dii. ooo. will aaraaichi mattrum maempaattu nadavadikkaikal aeronatics, raakkettukal mattrum aevukanaikal, minnanuviyal mattrum karuvi, poar vaaganangkal, poriiyal, kadarpadai amaippugal, vediporulgal aaraaichi, nilaparappu aaraaichi, maempatta kanini, seyarkai nunnarivu, ropatics, padaippugal aaivu, amaippugal pakuppaaivu mattrum uyaramaana vivasaayam, udaliyal, unavu thozhilnutpam mattrum anuu maruthuvam ullitta vaazhkkai ariviyal ullitta mukkiyamaana varaiyarukappatta thuraikalai ulladakkiyathu. aaraaichi mattrum maempaattu nadavadikkaigalai maerkolvathoadu mattumallaamal, thevaikalai uruvaakkuvathu, pera vaendiya amaippugalin mathippeedu, thee mattrum vedikkum paathukaappu mattrum seyalpaattu sikkalkalin kanitha mattrum pullivivara pakuppaaivu aagiyavai thodarpaana thozhilnutpa aaloasanaikalai vazhangkuvathan moolamum dii. aarr. dii. ooo sevaikalukku uthavukirathu. punaevil ulla aayutha thozhilnutpa niruvanam mattrum musoariyil ulla paathukaappu panii aaivu niruvanam endru azhaikkappadum adhan irandu muthanmaiyaana payirchi niruvanangalil sirappu payirchiyai valangkukirathu. inththa niruvanangalil ulla padippugal muthanmaiyaaga dii. aarr. dii. ooo, paathukaappu urpaththi mattrum viniyoagath thurai mattrum moontru sevaigalin thevaikalaip poorthi seivatharkaaga uruvaakkappattullana. thittangal mattrum thayaarippukal. kudimakkal payanpaattirkaana thozhilnutpangal. adhan aaraaychchiyin thunai thayaarippaaga, aaivagam uyiri thozhilnutpaththin kudimakkal payanpaadugalaiyum uruvaakkukirathu, kurippaaga manitha kazhivu agattral, noai kattuppaadu, poochchi kattuppaadu poantravattril. dii. aarr. dii. ooo aaivagangkalil podhuvaaga iruppathaip poalavae, dii. aarr. dii. ii uruvaakkiya pala thozhilnutpangal kudimakkal payanpaattirkaaga kidaikkindrana, maelum avai thaniyar thuraikku maattrappattullana. siviliyan thuraikku maattrappadum thozhilnutpankalil anthrax, dengue, blake, malaria mattrum pira noiththottrukalukkaana noayarithal karuvigal/amaippugal adangkum. idhu poochchikkolligal, poochchi virattum marunththugal mattrum neerin thara soathanai mattrum suthikarippu karuvigalaiyum uruvaakkiyullathu. saarin poantra irasaayana mugavargal mattrum poadulinam neurotoxin poantra uyiriyal mugavargal udpada uyir payankaravaathaththirku ethiraana paathukaappae adhan mukiya undhuthal paguthiyaagum.

rakshana parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi sthaapana defence research und development establishment (drde) anedi defence research und development organization (drdo) yokka bharatiya rakshana prayogasaala. gwaliorlo unna idhi pradhanamgaa vishapuurita rasayana mariyu jeeva agentla nundi gurtimpu mariyu rakshana yokka parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhilo paalgontundi. drdeni drdo life sciences directorate kinda nirvahistaaru. prastuta director daa. manmohan parida. charitra. 1924loe gwalior mahaaraaju atavee utpattulu, khanija vanarulanu anveshinchadaaniki oka parisoedhanaa prayogasaalanu sthaapinchaaru. 1947loe, jeevaji paarisraamika parisoedhanaa prayogasaala (prayogasaala anie piluvabadedi) nuu sii. praarambhinchaaru. rajagopalachari, appati bhaarata governor general. 1966loe dheenini rakshana mantritva saakha swaadheenam chesukundi. daani parisoedhanaa karyakalapalu vistarinchadamto, 1973loe, jirlnu pratyeka prayogasaalagaa marcharu, mariyu rakshana parisoedhana & abhivruddhi sthapanagaa paeru marcharu. atyanta antuvyaadhi virus, maanavulapai vaati prabhavalu mariyu rakshanalanu abhivruddhi cheyadampai panichese biosafety level 4 prayogasaalagaa drde kinda adhunaatana jeeva rakshana parisoedhana kendram (abrc) erpaatu cheyabadutundi. pani praantam. enbisi gurtimpu mariyu rakshana vyavasthala abhivruddhilo palgonna praadhamika rakshana prayogasaala drde. idhi jeevarasaayana shaastram, suukshmajeevashaastramu, biotechnology, virology mariyu toxicology rangaalalo parisoedhanalu nirvahistundi. idhi pramaadakaramaina rasayanalu mariyu padaarthaala yokka bhadrata mariyu vishasambandhamaina anchanaalanu nirvahistundi. idhi vyadhikaaraka kaarakaala kosam vegavantamaina roganirdhaarana pareekshalanu kooda abhivruddhi chestundi mariyu vyaadhula niyantrana kosam nivaarana charyalanu parisoedhistumdi. rasayana aayudhaala nundi rakshinchadaaniki, idhi pramaadakaramaina rasayanalanu gurtinchadam, rakshinchadam mariyu krimisamhaaraka rangamlo parisoedhanalu kooda nirvahistundi. drdolo parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi karyakalapalu aeronautics, raaketlu mariyu kshipanulu, electronics mariyu instrumentation, poraata vahanalu, injaneering, naavikaadala vyavasthalu, paeludu padaarthaala parisoedhana, bhuubhaaga parisoedhana, adhunaatana computing, krutrima medhassu, robotics, works studdy, systems vislaeshanha mariyu adhika-ettulo vyavasayam, sareeradharma shaastram, aahara saanketikata mariyu anhu vaidyamtho sahaa jeeva saastraalatoe sahaa aayudha saanketikata vanti mukhyamaina gurtinchabadina vibhaagaalanu kaligi untaayi. parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi karyakalapalanu chepattadamtho paatu, avasaralanu roopondinchadam, pondavalasina vyavasthala moolyaankanam, agni mariyu paeludu bhadrata mariyu kaaryaacharana samasyala ganita mariyu ganaanka vislaeshanhaku sambandhinchi saanketika salahalanu andinchadam dwara kooda dii. aarr. dii. oo. sevalaku sahayam chestundi. poonheloni institute off armament technology, mussuuriilooni defence institute off work studdy anae rendu pradhana sikshanaa samsthalalo pratyeka sikshananu andistondi. eee samsthalalo korsulu pradhanamgaa rakshana utpatti mariyu sarafara vibhagam, rakshana utpatti mariyu sarafara vibhagam mariyu moodu sevala avasaralanu teerchadaaniki abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. prajectulu mariyu utpattulu. poura upayogam kosam saanketikatalu. daani parisoedhana yokka upa utpattigaa, prayogasaala biotechnology yokka poura anuvartanaalanu kooda abhivruddhi chestundi, mukhyamgaa maanava vyardhaala paaraveyadam, vyaadhi niyantrana, tegulu niyantrana modalaina vaatilo. dii. aarr. dii. oo. prayogasaalalo saadhaaranam vale, dii. aarr. dii. eee. abhivruddhi chesina aneka saanketikatalu poura upayogam kosam andubaatulo unnaayi mariyu private rangaaniki badilee cheyabaddaayi. poura rangaaniki badilee cheyabadina saanketika parignaanaalalo anthrax, dengue, playg, malaria mariyu itara antuvyaadhula kosam roganirdhaarana vastu samagri/vyavasthalu unnaayi. idhi purugumandulu, tegulu vikarshakaalu mariyu neeti naanhyata pareeksha mariyu suddeekarana vastu saamagrini kooda abhivruddhi chesindi. saarinin vanti rasayana agentlu mariyu botulinum neurotoxin vanti jeeva agentlatho sahaa jeeva-ugravaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa rakshana anedi dheeni pradhana praadhaanyata praantam.

dafayi tehqeeq woo tarqi kaa qayaam defense recerch aind development stablishment (ddee aar ddee ayee) defense recerch aind development organization (ddee aar ddee awo) kii eek hindustani dafayi libartry hay. gawaliyar mein waaqa yaha bunyadi toor parr zahrile kimiyayi aur hayatiyati agenton kay khalaaf patah laganay aur tahfuz kii tehqeeq aur tarqi mein shaamil hay. ddee aar ddee ayee kaa ahtamam ddee aar ddee awo kay life sciences directorate kay tahat kiyaa jaataa hay. ddee aar ddee ayee kay maujudah director doctor haine. manmohan preda. tareekh. 1924 mein gawaliyar kay maharajah nay janglati masnuaat aur maadni wasail kuu talaash karnay kay liye eek tehqiqi libartry qayem kii. 1947 mein jewaji sanaati tehqiqi libartry (jaisa kahh leeb kuu jaana jaataa thaa) kaa iftatah see nay kiyaa thaa. rajgopalachari iss waqat kay hindustan kay governor general. 1966 mein asay wazaarat dafaa nay apnay qabze mein lay liyaa. jeesay jeesay iss kii tehqiqi sargarmiyon mein tausia hoyee 1973 mein jaral kuu eek alaihdah libartry banaya gayaa aur iss kaa naam badal kirr dafayi tehqeeq woo tarqi kaa idaarah rakh diyaa gayaa. ddee aar ddee ayee kay tahat advanced biological defense recerch center (aey bee ddee aar see) kuu baiyo seifty leol 4 libartry kay toor parr qayem kiyaa jaaye gaa juu intehayi mutaadi wires insaanon parr inn kay asraat aur hifazati iqdamat parr kaam karay gaa. kaam kaa elaqah. ddee aar ddee ayee bunyadi dafayi libartry hay juu aine bee see kaa patah laganay aur hifazati nazaam kii tarqi mein shaamil hay. yaha baiyo chemistry micro biology biotechnology virology aur toxicology kay shoabon mein tehqeeq kartaa hay. yaha khatarnaak chemicals aur mawaad kii hifazat aur zahrili tashkhis kartaa hay. yaha pathogenes kay liye teez tashkhisi test bhee tayaar kartaa hay aur beemariyon parr qaabu paaney kay liye hifazati iqdamat kii tehqiqat kartaa hay. kimiyayi hathiyaron say tahfuz kay liyay yaha khatarnaak chemicals kaa patah lagaaney tahfuz aur inn kii safayi kay shobay mein bhee tehqeeq kartaa hay. ddee aar ddee awo mein tehqeeq aur tarqiyati sargarmiyan aham hadd bundi waalay mazamin jeesay aeronautics rocket aur meezaail electronks aur aalaat jangi gaadiyan engineering bahri nazaam aslaha technology bashmol dhamakah khaiz tahqiq terrian recerch advanced computing masnuyi zahanat robotics wark studdy system tajziya aur life sciences bashmol oonchayi parr zaraat physiology foud technology aur nuclear medison kaa ahatah karti haine. tehqeeq aur tarqiyati sargarmiyan sharoo karnay kay alawah ddee aar ddee awo zaruriyat kii tashkeel haasil kiye jaanay waalay nizamon kii tashkhis aag aur dhamakah khaiz mawaad kii hifazat aur operational masail kay riyaziyati aur shumariyati tajziya kay hawalay say takniki mashure day kirr khidmaat kii madad kartaa hay. ddee aar ddee awo apnay duu aham tarbiti idaaron mein khususi tarbiyat paish kartaa hay jinhein insity teut aaf armiment technology ponay aur defense insity teut aaf wark studdy masuri kahaa jaataa hay. inn idaaron mein courses bunyadi toor parr ddee aar ddee awa mohkamah dafayi paidawar aur rasd aur teenon khidmaat kii zaruriyat kuu poraa karnay kay liye tayaar kiye gayey haine. product aur product. shehri istemaal kay liye technology. apnee tehqeeq kay zamni product kay toor parr leeb biotechnology kay shehri istemalat bhee tayaar karti hay khaas toor parr insani fazlah kuu thukanay lagaaney bemari parr qaabu paanay keedon parr qaabu paaney waghairah mein. jaisa kahh ddee aar ddee awo libartriyon mein aam hay ddee aar ddee ayee kay zariah tayaar kardah behat see technologyz shehri istemaal kay liye dastiyaab haine aur inhein najee shobay mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa hay. shehri shobay mein muntaqil kii jaanay waali technologyz mein anthrox dengi taaoon miliriya aur deegar infection kay liye tashkhisi cuts/system shaamil haine. iss nay keeday maar adviyaat keedon kuu roknay waalay aur paani kay mayaar kii jaanch aur safayi kii cuts bhee tayaar kii haine. iss kaa badaa zoor hayatiyati dehshat girdi kay khalaaf dafaa hay jiss mein saareen jeesay kimiyayi agent aur botolenum neurotokson jeesay hayatiyati agent shaamil haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3666872

The Pattern and the Logrus

The Pattern and the Logrus In "The Chronicles of Amber" series of fantasy novels (1970s – 1990s), The Pattern is an inscribed labyrinth which gives the multiverse its order. It granted characters walking through it "the ability to access a multitude of compossible worlds". Related to it is the Logrus, a shifting, three-dimensional maze which represents the forces of Chaos in the multiverse. Amber Pattern. The Pattern is inscribed on the floor of a large cavern that is part of a system of caves deep within Mount Kolvir, directly underneath Castle Amber in the city of Amber. The Pattern is a single, intertwined curve, laid out in a spiderweb-like shape. Members of the Royal Family of Amber can walk along the Pattern to its center in order to gain the power to walk among "shadows" – alternate worlds. Whether members of the house of Amber create the shadows they walk into or that the shadows already exist and that the pattern walker merely enters them is a subject that the author Zelazny leaves open to reader interpretation. Once a walker sets foot upon the Pattern, he must continue following its labyrinthine course to the center; stopping for too long, or leaving the pathway of the Pattern, results in a terrible death. Walking the Pattern is not an easy task. There is a resistance that slows the walker as if he is wearing lead boots that get heavier and heavier with every step. During the ordeal, the walker passes through several points of extreme difficulty called "veils" – The First Veil, the Second Veil, and the Final Veil. These points represent intense surges in this fierce resistance, but "breaking through" a Veil causes the resistance to let up a bit. Once at the Pattern's center, the walker has acquired the power to walk in Shadow. As well, being at the center gives him the opportunity to command the Pattern to send him anywhere he wishes – across the room, back up to Amber Castle, across the world, to another Shadow world, here on Earth, etc. In the Merlin Cycle, the second series of five novels in the Chronicles, the Pattern is shown to be sentient. It is able to manifest itself at any point in shadow, and teleport others without their consent. It is also able to create "Pattern ghosts", echo versions of any person who has walked the Pattern. Primal Pattern. During the series, it is revealed that Amber itself is but the first "Shadow" of a Primal pattern, located when the Unicorn of Order led Corwin to a previously unseen location. The Primal Pattern was guarded by a purple Griffin named Wixer that apparently had also been placed there to guard Dworkin (previously thought deceased), as Dworkin had, at this point, lost much of his mental faculty. This Primal Pattern was damaged prior to the events of "Nine Princes in Amber" when Amberite blood was spilled on it – the blood of Martin, son of Random (Oberon's youngest acknowledged child), who was stabbed by Brand. Oberon attempted to repair the Pattern, although he realized the process would kill him. Brand, whom Dworkin acknowledged as his most apt pupil in the study of the Pattern, suggested that such repair may not be possible. Brand also suggested when Corwin was inscribing his own New Pattern that there could not be two such centers of order in the multiverse and that it would be necessary to destroy Corwin's New Pattern before Brand could inscribe his own. However, Oberon successfully repaired the Old Pattern, and it was seen to coexist peacefully with Corwin's New Pattern – possibly because both are reflections of the Pattern in the Jewel of Judgment. It is implied that nobody could successfully repair the damaged Pattern "perfectly", or reproduce it as it originally was – and that their own personality would be inevitably imprinted on it in the attempt. This is accepted – and desired – by Brand, who wished to destroy the Pattern outright and re-create a new Pattern in his own image, with himself as the architect of the new multiverse: A fact either not known, not believed, or misunderstood by Corwin, who attempts to faithfully recreate the Old Pattern (after Brand deceives him into believing Oberon to have failed in his attempt to repair the original) only for his New Pattern to not only evolve differently but also to eventually resist the attempts of the successfully-Repaired Pattern to incorporate it. It follows, from this (and from the fact of Corwin's successful creation of a New Pattern, in which he did "not" die) that it may not have been necessary for Oberon to die in repairing the Old Pattern. Since Oberon did indeed die, he may even have done so willingly (and known in advance that this was necessary) as a way to "avoid" imprinting his own personality on the Old Pattern at its restoration. At any rate, after its repair, the Old Pattern (when displaying sentience) does not appear to display any clear characteristics of Oberon's personality. Other Patterns. Through the course of the ten books, the existence of many other alternate Patterns is revealed. There is the Pattern in Rebma (Amber spelled backward), a reflected version of Amber beneath the sea; there is one in the ghost-city reflection of Amber in Tir-na Nog'th; there is the Primal Pattern, the one true Pattern that is higher on the reality scale than even Amber; Corwin's own Pattern, off in Shadow; and even imperfect versions of the Pattern found in Shadows very close to the true Pattern. The latter are called 'Broken Patterns' and can be walked by anyone with enough courage to do so. Broken Patterns allow initiates to traverse shadow and perform magic in a similar way to the initiates of the true Patterns. However, the broken path manifests itself in a number of ways. The main example is that the break in the Pattern manifests itself in each Shadow the initiate visits. The size of the break depends on the size of the break in the Pattern and its distance in Shadow from Amber. Broken Pattern mages draw their power directly from the break, similar to drawing their power from Chaos. Each image of the Pattern degenerates the farther it is from Amber. The first nine broken images were negotiable, but Merlin in the course of "Knight of Shadows", repaired one – presumably leaving only eight. It might be however that other patterns became safe enough to use after this. The Jewel of Judgment. The Jewel of Judgment is a large ruby-like gem worn as a pendant around the neck. As the saga progresses, its importance grows. At first, it is just a device for controlling the weather, useful in battle, but then Corwin is told that if he walks the Pattern carrying the Jewel, and then uses the power of the Pattern to project himself into it, he will gain a new level of power. When he does this, he finds that the Jewel itself contains a Pattern, in three or even more dimensions. Eventually, he learns from Dworkin that the Jewel is the real source of the Pattern of Amber and that it was obtained from the Unicorn. Corwin uses the Jewel to forge his own Pattern when he believes that Amber's Pattern has been destroyed. Standing at the center of his Pattern, he is then able to project himself into the final battle at the Courts of Chaos. The Jewel of Judgment is revealed to be the left eye of the Serpent of Chaos, stolen by the Unicorn at some point in the very distant past. It eventually ends up serving as a replacement eye for Coral, allowing her to see the "clear, cold lines of eternity". The Logrus. In the Courts of Chaos exists the Logrus, a three-dimensional construct that is the opposite number to the Pattern of Amber. Where the unchanging, rigid Pattern represents Order, the Logrus is constantly altering its shape and represents the principle of Chaos. The Logrus appears as a tentacular force that must be navigated on a magical/mental level. Those who navigate this construct successfully gain power over, and the ability to travel through, Shadow. An additional power gained from the successful navigation of the Logrus is the ability to "pull" desired, non-specific objects out of Shadow worlds. Negotiating the Logrus is extremely difficult and potentially fatal. Prospective initiates of the Logrus generally receive advanced training, but success is dependent less on knowledge than on will. In addition to the danger of dying, some who have attempted the Logrus have experienced permanent cerebral damage, though this fate tends to happen only to those who are weak-willed or not of full chaosian blood. Luckily those of chaosian blood usually only end up being insane for a short period of time. Negotiating both the Logrus and the Pattern, as Merlin has, is a uniquely daring feat. Just as Dworkin Barimen is the keeper of the Pattern, Suhuy is the keeper of the Logrus and is a member of the noble houses of Chaos. Reception and analysis. Naturally, the Pattern is recognized as a symbol of order in scholarly analysis, and as such has been described "as the antithesis and rival" of the Logrus, the sign of chaos in the novels. Some analysis has emphasized the crucial role that the psyche of the Pattern's creator, whether Dworkin in the case of the Pattern of Amber or Corwin in the case of his new Pattern, may be expected to play in the cosmos formed from it. When it is revealed in the novels that the Pattern itself has its origins in Chaos, this may have been written as illustrating Edmund Husserl's arguments regarding the production of that which is considered objective from subjective phenomena. Krzysztof M. Maj saw the Pattern as the "symbolical gate" linking our empirical world with the fantastic one of the novels, comparable in function to the wardrobe in "The Chronicles of Narnia" or the rabbit hole in "Alice in Wonderland". The Pattern has been analyzed in metaphorical counterpoint to the Trumps, where the Trumps represent "wild cards" blurring the distinction between perception and reality, but both are sources of empowerment for their users. Olga Valikova praised the Pattern as an extraordinary instance where an architectonic image plays a central role in a literary work and compared it to the organizational principle of the novel "Singing Stones" by Kazakh writer Aslan Zhaksylykov. Jane M. Lindskold proposed that the ability granted by the Pattern to its initiates, to "create new realities simply by imagining a place and then going to it", could be a metaphor "for Zelazny's thoughts on writing as a form of creation". The Logrus has been called a source of "tactical nuclear weaponry, remote handling, and magical apportation". In one analysis, the Logrus has been construed as a rival metaphysical entity to the Unicorn of Amber, not the Pattern, with the climax of the Merlin Cycle a conflict between these forces. In popular culture. Computer programmer Felix "Dworkin" Croes, creator of the server software Dworkin's Game Driver or DGD, named the development MUD for his project "The Pattern". Esoterism scholar Kateryna Zorya remarked that the terms "Pattern" and "Logrus" from Zelazny's novels, like other influences from Western fantasy, have found their way into post-Soviet magical practice. In "Pro Perl", Peter Wainwright makes a punning reference to the Logrus and the Pattern in an example of regular expression usage. In the example, a search-and-replace operation is being executed. The text to search for is specified as a regular expression "pattern". The sample text to replace the "pattern" with is "logrus". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aarhi aaru logoras kolpokahini uponyaxor (1970-1990) "dyo chronicles owo ember" sringkholat, aarhitu hoise ek khudit gulokdhara ji multiversok iyar krom diye. ee iyar maajere khuj karhiboloi thoka soritroxomuhok "bohu xombhob jogotoloi prowex korar khyomota" prodan korisil. iyar xoite xomporkito hoise logoras, ek sthanantorito, trimatrik gulokdhara ji multiversot bisringkholotar xoktik protinidhitwo kore. embaror aarhi. ei aarhitu etaa dangor guhaar mojiyat khudit koraa hoise jitu kolobhir porbotor bhitorot gobhir guhaar byowosthar ongxo, ember sohoror kesol embaror punpotiyakoi tolot. ei aarhitu hoise etaa ekok, antoxongzukto bokro, jitu spiderwabor dore aakritire rokha hoise. embaror rajporiyalor xodosyoxokole "sayasah"-bikolpo prithibir maajot khuj karhiboloi xokti laabh koriboloi aarhitur xoite iyar kendroloi khuj karhibo paare. embaror ghoror xodosyoxokole teuluke juwa sayabur sristi kore ney sayabur itimodhye bidyoman aaru patentorn wakare kewol xeiburot prowex kore xeitu hoise lekhok jelajoniye pathokor byakhyar baabe mukoli kori diya etaa bixoy. ebaar ejon wakare aarhitut bhori pelale, teu iyar jotil gotipoth onuxoron kori kendroloi aagbarhibo lagibo; bohut digholiya xomoyor baabe roi jaabo lagibo, baa aarhitur poth eri jaabo lagibo, jaar folot bhoyongkor mrityu hoh 'bob. aarhiture khuj kaarhi juwatu xohoj kaam nohoy. ene ek protirudh aase jiye wakarjonok ene dhorone monthor kori tule zen teu protitu podokhyepor loge loge godhur aaru godhur hoi poraa xixa boot pindhi aase. ogniporikhyat, wakarjone "vails" naamor otyadhik oxubidhar keibatau bindur maajere paar hoy-prothom vail, dwitiyo vail aaru ontim vail. ei bindubure ei tibro protirudhor tibro briddhir protinidhitwo kore, kintu etaa porda "bhangi" protirudhtu olop komi yaay. ebaar aarhitur kendrot, wakarjone sayat khuj kaarhi juwar khyomota laabh korise. logote, kendrot thokar folot teuk teu issa koraa jikunu thailoi-kuthar uporot, ember durgoloi, xomogro biswoloi, aan etaa sayapotholoi, iyat prithibiloi, ityadi pothiyaboloi aarhitu aadex diyar xujug diye. kronikolor pasta uponyaxor dwitiyo sringkhola marlene sokrot, aarhitu xongbedonxil buli dekhuuwa hoise. ee sayat jikunu muhurtot nijoke prokax koriboloi xokhyom hoy, aaru aanor xonmoti obihone teleport koribo paare. ee "aarhi bhut" sristi koriboloiu xokhyom, aarhitut khuj kaarhi juwa jikunu byoktir protidhwoni xongskoron. primal aarhi. ei sringkholar xomoyot, eitu prokax paay je ember nijei etaa primal aarhir prothom "saya", jetiya unicorn owo owo ordere koruinok purbote dekha nupuwa sthanoloi loi goisil. primal aarhitu wixer naamor benguniya griffinor dwara xurokhito koraa hoisil jaak spostobhabe doworkinok xurokhya diboloiu rokha hoisil (purbote mrito buli bhoba), kiyonu doworkine ei muhurtot teur manoxik khyomotar besibhag heruwaisil. ei primal aarhitu "embarot nojon rajkumar" ror ghotonar purbe khyotigrosto hoisil jetiya iyat embarite roktopat hoisil-rendom (oh 'beronor xoru swikrito xontan) ror putro martinor tez, jaak brende suri marisil. oh 'berone aarhitu meramoti koriboloi chesta korisil, jodiu teu upolobdhi korisil je ei prokriyatuwe teuk hotya koribo. brend, jaak doworkine aarhitur odhyoyonot teur ataitkoi upojukto saatro hisape swikar korisil, poramorxo disil je ene meramoti xombhob noho 'bou paare. brende eituu poramorxo disil je jetiya koruine nijor notun aarhi likhisil je multiversot ene dutaa kromor kendro thakibo nuware aaru brende nijor aarhi likhiboloi xokhyom huwar aagote koruinor notun aarhi dhongxo koratu proyujoniyo hoh 'bob. obosye, oh 'berone puroni aarhitu xofolotare meramoti korisil, aaru ee koruinor notun aarhir xoite xantipurnobhabe xohabosthan koraa dekha goisil-xombhobotoh kiyonu duyutai bisaror rotnot thoka aarhir protipholon. eitu xusit koraa hoy je kuneu khyotigrosto aarhitu "xompurnorupe" xofolbhabe meramoti koribo nuware, baa iyak prothomote thokar dore punor projonon koribo nuware-aaru ei prochestat onibarzobhabe teulukor nijor byoktitwo iyat probisto hoh 'bob. eitu brendor dwara grohon koraa hoy-aaru issa koraa hoy-jiye notun multiversor sthopoti hisape nijor bhabomurtire xompurnorupe dhongxo kori nijor bhabomurtir ek notun aarhi punor sristi koribo bisarisiloh koruinor dwara hoyotu ogyat, biswax koraa huwa naai, baa bhul buji puwa huwa etaa xotyo, jiye kewol teur notun aarhitu kewol beleg dhorone bikoxito huwar baabei nohoy owoxexot iyak ontorbhukto korar baabe xofolotare meramoti koraa aarhitur prochestak protihot korar babeu puroni aarhitu biswaxibhabe punor sristi koriboloi chesta kore (brende teuk protarito korar pisot oh 'beronok multu mer korar prochestat bifol huwa buli biswax koriboloi proyax kore). iyar poraa (aaru koruinor etaa notun aarhir xofol sristir tothyor poraa, zo 'too teu "moraa nasil") je puroni aarhitu meramoti korute oh' beronor mrityu huwatu proyujoniyo nasil. jihetu oh "beronor prokritote mrityu hoisil, xeyehe teu hoyotu punoruddharor xomoyot puroni aarhito nijor byoktitwor protischobi korar" poraa haat xariboloi "ek upay hisape swessai (aaru aagotiyakoi janisil je eitu proyujoniyo) ene korisil. jikunu owosthat, iyar meramotir pisot, puroni aarhituwe (setona prodorxon korute) oh "beronor byoktitwor kunu sposto boixistyo prodorxon koraa dekha nayay. onyanyo aarhi. dohkhon gronthor maajere aan bohutu bikolpo aarhir ostitwo prokax paay. rebamat aarhi aase (ember baanan pisfale), xagoror tolot embaror ek protipholito xongskoron; tir-naa nug 'thoto embaror bhut-sohoror protipholonot etaa aase; primal aarhi aase, etaa prokrito aarhi ji aanoki embarotkoi bastob scalot besi; koruinor nijor aarhi, sayat; aaru aanoki sayat puwa aarhir oxompurno xongskoronbur prokrito aarhir oti usorot. pisortuk 'bhanga aarhi' buli kuwa hoy aaru ene koriboloi porzapto xahox thoka jikunu byoktiye khuj karhibo paare. bhanga aarhibure aarombhokortaxokolok sayakhon paar koriboloi aaru prokrito aarhiburor aarombhonir dore jadukor koriboloi onumoti diye. obosye, bhanga pothtu keibatau dhorone prokax paay. mool udahorontu hoh 'lo je aarhitur birotitu protitu sayat aarombhonir bhromonot prokax paay. birotir aakartu nirbhor kore aarhitut birotir aakar aaru embaror poraa sayat iyar durotwor uporot. bhanga aarhir mejexomuhor xokti birotir poraa punpotiyakoi aahoron kore, bisringkholotar poraa teulukor xokti aahoron korar dore. aarhitur protitu sobi embaror poraa jimane duroloi yaay ximanei obokhyoy hoy. prothom nokhon bhangi juwa sobir bixoye alusona koribo poraa goisil, kintu "night owo chaay" ror xomoyot marlene etaa meramoti korisil-xombhobotoh maatro aathtahe baaki aasil. obosye eitu hoh 'bob paare je iyar pisot byobohar koriboloi onyanyo aarhixomuh jothesto nirapod hoi porisil. bisaror rotno. bisaror rotno hoise dingir sariufale pendent hisape pindha etaa dangor rubir dore rotno. kahinitu aagbarhi juwar loge loge iyar gurutwo briddhi paay. prothomote, ee botor niyontron korar baabe kewol etaa xojuli, juddhot upojugi, kintu taar pisot koruinok kuwa hoy je jodi teu gohonatu korhiyai niya aarhitu saale, aaru taar pisot aarhitur xokti byobohar kori nijoke taat prodorxon kore, tente teu ek notun storor xokti laabh koribo. jetiya teu eitu kore, teu paay je gohonatut nijei tini baa totudhik matrat etaa aarhi aase. owoxexot, teu doworkinor poraa janibo paare je gohonatuwei embaror aarhir prokrito utxo aaru ee unicornor poraa laabh koraa hoisil. koruine embaror aarhitu dhongxo koraa hoise buli biswax korar xomoyot nijor aarhitu gorhiboloi gohonatu byobohar kore. nijor aarhir kendrot thiyo hoi teu tetiya bisringkholotar dorbarot nijoke suranto juddhot prodorxon koriboloi xokhyom hoy. bisaror rotnotu bisringkholotar xapor baau soku buli prokax paay, jitu oti dur otitor kunu etaa xomoyot unicorne suri korisil. ee owoxexot probalor xoloni soku hisape kaam kore, jaar folot taai "sirkalor poriskar, thanda rekha" saab paare. logoras. bisringkholotar rajxobhar maajot logoras aase, etaa trimatrik gothon ji embaror aarhir biporit xongkhya. zo 'too poribortonhin, kothur arhiye kromok protinidhitwo kore, logorase nirontorbhabe iyar aakriti xoloni kori aase aaru bisringkholotar nitik protinidhitwo kore. logoras etaa osthayi xokti hisape dekha yaay jaak jadukori/manoxik porzayot navigate koribo lagibo. jixokole ei nirmanot xofolotare solasol kore teuluke khyomota laabh kore, aaru sayat bhromon korar khyomota laabh kore. logorasor xofol navigationor poraa laabh koraa ek otirikto xokti hoh 'lo sayasor jogotor poraa akangkhyito, oh-nirdisto bostuk "tunny onaa" khyomota. logorasor bixoye alusona koratu otyonto kothin aaru xombhabyobhabe maratmok. logorasor xombhabyo aarombhonikarixokole xadharonote unnot proxikhyon laabh kore, kintu xofolota issaxoktitkoi gyanor uporot komm nirbhorxil. mrityur axongkar uporiu, logorasor chesta koraa kisumane sthayi mostiskor khyotir xonmukhin hoise, jodiu ei bhagyo kewol durbol issaxokti thoka baa xompurno bisringkhol roktor nohoy teulukor khetrothe ghote. xoubhagyokrome bisringkhol roktor lukoxokol xadharonote kewol komm xomoyor baabe unmad hoi pore. marlinor dore logras aaru aarhi duyutare alusona koratu ek ononyo xahoxi krititwo. thik jenekoi doworkin berimen hoise aarhitur rokhyok, suhui hoise logorasor rokhyok aaru bisringkholotar obhijat ghoror egoraki xodosyo. grohon aaru bislexon. swabhabikbhabei, pandityopurno bislexonot ei aarhituk kromor protik hisape swikriti diya hoy, aaru enedore uponyaxxomuhot bisringkholotar lokhyon hisape lograsor "birudhi aaru protidondi" hisape bornona koraa hoise. kisuman bislexone ei guruttopurno bhumikar uporot gurutwo aarup korise je aarhitur sristikortar monn, xeya embaror aarhir khetrot doworkin houk baa teur notun aarhir khetrot koruin, iyar poraa gothon huwa mohajagotik jogotkhonot poriwexon koribo paare buli aaxa koraa hoy. jetiya uponyaxxomuhot eitu prokax paay je ei aarhitur utpotti nijei bisringkholotat hoise, iyak hoyotu bixoygot porighotonar poraa uddesyomulok buli gonyo koraa bostur utpadon xomporke admond highcherlor juktiburok sitrito kori likha hoisil. chrigistoph mii. mej-e ei aarhituk aamar porikhyamulok jogotkhonok uponyaxxomuhor bhitorot etaa oti xundor uponyaxor xoite xongzug koraa "protikmulok duwar" hisape dekhisil, jaak "dyo chronicles owo narnia" ror alsarobo "ror xoite baa" elix inn wanderland "ror gaahorir sidror xoite tulona koribo paari. ei aarhitu trumpxomuhor proti rupok protibimbo hisape bislexon koraa hoise, zo 'too trumpxomuhe upolobdhi aaru bastobotar maajor parthokyo osposto kori "wild card" koo protinidhitwo kore, kintu duyutai teulukor byowoharkarixokolor baabe xobolikoronor utxo. uloga bhalikuvai ei aarhituk ek oxadharon udahoron hisape proxongxa korisil zo 'too etaa sthapotyor protimurtiye xahityot ek kendriyo bhumika paalon kore aaru iyak kajakh lekhok aasolan jhakxilikobhor uponyax "gaanor xil" ror xangothonik nitir xoite tulona korisil. zen em. lindscolde prostab disil je aarhituwe iyar aarombhonir baabe prodan koraa khyomota, "kewol etaa thaai kolpona kori aaru taar pisot taat juwar dwara notun bastob sristi koraa", sristir ek rup hisape likhaar bixoye jelajonir sintadharar baabe ek rupok hoh 'bob paare. lograsok "kouxologot parmanobik ostro, duroborti niyontron, aaru jadukori bibhajon" ror utxo buli kuwa hoy. etaa bislexone, logorasok embaror unicornor protidondi podarthogot xotta hisape gonyo koraa hoise, aarhi nohoy, marlene sokror porjyayor xoite ei xoktiburor maajot ek xonghat. jonopriyo xongoskritit. charbhar softwer doworkinor game driver baa digidy-ror sristikorta computer progremar felix "doworkin" kro "ye teur prokolpotur baabe unnoyonmulok kaador naam disil" dyo pattern ". gurhotar pondito keterina juriyai montobyo korisil je jelajonir uponyaxor "aarhi" aaru "logoras" xobdotuwe poschimiya kolpokahinir onyanyo probhawor dore uttor-sobhiyet jadukori onuxilonot sthan paise. pro" parlo "too pitter weinerite niyomiya obhibyokti byoboharor etaa udahoronot logoras aaru aarhir bixoye ek ponning proxongo diye. udahorontut, etaa xondhan aaru protisthapon karjyokolap karzokori koraa hoise. xondhan koribologiya likhonitu etaa niyomiya obhibyokti "aarhi" hisape nirdisto koraa hoise. aarhi" ror xoite xoloni koriboloi nomuna likhonitu hoise "logoras".

pattern ebong lograss fantacy uponyasher (1970-1990) "dya chronicles off amber" sirije, patternti ekti khodai koraa golakdhandha jaa multiverske taar krom deyo. etty choritrogulike err modhyo diye hantar "bohu sombhabonamoy jogote probesh korar khomota" pradan korechilo. err saathe somporkito holl lograss, ekti poribortonshil, trimatrik golakdhandha jaa multiversey bishrinkhalar shoktike uposthapon korey. amber pattern. eyi nidorshonti ekti borh guhar mejhete khodai koraa hoyeche jaa kolvir porboter govire, sarasari amber shohorer cassel amber niche guha byabosthar ongsho. patternti ekti ekok, antoshongjukto bakrarekha, jaa ekti spiderweaber moto akare sthapon koraa hoyeche. amber rajporibarer sadasyara "chhaya"-bikalpa jogoter modhye hantar khomota orjoner jonno patternti dhorey err kendre hantte paren. amber baadir sadasyara jey chhaya probesh korey taa toiri korey naaki chhayaguli itimadhye vidyaman ebong pattern waker cable taader modhye probesh korey taa emon ekti vishay jaa lekhok jelajani patthoker byakhyar jonno unmukto rekhe gechen. ekbar ekjon waker patterney paa rakhle, taake aboshyoi taar golakdhandha poth anusaran korey kendre jete hobey; khub beshi somoy dhorey thamte hobey, baa patterner poth chhede choley yawar foley bhayankar mrityu hoy. pattern anujayi haanta sahaj kaaj noy. emon ekti protirodh royeche jaa wakarke dheer korey deyo jeno seey seesar boot porey achhe jaa protiti podokkhepe bharee ebong bharee hoye othe. agniporikkhar somoy, waker "ghomta" naame porichito charam samasyar besh koyekti pointer modhyo diye yaay-prothom ghomta, dwitiya ghomta ebong shesh ghomta. eyi binduguli eyi teebro protirodher teebro utthaner protinidhitto korey, tobey ekti porda "venge" protirodhke kichuta komiye deyo. ekbar patterner kendre, waker chhaya hantar khomota orjon koreche. pashapashi, kendre thaka taake patternti nirdesh korar sujog deyo jey taake jekhanei seey chaay-ghor judey, amber durgo porjonto, saaraa bishwa judey, onno chhaya jogote, ekhane prithibite, ityadi. marlene chokre, chronicler panchti uponyasher dwitiya sirije, patternti sangbedanshil boley dekhano hoyeche. etty chhayar jey konao somoye nijeke prakash korte sokkhom ebong onnoder sammati chharai teleport korte sokkhom. etty "pattern bhuto" toiri korte sokkhom, jey konao byaktir protidhoni sanskaran jaaraa patterney cholechen. prathomik pattern. eyi sirijer somoy, etty prokashito hoy jey amber nijei ekti prathomik patterner prothom "chhaya", jokhon unicorn off order koruinke purbe adrishya abosthane niye yaay. prathomik patternti wixer naame ekti beguni griffin dwara surokkhito chhilo jaa sposhtotoi dowarkinke (purbe mrito boley money koraa hoyechilo) rakkha korar jonno sekhane rakha hoyechilo, kaaron dowarkin eyi somoye taar mansik onushodke hariechilen. eyi prathomik patternti "amberey nayajan rajkumar" ghotonar agey khotigrosto hoyechilo jokhon etey amberite rokto chhoriye porechilo-random (oberoner konisthotomo swikrito shishu) err putro martiner rokto, jaake branned dwara chhurikaghato koraa hoyechilo. oberon patternti meramat korar chesta korechilen, jodio tini bujhte perechilen jey prokriyati taake merey felbe. branned, jaake dowarkin pattern adhyayane taar sabcheye upojukto chhatro hisabe sweekar korechilen, poramorsho diyechilen jey eyi dharaner meramat sombhob naao hotey paare. brandti arow poramorsho diyechilo jey jokhon coruin taar nijaswa notun pattern likhchilo jey multiversey eyi dharaner duti kendra hotey paare naa ebong branned taar nijer pattern likhte parar agey koruiner notun patternti dhongso koraa prayojan hobey. zaihok, oberon safalbhabe purano patternti meramat korey ebong etty koruiner notun patterner saathe shantipurnobhabe sahabasthan korte dekha yaay-sombhoboto kaaron ubhayi bicharer ratnatir patterner protipholon. etty bojhai jey keui khotigrosto patternti "nikhuntvabe" safalbhabe meramat korte pareni, baa etty mulat jemon chhilo temon punarutpadan korte pareni-ebong eyi prochestai onibarjobhabe taader nijaswa byaktitto etite chhapiye jaabe. etty brand dwara grihito-ebong kankhito-jini patterntike sampurnarupe dhongso korte ebong notun multiverser sthopoti hisabe nijer protimurtite ekti notun pattern punra toiri korte cheyechilenah ekti satya jaa hoy jaanaa yaay naa, biswas koraa hoy naa baa bhul bojhabujhi korey coruin, jini bishwostotar saathe purano patternti punra toiri korar chesta corren (branned taake biswas korte protarito korar porey jey oberon taar mool meramoter prochestai byartho hoyeche) cable taar notun patterner jonno noy borong shesh porjonto etty antarbhukta korar jonno safalbhabe meramat koraa patterner prochestake protirodh korar jonno. err theke (ebong koruiner ekti notun pattern safalbhabe toiri korar tothyo theke, jekhane tini "maaraa jaanoni") bojha yaay jey, purano pattern meramoter somoy oberoner maaraa yawar prayojan hoyney. jehetu oberon sottii maaraa giechilen, taai tini hoyto taar nijer byaktittoke punoruddharer somoy purano patterney chhaap deoa "edanor" upay hisabe swechchai (ebong agey thekei janten jey etty prayojaniya) etty korechilen. jaai hoke naa keena, err meramoter porey, purano patternti (anubhuti prodorshon korar somoy) oberoner byaktitter konao sposhto baisishtya prodorshon korey boley money hoy naa. anyanno nidarshan. dashti boiyer modhyo diye arow onek bikalpa nidarshan prokashito hoyeche. rebma (amber banan pichoner dike)-teey pattern royeche, jaa samudrer niche amber ekti protifolito sanskaran; teer-naa nog 'thoe-ayee amber bhuto-shohorer protipholone ekti royeche; ekti prathomik pattern royeche, ekti satyikarer pattern jaa bastobotar scaley emonki amber cheyeo beshi; corwiner nijaswa pattern, chhaya; ebong emonki patterner asampurna sangaskaranguli satya patterner khub kachakachi chhaya pawa yaay. porertike 'bhanga nidarshan' bolla hoy ebong etty korar jonno jotheshto sahos soho jey keu etty hantte paare. bhanga nidarshanguli chhaya atikram korte ebong prokrito nidorshongulir suchonar moto ekibhabe jadu sampadan korte deyo. tobey, bhanga pothti bivinno upaye nijeke prakash korey. prodhan udaharan holl jey patterner birotiti protiti chhaya prakash paay jaa shuru hoy. birotir akaar patterner birotir akaar ebong amber theke chhaya err durotter upor nirbhar korey. bhanga pattern mages biroti theke sarasari taader shakti akarshan korey, bishrinkhala theke taader shakti ahoron korar moto. patterner protiti chitro amber theke joto doore totoi abonomito hoy. prothom noyti bhanga chhobi niye alochona koraa jeto, kintu marlene "night off shaddo"-err somoy ekti meramat korechilen-sombhoboto matro atti aboshishto chhilo. tobey etty hotey paare jey anyanno nidarshanguli err porey byabohar korar jonno jotheshto nirapada hoye utheche. bicharer ratna. bicharer ratna holl ekti borh maniker moto ratna jaa golay jhulonto hisabe poraa hoy. golpoti egiye yawar saathe saathe err gurutto briddhi paay. prothome, etty abhawa niyantraner jonno ekti jontro, juddhe darkari, kintu tarpor koruinke bolla hoy jey jodi seey ratna bohonkari patterney choley, ebong tarpor patterner shakti byabohar korey nijeke etey uposthapon korey, tobey seey ekti notun storer shakti orjon korbe. jokhon seey etty korey, tokhon seey dekhte paay jey rotnotite nijei tinn baa taaro beshi matra ekti pattern royeche. abosheshe, seey dowarkiner kachh theke jaante paare jey ratnati amber patterner asol utso ebong etty unicorn theke prapto hoyechilo. coruin ratnati byabohar korey taar nijaswa pattern toiri korey jokhon seey biswas korey jey amber patternti dhongso hoye geche. taar patterner kendre dandiye, seey tokhon bishrinkhalar adalte chudanta juddhe nijeke uposthapon korte sokkhom hoy. bicharer ratnati bishrinkhalar saaper baam chokh hisabe prokashito hoy, jaa khub durborti atite konao eka somoye unicorn dwara churi koraa hoyechilo. etty shesh porjonto probaler protisthapon chokh hisabe kaaj korey, jaa taake "anantakaler porishkar, sheetal rekha" dekhte deyo. lograss. bishrinkhalar prekkhagrihe lograss vidyaman, ekti trimatrik gathon jaa amber patterner biporito sankhya. jekhane aporibortoniyo, anamaniya patternti kromer protinidhitto korey, sekhane lograss kromagoto taar akriti poriborton korche ebong bishrinkhalar nitir protinidhitto korey. lograss ekti asthayi shakti hisabe prodorshito hoy jaa aboshyoi ekti jadukari/mansik store chalachal korte hobey. jaaraa eyi nirmanti safalbhabe porichalona korey taaraa chhaya atikram korar khomota ebong err modhyo diye bhromon korar khomota orjon korey. lograser sofol navigation theke prapto ekti atirikto shakti holl chhayar jogoto theke pochondosoi, aaa-nirdishto bostugulike "tunner" khomota. lograser saathe alochona koraa atyanta kathin ebong sombhabbo marattok. lograser sombhabbo probortonkarira sadharonoto unnoto proshikkhon grohon korey, tobey safalya ichchar cheye gyaner upor qama nirbharshil. mrityur jhunki chharao, jaaraa lograss korar chesta koreche taader modhye keu keu mostishker sthayi khoti onubhob koreche, jodio eyi bhagyo cable durbal-ichchuk baa sampurna bishrinkhal rokter noy taader khettrei ghote. soubhagyaboshoto jaaraa bishrinkhal rokter, taaraa sadharonoto alpo somoyer jonno unmad hoye yaay. marliner moto lograss ebong pattern ubhayi niye alochona koraa ekti ananya sahoshi krititto. thhik jemon dowarkin barryman patterner rakkhak, temni suhui holl lograser rakkhak ebong bishrinkhalar abhijato gharanar sadasya. grohon ebong bishleshan. swabhabikbhabei, patternti pandityapurna bishleshone shringkhalar protik hisabe swikrito, ebong jemonti uponyasgulite bishrinkhalar chinno, lograser "birodhita ebong protidwondi" hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. kichhu bishleshan eyi guruttopurno bhumikar upor jore diyeche jey, patterner srashtar monn, taa seey amber patterner khettre dowarkin hoke baa taar notun patterner khettre coruin, etty theke gothito mahabishwe khela aasha koraa jete paare. jokhon uponyasgulite prokashito hoy jey, patterner utpotti bishrinkhalar modhye, tokhon etty hoyto visayagata ghotona theke uddeshyomulok boley bibechito howar bishoye edmund hasserler juktigulike chitrito korey lekha hoyeche. chrigistoph emm. mejor eyi patterntike amader obhiggotagoto bishwoke asadharan uponyasher saathe sangjukto korar "protiki geeta" hisabe dekhechilen, jaa "dya chronicles off narnia"-rawr poshaker saathe baa "allis inn wanderland"-err khargosher gorter saathe tuloniyo. patternti trumpgulir roopok palta pointe bishleshan koraa hoyeche, jekhane trumpguly upolobdhi ebong bastobotar modhye parthokyoke osposhto korey "wilde card"-err protinidhitto korey, tobey ubhayi taader byaboharkarider jonno khomotayoner utso. olga valikova eyi patterntike ekti asadharan udaharan hisabe proshongsha korechen jekhane ekti sthapotter chitro ekti sahittokormer kendriya bhumika palon korey ebong etike kajakh lekhok aslan jhaksilikover "gaan gaoa pathor" uponyasher sangathanik nitir saathe tulna korechen. zena emm. lindschold prostab korechilen jey, patternti dwara prodotto khomota, "cable ekti sthan kalpana korey ebong tarpore sekhane giye notun bastobota toiri koraa", "srishtir ekti roop hisabe lekhar bishoye jelajonir chintabhabnar jonno" ekti roopok hotey paare. lograske "kaushalgata paromanobik ostro, durborti porichalona ebong jadukari bontoner" utso bolla hoyeche. ekti bishleshone, lograske amber unicorner protidwondi adhibidyuto sotta hisabe bibechona koraa hoyeche, pattern noy, marlene chokrer chudantatar saathe eyi shaktir modhye dwandwa. janapriya sangaskritite. computer programmer felix "dowarkin" crow, server software dowarkiner gema driver baa dgd-rawr srashta, taanr prokolper jonno unnayan kadatir naam diyechen "pattern". gurhbader pondito katerina zoria montobbo korechen jey, poschima kolponar anyanno probhaber moto jelajonir uponyasher "pattern" ebong "lograss" shabdagulio soviet-poroborti jadukari onushilone probesh koreche. proo parla"-ayee, pitter wenrite niyamita abhibyakti byaboharer ekti udahorone lograss ebong patterner ekti shlesher ullekh korechen. udahoronsorup, ekti anusandhan-ebong-protisthapon apareshana karjokor koraa hachche. jey patthyoti anusandhan korte hobey taa ekti niyamita abhibyakti "pattern" hisabe nirdishto koraa hoyeche. pattern" keey protisthaponer jonno namuna patthyo holl "lograss".

pattern aneey logaras kaalpaneek navalkathaaoni shrenee (1970-1990) maan "dhaa chronicles off ember" maan, aaa pattern aek ankeet bhulbhulamani chhe jeey bahuvishwane teno krama aape chhe. teey paatrone temathi pasaar thavaani "shakya vishvoni bheed sudhee pahonchavaani kshamata" aape chhe. tenee saathe sambandhit logaras chhe, aek sthalaantar karatee, tree-parimaniy bhulbhulamani jeey bahuvishwamaa andhadhundhini shaktionu pratinidhitva karey chhe. ember pattern. aaa pattern aek motee gufaanaa flore parr ankeet chhe jeey ember shaherma keellana emberni seedhi neeche kolvir parvatni andar undee gufaaonee paddhatino aek bhaag chhe. aaa pattern aek jaj, aekbeeja saathe jodaayel valaank chhe, jeey spiderweb jevaa aakarma mukvaamaa aave chhe. embernaa shaahee parivaarnaa sabhyo "padchhayao"-vaikalpik vishvo vachche chaalvaani shaktee melavaa maate tenaa kendramaa pattern saathe chaali shake chhe. shun ember housena sabhyo padchhayao banaave chhe keey jemaa teo jaay chhe athavaa padchhayao pahelethee jaj astitvamaa chhe aneey pattern walker maatra temaa pravesh karey chhe teey aek aevo vishhay chhe jeey lekhak zelaaznee vaachak arthghatan maate khullo raakhe chhe. aekvaar walker pattern parr pug mooke chhe, tene kendramaa tenaa bhulbhulamani maargne anusarvaanu chaalu raakhvu joiae; khoob laambaa samay sudhee rokvu, athavaa patternno maarg chhodvo, bhayankar mrutyumaa pariname chhe. aaa reete chaalvu aee saral kaary nathee. aek pratikaar chhe jeey walkerne dheemu karey chhe jaane keey tene lead boot paheryaa hoya jeey darek pagla saathe bhaare aneey bhaare baney chhe. agniparikshaa darmiyan, walker "padado" tareeke odakhaata bhaare mushkeleena ghanaa binduomathi pasaar thaay chhe-pratham padado, beejo padado aneey anteem padado. aaa binduo aaa teevra pratikaarmaa teevra uchhalanu pratinidhitva karey chhe, parantu padado "todvaathi" pratikaar thodo ochho thaay chhe. aekvaar patternna kendramaa, walker chhaaya maan chaalvaani shaktee praapt karey chhe. temaj, kendramaa rahevathi tene jyaan ichchhe tyaan mokalvani patternne aadesh aapvani taka maley chhe-oradama, ember killa sudhee, vishvbharma, beejee chhaaya duniyama, aheen pruthvi parr, vagere. merlin chakramaa, itihaasmaa paanch navalkathaaoni beejee shreneema, aaa pattern samvedansheel hovaanu darshavvama aavyu chhe. teey padchhayama koipan samaye potaane pragat karvaamaa saksham chhe, aneey anya lokonee sammatee vinaa teleport karey chhe. teey "pattern bhoot" banaavvaa maate pann saksham chhe, jeey pattern parr chaalnaari koipan vyaktini pratidhvani aavruttio chhe. praathmeek pattern. shrenee darmiyan, aevu bahaar aavyu chhe keey ember pote jaj praathmeek patternno pratham "padchhaayo" chhe, jeey tyaare stheet chhe jyaare kramnaa unicorn corvinne agau naa joee shakaay tevaa sthaan parr laee gayaa hataa. praathmeek patternne vixer naamnaa jambali griffin dwara suraksheet karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey dekheeti reete davarkina (agau mrut manvama aavtu hatoo) nee suraksha maate pann tyaan mukvaamaa aavee hatee, kaaran keey davarkine aaa samaye tenee motabhagni mansik kshamata gumaavee hatee. aaa praathmeek patternne "embermaa nava rajkumaro" nee ghatanao pahelaa nuksan thayu hatoo jyaare tenaa parr embrite lohee redvaamaa aavyu hatoo-martinnun lohee, random (oberonnaa sauthee naana sveekrut baadak) naa putra, jene brand dwara chhari marvama aavee hatee. oberone patternne sudhaarvaano prayaas karyo, joke tene samajaayu keey aaa prakriyaa tene maaree nakhshe. brand, jene dworkine patternna abhyasma tenaa sauthee yogya vidhyarthi tareeke sveekaaryu hatoo, tene soochavyu hatoo keey aavaa samarkam shakya naa pann hoi shake. brande aevu pann soochavyu hatoo keey jyaare corvin potaani navee pattern lakhee rahyo hato tyaare multiversemaa aavaa beey kendro naa hoi shake aneey brand potaani pattern lakhee shake teey pahelaa corvinni navee patternno naash karvo jaroori hashe. jooe keey, oberone juunii patternne safaltapurvak sudhaaryu, aneey teey corvinni navee pattern saathe shaantipurn reete sahastitvamaa hovaanu jovaa malyun-kadaach kaaran keey banne chukadana ratnamaa patternnu pratibimb chhe. aevu suchavvama aave chhe keey koee pann kshatigrast patternne "sampoorn reete" safaltapurvak sudhaari shakyu naa hatoo, athavaa tene mool rupe punahutpadit curry shakyu naa hatoo-aneey aaa prayasma aneevarypane temnu potaanu vyaktitva tenaa parr chhapavama aavashe. aaa brand dwara svikarvama aave chhe-aneey ichchhit-jeey patternne sampoorn reete naash karvaa aneey potaani chhabima navee pattern fareethi banaavvaani ichcha raakhe chhe, potaani jaatne navaa multiversnaa architect tareekeh aek hakeekat jeey kaan too jaaniti nathee, manvama aavtee nathee, athavaa corvin dwara gersamajan karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey juunii patternne vishvasupane fareethi banaavvaano prayaas karey chhe (brand tene chhetarya pachhi oberonne tenaa mool sudharvana prayasma nishfal hovaanu maantaa) maatra tenee navee pattern maate jaj nahee parantu aakhare tene saamel karvaa maate safaltapurvak samarkam karelee patternna prayaasono pratikaar karvaa maate. teey anusare chhe, aamathi (aneey corvinni navee patternni safal rachnani hakeekat parthee, jemaa teey "mrutyu paamyo naa hato") keey juunii patternne sudharvama oberonnu mrutyu jaroori naa hatoo. oberon kharekhar mrutyu paamyo hovathi, tene tenaa punsthaapan samaye tenaa potaana vyaktitvane juunii pattern parr chhapavanu "taalvaa" naa maarg tareeke svechchhae (aneey agaauthi jaanyu hatoo keey aaa jaroori hatoo) pann karyoo hashe. koipan reete, tenaa samarkam pachhi, juunii pattern (jyaare samvedansheelta pradarshit karey chhe) oberonnaa vyaktitvani koee spasht lakshaniktao pradarshit karatee nathee. anya pattern. dass pustako darmiyan, anya ghanee vaikalpik patternnu astitva jaaher thaay chhe. remba (emberni jodani paachhalni) maan pattern chhe, jeey samudrani neeche embernu pratibimbit sanskaran chhe; teer-naa nog 'thamaa embernaa bhuteeya-shaher pratibimbmaa aek chhe; tyaan aek praathmeek pattern chhe, aek saachee pattern jeey ember karataa pann vaastavik scale parr vadhaare chhe; corvinni potaani pattern, padchhayama; aneey padchhayama jovaa malatee patternni apurn aavruttio pann saachee patternni khoob najik chhe. baadmaa 'tuteli pattern' kahevama aave chhe aneey aavu karvaa maate puratee himmat saathe koipan chaali shake chhe. tuteli pattern sharuaat karnaaraaone padchhaayaane paar karvaanee aneey saachee patternni sharuaatni jaim jaj jaadu karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. jooe keey, tutelo maarg ghanee reete pragat thaay chhe. mukhya udaaharan aee chhe keey patternma veeram darek chhayama pragat thaay chhe jeey praarambhik mulakato chhe. viraamnu qada patternma viraamnaa qada aneey emberthi padchhayama tenaa antar parr aadharit chhe. tuteli patternna jadugaro temnee shakteene seedha virammathi khenche chhe, jeey temnee shakteene andhadhundhimathi khenchvaa jevee jaj chhe. patternni darek chhabi emberthi jetali door hoya tetali jaj adhogati paame chhe. pratham nava tuteli chhabio vataghato curry shakaay tevee hatee, parantu "night off shados" darmiyan marlinae aeknu samarkam karyoo-sambhavatah maatra aath jaj baakee rahee. jooe keey, aevu hoi shake chhe keey aaa pachhi anya patternno upyog karvo purato salaamat bunny gayo hoya. chukaadaano ratna. chukaadaanu ratna aee rubie jevu motoo ratna chhe jeey galaamaa latkan tareeke pahervaamaa aave chhe. jaim jaim aaa kathaa aagad vadhe chhe tema tema tenu mahatv pann vadhe chhe. sharuaatmaa, teey maatra havaamaanne niyantrit karvaa maatenu aek upkaran chhe, yuddhmaa upyogi chhe, parantu pachhi corvinne kahevama aave chhe keey jooe teey ratna vahan karatee pattern parr chaale chhe, aneey pachhi patternni shaktino upyog kareene temaa potaane rajoo karey chhe, too teey aek navoo star melavashe. jyaare teey aaa karey chhe, tyaare tene laage chhe keey ratna pote jaj trana keey tethee vadhu parimanoma aek pattern dharaave chhe. aakhare, teey dwarkin pasethi sheekhe chhe keey aee ratna emberni patternno vaastavik srot chhe aneey teey unicornmathi melavaamaa aavyo hato. corvin jyaare maane chhe keey emberni patternno naash thaee gayo chhe tyaare teey potaani pattern banaavvaa maate ratnano upyog karey chhe. potaani patternna kendramaa oobho raheene, teey pachhi teey potaane andhadhundhina darbarma anteem yuddhmaa rajoo karvaamaa saksham chhe. chukaadaano ratna andhadhundhina sarpnee daabi aankh hovaanu bahaar aavyu chhe, jeey khoob jaj durnaa bhutkaalmaa koik samaye unicorn dwara chorai gayoo hatoo. teey aakhare coral maate aveji aankh tareeke sevaa aape chhe, jenaathi tenee "anantkaalni spasht, thandee rekhaao" joee shake chhe. logras. andhadhundhina darbarma logaras astitvamaa chhe, jeey tree-parimaniy rachnaa chhe jeey emberni patternni viruddh sankhyaa chhe. jyaan aparivartansheel, kathor pattern kramnu pratinidhitva karey chhe, tyaan logaras satat tenaa aakarma ferfar curry rahyu chhe aneey avyavsthaanaa siddhaantnu pratinidhitva karey chhe. logras aek sthaaneek bada tareeke dekhaay chhe jene jadui/mansik stare navigate karavu aavashyak chhe. jeo aaa bandhkamma safaltapurvak navigate karey chhe teo sattaa aneey temathi pasaar thavaani kshamata, chhaaya melve chhe. lograsnaa safal navigationthi praapt vadhaaraani shaktee aee chhe keey ichchhit, biin-vishisht vastuone chhaaya vishvmathi "khenchavaani" kshamata chhe. logarasnee vataghato karvee atyant mushkel aneey sambhaveet jeevalen chhe. lograsnee sambhaveet sharuaat karnaaraao saamanya reete adhyatan taaleem melve chhe, parantu safalataa ichcha karataa gyaan parr ochhi nirbhar hoya chhe. mrutyunaa jokham upraant, ketlaak lokoae jemane logras karvaano prayaas karyo chhe teoae magajne kaayamee nuksan pahonchaadyu chhe, jooe keey aaa naseeb maatra aevaa loko saathe thaay chhe jeo nabalaa ichchhuk hoya athavaa sampoorn avyavasthit loheena naa hoya. sadbhagye, avyavasthit loheena loko saamanya reete tunkaa gaadaa maate jaj pagal bunny jaay chhe. marleenni jaim, logaras aneey pattern banneni vataghato karvee aee aek vishisht himmatvaan seeddhi chhe. jaim dwarkin barryman patternno keeper chhe, tema suhuy lograsno keeper chhe aneey andhadhundhina umadaa gharaano sabhy chhe. swaagat aneey vishleshan. swaabhaavik reete, aaa patternne vidhvatapurn vishleshanma kramnaa prateek tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, aneey jaim keey navalkathaaomaa andhadhundhini nishani, lograsnaa "virodhabhas aneey harif" tareeke varnavama aavee chhe. ketlaak vishleshanoae aee nirnayak bhoomika parr bhaar mookyo chhe keey patternna nirmatani mansikta, pachhi bhale teey emberni patternna kissaamaa davarkina hoya athavaa tenee navee patternna kissaamaa corvin, temathi rachaayela brahmaandmaa bhajavvani apeksha raakhi shakaay chhe. jyaare navalkathaaomaa jaaher karvaamaa aave chhe keey aaa patternni utpatti pote andhadhundhima chhe, tyaare aaa vyaktilakshi ghatanamathi udeshya manvama aave chhe teey utpaadan ange admond hasralni dalilone samjavva tareeke lakhvaamaa aavyu hashe. chrystophe aema. mej aaa patternne aapani prayogmulak duniyaane adbhoot navalkathaao saathe jodata "pratikatmak dwaar" tareeke jotaa hataa, jeey "dhaa chronicles off narnia" maan kapada athavaa "ellis ina wonderland" maan saslaanaa chhidra saathe tulnaatmak chhe. aaa patternnu vishleshan trampsnaa rupkaatmak pratikool bindumaa karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jyaan trumps "wilde cards" noon pratinidhitva karey chhe jeey dhaarnaa aneey vastivakta vachchena tafavatne zankho paade chhe, parantu banne temnaa vapraashkartaao maate sashaktikaranna srot chhe. olga valikova aaa patternni prashansa aek asadharan udaaharan tareeke curry hatee, jemaa sthaapatyani chhabi saahityik kaaryamaa kendriya bhoomika bhajve chhe aneey tenee sarkhaamani kazakh lekhak aslan zaxilkov dwara navalkathaa "singing stones" naa sangathhanaatmak siddhaant saathe curry hatee. jaine aema. lindscolde prastaav mookyo hato keey pattern dwara tenee sharuaatne aapvama aaveli kshamata, "fakt aek sthalnee kalpanaa kareene aneey pachhi tenaa parr jaine navee vastivaktaonun nirmaan karvaanee", "rachnana aek swaroop tareeke lekhan parnaa zelaznina vichaaro maate roopak hoi shake chhe". lograsne "vyuhaatmak parmaanu shastro, durasth sanchalan aneey jadui vargikaran" noow srot kahevama aave chhe. aek vishleshanma, lograsne embernaa unicornna harif aadhyatmik astitva tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, pattern nahee, merlyn chakrana parakashtha saathe aaa dado vachchena sangharsh saathe. lokpreey sanskrutima. server software dowerkins game driver athavaa dii. jee. dii. naa nirmata computer prograamar felix "davarkina" croze temnaa project maate vikaas kaadavnu naam "pattern" raakhyu hatoo. gudhataa vidhvaan ketarinaa zoria tippani curry hatee keey pashchimi kalpanana anya prabhaavoni jaim, zelaznini navalkathaaomaathi "pattern" aneey "logras" shabdoae soviyet pachhini jadui prathaama temno maarg shodhee kaadhyo chhe. proo pearl" maan, pieter venerite niyameet abhivyakti upyognaa udaharanma logaras aneey patternno punning sandarbh aape chhe. udaharanma, shodh aneey badalee kamgiri haath dharvaamaa aavee rahee chhe. shodhvaa maatena lakhaanne niyameet abhivyakti "pattern" tareeke nirdisht karvaamaa aave chhe. pattern" neey badalvaa maateno namoono lakhaan "logaras" chhe.

pattern aur logress fantasi upanyason (1970-1990 key dashak) kii shrinkhala "dha chronicles off ember" mein, yeh pattern ack utkeern bhulbhulaiya haye joe multiverse koo apana crum detaa haye. isane paatron koo isake madhyam seey chalane kii "kaee sambhav duniyaon taka pahunchane kii kshamata" pradaan kii. isase sambandhit logress, ack sthanantaran, tri-ayami bhulbhulaiya haye joe bahu-brahmand mein arajakta kii taakton kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. ember pattern. yeh pattern ack badee gufa key farsh parr ankit haye joe ember shahar mein mahal ember key seedhe neeche mount kolvir key bheetar gufaaon kii ack pranali kaa hissa haye. yeh ack ekal, aapas mein judaa huaa vakr haye, joe ack makadi key jaal jaise aakar mein rakhaa gayaa haye. ember key shaahi parivaar key sadasya "chhaaya"-vaikalpik duniya key beach chalane kii shakti praapt karane key liye isake kendra taka pattern key saath chala sakate hain. kyaa ember key ghar key sadasya chhaaya banaate hain jisamen way chalate hain yaa chhaaya pahale seey hii maujood haye aur pattern walker kewal unamen pravesh kartaa haye, yeh ack aisaa vishay haye jise lekhak zelaazani paathak kii vyakhya key liye khula chhod detaa haye. ack baar jaba ack walker pattern parr pair rakhta haye, tou usey kendra mein apane bhulbhulaiya pathyakram kaa paalan karna jaari rakhna chaahiye; bahut lambe samay taka rukna, yaa pattern key maarg koo chhodana, ack bhayaanak mrityu mein parinam detaa haye. iss tareeke seey chalana aasaan kaam naheen haye. ack pratirodh haye joe walker koo dheema curr detaa haye jaise kii vaha seese key joote pahan rhaa haye joe harr kadam key saath bhaari aur bhaari hoe jaate hain. agnipareeksha key dauran, paidal chalane vaalaa "ghoonghat" naamak atyadhik kathinaaee key kaee binduon seey gujarta haye-pahala ghoonghat, doosara ghoonghat aur antim ghoonghat. yeye bindu iss bheeshan pratirodh mein teevra uchhaal kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, lekin ack ghoonghat koo "todana" pratirodh koo thodaa cumm karane kaa kaaran banata haye. ack baar pattern key kendra mein, walker ney chhaaya mein chalane kii shakti praapt curr lii haye. saath hii, kendra mein honey seey usey usa pattern koo adesh dene kaa avsar milata haye kii vaha usey kaheen bhee bhej sakey-kamare mein, ember mahal taka, duniya bhar mein, ack aur chhaaya duniya mein, yahaan prithvi parr, aadi. merlin chakr mein, itihas mein paanch upanyason kii doosari shrinkhala mein, pattern koo samvedansheel dikhaaya gayaa haye. yeh chhaaya mein kissy bhee bindu parr khud koo prakat karane mein saksham haye, aur dusaron koo unaki sahamati key binaa teleport kartaa haye. yeh "pattern bhoot" banaane mein bhee saksham haye, joe kissy bhee vyakti key pratidhvani sanskaran hain joe pattern parr chaley hain. praathamik pattern. shrinkhala key dauran, yeh pataa chalata haye kii ember swayam ack adim pattern kii pahali "chhaaya" haye, joe taba sthit hoti haye jaba crum key unicorn ney corvin koo pahale seey andekhe sthaan parr leey jaaya thaa. primal pattern kii raksha vixer naamak ack baingani griffin dwara kii gaee thee jise spasht roop seey dwarkin (pahale mrit maanaa jaataa thaa) kii raksha key liye bhee rakhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki dwarkin ney iss samay apani mansik kshamata kaa bahut hissa khou diyaa thaa. yeh praathamik pattern "ember mein nau rajkumaron" kii ghatnaaon seey pahale kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa jaba usa parr embrite rakt daala gayaa thaa-yaadrichhik (oberon key sabse chhote sweekaar kiye gaye bachche) key bete martin kaa khoon, jise brand dwara chaku maaraa gayaa thaa. oberon ney pattern koo thheek karane kaa prayaas kiya, halanki usey ehsas huaa kii prakriya usey maar degi. brand, jise dwarkin ney pattern key adhyayan mein apane sabse upayukt chhaatr key roop mein sweekaar kiya, ney sujhaav diyaa kii iss tarah kii marammat sambhav naheen hoe sakati haye. brand ney yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii jaba corvin apana nayaa pattern likh rhaa thaa kii multiverse mein aise dou kendra naheen hoe sakate they aur brand dwara apana khud kaa pattern likhane seey pahale corvin key nae pattern koo nasht karna aavashyak hoga. haalaanki, oberon ney puraane pattern kii safaltapurvak marammat kii, aur yeh corvin key nae pattern key saath shantipurna roop seey saha-astitva mein dekhaa gayaa-sambhavatah isaliye kii donon nirnay key ratna mein pattern key pratibimb hain. yeh nihit haye kii koee bhee kshatigrast pattern koo "poori tarah seey" safaltapurvak thheek naheen curr sakata thaa, yaa ise mool roop seey punah utpann naheen curr sakata thaa-aur yeh kii prayaas mein anivarya roop seey unakaa apana vyaktitva usa parr ankit hoga. yeh brand dwara sweekaar kiya jaataa haye-aur vaanchhit-joe pattern koo poori tarah seey nasht karna chaahata thaa aur apani chhavi mein ack nayaa pattern phir seey banaana chaahata thaa, khud koo nae multiverse key vastukar key roop menh ack tathya yaa tou gyaat naheen haye, vishvaas naheen kiya gayaa haye, yaa corvin dwara galat samajha gayaa haye, joe puraane pattern koo vishvaspurvak phir seey banaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye (brand key baad usey dhokha detaa haye kii vaha mool kii marammat key apane prayaas mein whiffle rhaa haye) kewal apane nae pattern key liye naa kewal alag tarah seey vikasit honey key liye balki antatah ise shamil karane key liye safaltapurvak-marammat kiye gaye pattern key prayason kaa virodh karane key liye bhee. yeh iss prakaar haye (aur corvin key ack nae pattern key safal nirmaan key tathya seey, jisamen vaha "naheen maraa") kii puraane pattern kii marammat mein oberon key liye marna aavashyak naheen thaa. choonki oberon vaastav mein marr gayaa thaa, isaliye usane apani ichcha seey aisaa kiya hoga (aur pahale seey hii pataa thaa kii yeh aavashyak thaa) taaki apane vyaktitva koo puraane pattern parr chhaapane seey bachaa jaa sakey. kissy bhee darr parr, isaki marammat key baad, purana pattern (jaba bhavna pradarshit kartaa haye) oberon key vyaktitva kii koee spasht visheshtaon koo pradarshit naheen kartaa haye. anya pratiroop. duss pustakon key madhyam seey, kaee anya vaikalpik pattern kaa astitva prakat hotaa haye. reba (ember kii vartani peechhe kii or) mein ack pattern haye, joe samudra key neeche ember kaa ack pratibimbit sanskaran haye; tir-naa nog 'tha mein ember key bhoot-shahar pratibimb mein ack haye; ack vaastavik pattern haye joe vaastaviktaa paimaane parr ember seey bhee adhik haye; corvin kaa apana pattern, chhaaya mein; aur yahaan taka kii pattern key apoorna sanskaran bhee chhaaya mein paae jaate hain joe sahee pattern key bahut karib hain. baad vaale koo 'toote hue pattern' kahaa jaataa haye aur aisaa karane key liye paryaapt saahas key saath koee bhee chala sakata haye. toote hue pattern chhaaya koo paar karane aur asli pattern kii shuruat key samaan jaadoo karane kii anumati dete hain. haalaanki, toota huaa maarg kaee tarikon seey prakat hotaa haye. mukhya udaaharan yeh haye kii pattern mein viram pratyek chhaaya mein prakat hotaa haye. viram kaa aakar pattern mein viram key aakar aur ember seey chhaaya mein isaki doori parr nirbhar kartaa haye. tooty hui aakriti key majes apani shakti koo seedhe viram seey kheenchate hain, joe arajakta seey apani shakti koo aakarshit karane key samaan haye. pattern kii pratyek chhavi ember seey jitani door haye utani hii kharaab hoe jaati haye. pahali nau tooty hui chhaviyon parr baatchit kii jaa sakati thee, lekin "night off shaddo" key dauran marlin ney ack kii marammat kii-sambhavatah kewal aathh hii bache. haalaanki yeh hoe sakata haye kii isake baad anya pattern upayog karane key liye paryaapt surakshit hoe gaye. nirnay kaa ratna. nyaay kaa ratna ack badaa rubi jaisa ratna haye joe gardan key chaaron or latkan key roop mein pahana jaataa haye. jaise-jaise gaatha aage badhati haye, iska mahatva badhata jaataa haye. pahale tou yeh mausam koo niyantrit karane key liye ack upkaran haye, joe yuddh mein upayogi haye, lekin phir corvin koo bataaya jaataa haye kii aggar vaha ratna leey jaane vaale pattern parr chalata haye, aur phir pattern kii shakti kaa upayog karke khud koo isamen pesh kartaa haye, tou vaha ack nayaa star praapt karega. jaba vaha aisaa kartaa haye, tou vaha paataa haye kii ratna mein teen yaa usase bhee adhik aayamon mein ack pattern hotaa haye. antatah, vaha dwarkin seey seekhata haye kii gahana ember key pattern kaa vaastavik srot haye aur yeh unicorn seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa. corvin apana khud kaa pattern banaane key liye ratna kaa upayog kartaa haye jaba vaha maanata haye kii ember kaa pattern nasht hoe gayaa haye. apane swaroop key kendra mein khade hocker, vaha arajakta key darbaaron mein antim ladaai mein khud koo pesh karane mein saksham hotaa haye. nyaay kaa gahana arajakta key saamp kii baain aankh key roop mein prakat hotaa haye, joe bahut door key ateet mein kissy bindu parr unicorn dwara chori kiya gayaa thaa. yeh antatah prawal key liye ack pratisthaapan aankh key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, jisase vaha "anant kaal kii spasht, thhandi rekhaaon" koo dekh sakati haye. logress. arajakta key nyayalayon mein logress maujood haye, ack tri-ayami nirmaan joe ember key pattern key vipareet sankhya haye. jahan aparivartaniya, kathor pattern crum kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, logress lagaatar apane aakar koo badal rhaa haye aur arajakta key siddhant kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. logress ack asthaayi bull key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye jise ack jadui/mansik star parr navigate kiya jaanaa chaahiye. joe loga iss nirmaan koo safaltapurvak sanchaalit karate hain, way shakti praapt karate hain, aur chhaaya key madhyam seey yatra karane kii kshamata praapt karate hain. logress key safal nauparivahan seey praapt ack atirikt shakti chhaaya duniya seey vaanchhit, gair-vishisht vastuon koo "kheenchane" kii kshamata haye. logress parr baatchit karna behad kathin aur sambhaavit roop seey ghaatak haye. logress kii sambhaavit shuruat karane vaale aam taur parr unnat prashikshan praapt karate hain, lekin safalata ichcha kii tulanaa mein gyaan parr cumm nirbhar karati haye. marane key khatare key alawa, kuchh jinhone logress kaa prayaas kiya haye, unhone sthaayi mastishk kshati kaa anubhav kiya haye, halanki yeh bhaagya kewal una logon key liye hotaa haye joe kamjor ichchaashakti vaale hain yaa poorna arajakta vaale rakt key naheen hain. saubhagya seey joe loga arajak rakt key hotey hain way aamtaur parr thode samay key liye hii pagal hoe jaate hain. logress aur pattern donon parr baatchit karna, jaisa kii marlin ney kiya haye, ack advitiya sahsi upalabdhi haye. jiss tarah seey dwarkin barryman pattern kaa rakhwala haye, usee tarah suhu logress kaa rakhwala haye aur arajakta key kuleen gharon kaa sadasya haye. swaagat aur vishleshan. swabhavik roop seey, iss pattern koo vidvatapurna vishleshan mein crum key prateek key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye, aur iss tarah seey upanyason mein arajakta key sanket, logress key "virodhabhas aur pratidvandi" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. kuchh vishleshanon ney iss mahatvapurna bhoomika parr jore diyaa haye kii pattern key nirmaata kaa maanas, chaahe ember key pattern key mamle mein kaaryasheel hoe yaa usake nae pattern key mamle mein corvin, isase baney brahmand mein khelane kii ummeed kii jaa sakati haye. jaba upanyason mein yeh pataa chalata haye kii iss pattern kii utpatti arajakta mein hui haye, tou yeh vishayagat ghatnaaon seey vastunishth maane jaane vaale utpaadan key sambandh mein admond hasral key tarkon koo darshaate hue likhaa gayaa hoga. krzysztof m. mez ney iss pattern koo "prateekaatmak dwaar" key roop mein dekhaa joe hamaare anubhavjanya duniya koo upanyason mein seey ack key saath jodata haye, jisaki tulanaa "dha chronicles off narnia" yaa "ellis inn wonderland" mein khargosh key chhed key saath kii jaa sakati haye. pattern kaa vishleshan roopak mein kiye gaye hain, jisamen trump key prati pratibindu, jahaan trump dhaarana aur vaastaviktaa key beach key antar koo dhundhala karate hue "wild card" kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, lekin donon apane upayogkartaon key liye sashaktikaran key srot hain. olga valikova ney iss pattern kii prashansa ack asadharan udaaharan key roop mein kii, jahaan ack vaastushilp chhavi ack saahityik kaary mein kendriya bhoomika nibhaati haye aur isaki tulanaa kazakh lekhak aslan jhaksilkov dwara upanyaas "gaayan patthar" key sangathanaatmak siddhant seey kii gaee haye. jaine aim. lindscold ney prastaav diyaa kii "ack jagah kii kalpana karke aur phir usa parr jaakar naee vaastaviktaon kaa nirmaan karane" key liye, apane aarambh karane key liye pattern dwara dee gaee kshamata, ack roopak hoe sakati haye "zelaazani key vichaaron key liye lekhan key roop mein rachana key roop mein. logress koo "saamarik paramanu hathiyar, doorasth sanchaalan aur jadui vargeekaran" kaa srot kahaa gayaa haye. ack vishleshan mein, logress koo ember key unicorn key liye ack pratidvandi aadhyatmik ikai key roop mein maanaa gayaa haye, naa kii pattern key saath, marlin chakr key charmotkarsh key saath inn balon key beach ack sangharsh. lokpriya sanskriti mein. computer programmer felix "dwarkin" croze, server software key nirmaata dwarkin key game driver yaa dee. jee. dee. ney apani pariyojana key liye vikas mitty kaa naam "pattern" rakhaa. goodhata vidwan catarina zoria ney tippani kii kii zelaazani key upanyason seey shabd "pattern" aur "logress", paschimi kalpana key anya prabhaavon kii tarah, soviyat key baad key jadui abhyaas mein apana raasta banaa liya haye. pro pearl" mein, peater venerite niyamit abhivyakti upayog key ack udaaharan mein logress aur pattern kaa ack shlesh sandarbh detaa haye. udaaharan mein, ack khoj aur pratisthaapan abhiyaan chalaaya jaa rhaa haye. khoj key liye paath koo ack niyamit abhivyakti "pattern" key roop mein nirdisht kiya gayaa haye. pattern" koo badalane key liye namuna paath "logress" haye.

maadari mattu lagras dhii chronicles off umber" fantacy kaadambarigala saranialli (1970-1990rahra dashaka), maadariyu kettalaada chakravyuhavagiddu, idu bahu brahmandakke adara kramavannu niiduttade. idu adara moolaka nadeyuva patragalige "bahusankyeya sambhavaneeya jagattannu praveshisuva saamarthyavannu" needitu. idakke sambandhisida lagras, ondu sthalaantarisuva, mooru aayaamada jatilateyagide, idu bahu brahmandadalli avyavastheya shaktigalannu pratinidhisuttade. umber maadari. umber nagarada kote umber naa neravagi kelagiruva kolvir parvatadolage aalavaada guhegala vevastheya bhagavagiruva dodda guheya nelada mele ee maadariyannu kettalaagide. maadariyu onde, henedukonda vakrarekheyagiddu, jayda jaaladantaha akaaradalli irisalaagide. umber rajamanetanada sadasyaru "neralugalu"-paryaya prapanchagala naduve nadeyuva shaktiyannu padeyalu adara madhyabhaagada maadariyalli nadeyabahudu. umber maneya sadasyaru taavu praveshisuva neralugalannu srushtisuttaareye athawa neralugalu eegaagale astitvadalliveye mattu maadari walker kevala avugalannu praveshisuttaareye embudu lekhaka jhelaajhniyu odugarige muktavaada vyaakhyaanavannu needuva vishayavaagide. omme walker maadariya mele hejje haakida nantara, avanu adara chakravyoohada maargavannu madhyakke anusarisuvudannu munduvarisabeku; tumba samayadavarege nillabeku, athawa maadariya maargavannu bittubiduvudu, bhayanaka saavige kaaranavaaguttade. maadariyalli nadeyuvudu sulabhada kelasavalla. prati hantadalloo bhaaravaada mattu bhaaravaada seesada bootugalannu dharisiruvante walker annu nidhaanagolisuva pratirodhavide. agnipariksheya samayadalli, walker "musukugalu" endu kareyalpaduva tivravaada kashtada halavaaru bindugala moolaka haaduhoguttaane-modala musuku, eradane musuku mattu koneya musuku. ee bindugalu ee tivravaada pratirodhadalli tivravaada ulbanagalannu pratinidhisuttave, aadare musuku "muriyuvudu" pratirodhavannu svalpamattige biduvante maaduttade. omme maadariya madhyabhaagadalli, walker neralinalli nadeyuva shaktiyannu padedukondiddaane. allade, madhyadalliruvudu, kooneyaadyanta, umber kooteyavarege, prapanchadaadyanta, mattondu neralu jagattige, illi bhumiya mele, ityaadigalige-avanu ellie bekaadaroo kaluhisalu maadariyannu aadeshisalu avanige avakasha niiduttade. merlin chakradalli, itihaasadallina aidu kaadambarigala eradane saranialli, maadariyu samvedanaasheelavaagide endu torisalaagide. idu neralina yaavude hantadalli tannannu taanu prakatisikollalu saadhyavaaguttade mattu itarara oppigeyillade teleport maaduttade. idu maadariyalli nadedukonda yaavude vyaktiya pratidhvani aavruttigalaada "maadari devvagalannu" rachisalu saha saadhyavaaguttade. praathamika maadari. ee saraniya samayadalli, umber swatah ondu moola maadariya modala "neralu" endu bahirangavaguttade, idu unicorn off arder carvin annu hinde kaanada stalakke karedoydaaga ide. praathamika maadariyannu vaiksar emba nerale bannada griffin rakshisittu, idannu dworkin (hinde mrutarendu bhaavisalaagittu) avarannu rakshisalu allie irisalaagittu, ekendare ee samayadalli dworkin tanna manasika saamarthyavannu kaledukondiddanu. umber nalliruva ombattu rajakumarara" ghatanegala modalu ee moola maadariyu haanigolagaayitu, adara mele umberite rakta chellidaaga-yaadruchchika (oberan kiriya maga) maga martin avara rakta, bryandninda iriyalpattitu. ee prakriyeyu tannannu kolluttade endu aritukonda oberan, maadariyannu saripadisalu prayatnisidanu. maadariya adhyayanadalli dworkin tanna atyanta sookta vidyarthi endu oppikonda brand, antaha durasti saadhyavaagadirabahudu endu soochisitu. carvin tannade aada hosa maadariyannu bareyuvaaga, multiversonalli antaha eradu kramada kendragalu iralu sadhyavilla mattu brand tannade aada rachaneyannu maaduva modalu carvinne hosa maadariyannu naashapadisuvudu agatya endu brand soochisitu. aadaagyoo, oberan haleya maadariyannu yashasviyagi durasti maaditu, mattu idu carvinne hosa maadariyondige shaantiyutavaagi sahabalve nadesuvudu kandubanditu-bahushah iveradoo tirpina ratnadallina maadariya pratibimbagalaagirabahudu. hanigolagada maadariyannu yaaroo yashasviyagi "sampoornavaagi" saripadisalu sadhyavilla athawa adhu moolatah iddanteye adannu punarutpaadisalu sadhyavilla-mattu aaa prayatnadalli avara swanta vyaktitvavannu anivaryavagi adara mele mudrisalaaguttade endu soochisalaaguttade. idannu brand oppikolluttade-mattu bayasuttade-maadariyannu sampoornavaagi nashapadisalu mattu hosa multiversion vaastushilpi endu tannade aada chithranadalli hosa maadariyannu maru-rachisalu bayasida brandnindah carvin tilidillada, nambada athawa tappagi arthaisikollada ondu satya, haleya maadariyannu nambigastavagi marusrushtisalu prayatnisuttaane (brand tanna hosa maadariyu vibhinnavaagi vikasanagolluvudallade, adannu samyojisalu yashasviyagi-durasti maadalaada maadariya prayatnagalannu antimavagi virodhisalu maatra oberan annu tanna moolavannu saripadisuva prayatnadalli viphalavagide endu nambuvante mosagolisida nantara). idu, haleya maadariyannu durasti maduvaga oberan saayuva agatyavilladirabahudu endu (mattu carvin avaru hosa maadariyannu yashasviyagi rachisida amshadinda, adaralli avaru "sayalilla") anusarisuttade. oberan nijavagiyoo satta kaarana, tanna swanta vyaktitvavannu adara punahsthapaneya samayadalli haleya maadariyalli mudrisuvudannu "tappisuva" maargavaagi avanu adannu svaicheyinda (mattu idu agatyavendu modale tilidirabahudu) maadirabahudu. yaavude reetiyalli, adara durasti nantara, haleya maadariyu (samvedaneyannu pradarshisuvaga) oberan vyaktitvada yaavude spashta gunalaksanagalannu pradarsisuvudilla. itara maadarigalu. hattu pustakagala avadhiyalli, itara aneka paryaya maadarigala astitvavu bahirangavaguttade. rebma (umber annu hindakke uchcharisalaaguttade) maadariyu samudrada kelagiruva ambarna pratiphalita aavruttiyaagide; tir-naa nogtnalliruva ambarna preta-nagara pratibimbadalli ondu ide; primal maadariyu ide, ambarginta vaastavada pramaanadalli hecchina nijavaada maadariyu; carvinne swanta maadariyu neralinalli; mattu nijavaada maadariya hattiraviruva neralugalalli kandubaruva maadariya apurna aavruttigalu saha ive. eradaneyadannu 'murida maadarigalu' endu kareyalaaguttade mattu haage maadalu saakashtu dhairyaviruva yaaraadaru nadedukollabahudu. murida maadarigalu neralannu haduhogalu mattu nijavaada maadarigala aarambhadanteye mantrikateyannu nirvahisalu anuvu maadikoduttave. aadaagyoo, murida maargavu halavaaru reetiyalli swatah prakatavaguttade. mukhya udaaharaneyendare, maadariyallina viraamavu prati neralinalli prakatavaguttade. viraamada gatravu maadariyallina viraamada gaatra mattu ambarninda neralinalliruva adara antaravannu avalambisiruttade. murida maadariya mantravaadigalu tamma shaktiyannu neravagi viraamadinda seleyuttaare, avyavastheyinda tamma shaktiyannu seleyuvanteye. maadariya pratiyondu chitravu ambarninda eshtu dooradalliddaroo avanati honduttade. modala ombattu murida chitragalu charchaspadavagiddavu, aadare "neralugala kudure" yaya samayadalli merlin wandannu durasti maadidaru-bahushah kevala entu maatra ulidive. aadaagyoo, idara nantara itara maadarigalu balasalu saakashtu surakshitavaagirabahudu. tirpina ratna. tirpina ratnavu dodda manikyadantaha ratnavagiddu, kuttigeya suttaloo pendentnante dharisalaaguttade. katheyu munduvaredante, adara pramukhyate beleyuttade. modalige, idu havaamaanavannu niyantrisuva saadhanavaagiddu, yuddhadalli upayuktavaagide, aadare nantara kaarvinge, avanu aabharanavannu hotta maadariyalli nadedare, mattu nantara maadariya shaktiyannu balasikondu adaralli tannannu taanu pradarshisikondare, avanu hosa mattada shaktiyannu padeyuttaane endu helalaaguttade. avanu idannu madidaga, aaa aabharanavu mooru athawa adakkinta hecchu ayamagalalli ondu maadariyannu hondide endu kandukolluttaane. antimavagi, aaa aabharanavu umber maadariya nijavaada moolavaagide mattu adannu yunikaarnninda padeyalaagide endu avanu dworkinninda kaliyuttaane. carvin ambarna maadariyu naashavaagide endu nambidaaga tannade aada maadariyannu rupisalu aabharanavannu balasuttaane. tanna maadariya madhyadalli nintukondu, aatanu avyavastheya asthaanagalalli tannannu taanu antima yuddhadalli pradarshisikollalu saadhyavaaguttade. tirpina ratnavu avyavastheya haavina eda kannu endu bahirangavagide, idannu athee doorada bhootakaaladalli unicorn kalavu maadide. idu antimavagi havalada badali kannagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, idu aakege "shaashvatateya spashta, tampaada rekhegalannu" nodalu anuvu maadikoduttade. lagras. avyavastheya asthaanagalalli umber maadariya viruddhavaada mooru aayaamada rachaneyaada lagras astitvadallide. badalaagada, kathinavaada maadariyu kramavannu pratinidhisuvalli, lagras nirantaravagi tanna aakaaravannu badalaayisuttide mattu avyavastheya tatvavannu pratinidhisuttade. lagras ondu taatkaalika shaktiyagi kaanisikolluttade, adannu maantrika/manasika mattadalli navigate maadabeku. ee nirmaanavannu yashasviyagi sancharisuvavaru adhikaaravannu mattu adara moolaka haaduhoguva saamarthyavannu padeyuttaare. lagrasna yashasvi nyavigeshanninda padeda hechchuvari shaktiyendare apekshita, nirdishtavallada vastugalannu neralu lokagalinda "eleyuva" samarthya. lagras annu sandhana maaduvudu atyanta kashta mattu maaranaantikavaagide. lagrasna nirikshita aarambhakaru samanyavagi munduvarida tarabetiyannu padeyuttaare, aadare yashassu ichcheginta gnaanada mele kadime avalambitavagiruttade. saayuva apaayada jotege, lagras annu prayatnisida kelavaru shaashvatavaada cerebral haaniyannu anubhavisiddaare, aadaagyoo ee adrushtavu durbala-ichchaashaktiyullavarige athawa sampoorna avyavastheya raktavilladavarige maatra sambhavisuttade. adrishtavashat, raktasikta raktavullavaru samanyavagi alpavadhiyavarege maatra huchcharaguttare. merlin maadidante, lagras mattu maadari eradannoo sandhana maaduvudu ondu vishishtavaada dhairyashali saadhaneyaagide. dworkin barryman maadariya keeper agiruvanteye, suhuy lagrasna keeper aagiddu avyavastheya udaatta manegala sadasyaragiddare. svaagata mattu vishleshane. svabhavikavagi, ee maadariyannu vidvatpurna vishleshaneyalli kramada sanketavendu gurutisalaagide, mattu kaadambarigalallina avyavastheya sanketavaada lagrasna "virodhabhasa mattu pratispardhi" endu vivarisalaagide. kelavu vishleshanegalu maadariya srushtikartana manassu, umber maadariya sandarbhadalli dwarkin agirali athawa avana hosa maadariya sandarbhadalli carvin agirali, adarinda rupugonda brahmandadalli nirnayaka patravannu vahisuttade endu nirikshisabahudu endu ottihelide. ee maadariyu tanna moolavannu avyavastheyallide endu kadambarigalalli bahirangapadisidaaga, vyaktinishtha vidyamaanagalinda vastunishthavendu pariganisalaada adara utpaadanege sambandhisidante edmond husserl avara vaadagalannu vivarisuvante idannu bareyalaagirabahudu. chrigistophe emm. dhii chronicles off narnia" dallina wardrobe athawa "alis inn wonderland" nallina molada randhrakke hoolisabahudaadante, ee maadariyu namma prayogika jagattannu adbhutavaada kaadambarigalondige samparkisuva "saanketika dwara" vaagi majer kandaru. ee maadariyannu trumpgalige roopakavaada prati binduvinalli vishleshisalaagide, allie trumpgalu grahike mattu vaastavada naduvina vyatyaasavannu masukaagisuva "wild kaardgalannu" pratinidhisuttave, aadare eradoo tamma balakedaararige sabalikaranada moolagalaagive. olga valikova ee maadariyannu sahitya krutiyalli vaastushilpada chithranavu pramukha patra vahisuva asadharana udaaharane endu shlaghisidaru mattu idannu kajhakh barahagara aslan jhaksilikov avara "haaduva kallugalu" kadambariya samsthika tatvakke holisidaru. jaine emm. ondu sthalavannu kalpisikondu nantara adakke hoguva moolaka hosa vastavategalannu srushtisuva", adara arambhakke maadariyu needida saamarthyavu "srushtiya ondu roopavaagi bareyuva bagge jelaajhniya aalochanegalige" ondu roopakavaagirabahudu endu lindscold prastapisidaru. lagras annu "yuddhatantrada paramanu shastraastragalu, durastha nirvahane mattu maantrika vingadane" yaya moolavendu kareyalaaguttade. ondu vishleshaneyalli, marlin chakrada parakashtheyu ee shaktigala naduvina sangharshavaagiddu, marada marada marada marada maadariyalla, marada marada marada beejavannu adara yunikaarnge pratispardhiyaada adhibhoutika ghatakavendu pariganisalaagide. janapriya samskrutiyalli. server software dworkins game driver athawa dgd srushtikarta computer programmer felix "dworkin" cross, tanna yojanege abhivruddhi mannina hesarannu "maadari" endu ittiddaare. pashchimatya kalpaneya itara prabhavagalante, jelaajhniya kaadambarigala "maadari" mattu "lagras" emba padagalu soviyat nantarada maantrika abhyasakke daari madikottive endu nigoodhate vidvaamsa catherina jhoriyaa tikisiddaare. pro purl" nalli, peater winerite niyamita abhivyakti balakeya udaaharaneyalli lagras mattu maadariya bagge ondu shleshisuva ullekhavannu maaduttaare. udaaharaneyalli, hudukaata mattu badali karyacharaneyannu nadesalaaguttide. hudukabekaada pathyavannu niyamita abhivyakti "maadari" endu nirdishtapadisalaagide. maadari" annu "lagras" ninda badalaayisalu maadari pathyavaagide.

paattenum logress faantasi novalukalude (1970-1990) "dhii chronicles oof aambar" parambarayil, eee paatten oru alekhanam cheytha laabirinthaan, athu multivezhsinu athinte kramam nalkunnu. athiloode kadannupokunna kathaapaathrangalkk "saadhyamaaya niravadhi lokangalilekku pravesikkaanulla kazhivu" nalki. malttivezhsile araajakathvathinte shakthikale prathinidheekarikkunna oru maarunna trimana bhoolokamaaya logress ithumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. aambar paatten. kolveer parvathathinullil aazhathilulla oru guhakalude samvidaanathinte bhagamaaya oru valia guhayude tharayil, umber nagaratthile kottayaaya ambarinu nerittu thaazheyaan eee maathruka alekhanam cheythirikkunnathu. spiderweb polulla aakruthiyil sthaapichirikkunna orotta, parasparam bandhapetta vakramaanu paatten. nizhalukal"-ithara lokangalkkidayil nadakkaanulla shakti nedunnathinaayi ambarile raajakudumbathile amgangalkku athinte madhyabhaagathekku maathrkayiloode nadakkaan kazhiyum. house oof aambarile amgangal avar kadannupokunna nizhalukal srishtikkunnundo atho nizhalukal ithinakam nilanilkkunnundo ennum paatten wacker avayilekku praveshikkunnundo ennum ezhuthukaaran selasni vaayanakkaarante vyaakhyaanathin thurannukodukkunna oru vishayamaan. oru nadathakkaaran paattenil kaalukuthiyaal, avan athinte labrinthine kozhs pinthudarunnathu thudaranam; valarekkalam nirthukayo paatteninte paatha upekshikkukayo cheiyunnathu bhayankaramaaya maranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. eee maathrkayil nadakkuka ennathu eluppamulla kaaryamalla. oro chuvaduvaypilum bhaarameriyathum bhaarameriyathumaaya leed boottukal dharikkunnathupole nadathakkaarane mandagathiyilaakkunna oru prathirodhamund. agnipareekshayude samayat, nadathakkaaran "moodupadam" ennu vilikkunna angeyattatthe budhimuttulla niravadhi pooyintukaliloode kadannupokunnu-aadya moodupadam, randaamathe moodupadam, avasana moodupadam. eee pooyintukal eee kadutha prathirodhatthil theevramaaya kuthichuchaattatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu, ennaal oru moodupadam "thakarkkunnath" prathirodham alppam kuraykkaan kaaranamaakunnu. paatteninte madhyabhaagathu orikkal, nadathakkaaranu nizhalil nadakkaanulla shakti labhichu. koodaathe, kendratthil aayirikkunnath avane ishtamullidathekku ayaykkanulla maathrkaykku aajnaapikkaan avasaram nalkunnu-muriyiludaneelam, umper kotta vare, lokamembaadum, mattoru nizhal lokathekku, ivide bhoomiyil muthalaayava. charithratthile anchu novalukalude randaamathe parambarayaaya merlyn sykkilil, eee reethi bodhapoorvamaanennu kaanikkunnu. nizhalil eathu ghattathilum svayam prakadamaakkaanum mattullavarude sammathamillaathe teleport cheyyaanum ithinu kazhiyum. paatten prethangal srishtikkaanum ithinu kazhiyum, paatten nadanna eathoru vyakthiyudeyum prathidhwani pathippukal. primal paatten. parambaraykkide, unicon oof oordar corvine munbu kaanaatha oru sthalathekku nayichappol sthithicheyyunna oru primal paatteninte aadyathe "nizhal" maathramaan aambar ennu velippeduthunnu. primal paattenin kaaval nilkkunnath vixer enna purple griffin aayirunnu, athu dorkin (munbu marichathaayi karuthappettirunna) samrakshikkaan avide sthaapichirunnu, kaaranam eee samayat dorkinu thante maanasika sheshi nashtappettu. ambarile ombathu raajakumaaranmaarude" sambhavathin munbu eee primal paatten kedupaadukal sambhavichirunnu, athil amberait raktham chorinjappol-random (oberoninte ettavum ilaya amgeekritha kutty) yude makan maarttinte raktham, brand kuthappettu. eee prakriya thanne kollumennu manassilaakkiyenkilum oberon paatten nannakkaan shramichu. paatten padanatthil thante ettavum anuyojyanaaya vidyaarthiyaayi dorkin amgeekaricha brand, atharam attakuttappanikal saadhyamallenn nirddeshichu. corvin thante puthiya paatten ezhuthumbol malttivezhsil atharam rund kramakendrangal undakillennum brandinu svanthamaayi ezhuthunnathinu munbu corvinte puthiya paatten nasippikkendathundennum brand nirddeshichu. ennirunnaalum, oberon pazhaya paatten vijayakaramaayi nannakki, korvinte puthiya paattenumaayi samaadhaanaparamaayi sahavarthikkunnath kaanapettu-orupakshe randum vidhiyude rathnathile paatteninte prathifalanangalaayirikkaam kaaranam. kedupaadukal sambhavicha paatten "poornnamaayum" nannakkano yadhaarthathil undaayirunnathupole punarnirmmikkaano arcum kazhiyillennum avarude swantham vyakthithvam anivaryamaayum athil mudrakuthappedumennum ithu soochippikkunnu. puthiya malttivezhsinte silpiyaayi svayam swantham prathichaayayil oru puthiya paatten veendum srishtikkaan aagrahicha brand ithu amgeekarikkukayum aagrahikkukayum cheiyunnu corvin ariyappedaathatho vishwasikkaathatho thettayi manassilaakkappedaatho aaya oru vastutha, pazhaya paatten vishwasthathayode punarnirmikkaan shramikkunnu (orijinal nannakkaanulla shramathil oberon paraajayappettuvenn vishwasikkaan brand addehathe vanjichathinushesham) thante puthiya paatten vyathyasthamayi vikasippikkuka mathramalla, athu ulppeduthunnathinulla vijayakaramaayi nannakkiya paatteninte shramangale cherukkaanum. ithil ninnu (corvin oru puthiya paatten vijayakaramaayi srishtichathil ninnu, athil addeham "marichittilla") pazhaya paatten nannakkunnathil oberon marikkenda aavasyamillaayirikkaam. oberon yadhaarthathil marichathinaal, swantham vyakthithvathe athinte punasthaapanatthil pazhaya maathrkayil mudrakuthunnathu "ozhivakkaanulla" oru maargamaayi addeham athu manahpoorvvam cheythirikkaam (ithu aavasyamaanennu munkootty ariyamaayirunnu). enthaayaalum, athinte attakuttappanikalkk sesham, pazhaya paatten (sensians pradharshippikkumbol) oberoninte vyakthithvathinte vyakthamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalonnum pradarshippikkunnillenni thonnunnu. mattu paattenukal. patthu pusthakangalude kaalayalaviloode, mattu niravadhi ithara paattenukalude nilanilpp velippeduthunnu. rebbayil (aambar spelling backward) paatten undu, kadalinadiyil aambarinte prathifalikkunna pathipp; tirr-naa nogthil aambarinte pretha-nagara prathiphalanatthil onnu undu; primal paatten undu, reality skailil aambarinekkaal uyarnna oru yadhaartha paatten; korvinte swantham paatten, nizhalil; yadhaartha paattenin valare aduthulla nizhalukalil kaanapedunna paatteninte apoornna pathippukal polum. randaamathethine 'takarnna paattenukal' ennu vilikkunnu, angane cheyyaan mathiyaya dhairyamulla arcum nadakkaam. takarnna paattenukal yadhaartha paattenukalude thudakkangalkk samanamaaya reethiyil nizhal kadannupokaanum maantrikatha nadatthaanum aarambhakare anuvadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, takarnna paatha pala tharatthil prakadamaakunnu. prarambha sandarshanangalude oro nizhalilum paattenile edavela prakadamaakunnu ennathaanu pradhana udaaharanam. brekkinte valuppam paattenile brekkinte valuppatheyum aambaril ninnulla nizhalile dooratheyum aasrayichirikkunnu. takarnna paatten maajukal avarude shakti edavelayil ninnu nerittu edukkunnu, araajakathvathil ninnu avarude shakti edukkunnathinu samaanamaan. paatteninte oro chithravum aambaril ninnu ethra dooreyaano athratholam apachayikkunnu. aadyathe onpathu takarnna chithrangal vilapeshaavunnavayaayirunnu, ennaal "naitt oof shados" enna kaalayalavil merlyn orennam nannakki-orupakshe ettu maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. ennirunnaalum ithinu sesham mattu paattenukal upayogikkaan surakshithamaayitheernnekkam. vidhiyude ratnam. kazhuthil oru pendantaayi dharikkunna oru valia rubie polulla rathnamaan vidhiyude ratnam. katha purogamikkumbol athinte praadhaanyam vardhikkunnu. aadyam, ithu kaalavastha niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru upakaranam maathramaan, yudhathil upayogapradamaanu, ennaal pinneedu corvinode rathnangal vahikkunna paatten nadathukayum thudarnnu paatteninte shakti upayogichu svayam athil avatharippikkukayum cheythaal, avan oru puthiya thalatthilulla shakti nedumennu parayappedunnu. ithu cheyyumbol, aabharanathil thanne moonno athiladhikamo alavukalulla oru paatten adangiyittundennu addeham kandethunnu. oduvil, ambarinte maathrkayude yadhaartha uravidam rathnamaanennum athu uniconil ninnaan labhichathennum addeham dworkinil ninnu manassilakkunnu. ambarinte paatten nashichuvennu vishwasikkumbol corvin swantham paatten kettichamaykkaan ratnam upayogikkunnu. thante maathrkayude madhyathil nilkkunna addehathinu araajakathvathinte kottaarangalile avasana yudhathilekku svayam avatharippikkan kazhiyum. vidoora bhoothakaalathile eathenkilum ghattathil yoonikon moshticha araajakathvathinte sarppathinte idathu kannaan vidhiyude ratnam ennu velippedunnu. athu oduvil pavizhapputtin pakaramulla kannayi pravartthikkukayum "nithyathayude vyakthavum thanuthathumaaya varikal" kaanaan avale anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. logress. araajakathvathinte korttukalil logress nilavilundu, ithu aambarinte paattenin vipareethamaaya trimana nirmmithiyaan. maattamillaathathum karkkashavumaaya paatten kramatthe prathinidheekarikkunnathil, logress nirantharam athinte aakruthi maattukayum araajakathvathinte thathwathe prathinidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. maanthrika/maanasika thalatthil naavigettu cheyyenda oru praadeshika shakthiyaayi logress prathyakshappedunnu. eee nirmmaanatthil vijayakaramaayi sanjarikkunnavar adikaaravum athiloode sanjarikkaanulla kazhivum nedunnu. lograsinte vijayakaramaya naavigeshanil ninnu labhikkuna oru adhika shakti nizhal lokangalil ninnu aavasyamullathum nirddishtamallaathathumaaya vasthukkale "valikkanulla" kazhivaanu. logress charcha cheiyunnathu valare budhimuttullathum maarakavumaan. lograsinte varaanirikkunna thudakkakkarkk saadhaaranayaayi vipulamaaya pariseelanam labhikkunnu, ennaal vijayam ichhaashakthiyekkaal arivine aasrayichirikkunnu. maranasaadhyathaykk purame, logress pareekshicha chilarkk sthiramaaya cerebral kedupaadukal anubhavapettittund, ennirunnaalum eee vidhi durbalaraaya ichhaashakthiyullavarkko poornnamaaya araajakathvamulla rakthamillaathavarkko maathrame sambhavikkoo. bhagyavashaal, rakthakkuzhappamullavarkk saadhaaranayaayi oru cheria kaalayalavilekku maathrame bhraanthan aakukayulloo. merlyn cheythathupole logress paattenum charcha cheiyunnathu savisheshamaaya oru dheeramaaya nettamaanu. dorkin barrymen paatteninte sookshippukaaranaayiriknu, suhuy lograsinte sookshippukaaranum araajakathvathinte kuleenabhavanangalile amgavumaanu. sweekaranavum vishakalanavum. swaabhaavikamaayum, pandithochithamaaya vishakalanathil kramatthinte pratheekamaayi eee paatten amgeekarikkappedunnu, athinaal novalukalile araajakathvathinte adayaalamaaya lograsinte "virudhathayum ethiraaliyum" ennu visheshippikkappettindu. chila vishakalanangal, paatteninte srashtaavinte manass, athu ambarinte paatteninte kaaryathilaayaalum corvinte puthiya paatteninte kaaryathilaayaalum, athilninnu roopappedunna prapanchatthil nirnaayaka punk vahikkumennu pratheekshikkappedaam ennathinu oonnal nalkiyittundu. eee maathrkayude uthbhavam araajakathvathilaanennu novalukalil velippeduthumbol, aathmanishtamaaya prathibhasangalil ninnu vasthunishtamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnavayude nirmmaanathekkurichulla edmund hasserlinte vaadangal chithreekarikkunnathinaanu ithu ezhuthiyirikkuka. chrysistophe emm. narniayude charithrangal" enna novalile alamaarayumaayo "vandarlaandile alice" enna muyal dwaaravumaayo thaarathamyappeduthaavunna eee maathruka nammude anubhavalokathe athisayakaramaaya novalukalumaayi bandhippikkunna "pratheekathmaka kavaadam" aayi mejar kandu. eee paatten trumbukalkku roopaka kaundarpooyintil vishakalanam cheythittundu, avide trumbukal "wilde kaardukale" prathinidheekarikkunnu, athu dharana yaadhaarthyavum thammilulla vyathyasam mangikkunnu, ennaal randum avarude upayokthaakkalude shaaktheekaranathinte uravidangalaanu. oru saahitya kruthiyil oru vasthuvidyaa chithram oru pradhana punk vahikkunna oru asaadhaarana udaaharanamaayi oolga valikova eee maathrkaye prashamsikkukayum kasaakh ezhuthukaaranaaya azlan jhaaksilikovinte "singing stoons" enna novalinte samghadanaa thathwavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu. jaine emm. oru sthalam sangalppichu athilekku pooyi puthiya yaadhaarthyangal srishtikkuka" enna reethi nalkunna kazhivu "srishtiyude oru roopamaayi ezhuthunnathinekkurichula selasniyude chinthakalkk" oru roopakamaakumennu lindscold nirddeshichu. thanthraparamaaya aanavaayudhangal, vidoora kaikaaryam cheyyal, maanthrika shekharam" ennivayude uravidamaayi logress ariyappedunnu. oru vishakalanathil, logress aambarinte uniconinte ethiraaliyaaya metaafisikkal entittiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, paatenalla, merlyn saikkilinte climax eee sakthikal thammilulla samgharshamaanu. janakeeya samskaarathil. server software dwarkins geyim driver allengil dgd srashtaavaaya computer prograamar felix "dwarkin" cross thante projakttinte vikasanathinu "paatten" ennu perittu. paashchaathya faantasiyil ninnulla mattu swaadheenangaleppole selasniyude novalukalil ninnulla "paatten", "logress" ennee padangalum poost-soviyatt maanthrika parisheelanathilekku vazhi kandethiyathayi nigoodatha pandithayaya catherina sorea abhiprayappettu. proo pell" ennathil, peettar veyntaitt pathiv expression upayogathinte udaaharanathil lograsineyum paattenineyum kurichu oru punching paramarsham nadathunnu. udaaharanathil, oru thirayal-maattisthaapikkal pravartthanam nadappilaakkunnu. thirayenda vaachakam oru saadhaarana padaprayogamaaya "paatten" aayi vyakthamaakkiyirikkunnu. paatten" ennathinu pakaram "logress" enna sample tekst upayogikkunnu.

namuna aanee loggerous kalpanik kadambyanchya (1970-1990) 'daad chronicles auph ember' maliketil namuna haah eka koralela bhoolbhulaiya aahe joou bahuvishwala tyacha kram deto. tyatoon chalana patranna "anek sambhavya jaganmadhye pravesh karanyachi kshamata" midali. tyachyashi sambandhit loggerous, eka badalatya, trimiteey bhoolbhulaiya aahe jee bahuvishvatil arajakatechya shaktinche pratinidhitva karate. ember namuna. haah namuna eka mothya guhechya jaminivar korala gela aahe, joou ember shaharatil ember killyachya thet khalee, kolvir parvatachya aat kholvar asalelya guhanchya pranalicha bhag aahe. haah namuna ekeri, ekmekanshi jodaleli vakrarekha aahe, jee spidervebsarkhya aakarat thewali aahe. emberchya shahee kutumbatil sadasya paryayi jagamadhye-'savalya' madhye chalanyachi shakti midvinyasathi tyachya madhyabhagi asalelya namunyadvare chaloo shakatat. ember gharache sadasya teey jyaa chhayanmadhye jaatat tee chhaya nirman karatat qee chhaya aadhich astitvat aahet aanee namuna chalavanara fakt tyanchyat pravesh karato haah eka vishay aahe joou lekhak zelzani vachkansathi khula thevato. ekada ekhada chalanara namunyavar paay thewala qee, tyane tyachya madhyabhagi asalelya bhoolbhulaiya margache anusaran karane suru thewale pahije; khoop vel thambane kinwa namunyacha marg sodoon jaane, eka bhayanak mrutyumadhye parinam karate. namuna chalvane heey sope kaam nahee. eka pratikar asato joou chalakacha veg mandavato, janoo tyane pratyek pavlavar judd aanee judd honare lead boot ghatale aahet. agniparikshechya kalat, chalanara 'burkha' navachya atyant katheen anek bindunmadhun jaato-pahila burkha, dusra burkha aanee shevatcha burkha. heey bindu yaa tivra pratikaramadhye tivra vaadh darshavtat, parantu padada 'todanyane' pratikar thoda qamee hoto. ekada namunyachya madhyabhagi, chalanayalaaa savalit chalanyachi shakti prapt jhaali aahe. tasech, madhyabhagi asanyamule tyala kholibhar, umber killyaparyant, jagbharatil, dusarya chhaya jagaat, yethe pruthvivar, ityadi thikani pathvanyasathi namuna aadesh denyachi sandhee milate. itihasatil paach kadambyanchi dusari malika asalelya merlyn chakrat, namuna sanvedanshil asalyache darshavile gele aahe. teey konatyahi velee savalit swatahla prakat karoo shakate aanee itaranna tyanchya sammatishivay durdhvanidware pathvu shakate. heey 'namuna bhoot' tayar karnyas dekhil saksham aahe, jyaa namunyavar chalalelya konatyahi vyaktichya pratidhvani aavrutya aahet. prathamik namuna. yaa malikedarmyan, asey disun yete qee ember hii mool namunyachi pahili "chhaya" aahe, jee tyaa kramane unicorn corvinla purvi naan pahilelya thikani gheuun jaat asatana sthit asate. prathamik namunyache rakshan vixer navachya jambhalya griffinne kele hote, jeey varvar pahata dwarkinchya (purvi mrut manale jaanare) rakshanasathi dekhil tethe thewale gele hote, kaaran yaa kshani dwarkinne tyachi mansik kshamata gamavali hotee. yaa mool namunyache nuksan 'embermadhil nauu rajkumaranchya' ghatananpurvi jhaale hote, jevha tyavar embrite rakt otale gele hote-yadruchchik (oberonchya sarvat lahan manyataprapt mulacha) mulga martinche rakt, jyavar brandney chakoo marla hota. oberonne namuna durust karnyacha prayatna keela, jaree tyala jaaniv jhaali qee hii prakriya tyala thaar marel. jyaa brandla dwarkinne yaa namunyachya abhyasat tyacha sarvat yogya vidyarthi mhanoon manyata dilee, tyane suchavale qee ashee durusti shakya nahee. jevha corvin swatacha naveen namuna lihit hota tevha brandney asehi suchavale qee multiversemadhe ashee done kendre asoo shakat naheet aanee brandney swatacha namuna lihinyapurvi corvincha naveen namuna nasht karane aavashyak asel. tathapi, oberonne junya namunyachi yashasviritya durusti kelee aanee corvinchya naveen namunyasah teey shantatet sahastitvat asalyache disun aale-bahudha kaaran donhi nirnayachya ratnatil namunyache pratibimb aahet. asey soochit kele jaate qee konihi kharab jhalelya namunyachi "paripoornapane" durusti karoo shakat nahee kinwa teey moodapramane punarutpadit karoo shakat nahee-aanee yaa prayatnat tyanche swatache vyaktimatva anivaryapane tyavar chhapale jaeel. heey brandware sweekarle jaate-aanee ichchit aahe-jyala namuna purnapane nasht karayacha hota aanee naveen bahuvishvacha shilpkar mhanoon swatashich tyachya swatachya pratimemadhe eka naveen namuna punha tayar karayacha hotah corvindware ektar dnyat nasaleli, vishvas naan thevaleli kinwa gairsamaj jhaleli eka vastusthiti, joou junya namunyachi vishvasoopane punarnirmiti karnyacha prayatna karato (brand tyala oberonver vishvas thevanyacha vishvas karoon mool durust karnyachya prayatnat ayashasvi tharato) keval tyachya naveen namunyasathi nahee tarr too purnapane vikasit karnyasathi pann akheris too samavisht karnyachya yashasviritya-durusti kelelya namunyachya prayatnancha pratikar karnyasathi. yavarun (aanee corvinne eka naveen namuna yashasvipane tayar kelyachya vastusthitivarun, jyamadhye too "maran pavala nahee") asey disun yete qee junya namunyachi durusti kartana oberonla marane aavashyak navhate. oberon kharokharach maran pavala asalyane, tyachya swatachya vyaktimatvachya jirnoddharaveli junya paddhativar chhap padane "talhanyacha" eka marg mhanoon tyane heey swechhene (aanee heey aavashyak aahe heey aadhich maheet hote) kele asave. konatyahi paristhitit, tyachya durustinantar, juna namuna (bhavna darshavitana) oberonchya vyaktimatvachi konatihi spasht vaishishtye darshavitana disat nahee. itar namune. daha pustakanchya madhyamatoon, itar anek paryayi namunyanche astitva ughad hote. rebma (emberche mageche aksharlekhan) madhye namuna aahe, samudrakhalil emberchi pratibimbit aavrutti; tiir-naa nog 'thamadhye emberchya bhoot-shahar pratibimbamadhye eka aahe; tethe eka mool namuna aahe, eka kharaa namuna joou vastavikatechya pramanat embarpeksha jaast aahe; corvincha swatacha namuna, savalit; aanee agadi khyan namunyachya agadi jawal asalelya savalit aadhalanaya namunyachya apoorn aavrutya. nantarchya bhagala 'tutalele namune' mhanatat aanee asey karnyasathi purese dhairya asaleli konihi chaloo shakate. tutalelya namunyanmule aarambhakanna savalitun jaanyachi aanee khyan namunyanchya aarambhakapramane jaadoo karanyachi mubha milate. tathapi, tutalela marg anek prakare prakat hoto. mukhya udaharan mhanje namunyatil viram prarambhichya bhetichya pratyek savalit prakat hoto. viramacha aakar haah namunyatil viramachya aakaravar aanee ambarpasoonchya savalit asalelya tyachya antaravar avalambun asato. tutalelya namunyatil jadugaranchi shakti, gondhalatoon tyanchi shakti ghenyasarkhich, thet vishrantitun ghete. namunyachi pratyek pratima embarpasoon jitaki door jaate titaki kharab hote. pahilya nauu tutalelya pratimanvar vataghati karata yet hotya, parantu 'nite auph shaddo' chya darmyan marlinane eka durust kelee-bahudha fakt aath urale. tathapi, asey asoo shakate qee itar namune yanantar vaparnyasathi purese surakshit jhaale. nyayacha ratna. nyayacha ratna haah manela latakata mhanoon paridhan kelela eka motha manikasarkha ratna aahe. katha jasjashi pudhe jaate, tasatase tiche mahatva vadhate. suruvatila, heey keval hawaman niyantrit karnyasathiche eka sadhan aahe, jeey yuddhat upayukt aahe, parantu nantar corvinla sangitale jaate qee jarr too ratna vahoon nenanya namunyavar chalato aanee nantar tyat swatahla prakshepit karnyasathi namunyachi shakti vaparato, tarr tyala shaktichi eka naveen patali milel. jevha too heey karato, tevha tyala aadhalate qee tyaa ratnat teen kinwa tyahoon adhik parimanancha eka namuna asato. akheris, tyala dwarkinkadoon kalate qee ratna haah emberchya namunyacha kharaa srot aahe aanee too unicornpasoon prapt jhaala hota. corvin jevha ambarcha namuna nasht jhaala aahe assa vishvas thevato tevha too swatacha namuna tayar karnyasathi yaa ratnacha vapar karato. tyachya namunyachya madhyabhagi ubha rahoon, too nantar arajakatechya darbarat antim ladhait swatahla sadar karoo shakato. nyayacha ratna haah atyant durchya bhootkalatil ekhadya tappyavar unicornne choralelya arajakatechya nagacha dawa dolha asalyache ughad hote. akheris too pravalanchya jaagi eka dolha mhanoon kaam karato, jyamule teela "shashvatatechya spasht, thund resha" disu shakatat. loggerous. arajakatechya darbarat loggerous astitvat aahe, eka trimiteey rachana jee ambarchya namunyachya viruddha sankhya aahe. jithe aparivartaniy, kathor namuna kramache pratinidhitva karato, tithe loggerous satat tyacha aakar badalat asato aanee arajakateche tattva darshavito. loggerous eka sthanik shakti mhanoon disate jee jadui/mansik staravar navigate karane aavashyak aahe. jeey yaa bandhkamavar yashasviritya chalatat tyanna shakti milate aanee tyatoon pravas karanyachi kshamata milate. loggerschya yashasvi navigationmadhun milanari atirikt shakti mhanje chhaya jagatatoon ichchit, vishisht nasalelya vastoo baher kadhanyachi kshamata. loggeruschi vataghati karane atyant katheen aanee sambhavya ghatak aahe. loggerschya sambhavya aarambhakanna samanyatah pragat prashikshan milate, parantu yash heey ichchepeksha dnyanavar qamee avalambun asate. mrutyuchya dhokyabarobarach, jyanni lograsscha prayatna keela aahe asha kahinna menduche kayamche nuksan jhaale aahe, jaree heey nasheeb keval durbal ichchhashakti asalelya kinwa sampoorn arajak raktache nasalelya lokansathi ghadate. sudaivane, jeey raktat gondhalalele asatat, teey sahasa thodya kalasathich vede hotat. marlinane kelyapramane, loggerous aanee namuna yaa donhinvar vataghati karane haah eka adviteey dhadsi parakram aahe. jyapramane dwarkin barryman haah namuna rakhanara asato, tyachpramane suhuy haah lakadancha rakhanara asato aanee too arajakatechya udatt gharanyacha sadasya asato. swagat aanee vishleshan. naisargikaritya, vidvattapoorn vishleshanamadhye haah namuna kramache prateek mhanoon olakhala jaato aanee navikanmadhil arajakateche lakshan asalelya loggersche 'virodhi aanee pratispardhi' mhanoon varnan kele gele aahe. kahee vishleshananni yaa mahattvapoorn bhoomikevar bharr deela aahe qee, namuna nirmatyache munn, mug teey ambarchya namunyachya babatit karyasheel asso kinwa tyachya naveen namunyachya babatit corvin, tyatoon tayar jhalelya vishvat khelane apekshit asoo shakate. jevha kadambyanmadhye heey ughad hote qee yaa namunyachi utpattich gondhalat jhaali aahe, tevha heey vyaktiparak ghatananmadhun vastunishtha manale jaanare utpadan karnyababat edmond hasralche yuktivad spasht karnyasathi lihile gele asave. chrysistoph emm. daad chronicles auph narnia' madheel kapadyanchya kinwa 'ellis inn wonderland' madheel sasachya chhidrasah karya karnyachya drushtine tulana karata, aaplya anubhavjanya jagala kadambarinpaiki vilakshan kadambarishi jodanare 'pratikatmak dwar' mhanoon mejne yaa namunyakade pahile. yaa namunyache vishleshan, 'trump' chya pratibindumadhye kele gele aahe, jithe 'trump' heey 'wilde card' darshavtat, jeey aaklan aanee vastav yanchyatil farak aspasht karatat, parantu donhi tyanchya vaparkartyansathi sakshamikaranache srot aahet. olga valikovane yaa namunyachi prashansa kelee, heey eka vilakshan udaharan aahe, jyamadhye vastukalechi pratima sahityik karyat madhyavarti bhoomika bajavate aanee tyachi tulana kazakh lekhak aslan zaxilikov yanchya 'singing stones' yaa kadambarichya sanghatanatmak tattvashi kelee. jaine emm. lindscoldne prastavit kele qee, namunyane tyachya aarambhanna dileli kshamata, "keval ekhadya jaagechi kalpana karoon aanee nantar tithe jaaun naveen vastavikta nirman karane", heey "nirmiticha eka prakar mhanoon lihinyavishayichya zelzanichya vicharansathi" eka roopak asoo shakate. loggersla "samarik aanvik shastre, durastha hatalani aanee jadui vargikaran" chaa srot mhatale gele aahe. eka vishleshanat, loggerscha arth emberchya unicornshee pratispardhi adhibhautik astitva mhanoon lavala gela aahe, namuna nahee, merlyn chakrachya charmotkarshasaha yaa shaktinmadhil sangharsh. lokpriy sanskruti. server software, dowerkins game driver kinwa dii. jee. dii. chey nirmate, sanganak programmer felix "dowerkin" krosne tyachya prakalpasathi vikas chikhalala "namuna" asey naav dile. goodhvad abhyasak catarina zoriane tippani kelee qee zelazanichya kadambyanmadhil 'pattern' aanee 'loggerous' yaa shabdanni, pashchatya kalpanaramya prabhavanpramanech, soviet-nantarchya jaduchya saravat pravesh keela aahe. pro pearl" madhye, pieter venerite niyamit abhivyakti vaparachya udaharanamadhye loggerous aanee namunyacha shlesh sandarbh detat. udaharanadakhal, shodh aanee badali operation chalavale jaat aahe. shodhayacha majkoor niyamit abhivyakti "namuna" mhanoon nirdisht keela aahe. namuna' badaloon 'loggerous' assa namuna majkoor aahe.

dhancha rar lagaras kalpanik upanyasharuko "da chronicles aff ember" shringkhalama (1970-1990 ko dashak), dhancha ek utkirna bhulbhulaiya how jasle bahuswarlai yasako kram dinchha. yasale yasama hindne patraharulai "dherai sambhawit sansarharuma pahunch garne kshamata" pradan garyo. yasasanga sambandhit lagaras, ek sthanantaran, tri-ayamik bhulbhulaiya how jasle bahuswarma arajakta ko shaktiharu pratinidhitwa gardacha. ember dhancha. dhancha euta thulo gufako bhuinma kundieko chha june ember saharko mahal emberko sidhai muni kolbhir parwatbhitra gahiro gufaharuko pranaliko hissa how. dhancha ekal, ekarkama jodieko wakra how, spiderweb-jasto akarma rakhieko chha. emberko shahi pariwarka sadasyaharu "chhaya"-vaikalpik sansarharu bichma hindne shakti prapta garna yasako kendrama dhanchako sath hindna sakchhan. key emberka gharka sadasyaharule afuharu ghumne chhaya sirjana garchhan wa chhaya pahile nai awasthit chhan rar dhancha hindne wyakti matra tiniharubhitra prawesh garchhan bhanne kura lekhak jelajnile pathakko wyakhyaka lagi khula chhodchhan. ek patak ek paidal yatrile dhanchama khutta rakhda, usale kendrama yasako bhulbhulaiya marga pachhyauna jaari rakhnuparchha; dherai lamo samayasamma roknuhos, wa dhanchako bato chhodnuhos, ek bhayanak mrityu hunchha. dhancha hindnu sajilo kaam hoina. tyahan euta pratirodh chha jasle wakarlai dhilo garchha jasto kii usale lead boot lagaeko chha june pratyek charansangai bhari rar bhari hunchha. agniparikshako samayama, paidal hindne wyakti "parda" bhanine charam kathinaika dherai binduharu-pahilo parda, dosro parda, rar antim pardabata gujranchha. yee binduharule yass bhishan pratirodhma tiwra uchhalko pratinidhitwa gardacha, tara parda "todna" pratirodhlai alikati chhodchha. dhanchako kendrama ek patak, wakarle chhayanma hindne shakti prapta gareko chha. sathai, kendrama hunda usalai jahaan chahe tyahan pathauna dhanchalai adesh dine awasar dinchha-kothabhari, ember mahalsamma, sansarbhari, arko chhaya sansarma, yahan prithvima, adi. marlin chakrama, itihasma paanch upanyasharuko dosro shringkhalama, dhancha sanvedanshil dekhaieko chha. yo chhayanko kunai pani binduma afulai prakat garna saksham chha, rar arulai tiniharuko sahamati bina teleport garna saksham chha. yasale "dhancha bhutharu" sirjana garna pani saksham chha, dhancha hindeko kunai pani wyaktiko pratidhwani sanskaranharu. prathamik dhancha. shringkhalako kramama, yo khulasa hunchha kii ember afai pani primal dhanchako pahilo "chhaya" how, jab kramko unicornle korwinlai pahile nadekheko sthanma laijanchha. primal dhanchalai wixer namak baijani griffinle suraksha gareko thiyo june spashta rupma dworkin (pahile mrit manieko) ko raksha garna tyahan rakhieko thiyo, kinki dworkinle yass binduma afno manasik sankayako dherai bhag gumaeko thiyo. yo prathamik dhancha "emberma nau rajkumarharu" ko ghatanaharu aghi kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo jab yasama ambrite ragat chharieko thiyo-aniyamit (oberonko sabaibhanda kanchho swikar garieko bachcha) ko chhora martinko ragat, jaslai brandley chhura prahar gareko thiyo. oberonle dhancha marmat garne prayas gare, yadyapi unle bujhnubhayo kii prakriyale unlai marnecha. brand, jaslai dorkinle dhanchako adhyayanma afno sabaibhanda upayukta vidyarthika rupma swikar gare, yasto marmat sambhawa nahun sakchha bhanera sujhawa die. brandley yo pani sujhawa diyo kii jab corvinle afnai nayan dhancha lekhdai thie kii multiversema tyasta dui kendraharu huna sakdainan rar brandley afnai dhancha lekhnaghi korwinko nayan dhancha nashta garna awashyak hunechha. yadyapi, oberonle purano dhanchako safalatapurwak marmat gare, rar yo korwinko nayan dhanchasanga shantipurna rupma sahastitwama dekhieko thiyo-sambhawatah kinbhane duwai nirnayako ratnama dhanchako pratibimba hun. yo nihit chha kii kasaile pani kshatigrasta dhancha "purna rupma" safalatapurwak marmat garna sakdaina, wa yasalai muel rupma jastai punah utpadan garna sakdaina-rar prayasma uniharuko afnai wyaktitwa aniwarya rupma yasama chhapiyo. yo brandwara swikar garinchha-rar manaparne-jasle dhanchalai purna rupma nashta garna rar afnai chhawima nayan dhancha punah sirjana garna chahanthe, afulai nayan multiversko wastukarko rupmah euta tathya yaa tata thaha chhaina, vishwas gardaina, wa korwindwara galat bujhaieko chha, jasle purano dhanchalai vishwasi rupma punah sirjana garne prayas gardacha (brandley usalai oberonlai muel marmat garne prayasma asafal bhaeko vishwas garna dhoka die pachhi) kewal afno nayan dhanchako lagi matra hoina tara yasalai samawesh garne safalatapurwak marmat garieko dhanchako prayasharuko pratirodh garna pani. yo yasabata (rar corvinle nayan dhanchako safal sirjanako tathyabata, jasma uni "mardinan") kii purano dhancha marmat garnama oberon mern awashyak thiena. oberonko wastawma mrityu bhaedekhi, usale afno wyaktitwalai purano dhanchama yasako punarsthapanama chhap parnabata "jogin" ko tarikako rupma swechchhale (rar yo awashyak thiyo bhanera pahile nai thaha thiyo) pani gareko huna sakchha. kunai pani hisable, yasako marmat pachhi, purano dhancha (bhawana pradarshan garda) oberonko wyaktitwako kunai spashta wisheshtaharu pradarshan garne jasto dekha pardaina. anya dhanchaharu. dasawata pustakharuko pathyakramma, anya dherai vaikalpik dhanchaharuko astitwa prakat hunchha. tyahan remba (emberko hizze pachhadi) maa dhancha chha, samudramuni emberko pratibimbit sanskaran; tyahan tira-naa nog 'thama emberko bhut-shahar pratibimbama euta chha; tyahan maulik dhancha chha, euta saancho dhancha june wastawikta mapanma ember bhanda pani uccha chha; korwinko afnai dhancha, chhayanma banda; rar dhanchako apurna sanskaranharu pani saancho dhanchako dherai najik chha. pachhillolai 'bhaanchieko dhancha' bhaninchha rar tyaso garna paryapta sahas bhaeko jo kohile hindna sakchha. bhanchieka dhanchaharule chhaya parr garna rar saancho dhanchako arambha jastai jadu pradarshan garna anumati dinchha. yadyapi, bhaanchieko marga afailai dherai tarikama prakat hunchha. mukhya udaharan yo how kii dhanchama break pratyek chhayanma prakat hunchha. brekko akar dhanchama brekko akar rar emberbata chhayanma yasako durima nirbhar gardacha. tuteko dhancha mazharule afno shakti birambata sidhai tanchhan, arajaktabata afno shakti tanne jastai. dhanchako pratyek chhawi emberbata jati tadha hunchha tyati nai kharab hunchha. pahilo nau bhanchieka chhawiharu moltol yogya thie, tara marlinle "night aff sado" ko kramama euta marmat gare-sambhawatah atha matra baanki chha. yadyapi yo huna sakchha kii anya dhanchaharu yass pachhi prayog garna paryapta surakshit bhae. nyayako ratna. nyayako gahana euta thulo rubi jasto ratna how june ghantima latakanko rupma lagainchha. katha agadi badhdai jaanda yasako mahatwa badhcha. suruma, yo mausam niyantran garne euta upkaran matra how, yudhama upayogi chha, tara tyasapachhi korwinlai bhanieko chha kii yadi usale gahana bokeko dhancha chalaunchha, rar tyasapachhi dhanchako shakti prayog garera afulai yasama prastut gardacha bhane usale nayan starko shakti prapta garnechha. jab usale yo garchha, usale ratnama nai tean wa sobhanda badhi ayamharuma euta dhancha raheko fela parchha. antatah, usale dwarkinbata thaha paunchha kii gahana emberko dhanchako wastawik srota how rar yo unicornbata prapta garieko thiyo. karwinle emberko dhancha nashta bhaeko vishwas garda afnai dhancha banauna gahana prayog gardacha. afno dhanchako kendrama ubhiera, uni arajakta darbarma antim yudhama afulai prastut garna saksham hunchhan. nyayako gahana awyawasthako sarpako bayan aankha how bhanera prakat hunchha, june dherai tadhako vigatma kunai binduma unicornle chori gareko thiyo. yasale antatah koralko pratisthapan aankhaako rupma sewa gardacha, jasle unlai "anantakalko spashta, chiso rekhaharu" dekhna anumati dinchha. lagras. arajaktako darbarma lagras awasthit chha, ek tri-ayamik nirman june emberko dhanchako viparit sankhya how. jahaan apariwartaniya, kathora dhanchale kramalai pratinidhitwa gardacha, lagrasle nirantar yasako akar pariwartan gariraheko chha rar arajaktako siddhantalai pratinidhitwa gardacha. lagras ek asthayi shaktiko rupma dekha pardachha june jadui/manasik starma navigate garnupardacha. jasle yass nirmanlai safalatapurwak navigate garchhan uniharule shakti prapta garchhan, rar chhayabata yatra garne kshamata prapta garchhan. lagarasko safal navigationbata prapta atirikta shakti bhaneko chhaya sansarbata ichchit, gaira-wishishta wastuharu "tanne" kshamata how. lagarasko warta atyanta gahro rar sambhawit ghatak hunchha. lagrasko sambhawit diksha lineharule samanyataya unnat prashikshan prapta garchhan, tara safalta icchabhanda gyanma cum nirbhar hunchha. marne khatarako atirikta, lagrasko prayas garne kehile sthayi mastishka kshati anubhav gareka chhan, yadyapi yo bhagya kamjor ichchhashakti bhaeka wa purna awyawasthit ragatka nabhaeka wyaktiharuma matra hune gardacha. bhagyawas, arajaktawadi ragatka manisharu samanyataya chhoto awadhika lagi matra pagal hunchhan. marlinle gareko jastai, lagras rar dhancha duwaiko warta garnu euta adwitiya sahasi upalabdhi how. jasari dworkin barryman dhanchako rakshak how, suhuya lagrasko rakshak how rar arajaktako kuleen gharanako sadasya how. swagat rar vishleshan. swabhawik rupma, dhanchalai vidwatapurna vishleshanma kramko pratikko rupma manyata diieko chha, rar yasari upanyasharuma arajaktako sanket, lagarasko "virodhabhas rar pratidwandi" ko rupma warnan garieko chha. kehi wishleshanharule yo mahatwapurna bhumikama jode dieko chha kii dhanchako srishtikartako munn, chahe emberko dhanchako mamalama dworkin hose wa unko nayan dhanchako mamalama corvin, yasabata baneko brahmandma khelne apeksha garna sakinchha. jab yo upanyasharuma prakat hunchha kii dhanchako utpatti nai arajaktabata bhaeko chha, yo wyaktiparak ghatanabata wastunishtha manine utpadanko sambandhama admond hasaralko tarkalai chitran garne rupma lekhieko huna sakchha. crosistoph emm. majle dhanchalai hamro anubhawajanya sansarlai upanyasharu madhye eksanga jodne "pratikatmak gett" ko rupma dekhe, "da chronicles aff narnia" maa wardrobe wa "alys inn wonderland" maa kharagoshko pwalsanga tulana garna sakinchha. dhanchalai trampsko rupak counterpointma vishleshan garieko chha, jahaan trampsle dharana rar wastawikta bichko bhinnata dhundhalo pardai "wild cards" pratinidhitwa gardacha, tara duwai afna prayogkartaharuka lagi sashaktikaranka srotharu hun. olga walikobhale dhanchako prashansa gare jahaan ek wastuklatmak chhawile sahityik karyama kendriya bhumika khelchha rar yasalai kajakh lekhak aslan jhaksilikobhko upanyas "gayan patthar" ko sangathanatmak siddhantasanga tulana gare. zen emm. lindscoldle prastawa gare kii dhanchale yasako arambhalai dieko kshamata, "kewal ek thaaunko kalpana garera rar tyasapachhi yasama gaera nayan wastawikta sirjana garne", "srishtiko ek rupko rupma lekhanbare jelajniko vicharharuka lagi" rupak huna sakchha. lagaraslai "rannitik anawik hatiyar, remott handling, rar jadui wargikaran" ko srota bhaninchha. euta vishleshanma, marlin chakrako charmotkarshaka sath, marbako yunikarnako lagi pratispardhi adhyatmik astitwako rupma lagaraslai wyakhya garieko chha, dhancha hoina, yee shaktiharu bichko dwandwa. lokpriya sanskritima. computer programmer felix "dwarkin" croze, sarbhar suftware dwarkinko game driver wa digidika nirmata, afno pariyojanaka lagi vikas matolai "dhancha" naam die. gudhwadki vidwan katerina zoriale tippani garin kii paschimi kalpanaka anya prabhawharu jastai jelajnika upanyasharubata "dhancha" rar "lagras" shabdaharule sobhiyat-pachhiko jadui abhyasma afno bato fela pareka chhan. pro pearl" maa, pieter weneritele niyamit abhiwyakti prayogko udaharanma lagaras rar dhanchako punning sandarbha gardacha. udaharanma, khoj rar pratisthapan sanchalan karyanwayan bhairaheko chha. khoji garne path niyamit abhiwyakti "dhancha" ko rupma nirdishta garieko chha. dhancha" lai "lagaras" sanga pratisthapan garna namuna path how.

dhancha ebong logross daa chronicles off amber" dharabahikare (1970-1990 dashaka), ehi dhanchati eka khodita bhulabhulaija jaahaa bahu jagataku ehara krama pradan kare . ehaa charitramananku ehaa madhyadei chalibara "sambhabya biswara eka birata sankhyare prabesha karibara khyamata" pradan karithila. ehaa sahita jadita heuchhi logross, eka sthanantara, tri-matrika golakadhandha jaahaa bahubidhare bishrunkhalara shaktiku pratinidhitwa kare . amber dhancha. ehi dhanchati eka budd gumphar chatanare khodita hoichhi jaahaa amber saharar durga amber tale kolvir parbata madhyare gabhira gumpha byabasthara eka ansha . ehi dhanchati heuchhi eka ekaka, paraspara madhyare jodihoithiba bakrarekha, jaahaa eka spiderweb bhali aakarare rakhajaichhi. chhaja"-bikalpa dunia madhyare chalibara shakti hassel kariba paain amber rahr raaj paribarara sadasyamane ehara kendra parjyanta dhancha sahita chaali paribe . amber gruhara sadasyamane jeun chhajare prabesha karanti taaha srusti karanti kii naahin kimba chhajagudika purbaru bidyamana achhi ebong kebala segudikare prabesha karuthiba dhancha wakara heuchhi eka bishai jaahaa lekhaka jelajni pathaka byakhya paain unmukta chhadichhanti . thare jane wakara dhancha upare paada rakhiba parey, tanku ehara golakadhandha margaku kendraku anusarana karibaku padiba; bahuta samai paain atakiba, kimba dhanchara path chhadiba, eka bhajankara mrutyure parinata hue . ehi dhanchare chaliba sahaja kaama nuhen. eka pratirodha achhi jaahaa wakaranku manthara karideithae jepari shay seesa boot pindhichhanti jaahaa pratyeka padakhyepa sahita bhaari ebong bhaari hoijae . agniparikhya samajare, wakara "parda" namaka atyadhika asubidhara aneka point dei jaanti-pratham parda, dwiteeja parda ebong shesh parda . ehi bindugudika ehi bhajankara pratirodhare tibra brudhi pratinidhitwa kare, kintu eka parada "bhangiba" pratirodhaku tike hrass kare . thare dhanchara kendrare, wakara chhajare chalibara shakti hassel karichanti . ehaa sahita, kendrare rahiba tanku taanka ichha anujai jekaunasi sthanaku pathaiba paain dhanchaku nirdesh debara sujoga deithae-kothareere, amber durga parjyanta, saaraa bisware, anya eka chhaja duniaaku, ethaare pruthibeere, ityadi . marlin chakrare, kranikalare panchti upanyasara dwiteeja shrunkhala, dhanchati sambedanashila bolly darshajaichhi . ehaa chhajara jekaunasi samajare nijaku prakash karibare sakhyama, ebong anyamananka sammati bina teleport kare . ehaa "dhancha bhuta" srusti karibaku madhya sakhyama, jeun byakti dhanchare chalichanti tankara pratidhwani sanskarana . prathamika dhancha. ehi shrunkhala samajare, ehaa prakash paichi je amber nije eka primal dhanchara pratham "chhaja", jetebele unicorn off order karwinnku purbaru adrushya sthanaku neijaithila . primal dhanchaku wixer namaka eka baiganee griffin dwara surakhya diajaithila jaahaa spust bhabare dawarkin (purbaru mruta bolly bibechana karajauthila) nku surakhya deba paain sethare rakhajaithila, kaaran dawarkin ehi samajare tankara manasika shakti harai thile . ambarare naaa john rajkumar" nka ghatana purbaru ehi prathamika dhancha khyatigrasta hoithila jetebele ehaa upare ambrite rakta chhinchajaithila-jadruchhika (oberanka kanistha sweekrutiprapta shishu) nka pua martinnka rakta, jaahaaku brand dwara chhuramad karajaithila . oberan ehi dhanchaku maramati karibaku chesta karithile, jadio shay anubhaba karithile je ehi prakriya tanku marideb. brand, jaahaaku dawarkina dhanchara adhyajanare tankara sabutharu upajukta chhatra bhabare sweekara karithile, paramarsha deithile je ehipari maramati sambhaba nuhen . brand ehaa madhya paramarsha deithila je jetebele karwin nijara nooa dhancha lekhuchhi je multiversray ehipari duiti kendra hoipariba naahin ebong brand nijara dhancha lekhaiba purbaru karwinnka nooa dhanchaku nust kariba aabasyaka heba. tebe, oberan saphalatara saha puruna dhanchaku maramati karithile, ebong ehaa karwinnka nutan dhancha sahita shantipurna bhabare sahabasthana karuthiba dekhibaku milithila-sambhabatah kaaran ubhaja bichar ratnare dhanchara pratiphalana . ehaa suchita kare je kehi madhya khyatigrasta dhanchaku saphalatara saha "sampurna bhabare" maramati kariparinathile, kimba ehaaku moola bhabare punah utpadana kariparinathile-ebong ehi prajasare semananka niz byaktitwa anibarjya bhabare ehaa upare chhapajiba . ehaa brand dwara sweekara karajae-ebong ichha karajae-jie ehi dhanchaku sampurna bhabe nust karibaku ebong niz pratimoorttire eka nutan dhancha punah srusti karibaku chahunthile, nijaku nutan multiversra sthapati bhabareh eka satya jaahaa huet janaa naahin, biswasa karajae naahin, kimba karwin dwara bhul bujhajae, jie biswastatara saha puruna dhanchaku punah srusti karibaku chesta karanti (brand tanku pratarita kariba parey oberan moola maramati karibare biphal hoithiba biswasa karibaku) kebala taanka nutan dhancha paain nuhen barang sheshare ehaaku antarbhukta kariba paain saphalatara sahita maramati hoithiba dhanchara prajasaku pratirodha kariba paain . ehaa nimnare diagala (ebong karwinnka eka nutan dhanchara saphala srusti, jeunthire shay "marrie nathile") je puruna dhanchara maramati kariba samajare oberan marijiba aabasyaka hoinapare . jehetu oberan prakrutare mrutyubarana karithile, shay huet swechakruta bhabare epari karithibe (ebong purbaru janithile je ehaa aabasyaka thila) ehara punaruddhara samajare puruna dhanchare niz byaktitwaku chhapibaku "edaiba" rahr eka upaiah bhabare . jaahaa heu, ehara maramati parey, puruna dhancha (chetana pradarshan kariba samajare) oberanka byaktitwara kaunasi spust baisistya pradarshan karuthiba pari janapade naahin . anya dhancha. ehi dashati pustaka madhyare, anya aneka bikalpa dhanchara astitwa prakash paichi. rebma (amber banan pachaku) ray dhancha achhi, samudra tale amberer eka pratiphalita sanskarana; tirr-naa nogthare amberer bhuta-sahara pratiphalanare gotie achhi; primal dhancha achhi, eka prakruta dhancha jaahaa bastabata skelare amber apekhya adhika; karwinnka niz dhancha, chhajare; ebong epariki prakruta dhanchara ati nikatatar chhajarare miluthiba dhanchara asampurna sanskarana . dwiteejatiku 'bhagna namuna' kuhajae ebong ehaa kariba paain yathesta sahasa thiba jekaunasi byakti ehaaku chaliparibe . bhagna dhancha chhajaku atikrama kariba ebong prakruta dhanchara arambha bhali jaadu pradarshan kariba paain aarambhaku anumathi deithae . tebe, bhagna pathati aneka upaajare prakash paithae. ehara mukhya udaharana heuchhi je, namunare thiba birati, prarambhika paridarshanara pratyeka chhajare, nijaku prakash karithae. biratira aakaar dhanchare biratira aakaar ebong amber thaaru chhajare ehara durata upare nirbhara kare . bhangaruja dhanchara mejmane semananka shaktiku sidhasalakha birati thaaru nianti, bishrunkhalaru semanankara shaktiku aharan kariba pari . dhanchara pratyeka chitra amber thaaru jete doora jaae sete kharap hoijae . pratham nauty bhagna pratimurti alochana jogya thila, kintu "night off sado" samajare marlin gotie maramati karithile-sambhabatah kebala athati baaki rahila . tebe ehaa hoipare je ehaa parey anya dhancha byabahara kariba paain yathesta surakhita hoigala . bichar ratna. bichar ratna heuchhi eka budd manikya bhali ratna jaahaa bekare eka pendant bhabare pindhajae . kahaniti aagaku badhiba sahita ehara gurutwa madhya brudhi pauchhi. prathame, ehaa kebala panipagaku nijantrana kariba paain eka upakarana, juddhare upajogee, kintu taa 'parey karwinnku kuhajae je jadi shay ratna bahn karuthiba dhanchare chalithae, ebong taa' parey dhanchara shaktiku byabahara curry nijaku sethire upasthapana kare, tebe shay eka nutan stara shakti hassel kariba . jetebele shay epari karanti, shay dekhanti je ratnare nije tini kimba taa 'thaaru adhika aakarare eka dhancha achhi . sheshare, shay dawarkinankatharu janibaku paanti je ratna heuchhi amber dhanchara prakruta utsa ebong ehaa junikarnaru prapta hoithila . karwin ratnaku byabahara curry nijara dhancha tiari karanti jetebele shay biswasa karanti je amber dhancha nust hoijaichhi. taanka dhanchara kendrare thia hoi, shay bishrunkhalara kortare nijaku antim juddhare upasthapana karibaku sakhyama huanti . bichar ratna bishrunkhalara sapara baama aakhi bolly prakash paichi, jaahaa atitara kaunasi samajare junikarna dwara chori hoithila . ehaa sheshare prabala paain eka pratisthapana aakhi bhabare karjya kare, jaahaa tanku "anantakalara spust, thanda rekha" dekhibaku anumathi die . logross. bishrunkhalara kortare logross bidyamana, eka trimatrika gathan jaahaa amber dhanchara bipareet sankhya . jeunthare aparibartaneeja, kathore dhancha kramara pratinidhitwa kare, logross kramagata bhabare ehara aakaar paribartana karuchhi ebong bishrunkhalara neetiku pratinidhitwa kare . logross eka asthajee shakti bhabare dekhajae jaahaa eka jadukari/manasika starare nebhiget heba aabasyaka . jeunmane ehi nirmanare saphalatara saha gati karanti semane khyamata ebong chhaja dei jatra karibara khyamata hassel karanti . lagrasra saphala nebhigesanru prapta eka atirikta shakti heuchhi chhaja jagataru ichhadheena, anah-nirdista bastuku "taniba" khyamata . logross upare alochana kariba atyanta kastakara ebong sambhabya bhabare maratmaka . lagrasra sambhabya aarambhakareemane sadharanatah unnat talim grahan karanti, kintu saphalata ichha apekhya gyaana upare comm nirbhara kare . mrutyura bipada byatita, jeunmane logross chesta karichanti semane sthajee mastishka khyati anubhaba karichanti, jadio ehi bhagya kebala sehimananka sahita ghatithae jeunmane durbala-ichhashakti kimba sampurna bishrunkhalita raktara nuhnti . soubhagyabashatah bishrunkhalita raktara lokamane sadharanatah alpa samai paain pagala hoijanti . marlinanka bhali, logross ebong dhanchaku nei alochana kariba eka ananya sahasika karjya. jepari dawarkina barryman dhanchara rakhyak, suhua heuchhanti lagrasra rakhyak ebong bishrunkhalara sambhranta ghargudikar sadasya. grahan ebong bisleshana. swabhabika bhabe, ehi dhanchaku bidwana bishleshanare shrunkhalara pratika bhabe swekruti milichi, ebong ehipari bhabe upanyasagudikare bishrunkhalara sanketa, 'lagrasra' birodhi ebong pratidwandee 'bhabe barnana karajaichi. keteka bisleshana ehi gurutwapurna bhumika upare gurutwaropa karichhi je dhanchara srustikartanka munn, amber dhanchara khetrare dawarkina heu kimba taanka nutan dhanchara khetrare karwina, ethiru gathita brahmandare khelibara aasha karajaipare . jetebele upanyasagudikare ehaa prakash paae je ehi dhanchara utpatti bishrunkhalare hoichhi, ehaa bishajagata ghatanaru bastunistha bolly bibechita heuthiba utpadanara utpadana bishajare admond hasarlnka juktigudiku chitrana kariba bhabare lekhajaipare . crosistoph mea. daa chronicles off narnia" rahr wardrobe kimba "alice inn wanderland" rahr khargosh gartta sahita tulanatmaka bhabare, 'daa mejara' ehi dhanchaku aama abhigyatagata duniaaku chamatkara upenyas sahita joduthiba "prateekatmaka gett" bhabare dekhithile. ehi dhanchaku trampsra rupaka pratibindure bisleshana karajaichi, jeunthare tramps "wild cards" ku pratinidhitwa kare jaahaa dharana ebong bastabata madhyare parthakyaku aspasta kare, kintu ubhaja semanankara byabaharakareenka paain sashaktikaranara utsa . olaga balikova ehi dhanchaku eka asadharana udaharana bhabare prashansa karithile jeunthare eka sthapatya pratichabi eka sahitya karjyare eka kendriah bhumika grahan kare ebong ehaaku kazakh lekhaka aslan jhaksilikovnka upenyas "singing stones" rahr sangathanika neeti sahita tulana karithile. zen emm. lindscold prastaba deithile je ehi dhancha dwara ehara aarambhaku diajaithiba khyamata, "kebala eka sthanara kalpana curry ebong taa 'parey sethaku jaai nutan bastabata srusti kariba", eka rupaka hoipare "srustira eka roop bhabare lekhiba upare jelajneenka chintadhara paain". ehi lagrasku "kaushalagata anabika astrashastra, durabarti parichalana ebong jadukari abunton" rahr eka utsa bolly kuhajae. gotie bishleshanare, logross ku eka pratidwandee adhibidyuta satta bhabare amberer junikarna bhabare byakhya karajaichi, dhancha nuhen, marlin chakrara parakastha sahita ehi shaktigudika madhyare eka sangharsha . lokpriya sanskrutire. sarbhara saphtawejar dawarkinra game driver kimba digidira nirmata computer programmer felix "dawarkina" cross taanka prakalpa paain bikash kaduaku "dhancha" naama deichhanti. gudhabada bidwana katerina joria mantabya deichhanti je paschima kalpanaru anya prabhaba pari jelajninka upanyasaru "dhancha" ebong "logross" shabdagudika sobhiet parabarti jadukari abhyasare prabesha karichanti. pro pearl" ray, pieter wenright nijamita abhibyakti byabaharara eka udaharanare logross ebong dhancha bishajare eka paning sandarbha karanti . udaharana swaroopa, eka sandhan ebong pratisthapana karjya karjyakaree heuchhi. khojibaku thiba pathyaku eka nijamita abhibyakti "dhancha" bhabare nirdista karajaichi . dhancha" ku badalaiba paain namuna lekha heuchhi "logross".

pattern atey loggers kalpana nawal (1970-1990 dey dahake) dee luddy 'dha chronicles aaf umber' witch, ih pattern ikk ukkari hoee bhulakhali haii joe multiverse noon aapna kram dindi haii. iss neey iss vicchon langhan vaale patran noon "sambhav sansaran dee ikk bheed takk pahunch curran dee yogta" ditti. iss naal sabandhat loggers haii, ikk badaldi, tinn-ayami bhulekha joe multiverse witch arajakta deeaan taktan noon darsaunda haii. umber pattern. ih namuna ikk vaddi gufa dey farsh utte ukkre hoye haii joe kii kolvir pahaad dey ander dunghiaan gufavan dee pranali daa hissa haii, joe kii umber shehar witch kilhe dey umber dey siddhe hethan haii. ih pattern ikk single, ops witch judiaa hoiaa karav haii, joe ikk spiderweb vargi shakal witch rakkhiaa giaa haii. umber dey shaahi parivaar dey member "parchhaven"-vikalpik sansaran dey vichkaar challan dee shakti prapat curran laee iss dey kendra takk pattern dey naal-naal turr sakde hunn. qee umber dey gharr dey member uh parchhaven banaunde hunn jiss witch uh jaande hunn jaan ih kii parchhaven pahilan hii maujood hunn atey ih kii pattern vaakar siraf uhanan witch dakhal hunda haii, ikk ajiha visha haii jiss noon lekhak zelazani pathak dee viaakhiaa laee khullah chadda haii. ikk vaar jadon ikk paidal challan vaala pattern utte pair rakkhda haii, taan uss noon kendra witch iss dey gumrahkun raste dee palna jaari rakkhni chahidi haii; bahut lambe samein laee rukna, jaan pattern dey raste noon chaddna, ikk bhiaanak maut daa natija hunda haii. iss pattern utte challna koee saukha kamm naheen haii. ikk virodh hunda haii joe vaakar noon hauli qarr dinda haii jiven kii usne leed boot paae hoye hunn joe harr kadam dey naal bhaari atey bhaari hunde jaande hunn. durghatna dey dauran, paidal challan vaala bahut ziaada mushkal dey kaee binduaan vicchon langhda haii jiss noon "parda" kiha jaanda haii-pahila parda, dooja parda atey antam parda. ih bindu iss bhiaanak virodh witch teebar vaadhe noon darsaunde hunn, parr ikk parda todan naal virodh thoda jiha tutt jaanda haii. ikk vaar pattern dey kendra witch, paidal challan vaale neey parchhaven witch challan dee shakti prapat qarr laee haii. iss dey naal hii, kendra witch honn naal uss noon kamre witch, umber kilhe takk, dunia bharr witch, ikk horr shaddo sansar witch, itthe dharti utte, aadi witch, uss noon jitthe vee uh chahunda haii, bhejan daa pattern denh daa mauka milda haii. marlin chakkar witch, itahaas witch panj navlan dee duji luddy, pattern noon sanvedansheel dikhaiaa giaa haii. ih aapne aap noon kise vee samein chhaiaa witch pragat curran dey yog haii, atey doojiaan dee sehmati toon binan teleport karda haii. ih "pattern bhoot" banaun dey yog vee haii, kise vee viakati dey goonj sanskaran joe pattern 'teey challiaa haii. primary pattern. luddy dey dauran, ih pataa chalda haii kii umber aapne aap witch ikk primary pattern daa pahila "shaddo" haii, jadon kram daa unicorn corvin noon pahilan andekhe sathaan vall lae giaa see. primary pattern dee raakhi viksar naam dey ikk jamani griffin duaara keeti gaee see joe spasht taur 'teey dwarkin (pahilan mritak manniaa jaanda see) dee raakhi laee vee rakkhiaa giaa see, kiunki dwarkin neey iss samein aapni mansik faculty daa bahut saara hissa guaa ditta see. ih mudhla pattern "umber witch naun rajkumaran" deeaan ghatnavan toon pahilan nuksan pahunchiaa see jadon iss utte umbarite khoon vahaiaa giaa see-martin daa khoon, betartibe (oberon dey sabh toon chhote savikar keete bacche) dey puttar, jiss noon brand duaara chaku maariaa giaa see. oberon neey pattern dee murammat curran dee koshish keeti, halanki uss noon ahsas hoiaa kii prakiriaa uss noon maar devegi. brand, jiss noon dwarkin neey pattern dey adhiaen witch aapne sabh toon dhukven vidiaarthi vajon savikar keeta, neey sujhaa ditta kii ajihi murammat sambhav naheen hoow sakadi. brand neey ih vee sujhaa ditta kii jadon corvin aapna navaan pattern likh riha see kii multiverse witch kram dey doou ajihe kendra naheen hoow sakde atey brand duaara aapna khud daa likhan toon pahilan corvin dey navein pattern noon nasht karna zaruri hovega. halanki, oberon neey purane pattern dee safaltapurvak murammat keeti, atey ih corvin dey navein pattern dey naal shantipuran roop witch sahi-hond witch dekhiaa giaa-sambhav haii kii kiunki doven faisle dey gahine witch pattern dey pratibimb hunn. ih sanket ditta giaa haii kii koee vee nuksangrast pattern noon "puurii tarahan" safaltapurvak theek naheen qarr sakda see, jaan iss noon dubara paida naheen qarr sakda see jiven kii ih asal witch see-atey ih kii koshish witch uhanan dee aapni shakhsiat lazmi taur 'teey iss' teey chhapi javegi. ih brand duaara savikar keeta jaanda haii-atey lodinda-joe pattern noon siddhe taur 'teey nasht karna chahunda see atey aapne aap noon navein multiverse dey architect vajon aapne aap witch ikk navaan pattern dubara banauna chahunda seeuuu ikk tatth jaan taan janhiaa naheen jaanda, vishwas naheen keeta jaanda, jaan corvin duaara galat samajhiaa jaanda see, joe purane pattern noon vafadari naal dubara banaun dee koshish karda haii (brand neey uss noon dhokha ditta kii uh oberon noon mool dee murammat curran dee koshish witch asfal hoow giaa haii) siraf aapne navein pattern laee naa siraf vakkhre tarike naal vikast curran laee balki aakharkar iss noon shamal curran laee safaltapurvak murammat keete pattern dey yatnan daa virodh curran laee vee. iss toon baad (atey corvin duaara ikk navein pattern dee safaltapurvak sirjana dey tatth toon, jiss witch uh "naheen" marr giaa) ih haii kii purane pattern dee murammat witch oberon daa marna zaruri naheen see. kiunki oberon dee sachmuch maut hoow gaee see, iss laee uss neey aapni marzi naal (atey pahilan toon hii jaanh keey kii ih zaruri see) aapni shakhsiat noon iss dee bahali dey purane pattern 'teey chhapan toon bachann dey tarike vajon ajiha keeta hovega. kise vee tarahan naal, iss dee murammat toon baad, purana pattern (jadon bhavna pradarshit hundi haii) oberon dee shakhsiat deeaan koee sapshat visheshtavan pradarshit naheen karda japda. horr namune. dass kitaban dey dauran, kaee horr vikalpik patternan dee hond daa khulasa hunda haii. reba (umber spelled backward) witch pattern haii, joe samunder dey hethan umber daa ikk pratibimbat sanskaran haii; tirr-naa nog 'thh witch umber dey bhoot-shehar pratibimb witch ikk haii; ikk primary pattern haii, ikk saccha pattern joe kii amber naalon vee asli paimane utte uccha haii; corvin daa aapna pattern, chhaan witch bnd haii; atey ithon takk kii pattern dey apuran sanskaran vee sacche pattern dey bahut nede parchhaven witch paae jaande hunn. baad vaale noon 'tutte hoye pattern' kiha jaanda haii atey ajiha curran laee kaafi himmat vaala koee vee viakati iss utte chall sakda haii. tutte hoye pattern shuruat curran valiaan noon parchhaven noon paar curran atey jaadu curran dee aagiaa dinde hunn jiven kii sacche patternan dee shuruat. halanki, tuttiaa hoiaa maarag aapne aap noon kaee tarikiaan naal pragat karda haii. mukkh udaharan ih haii kii pattern witch break shuru witch aaunn vaale harek parchhaven witch pragat hunda haii. break daa aakaar pattern witch break dey aakaar atey umber toon chhaan witch iss dee doori utte nirbhar karda haii. tutte hoye pattern dey jadugar aapni shakti noon siddhe break toon lainde hunn, jiven kii arajakta toon aapni shakti noon khichna. pattern daa harek chittar umber toon jinna door hunda haii, ona hii kharaab hoow jaanda haii. pahile naun tuttiaan tasviran gallbat yog sunn, parr "night aaf shaddo" dey dauran marlin neey ikk dee murammat keeti-sambhav taur 'teey siraf atth chhadd ditte. halanki ih hoow sakda haii kii horr pattern iss toon baad vartan laee kaafi surakhiat hoow gaye honn. faisle daa gahina. nirne daa gahina ikk vadda rubi varga rattan haii joe gardan dey duaale latkan dey roop witch pahiniaa jaanda haii. jiven-jiven kahani agge vadhadi haii, iss dee mahatta vadhadi jaandi haii. pahilan taan ih mausam noon niyantrit curran laee siraf ikk upkaran haii, joe ladai witch labhdaik haii, parr firr corvin noon dassiaa jaanda haii kii jey uh gahine noon chukkde hoye pattern utte challda haii, atey firr pattern dee shakti dee varton karke aapne aap noon iss witch pesh karda haii, taan uh ikk navaan paddhar prapat karega. jadon uh ajiha karda haii, taan uh vekhda haii kii gahine witch tinn jaan iss toon vee vaddh ayaman witch ikk pattern hunda haii. akheer witch, uh dwarkin toon sikhhda haii kii gahina umber dey pattern daa asal sarot haii atey ih unicorn toon prapat keeta giaa see. corvin gahiniaan dee varton aapna pattern banaun laee karda haii jadon uh mannada haii kii umber daa pattern nasht hoow giaa haii. aapne pattern dey kendra witch khadah hoow keey, uh firr arajakta dey darbaran witch aapne aap noon antam ladai witch pesh curran dey yog hoow jaanda haii. niaan daa gahina arajakta dey sapp dee khabbi akkh vajon pragat hunda haii, joe bahut door dey ateet witch kise samein unicorn duaara chori keeta giaa see. ih aakharkar coral laee ikk badalvin akkh vajon kamm karda haii, jiss naal uh "sadivata deeaan sapshat, thandiaan rekhavan" noon vekh sakda haii. loggers. arajakta dey darbaran witch loggers maujood haii, ikk tinn-ayami banatar joe kii umber dey pattern dey ulat sankhiaa haii. jitthe asthir, sakhat pattern kram noon darsaunda haii, loggers lagatar aapni shakal noon badal riha haii atey arajakta dey sidhant noon darsaunda haii. loggers ikk asthai shakti dey roop witch dikhai dinda haii jiss noon jadui/mansik paddhar 'teey navigate keeta jaanha chahida haii. joe iss usari noon safaltapurvak chalaunde hunn, uh shakti atey yaatra curran dee yogta prapat karde hunn. loggers dey safal navigation toon prapat ikk vadhu shakti shaddo sansar toon lodindiaan, gair-vishesh vastuaan noon "khicchan" dee yogta haii. loggers naal gallbat karna bahut mushkal atey sambhavat taur 'teey ghatak haii. loggers dee sambhavit shuruat aam taur utte unnat sikhlai prapat kardi haii, parr safalta ichha shakti naalon giaan utte ghatt nirbhar kardi haii. meron dey khatre toon ilava, loggers dee koshish curran vaale kujh lokan neey dimag noon sathayi nuksan pahunchiaa haii, halanki ih kismat siraf uhanan lokan naal vapardi haii joe kamzor ichha shakti vaale hunn jaan puurii tarahan naal arajakta vaale khoon dey naheen hunn. khushkismat haii kii joe lock ashanti vaale khoon dey hunde hunn uh aam taur 'teey thode samein laee hii pagal hoow jaande hunn. loggers atey pattern dovan laee gallbat karna, jiven kii marlin neey keeta haii, ikk vilakkhan dalerana karnama haii. jiven kii dwarkin barryman pattern daa rakkhiak hunda haii, suhui loggers daa rakkhiak hunda haii atey arajakta dey kuleen gharan daa member hunda haii. reception atey vishleshan. kudrati taur utte, iss pattern noon vidvatapuran vishleshan witch kram dey prateek vajon maanta ditti gaee haii, atey iss tarahan nawal witch arajakta dey sanket loggers dey "virodhi atey virodhi" vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. kujh vishleshan neey iss mahattavpuran bhumika utte zor ditta haii kii pattern dey sirjanhar dee mansikta, bhaven uh umber dey pattern dey mamle witch dwarkin howay jaan uss dey navein pattern dey mamle witch corvin, iss toon baney brahmand witch khedan dee umeed keeti jaa sakadi haii. jadon navlan witch ih khulasa hunda haii kii pattern dee shuruat arajakta witch haii, taan ih admond hasral deeaan dalilan noon darsaunde hoye likhiaa giaa hoow sakda haii joe uss dey utpadan dey sambandh witch haii jiss noon viaktigat vartare toon udesh manniaa jaanda haii. creasistoff aim. mejar neey iss pattern noon saade anubhavi sansar noon shandar navlan naal joden vaale "prateek gett" vajon dekhiaa, jiss dee tulna "narnia dey itahaas" witch almari jaan "ellis inn wonderland" witch khargosh dey chhek naal keeti gaee haii. iss pattern daa vishleshan trumps dey roopak pratibindu witch keeta giaa haii, jitthe trumps "wild card" noon darsaunde hunn joe dharna atey asliat dey vichkaar antar noon dhundla karde hunn, parr doven aapne upbhogtavan laee sashaktikaran dey sarot hunn. olga valikova neey iss pattern dee parshansa ikk asadharan udaharan vajon keeti jitthe ikk architectonic chittar ikk sahitak rachna witch kendri bhumika nibhaunda haii atey iss dee tulna kazakh lekhak aslan zaxilikov duaara nawal "singing stones" dey sangathnatmak sidhant naal keeti gaee haii. jaine aim. lindscold neey prastav ditta kii pattern duaara iss dee shuruat noon ditti gaee yogta, "siraf ikk jagha dee kalpana karke atey firr iss vall jaa keey naviaan hakikatan paida curran", zelazani dey rachna dey ikk roop vajon likhan dey vicharan laee ikk roopak hoow sakadi haii. loggers noon "rannitak pramanu hathiaaran, remot handling atey jadui vandd" daa sarot kiha giaa haii. ikk vishleshan witch, loggers noon umber dey unicorn laee ikk virodhi alankarik ikai vajon manniaa giaa haii, naa kii pattern dey naal, marlin chakkar dey sikhar naal ihanan taktan dey vichkaar ikk takraa haii. prasidh sabheyachar witch. computer programmer felix "dwarkin" cross, sarvar software dwarkin game driver jaan dee. jee. dee. dey sirjanhar, neey aapne project laee vikas mitty daa naam "pattern" rakkhiaa. goonjvad dee vidwan catarina zoria neey tippni keeti kii zelazani dey navlan dey shabad "pattern" atey "loggers", pachmi kalpana dey horr prabhavan dee tarahan, soviat toon baad dey jadui abhiaas witch aapna raah labbh liaa haii. pro paral" witch, pieter venerite niyamat samikaran dee varton dee ikk udaharan witch loggers atey pattern daa ikk punning havala dinda haii. udaharan witch, ikk khoj atey tabdili karvai keeti jaa rahee haii. khoj curran laee paath noon ikk niyamat samikaran "pattern" vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. pattern" noon badlan laee namuna paath "loggers" haii.

pratiroopam tathaa cha logras da chronicles aaf ember" iti kaalpanik-upanyaas-shrunkhalaayaam (1970-1990 dashakaani), etat pratiroopam utkeernam bhoolabhulambam asti, yat bahu-vishvaaya tasya kramam pradadaati. tena tasya madhyamena pravahamaanaan patran "anekaan sambhavyan jagataih prapyatayaha kshamata" prapta. tena sambaddham lagras iti parivartanam tri-aayaami bhoolokah asti yah bahu-kshetre araajakashaktim pratinidhayati. ember-swaroopam. asya akrutya bruhad-guhayaha prushthe utkeernah asti, yat kolveer-parvatasya antah gabheere, ember-nagarasya durgasya ember-ityasya sakshat adhah, guhaasdhaaravyavasthayaah bhaagah asti. namuna ekaha, paraspar-sambadhah vakraha asti, yah spadder-web-sadrusha-akrutya sthaapitah asti. ember-nagarasya rajaparivarasya sadasyaah "chaayaa"-vaikalpikalokayoh madhye chalayitum shakttim praaptum tasya kendram prati pratimaanena saha chalitum shaknuvanti. ember-gruhasya sadasyaah te yatra gacchanti tatra chhaayaah nirmaati vaa athavaa chhaayaah poorvamev vidyamaanah asti vaa, tathaa cha namuna-vaakar kevalam teshu pravishati iti ekaha vishayah asti yah lekhakah zelazni paathakavyaakhyaai muktah vadati. yadaa ekaha padacharihi matrukayaha upari padam sthaapayati, tadaa saha tasya jatilam maargam kendram prati anuvartayet; dirghakalam yaavat viraamam, athavaa matrukayaha maargam nishkaasayati, parinaamatah bhayanakah mrutyuhu bhavati. pratimaanam anusaratu chet tatt sulabham naa bhavati. tatra pratirodha asti yah vaakar-ityasya gatim mandam karoti, yena saha seesamyuktam boot-vastram dharati, yat pratyekapaaden bharakam bharakam cha bhavati. agniparikshaayaah samaye, padacharihi "pardayaha" iti namna khyataha anekaan charam-kashtasthaanaani-prathamah pardayaha, dwiteeyah pardayaha, antimah pardayaha cha-param gacchati. ete binduhu asmin prachand-pratirodhe teevra-uddipanam pratinidhayanti, parantu "pracchaadanam vicchinnam" pratirodham kinchitkalam nyooneekartum kaaranamabhavat. ekadaa namunayaha kendre, vaakar chhayayam chalayitum shakttim avaapnot. api cha, kendre upasthitah, tasya icchaanusaaram yatra cha preshayitum, yathaa-prakoshtam, ember-durgam, sampoorne jagatah, anyam chaayaa-jagatam, atra pruthivyaam, ityadinam prati, tasya pratimanasya aadesham kartum avasaram api pradadaati. itihasasya pancha-upanyasanam dwiteeya-shrunkhalaayaam marlin-chakrasya swaroopam samvedanaasheelam iti darshitam asti. chaayaa-sthitau kasyaapi samaye swayam prakatayitum, anyaan teshaam sammatam vinaa teleport kartum cha shaknoti. etat "namuna-bhootaani" api nirmaatum shaknoti, yat pratidhwani-samskaranam bhavati yat tasya pratiroopam anusarati. prathamikaroopam. shrunkhalaayaah samaye, ember-nagaram eva praathamikaroopasy prathamam "chaayaa" iti dnyaayate, yat yadaa unicorn-kramah carvin-nagaram poorvam adrushyam sthaanam prati netum arhati tadaa vartate. praathamikaroopasy rakshanm viksar namakena bangany-griffin ityanena krutam aasit yat tatra dworkin (poorvam mrutah iti manyate sma) ityasya rakshanarthm api sthaapitam aasit, yatah asmin samaye dworkin swasya manasika-shakttim bahubhyah nashtavaan aasit. ember-madhye nava rajakumaranam" ghatanaabhyah poorvam etat prathamikaroopam kshatigrastam aasit, yadaa tasmin emberat-rakttam prasrutam jaatam-yaadrucchikasya (oberan-ityasya kanishtatamasya sveekrutasya balasya) putrasya martin-ityasya raktam, yah brand-dwara chhurikaaghaatitah aasit. oberaan ityeshah tasya pratiroopasy punarnirmanam kartum prayatavaan, yadyapi saha dnyaatavaan yat iyam prakriya tam marayishyati iti. brand, yah dworkin ityanena pratiroopasy adhyayanasya krute swasya atyuttamah shishyah iti sweekrutah, saha soochitavaan yat etaadrushee marammatm naa shakyate iti. yadaa carvin swasya nootanam swaroopam likhati sma tadaa brand api soochitavaan yat multiverse-madhye etaadrushaah kramakendrau naa bhaveyuhu, brand-dwara swasya mudranam kartum praak carvin-ityasya nootanam swaroopam naa naa naa vikshaat iti. parantu, oberan-varyaha puratanam pratiroopam safalatayaa niramaat, tathaa cha carvin ityasya nootanam pratiroopam shaantipoorvakam saha-astitvam cha drushyate sma-sambhawatah dwau api nirnayasya ratnasya pratirupanam pratibimbau stah iti. naa kenaapi kshatigrastaah "purnataya" pratiroopanam safalatayaa kartum shaknoti sma, naa cha yathaa moolatah aasit tathaiva punah nirmaatum shaknoti sma-tathaa cha prayaase teshaam vyaktitvam anivaryataya tatra mudritam bhavishyati iti api soochyate. etat brand-dwara sweekrutam, apekshitam cha, yah pratiroopam sakshat nashtum icchati, swasya pratimoortau nootanam pratiroopam punah nirmaatum icchati, nootan-bahu-vishvasya shilpi-rupena swayam sahah-ekaha tathyah yaa naa dnyaatah, naa wishwasitah, athavaa carvin ityanena apaarthitah, yah naa kevalam tasya nootan-pratiroopam naa kevalam bhinnarupena vikasayitum apitu antatah tatt samaaveshtum safal-punarnirmita-pratiroopasy prayatnaan pratirodhayitum cha, puraatan-pratiroopam vishvasayitum prayatate (brand-dwara oberan-mulasya punarnirmaanasy prayasam viphalam iti vishvasayitum vanchitah). anena (tathaa carvin ityasya nutanasya pratiroopasy safalatayaa srushtehe tathyaat, yasmin saha "naa mriyata" iti) yat puratanam pratiroopam niraamaye oberan ityasya mrutyuhu aavashyakah naa syaat iti. yato hii oberan vastutah mrutah aasit, saha swaicchayaa api (tathaa etat aavashyakam iti poorvamev dnyaatavaan) swasya vyaktitvasya punarsameekshane tasya puraatane pratiroope mudranam "nivaarayitum" upaayaroopen etat krutavaan syaat. antatah, tasya navikarananantaram, puratanam swaroopam (yadaa samvedanaapradarshitam bhavati) oberon ityasya vyaktitvasya kimapi spashtalakshanm naa pradarshayati. anyaani pratiroopaani. dashagrantheshu anyaih anekanam vaikalpikaanaam pratirupanam astitvam prakaashyate. rebba (ember-varnalekhanam prushtatah) ityasmin pratiroopam bhavati, yat samudrasya adhah ember-ityasya pratibimbitasamskaranam bhavati; tir-naa nog-th ityasmin ember-ityasya bhuta-nagar-pratibimbe ekam bhavati; ekaha praathamik-pratiroopam bhavati, ekaha satya-pratiroopam bhavati yah ember-ityasya apekshayaa vaastavika-matrayam adhikah bhavati; carvin-ityasya swakeeya-pratiroopam, chaayaayaah bahihi bhavati; tathaa cha vaastavika-pratiroopasy ati-samipastha-chaayaasu drushyamaanasya pratiroopasy apurna-samskaranaani api santi. uttaratah 'bhagnapraroopaah' iti kathyate, tathaa cha paryaptasahasena yah kashchit cha tena chalitum shaknoti. bhagnapraroopaah, yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa. parantu bhagnamaarga anekaih vidhaihi prakatah bhavati. mukhyam udaaharanam asti yat, aarambhe sandarshanasya pratyekayam chhayayam pratiroope viraamah prakatah bhavati. viraamasya aakaarah, pratiroope viraamasya aakaarasy, ember-taha tasya chaayaayaah durasya cha aadhaaren avalambate. bhagna-pratiroop-mantrajnaah, avyavasthaayaah karanat swashaktim graheetum sadrusham, viraamaat sakshat swashaktim graheeshyanti. pratimanasya pratyekam chitram ember-nagaraat yaavat doore bhavati taavat adhahkshati. prathamam nava bhagnapratimaah vilambyamaanaah aasan, parantu "nait aaf shados" ityasya kaale marlin ityanena ekam naveekrutam-praayah kevalam ashta eva avashishtaani aasan. parantu anyaah pratiroopaah tadanantaram upayogaay paryaptataya surakshitaah abhavan iti syaat. nyayasya ratnam. nyayasya ratnam ekaha vishaalah manikya-sadrushah ratnah asti yah kanthasya paritah dandarupena dharyate. yathaa kathaa pragatim karoti, tasya mahattvam vardhate. prathamam, etat kevalam vaayugunasya niyantranaartham ekam yantram asti, yuddhe upayogee, parantu tatah carvin ityasmai kathyate yat yadi saha ratnam vahantaam pratiroopam chaalayati, tatah pratiroopasy shakttim upayujya tasmin swayam prakshepayati, tarhi saha nootanam staram praaptah bhavishyati. yadaa saha etat karoti tadaa saha jaanaati yat ratnasya trishu vaa adhikeshu vaa parimaaneshu ekam pratiroopam vartate iti. ante saha dworkin ityatah jaanaati yat ratnam eva ember ityasya swaroopasya vaastavikam moolam, unicorn ityatah praaptam iti. carvin ityeshah ratnasya upayogam swakeeyam pratiroopam nirmaatum karoti yadaa saha ember ityasya pratiroopam nashtam abhavat iti manyante. swasya swaroopasya kendre sthite sati saha arajakatayaha sabhaasu antimayuddhe swayam praadarshayitum shaknoti. nyayasya ratnam iti vidoor-ateete kasminshchit samaye unicorn ityanena choritah araajak-sarpasya vaama-netrah iti prakaashyate. antatah pravaalasya pratisthaapan-netrarupena karyam karoti, yena saa "anantakaalasya spashtaani shitaliyaha rekhaani" drashtum shaknoti. lagras iti. arajakanam nyayalayeshu lagras iti tri-aayaami-samrachanaa asti yaa ember-prakarasya vipareeta-sankhyaa asti. yatra aparivartaneeyah, kathorah vinyaasah kramam pratinidhayati, tatra lagras nirantaram swaroopam parivartayati, avyavasthaayaah siddhaantam cha pratinidhayati. lagras-bhashayaha ekam sthaanikashaktih drushyate yat jaadukaree/manasika-stare nyaaviget karaneeyam. ye eteshaam nirmanasya safalatayaa gatim kurvanti te shakttim praaptavantah, tathaa cha chaayaa-dwara yatram kartum cha samarthawantah. lagras ityasya safal-nauparivahanaat praaptah atiriktah shakttih asti, chaayaa-jagatah apekshitaan, anirdishtaan vastooni "taan" kartum kshamata. lagras ityasya vartalapaha atyantam kathinah, sambhaawyen ghaatakah cha bhavati. lagras ityasya bhaavee-deekshaah samanyataya unnata-prashikshanm praapayanti, parantu safalataa icchaayaah apekshayaa gyaanasya upari nyunataya avalambitaa bhavati. maranasya apaayam atirichya, kechan ye logras ityasya prayatnam akurvan, te sthayee-mastishka-kshatam anubhavanti, yadyapi etat vidhihi kevalam teshaam eva bhavati ye durbal-icchaashaktivantah santi athavaa poorna-araajak-raktasya naa santi. saubhaagyena, jey cha araajak-raktasya santi te praayah alpakalam yaavat eva unmattah bhavanti. marlin-ityanena yathaa lagras-vinyaasasya cha vartalapaha, vishishtatayaa saahasikah paraakramah asti. yathaa dworkin barryman iti aakrutyaah rakshaka asti, tathaiva suhuy ityeshah lagras ityasya rakshaka asti, avyavasthaayaah kulinagruhanam sadasyah cha asti. grahanam tathaa vishleshanam. svaabhaavikatayaa, vidvataapoornavishleshane kramasya pratikatvena etat pratiroopam maanyate, tathaa cha upanyaaseshu arajakatayaha chihnam, lagras ityasya "vairuddhyam pratidwandwitwam cha" iti varnitam asti. kechan vishleshanaani mahattvapoornaam bhumikam adhoktavantah yat pratiroopasy nirmaatrunah manah, chaahe embarasya swaroopasya vishaye dwarkin athavaa tasya nutanasya swaroopasya vishaye carvin, tena nirmitasya brahmaande bhavitum arhati iti. yadaa upanyaaseshu prakaashyate yat asya swaroopasya utpattih avyavasthaayaam eva asti iti, tadaa vyaktiparaka-ghatanaabhih vastunishtaroopena pariganitehe utpadanasya vishaye edmund husserl ityasya tarkaan niroopayan etat likhitam syaat. chrogistophe mee. maaj ityanena etat swaroopam "pratikatmakam dwaaram" iti drushtam yat asmakam anubhavajanyam jagatam adbhuta-upanyaasen saha samyojayati, yat "da chronicles aaf narnia" ityasmin wardrobe-ityanena athavaa "elis inn vandar-lyand" ityasmin sarshasya chhidrena saha tulyate. pratiroopam trump-ityetasya roopaka-pratirupena vishleshitam asti, yatra trump-ityetaani "weld-card-ityetaan" pratinidhayanti, yat pratyaksheekaranasy vaastavikataayaah cha madhye bhedam aspashtam karoti, parantu ubhau api swasyaah upayoktrubhyah sashakteekaranasya srotah santi. olga valikova ityeshaa asya swaroopasya prashamsaam ekaa asadharanam udaaharanaroopen krutavatee yatra vastukala-chitram saahityik-kaarye kendreeyam paatram nirvahati, tathaa cha tasya tulanaa kazaakh-lekhakasy aslan zaksilikov ityasya "singing stones" iti upanyaasasy sangathanaatmak-siddhaanten saha krutavatee. zen emm. lindscold ityanena prastaavitam yat, "kevalam sthanasya kalpanena tatah tatra gatvaa nootan-vaastavikataam nirmaatum", tasya aarambhe prati pratimaanena pradatt-kshamata "srushtehe ruparupena lekhanasy vishaye zelazni ityasya vichaaraanaam" roopakam "bhavitum arhati iti. lagras "saamarik-paramaanu-shastranam, durastha-nirvahanasya, jaadukaree-vibhaajanaayaah cha srotah" iti kathyate. ekasmin vishleshane, logras iteedam embarasya unicorn ityasya pratidwandweeroopen adhibhautikeeya-astitvaroopena naa tu pratirooparoopen, naa cha kalpitam asti, yatra marlinachakrasya paraakaashtaayaam eteshaam shaktayah madhye sangharshah bhavati. lokapriyataayaah samskrutehe. server-saftware-dworkins-gem-draver athavaa dii. jii. dii. ityasya nirmaatruh sanganakiya-prograamar felix "dwarkin" cross ityeshah swasya pariyojanaayaah krute vikasa-mudd iti naam "da-pattern" iti dattavaan. goodaachaarasy vidvattaa katarina zoryaa ityeshaa avadat yat zelazni ityasya upanyaasayoh "namuna", "logras" cha iti padaani, paashchaty-kalpanaa-prabhavan iva, soviyat-uttar-jaadukaree-abhyaase maargam anvishyanti iti. pro pearl" ityasmin, peater venerate niyamita-abhivyakti-upayogasya udaaharanaroopen lagras ityasya, swaroopasya cha vishaye panching-sandarbham karoti. udaharanartham, anveshana-pratisthaapan-kaaryam nishpaadyate. anveshtum likhitam niyamitam "namuna" iti padam iti nirdishtam asti. namuna" ityasya sthaane "lagras" iti namuna-paathah asti.

vadivam mattrum marabu karpanai naavalkalin (1970-1990) "thii granicals off ambar" thodaril, inththa vadivam oru porikkapatta sikkalaana vadivamaagum, idhu panmugaththirku adhan varisaiyai alikkirathu. adhu adhan vazhiyaaga nadanthu sellum kathaapaaththiranggalukku "saathiyamaana pala ulagangkalai anugum thiranai" valangkiyathu. athanudan thodarpudaiyathu lagress, oru maarum, mupparimaana piramai, idhu panmugaththil kuzhappaththin sakthigalaik kurikkirathu. ambar vadivam. ambar nagaril ulla koattai ambarukkuk keezhae ulla koolveer malaikkul aazhamaaga kugaigalin amaippin oru paguthiyaaga irukkum oru periya kugaiyin tharaiyil inththa vadivam porikkappattullathu. inththa vadivam oru ottrai, ontroadondru pinnapatta valaivu, idhu oru silanthi valai poantra vadivaththil amaikkappattullathu. ambar arasa kudumbaththin uruppinarkal "nizhalgal"-maattru ulagangkalukku idaiyil nadakka athikaaram peruvatharkaaka adhan maiyaththirku vadivaththudan nadakkalaam. ambar illaththin uruppinarkal thaangkal nuzhiyum nizhalgalai uruvaakkukiraargalaa allathu nizhalgal aerkanavae ullanavaa mattrum vadivam wacker verumanae avattrukkul nuzhaigirathu enbathu ezhuththaalar jelasni vaasagargalukku thirantha vilakkatthai vittuch sellum oru vishayamaagum. oru nadaipayirchi seibavar inththa vadivaththil kaaladi vaiththavudan, avar adhan sikkalaana paathaiyai maiyaththirku thodarnthu pinpattra vaendum; miga neenda neram niruththuvathu allathu vadivaththin paathaiyai vittu veliyaeruvathu, oru payankaramaana maranaththirku vazhivagukkirathu. inththa vadivaththil nadappathu elithaana panii alla. ovvoru adiyilum kanamaagavum kanamaagavum maarum eeya puut aninthiruppathaip poala vaakkarai methuvaakkum oru ethirppu ullathu. soathanaiyin poathu, nadaipayirchi seibavar "mukkaadu" endru azhaikkappadum theevira siramaththin pala pulligalaik kadanthu selkiraar-muthal mukkaadu, irandaavathu mukkaadu mattrum iruthi mukkaadu. inththa pulligal inththa kadumaiyaana ethirppil theeviramaana ezhuchchigalaik kurikkindrana, aanaal oru mukkaadu "udaippathu" ethirppai sattru kuraikka kaaranamaagiradhu. oru murai vadivaththin maiyaththil, nadaipayirchi seibavar nizhalil nadakkum sakthiyaip pettrullaar. maelum, maiyaththil iruppathu avarai avar virumbum engkum anuppuvatharkaana vadivaththai kattalaiyiduvadharkaana vaaippai valangkukirathu-arai muzhuvathum, ambar koattai varai, ulagam muzhuvathum, mattroru nizhal ulagirku, ingkae poomiyil, poantravai. varalaattrukalil ulla ainthu naavalkalin irandaavathu thodaraana merlin suzharchiyil, inththa murai unarthiran kondathaaga kaattappattullathu. idhu nizhalil endha neraththilum thannai velippaduththa mudiyum, maelum mattravargalin opputhal illaamal teleboard seiya mudiyum. idhu "vadiva paei" kazhai uruvaakka mudiyum, idhu vadivaththil nadantha endhavoru nabarin ethiroli pathippukal aagum. muthanmai vadivam. inthath thodarin poathu, ambar oru muthanmai vadivaththin muthal "nizhal" endru theriyavarukirathu, idhu unicorn off arder kaarvinai munbu kaanappadaatha idaththirku alaiththuch sendrapoathu amainthullathu. muthanmai vadivam wixer endra uuthaa nira griffinol paathukaakkappattathu, idhu dworkin (munbu iranththuvittathaaka karudhappattathu) paathukaappatharkaaka angku vaikkappattathu, aenenil dworkin inththa kattaththil thanathu mana thiranai ilanththaar. ambar onbathu ilavarasargalin" nigazhvugalukku munbu inththa muthanmai vadivam sethamatainthathu, athil umberite raththam sinthappattathu-seerattra (operon ilaiya angkeekarikkappatta kuzhandhai) magan martinin raththam, avar brandoll kutthappattaar. oberon vadivaththai sariseiya muyantraar, iruppinum inththa seyalmurai thannaik kondruvidum enbathai avar unarnthaar. vadivaththaip pattriya aaivil dworkin thanathu migavum porutthamaana maanavaraaga oppuk konda brand, aththagaiya pazhuthupaarppu saathiyamillai endru parinthuraiththathu. kaarvin thanathu sontha puthiya vadivaththai sethukkumpoathu, multiversil idhupoandra irandu ozhungkin maiyangkal irukka mudiyaathu endrum, brand thanathu sonthaththai sethukkuvatharku munbu carvin puthiya vadivaththai alikka vaendum endrum brand parinthuraiththathu. iruppinum, ooperaan pazhaiya vadivaththai vetrtrikaramaaka sariseidhaar, maelum idhu carvin puthiya vadivaththudan amaithiyaaga inainthu vaazhvathaik kaana mudinthathu-oruvaelai irandum theerppin aabaranaththil ulla vadivaththin pirathipalippukal. sethamadaintha vadivaththai yaaraalum vetrtrikaramaaka sariseiyavo allathu adhu muthalil irunthathaip poala adhai meendum uruvakkavoa mudiyaathu endrum, inththa muyarchiyil avarkalin sontha aalumai thavirkka mudiaamal athil achchidappadum endrum idhu kurikkirathu. idhu brandoll aetrtrukkollappadukirathu-virumbappadugirathu-puthiya multiversin sirpiyaaga thannaith thaanae kondu, thanathu sontha uruvaththil oru puthiya vadivaththai meendum uruvaakka virumbiya brandall oru unmai ariyappadavillai, nambappadavillai allathu thavaraagap purinthu kollappadavillai, kaarvin, pazhaiya vadivaththai unmaiyudan meendum uruvaakka muyarchikkiraar (brand oberanai nambuvathaaga aemaattriya piragu asal pazhuthupaarkkum muyarchiyil thoalviyadainthaar) avarathu puthiya vadivam viththiyaasamaaga uruvaaga mattumallaamal, adhai inaippatharkaana vetrtrikaramaaka pazhuthupaarkkappatta vadivaththin muyarchigalai iruthiyil ethirkkavum mattumae. idhilirunththu (maelum kaarvin oru puthiya vadivaththai vetrtrikaramaaka uruvaakkiyathil irunthu, athil avar "irakkavillai") pazhaiya vadivaththai sariseiya ooperaan irakka vaendiya avasiyamillai. oberon unmaiyil iranthuvittathaal, avar adhai pazhaiya vadivaththil thanathu sontha aalumaiyai adhan maruseeramaippin poathu muththiraiyiduvathaith thavirppatharkaana oru vazhiyaaga adhai viruppaththudan seithirukkalaam (idhu avasiyam endru munkoottiyae arinthirukkalaam). eppadiyirunththaalum, adhan pazhuthupaarppukkup piragu, pazhaiya vadivam (unarvai velippaduththumpoathu) ooparoanin aalumaiyin thelivaana panbugal ethaiyum kaattuvathaagath theriyavillai. pira vadivangkal. paththu puththagangkalin poakkil, pala maattru vadivangkal iruppathu velippadugirathu. rebma (ambar pinnoakki uchcharikkappadukirathu) vadivam ullathu, idhu kadalukku adiyil ambarin pirathipaliththa pathippaakum; ambarin paei-nagara pirathipalippil ondru dirr-naa noak 'thill ullathu; muthanmai vadivam ullathu, oru unmaiyana vadivam idhu ambarai vida yadhaarththa alavil athigamaaga ullathu; carvin sontha vadivam, nizhalil ullathu; mattrum unmaiyana vadivaththirku miga nerukkamaana nizhalgalil kaanappadum vadivaththin aboorana pathippukal kooda. pinthaiyathu 'udainththa vadivangkal' endru azhaikkappadukirathu, avvaaru seiya poathumaana thyrium ulla evarum nadakkalaam. udainththa vadivangkal nizhalaik kadanthu sellavum, unmaiyana vadivangkalin thuvakkangkalaip poalavae manthiraththaich seiyavum anumathikkintrana. iruppinum, udainththa paathai pala vazhigalil thannai velippaduththukirathu. mukiya udhaaranam ennaventraal, vadivaththil ulla idaiveli ovvoru nizhalilum velippadugirathu. idaivaelaiyin alavu vadivaththil ulla idaivaelai alavu mattrum ambarilirunthu nizhalil ulla thooraththaip poruththathu. udainththa vadiva manthiravaathikal thangal sakthiyai idaivaelaiyilirunthu neradiyaagap perukiraarkal, kuzhappaththilirunthu thangal sakthiyaip peruvathu poantrathu. vadivaththin ovvoru padamum ambarilirunthu evvalavu thooram selkirathoa avvalavu seerazhigirathu. muthal onbathu udainththa padangkal pechchuvaarththai nadaththakoodiyavai, aanaal merlin "nizhalgalin kudhirai" endra poakkil, ontrai sariseidhaar-anegamaaga ettu mattumae enjchiyirunththana. iruppinum, idharkup piragu mattra vadivangkal payanpaduththa poathumaana paathukaappaaka irunthirukkalaam. theerppin nagai. theerppin nagai enbathu kazhuththil oru pathakkamaaka aniyappadum oru periya roobie poantra raththinamaagum. kadhai munnaerumpoathu, adhan mukkiyathuvam athikarikkirathu. muthalil, idhu vaanilai kattuppaattukkaana oru saathanam, poaril payanullathaaka irukkum, aanaal pinnar kaarvin nagaikalai sumanthu sellum vadivaththil nadanthu, pinnar vadivaththin sakthiyaip payanpaduththi thannai athil munvaitthaal, avar oru puthiya nilai sakthiyaip peruvaar endru koorappadugiradhu. avar idhaich seiyumpoathu, antha nagaiyil moontru allathu adharku maerpatta parimaanangkalil oru vadivam iruppathai avar kaankiraar. iruthiyil, antha aaparanamae ambar vadivaththin unmaiyana aathaaram enbathaiyum, adhu unicornilirunthu perappattathaakavum avar dworkin-ilirunththu kattrukkolkiraar. kaarvin ambarin vadivam azhikkappattuvittathaaka nambumpoathu thanathu sontha vadivaththai uruvaakka nagaiyaip payanpaduththukiraar. thanathu vadivaththin maiyaththil nindru, kuzhappaththin neethimandranggalil iruthip poaril thannai munvaikka mudigirathu. theerppin nagai kuzhappaththin paambin idathu kann endru velippaduththappadukirathu, idhu tholaithoora kadantha kaalaththil oru kattaththil unicornol thirudapattathu. idhu iruthiyil pavalappaaraikalukku maattraaka oru kannaaga seyalpadugirathu, idhu "niththiyaththin thelivaana, kulirntha koadugalaik" paarkka anumathikkirathu. maravallam. kuzhappaththin neethimandranggalil lagress ullathu, idhu mupparimaana kattamaippaagum, idhu ambar vadivaththirku ethiraana ennaagum. maaraatha, kadumaiyaana vadivam varisaiyaik kurikkum idaththil, madakkai thodarnthu adhan vadivaththai maattrukirathu mattrum kuzhappaththin kolgaiyaik kurikkirathu. maravallam oru mayajala/mana mattaththil vazhinadaththappada vaendiya oru thartkaalika sakthiyaagath thoandrugirathu. inththa kattamaippai vetrtrikaramaaka vazhinadaththuvoar, nizhalin meethu athikaaraththaiyum, adhan vazhiyaaga payanikkum thiranaiyum perukiraarkal. marakkattaiyin vetrtrikaramaana vazhiseluththalil irunthu perappatta koodudhal sakthi, virumbiya, kuripitta allaatha porutkalai nizhal ulakangkalilirunthu "izhukkum" thiran aagum. marakkattaiyai pechchuvaarththai nadaththuvathu migavum kadinam mattrum aapaththaanathu. marakkattaiyin varungkaala thuvakkangkal podhuvaaga maempatta payirchiyaip perugindrana, aanaal vettri virupaththai vida arivaip poruththathu. irakkum abaayaththaith thavira, marakkattaiyai muyarchiththa silar nirantharamaana perumoolai sethaththai anubaviththullanar, iruppinum inththa vidhi palaveenamaana viruppamullavargalukku allathu muzhu kuzhappamaana raththaththai kondavargalukku mattumae nigazhkirathu. athirshtavasamaaga, kuzhappam niraintha iraththaththaich saernthavargal podhuvaaga kurugiya kaalaththirku mattumae paiththiyam pidiththuviduvaargal. merlin vaiththiruppathaip poala, maraviththai mattrum vadivam irandaiyum pechchuvaarththai nadaththuvathu oru thaniththuvamaana thairiyamaana saathanaiyaagum. dworkin barrimen vadivaththin keeper poalavae, suhui marakkattaiyin keeper mattrum kuzhappaththin unnatha illangkalil uruppinaraaga ullaar. varavaerpu mattrum pakuppaaivu. iyarkaiyaagavae, inththa vadivam arivaattral paguppaaivil ozhungkin adaiyaalamaaga angkeekarikkappattullathu, maelum naavalkalil kuzhappaththin adaiyaalamaana marakkattaiyin "muranpaadu mattrum poattiyaalar" endru vivarikkappattullathu. sila paguppaaivugal, vadivaththin padaippaalarin aanmaavin mukiya pangai valiyuruththiyullana, adhu ambar vadivaththin vishayathil twarkin allathu avarathu puthiya vadivaththin vishayathil kaarvin, athilirunthu uruvaakkappatta pirabanjaththil vilaiyaadakkoodum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. inththa vadivam kuzhappaththil adhan thoattraththaik kondullathu endru naavalkalil velippadumpoathu, idhu aganilai nigazhvugalilirunthu puranilai endru karudhappadum thayaarippaip pattriya edmund husserlin vaathangkalai vilakkum vagaiyil ezhuthappattirukkalaam. chrysistophe emm. thii chronicles off nornia" allathu "alis inn vonderland" ill ulla muyal thulaikku inaiyaaga, namathu anubava ulagaththai arputhamaana naavalkaludan inaikkum "kuriyeettu vaail" endru mej inththa vadivaththai paarthaar. inththa murai trumbugalukku uruvaga ethir pulliyil pakuppaaivu seiyappattullathu, angku trumbugal "wild kaardugalai" pirathinithiththuvappaduththu, idhu unarvukkum yathaarththaththirkum idaiyilaana vaerupaattai mangach seikirathu, aanaal irandum avattrin payanarkalukku athikaaramalippatharkaana aathaarangkalaakum. oolkaa valikova inththa vadivaththai oru ilakkiyap padaippil oru kattidakkalai uruvam mukiya pangku vagikkum oru asaathaarana eduththukkaattu endru paaraattinaar, maelum adhai kasakh ezhuththaalar aslan jaxilikov ezhuthiya "paadum karkal" naavalin niruvanak kolgaiyudan oppittaar. jaine emm. lindscold, "oru idaththai karpanai seithu, pinnar atharkuch selvathan moolam puthiya yathaarththangkalai uruvaakka", adhan thodakkankalukku vadivaththaal valangkappatta thiran, padaippin oru vadivamaaga ezhuthuvathu kuriththa jelasniyin ennangkalukku oru uruvagamaaga irukkalaam endru munmozhinthaar. inththa marakkattaikal "thandrobaya anuu aayuthangkal, tholainilai kaiyaaluthal mattrum mandhira vagaippaattin" aathaaram endru azhaikkappadugindrana. oru paguppaaivil, marabanu enbathu ambarin unicornukku oru poatti metabicical niruvanamaaga karudhappadugiradhu, vadivam alla, merlin suzharchiyin climax inththa sakthigalukku idaiyilaana moathal. pirabalamaana kalaachaaraththil. sarvar menporul deorkin came driver allathu digidi uruvaakkiya kanini brogrammer felix "deorkin" cross, thanathu thittaththirkaana maempaattu saetrai "vadivam" endru peyarittaar. merkaththiya karpanaiyin pira thaakkangkalaip poalavae, jelasniyin naavalkalil irunthu "vadivam" mattrum "lagress" endra sorkalum soviyaththirku pinththaiya mandhira nadaimuraiyil nuzhainththullana endru marma arinyar catarina zoria kuripittaar. puroa berl" ill, piittar weinride valakkamaana velipaattu payanpaattin eduththukkaattil lagress mattrum vadivaththaip pattri oru kurippu kurippai valangkukiraar. eduththukkaattil, oru thaedal mattrum maattru nadavadikkai seyalpaduththappadugirathu. thaeda vaendiya urai oru valakkamaana velippaadu "vadivam" yena kurippidappattullathu. vadivaththai" "madakkai" "kondu maattruvatharkaana maathiri urai" "lagress" "aagum.

namuunaa mariyu lagrus dhi chronicles off umber" fontasy navalala shrenilo (1970luu-1990luu), eee namuunaa oka chekkabadina chikkainadi, idhi multiversku daani kramaanni istundi. idhi daani gundaa nadiche paatralaku "aneka saadhyamayye prapanchaalanu access cheyagala saamarthyaanni" ichindi. dheeniki sambandhinchinadi lagrus, idhi bahula vishwamlo gandaragola saktulanu soochinche oka maarutunna, trimiteeya chittadavi. umber namuunaa. eee namuunaa oka pedda guha neelapai chekkabadindi, idhi umber nagaramloni koota umber krinda unna kolvir parvatam lopala lothaina guhala vyavasthalo bhaagam. namuunaa anedi oke, okadaanitoe okati mudipadi unna vakrarekha, idhi spider web lanty aakaaramlo untundi. umber raaja kutumba sabhyulu "needa"-pratyaamnaaya prapanchaala madhya nadiche saktini pondadaaniki daani kendram varaku namuunaa venta nadavavacchu. umber house sabhyulu vaaru pravesinche needanu srushtistara ledhaa ippatike needalu unnaya mariyu namuunaa walker kevalam vaatilo pravesinchadam anedi rachayita gelazni paatakula vivaranaku terichi unche vishayam. oka walker namuunaapai adugu pettina tarvaata, athanu daani chikkaina marganni madhyalo anusarinchadam konasaaginchaali; chaalaa kaalam paatu agadam ledhaa namuunaa marganni vidichipettadam, bhayankaramaina maranaaniki daariteestundi. namoonaga nadavadam antha sulabhamaina pani kaadu. prati adugutho baruvugaa mariyu baruvaina seesam bootlu dharinchinatlu vaakarnu nemmadinche pratighatana undhi. agnipareeksha samayamlo, nadichevaadu "musugulu" anie piluvabade teevramaina kashtam yokka aneka paayintla gundaa veltaadu-modati musugu, rendava musugu mariyu chivari musugu. eee paayintlu eee teevramaina pratighatanalo teevramaina uppenalanu suuchistaayi, conny musugu "vichchinnam" cheyadam valla pratighatana konchem taggutundi. okasari namuunaa madhyalo, walker needalo nadiche saktini pondaadu. alaage, madhyalo undatam valla athanu korukunna chotiki pampe namuunaanu aadesinche avakaasam ataniki labhistundi-gadhi antataa, umber koota varaku, prapanchavyaaptamgaa, maroka needa prapanchaaniki, ikkada bhoomipai modalainavi. merlin chakramlo, charitraloni aidu navalala rendava shrenilo, namuunaa sentimentgaa choopabadindi. idhi needalo yea samayamloonainaa tananu taanu vyaktam cheyagaladu mariyu itarula sammati lekunda teleport cheyagaladu. idhi "namuunaa dayyaalanu" srushtinchagaladu, namuunaa nadichina yea vyakti yokka pratidhvani samskaranalu. praathamika namuunaa. eee dhaaraavahika samayamlo, umber anedi oka praathamika namuunaa yokka modati "needa" anie velladaindi, idhi unicorn off arder kaarvinnu gatamlo kanipinchani pradaesaaniki nadipinchinappudu undhi. praathamika namuunaanu vaiksar anae oodaa griffin rakshinchindi, idhi spashtamgaa dwarkin (gatamlo maraninchinatlu bhaavinchina) nuu kaapaadataaniki kooda akkada unchabadindi, endukante dwarkin eee samayamlo thana manasika saamarthyaanni chaalaa varaku kolpoyadu. eee praathamika namuunaa "amberloni tommidi mandhi yuvarajula" sanghatanalaku mundu debbatindi, daanipai amberite raktam chindinchinappudu-yaadruchchika (oberon yokka chinna pillavadu) kumarudu martin raktam, brand dwara podicharu. eee prakriya tananu champestundani grahinchinappatikii, oberon namuunaanu saricheyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. namuunaa adhyayanamlo thana atyanta samuchita vidyaarthigaa dwarkin gurtinchina brand, atuvanti marammattu saadhyam kakapovachani suuchimchimdi. carvin thana sonta kotta namuunaanu vraayaetappudu multiverse loe ituvanti rendu krama kendraalu undakudadani mariyu brand thana sonta namuunaanu vraayadaaniki mundu carvin yokka kotta namuunaanu naasanam cheyadam avasaramani brand suuchimchimdi. edemaina, oberon paatha namuunaanu vijayavantamgaa sarichesadu, mariyu idhi carvin yokka kotta namuunaatoe saantiyutamgaa sahajeevanam cheyadam kanipinchindi-bahusha rendoo teerpu yokka aabharanamlo namuunaa yokka pratibimbaalu kaavochu. debbatinna namuunaanu evaruu vijayavantamgaa "sampuurnamgaa" saricheyalerani ledhaa adhi modata unnatlugaa punarutpatti cheyalerani-mariyu aaa prayatnamlo vaari swantha vyaktitvam anivaryamgaa daanipai mudrinchabadutundani suuchistumdi. idhi brand dwara aamodinchabadindi-mariyu korukunnadi-namuunaanu puurtigaa naasanam chesi, kotta multiverse yokka vaastusilpigaa thana swantha chitramlo kotta namuunaanu tirigi srushtinchaalani korukune brand dwarah carvin dwara teliyani, nammani ledhaa tappugaa ardham chesukoleni vaastavam, paatha namuunaanu nammakamgaa tirigi srushtinchadaaniki prayatnistaadu (brand oberon asalu marammattu chese prayatnamlo viphalamayyaadani nammela mosam chesina taruvaata) thana kotta namuunaa bhinnamgaa abhivruddhi chendadame kakunda, daanini chaerchadaaniki vijayavantamgaa marammatu chesina namuunaa prayatnaalanu kooda chivariki nirodhinchadaaniki matrame. dheeni nundi (mariyu carvin kotta namuunaanu vijayavantamgaa srushtinchina vaastavam nundi, dheenilo athanu "chanipoledu") paatha namuunaanu marammatu cheyadamlo oberon chanipovadam avasaram undakapovachhu. oberon nijamgaa maraninchinanduna, athanu thana swantha vyaktitvaanni daani punaruddharana samayamlo paatha namuunaapai mudrinchakundaa undataaniki oka maargamgaa ishtapuurvakamgaa (mariyu idhi avasaramani mundugaane telusu) kooda chesi undavacchu. edemaina, daani marammattu tarvaata, paatha namuunaa (bhavanni pradarsinchetappudu) oberon vyaktitvam yokka spashtamaina lakshanaalanu pradarsinchinatlu kanipinchadu. itara namuunaalu. padhi pustakaala dwara, aneka itara pratyaamnaaya namuunaala uniki velladaindi. samudram krinda umber yokka pratibimbimchina samskarana ayina rebba (umber venukaku vraayabadindi) loe namuunaa undhi; thir-naa nogtlo umber yokka deyyam-nagara pratibimbamlo okati undhi; primal namuunaa undhi, umber kante reality scalelo ekkuvagaa unde oka nijamaina namuunaa undhi; carvin yokka swantha namuunaa, needalo undhi; mariyu nijamaina namuunaaku chaalaa daggaragaa needalo kanipinche namuunaa yokka asampoorna samskaranalu kooda unnaayi. rendodi 'virigina namuunaalu' anie piluvabadutundi mariyu alaa cheyadaaniki taginanta dhairyam unna evarainaa nadavavacchu. virigina namuunaalu praarambhaalanu needanu daatadaaniki mariyu nijamaina namuunaala praarambhaala maadirigaane mayajalam cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. ayithe, virigina maargam aneka vidhaluga vyaktamavutundi. pradhana udaaharana emitante, namuunaalooni viramam prarambha sandarsanalalo prati needalo vyaktamavutundi. viramam yokka parimaanam namoonaalo viramam yokka parimaanam mariyu umber nundi needalo daani dhooram meeda aadharapadi untundi. virigina namuunaa mantragattelu tama saktini viramam nundi neerugaa pondutaaru, gandaragolam nundi tama saktini pondadam maadirigaane. namuunaa yokka prati chitram umber nundi entha dhooramlo unnado antagaa ksheenistundi. modati tommidi virigina chitraalu charchinchadaginavi, conny "nait off shahdos" samayamlo merlin, okadaanni marammatu chesindi-bahusha enimidi matrame migili unnaayi. ayithe dheeni taruvaata itara namuunaalu upayoginchadaaniki taginanta surakshitamgaa maaravacchu. teerpu yokka aabharanam. teerpu yokka aabharanam meda chuttoo lackettuga dharinche pedda maanikyam lanty ratnam. katha munduku saagutunna koddi, daani praamukhyata perugutundi. modata, idhi vaataavaranaanni niyantrinchadaaniki oka parikaram, yuddhamlo upayogakaramgaa untundi, conny appudu carvin aabharanaanni mosukelle namuunaanu nadiste, aapai namuunaa yokka saktini upayoginchi daanilo tananu taanu pradarsinchukunte, athanu kotta sthaayi saktini pondutaarani cheppabadutundi. athanu ilaa chesinappudu, aaa aabharanamlone moodu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kolatalalo oka namuunaa undani telusukuntaadu. chivariki, aaa aabharaname umber namuunaaku nijamaina muulam anie, adhi unicorn nundi pondabadindani athanu dworkin nundi telusukuntaadu. umber namuunaa naasanam cheyabadindani viswasinchinappudu carvin thana sonta namuunaanu roopondinchadaaniki aabharanaanni upayogistaadu. thana namuunaa madhyalo nilabadi, athanu gandaragola aasthaanaalalo chivari yuddhamlo tananu taanu pradarsinchukogalugutaadu. teerpu yokka aabharanam chaalaa suduura gatamlo edho oka samayamlo unicorn dongilinchina gandaragolam yokka paamu yokka edama kannu anie velladaindi. idhi chivariki pagadaniki pratyaamnaaya kannuga panichestundi, idhi aameku "saasvatatvam yokka spashtamaina, challani rekhalanu" chuudataaniki veelu kalpistundi. lagrus. gandaragolapu aasthaanaalalo lagrus undhi, idhi umber namuunaaku vyatiraeka sankhya ayina trimiteeya nirmaanam. maarani, drudamaina namuunaa kramaanni soochinche chota, lagrus nirantaram daani aakaraanni maarustuu gandaragolam suutraanni suuchistumdi. lagrus oka taatkaalika saktigaa kanipistundi, idhi oka maaya/manasika sthaayilo navigate cheyali. eee nirmaanaanni vijayavantamgaa nadipinche vaaru saktini, daani gundaa prayaaninchae saamarthyaanni pondutaaru. lagrus yokka vijayavantamaina navigation nundi pondina adanapu shakti emitante, needa prapanchaala nundi kaavalasina, nirdishtam kaani vastuvulanu "lagagala" saamarthyam. lagrassnu sampradinchadam chaalaa kashtam mariyu praanaantakam. lagrus yokka bhaavi prarambhakulu saadhaaranamgaa adhunaatana sikshananu pondutaaru, conny vijayam sankalpam kante ghnaanampai takkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi. maraninche pramaadamtoe paatu, lagrus prayatninchina kondaru shaashwata mastishka nashtanni anubhavinchaaru, ayithe eee vidhi balaheenamaina-sankalpam unnavaariki ledhaa puurti gandaragola raktam laeni vaariki matrame jarugutundi. adrushtavasaattuu gandaragola raktaaniki chendina vaaru saadhaaranamgaa takkuva kaalam matrame picchivaadigaa untaaru. merlin chesinatlugaa, lagrus mariyu namuunaa rendintinee charchinchadam anedi oka pratyaekamaina saahasopetamaina ghanata. dwarkin barrimen namuunaanu kapade vyaktigaa unnatle, suhuy lagrus yokka keeper mariyu gandaragolaniki chendina goppa gruhaalalo sabhyudu. sweekarana mariyu vislaeshanha. sahajamgaane, eee namuunaa vidvaamsula vislaeshanhaloo kramam yokka chihnamgaa gurtinchabadindi, alaage navalalo gandaragolaniki chihnamaina lagrus yokka "vyatiraekata mariyu pratyarthi" gaa varninchabadindi. umber namuunaa vishayamlo dwarkin ayina ledhaa athani kotta namuunaa vishayamlo carvin ayina, namuunaa srushtikarta yokka manastatvam daani nundi erpadina vishwamlo keelaka paatra pooshistundani konni vislaeshanhalu nokki cheppayi. eee namuunaa daani muulaalu gandaragolamlo unnayani navalalo velladainappudu, idhi aatmaasraya drugvishayam nundi vastunishtamgaa pariganinchabade daani utpattiki sambandhinchi edmond husserl vaadanalanu vivaristuu vrayabadi undavacchu. krzysztof m. dhi chronicles off narnia" looni wardrobe ledhaa "alis inn wonderland" looni kundelu randhramtho polchadagina, mana anubhavika prapanchaanni adbhutamaina navalalatho anusandhaaninche "prateekaatmaka dwaaram" gaa eee namuunaanu majer chuusaaru. namuunaanu trumplaku roopaka counter paayintlo vislaeshimchaaru, ikkada trumps avagahana mariyu vaastavikata madhya vyatyaasaanni aspashtam chese "wild cards" nuu suuchistaayi, conny rendoo vaari viniyogadaarulaku saadhikaarataku muulaalu. olgaa valikova eee namuunaanu oka saahitya rachanalo nirmaanaatmaka chitram pradhana paatra poeshinchae asaadhaarana udaaharanagaa prasamsimchaaru mariyu dheenini kajakh rachayita aslan jaxilikov raasina navala "gaanam raallu" yokka samsthaagata suutramtoe poolchaaru. jaine emm. oka sthalaanni oohinchi, aapai daaniki velladam dwara kotta vaastavaalanu srushtinchadam" anae daani praarambhaaniki namuunaa dwara manjuru cheyabadina saamarthyam, "srushti yokka oka roopamgaa rayadam gurinchi gelazni aalochanalaku" oka roopakam kaavacchu anie lindscold pratipaadinchaaru. lagrassnu "vyuuhaatmaka anhu aayudhalu, remot handling mariyu maantrika vargeekarana" yokka muulam anie pilustaaru. oka vislaeshanhaloo, merlin chakram yokka paraakaashta eee saktula madhya sangharshanhatho, umber unicornku pratyarthi adhibhouthika astitvamgaa lagrus bhaavinchabadindi, namuunaa kaadu. prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo. sarvar software dwarkins game driver ledhaa digidi srushtikarta ayina computer programmer felix "dwarkin" cross, thana project kosam development mudd kii "dhi pattern" anie paeru pettadu. paaschaatya kalpana nundi itara prabhaavaala maadirigaane gelazni navalala nundi "namuunaa" mariyu "lagrus" anae padaalu soviet anantara maantrika abhyaasamloki pravesinchaayani niguudata panditudu katariinaa zoria vyakhyaaninchaaru. proo purl" loe, peater winerite saadhaarana vyakteekarana vadakam yokka udaaharanalo lagrus mariyu namuunaa gurinchi oka pumning suuchana chestaadu. udaaharanalo, shodhana mariyu bharti operation amalu cheyabadutondi. vetakavalasina vachanam saadhaarana vyakteekarana "namuunaa" gaa perkonabadindi. namuunaa" nii "lagrus" thoo bharti cheyadaaniki namuunaa vachanam.

namunah aur laagars fantasi naawalon (1970-1990 kii dahayi) kii "dee chronicles aaf ambar" seerez mein yaha namunah eek kandah shadah bhulbaliya hay juu milty wars kuu iss kaa tartib deeta hay. iss nay iss say guzarnay waalay kirdaron kuu "behat see mamkanah duniyaon takk rasayi haasil karnay kii salahiyat" ataa kii. iss say mutaliq logars hay eek badalti hoyee teen jehti bhulbaliya juu milty wars mein afratafri kii quwaton kii numaindagi karti hay. ambar kaa namunah. yaha namunah eek bury ghaar kay farsh parr kandah kiyaa gayaa hay juu ambar shehar mein qalye ambar kay neechey waaqa koah colveer kay andar ghaaron kay nazaam kaa hasah hay. namunah eek waahid aaps mein jadaa hawaa manhani khath hay juu makdi kii waib jaisi shakal mein rakhaa gayaa hay. ambar kay shaahi khaandaan kay afraad iss namunay kay saath saath iss kay markaz takk chull saktay haine taakah "saaye"-muthbadil duniyaon kay darmiyan chalnay kii taaqat haasil kii jaa sakay. aayaa house aaf ambar kay arakeen wah saaye banatay haine jinn mein wah chaltay haine yaa yaha kahh saaye pehley say mojud haine aur yaha kahh pattern waakar mahaz inn mein daakhil hotaa hay yaha eek aisa mozua hay jasay masnaf zeelazni qaareen kii tashrih kay liye khilaa chhodta hay. eek baar jabb koyee waakar pattern parr qadm rakhta hay tuu asay markaz takk iss kay bhulbaliya waalay raastay parr chaltay rehna chahiye. behat taweel arsey takk raknaa yaa pattern kaa raastah chhodna eek khufnaak moth kaa baais bantaa hay. iss tarz parr chalna koyee aasaan kaam nahein hay. eek mazahimat hoti hay juu waakar kuu iss tarah sast kirr deeti hay jeesay iss nay leed boats pehney hoan juu harr qadm kay saath bhaari aur bhaari hotay jaatay haine. aazmaish kay doraan waakar intehayi mashkal kay kayee nikaat say guzarta hay jasay "pardah" kahaa jaataa hay-pehla pardah dosra pardah aur aakhri pardah. yaha nikaat iss shadeed mazahimat mein shadeed izaafe kii numaindagi kartay haine leakin eek pardah "todnay" kii wajah say mazahimat thodi kumm how jaati hay. eek baar pattern kay markaz mein waakar nay saaye mein chalnay kii taaqat haasil kirr lee hay. iss kay saath saath markaz mein honay say asay namunah command karnay kaa moqaa milta hay kahh wah asay jehaan chahay bhej day-kamray mein waps ambar kesal takk duniya bhar mein eek aur saayah daar duniya mein yahaan zameen parr waghairah. marlan cycle mein juu kahh tawarikh kay paanch naawalon kii dosri seerez hay iss namunay kuu hasaas dikhaya gayaa hay. yaha saayah mein kasee bhee waqat khood kuu zahir karnay kay qaabil hay aur dosron kuu inn kii razamandi kay baghair teeli port kartaa hay. yaha "pattern bhoot" bananay kay qaabil bhee hay juu kasee bhee shaqs kay gonj warzan haine juu pattern parr chalay haine. ibtadayi namunah. seerez kay doraan yaha inkshaf hotaa hay kahh ambar khood eek ibtadayi namunay kaa pehla "saayah" hay juu iss waqat waaqa hotaa hay jabb unicorn aaf arder koron kuu pehley nazar naha aaney waalay maqaam parr lay jaataa hay. ibtadayi namunay kii hifazat wakseer naami jaamni rung kay girfan nay kii thee jasay bazahir dorkan (pehley mardah samjha jaataa thaa) kii hifazat kay liye bhee wahaan rakhaa gayaa thaa keunkah dorkan nay iss waqat apnee zahni salahiyat kaa ziyadah tarr hasah khoo diyaa thaa. iss ibtadayi namunay kuu "ambar mein noow shehzadon" kay waaqiaat say pehley nqsan pahuncha thaa jabb iss parr umbirate kaa khoon bahaya gayaa thaa-bay tartib (obron kay sabb say chhotay tasleem shadah bachay) kay betay maartan kaa khoon jasay braand nay chharaa ghonpa thaa. obron nay iss namunay kii marmat kii koshish kii halankah asay ahsaas hawaa kahh yaha amal asay maar daalay gaa. braand jasay dovarkan nay pattern kay mutalah mein apnay sabb say mozon shagird kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa nay tajweez kiyaa kahh iss tarah kii marmat mumkin nahein how sakti hay. braand nay yaha bhee tajweez kiyaa kahh jabb kaaran apnaa neeya namunah likh rehaa thaa kahh milty wars mein aisey duu marakaz nahein how saktay aur braand kay apnaa namunah likhnay say pehley kaaran kay nayey namunay kuu tabaah karnaa zaruri hoga. tahim obron nay paraaney namunay kii kamiyabi say marmat kii aur yaha kaaran kay nayey namunay kay saath praman toor parr baaham mojud dekha gayaa-mamkanah toor parr iss wajah say kahh donon faislay kay zewar mein namunay kii akaasi kartay haine. iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh koyee bhee tabaah shadah namunay kuu "makmal toor parr" kamiyabi say theek nahein kirr saktaa thaa yaa asay dobarah paish nahein kirr saktaa thaa jaisa kahh yaha asl mein thaa-aur yaha kahh iss koshish mein inn kii apnee shaqsiyat lamuhalah iss parr chhaap parh jaaye gee. yaha braand kay zariah qabool kiyaa jaataa hay-aur matlubah-juu pattern kuu makmal toor parr tabaah karnaa chahta thaa aur apnee tasveer mein eek neeya namunah dobarah banana chahta thaa khood kuu nayey milty wars kay mamaar kay toor parr: eek haqeeqat juu yaa tuu malum nahein hay yaqeen nahein kartaa yaa kaaran kay zariah ghalat fehmi kaa shikaar hay juu paraaney pattern kuu wafadari say dobarah bananay kii koshish kartaa hay (braand kay baad asay yaha yaqeen dilanay kay liye dhokah deeta hay kahh obron asl kii marmat kii koshish mein nakaam rehaa hay) sarf iss kay nayey pattern kay liye kahh wah naha sarf mukhtalif tareeqe say tayaar how balkah balaakhir asay shaamil karnay kay liye kamiyabi say marmat shadah pattern kii koshishon kaa muqabilah bhee karay. iss say (aur kaaran kii eek nayey namunay kii kamiyab takhliq kii haqeeqat say jiss mein wah "nahein maraa") kahh paraaney namunay kii marmat mein obron kaa marnaa zaruri nahein thaa. chonkah obron waaqee marr gayaa thaa iss liye iss nay apnee marzi say bhee aisa kiyaa hoga (aur pehley say hyee jaanta thaa kahh yaha zaruri thaa) taakah iss kii bahaali kay waqat apnee shaqsiyat kuu paraaney tarz parr chhaapne say "bachnay" kaa eek tariqah how. kasee bhee tarah say iss kii marmat kay baad praana namunah (jabb ahsaas zahir hotaa hay) obron kii shaqsiyat kii koyee waazah khususiyat zahir nahein kartaa hay. deegar namunay. duss kitaabon kay doraan behat say dosray muthbadil namunon kaa wajood zahir hotaa hay. reeba (amber kii hajay kii pachli hajay) mein namunah hay juu samandar kay neechey amber kaa eek akaasi shadah warzan hay. tarr naa nogath mein amber kay bhoot-shehar kii akaasi mein eek hay. bunyadi namunah hay eek haqeeqi namunah juu haqeeqat kay paimanay parr amber say bhee ziyadah hay vovo koron kaa apnaa namunah saayah mein hay vovo aur yahaan takk kahh pattern kay namukamil warzan bhee sachay pattern kay behat qareeb saaye mein paaye jaatay haine. moakhar alzikar kuu 'tutay hoay namunay' kahaa jaataa hay aur aisa karnay kay liye kaafi hamat waala koyee bhee chull saktaa hay. tutay hoay namunay sheeshe kuu abur karnay aur jaado kuu asee tarah anjaam deenay kii ajazat deetay haine jeesay haqeeqi namunon kay aaghaz kii tarah. tahim tutaa hawaa raastah kayee tareeqon say zahir hotaa hay. aham misaal yaha hay kahh pattern mein waqafah harr sheeshe mein zahir hotaa hay juu ibtadayi dooron mein hotaa hay. waqfe kaa size pattern mein waqfe kay size aur ambar say iss kay fasilay parr munhasir hay. tutay hoay pattern kay jadogaron kuu apnee taaqat braah raast waqfe say haasil hoti hay jaisa kahh afratafri say apnee taaqat haasil karnay kii tarah. pattern kii harr tasveer ambar say jitni door hoti hay atnee hyee kharaab how jaati hay. pehli noow tutee hoyee tasavir qaabil bahas thein leakin marlan nay "night aaf sheedoz" kay doraan eek kii marmat kii-ghaliba sarf aath rahh gayein. tahim yaha how saktaa hay kahh iss kay baad dosray namunay istemaal karnay kay liye kaafi mahfuz how gayey hoan. faislay kaa zewar. faislay kaa zewar eek badaa ruby jaisa jawahir hay juu girdan kay gird locket kay toor parr pehna jaataa hay. jeesay jeesay kahaani aagay badhti hay iss kii ahmiyat badhti jaati hay. pehley tuu yaha sarf mosam kuu qaabu karnay kaa eek aalah hay juu jung mein mufeed hay leakin phir kaaran kuu bataya jaataa hay kahh agar wah zewar lay kirr iss namunay parr chalta hay aur phir iss mein khood kuu paish karnay kay liye namunay kii taaqat kaa istemaal kartaa hay tuu wah taaqat kii eek nayee satah haasil karay gaa. jabb wah aisa kartaa hay tuu asay malum hotaa hay kahh zewar khood teen yaa iss say bhee ziyadah jehaton mein eek namunah rakhta hay. aakhir kaar asay dovarkan say patah chalta hay kahh zewar hyee ambar kay namunay kaa asl zariah hay aur yaha kahh yaha unicorn say haasil kiyaa gayaa thaa. koron iss zewar kaa istemaal apnaa namunah bananay kay liye kartaa hay jabb asay yaqeen hotaa hay kahh ambar kaa namunah tabaah how gayaa hay. apnay tarz kay markaz mein khaday how kirr wah phir afratafri kay darbaron mein khood kuu aakhri jung mein paish karnay kay qaabil how jaataa hay. faislay kaa zewar afratafri kay saanp kii bayein aankh zahir hotaa hay juu behat door maazi mein kasee waqat unicorn kay zariye choori kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha balaakhir marjaan kay muthbadil aankh kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay jiss say wah "hamishah kii saaf sard lakirein" deekh sakti hay. laagars. afratafri kay darbaron mein laagars mojud hay eek teen jehti tameer juu ambar kay pattern kay barakas number hay. jehaan ghair mutaghir sakht namunah tartib kii numaindagi kartaa hay wahaan logars muslisil apnee shakal badal rehaa hay aur afratafri kay asul kii numaindagi kartaa hay. logars eek aarizi taaqat kay toor parr zahir hotaa hay jasay jaduyi/zahni satah parr navigate karnaa zaruri hay. juu loag iss tameer parr kamiyabi say chaltay haine wah iqtedar haasil kartay haine aur iss say guzarnay kii salahiyat saayah haasil kartay haine. laagars kii kamiyab navigation say haasil honay waali eek izaafi taaqat sheedo world say matlubah ghair makhsus ashyaa kuu "khainchnay" kii salahiyat hay. laagars parr baath cheet karnaa intehayi mashkal aur mamkanah toor parr mahlak hay. logars kay mamkanah aaghaz aam toor parr aalee darjay kii tarbiyat haasil kartay haine leakin kamiyabi kaa inhasaar marzi kay muqabilay alam parr kumm hotaa hay. marnay kay khatray kay alawah kachh jinhon nay logars kii koshish kii hay inhein dimaghi mustaqil nqsan kaa saamna karnaa padaa hay halankah yaha qasmat sarf inn logon kay saath hoti hay juu kamzor araday kay hotay haine yaa makmal afratafri kay khoon say nahein hotay haine. khush qasmati say juu afratafri kay khoon kay hotay haine wah aam toor parr sarf mukhtasir waqat kay liye paagal how jaatay haine. logars aur pattern donon parr baath cheet karnaa jaisa kahh marlan nay kiyaa hay eek manfard jaraat mandanah karnamah hay. jiss tarah dovarkan barryman namunah kaa muhafiz hay asee tarah sohuay laagars kaa muhafiz hay aur afratafri kay azeem gharaanon kaa rakan hay. isteqbaliya aur tajziya. fitri toor parr iss namunay kuu elmi tajziya mein tartib kii alaamat kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa jaataa hay aur iss tarah asay naawalon mein afratafri kii alaamat logars kay "mukhalif aur hareef" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. kachh tajziye nay iss aham kirdaar parr zoor diyaa hay kahh namunah kay takhliq kaar kii nafsiyaat chahay wah ambar kay namunay kay muamile mein dovarkan how yaa iss kay nayey namunay kay muamile mein coron iss say bunny kainaat mein adaa honay kii toqaa kii jaa sakti hay. jabb naawalon mein yaha inkshaf hotaa hay kahh iss namunay kii ibtada khood afratafri mein hay tuu yaha admond hasral kay iss kii tayari kay hawalay say dilayal kii wazahat kay toor parr likhaa gayaa how gaa jasay sapekish mazahir say maruzi samjha jaataa hay. karzestof ayem. meejar nay iss namunay kuu "alamati darwazay" kay toor parr dekha juu hamaari tajarbati duniya kuu naawalon mein say eek shandar naawal say jodta hay jiss kaa mawaznah "dee chronicles aaf narniah" mein almaari yaa "ails inn wonder lend" mein khargosh kay surakh say kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss namunay kaa tajziya trop kay isteyarati jawabi naqtah mein kiyaa gayaa hay jehaan trop "wild cardz" kii numaindagi kartay haine juu adraak aur haqeeqat kay darmiyan farq kuu dhandla deetay haine leakin donon apnay saarfin kay liye baikhtiyar bananay kay zaraye haine. aulga walikowa nay iss namunay kuu eek ghair mamuli misaal kay toor parr saraha jehaan eek architectical ameej adbi kaam mein markazi kirdaar adaa karti hay aur iss kaa mawaznah qaziq kay masnaf islaan jhaksilikof kay naawal "singing stones" kay tanzimi asul say kiyaa. jaine ayem. lundsculd nay tajweez paish kii kahh iss namunay kay zariye iss kay aaghaz kuu dee gayee salahiyat "sarf eek jagah kaa tasavur karkay aur phir iss parr jaa kirr nayee haqeeqaton kuu takhliq karnaa"yee zeelazni kay takhliq kii eek shakal kay toor parr likhnay kay khayalat kay liye eek isteyarah how saktaa hay. logars kuu "taktiki johri hathiyaron remot handling aur jaduyi taqsim" kaa zariah kahaa gayaa hay. eek tajziye mein logars kuu ambar kay unicorn kay hareef mabaad altabiyi wajood kay toor parr samjha gayaa hay naha kahh namunah kay marlan cycle kay arooj kay saath inn quwaton kay darmiyan tanazah. maqbool saqafat mein. computer programmer felks "dorkan" karoz juu sarwar saaft wayer dorkan kay gaim driver yaa ddee jee ddee kay takhliq kaar haine nay apnay project kay liye tarqiyati mutty kaa naam "pattern" rakhaa. sufiyana aalim katrina zoriya nay tabsarah kiyaa kahh zeelazni kay naawalon say "pattern" aur "laagars" kii astalahat maghrabi fantasi kay deegar asraat kii tarah soweet kay baad kay jaduyi amal mein apnaa raastah talaash kirr lee hay. pru paral" mein petter ween raait baqayedah izhaar kay istemaal kii eek misaal mein logars aur pattern kaa eek panang hawalah deetay haine. misaal mein eek sirch aind replace operation anjaam diyaa jaa rehaa hay. jiss mutan kuu talaash karnaa hay asay baqayedah izhaar "pattern" kay toor parr mutayin kiyaa gayaa hay. pattern" kuu "laagars" say tabdil karnay kay liye namunah mutan hay.

0005e4588214bbf2713be9b8fb39a4a0b3bde64bf618774c9aae28c0a736cb50

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=6449471

Zelder

Zelder Dutch. Etymology. First attested as "sellar" in 1357. Compound derived from an unclear first element and . The first element has been variously interpreted as a contraction of or , and .

gelder dusch. byutpotti. 1357 sonot prothome "bikreta" hisape promanito hoisil. etaa osposto prothom upadanor poraa aahoron koraa joug aaru. prothom upadantuk bibhinno dhorone 'oh' aar ', aar' ror xongkuchon hisape byakhya koraa hoise.

gelder dutch. byutpatti. 1357 saale prothom "selara" hisabe pratyayita. ekti osposhto prothom upadan theke udbhuto jougo ebong. prothom upadantike bibhinnobhabe or, ebong-err sangkochan hisabe byakhya koraa hoyeche.

zelder dutch. vyutpatti. 1357maan pratham vakhat "vikreta" tareeke pramanit. aspasht pratham tatvamathi melvel sanyojan aneey. pratham tatvanu viveedh reete 'athavaa', aneey 'naa sankochan tareeke arthghatan karvaamaa aavyu chhe.

zelder dutch. vyutpatti. pahali baar 1357 mein "vikreta" key roop mein pramaanit kiya gayaa. ack aspasht pahale tatva seey praapt yaugik aur. pahale tatva kii vibhinn roop seey yaa, aur key sankuchan key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye.

gelder dutch. vyutpatti. 1357ralli modala baarige "maratagara" endu drudhikarisalaayitu. aspashtavaada modala amshadinda padeda samyukta mattu. modala amshavannu athawa, mattu naa sankochana endu vividha reetiyalli vyaakhyaanisalaagide.

selder dutch. padavyuthpathishaasthram. 1357-ll "sillar" ennu aadyamaayi saakshyappeduthi. avyakthamaaya aadya moolakathil ninnu uruthirinja samyuktham. aadya ghadakam allengil,, ennivayude sankochamaayi vividhamaayi vyaakhyaanikkappettindu.

zelder dutch. vyutpatti. 1357 madhye pratham 'seller' mhanoon pramanit. sanyug aspasht pahilya ghatakapasun vyutpann jhaale aanee. pahilya ghatakacha arth 'kinwa' aanee 'chaa aakunchan assa vegvegalya prakare lavala gela aahe.

zelder douch. wyutpatti. pahilo patak 1357 maa "celler" ko rupma pramanit gariyo. ek aspashta pahilo tatwa rar yaugikbata wyutpanna yaugik. pahilo tatwalai wa, rar ko sankuchanko rupma vibhinna rupma wyakhya garieko chha.

gelder douch. byutpatti. 1357 masihare prathame "selara" bhabare pramanita hoithila. eka aspasta pratham upadanaru utpanna jougika ebong pratham upadanaku bibhinna bhabare 'kimba', ebong 'rahr eka sankochan bhabare byakhya karajaichi.

zelder dutch. shabdawali. pahili vaar 1357 witch "celler" vajon pramanit keeta giaa. ikk aspasht pahile tatt toon liaa giaa mishrit atey pahile tatt dee vakkh-vakkh tarahan naal jaan, atey dey sankuchan vajon viaakhiaa keeti gaee haii.

zelder dutch-deshah. vyutpattih. 1357 tame varshe prathamam "celler" iti pramanikrutam. aspashtat prathamaat mulakat vyutpannam yaugikam. prathama-tattvasya vaa, tathaa ityasya sankochanaroopen vividhaah vyaakhyaah krutaa asti.

jelter duchu. sorpirappiyal. 1357 aam aandil "virpanaiyaalar" endru muthalil saantralikkappattathu. thelivattra muthal uruppilirunththu perappatta kalavai mattrum. muthal uruppu allathu, mattrum inn surukkamaaga palvaeru vagaiyil vilakkappattullathu.

gelder dutch. vyutpatti. 1357loe mottamodata "vikrayadaarudu" gaa dhruvikarinchabadindi. aspashtamaina modati moolakam nundi udbhavinchina sammelanam. modati moolakam or,, mariyu yokka sankocham gaa vividha rakaluga ardham cheyabadindi.

zelider dich. siftiyat. sabb say pehley 1357 mein "celler" kay toor parr tasdiq shadah. markab eek ghair waazah pehley ansar say makhuz hay aur. pehley ansar kii mukhtalif tashrih yaa aur kay sukadnay kay toor parr kii gayee hay.

0005e8eba8247bdaa84117556afe2f90c881ea3a0a1ed740fc0baaed95efa4ae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21535367

Sir David Reid, 1st Baronet

Sir David Reid, 1st Baronet Politician from Northern Ireland Sir David Douglas Reid, 1st Baronet, (24 August 1872 – 23 March 1939) was the Unionist Member of Parliament for Down from 1922 until his death in 1939. Only son of Joseph Reid, of 22 Elmwood Avenue, Belfast, he attended Queens College, Belfast and New College, Oxford, graduating with 1st Class Honours in History. He then became a barrister at the Inner Temple and was called to the Bar in 1898. He contested East Tyrone in 1910 before becoming a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for East Down from 1918 to 1922, when the constituency was abolished. He was Chairman of the Ulster Unionist Party at Westminster. In 1936, when appointed Sheriff of Down, he was created a Baronet, of Rademon. (Prior to his creation as a baronet, he was known as "D. D. Reid".) Upon his death the baronetcy became extinct. Sir David died in Brown's Hotel, London and was buried in Kilmore, Crossgar, County Down. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mohaxoy david raid, 1moo barnet chaar david doggles raid, 1moo barunet, (24 aagosto 1872-23 march 1939) 1922 sonor poraa 1939 sonot mrityu porjonto xongxodor unionbadi xodosyo aasil. 22taa elmoud evenyu, belfastor zusef raidor ekmatro putro, teu rani mohabidyaloy, belfast aaru niu kolej, oxfordot odhyoyon korisil, itihaxot prothom shrenir xonmanor xoite snatok hoisil. taar pisot teu bhitoror mondirot ejon baristor hoisil aaru 1898 sonot baroloi aahban koraa hoisil. 1918 sonor poraa 1922 sonoloike puwor baabe xongxodor unionbadi xodosyo (mp) huwar aagote 1910 sonot teu pubo tyronor baabe protidondita korisil, jetiya xomostitu bilupto koraa hoisil. teu westminstarot alster unionbadi dolor odhyokhyo aasil. 1936 sonot jetiya daunor swerif nijukto hoisil, tetiya teuk redmonor ek barunet sristi koraa hoisil. (byornet hisape sristi huwar aagote, teuk "di" buli jonaa goisil. di. ride ".) teur mrityur pisot byorunetsi bilupto hoi porisil. chaar debhidor londonor brouns hutelot mrityu hoisil aaru kilmur, krochogar, koo 'too xomadhistho koraa hoisil. tololoi.

syara david rayed, 1maum baronet syara david doglass rayed, 1maum baronet, (24 august 1872-23 march 1939) 1922 saal theke 1939 saale taanr mrityur agey porjonto sangsader unionbadi sadasya chhilen. josepha reider ekmatro putro, 22 elmoud avenue, belfaster, tini quins college, belfast ebong neu college, oxforde padashona korechilen, itihase 1maum shreni somman niye snatok hoyechilen. erpor tini abhyantarin mondire barrister hohn ebong 1898 saale taanke barey daca hoy. 1918 theke 1922 saal porjonto purber jonno sangsader unionbadi sadasya (mp) howar agey tini 1910 saale purbo tyrone protidwondita korechilen, jokhon nirbachoni elakati bilupto koraa hoyechilo. tini westminstere alster unionbadi doler sabhapati chhilen. 1936 saale, jokhon daaun-err sherif nijukto hohn, tokhon tini redmon baronet toiri corren. (baronet hisabe taanr srishtir agey, tini "dii" naame porichito chhilen. dii. rayed. ) taanr mrityur porr baronetti bilupto hoye yaay. syara david londoner braun hotele maaraa zaan ebong kilmore, crossger, koo-teey taanke somahito koraa hoy. niche.

surr david reed, pratham baronut surr david douglus reed, pratham baronet, (24 august 1872-23 march 1939) 1922 thee 1939 maan temnaa mrutyu sudhee sansadnaa sanghvaadi sabhy hataa. joseph reednaa ekmatra putra, 22 elamwood aevanyu, belfastnaa, temane quins college, belfast aneey nyu college, oxfordmaan haajari aapee, itihaasmaa pratham vargnaa sanmaan saathe snaatak thayaa. tyarbad teo aantarik mandeerma barrister banyaa aneey aneey temne baarmaa bolavvama aavyaa. temane temane 1922 sudhee purv maate sansadnaa sanghvaadi sabhy (mp) banata pahelaa pahelaa purv tyronema chuntani luddy hatee, jyaare aaa matvistaar nabud karvaamaa aavyo hato. teo westminster khaate alster unionist partyna adhyaksh hataa. hataa, jyaare daaunna sherif tareeke nimanook karvaamaa aavee, tyaare temne redmon baronet banavvama aavyu hatoo. (baronet tareeke temnee rachnaa pahelaa, teo "dii" tareeke jaanita hataa. dii. reed ".) temnaa mrutyu pachhi baronetcy lupt thaee gaee. surr david londonni braaun hotelmaan mrutyu pamya hataa aneey temne killmore, crossger, qoo. maan dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. neeche.

surr david reed, pahala baronet surr david dugglus reed, 1st baronet, (24 agast 1872-23 march 1939) 1922 seey 1939 mein apani mrityu taka sansad key sanghwadi sadasya they. joseph reed key ekmatra bete, 22 elmwood avenue, belfast key, unhone itihas mein pratham shreni key sammaan key saath snaatak karate hue, queens college, belfast aur nyu college, oxford mein bhaag liya. isake baad way aantarik mandir mein ack barrister bunn gaye aur 1898 mein unhein baar key liye bulaaya gayaa. unhone 1918 seey 1922 taka poorv key liye sansad (mp) key sanghwadi sadasya banane seey pahale 1910 mein purvi tyrone kaa chunaav ladaa, jaba nirvaachan kshetra koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. way westminster mein alster unionwadi party key adhyaksh they. 1936 mein, jaba unhein down kaa sheriff niyukt kiya gayaa, tou unhein ack baronet, redmon banaaya gayaa. (baronet key roop mein apani rachana seey pahale, unhein "dee" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. dee. reed. ) unaki mrityu key baad baronetsy vilupt hoe gaee. surr david kii mrityu landan key braun hotal mein hui aur unhein kilmore, crossger, company mein dafnaya gayaa. neeche.

surr david reed, 1neey baronet surr david douglass reed, 1neey baronet, (24 august 1872-23 march 1939) 1922rinda 1939ralli tamma maranadavaregu samsattina okkootada sadasyaraagiddaru. joseph reedna ekaika maga, 22 elmwood avenue, belfastne, avaru queens college, belfast mattu nyoo college, oxfordge haajaraagiddaru, itihaasadalli 1 neey taragatiya gouravagalondige padavi padedaru. nantara aata olagina devaalayadalli vakilaraadaru mattu 1898ralli vakilara sabhege karesikollalaayitu. 1918rinda 1922ravarege, ee kshetravannu raddugolisidaaga, purvada samsattina (mp) okkootada sadasyaraguva modalu 1910ralli avaru purvada simhaasanakke spardhisidaru. avaru westminsternalli ulster unionist pakshada adhyaksharaagiddaru. 1936ralli, kelabhaagada sheriff aagi nemakagondaga, aatanu ondu baronet, raydon annu srushtisidanu. (aatanu baronet aagi srushtiyaguva modalu, aatanannu "dii" endu kareyalaaguttittu. dii. reed ".) avana maranada nantara baronetti alivinanchinallittu. surr david london braun 's hotelnalli nidhanaraadaru mattu avarannu killmore, crossger, koo. nalli samadhi maadalaayitu. kelage.

surr david reed, pahila baronet surr david douglus reed, 1laa baronet, (24 august 1872-23 march 1939) heey 1922 pasoon 1939 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant sansadeche sanghvadi sadasya hote. belfast yetheel 22 elmwood avenue yetheel joseph reedcha ekulata eka mulga, tyane itihasatil pratham shrenichya sanmanasah padvi midvat belfast yetheel queens college aanee auxford yetheel nyu collegemadhye shikshan ghetale. tyanantar teey aateel mandirat barrister banale aanee 1898 madhye tyanna barmadhye bolavanyat aale. 1918 teey 1922 paryant, jevha matdarsangh radd karnyat aala, tevha tyanni purvesathi sansadeche sanghvadi sadasya (emm. pii.) honyapurvi 1910 madhye purv tyronechi nivadanuk ladhavali. teey westminster yetheel alster yuniyanvadi pakshache adhyaksh hote. 1936 madhye, jevha downche sherief mhanoon tyanchi niyukti jhaali, tevha tyanna redmonche baronet banavale gele. (baronet mhanoon tyachya nirmitipurvi, too 'dii' mhanoon olakhala jaat asey. dii. reed ".) tyachya mrutyunantar baronetcy namshesh jhaali. surr david yanche londonmadhil braun hotelmadhye nidhan jhaale aanee tyanna killmore, crossger, company yethe daphan karnyat aale. khalee.

sear devid reed, pahilo baronut sear devid douglus reed, pahilo baronet, (24 august 1872-23 march 1939) sann 1922 dekhi 1939 maa afno mrityusamma sansadka yuniyanwadi sadasya thie. josef reidka ek matra chhora, 22 elmwod avenue, belfastka, unle itihasma pratham shreni sammanka sath snatak gardai, belfastko queens college rar nyu college, oxfordma padhe. tyasapachhi uni bhitri mandirma barrister bane rar 1898 maa barma bolaie. unle sann 1918 dekhi 1922 samma purvaka lagi yuniyanwadi sansad sadasya (mp) bannu aghi sann 1910 maa purvi tyronma pratispardha gare, jab nirvachan khetra samapta bhayo. uni westminsterma alster unionist partyka adhyaksha thie. sann 1936 maa, jab daunako sheriff niyukta gariyo, unlai redemanko baronet banaieko thiyo. (baronetko rupma unko srishti hunuaghi, uni "dee" bhanera chininthe. dee. rey. ) unko mrityu pachhi baronetsy vilupta bhayo. sear devidko londonko brauna hotelma mrityu bhayo rar unlai kilmore, krasgar, companyma gadiyo. tall.

saar devida raid, 1maha barnet saar devida douglass raid, 1maha barnet, (24 august 1872-23 march 1939) 1939) 1922ru taanka mrutyu parjyanta sansadara sanghabadi sadasya thile. belfaster 22 elmoud aabhenyure thiba joseph reidnka ekamatra pua, shay belfaster quins college ebong oxforder nyu kalejare adhyajana karithile, ebong itihasare pratham shreni sammanare snataka hoithile. ehapare shay aabhyantareen mandirare jane barrister hoithile ebong 1898 ray tanku baar ku dakajaithila. shay 1918 ru 1922 parjyanta purba paain unionist sansada (mp) heba purbaru 1910 ray purba tyrone pratidwandita karithile, jetebele nirbachana mandali uchheda hoithila . shay westminsterare alster yunianabadee dalara adhyakhya thile. 1936 masihare, jetebele daunra sherif nijukta hoithile, tanku eka barnet, redemon srusti karajaithila. (barnet bhabe srusti heba purbaru shay "dii" naamare parichita thile. dii. ridd.) taanka mrutyu parey baronetti bilupta hoigala . saar devida londner braun hotelare mrutyubarana karithile ebong tanku kilmore, krasgar, coe. ray kabara diajaithila. talaku.

sarr david reed, pahila baronet sarr david dougles reed, pahila baronet, (24 agast 1872-23 march 1939) 1922 toon 1939 witch aapni maut takk sansad daa unionvadi member riha. 22 elmwood aivenioo, belfast dey joseph reed dey iklaute puttar, usne queens kaalaj, belfast atey nioo kaalaj, oxford witch padahi keeti, itihaas witch pahili jamaat dey sanman naal graduation keeti. firr uh andruni mandar witch ikk barrister bann giaa atey 1898 witch baar witch saddiaa giaa. usne 1910 witch purbi tyrone daa mukabala keeta atey 1918 toon 1922 takk purab laee sansad daa unionvadi member (aimm. pee.) bann giaa, jadon chonh khetar noon khatam qarr ditta giaa see. uh westminster witch alster unionvadi party dey chairman sunn. sann 1936 witch, jadon uss noon daaoon daa sheriff niyukat keeta giaa, taan uss noon ikk baronet, redmon banaiaa giaa. (ikk baronet dey roop witch aapni sirjana toon pahilan, uh "dee" vajon janhiaa jaanda see. dee. reed ".) uss dee maut toon baad baronetsy alop hoow gaee. sarr david dee maut braoons hotel, london witch hoee atey unhan noon kilmore, krasgar, company witch dafnaiaa giaa. hethan.

mahodaya david raid, prathama baronut surr david dougles reed, prathama-baronet, (24 august 1872-23 maarch 1939) 1922 taha 1939 tame varshe mrutyuparyantam sanghavaadee-samsadasadasyah aasit. joseph redd ityasya ekamaatrah putrah, 22 elmwood evanyoo, belfast ityasya, saha queens mahaavidyaalaye, belfast, nyoo mahaavidyaalaye, oxford ityatra cha abhyanayt, itihaase prathamashreni-sammaanaih snaatakapadaveem praptavan. tatah saha aantarikamandirasy barrister abhavat, 1898 tame varshe baar-krute aahuyat cha. 1918 taha 1922 paryantam, yadaa nirvaachanakshetram samaaptam abhavat, tatah poorvadishi sanghasya samsadasya sadasyah (emm. pi.) bhavitum poorvam saha 1910 tame varshe east-tairon-madhye spardham akarot. saha westminster-nagare alster-unionist-pakshasya adhyakshah aasit. 1936 tame varshe yadaa down-nagarasya sheriff-rupena niyuktah tadaa saha redeman-ityasya baronet-rupena nirmitah. (baronet iti tasya srushtehe poorvam saha "dii" iti namna prasidhah aasit. dee. rey "iti.) tasya mrutyoho anantaram baronetti viluptah abhavat. surr david varyaha landan-nagarasya braun-hotel-madhye mrutah, kilmore-crossger-ko-samsthaayaam samaadhisthah cha abhavat. adhah.

aiyaa davit reed, 1 vadhu paranet charr davit tucklasses reed, 1 vadhu paranet, (24 august 1872-23 maarch 1939) 1922 muthal 1939 ill avar irakkum varai naadaalumandraththin thozhirchanga uruppinaraaga irunthaar. 22 elmwood avenue, belfastin josaph reatin oray magan, avar raani kalluri, belfast mattrum neu kalluri, oxportil payintraar, varalaattril 1 aam vaguppu gowravangaludan pattam pettraar. pinnar avar ull koavilil oru barrister aanaar, 1898 aam aandil valakkarinyarukku alaikkappattaar. avar 1910 aam aandil kilakku trianil poattiyittaar, 1918 muthal 1922 varai kizhakkirkaana naadaalumandraththin (emm. pii) union uruppinaraaga (emm. pii) irunthaar, appoathu thoguthi ozhikkappattathu. avar westminsteril ulster unionist katchiyin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. 1936 aam aandil, keezhnilaip paguthiyin sherippaaga niyamikkappattapoathu, avar oru paranet, rademan uruvaakkappattathu. (avar oru paaranat aaga uruvaakkappaduvatharku munbu, avar "dii" endru alaikkappattaar. dii. reed ".) avarathu maranaththin pinnar paranetti azhinthathu. charr davit landanil ulla provunce hootalil iranthaar, maelum killmore, grossker, coow. ill adakkam seiyappattaar. keezhae.

surr david reed, 1 va baronet surr david douglass reed, 1 va baronet, (24 augustu 1872-23 marchi 1939) 1922 nundi 1939 loe thana maranam varaku union sabhyudiga unnaaru. joseph reed yokka ekaika kumarudu, 22 elmwood avenue, belfast, athanu queens kalaasaala, belfast mariyu nyuu college, oxfordlo chadivaadu, charitralo 1 va taragati gowravaalatho pattabhadrudayyaadu. aaa taruvaata ayana lopali aalayamlo nyaayavaadi ayyaru, ayyaru nyaayavaadiki piluvabaddaru. 1918 nundi 1922 varaku, eee niyojakavargam raddu cheyabadinappudu, thoorpu vaipu paarlamentu (empi) union sabhyudiga maaradaaniki mundu mundu thoorpu simhasana nundi pootii chesaaru. athanu westminsterlo ulster unionist paarteeki chairmanga unnadu. unnadu, down sheriefga niyaminchabadinappudu, athanu oka baronet, rademan srushtinchabaddaadu. (baronetga thana srushtiki mundu, athanu "dii" gaa piluvabaddadu. dii. reed ".) ayana maranaanantaram baronetti antarinchipoyindi. surr david landanlooni brownes hotels maraninchaadu mariyu killmore, crossger, koo loe khananam cheyabaddaadu. kindaki.

sarr dude reed pehla baronet sarr dude diggles reed frust baronet (24 agast 1872-23 maarch 1939) 1922 say 1939 mein apnee moth takk uninist rakan parliament rahay. jozaf reed kay aklotay betay 22 ailam wode avenio belfast kay inhon nay queenz college belfast aur neo college oxford mein taleem haasil kii aur tareekh mein pehli jamaat kay aizazat kay saath graduation kiyaa. iss kay baad wah androni mandar mein barrister bunn gayey aur 1898 mein inhein baar kay liye blaya gayaa. inhon nay 1918 say 1922 takk mashriq kay liye uninist mumber aaf parliament (ayem pee) bannay say pehley 1910 mein aist tyrene kaa muqabilah kiyaa jabb iss halqay kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa. wah vest minister mein alster uninist paarti kay chairmeen thay. 1936 mein jabb asay neechey kaa sheeraf muqarar kiyaa gayaa tuu asay redman kaa eek baront banaya gayaa. (batoor baront takhliq honay say pehley wah "ddee" kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa. ddee. reed. ) inn kii moth kay baad baroneti khatam how gayee. sarr dude kaa inteqal landan kay browns hotal mein hawaa aur inhein kalmor crossger company mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. neechey.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39842566

1993 alleged Turkish military coup

1993 alleged Turkish military coup According to some sources, there was a coup d'état in 1993 in Turkey, allegedly organised and carried out by elements of the Turkish military through covert means. Although the early 1990s were a period of great violence in Turkey due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, 1993 saw a series of suspicious deaths: of President Turgut Özal, leading military figures, and journalists. Particularly in the context of the Ergenekon trials from 2008 onwards and related investigations into the Turkish deep state and the suspicious deaths from this period, claims of a "covert coup" intended to prevent a peace settlement (and to protect the covert relationships between the Turkish military, intelligence services including JITEM, Counter-Guerrilla, certain Kurdish groups including Kurdish Hizbollah, and the Turkish mafia) have been made. Fikri Sağlar, a former member of the parliamentary commission which investigated the Susurluk scandal which first began to shed light on the Turkish deep state, is one who has made such claims, describing "a covert military coup". Former PKK commander Şemdin Sakık has described an Ergenekon organization-linked group named the Doğu Çalışma Grubu, holding it responsible for assassinations including those of Turkish Gendarmerie General Commander Eşref Bitlis (17 February), President Turgut Özal (17 April), General Bahtiyar Aydın (22 October) and former Major Cem Ersever (4 November). In addition to the assassination of key figures supporting a peace process, several massacres took place in 1993, which it is claimed were intended as part of an alleged "strategy of tension". These include the May 24, 1993, PKK ambush, and the Sivas and Başbağlar massacres in early July. Overview. In the early 1990s, President Turgut Özal agreed to negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), the events of the 1991 Gulf War having changed some of the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself. In 1993 Özal was working on the peace plans with former finance minister Adnan Kahveci and General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie Eşref Bitlis. Negotiations led to a cease-fire declaration by the PKK on 20 March 1993—by which time Kahveci and Bitlis were dead. With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented. A month later the May 24, 1993 PKK ambush ensured the end of the peace process. Former PKK commander Şemdin Sakık maintains the attack was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans. Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu Çiller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all means to solve the Kurdish question using violence), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned. Further massacres (notably the Sivas massacre and Başbağlar massacre in early July) and assassinations ensured that the peace process was well and truly buried. Investigations. Former General Levent Ersöz, who was head of JITEM, and is considered a key suspect in the Ergenekon trials, was charged in 2013 with having had a role in the 1993 death of President Turgut Özal. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1993 sonot turkeer xamorik obhyuthanor obhijug utthapon hoisil. kisuman xutror mote, 1993 sonot tarkeet ek obhyuthan xonghotit hoisil, jitu turkey xamorik bahinir upadanxomuhe gupon upayor joriyote xongothito aaru xomponno korisil buli obhijug aase. jodiu 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite kurdix-turkey xonghator baabe turkeet brihot hingxar xomoy aasil, 1993 sonot keibatau xondehjonok mrityu dekha goisiloh rastropoti turgut ejaal, aagxarir xamorik byoktitwo aaru xangbadikxokolor. bixexkoi 2008 sonor poraa aarombho huwa ergenek 'noo bisaror xondorbhot aaru turkeer gobhir rajyo aaru ei xomoisuwar poraa huwa xondehjonok mrityur xondorbhot koraa todontor xondorbhot, xanti mimangxa protirudh korar uddesye (aaru turkey xamorik, jitem, counter-gerila, coordies hizbullah aaru turkey mafiyaxoho kisuman kurdis gutoke dhori surangsuwa xewar maajot gupon xomporko xurokhito korar uddesyere ek "gupon obhyuthan" ror daabi koraa hoise. turkeer gobhir rajyor uporot prothome alukpat koriboloi aarombho koraa susuroluk kelenkorar todonto koraa xongxodiyo aayugor prakton xodosyo fikori saalor hoise ene daabi koraa ejon, jiye "ek gupon xamorik obhyuthan" bornona korise. prakton pikeke commander semdin saake dodd 'gu chelma grubu naamor etaa ergenek' noo xongothonor xoite jorito gutor bixoye bornona korise, jiye iyak turkey gandermerir xenapoti isref bitlix (17 february), rastropoti turgut ujaal (17 april), general bahtiyar idene (22 octobor) aaru prakton prodhan kem ersawer (4 novembor) ror hotyar baabe dayee korise. xanti prokriyak xomorthon koraa guruttopurno byoktixokolor hotyar uporiu, 1993 sonot keibatau gonohoitya xonghotit hoisil, jitu "uttejonar kouxol" ror ongxo hisape koraa hoisil buli daabi koraa hoise. iyar bhitorot aase 1993 sonor 24 mey 'too huwa pi. key. key. aakosmik aakromon, aaru julyr aarombhonite huwa xiwax aaru basbalor gonohoitya. ek aabhax. 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite rastropoti turgut ejale kurdistan workers party (pikeke)-ror xoite alusona koriboloi xonmot hoisil, 1991 sonor upoxagoriyo juddhor ghotonaxomuhe oncholtur kichu bhu-rajnoitik gotixilotak xoloni korisil. nijor aadha-kurdis, ujalor bahireu, kisuman turkey rajneetibidoi xanti prokriyat aagrohi aasil, baa pi. key. key.-ror ongxotkoiu besi nasil. 1993 sonot ujol prakton bitto montri aadnan kahvesi aaru turkey gandermary isref bitlisor xadharon xenapotir xoite xanti porikolponar uporot kaam kori aasil. 1993 sonor 20 marchot pi. key. key.-ror dwara alusonar folot juddhobiroti ghuxona koraa hoisil-xei xomoyoloike kahvesi aaru bitlisor mrityu hoisil. pikeker juddhobiroti ghuxonar xoite, ujol rastriyo nirapotta porixodor poroborti boithokot ek guruttopurno kurdoponthi xongskar pekejor prostab diyar porikolpona korisil. 17 aprilot rastropotir mrityur folot xei boithok sthogito rokha hoisil, aaru porikolponabur ketiyau uposthapon koraa huwa nasil. etaa maahor pisot 1993 sonor 24 mey 'too pi. key. key.-ror aakosmik aakromone xanti prokriyar onto nischito korisil. prakton pikeke commander semdin saake ei aakromontu dodd 'gu chelama grubur obhyuthan porikolponar ongxo aasil buli koy. sulimen demyralor notun rastropoti aaru tansu siloror prodhanmontritwor odhinot, durgo porikolpona (hingxa byobohar kori kurdis prosno xomadhan koriboloi jikunu aaru xokolu upay byobohar koraa), jitu oh 'jaale birudhita korisil, pronoyon koraa hoisil, aaru xanti prokriya tyag koraa hoisil. odhik gonohoitya (bixexkoi julyr aarombhonite xiwax gonohoitya aaru basbalor gonohoitya) aaru hotyakandoi nischito korisil je xanti prokriyatu bhaldore aaru xosakoiye xomadhistho koraa hoisil. todonto. prakton general levent ersoj, ji jitemor murobbi aasil, aaru ergenecon bisarot ejon mukhyo xondehjukto buli gonyo koraa hoy, teuk 2013 sonot 1993 sonot rastropoti turgut ejalor mrityur khetrot bhumika paalon korar baabe obhijukto koraa hoisil.

1993 saaler turkey samrik abhyutthan kichhu sootro onusare, 1993 saale turoske ekti abhyutthan hoyechilo, jaa turkey senabahinir upadanguli gopon upaye sangathito ebong porichalito hoyechilo boley abhijog koraa hoyeche. jodio 1990-err doshoker godar dike kurdi-turkey sanghater karone turoske byapok sahingsatar somoy chhilo, 1993 saale rashtrapati turgut ozzle, shirshosthaniyo samrik byaktitto ebong sangbadikder ekadhik sondehojonok mrityu ghote. bishesh korey 2008 saal theke shuru haoya ergeneconer bitcher ebong turkey govir rashtrer somporkito todonto ebong eyi somoy theke sondehojonok mrityur prekkhapote, ekti shanti nishpotti rodh korar uddeshye (ebong turkey samrik, gtem, counter-gerila, kurdi hizbullah ebong turkey mafia soho kichhu kurdi gosthi soho goenda porishebagulir modhye gopon somporko rakkha korar uddeshye) ekti "gopon abhyutthaner" daabi koraa hoyeche. fikri salar, sangsadiya kamishaner ekjon praktan sadasya, jini susurluk kelenkarir todonto korechilen, jaa prothome turkey govir rajyer upor alokpat korte shuru korechilo, tini eyi dharaner daabi korechen, "ekti gopon samrik abhyutthan" bornona korechen. praktan pikeke commander semdin sakik dogu Çalıısma grubu naame ekti ergenecon sangathan-sangjukto gosthike bornona korechen, jaa turkey gendermery general commander esref bitlis (17 february), rashtrapati turgut jajaloi (17 april), general bahtiar aydin (22 octobor) ebong praktan mejor shame ersever (4 navembar) soho hotyar jonno dayee. shanti prokriyake samarthankari prodhan byaktittoder hotyar pashapashi, 1993 saale besh koyekti ganahatya ghotechilo, jaa kothito "uttejonar kaushal"-err ongsho hisabe koraa hoyechilo boley daabi koraa hoy. err modhye royeche 1993 saaler 24shhey meey, pikeke otorkito hamla ebong julaier godar dike shivas oo basbalar ganahatya. sangkhipto biboron. 1990-err doshoker godar dike, rashtrapati turgut ozzle kurdistan workers partyr (pikeke) saathe alochonar jonno sommoto hohn, 1991 saaler uposagoriyo juddher ghotonaguli eyi anchaler kichhu bhu-rajnaitik gotishilotake poriborton koreche. ozzle chharao, nize ordho-kurdi, koyekjon turkey rajnitibid shanti prokriyay agrahi chhilen, baa pikeke-rawr ongsher cheyeo beshi chhilen naa. 1993 saale ozzle praktan arthamantri adnan kahvesi ebong turkey gendermery esref bitliser general commanderder saathe shanti parikalpana niye kaaj korchilen. alochonar foley 1993 saaler 20shhey march pikeke dwara juddhobiroti ghoshana koraa hoy-seii somoyer modhye kahvesi ebong bitlis maaraa yaay. pikeke-err juddhobiroti ghoshanar saathe saathe, ozzle jatiya nirapatta counciler poroborti boithoke ekti borh kurdipanthi sangoskar package prostab korar parikalpana korchilen. 17ee april rashtropotir mrityur foley seii boithok sthogito koraa hoy ebong parikalpanaguli kokhonyi uposthapon koraa hoyney. eka maas porr 1993 saaler 24shhey meey pikeke-rawr akasmik otorkito akromone shanti prokriyar samapti nischito hoy. praktan pikeke commander semdin sakik bolechen jey akramanti dogu Çalıısma grubu-err abhyutthan porikolponar ongsho chhilo. suleman demirailer notun presidencyr adhine ebong tansu shiller prodhanmontritter adhine, durgo parikalpana (hingsa byabohar korey kurdi proshno samadhaner jonno jey konao ebong samasta upay byabohar koraa), jaa ozzle birodhita korechilen, taa karjokor koraa hoyechilo ebong shanti prokriya porityokto hoyechilo. arow ganahatya (bishesh korey julaier godar dike shivas ganahatya ebong babalar ganahatya) ebong hottakandoguli nischito korechilo jey shanti prokriyati bhalbhabe ebong satyikar orthe somahito hoyechilo. todonto. praktan general levent ersoz, jini jitemer prodhan chhilen ebong ergeneconer bicharer mool sandehabhajan hisabe bibechito hohn, 2013 saale rashtrapati turgut ojoler 1993 saaler mrityute taanr bhumika thucker abhijoge abhijukto hohn.

1993 turkeema katheet lashkari badvo ketlaak stroto anusaar, hataa turkeema badvo thayo hato, jeey katheet reete turkeesh sainyana tatvo dwara goopt maadhyamo dwara aayojit aneey haath dharvaamaa aavyo hato. zankhi daaykaani sharuaatmaa kurdish-turkey sangharshne kaarane turkeema bhaare hinsaano samaygaalo hato, tema chhataa hataa rashtrapati turgut ozzle, agranee lashkari hasteeo aneey patrakarona shrenibaddh shankaspad mrutyu jovaa malyaa hataa. khaas kareene 2008 pachhinaa ergenecon parikshano aneey turkeena undaa raajy aneey aaa samaygalana shankaspad mrutyuni sambandhit tapasna sandarbhma, shaanti samjootine rokvaa (aneey turkey sainya, jeetam, pratee-gerila, kurdish hizbullah aneey turkey mafiya saheet ketlaak kurdish jutho saheet goopt sambandho, goopt lashkari sevaao, goopt sambandho, aneey goopt lashkari samjootine rokvaa maate) "goopt badvaa" naa daava karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. turkeena undaa raajy parr prakaash paadvaanu sharoo karnara susurluk kaubhandni tapaas karnara sansadeey aayogna bhutpurv sabhy fikri saller aevaa chhe jemane aavaa daavao karyaa chhe, jemaa "aek goopt lashkari badvo" varnavama aavyo chhe. bhutpurv pii. keey. keey. commander semdin sakike dogu Çalısma grubu naamnaa ergenecon sangathan saathe sankalaayela juthanu varnan karyoo chhe, jemaa tene turkey gendermary general commander asref bitlis (17 februari), pramukh turgut ozzle (17 april), general bahtiyar aydeen (22 october) aneey bhutpurv mejar same ersver (4 november) saheetni hatyaao maate jawabdar theravama aavyu chhe. shaanti prakriyaane teko aaptaa mukhya vyaktioni hatyaa upraant, hataa anek narsamhar thayaa hataa, jeno daavo katheet "tanaavni vyooharachnaa" naa bhagroope karvaamaa aavyo hato. aamaa 24 meey, 1993, pikeke ghaataki humalo aneey julyni sharuaatmaa shhiva aneey basballer hatyakandno samaavesh thaay chhe. zankhi. zankhi daaykaani sharuaatmaa, pramukh turgut ozzle kurdistan kaamdaar paksh (pii. keey. keey.) saathe vataghato karvaa sammat thayaa hataa, hataa akhaati yuddhni ghatanaoae aaa pradeshmaa ketalik bhaugolik-raajkeey actishiltama ferfar karyo hato. ozzle sivaay, pote ardh-kurdish, thodaa turkey raajkaaranione shaanti prakriyaamaa rus hato, naa too teo pote jaj pii. keey. keey. naa bhaag karataa vadhu hataa. hataa ozzle bhutpurv naanaa pradhaan adnan kahvesi aneey turkeena gendermary asref bitlisna general commander saathe shaanti yojnaao parr kaama curry rahyaa hataa. vaataghaatone kaarane 20 march meey roj pii. keey. keey. dwara yuddhviramni ghoshana karvaamaa aavee hatee-teey samay sudhimaa kahvesi aneey bitali mrutyu pamya hataa. pii. keey. keey. nee yuddhviramni ghoshana saathe, ozzle raashtriy suraksha parishadni aagaami bethakma aek motaa kurdish tarafee sudhaarana packageni darkhaast karvaanee yojnaa banaavi rahyo hato. 17 aprilnaa roj rashtrapatina mrutyune kaarane teey bethak mulatvi rakhvama aavee hatee aneey yojnaao kyaarey rajoo karvaamaa aavee naa hatee. aek maheena pachhi 24 meey, meey roj pii. keey. keey. dwara karvaamaa aavela humalaane kaarane shaanti prakriyaano anta aavyo. bhutpurv pii. keey. keey. commander semdin sakeeknu maanvu chhe keey aaa humalo dogu Çalıısma groobuni badvani yojnaaono bhaag hato. suleiman demirelnaa navaa adhyakshpad aneey tansu sealernaa vadaa pradhaanpad hethal, keellani yojnaa (hinsaano upyog kareene kurdish prashnane ukelavaa maate koipan aneey tamaam maadhyamono upyog karvo), jeno ozley veerodh karyo hato, tene amalmaa mukvaamaa aavee hatee aneey shaanti prakriyaane tyajee devaamaa aavee hatee. vadhu narsamhar (khaas kareene julyni sharuaatmaa shhiva narsamhar aneey basbagler hatyakand) aneey hatyaoae khaatari curry keey shaanti prakriyaa saaree reete aneey kharekhar dafnavvama aavee hatee. tapaas. bhutpurv general levent airsoge, jeey gtemna vadaa hataa, aneey erganecon trialma mukhya shankaspad manvama aave chhe, tenaa parr 2013 maan pramukh turgut ozalnaa 1993 naa mrutyumaa bhoomika hovaano aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato.

1993 turkey sainya takhtapalat kuchh sroton key anusaar, 1993 mein turkey mein ack takhtapalat huaa thaa, jise kathit taur parr turkey senaa key tatvon dwara gupt madhyamon seey aayojit aur anjam diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein kurdish-turkey sangharsh key kaaran turkey mein badee hinsa hui thee, 1993 mein rashtrapati turgut ojal, pramukh sainya hastiyon aur patrakaron kii sandigdh mauton kii ack shrinkhala dekhi gaee. vishesh roop seey 2008 key baad seey ergenecon parikshanon aur turkey kii gahari sthiti aur iss avadhi seey sandigdh mauton kii sambandhit jaanch key sandarbh mein, ack shaanti samjhaute koo rokane key uddeshya seey ack "gupt takhtapalat" key daave kiye gaye hain (aur turkey senaa, jitem, counter-gurilla, kurdish hizbullah aur turkey mafiya sahit kuchh kurdish samoohon sahit khufiya sevaaon key beach gupt sambandhon kii raksha karane key liye). fikri sagler, sansadiya aayog key ack poorv sadasya, jinhone susurluk ghotale kii jaanch kii, jisane pahali baar turkey key gahare raajya parr prakaash dalna shuru kiya, unhone iss tarah key daave kiye hain, jisamen "ack gupt sainya takhtapalat" kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. poorv pee. key. key. commander shmedin sakik ney dogu Çalısma grubu naamak ack erganecon sangathan seey judey samooh kaa varnan kiya haye, joe ise turkey gendermary general commander asref bitlis (17 farwari), rashtrapati turgut zalan (17 aprail), general bahtiyar aydin (22 octuber) aur poorv pramukh semar ersver (4 navambar) sahit hatyaon key liye jimmedaar maanata haye. shaanti prakriya kaa samarthan karane vaale pramukh vyaktiyon kii hatyaa key alawa, 1993 mein kaee narsamhar hue, jinake baare mein daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii yeh kathit "tanaav kii ranneeti" key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. inmein 24 maee, 1993, pkk ghaat, aur julaai kii shuruat mein shiv aur basballer narsamhar shamil hain. avalokan. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, rashtrapati turgut ojal kurdistan shramik dall (pkk) key saath baatchit karane key liye sahmat hue, 1991 key khaadi yuddh kii ghatnaaon ney kshetra mein kuchh bhoo-raajneetik gatishilata koo badal diyaa. ojal key alawa, khud aadhe kurdish, kuchh turkey rajneta shaanti prakriya mein ruchi rakhate they, naa hii way khud pee. key. key. key ack hisse seey adhik they. 1993 mein ojal poorv vitt mantri adnan kahvesi aur turkey key gendermary asref bitlis key general commander key saath shaanti yojanaon parr kaam curr rhaa thaa. vaarta key kaaran 20 march 1993 koo pee. key. key. dwara yuddhaviram kii ghoshana kii gaee-usa samay taka kahvesi aur bitlis marr chuke they. pee. key. key. kii sangharsh viram ghoshana key saath, ojal rashtriya suraksha parishad kii agali baithak mein ack pramukh kurdish samarthak sudhaar package kaa prastaav rakhane kii yojana banaa rhaa thaa. 17 aprail koo rashtrapati kii mrityu key kaaran usa baithak koo sthagit curr diyaa gayaa aur yojanaon koo kabhi prastut naheen kiya gayaa. ack maheene baad 24 maee, 1993 koo pee. key. key. ghaat ney shaanti prakriya kaa anta sunishchit kiya. poorv pee. key. key. commander shmedin sakik kaa kahana haye kii hamla dogu Çalısma grubu kii takhtapalat yojanaon kaa hissa thaa. suleiman demirail kii naee adhyakshata aur tansu siller key pradhaan mantri key tahat, mahal yojana (hinsa kaa upayog karke kurdish prashn koo hull karane key liye kissy bhee aur sabhi sadhanon kaa upayog karane key liye), jiska ojal ney virodh kiya thaa, lagu kiya gayaa thaa, aur shaanti prakriya koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. aage key narsamhar (vishesh roop seey julaai kii shuruat mein shiv narsamhar aur basballer narsamhar) aur hatyaon ney sunishchit kiya kii shaanti prakriya achchi tarah seey aur vaastav mein dafan hoe gaee thee. jaanch. poorv general levent ersos, joe gtem key pramukh they, aur jinhen erganecon parikshanon mein ack pramukh sandigdh maanaa jaataa haye, parr 2013 mein rashtrapati turgut ozzle kii 1993 kii mrityu mein bhoomika rakhane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa.

1993rahra turkey military dange aaropa kelavu mulagala prakara, 1993ralli turkeyalli dange nadeyitu, idannu turkish military amshagalu rahasya vidhaanagala moolaka sanghatisi, nadesitu endu aaropisalaagide. 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli kurdish-turkish sangharshadindaagi turkeyalli bhaaree himsaachaarada avadhiyagiddaroo, 1993ralli adhyaksha turgut ojhal, pramukha military vyaktigalu mattu patrakartara anumaanaaspada saavugala saraniyannu kanditu. visheshavaagi 2008rinda ergenecon vichaaranegalu mattu turkey aalavaada rajyada bagge sambandhisida tanikhegalu mattu ee avadhiya anumaanaaspada saavugala sandarbhadalli, shanti oppandavannu tadegattuva uddeshavannu hondiruva "rahasya dange" yaya hakkugalannu maadalaagide (mattu turkish military, gtem, counter-gerilla, kurdish hizbullah mattu turkish mafia seridante kelavu kurdish gumpugalu seridante guptachara sevegalu). turkey aalavaada rajyada mele modalu belaku chellalu praarambhisida susurluk hagaranada tanikhe nadesida samsadeeya aayogada maaji sadasya fikri saller, "nigoodha military dange" endu vivarisuttaa antaha helikegalannu niididdaare. maaji pii. keey. keey commander semdin sakik, dogu Çalıısma grubu emba ergenecon sanghatanege sambandhisida gumpannu vivarisiddu, turkish gendermery general commander esref bitlis (phebravari 17), adhyaksha turgut ojhal (april 17), general bahtiyar aydin (october 22) mattu maaji majer sem ersever (november 4) seridante hatyegala javaabdaariyannu hottukondide. shanti prakriyeyannu bembalisuva pramukha vyaktigala hatyeya jotege, 1993ralli halavaaru hatyakandagalu nadediddavu, ivu "udvignateya karyatantra" dha bhagavendu helalaaguttittu. ivugalalli 1993rahra mayee 24randu nadeda pii. keey. keey. honchudaali mattu julai aarambhadalli nadeda shivas mattu basbagler hatyakandagalu serive. avalokana. 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, adhyaksha turgut ojhal avaru kurdistan workers party (pii. keey. keey) yondige matukate nadesalu wappikondaru, 1991rahra kolli yuddhada ghatanegalu ee pradeshada kelavu bhougolika rajakiya chalanasheelateyannu badalaayisidavu. swatah ardha kurdi aada ojhal horatupadisi, kelavu turkish raajakaaranigalu shanti prakriyeyalli asakti hondiddaru, athawa avaru swatah pii. keey. keey. yaya bhagakkinta hecchiralilla. 1993ralli ojal maaji hanakasu sachiva adnan kahvesi mattu turkish gendermery esref bitlisna general commander avarondige shanti yojanegalalli kelasa maaduttiddaru. matukategalu 1993rahra march 20randu pii. keey. keey. yinda kadana virama ghoshanege kaaranavaadavu-aaa hottige kahvesi mattu bitligalu sattaru. pkk kadana virama ghoshaneyondige, ojhal rashtriya bhadrata mandaliya mundina sabheyalli pramukha kurdi para sudharana package annu prastapisalu yojisuttiddaru. april 17randu adhyaksara nidhanavu aaa sabheyannu mundudalu kaaranavaayitu mattu yojanegalannu endigoo mandisalagalilla. ondu tingala nantara 1993rahra mayee 24randu nadeda pii. keey. keey. honchudaliyu shanti prakriyeya antyavannu khatripadisitu. ee daaliyu dogu Çalıısma grubu avara dange yojanegala bhagavagide endu maaji pkk commander семdin sakık samarthisikolluttaare. suleiman demirelna hosa adhyakshateyalli mattu tansu sillarna pradhana mantritvada adiyalli, ojhal virodhisida kote yojaneyannu (himsaachaaravannu balasikondu kurdish prashneyannu pariharisalu yaavude mattu ellah vidhaanagalannu balasuvudu) jaarige taralaayitu mattu shanti prakriyeyannu kaibidalaayitu. mattashtu hatyakandagalu (visheshavaagi shivas hatyakanda mattu julai aarambhadalli nadeda basbagler hatyakanda) mattu hatyegalu shanti prakriyeyannu chennagi mattu nijavagiyoo hoolalaaguvante maaditu. tanikhegalu. gtemna mukhyastharaagidda mattu ergenecon vichaaranegalalli pramukha shankita endu pariganisalpatta maaji general levent ersoz avara mele 1993ralli adhyaksha turgut ojal avara savinalli patravahisiruva aaropa horisalaayitu.

turkey sainika attimari chila srothassukal anusarichu, 1993 ll turkkiyil oru attimari nadannu, ithu turkish sainyathinte gadakangal rahasya maargangaliloode samghadippikkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheythathayi aaropikkappedunnu. 1990 kalude thudakkathil kurdish-turkish samgharsham kaaranam turkkiyil valia akramatthinte kaalaghattamaayirunnuvenkilum, 1993 ll president turgut oasal, pramukha sainika vyakthikal, pathrapravartthakar ennivarude samshayaaspadamaaya maranangalude oru parambara kandu. 2008 muthalulla erjenekkon vichaaranayudeyum turkey aazhathilulla avasthayeyum eee kaalaghattatthile samshayaaspadamaaya maranangaleyum kurichulla anubandha anweshanangaludeyum pashchaathalatthil, samadhana othutheerppu thadayaanum (turkish sainyam, jittam, kaundar-gerilla, kurdish hizbullah, turkish maphia ennivayulppedeyulla chila kurdish grouppukal ulppedeyulla rahasya bandhangal samrakshikkanum) uddeshichulla oru "rahasya attimari" yude avakaashavaadangal uyarnnittund. turkish aazhathilulla avasthayilekku aadyamaayi velicham veeshan thudangiya suzurluk kumbhakonam anweshicha paarlamentari kammeeshan muun amgamaaya fikri saglar, "oru rahasya sainika attimari" ennu visheshippichu atharam avakaashavaadangal unnayicha oraalaan. muun pii. keey. keey commander semdin sakic, turkish gendermery general commander easref bitlis (februvari 17), president turgut oasal (epril 17), general bahtiyar aydin (october 22), muun mejar sem ersever (november 4) ennivarulppedeyulla kolapaathakangalkk utharavaadikalennu dogu Çalıshma grubu enna erjenekkon oorganaiseshanumaayi bandhapetta oru groupine visheshippichu. samadhana prakriya pinthunaykkunna pradhana vyakthikalude kolapaathakathinu purame, 1993-ll niravadhi koottakkolakal nadannu, avaa "pirimurukkatthinte thanthram" ennu aaropikkappedunnathinte bhaagamaanenn avakaashappedunnu. 1993 meyy 24, pii. keey. keey. pathiyirunnu nadatthiya akramanangal, juulai aadyakaalathe shivas, basbaglar koottakkolakal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. avalokanam. avalokanam gulf yudhathile sambhavangal mekhalayile chila bhoumaraashtreeya chalanaathmakathaye maattimarichathinaal maattimarichathinaal thudakkathil president turgut oasal kurdistan varkkezhs partyumaayi (pii. keey. keey) charchakalkku sammathichu. ardha kurdish aaya oasal ozhike, kurachu turkish raashtreeyakkaarkk samadhana prakriyayil thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, allengil pii. keey. keyude bhagamalla. 1993ll muun dhanakaaryamantri adnan kahvesiyum turkish gendermery ezref bitlisinte general commander chernnu samadhana padhathikalil pravarthikkukayaayirunnu oasal. 1993 march march pii. keey. keey nadatthiya vedinirthal prakhyaapanathilekku charchakal nayichu-appozhekkum kahvesiyum bitlikalum marichu. pii. keey. keyude vedinirthal prakhyapanam kayyil ullathinaal, deseeya suraksha samithiyude adutha yogathil oru pradhana kurdish anukoola parishkarana paakkej nirddeshikkaan oasal padhathiyidukayaayirunnu. epril epril presidentinte maranam aaa yogam maattivaykkaan kaaranamavukayum padhathikal orikkalum avatharippikkappedaathirikkum cheythu. oru maasathinushesham 1993 meyy meyy nadanna pii. keey. keey. pathiyiripp samadhana prakriyayude anthyam urappakki. muun pii. keey. keey commander semdin sakic parayunnath akramanam dogu Çalıısma groobuvinte attimari padhathikalude bhaagamaanenn. sulaiman demirelinte puthiya presidentinteyum tanzu sillarinte pradhaanamanthriyudeyum keezhil, oasal ethirtha kotta padhathi (akramam upayogichu kurdish prashnam pariharikkan ellah vazhikalum upayogikkuka) nadappaakkukayum samadhana prakriya upekshikkukayum cheythu. kooduthal koottakkolakalum (prathyekichu shivas koottakola juulai aadyakaalathe busbagler koottakola) kolapaathakangalum samadhana prakriya nannayi poornnamaayum kuzhichumoodiyathaanennu urappakki. anweshanangal. erjenekkon vichaaranayile pradhana prathiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunna jitteminte thalavanaayirunna muun general levent ersosine 1993 ll president turgut oosalinte maranathil pankundennu 2013 ll kuttappedutthi.

1993 turkey lashkari uthav kahee strotannusar, 1993 madhye turkimadhye eka uthav jhaala, joou turkey sainyachya ghatkandware gupt margane aayojit aanee chalavala gela hota. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila jaree kurdish-turkey sangharshamule turkimadhye mothya hinsacharacha kaal hota, taree 1993 madhye rashtrapati turgut ozzle, pramukh lashkari vyakti aanee patrakaranchya sanshayaspad mrutyunchi malika pahili gelee. visheshtah 2008 pasoonchya ergenecon khatalyachya sandarbhat aanee turkeechya sakhol rajyachya sambandhit tapas aanee yaa kalatil sanshayaspad mrutyunchya sandarbhat, shantata todga kadhanyachya uddeshane (aanee turkey sainya, gtem, prati-gurilla, kurdish hizbullah aanee turkey mafiyasah kahee kurdish gatansah gupt sambandhanche sanrakshn karnyachya uddeshane) gupt uthav kelyacha dawa karnyat aala aahe. turkeechya khol rajyavar prakash taknyas suruvat jhalelya susurluk ghotalyacha tapas tapas sansadiy aayogache majee sadasya fikri salar yanni 'gupt lashkari uthav' chey varnan karoon asey dave kele aahet. majee pii. keey. keey. commander semdin sakik yanni dogu Çalıısma grubu navachya ergenecon sanghataneshi sambandhit gatache varnan kele aahe, jyat turkey gendermary general commander esref bitlis (17 februwari), adhyaksh turgut ozzle (17 april), general bahtiyar aydin (22 aktoobar) aanee majee mejar same ersver (4 november) yanchya hatyansathi jababdar dharale aahe. shantata prakriyes pathimba pathimba pramukh vyaktinchya hatyevyatirikt, 1993 madhye anek hatyakand jhaale, jyancha kathit "tanavachya dhoranacha" bhag asalyacha dawa keela jaato. yamadhye 24 meey 1993, pkk hallah aanee julaichya suruvatila jhalelya shiv aanee basballer hatyakandancha samavesh aahe. vihangavalokan. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila, adhyaksh turgut ozzle yanni kurdistan kamgar paksh (pii. keey. keey.) shhee vataghati karnyas sahmati darshavali, 1991 chya aakhati yuddhachya ghatananmule yaa pradeshatil kahee bhoo-rajkiy gatishilata badalali. swatah ardhe kurdish asalelya ozzle vyatirikt, kahee turkey rajkarnyanna shantata prakriyet rus hota, kinwa teey swatah pii. keey. keey. chya bhagapeksha jaast navhate. 1993 madhye ozzle majee arthamantri adnan kahvesi aanee turkey gendermary esref bitlisache general commander yanchyasobat shantata yojananvar kaam karat hota. vataghatimule 20 march 1993 roji pii. keey. keey. neey yuddhabandichi ghoshana kelee-toparyant kahvesi aanee bitali maran pavale hote. pii. keey. keey. chee yuddhabandichi ghoshana hatat asatana, ozzle rashtriy suraksha parishadechya pudhil baithakit kurdish samarthak eka mothe sudharana package prastavit karnyacha vichar karat hota. 17 april roji rashtrapatinchya nidhanane tee baithak pudhe dhakalanyat aalee aanee yojana kadhihi sadar karnyat aalya naheet. eka mahinyanantar 24 meey 1993 roji jhalelya pii. keey. keey. hallyamule shantata prakriya sampushtat aalee. majee pii. keey. keey. commander semdin sakik mhanato qee haah hallah dogu Çalıısma grubuchya bandkhorichya yojanancha bhag hota. suleiman demirelchya naveen adhyakshatekhali aanee tansu silarchya pantpradhanpadakhali, killyachi yojana (hinsa vaparoon kurdish prashna sodavanyasathi konatyahi aanee serve margancha vapar karane), jyala ozalane virodh keela hota, tee lagoo karnyat aalee aanee shantata prakriya sodoon denyat aalee. pudhil hatyakand (visheshtah julaichya suruvatila jhalelya shiv hatyakand aanee basbagler hatyakand) aanee hatyanmule shantata prakriya changlya prakare aanee kharokharach dabaleli asalyache sunishchit jhaale. tapas. majee general levent ersos, joou gtemcha pramukh hota aanee ergenecon khatalyanmadhye mukhya sanshayit manla jaato, tyachyavar 2013 madhye 1993 madhye adhyaksh turgut ozalchya mrutyoot bhoomika asalyacha aarop thevanyat aala hota.

sann 1993 maa tarkima sainya vidroha bhaeko arop kehi srotharuka anusar tarkima sann 1993 maa kathit rupma turkey senaka tatwaharule gupta madhyambata sangathit rar sanchalit vidroha bhaeko thiyo. yadyapi sann 1990 ko dashakko prarambha kurdish-turkey dwandwaka karan tarkima thulo hinsako awadhi thiyo, sann 1993 maa rashtrapati turgut ojal, pramukh sainya wyaktitwaharu rar patrakarharuko sandigdha mrityuko shringkhala dekhiyo. vishesh gari sann 2008 dekhi ergenecon parikshan rar tarkiko gahiro rajya rar yass awadhiko sandigdha mrityuko sambandhit anusandhanko sandarbhama, shanti samjhauta rokna (rar turkey sena, gtem, counter-chhapamar, kurdish hizbullah rar turkey mafiasahit kehi kurdish samuhaharu lagayat guptachar sewaharu bichko gopya sambandhako raksha garne uddeshyale "gopya vidroha" ko dabi garieko chha. tarkiko gahiro rajyama pahilo patak prakash parne thaleko susurluk ghotalako anusandhan garne sansadiya ayogka purva sadasya fikri saller "gopya sainya vidroha" ko warnan gardai tyasta dawiharu gareka chhan. purva pikeke commander semdin sakikle dogo Çalısma grubu namak ergenecon sangathansanga sambandhit samuhako warnan gareka chhan, jasle yasalai turkey gendermery general commander asref bitlis (17 february), rashtrapati turgut ojal (17 april), general bahtiyar aydin (22 october) rar purva mazer sem ersera (4 november) sahitka hatyaharuka lagi jimmewar thahar gareko chha. shanti prakriyalai samarthan garne pramukh wyaktitwaharuko hatyaka atirikta, sann 1993 maa dherai narasanharharu bhae, june kathit "tanawako ranniti" ko ek bhagko rupma garieko dabi garieko chha. yasama mey 24,1993, pikeke ghaat, rar julyko suruma shiv rar basbagler narasanharharu samawesh chhan. awalokan. sann 1990 ko dashakko prarambhama, rashtrapati turgut ojal kurdistan mazdur party (pikeke) sanga warta garna sahamat bhae, sann 1991 ko khadi yuddhaka ghatanaharule yass kshetrako kehi bhu-rajnitik gatishilta pariwartan gareko thiyo. swayan adha kurdish ojalbahek, kehi turkey rajnitigyaharu shanti prakriyama ruchi rakhthe, naha tata pikekeko euta bhagbhanda badhi thie. sann 1993 maa ojalle purva arthamantri adnan kahawesi rar tarkiko gendermery asref bitliska general commandersanga shanti yojanama kaam gariraheka thie. wartale 20 march 1993 maa pikekedwara yuddhawiramko ghoshana garyo-tyatinjelsamma kahawesi rar bitlis mareka thie. pikekeko yuddhawiramko ghoshana hatma rahanda, ojalle rashtriya suraksha parishadko arko baithakma kurdish samarthak euta pramukh sudhar package prastawa garne yojana banairaheka thie. april 17 maa rashtrapatiko mrityule tyo baithak sthagit bhayo, rar yojanaharu kahilyai prastut bhaenan. ek mahinapachhi mey 24,1993 ko pikeke ghatle shanti prakriyako antya sunishchit sunishchit. purva pikeke commander semdin sakikle akraman dogu Çalıısma grubuko ku yojanako hissa bhaeko batae. suleiman demirelko nayan adhyakshata rar tansu silarko pradhanmantritwa antargat, mahal yojana (hinsa prayog garera kurdish prashna samadhan garna kunai pani rar sabai madhyamharu prayog garne), jasko ojalle virodh gareka thie, lagu gariyo, rar shanti prakriya tyagieko thiyo. thap narasanharharu (vishesh gari julyko suruma shiv narasanhar rar basbagler narasanhar) rar hatyaharule shanti prakriya ramrosanga rar sanchchai gadiyo bhanera sunishchit sunishchit. anusandhan. purva general levent ersoz, jo jitemka pramukh thie, rar ergenecon trialma pramukh sandigdha maninchhan, sann 2013 maa rashtrapati turguta ojalko 1993 ko mrityuma bhumika raheko arop lagaieko thiyo.

1993 turkey samarika abhyutthana abhijoga keteka sutra anujai, 1993 masihare turkeere eka abhyutthana hoithila, jaahaa turkey senara upadanagudika dwara gupta upaajare sangathita ebong parichalita hoithila bolly abhijoga hoichhi. jadio 1990 dashkar prarambhare kurdi-turkey sangharsha karanaru turkeere eka budd hinsa hoithila, 1993 ray rastrapati turgut ozzle, pramukh samarika byaktitwa ebong sambadikanka sandehajanak mrutyu ghatithila. bisesh curry 2008 masiha paratharu erganecon bichara ebong turkeera gabhira rajya ebong ehi samajaru sandehajanak mrutyu sambandheeah anusandhana pariprekheere, eka shanti bujhamanaku rokiba uddeshyare eka "gupta abhyutthana" rahr daabi karajaichi (ebong turkey sena, gtem, counter-gerila, kurdish hizbullah ebong turkey mafia sameth keteka kurdi gosthi sameth guinda seba madhyare gupta samparkaku surakhya deba paain). turkeera gabhira rajya upare prathame alokapata kariba arambha karithiba susurluk durneetire tadanta karithiba sansadeeah aajogara purbatana sadasya fikri salara heuchhanti jane byakti jie "eka gupta samarika abhyutthana" barnana curry ebhali daabi karichanti. purbatana picke commander semdin sakik daagu Çalıısma grubu namaka eka ergenecon sangathana-sanjukta gosthi bishajare barnana karichanti, jaahaa turkey gendermery general commander esref bitlis (17 februari), rastrapati turgut ozzle (17 april), general bahatijara aideen (22 october) ebong purbatana mejara sema ersavar (4 navember) nka hatya paain daie. shanti prakrijaku samarthan karuthiba pramukh byaktibisheshanka hatya byatita, 1993 ray aneka ganahatya ghatithila, jaahaa eka kathita "uttejana ranneeti" rahr ansha bhabare daabi karajaithila . ethimadhyare meey 24,1993, picke akasmika aakraman, ebong july prarambhare shiba ebong baswalara ganahatya antarbhukta . samikhya karantu. 1990 dashkar prarambhare, rastrapati turgut ozzle kurdistan warkers party (picke) sahita alochana karibaku raaji hoithile, 1991 upasagariya juddhara ghatana ehi anchalara kichhi bhu-rajanaitika gatisheelataku badalai deithila . nije ardha-kurdi, ojalanka byatita, alpa kichhi turkey rajneta shanti prakriya prati agrahi thile, kimba nije pii. kee. kee. rahr eka anshatharu adhika nathile. 1993 ray ozzle purbatana arthamantri adnan kahabhesi ebong turkey gendermery esref bitlisara general kamandaranka saha shanti yojana upare karjya karuthile. alochana phalare 1993 masiha march 20 tarikhare picke dwara eka astrabirati ghoshana karajaithila-setebelaku kahabhesi ebong bitlis mrutyubarana karithile. pikekera astrabirati ghoshana haatare thibaru, ozzle jatiah surakhya parisadara parabarti baithakare eka pramukh kurdi samarthaka sanskara package prastaba debaku yojana karuthile. april 17 tarikhare rastrapatinka mrutyu parey sehi baithakaku sthagita rakhajaithila ebong jojanagudika kebe upasthapana karajai nathila. eka maasa parey, 1993 masiha meey maasa 24 tarikhare hoithiba picke akasmika aakraman shanti prakrijara anta sunishchita karithila. purbatana picke commander semdin sakik kahichanti je ehi aakraman daagu Çalıısma grubunka abhyutthana yojanara ansha thila. suleiman demirelanka nutan adhyakhyata ebong tansu silaranka pradhanamantreetwa adheenare, durga yojana (hinsaku byabahara curry kurdi prashna samadhan karibaku jekaunasi ebong samasta upaiah byabahara kariba), jaahaaku ozzle birodha karithile, karjyakaree karajaithila, ebong shanti prakriya parityaga karajaithila . ahuri ganahatya (bisesh curry july prarambhare shibas ganahatya ebong baswaglar ganahatya) ebong hatyakanda nischita karithila je shanti prakriya bhal bhabare ebong prakrutare kabara hoithila . anusandhana. purbatana general leventa ersos, jieki gtemer mukhya thile, ebong ergenican parikhyanare jane pramukh sandigdha bhabare bibechita, 2013 ray rastrapati turgut ojalanka 1993 mrutyure eka bhumika thiba abhijogare abhijukta hoithile.

1993 turki witch kathit fauji takhtapalt kujh sarotan dey anusar, 1993 witch turki witch ikk takhtapalt hoiaa see, jiss noon kathit taur utte turki dee fauj dey tattan duaara gupat tarikiaan naal aayojit atey chalaiaa giaa see. halanki 1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch kurad-turki sanghrash caarn turki witch bahut hinsa daa samaan see, 1993 witch rashtarpati turgut ozal, pramukh fauji hastiaan atey pattarkaran deeaan shakki mautan dee ikk luddy vekhi gaee. vishesh taur utte 2008 toon arganecon mukadmiaan atey turki dey dunghe raaj atey iss samein toon shakki mautan dee sabandhat jaanch dey sandrabh witch, ikk "gupat takhtapalt" dey daave keete gaye hunn jisda udesh shanti samjhaute noon rokna haii (atey turki dee fauj, gtem, counter-gurila, kurdish hizbullah atey turki mafia samet kujh kurdish samoohan samet khufia sevavan darmiaan gupat sabandhan dee rakkhiaa karna). sansadi commission dey sabka member fikri saalar, jiss neey susurluk ghutale dee jaanch keeti see, jiss neey pahili vaar turki dey dunghe raaj utte chanha pauna shuru keeta see, neey ajihe daave keete hunn, jiss witch "ikk gupat fauji takhtapalt" daa varnan keeta giaa haii. sabka pee. keey. keey. commander medine skick neey ikk ergenecon sangathan naal jude samooh daa varnan keeta haii jiss daa naam dogu Çalısma grubu haii, jiss neey iss noon turki dey general commander aisref bitlis (17 farvari), rashtarpati turgut ozal (17 aprail), general bahtiar aydin (22 aktubar) atey sabka mejar same ercer (4 navambar) samet katlan laee zimmevar thahiraiaa haii. shanti prakiriaa daa samarthan curran valiaan pramukh hastiaan dee hattiaa toon ilava, 1993 witch kaee katal hoye, jinhan daa daava keeta jaanda haii kii ih kathit "tanaa dee ranniti" dey hisse vajon keeta giaa see. inhan witch 24 maee, 1993, pee. keey. keey. ghaat atey julai dey shuru witch sivas atey basballer dey katal shamal hunn. sankhep jankari. 1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch, rashtarpati turgut ozal neey kurdistan workers party (pee. keey. keey.) naal gallbat curran laee sehmati pragtai, 1991 dee khaadi yuddh deeaan ghatnavan neey iss khetar witch kujh bhuu-rajneetik gatishilta noon badal ditta haii. ozal toon ilava, joe khud addhe kurdish sunn, kujh turki siasatdan shanti prakiriaa witch dilchaspi rakkhde sunn, atey naa hii uh aapne aap witch pee. keey. keey. dey hisse toon vaddh sunn. sann 1993 witch ozal sabka vitt mantri adnan kahvesi atey turki dey general commander gendermary esref bitlis naal shanti yojnavan 'teey kamm qarr riha see. gallbat neey 20 march 1993 noon pee. keey. keey. duaara jangbandi daa ailaan keeta-jiss samein takk kahvesi atey bitley maare gaye sunn. pee. keey. keey. dey jangbandi dey ailaan dey hatth witch, ozal rashtari surakhiaa parishad dee agli meating witch ikk vadde kurad pakkhi sudhar package daa prastav denh dee yojna bnaa riha see. 17 aprail noon rashtarpati dee maut caarn uss meating noon multavi qarr ditta giaa atey yojnavan kadey pesh naheen keetiaan gaeeaan. ikk maheene baad 24 maee, 1993 noon hoye pee. keey. keey. hamle neey shanti prakiriaa daa ant yakini banaiaa. sabka pee. keey. keey. commander semdin skick daa kahina haii kii hamla dogu Çalısma grubu dee takhtapalt deeaan yojnavan daa hissa see. suleiman demirail dee naveen pardhangi atey tansu silar dey pardhan mantri dey adheen, kilhe dee yojna (hinsa dee varton karke kurad parshan noon hall curran laee kise vee atey saare sadhanan dee varton curran laee), jiss daa ozal neey virodh keeta see, noon lagu keeta giaa see, atey shanti prakiriaa noon chhadd ditta giaa see. horr katal (khaas taur utte julai dey shuru witch shivas katal atey basballer katal) atey katal neey ih sunishchit keeta kii shanti prakiriaa noon changi tarahan atey sachmuch dafnaiaa giaa see. jaanch. sabka general levent airs, joe kii jitam daa mukhi see, atey jiss noon ergenecon mukadmiaan witch ikk pramukh shakki manniaa jaanda haii, noon 2013 witch rashtarpati turgut ozal dee 1993 dee maut witch bhumika nibhaun daa dosh lagaiaa giaa see.

1993 turkish sainya-vidrohah iti abhiyogah. keshuchit srotaanaam anusaaram 1993 tame varshe turkee-deshe vidrohah abhavat, yah turkee-sainyasya amshaihi gupta-madhyamena aayojitah, nishpaaditah cha iti kathyate. yadyapi 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe kurdish-turkeesh-dwandwasya karanat turkee-deshe mahatee himsaa abhavat, tathaapi 1993 tame varshe rashtrapatihi turgut ozzle, pramukha-sainya-vyaktitvaanaam, patrakaranam cha shankaaspad-mrutyoonaam shrunkhalaa drushtaa. visheshatah 2008 tamaat varshaat aarabhy erjenekon-parikshanasya, turkish-gahan-rajyasya, tathaa asya kalat samshayee-mrutyoonaam cha vishaye sambaddh-anveshanasya cha sandarbhe, shaanti-samadhanam nivaarayitum (turkish-sainyasya, gtem, prati-gurillaa, kurdish-hizbullah, turkish-mafia ityadinam katipayanam kurdish-samuhanam gupta-sambandhanam rakshanarthm) "gupta-vidrohasya" davam krutam asti. turkee-deshasya gahanarajyasya vishaye prathamam prakaasham aarabhat, susurluk-prakaranasya anveshanam akarot, samsadeeya-ayogasya poorvasadasyah fikri-saalar ityeshah eva "gupta-sainya-vidrohasya" varnanam krutvaa etaadrushaah davan krutavaan. poorva pee. key. key. senaapatih semdina saakeek ityeshah dogu Çalıısma grubu namakasya erjenekaan-samsthayaa sambaddhasy samuhasya varnanam krutavaan, turkish-gendermery-senaapatih asref bitlis (17 februvari), rashtrapatihi turgut ozzle (17 april), senaapatih bahtiyar aidin (22 october), poorwah pramukhah sem ersevar (4 november) ityaadishu hatyanam krute saha uttaradaayi aasit. shaanti-prakriyayaha samarthane pramukhanam vyaktitvaanaam hatyayaha atiriktam 1993 tame varshe aneke narasamhaaraah abhavan, ye kathitasya "tanaava-rananeetyaah" bhagarupena uddeshitaah iti abhibhashyate. eteshu 1993 mey 24 dinaanke, pee. key. key. ityasya aakasmik-akramanam, julai-masasya aarambhe shiva-basbagler-janahatyam cha antarbhavanti. avalokanam karotu. 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe rashtrapatihi turgut ozzle ityeshah kurdistaan-workers-party (pee. key. key.) ityanena saha vaartaalaapam kartum sahamatah abhavat, 1991 tamavarshasya gulf-yuddhasya ghatanaabhih asmin pradeshe bhoo-raajanaitik-gatividhaah parivartitaah. swayam ardha-kurdish-bhashayaha ozzle-ityenam vihaay, kechan turkish-rajanetaraha shaanti-prakriyayam ruchim akurvan, naa tu pee. key. key. ityasya bhagat adhikaah aasan. 1993 tame varshe ozzle ityeshah poorva-vittamantree adnaan kahvesee ityanena saha turkish-deshasya gendermery-asphref bitlis ityasya samanyasenapatena saha shaanti-yojanashu karyam kurvan aasit. 20 maarch 1993 dinaanke pee. key. key. dwara vaartaalaapasy karanat yuddhaviraamasya ghoshanaa abhavat-tatpurvam kahvesee, bitley cha mrutaah aasan. pee. key. key. ityasya yuddhaviramaghoshana haste, ozzle-varyaha rashtriyasurakshasamitihi agrimasabhayam pramukham kurdi-samarthak-sudhaar-pyaakej ityasya prastaavanam kartum yojanam kurvan aasit. april 17 dinaanke raashtrapateh mrutyuhu tasya sabhaayaah sthaganaay kaaranah abhavat, yojanaah kadaapi naa upasthapitaha. ekamasanantaram 1993 mey-masasya 24 dinaanke pee. key. key. ityanena ghaaten shantiprakriya samapti abhavat. poorwah pee. key. key. senaapatih semdin saakik ityeshah uktavaan yat akramanam dogu-kalisma-grubu ityasya vidroha-yojananam bhaagah aasit iti. suleiman demirail ityasya nutanasya adhyakshataayaah tathaa taansu silar ityasya pradhaanamantritvasya cha adheene, durga-yojanaa (himsaayaah upayogena kurdish-prashnasya samadhanartham kimapi tathaa sarvam saadhanam upayoktum), yasya ozzle-varyaha virodham krutavaan, adhiniyamitam, shaanti-prakriya parityaktaa cha. itoapi adhika-narasamhaarah (visheshatah julai-masasya aarambhe shiva-narasamhaarah, basbagler-narasamhaarah cha) tathaa cha hatyaih shaanti-prakriya samyak satyameva cha samapta iti sunishchitam. anveshanam. poorva-senaapatih levent ersoz, yah gtem ityasya pramukhah aasit, tathaa cha erjanekon-parikshaneshu pramukhah shankitah iti manyate, 1993 tame varshe rashtrapatihi turgut ozzle ityasya mrutyum paatram aasit iti aaropitah aasit.

1993 turkiya iraanuva aatchi kavilppu kuttrachchaattu sila aathaarangalinpadi, 1993 aam aandil turkeyil oru aatchi kavilppu aerpattathu, idhu turkiya iraanuvaththin koorugalaal iragasiya vazhigalil aerpaadu seiyappattu maerkollappattathaakk koorappadugiradhu. 1990kalin murpaguthiyil kurdish-turkiya moathal kaaranamaaga turkeyil perum vanmurai aerpattaalum, 1993 ill thodarchchiyaana santhegaththirkidamaana maranangkal nigazhnthana janathipathi turgud oasal, munnani iraanuva piramugargal mattrum paththirigaiyaalarkal. kurippaaga 2008 muthal erjeneghaon visaaranaikal mattrum turkiya aalamaana nilai mattrum inthak kaalakattaththilirunthu santhegaththirkidamaana irappukal thodarpaana visaaranaigalin pinnaniyil, oru amaithi oppanthaththaith thadukkum noakkil oru "iragasiya aatchi kavilppu" pattriya koottrukkal seiyappattullana (maelum turkiya iraanuvam, jittem, counter-kerylla, gurdish hispullah mattrum turkiya mafia ullitta sila gurdish kuzhukkal ullitta ulavuththurai sevaigal, iragasiya uravugalaip paathukaakkum noakkil). turkiya aalamaana maanilatthai muthanmuthalil velichcham poadath thodangiya susuruk uuzhalai visaariththa naadaalumandra aanaiyaththin munnaal uruppinaraana figri saalar, "oru maraimuga iraanuva aatchi kavilppu" endru vivarikkum vagaiyil aththagaiya koottrukkalai munvaiththavar aavaar. munnaal pkk thalapathi schmeddin zakik, turkiya gendermery general thalapathi ezref bitlis (pipravari 17), janathipathi turgud oasal (aepral 17), general bahtiyar aydin (october 22) mattrum munnaal mejar chem ersever (navambar 4) ullitta padukolaikal udpada oru erjeneghaon amaippudan inaikappatta kuzhuvai vivaritthullaar. oru amaithi seyalmuraiyai aatharikkum mukiya nabarkalin padukolaikku koodudhalaaga, 1993 aam aandil pala padukolaikal nadanthana, idhu "pathattaththin mooloabaayaththin" oru paguthiyaaga karudhappattathaagak koorappadugiradhu. ivatrtril mae 24,1993, bige pathungkiyirunthu thaakkuthal mattrum juulai thodakkaththil sivas mattrum bashpalar padukolaikal adangkum. kannoattam. 1990kalin murpaguthiyil, janathipathi turgud oasal, 1991 valaikuda poarin nigazhvugal piraanthiyaththil sila puvisaar arasiyal iyakkaviyalai maatriya gurdistan thozhilaazhar katchiyudan (pii. kae. kae) pechchuvaarththaikku oppukkondaar. oosalaith thavira, avar arai kurdish, sila turkiya arasiyalvaathigal oru amaithi seyalmuraiyil aarvamaaga irunththanar, allathu pii. kae. kae inn oru paguthiyai vida athigamaaga illai. 1993 aam aandil oasal munnaal nidhiyamaichar adnon kahvesi mattrum turkiya gendermery ezref pitlisin podhuth thalapathiyudan amaithith thittangalil paniyaattri vanthaar. paechchuvaarththaikal 1993 maarch 20 andru pii. kae. kae. aall poarniruththa arivipukku vazhivaguththana-atharkul kahvesi mattrum bitlis iranththuvittana. pii. kae. kae. vinn poarniruththa pirakadanaththudan, thaesiya paathukaappuk kuzhuvin aduththa koottaththil oru periya kurdish saarbu seerthiruththa thoguppai munmozhiya oasal thittamittirunthaar. aepral 17 andru janaathipathiyin maranam antha koottaththai othivaikka vazhivaguththathu, maelum thittangal orupoathum munvaikkappadavillai. oru maathaththirkup piragu, 1993 mae 24 andru nadaipettra pathungkiyirunthu amaithip piraeranai mudivukku vanthathu. munnaal bige kamaandar schmeddin zagaog inththa thaakkuthal dogu Çalıısma kirubuvin aatchi kavilppu thittangalin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu endru koorukiraar. sulaiman demirel mattrum dance killarin pirathamarin puthiya janathipathi aatchiyin keezh, koattaith thittam (vanmuraiyaip payanpaduththi gurdish kaelviyaith theerkka endha mattrum anaitthu vazhigalaiyum payanpaduththuvathu), idhu özal ethirththathu, iyatrtrappattathu, maelum amaithi seyalmurai kaividappattathu. maelum padukolaikal (kurippaaga juulai thodakkaththil sivas padukolai mattrum bashpalar padukolai) mattrum padukolaikal amaithi seyalmurai nanku mattrum unmaiyilaeyae pudhaikkappattathai uruthi seithana. visaaranaikal. munnaal general levent ersos, jidemin thalaivaraaga irunthaar, maelum erjeneghaon soathanaigalil oru mukiya santhaega nabaraaga karudhappadugiraar, 1993 aam aandu janathipathi turgud oasalin maranaththil pangku kondirundhadhaaga 2013 aam aandil kuttram saattappattaar.

1993loe turkey sainika tirugubaatu jariginatlu aaropanalu vachayi. konni muulaala prakaram, 1993loe turkeylo tirugubaatu jarigindi, dheenini turkey sainyam yokka amsaalu rahasya maargaala dwara nirvahinchi, nirvahinchaayi. 1990la praarambhamlo kurdish-turkish sangharshana kaaranamgaa turkeylo goppa himsa jariginappatikee, 1993loe adhyakshudu turgut ojal, pramukha sainika pramukhulu mariyu paatrikeyulu anae anumaanaaspada maranaalu sambhavinchaayi. mukhyamgaa 2008 nundi ergenecon vichaaranalu mariyu turkish lothaina rashtram mariyu eee kaalam nundi anumaanaaspada maranaalapai sambandhita parisoedhanala sandarbhamlo, shanti parishkaranni nivaarinchadaaniki uddesinchina "rahasya tirugubaatu" daavaalu (mariyu turkish sainyam, gtem, counter-gerilla, kurdish hizbullah mariyu turkish mafiato sahaa konni kurdish samuuhaalatoe sahaa guudachaara sevala madhya rahasya sambandhaalanu rakshinchadaaniki) cheyabaddaayi. turkey lothaina rashtrampai modata velugu chudatam praarambhinchina susurluk kumbhakonanni daryaaptu chesina parliamentary commission maajee sabhyudu fikri salar, "rahasya sainika tirugubaatu" anie vivaristuu ituvanti vaadanalu chesina vyakti. maajee picke commander семтин саситин самин сатин самисма саетин сатин самисма саетин салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма салисма сереселис (fibravari 17), adhyakshudu turgut özal (april 17), general bahtiyar aydin (october 22) mariyu maajee majer sem ersever (november 4) vanti hatyalaku baadhyata vahistunnatlu vivarinchaadu. shanti prakriyaku maddatu ichhe keelaka vyaktula hathyatho paatu, 1993loe aneka saamuuhika hatyalu jarigaayi, ivi "udriktata vyuuham" loe bhaagamgaa uddesinchabaddaayi anie cheppabadindi. veetilo mae 24,1993, pikek aakasmika daadi, mariyu juulai praarambhamlo shivas mariyu basballer saamuuhika hatyalu unnaayi. sameeksha. 1990la praarambhamlo, adhyakshudu turgut ojal kurdistan workers party (picke) thoo charchalaku angeekarinchaaru, 1991 gulph yuddham yokka sanghatanalu eee praantamloo bhougolika raajakeeya gatiseelatanu kontavaraku marchai. ojaltho paatu, swayamgaa sagam kurdish, kontamandi turkish raajakeeya nayakulu shanti prakriyapai aasakti chuupaaru, ledhaa pikekelo bhaagam kante ekkuva kaadu. 1993loe ojala maajee aardhika mantri adnan kahvesi mariyu turkish gendermery esref bitlis general commandertho shanti pranaalikalapai panicheesaaru. charchalu 1993 marchi 20naa picke dwara kaalpula viramana prakatanaku daariteesaayi-appatiki kahvesi mariyu bitlis chanipoyaru. chetilo picke yokka kaalpula viramana prakatanatho, jaateeya bhadrata mandali tadupari samavesamlo oka pradhana kurdish anukuula samskarana pyaakaejeeni pratipaadinchaalani ojal yochistunnadu. april 17naa adhyakshudi maranam aaa samavesanni vaida vaeyadaaniki daariteesindi, mariyu pranaalikalu eppuduu samarpinchabadaledu. oka nela taruvaata 1993 mae 24naa jarigina paak aakasmika daadi shanti prakriya mugimpunu nirdhaarinchindi. maajee picke commander семdin sakık eee daadi dugu салисма салисма салисма сатете сами сате самин сате самин сате сами сате сами салисма салисма салисма салима салисма салима салисма салисма салима салисма салима салисма семинсасити семин семинсасати салисалити салисалима салисалима с suleiman demirel yokka kotta adhyakshatana mariyu taansu killer yokka pradhana mantrigaa, koota pranaalika (himsanu upayoginchi kurdish prasnanu parishkarinchadaaniki edainaa mariyu anni maargaalanu upayoginchadam), dheenini ojal vyatirekinchaadu, amalu cheyabadindi mariyu shanti prakriyanu vidichipettaru. marinta saamuuhika hatyalu (mukhyamgaa juulai praarambhamlo jarigina shivas oochakotha mariyu basbagler oochakotha) mariyu hatyalu shanti prakriya baga mariyu nijamgaa khananam cheyabadindani nirdharinchaayi. parisoedhanalu. maajee general levent ersoz, jetem adhipati, mariyu ergenecon trialslo keelaka anumaanitudigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, 1993loe adhyakshudu turgut ojal maranamlo paatra undani 2013loe abhiyogaalu moparu.

1993 tarki mein mubinah foji baghawat kachh zaraye kay mutabiq 1993 mein tarki mein baghawat hoyee jasay mubinah toor parr turk foj kay anaasir nay khafiya zaraye say manzam aur anjaam diyaa. agarcha 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein kardon aur tarki kay tanazah kii wajah say tarki mein baday tashdad kaa door thaa leakin 1993 mein sadr targat auzal sarkardah foji shaqsiyat aur sahafiyon kii mashkok amwaat kaa eek silsilah dekha gayaa. khaas toor parr 2008 kay baad say airjinkon trials aur tarki kii gehri riyasat aur iss arsey say honay waali mashkok amwaat kii mutaliqah tehqiqat kay tanazar mein eek "khafiya baghawat" kay daway kiye gayey haine jiss kaa maqsad aman tasfiye kuu rokna hay (aur turk fouj intelli jans sarosaz bashmol jeetam counter gorela kachh kardon kay gropon bashmol kardon kay hazb allah aur turk maafiya kay darmiyan khafiya taluqat kii hifazat karnaa). parlimani commission kay saabiq rakan fikri saaglar jiss nay sasarlok scandle kii tehqiqat kii thee jiss nay pehli baar tarki kii gehri riyasat parr roshni daalna sharoo kiyaa thaa wah wah haine jinhon nay aisey daway kiye haine jiss mein "eek khafiya foji baghawat" kuu biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. saabiq pee kay kay commander simeen saak nay dogo Çalıısma garbo naami airjinkon tanzim say mansalk eek grop kuu biyaan kiyaa hay jiss nay asay turk gendermari kay general commander aisref butlees (17 faroori)yee sadr targat auzal (17 apreel)yee general bahtiyar aaideen (22 aktobar) aur saabiq meejar seem airsiver (4 nomber) kay qatal kaa zamah daar thehraya hay. aman amal kii himayat karnay waali aham shaqsiyat kay qatal kay alawah 1993 mein kayee qatal aam huay jinn kay baaray mein daawi kiyaa jaataa hay kahh inn kaa maqsad mubinah "kashidgi kii hakmat emli" kaa hasah thaa. inn mein 24 mayee 1993yee pee kay kay gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah aur jolayi kay awail mein shiwas aur basbugler kay qatal aam shaamil haine. jaizah. 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein sadr taghluq auzal nay kardonstan workers paarti (pee kay kay) kay saath mazakirat parr ittefaq kiyaa 1991 kii khaliji jung kay waaqiaat nay khatay mein kachh geografiyayi seyasi harkiyaat kuu tabdil kirr diyaa hay. azal kay alawah juu khood nasf kardon mein say thay chand turk seyasat daan aman amal mein dilchaspi rakhtay thay aur naha hyee wah khood pee kay kay hasay say ziyadah thay. 1993 mein auzal saabiq wazeer khazanah adnaan kahweesi aur turk gendermary aisref buttles kay general commander kay saath aman mansubon parr kaam kirr rahay thay. mazakirat kay natijay mein 20 maarch 1993 kuu pee kay kay kii taraf say jung bundi kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa-iss waqat takk kahuchi aur butley halaak how chakay thay. pee kay kay kay jung bundi kay aalaan kay saath auzal qomi salamati konsal kay aglay ajlaas mein kardon kay haami eek baday islahati package kii tajweez paish karnay kaa mansubah banaa rehaa thaa. 17 apreel kuu sadr kii moth kay natijay mein yaha ajlaas maltawi kirr diyaa gayaa aur mansubay kabhi paish nahein kiye gayey. eek maah baad 24 mayee 1993 kuu pee kay kay kay gahaat lagaa kirr kiye gayey hamlay nay aman amal kay khaatime kuu yaqeeni banaya. saabiq pee kay kay commander simeen saak kaa kehna hay kahh yaha hamlah dogo Çalıısma Grubu kay baghawat kay mansubon kaa hasah thaa. sulaiman demiral kii nayee sadarat aur tansu celler kii wazeer aizam kay tahat qalye kaa mansubah (tashdad kaa istemaal kartay hoay kardon kay sawaal kuu hall karnay kay liye kasee bhee aur tamaam zaraye kuu istemaal karnay kay liye)yee jiss kii auzal nay mukhalifat kii thee naafiz kiyaa gayaa aur aman amal kuu turk kirr diyaa gayaa. mazeed qatal aam (khaas toor parr sewas qatal aam aur jolayi kay awail mein basbugler qatal aam) aur qatal aam nay iss baath kuu yaqeeni banaya kahh aman amal achhi tarah say aur saheeh maanon mein dafan how gayaa. tehqiqat. saabiq general levent airz juu jeetam kay sarbarah thay aur jinhein airjinkon trials mein eek aham mushtabah samjha jaataa hay parr 2013 mein sadr targat auzal kii 1993 kii moth mein kirdaar adaa karnay kaa alzaam lagaya gayaa thaa.

0005ec3f116aa5a56757bcc237ede9d427d23865f24606001e2e64fc5a76eb9a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48955053

Rockaway Courthouse

Rockaway Courthouse United States historic place Rockaway Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in the Rockaway Beach neighborhood of Queens County, New York. It was built in 1931, and is a three-story plus basement, steel frame and limestone, "V"-shaped building in the Classical Revival style. It consists of a tall central core with flanking courtroom wings. The front facade features an ornate Greek style entrance portico. It served as a local Municipal and Magistrate's Court and was last used as a civic building in 1962. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Today the building is being reconstructed as a medical center. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Category:Government buildings

rokowe aadalot rokowe aadalot hoise neworkor quins countyr rokowe bischo suburit owosthito ek oitihaxik aadalot. iyak 1931 sonot nirman koraa hoisil, aaru ee ekhon tini moholar logote basement, steel frame aaru sunxilor, xastriyo punorujjibon xoilit "bhi"-aakritir ottalika. iyat etaa ukh kendriyo kendro thaake zo 'too aadalotor wingbur thaake. xonmukhor mukhmondoltut ek olongkrito greek xoilir probexdwar aase. ee sthaniyo pour aaru nyayadhixor aadalot hisape kaam korisil aaru xexbaror baabe 1962 sonot nagorik bhowon hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. iyak 2014 sonot oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyonot talikabhukto koraa hoisil. aaji ei bhowontu sikitsa kendro hisape punor nirman koraa hoise. proxongo. shrenih sorkari ottalika

rockway courthouse rockway courthouse holl neu iyarker quins kauntir rockway saikat paday abosthito ekti oitihasik adalat. etty 1931 saale nirmito hoyechilo ebong etty ekti tintala plasha basement, ispat frame ebong chunapathar, shastriya punarujjiban shoilite "vee" akritir bhobon. etty ekti lomba kendriya kendra niye gothito jaar parshoborti adalat kokkher danna royeche. samoner sommukhbhage ekti alangkrito greek shailir probeshdwar royeche. etty ekti sthaniya pour oo magistrater adalat hisabe kaaj korechilo ebong 1962 saale sheshbar ekti nagrik bhobon hisabe byabohrito hoyechilo. etty 2014 saale oitihasik sthangulir jatiya registere talikabhukto hoyechilo. aaz bhabanti ekti chikitsa kendra hisabe punarnirman koraa hachche. reference. vishayshrenihsarkari bhobon

rokave courthouse rockaway courthouse aee aek aitihasik courthouse chhe jeey quins kaauntii, newyorknaa rockaway beach padoshmaa stheet chhe. teey teey bandhvama aavyu hatoo, aneey teey trana maalnee vattaa bhonyarama, steelni frame aneey chunaanaa pattharo, shaastriy punrutthaan shailima "vee" aakaarni imaarat chhe. temaa courtroomni pankhoni baaju saathe unchaa kendriya korno samaavesh thaay chhe. aagalnaa bhagma aek alankrut grick shaileena praveshdwaar chhe. teey sthaaneek municiple aneey magistrateni adalat tareeke sevaa aaptu hatoo aneey chhellu chhellu nagrik imaarat tareeke upyogmaa levaatu hatoo. tene tene aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhanimaa soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaje aaa imaaratne tabibi kendra tareeke punnirman karvaamaa aavee rahee chhe. sandarbho. vargah sarkari imaarato

rockway courthouse rockway courthouse ack aitihaasik adalat haye joe queens county, newyork key rockway beach pados mein sthit haye. yeh 1931 mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur yeh teen manjila aur tehkhana, ispat frame aur choona patthar haye, joe shaastriya punruddhar shally mein "vee" aakar kii imarat haye. isamen ack lamba kendriya core hotaa haye jisamen buggle vaale adalat kaksh key pankh hotey hain. saamane key agrabhag mein ack alankrit yunani shally kaa pravesh dwaar haye. yeh ack sthaaniya nagarpalika aur magistrate kii adalat key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa aur aakhiri baar 1962 mein ack nagrik bhawan key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa. ise 2014 mein aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. aaj iss imarat koo ack chikitsa kendra key roop mein punarnirmit kiya jaa rhaa haye. sandarbh. vargah sarkari bhawan

rockway nyayalaya rockaway nyaayaalayavu newyorkna queens kountiya rockaway beach nerehoreyalli sthitavagiruva ondu aitihaasika nyaayaalayavaagide. idannu 1931ralli nirmisalaayitu, mattu idu mooru antastina jotege nelamaaligeya, ukkina chaukattu mattu sunnada kallu, shaastriya punarujjeevana shailiyalli "vii" aakaarada kattadavaagide. idu paarshvada coor room rekkegalondige ettarada kendra coor annu olagondide. mumbhagada mumbhagavu alankruta greek sailiya pravesha dwaarawannu hondide. idu sthaliya purasabheya mattu magistrate nyayalayavagi kaaryanirvahisitu mattu koneyadaagi 1962ralli nagarika kattadavaagi balasalaayitu. idannu 2014ralli aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya nondaniyalli patti maadalaagittu. indu ee kattadavannu vaidyakeeya kendravagi punarnirmisalaaguttide. ullekhagalu. vargah sarkari kattadagalu

rockway kodathi newyorkkile kweens kaundiyile rockaway beach parisarathu sthithi cheiyunna charitraparamaaya oru kodathiyaanu rockaway kodathi. 1931ll nirmmicha ithu moonnu nilakalulla basement, steel frame, chunnaambukallu, classical punarujjeevana shailiyil "vii" aakruthiyilulla kettidamaanu. ithinu vashathulla kodathimuri chirakukalulla oru uyaramulla madhyabhagam adangiyirikkunnu. munvashath alankaricha greak shailiyilulla praveshana porttikkoyund. praadeshika munisippal, majistrettu kodathikalaayi pravarthicha ithu 1962 ll avasaanamaayi oru sivik kettidamaayi upayogichu. 2014ll charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttaril ithu ulppeduthiyirunnu. innu kettidam oru medical sentaraayi punarnirmmikkappedunnu. paraamarshangal. vargamsarkkaar kettidangal

rockway nyayalay rockway courthouse heey newyorkmadheel queens kauntichya rockway beach parisarat sthit eka aitihasik nyayalay aahe. heey 1931 madhye bandhanyat aale hote aanee shastriy punarujjivan shailitil teen majali adhik talghar, poladachi chaukat aanee chunkhadichi, "vhee" aakarachi imarat aahe. tyat bajuchya angananchya pankhansah unch madhyavarti gabha asato. samoril darshani bhagamadhye greek shailitil alankrut praveshdwar aahe. sthanik nagarpalika aanee dandadhikaanche nyayalay mhanoon kaam kele aanee 1962 madhye nagri imarat mhanoon shevatcha vapar karnyat aala. 2014 madhye aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanimadhye tyachi nond karnyat aalee hotee. aaj yaa imaratichi vaidyakeey kendra mhanoon punarbandhani kelee jaat aahe. sandarbh. vargah sarkari imarati

rakawe courthouse rakawe courthouse ek aitihasik courthouse how june queens county, nyu yorkako rakawe samudra tata chhimekma awasthit chha. yo sann 1931 maa nirman garieko thiyo, rar yo tinn tale plus tahkhana, still frame rar chuna patthar how, shastriya punarutthan shailima "v" akarko bhawan how. yasama euta aglo kendriya core hunchha jasma courtroomka pakhaharu hunchhan. agadiko anuharma euta alankrit grick shailiko praweshdwar chha. yasale sthaniya nagarpalika rar majistretko adalatko rupma sewa gyoa rar antim patak sann 1962 maa nagarik bhawanko rupma prayog garieko thiyo. yo sann 2014 maa aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya registerma suchibadha garieko thiyo. az bhawanlai chikitsa kendrako rupma punarnirman bhairaheko chha. sandarbhaharu. wargah sarkari bhawanharu

rakwe courthouses rakaewe courthouses heuchhi eka aitihasika courthouses jaahaa nyujarkara quins kauntira rakaewe belabhumi padoshire abasthita . ehaa 1931 masihare nirmita hoithila, ebong ehaa eka tini mahla bisista basement, still frame ebong chunapathara, shastriya punaruddhara saileere "bhi" aakrutira kotha . ehaa eka uccha kendriah koraku nei gathita, jeunthire parsware thiba courtroom winga rahichhi. sammukh parsware eka alankruta greek saileera prabesha dwara rahichhi. ehaa eka sthaniah pourapalika ebong majistretnka adalat bhabare karjya karithila ebong shesh thara paain 1962 ray eka nagarika kotha bhabare byabahruta hoithila . 2014 masihare ehaaku aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjikare talikabhukta karajaithila. aaji ehi attalikara eka chikitsa kendra bhabe punahnirmana karajauchhi. sandarbha. shreneeh sarkari kotha

rockway courthouse rockaway courthouse ikk itihasak courthouse haii joe queens kaoonti, newyork dey rockaway beach guaandh witch sathit haii. ih 1931 witch banaiaa giaa see, atey ih ikk tinn manzila plus basement, steel frame atey choone daa patthar haii, classical punar surjiti shaili witch "vee" aakaar dee imaarat haii. iss witch ikk uccha kendri coor hunda haii jiss witch franking court room wing hunde hunn. sahmane vaale paase ikk alankrit yunani shaili daa pravesh duaar haii. ih ikk sathanak mioonspal atey magistrate dee adalat vajon kamm karda see atey aakhri vaar 1962 witch ikk nagrik imaarat vajon vartiaa giaa see. iss noon saal 2014 witch itihasak sathanan dey rashtari register witch suchibadh keeta giaa see. ajj iss imaarat noon ikk medical kendra vajon dubara banaiaa jaa riha haii. havale. shreniya sarkari imaratan

raak-ve nyayalayaha raak-ave-nyayalayaha nyuyaark-nagarasya queens-kaunti-nagarasya raak-ve-samudratata-parisarasya aitihaasikah nyayalayaha asti. 1931 tame varshe nirmitam etat, tri-mahalam, aadharastambhah, ispaata-cha cha, shaastreey-punarujjivanashailya "vee" aakaarasy bhavanam asti. asmin ucchah kendriya-kendrah asti yasya paarshva-nyayalaya-pakshaah santi. agrabhaage alankrutah greek-shaileeh praveshadvaarah asti. etat sthaniya-nagar-prashasanasya, nyayadhishanaha cha nyayalayarupena karyam krutavaan, tathaa cha 1962 tame varshe nagarika-bhawanaroopen antimavaaram upayujyate sma. 2014 tame varshe aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjikaayaam etat soocheebaddham aasit. adya chikitsaa-kendraroopen bhavanasya punarnirmanam bhavati. sandarbhah. vargah sarvakaareey-bhavanaani

rockaway neethimandram rockaway neethimandram enbathu newyorkin quins kavundiyin rockaway kadarkarai suttruppuraththil amainthulla oru varalaattru neethimandramaagum. idhu 1931 aam aandil kattappattathu, maelum idhu moontru maadi plus adiththalam, efku sattagam mattrum sunnambukkal, paarambariya marumalarchi paaniyil "vii" vadiva kattidamaagum. idhu pakkavaattu neethimandra araikal konda oru uyaramaana maiya myyaththaik kondullathu. muun mugappil oru alangarikkappatta kiraekka paani nuzhaivaayil ullathu. idhu oru ulloor nagaraatchi mattrum majistrade neethimandramaaga seyalpattathu mattrum kadaisiyaaga 1962 ill oru kudimai kattidamaaga payanpaduththappattathu. idhu 2014 aam aandil varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettil pattiyalidappattathu. intru kattidam oru maruththuva maiyamaaga punaramaikappattu varukirathu. kurippugal. pakuppufasarakku kattidangal

rockaway nyayasthaanam rockaway nyayasthaanam anedi newyorkloni queens kounteelooni rockaway beach parisaraallo unna oka chaaritraatmaka nyayasthaanam. idhi idhi nirminchabadindi, idhi moodu antastula basement, steel frame mariyu sunnapurayi, shaastreeya punaruddharana shaililo "vii" aakaaramlo unna bhavanam. idhi pakkapakkane unna kortu room rekkalatho podavaina central kornu kaligi untundi. mundu mukhabhaagamlo alankarinchabadina greeku shaili pravesha dwaaram undhi. idhi sthaanika purapalaka mariyu magistrate nyaayasthaanamgaa panichesindi mariyu chivarisariga chivarisariga poura bhavanamgaa upayoginchabadindi. idhi idhi chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya registerlo jabita cheyabadindi. nedu eee bhavananni vaidya kendramgaa punarnirmistunnaaru. suuchanalu. vargamsarvakaarii bhavanalu

raak way court house raak way court house eek tarikhi adaalat hay juu queenz county neoyork kay raak way beach pados mein waaqa hay. yaha 1931 mein banaya gayaa thaa aur yaha eek teen manzilah puls tehah khaanah steel freem aur chonaa pathar hay juu classici ahya kay andaaz mein "wee" kii shakal kii emarat hay. yaha eek lambay markazi markaz parr mushtamil hay jiss kay kamrah adaalat kay paroon kay saath. saamney waalay agwade mein eek aarasta yunani tarz kaa daakhli darwazah hay. yaha eek maqami municiple aur majistrait kii adaalat kay toor parr kaam kartaa thaa aur aakhri baar 1962 mein eek shehri emarat kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa. asay 2014 mein tarikhi maqamat kay qomi register mein darj kiyaa gayaa thaa. aaj iss emarat kuu tabee markaz kay toor parr dobarah tameer kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. hawalah jaat. zamrah: sarkaari emaratein

0005ef266d5dac626c79ee80da29459ada9bbbb68f6e17ef96426daf54c96b3f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12766381

Sentimental (Tanita Tikaram album)

Sentimental (Tanita Tikaram album) Sentimental is the seventh studio album by Tanita Tikaram, released in 2005. The album was released only on the French label Naïve Records. Background. After releasing her previous album "The Cappuccino Songs" in 1998, Tikaram retired from the music scene and lived in Italy for a time. During the 7 year-gap between albums, she tried to start an album in the more electronic vein of her last, but she decided it wasn't working and then went on to study piano for three years, an instrument she had never learnt to play. Her piano teacher, Daniela Ronconi, eventually played several instruments on the album, as well as arranging and mixing the songs. "Sentimental" sees Tikaram playing the piano on a record for the first time in her career, and not her usual instrument of choice, the guitar. She eventually decided to record the songs in a warmer, live-in-studio approach without any electronic overdubs and with her voice and the piano as the focal points. The result is Tikaram's jazziest album of her career. Tikaram described the album's sound as "groovy" without being exaggerated. For the first time on her albums, Tikaram duetted with male singers. The record's drummer, Robert Treherne, who had never sung on record, duets with Tikaram on "Everyday Is New" and "Forever", because Tikaram heard him sing the latter song before a rehearsal and decided his voice complemented hers perfectly. Treherne, a longtime collaborator with singer Nick Lowe, brought the singer to duet with Tikaram on another song, "Don't Let the Cold". Lowe also provides a humming on "Don't Shake Me Up". Release. Tikaram, who was without a record contract, signed with French independent label Naïve Records to release the album, who distributed the record around continental Europe in April 2005. Label V2 Records released the album in the UK two months later, on June 13. The album, like her previous one, was not released in the USA. Three singles were released from the album, although none received a commercial release. The lead single of the album, the duet with Nick Lowe "Don't Let The Cold", was released as a promotional single all around Europe to radios and a videoclip was filmed to promote it. "Play Me Again" was released as a promotional single in France, and an edited version of "Everyday Is New" was released as a radio single in Scandinavia. Critical reception. On its release, Nick Coleman of "The Independent" described "Sentimental" as a "small-scale, intimate, unfussed and unfussy treatise on the stuff of love". He added, "It's jazzy and rather solemn – both governed by the singer's soft-fingered piano style – but not in any annoying sense, and the wheezy-brown contralto that is her other special feature is just lovely." Track listing. All words and music by Tanita Tikaram. Credits. Giorgio Babbini – Clarinet (Bass) Carlo Bombardi – Trombone Giacomo Boschi – Assistant Engineer Jack Brockbank – Assistant Engineer Neil Brockbank – Engineer, Guitar (Bass), Mixing, Producer Mark Creswell – Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar (Bass), Guitar (Electric) Alessandro Culiani – Cello Raj Das – Assistant Engineer Alberto DeStefani – Violin Di Marzio, Laura – Violin Giuseppe Zanca - trumpet References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aabegik (tanita tikaram elbam) 2005 sonot mukti puwa tenita tikaramor xoptom studio 'elbam hoise' semintel '. elbamtu kewol forasi label nive recordot mukti diya hoisil. potobhumi. 1998 sonot teur purbor elbam "dyo kepuchinu gaan" mukoli korar pisot, tikarame xongitor drishyopotor poraa owoxor loy aaru kichu xomoyor baabe italyt baax korisil. elbamxomuhor maajor 7 bosoror byobodhanor xomoyot, teu teur xexortur tulnat odhik electronic xirat etaa elbam aarombho koriboloi chesta korisil, kintu teu xiddhanto loisil je ee kaam koraa naai aaru taar pisot tini bosoror baabe piyanu odhyoyon koriboloi goisil, jitu badyojontro teu ketiyau bojuwa xikibo poraa nasil. teur piyanur xikhyok daniella ronkune owoxexot elbamtut keibatau badyojontro bojuwar logote gitbur byowostha aaru mishron korisil. "aabegik" too tikarame teur keriyarot prothombaror baabe recordot piyanu bojuwa dekha yaay, aaru teur posondor xadharon badyojontro, gitter nohoy. owoxexot teu kunu electronic overdabo obihone aaru teur konthoswor aaru piyanu kendrobindu hisape loi ek ushno, live-inn-studio 'poddhotit gitbur record korar xiddhanto loisil. iyar pholsworupe teur karrier ataitkoi jeji elbam hisape porigonito hoy tikaram. tikarame elbamtur xobdok otironjito nokorakoi "grovy" buli bornona korisil. teur elbamot prothombaror baabe, tikarame purux gayokxokolor xoite dwoito xongit poriwexon korisil. recordor drummer robert treherne, ji ketiyau recordot gaan gaai nasil, "daily ij niu" aaru "ebharewar" too tikaramor xoite dwoito, kiyonu tikarame teur pisor gaantu etaa riharsalor aagote gaisil aaru xiddhanto loisil je teur konthoswore teur konthoswortu xompurnorupe purno korisil. gayok nik luwer xoite dirghodin dhori xohojugi thoka treherne gayokjonok tikramor xoite "thanda noho" boloi diyok "naamor aan etaa geetot dwoito xongitor baabe loi aahisil. luwe "dont xek mii aap" too etaa hummingo prodan kore. mukti diya. kunu record sukti obihone thoka tikarame elbamtu mukoli koriboloi francer swotontro label nive recordsor xoite swakhyor korisil, jiye 2005 sonor aprilot mohadexiyo europor sariufale recordtu bitoron korisil. label label recordse dumah pisot, 13 junot eu. key. too elbamtu mukoli korisil. elbamtu, teur purbor elbamor dore, aamerikat mukoli koraa huwa nasil. elbamtur poraa tinita ekok geet mukoli koraa hoisil jodiu kunukhonei banijyikbhabe mukti laabh koraa nasil. elbamtur mukhyo ekok gittu, nik luwer xoite "dont lett dyo cold" ror dwoito gittu xomogro europor readyo 'too prosarmulok ekok hisape mukoli koraa hoisil aaru iyar prosaror baabe etaa video "clip sitrogrohon koraa hoisil. "play mii egein" franceot prosarmulok ekok hisape mukti diya hoisil, aaru "daily ij niu" ror etaa xompadito xongskoron scandinaviat readyo 'ekok hisape mukti diya hoisil. xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. muktir xomoyot "dyo independent" ror nik kolemene "abegik" koo "premor bostur uporot ek khyudro porixoror, ghonistho, biroktikor aaru opraxongik grontho" buli bornona korisil. teu logote koy, "eitu rumanchokor aaru boroncho guruttopurno-duyutai gayokgorakir kumol aangulir piyanu xoilir dwara porisalito-kintu kunu biroktikor orthot nohoy, aaru teur aan bixex boixistyo huiji-braun contraltutu kewol xundor." trekk talika. xokolu xobdo aaru xongit tanita tikaramor. rino. georgieu babini-clairnet (bez) carlo bomboardy-trombone giyakumu bosi-xohokari obhijonta jek brockbank-xohokari obhijonta neel brockbank-obhijonta, gitter (bes), mixing, projujok mark creswell-gitter (dhwonigoto), gitter (bes), gitter (boidyutik) alesandru kuliani-chelu raaj daax-xohokari obhijonta albertu destephany-behala di margio ", laara-behela gyusepe janka-trumpet

abegprobon (tanita tikaram album) semental holl tanita tikaramer saptam studio album, jaa 2005 saale mukti paay. albumty shudhumatra farasi lebel nive recorde mukti paay. patabhumi. 1998 saale taar ager album 'dya capuchino gaan' prokasher porr, tikaram sangiter drishya theke abosar nene ebong kichhu somoyer jonno italite bosobas corren. albumer modhye 7 bochorer byabodhaner somoy, tini taar shesh albumer cheye arow boidyutin shiray ekti album shuru korar chesta korechilen, kintu tini siddhanta niyechilen jey etty kaaj korche naa ebong tarpor tinn bochor dhorey piano shikhte giechilen, emon ekti jontro jaa tini kokhono bajano shikhenni. taanr piano shikkhika, daniella rankani, abosheshe albume besh koyekti jontro bajanor pashapashi ganguli sajiye oo mishrito korechilen. "abegprobon" chhobite tikaramke taar kormojibone prothombarer moto konao recorde piano bajate dekha yaay, ebong taar pochonder sadharan jontro gitter noy. shesh porjonto tini konao boidyutin overdab chharai ebong taanr kanthaswar ebong pianoke kendravindu hisabe rekhe ekti ushno, live-inn-studio poddhotite ganguli record korar siddhanta nene. folafolti holl tikaramer kormojiboner sabcheye janapriya album. tikeram atiranjito naa korey albumer shobdoke "gadha" hisabe bornona korechen. taanr albume prothombar purush gayakder sange dwaito sangeet rachona corren tikaram. recorder drummer, robbert trehern, jini kokhono recorder modhye gaan korenni, tini "dailey iza neu" ebong "chirkal"-ayee tikaramer saathe dwaito gaan corren, kaaron tikaram taake mahadar agey porer ganti gaite shunechilen ebong siddhanta niyechilen jey taar kanthaswar taar kanthaswarke nikhuntvabe poripurok koreche. gayak nick loer dirghodiner sahojogi trehern gayakke arekti gaane tikaramer saathe dwaito sangeete niye esechilen, "thhanda hotey deben naa". loye "amake nadao"-err upor ekti hummingo pradan korey. mukti. tikaram, jini konao record chukti chharai chhilen, albumty prokasher jonno farasi swadhin lebel nive recordser saathe swakkhar korechilen, jini 2005 saaler aprile mahadeshiya europe recordti bitoron korechilen. lebel vee2 records dui maas porey juktorajye albumty prakash korechilo, 13 june. albumty taar ager albumer moto markin juktorashtre mukti payni. albumty theke tinti ekok gaan mukti paay, jodio konotii banijjikbhabe mukti payni. albumer prodhan ekok, nick loer saathe dwaito "dont leeta dya colled", saaraa europe radiote procharmulok ekok hisabe mukti paay ebong etir procharer jonno ekti vdo clip chitrayit koraa hoy. "play mii ogen" france ekti procharmulok ekok hisabe mukti paay ebong "dailey iza neu"-err ekti sampadito sanskaran scandinavia ekti redio ekok hisabe mukti paay. samalochanamulak abhyarthana. dya independent"-err nick colleman err muktir somoy "abegprobon" keey "premer vishay niye ekti chhoto maper, antaranga, aprotirodhyo ebong aprotirodhyo grontho" hisabe bornona korechilen. tini arow jog korechen, "etty chotpote ebong borong gambhir-ubhayi gayoker norom-anguler piano shaili dwara porichalito-tobey konao biroktikor orthe noy, ebong huji-badami contralto jaa taar onno bishesh baisistati cable sundar." track talika. samasta shobdo ebong sangeet tanita tikaramer. credit. georgio babini-clarinate (bases) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshi-sahokari prakaushali jack brockbank-sahokari prakaushali nill brockbank-prakaushali, gitter (bases), mishrankari, projojok marqa cresswell-gitter (acoustic), gitter (bases), gitter (boidyutik) alessandro kuliani-cello raaj daas-sahokari prakaushali alberto destefani-behala dii margio, laura-behala juseppe junca-trumpet

bhavnatmak (tanita tikaram album) laganishil aee tanita tikaramnu saatmu studiyo album chhe, jeey 2005maan rajoo thayu hatoo. aaa album maatra french label nive records parr jaj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. prushthbhumi. 1998maan teneenu pahelaanu album "dhaa kepuchino songs" rajoo karyaa pachhi, tikaram sangeetnaa drashyamathi nivrutt thayaa aneey thodaa samay maate italyma rahyaa. albums vachchena 7 varshnaa antaral darmiyan, temane temnaa chhella aalbamni vadhu electronic nasmaa aek album sharoo karvaano prayaas karyo, parantu temane nakki karyoo keey teey kaama curry rahyu nathee aneey pachhi trana varsh sudhee piyaanono abhyaas karyo, jeey aek aevu saadhan hatoo jeey temane kyaarey vagaadvaanu sheekhyu naa hatoo. teneena piyaano shikshak, daniella ronkoneeae aakhare album parr ghanaa vaadhyo vagaadya, temaj geetoni gothvani aneey mishran karyoo. "laganishil" maan tikaram tenee kaarkirdimaa pratham vakhat reqorda parr piyaano vagaadato jovaa maley chhe, aneey tenee pasandaginu saamanya saadhan, gitaar nahee. aakhare temane koipan electronic overdub vinaa aneey temnaa avaaj aneey piyaanone kendra binduo tareeke rakheene garam, live-ina-studiyo abhigamma geeto reqorda karvaanu nakki karyoo. tenu parinam tikaramnu tenee kaarkidrinu sauthee jaaz album chhe. tikrame atishayokti karyaa vinaa aalbamna avaajne "grovy" ganaavyo hato. temnaa aalbamma pratham vakhat, tikaram purush gaayako saathe yugalgeetma jovaa malyaa hataa. rekordnaa drummer, roobert trehern, jemane kyaarey reqorda parr gaayu naa hatoo, teo "rojinda navaa chhe" aneey "kaayam" parr tikaram saathe yugalgeet karey chhe, kaaran keey tikrame rehearsal pahelaa temne pachhinu geet gaataa sambhalya hataa aneey nakki karyoo hatoo keey temno avaaj temnee saathe sampoorn reete purak chhe. gaayak niqa love saathe laambaa samaythi sahyogi rahela trehern, gaayakne anya geet 'dont leeta dhaa colled' parr tikaram saathe yugalgeetma laavya hataa. love "maney halaavsho nahee" parr pann gunjaar aape chhe. mukt karoo. vikram karaar vagarnaa tikarame french swatantra label nive records saathe album rajoo karvaa maate hastakshar karyaa hataa, jemane april 2005maan khandeey europema rekordnu vitaran karyoo hatoo. label vee2 recordse beey maheena pachhi, 13 junanaa roj yukemaa album rajoo karyoo hatoo. album, tenaa agaauna aalbamni jaim, yuu. aesa. maan rajoo thayu naa hatoo. aaa aalbammathi trana singles rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, joke aek pann vyaavsaayik reete rajoo karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. aalbamnu mukhya single, niqa love saathenu yugalgeet "dont leeta dhaa colled", samagr europema rediyomaa promotional single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tene protsaahan aapvaa maate aek videoclip filmavvama aavee hatee. "play mee again" neey francemaa promotional single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey "rojinda navaa chhe" noon sampadit sanskaran scandinaviama rediyo single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. vivechanaatmak swaagat. tenee rajuaat parr, 'dhaa independent' naa niqa collemene 'laganishil' neey 'premnee samagri parr naana paaye, ghanishth, nirankush aneey avichari granth' tareeke varnavyu hatoo. temane umeryu, "teey hunfaalu aneey tenaa badale gambhir chhe-banne gaayaknee naram-aangadivali piyaano shailee dwara sanchaalit chhe-parantu koee pann herran arthamaa nahee, aneey vheezi-braaun contralto jeey tenee anya vishesh visheshta chhe teey maatra sunder chhe." track soochi. tamaam shabdo aneey sangeet tanita tikaram dwara. credit. georgio babbini-clairnet (baas) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshee-sahayak ijner jeeka brockbank-sahayak ijner niil brockbank-ijner, gitaar (baas), mishran, nirmata marqa crezwell-gitaar (acoustic), gitaar (baas), gitaar (electric) alessandro kuleeyani-selo raaj daas-sahayak ijner alberto destefany-violine dhaa marzio, laura-violine giusepa zanka-ranshingada

bhaavnaatmak (tanita tikaram album) centimental, 2005 mein jaari kiya gayaa tanita tikaram kaa satwan studio album haye. yeh album kewal francisi label nive record parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. prishthabhoomi. 1998 mein apana pichla album "dha capuchino songs" jaari karane key baad, tikaram ney sangeet key kshetra seey sannyas leey liya aur kuchh samay key liye itali mein rahey. albums key beach 7 saal key antaral key dauran, unhone apane pichhale album kii adhik electronic nus mein ack album shuru karane kii koshish kii, lekin unhone faisala kiya kii yeh kaam naheen curr rhaa thaa aur phir teen saal taka piano kaa adhyayan kiya, ack aisaa vaadyayantra jise unhone kabhi bajaana naheen seekha thaa. unaki piano shikshika, daniella ronkoni ney antatah album parr kaee vaadyayantra bajaaye, saath hii saath geeton koo vyavasthit aur mishrit kiya. "bhavuk" mein tikaram koo apane currier mein pahali baar record parr piano bajaate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, naa kii unaki pasand kaa samanya vaadya, gitar. antatah unhone binaa kissy electronic overdub key aur apani aavaaz aur piano koo kendra bindu key roop mein ack germ, live-inn-studio drishtikon mein geeton koo record karane kaa faisala kiya. iska parinam tikaram kaa unake currier kaa sabse shandar album haye. tikaram ney album kii dhwani koo binaa atiranjit kiye "grovy" bataaya. apane albums mein pahali baar, tikaram ney purush gayakon key saath yugal geet gaaya. record key drummer, robbert trehern, jinhone kabhi bhee record parr naheen gaaya thaa, "rosemarra nayaa haye" aur "hamesha key liye" parr tikaram key saath yugal geet gaate hain, kyonki tikaram ney unhein rehearsal seey pahale baad kaa geet gaate hue sunaa aur faisala kiya kii unaki aavaaj poori tarah seey unaki poorak thee. gaayak nick loway key saath lambe samay taka sahayogi rahey trehern ney gaayak koo ack anya geet, "dont lait dha colled" parr tukaram key saath yugal geet mein shamil kiya. loway "mujhe hilaao mutt" parr ack gungunai bhee pradaan kartaa haye. riha karein. ricard anubandh key binaa tikaram ney album koo jaari karane key liye francisi swatantra label nive record key saath hastakshar kiye, jinhone aprail 2005 mein mahadvipiya europe key aspas record vitarit kiya. label label record ney dou maheene baad, 13 juuna koo britten mein album jaari kiya. album, unake pichhale kii tarah, sanyukt raajya america mein jaari naheen kiya gayaa thaa. album seey teen ekal jaari kiye gaye, halanki kissy koo bhee vyaavsaayik roop seey release naheen kiya gayaa. album kaa pramukh ekal, nick loway key saath yugal geet "dont lait dha colled", koo poore europe mein radio key liye ack prachaar ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur ise badhaava dene key liye ack video clip filmaya gayaa thaa. "play mee agen" koo france mein ack prachaar ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur "rosemarra kaa nayaa haye" kaa ack sampaadit sanskaran scandinavia mein ack radio ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. aalochanatmak swaagat. dha independent" key nick colleman ney "bhaavnaatmak" koo "prem kii samagri parr ack chhote paimaane parr, antarang, binaa kissy vivaad key aur anaavashyak granth" key roop mein varnit kiya. unhone aage kahaa, "yeh ajib aur balki gambhir haye-donon gaayak kii naram ungaliyon vaali piano shally dwara shaasit hain-lekin kissy bhee kashtaprad arth mein naheen, aur ghargharahat-bhoore rung kaa contralto joe kii unaki anya vishesh visheshta haye, buss sunder haye." track soochi. sabhi shabd aur sangeet tanita tikaram dwara. credit. georgio babbini-clarinet (baas) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshi-sahayak engineer jack brokebank-sahayak engineer neel brokebank-engineer, gitar (baas), mishran, nirmaata maark creswell-gitar (dhwanik), gitar (baas), gitar (vidyut) alessandro kuliani-cello raaj daas-sahayak abhiyanta alberto destefani-violine dha marzio, laura-violine guseppe zanka-turah

bhavanatmaka (tanita tikaram album) centimental 2005ralli bidugadeyaada tanita tikaram avara elane studio album aagide. ee album french label nive recordsonalli maatra bidugadeyaayitu. hinnele. 1998ralli tanna hindina album "dhii capucino sangs" annu bidugade maadida nantara, tikaram sangeetada rangadinda nivruttaraadaru mattu swalpa samayadavarege italyalli vasisidaru. aalbangala naduvina 7 varshagala antaradalli, avaru tamma koneya albumna electronic dhaatiyalli album annu prarambhisalu prayatnisidaru, aadare adhu kelasa maduttilla endu avaru nirdharisidaru mattu nantara mooru varshagala kaala pianovannu adhyayana maadidaru, idu avaru endigoo kaliyalilla. aakeya piano shikshakiyaada daniela ronkoni, antimavagi albumnalli halavaaru vaadyagalannu nudisidaru, jotege haadugalannu jodisi mishrana maadidaru. "bhavanatmaka" chitradalli tikaram tanna vrattijeevanadalli modala baarige dhwanimudranadalli piano nudisuvudannu noduttaare, mattu aakeya saamaanya aykeya vaadyavaada guitar alla. antimavagi avaru yaavude electronic ovardabgalillade mattu tamma dhwani mattu pianovannu kendrabinduvagittukondu becchagina, live-inn-studio vidhaanadalli haadugalannu record maadalu nirdharisidaru. idara phalitaamshavendare tikaram avara vrattijeevanada atyanta jaajh album. ee albumna dhwaniyannu utprekshe maadade "gattiyagi" endu tikaram bannisiddaare. aakeya aalbangalalli modala baarige, tikaram purusha gayakarondige yugala geete haadidaru. recordna drummer, robbert treherney, avaru endigoo recordnalli hadilla, "daili ees nyoo" mattu "everner" nalli tikaaramnondige yugala gitegalannu haduttare, ekendare tikaram avaru purvaabhyaasada modalu nantarada haadannu haaduvudannu kelidaru mattu avara dhwaniyu avala dhwanige sampoornavaagi purakavagide endu nirdharisidaru. gayaka nick love avarondige deerghakaalada sahayogiyagidda treherney, gayakanannu tikaram avarondige "shitavannu bidabedi" emba mattondu haadinalli yugala geetege karetandaru. love "nannannu alugadisabedi" emba gungugudu haadannu saha odagisuttade. bidugade. dhwanimudrana oppandavillada tikaram, album annu bidugade maadalu french swatantra label nive recordsnondige sahi haakidaru, avaru april 2005 ralli europe khandadaadyanta dhwanimudranawannu vitarisidaru. label vii 2 rekaardgalu eradu tingala nantara, zoon 13 randu yukeyalli album annu bidugade maadidavu. album, avala hindina albamnante, usnalli bidugadeyagalilla. aalbamninda mooru ekageetegalu bidugadeyaadaru yaavudoo vanijya bidugadeyannu padeyalilla. albumna pramukha ekageeteyaada nick love avara "dont lett dhii colled" yugala geeteyannu yuropinaadyanta rediyogalige prachaarada ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalaayitu mattu adannu prachara maadalu videoclip annu chitrikarisalaayitu. "play mii egain" annu fransonalli prachaarada ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalaayitu mattu "daili ees nyoo" naa sampaadita aavruttiyannu scandinaviadalli radeo ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalaayitu. vimarshaatmaka svaagata. adara bidugadeya nantara, "dhii independent" naa nick colleman "bhavanatmaka" vannu "preetiya vishayada bagge sanna pramanada, nikata, gondalarahita mattu udvigna grantha" endu bannisidaru. avaru helidaru, "idu utsaahabharitavaagide mattu gambhiravagide-eradoo gayakana mrudu-beralina piano shailiyinda niyantrisalpaduttave-aadare yaavude kirikiriyuntumaduva arthadalli alla, mattu avala itara vishesha lakshanavaada vheeji-braun contralto kevala sundaravagide." track patti. ellah padagalu mattu sangeetavannu tanita tikaram avaru niididdaare. salagalu. georgio babini-clarinet (baas) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshi-sahayaka enginiyar jack brockbank-sahayaka enginiyar niil brockbank-enginiyar, guitar (baas), mixing, nirmaapaka maark cresswell-guitar (accoustic), guitar (baas), guitar (electric) aleshandro kuliani-cello raaj daas-sahayaka enginiyar alberto destephany-piteelu dhii margio, laura-piteelu giuseppe jhankaa-tutturiya

bhavnik (tanita tikaram album) 2005 madhye pradarshit jhalela 'centital' haah tanita tikaramcha satva studio album aahe. haah album keval french label navv recordsver pradarshit karnyat aala hota. parshvabhoomi. 1998 madhye ticha mageel album 'daad capuchino songs' pradarshit kelyanantar, tukaram sangeet kshetratun nivrutt jhaala aanee kahee kaal italimadhye rahila. albammadhil 7 varshanchya antaradarmyan, tine tichya shevatchya kalatil adhik electronic rulat eka album suru karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu tine tharavale qee too kaam karat nahee aanee nantar teen varshe piano shikat rahili, jeey vadya tee kadhihi vajavayala shikali navhati. tichi piano shikshika, daniela ronkoni, akheris albamvar anek vadye vajavat hotee, tasech ganyanchi vyavastha aanee mishran karat hotee. "bhavnik' madhye, tichya karkirdit pahilyandach, tichya nehamichya pasantiche vadya, gitar navhe, tarr, vikramavar piano vajavtana, tikaram disato. akheris tine konatyahi electronic overdabshivay aanee ticha aavaj aanee piano kendrabindu mhanoon, ubdar, thet-studio drushtikonatun ganee reecord karnyacha nirnay ghetala. tyacha parinam mhanje tikaramcha tichya karkirditil sarvat zakkas album aahe. tikaram yanni atishayokti naan karata yaa dhvanimudrikechya aavajache varnan 'gandee' asey kele. tichya dhvanimudrikanmadhye pahilyandach, purush gayakansobat 'tukaram' neey yugalgite gayali. dhvanimudranacha dholvadak, robbert trehern, jyane kadhihi dhwanimudrit kele navhate, 'rose naveen aahe' aanee 'kayamche' yaa ganyanvar 'tikaram' saha yugalgite gatat, kaaran tikaramne tyala purvabhyasapurvi nantarche gaane gatana aikale aanee tyane tharavale qee tyacha aavaj teela paripoornapane purak aahe. gayak nick lovesobat dirghkal sahkari asalelya trehernne gayakala 'dont lett daad colled' yaa yaa ganyavar 'tikaram' sobat yugalgitasathi aanale. love 'mallah halavoo nakaa' yavar eka gunghi dete. mukt qaraa. vikram kararavina asalelya tikaramne, album prakashit karnyasathi french swatantra label navv recordshee swakshari kelee, jyanni april 2005 madhye khandiy europemadhye reecord vitarit keela. label vhee 2 recordsney done mahinyanantar, 13 juuna roji yukemadhye album prakashit keela. tichya mageel albampramanech album americet pradarshit jhaala nahee. yaa dhvanimudrikemadhun teen ekeri ganee prakashit jhaali, matra ekahi ganyala vyavsayikaritya prasiddhi midali nahee. albumche pramukh ekal, nick lovesah yugalgit, 'dont lett daad colled', sampoorn europemadhye rediosathi pracharatmak ekal mhanoon pradarshit karnyat aale aanee tyachya pracharasathi eka video clip chitrit karnyat aalee. "play mea agen" heey francemadhye pracharatmak ekal mhanoon pradarshit jhaale aanee "delly ij nyu" chee sampadit aavrutti scandinaviamadhye redio ekal mhanoon prakashit karnyat aalee. samikshatmak swagat. tyachya pradarshanaveli, 'daad independent' chya nick kolemanne 'bhavnik' chey varnan 'premachya goshtinvarcha eka lahan-stariy, jivhalyacha, bindhast aanee avichal grunth' asey kele. too pudhe mhanala, "heey zakkas aanee tyaeivaji gambhir aahe-donhi gayakanchya mauu-botanchya piano shailidware niyantrit kele jaatat-parantu konatyahi trasdayak arthane nahee, aanee tiche dusare vishesh vaishishtya asalele vizzy-braun contralto fakt sunder aahe." track yadee. serve shabd aanee sangeet tanita tikaramche aahe. patt. georgio babini-clarinet (baas) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshi-sahayyak abhiyanta jacq brokebank-sahayyak abhiyanta niil brokebank-abhiyanta, gitar (baas), mishran, nirmata marqa creswell-gitar (dhwanik), gitar (baas), gitar (vidyut) alessandro kuliani-cello raaj daas-sahayyak abhiyanta alberto destephany-violine daad marzio, laura-violine giuseppe zanka-ranshingada

bhawanatmak (tanita tikaram album) sann 2005 maa rilij bhaeko semental tanita tikaramko sataun studio album how. yo album francelli lebel naibh recordma matra rilij garieko thiyo. prishthabhumi. sann 1998 maa unko aghillo album "da capuchino songsa" rilij garepachhi, tikaramle sangit drishyabata sanyas lie rar kehi samaya italyma base. albumharu bichko 7 warshako antaralko samayama, unle afno antimko electronic nasama album suru garne prayas garin, tara unle nirnaya garin kii yasale kaam gariraheko chhaina rar tyasapachhi tinn warshasamma piano adhyayan garna gain, june upkaran unle kahilyai sikeki thiinan. unko piano shikshika, daniela ronkonile antatah albumma dherai wadyayantraharu bajae, sathai githaru wyawasthit rar misae. "bhawuk"-ley tikaramlai afno careerma pahilo patak recordma piano bajaundai dekhcha, rar unko samanya chhanotko wadya, gitar hoina. unle antatah kunai pani electronic obharadabharu bina rar unko awaz rar pianolai kendra binduko rupma rakhera tato, laibh-inn-studio drishtikonma githaru record garne nirnaya garin. parinam unko kariyarko tikaramko sabaibhanda jyaji album how. tikaramle albumko dhwanilai atishayokti nagari "grubhi" bhanera warnan gare. unko albumma pahilo patak, tikaramle purush gayakharusanga yugal geet gae. recordka drummer, robert trehern, jasle kahilyai recordma gaeka thienan, "deli iz nyu" rar "farewar" maa tikaramsanga yugal geet gaunchhan, kinbhane tikaramle unlai rehearsal aghi pachhillo geet gaundai suneka thie rar nirnaya gare kii unko awajle unko purna rupma purak thiyo. gayak nick lowesanga lamo samayadekhi sahayogi raheka trehernle gayaklai arko gitma tikaramsanga yugal gitka lagi lyae, "chiso nabanos". lowale "malai hallaunuhos" maa hamming pani pradan gardacha. mukta garnuhos. record samjhauta binako tikaramle francelli swatantra lebel naibh recordharusanga album jaari garna hastakshar gare, jasle april 2005 maa mahadwipiya europema record witaran gare. lebel bhi 2 recordharule dui mahina pachhi june 13 maa belayatma album jaari gare. album, unko aghillo jastai, americama jaari garieko thiena. albumbata tinawata ekal rilij gariyo, yadyapi kunai pani wyawasayik rilij prapta bhaena. albumko pramukh ekal, nick loweko sath yugal "dont lett da cold", yuropbhari radioharuma prachar ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo rar yasalai prawardhan garna bhidiyo clip khichieko thiyo. "play mea agena" francema prachar ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo, rar "deli iz nyu" ko ek sampadit sanskaran scandinaviama radio ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. alochanatmak swagat. yasako vimochanma, "da independent" kaa nick collemanle "bhawanatmak" lai "premko samagrima sano-star, antaranga, aprachalit rar aprasangik grantha" ko rupma warnan gare. unle thape, "yo lajilo rar baru gambhir chha-duwai gayakko naram-aunlaako piano shailidwara shasit-tara kunai pani kashtaprad arthama hoina, rar unko arko vishesh visheshta whoji-brauna contralto bus sunder chha." track suchi. sabai shabda rar sangit tanita tikaramdwara. credit. giorgio babini-clarinet (bass) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo bossi-sahayak engineer jack brokbank-sahayak engineer neel brokbank-engineer, gitar (bass), mishran, nirmata mark creswell-gitar (dhwanik), gitar (bases), gitar (vidyutiya) alessandro kuliani-selo raaj dass-sahayak engineer alberto destefany-bhayalin da margio, laura-bhayalin giuseppe jangka-trumpet

abegaprabana (tanita tikaram album) centimental heuchhi tanita tikaramanka saptama studio album, jaahaa 2005 ray muktilabha karithila. album kebala french lebel naibh recordre muktilabha karithila . prusthabhumi. 1998 ray tankara purba album "daa capuchino geeta" muktilabha kariba parey, tikaram sangeeta drushyaru absar neithile ebong kichhi samai paain italyre rahuthile. alabamgudika madhyare 7 barshar byabadhana samajare, shay taanka shesh album tulanare adhika electronic shira sahita eka album arambha karibaku chesta karithile, kintu shay nishpatti neithile je ehaa kaama karunahin ebong taa 'parey tini barsha paain piano adhyajana karibaku gale, eka upakarana jaahaa shay kebe bii bajaiba shikhi nathile . taanka piano sikhyaka, daniela ronkoni, sheshare alabamare aneka badyajantra bajaithile, ebong geetagudiku byabastha ebong mishran karithile. "abegaprabana" tikaramanku taanka kyarijarare pratham thara paain eka recordre piano bajaithibara dekhuchhi, ebong taanka pasander sadharana upakarana, gitara nuhen . sheshare shay kaunasi electronic overdab bina ebong taanka swara ebong pianoku kendrabindu bhabare nei eka ushma, libh-inn-studio aabhimukhyare geeta record karibaku nishpatti neithile. ehara parinam heuchhi tikaramanka carriara sabutharu jaz album . tikaram atiranjit nakari albummer dhwaniku "grubhi" bhabare barnana karithile. pratham thara paain taanka alabamare, tikaram purush gajakanka saha jugala geeta gaithile. recorder drummer, robert trehern, jie kebe recordre gaai nathile, "dainandina nutan" ebong "chirdin paain" ray tikaram sahita jugala geeta karanti, kaaran tikaram tanku rehearsal purbaru parabarti geeta gaiba sunithile ebong nishpatti neithile je taanka swara tankara sampurna paripuraka . gajaka nick lowenka saha dirgha deane dhari sahajogee thiba trehern, gajakanku tikaramanka saha anya eka geetare jugala geeta karibaku aanithile, "thanda hebaku diantu naahin" . lowe "mote hachamachantu naahin" upare eka hyuming madhya pradan kare . mukti. tikaram, jieki kaunasi record chukti bina thile, alabamku release kariba paain francer swadheena lebel naibh records sahita swakhyara karithile, jie april 2005 ray mahadeshiah juropare rekardaku bunton karithile. lebel bhi2 records dui maasa parey, june 13 ray britenare alabamku release karithila. album, taanka purba bhali, aamerikare muktilabha karinathila . ehi alabamaru tinoti ekaka geeta muktilabha karithila, jadio kaunasiti madhya byabasajika bhabe muktilabha karinathila. albummer mukhya ekaka, nick loe "dont lett daa colled" sahita jugala geeta, redio paain samagra juropare eka promotional singal bhabare muktilabha karithila ebong ehaaku prachara kariba paain eka videoclip suting karajaithila . "play mea egen" francere eka promotional singal bhabare muktilabha karithila, ebong "" dee 'deli ija nyu "rahr eka sampadita sanskarana skandineviaare eka redio singal bhabare muktilabha karithila . samalochanamoolaka swagata. ehara muktilabhare, 'daa independent' rahr nick colleman 'abegaprabana' ku 'premer jinish upare eka chhot dharanara, antaranga, apratyashita ebong apratyashita granth' bhabare barnana karithile. shay ahuri madhya kahichanti, "ehaa mazadar ebong barang gambhira-ubhaja gajakanka naram anguli piano sailee dwara parichalita-kintu kaunasi biraktikara arthare nuhen, ebong whiji-badami contralo jaahaa tankara anya swatantra baisistya ." track talika. samasta sabda ebong sangeeta tanita tikaramanka dwara . credit. georgio babini-clarinet (baas) carlo bombardy-trumbone giacomo bosi-sahakaree engineer jack brokabyanka-sahakaree engineer nill brakwyank-engineer, gitara (baas), mishran, nirmata marck kreswela-gitara (dhwani), gitara (baasa), gitara (baidyutika) alessandro kuliani-cello raaj daasa-sahakaree engineer alberto destephany-bhajolina dee margio, lura-bhajolina juicep janka-trumpet

bhavuk (tanita tikaram album) bhavnatmak tanita tikaram dee sattvin studio album haii, joe 2005 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih album siraf franch label nive recordan utte jaari keeti gaee see. pichokad. 1998 witch aapni pichli album "dha capukino songs" jaari curran toon baad, tikaram neey sangeet dey drish toon sanyas lae liaa atey kujh samein laee itali witch rahindi see. ailabman dey vichkaar 7 saal dey antral dauran, usne aapne pichle dey vadhere electronic naadi witch ikk album shuru curran dee koshish keeti, parr usne faisla keeta kii ih kamm naheen qarr rahee see atey firr tinn saalan laee piano dee padahi curran laee chalee gaee, ikk ajiha saaz joe usne kadey naheen sikkhiaa see vajauna. uss dee piano adhiaapak, danila ronkoni neey aakharkar album utte kaee saaz vajaae, naal hii geetan daa parbandh atey mixing vee keeti. "bhavuk" witch tikaram noon aapne crear witch pahili vaar ikk ricard utte piano vajaunde hoye dekhiaa giaa haii, naa kii uss dee pasand daa aam saaz, gitar. uss neey aakharkar binan kise electronic overdub dey atey aapni aavaaz atey piano noon kendra binduaan vajon ikk garam, live-inn-studio pahunch witch gaane ricard curran daa faisla keeta. natija tikaram dee uss dey crear dee sabh toon jaizi album haii. tikaram neey binan kise atikathani dey album dee aavaaz noon "ganga" dassiaa. pahili vaar uss deeaan ailabman witch, tikaram neey purash gaikan naal yugal geet gaae. ricard dey drummer, robbert trehern, jinhan neey kadey vee ricard utte naheen gaaiaa see, neey "rozana navaan haii" atey "sadaa laee" utte tikaram naal yugal geet gaae, kiunki tikaram neey uss noon ikk rehearsal toon pahilan baad vaala geet gaunde suniaa atey faisla keeta kii uss dee aavaaz uss dee aavaaz noon puurii tarahan naal poorak kardi haii. gaeek nick love dey naal lambe samein toon sehyogi rahey trehern neey gaeek noon ikk horr geet 'dont lait dha colled' 'teey tikaram naal yugal geet witch pesh keeta. love "mainoon hilao naa" utte ikk humming vee pardan karda haii. chhadd dio. tikaram, jiss neey binan kise ricard ikrarname dey, album jaari curran laee franch sutantar label nive recordan naal dastkhat keete, jiss neey aprail 2005 witch mahandeepi yoorap dey aale-duaale ricard vandiaa. label vee 2 recordan neey doou mahiniaan baad, 13 juun noon yuke witch album jaari keeti. album, uss dey pichle ikrarname wang, sanyukat raaj witch jaari naheen keeti gaee see. album vicchon tinn singles jaari keete gaye sunn, halanki kise noon vee vaparak rileez naheen millie. album daa mukkh single, nick loye dey naal yugal geet "donnet lait dha colled", noon poore yoorap witch radio laee ikk prachar single dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see atey iss noon utshahit curran laee ikk vdo clip filmaiaa giaa see. "play mee again" noon france witch ikk prachar single dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see, atey "delly izz nioo" daa ikk sampadit sanskaran scandenevia witch ikk radio single dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see. aalochnatmak suagat. iss dee rileez 'teey,' sutantar 'dey nick colleman neey' bhavnatmak 'noon' piaar dee samaggari 'teey ikk chhote paimane, goodeh, nirvighan atey asantusht granth' vajon darsaiaa. unhan neey agge kiha, "ih chamakdar atey gambhir haii-doven gaika dee naram-ungal vaali piano shaili duaara niyantrit hunn-parr kise vee tang curran vaale arth witch naheen, atey ghargharahat-bhure rung daa contralto joe kii uss dee duji vishesh visheshta haii, buses piaara haii." track suchi. saare shabad atey sangeet tanita tikaram duaara. credit. georgio babini-clernet (baas) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boschi-sahaik engineer jaik brokbank-sahaik engineer neel brokbank-engineer, gitar (baas), mixing, nirmata maarak creswell-gitar (dhuni), gitar (baas), gitar (electric) alessandro kulyani-sailo raaj daas-sahaik engineer alberto destifany-violin dha marzio, laura-violin juzeppe zanka-turhi

bhaavanaatmakah (tanita tikaram aalbam) centimatal iti tanitaa tikaram ityasya saptamah studio-aalbam asti, yah 2005 tame varshe pradarshitah aasit. etat aalbam kevalam french-label-naiv-record-madhye eva pradarshitam. prushtabhoomau. 1998 tame varshe swasyaah poorvasya aalbam "da kyaapuchino sangs" ityasya vimochanaanantaram, tikaram sangeeta-drushyaat nivruttah, italee-deshe kinchitkalam nivasat. aalbam-samoohayoh madhye 7 varshaanaam antaraale saa swasya antimasya apekshayaa adhikena vidyunmaan-shiraasu aalbam-sangraham aarabhum prayatatam, parantu saa nishchita yat tatt naa karyam karoti iti, tatah varshatrayam piano-vaadyam adhyayanam niroodavatee, yat saa kadaapi naa pathitaa aasit. tasyaah piano-shikshikaa daniella ronconi, ante aalbam-madhye anekaani vaadyaani vaayantee, geetaani api vyavasthitavatee, mishratee cha. "semental" ityasmin, teeka raam ityeshaa svavruttau prathamavaaram dhvanimudrikayam piano vaayantee drushyate, naa tu tasyaah samanyam vikalpakam vaadyam gitaar iti. saa antatah geetaani ushnatar-laiv-inn-studio-drushtikone, vinaa electronic-overdabs-madhye, svadhvanyaa piano-dwara cha kendrabinduhu iti rupena dhwanimudranam kartum nishchitavatee. parinaamatah teeka raam ityasyaah vruttijeevanasya jaiz-aalbam asti. teekaahm ityanena, atiranjitam vinaa, aalbam ityasya dhwanih "groovi" iti varnitah. tasyaah aalbam-madhye prathamavaaram, tikaram iti geetam purushagaayakaih saha yugalageetam abhyanayt. dhwanimudrikaayaah drummer, rabert trehern, yah kadaapi dhvanimudrikayam naa gaayat, "pratidinam nootanam" tathaa "sarvadaa" iti geetaani yukttaih yugalaihi saha geetam gaayati, yatah teekaahm, abhyasat poorvam uttaratamam geetam gaayan, tasya swaram tasyaah purnataya poorakam iti nishchitavaan. gaayakah nick lov ityanena saha deerghakaalen sahakarminaa trehern, gayakam "dont lett da colled" iti anyasmin geete geete ityanena saha yugalagitartham aanayat. lov "dont shek mee up" iti vishaye api hamming pradadaati. mukttam karotu. ricard-anubandham vinaa, teekaah, aalbam ityasya vimochanaartham french-deshasya swatantra-label-naiv-records ityanena saha hastaaksharam krutavaan, yah 2005 april-maase mahadvipiya-europe-deshe abhilekhasya vitaranam akarot. अकरोत्। ityanena, maasadwaye, joon 13 dinaanke, yoo. key. deshe, aalbam ityasya vimochanam krutam. tasyaah poorvasya aalbam iva, amerikaadeshe cha aalbam naa prakaashitam. aalbam-taha trayah ekageetaah pradarshitaah, yadyapi naa kenaapi vanijyadrushtya pradarshitaah. aalbam ityasya pramukham ekakam, nick lov ityanena saha "dont lett da colled" iti yugalageetam, sampoorne europe-deshe radio-madhye prachaar-ekakaroopen pradarshitam, tasya pracharartham videoclip chitritam. "play mee egen" iti francey pracharatmaka-ekageetaroopen pradarshitam, tathaa cha "delly eej nyoo" ityasya sampaadita-samskaranam scandinavia-deshe radio-ekageetaroopen pradarshitam. vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. tasya vimochanasamaye, "da independent" ityasya nick colleman ityeshah "semental" iteedam "premasya vishaye laghutaram, antarangam, apraasangikam, apraasangikam cha grantham" iti varnayat. saha avadat, "etat cha harshodgaram, apitu gambheeram cha asti-ubhau cha gayakasya mrudu-anguliya-piano-shailyaa niyantritaah-parantu kasyaapi kashtaprad-arthena naa, tathaa cha tasyaah anyam vishesha-lakshanam, vheezee-braun-contralto cha kevalam sundaram asti." anusuchyam soochayati. taanitaa-tikaram ityanena sarvaani shabdaani, sangeetam cha. runaani. georgio baabinee-clarinet (baas) carlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshee-sahaayak-abhiyantru jyaak brokbyaank-sahaayak-abhiyantru neel brokbyaank-abhiyantru, gitaar (baas), mishranam, nirmata maark creswell-gitaar (dhvanika), gitaar (baas), gitaar (vidyut) alessandro kuliani-selo rajadasaha-sahaayak-abhiyantru alberto destefani-violin da marzio, lauraa-violin gyooseppe zanca-trumpet

unarchchipoorvamaana (danita tikkaaram aalbam) 2005 aam aandil veliyidappatta danita dicaram ezhuthiya aezhaavathu studio aalbam unarchchi. inththa aalbam pirenchu lable naiv pathivukalil mattumae veliyidappattathu. pinnani. 1998 aam aandil thanathu munththaiya aalbamaana "thii capucino paadalkal" aii veliyitta piragu, dicaram isaik kaatchiyil irunthu oaivu pettru itaaliyil sirithu kaalam vaalnththaar. aalbangkalukku idaiyilaana 7 aandu idaiveliyil, avar thanathu kadaisi aalpaththai minnanu narambil thodanga muyantraar, aanaal adhu vaelai seiyavillai endru mudivu seithu, pinnar moontru aandugal piaanoavaip padiththaar, idhu avar orupoathum kattruk kollaatha oru karuviyaagum. avarathu biano aasiriyaraana daniela ronconi, iruthiyil aalpaththil pala karuvigalai vaasiththaar, athae poal paadalkalai aerpaadu seithu kalakkinaar. "unarchchipoorvamaana" padaththil thikaaraam thanathu vaazhkkaiyil muthal muraiyaaga pianovai oru pathivil vaasippathaik kaankiraar, aanaal avarathu valakkamaana viruppamaana karuviyaana kittar alla. iruthiyil endha minnanu ovar dapkalum illaamal, thanathu kuralaiyum piyaanoavaiyum maiya pulligalaaka kondu paadalkalai oru veppamaana, neradi-studio anugumuraiyil pathivu seiya mudivu seithaar. idhan vilaivaaga dicaram thanathu vaazhkkaiyin jaasi aalbamaaga ullaar. migaippaduththappadaamal aalpaththin oliyai "grovy" endru dicaram vivaritthaar. avarathu aalbangkalil muthal muraiyaaga, thikaaram aann paatakarkaludan tooyet paadalkalai paadinaar. orupoathum pathivu seiyappadaatha recortin trummer robbert trehern, "thinasari puthiyathu" mattrum "endrendrum" endra thikaaramudan tooyet seikiraar, aenenil digaram oru othikaikku muun pinththaiya paadalaip paaduvathaik catar, maelum avarathu kural avaludaiyathai muzhumaiyaaga poorthi seiya mudivu seithaar. paadagar nick loav udan neendakaalamaaga oththuzhaiththa trehern, mattroru paadalil dicaramudan tooyet paaduvatharku paatakaraik kondu vanthaar, "kulirai vidaatheerkal". loav "ennai asaikka vaendaam" endra olippathivaiyum valangkukirathu. viduthalai. pathivu oppantham illaamal irunththa dicaram, aalpaththai veliyida pirenchu suyaatheena lable naiv recordsuden kaiyeluththittaar, avar aepral 2005 ill kanda iroappaavil pathivai viniyoagiththaar. lable vii 2 recordugal irandu maathangkalukkup piragu, juun 13 andru englaanththil aalpaththai veliyittana. aalbam, avarathu munthaiyathaip poalavae, americavil veliyidappadavillai. inththa aalpaththil irunthu moontru ottraiyar paadalkal veliyidappattana, iruppinum ethuvum vaniga reethiyaana veliyeettaip peravillai. aalpaththin munnani single, nick loav "dont lett thii coult" udan tooyet, iropa muzhuvathum rediyoakkalukku vilambara thanippaadalaaga veliyidappattathu mattrum adhai vilambarappaduththa oru veediyoa clip padamaakkappattathu. "pilae mee recken" brancil vilambarap paadalaaga veliyidappattathu, maelum "" dayley iss neu "" endra edit seiyappatta pathippu scandinaviavil vanoli paadalaaga veliyidappattathu ". vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. adhan veliyeettil, "thii intefentent" inn nick coleman "unarchchipoorvamaana" oru "anbin vishayangkalaip pattriya siriya alavilaana, nerukkamaana, kuzhappamattra mattrum parabarappattra nool" endru vivaritthaar. avar maelum koorugaiyil, "idhu manthamaanathu mattrum migavum punithamaanathu-irandum paatakarin menmaiyaana viral biano paaniyaal nirvagikkappadukirathu-aanaal endha erichchaloottum arththaththilum alla, maelum avarathu mattra sirappu amsamaana veesi-paluppu nira contraldo migavum azhagaaga irukkirathu." thadap pattiyal. anaitthu vaarththaigalum isaiyum danita dicaram. cuddon. georgio paapini-clarinet (baas) carlo bombardy-trambone giagomo boshi-udhavi poriyaalar jaak brokebank-udhavi poriyaalar neel brokebank-poriyaalar, kittar (baas), kalavai, thayaarippaalar maark gresswell-kittar (olii), kittar (baas), kittar (minsaara) alessandro kuliani-selo raaj thaas-udhavi poriyaalar alberto destefanie-vayalin thii martio, laura-vayalin cuseb janka-ekkaalam

sentimental (tanita tikaram album) sentimental anedi 2005loe vidudalaina tanita tikaram yokka edava studio album. eee album french label naiv recordulalo matrame vidudalaindi. nepathyam. 1998loe thana munupati album "dhi kaapuchino sangs" nuu vidudala chesina taruvaata, tikaram sangeeta rangam nundi retair ayi kontakaalam italeelo nivasinchaaru. albumla madhya 7 samvatsaraala viramamlo, aame thana chivari album kante marinta electronic siralo oka albumnu praarambhinchadaaniki prayatninchindi, conny adhi panicheyadam ledani nirnayinchukuni, aapai moodu samvatsaraalu piano neerchukundi, idhi aame eppuduu neerchukooni vaayidyam vaayinchadam. aame piano upadhyayuralu daniela ronkoni chivariki albumlo aneka vaayidyaalanu vaayinchindi, alaage paatalanu erpaatu chesi, kalapadam chesindi. "sentimental" loe tikaram thana kereerlo modatisaarigaa recordulo piano vaayinchadam chustundi, mariyu aame saadhaarana vaayidyam, guitar kaadu. chivariki aame etuvanti electronic ovardablu lekunda mariyu thana vois mariyu piano kendra binduvulugaa unna vecchani, live-inn-studio vidhaanamlo paatalanu record cheyaalani nirnayinchukundi. phalitamgaa aame kereerlo tikaram yokka atyanta jaz album. eee album yokka dhwanini atisayokti lekunda "gagurpatu" gaa tikaram abhivarninchaaru. aame albumlalo modatisaarigaa, tikaram purusha gaayakulato yugalageetam chesindi. recordulo ennadoo padani rikaardu yokka drummer robbert trehern, "rojuvaaree kottadi" mariyu "eppatikee" anae vaatipai tikaram thoo yugalageetaalanu paadataadu, endukante tikaram rehearsal kii mundu taruvaati patanu padatam vinnadu mariyu athani vois aame swaraanni sampuurnamgaa puurti cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. gayakudu nick love thoo deerghakaala sahakaram andinchina trehern, "challani ivvavaddu" anae maroka paatalo gaayakunito kalisi tikaram thoo yugalageetam cheyadaaniki teesukuvacchaadu. love "nannu kadilinchavaddu" anae daanipai kooda humming andistundi. vidudala. rikaardu oppandam lekunda unna tikaram, albumnu vidudala cheyadaaniki french swatantra label naiv recordlatho santakam chesaaru, vaaru rikaardunu april 2005loe khandantara airopa chuttoo pampinhee chesaaru. label vii2 recordulu rendu nelala taruvaata, juun 13naa UKloe albumnu vidudala chesaayi. aame munupati album maadirigaane, album kooda USloe vidudala kaaledu. eee album nundi moodu singles vidudalayyaayi, ayithe yea okkati kooda vaanijyaparamgaa vidudala kaaledu. album yokka pradhana single, nick love thoo yugalageetam "dont lett dhi colled", airopa antataa raediyoelaku prachara singlega vidudalaindi mariyu daanini pracharam cheyadaaniki videoclip chithreekarinchabadindi. "play mea egain" fraanslo prachara singlega vidudalaindi, mariyu "dialy eej nyuu" yokka savarinchina version scandinavialo radeo singlega vidudalaindi. vimarsanaatmaka spandana. daani vidudalapai, "dhi independent" yokka nick coleiman "sentimental" nuu "prema vishayaalapai chinna-sthaayi, sannihita, gandaragola rahita mariyu gandaragola rahita grandham" gaa abhivarninchaaru. athanu inca ilaa annadu, "idhi utsaahamgaa mariyu gambheeramgaa untundi-rendoo gayani yokka mruduvaina-vaelu piano shailiche nirvahinchabadataayi-conny yea baadhinche konamlo kaadu, mariyu aame itara pratyeka lakshanam ayina veejee-braun contralto kevalam manoharamainadi." track jabita. anni padaalu mariyu sangeetam tanita tikaram. runaalu. georgio babbini-clarinet (baas) kaarlo bombardy-trombone giacomo boshi-assistant injanir jaak brokebank-assistant injanir neel brokebank-injanir, guitar (baas), mixing, nirmaata maark creswell-guitar (dhwani), guitar (baas), guitar (vidyut) alessandro kuliani-sello raaj daas-assistant injanir alberto destifany-violine dhi margio, laura-violine giusape janca-buura

jazbati (tanita tikaram album) centimal tanita tekaram kaa saatwaan studio album hay juu 2005 mein release hawaa thaa. yaha album sarf francisi leebal naiyo records parr release hawaa thaa. piss manzar. 1998 mein apnaa pichla album "dee capochino songz" jaari karnay kay baad tekaram mausiqi kay manzar naamay say sabkadosh how gayey aur kachh waqat kay liye atlee mein rahay. albumz kay darmiyan 7 saal kay waqfe kay doraan iss nay apnay aakhri album kii ziyadah electronk rugg mein eek album sharoo karnay kii koshish kii leakin iss nay faislah kiyaa kahh yaha kaam nahein kirr rehaa thaa aur phir teen saal takk pyano kii taleem haasil kii eek aisa aalah juu iss nay kabhi bajana nahein seekha thaa. iss kii pyano kii astaad denila ronkoni nay balaakhir album parr kayee aalat bajaye saath hyee saath gaanon kuu tartib deenay aur milaa kirr paish kiyaa. "jazbati" mein tikaram kuu apnay carrier mein pehli baar record parr pyano bajatay hoay dekha gayaa hay naha kahh iss kay mamul kay saaz gataar kuu. aakhir kaar iss nay baghair kasee electronk auvar dub kay aur apnee aawaz aur pyano kuu markazi naqtah nazar kay toor parr rakhtay hoay garm laiyo inn studio naqtah nazar mein gaaney record karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. natijah tikaram kaa apnay carrier kaa sabb say jayez album hay. tekaram nay album kii aawaz kuu mubaligah aarayi kiye baghair "dilkash" qaraar diyaa. apnay albumz parr pehli baar tikaram nay mard gulukaron kay saath jodaa banaya. record kay dermer raabart terron jinhon nay kabhi record parr nahein gaaya thaa "rozmarah neeya hay" aur "hamishah kay liye" parr tikaram kay saath doite kartay haine keunkah tikaram nay inhein rehearsal say pehley moakhar alzikar gaana sunaa aur faislah kiyaa kahh inn kii aawaz nay inn kii aawaz kuu makmal toor parr makmal kiyaa. trehernay juu gulukaar nikk low kay saath derinah saathi thay gulukaar kuu eek aur gaaney parr tikaram kay saath joday mein lay aayey "dont lait dee couled". laway "majhay mutt halao" parr eek aawaz bhee farahim kartaa hay. rehayi. techarm juu record kay muahide kay baghair thee nay album kuu release karnay kay liye francisi aazaad leebal naiyo records kay saath dastakhat kiyay jiss nay apreel 2005 mein barazmi europ mein record taqsim kiyaa. leebal wee 2 records nay duu maah baad 13 joone kuu bartaniah mein album jaari kiyaa. album iss kay pachlay kii tarah america mein release nahein hawaa thaa. album say teen singles release huay halankah kasee kuu bhee tajarti release nahein milly. album kaa markazi single nikk low kay saath doite "dont lait dee couled"yee europ bhar mein redio kay liye eek promotional sangal kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss kii tashheer kay liye eek video clip filmaya gayaa thaa. "play mee reegan" france mein eek promotional sangal kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa aur "daili ddeez neo" kaa eek tarmim shadah warzan scandinivia mein redio sangal kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. tanqidi isteqbaliya. iss kii release parr "dee independent" kay nikk colman nay "jazbati" kuu "mohabat kii cheezon parr chhotay paimanay parr mubashirat bay cheen aur bay cheen maqalah" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa. inhon nay mazeed kahaa "yaha perscon aur balkah sanjidah hay-donon gulukarah kay naram angliyon waalay pyano kay andaaz say chalnay waalay haine-leakin kasee bhee preshan kunn maanon mein nahein aur wahzi brown contralto juu kahh iss kii dosri khaas khususiyat hay balkal khubsurat hay." track listing. tamaam alfaz aur mausiqi bazariah tanita tekram. creadt. georgio babini-clarinate (baas) carlo bombardy-trambone gyakomo boshi-assistent engineer jeek brok benak-assistent engineer neel brok benak-engineer gataar (baas)yee akhtalaat producer maark karees weel-gataar (suutee)yee gataar (baas)yee gataar (barqi) alessandro kulyani-seelo raaj daas-assistent engineer alberto destifani-wilen dee marzio laura-wilen geosepy zanka-suur

0005f12d15442772d497fc5140fd4eb8b6f6d590c18c9df9686a13cb3db81c6d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9259753

Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione

Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione The Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione is a sports car produced by Italian marque Alfa Romeo between 2007 and 2010. It was first presented as a concept car at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. The name refers to the eight-cylinder ("cilindro" in Italian) engine (8C) and Alfa Romeo's racing pedigree ("Competizione", Italian for 'competition'). The company received over 1,400 orders for the 8C after the official announcement that the car would enter production. However, only 500 customers ended up with the 8C Competizione and another 329 with the 8C Spider, bringing the production total to 829 cars. 2003 concept car. The 8C Competizione was first shown to the public at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2003. Designed by Wolfgang Egger at Centro Stile Alfa Romeo, the lines of the twin seater are meant to echo the styling of Alfa Romeo automobiles of the 1950s and 1960s, and the "Competizione" name is a reference to the 1948 6C 2500 Competizione, which competed in the 1949 and 1950 Mille Miglia race and secured third position both times. It was in the latter of these two races that the car was driven by Juan-Manuel Fangio and Augusto Zanardi. It won the 1950 Targa Florio. A 3.0-litre prototype was built but not produced. These 6C 2500 models were among the last vehicles with links to the pre-war cars. The concept was purely meant to be a styling exercise with no drive train. 2007 production version. During the "Mondial de l'Automobile 2006", Alfa Romeo announced the production of the 8C Competizione (500 units). The production version is very similar to the concept; the biggest difference to the exterior being the rear-hinged hood. Other minor changes included the front lights, which used Xenon lamps, a standard wiper system, a mesh side vent, and the wheels, which had a design that mimicked the cloverleaf logo. The car came standard in Alfa Red or Black colours. Pearl Yellow and the Special Competition Red were also available as an option. Paint-to-sample colors were also available for an additional charge, and so, the cars were produced in a wide range of colours, such as white, with a Maserati range (Fuji White, Blue Avio, Blue Oceano, Grigio Nuvolari) and a Ferrari range (Blue Pozzi, Vinaccia {Aubergine}). The bodyshell is made of carbon fibre, produced by ATR Group. The carbon fibre body is fitted to a steel chassis, made by Italian company ITCA Produzione. Final assembly took place at the Maserati factory in Modena.<ref name="italiaspeed.com/2008/motor_shows/geneva"></ref> An 8C Competizione was featured on the main sculpture at the 2010 Goodwood Festival of Speed. One of the two remaining Alfa Romeo P2s was also part of the display. Powertrain. The car uses a unique platform that shares several components with the Maserati GranTurismo. The powertrain features a Ferrari/Maserati derived cross-plane, wet sump lubricated 90° V8 engine assembled by Ferrari. The top engine performance figures may be summarized as a maximum power output of at 7,000 rpm and a peak torque of at 4,750 rpm (80% at 2,500 rpm) with an engine redline of 7,500 rpm and rev limiter of 7,600 rpm. The V8 engine has variable timing, intake valves and a compression ratio of 11.3:1. The six–speed transaxle gearbox has computerized gear selection by means of paddles on the steering column and may be used in Manual-Normal; Manual-Sport; Automatic-Normal; Automatic-Sport and Wet modes. The gearbox can shift gears in 175 milliseconds when the Sport mode is selected. The car also features a limited slip differential. Performance. The 8C Competizione is fitted with specially developed 20-inch tyres: 245/35 at the front and 285/35 at the rear, wrapped around perforated wheels crafted from fluid moulded aluminium. The brakes of the car, which are Brembo carbon ceramic units have been called "phenomenal" by "Road & Track" magazine, with a stopping distance of , when travelling at an initial speed of . The official top speed is officially quoted to be but it might be higher, with estimations that it could be around according to the "Road & Track" magazine.<ref name="roadandtrack.com/article"></ref> 8C Spider. 2005 Spider concept. At the 2005 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance, Alfa Romeo unveiled the 8C Spider, a roadster version of the Competizione coupé concept presented in 2003. The Spider concept was built by Carrozzeria Marazzi. Production of the 8C Spider was confirmed by Sergio Marchionne on September 25, 2007. It was announced that the Spider would be built in a limited production run of 500 units and would cost around US$227,000 (€165,000), considerably more than the coupé version. 2008 production version. The production version was unveiled at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show.<ref name="italiaspeed.com/2008"></ref> Production of the 8C Spider began in 2009, in Modena, with Maserati in charge of manufacturing the cars as with the coupé. While 500 cars were originally to be produced, due to the impact of the Recession, only 329 Spiders in total were produced, each priced at €199,000 (£174,000) excluding taxes. 35 of 329 Spiders were destined for the United States. In the United States the 8C Spider had a base price of US$299,000. In the October 2011 issue of "Evo (magazine)" the 8C Spider won the title of the 'Best Sounding Car'. Alfa Romeo claims that the 8C Spider's top speed is , which makes it slightly slower than the coupé version. The brakes on the Spider are Brembo carbon-ceramic units. The Spider has a two-layer electrically operated fabric roof. The windshield frame is made of carbon fibre to try to maintain a 50/50 weight distribution. Coachbuilt variants. The 8C spawned several bespoke versions from renowned coachbuilders Carrozzeria Touring and Zagato. Zagato TZ3 Corsa. The Alfa Romeo TZ3 Corsa is the track version of the TZ3 (hence the name TZ3 Corsa, Corsa meaning race in Italian) built to celebrate 100 years (a century) of Alfa Romeo in racing. The Corsa is a car that was first presented at, and won, the 2010 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este in Italy. This unique car, based on the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione, was made for German collector Martin Kapp and is not intended for sale or for competitions. The car weighs due to its carbon fibre chassis and hand beaten aluminium body. A 4.2 litre dry sump V8 engine is fitted to the TZ3 which is rated at . The car has a 6-speed automated manual gearbox and is able to attain a top speed of over . It can accelerate from 0 to in 3.5 seconds. The chassis is a carbon-fibre monocoque with some tubular elements. The suspension setup, front, and rear, are double wishbones, with pushrod actuated coil springs. The dampers installed are provided by Öhlins. The similarly-named Alfa Romeo TZ3 Stradale is not based on the 8C, as it was made after production of the 8C had ended, instead of being based on the Dodge Viper ACR. Alfa Romeo Disco Volante by Touring. The Alfa Romeo Disco Volante by Touring is a two-seater coupé, built by Carrozzeria Touring in 2013. It is based on the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione. The model name is derived from the Disco Volante of the 1950s. Equipped with a front-central engine of 4.7 litre of displacement, it delivers and of torque. The Disco Volante is rear-wheel-drive with a six-speed automated manual transmission. The transmission is a transaxle with a limited-slip differential, while the suspension is independent quadrilateral and made of aluminium. The car is able to accelerate from 0 to in 4.2 seconds and can reach a top speed of . Spyder. A Spyder version of Disco Volante was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016. A limited series of only seven cars were manufactured. This is based on Alfa Romeo 8C Spider chassis. Production numbers, markets and notable owners. The 8C Competizione was built in a limited production run of 500 units, and Alfa Romeo originally earmarked the entire production among several specified markets (see table). The entire production of 500 cars quickly sold out. The 8C marked Alfa Romeo's return to the American market in 2008, after withdrawing in 1995. The first 8C was delivered to an Italian customer in October 2007. The first American-market 8C was seen in November 2008, wearing "001 USA" registration plates. The car was purchased by film director and stock exchange magnate James Glickenhaus, also known for being the owner of the bespoke Ferrari Enzo-based P4/5. The 8C's production run was completed by the end of 2008. The last Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione was delivered to the United States to an Italian-American car collector from the Boston area. The late Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne owned both an 8C Competizione and an 8C Spider. Fiat President and owner John Elkann also owns an 8C Competizione in a special livery called Blu Oceano, which is part of the Maserati color range. New York Mets player Yoenis Céspedes drove a cherry red 8C Competizione to training camp in Florida in February 2016. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aalfa rumiu 8chi protijugita aalfa rumio "8chi competigion hoise 2007 sonor poraa 2010 sonor bhitorot italyr mark aalfa rumio" ror dwara nirmito ekhon spo 'rtos gaari. iyak prothombaror baabe 2003 sonor frankfurt motor swo' too etaa dharona gaari hisape uposthapon koraa hoisil. naamtuwe aath-xilinder (italy bhaxat "cylindro") injin (8chi) aaru aalfa rumio "ror resing bongxodhoron (" competigion "," protijugita "ror baabe italy) bujay. garikhonor utpadonot prowex korar anusthanik ghuxonar pisot companytuwe 8chi-ror baabe 1,400-ru odhik order laabh korisil. obosye, maatro 500 john grahoke 8chi protijugitamulok xamogri aaru aan 329 john grahoke 8chi makorxar xoite xex korisil, jaar folot muth utpadon 829 khon gariloi loi aahisil. 2003 sonor dharona gaari. 2003 sonot frankfurt motor swo 'too 8chi protijugitakhon prothombaror baabe jonoxadharonor xonmukhot dekhuuwa hoisil. chentro' style aalfa rumio 'too ulfgeng egaare design koraa, jomoj aaxonor xaribur 1950 aaru 1960-ror doxokor aalfa rumio "automobilor xoili protidhwonito koriboloi nirdharon koraa hoise, aaru" protijugitamulok "naamtu 1948-ror 6chi 2500 protijugitar proxongo, ji 1949 aaru 1950 mill myglia dourot ongxogrohon korisil aaru duyupokhyote tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. ei dutaa resor xexor faale garikhon juwan-imanual fanjio "aaru augustu janardiye solaisil. ee 1950 sonor turga fluorio "too joylabh korisil. etaa 3.0-litre protutype nirman koraa hoisil kintu utpadon koraa huwa nasil. ei 6chi 2500 modelxomuh juddho-purbor garixomuhor xoite xongzug thoka ontim bahonxomuhor bhitorot aasil. ei dharonatu xompurnorupe drive train obihone ek styling onuxilonor baabe aasil. 2007 projujona xongskoron. mondial di el 'automobile 2006" ror xomoyot, aalfa rumio "ee 8chi competigion (500 unit) ror utpadonor kotha ghuxona korisil. utpadon xongoskorontu dharonatur xoite oti mill aase; bahyikor ataitkoi dangor parthokyotu hoh "lo pisfalor-kahjukto hood. onyanyo xoru-xoru poribortonxomuhor bhitorot aasil xonmukhor light, zo 'too jenon lamp byobohar koraa hoisil, etaa maanok waipar pronali, etaa mess side vent, aaru sakabur, zo' too cloverleafor lugu onukoron koraa design aasil. garikhon aalfa ronga baa koo 'laa rongot maanok aasil. mukta halodhiya aaru bixex protijugita rongau bikolpo hisape upolobdho aasil. rongor poraa nomunar rongbur otirikto masulot upolobdho aasil, aaru xeyehe, garibur bogaa rongor dore bistrito porixorot utpadon koraa hoisil, maserati porixoror xoite (fuji bogaa, neela ebhiu, neela usinu, grijiu nubh 'laari) aaru ferari porixoror (neela pozi, bhinassia {oubergin). bodixeltu carbon fiberor dwara nirmito, jitu e. ti. aar. gutor dwara utpadito hoy. carbon fiberor xorirtu etaa steel sesisot loguwa hoy, jitu italy company itaa productjiune nirman korisil. modenar maserati karkhanat suranto boithok onusthito hoisil.<ref naam = "italiazpid.com/2008/Motor _ prodorxoni/geneva "> </ref> 2010 sonor goodwod festival owo spidot mool bhaskorjot etaa 8chi protijugita prodorxon koraa hoisil. baaki thoka dutaa aalfa rumio "pi2ess-ror bhitorot etau prodorxonor ongxo aasil. powertrain. garikhonowe etaa ononyo platform byobohar kore jiye maserati granturism "ror xoite keibatau upadan bhag botora kore. powertraintut ferarir dwara ekotrito etaa ferari/maseratir poraa aahoron koraa croch plain, bhija xampo lubricated 90° bhi8 injin aase. enginor xorbuscho prodorxonor xongkhyabur 7,000 rpmot xorbadhik xokti utpadon aaru 4,750 rpmot (2,500 rpmot 80 xotangxo) xorbuscho tork hisape 7,500 rpmor injin redline aaru 7,600 rpmor ribh limiteror xoite xongkhiptobhabe ullekh koribo paari. bhi8 injinot poribortonxil xomoy, grohonor valov aaru 11.3:1 ror xongkuchon onupat aase. choy-gotir trensxel giyarboxot staring kolamot pedelor joriyote computerized giyar basoni aase aaru iyak hostosalito-swabhabik; hostosalito-krira; swoyongkriyo-swabhabik; swoyongkriyo-krira aaru bhija mudot byobohar koribo paari. jetiya spo 'rt mode basoni koraa hoy tetiya gearboxe 175 millie sekendot giyar sthanantor koribo paare. garikhonor etaa ximito slipor parthokyou aase. prodorxon. 8chi competigionot bixexbhabe bikoxito 20 inchir tayar loguwa hoiseh xonmukhot 245/35 aaru pisfale 285/35, torol sasjukto aluminiumor poraa toiyar koraa sidrojukto sokar sariufale abrito. garir breakbur, jibur brembu carbon cheramik unit, "road endo trekk" alusoniye "obhutpurbo" buli obhihito korise, prarombhik gotit jatra korute rokha durotwor xoite. sorkaribhabe xirxo gotitu anusthanikbhabe uddhrito koraa hoise kintu ee odhik hoh 'bob paare, onumanor xoite je ee "road endo trekk" alusonir mote aaxe-paxe thakibo paare.<ref naam = "road endo trekk".komm/probondho "> </ref> 8chi makorxa. 2005-ror makorxar dharona. 2005 sonor pable bischo concurs di 'eligenceot, aalfa rumio "ee 8chi makdal unmuson korisil, ji hoise 2003 sonot prostut koraa protijugitamulok kupe dharonar roadstar xongskoron. makorxar dharonatu kerujeriya marajiye nirman korisil. 2007 sonor 25 septemborot sarjiyu marchione 8chi makoror utpadon nischito korisil. ghuxona koraa hoisil je makoror 500 unitor ximito utpadonot nirman koraa hoh 'bob aaru iyar baabe pray aamar $2,27,000 (€165,000) khoros hoh' bob, ji kupe xongoskoronotkoi jothesto besi. 2008 sonor utpadon xongskoron. 2008 sonor geneva motor swo 'too projujona xongoskorontu unmuson koraa hoisil.<ref naam = "italiazpid.komm/2008 "> 8chi makoror utpadon 2009 sonot modenat aarombho hoisil, zo" too kuper dore garixomuh nirmanor dayitwo maseratiye loisil. prothomote 500 khon gaari utpadon korar xomoyot mondawosthar probhawor baabe muth 329 taa makoriya utpadon koraa hoisil, protitur mulyo korr baad di 199,000 euru (174,000 pound) aasil. 329taa makorosor bhitorot 35taa makoros aamerika juktorastror uddesye nirdharito aasil. aamerika juktorastrot 8chi makoralor mool mulyo aasil 299,000 aamerikan dollar. 2011 sonor octobor maahot "ibhu (alusoni)" ror xongkhyat 8chi makdale 'shrestho xobdojukto gaari "ror khitap laabh korisil. aalfa rumio "ye daabi kore je 8chi makoror xirxo goti hoise, jaar folot ee kupe xongoskoronotkoi olop monthor hoi pore. makorosor uporot thoka breakbur hoise brembu carbon-cheramik ekok. makorosor dutaa storor boidyutikbhabe porisalito kapuror saad aase. windxield frametu carbon fiberor dwara nirmito jaate 50/50 ujonor bitoron bojai rakhiboloi chesta koraa hoy. kuch-nirmito rupxomuh. 8chi-ye bikhyat proxikhyok-nirmata kerujeriya touring aaru jagatur poraa keibatau bespuk xongoskoronor sristi korisil. jagatu ti. je. di. 3 korsa. aalfa rumio "ti. je. di. 3 korsa hoise ti. je. di. 3-ror trekk xongskoron (xeyehe ti. je. di. 3 korsa naam, korsa orthat italy bhaxat res) ji resingot aalfa rumio"-ror 100 bosor (ek xotika) udjapon koriboloi nirman koraa hoisil. korsa hoise ekhon gaari jitu prothombaror baabe italyr 2010 sonor concourse di 'eleganja bhila di' estet prodorxon koraa hoisil aaru joyee hoisil. aalfa rumio "8chi competigionor uporot aadharito ei ononyo garikhon german xonggrahok martin kepor baabe nirman koraa hoisil aaru ee bikri baa protijugitar uddesyere nohoy. carbon fiberor sesis aaru haatere pithito aluminium bodir baabe garikhonor ujon hoy. etaa 4.2 litter dry xampo bhi8 injin teased3-too loguwa hoy jitur mulyo nirdharon koraa hoise. garikhonor 6-speed swoyongkriyo menual gearbox aase aaru ee odhik goti laabh koriboloi xokhyom. ee 0ror poraa 3.5 sekendoloi tworanwito hoh 'bob paare. sesis hoise kisuman nolika mulokor xoite carbon-fiber monukuk. nilombon xonghoti, xonmukh aaru pisfal, dutaa wisbun, jaar xoite puxorod xokriyo kundoli springs aase. sthapon koraa demperbur uholinxor dwara prodan koraa hoy. eke naamor aalfa rumio "teased3 stradel 8chi-ror uporot aadharito nohoy, kiyonu iyak doz bhaipar acror uporot aadharito huwar poriworte 8chi-ror utpadon xex huwar pisot nirman koraa hoisil. bhromonor dwara aalfa rumio "disco bho 'lante. 2013 sonot kerujeriya bhromonor dwara nirman koraa aalfa rumio "disco bho 'lent hoise dutaa aaxonor kupe. ee aalfa rumio" 8chi protijugitar uporot aadharito. modelor naamtu 1950-ror doxokor disco bho 'lentor poraa aahoron koraa hoise. 4. 7 litter sthansyutir xonmukhor-kendriyo enginor xoite xojjito, ee tork prodan kore. disk "bho 'lenttu hoise choy-gotir swoyongkriyo hostosalito trensmissionor xoite rear-huil-drive. trensmissiontu ximito-slip differencialor xoite etaa trensxel, aanhate nilombontu swotontro soturbhuj aaru aluminiumor dwara nirmito. garikhonowe 0ror poraa 4.2 sekendoloi goti briddhi koribo paare aaru iyar xorbuscho gotibeg hoh 'bob paare. spider. 2016 sonor march maahot geneva motor swo 'too disco bho' lentor etaa spider xongskoron uposthapon koraa hoisil. maatro xatkhon garir etaa ximito sringkhola nirman koraa hoisil. eitu aalfa rumio "8chi spider sesisor uporot aadharito. utpadonor xongkhya, bojar aaru ullekhjugyo malikxokol. 8chi protijugitakhon 500 unitor ximito utpadonot nirman koraa hoisil, aaru aalfa rumio "ee mulotoh keibatau nirdisto bojaror maajot xomogro utpadon nirdharon korisil (talika sauk). 500 khon garir xomogro utpadon drutogotit bikri hoi goisil. 8chi-ye 1995 sonot protyaharor pisot 2008 sonot aamerikar bojaroloi aalfa rumio "ror ghuri ohaar kotha ullekh korisil. 2007 sonor octobor maahot prothom 8chi italyr ejon grahokoloi preron koraa hoisil. 2008 sonor novembor maahot aamerikar prothom 8chi-ye" 101 aamerika juktorastro "ponjiyon plate pindhi thoka dekha goisil. solositro porisalok aaru stock exchangeor magnet james glickenhouse garikhon kroy korisil, ji bespuk ferari enju-aadharito pi4/5-ror maalik hisapeu jonajat. 2008 sonor xexor faale 8chi-ror projujona xompurno hoisil. xexortu aalfa rumio "8chi protijugita boston oncholor ejon italy-aamerikan gaari xonggrahokor usorot aamerika juktorastroloi preron koraa hoisil. proyat fiyat chi. ee. or. sarjiyu marchione etaa 8chi protijugita aaru etaa 8chi makorxa duyutare maalik aasil. fietor xobhapoti aaru maalik john elkeneu blue oh "siyenu naamor ek bixex rongor 8chi protijugitar goraki, ji maserati rongor porixoror ongxo. neworkor mey 'toss kheluwoi yoy' nich sespidese 2016 sonor february maahot flo "ridat proxikhyon xibiroloi cheri redd 8chi protijugita ekhon solaisil.

alfa romio 8shee protijogita alfa romio 8shee competigion ekti sportasa gaadi jaa 2007 theke 2010 saaler modhye italiya marqa alfa romio dwara utpadito hoyechilo. etty 2003 saaler frankfurt motor shote prothom ekti dharona gaadi hisabe uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. namti aatt-cylinder (italiya bhasay "cylindro") injina (8shee) ebong alfa romeor racing bongshodhor ("competigion", "protijogita"-err jonno italiya) bojhai. gaditi utpadone probesh korbe boley anusthanik ghoshanar porr companity dike jonno 1,400-row beshi order peyechilo. tobey, matro 500 john grahok 8shee competigion ebong arow 329 john grahok 8shee makadsar saathe shesh corren, jaar foley moat utpadon 829tii hoy. 2003 saaler dharona gaadi. 2003 saale frankfurt motor shote 8shee competigion prothom jonosadharoner kachhe dekhano hoyechilo. centro style alfa romeote olfgang egger dwara design koraa, tuin citter lineguli 1950 ebong 1960-err doshoker alfa romio automobiler styler protidhoni korey ebong "competigion" namti 1948-err 6shee 2500 competigioner ekti reference, jaa 1949 ebong 1950 mill myglia rese protidwondita korechilo ebong ubhaybari tritiya sthan orjon korechilo. eyi duti dauder shesher dike gaditi chalachchilen juan-emmanuel fangio ebong augusto junnardy. etty 1950 saaler turga florida jitechilo. ekti 3.0-litre prototype toiri koraa hoyechilo kintu toiri koraa hoyney. eyi 6shee 2500 modelguli chhilo juddho-purber gaadir saathe sangjukto sorboshesh janbahongulir modhye. dharonati sampurnarupe ekti styling anushilan chhilo jaar konao drive train chhilo naa. 2007 saaler utpadon sanskaran. mondial dii ell 'automobile 2006"-err somoy, alfa romio 8shee competigion (500 unit) utpadoner ghoshana deyo. utpadon sangaskaranti dharonar saathe khub mill; bairer diker sabcheye borh parthokyo holl pichoner-kaanta hood. anyanno chhotokhato poribortoner modhye chhilo samoner alo, jaa zenon lamp byabohar koroto, ekti standard wiper system, ekti jaal parshwa vent ebong chakaguli, jaar ekti naksha chhilo jaa cloverliffer logo anukaran koroto. gaditi laal baa kaalo ronge standard chhilo. mukto holud ebong bishesh protijogita laalo ekti bikalpa hisabe upolobdho chhilo. atirikto mulye rongo-theke-namuna rongo pawa jeto, ebong taai, gadiguli saadaa ronger moto bistrito ronge toiri koraa hoto, ekti maserati parisima (fuji saadaa, neel avo, neel oceano, grizio nuvolary) ebong ekti ferrari parisima (neel pozzy, vinaxia {ouberjin). bodyshelty carbon fiber diye toiri, jaa ayee. tii. arr group dwara utpadito hoy. carbon fiber boddy ekti ispat chyasite lagano hoy, jaa italiya sangostha itaa prodagion dwara toiri. modener maserati karkhana chudanta samabesh onusthito hoy.<ref naam = "italiya goti.qama/2008/motor _ shoe/geneva "> </ref> 2010 saaler goodood festival off speed-ayee prodhan bhaskorjer upor ekti 8shee protijogita prodorshito hoyechilo. bucky duti alfa romio romio modhye ektio displayer ongsho chhilo. pawar train. gaditi ekti ananya platform byabohar korey jaa maserati granturismore saathe besh koyekti upadan bhag korey neyo. powertraine ferrari/maserati theke udbhuto cross-plain, veja sompo lubricated 90° sump injina royeche jaa ferrari dwara ekotrito hoy. 7, 500 rpm-err injina redline ebong 7,600 rpm-err rebha limiter soho 7,000 rpm-ayee sorbochcho pawar output ebong 4,750 rpm (2,500 rpm-ayee 80 shotangsho)-err pick tork hisabe sheersho injina performance porisongkhanguli sangkhipto koraa jete paare. sump enginer poribortonshil somoy, grohon valov ebong 11.3:1 err sangkochan anupat royeche. chhoy gotir transaxel gearboxer steering kolame paddler madhyome computerized gear nirbachan royeche ebong manual-swabhabik; manual-sporta; swayankriya-swabhabik; swayankriya-krida ebong vije modey byabohar koraa jete paare. sporta mode nirbachan koraa holey gearboxti 175 milliseconde gear poriborton korte paare. gaditite ekti seemit slipa differentialo royeche. abhinoy. 8shee competigion biseshbhabe unnoto 20 inchi tyer diye sajjitah saamone 245/35 ebong pichhone 285/35, torol chhanchjukto aluminium theke toiri chhidrojukto chakagulir charpashe modano. gaadir break, jaa brembo carbon syramic unit, "road anned track" magazine dwara "abhutopurbo" bolla hoyeche, jokhon prathomik gotite bhromon korar somoy thamar durotto soho. sarkaribhabe sorbochcho goti uddhrito koraa hoyeche tobey etty arow beshi hotey paare, anuman soho jey etty "road anned track" magazine onusare hotey paare.<ref naam = "road anned track.qama/nibondho "> </ref> 8shee makadsa. 2005 makadsar dharona. 2005 saaler pebble saikat concourse dii 'eligens-ayee, alfa romio 8shee makadsar unmochan corren, jaa 2003 saale uposthapito protijogitamulok kuper dharonar ekti roadster sanskaran. makadsar dharonati carogeria marazzi dwara nirmito hoyechilo. 2007 saaler 25shhey septembara sergio marchion 8shee makadsar utpadon nischito corren. ghoshana koraa hoy jey, makadsati 500 uniter seemit utpadon daude toiri koraa hobey ebong err jonno pray 2 lokkho 27 hazar markin dollar (165,000 euro) kharach hobey, jaa kuper sangaskaraner tulna jotheshto beshi. 2008 saaler utpadon sanskaran. 2008 saaler geneva motor shote utpadon sangaskaranti unmochan koraa hoyechilo.<ref naam = "italiya goti.qama/2008 "> 8shee makadsar utpadon 2009 saale modenate shuru hoy, jekhane kuper moto gaadi toirir dayitte maserati chhilen. jokhon mulat 500tii gaadi utpadon korar kotha chhilo, mondar probhabe, corr baade moat matro 329tii makadsa utpadon koraa hoyechilo, jaar prottektir daam chhilo 199,000 euro (174,000 pound). 329tii makadsar modhye 35tii markin juktorashtrer uddeshye nirdharito chhilo. markin juktorashtre 8shee makadsar mool mulya chhilo 299,000 markin dollar. octobor 2011-err "evo (magazine)" sankhyay 8shee makadsa 'sera sounding gaadi' khetab jiteche. alfa romio daabi korey jey 8shee makadsar sorbochcho goti, jaa etike kupe sangaskaraner tulna kichuta dheer korey toley. makadsar breakguli holl brembo carbon-syramic unit. makadsar ekti dui storer boidyutikbhabe porichalito kapader chhaad royeche. windshield framety carbon fiber diye toiri jaate 50/50 ozon bonton bojay rakhar chesta koraa yaay. coach-nirmito roop. 8shee bikhyato coach builder carogeria touring ebong jagator besh koyekti bespoke sanskaran toiri korechilo. jagato romio corsa. alfa romio romio corsa holl romio-err track sanskaran (taai naam romio coursa, korsa maane italian bhasay daud) jaa resingye alfa romeor 100 bochor (eka shatabdi) udjaponer jonno nirmito. corsa holl emon ekti gaadi jaa prothom italir 2010 concorso dii 'eleganza villa dii' estete uposthapon koraa hoyechilo ebong jitechilo. eyi ananya gaditi, alfa romio 8shee competigioner upor vitti korey, german sangrahak martin kyaper jonno toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong etty bikroyer jonno baa protijogitar jonno noy. carbon fiber chassy ebong haate aluminium boddy deoar karone gaadir ozon. ekti 4 litter dry sump sump injina romio-ayee lagano hoy jaa reeta koraa hoy. gaditite ekti 6-speed swayankriya manual gearbox royeche ebong etty obharer sorbochcho goti orjon korte sokkhom. etty 0 theke 3.5 sekende twarannito hotey paare. chassisty kichhu tubular upadan soho ekti carbon-fiber monocock. saamone ebong pichoner jhulonto setupguli doo 'tii uishbone, jaar modhye royeche pushroad aquated qayela springs. install koraa damperguli ohlin dwara sarbaraha koraa hoy. ekoi naamer alfa romio romio straddle dike upor vitti korey noy, kaaron etty dozz viper ekarer upor vitti korey howar poriborte dike utpadon shesh howar porey toiri koraa hoyechilo. ghure bedanor madhyome alfa romio disco valent. 2013 saale carozaria touring dwara nirmito ekti dui asoner kupe holl bhromoner madhyome alfa romio disco volunt. etty alfa romio 8shee protijogitar upor vitti korey toiri. modeler namti 1950-err doshoker disco volunt theke udbhuto hoyeche. 4. 7 litter sthanchutir ekti front-central injina diye sajjito, etty tork sarbaraha korey. disco voluntee ekti chhoy gotir swayankriya manual transmission soho rear-huil-drive. transmissionty ekti seemit-slipa deferential soho ekti transaxel, onnodike suspensionti swadhin chaturbhuj ebong aluminium diye toiri. gaditi 0 theke 4.2 sekende twarannito korte sokkhom ebong sorbochcho gotite pouchate paare. guptachar. 2016 saaler march maase geneva motor shote disco volunter ekti spider sanskaran uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. matro satti gaadir ekti seemit sirij toiri koraa hoyechilo. etty alfa romio 8shee spider chyasiser upor vitti korey toiri. utpadon sankhya, bazar ebong ullekhjoggo malik. 8shee competigionty 500 uniter seemit utpadon daude nirmito hoyechilo ebong alfa romio mulat besh koyekti nirdishto bajarer modhye puro utpadonke chinnito korechilo (tabil dekhun). 500tii gaadir puro utpadon druto bikri hoye yaay. 8shee 1995 saale prottaharer porr 2008 saale markin bajare alfa romeor prottabortonke chinnito korey. prothom 8shee 2007 saaler octobore ekjon italiya grahoker kachhe pouche deoa hoy. prothom american-bazar 8shee navembar 2008 saale "181 markin juktorashtro" rejistreshana plate porey dekha yaay. gaditi cholochchitro porichalok ebong stock exchange magnet james glickenhouse kinechilen, jini bespoke ferrari enzo-vittik enzo-vittik malik hisabeo porichito. 2008 saaler shesher dike dike utpadon shesh hoyechilo. shesh alfa romio 8shee protijogitati boston anchal theke ekjon italiya-american gaadi sangrahakke markin juktorashtre sarbaraha koraa hoyechilo. prayat fiat ceo sergio marchioner ekti 8shee competigion ebong ekti 8shee makadsa ubhoyeri malik chhilen. fiater sabhapati ebong malik john elkano blue oceano naame ekti bishesh poshaker 8shee protijogitar malik, jaa maserati ronger porisorer ongsho. neu iyarker mates kheload ionis sespides 2016 saaler februaryte florida proshikkhon shibire ekti cherry reeda 8shee protijogita chaliye zaan.

alfa romeo reeda spardhaa alfa romeeo reeda competizione aee 2007 aneey aneey vachche italian marqa alfa romeeo dwara utpaadit aek sports kaar chhe. tene saupratham saupratham frankfurt motara shomaa concept kaar tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa naam aath-cylinder (italianma "cylindro") angine angine aneey alfa romeeyoni racing vanshavali ("competizione", "spardhaa" maate italian) noow sandarbh aape chhe. kaarnu utpaadan sharoo thavaani sattavaar jaaherat pachhi companyne reeda maate maate vadhu order malyaa hataa. jooe keey, maatra 500 graahako reeda competizione saathe aneey anya 329 graahako reeda spider saathe samaapt thayaa, jenaathi coole utpaadan 829 kaar thayu. 2003 concept kaar. reeda competizione saupratham jeey frankfurt motara shomaa jaaher janata samaksh darshavvama aavee hatee. centro style alfa romeo khaate wolfgang enger dwara design karaayel, tween seaterni rekhaao 1950 aneey aneey daykana alfa romeo automobilesni shaileene padgho paadvaa maate chhe, aneey "competizione" naam 1948 aaa 2500 competizionno sandarbh chhe, jene 1949 aneey 1950 millie miglia resamaa bhaag leedho hato aneey banne vakhat triju sthaan melavyu hatoo. aaa beey resamaathi baadmaa kaar juan-emmanuel fengio aneey ogasto zanardi dwara chalavvama aavee hatee. tene tene targa florio jeetee hatee. 3.0-litre prototype banavvama aavyo hato parantu tenu utpaadan karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. aaa aaa 2500 modelo yuddh pahelani kaar saathe jodaayela chhella vaahanoma saamel hataa. aaa khyaal sampurnpane aek style kavaayat hatee jemaa koee drive train nahoti. 2007 utpaadan sanskaran. mondial dii lae 'automobile 2006" darmiyan, alfa romiyoae reeda competizione (500 aekamo) naa utpadanni jaaherat curry hatee. utpaadan sanskaran khyaal saathe khoob samaan chhe; baahyma sauthee moto tafaavat paachhalna-latkelaa hood chhe. anya naana ferfaaromaa aagalni lightno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa zenon lampsno upyog thato hato, pramanbhut wiper system, meesha side vent aneey wheels, jemaa cloverliffe logonee nakal karatee design hatee. aaa kaar alfa reeda athavaa black rangomaa standard aavee hatee. motee peelo aneey vishesh spardhaa laal pann aek vikalp tareeke uplabdh hataa. paint-too-sample rango pann vadharana charge maate uplabdh hataa, aneey tethee, kaarnu utpaadan safed jevaa rangoni vishaal shreneema karvaamaa aavtu hatoo, jemaa maaseraati shrenee (fuji safed, vaadadi avio, vaadadi oseeyano, grigio nuvolari) aneey ferrari shrenee (vaadadi posey, vinashiya {aubergin) hatee. bodyshell carbon fiberthi banelu chhe, jeey aee. tii. aar. jooth dwara utpann thaay chhe. carbon fiber bodee steel chesisma feat karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey italian kampani itta prodezione dwara banavvama aave chhe. anteem bethak modenama maaseraati factoryma thaee hatee.<repha naam = "italyspeed".com/2008/Motor _ pradarshni/geneva "> </repha> </repha> goodwood festival off speedma mukhya shilp parr reeda spardhaa darshavvama aavee hatee. baakee rahela beey alfa romeo romeo aek pann pradarshanno bhaag hato. power train. aaa kaar aek ananya platformno upyog karey chhe jeey maaseraati granturismo saathe ghanaa ghatako vahenche chhe. powertrainma ferrari/maaseraati vyutpann cross-plain, bheenu sump lubricated 90° sump angine chhe jeey ferrari dwara assemble karvaamaa aave chhe. angine tochnaa pradarshanna aankadaone 7,000 aar. pii. aema. naa mahattam power output aneey 4,750 aar. pii. aema. (2,500 aar. pii. aema. parr 80 takaa) naa torqa tareeke saaraanshit curry shakaay chhe, jemaa 7,500 aar. pii. aema. nee angine redline aneey 7,600 aar. pii. aema. naa reeva limiter chhe. sump anginema chull samay, intech valve aneey 11.3:1 noow sankochan gunottar chhe. chh speed transaxal gearboxma steering kolam parr paddle dwara computerised gear pasandagi chhe aneey teno upyog manual-normal; manual-sporta; automatic-normal; automatic-sporta aneey veta modsmaan thaee shake chhe. jyaare ramat mooad pasand karvaamaa aave tyaare gearbox 175 millisecondsma geeyarne badalee shake chhe. aaa kaarmaa maryadit slipa tafaavat pann chhe. pradarshan. reeda competizione khaas vikaseet 20 inchnaa tyrethi sajj chheh aagalnaa bhagma 245/35 aneey paachhalna bhagma 285/35, pravaahi molded aluminium banaavela chhidrit wheelsnee aaspaas lapetee. kaarnee brack, jeey brembo carbon siramik aekamo chhe, tene "rooad anned track" magazine dwara "asadharan" kahevama aave chhe, jemaa praarambhik zadape musafari karatee vakhate rookne antar hoya chhe. sattavaar tochnee zadap sattavaar reete tankvama aavee chhe parantu teey vadhu hoi shake chhe, andaaj saathe keey teey "rooad anned track" magazine anusaar aaspaas hoi shake chhe.<repha naam = "rooad anned track".com/article "> </repha> reeda spider. 2005 spider khyaal. khyaal pable beach concourse dii 'elegans khaate, alfa romiyoae reeda spidernu anaavaran karyoo hatoo, jeey jeey rajoo karaayel competizione koop khyaalnu roadster sanskaran chhe. spider khyaal carozeria marazi dwara banavvama aavyo hato. 25 september, september roj sergio marchiyone dwara reeda spidernaa utpadanni pushti karvaamaa aavee hatee. aevee jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey spider 500 aekamona maryadit utpadanma banavvama aavashe aneey teno kharch lagbhag $227,000 (€165,000) thashe, jeey koop version karataa nondhpaatra reete vadhu chhe. 2008 utpaadan sanskaran. utpaadan sanskarannu anaavaran utpaadan geneva motara shomaa karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.<repha naam = "italyspeed".qoma/2008 "> reeda spidernu utpaadan utpaadan modenama sharoo thayu hatoo, jemaa koopnee jaim jaj maaseraati kaarnaa utpadanno havaalo sambhaale chhe. jyaare keey 500 kaarnu mool utpaadan thavaanu hatoo, mandeeni asarne kaarane, coole maatra 329 karoliyaonu utpaadan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, darekni keemat karvera sivaay €199,000 (£174,000) hatee. 329 karoliyaomathi 35 united states maate nakki karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. united statesma reeda spiderni bays prize 299,000 us dollar hatee. october october ivo (magazine) naa ankamaa reeda spiderne 'besta sounding kaar' noow khitaab malyo hato. alfa romeo daavo karey chhe keey reeda spiderni tochnee zadap chhe, jeey tene koop version karataa thodee dheemee banaave chhe. spider parnee brack brembo carbon-siramik aekamo chhe. spiderma beey starnee vidhyut sanchaalit kaapadnee chhat hoya chhe. windshield frame carbon fiberthi banelee chhe jethee 50/50 vajannu vitaran jalavano prayaas curry shakaay. coach bilt variant. redae prakhyaat coachbuilders carozeria touring aneey zagatona ghanaa baspok varzanne janm aapyo. zagato romeo coursa. alfa romeo romeo coursa aee romeonoon track version chhe (tethee naam romeo coursa, coursa jeno arth italianma reesa thaay chhe) jeey resingma alfa romeeyona 100 varsh (aek sadee) nee ujavani karvaa maate banavvama aavyu chhe. coursa aee aek aevee kaar chhe jeey saupratham italyma 2010 maan concourso dii 'eleganza veela dii' este khaate rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey jeetee hatee. alfa romeo reeda competizione parr aadharit aaa anokhi kaar german collector martin cape maate banavvama aavee hatee aneey teey vechaan athavaa spardhao maate banaavaayel nathee. kaarnu vajan tenaa carbon fiber chassis aneey haaththee pigalelaa aluminium bodeene kaarane chhe. 4. 2 litarnu dry sump sump angine romeo parr feat karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jeey rait karelu chhe. aaa kaarmaa 6-speed automated manual gearbox chhe aneey teey ovarnee tochnee zadap praapt karvaamaa saksham chhe. teey 0 thee 3.5 secondma praveg curry shake chhe. chassis aee ketlaak tubular tatvo saathe carbon-fiber monocock chhe. suspension setup, aagad aneey paachhal, pushroad sakreey koil springs saathe double wishbones chhe. sthaapit dempers ohlins dwara puuraa padvama aave chhe. samaan naamnu alfa romeo romeo stradel reeda parr aadharit nathee, kaaran keey teey doj wiper acr parr aadharit hovaane badale raydonoon utpaadan samaapt thayaa pachhi banavvama aavyu hatoo. pravaas dwara alfa romeo disco volunt. pravaas dwara alfa romeo disco volunt beey seater koop chhe, jeey 2013 maan carozeria touring dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo. teey alfa romeo 8 see competizione parr aadharit chhe. aaa modelnu naam naam daykana disco volunt parthee levaamaa aavyu chhe. 4. 7 litter visthapanna front-central anginethi sajj, teey torqa aneey vitaran karey chhe. disco volunt chh speed automated manual transmission saathe rear-wheel-drive chhe. transmission maryadit-slipa vibhedak saathe transaxal chhe, jyaare suspension swatantra chaturbhuj chhe aneey aluminiumthi banelu chhe. aaa kaar 0 thee 4.2 secondma veeyg aapvaa saksham chhe aneey tenee tochnee zadap sudhee pahonchi shake chhe. jasus. march februari geneva motara shomaa disco volantnu spider version rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. maatra saat kaarnee maryadit shreneenu utpaadan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa alfa romeo reeda spider chassis parr aadharit chhe. utpadanni sankhyaa, bajaaro aneey nondhpaatra maliko. reeda competizione 500 aekamona maryadit utpadanma banavvama aavyu hatoo, aneey alfa romiyoae mulroope samagr utpadanne ketlaak chokkas bajaroma nirdharit karyoo hatoo (koshtak juo). 500 kaarnu samagr utpaadan zadapthi vechai gayoo. reeda aee aee paachha faryaa pachhi november alfa romeeyoni american bajaarmaa vaapseene chinhit curry hatee. pratham reeda october october italian graahakne pahonchadvama aavee hatee. pratham american-marqeta reeda november november "181 usa" nondhani plate pahereene jovaa malee hatee. aaa kaar film nirdeshak aneey stock exchangena magnet james glickenhause dwara khareedvama aavee hatee, jeo baspok ferrari enzo-aadharit enzo-aadharit maaleek tareeke pann jaanita hataa. raydonoon utpaadan utpaadan anta sudhimaa purn thayu hatoo. chhellu alfa romeo reeda competizione boostana vistarmathi italian-american kaar collectorne united statesma pahonchadvama aavyu hatoo. antamaa fiat ceo sergio marchiyone paase reeda competizione aneey reeda spider banne hataa. fiyaatnaa pramukh aneey maaleek john alkain pann blue oseeyano naamnaa vishesh vastromaa reeda spardhaa dharaave chhe, jeey maaseraati rung shreneeno bhaag chhe. newyork metsnaa khelaadi yonis sespidese februari februari fluoridama taaleem shibirma cherry reeda reeda spardhaa chalaavi hatee.

alfa romeo 8see pratispardha alfa romeo 8see competigion 2007 aur 2010 key beach italvi maark alfa romeo dwara nirmit ack sports kaar haye. ise pahali baar 2003 key frankfurt motor show mein ack avadharana kaar key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. naam aathh-cylinder (italvi mein "cylindro") injan (8see) aur alfa romeo kii racing vanshavali ("pratispardha", "pratispardha" key liye italvi) koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. kaar key utpaadan mein pravesh karane kii aadhikarik ghoshana key baad company koo 8see key liye 1,400 seey adhik order praapt hue. haalaanki, kewal 500 graahak 8see pratispardha key saath samaapt hue aur anya 329 8see makadi key saath, kull utpaadan 829 kaaron taka leey aae. 2003 kii avadharana kaar. 8see pratispardha koo pahali baar 2003 mein frankfurt motor show mein janata koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa. wolfgang agger dwara centro style alfa romeo mein design kiya gayaa thaa, judvaan seater kii panktiyaan 1950 aur 1960 key dashak key alfa romeo automobile kii shally koo pratidhwanit karane key liye hain, aur "pratispardha" naam 1948 6see 2500 pratispardha kaa sandarbh haye, jisane 1949 aur 1950 millie miglia daud mein pratispardha kii aur donon baar teesara sthaan hassil kiya. inn dou daudon mein seey baad mein kaar juan-emmanuel fengio aur augusto zanardi dwara chalaai gaee thee. isane 1950 kaa targa florio jeetaa. ack 3.0-litre prototype banaaya gayaa thaa lekin utpaadit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeye 6see 2500 model yuddh-poorv kaaron seey judey antim vaahanon mein seey they. yeh avadharana vishuddh roop seey ack style abhyaas key liye thee jisamen koee drive train naheen thee. 2007 utpaadan sanskaran. mondial dee ell 'automobile 2006" key dauran, alfa romeo ney 8see competigion (500 ikaaiyaan) key utpaadan kii ghoshana kii. utpaadan sanskaran avadharana key samaan haye; baahari key liye sabse badaa antar peechhe kii or kaa hood haye. anya mamuli parivartanon mein saamane kii roshni shamil thee, jisamen zenon lamp, ack maanak wiper system, ack jaali side vent aur pahiyon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack design thaa joe cloverleaf logo kii nakal kartaa thaa. kaar alfa laal yaa kaale rangon mein maanak aaee thee. motee peela aur vishesh pratiyogita laal bhee ack vikalp key roop mein upalabdh they. pent-too-sample rung bhee ack atirikt shulk key liye upalabdh they, aur isaliye, kaaron kaa utpaadan safed rangon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack maserati renz (fuji safed, neela avio, neela osino, griggio nuvolari) aur ack ferrari renz (neela pozzy, vinasia {auberjin}) thee. bodyshell carbon fiber seey banaa hotaa haye, joe aeye. tii. aar. samooh dwara utpaadit hotaa haye. carbon fiber boddy koo ack steel chessis mein fitt kiya jaataa haye, jise italvi company ikka prodzione dwara banaaya gayaa haye. antim sabhaa modena mein maserati karkhane mein hui.<riff naam = "italiaspeed.comm/2008/motor _ show/geneva "> </riff> 2010 key goodwood festival off speed mein mukhya murtikala parr ack 8see pratispardha koo pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. dou shesh alfa romeo romeo mein seey ack bhee pradarshan kaa hissa thaa. powertrain. kaar ack advitiya munch kaa upayog karati haye joe maserati anudan key saath kaee ghatakon koo saajha karati haye. powertrain mein ack ferrari/maserati vyutpann cross-plain, wait sump 90° sump injan haye jise ferrari dwara ikattha kiya gayaa haye. injan key sheersh pradarshan key aankadon koo 7,000 aar. pee. aim. parr adhikatam shakti utpaadan aur 4,750 aar. pee. aim. (2,500 aar. pee. aim. parr 80 pratishat) key shikhar toqa key roop mein 7,500 aar. pee. aim. kii injan laal rekha aur 7,600 aar. pee. aim. key revitor limiter key saath sankshep mein prastut kiya jaa sakata haye. sump injan mein parivartansheel samay, sevan valve aur 11.3:1 kaa sampeedan anupaat hotaa haye. chhah-gati transxal gearbox mein steering collum parr paddle key madhyam seey computerykrit gear chayan hotaa haye aur iska upayog manual-samanya; manual-sport; swachaalit-samanya; swachaalit-khel aur geele mode mein kiya jaa sakata haye. jaba khel mode kaa chayan kiya jaataa haye tou gearbox 175 millisecond mein gear koo sthanantarit curr sakata haye. kaar mein ack seemit purchy antar bhee haye. pradarshan. 8see competigian vishesh roop seey vikasit 20-inch key tyres seey susajjit haih saamane mein 245/35 aur peechhe mein 285/35, drav moulded aluminium seey taiyar kiye gaye chhidrit pahiyon key chaaron or lapeta gayaa haye. kaar key break, joe kii brembo carbon syremic ikaaiyaan hain, koo "road aind track" patrika dwara "abhootpoorv" kahaa gayaa haye, jaba way ack praarambhik gati seey yatra karate hain. aadhikarik roop seey sheersh gati koo uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh adhik hoe sakati haye, anuman key saath kii yeh "road aind track" patrika key anusaar hoe sakati haye.<riff naam = "road aind track.comm/lekh "> </ref> 8see makadi. 2005 makadi avadharana. 2005 key kankad samudra tata conkers dee 'allegance mein, alfa romeo ney 8see spider kaa anaavaran kiya, joe 2003 mein prastut pratispardha koop avadharana kaa ack roadster sanskaran haye. spider avadharana kaa nirmaan carozaria maaraazi dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 8see makadi key utpaadan kii pushti 25 sitambar, 2007 koo sergio marchion dwara kii gaee thee. yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii makadi koo 500 ikaaiyon key seemit utpaadan mein banaaya jaayega aur isaki laagat lagbhag hamaare liye $227,000 (€165,000) hogi, joe koop sanskaran seey kaafee adhik haye. 2008 kaa utpaadan sanskaran. utpaadan sanskaran kaa anaavaran 2008 key geneva motor show mein kiya gayaa thaa.<riff naam = "italiaspeed.comm/2008 "> 8see makadi kaa utpaadan 2009 mein modena mein shuru huaa, jisamen kupe key saath kaaron key nirmaan key prabhaari maserati they. jabaki mool roop seey 500 kaaron kaa utpaadan kiya jaanaa thaa, mandee key prabhaav key kaaran, kull 329 makadiyon kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa, pratyek kii keemat karon koo chhodkar €199,000 (£174,000) thee. 329 makadiyon mein seey 35 sanyukt raajya key liye niyat they. sanyukt raajya america mein 8see makadi kaa aadhar moolya 299,000 dollar thaa. octuber 2011 key "evo (patrika)" key ank mein 8see makadi ney 'sarvshreshth dhwani vaali kaar' kaa khitaab jeetaa. alfa romeo kaa daavaa haye kii 8see makadi kii sheersh gati haye, joe ise koop sanskaran kii tulanaa mein thodi dheemi banaati haye. makadi parr break brembo carbon-syremic ikaaiyaan hain. makadi mein dou parat vaali bijli seey sanchaalit kapade kii chhat hoti haye. windshield frame carbon fiber seey banaa haye taaki 50/50 vajan vitaran banaae rakhane kii koshish kii jaa sakey. coach nirmit sanskaran. 8see ney prasiddh coachbuilders carozaria touring aur zagaato seey kaee bespoke sanskaranon koo janm diyaa. zagaato zagaato coursa. alfa romeo romeo coursa romeo kaa track sanskaran haye (isaliye naam romeo coursa, coursa jiska arth italvi mein daud haye) joe racing mein alfa romeo key 100 saal (ack sadee) kaa jashn manaane key liye banaaya gayaa haye. coursa ack kaar haye jise pahali baar itali mein 2010 key concourso dee 'aleganza vilaa dee' este mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa aur jeetaa gayaa thaa. alfa romeo 8see competigion parr adharit yeh anoothi kaar german collector martin cap key liye banaai gaee thee aur bikri yaa pratiyogitaon key liye naheen haye. kaar kaa vajan isake carbon fiber chessis aur haath seey peeta gayaa aluminium boddy key kaaran haye. ack 4.2 leater dry sump sump injan romeo mein fitt kiya gayaa haye joe rait kiya gayaa haye. kaar mein 6-speed swachaalit manual gearbox haye aur yeh over kii sheersh gati praapt karane mein saksham haye. yeh 0 seey 3.5 sekand mein teji laa sakata haye. chessis kuchh tubeler tatvon key saath ack carbon-fiber monocock haye. suspension setup, saamane aur peechhe, dohare ichcha-asthi hain, jisamen pushroad sakriya kundal springs hain. sthaapit damper öhlins dwara pradaan kiye jaate hain. isi tarah kaa naam diyaa gayaa alfa romeo romeo stradel 8see parr adharit naheen haye, kyonki yeh 8see key utpaadan key baad banaaya gayaa thaa, bajaay isake kii yeh dozz wiper acr parr adharit hoe. alfa romeo disco volunte mein ghoomkar. touring dwara alfa romeo disco volunt ack dou-seater koop haye, jise 2013 mein carozaria touring dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh alfa romeo 8see pratispardha parr adharit haye. model kaa naam 1950 key dashak key disco volunt seey liya gayaa haye. 4. 7 leater visthaapan key saamane-kendriya injan seey lais, yeh tork aur utpaadan pradaan kartaa haye. discovolent chhah-speed swachaalit manual sancharan key saath rear-wheel-drive haye. sancharan ack seemit-slip antar key saath ack paar-aksh haye, jabaki nilamban swatantra chaturbhuj haye aur aluminium seey banaa haye. kaar 0 seey 4.2 sekand mein gati badhaane mein saksham haye aur isaki adhikatam gati taka pahunch sakati haye. jasus. march 2016 mein geneva motor show mein disco volunt kaa ack spider sanskaran prastut kiya gayaa thaa. kewal saat kaaron kii ack seemit shrinkhala kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh alfa romeo 8see spider chessis parr adharit haye. utpaadan sankhya, bajar aur ullekhaniya malik. 8see pratispardha koo 500 ikaaiyon key seemit utpaadan mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur alfa romeo ney mool roop seey kaee nirdisht baajaron key beach poore utpaadan koo nirdhaarit kiya thaa (talika dekhein). 500 kaaron kaa puuraa utpaadan jaldi hii bick gayaa. 8see ney americi bajar mein 2008 mein alfa romeo kii vaapsee koo chihnit kiya, 1995 mein vaapas lene key baad. pahala 8see octuber 2007 mein ack italvi graahak koo diyaa gayaa thaa. pahala americi-bajar 8see navambar 2008 mein "001 usa" panjikaran plate pahane dekhaa gayaa thaa. kaar koo film nirdeshak aur stock exchange magnet james glickenhoss dwara kharida gayaa thaa, jinhen bespoke ferrari anjo-adharit anjo-adharit key malik honey key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. 8see kaa utpaadan 2008 key anta taka puuraa hoe gayaa thaa. antim alfa romeo 8see pratispardha koo sanyukt raajya america koo boston kshetra seey ack italvi-americi kaar collector koo vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. divangat fiet see. ee. oh. sergio marchion key paas ack 8see pratispardha aur ack 8see makadi donon they. fiet key adhyaksh aur malik johnn alcan key paas blue osino naamak ack vishesh vardi mein 8see pratispardha bhee haye, joe maserati rung shreni kaa hissa haye. newyork key mates khilaadi yonis sespeeds ney farwari 2016 mein florida mein prashikshan shivir key liye ack cherry redd 8see pratiyogita koo chalaaya.

alfa romeo 8sii spardhe alfa romeo 8sii competigione 2007 mattu 2010rahra naduve italian maark alfa romeo nirmisida ondu creeda kaaru. idannu modala baarige 2003rahra frankfurt motaru pradarshanadalli concept kaaraagi prastutapadisalaayitu. ee hesaru entu-cylinder (italian bhasheyalli "cylindro") engine (8sii) mattu alfa romiyoda racing vamshaavaliyannu ("competigione", "spardhe" gaagi italian) soochisuttade. kaaru utpaadanege praveshisuttade endu adhikruta prakataneya nantara kampaniyu kampaniyu 1,400 kkoo hecchu aadeshagalannu sweekarisitu. aadaagyoo, kevala 500 grahakaru 8sii competigione mattu innoo 329 grahakaru 8sii spidernondige konegondaru, idu utpaadaneya ottu pramaanavannu 829 kaarugalige tanditu. 2003 concept kaaru. 8sii competigione annu idu frankfurt motaru pradarshanadalli modala baarige saarvajanikarige torisalaayitu. centro style alfa romiyodalli wolfgang agger vinyaasagolisida, avali asanagala saalugalu 1950 mattu 1960rahra dasakagala alfa romeo automobilegala sailiyannu pratidhvanisuttave, mattu "competigione" emba hesaru 1949 mattu 1950rahra mille mighlia otadalli spardhisida 1948rahra 6sii 2500 competigione annu ullekhisuttade mattu eradoo baari moorane sthaanavannu galiside. ee eradu resgala koneya bhagadalliye kaarannu juwan-emmanuel fangio mattu augusto janardi odisidaru. idu 1950rahra targa floriovannu geddukonditu. ondu 3.0-litre mulamaadariyannu nirmisalaayitu aadare utpadisalagalilla. ee 6sii 2500 maadarigalu yuddhapurva kaarugalige samparkavannu hondidda koneya vahanagalalli ondaagiddavu. ee parikalpaneyu sampoornavaagi yaavude drive railu illada styling vyaayaamavaagirabeku. 2007rahra utpadana aavrutti. mondial dii ell 'automobile 2006" samayadalli, alfa romeo 8sii competigione (500 ghatakagalu) utpaadaneyannu ghoshisitu. utpadana aavruttiyu parikalpaneyannu holuttade; baahyakke atidodda vyatyaasavendare himbhagada-hinged hood. itara sanna badalaavanegalalli xenon deepagalannu balasuva mumbhagada deepagalu, pramanita wiper vyavasthe, jaalari side vent mattu clover leaf laanchanavannu anukarisuva vinyaasavannu hondiruva chakragalu serive. ee kaaru alfa kempu athawa kappu bannagalli pramaanitavaagi banditu. muttu haladi mattu vishesha spardheyaada kempu kooda ondu aaykeyaagi labhyaviddavu. bannadinda maadari bannagalu saha hechchuvari shulkakke labhyaviddavu, mattu aaddarinda, kaarugalannu bili bannagalantaha vyapaka shreniya bannagalli tayaarisalaaguttittu, maseroti shreniyalli (fuji bili, neeli aveo, neeli osiano, grizio nuvolari) mattu ferrari shreniyalli (neeli pojhi, vinaxia {oubergain). bodyshell annu carbon fiberninda tayaarisalaaguttade, idannu aa. tii. aarr gumpu utpaadisuttade. ingaalada naarina dehavannu ukkina chasisge alavadisalaagide, idannu italian kampani itta productione tayaariside. antima jodaneyu modenaada maseroti karkhaneyalli nadeyitu.<ref hesaru = "italyaspeed".com/2008/Motor _ pradarshani/geneva "> </rifa> 2010rahra good wood festival off speednalli mukhya shilpakaleyalli 8sii competigione annu pradarshisalaayitu. ulidiruva eradu alfa romeo romeo ondu pradarshanada bhagavagittu. power train. ee kaaru maseroti granturismodondige halavaaru ghatakagalannu hanchikolluva vishishta vedikeyannu balasuttade. ee powertrain ferrari/maseroti cross-plain, vet sump nayagolisida 90° sump engine annu hondide. 7, 500 arpmna engine redline mattu 7,600 arpmna rev limiter hondiruva 7,000 arpmna garishta vidyut utpaadane mattu 4,750 arpmna garishta tork (2,500 arpmnalli 80 pratishata) endu unnata engine kaaryakshamateya anki amshagalannu sankshiptagolisabahudu. sump engine badalaaguva samaya, sevaneya kavaatagalu mattu 11.3:1 naa sankochana anupaatavannu hondide. aaru-vegada transoxal gearbox steering kaalamnalli pyaadalgala moolaka ganakeekruta gair aaykeyannu hondide mattu idannu kaiyinda-saamaanya; kaiyinda-creede; svayamchaalita-saamaanya; svayamchaalita-creede mattu ardra vidhaanagalalli balasabahudu. sport mode annu ayke madidaga gair boxes 175 milisekendugalalli gergalannu badalaayisabahudu. ee kaarinalli seemita slip differential kooda ide. pradarshana. 8sii competigione visheshavaagi abhivraddhipadisida 20 inchina tyregalannu hondideh mumbhagadalli 245/35 mattu himbhagadalli 285/35, drava acchina alyoominiyangalinda rachisalaada randhragala chakragala suttaloo suttalaagide. kaarina breakgalu, avu brembo carbon ceramic ghatakagalaagive, avugalannu "road & track" niyatakaalikavu "asadharana" endu kareyuttade, arambhika vegadalli prayanisuvaga nilluva duravu. adhikruta garishta vegavannu adhikrutavaagi ullekhisalaagide aadare idu "road & track" niyatakaalikeya prakara sumaru irabahudu emba andaajinondige idu hechchagirabahudu.<ref hesaru = "raste mattu maarga.com/lekhana "> </ref> 8sii jayda. 2005 spider parikalpane. 2005rahra pebal beach concourse dii elegansnalli, alfa romeo 8sii jedavannu anaavaranagolisidaru, idu idu prastutapadisalaada competigione koope parikalpaneya roadster aavruttiyaagide. jayda parikalpaneyannu kyarojheriya marajji nirmisidaru. september 25,2007 randu sergio marchian 8sii jedada utpaadaneyannu drudhapadisidaru. jedavannu 500 ghatakagala seemita utpadana otadalli nirmisalaaguvudu mattu sumaru $227,000 (€165,000) vechchavaagalide endu ghooshisalaayitu, idu koope aavruttiginta gananeeyavaagi hechchaagide. 2008 rahra utpadana aavrutti. 2008rahra geneva motaru pradarshanadalli utpadana aavruttiyannu anaavaranagolisalaayitu.<ref hesaru = = jedada utpaadaneyu utpaadaneyu modenaadalli praarambhavaayitu, koopnanteye karugala tayaarikeya ustuvaariyannu maseroti vahisikondittu. moolatah 500 kaarugalannu utpaadisabekaagiddare, arthika hinjaritada parinamadindagi, ottu 329 jedagalannu maatra utpaadisalaayitu, pratiyondoo terigegalannu horatupadisi €199,000 (£174,000) beleyaddagittu. 329 jedgalalli 35 jedagalannu united statesge niyojisalagittu. united statesnalli 8sii jedavu $299,000 moola beleyannu hondittu. october 2011rahra "ivo (niyatakaalike)" sanchikeyalli 8sii jedavu 'atyuttama sounding kaaru' emba prashastiyannu geddukonditu. alfa romeo 8sii jedada garishta vegavu coop aavruttiginta swalpa nidhaanavaagide endu heluttade. jedada melina breakgalu brembo carbon-ceramic ghatakagalaagive. jedavu eradu padaragala vidyut chaalita batteya meelchaavaniyannu hondide. windshield chaukattannu ingaalada naarininda tayaarisalaagiddu, idu 50/50 tukada vitaraneyannu nirvahisalu prayatnisuttade. coach-nirmita roopaantaragalu. 8sii prasiddha coach bildargalaada carogeria touring mattu jhagatodinda halavaaru bespoke aavruttigalannu huttuhaakitu. jhagaato romeo carsa. alfa romeo romeo kaarsaavu ರೋಮಿಯೋಯ track aavruttiyaagide (aaddarinda romeo carsa, italian bhasheyalli carsa endare ota) idannu racingnalli alfa romiyoda 100 varshagala (ondu shatamana) aacharaneyannu acharisalu nirmisalaagide. kaarsaavu modala baarige italiya 2010rahra concarso dii 'eleganja villa dii' esteyalli prastutapadisalaada mattu gedda ondu kaaru. alfa romeo 8sii competigione annu aadharisida ee vishishta kaarannu german sangrahaka martin capgagi tayaarisalaagide mattu idu maratakke athawa spardhegalige uddeshisilla. kaarannu adara carbon fiber chassis mattu kaiyinda hodeda aluminium dehadinda tukaviruttade. 4. 2 leater dry sump sump engine annu ರೋಮಿಯೋಗeeii alavadisalaagide, idu rait aagide. ee kaaru 6-speed svayamchaalita manual gearbox annu hondide mattu garishta vegavannu sadhisalu saadhyavaaguttade. idu 0 rinda 3.5 sekendugalalli vegavannu hechchisabahudu. chassis kelavu kolaveya amshagalannu hondiruva carbon-fiber monocock aagide. mumbhaga mattu himbhagadalliruva amanatu vyavastheyu eradu vaishboongalaagiddu, pushroad actuated kayil springgalannu hondide. alavadisalaada dampergalannu ohlingalu odagisuttave. idhe reetiya alfa romeo romeo stradale 8sii annu adharisilla, ekendare idannu dodge wiper acr annu aadharisuva badalu 8sii utpaadaneyu mugida nantara tayaarisalaagide. pravaasada moolaka alfa romeo disco wallent. alfa romeo disco volante pravaasavu eradu asanagala koopeyaagiddu, idannu 2013 ralli kyarojheriya pravaasavu nirmiside. idu alfa romeo 8 sii competigione annu aadhariside. ee maadariya hesarannu 1950rahra dashakada disco vaalenteyinda padeyalaagide. 4. 7 leater sthalaantarada mumbhagada-madhya enginnondige sajjugonda idu tork annu niiduttade. disco volunt aaru-vegada svayamchaalita manual transmissionondige himbadiya chakra-chaalaneyallide. prasaranavu seemita-slip bhedavannu hondiruva transoxal agiddare, amanatu swatantra chaturbhujavagide mattu alyoominiyangalinda maadalpattide. ee kaaru 0 rinda 4.2 sekendugalalli vegavannu hechchisaballadu mattu garishta vegavannu talupaballadu. spider. disco volenteya spider aavruttiyannu march 2016 ralli nadeda geneva motor pradarshanadalli prastutapadisalaayitu. kevala elu karugala seemita saraniyannu tayaarisalaayitu. idu alfa romeo 8sii spider chassis annu aadhariside. utpadana sankhyegalu, maarukattegalu mattu gamanarha malikaru. 8sii competigione annu 500 ghatakagala seemita utpadana otadalli nirmisalaayitu, mattu alfa romeo moolatah sampoorna utpaadaneyannu halavaaru nirdishta marukattegalalli misalittittu (koshtakavannu nodi). 500 karugala sampoorna utpaadaneyu shighradalle maaraatavaayitu. 8sii yuu yuu hintegedukonda nantara nantara alfa romeo americada maarukattege maralitu. modala 8sii annu 2007rahra octobernalli italian grahakarige talupisalaayitu. modala american-marukatte 8sii annu 2008rahra novembernalli "181 usa" nondani phalakagalannu dharisi kaanalaayitu. ee kaarannu chalanachitra nirdeshaka mattu stock exchange udyami james glickenhouse khareedisidaru, avaru bespoke ferrari enjo-aadhaarita enjo-aadhaarita naa malikaragiyu hesaruvasiyagiddare. 8sii yaya nirmaanada otavu 2008 rahra antyada velege poornagonditu. koneya alfa romeo 8sii competigione annu boston pradeshadinda italian-american kaar sangraahakarige united statesge talupisalaayitu. diwangata fiet sii. ii. oo. sergio marchian 8sii competigione mattu 8sii jayda eradannoo hondiddaru. fiet adhyaksha mattu maaleeka zaan elcon avaru blue osiano emba vishesha udupinalli 8sii competigione annu hondiddaare, idu maseroti bannada shreniya bhagavagide. newyork mets atagara yonis sespides phebravari 2016 ralli floridadalli tarabeti shibirakke cherry redd 8sii competigione annu odisidaru.

alfa romeo 8sii malsaram 2007num 2010num idayil itaaliyan maarkk alfa romeo nirmmicha oru sports kaaraan alfa romeo 8sii kompattisiyoon. 2003leeii frankfurt motor shoyilaan ithu aadyamaayi oru kanseptt kaarayi avatharippichathu. ettu silindar (itaaliyan bhashayil silindro) enchin (8sii), alfa romeoyude racing vamshavali ('kompattisiyoon', 'malsaram' ennathinu itaaliyan) ennivaye eee peru soochippikkunnu. kaar uthppaadanathilekku praveshikkumennu audyogika prakhyapanam vannathinu sesham 8sii-ykkayi kambanikku 1,400-ladhikam oordarukal labhichu. ennirunnaalum, 500 upabhokthaakkalkk maathrame 8sii kompattisiyonum 8sii spiderumaayi 329 upabhokthaakkalum labhichulloo, ithu motham ulppaadanam 829 kaarukalaayi uyarthi. 2003 kanseptt kaar. 2003-ll frankfurt motor shoyilaan 8sii kompattisiyoon aadyamaayi pothujanagalkk munnil pradharshippichathu. centro stail alfa romeoyil wolfgang egger roopakalppana cheytha eratta seettarinte varikal 1950 kalileyum 1960 kalileyum alfa romeo automobileukalude stylingine prathidhwanikkaan uddeshichullathaanu, koodaathe 1949,1950 mille mighlia raceil malsarikkukayum rund thavanayum moonnaam sthaanam nedukayum cheytha 1948 6sii 2500 kompattisiyonine paraamarsikkunnathaanu "kompattisiyoon" enna peru. eee rund resukalil avasaanathethaanu juvan-immaanuval fanjio augusto janardy oodichirunnathu. 1950leeii targa florio nedi. oru 3.0-litre prototype nirmmichenkilum nirmmichilla. yudhathinu munbulla kaarukalumayi bandhippicha avasana vahanangalil onnaayirunnu eee 6sii 2500 modalukal. drive train illaatha oru stailing vyaayaamamaayirunnu eee ashayam. 2007-leeii nirmmaana pathipp. monteal dii ell automobile 2006" ll, alfa romeo 8sii kompattisiyoninte (500 unitukal) uthpaadanam prakhyaapichu. ulppaadana pathipp ashayavumaayi valare saamyamullathaan; purambhaagathekkulla ettavum valia vyathyasam pinkaalulla hood aanu. senon vilakkukal upayogicha frond laittukal, oru staanderd wiper sisttam, oru mesh side ventu, cloverleaf logo anukarikkunna roopakalppanayulla chakrangal ennivayaanu mattu cheria mattangal. alfa redu allengil black nirangalil kaar staanderd aayi vannu. muthu manja, prathyeka malsaram chuvapp ennivayum oru oopshanaayi labhyamaayirunnu. peyint-tuu-sample nirangalum adhika chaarjinu labhyamaayirunnu, athinaal, maseratti shreni (fuji vaitt, blue eviyo, blue oosiyaano, grijiyo nuvolari), ferrari shreni (blue possy, vinaashya (auberjin)) ennivayulla veluthathupolulla vaividhyamaarnna nirangalil kaarukal nirmikkappettu. eiii. tii. aarr group uthppaadippikkunna kaarban fiber upayogichaanu bodyshell nirmmichirikkunnathu. itaaliyan kambaniyaaya itka prodession nirmmicha steel chesiyilaanu kaarban fiber body gadippichirikkunnathu. modenayile maseratti faaktariyilaanu avasana assembly nadannathu.<ref namam = "italiuspeed".com/2008/Motor _ pradarshanee/jeneeva "> </rep> 2010leeii good wood festival oof speedil pradhana shilpathil 8sii kompattisiyoon pradharshippichirunnu. bakkiyulla rund alfa romeo pii2kalil orennavum displayude bhaagamaayirunnu. powertrain. maseratti graantoorismoyumaayi niravadhi gadakangal pankidunna oru savishesha plaattphom kaar upayogikkunnu. ferrariyil ninnu uruthirinja cross-playin, vettu sump lubricated 90° vii8 enchin enniva powertrainil ulppedunnu. 7, 500 aarpmminte enchin redline 7,600 aarpmminte revu limittarumulla 7,000 arpmil paramavadhi power aouttputtum 4,750 arpmil (2,500 arpmil 80 sathamaanam) peak tork aayi enchin prakadanatthinte mikacha kanakkukal sangrahikkaam. vii8 enchinu variable timing, intake vaalvukal, 11.3:1 enna compression anupatham ennivayundu. aarr speed transaxil gearboxinu steering kolatthile paadilukaliloode computerised gear selection undu, ithu maanuval-normal; maanuval-sports; automatic-normal; automatic-sports, vettu modukalil upayogikkaam. sports mooad thiranjedukkumbol gearboxinu 175 millisekkandinullil gearukal maattaan kazhiyum. parimithamaaya slip differential kaarinu undu. prakadanam. 8sii kompattisiyonil prathyekamaayi vikasippicha 20 inch tayarukal gadippichirikkunnu munvashath <aii. dii. 2>, pinnil <aii. dii. 1>, draavaka mould cheytha aluminium upayogichu nirmmicha sushira chakrangal chuttunnu. kaarinte breakkukal, athaayath brembo kaarban seramic unitukal, rooad & track magazin "asaadhaaranam" ennu vilikkunnu, nirtthal dooram, oru prarambha vegathayil yaatra cheyyumbol. audyogika topp speed audyogikamaayi udharichirikkunnu, pakshe ithu kooduthalaayirikkaam, "rooad & track" magazin anusarichu ithu chuttum undaakaamenn kanakkakkunnu.<ruffer peru = "rooad aandu track".com/lekhanam "> </rafa> 8sii chilanthi. 2005-leeii chilanthi ashayam. 2005 leeii pebble beach konkozhs dii elegansil, alfa romeo 2003 ll avatharippicha kompattisiyoon koopp aashayathinte roadstar pathippaya 8 sii spider anaachaadanam cheythu. caroseria marasiyaanu spider ashayam nirmmichathu. 8sii chilanthiyude uthpaadanam 2007 septambar 25 nuu sergio maarchiyon sthireekarichu. 500 yoonittukalude parimithamaaya ulppaadana oottathil chilanthi nirmmikkumenn prakhyaapichu, ithinu ekadesham 2,27,000 dollar (165,000 euro) chelavu varum, ithu koopp pathippinekkaal ganyamaayi kooduthalaanu. 2008-leeii nirmmaana pathipp. 2008 leeii jeneeva motor shoyilaan nirmmaana pathipp anaachaadanam cheythath.<ref namam = "italiuspeed".coom/2008 "> 8sii chilanthiyude uthpaadanam 2009ll modenayil aarambhichu, kooppilethupole kaarukal nirmmikkanulla chumatala maaseraattiyilaan. 500 kaarukal aadyam nirmmikkendiyirunpol, maandyathinte aaghaatham kaaranam, nikuthi ozhikeyulla oronninum 199,000 euro (174,000 poundu) vilayulla motham 329 chilanthikal maathramaan nirmmichathu. 329 chilanthikalil 35 ennavum amerikkayilekku uddeshichullathaayirunnu. amerikkayil 8sii chilanthikku adisthaana vila 299,000 dolaraayirunnu. 2011 october lakkathil 'ivo (magazin)' 8sii chilanthi 'mikacha shabda kaar' enna padavi nedi. 8sii chilanthiyude uyarnna vegatha koopp pathippinekkaal alpam mandagathiyilaanennu alfa romeo avakaashappedunnu. chilanthiyude breakkukal brembo kaarban-seramic yoonittukalaan. electrically oopparettad fabric roof rund paalikalullathaanu chilanthiyude melkoora. 50/50 bhaara vitharanam nilanirthaan sramikkunnathinaayi kaarban fiber upayogichaanu windshield frame nirmmichirikkunnathu. coach biltt veriyantukal. prashastha coach bildermaaraaya caroseria touringilum sagaattoyilum ninnu niravadhi bespok pathippukalkk 8sii thudakkamittu. sagaatto ts3 corsa. racingile alfa romeoyude 100 varsham (oru noottaand) aaghoshikkunnathinaayi nirmmicha ts 3 (athinaal ts 3 corsa, itaaliyan bhashayil rays ennartham varunna corsa) yude track pathippaanu alfa romeo ts 3 corsa. 2010ll italiyile concorso dii eleganza villa dii estteyil aadyamaayi avatharippikkukayum vijayikkukayum cheytha oru kaaraan corsa. alfa romeo 8sii kompattisiyonine adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee savishesha kaar jarmman collector martin kaappin vendiyaanu nirmmichathu, ithu vilppanaykko malsarangalkko uddeshichullathalla. kaarban fiber chesiyum hand beett aluminium bodiyum kaaranam kaarinu bhaaramund. 4. 2 littar dry sump vii8 enchin ts3-ll gadippichirikkunnu, athu rettucheythirikkunnu. 6 speed automated maanuval gearboxulla kaarinu uyarnna vegatha kaivarikkaan kazhiyum. ithinu 0 muthal 3.5 secondinullil vegatha vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. chila tubular gadakangalulla kaarban fiber monococcaanu chassis. munnilum pinnilum ulla suspension sajjeekaranam, pushrod actuated koyil springukalulla eratta vishbonukalaanu. instaal cheytha damperukal nalkunnathu öhlins aanu. samanamaaya perilulla alfa romeo ts 3 stradel 8siye adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla, kaaranam ithu dodge wiper acrine adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla, 8siyude uthpaadanam avasaanichathinu sheshamaan nirmmichathu. touring vazhi alfa romeo disco volent. touring vazhi alfa romeo disco volent 2013 ll caroseria touring nirmmicha rund seettar kooppaanu. ithu alfa romeo 8 sii kompattisiyonine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. 1950kalile disco volantil ninnaan modalinte peru uruthirinjathu. 4. 7 littar displacementinte frond-central enchinaanu ithu, ithu tork nalkunnu. aarr speed automated maanuval traansmishanodukoodiya rear wheel drive aanu disco volaant. transmission parimithamaaya slip deferential ulla oru transaxil aanu, athesamayam suspension swatantra chathushkonavum aluminium kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. 0 muthal 4.2 secondinullil vegatha vardhippikkaan kazhiyunna kaarinu paramavadhi vegathayil ethaan kazhiyum. chaaran. 2016 maarchil nadanna janeeva motor shoyil disco volaantinte oru spider pathipp avatharippichu. ezhu kaarukal maathram uthppaadippicha parimithamaaya parambara. ithu alfa romeo 8sii spider chesiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. ulppaadana nambarukal, vipanikal, sradheyamaaya udamakal. 8sii kompattisiyoon 500 yoonittukalude parimithamaaya ulppaadanathilaanu nirmmichathu, koodaathe alfa romeo yadhaarthathil muzhuvan ulppaadanavum niravadhi nirddishta vipanikalkkidayil neekkivachu (pattika kaanuka). 500 kaarukalude muzhuvan ulppaadanavum athivegam vittupoyi. 1995ll pinmariya sesham 2008ll alfa romeo american vipaniyilekku thirichethiya 8sii. aadyathe 8sii 2007 octoberil oru itaaliyan upabhokthaavin kaimari. aadyathe american-maarkkat 8sii 2008 novemberil "001 usa" rajistreshan plettukal dharichu kandu. bespok ferrari enso adisthaanamaakkiyulla pii4/5-nte udamayaayi ariyappedunna philim director stokku exchange magnattumaaya jaims glickenhouse aanu kaar vaangiyath. 2008 avasaanathode 8siyude nirmmaana pravartthanam poortthiyaayi. avasaanathe alfa romeo 8sii kompattisiyoon boosttan pradeshathu ninnulla oru itaaliyan-american kaar collectork amerikkayilekku kaimari. antharicha phiyatt sii. iii. oo sergio marchioninu 8sii kompattisiyonum 8sii chilanthiyum undaayirunnu. phiyatt presidentum udamayumaaya joonn elkkan maseratti kalar renchinte bhagamaaya blue oosiyaano enna prathyeka vasthrathil 8sii kompattisiyoon swanthamaakki. newyork metts kalikkaranaaya yonis sespides 2016 februvariyil floridayile pariseelana campilekku oru cherry redu 8sii kompattisiyoon oodichu.

alfa romio reed spardha alfa romio reed competizione hii 2007 teey 2010 darmyan italian marqa alfa romione tayar keleli eka sports qaar aahe. 2003 chya frankfurt motor shomadhye tee pahilyanda sankalpana qaar mhanoon sadar karnyat aalee hotee. heey naav aath-cylinder (italianmadhye "cylindro") engine (8 see) aanee alfa romiochi sharyat vanshaval ("competizione", 'spardha' sathee italian) sandarbhit karate. karchya utpadanat pravesh hoil yaa adhikrut ghoshanenantar companyla redusaaathii 1,400 hoon adhik aurder midalya. tathapi, keval 500 grahakanna reed spardha midali aanee aanakhi 329 grahakanna reed spider midale, jyamule ekoon utpadan 829 qaar jhaale. 2003 sankalpana qaar. reed spardha hii 2003 saalee frankfurt motor shomadhye pahilyanda lokansamor dakhavali gelee. centro style alfa romio yethe wolfgang egarne rachana keleli, julya aasananchya olee 1950 aanee 1960 chya dashkatil alfa romio automobileschya shailila pratidhvanit karnyasathi aahet aanee 'spardha' heey naav 1948 chya hii 2500 spardhecha sandarbh aahe, jyane 1949 aanee aanee mille miglia sharyatit bhag ghetala aanee donhi vela tisare sthan midavale. yaa done sharyatinchya uttaradhat qaar juan-emmanuel fangio aanee augusto zanardi yanni chalavali hotee. tyane 1950 chaa targa florio jinkla. eka 3.0-litre namuna tayar karnyat aala hota parantu tayar karnyat aala navhata. hii hii 2500 models yuddhapoorv gadyanshi jodalya gelelya shevatchya vahananpaiki eka hotee. hii sankalpana purnapane drive trainshivay eka shaili abhyas mhanoon hotee. 2007 nirmiti aavrutti. mondial dii laal 'automobile 2006" darmyan, alfa romeone reed competizione (500 units) chey utpadan jaheer kele. nirmiti aavrutti hii sankalpaneshi khoop samaan aahe; bahereel sarvat motha farak mhanje mageel-hinged hood. itar kirkol badalanmadhye zenon dive vaparnare samorche dive, eka manak wiper pranali, jaali bajucha vent aanee chake yancha samavesh hota, jyat cloverliffe logochi nakkal karnari rachana hotee. hii qaar alfa laal kinwa kalya rangat manak aalee. motee pivala aanee vishesh spardha laal dekhil eka paryay mhanoon upalabdh hotee. rung-teey-namuna rung atirikt shulkasathi dekhil upalabdh hote aanee mhanoon, gadyanchi nirmiti nirmiti rangansarkhya vividh ranganmadhye kelee jaat hotee, jyat maserati shreni (fuji pandhara, nila avio, nila osiano, grigio nuvolari) aanee ferrari shreni (nila pozzy, vinashiya {aubarjin) hotee. bodyshell heey carbon fiberpasoon tayar kele jaate, jeey aii. tii. aar. gatadware tayar kele jaate. carbon fiber boddy steelchya chesisvar basavali jaate, jee italian company itta prodzionne tayar kelee aahe. antim baithak modena yetheel maserati karkhanyat jhaali.<riif naav = "italiaspeed".com/2008/motor _ shhow/jineva "> </ref> 2010 chya goodwood festival auph speedmadhye mukhya shilpavar 8 see spardha darshavili gelee hotee. urvarit done alfa romio romio eka dekhil pradarshanacha bhag hota. power train. qaar eka adviteey platform vaparte jeey maserati granturismos anek ghatak samayik karate. powertrainmadhye ferrari/maserati vyutpann cross-plain, ole sump vangan 90° sump engine aahe jeey feraridware ekatra kele jaate. enginechya kamal kamgirichya aakadyancha saransh 7,000 aar. pii. emm. varr kamal veej utpadan aanee 4,750 aar. pii. emm. varr (2,500 aar. pii. emm. varr 80 takke) peak torq, 7,500 aar. pii. emm. chya engine redlines aanee 7,600 aar. pii. emm. chya rave limiters keela jaau shakato. sump enginemadhye badalatya veleche, sevan zadapanche aanee 11.3:1 chey sampidan gunottar aahe. sahaa-speed transaxal gearboxmadhye steering columveril paddledware sanganakikrut gear nivad aahe aanee teey manual-normal; manual-spoort; automatic-normal; automatic-spoort aanee wait modmadhye vaparale jaau shakate. jevha spoort mode nivadala jaato tevha gearbox 175 milisekandanmadhye gears halavoo shakato. karmadhye maryadit slip farak dekhil aahe. kamgiri. reed competizionmadhye vishesh vikasit 20 inchache tyre basavalele aaheth samoril bajus 245/35 aanee mageel bajus 285/35, drav molded aluminiumpasoon tayar kelelya chhidrit chakanvar gundallele. karchya break, jeey brembo carbon syremic units aahet, tyanna road andd track masikane 'abhootpurv' mhatale aahe, jyache thambanyache antar, 1.00 chya prarambhik vegane pravas kartana aahe. adhikrut uchch veg adhikrutpane uddhrut keela aahe parantu too jaast asoo shakato, andajanusar too 'road andd track' masikanusar asoo shakato.<sandarbh naav = "rasta aanee marg.com/lekh "> </ref> reed kolee. 2005 saalee spider sankalpana. sankalpana pebal beach conkers dii 'elegansmadhye, alfa romeone reed spiderche anavaran kele, jee jee sadar kelelya competizione koop sankalpanechi roadster aavrutti aahe. spider sankalpana carozaria marazine tayar kelee hotee. 25 september 2007 roji sergio marchion yanni reed kolichya utpadanachi pushti kelee. ashee ghoshana karnyat aalee qee kolee 500 unitschya maryadit utpadanat tayar keela jaeel aanee sumare $227,000 (€165,000) kharch yeil, joou koop aavruttipeksha lakshaniy jaast aahe. 2008 utpadan aavrutti. 2008 chya jineva motor shomadhye nirmiti aavruttiche anavaran karnyat aale.<riif naav = "italiaspeed".com/2008 "> reed koliche utpadan 2009 madhye modenamadhye suru jhaale, jyat kupepramanech maseratine qaar tayar karnyacha karyabhar sambhalala. suruvatila 500 gadyanche utpadan honar hote, tarr mandichya parinamamule, curr vagalata pratyeki €199,000 (£174,000) kimmatichya ekoon 329 kolee tayar karnyat aale. 329 paiki 35 kolee united statesmadhye jayache. americet reed spiderchi mool kimmat 299,000 americi dollar hotee. aktoobar 2011 chya 'ivo' (masika) chya ankat reed spiderne 'sarvottam dhwani qaar' chaa kitab jinkla. alfa romeocha dawa aahe qee reed kolicha sarvoch veg aahe, jyamule too koop aavruttipeksha kinchit mand hoto. kolivaril break heey brembo carbon-syremic unit asatat. koliche done tharanche vidyut sanchalit kapad chhappar asate. vajanache 50/50 vitaran rakhanyasathi windshield frame carbon fiberpasoon banavali jaate. koch nirmit prakar. gele prasiddha prashikshak bandhav carozaria touring aanee zagato yanchya anek bespoke aavrutya nirman kelya. zagato romeo coursa. alfa romeo romeo coursa hii romeochii track aavrutti aahe (mhanunach romeo coursa heey naav, coursa mhanje italianmadhye sharyat) jee sharyatit alfa romeochi 100 varshe (eka shatak) sajari karnyasathi bandhali gelee aahe. coursa hii eka qaar aahe jee pahilyanda 2010 madhye italitil concourso dii 'eleganza villa dii' este yethe sadar karnyat aalee aanee jinkley gelee. alfa romio reed competizionavar aadharit hii anokhi qaar german collector martin capsathi tayar karnyat aalee hotee aanee tee vikrisathi kinwa spardhansathi nahee. karche vajan carbon fiber chesis aanee hatane marlelya aluminium bodymule aahe. 4. 2 litterche dry sump sump engine romeo madhye basavale aahe, jyache moolyankan kele aahe. yaa karmadhye 6-speed svayanchalit manual gearbox aahe aanee too ovharcha sarvoch veg prapt karnyas saksham aahe. teey 0 pasoon 3.5 sekandat veg vadhavu shakate. chesis haah carbon-fiber monocock aahe jyamadhye kahee nalikeey ghatak aahet. suspension setup, samore aanee mage, duheri ichcha aahet, jyat pushroad sakriy coil springs aahet. sthapit kelele damper ohlinsdware puravale jaatat. samaan naav asalele alfa romeo romeo stradel heey redavraar aadharit nahee, kaaran teey dodge viper acrvar aadharit honyaeivaji redcheeii utpadan sampalyanantar tayar kele gele hote. alfa romio disco voluntmadhye firoon. alfa romio disco volunt touringdware done aasananchi koop aahe, jee 2013 madhye carozaria toordware bandhali gelee. tee alfa romio reed competizionavar aadharit aahe. modelche naav 1950 chya disco voluntveroon ghetale aahe. 4. 7 litter visthapanachya samoril-madhyavarti engines susajj, teey torq aanee torq pradan karate. disco volunt hii sahaa-speed svayanchalit manual transmissions mageel chaak chalavanari aahe. prasaran heey maryadit-slip vibhedak asalele eka transxal aahe, tarr nilamban swatantra chaturbhuj aahe aanee aluminiumpasoon banalele aahe. qaar 0 teey 4.2 sekandat veg vadhavanyas saksham aahe aanee 4.8 chya uchch vegaparyant pohochu shakate. spider. march 2016 madhye jineva motor shomadhye disco voluntchi eka spider aavrutti sadar karnyat aalee. keval saat gadyanchi maryadit malika tayar karnyat aalee. heey alfa romeo reed spider chesisvar aadharit aahe. utpadan sankhya, bajarpetha aanee ullekhaneey malak. reed spardha 500 unitschya maryadit utpadan prakriyet bandhali gelee hotee aanee alfa romione moolatah sampoorn utpadan anek nirdisht bajarpethanmadhye rakhoon thewale hote (takta pahaa). 500 gadyanche sampoorn utpadan lavkarach vikale gele. gele 1995 madhye maghar ghetalyanantar 2008 madhye alfa romioche american bajarat punragman kele. aktoobar 2007 madhye pahile reed italian grahakala denyat aale. pahile american-market reed november 2008 madhye "101 usa" nondani falak paridhan karoon pahile gele. hii qaar chitrapat digdarshak aanee stock exchangeche magnet james glickenhoss yanni kharedi kelee hotee, jeey bespoke ferrari enzo-aadharit enzo-aadharit chey malak mhanoonahi olakhale jaatat. redchii nirmiti 2008 chya akheris purn jhaali. shevatchi alfa romio reed spardha boston bhagatil italian-american qaar sangrahkala united statesla denyat aalee. divangat fiate see. eae. oo. sergio marchion yanchyakade reed competizione aanee reed spider donhi hote. fietche adhyaksh aanee malak johnn elcan yanchyakade blue osiano navachya vishesh rangeet reed spardha dekhil aahe, jee maserati rung shrenicha bhag aahe. newyorkcha mets kheladu yonis sespeeds yane februwari 2016 madhye floridatil prashikshan shibirat cherry reed reed spardha chalavali.

alfa romeo 8see pratiyogita alfa romeo 8see competigion sann 2007 rar 2010 ko bichma italian mark alfa romiyodwara nirmit ek sports carr how. yasalai pahilo patak sann 2003 ko frankfurt motor shoma concept karko rupma prastut garieko thiyo. namle atha-cylinder (italianma "cylindro") injin (8see) rar alfa romeoko resing vanshavali ("competigio", "pratispardha" kaa lagi italian) lai janaunchha. carr utpadanma prawesh garne adhikarik ghoshana bhaepachi companyle 8sika lagi 1,400 bhanda badhi arderharu prapta garyo. yadyapi, kewal 500 grahakharule 8see competigian rar anya 329 grahakharule 8see spiderko sath utpadan garera kull 829 karharu lyae. sann 2003 ko concept carr. 8see competigian pahilo patak sann 2003 maa frankfurt motor shoma janatama dekhaieko thiyo. centro style alfa romeoma wolfgang egardwara design garieko, jumlyaha sitka lineharu 1950 rar 1960 ko dashakko alfa romeo automobileko styleko pratidhwani garnaka lagi how, rar "competigian" naam 1948 6see 2500 competigianko sandarbha how, jasle 1949 rar 1950 millie myelia daudama pratispardha गऱ्यो। rar duwai patak tesro sthan prapta गऱ्यो।. yee dui daudako pachhillo bhagma carr juan-emmanuel fangiyo rar augusto janardile chalaeka thie. yasale sann 1950 ko targa florio jityo. euta 3.0-litre prototype nirman garieko thiyo tara utpadan garieko thiena. yee 6see 2500 modelharu yuddhapurva karharusanga link bhaeka antim sawari sadhanharu madhye thie. yo awadharana vishudha rupma kunai drive train binako styling abhyasko lagi thiyo. 2007 utpadan sanskaran. mondial day law 'automobile 2006" ko samayama, alfa romeole 8see competigian (500 ekaiharu) ko utpadanko ghoshana garyo. utpadan sanskaran awadharanasanga dherai mildojuldo chha; bahirima sabaibhanda thulo bhinnata pachhadi-hinged hood how. anya sanah pariwartanharuma front lightharu samawesh thie, jasma jinon battiharu, ek manak wiper pranali, ek zaal side bhent, rar pangraharu prayog garieko thiyo, jasma cloverleaf logoko nakkal garne design thiyo. carr alfa rato wa callo rangma manak ayo. moti pahenlo rar vishesh pratiyogita rato pani wikalpako rupma upalabdha thie. rung-dekhi-namuna rangharu pani atirikta shulka lagi upalabdha thie, rar tyasaile, karharu seto jasta rangharuko wistrit shrinkhalama utpadan garieko thiyo, maserati dayara (fuji seto, nilo ebhiyo, nilo oseano, grizio nuwolari) rar ferrari dayara (nilo pozzi, bhinaxia {auberjin}). bodyshell carbon fibrebata baneko hunchha, atr samuhadwara utpadan garinchha. carbon fibre buddy still chesisma fitt garieko chha, italian company itta prodjiondwara banaieko how. antim baithak modenako maserati karkhanama bhaeko thiyo.<ref naam = "italiaspeed.com/2008/Motor _ pradarshani/jenebha "> </ref> sann 2010 ko goodwod festival aff speedma mukhya murtikla 8see pratispardhama chitrit garieko thiyo. baanki dui alfa romeo pee 2 ess madhye ek pani pradarshanko hissa thiyo. pawar train. karle ek adwitiya platform prayog gardacha jasle maserati granturismosanga dherai componentharu sajha gardacha. powertrainma ferrari/maseratibata wyutpanna cruss-plain, bhijeko sampa lubricated 90abhi8 injin feraridwara bhela garieko chha. shirsha injin pradarshan tathyankaharu 7,000 arpiemko adhikatam pawar output rar 4,750 rpm (2,500 rpma 80 pratishat) ko shikhar toqko rupma 7,500 arpiemko injin redline rar 7,600 arpiemko rev limiterko sath saranshit garna sakinchha. bhi8 enginema pariwartanshil samaya, intech bhalbha rar 11.3:1 ko compression anupata chha. chha-gatiko transaxal gearboxsanga steering stambhama paddleharuko madhyambata computerykrit gear chayan chha rar manual-samanya; manual-sport; swachalit-samanya; swachalit-khel rar bhije modharuma prayog garna sakinchha. khel mode chayan garda gearboxle 175 millisecondma giyarharu sarna sakchha. karma simit slip bhinnata pani chha. pradarshan. 8see competigian vishesh rupma wiksit 20-inch tyreharule susajjit chhah agadi 245/35 rar pachhadi 285/35, taral molded aluminiumbata banaieko chhidrit pangraharu waripari lapetieko chha. karko breakharu, june brembo carbon cyremic ekaiharu hun, "road anned track" patrikadwara "abhutpurva" bhaninchha, jasko prarambhik gatima yatra garda, ko ek rokine duriko sath. adhikarik shirsha gati adhikarik rupma uddhrit garieko chha tara yo "road anned track" patrika anusar waripari huna sakchha bhanne anumanka sath yo badhi huna sakchha.<ref naam = "road anned track.com/article "> </ref> 8see spider. sann 2005 maa spider awadharana. sann 2005 ko paybal bitch conkers dee 'alegencema, alfa romeole 8see spiderko anawaran gare, june sann 2003 maa prastut garieko competigian kupe awadharanako roadster sanskaran how. spider awadharana carogeria marajidwara nirman garieko thiyo. september 25,2007 maa sergio marchionnele 8see spiderko utpadanlai pushti gareka thie. yo ghoshana garieko thiyo kii spider 500 ekaiharuko simit utpadan daudama nirman garinechha rar yasako lagat lagbhag yues $227,000 (€165,000) hunechha, june kupe sanskaran bhanda dherai badhi how. 2008 utpadan sanskaran. utpadan sanskaran 2008 jenebha motor shoma anawaran garieko thiyo.<ref naam = "italiaspeed.8see spiderko utpadan sann 2009 maa modenama suru bhayo, jasma kupe jastai karharu nirman garne jimmewari maseratiko thiyo. jabki 500 karharu muel rupma utpadan garna baanki thiyo, mandiko prabhawka karan, kull 329 makuraharu matra utpadan gariyo, pratyekko mulya karharu bahek €199,000 (£174,000) thiyo. 329 madhye 35 wata makuraharu sanyukta rajya americaka lagi nirdharit thie. sanyukta rajya americama 8see spiderko adhar mulya yues $299,000 thiyo. october 2011 ko "ibho (patrika)" ko ankama 8see spiderle 'best sounding carr' ko upadhi jityo. alfa romeole dabi gardacha kii 8see spiderko shirsha gati how, jasle yasalai kupe sanskaran bhanda alie dhilo banaunchha. spiderma breakharu brembo carbon-cyremic ekaiharu hun. makadama dui-taha vidyutiya rupma sanchalit kapadako chhat hunchha. windshield frame carbon fibrebata baneko chha jasle 50/50 wazan witaran kayam rakhne prayas gardacha. koch nirmit sanskaranharu. 8sile prakhyat coachbuilders carogeria touring rar jagatobata dherai bespok sanskaranharu utpanna garyo. jagato teased3 coursa. alfa romeo teased3 coursa teased3 ko track sanskaran how (tyasaile naam teased3 coursa, coursa jasko artha italianma daud how) resingma alfa romeoko 100 warsha (ek shatabdi) manauna nirman garieko how. coursa ek carr how june pahilo patak italyko 2010 ko concurso dee 'aleganza bhila dee' esteko samayama prastut garieko thiyo rar jityo. alfa romeo 8see competigionama adharit yo adwitiya carr german collector martin capka lagi banaieko thiyo rar bikri wa pratiyogitaka lagi laxit chhaina. karko carbon fibre chesis rar hatle prahar garieko aluminium badika karan karko taul hunchha. 4 literko dry sampa bhi8 injin teased 3 maa fitt garieko chha june rett garieko chha. karma 6-speed swachalit manual gearbox chha rar yo obharko shirsha gati prapta garna saksham chha. yo 0 dekhi 3.5 secondma chhito huna sakchha. chesis kehi tubeler tatwaharu bhaeko carbon fibre monocock how. nilamban setup, agadi, rar pachhadi, double vishabonharu hun, pushroad sakriya koil springsko sath. sthapit damperharu ohlinsdwara pradan garinchha. saman namko alfa romeo teased 3 stradel 8sima adharit chhaina, kinki yo doz bhaipar ae. sii. arr. maa adharit hunuko satta 8siko utpadan samapta bhaepachi banaieko thiyo. bhraman garera alfa romeo disco bholanta. bhramandwara alfa romeo disco bholanta dui-sitt bhaeko kupe how, june 2013 maa carogeria bhramandwara nirman garieko thiyo. yo alfa romeo 8see pratispardhama adharit chha. modelko naam sann 1950 ko disco bholantabata liieko how. 4. 7 litter wisthapanko front-central enginesanga susajjit, yasale turk rar deliver gardacha. disco bholanta chha-gatiko swachalit manual transmissionko sath rear-wheel-drive how. prasaran simit-slip bhinnata bhaeko transaxal how, jabki nilamban swatantra chaturbhuj how rar aluminiumbata baneko chha. karle 0 dekhi 4.2 secondma gati badhauna saksham chha rar yasako uccha gatima pugna sakchha. spider. disco bholantako spider sanskaran march 2016 maa jenebha motor shoma prastut garieko thiyo. kewal satawata karharuko simit shrinkhala nirman garieko thiyo. yo alfa romeo 8see spider chesisma adharit chha. utpadan sankhya, bazar rar ullekhaniya malikharu. 8see competigian 500 ekaiharuko simit utpadan daudama nirman garieko thiyo, rar alfa romeole muel rupma dherai nirdishta bajarharu (talika hernuhos) ko bichma sampurna utpadanlai chhutyae. 500 wata karko sampurna utpadan chaandai bikri bhayo. sann 1995 maa firta liepachhi 2008 maa alfa romeoko americi bajarma punaragman bhaeko 8sile chinha lagayo. pahilo 8see october 2007 maa italian grahaklai deliver garieko thiyo. pahilo americi-bazar 8see november 2008 maa "101 usa" darta plateharu lagaera dekhieko thiyo. carr film nirdeshak rar stock exchange magnet james glickenhasle kineka thie, jaslai bespok ferrari enjo-adharit pee4/5 ko malikaka rupma pani chininchha. 8siko utpadan runn 2008 ko antyama pura bhaeko thiyo. antim alfa romeo 8see competigian sanyukta rajya americama boston kshetrabata italian-americi carr collectorlai pathaieko thiyo. swargiya fiet ceo sergio marchiyonnesanga 8see competigian rar 8see spider duwaiko swamitwa thiyo. fietka adhyaksha rar malik john elkansanga pani blue oseano bhanine vishesh wardima 8see competigian chha, june maserati rung dayarako hissa how. newyork mates kheladi yonis sespedesle february 2016 maa floridama prashikshan shivirma chery redd 8see pratiyogita chalae.

alfa romeo eka pratijogita alfa romeo eka competigion heuchhi eka sports carr jaahaa jaahaa 2010 madhyare italiah marck alfa romeo dwara utpadita hoithila. ehaaku prathame 2003 frankfurt motor shore eka dharana carr bhabare upasthapana karajaithila. ehi naama aatha-cylinder (italiah bhasare "cylindro") injin injin ebong alfa romeor resing banshanukram ("competigion", "pratijogita" paain italiah) ku suchita kare . carr utpadanare prabesha kariba bolly sarkari ghoshana parey company eka paain 1,400 ru adhika order paithila . tebe, maatra 500 grahaka eka competigion ebong eka spider sahita anya 329 grahaka hassel karithile, jaahaa mote utpadanaku 829 kaaraku aanithila. 2003rahr dharana kaara. 2003 masihare frankfurt motor shoe 'ray eka competigion prathame janasadharananku dekhajaithila. centro style alfa romiore walfaganga egarnka dwara design hoithiba, tuin citterer line 1950 ebong 1960 dashkar alfa romeo automobilera styleku pratidhwanita karibaku uddista, ebong "competigion" naama 1948 ehi 2500 competigion ku sandarbhita kare, jaahaa 1949 ebong 1950 millie miglia resare pratidwandita karithila ebong ubhaja thara truteeja sthana hassel karithila . ehi duiti daudara shesh bhagare carty juan-emmanuel fangio ebong augusto janardinka dwara parichalita hoithila. ehaa 1950 targa florio jitithila. eka 3.0-litre prototype nirmana karajaithila kintu utpadita hoinathila. ehi ehi 2500 model juddha-purba kaara sahita sanjukta shesh janagudika madhyare thila . ehi dharanati sampurna bhabe eka styling byayam thila jeunthire kaunasi drive train nathila . 2007 utpadana sanskarana. mandial dii laal 'automobile 2006" samajare, alfa romeo eka competigion (500 unit) rahr utpadana ghoshana karithile. utpadana sanskaranati dharana sahita bahuta samaana; bahya tulanare sabutharu budd parthakya heuchhi pacha-hinga hood . anya chhot chhot paribartanagudika madhyare agapata light, jeunthire jinan lamp, eka manaka wiper system, eka mesh side bhent ebong chakia byabahara karajaithila, jahara eka design thila jaahaa clover liff logoku anukaran karuthila . ehi karati alfa redd kimba kalaa rangare manaka bhabare asithila. haladia mukta ebong swatantra pratijogita laal madhya eka bikalpa bhabare upalabdha thila . atirikta moolyare ranga-ru-namuna ranga madhya upalabdha thila, ebong tenu, kargudika eka maserati renz (fuji dhalaa, neela aabhio, neela oceano, grigio nubholari) ebong ferrari renz (neela poji, bhinasia {ouberjin) sahita dhalaa pari bibhinna rangare utpadita hoithila . bodyshell carbon faibarare tiari, jaahaa aii. tii. aarr. group dwara utpadita . italian company ita prodgeon dwara nirmita eka still chesire carbon fiber buddy fitt hoichhi . modenara maserati karakhanare antim baithaka anusthita hoithila.<ref naama = "italiaspeed".com/2008/Motor _ pradarshani/jenebha "> </ref> 2010 goodoud festival off speed ray mukhya bhaskarjyare eka eka pratijogita pradarshita hoithila . abasista duiti alfa romeo romeo madhyaru gotie madhya pradarshanara ansha thila . pawara train. ehi karati eka ananya platform byabahara karithae, jaahaa maserati granturismo sahita aneka upadanaku bantithae. powertrain eka ferrari/maserati utpanna cross-plain, bhija sampa lubricated 90° sampa injinaku ferrari dwara ekatrita kare . enginer sarbottama pradarshan parisankhyanaku 7,000 rpmre sarbadhika shakti utpadana ebong 4,750 rpmre (2,500 rpmre 80 pratishata) sarbadhika turk bhabe sankhyepita karajaipare, jeunthire 7,500 rpmra injin redline ebong 7,600 rpmra riva limiter rahichhi. sampa injin rahr paribartanashila samai, intech bhalav ebong 11.3:1 rahr eka compression anupata achhi . chhaa-speed transaxal gijarabaksare stiaring stambhare paddle madhyamare computerykarana gear chayan achhi ebong ehaaku manual-narmal; manual-sport; automatic-narmal; automatic-sports ebong wait modre byabahara karajaipariba . jetebele sport mode chayan karajae, setebele gearbox 175 milisekendare gear badalaipare. ehi karare eka seemita slip bhinnata madhya rahichhi. pradarshan. eka competigionre swatantra bhabe bikashita 20 inch tayara rahichhi, jeunthire aagapatare aagapatare ebong pachapatare pachapatare rahichhi, jaahaa tarala padarthare tiari aluminiyamaru tiari chhidrajukta chakia charipate aabruta. carror break, jaahaa brembo carbon syramic unit, ehaaku "road anded track" patrika dwara "asadharana" bolly kuhajae, jetebele prarambhika begare jatra kariba samajare, eka staping durata sahita. sarkari sarbadhika begaku sarkari bhabare uddhruta karajaichi kintu ehaa adhika hoipare, akalana sahita ehaa "road anded track" patrika anujai pakhapakhi hoipare .<ref naama = "road anded track.com/article "> </ref> eka makadasa. 2005 spider dharana 2005 ray paybal belabhumi concore dii 'eligencere, alfa romeo 8 sii spider unmochan karithile, jaahaa 2003 ray upasthapita competigion kup dharanara eka roadster sanskarana . spider dharana carogeria marajinka dwara nirmita hoithila . september 25,2007 ray sargio marchionka dwara eka makadmar utpadana nischita karajaithila. ehaa ghoshana karajaithila je makadaku 500 unitor seemita utpadana daudare nirmana karajiba ebong ehara mulya praiah $227,000 (€165,000) heba, jaahaa kup sanskarana apekhya yathesta adhika . 2008 utpadana sanskarana. 2008 jenebha motor shoe 'ray ehi utpadanara sanskarana unmochan karajaithila.<ref naama = "italiaspeed".comm/2008 "> modenare, eka makadara utpadana utpadana arambha hoithila, jeunthire kup bhali maserati kaara utpadana dajitware thile. jetebele kii 500 kaara moolatah utpadana karajibara thila, arthika mandabasthara prabhaba hetu, mote thila। makad utpadana karajaithila, pratyekatira mulya ticks byatita €199,000 (£174,000) thila. thila। makadasa madhyaru madhyaru america abhimukhe uddista thila. aamerikare eka makadmar moola mulya 299,000 americae dollar thila. october october 'ibho (patrika)' rahr sanchikare eka makadasa 'shrestha dhwani carr' rahr title jitithila. alfa romeo daabi karichanti je eka makadmar sarbadhika bega heuchhi, jaahaa ehaaku kup sanskarana tulanare samanya manthara karithae . makadasara brekagudika heuchhi brembo carbon-syramic unit . ehi makadmar dui-stariah bidyuta chalita kapada chhatara byabastha rahichhi. windshield frame eka 50/50 ojana bunton bajaiah rakhibaku chesta kariba paain carbon faibarare tiari . coach nirmita bhariant. eka prasidha coach builder carogeria turing ebong jagatoru aneka bespok sanskarana srusti karithila . jagato tii. jaded. 3 coursa. alfa romeo romeo coursa heuchhi heuchhi track sanskarana (tenu naama romeo coursa, coursa arthat italiah bhasare dauda) resingre alfa romeor 100 barsha (eka shatabdi) palana kariba paain nirmita . coursa heuchhi eka carr jaahaa prathame italyra 2010 concourso dii 'eleganja bhila dii' estere upasthapita hoithila ebong jitithila . alfa romeo eka competigion upare aadharita ehi ananya carr german collector martin kapnka paain prastuta karajaithila ebong ehaa bikrai kimba pratijogita paain uddista nuhen . carror carbon fiber chassis ebong hatara bitt aluminium buddy karanaru carror ojana hoithae. eka 4.2 litter shukhila sampa sampa injin romeo ray fitt hoichhi jaahaa reting hoichhi . ehi karare 6-speed automated manual gear bucks rahichhi ebong ehaa sarbadhika bega hassel karibare sakhyama. ehaa 0 ru 3.5 sekendare twaranwita hoipare . chassis heuchhi kichhi naleeja upadan sahita eka carbon-fiber monocock . suspension setup, aaga ebong pacha, duiti wisbone, jeunthire pusrod actuated kundali spring achhi . sthapita dampergudika ohlin dwara pradan karajae . samaana namara alfa romeo romeo stradel eka upare aadharita nuhen, kaaran ehaa doz bhaipar acr upare aadharita heba paribarte eka utpadana shesh heba parey nirmita hoithila. bhraman curry alfa romeo disco bhalante. bhraman dwara alfa romeo disco bholante heuchhi eka dui aasana bisista kupa, jaahaa 2013 ray carogeria bhraman dwara nirmita hoithila. ehaa alfa romeo 8 sii pratijogita upare aadharita . modelor naama 1950 dashkar disco bholanteru aasichhi. 4. 7 litter stanantarara sammukh-kendriah injin sahita sajjit, ehaa turk ebong bitarana kare . disco bholante heuchhi chhaa-speed swajanchalita manual transmission sahita rear-whill-drive . prasarana eka seemita-slip differencial sahita eka transaxal, jetebele nilamban swadheena chaturbhuja ebong aluminijamare nirmita . ehi kaara 0 ru 4.2 sekendare bega badheibare sakhyama ebong ehara sarbadhika bega 4.8 sekendare pahanchipariba. spider. march 2016 ray jenebha motor shore disco volantera eka spider sanskarana upasthapana karajaithila. kebala satati carror eka seemita sirij utpadana karajaithila . ehaa alfa romeo eka spider chassis upare aadharita. utpadana sankhya, bajaara ebong ullekhaneeah malika. eka competigionaku 500 unitor seemita utpadana daudare nirmana karajaithila, ebong alfa romeo moolatah samagra utpadanaku aneka nirdista bajaara madhyare dharjya karithila (saaranee dekhantu). dekhantu)। carror sampurna utpadana shighra bikri hoigala. eka, 8sii pratyahara kariba parey navember americae bajaraku alfa romeor pratyabartanaku chinhita karithila. october october pratham eka italiah grahakanku pradan karajaithila. pratham americae-bajaara eka navember navember "181 jayu. ess. aii". panjikaran plate pindhi dekhibaku milithila. ehi karku chalachitra nirdeshaka ebong stock exchanges magnet james glickenhus kinithile, jie bespoke ferrari enzo-aadharita enzo-aadharita malika bhabe madhya janashuna. 2008 masiha shesh suddha eka 'rahr utpadana karjya shesh hoithila. shesh alfa romeo eka competigion boston anchalara jane italiah-americae carr sangrahakanku juktarastra aamerikaaku hastantara karajaithila. swargata fiat sii. ee. oh. sergio marchionkara ubhaja eka competigion ebong eka makadasa thila. fietra sabhapati tatha malika zohn elkan madhya blue oceano namaka eka swatantra poshakare eka eka pratijogita malika, jaahaa maserati ranga parisara rahr ansha . nyujarka mates khelali yonis sespides februari 2016 ray floridare talim shibiraku eka cherry redd 8 sii pratijogita chalaithile.

alfa romio 8see mukabala alfa romio 8see competizione ikk sports qaar haii joe 2007 atey 2010 dey vichkaar italian maarak alfa romio duaara tiaar keeti gaee see. iss noon pahili vaar 2003 dey frankfurt motor shoa witch ikk sankalap qaar vajon pesh keeta giaa see. ih naam atth-silandar (italian witch "silandro") injan (8see) atey alfa romio dee racing vanshavali ("competizione", "mukabale" laee italian) noon darsaunda haii. company noon 8see laee 1,400 toon vaddh arder adhikarat ailaan toon baad mille kii qaar utpadan witch dakhal hovegi. halanki, siraf 500 gaahkan neey 8see mukabalebazi atey horr 329 neey 8see makkadi naal ant keeta, jiss naal kull utpadan 829 kaaran hoow giaa. 2003 dee sankalap qaar. 8see mukabalebazi noon pahili vaar 2003 witch frankfurt motor shoa witch janata noon dikhaiaa giaa see. wolfgang agger duaara centro style elfa romio vikhe design keeta giaa see, judvan seetan deeaan lines 1950 atey 1960 dey dahake dey elfa romeo automobilan dee styling noon goonjdiaan hunn, atey "competizione" naam 1948 6see 2500 mukabalebazi daa havala haii, jiss neey 1949 atey 1950 millie myglia daud witch hissa liaa atey dovan vaar teeja sathaan prapat keeta. ih inhan doou daudan dey baad witch see kii qaar juan-emmanuel fangio atey augusto zanardi duaara chalai gaee see. iss neey 1950 daa targa florio jittiaa. ikk 3.0-litre prototype banaiaa giaa see parr tiaar naheen keeta giaa see. ih 6see 2500 maadal yuddh toon pahilan deeaan kaaran naal jude aakhri vaahanan vicchon sunn. ih sankalap puurii tarahan ikk styling abhiaas see jiss witch koee drive train naheen see. 2007 utpadan sanskaran mondial dee ail automobile 2006" dauran, alfa romio neey 8see competizione (500 ikaiaan) dey utpadan dee ghoshna keeti. utpadan sanskaran sankalap dey bahut samaan haii; baahari witch sabh toon vadda antar rear-hinged hood haii. horr chhotiaan tabdiliaan witch front lightan shamal sunn, jinhan witch zenon lampan dee varton keeti gaee see, ikk standard wiper system, ikk maish side vent atey pahiye, jiss witch ikk design see joe culverleaf logo dee nakal karda see. ih qaar alfa laal jaan kaale rangan witch standard aaee see. motee peela atey vishesh mukabala laal vee ikk wicklup vajon upalbadh sunn. pent-too-sample rung vee ikk vadhu chaaraj laee upalbadh sunn, atey iss laee, kaaran noon chitte rangan dee ikk vishal shreni witch tiaar keeta giaa see, jiven kii ikk maserati rainz (fuji chitta, neela avo, neela oceano, grigio nuvolari) atey ikk ferrari rainz (neela pozzy, vinesia {auberjin)). bodyshell carbon fibre daa baniaa hunda haii, joe aii. tii. aar. group duaara tiaar keeta jaanda haii. carbon fibre baadi ikk steel chassy witch fitt keeti gaee haii, joe kii italian company ittka produczione duaara banayi gaee haii. antim assembly modena witch maserati factory witch hoee.<riff naam = "italiaspeed.com/2008/Motor _ pardaryani/jeneva "> </riff> 2010 dey goodwod festival aaf speed witch mukkh murti utte ikk 8see mukabala pradarshit keeta giaa see. baaki rahinde doou alfa romio pee 2 aiss vicchon ikk vee display daa hissa see. powertrain. qaar ikk vilakkhan platform dee varton kardi haii joe maserati granturismo naal kaee hissiaan noon sanjha kardi haii. powertrain witch ikk ferrari/maserati toon baniaa karaas-plain, gilla samp lubricated 90° vee8 injan haii joe ferrari duaara ikkatha keeta giaa haii. choti dey injan dee karguzari dey ankadiaan noon 7,000 aar. pee. aimm. dee vaddh toon vaddh bijli utpadan atey 4,750 aar. pee. aimm. (2,500 aar. pee. aimm. 'teey 80 pratishat) dey sikhar tarq dey roop witch sankhep keeta jaa sakda haii jiss witch 7,500 aar. pee. aimm. dee injan redline atey 7,600 aar. pee. aimm. dee rev limiter haii. v8 injan witch parivartansheel samaan, intech valv atey 11.3:1 daa sankuchan anupat haii. chhe-speed transaxal gearbox witch steering kaalam utte paidlan dey zariye computerised geear chonh haii atey iss dee varton manual-sadharan; manual-khed; automatic-sadharan; automatic-khed atey gille mode witch keeti jaa sakadi haii. khed mode dee chonh curran 'teey gearbox 175 millie skintan witch geear noon badal sakda haii. qaar witch ikk seemat slip differential vee haii. pardarshan. 8see competizione vishesh taur 'teey vikast 20-inch tyran naal lais haiyav sahmane vall 245/35 atey pichhe vall 285/35, taral mould aluminium toon tiaar keete gaye chhittedar pahiaan dey duaale lapetiaa hoiaa haii. qaar dey break, joe kii breambo carbon vasravik ikaiaan hunn, noon "road aind track" magazine duaara "bemisal" kiha giaa haii, jadon kii shuruati gatee naal yaatra karde samein, dee rukann dee doori dey naal. adhikarat taur 'teey sikhar dee gatee daa havala ditta giaa haii parr ih vadhere hoow sakadi haii, andaze dey naal kii ih "road aind track" magazine dey anusar hoow sakadi haii.<riff naam = "road aind track.com/article "> </riff> 8see makkadi. 2005 makkadi daa sankalap. 2005 dey pubble beach concourse dee elegance vikhe, alfa romio neey 8see makkadi daa pardafash keeta, joe kii 2003 witch pesh keeti gaee pratiyogi koop sankalap daa ikk roadster sanskaran haii. makkadi dee sankalap noon caroziria marazi duaara banaiaa giaa see. 8see makkadi dey utpadan dee pushti 25 satambar, 2007 noon sergio marchion duaara keeti gaee see. ih ailaan keeta giaa see kii makkadi noon 500 ikaiaan dey seemat utpadan witch banaiaa javega atey iss dee laagat lagbhag $227,000 (€165,000) hovegi, joe kii koop sanskaran naalon kaafi vaddh haii. 2008 daa utpadan sanskaran. utpadan sanskaran daa pardafash 2008 dey jeneva motor shoa witch keeta giaa see.<riff naam = "italiaspeed.8see makkadi daa utpadan 2009 witch modena witch shuru hoiaa see, jiss witch maserati neey koop wang kaaran dey nirman daa incharge see. jadon kii 500 kaaran daa utpadan mool roop witch keeta jaanha see, mandee dey prabhav caarn, kull 329 makkadiaan daa utpadan keeta giaa see, harek dee keemat 199,000 euro (174,000 pond) see, taxes noon chhadd keey. 329 makkadiaan vicchon 35 sanyukat raaj amrica laee nirdharat sunn. sanyukat raaj amrica witch 8see makkadi dee adhaar keemat 299,000 amriki dallar see. aktubar 2011 dey "evo (magazine)" dey ank witch 8see makkadi neey 'sarbottam aavaaz vaali qaar' daa khitaab jittiaa. alfa romio daa daava haii kii 8see makkadi dee sikharli gatee haii, joe iss noon koop sanskaran naalon thodhi hauli banaundi haii. makkadi utte break brambo carbon-ceremic ikaiaan hunn. makkadi dee doou-parat vaali bijli naal sanchalit kappde dee chhatt haii. windshield frame carbon fibre daa baniaa hunda haii taan joe 50/50 bhaar dee vandd noon banayi rakkhan dee koshish keeti jaa sake. coach billet roop. 8see neey prasidh coach buildran carozaria touring atey zagato toon kaee basepok sanskaran paida keete. zagato tz3 corsa. elfa romio tii. aiss. dee. 3 corsa tii. aiss. dee. 3 daa track sanskaran haii (iss laee naam tii. aiss. dee. 3 corsa, corsa daa arth italvi witch daud haii) racing witch elfa romio dey 100 saal (ikk sadee) daa jashan manaun laee banaiaa giaa haii. corsa ikk qaar haii joe pahili vaar itali witch 2010 dey concorso dee 'aleganza vilaa dee' este witch pesh keeti gaee see atey jitti gaee see. ih vilakkhan qaar, alfa romio 8see competizione 'teey adharat, german colector martin cap laee banayi gaee see atey vikri jaan mukabaliaan laee naheen haii. qaar daa bhaar iss dey carbon fibre chassy atey hatth naal peete gaye alminium baadi caarn haii. ikk 4 leater dry samp vee8 injan tii. zedd. 3 witch fitt keeta giaa haii jiss daa darja ditta giaa haii. qaar witch 6-speed automatic manual gearbox haii atey ih over dee choti dee gatee noon prapat curran dey yog haii. ih 0 toon 3.5 skintan witch tezi liaa sakda haii. chassy ikk carbon-fibre monocock haii jiss witch kujh tubular tatt hunn. muattal setup, sahmane atey pichhe, dohre ichhavan hunn, jiss witch pushroad actuted coil springs hunn. install keete dempers öhlins duaara pardan keete jaande hunn. isey tarahan daa naam elfa romio tii. zedd. 3 stradel 8see 'teey adharat naheen haii, kiunki ih 8see dey utpadan dey khatam honn toon baad banaiaa giaa see, naa kii dose viper aii. see. aar.' teey adharat see. alfa romio disco sair karke. touring duaara alfa romio disco volunt ikk doou seetan vaala koop haii, joe 2013 witch caroziria touring duaara banaiaa giaa see. ih alfa romio 8see mukabale utte adharat haii. maadal daa naam 1950 dey dahake dey disco volunt toon liaa giaa haii. 4. 7 leater displacement dey front-central injan naal lais, ih tarq atey tarq pardan karda haii. disco volunt chhe-speed automatic manual transmission dey naal rear-wheel-drive haii. sanchar ikk seemat-slip differential dey naal ikk transksal haii, jadon kii muattal sutantar chaturbhuj haii atey alminium daa baniaa hoiaa haii. qaar 0 toon 4.2 skintan witch gatee curran dey yog haii atey iss dee ucch gatee takk pahunch sakadi haii. jasus. disco volunt daa ikk spider sanskaran march 2016 witch jeneva motor shoa witch pesh keeta giaa see. siraf satt kaaran dee ikk seemat luddy daa nirman keeta giaa see. ih alfa romio 8see spider chassy 'teey adharat haii. utpadan number, baazaar atey mahattavpuran maalak. 8see mukabala 500 ikaiaan dey seemat utpadan witch banaiaa giaa see, atey alfa romio neey asal witch kaee nirdharat bazaran witch poore utpadan noon nirdharat keeta see (saarnee dekho). 500 kaaran daa poora utpadan jaldi hii wick giaa. 8see neey saal 1995 witch waps lainn toon baad saal 2008 witch amriki baazaar witch elfa romio dee vaapsee noon darsaiaa see. pahila 8see aktubar 2007 witch ikk italvi gaahak noon ditta giaa see. pahila amriki-markeet 8see navambar 2008 witch "181 usa" registration platean pahin keey dekhiaa giaa see. qaar noon film director atey stock exchange magnet james gleaconhos duaara kharidiaa giaa see, joe basepok ferrari enzo-adharat pee 4/5 dey maalak vajon vee jaane jaande hunn. 8 see daa utpadan 2008 dey ant takk poora hoow giaa see. aakhri alfa romio 8 see mukabala boston khetar toon ikk italvi-amriki qaar colector noon sanyukat raaj amrica witch pahunchai gaee see. marhoom fiate see. ee. ou. sergio marchion cole ikk 8see competizione atey ikk 8see makkadi doven sunn. fiate dey pardhan atey maalak jauhan alcan ikk vishesh livri witch ikk 8see mukabale daa maalak haii jiss noon blue oceano kiha jaanda haii, joe kii maserati rung rainz daa hissa haii. newyork matz dey khidari yonis sespeeds neey farvari 2016 witch florida witch sikhlai camp laee ikk cherry redd 8see mukabale noon chalaiaa.

alfa romeo 8see pratiyogitaa alfa romeo 8see competigion iti 2007 taha 2010 paryantam italian-marcue alfa romeo ityanena nirmitam creedaa-yaanam asti. 2003 tame varshe frankfurt-motaaru-pradarshanasy prathamavaaram etat concept-kaar iti rupena upasthaapitam. asya naamnah arthah ashta-cylinder-yukttam (italian-bhashayam "cylindro") yantram (8see) tathaa alfa romeo-ityasya resing-vamshaavalihi ("competigion", italian-bhashayam "pratiyogitaa"). kaar-yanasya utpaadanam praveshtum adhikrutaghoshanaayaah anantaram 8see-yanasya krute kampanee 1,400 taha adhikaani aadeshaani praapnot. parantu kevalam 500 grahakaha eva 8see-pratispardhayaa, anye cha 329 grahakaha 8see-spadder ityanena saha, utpaadanam 829 kaar-yaanaani yaavat aanayan. 2003 concept kaar. 8see-pratiyogitaa prathamavaaram 2003 tame varshe frankfurt-motaaru-pradarshanee-madhye janaan darshitaa. centro-stail-alfa-romeo-ityatra wolf-gyaang-egger ityanena parikalpitaa, twin-seater-ityasya panktih 1950 tathaa 1960 tame dashake alfa-romeo-automobales-ityasya shaileem pratidhwanitum uddeshitaa asti, tathaa cha "competigion" iti naam 1948 6see 2500-pratiyogitaa-spardhayaha sandarbhah asti, yaa 1949 tathaa 1950 tame varshe mile-myelia-spardhayam spardhaam krutvaa ubhayoho spardhaasu trutiyasthanam cha praapnot. etayoho spardhayoho ante eva juvaan-immanuyel-faangiyo tathaa augusto-zanardi ityetabhyam kaar-yaanam chaalitam aasit. 1950 tame varshe targa florio-kridaayaam saha vijayam praapnot. 3.0-litre prototap nirmitaa kintu naa nirmitam. ete 6see 2500 models yuddhaporvakaarayaanaani saha sambadhaah antima-vaahanaani aasan. eshaa avadharana vishuddhatayaa drive-rail-vinaa stalling-abhyaasaroopen abhipreta aasit. 2007 utpaadanam samskaranam. mondial dey ell 'automobile 2006" ityasmin samaye alfa romeo ityanena 8see-competigion (500 units) ityasya utpaadanam ghoshitam. utpaadana-samskaranam avadharanaya saha ateeva samaanam asti; baahyasya apekshayaa bruhattamah bhedah prushta-hing-hood asti. anyeshu laghuvivargeshu, agrimadeepaani, yatra zenan-deepaani prayuktaani aasan, maanak-vaipar-pranaali, jaalasy paarshva-vent, chakraani cha aasan, yaasu clover-leaf-logo-anukaranam krutaani vinyaasaani aasan. kaar-yaanam alfa-redd athavaa blaak-varneshu manakarupena aagatam. mutyoho peetavarnah, visheshaspardhaayaah raktavarnah cha vikalparupena upalabhyante sma. varna-prati-namuna-varnaani api atiriktashulkaartham upalabhyante sma, ataha, kaar-yaanaani shvetavarnaihi, maserati-shrenyaah (fujee-shwetah, neel-eviyo, neel-osiano, grigiyo-nuvolaaree), ferrari-shrenyaah (neel-pozzi, vinasia (aubarjin)) cha saha vistruta-varna-shrenyaah nirmitaani aasan. shareer-kavacham carbon-tantubhihi nirmitam asti, yat e. tii. aar. samuhena utpaaditam asti. italian-kampanee ittaa prodzion ityanena nirmitasya steel-chesise carbon-fabber-shareeram yuktam asti. modena-nagarasya maserati-karakhanayam antimasamaaweshah abhavat.<riff-naam = "italiaspeed".com/2008/Motor _ pradarshanee/jenevaa "> </ref> 2010 tame varshe good wood-festival-aaf-speed ityasmin mukhya-shilpakalayam 8see-spardhaa pradarshita. awashishtayoh alfa romeo pee2 ess madhye ekaha api pradarshanasy bhaagah aasit. powertrain. kaar ekaha adwiteeyah manchah upayujyate yah maserati granturismo ityanena saha anekaan ghatakaan vahanti. powertrain madhye ferrari/maserati ityanena vyutpannam cross-plain, aardr-sampa-snehaka-90° vi8 injin asti yat ferrari ityanena sangruhitam asti. 7, 000 aar. pi. emm. adhikatam-shaktti-utpaadanam tathaa 4,750 aar. pi. emm. adhikatam-tark (2,500 aar. pi. emm. para 80 pratishata) iti shirsha-injin-pradarshana-ankaani 7,500 aar. pi. emm. injan-redlan tathaa 7,600 aar. pi. emm. revelighter iti saramshitani bhaveyuhu. vi8-yantrasya parivartaneeya-samay-nirdhaaran-kavaataani, sankochana-anupaatah cha <aii. dii. 1> iti asti. shut-gati-transoxal-gear baaks madhye steering-stambhe paddles-dwara kampyootareekrut-gerr-chayanam bhavati, tathaa cha hastachaalit-samanya-kridaayaam; hastachaalit-samanya-kridaayaam; swayamchaalita-creedaa-aardr-mode-madhye cha upayujyate. kreedaayaah mode ityasya chayanasamay gerr-baaks 175 millisecond-madhye gerr-parivartayitum shaknoti. kaar-yanasya seemita-slipa-bhedah api asti. pradarshanam. 8see-competigion visheshatayaa vikasitaih 20-inch-tair-yukttaih yukttaih asti-agrabhaage 245/35, prushtabhaage 285/35 cha, dravena nirmitaih aluminium-dhaatubhih nirmitaih chhidrayukta-chakraihi paritah aavrutaha. karasya breaks, ye brembo carbon syramic units santi, te "road and track" iti patrikayaa "abhootapoorvam" iti uchyate, yatra praarambhik-vegena yatram kurvan "stapping-distains" iti bhavati. adhikarikam ucchagatihi aadhikaarikaroopen uddhrutah asti, parantu "road and track" iti patrikaayaah anusaaram praayah syaat iti anumaanaihi saha, etat adhikam bhavitum arhati.<naam = "rodendtrack".com/article "> </ref> 8see spider. 2005 tame varshe spider iti avadharana. 2005 tame varshe pebal-beech-conkers-dii-elegans ityasmin, alfa-romeo ityanena 8see-spadder ityasya anaavaranam abhavat, yat 2003 tame varshe prastutasya competigion-koop-parikalpanayaha roadster-samskaranam asti. spadder-parikalpanam carozeria-marazi ityanena nirmitam aasit. 8see-spider ityasya utpaadanam 25 september 2007 dinaanke sarjiyo marchion ityanena nishchitam krutam. etat ghoshitam yat spider ityasya nirmanam 500 unit-parimita-utpaadana-chalane bhavishyati, tathaa cha asya moolyam praayah $2,27,000 (€165,000) bhavishyati, yat koop-samskaranasya apekshayaa bahu adhikam bhavati iti. 2008 utpaadana samskaranam. 2008 tame varshe jinevaa-motaaru-sho-madhye asya utpaadana-samskaranasya anaavaranam abhavat.<riff-naam = "italiaspeed".kaam/2008 "> 8see-spadder ityasya utpaadanam 2009 tame varshe modena-nagare aarabdham, yatra koop-ityasya sadrusham maserati-samsthaa vaahanaanaam nirmanasya prabhaari aasit. yadaa 500 kaar-yaanaani moolatah utpadaniyani aasan, mandatayaha prabhaavaat, kevalam 329 spider-yaanaani eva utpaadyanta, pratyekasya moolyam karaan vihaay €199,000 (£174,000) aasit. 329 madhye 35 spider ityete samyuktarajyamerika-desham prati gantum abhavataam. samyuktarajyamerikadesha 8see-spadder ityasya mulamulyam $299,000 aasit. october 2011 tame varshe "eevo (patrikaa)" ityasya sanchikaayaam 8see-spadder "sarvashreshta-dhwani-kaar" iti upaadhim praapnot. alfa romeo ityanena kathitam yat 8see-spadder ityasya adhikatamagatih asti, yena koop-samskaranasya apekshayaa alpam mandam bhavati. spider ityasya breaks ityete brembo carbon-syramic-units santi. spider ityasya vidyut-chaalit-vastrasya dwistaram chhaadah asti. windshield frame carbon-fabber ityanena nirmitam asti yena 50/50 bhaar-vitaranam anuvartayitum shakyate. kocha-nirmitaani roopaani. 8see-yaanam prasiddh-prashikshak-nirmaatrubhyah carozeria-paryatanaat, zagaato-yanat cha anekaani bespok-samskaranaani praavartayat. zagaato teez3 coursa. alfa romeo tiz3 coursa iti tiz3 ityasya track samskaranam asti (ataha tiz3 coursa iti naam, coursa iti italian-bhashayam jaatih iti arthah), yat resing-kridaayaam alfa romeo ityasya 100 varshaani (ekashataabdim) aacharitum nirmitam. coursa iti ekaha kaar-yaanah asti yat prathamavaaram italee-deshasya 2010 tame varshe, concarso dii 'eleganza-villaa-dii' este ityasmin pradarshitam, vijayi cha abhavat. alfa romeo 8see competigion ityasya aadhaaren etat vishishtam kaar-yaanam german-sangraahakasya martin-kaap ityasya krute nirmitam aasit, naa cha vikrayanaartham athavaa spardhartham. kaarnah carbon-fabber-chesee, hasta-praharita-aluminium-sharirasya cha karanat asya kaarnah bhaarah asti. 4. 2 leater-yukttam shushka-samp-vee8-yantram teez3-madhye sthaapitam asti, yat moolyanirdishtam asti. asmin kaarnah 6-speed-automated-myaanuval-gerbox asti, api cha adhika-vegam praaptum shaknoti. 0 taha 3.5 sekendaparyantam twaranam kartum shaknoti. chesisah carbon-fabber monocock asti yasmin kechan tubular-tattvaani santi. agrimam, prushtam cha, suspension-sett-up, dvigunita-wishbones-yukttaah santi, yatra pusrad-octuated-kaayil-springs-ityetaani santi. sthaapitaah damper-yantraani ohlins ityanena pradattaah santi. samaanaroopen namakaranam krutam alfa romeo teez3 stradel 8see-ityasya aadhaaren naa asti, yatah 8see-ityasya utpaadanam samaaptam abhavat, naa tu dadge-vaipar-e. sii. aar-ityasya aadhaaren nirmitam. alfa romeo disco volentee-paryatanadvara. bhramanadvara nirmitam alfa-romeo-disco-volent iteedam dvisadana-koop asti, yat 2013 tame varshe carozeria-paryatanadvara nirmitam asti. etat alfa-romeo-8see-pratispardhayaha aadhaaren nirmitam asti. asya pratiroopasy naam 1950 tame dashake disco-volent ityatah nishpannam asti. 4. 7 leater visthaapanasya sammukh-madhya-yantrena susajjam, etat tark cha pradadaati. disco-volent iteedam shut-gati-swayamchaalita-hastachaalit-preshana-yukttam rear-wheel-drave asti. preshanam seemita-parchee-bhedayuktam transoxal asti, aparam suspension swatantram chaturbhujam asti, aluminium ityanena nirmitam asti. kaar 0 taha 4.2 sekendaparyantam twaranam kartum shaknoti, tathaa cha asya adhikatamm vegam praaptum shaknoti. spider. 2016 maarch-maase jinevaa-motaaru-pradarshanasy samaye disco-volent ityasya spadder-samskaranam prastuteeyat. kevalam sapta-kaar-yananam seemita-shrunkhalaam nirmitam. etat alfa romeo 8see spadder chesee iti aadhaaritam asti. utpaadanasankhyaah, vipanyah, ullekhaneey-swami cha. 8see-pratiyogitaa 500 ekakeshu seemita-utpaadana-chalane nirmitah aasit, tathaa cha alfa romeo moolatah sampoornam utpaadanam anekeshu nirdishtavipanyeshu nirdishtavaan (saaranee pashyatu). 500 vaahanaanaam sampoornam utpaadanam sheeghramev vikreeyat. 8see iti alfa romeo-yanasya, 1995 tame varshe pratyaharanantaram, 2008 tame varshe american-vipanyaam punaraagamanam abhavat. prathamam 8see iti italian-grahakaya 2007 tame varshe october-maase pradattam. prathamam american-markett 8see iti 2008 tame varshe november-maase "101 yoo. ess. e". panjeekaranafalakaani dharya drushtam. chalacchitranirdeshakena stack-ekschenj-magnet-james glickenhaus ityanena cha kaar-yaanam kreenitam, yah bespok-ferrari enzo-aadhaaritasy pee4/5 ityasya swami iti api prasidhah aasit. 8see ityasya utpaadanam 2008 tamasya varshasya ante samaaptam abhavat. antimam alfa romeo 8see-competigion boston-kshetraat italian-american-kaar-sangraahakaay samyuktaraajyam prati pradattam. swa. fiat see. ee. o. sarjiyo marchion ityasya 8see-competigion, 8see-spider ityetayoho svaamitvam aasit. fiat-samsthaayaah adhyakshah, maalikah cha jaan elkan ityeshah api bloo osiano iti visheshavastrasya 8see-pratispardhayaha swami asti, yat maserati-varnashrenyaah bhaagah asti. nyuyaark-nagarasya mets-kreedaaluh yonis sespides naamakah 2016 februvari-maase florida-nagare prashikshanashibiram prati cheree-redd 8see-pratiyogitaa-yaanam ayojayat.

alfa romeo 8chii poatti alfa romeo 8chii compedicione enbathu 2007 mattrum 2010 kku idaiyil itaaliya maark alfa romeo thayaariththa oru sports kaarr aagum. idhu 2003 frankfurt motor kankaatchiyil muthanmuthalil oru concept kaaraaga vazhangkappattathu. inththa peyar ettu silindar (itaaliya mozhiyil "cylindro") iyanththiram (8chii) mattrum alfa romeovin pandhaya vamsaavaliyaik ("poatti", "poatti" enbatharkaana itaaliya mozhi) kurikkirathu. kaarr urpaththiyil nuzhiyum endru athikaarappoorva arivippaith thodarnthu thodarnthu 1,400 kkum maerpatta aartarkalaip pettrathu. iruppinum, 500 vaadikkaiyaalargal mattumae 8chii poattiyaalaraagavum, maelum 329 paer 8chii silanthiyaagavum irunththanar, ithanaal moththa urpaththi 829 kaarkalaaga irunththathu. 2003 concept kaarr. 2003 aam aandil frankfurt motor kankaatchiyil 8 chii poatti muthanmuthalil podhumakkalukkuk kaattappattathu. centro style alfa romeovil wolfgang ekaraal vadivamaikkappattathu, irattai irukkaikalin koadugal 1950 mattrum 1960 kalin alfa romeo automobilegalin paaniyai ethirolikkum vagaiyil ullana, maelum "poatti" endra peyar 1948 6 chii 2500 poattiyaik kurikkirathu, idhu 1949 mattrum 1950 millie mylia panthayaththil poattiyittu iru muraiyum moontraavathu idaththaip pidiththathu. inththa irandu panthayangkalin pirpaguthiyil thaan kaarr yuwan-immaanuvael fancio mattrum augusto johnardy aakiyoaraal iyakkappattathu. idhu 1950 aam aandu darga ploriovai ventrathu. oru 3.0-litre munmathiri kattappattathu aanaal urpaththi seiyappadavillai. inththa 6chii 2500 maadalgal poarukku munththaiya kaarkaludan inaikappatta kadaisi vaaganangkalil ontraakum. inththa karutthu muttrilum trive rayil illaatha styling payirchiyaaga irunththathu. 2007 thayaarippu pathippu. moandiyal dii ell 'automobile 2006" inn poathu, alfa romeo 8chii poattiththiran (500 alagugal) urpaththiyai ariviththathu. thayaarippu pathippu karuththudan migavum othirukkirathu; velippuraththirku migapperiya vaerupaadu pinpura-keel hood aagum. pira siriya maattrangkalil muun vilakkugal, senon vilakkugalaip payanpaduththiyavai, oru nilaiyaana wiper amaippu, oru mesh pakka vent mattrum chakkarankal aagiyavai adangkum, avai clover leaf logovaip pirathipalikkum vadivamaippaik kondirunthana. inththa kaarr alfa sivappu allathu karuppu nirangkalil tharamaanathaaga vanthathu. muththu manjal mattrum sirappu poatti sivappu aagiyavaiyum oru viruppamaaga irunththana. paint-duu-samble vannangkalum koodudhal kattanaththirkuk kidaitthana, enavae, kaarkal vellai poantra parantha alavilaana vannangkalil urpaththi seiyappattana, oru masserrati varambudan (buji vellai, neela avio, neela oosiaanoa, grigio nuvolari) mattrum oru ferrari varambu (neela bossie, vinachia {abergaine). bodyshell corbon fiberol aanathu, idhu adr kuluvaal urpaththi seiyappadugirathu. corbon fiber paadi oru efku saessil poruththappattullathu, idhu itaaliya niruvanamaana itta protectionol thayaarikkappadukirathu. iruthi koottam modenaavil ulla masserrati thozhirchaalaiyil nadaipettrathu.<ref peyar = "italiuspeet".com/2008/Motor _ pratharshaneekkal/jeneeva "> </ref> 2010 good wood festival off speedle mukiya sirpaththil 8chii poatti idampettrathu. meethamulla irandu alfa romeo romeo kazhil ondrum kaatchiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. power train. inththa kaarr oru thaniththuvamaana thalaththaip payanpaduththukirathu, idhu masserrati grandrismovudan pala koorugalaip pagirnthu kolgiradhu. powertrainil ferrari/masserrati perappatta kurukku-thalam, eeramaana sump uyavoottappatta 90° saamb iyanththiram ferrari moolam koodiyullathu. 7, 500 arbm iyanththira redline mattrum 7,600 arbm rev limiter konda adhigapatcha sakthi veliyeedu 7,000 arbm mattrum 4,750 arbm (2,500 arbm ill 80 sathaveetham) uchcha murukkuvisai yena uyar iyanththira seyalthiran pullivivarangkal surukkamaaga irukkalaam. saamb iyanththiram maarupatta neram, utkollum vaalvugal mattrum 11.3:1 surukka vigithaththaik kondullathu. aaru vaeka transoxyl gearbox steering neduvarisaiyil thuduppukal moolam kaninimayamakkappatta kier thervai kondullathu mattrum kaiyedu-iyalpaana; kaiyedu-vilayaattu; thaaniyangi-iyalpaana; thaaniyangi-vilayaattu mattrum eeramaana muraigalil payanpaduththappadalaam. vilayaattu murai thaernthedukkappadumpoathu gearbox 175 millie vinaadigalil kiyarkalai maattra mudiyum. inththa kaarr oru varaiyarukappatta seettu vaerupaadaiyum kondullathu. seyalthiran. 8chii poatti iyanththiraththil sirappaaga uruvaakkappatta 20 angkula dayarkal poruthappattullana munpuraththil 245/35 mattrum pinpuraththil 285/35, thirava achidappatta aluminiyatthaal vadivamaikappatta thulaiyidappatta chakkarankalaich suttri moodappattullathu. kaarin piraekkugal, avai brambo corbon beengaon alagugal, saalai mattrum paathai idhazhaal "thaniththuvamaanathu" endru azhaikkappadugindrana, niruththa thooraththudan, oru aaramba vaekaththil payanikkum poathu. athikaarappoorva uyar vaegam athikaarappoorvamaaga maerkoal kaattappattullathu, aanaal adhu athigamaaga irukkalaam, idhu "saalai & paathai" idhazhin puddy irukkalaam endru mathippidappattullathu.<ref peyar = "saalai mattrum paathai.com/katturai "> </ref> 8chii silanthi. 2005 silanthi karutthu. 2005 bebble kadarkarai concourse dii eligens ill, alfa romeo 8 chii silanthiyai veliyittaar, idhu 2003 aam aandil valangkappatta poatti koop karuththin saalai pathippaakum. silanthi karutthu carroseria marasiyal kattappattathu. septumber 25,2007 andru sergio marcionol 8chii silanthi urpaththi urudhippaduththappattathu. silanthi 500 yoonittukalin varaiyarukappatta urpaththi oottaththil kattappadum endrum, koop pathippai vida kanisamaaga athigamaaga, sumar $227,000 (€165,000) selavaagum endrum arivikkappattathu. 2008 thayaarippu pathippu. 2008 aam aandu nadantha jeneeva motor kankaatchiyil thayaarippu pathippu veliyidappattathu.<ref peyar = = silanthiyin urpaththi 2009 aam aandil modenaavil thodangiyathu, kooppaip poalavae kaarkalaiyum urpaththi seiyum poruppai masserrati aetrtraar. muthalil 500 kaarkal urpaththi seiyappadaviruntha nilaiyil, porulaathaarap pinnadaivin thaakkaththin kaaranamaaga, moththam 329 silanthigal mattumae urpaththi seiyappattana, ovvondrum 199,000 eurokkal (174,000 pavundugal) vilaiyil irunththana. 329 silanthigalil 35 silanthigal amerikkaavirku anupappattana. americavil 8chii silanthikku adippadai vilai 299,000 america dollarkal. october 2011 idhazhil 'eevoa (idhazh)' 8chii silanthi 'sirantha olii kaarr' endra pattatthai ventrathu. 8chii silanthiyin adhigapatcha vaegam koop pathippai vida sattru methuvaaka irukkum endru alfa romeo koorukirathu. silanthiyin piraekkugal brembo corbon-beengaon alagugal aagum. silanthi irandu adukku minsaaraththaal iyakkappadum thuni kooraiyaik kondullathu. windsheeldu sattagam corbon fiberol aanathu, idhu 50/50 edai viniyoagaththai paraamarikka muyarchikkirathu. payirchip pettiyil kattapatta vagaikal. 8chii pugazhpettra payirchiyaalarkalaana caroseria suttruppayanam mattrum jagaadoavilirunthu pala bespoke pathippukalai uruvaakkiyathu. jagato tz3 gorsa. alfa romeo romeo gorsa enbathu romeo inn track pathippaakum (enavae romeo gorsa endra peyar, itaaliyil inam endru porulpadum gorsa) idhu panthayaththil alfa romeovin 100 aandugalaik (oru noottraandu) kondaaduvadharkaaga kattappattathu. gorsa enbathu oru kaarr aagum, idhu muthanmuthalil itaaliyil 2010 concourso dii eleganza villa dii 'estail vazhangkappattathu, maelum ventrathu. alfa romeo 8chii poattiyai adippadaiyaagak konda inththa thaniththuvamaana kaarr, jerman sekarippaalar martin kaappirkaaga thayaarikkappattathu mattrum virpanaikku allathu poattikalukkaaga alla. kaarr adhan corbon fiber says mattrum kaii adiththu aluminiya udal kaaranamaaga edai. 4. 2 litter ular saamb saamb iyanththiram iyanththiram ill poruththappattullathu, idhu mathippidappattullathu. inththa kaarr 6-speedu thaaniyangi maenuval gearbox kondullathu mattrum adhiga vaekaththai adaiya mudiyum. idhu 0 muthal 3.5 vinaadigalil mudukkivida mudiyum. says enbathu sila kuzhaai uruppugaludan koodiya corbon-naar monocock aagum. suspension amaippu, muun mattrum pinpuram, irattai vichpoangal, bushroad oxwaited surul neeroottrukaludan. niruvapatta daambargal öhlins aall vazhangkappadugindrana. idhaepoal peyaridappatta alfa romeo romeo stradale 8chii aii adippadaiyaagak kondathalla, aenenil idhu 8chii urpaththi mudintha piragu thayaarikkappattathu, dodge wiper aee. chii. aarr adippadaiyilaanathu. suttruppayanam moolam alfa romeo tisco valent. suttruppayanaththin moolam alfa romeo tisco volant enbathu irandu irukkaikal konda kooppe aagum, idhu 2013 aam aandil caroseria suttruppayanatthaal kattappattathu. idhu alfa romeo 8 chii poattiyai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. inththa maadal peyar 1950 kalin tisco vaalandiyilirunthu perappattathu. 4. 7 litter idappeyarchchi konda muun-matthiya iyanththiraththudan poruththappattullathu, idhu dark mattrum dargai valangkukirathu. discovolent aaru vaeka thaaniyangi kaiyedu transmissionudon pinpura sakkara-iyakki aagum. parimaattram oru varaiyarukappatta-seettu vaerupaadu konda oru transaxalagum, athae neraththil suspension suyaatheenamaana naarkara mattrum aluminiyatthaal aanathu. inththa kaarr 0 muthal 4.2 vinaadigalil vaekaththai athikarikka mudiyum mattrum adhigapatcha vaekaththai adaiya mudiyum. ulavaaligal. tusco volaandiyin ulavu pathippu maarch 2016 ill jeneeva motor kankaatchiyil vazhangkappattathu. aezhu kaarkalin varaiyarukappatta thodar mattumae thayaarikkappattathu. idhu alfa romeo 8chii spider saesai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. urpaththi enngal, santhaigal mattrum kurippidatthakka urimaiyaalargal. 8chii poatti 500 alagugalin varaiyarukappatta urpaththi oottaththil kattappattathu, maelum alfa romeo muthalil muzhu urpaththiyaiyum pala kuripitta santhaigalukku idaiyil odhukkiyathu (attavanaiyaip paarkkavum). 500 kaarkalin moththa urpaththiyum viraivileyae vitrtruth theernthathu. 8chii alfa romeo america santhaikku 2008 aam aandil thirumbiyathu, 1995 ill vilagiya piragu. muthal 8chii october 2007 ill oru itaaliya vaadikkaiyaalarukku vazhangkappattathu. muthal america-santhai 8chii navambar 2008 ill "181 yuu. ess. aee" pathivuth thagadugalai anindhu kaanappattathu. inththa kaarai thiraippada iyakkunarum pankuch santhai athiparumaana james clickenhaus vaankinaar, bespoke ferrari ensovai adippadaiyaagak konda konda inn urimaiyaalaraagavum ariyappattaar. 8chii inn thayaarippu 2008 aam aandin iruthikkul niraivadainthathu. kadaisi alfa romeo 8chii poatti boastan paguthiyilirunthu oru itaaliya-america kaarr sekarippaalaridam amerikkaavirku vazhangkappattathu. maraintha fiet chii. ii. ooo sergio marcion oru 8chii poatti mattrum oru 8chii silanthi irandaiyum vaiththirunthaar. fiet thalaivarum urimaiyaalarumaana john elkaanum blue oosiaanoa endra sirappu niraththil 8chii poattiyai vaiththirukiraar, idhu masserrati vanna varambin oru paguthiyaagum. newyorg meds veerar yonis sespetis pipravari 2016 ill ploaridaavil ulla payirchi mugaamukku cherri sivappu 8 chii poattiyai oottinaar.

alfa romeo redd pootii alfa romeo redd competigione anedi 2007 mariyu 2010 madhya italian maark alfa romeo utpatti chesina oka sports kaaru. dheenini modatisaarigaa 2003 frankfurt motor sholo concept karuga pradarsinchaaru. eee paeru enimidi cylinderla (italianlo "cylindro") injin injin mariyu alfa romeo yokka racing vamsapaaramparyatanu ("competigione", "pootii" kosam italian) suuchistumdi. eee kaaru utpattiloki pravesistundani adhikaarika prakatana tarvaata companyki redd kosam 1,400 kii paiga arderlu vachayi. ayithe, kevalam 500 mandhi viniyogadaarulu matrame redd competigione thoo mariyu maroe 329 mandhi redd spidertho muginchaaru, mottam utpattini 829 kaarlaku teesukuvacchaaru. 2003 concept kaaru. redd competigione mottamodata idhi frankfurt motor sholo prajalaku choopabadindi. centro style alfa romeo vadda wolfgang egger roopondinchina, twin seater yokka panktulu 1950luu mariyu 1960la naati alfa romeo automobiles yokka sailini pratidhvaninchadaaniki uddesinchinavi, mariyu "competigione" paeru 1948 eee 2500 competigionnu suuchistumdi, idhi 1949 mariyu 1950 mille myglia resulo potipadi rendusaarlu moodava sthaanaanni pondindi. eee rendu resulalo chivari bhagamlone kaarunu juvan-emmanuel fangio mariyu augusto janardi nadiparu. idhi 1950 targa florionu geluchukundi. oka 3.0-litre namuunaa nirminchabadindi conny utpatti kaaledu. eee eee 2500 namuunaalu yuddhaaniki mundu kaarlaku anusandhaaninchabadina chivari vahanalalo okati. eee bhavana puurtigaa drive railu lekunda styling vyayaamamgaa uddesinchabadindi. 2007 utpatti version. mondial dii ell automobile 2006" samayamlo, alfa romeo redd competigione (500 unitlu) utpattini prakatinchindi. utpatti version bhaavanatho chaalaa pooli untundi; velupali bhaagaaniki atipedda vyatyaasam venuka-keelu hood. itara chinna maarpulalo mundu laitlu, veetilo zinan deepaalu, praamaanika wiper vyavastha, mesh side vent mariyu clover leaf logonu anukarinche roopakalpana kaligina chakralu unnaayi. eee kaaru alfa erupu ledhaa nalupu rangulalo pramaanikamgaa vachindi. mutyaala pasupu mariyu pratyeka pootii erupu kooda oka empikagaa andubaatulo unnaayi. paint-tuu-sample rangulu kooda adanapu chaarjeeki andubaatulo undevi, anduvalla, kaarlu maseroti shreni (fuji white, blue avio, blue osiyaano, grigio nuvolari) mariyu ferrari shreni (blue pojji, vinaxia {oubergain) thoo telupu vanti vistruta shreni rangulalo utpatti cheyabaddaayi. bodyshell carbon fiber thoo tayaaru cheyabadindi, idhi yea. tii. aarr group dwara utpatti cheyabadutundi. italian company itta prodegione tayaaru chesina ukku chatraniki carbon fiber boddy amarchabadi untundi. modenaloni maseroti factorylo tudi samavesam jarigindi.<riff paeru = "italiaspeed".com/2008/Motor _ pradarsaneelu/geniva "> </rifa> 2010 goodwood festival off speedlo pradhana shilpampai redd pootii pradarsinchabadindi. migilina rendu alfa romeo romeo laloe okati kooda pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa undhi. power train. eee kaaru maseroti granturismotho aneka bhaagaalanu panchukune pratyaekamaina platformnu upayogistundi. eee powertrainlo ferrari/maseroti nundi utpannamaina cross plain, tadi sump 90° sump injin untundi, dheenini ferrari sameekaristundi. 7, 500 arpm injin redline mariyu 7,600 arpm rev limiter thoo 7,000 arpm vadda garishta shakti utpatti mariyu 4,750 arpm (2,500 arpm vadda 80 saatam) garishta tark gaa injin paniteeru ganaamkaalanu sangrahinchavacchu. sump enginelo variable timing, intake kavaataalu mariyu 11.3:1 kudimpu nishpatti untaayi. six-speed transoxyl gearbox steering kaalamlo teddula dwara kampyootareekarinchina gair empikanu kaligi untundi mariyu manueval-normal; manueval-sport; automatic-normal; automatic-sport mariyu vet modlalo upayoginchavacchu. sport mode enchukunnappudu gair baaks 175 milliseconlalo gerlanu maarchagaladu. eee kaarulo parimita slip differential kooda undhi. pradarsana. redd competigione pratyaekamgaa abhivruddhi chesina 20-angulaala tyrelatho amarchabadi untundih mundu bhaagamlo 245/35 mariyu venuka bhaagamlo 285/35, dravam achutho tayaaru chesina aluminiumtho roopondinchina randhraala chakraala chuttoo chutti untundi. kaaru yokka breaklu, ivi brembo carbon syramic unitlu, veetini "road & track" patrika "asaadhaaranamainavi" anie pilichindi, prarambha vegamtho prayaninchetappudu, aagipoye dhooram. adhikaarika garishta vegam adhikarikamga perkonabadindi, conny idhi ekkuvagaa undavacchu, idhi "road & track" patrika prakaram undavacchu.<reifer paeru = "road und track.com/vyaasam "> </rifa> redd saaleedu. 2005 saaleedu concept. 2005 pebul beach concourse dii eligens loe, alfa romeo redd spider nuu aavishkarinchindi, idhi idhi samarpinchina competigione coop concept yokka roadster version. spider concept nuu carogeria marajji nirminchaaru. redd saaleedu utpattini septembaru 25,2007naa sergio marchion dhruveekarinchaaru. saaleedu 500 unitla parimita utpatti parugulo nirminchabadutundani mariyu sumaru $227,000 (€165,000) kharchu avtundani prakatinchaaru, idhi coop version kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuva. 2008 utpatti version. 2008 geniva motor sholo utpatti version aavishkarinchabadindi.<riff paeru = = saaleedu utpatti utpatti modenalo praarambhamaindi, coop maadirigaane kaarlanu tayaaru chese baadhyata maserotiki undhi. modata 500 kaarlu utpatti cheyavalasi undagaa, maandyam prabhavam kaaranamgaa, mottam 329 salepurugulu matrame utpatti cheyabaddaayi, okkokkati pannulu minahayinchi €199,000 (£174,000) dharatho unnaayi. 329 salepurugulalo 35 salepurugulu united statesku uddesinchabaddaayi. united stateslo redd saaleedu bays prais US $299,000. october 2011 sanchikalo "eevo (magazine)" redd saaleedu 'uttama sounding kaaru' birudunu geluchukundi. alfa romeo redd saaleedu yokka atyadhika vegam, idhi coop version kante konchem nemmadigaa untundani perkondi. saaleedupai breaklu brembo carbon-seramic unitlu. eee saaleedu rendu porala vidyut aadhaarita fabric paikappunu kaligi untundi. 50/50 baruvu pampineeni nirvahinchadaaniki windshield frame carbon fibertho tayaaru cheyabadindi. coach-nirmita vaividhyaalu. redd prakhyaata coach builderla carogeria touring mariyu jagato nundi aneka bespoke versionlanu srushtinchindi. jagato romeo coursa. alfa romeo romeo coursa anedi romeo yokka track version (anduvalla romeo coursa anae paeru, italianlo coursa antey jaathi anie ardham) racing loe alfa romeo yokka 100 samvatsaraala (oka sataabdam) vedukalanu jarupukovadaniki nirminchabadindi. coursa anedi italeelooni 2010 concourso dii 'eleganza villa dii' este vadda modatisaarigaa pradarsinchabadina mariyu geluchukunna kaaru. alfa romeo redd competigione aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina eee pratyaekamaina kaaru german collector martin cop kosam tayaaru cheyabadindi mariyu idhi ammakaniki ledhaa pootiilaku uddesinchinadi kaadu. carbon fiber chatram mariyu chethitho kottina aluminium boddy kaaranamgaa kaaru baruvu untundi. 4. 2 liitarla dry sump sump injin injin amarchabadi untundi, idhi rating cheyabadindi. eee kaaru 6-speed automated manueval gearbox kaligi undhi mariyu atyadhika vegaanni saadhinchagaladu. idhi 0 nundi 3.5 seconlalo vegavantam cheyagaladu. chatram anedi konni gottapu muulakaalatoe kuudina carbon-fiber monocock. suspension setup, mundu mariyu venuka, pushroad actuated kaayil springlatho double wishbones. vyavasthaapinchina damperlanu ohlins andistaaru. adhe paerutoe unna alfa romeo romeo stradel redd paie aadhaarapadaledu, endukante idhi dodge wiper acr paie aadhaarapadataaniki badulugaa, redd utpatti mugisina tarvaata tayaaru cheyabadindi. paryatana dwara alfa romeo disco valente. touring dwara alfa romeo disco valent anedi rendu seetla coop, dheenini dheenini carogeria touring nirminchindi. idhi alfa romeo redd competigione aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. eee namuunaa paeru 1950la disco valent nundi teesukobadindi. 4. 7 liitarla displacement front-central injinto amarchabadi, idhi tark nuu andistundi. disco volunt aaru-speed automated manueval transmissiontho rear-wheel-drive. transmission anedi parimita-slip bhedamto kuudina transoxyl, ayithe suspension swatantra chaturbhujamgaa untundi mariyu aluminiumtho tayaaru cheyabadindi. eee kaaru 0 nundi 4.2 seconlalo vegavantam cheyagaladu mariyu garishta vegaanni cherukogaladu. spider. disco volante yokka spider version marchi fibravari geniva motor sholo pradarsinchabadindi. kevalam edu kaarla parimita shreni matrame tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. idhi alfa romeo redd spider chatram aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. utpatti sankhyalu, marketlu mariyu pramukha yajamaanulu. redd competigione 500 unitla parimita utpatti parugulo nirminchabadindi, mariyu alfa romeo modata mottam utpattini aneka nirdishta marketlalo ketaayinchindi (pattikanu chudandi). 500 kaarla mottam utpatti twaragaa ammudupoyindi. redd 8sii upasamharinchukunna taruvaata november alfa romeo american marketku tirigi vachindi. modati redd october october oka italian customercu pampinhee cheyabadindi. modati american-market redd november november "181 usa" registration plaetlu dharinchi kanipinchindi. eee kaarunu bespoke ferrari enjo aadhaarita aadhaarita yajamaniga kooda prasiddhi chendina film director mariyu stock exchange magnet james glickenhaus konugolu chesaaru. redd yokka utpatti 2008 chivari natiki puurtayimdi. chivari alfa romeo redd competigione boston praantam nundi oka italian-american kaaru kalektarku united statesku pampinhee cheyabadindi. divangata fiat ceo sergio marchion redd competigione mariyu redd saaleedu rendintinee kaligi unnaaru. fiat president mariyu yajamani zaan elcon kooda blue osiyaano anae pratyeka vastramlo redd competigionnu kaligi unnaaru, idhi maseroti rangu shrenilo bhaagam. newyork mets aatagadu yonis sespedes fibravari fibravari floridalo sikshanaa shibiraniki cherry redd redd competigiannu nadipinchaadu.

alfa romiyo 8 see muqabilah alfa romiyo 8 see competizion eek sports kaar hay jasay atalvi maark alfa romiyo nay 2007 aur 2010 kay darmiyan tayaar kiyaa thaa. asay pehli baar 2003 kay frankfurt motor show mein eek concept kaar kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. naam say maraad aath slunder (atalvi mein "slandro") anjan (8 see) aur alfa romiyo kii resing nasal ("competizion"yee "muqabilah" kay liye atalvi) hay. kaar kii paidawar mein daakhil honay kay sarkaari aalaan kay baad company kuu 8 see kay 1,400 say ziyadah arder mosul hoay. tahim sarf 500 saarfin nay 8 see musabiqat aur 8 see makdi kay saath mazeed 329 kay saath ikhtatam kiyaa jiss say paidawar kii kill taadad 829 kaarein hogayi. 2003 concept kaar. 8 see competizion kuu pehli baar 2003 mein frankfurt motor show mein awaam kay saamney dikhaya gayaa thaa. centro style alfa romiyo mein walaf gaing aigar kay zariah design kiyaa gayaa jadwaan nashaston kii linon kaa maqsad 1950 aur 1960 kii dahayi kay alfa romiyo automobile kay style kii bazgasht karnaa hay aur "competizion" naam 1948 6 see 2500 competizion kaa hawalah hay jiss nay 1949 aur 1950 milly meliya rees mein hasah liyaa aur donon baar teesri position haasil kii. yaha inn duu reeson kay moakhar alzikar mein thaa kahh kaar joaan emmanuel fengio aur augusto zanardi chalaa rahay thay. iss nay 1950 kaa targa fluorio jeeta. eek 3.0-litre proto type banaya gayaa thaa leakin tayaar nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha 6 see 2500 maadal aakhri gaadiyon mein say thay jinn kaa taaluq jung say pehley kii kaaron say thaa. iss tasavur kaa khalista maqsad eek styling mashq thaa jiss mein koyee drive train nahein thee. 2007 production warzan. mondial ddee eel automobile 2006" kay doraan alfa romiyo nay 8 see competizion (500 units) kii tayari kaa aalaan kiyaa. production warzan tasavur say behat milta jaltaa hay vovo beruni say sabb say badaa farq peeche kii hunged hudd hay. deegar mamuli tabdiliyon mein frunt lights shaamil thein jinn mein zeenon lamp eek mayari wiper system eek meesh side went aur pahiye istemaal kiye gayey thay jinn kaa design cloverleaf kay logo kii nql kartaa thaa. kaar alfa reed yaa bleek rangon mein mayari aayee. motee peela aur khususi muqabilah sarkh bhee eek option kay toor parr dastiyaab thay. paint say namunah kay rung bhee izaafi chaarij parr dastiyaab thay aur iss liyay kaarein wasee paimanay parr rangon mein tayaar kii gayein jeesay safed jiss mein masirati renj (faji waait blue aview blue oceno gradue novolari) aur eek firari renj (blue pozi venexia {obergin}) thee. baadi sheel carbon fibre say banaa hay juu aey tye aar grop kay zariah tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay. carbon fibre baadi steel kii cheesis parr nasb hay jasay atalvi company atkaa prodziyoon nay banaya hay. aakhri assembly modina mein masirati factory mein hoyee.<reef naam = "atalvi teez raftaar.com/2008/Motor _ प्रदर्शनी/geneva "> </reef> 2010 kay gudd wode festival aaf speed mein markazi mujasmah parr eek 8 see musabiqat kuu numayan kiyaa gayaa thaa. baaqi duu alfa romiyo pee 2 aiss mein say eek bhee display kaa hasah thaa. pawar train. kaar eek manfard plait faarm istemaal karti hay juu masirati grantorsmo kay saath kayee ajzaa kaa ashtaraak karti hay. pawar train mein eek firari/masirati say makhuz karaas plain gailay sump chakna 90° wee 8 anjan kii khususiyat haine juu firari kay zariah jamaa kiyaa gayaa hay. anjan kii aalee karkardgi kay aidaad woo shamaar kuu 7,500 aar pee ayem kii anjan reed line aur 7,600 aar pee ayem kay riyo limter kay saath 7,750 aar pee ayem parr ziyadah say ziyadah pawar aaot putt aur 4,750 aar pee ayem (2,500 aar pee ayem parr 80 vovo) kay chooti taark kay toor parr khalasah kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. wee 8 anjan mein mutaghir waqat intech waalo aur 11.3:1 kaa compression tanasib hotaa hay. chh raftaar waalay trans aiksal gair baaks mein steering kaalim parr peedal kay zariye computerised gair kaa intekhaab hotaa hay aur asay dasti-mamul vovo dasti-kheel vovo khudkaar-mamul vovo khudkaar-kheel aur gailay tareeqon mein istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. jabb sports moad kaa intekhaab kiyaa jaaye tuu gair baaks 175 milly second mein gairz kuu muntaqil kirr saktaa hay. kaar mein eek mahdud slip farq bhee hay. karkardgi. 8 see competizion mein khaas toor parr tayaar kardah 20 inch kay tyre nasb haine: saamney kii taraf 245/35 aur peeche kii taraf 285/35yee juu seeyal mould allomenium say tayaar kardah surakh shadah pahiyon kay gird laptay hoay haine. kaar kay break juu kahh brambo carbon seramic yount haine kuu "road aind track" megzin nay "ghair mamuli" kahaa hay jiss mein raknay kaa fasilah jabb gaadi kii ibtadayi raftaar say safar kartay haine. sarkaari toor parr sabb say ziyadah raftaar kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa hay leakin yaha ziyadah how sakti hay iss andazay kay saath kahh yaha "road aind track" megzin kay mutabiq aas paas how sakti hay.<refer kaa naam = "road aind track.com/mazmun "> </reef> 8 see makdi. 2005 makdi kaa tasavur. 2005 kay concret beach konkors ddee alegans mein alfa romiyo nay 8 see makdi kii nqab kashayi kii juu 2003 mein paish kardah musabiqti kopi tasavur kaa eek rudster warzan hay. makdi kaa tasavur carozeria maarazi nay banaya thaa. 8 see makdi kii paidawar kii tasdiq 25 satambar 2007 kuu sarjio marchiyon nay kii thee. yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh makdi kuu 500 younton kii mahdud paidawar mein banaya jaaye gaa aur iss kii laagat taqriba $227,000 (€165,000) hogi juu kahh cope warzan say kaafi ziyadah hay. 2008 production warzan. production warzan kii nqab kashayi 2008 kay geneva motor show mein kii gayee thee.<reef naam = "atalvi teez raftaar.8 see makdi kii paidawar 2009 mein modina mein sharoo hoyee jiss mein masirati kopi kii tarah kaaron kii tayari kaa incharge thaa. jabb kahh 500 kaarein asl mein tayaar kii jaanee thein kasaad bazaari kay asraat kii wajah say kill 329 makdiyan tayaar kii gayein jinn mein say harr eek kii qeemat 199,000 yuro (174,000 pound) thee teks kuu chhod kirr. 329 mein say 35 makdiyan america kay liye muqarar kii gayee thein. riyasathaye muthadah mein 8 see makdi kii bunyadi qeemat 299,000 americi ddaalar thee. aktobar 2011 kay shumaray "aivo (megzin)" mein 8 see makdi nay 'behtareen aawaz waali kaar' kaa khataab jeeta. alfa romiyo kaa daawi hay kahh 8 see makdi kii sabb say ziyadah raftaar hay juu asay cope warzan say qadray sast banaati hay. makdi parr break brambo carbon seramic units haine. makdi kii duu parton waali barqi toor parr chalnay waali kapday kii chhat hoti hay. wondsheld freem carbon fibre say banaa hay taakah wazan kii taqsim kuu barqarar rakhnay kii koshish kii jaa sakay. coach built aqsaam. 8 see nay mashhur coach builders carozeria toring aur zagato kay kayee baspok warzan tayaar kiye. zagato tye zeed 3 coursa. alfa romiyo tye zeed 3 coursa tye zeed 3 kaa track warzan hay (iss liye naam tye zeed 3 coursa coursa kaa matlab atalvi mein dodh hay) juu resing mein alfa romiyo kay 100 saal (eek sadee) kaa jashan mananay kay liye banaya gayaa hay. coursa eek aisi kaar hay jasay pehli baar atlee mein 2010 kay konkorso ddee aleganza walaa ddee aistay mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa aur jeeta gayaa thaa. yaha manfard kaar juu alfa romiyo 8 see competizion parr mubni hay german clector maartan cape kay liye banayi gayee thee aur iss kaa maqsad farokhat yaa muqabilon kay liye nahein hay. kaar kaa wazan iss kay carbon fibre cheesis aur haath say peetay hoay allomenium baadi kii wajah say hay. 4. 2 latter darayee sump wee 8 anjan tye zeed 3 mein nasb hay jiss kii darjah bundi kii gayee hay. kaar mein 6 speed kaa khudkaar dasti gair baaks hay aur yaha ziyadah kii teez raftaar haasil karnay kay qaabil hay. yaha 0 say 3.5 second mein teez how saktaa hay. cheesis eek carbon fibre monocock hay jiss mein kachh nalki anaasir hotay haine. maatli seet app saamney aur peeche dohri khwahish kii hadiyan haine jinn mein pashroad actuted kandali springs haine. nasb kiye gayey dempers olans kay zariah farahim kiye jaatay haine. asee tarah kaa naam diyaa gayaa alfa romiyo tye zeed 3 stradial 8 see parr mubni nahein hay keunkah yaha 8 see kii paidawar khatam honay kay baad banaya gayaa thaa bajaye iss kay kahh yaha ddaaj wiper aey see aar parr mubni how. alfa romiyo disco toring kay zariye. toring kay zariye alfa romiyo disco volent eek duu nashaston waala kopi hay jasay 2013 mein carozeria toring nay banaya thaa. yaha alfa romiyo 8 see competizion parr mubni hay. maadal kaa naam 1950 kii dahayi kay disco volent say makhuz hay. 4. 7 latter kii nql makaani kay saamney waalay markazi anjan say lees yaha taark farahim kartaa hay. disco volent chh raftaar khudkaar dasti transmission kay saath rear waheel drive hay. transmission eek mahdud phislay kay farq kay saath eek trans aiksal hay jabkah maatli aazaad chothayi hay aur allomenium say bunny hay. kaar 0 say 4.2 second mein teez karnay kay qaabil hay aur iss kii teez raftaar takk pahunch sakti hay. spider. disco volent kaa eek spider warzan maarch 2016 mein geneva motor show mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. sarf saat kaaron kii eek mahdud seerez tayaar kii gayee thee. yaha alfa romiyo 8 see makdi kii cheesis parr mubni hay. paidawar kay aidaad bazaar aur qaabil zakar maalkaan. 8 see competizion 500 units kii mahdud paidawar mein banaya gayaa thaa aur alfa romiyo nay asl mein poori paidawar kuu kayee makhsus bazaron kay darmiyan mukhtas kiyaa thaa (jadool dekhein). 500 kaaron kii poori paidawar teezi say farokhat how gayee. 8 see nay 1995 mein wapsi kay baad 2008 mein americi market mein alfa romiyo kii wapsi kuu nashaan zad kiyaa. pehla 8 see aktobar 2007 mein eek atalvi gahik kuu pahunchaya gayaa thaa. pehla americi market 8 see nomber 2008 mein "001 yuu aiss aey" registration platein pehney dekha gayaa thaa. kaar film director aur stock exchange kay megnate jaims gulkin house nay kharidi thee juu baspok firari ainzo parr mubni pee 4/5 kay maalik honay kay liye bhee jaana jaataa hay. 8 see kii production runn 2008 kay aakhir takk makmal how gayee thee. aakhri alfa romiyo 8 see competizion kuu bostan kay elaqay say eek atalvi-americi kaar clector kuu riyasathaye muthadah kuu pahunchaya gayaa thaa. marhum fight see ayee awo sarjio marchiyon kay paas 8 see competizion aur 8 see makdi donon thay. fight kay sadr aur maalik jaan elkin blue oceno naami eek khususi labaas mein 8 see musabiqat kay maalik bhee haine juu masirati rung kii hadd kaa hasah hay. neoyork kay mets khilaadi yovens sespeds nay faroori 2016 mein fluoreda mein tarbiti camp kay liye cheeri reed 8 see muqabilah chalaya.

0005f6927d7c7dc5900f5460445d230742dce411712d7ac00261d93c61b806de

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2424485

Alphonse Pénaud

Alphonse Pénaud French engineer Alphonse Pénaud (31 May 1850 – 22 October 1880), was a 19th-century French pioneer of aviation design and engineering. He was the originator of the use of twisted rubber to power model aircraft, and his 1871 model airplane, which he called the "Planophore", was the first aerodynamically stable flying model. He went on to design a full-sized aircraft with many advanced features, but was unable to get any support for the project, and eventually committed suicide in 1880, aged 30. Biography. Pénaud was born in Paris into a naval family, his father Charles Pénaud being an admiral in the French Navy. Because of a hip disease he walked with the aid of crutches and so was unable to attend the Naval School. At 20, he began studying aviation and joined the newly-founded "Société Aéronautique de France". He became vice-president of the Society in 1876 and participated in the publication of the journal "L'Aéronaute". In 1870, Pénaud made the first of a series of successful model helicopters. The principle of this was not new, having been demonstrated to the French Academy of Sciences in 1784 by M. Launoy, a naturalist, and M. Bienvenu, and was known by Sir George Cayley, but it was the first use of twisted rubber to power a flying model. During the early years of the development of heavier-than-air flight, many experimenters were to use this method of propulsion for experimental models, including Lawrence Hargrave and A.V. Roe. Planophore. The next year he built the "Planophore", which was to be a major influence on early aircraft design. In addition to the use of a twisted rubber motor driving a pusher propeller, this machine introduced two important principles to practical aeronautics: the wings were curved upwards at the tips, in effect having dihedral, and the rear-mounted horizontal stabiliser was set at a smaller angle of incidence than the wings. Both of these design features gave the planophore a degree of automatic stability. The principle of dihedral had been worked out by Sir George Cayley, although at the time Pénaud was not aware of Cayley's work. The principle of a difference in the angle of incidence between the main lifting surface and the stabiliser was worked out for the first time by Pénaud. The Planophore was successfully flown at the Tuileries Gardens in Paris in front of members of the Société Aéronautique on 18 August 1871, flying a distance of and staying in the air for 11 seconds. The Planophore was 51 cm (20 in) long with a wingspan of 46 cm (18 in) and a wing area of 0.05 m² (0.53 ft2) with a two-bladed propeller 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. It weighed 16 g (0.56 oz), of which the rubber accounted for 5 g (0.17 oz). Later work. The following year he produced a rubber-driven ornithopter. Both the helicopter and the ornithopter enjoyed some success as toys. In 1873 he started collaborating with an engineer named Paul Gauchot, and produced two designs for full-sized aircraft, the first in 1874 and the second in 1876. The 1876 aircraft was drawn in detail for the purpose of patenting the ideas it incorporated, and had many remarkably advanced features, including electrically operated elevators, a fully enclosed cabin for the pilot, a retractable undercarriage, and the use of a pair of propellers rotating in opposite directions to eliminate the torque reaction caused by a single propeller. He also participated in lighter than air experimentation, and produced a number of ingenious devices, including a differential barometer to show the rate of ascent or descent. Alphonse Pénaud was unable to obtain any financial backing for his ambitious design and committed suicide on 22 October 1880, aged 30. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

alphons paynoud alphons paynoud (31 mey '1850-22 octobor 1880), 19 xotikar biman poribohonor design aaru obhijantrikor egoraki francer pothoprodorxok aasil. teu xokti model bimanoloi musjukto roboror byoboharor aarombhoni korisil, aaru teur 1871 model biman, jaak teu "planofor" buli koichil, prothom bayugotibidyagotobhabe sthir uron model aasil. teu bohutu unnot boixistyor xoite etaa xompurno aakaror bimanor design koriboloi goisil, kintu prokolpotur baabe kunu xomorthon laabh koribo nuwarile, aaru owoxexot 1880 sonot 30 bosor boyoxot atmohoitya kore. jiwani. perisot etaa nou poriyalot panoudor jonmo hoisil, teur pitri charls paynoud francer noubahinir egoraki admiral aasil. nitombor rugor baabe teu krasor xohayot khuj karhisil aaru xeyehe nouxenar bidyaloyot porhiboloi okhyom hoisil. 20 bosor boyoxot teu biman poribohon odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho kore aaru notunkoi protistha huwa "cho" siyete erunatik di france "too jugdan kore. 1876 sonot teu xomitir upo-xobhapoti hoisil aaru "el 'aeronout" alusonikhonor prokasyot ongxogrohon korisil. 1870 sonot panoude xofol model helicopteror etaa sringkholar bhitorot prothomtu nirman korisil. 1784 sonot france academy owo sciencesor aagot prodorxon korar pisot ei nititu notun nasil. lo 'noo' yoy, ejon prokritibid, aaru em. baiyebhenu, aaru chaar jorjo kelir dwara jonajat aasil, kintu eitu etaa uron modelok xokti jugaboloi musoni roboror prothom byobohar aasil. bayur tulnat godhur uronor bikaxor prarombhik bosorburot, bohutu porikhyamulok luke porikhyamulok modelor baabe propulsionor ei poddhoti byobohar koribologiya aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil laurence hergrave aaru e.bhi. ru. planofor. poroborti bosorot teu "planofor" nirman korisil, ji prarombhik bimanor designot ek guruttopurno probhab pelabo lagisil. pasar propelar soluwa etaa beka robor motor byoboharor uporiu, ei jontrotuwe byowoharik biman bigyanor baabe dutaa guruttopurno niti proborton korisiloh danabur tipot uporoloi beka aasil, pholsrutit dihedral aasil, aaru pisfalor-mount koraa onubhumik stabilisertu daanar tulnat ek xoru kunot sthapon koraa hoisil. ei duyuta designor boixistyoi planufurok ek porimanor swoyongkriyo sthirota prodan korisil. dihedralor nititu chaar jorjo kele prostut korisil, jodiu xei xomoyot penade kelir kaamor bixoye obogoto nasil. prothom baaror baabe penade mool uttulon pristho aaru stabilizeror maajor aaptonor kunor parthokyor nititur uporot kaam korisil. 1871 sonor 18 aagostot cho "siyete erunatikor xodosyoxokolor xonmukhot perisor tuleries gardenot planophortu xofolotare uruwai diya hoisil, durotwo uri 11 sekendor baabe botahot aasil. planophortu 51 centimeter (20 inchi) dighol aasil aaru iyar wingspen 46 centimeter (18 inchi) aaru uingxor eleka 0.05 mitter (0.53 fut) aasil aaru dutaa bladjukto propelar 20 centimeter (8 inchi) byaxor aasil. iyar ujon 16 graam (0.56 ounce) aasil, jaar bhitorot robortu 5 graam (0.17 ounce) aasil. pisot kaam korok. poroborti bosorot teu robor salit ornithoptor ekhon prostut korisil. helicopter aaru ornithoptar duyutai putola hisape kichu xofolota laabh korisil. 1873 sonot teu poll gauchut naamor ejon obhijontar xoite xohojugita aarombho korisil, aaru xompurno aakaror bimanor baabe dutaa design prostut korisil, prothomtu 1874 sonot aaru dwitiyotu 1876 sonot. 1876 sonor bimankhon iyar ontorbhukto dharonaburor patent korar uddesye bixodbhabe aaka hoisil, aaru iyat bohutu ullekhjugyo unnot boixistyo aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil boidyutikbhabe porisalito elevator, pilotor baabe xompurnorupe aabodho kebin, etaa proityaharjugyo undercarez, aaru etaa ekok propelaror folot huwa tork protikriya atoraboloi biporit dixot ghura etaa zura propelaror byobohar. teu bayur tulnat paatol porikhyatu ongxogrohon korisil, aaru aaruhon baa owotoronor haar dekhuwaboloi etaa differencial berumeteroke dhori keibatau dokhyo xojuli prostut korisil. alphons panoude teur ussakangkhyi designor baabe kunu bittiyo xohay laabh koribo nuwarile aaru 1880 sonor 22 octoborot 30 bosor boyoxot atmohoitya kore.

alphons penoud alphons penoud (31 meey 1850-22 octobor 1880) chhilen 19shha shatabdir farasi biman chalna naksha oo prokousholer aggragami. tini bidyut model bimaner jonno bankano rabar byaboharer probortok chhilen ebong taanr 1871 model biman, jaake tini "planofore" boley abhihito korechilen, prothom bayugatibidyar sthitishil udanta model chhilo. tini onek unnoto baisishtya soho ekti purno akarer bimaner naksha toiri korechilen, kintu prokolper jonno konao samarthan petey parenni ebong abosheshe 1880 saale 30 bochor boyse atmohotta corren. jeeboni. penoud pyarise ekti nou poribare jonmogrohon corren, taanr baba charles penoud farasi naubahinir admiral chhilen. nitamber roger karone tini kracher sahajye hantten ebong taai nou bidyalaye jete parten naa. 20 bochor boyse tini biman chalachal niye padashona shuru corren ebong soddo protisthito "society aeronatic dii france"-ayee jog deena. 1876 saale tini societyr soho-sabhapati hohn ebong "lawl 'aeronout" journaler prokashonate ongsho nene. 1870 saale, penoud sofol model helicoptergulir ekti sirijer prothom toiri corren. 1784 saale farasi bigyan academyte emm dwara prodorshito howar porey, err nititi notun chhilo naa. lonoy, ekjon prokritibid, ebong emm. syara george kellie eyi namti jaanen, kintu etty chhilo ekti udanta modelke shakti deoar jonno bankano rabarer prothom byabohar. bayur cheye bharee udaner bikasher prathomik bochorgulite, onek porikkhanirikkhokra poriikkhamulok modeler jonno propulsioner eyi poddhotiti byabohar korechilen, jaar modhye laurence hargrave ebong ekti.vee. roow. planofore. porer bochor tini "planofore" nirman corren, jaa prathomik bimaner naksha ekti borh prabhab felbe. ekti pushar propeller chaalaanor jonno ekti bankano rabar motor byabohar korar pashapashi, eyi jontroti byaboharik boimaniker jonno duti guruttopurno neeti proborton koreh danna tips uporer dike bankano chhilo, karjoto dihedral chhilo, ebong pichhon-mount koraa anubhumik sthitishil danna tulna apton ekti chhoto koney seeta koraa hoyechilo. eyi duti nakshar baisishtyai planophoreke kichuta swayankriya sthitishilota diyeche. dihedraler nititi syara george kellie toiri korechilen, jodio seii somoy penad kelir kaaj somporke abogoto chhilen naa. prodhan uttolan pristho ebong sthitishilkari modhye apton koner parthokyer nititi prothombar penoud dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo. 18ee august 1871 saale pyariser tuilleries gardene society aeronaticer sadasyader saamone planophorety safalbhabe udiye deoa hoy, jaa 11 sekender jonno akashe udte thaake. planophorety 51 semi (20 inchi) lomba chhilo jaar danna 46 semi (18 inchi) ebong danna elaka 0.05 mii2 (0.53 foot2) ebong dui-bledjukto propeller 20 semi (8 inchi) byasha chhilo. err ozon 16 grama (0.56 ounce), jaar modhye rabar 5 grama (0.17 ounce) chhilo. porey kaaj. porer bochor tini ekti rabar chaalito ornithopter toiri corren. helicopter ebong ornithopter ubhayi khelna hisabe kichuta safalya upobhog korechilo. 1873 saale tini poll gauchot naame ekjon engineer saathe sahojogita shuru corren ebong purno akarer bimaner jonno duti naksha toiri corren, prothomti 1874 saale ebong dwitiyoti 1876 saale. 1876 saaler bimanti taar antarbhukta dharonagulir patent korar uddeshye bistaritovabe aanka hoyechilo ebong boidyutikbhabe chaalito lift, piloter jonno ekti sampurna aboddho kebin, ekti prottaharjoggo undercarriage ebong ekti ekok propeller karone srishto tork protikriya door korte biporito dike ghorano ekjoda propeller byabohar soho onek ullekhjoggo unnoto baisishtya chhilo. tini bayur cheye halka parikkhayo ongsho niyechilen ebong arohan baa abotoroner haar dekhanor jonno ekti deferential barometer soho besh koyekti dokkho jontro toiri korechilen. alphons penoud taanr uchchakangkhi porikolponar jonno konao arthik sahayata petey akkham hohn ebong 1880 saaler 22 octobor 30 bochor boyse atmohotta corren.

alphons paynoud alphons paynoud (31 meey 1850-22 october 1880), uddayan design aneey ijnerinaa 19mee sadeena french agranee hataa. teo power model aircraft maate twisted rabarnaa upyognaa praneta hataa, aneey temnu 1871 noon model airplane, jene temane "planophore" naam aapyu hatoo, teey pratham aerodynamically stheer uddayan model hatoo. temane ghanee adhyatan suveedhao saathe purn kadnaa vimanni rachnaa curry, parantu project maate koee teko melavaamaa asamarth rahyaa, aneey aakhare 1880 maan 30 varshnee vaye aatmahatya curry. jivancharitra. panoudno janm pereesmaa aek naukadalna parivaarmaa thayo hato, temnaa pitaa charles paynoud french naukadalma admiral hataa. hipa rogne kaarane teo baisakhini madadthi chaaltaa hataa aneey tethee naukadalni shaalaama jaee shaktaa naa hataa. 20 varshnee ummare, temane uddayanno abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey navaa sthaapit "sosayati aeronatic dha france" maan jodaya. teo 1876maan societyna upadhyaksh banyaa aneey "lae 'aaronout" saamyikna prakashanma bhaag leedho. 1870maan, panouday safal model helikoptarnee shrenimathi pratham banaavyu hatoo. 1784maan french academy off sciencemaa aema dwara darshavvama aavyo hovathi, aano siddhaant navo nahoto. lonoy, aek prakrutivadi, aneey aema. beey vaar, aneey surr george kelee dwara jaanitu hatoo, parantu teey udataa modelne shaktee aapvaa maate valankvala rabarno pratham upyog hato. havaa karataa bhaare udaannaa vikasna praarambhik varsho darmiyan, ghanaa prayogkaaroae prayogik namunaao maate propulsionni aaa paddhatino upyog karvaano hato, jemaa laurence hargrave aneey aek.vee. roow. planfore. pachhinaa varshe temane "planophore" noon nirmaan karyoo, jeno praarambhik vimaan design parr moto prabhaav padvaano hato. puncher propeller chalaavati twisted rubber motornaa upyog upraant, aaa yantre vyavhaaru aeronoticsma beey mahatvapurn siddhaanto rajoo karyaa hataah paankho tips parr uparnee taraf vakra hatee, asarmaa dihedral hatoo, aneey paachhalna mount thayel aadee stabilizerne pankhoni sarkhaamanimaa naana khoona parr seeta karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa banne design visheshtaoae planoforene thodik svachaalit sthirtaa aapee hatee. dihedralno siddhaant surr george kelee dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato, joke teey samaye panoudne keleena kaary vishe khabar nahoti. mukhya lifting sapaati aneey stabilizer vachchena aapatnaa khunaamaa tafavatno siddhaant pratham vakhat paynoud dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato. 18 august 1871naa roj sosayati aeronauticna sabhyoni saame perisnaa tuilleries bagichaoma planoforene safaltapurvak udadvama aavyu hatoo, jeey 11 second sudhee havaamaa rahyu hatoo. planophore 51 seey. mee. (20 inch) laambo hato, jenee paankh 46 seey. mee. (18 inch) nee hatee aneey paankhno vistaar 0.05 mee. 2 (0.53 foot 2) hato, jemaa beey bledwala propellerno vyaas 20 seey. mee. (8 inch) hato. tenu vajan 16 graam (0.56 auns) hatoo, jemathi rubber 5 graam (0.17 auns) hatoo. pachhithi kaama karoo. teey pachhinaa varshe temane rabarthi chaaltaa ornithoptarnu utpaadan karyoo. helikoptara aneey ornithopter bannene ramkadaa tareeke thodee safalataa malee hatee. 1873maan temane poola gauchot naamnaa ijner saathe sahyog karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey sampoorn kadnaa vimaan maate beey design taiyar curry, pratham 1874maan aneey beeju 1876maan. 1876naa vimanne temaa samavisht vichaaroni pattent karvaanaa hetuthi vigatvaar dorvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey temaa vidhyut sanchaalit elevator, pylot maate sampurnpane bundh cabin, aek paachhu khenchee shakaay tevu undercarege aneey aek jaj propeller dwara thatee torqa pratikriyaane door karvaa maate viruddh dishaamaa fartaa propellersnee jodeeno upyog saheet ghanee nondhpaatra reete adhyatan suveedhao hatee. temane havaa karataa hadvaa prayogomaa pann bhaag leedho hato aneey chadai athavaa utarvaano darr darshaavvaa maate vibhedak barometer saheet sankhyaabandh kooshal upkaranonu utpaadan karyoo hatoo. alphons paynoud temnee mahatvakankshi yojnaa maate koee nanakiy samarthan melavaamaa asamarth hataa aneey 22 october 1880naa roj 30 varshnee vaye aatmahatya curry hatee.

alphons paynoud alphons paynoud (31 maee 1850-22 octuber 1880), 19veen shatabdi key vimanan design aur engineering key agrani francisi they. way bijli model vimaan key liye mudey hue rubber key upayog key pravartak they, aur unakaa 1871 model havaai jahaaj, jise unhone "planofore" kahaa, pahala vaayugatikiya roop seey sthir udaan model thaa. unhone kaee unnat suvidhaon key saath ack poorna aakar key vimaan kaa design taiyar kiya, lekin pariyojana key liye koee samarthan praapt karane mein asamarth rahey, aur antatah 1880 mein 30 varsh kii ayu mein aatmahatya curr lii. jeevani. paynoud kaa janm peris mein ack nausainik parivaar mein huaa thaa, unake pitaa charles paynoud francisi nausena mein ack admiral they. koolhe kii bimari key kaaran vaha baisakhi kii sahaayata seey chaley aur isaliye nausena key school mein jaane mein asamarth they. 20 saal kii umr mein, unhone vimanan kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya aur nava-sthaapit "society aeronatic dee france" mein shamil hoe gaye. way 1876 mein society key upaadhyaksh baney aur "ell 'aeronout" patrika key prakaashan mein bhaag liya. 1870 mein, paynoud ney safal model helicopters kii ack shrinkhala kaa pahala banaaya. iska siddhant nayaa naheen thaa, 1784 mein aim dwara francisi vigyaan akadami koo pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. laanyoy, ack prakritivaadi, aur aim. bienvenu, aur surr george kellie dwara jaanaa jaataa thaa, lekin yeh ack udane vaale model koo shakti dene key liye mudey hue rubber kaa pahala upayog thaa. havaa seey bhaari udaan key vikas key shuruati varshon key dauran, kaee prayogkartaon koo praayogik model key liye pranodan kii iss vidhi kaa upayog karna thaa, jisamen laurence hargrave aur ack pranodan vidhi shamil thee.vee. row. planofore. agale varsh unhone "planofore" kaa nirmaan kiya, joe praarambhik vimaan design parr ack pramukh prabhaav daalane vaalaa thaa. ack pusher propeller koo chalaane vaali ack mudey hue rubber motor key upayog key alawa, iss machine ney vyaavhaarik vaimaaniki key liye dou mahatvapurna siddhanton koo pesh kiyaah pankhon koo tip parr oopar kii or ghumaavdaar kiya gayaa thaa, prabhaav mein dihedral thaa, aur peechhe-ghudsavaar kshaitij stabilizer koo pankhon kii tulanaa mein chhote konn parr sett kiya gayaa thaa. inn donon design visheshtaon ney planofore koo swachaalit sthirata kii degree dee. dihedral key siddhant parr surr george kellie dwara kaam kiya gayaa thaa, halanki usa samay paynoud koo kellie key kaam key baare mein pataa naheen thaa. mukhya uthaane vaali satah aur stabilizer key beach ghatana key konn mein antar key siddhant parr pahali baar paynoud dwara kaam kiya gayaa thaa. 18 agast 1871 koo society aeronautic key sadasyon key saamane peris mein tularies garden mein planophore koo safaltapurvak udaaya gayaa thaa, joe 11 sekand key liye havaa mein rhaa. planofore 51 semi (20 inch) lamba thaa, jisake pankh 46 semi (18 inch) key they aur pankhon kaa kshetrafal 0.05 mee2 (0.53 feat2) thaa, jisamen dou-blade vaalaa propeller 20 semi (8 inch) vyaas kaa thaa. iska vajan 16 graam (0.56 auns) thaa, jisamen seey rabad kaa 5 graam (0.17 auns) thaa. baad mein kaam karein. agale varsh unhone rubber seey chalane vaale ornithopter kaa utpaadan kiya. helicopter aur ornithopter donon koo khilaunon key roop mein kuchh safalata millie. 1873 mein unhone paul gauchot naamak ack engineer key saath sahyog karna shuru kiya, aur poorna aakar key vimaan key liye dou designs kaa utpaadan kiya, pahala 1874 mein aur doosara 1876 mein. 1876 key vimaan koo apane vichaaron koo patent karane key uddeshya seey vistaar seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, aur isamen kaee ullekhaniya roop seey unnat visheshtaen theen, jinamen vidyut sanchaalit lift, pilot key liye poori tarah seey sanlagn kebin, ack peechhe hatane yogya undercarries, aur ack ekal propeller dwara utpann toqa pratikriya koo samaapt karane key liye vipareet dishaaon mein ghoomane vaale propeller kii ack jodee kaa upayog shamil thaa. unhone havaa seey halke prayog mein bhee bhaag liya, aur chadhaai yaa utarane kii darr koo dikhaane key liye ack antar barometer sahit kaee saral upkaranon kaa utpaadan kiya. alphons paynoud apane mahatvakankshi design key liye koee vittiya samarthan praapt karane mein asamarth they aur unhone 30 varsh kii ayu mein 22 octuber 1880 koo aatmahatya curr lii.

alphons penad alphons penad (31 mayee 1850-22 october 1880), 19neey shatamaanada vayuyana vinyasa mattu engineeringna french pravartakaraagiddaru. avaru vidyut maadari vimanakke tiruchida rabbarna balakeya pravartakaraagiddaru mattu avara 1871 rahra maadari vimaanavannu avaru "planophore" endu karedaru, idu modala vayubalavaignanikavagi sthiravaada haaruva maadariyaagide. aata aneka sudhaarita vaishishtyagalondige purna gatrada vimaanavannu vinyaasagolisidaru, aadare yojanege yaavude bembalavannu padeyalu sadhyavagalilla, mattu antimavagi 1880 ralli 30 neey vayassinalli atmahatye maadikondaru. jivanacharitre. penad avaru parisonalli nauka kutumbadalli janisidaru, avara tande charles penad french naukaapadeyalli admiral aagiddaru. sontada kaayileyindaagi avaru uurugoolugala sahayadinda nadedaru mattu aaddarinda nauka shaalege hajaragalu sadhyavagalilla. 20neey vayassinalli, avaru vaayuyaanavannu adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidaru mattu hosadaagi sthaapaneyaada "societe aeronautic dii france" ge seridaru. avaru 1876ralli society upaadhyaksharaadaru mattu "ell 'aeronaut" niyatakaalikada prakataneyalli bhagavahisidaru. 1870ralli, penad yashasvi maadari helikaptargala saranialli modalaneyadannu tayaarisidaru. 1784ralli french academy off sainsasge emm. moolaka pradarsisalpatta ee tatvavu hosadenalla. lamyoy, obba prakrutishaastragna, mattu emm. idu surr georg keliyinda parichitavaagittu, aadare haaruva maadariyannu shaktiyutagolisalu tiruchida rabbarna modala balakeyagide. gaaliginta bhaaravaada haaraatada abhivruddhiya arambhika varsagalalli, aneka prayogakararu laurence hargrave mattu aa. aa. seridante prayogika maadarigalige ee propulsion vidhaanavannu balasabekagittu.vii. roow. planofore. mundina varsha avaru "planofore" annu nirmisidaru, idu arambhika vimaana vinyaasada mele pramukha prabhaava beeritu. pusher propeller annu odisuva tiruchida rabbar motorna balakeya jotege, ee yantravu prayogika vaimaanikashaastrakke eradu pramukha tatvagalannu parichayisituh rekkegalannu tudigalalli melmukhavaagi baagisalaagittu, parinaamavaagi diheadral annu hondittu, mattu himbhagadalli-aarohitavaada samatala sthirikaranavannu rekkegaliginta sanna koonadalli hondisalaagittu. ee eradoo vinyaasada vaishishtyagalu planophorge svayamchaalita sthirateya mattavannu needitu. aaa samayadalli penadge keliya kelasada bagge tilidiralillavadaru, diheadraln tatvavannu surr georg keliyavaru roopisiddaru. mukhya ettuva melmai mattu sthirikaranada naduvina ghataneya koonadallina vyatyaasada tatvavannu modala baarige penad rachisitu. 18 august 1871 randu societe aeronautic sadasyara munde parisna tularies gardennalli planofore annu yashasviyagi haarisalaayitu, duravannu haarisi 11 sekendugala kaala gaaliyalli uliyitu. planophore 51 sem. mea. (20 inchu) uddaviddu, rekkegala udda 46 sem. mea. (18 inchu) mattu rekkeya vistirna 0.05 mea. 2 (0.53 addi) mattu eradu bledgala propeller 20 sem. mea. (8 inchu) vyaasavannu hondittu. idu 16 graam (0.56 ouns) tukavannu hondittu, adaralli rabbar 5 graam (0.17 ouns) aagittu. nantara kelasa. mundina varsha avaru rabbar chaalita ornithopter annu tayaarisidaru. helicopter mattu ornithopter eradoo aatikegalaagi swalpa yashassannu kandavu. 1873ralli avaru paul gauchot emba enginiyar jotegudi kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru mattu purna gatrada vimanakkagi eradu vinyaasagalannu tayaarisidaru, modalaneyadu 1874ralli mattu eradaneyadu 1876ralli. 1876rahra vimaanavu adara kalpanegalige paytent padeyuva uddeshakkagi vivaravaagi chithrisalaayitu, mattu vidyutnalli kaaryanirvahisuva elivetargalu, chaalakanige sampoornavaagi suttuvarida cabin, hintegedukollabahudada undercarage mattu onde propellerninda untaaguva tork pratikriyeyannu todeduhaakalu viruddha dikkugalalli tiruguva jodie propellargala balake seridante aneka gamanarhavada sudhaarita vaishishtyagalannu hondittu. avaru gaaliginta haguravaada prayogadalli bhagavahisidaru mattu aarohana athawa iliyuvikeya daravannu torisalu bhedatmaka barometer seridante halavaaru jaana sadhanagalannu tayaarisidaru. alphons penad tanna mahatvakanksheya vinyaasakke yaavude arthika bembalavannu padeyalu sadhyavagalilla mattu 1880rahra october 22randu tanna 30neey vayassinalli atmahatye maadikondanu.

aalphons penad 19-aamm noottaandile vyomayaana roopakalppanayudeyum enchineeyaringinteyum oru franch pioneeraayirunnu aalphons penode (31 meyy 1850-22 october 1880). power model vimaanagalkk twisted rubber upayogichathinte thudakkakkaaran addehamaayirunnu, 1871 model airplane, addeham "planfore" ennu vilicha, aadyathe aerodynamicamaayi sthirathayulla parakkal model aayirunnu. niravadhi noothana savisheshathakalulla oru poornna valippathilulla vimanam roopakalppana cheytha addeham, padhathikku oru pinthunayum nedaan kazhinjilla, oduvil 1880-ll 30-aamm vayassil aathmahathya cheythu. jeevacharitram. paareesil oru naavika kudumbathilaanu penode janichathu, pithaav chaals penode franch naavikasenayile admiralaayirunnu. oru iduppu rogam kaaranam addeham krachukalude sahaayathode nadakkukayum athinaal naavika schoolil pookaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythu. 20-aamm vayassil addeham vyomayaana patanam aarambikkukayum puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya "sosaitti eronotic dii fraansil" cherukayum cheythu. 1876ll addeham sosaittiyude vais presidentaayi "ell 'eronauttu" enna jenalinte prasidheekaranathil pankedutthu. 1870-ll penode vijayakaramaya model helikopttarukalude oru parambarayil aadyathethu nirmmichu. 1784ll franch akkadami oof sciencesil emm. aarr. pradharshippichathinaal ithinte thathwam puthiyathayirunnilla. lonoy, oru prakrithishaasthranjan, emm. sarr jorjju kayley ariyappettirunna eee rubber oru parakkunna modalinu karuth pakarunnathinu aadyamaayi upayogichathum valanjathumaaya rabbaraayirunnu. vaayuvinekkaal bharameriya parakkalinte vikasanathinte aadya varshangalil, laurence hargrave, eiii. eiii. enniva ulppedeyulla pareekshanathmaka modalukalkkaayi pala pareekshanakaarikalum eee propulsion reethi upayogikkendiyirunnu.vii. rooy. planfore. adutha varsham addeham "planfore" nirmmichu, ithu aadyakaala vimana roopakalppanayil valia swaadheenam cheluthum. oru pashar propeller oodikkunna oru twisted rubber motor upayogikkunnathinu purame, eee yanthram praayogika aeronoticsil rund pradhana thathwangal avatharippichu chirakukal agrangalil mukalilekku valanjirunnu, phalatthil dihedral undaayirunnu, pinvashathu gadippicha thirashcheena stabilizer chirakukalekkaal cheria konilaanu sajjeekarichirunnath. eee rund design savisheshathakalum planforinu oru paridhivare automatic sthiratha nalki. akkaalat penodinu keyliyude pravarthanangalekkurichu ariyillaayirunnuvenkilum dihedralinte thathwam sarr jorjju kayley aavishkarichirunnu. pradhana lifting uparithalavum stabilizer thammilulla aapathikarana konile vyathyaasathinte thathwam aadyamaayi penad thayyarakki. 1871 august 18 nuu paareesile tularies gaardanil sosaitti eronoticile amgangalkku munnil planofore vijayakaramaayi paratthukayum 11 second aakaashat nilkkukayum cheythu. 46 centimeter (18 inch) chirakukalulla 51 centimeter (20 inch) neelavum 20 centimeter (8 inch) vyaasamulla rund bledullah propellerulla 0.05 meter (0.53 adii) chirakukalude vistheernnavumulla planaforinu. ithinu 16 gram (0.56 auns) bharamundaayirunnu, athil rabbarinu 5 gram (0.17 auns) aayirunnu. pinneedu jolie. adutha varsham addeham rabbaril oodunna oru oornithooptar nirmmichu. helikopttarum ornithopttarum kalippattangalaayi kurachu vijayam aasvadichu. 1873-ll addeham pooll gauchott enna enchineeyarumaayi sahakarikkaan thudangi, poornna valippathilulla vimaanangalkkayi rund designukal nirmmichu, aadyathethu 1874-lum randaamathethu 1876-lum. 1876-leeii vimanam athil ulppeduthiya ashayangal pettant cheiyunnathinaayi vishadamaayi varachu, koodaathe vaidyuthiyil pravartthikkunna elivettarukal, pailattin poornnamaayum adacha cabin, pinvalikkaavunna andarkarej, orotta propeller moolamundaakunna tork prathikaranam illaathaakkaan ethir dishakalil karangunna oru jodi propellerukalude upayogam ennivayulppede niravadhi noothana savisheshathakal undaayirunnu. vaayuvinekkaal bharam kuranja pareekshanangalilum addeham pankedukkukayum kayattatthinteyo irakkathinteyo nirakk kaanikkunnathinaayi deferential baarometer ulppede niravadhi samarthamaaya upakaranangal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. thante abhilasha roopakalppanaykku saambathika pinthuna nedaan kazhiyaathe vanna aalphons penode 1880 october 22 nuu 30 aam vayassil aathmahathya cheythu.

alphons paynoud alphons paynoud (31 meey 1850-22 aktoobar 1880), 19 vya shatkatil vimanchalan rachana aanee abhiyantrikiche french pranete hote. teey vidyut pratikruti vimanasathi valavalelya rabarchya vaparache pravartak hote aanee tyanche tyanche pratikruti viman, jyala tyanni 'planofore' mhatale, heey vayugatikiyadrushtya sthir uddan karnare pahile pratikruti hote. tyane anek pragat vaishishtyansah purn-aakarachya vimanachi rachana kelee, parantu prakalpasathi tyala konatahi pathimba miloo shakala nahee aanee akheris 1880 madhye vayachya 30 vya varshi tyane aatmahatya kelee. charitra. penodcha janm parismadhye eka naudal kutumbat jhaala hota, tyache vadil charles paynod heey french naudalat edmiral hote. nitambachya aajaramule too poshakhachya madatine chaalat asey aanee tyamule naudalachya shalet jaau shakat navhate. vayachya 20 vya varshi tyanni vimanchalan abhyas karnyas suruvat kelee aanee navyane sthapan jhalelya 'society aeronatic dii france' madhye sameel jhaale. 1876 madhye teey societyche upadhyaksh jhaale aanee 'laal' aeronaut 'yaa niyatkalikachya prakashanat sahbhagi jhaale. 1870 madhye, penodne yashasvi model helicopterschya maliketil pahile kele. 1784 madhye french academy auph sciencesla emm. neey dakhavun dilele heey tattva naveen navhate. launoy, eka nisargshastradnya aanee emm. surr george callie yanna heey maheet hote, parantu udatya modella shakti denyasathi valalelya rabarcha haah pahila vapar hota. havepeksha judd uddan vikasit honyachya suruvatichya varshanmadhye, anek prayogkartyanni laurence hargrave aanee aii. saha prayogik modelsathi pranodanachi hii paddhat vaparayachi hotee.vhee. roow. planofore. pudhchya varshi tyane 'planofore' bandhala, jyacha suruvatichya vimanachya rachnevar motha prabhav padnar hota. puncher propeller propeller valalelya rubber motorchya vaparavyatirikt, yaa yantrane vyavharik vimanshastrat done mahattvachi tattve sadar keleeh pankh tokanvar varchya dishene vakr hote, parinami dihedral hote aanee mageel-aarohit aadvya stabilizerla pankhanpeksha lahan konat seet kele hote. yaa donhi rachana vaishishtyanni planoforela kahee pramanat svayanchalit sthirata dilee. jaree tyaveli penaudla callychya karyabaddal mahitee navhati, taree dihedralche tattva surr george callie yanni tayar kele hote. mukhya uchal prushthbhag aanee stabilizer yanchyatil aaptan konat farkache tattva prathamach penodware tayar kele gele. 18 august 1871 roji parismadhil tularies gardensmadhye society eronauticchya sadasyansamor planophore yashasviritya udavanyat aala, tyane antar udavale aanee 11 sekand havet rahile. planofore 51 centimeter (20 inch) lamb hota, tyachya pankhanchi lambi 46 centimeter (18 inch) aanee pankhanche kshetrafal 0.05 mea. 2 (0.53 phoot 2) hote, jyachya done blade asalelya propellercha vyas 20 centimeter (8 inch) hota. tyache vajan 16 gramm (0.56 auns) hote, jyapaiki rubber 5 gramm (0.17 auns) hota. nantar kaam. pudhchya varshi tyane rabarvar chalanare ornithopter tayar kele. helicopter aanee ornithopter yaa donhi vimananna khelani mhanoon kahee pramanat yash midale. 1873 madhye tyanni paul gauchot navachya abhiyantyashi sahkarya karnyas suruvat kelee aanee purn aakarachya vimanasathi done rachana tayar kelya, pahili 1874 madhye aanee dusari 1876 madhye. 1876 vimanat samavisht kelelya kalpananche paytant ghenyachya uddeshane tapshilvar rekhatale gele aanee tyat vidyut chalit lift, payalatsathi purnapane bandist kebin, mage gheta yenyajoga undercarries aanee ekach propelarmule honari torq pratikriya door karnyasathi viruddha dishene dishene propellerchya jodicha vapar yasah anek ullekhaneey pragat vaishishtye hotee. tyane havepeksha halakya prayoganmadhyehi bhag ghetala aanee chadhanyacha kinwa utaranyacha darr darshavinyasathi vibhedak barometers anek kushal upkarane tayar kelee. alphons penaudla tyachya mahattvakankshi aarakhadyasathi konatahi aarthik pathbal miloo shakale nahee aanee tyane 22 aktoobar 1880 roji vayachya 30 vya varshi aatmahatya kelee.

alphons penaud alphons penaud (31 maee 1850-22 october 1880), 19 aun shatabdika uddayan design rar engineeringka agragami francelli thie. uni pawar model vimanma twisted rabarko prayogko prawartak thie, rar unko 1871 model viman, jaslai unle "planfore" bhane, pahilo wayugatikiya rupma sthira udan model thiyo. unle dherai unnat suwidhaharu bhaeko purna akarko viman design garna gae, tara pariyojanaka lagi kunai samarthan prapta garna sakenan, rar antatah 1880 maa 30 warshako umerma atmahatya gare. jiwani. penaudko janma perisma nausena pariwarma bhaeko thiyo, unka buba charles penaud francelli nausenama admiral thie. nitambako rogko karan uni krachko sahayogma hinde rar tyasaile nausenako schoolma zahn sakenan. 20 warshako umerma, unle uddayan adhyayan garna thale rar nav-sthapit "society aeronotic day france" maa samel bhae. uni sann 1876 maa societyka upadhyaksha bane rar "law 'aeronut" patrikako prakashanma bhag lie. sann 1870 maa, penaudle safal model helicopterharuko shringkhalako pahilo banayo. yasako siddhanta nayan thiena, 1784 maa francelli ekedemy aff sciencema emm dwara pradarshan garieko thiyo. lanoya, ek prakritiwadi, rar emm. bebhenu, rar sear george kelidwara chininthyo, tara yo udiraheko modellai shakti dina ghumaeko rabarko pahilo prayog thiyo. hawabhanda bhari udanko wikasko prarambhik warshaharuma, dherai prayogkartaharule prayogatmak modelharuka lagi pranodanko yo vidhi prayog garne thie, jasma lawrence hargrebh rar ae.wee. row. planfore. arko warsha unle "planfore" banae, jasle prarambhik viman designma thulo prabhawa parney thiyo. pasar propeller chalaune ghumaeko robber motorko prayogko atirikta, yass messinle wyawaharik aeronauticsma dui mahatwapurna siddhantaharu prastut garyoh pakhaharu tipharuma mathitira ghumaeka thie, wastawma dihedral thiyo, rar pachhadi mount garieko terso stabiliserlai sett garieko thiyo. yee duwai design suwidhaharule planforlai swachalit sthiratako degree diyo. dihedralko siddhanta sear george kelidwara tayar parieko thiyo, yadyapi tyas samayama penaudlai keliko kamko barema thaha thiena. mukhya lifting sataha rar stabilizer bichko ghatana konma bhinnatako siddhanta pahilo patak penaudwara kaam garieko thiyo. 18 august 1871 maa society aeronoticka sadasyaharuko agadi perisko tuleries bagainchama planophore safalatapurwak udaieko thiyo, 11 secondko lagi hawama udeko thiyo. planofore 51 semi (20 inch) lamo thiyo jasko pakhako lambai 46 semi (18 inch) rar pakhako kshetrafal 0.05 warga mitter (0.53 fitt) thiyo jasko dui blade bhaeko propeller 20 semi (8 inch) wyasko thiyo. yasako taul 16 gramm (0.56 aunsa) thiyo, jasmadhye robber 5 gramm (0.17 aunsa) thiyo. pachhi kaam. arko warsha unle robber-sanchalit ornithapter utpadan gare. helicopter rar ernithopter duwaile khelaunaka rupma kehi safaltako ananda uthae. sann 1873 maa unle pall gauchot namak engineersanga sahakarya garna thale, rar purna akarka vimanka lagi dui designharu utpadan gare, pahilo 1874 maa rar dosro 1876 maa. 1876 vimanlai yasama samawesh garieka wicharharuko patent garne uddeshyaka lagi vistarma khichieko thiyo, rar yasama vidyutiya rupma sanchalit liftharu, pilotka lagi purna rupma sanlagna kebin, ek firta lyne sakine undercarez, rar ekal propellerle garda hune toq pratikriya hatauna viparit dishama ghumne propelerharuko jodiko prayog sahit dherai ullekhaniya unnat suwidhaharu thie. unle hawako prayogbhanda halka prayogma pani bhag lie, rar arohan wa awataranko darr dekhaunaka lagi deferential barometersahit dherai kushal upkaranharu utpadan gare. alphons penaud afno mahatwakankshi designka lagi kunai arthik samarthan prapta garna asamartha thie rar 22 october 1880 maa 30 warshako umerma atmahatya gare.

alphonse paynoud alphonse paynoud (31 meey 1850-22 october 1880), 19shaa shatabdir farasi biman chalachala design ebong injinijaringra agradoota thile. shay shakti model biman paain bakra rabar byabaharara prabarttaka thile, ebong tankara 1871 model biman, jaahaaku shay "planofore" bolly abhihita karithile, pratham bajugatibidya sthira udaana model thila . shay aneka unnat baisistya sahita eka purna akarara biman design karibaku jaithile, kintu prakalpa paain kaunasi samarthan paibare asamartha hoithile, ebong sheshare 1880 ray 30 barsha bajasare aatmahatya karithile. jeebani. paynoud pyarisare eka nausena paribarare janmagrahana karithile, taanka pita charles paynoud farasi nausenare jane admiral thile. eka nitamba roga hetu shay cratch sahajyare chalithile ebong tenu nausena bidyalajare jogadebaku asamartha hoithile. 20 barsha bajasare shay biman chalachala adhyajana arambha karithile ebong naba-pratisthita "society aeronatic dii frances" ray joga deithile. shay 1876 ray societyra upadhyakhya hoithile ebong "ell 'aeronout" patrikara prakashanare anshagrahana karithile. 1870 masihare, paynoud saphala model helicoptergudikara eka shrunkhalara pratham nirmana karithile. 1784 masihare french ekademy off sainsare emm. dwara pradarshita heba parey, ehara neeti nutan nathila. lanoah, jane prakruti bigyani, ebong emm. bnvenu, ebong saar george kelinka dwara janashuna, kintu eka udanta madelaku shakti deba paain ehaa bakra rabarar pratham byabahara thila . baaju thaaru adhika bhaari udanara bikashar prarambhika barshagudikare, aneka parikhyanakari ehi pranodanara paddhatiku parikhyamulaka model paain byabahara karibaku thile, jeunthire lawrence haragreva ebong eka...bhi. roe. planfore. parabarti barsha shay "planofore" nirmana karithile, jaahaa prarambhika biman design upare eka pramukh prabhaba pakaiba. eka pashara propelara chalaiba paain eka bakra rabar motorer byabahara byatita, ehi messin byabaharika aeronaticsre duiti gurutwapurna neeti prabartana karithilah danaa tipare upara aadaku bakra thila, phalaswaroopa dihedral thila, ebong pacha-mounted bhusamantara stabiliser danaa apekhya chhot konare sett karajaithila . ehi duiti design baisistya planophoreku swajangkrija sthirata pradan karithila. dihedralara neeti saar george kelinka dwara prastuta karajaithila, jadio sehi samajare penad kelinka karjya bishajare abgat nathile. mukhya uthaana prustha ebong stabiliser madhyare aapatan konare parthakyara neeti pratham thara paain penad dwara karjya karajaithila . 18 august 1871 ray paricera tuleries udyanare society aeronaticra sadasyamananka sammukhare planofore saphalatara saha udajaithila, eka durata udai 11 second paain pabanare rahila . planophore lumb 51 shay. mea. (20 inch) thila, jahara paakh paakh 46 shay. mea. (18 inch) ebong pakhar khetraphala 0.05 mea. 2 (0.53 phuta) thila, ebong dui-blade bisista prapeilara 20 shay. mea. (8 inch) byasa thila. ehara ojana 16 gramm (0.56 ounces) thila, jeunthiru rabar 5 gramm (0.17 ounsa) thila. parey kaama. taa 'para barsha shay rabar chalita eka ornithopter tiari karithile. ubhaja helicopter ebong ornithopter khelana bhabare kichhi saphalata upavoga karithile . 1873 masihare shay pull gauchot namaka jane injinijaranka saha sahjog arambha karithile, ebong purna akarara biman paain duiti design prastuta karithile, prathamati 1874 ray ebong dwiteejati 1876 ray . 1876 bimanati ehara antarbhukta dharanagudikara patent uddeshyare bistruta bhabare ankita hoithila, ebong aneka ullekhaneeah unnat baisistya thila, jeunthire baidyutika bhabare parichalita lift, pilot paain eka sampurna aabadha kebin, eka pratyahruta undercarrage, ebong gotie ekaka propelara dwara srusta turk pratikrija doora karibaku bipareet digare ghurnajamana eka yoda propelara byabahara antarbhukta . shay baaju apekhya haluka parikhyanare madhya anshagrahana karithile, ebong aarohan kimba abataran haara darshaiba paain eka bhinna barrometer sameth aneka kaushalapurna upakarana utpadana karithile. alphonse paynoud taanka mahatwakankhi yojana paain kaunasi arthika sahajata paibare asamartha hoithile ebong 1880 masiha october 22 tarikhare 30 barsha bajasare aatmahatya karithile.

alphons paynoud alphons paynoud (31 maee 1850-22 aktubar 1880), 1880) sadee daa havabazi design atey engineering daa mohri francisi see. uh bijli maadal jahazan laee modiaa hoiaa rubbed dee varton daa sansthapak see, atey uss daa 1871 maadal havaai jahaz, jiss noon usne "planofor" kiha, pahila aerodynamic taur 'teey sathir udaann maadal see. uss neey bahut saariaan unnat visheshtavan dey naal ikk poore aakaar dey jahaz noon design keeta, parr project laee koee sahaita prapat curran witch asamrath riha, atey aakharkar 1880 witch 30 saal dee umar witch aatam hattiaa qarr laee. jeevani. paynoud daa janam paris witch ikk jall saina parivaar witch hoiaa see, uss dey pitaa charles paynoud franch jall saina witch ikk admiral sunn. kulleh dee bimari caarn uh baisakhi dee madad naal turda see atey iss laee uh jall saina dey school witch jaanh witch asamrath see. 20 saal dee umar witch, usne havabazi daa adhiaen karna shuru qarr ditta atey naveen sathapat "suciety aeronatic dee france" witch shamal hoow giaa. uh 1876 witch suciety dey upp-pardhan baney atey "ail 'aeronaut" journal dey parkashan witch hissa liaa. 1870 witch, paynoud neey safal maadal helicoptran dee luddy vicchon pahila banaiaa. iss daa sidhant navaan naheen see, jiss noon 1784 witch franch academy aaf sciences noon pradarshit keeta giaa see. laaoe, ikk kudratvadi, atey aimm. bienvenun, atey sarr jaaraj callie duaara janhiaa jaanda see, parr ih ikk uddan vaale maadal noon shakti denh laee mudadi rubbed dee pahili varton see. havaa toon bhaari udaann dey vikas dey shuruati saalan dauran, bahut saare prayogkartavan neey prayogatmak maadlan laee propulsion dey iss dhang dee varton curney see, jiss witch laurence hargrave atey aii.vee. roow. planofor. agle saal uss neey "planofor" daa nirman keeta, joe shuruati jahazan dey design utte ikk vadda prabhav paunh vaala see. ikk pashar propeller noon chalaun vaali ikk marodi hoee rubbed motor dee varton toon ilava, iss masheen neey viharak aeronautics laee doou mahattavpuran sidhant pesh keetea khambh tips 'teey uppar vall vakrit sunn, asal witch diheadral sunn, atey pichle mount keete harizotal stabilizer noon khambhan naalon ikk chhote konn' teey sett keeta giaa see. inhan dovan design visheshtavan neey planofor noon ikk digri automatic sathirta ditti. diheadral daa sidhant sarr jaaraj callie duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, halanki uss samein paynoud callie dey kamm toon jaanhu naheen see. mukkh lifting satah atey stabilizer dey vichkaar ghatna dey konn witch antar dey sidhant noon pahili vaar paynoud duaara kamm keeta giaa see. planofor noon 18 agast 1871 noon society aeronautic dey memberan dey sahmane paris dey tularies garden witch safaltapurvak udda ditta giaa see, jiss neey 11 skintan laee havaa witch doori bnaa keey rakkhiaa see. planofor 51 centimeter (20 inch) lamba see jiss dey khambhan daa pakkh 46 centimeter (18 inch) atey khambhan daa khetar 0.05 meeter (0.53 futt) see jiss witch doou-blade propeller 20 centimeter (8 inch) viaas see. iss daa bhaar 16 graam (0.56 auns) see, jiss vicchon rubbed 5 graam (0.17 auns) see. baad witch kamm crow. agle saal uss neey ikk rubbed naal challan vaala arnithopter tiaar keeta. helicopter atey arnithopter dovan neey khidoniaan dey roop witch kujh safalta prapat keeti. 1873 witch usne paal gauchot namak ikk engineer naal sahiyog karna shuru keeta, atey poore aakaar dey jahazan laee doou design tiaar keete, pahila 1874 witch atey dooja 1876 witch. 1876 dey jahaz noon iss witch shamal vicharan noon patent curran dey udesh naal visthar witch tiaar keeta giaa see, atey iss witch bahut saariaan shandar unnat visheshtavan sunn, jinhan witch bijli naal challan vaale elevator, pilot laee ikk puurii tarahan bnd cabin, ikk waps lainn yog undercaries, atey ikk single propeller duaara paida hoye tarq pratikriaa noon khatam curran laee ulat dishavan witch ghumman vaale propeller dee ikk jodee dee varton shamal see. unhan neey havaa naalon halke prayogan witch vee hissa liaa atey kaee hunarmand upkarnan daa nirman keeta, jiss witch chadhan jaan utaran dee darr noon darsaun laee ikk bhinn barometer vee shamal haii. alphons paynoud aapne abhilashi design laee koee vitti sahaita prapat curran witch asamrath see atey usne 22 aktubar 1880 noon 30 saal dee umar witch aatam hattiaa qarr laee.

alphoms penad alphons penad (31 mey 1850-22 october 1880), 19 shataabdyaah vimanayana-vinyaasasya tathaa abhiyaantrikeekaranasy cha agradootah aasit. saha vidyut-pratiroop-vimaanasya krute vakra-rabbar ityasya upayogasya pravartakah aasit, tasya 1871 namuna-vimaanam, yasya saha "planophore" iti namna aahvayata, prathamam vaayugatikeeyaroopen sthiram uddayan-pratiroopam aasit. saha anekaih unnata-visheshaihi saha poorna-aakaarasy vimaanasya vinyaasam krutavaan, parantu pariyojanaayaah krute kimapi samarthanam praaptum asamarthah abhavat, ante 1880 tame varshe 30 varsheeyah atmahatya krutavaan. jeevanacharitram. penad ityasya janma pyaris-nagare nausainika-kutumbe abhavat, tasya pitaa charles penad ityayam france-deshasya nausenaayaah nausenaadhyakshah aasit. nitambarogasya karanat saha ooruchikaabhih saha gatavaan, ataha nausainikavidyaalaye gantum asamarthah abhavat. 20 varshe saha vimanayanasya adhyayanm aarabhat, nava-sthaapitam "sosaite aeronatic day france" ityasmin cha sammilayt. saha 1876 tame varshe societyaah upadhyakshah abhavat, "ell 'aeronat" iti patrikaayaah prakaashane bhaagam cha praapnot. 1870 tame varshe, penad ityeshah safalaanaam maadel-helicopter-shrunkhalaasu prathamam niramaat. asya siddhantah naa nootanah aasit, 1784 tame varshe french-vijnaana-akadami-madhye emm dwara pradarshitah. laamyoy, ekaha prakrutivettaa, tathaa cha emm. benvenu iti, surr jaarj keylee ityanena prasidhah aasit, parantu uddayan-pratiroopaay shaktiyutam kartum twisted-rabbar ityasya prathamaprayogah aasit. vaayuparyantam bharayutasya uddayanasy vikaasasya praarambhikavarsheshu, bahavah prayogakaah prayogaatmak-pratimananam krute pranodana-paddhatyaah upayogam kartum arhanti sma, yatra laurence-haaragrev tathaa e.vi. row. planophore. agrime varshe saha "planophore" iteedam niramaat, yat prarambhikavimanavinyase pramukhah prabhaawah bhavitum arhati sma. pashar-propeller-vaahanasya chalakasya vakra-rubber-motor ityasya upayogaat atiriktam, eshaa yantree vyaavahaarik-vaimaanikee-vishaye mahattvapoornam tattvam dwayam pravartayat-pakshaah agrabhaage oordhvam vakraani aasan, phalatah dahedral-yukttaah aasan, tathaa cha prushta-aarohita-kshaitija-sthireekaranam pakshaanaam apekshayaa nyoon-konasya apatan-konasya krute sthaapitam aasit. ete dwau api vinyaasavisheshataah planophore-krute swayamchaalita-sthirataayaah degream adadat. dahedral ityasya siddhantah surr jaarj kelee ityanena parikalpitah aasit, yadyapi tasmin samaye penad ityeshah kailee ityasya karyasya vishaye naa dnyaatavaan aasit. mukhya-uddeepan-prushtasya sthirikaranasya cha madhye apatan-konasya bhedasya siddhantah prathamavaaram penad ityanena parikalpitah. 18 august 1871 dinaanke, perisa-nagarasya tularies-udyaane sosaite aeronatic ityasya sadasyanam sammukhe, planophore iti vimaanam safalatayaa uddiyata, dooram uddiya 11 kshanaani yaavat vaayuveshtanam cha avasaret. planophore 51 se. mee. (20 inch) deerghah, yasya prushtabhaagah 46 se. mee. (18 inch), tathaa cha prushtakshetram 0.05 mee. 2 (0.53 (0.53, dwipadeeyam propeller 20 se. mee. (8 inch) vyasa aasit. asya bhaarah 16 graam (0.56 auns) aasit, yasmin rabbar-padarthah 5 graam (0.17 auns) aasit. pashchat karyam karotu. agrime varshe saha rabbar-chaalitam ornithopter iteedam nirmitavaan. helicopter tathaa arnithopter ityetaah cha kridaakreedaasu kechan safalataa praaptaah. 1873 tame varshe saha paal gauchot namakena abhiyantraa saha sahayogam krutvaa poorna-aakaar-vimanayoho krute vinyaasadvayam nirmitavaan, prathamah 1874 tame varshe, dwiteeyah 1876 tame varshe cha. 1876 tame varshe vimaanasya parikalpanam petentim kartum vistrutam ankitam, tathaa cha vidyudvaahitaah lift, chalakasya krute purnataya pariveshtitaah cabin, prativartaneeyah undercurage, ekena propeller ityanena janite tark-pratikriyayaha nirmulanartham viruddhadishaayaam paribhramitanam propeller-yugmasya upayogah ityadini anekaani ullekhaneeyaani unnataani vaishishtyam cha aasan. saha vaayu-prayogaat laghutameshu prayogeshu api bhaagam agruhnaat, aarohanasy athavaa avarohanasya cha daram darshayitum vibhedaka-berometer ityanena saha anekaani kaushalapoornaani upakaranani cha nirmitavaan. alphons penad ityeshah swasya mahattvaakaankshee parikalpanaay kimapi vitteeyam samarthanam praaptum asamarthah abhavat, 1880 october 22 dinaanke 30 varsheeyah atmahatya krutavaan.

albons benaut albons benaut (31 mae 1850-22 october 1880), 19 aam noottraandin vimaana vadivamaippu mattrum poriyiyalin munnoadiyaana pirenchu aavaar. avar murukkapatta rubber payanpaduththi sakthi maathiri vimanaththai uruvaakkiyavar, maelum avarathu 1871 maathiri vimaanam, avar "planopore" endru alaiththaar, idhu muthal kaattriyakkaviyal nilaiyaana parakkum maathiriyaagum. avar pala maempatta amsangkaludan oru muzhu alavilaana vimanaththai vadivamaithaar, aanaal thittaththirku endha aatharavaiyum pera mudiyavillai, iruthiyil 1880 ill thanathu 30 vayathil thartkolai seithu kondaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. benaut paarisil oru kadarpadaik kudumbaththil piranthaar, avarathu thanthai charles benaut pirenchu kadarpadaiyil oru admiral aavaar. iduppu noai kaaranamaaga avar uuntrukoalgalin uthaviyudan nadanthu sentraar, enavae kadarpadaip pallyil saera mudiyavillai. 20 vayathil, avar vimaanap padippaip padikkath thodangkinaar, puthithaaga niruvapatta "society aeronatic dii brance" ill saernthaar. avar 1876 aam aandil sangaththin thunaith thalaivaraaga aanaar mattrum "ell 'aeronoud" idhazhin veliyeettil pankettraar. 1870 aam aandil, benaut vetrtrikaramaana maathiri helikaaptarkalin thodaril muthal muraiyaaga uruvaakkappattathu. 1784 aam aandil pirenchu ariviyal akaadamiyil emm moolam niroopikkappatta idhan kolgai puthiyathu alla. laanaai, oru iyarkai aarvalar, mattrum emm. binewaynu, mattrum charr jaarj keyliyaal ariyappattathu, aanaal idhu oru parakkum maathiriyai iyakkuvatharku murukkapatta rabbarin muthal payanpaadaagum. kaattrai vida kanamaana vimanaththin valarchchiyin aaramba aandugalil, pala parisoathakarkal laurence harkrave mattrum oru soathanai udpada soathanai maathirigalukku inththa undhuthal muraiyaip payanpaduththa vaendiyirunththathu.vii. roow. planophore. aduththa aandu avar "planophore" endra kattidaththai uruvaakkinaar, idhu aarambagaala vimaana vadivamaippil perum thaakkatthai aerpaduththiyathu. oru bashar unththusakthiyai iyakkum murukkapatta rubber motoraip payanpaduththuvathoadu mattumallaamal, inththa iyanththiram nadaimurai vanoorthy ariviyalukku irandu mukkiyamaana kolgaigalai arimugappaduththiyathu irakkaikal munaigalil melnoakki valainthirunththana, idhan vilaivaaga dihetral irunththathu, pinpuraththil porutthappatta kidaimatta nilaippaduththubavar irakkaikalai vida siriya koonaththil amaikkappattathu. inththa irandu vadivamaippu amsangkalum planoforukku oru alavu thaaniyangi nilaiththanmaiyai aliththana. antha neraththil penaattukku keyliyin padaippugal pattri theriyaathu entraalum, dihetral kolgaiyai charr jaarj kailey uruvaakkinaar. pirathaana lifting maerparappirkum stabiliserukkum idaiyilaana nigazhvu koonaththil ulla vaerupaattin kolgai muthal muraiyaaga benaut moolam uruvaakkappattathu. 18 august 1871 andru paarisil ulla dularies thoattaththil society aeronatic uruppinarkalukku munnaal planopore vetrtrikaramaaka parakkavidappattathu, thooram paranthu 11 vinaadigal kaattril thangiyirunthathu. planopore 51 semee (20 angkulam) neelamum, 46 semee (18 angkulam) irakkaikalum, 0.05 0.05 (0.53 (0.53 irakkaip paguthiyum, irandu pilaedugal konda unththusakthiyum 20 semee (8 angkulam) vittamum kondadhu. idhan edai 16 kiram (0.56 avunce) aagum, idhil rubber 5 kiram (0.17 avunce) aagum. piragu vaelai. aduththa aandu avar rubber moolam iyakkappadum oornithoaptar ontrai thayaaritthaar. helikaaptar mattrum ornithopter irandum pommaigalaaka sila vetrtrikalaip petrtrana. 1873 aam aandil avar paal kasot endra poriyaalarudan oththulaikkath thodangkinaar, maelum muzhu alavilaana vimaanangkalukkaana irandu vadivamaippugalaith thayaaritthaar, muthalaavathu 1874 aam aandilum, irandaavathu 1876 aam aandilum. 1876 vimaanam adhu inaikappatta yoasanaigalukku kaappurimai perum nokkaththirkaaga virivaaga varaiyappattathu, maelum minsaaraththaal iyakkappadum liftkal, vimaanikku muzhumaiyaaga moodappatta cabin, pinvaangakkoodiya andarkerej mattrum ottrai undhusakthiyaal aerpadum murukku ethirvinaiyai agattra ethir thisaikalil suzhalum oru jody unththusakthigalaip payanpaduththuthal ullitta pala kurippidatthakka maempatta amsangkalaik kondirundhadhu. avar kaattrai vida ilaguvaana parisoathanaiyilum pankettraar, maelum aeruthal allathu irangku vigithaththaik kaatta oru vaerupatta kaattrazhuththamaani udpada pala puththisaalithanamaana saathanangalai uruvaakkinaar. albons benaut thanathu latchiya vadivamaippukku endha nidhi aatharavaiyum pera mudiyavillai, maelum october 22,1880 andru thanathu 30 vayathil thartkolai seithu kondaar.

alphons penad alphons penad (31 mae 1850-22 october 1880), 19va sataabdapu vimanayana roopakalpana mariyu injaneeringlo french maargadarsakudu. athanu power modal vimaanaaniki vakreekruta rabbaru vaadakaaniki muulam, mariyu athani 1871 modal vimanam, athanu "planafore" anie pilichadu, idhi modati aerodynamicga sthiramaina egire namuunaa. athanu aneka adhunaatana lakshanaalatoo puurti-parimaana vimananni roopondinchaadu, conny eee prajectuku etuvanti maddatu pondalekapoyadu, chivariki 1880loe 30 samvatsaraala vayasulo aatmahatya chesukunnadu. jeevita charitra. penad paarislo oka naukaadala kutumbamlo janminchaadu, athani tandri charless penad french naavikaadalamloo admiralga unnaaru. hip vyaadhi kaaranamgaa athanu ooyala sahayamtho nadichadu, anduvalla navika paatasaalaku haajaru kalekapoyadu. 20 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu vimanayananni adhyayanam cheyadam praarambhinchaadu mariyu kottagaa sthaapinchabadina "society aeronatic dii france" loe cheraadu. athanu 1876loe sosaiteeki upaadhyakshudu ayyadu mariyu "ell 'aeronaut" patrika prachuranalo palgonnadu. 1870loe, penad vijayavantamaina modal helicopterla shrenilo modatidaanni tayaaru chesindi. 1784loe french academy off sainsesku emm dwara pradarsinchabadina eee suutram kottadi kaadu. lamyoy, prakruti shaastravetta, mariyu m. baivenu, mariyu surr georg kylie chetha piluvabadindi, conny idhi egire namuunaaku saktinivvadaaniki vakreekruta rabbaru yokka modati upayogam. gaali kante baruvaina vimaana abhivruddhi prarambha samvatsaraallo, chaalaa mandhi prayogakulu laurence hargrave mariyu eah. eah. thoo sahaa prayogaatmaka namuunaala kosam eee chodaka paddhatini upayoginchaalsi vachindi.vii. roow. planofore. marusati samvatsaram athanu "planofore" nuu nirminchaadu, idhi prarambha vimaanaala roopakalpanapai pradhana prabhavanni choopindi. pashar propellarnu nadipe vakreekruta rabbaru motaru vaadakamtho paatu, eee yantram aacharanaatmaka aeronaticsku rendu mukhyamaina suutraalanu pravesapettindih rekkalu konala vadda paiki vangi untaayi, phalitamgaa diheadral kaligi untaayi mariyu venuka-mounted kshitija samaantara sthireekarana rekkala kante chinna konamlo amarchabadi untundi. eee rendu design lakshanaalu planophoreku kontavaraku svayamchaalaka sthirathvaanni icchaayi. diheadral suutraanni surr georg kylie roopondinchaaru, ayithe aaa samayamlo penaadku kylie rachana gurinchi teliyadu. pradhana lifting uparitalam mariyu sthireekarana yantram madhya aapada konamlo vyatyaasam yokka suutraanni modatisaarigaa penad roopondinchaaru. 18 augustu 1871naa society aeronatic sabhyula mundu paarislooni tularies guardenslo planofore vijayavantamgaa eguraveyabadindi, 11 sekanla paatu gaalilo undi, eguravesindi. planofore 51 centimeters (20 angulaalu) podavu, 46 centimeters (18 angulaalu) rekkalu mariyu 0.05 mea2 (0.53 adugulu) rekkala vaisaalyam, rendu bladela propeller 20 centimeters (8 angulaalu) vyaasam kaligi undhi. dheeni baruvu 16 graamulu (0.56 ounsulu), indulo rabbaru 5 graamulu (0.17 ounsulu). taruvaata pani. marusati samvatsaram athanu rabbarutho nadiche ornithoptarnu tayaaru chesaadu. helicopter mariyu ornithopter rendoo bommalugaa kontha vijayanni saadhinchaayi. 1873loe athanu paal gauchot anae injaneertho kalisi panicheyadam praarambhinchaadu, puurti-parimaana vimaanaala kosam rendu namuunaalanu tayaaru chesaadu, modatidi 1874loe mariyu rendavadi 1876loe. 1876 vimaanamlo cherchabadina aalochanalaku patent pondadam kosam vivaramgaa geeyabadindi, mariyu vidyut aadhaarita elevatorlu, pilate kosam puurtigaa pariveshtita cabin, upasamharinchagala undercarage mariyu oke propeller valla kalige tark praticharyanu tolaginchadaaniki vyatiraeka disallo tirige propellerla jatha vaadakamtho sahaa aneka asaadhaaranamaina adhunaatana lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi. athanu gaali kante thelikaina prayogaalalo kooda palgonnadu mariyu aarohana ledhaa avarohana retunu choopinchadaaniki avakalana berometertho sahaa aneka telivigala parikaraalanu utpatti chesaadu. alphons penad thana pratishtaatmaka pranaalikaku etuvanti aardhika maddatu pondalekapoyadu mariyu 1880 aktobaru 22naa 30 samvatsaraala vayasulo aatmahatya chesukunnadu.

alfons pinaud alfons pinaud (31 mayee 1850-22 aktobar 1880)yee 19 wein sadee kay hawaa baazi kay design aur engineering kay paish ruu thay. wah moray hoay rabad kay pawar maadal tayaray kay istemaal kay mojad thay aur inn kaa 1871 maadal hawai jehaaz jasay inhon nay "planfor" kahaa pehla aerodenamic toor parr mustahkam adaan maadal thaa. inhon nay behat see jadeed khususiyat kay saath eek makmal size kay tayaray kaa design banaya leakin iss mansubay kay liye koyee madad haasil karnay say qaasir rahay aur balaakhir 1880 mein 30 saal kii amar mein khudkashi kirr lee. sawanah umri. pinad peers mein eek bahri khaandaan mein paida huay inn kay waalid charlis pinad francisi bahriyah mein admiral thay. hipp kii bemari kii wajah say wah kirch kii madad say chaltay thay aur iss liye wah neol school jaanay say qaasir thay. 20 saal kii amar mein inhon nay hawaa baazi kii taleem haasil karnaa sharoo kii aur nayee qayem kardah "society aeronatic ddee france" mein shaamil how gayey. wah 1876 mein society kay naib sadr banay aur "eel aironaut" jareede kii ashaat mein hasah liyaa. 1870 mein pinad nay kamiyab maadal haili copters kii eek seerez mein say pehla banaya. iss kaa asul neeya nahein thaa jiss kaa mazahirah 1784 mein francisi academy aaf sciences mein ayem kay zariah kiyaa gayaa thaa. lanaye, eek maahir fitrat aur ayem. benoveno aur asay sarr jaarj keeli nay jaana thaa leakin yaha eek adnay waalay maadal kuu taaqat deenay kay liye maray hoay rabad kaa pehla istemaal thaa. hawaa say ziyadah bhaari parwaz kii tarqi kay ibtadayi saalon kay doraan behat say tajarbah kaaron kuu tajarbati models kay liye propulsion kaa yaha tariqah istemaal karnaa thaa bashmol larns hargario aur aey.wee. ruu. planfor. aglay saal iss nay "planfor" banaya juu ibtadayi tayaron kay design parr eek badaa asar daalnay waala thaa. pashar propeller chalanay waali maray hoay rabad kii motor kay istemaal kay alawah iss masheen nay emli aeronautics kay liye duu aham asul mutaarif karaye: paroon kuu nook parr oopar kii taraf madaa hawaa thaa darhaqiqat daayee headral thaa aur peeche say nasb afqi stabilizer kuu paroon kay muqabilay mein waaqa kay chhotay zawiye parr seet kiyaa gayaa thaa. inn donon design kii khususiyat nay planfor kuu khudkaar istehkaam kii digri dee. daayee headral kaa asul sarr jaarj keeli nay tayaar kiyaa thaa halankah iss waqat pinad kuu keeli kay kaam kaa alam nahein thaa. markazi lifting satah aur stabilizer kay darmiyan waaqa kay zawiye mein farq kaa asul pehli baar pinad kay zariye tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa. 18 agast 1871 kuu peers kay teuleries baghat mein society aeronatic kay arakeen kay saamney planofor kuu kamiyabi kay saath adaya gayaa jiss nay 11 second takk hawaa mein qayaam kiyaa. planofor 51 centy metter (20 inch) lamba thaa jiss kay pankh 46 centy metter (18 inch) kay thay aur pankh kaa raqbah 0.05 metter (0.53 fitt 2) thaa jiss mein duu blade waala propeller 20 centy metter (8 inch) qatar kaa thaa. iss kaa wazan 16 graam (0.06 auz) thaa jiss mein rabad 5 graam (0.17 auz) thaa. baad mein kaam karein. aglay saal iss nay rabad say chalnay waala ornithopter tayaar kiyaa. haili copter aur ornithopter donon kuu khilonon kay toor parr kachh kamiyabi haasil hoyee. 1873 mein iss nay paal gochot naami eek engineer kay saath taawan karnaa sharoo kiyaa aur makmal size kay tayaron kay liye duu design tayaar kiyay pehla 1874 mein aur dosra 1876 mein. 1876 kay tayaray kuu iss mein shaamil khayalat kuu pattent karnay kay maqsad say tafsil say tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss mein behat see qaabil zakar jadeed khususiyat thein jinn mein barqi toor parr chalnay waalay lift pilot kay liye makmal toor parr bund kaiban eek peeche hatnay waala inder carriage aur eek propeller kii wajah say honay waalay taark ree action kuu khatam karnay kay liye mukhalif samaton mein ghoomnay waalay propellers kaa istemaal shaamil thaa. inhon nay hawaa say halkay tajarbay mein bhee hasah liyaa aur chadhayi yaa nazool kii sharah kuu zahir karnay kay liye eek tafriq baromator sameet mutadid zaheen aalat tayaar kiye. alfons pinad apnay mahtawakankashi design kay liye koyee maali madad haasil karnay say qaasir thay aur inhon nay 22 aktobar 1880 kuu 30 saal kii amar mein khudkashi kirr lee.

0005fbc1c476edafe05e821af31bedc6025427e9e249451575bb45ee31d42204

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33513607

Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans

Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans The Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans in Chernivtsi, Ukraine was built for the Eastern Orthodox metropolitan bishop between 1864 and 1882 to the designs of the Czech architect Josef Hlávka from Austria-Hungary. The Residence, whose buildings are now part of Chernivtsi University, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011. Construction. In 1782, following the incorporation of Bukovina into the Habsburg monarchy, the seat of the Moldavian Eastern Orthodox Bishops of Rădăuți was moved to Chernivtsi (then known as Czernowitz). The province's military administration built a residence in haste for bishop Dosoftei Herescu. The edifice, completed in 1783, bore a shabby aspect, divided as it was into small, low rooms, with a little chapel that had a brick floor. Due to fungal growth caused by humidity, part of the building collapsed in 1790 and the rest was demolished. Thus, Herescu and his successors Daniil Vlahovici, Isaia Baloșescu and, for a time, Eugenie Hacman, were obliged to move around rented rooms. In 1851–1852, Hacman sent a series of reports to the administration in Lviv, complaining that this situation was undignified. In 1860, the Religious Affairs Ministry issued a decree announcing a contest to select an architect for a new episcopal residence. The Czech architect Josef Hlávka was selected to develop the project. In preparing his designs, Hlávka researched the building traditions of the region, and published an article, "Buildings of the Eastern Greek Church in Bukovina", in the "Austrian Review" in 1866. Hlávka's proposals for the complex included not only the bishop's palace but also administrative offices, meeting halls, a library, a choir school, a museum of church art and a chapel. The resulting work combines Byzantine and Moorish style, with the Alhambra as one inspiration. Construction commenced in 1864 but was subjected to substantial delays due to technical problems, the illness of Hlávka from 1872 onwards, and to disagreements between Hlávka and the local administration, which led to Hlávka's resignation. The incompetence of Hlávka's successor, Feliks Ksiezarski, further delayed progress. The building and churches were consecrated in the winter of 1882/3. Significance. The UNESCO citation, declaring the Residence and the buildings in its complex as of "outstanding universal value", describes the site as follows:The architectural ensemble comprises the former Residence of the Metropolitans with its St. Ioan cel Nou of Suceava Chapel; the former seminary and Seminary Church, and the former monastery with its clock tower within a garden and landscaped park. The Residence, with a dramatic fusion of architectural references, expresses the 19th century cultural identity of the Orthodox Church within the Austro-Hungarian Empire during a period of religious and cultural toleration. In the 19th century, historicist architecture could convey messages about its purpose and the Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans is an excellent example. Features. The buildings of the complex are laid out on three sides of a courtyard which is approximately 100 metres deep and 70 metres wide: the fourth side of this yard contains the main gates, set in tall railings. Opposite the gate is the largest single building, the residence of the Metropolitan, which also contains the Chapel of John the New of Suceava. The building presently houses the university's Faculty of Modern Languages. It contains the Synodal Hall (today called the Marble Hall), with a painted ceiling. Originally, this hall contained portraits of Austrian monarchs by Epaminonda Bucevschi (1843–1891). Other major rooms in this building include the former library of the Metropolitan (the Blue Hall), a smaller meeting space (the Red Hall) and the former reception room of the Metropolitan (the Green Hall). The UNESCO report on the site describes the Red Hall as "an extraordinary beautiful wooden jewel box, whose wall painting resembles a sophisticated trimming with red Chinese silk." To the left of the gate is the seminary building (the right wing of the ensemble) and its church, the Church of the Three Holy Hierarchs, which contains murals by Karl Jobst and other artists. On the other side of the courtyard (the left wing of the ensemble), the former monastery building is today the geography department of the university. The clock tower of this building is decorated with Stars of David as a tribute to the Jewish community of Czernowitz which contributed to the construction of the complex. The whole ensemble is set in an extensive landscaped park, which contains a monument to Hlávka sculpted in 1937. History. The buildings originally hosted a substantial theological faculty which continued to function as such when Czernowitz became, after the end of World War I, part of Romania under the name of "Cernăuți". It was in the Synodal Hall that on 28 November 1918, Bukovina's union with Romania was ratified. The buildings were looted and considerably damaged by fire during World War II. After the war, when the region came under Soviet control, the theological faculty was closed down; when the buildings began to be restored in 1955, they were transferred to the town's university. In the intervening period, the buildings had been used for storage and many of the murals had been painted over. Internal redecoration, restoring some of the original features, was carried out from 1957 to 1967, when the ensemble was granted government protection. In 1991, the building was listed on the State Register of the newly independent Ukraine. Extensive restoration was carried out from 2004 onwards, resulting eventually in the ensemble being inscribed by UNESCO in its list of World Heritage Sites on 28 June 2011. The Residence was chosen in competition, including an Internet vote, as one of the Seven Architectural Wonders of Ukraine in 2011. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bukuvinian aaru dalmetian mohanogorixokolor baxosthan ukrainor chernibhotchit thoka bukuvinian aaru dalmetian mohanogorixokolor baxosthan 1864 sonor poraa 1882 sonor bhitorot pubo orthodox metro 'polytan bixopor baabe austria-hangerir chess sthopoti juxef hlavkar design onuxori nirman koraa hoisil. baxosthantu, jaar ottalikabur etiya sernibhotchi biswobidyaloyor ongxo, 2011 sonot unescore biswo oitijyo khyetro hisape ghuxona koraa hoisil. nirman. 1782 sonot, hebsberg rajtontrot bukuvinak ontorbhukto korar pisot, radautir moldavian pubo orthodox bixopor aaxontu sernibhotchiloi (tetiya chernovitz naamere jonajat) sthanantorito koraa hoisil. prodexor xamorik proxaxone bixopor baabe xunkale etaa baxosthan nirman korisil. 1783 sonot xompurno huwa ei ottalikatur etaa durbol dix aasil, jaak xoru, xoru kuthat bibhokto koraa hoisil, zo "too etaa xoru sepol aasil zo" too itaar mojiya aasil. aardrotar folot huwa vekuror briddhir baabe 1790 sonot ottalikatur kichu ongxo bhangi porisil aaru bakikhini bhangi peluwa hoisil. eidore heresku aaru teur uttoradhikari denil vlah 'bhisi, isaya baal "chesku aaru kichu xomoyor baabe eugeny hackman bharar kuthat ghuri furiboloi badhyo hoisil. 1851-1852 too, hackmane ei poristhiti oporikhyat buli obhijug kori libhibhor proxaxonoloi keibatau protibedon preron korisil. 1860 sonot dhormiyo porikroma montraloye notun episcopal baxosthanor baabe ejon sthopoti nirbasonor baabe protijugita ghuxona kori ek dikri jaari korisil. prokolpotur bikaxor baabe chek sthopoti juchef hlavkak nirbasito koraa hoisil. teur design prostut korar xomoyot, hlavkae oncholtur nirman poromporar uporot gowexona korisil, aaru 1866 sonot "austrian ribhiu" too "bukuvinat thoka pubo greek girjar ottalika" naamor etaa probondho prokax korisil. ei porikhyetror baabe hlavkar prostawot kewol bixopor praxad nohoy, proxaxonik karzaloy, mitting holl, ekhon puthibhoral, etaa gayok dolor bidyaloy, girja kolar xongrohaloy aaru etaa sepol ontorbhukto aasil. iyar folot huwa kaamtut byzantine aaru murix xoilir xongmisron hoy, aaru alhambrak etaa onuprerona hisape luwa hoy. 1864 sonot nirman aarombho hoisil kintu karikori xomosya, 1872 sonor poraa hlavkar rug, aaru hlavka aaru sthaniyo proxaxonor maajot motanoikyor baabe jothesto polom hoisil, jaar folot hlavkar podotyag hoisil. hlavkar uttoradhikari felicos siyejarskir okhyomotai ogrogoti odhik bilombito korisil. 1882/3 ror xitkalot ottalika aaru girjabur pobitro koraa hoisil. gurutwo. unescore uddhriti potrot iyar porikhyetror baxosthan aaru ottalikaburok "utkristo xarbojonin mulyo" buli ghuxona kori ei sthantuk tolot bornona koraa hoiseh sthapotyor guttut mohanogorixokolor purbor baxosthanor xoite iyar chent aase. suseva sepolor iyun chell nu; purbor seminary aaru seminary girja, aaru etaa bagisa aaru bhu-drishyo udyanor bhitorot iyar ghori tawaror xoite purbor moth. sthapotyor proxongor natokiyo xongmisronor xoite ei baxosthantuwe dhormiyo aaru xangoskritik xohonxilotar xomoisuwat ostru-hangerian xamrajyor bhitorot thoka orthodox girjar 19 xotikar xangoskritik porisoy prokax kore. 19 xotikat oitihaxik sthapotyoi iyar uddesyor bixoye barta preron koribo parisil aaru bukuvinian aaru dalmatian mohanogorixokolor baxosthan ek utkristo udahoron. boixistyoxomuh. pray 100 mitter gobhir aaru 70 mitter bohol etaa sutalor tinifale ei poriwexor ottalikabur sthapon koraa hoiseh ei sutalor soturtho faale mool duwar aase, jibur ukh railingore sthapon koraa hoise. gator biporite aase ataitkoi dangor ekok ottalika, mohanogorikhonor baxosthan, zo 'too john dyo niu owo susebhar sepolou aase. bortoman ei bhowonot biswobidyaloykhonor aadhunik bhaxar onuxod aase. iyat etaa rongin sador xoite sinudal holl (bortoman iyak marble holl buli kuwa hoy) aase. mulotoh, ei holkhonot epaminonda busevsi (1843-1891) ror dwara ostriyar rojar chitro aasil. ei bhowonor onyanyo prodhan kuthaburor bhitorot aase mohanogorir purbor puthibhoral (neela holl), ekhon xoru boithokor sthan (redd holl) aaru mohanogorir purbor obhyorthona kokhyo (green holl). ei sthanot thoka unescore protibedonot redd holtuk "etaa oxadharon xundor kaathor gohonar bakoch" buli bornona koraa hoise, jaar dewalor chitro ronga china resomor xoite ek otyadhunik saar dore." gator baufale aase seminary bhowon (dolor xufal) aaru iyar girja, tinita pobitro podanukromor girja, zo 'too carl jobosto aaru onyanyo xilpixokolor dewalsitro aase. sutalor aantu faale (dolor baufalor ongxo), purbor moth bhowontu bortoman biswobidyaloykhonor bhugul bibhag. ei ottalikatur ghori towertu sernubhitjor ihudi xomprodayor proti sroddhanjoli hisape debhidor tarare xojuwa hoise jiye complextu nirmanot orihona jugaisil. xomogro doltuk ek bistrito bhu-drishyo udyanot sthapon koraa hoise, zo 'too 1937 sonot bhaskorjyo koraa hlavkar etaa smritixoudho aase. itihax. ei ottalikaburot mulotoh ek jothesto dhormiyo onuxod aasil ji prothom biswojudhor xexor pisot chernovitz "chernauti" naamere rumaniyar ongxo huwar xomoyot enedore kaam kori thakil. 1918 sonor 28 novemborot sinudal holote rumaniyar xoite bukuvinar millon onumudit hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot ognikandor folot ottalikabur lut koraa hoisil aaru jothesto khyotigrosto hoisil. juddhor pisot, jetiya oncholtu sobhiyet niyontronor odhinot aahisil, dhormiyo onuxod bondho kori diya hoisil; jetiya 1955 sonot ottalikabur punoruddhar koraa aarombho hoisil, xeibur sohoror biswobidyaloyoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. modhyoworti xomoisuwat, ottalikabur xongrokhyonor baabe byobohar koraa hoisil aaru bohutu dewalsitro rong koraa hoisil. 1957 sonor poraa 1967 sonoloike kisuman mool boixistyo punoruddhar kori abhyontorin punor xojja koraa hoisil, jetiya ei doltuk sorkari xurokhya prodan koraa hoisil. 1991 sonot, ei bhowontu notunkoi swadhin ukrainor rajyik ponjiyonot talikabhukto koraa hoisil. 2004 sonor poraa byapok punoruddhar koraa hoisil, jaar pholsworupe owoxexot 2011 sonor 28 junot unesk "ee biswo oitijyo khyetror talikat ei guttu lipibodho korisil. 2011 sonot ukrainor xatota sthapotyo bismoyor bhitorot etaa hisape internet bhutoke dhori protijugitat ei baxosthantu basoni koraa hoisil.

bucovenian ebong dalmatian mahanagargulir basosthan 1864 theke 1882 saaler modhye austria-hangerir check sthopoti josepha hlavkar naksha anujayi purbo gonda mahanagar bishoper jonno ukrainer chernivatsi-teey bucovenian ebong dalmatian mahanagargulir basosthan nirmito hoyechilo. basosthanti, jaar bhabanguli ekhon chernivatsi bishwobidyaloyer ongsho, 2011 saale unesco bishwa oitijjobahi sthan hisabe ghoshito hoyechilo. nirman. 1782 saale, habsburg rajtantrer modhye bukovinar antarbhuktir porey, radautir moldavian purbo gonda bishoper asonti chernivatsi (tokhon sejarnovits naame porichito)-teey sthanantorito hoy. prodesher samrik proshashon tadahudo korey bishoper jonno ekti basosthan toiri korey. 1783 saale nirmito eyi attalikar ekti bhangur dick chhilo, jaa chhoto, nichu ghore bivokto chhilo, ekti chhoto chappel soho jaar ekti iter mejhe chhilo. ardrotar karone chhotraker briddhir karone 1790 saale bhabaner kichhu ongsho dhose porey ebong bakiguli venge fela hoy. eibhabe, herescu ebong taanr uttarsuri danil vlahovichi, isaiah balosescu ebong kichhu somoyer jonno eugeny hackman bhada koraa gharguli ghure bedate badhyo hohn. 1851-1852-ayee, hackman eyi poristhiti abomanonakor boley abhijog korey liviver proshashoner kachhe ekadhik protibedon pathiyechilen. 1860 saale, dharmiya vishayak montrok ekti notun episcopal abasoner jonno ekjon sthopoti nirbachan korar jonno ekti protijogitar ghoshana korey ekti decree jaari korey. prokolpoti bikasher jonno check sthopoti josepha hlavka nirbachito hohn. taanr naksha prostuto korar somoy, hlavka eyi anchaler bilding oitijhyo niye gobeshona korechilen ebong 1866 saale "austrian review"-ayee "bukovinate purbo greek girjar bhobon" naame ekti nibondho prakash korechilen. eyi complexer jonno hlavkar prostabgulite cable bishoper prasadoi noy, proshashonik offices, sova holl, ekti gronthagar, ekti gayakdal school, girja shilper ekti jadughar ebong ekti chyapelo antarbhukta chhilo. falaswarup kaajti byzantine ebong muris shailir sangmishran ghotay, alhambrake ekti anuprerana hisabe. 1864 saale nirman kaaj shuru hoy kintu projuktigoto samasya, 1872 saal theke hlavkar oshusthota ebong hlavka oo sthaniya proshashoner modhye motobirodher karone jotheshto bilamber shicker hoy, jaar foley hlavka podotyag corren. hlavkar uttarsuri, felics sizarskyr okkhomota, oggrogotike arow bilambito korechilo. 1882/3-err shitkale bhobon ebong girjaguli pobitro koraa hoyechilo. tatporjo. unesco uddhriti, basosthan ebong taar complexer bhabangulike "asamanno sarbojonin mulya" hisabe ghoshana korey, saittike nimnarup bornona koreh sthapotter somostiti mahanagargulir praktan basosthan niye gothito jaar seenta. suseva chyapeler ayan seela nue; praktan seminary ebong seminary girja, ebong ekti bagan ebong prakritik drishyer uddaner modhye taar ghadi tower soho praktan moth. sthapotter ullekhgulir natakiya sangmishran soho basosthanti dharmiya oo sangoskritik sahanshilatar samaykale austria-hangerian samrajyer modhye gonda girjar 19 shotoker sangoskritik porichoy prakash korey. 19 shotoke oitihasik sthapotto err uddeshya somporke barta ditey paroto ebong bucovian oo dalmatian mahanagargulir basosthan ekti chamatkar udaharan. baisishtya. pranganer bhabanguli ekti anginatir tinn paashe sthapon koraa hoyeche jaa pray 100 mitter govir ebong 70 mitter proshostoh eyi anginatir choturtho dike prodhan fotok royeche, jaa lomba railingye seeta koraa. geter biporite brihottomo ekok bhobon, metropolitoner basosthan, jekhane susevar notun joner chyapelo royeche. bortomane eyi bhobone bishwobidyaloyer adhunik bhasar anushad royeche. ekhane ekti aanka chhaad soho ekti upasonaloy holl (bortomane marble holl naame porichito) royeche. mulat, eyi holtite apaminonda busevschi (1843-1891) dwara austrian rajader protikriti chhilo. eyi bhabaner anyanno prodhan kokkhogulir modhye royeche mahanagar praktan gronthagar (neel holl), ekti chhoto sova sthan (laal holl) ebong mahanagar praktan abhyarthana kokkho (sobuj holl). unescore protibedone laal holtike "ekti asadharan sundar kaather ratna bucks" hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche, jaar dewale laal cheena silker saathe ekti porishilito chhataiyer moto chitrokormo koraa hoyeche." geter baam dike royeche seminary bhobon (doler dunn dick) ebong err girja, tinti pobitro shrenibinnaser girja, jekhane curl jobst ebong anyanno shilpider dewal royeche. pranganer opor dike (doler baam dick), praktan moth bhabanti aaz bishwobidyaloyer bhugol bibhag. eyi bhabaner ghadi towerty devider taaraa diye sajjito koraa hoyeche jaa gernovitser ihudi sampradayer proti shraddhanjali jaa complexes nirmane abodan rekhechilo. puro doltike ekti bistrito prakritik drishyer parke sthapon koraa hoyeche, jekhane 1937 saale bhaskorjo koraa hlavkar ekti smritistambha royeche. itihas. bhabanguli mulat ekti ullekhjoggo dhormotattik onushodke hosta korechilo jaa prothom bishwojuddher shesher porey, "sernaui" naame romanier ongsho hoye othar somoy kaaj chaliye yaay. 1918 saaler 28shhey navembar sinodal holey romanier sange bukovinar millon onumodito hoy. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy bhabanguli lutpat koraa hoyechilo ebong agune jotheshto khotigrosto hoyechilo. juddher porr, jokhon anchalti soviet niyantrane aase, tokhon dhormotattik anushad bondho korey deoa hoy; 1955 saale jokhon bhabanguli punoruddhar koraa shuru hoy, tokhon seguli shohorer bishwobidyaloye sthanantorito koraa hoy. modhyoborti somoye, bhabanguli sanrakkhaner jonno byabohar koraa hoyechilo ebong anekguli deoalochitro aanka hoyechilo. abhyantarin punarnirman, kichhu mool baisishtya punoruddhar, 1957 theke 1967 saal porjonto porichalito hoyechilo, jokhon doltike sarkari surakkha deoa hoyechilo. 1991 saale, bhabanti notun swadhin ukrainer rashtriya registere talikabhukto hoyechilo. 2004 saal theke byapok punoruddhar koraa hoy, jaar foley abosheshe 28shhey june 2011 saale unesco dwara bishwa oitijjobahi sthaner talika eyi samabeshti lipiboddho koraa hoy. 2011 saale ukrainer satti sthapotto bismoyer modhye ekti hisabe internet bhot soho protijogitai eyi basosthanti beche neoa hoy.

bucovenian aneey dalmatian mahanagarona nivassthan ukraine chernivtsima bucovenian aneey dalmatian mahanagarona nivassthannu nirmaan 1864 aneey 1882nee vachche purveey rudhichust metropolitana bishop maate ostriyaa-hangerinaa check architect joseph hlavkani rachnaao anusaar karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa nivassthan, jenee imaarato havey chernivtsi universityno bhaag chhe, tene 2011 maan unesco vishva dharohar sthal jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. bandhkam. 1782maan, habsberg rajashahima bukovina samaveshne pagale, raadaunina moldevian purveey rudhichust bishaponi bethak chernivtsi (teey samaye sernovitz tareeke odakhaati) maan khasedvama aavee hatee. praantnaa lashkari vahivatitantre utavalma bishop maate nivassthan banaavyu hatoo. 1783maan purn thayelee aaa imaaratmaa aek jarjarit paasu hatoo, jeey naana, neechala oradaoma vahenchaayelu hatoo, jemaa aek nankadu chappel hatoo jemaa intano maal hato. bhejnu kaaran baney chhe teey foognaa vikasne kaarane, 1790maan imaaratno aek bhaag tutee padyo hato aneey baakino bhaag todee padvama aavyo hato. aama, herescu aneey tenaa anugaameeo denil vlahovici, isaya balosescu aneey, thodaa samay maate, yujeni hackman, bhaadana oradaaoni aaspaas farvaa maate bandhaayela hataa. 1851-1852 maan, hackmayne lvivmaan vahivatitantrane shrenibaddh ahevaalo mokalya hataa, jemaa fariyad curry hatee keey aaa paristhiti apmanjanak chhe. 1860maan, dhaarmik babtonaa mantralaye navaa episcopal nivassthan maate architectnee pasandagi karvaanee spardhani jaaherat karato hukamnaamu bahaar paadyu hatoo. aaa project vikasavva maate check architect joseph hlavkani pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee. potaani rachnaao taiyar karatee vakhate, hlavka aaa pradeshni bandhkam paramparaao parr sanshodhan karyoo aneey 1866maan "austrian samiksha" maan "bukovinama purveey grick churchnee imaarato" naamno aek lekh prakashit karyo. aaa sankul maate hlavkani darkhastoma maatra bishapnaa mahelno jaj nahee pann vahivati kachereeo, sabhaa khando, pustakaalay, gaayakvrund shaala, church kalaanu sangrahalay aneey aek chappelno pann samaavesh thato hato. parinami kaary byzantine aneey murish shaileene jode chhe, jemaa alhambra aek prernaa chhe. bandhkam 1864maan sharoo thayu hatoo parantu takneeki samasyao, 1872 pachhithi hlavkani mandgi aneey hlavka aneey sthaaneek vahivatitantra vachcheni asammatione kaarane temaa nondhpaatra veelamb thayo hato, jenaa kaarane hlavkanu raajinaamu aavyu hatoo. hlavkana uttaradhikari, felix xizarskyni akshamtaae pragatimaa vadhu veelamb karyo. 1882/3 naa shiyaalaamaa aaa imaarat aneey charchone pavitra karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. mahatv. unesco citation, tenaa sankulma rahethaan aneey imaaratone "utkrusht saarvtrik moolya" tareeke jaaher karey chhe, teey sthalne neeche mujab varnave chheh sthapatya samoohma mahanagarona bhutpurv nivassthanno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa tenaa saint. suseva chepalnu ion seela nau; bhutpurv seminary aneey seminary church, aneey bagichaamaa aneey landscape parkma tenaa ghadiyaad tower saatheno bhutpurv mathh. sthapatya sandarbhona naatkeey mishran saathe aaa nivassthan, dhaarmik aneey saanskrutik sahishnutaanaa samaygaalaa darmiyan austro-hungarian samrajyma rudhichust churchnee 19mee sadeeni saanskrutik odakhne vyakt karey chhe. 19mee sadimaa, aitihasik sthapatya tenaa hetu vishe sandesho aapee shakatu hatoo aneey bucovenian aneey dalmatian mahanagarona nivassthan aek uttam udaaharan chhe. lakshano. sankulni imaarato aanganani trana baajuo parr nakhvama aavee chhe jeey aashre 100 meater undaa aneey 70 meater paholaa chheh aaa yardnee chothee baaju mukhya darvaja dharaave chhe, jeey unchaa railingma gothvaayelaa chhe. darvajani saame sauthee motee aek jaj imaarat chhe, jeey mahanagarnu nivassthan chhe, jemaa john dhaa nyu off susevaanu chappel pann chhe. aaa imaaratmaa haalmaa universityna aadhunik bhashaona shikshako chhe. temaa aek rangeen chhat saathe synodal holl (aaje aaraspahanno holl kahevaay chhe) chhe. mulroope, aaa holamaa apaminonda busevsky (1843-1891) dwara austrian rajaona chitro hataa. aaa imaaratnaa anya mukhya oradaoma metropolitannu bhutpurv pustakaalay (vaadadi holl), aek naanee bethak jagya (laal holl) aneey metropolitannu bhutpurv swaagat khand (green holl) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa sthal parnaa unesco ahevaalmaa laal holane "aek asadharan sunder lakadana ratna booaks tareeke varnavama aavyo chhe, jenee diwal parnoo cheetra laal cheeni resham saathe atyadhunik kaapani jevu laage chhe." darvajani daabi bajuae seminary building (samoohni jamani paankh) aneey tenu church, trana pavitra padanukramnu church chhe, jemaa carle jobst aneey anya kalakarona bhintchitro chhe. aanganani beejee baaju (samoohni daabi paankh), bhutpurv mathnee imaarat aaje universityno bhugol vibhag chhe. aaa imaaratnaa ghadiyaad towerne devidnaa taaraaothi shangarvama aavyo chhe, jeey zernovitzna yahudi samudaayne shraddhaanjali chhe, jene sankulnaa nirmanma faalo aapyo hato. samagr samooh aek vyaapak landscape parkma gothavvama aavyo chhe, jemaa 1937maan shilpkam karaayel halavkanu smaarak chhe. itihas. aaa imaaratomaa mulroope nondhpaatra dhaarmik vidhyashakha hatee, jeey pratham vishvyudhnaa anta pachhi jyaare sernovitz "sernauti" naa naam hethal romania bhaag banyo tyaare teey reete kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo. teey synodal holamaa jaj hatoo keey 28 november 1918naa roj, romania saathe bukovina jodanne bahaali aapvama aavee hatee. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan aaa imaaratone luntvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aagne kaarane nondhpaatra nuksan thayu hatoo. yuddh pachhi, jyaare aaa pradesh soviyet niyantran hethal aavyo, tyaare dharamshastriy faculty bundh karvaamaa aavee hatee; jyaare imaaratone 1955 maan punsthapit karvaanu sharoo thayu, tyaare temne shahernee universityma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa samaygalama, imaarato sangrah maate upyogmaa levaati hatee aneey ghanaa bhintchitro parr rangvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aantarik punsarjan, ketalik mool lakshaniktaone punsthapit kareene, 1957 thee 1967 sudhee haath dharvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare aaa juthane sarkari rakshan aapvama aavyu hatoo. 1991maan, aaa imarat navaa swatantra ukraine raajy rajistarmaa soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2004 pachhithi vyaapak punsthaapan haath dharvaamaa aavyu hatoo, parinaame aakhare unesco dwara 28 juuna 2011naa roj vishva dharohar sthaloni yaadimaa aaa juthane ankeet karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2011maan ukraine saat sthapatya ajaybiomani aek tareeke internet voota saheet spardhama aaa nivassthanni pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee.

bucovenian aur dalmetian mahanagaron kaa nivaas ukraine key chernivtsi mein bukovian aur dalmetian mahanagaron kaa nivaas 1864 aur 1882 key beach purvi roodhivaadi mahanagariya bishap key liye austriya-hangri key check vastukar joseph hlavka key design key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. nivaas, jisaki imaaraten abb chernivtsi vishvavidyalaya kaa hissa hain, koo 2011 mein unesco vishva dharohar sthal ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. nirmaan. 1782 mein, habsberg rajshahi mein bukovina key samavesh key baad, raduti key moldavian purvi roodhivaadi bishapon kii seat koo chernivtsi (taba sernovitz key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. praant key sainya prashaasan ney bishap key liye jaldbaji mein ack nivaas banaaya. 1783 mein poori hui iss imarat mein ack georger pahalu thaa, joe chhote, nichale kamaron mein vibhajit thaa, jisamen ack chhota saa chappel thaa jisamen ack eent kaa farsh thaa. aardrata key kaaran fangal vriddhi key kaaran, 1790 mein imarat kaa ack hissa dhaha gayaa aur baaki koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa. iss prakaar, herescu aur unake uttaradhikari danil vlahovisi, isaya balosescu aur kuchh samay key liye, yoojani hackman, kiraaye key kamaron mein ghoomane key liye baadhya they. 1851-1852 mein, hackman ney lweave mein prashaasan koo reports kii ack shrinkhala bheji, jisamen shikayat kii gaee kii yeh sthiti apmaanjanak thee. 1860 mein, dhaarmik mamalon key mantralaya ney ack nae episcopal nivaas key liye ack vastukar kaa chayan karane key liye ack pratiyogita kii ghoshana karate hue ack decree jaari kii. iss pariyojana koo vikasit karane key liye check vastukar joseph hlavka kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa. apane design taiyar karane mein, hlavka ney kshetra kii bhawan paramparaon parr shodh kiya, aur 1866 mein "austriyai sameeksha" mein "bukovina mein purvi yunani church kii imaaraten" naamak ack lekh prakaashit kiya. hlavka key prastaavon mein naa kewal bishap kaa mahal balki prashaasnik karyalaya, baithak kaksh, ack pustakalaya, ack gaayak mandal school, church kalaa kaa ack sangrahalaya aur ack chappel bhee shamil thaa. parinami kaary ack prerana key roop mein alhambra key saath byzantine aur moorish shally koo jodata haye. nirmaan 1864 mein shuru huaa lekin takniki samasyaon, 1872 key baad seey hlavka kii bimari aur hlavka aur sthaaniya prashaasan key beach asahamati key kaaran kaafee deree hui, jisake kaaran hlavka kaa istifa hoe gayaa. hlavka key uttaradhikari, felix seezarsky kii akshamta ney pragati mein aur deree kii. 1882/3 kii sardiyon mein imarat aur churchon koo pavitra kiya gayaa thaa. mahatva. unesco kaa uddharan, nivaas aur isake parisar mein imaraton koo "utkrisht saarvbhaumik moolya" key roop mein ghoshit karate hue, site kaa varnan iss prakaar kartaa haih vaastushilp samooh mein mahanagaron kaa poorv nivaas shamil haye. susev chappel kaa ack cell nou; poorv seminary aur seminary church, aur ack bageeche aur bhoodrishya udyaan key bheetar apane ghadee tower key saath poorv mathh. nivaas, vaastushilp sandarbhon key ack naatakiya sanlayan key saath, dhaarmik aur saanskritik sahishnuta kii avadhi key dauran austro-hangerian samrajya key bheetar roodhivaadi church kii 19 veen shatabdi kii saanskritik pehchaan koo vyakt kartaa haye. 19veen shatabdi mein, aitihaasik vastukala isake uddeshya key baare mein sandesh dey sakati thee aur bucovenian aur dalmetian mahanagaron kaa nivaas ack utkrisht udaaharan haye. visheshataaen. parisar kii imaaraten ack aangan key teen kinaaron parr bichhaai gaee hain joe lagbhag 100 meater gahara aur 70 meater chauda haih iss yard key chauthe hisse mein mukhya dwaar hain, joe oonchi railing mein sthaapit hain. gett key saamane sabse badee ekal imarat haye, joe mahanagar kaa nivaas haye, jisamen johnn dha nyu off susev kaa chappel bhee haye. vartamaan mein iss bhawan mein vishvavidyalaya key aadhunik bhaashaon key sankaay hain. isamen ack chitrit chhat key saath ack sabhaghar (jise aaj sangamarmar kaa sabhaghar kahaa jaataa haye) haye. mool roop seey, iss holl mein apaminonda busevsky (1843-1891) dwara austriyai raajaon key chitra they. iss imarat key anya pramukh kamaron mein mahanagar kaa poorv pustakalaya (neela holl), ack chhota baithak sthaan (laal holl) aur mahanagar kaa poorv swaagat kaksh (haraa holl) shamil hain. site parr unesco kii report mein laal holl koo "ack asadharan sunder lakadi key ratna boxes key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jisaki deewaar kii painting laal cheeni resham key saath ack parishkrit chhantai seey milati-julati haye." dwaar key baain or seminary imarat (samooh kaa dahina bhaag) aur iska church, teen pavitra padanukram kaa church haye, jisamen carle jobst aur anya kalakaron dwara bhitti chitra hain. praangan key doosari taraf (samooh kaa baayan hissa), poorv mathh bhawan aaj vishvavidyalaya kaa bhugol vibhaag haye. iss imarat key ghadee tower koo david key sitaaron seey sajaaya gayaa haye joe kii zernovitz key yahudi samudaay koo shraddhanjali haye jisane parisar key nirmaan mein yogdan diyaa. puuraa samooh ack vyaapak bhoodrishya udyaan mein sthaapit haye, jisamen 1937 mein taraashe gaye hlavka kaa ack smaarak haye. itihas. imaraton ney mool roop seey ack paryaapt dharamshastriya sankaay kii mejbani kii joe iss tarah seey kaary karna jaari rakhaa jaba pratham vishva yuddh key anta key baad, "sernuti" key naam seey zernovitz, romenia kaa hissa bunn gayaa. yeh sabhaghar mein thaa kii 28 navambar 1918 koo, romania key saath bukovina key sangh kii pushti kii gaee thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran imaraton koo luutaa gayaa aur aag seey kaafee kshatigrast hoe gayaa. yuddh key baad, jaba yeh kshetra soviyat niyantran mein aaya, tou dharamshastriya sankaay koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa; jaba 1955 mein imaraton koo bahaal kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, tou unhein shahar key vishvavidyalaya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. beach kii avadhi mein, imaraton kaa upayog bhandaran key liye kiya gayaa thaa aur kaee bhitti chitron koo chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. aantarik punarnirmaan, kuchh mool visheshtaon koo bahaal karna, 1957 seey 1967 taka kiya gayaa thaa, jaba samooh koo sarkari suraksha dee gaee thee. 1991 mein, imarat koo nae swatantra ukraine key raajya register mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. 2004 seey vyaapak bahaali kii gaee, jisake parinamswarup antatah 28 juuna 2011 koo unesco dwara vishva dharohar sthalon kii soochi mein iss samooh koo ankit kiya gayaa. 2011 mein ukraine key saat vaastushilp ashcharyon mein seey ack key roop mein, ack internet vote sahit, iss nivaas koo pratiyogita mein chunaa gayaa thaa.

bucovenian mattu dalmatian mahanagaragala nivasa ukrenna chernivtsy yalli bucovenian mattu dalmatian mahanagaragala nivaasavannu 1864 mattu 1882 rahra naduve purva saampradaayika metropolitan bishapgaagi austria-hangariya jeck vaastushilpi joseph hlavkara vinyaasagalige nirmisalaayitu. eega chernivtsy vishvavidyaalayada bhagavagiruva ee nivaasavannu 2011ralli unesco vishwa parampareya taanavendu ghooshisalaayitu. nirmaana. 1782ralli, habsburg rajaprabhutvadalli bukovinavannu serisida nantara, radaviya purva saampradaayika bishapgala sthaanavannu chernivtsige (aaga idannu sernovitz endu kareyalaaguttittu) sthalaantarisalaayitu. praantyada military aadalitavu bishapgaagi taraturiyalli nivaasavannu nirmisitu. 1783ralli purnagonda ee kattadavu, ittige nelavannu hondidda sanna prarthana mandiradondige, sanna, kadime kotadigalaagi vingadisalpatta ondu haalaada aakaaravannu hondittu. tevaamshadinda untaada shilindhragala belavanigeyindaagi, 1790ralli kattadada ondu bhagavu kusidubiddu, ulidavugalannu kedavalaayitu. heegaagi, heresku mattu avana uttaraadhikaarigalu danil vlahovisi, isaiah balosesku mattu yuzeni hackman avaru baadige kotadigala suttaloo odaadabekaayitu. 1851-1852 nalli, hackman ee paristhitiyannu avamaanakaravendu doorutta elvivna aadalitakke sarani varadigalannu kaluhisidaru. 1860ralli, dharmika vevahaaragala sachivaalayavu hosa episcopal nivaasakkaagi vaastushilpiyannu ayke maaduva spardheyannu ghooshisuva aadeshavannu horadisitu. ee yojaneyannu abhivraddhipadisalu jeck vaastushilpi joseph hlavkarannu ayke maadalaayitu. tanna vinyaasagalannu siddhapadisuvaga, hlavka aaa pradeshada kattada sampradaayagalannu samshoodhisidaru mattu 1866 ralli "austrian vimarshe" yalli "bukovinaadallina purva greek churchna kattadagalu" emba lekhanavannu prakatisidaru. ee sankirnakkagi hlavka avara prastapagalalli bishapna aramane matravallade aadalita kacherigalu, sabhaa sabhaanganagalu, granthalaya, gayaka shaale, church kaleya vastusangrahalaya mattu chappel kooda serive. parinaamavaagi banda krutiyu byzantine mattu murish sailiyannu samyojisuttade, alhambravannu ondu sphoortiyaagi hondide. nirmaanavu 1864ralli praarambhavaayitu, aadare taantrika samasyegalu, 1872rindaloo hlaavkaada anarogya mattu hlavka mattu sthaliya aadalitada naduvina bhinnabhiprayagalindagi gananeeya vilambakke olagaayitu, idu hlavkana raajeenaamege kaaranavaayitu. hlavkana uttaradhikariyada felix xizersky asamarthateyu pragatiyannu mattashtu vilambagolisitu. kattada mattu charchugalannu 1882/3 chaligaaladalli pavitragolisalaayitu. pramukhyate. unesco ullekhavu, adara sankirnadalliruva nivasa mattu kattadagalannu "atyuttama saarvatrika moulya" endu ghoshisi, ee taanavannu ee kelaginante vivarisuttadeh vaastushilpada samoohavu mahanagaragala hindina nivaasavannu adara saint. susava chapelna aiyon sell nau; hindina seminary mattu seminary church, mattu udyaanavana mattu bhoodrushyada udyaanavanadolage gadiyara gopuravannu hondiruva hindina matha. vaastushilpada ullekhagala natakiya sammilanadondige, dharmika mattu saamskrutika sahishnuteya avadhiyalli austro-hangerian saamraajyadolagina saampradaayika churchna 19 neey shatamaanada saamskrutika gurutannu ee nivaasavu vyaktapadisuttade. 19neey shatamaanadalli, aitihaasika vaastushilpavu adara uddeshada bagge sandeshagalannu ravaanisabahudaagittu mattu bucovenian mattu dalmatian mahanagaragala vaasavu ondu atyuttama udaaharaneyaagide. vaishishtyagalu. sankeernada kattadagalannu anganada mooru badigalli nirmisalaagide, idu sumaru 100 meater aala mattu 70 meater agalavideh ee anganada nalkane badiyalli mukhya dwaaragaliwe, ettarada beligalannu hondisalaagide. getina eduru atidodda ekaika kattadavaagiddu, metropolitanna nivaasavaagide, idu hosa susivaada zaan chappel annu saha olagondide. ee kattadavu prastuta vishvavidyaanilayada aadhunika bhashegala bodhana vibhagavannu hondide. idu varnaranjita chaavaniyondige synodal sabhaanganavannu (indu amrutashileya sabhangana endu kareyalaaguttade) hondide. moolatah, ee sabhaanganavu epaminonda busevsi (1843-1891) avara austrian rajara bhaavachitragalannu hondittu. ee kattadada itara pramukha kotadigalalli metropolitanna hindina granthalaya (neeli sabhangana), sanna sabhe sthala (kempu sabhangana) mattu metropolitanna hindina svaagata kothadi (hasiru sabhangana) serive. ee sthalada unesco varadiyu kempu sabhaanganavannu "asadharanavada sundaravaada marada abharana pettige, idara godeya varnachitravu kempu cheenee reshmegalinda atyaadhunika trimming annu holuttade" endu vivarisuttade." getina edabhagadalli seminary kattada (samoohada balabhaga) mattu adara church, mooru pavitra shrenigala church ide, idu carle jobst mattu itara kalaavidara bhitticitragalannu olagondide. anganada innondu badiyalli (tandada edabhaaga), hindina matha kattadavu indu vishvavidyaalayada bhougolika vibhaagavaagide. ee kattadada gadiyara gopuravannu davidna nakshatragalinda alankarisalaagiddu, idu sankeernada nirmanakke koduge needida jernovitzna yahoodi samudaayakke gouravavagide. idee samoohavannu vyaapakavaada bhoodrushyada udyaanavanadalli sthaapisalaagide, idu 1937 ralli kettalaada hlaavkaada smaarakavannu hondide. itihaasa. kattadagalu moolatah gananeeya pramanada matadharmashaastrada bodhana vibhagavannu hondiddavu, idu modalaneya mahayuddhada antyada nantara, sernovitz "sernoi" emba hesarinalli romeniyaada bhagavadaga kaaryanirvahisuvudannu munduvarisitu. 1918rahra november 28randu, romeniyaadondige bukovinala okkootavannu sinodal sabhaanganadalliye anumodisalaayitu. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli kattadagalannu looty maadalaayitu mattu benkiyinda gananeeyavaagi haanigolagaayitu. yuddhada nantara, ee pradeshavu soviyat niyantranakke bandaaga, devataashaastrada bodhana vibhagavannu muchchalaayitu; 1955ralli kattadagalannu punahsthapisalu prarambhisidaga, avugalannu pattanada vishvavidyaalayakke vargaayisalaayitu. madhyada avadhiyalli, kattadagalannu shekharanegaagi balasalaaguttittu mattu aneka bhitticitragalige banna hachchalaagittu. aantarika maruvinyasa, kelavu moola vaishishtyagalannu punahsthaapisuvudu, 1957 rinda 1967 ravarege nadesalaayitu, aaga ee samoohakke sarkari raksane nidalaayitu. 1991ralli, ee kattadavannu hosadaagi swatantragonda ukrenna raajya nondaniyalli patti maadalaayitu. 2004rinda vyaapakavaada marusthapaneyannu kaigollalaayitu, idara parinaamavaagi antimavagi yuneskovu 2011rahra zoon 28randu vishwa parampareya taanagala pattiyalli ee samoohavannu serisitu. 2011ralli ukrenna elu vaastushilpada adbhutagalalli ondaagi antarjala matha seridante spardheyalli ee nivaasavannu ayke maadalaayitu.

bucovenian aanee dalmetian mahanagaranche nivassthan yukrenmadhil chernivtsi yetheel bucovenian aanee dalmatian mahanagaranche nivassthan 1864 aanee 1882 darmyan austriya-hangeri yetheel check vastuvisharad joseph hlavka yanchya aarakhadyanusar purv orthodox metropolitan bishapsathi bandhanyat aale hote. jyaa nivassthanachya imarati aata chernivtsi vidyapithacha bhag aahet, tyanna 2011 madhye unescoche jaagtik varsa sthal ghoshit karnyat aale. bandhkam. 1782 madhye, habsberg rajeshahimadhye bukovinacha samavesh jhalyanantar, radautichya moldevian purv orthodox bishopsche aasan chernivtsy (tevha chernovitz mhanoon olakhale jaanare) yethe halavanyat aale. prantachya lashkari prashasanane ghaighait bishapsathi nivassthan bandhale. 1783 madhye purn jhalelya yaa imaraticha eka dhobal pailu hota, kaaran tee lahan, khalchya kholyanmadhye vibhagali gelee hotee, jyat eka lahan prathanasthal hote jyat vitancha majala hota. aardratemule burshijanya vaadh jhalyamule 1790 madhye imaraticha kahee bhag kosalala aanee urvarit bhag padnyat aala. asha prakare, herescu aanee tyache uttaradhikari denil vlahovici, isaiah balosescu aanee kahee kalasathi yujeni hackman yanna bhadyachya kholyanmadhye firane bandhankarak hote. 1851-1852 madhye, hackmanne lvivmadhil prashasanala ahavalanchi malika pathavali, takrar kelee qee hii paristhiti apmanaspad aahe. 1860 madhye, dharmik vyavhar mantralayane naveen episcopal nivassthanasathi vastuvisharad nivadanyasathi spardha jaheer karnyacha aadesh jaaree keela. haah prakalp vikasit karnyasathi check vastuvisharad joseph hlavka yanchi nivad karnyat aalee. tyachya rachana tayar kartana, hlavkane yaa pradeshatil bandhkam paramparanvar sanshodhan kele aanee 1866 madhye 'austriyan review' madhye 'bukovinamadhil purvekadil greek charchchya imarati' haah lekh prakashit keela. hlavkane yaa sankulasathi kelelya prastavanmadhye keval bishapcha rajwadach navhe tarr prashasakeey karyalaye, sabha sabhagruhe, granthalay, gayakvrund shaala, church kaleche sangrahalay aanee eka prathanagruh yancha samavesh hota. parinami tayar jhalelya kamat byzantine aanee murish shailicha samavesh aahe, jyamadhye alhambra hii eka prerana aahe. bandhkam 1864 madhye suru jhaale parantu tantrik samasya, 1872 pasoon hlavkacha aajaar aanee hlavka aanee sthanik prashasana yanchyatil matbhedanmule tyala mothya pramanat vilamb jhaala, jyamule hlavkacha rajinama lagla. hlavkacha uttaradhikari, felix xizarskichya asamarthatemule pragatila aanakhi vilamb jhaala. 1882/3 chya hivalyat imarat aanee church pavitra karnyat aale hote. mahatva. unescochya prashastipatrat, nivassthan aanee tyachya sankulatil imarati "utkrusht sarvatrik moolya" asalyache ghoshit karoon, tyaa jaageche varnan khalilpramane kele aaheh sthapatyakalechya samoohamadhye mahanagaranche purviche nivassthan aanee tyache seent samavisht aahe. suseva chappelche ion seela nau; purviche seminary aanee seminary church aanee baget aanee landscape parkmadhye ghadyal manore asalela purvicha math. vastushastriy sandarbhanchya natyamay mishranasah, dharmik aanee sanskrutik sahishnutechya kalat austriya-hungarian samrajyatil rudhivadi charchchi 19 vya shatkatil sanskrutik olakh heey nivassthan vyakt karate. 19vya shatkat, aitihasik vastukala tyachya uddeshabaddal sandesh deu shakat hotee aanee bucovenian aanee dalmatian mahanagaranche nivassthan heey eka utkrusht udaharan aahe. vaishishtye. sankulachya imarati anganachya teen bajunna bandhalya aahet, jyaa andaje 100 meater khol aanee 70 meater rund aaheh yaa anganachya chauthya bajula mukhya darvaje aahet, jeey unch relingmadhye aahet. getchya samore sarvat mothee eka imarat aahe, mahanagaranche nivassthan, jyamadhye johnn daad nyu auph susevache prathanagruh dekhil aahe. yaa imaratit sadhya vidyapithache aadhunik bhashanche pradhyapak aahet. tyat rangeet chhapparasah dharamsabha sabhagruh (aaj sangamarvari sabhagruh mhanatat) aahe. mulat, yaa sabhagruhamadhye epaminonda busevhashi (1843-1891) yanni banavalelya austriyan rajanchi chitre hotee. yaa imaratitil itar pramukh kholyanmadhye mahanagaranche purviche granthalay (nile sabhagruh), eka lahan sabha sthal (laal sabhagruh) aanee mahanagaranche purviche swagat kaksh (hirave sabhagruh) yancha samavesh aahe. yaa thikanavaril unescochya ahavalat laal sabhagruhache varnan 'eka vilakshan sunder lakadi ratnancha boxes' asey kele aahe, jyache bhittichitra laal chiinii resheem asalelya atyadhunik chhatanisarkhe aahe." getchya davya bajula seminary imarat (samoohatil ujavya bajuchi) aanee tyache church, teen pavitra shrenibaddha church aahe, jyat carl jobst aanee itar kalakaranchi bhittichitre aahet. anganachya dusya bajula (samoohatil dawa bhag), purvichi math imarat aaj vidyapithacha bhoogol vibhag aahe. yaa imaraticha ghadyal manora, yaa sankulachya bandhkamat yogdan denanya zarnovitzchya jyoo samudayala shraddhanjali mhanoon devidchya tanyanni sajavala aahe. sampoorn samooh eka vistrut bhupradesh udyanat sthapit aahe, jyamadhye 1937 madhye koralele hlavkache smarak aahe. itihas. yaa imaratinmadhye mulat eka bhareev dharamshastriy vidyashakha hotee jee pahilya mahayuddhachya samaptinantar, 'sernoti' yaa navane zernovitzcha bhag banalyanantarhi karyarat rahili. 28 november 1918 roji, synodal hallmadhye, bukovinachya romaniyabarobarchya sambandhala manyata denyat aalee. dusya mahayuddhadarmyan imarati lutalya gelya aanee aagine tyanche mothe nuksan jhaale. yuddhanantar, jevha haah pradesh soviet niyantranakhali aala, tevha dharamshastriy vidyashakha bund karnyat aalee; jevha 1955 madhye imarati punarsanchayit houu lagalya, tevha tyaa shaharachya vidyapithat hastantarit karnyat aalya. madhalya kalat, imarati sathavanukisathi vaparlya jaat hotya aanee anek bhittichitre rangavali jaat hotee. kahee mool vaishishtye punarsanchayit karoon antargat punarbandhani 1957 teey 1967 paryant karnyat aalee, jevha samoohala sarkari sanrakshn denyat aale. 1991 madhye, hii imarat navyane swatantra jhalelya ukrainechya rajya nondanivar soochibaddha karnyat aalee. 2004 pasoon vyapak jirnoddhar karnyat aala, parinami akheris unescone 28 juuna 2011 roji jaagtik varsa sthalanchya yadeet yaa nivassthanachi nond kelee. 2011 madhye ukrainechya saat sthapatyashastriy aashcharyanpaiki eka mhanoon, internet matasah, spardhet nivasachi nivad karnyat aalee.

bukovinian rar dalmatian mahanagarharuko niwas yukrenko chernibhtsima raheko bukovinian rar dalmatian mahanagarharuko niwas 1864 rar 1882 ko bichma purvi rudhiwadi mahanagariya bishapka lagi astriya-hangerika check wastukar josef hlavkako designma nirman garieko thiyo. niwas, jasko bhawanharu ahile chernibhtsi wishwawidyalayako hissa hun, 2011 maa yunesko vishwa sampada sthal ghoshana garieko thiyo. nirman. sann 1782 maa, habsberg rajatantrama bukowinako samawesh pachhi, radautika moldawian purvi rudhiwadi bishapharuko sitt chernibhtsi (tyasapachhi sejarnovitz bhanera chininchha) maa sario. prantako sainya prashasanle bishapka lagi hatarma niwas nirman गऱ्यो।. sann 1783 maa sampanna bhaeko bhawanma euta kharab paksha thiyo, yo sano, tallo kothaharuma vibhajit thiyo, euta sano chapelko sath jasma intaako bhuin thiyo. ardrataka karan fungus wriddhika karan sann 1790 maa bhawanko kehi bhag dhaleko thiyo rar baanki dhwasta bhaeko thiyo. yasari, heresku rar unka uttaradhikariharu denil wlahobhisi, isaya balosescu rar, kehi samayaka lagi, yujeni hackman bhadako kothaharu waripari sarna badhya thie. 1851-1852 maa, hackmanle yo awastha asammanjanak bhaeko gunaso gardai libhibhko prashasanlai reportharuko ek shrinkhala pathae. sann 1860 maa, dharmik mamila mantralayale nayan episcopal niwaska lagi wastukar chayan garne pratispardhako ghoshana gardai adesh jaari गऱ्यो।. pariyojanako vikaska lagi check wastukar josef hlabhkalai chayan garieko thiyo. afno designharu tayar garda, hlabhkale yass kshetrako bhawan paramparaharuko anusandhan gare, rar 1866 maa "astrian samiksha" maa "bukovinama purvi grick charchaka bhawanharu" namak lekh prakashit gare. hlabhkaka prastawharuma bishapko darbar matra nabhai prashasanik karyalayaharu, baithak halharu, pustakalaya, ek gayak vidyalaya, church kalako sangrahalaya rar ek chapel pani samawesh thiyo. parinamswarup kamle byzantine rar muris shaililai sanyojan gardacha, alhambralai ek preranako rupma. sann 1864 maa nirman suru bhayo tara prawidhik samasya, sann 1872 dekhi hlavkako rog rar hlavka rar sthaniya prashasanbichko asahamatika karan paryapta dhilai bhaeko thiyo, jasle garda hlavkako rajinama bhayo. hlabhkaka uttaradhikari, felix sizarskyko akshamatale pragatima thap dhilai गऱ्यो।. bhawan rar charchaharu 1882/3 ko jadoma pawitra garieko thiyo. mahatwa. yunesko uddharanle yasako parisarma niwas rar bhawanharulai "utkrishta vishwawyapi mulya" ko rupma ghoshana gardai yass sthallai nimnanusar warnan gardachhah wastukla samuhale yasako centko sath mahanagarharuko purva niwas samawesh gardacha. suseva chapelko eoin cell nau; purva seminary rar seminary church, rar bagaicha rar paridrishya park bhitra yasako ghadi tawarko sath purva math. niwas, wastukla sandarbhaharuko natakiya sanlayanko sath, dharmik rar sanskritik sahishnutako awadhima astriyo-hungerian samrajya bhitra rudhiwadi charchako 19 aun shatabdiko sanskritik pahichan wyakta gardacha. 19 aun shatabdima, aitihasik wastuklale yasako uddeshyako barema sandesh dina sakchha rar bukovinian rar dalmetialy mahanagarharuko niwas euta utkrishta udaharan how. wisheshtaharu. parisarka bhawanharu anganko tinn chheuma rakhieka chhan june lagbhag 100 mitter gahiro rar 70 mitter chauda chhah yass anganko chautho chheuma mukhya dhoka chha, aglo railingharuma sett garieko chha. getko viparit sabaibhanda thulo ekal bhawan chha, mahanagariyako niwas, jasma susewako nayan joneko chapel pani samawesh chha. bhawanma hall wishwawidyalayako adhunik bhashaharuko sankaya chha. yasama chitrit chhatko sath cinodal hull (az sangamarmar hull bhaninchha) samawesh chha. muel rupma, yass halma apaminonda busebhaski (1843-1891) dwara astrian rajaharuko chitraharu thie. yass bhawanka anya pramukh kothaharuma mahanagariyako purva pustakalaya (nilo hull), euta sano baithak sthan (rato hull) rar mahanagariyako purva swagat kotha (hariyo hull) samawesh chhan. cytema yuneskoko reportle rato halalai "ek asadharan sunder kathko gahana buxko rupma warnan gardacha, jasko bhitta chitra rato chiniyan reshamko sath parishkrit treaming jastai dekhinchha." getko bayantira seminary bhawan (samuha ko dayan bhag) rar yasako church, tean pawitra padanukramko church chha, jasma carle jobst rar anya kalakarharuko bhittichitraharu chhan. anganko arko chheuma (samuha ko bayan bhag), purva math bhawan az wishwawidyalayako bhugol vibhag how. yass bhawanko ghadi tawarlai devidka taraharule sajaieko chha june sernovitzko yahudi samudayalai sammanko rupma chha jasle parisarko nirmanma yogdan puryaeko chha. sampurna samuha ek wyapak paridrishya parkma sett garieko chha, jasma 1937 maa murtikla garieko hlavkako smarak samawesh chha. itihas. bhawanharule muel rupma ek paryapta dharmik sankayalai host gare june sernovitz hunda karya garna jaari rakhyo, pahilo wishwayuddhako antya pachhi, "sernoi" ko naam antargat romaniako bhag. yo cinodal halma thiyo kii 28 november 1918 maa, romaniyasangko bukowinako milanlai anumodan gariyo. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama agalagile bhawanharu lutpata gari thulo kshati puyaeka thie. yuddhapachhi, jab yo khetra sobhiyat niyantranma ayo, dharmashastriya sankaya banda bhayo; jab bhawanharu 1955 maa punarsthapit huna thalyo, tiniharulai saharko vishwavidyalayama sthanantaran gariyo. bichko awadhima, bhawanharu bhandaranka lagi prayog garieko thiyo rar dherai bhittichitraharu chitrit garieko thiyo. antarik punarnirman, kehi muel suwidhaharu punarsthapana, 1957 dekhi 1967 samma garieko thiyo, jab samuhalai sarkari suraksha pradan garieko thiyo. sann 1991 maa, bhawanlai nayan swatantra yukrenko rajya registerma suchibadha garieko thiyo. sann 2004 dekhi wyapak jirnoddhar garieko thiyo, jasko parinamswarup antatah unescole 28 june 2011 maa vishwa sampada sthalharuko suchima samuhalai ankit gareko thiyo. 2011 maa yukrenko saat wastuklako ashcharyaharu madhye ekko rupma internet bhotasahit pratispardhama niwas chayan garieko thiyo.

bukovinian ebong dalmatian mahanagargudikar basasthana 1864 ru 1882 madhyare astria-hangereera check sthapati joseph hlabhkanka design anujai purba orthodox metropolitan bishapnka paain yukrenara chernibhatseere bukoviniana ebong dalmatian metropalitananka basabhabana nirmana karajaithila . ehi basabhabana, jahara kotha bartamana chernibhatsi biswabidyalajara anshabisesha, 2011 ray yunesko biswa aitihya sthala bhabare ghoshita hoithila . nirmana. 1782 masihare, hobsberg rajatantrare bukovina antarbhukta heba parey, radutira moldavian purba orthodox bishapnka aasanaku chernibhatsi (setebele sejarnobhitj bhabare janashuna) ku sthanantarita karajaithila. pradeshar samarika prashasana bishapnka paain tarabaria bhabare eka abas nirmana karithila . 1783 masihare sampurna hoithiba ehi attalikara eka bhagna roop thila, kaaran ehaa chhot, nimna kothareere bibhakta thila, jeunthire eka chhot chappel thila jeunthire eka ita chataana thila . ardrata karanaru heuthiba phangal brudhi karanaru, 1790 masihare kothara kichhi ansha bhushudi padithila ebong abasista anshaku bhangi diajaithila. tenu, heresku ebong taanka uttaradhikari danil bhlahobhichi, isaia balosesku ebong kichhi samai paain yujeni haqman bhada kothareere bulibaku badhya hoithile. 1851-1852 ray, hackman ehi paristhiti asammanajanaka bolly abhijoga curry libhiv prashasanaku eka sirij report pathaithile. 1860 masihare, dharmika byapara mantranalaja eka nutan episcopal basabhabana paain jane sthapati chayan kariba paain eka pratijogita ghoshana curry eka decree jaari karithila. ehi prakalpara bikash paain check sthapati joseph hlabhkanku chayan karajaithila. tankara design prastuta kariba samajare, hlabhka ehi anchalara nirmana parampra upare gabeshana karithile, ebong 1866 ray "astrian samikhya" ray "bukovinare purba greek churcher kotha" namaka eka nibandha prakash karithile. ehi complexes paain hlabhkanka prastabare kebala bishapnka prasad nuhen barang prashasanika karjyalaja, miting hull, eka library, eka gajaka bidyalaja, church kalaara eka sangrahalaja ebong eka chappel madhya antarbhukta thila . phalaswaroopa karjyati byzantine ebong murish saileeku ekatra kare, jeunthire alhambra eka prerana . 1864 masihare nirmana karjya arambha hoithila, kintu baishajika samasya, 1872 masiharu hlabhkanka asusthata ebong hlabhka ebong sthaniah prashasana madhyare matabirodh karanaru yathesta bilamba hoithila, jaahaa hlabhkanka istafa paain kaaran hoithila. hlabhkanka uttaradhikari, felix ksijaraskinka akhyamata, agragati ahuri bilamba karithila . 1882/3 rahr sheeta ruture kotha ebong charchagudika pabitra karajaithila . mahatwa. yunesko citation, ehara parisarre thiba abas ebong attalika gudiku "utkrusta sarbajaneena mulya" bhabare ghoshana curry, ehi sthanaku nimnare barnana karichhih sthapatya samoohare mahanagargudikar purbatana basasthana ehara cent sahita antarbhukta . susebha chapelara ayoan cell nuu; purbatana seminary ebong seminary church, ebong eka bagicha ebong landscape park madhyare ehara ghanta tawara sahita purbatana moth . sthapatya sandarbhagudikara eka natakiah mishran sahita ehi abasti dharmika ebong sanskrutika sahanasheelatara eka samajare astria-hangereeja samrajya madhyare thiba orthodox churcher 19shaa shatabdir sanskrutika parichajaku prakash kare . unabinsha shatabdire, aitihasika sthapatya ehara uddeshya bishajare barta pradan karipariba ebong bukovinian ebong dalmatian mahanagargudikar basasthana eka utkrusta udaharana . baisistya. complexer attalika gudika pranganara tini parsware rakhajaichhi jaahaa praiah 100 mitter gabhira ebong 70 mitter chaudah ehi pranganara chaturtha parsware mukhya fataka rahichhi, jaahaa uccha relingre sthapita hoichhi . fataka sammukhare sabutharu budd ekaka kotha, metropolitner basabhabana, jeunthire susebhara nutan jannka chappel madhya achhi . ehi bhabanare bartamana biswabidyalajara adhunika bhasara sikhyaka achanti. ethire eka rangina chhaata sahita sinodal hull (aaji marble hull kuhajae) achhi . moolatah, ehi halre epaminonda busebhschi (1843-1891) nka dwara nirmita astrian samratamananka pratikruti rahithila. ehi kothara anya pramukh kothareegudika madhyare metropolitner purbatana library (neela hull), eka chhot baithaka sthana (redd hull) ebong metropolitner purbatana reception room (green hull) antarbhukta . ehi sthanare thiba yunesko report laal hull ku "eka asadharana sunder kaath ratna backs" bhabare barnana karichhi, jahara kanth chitra laal chainij resham sahita eka atyadhunika trimming pari dekhajae ." fatkar baama parsware seminary kotha (dalara dahana parswa) ebong ehara church, tinoti pabitra padanukramara church achhi, jeunthire carle jobst ebong anya kalakaranka bhittichitra achhi . pranganara anya parsware (dalara baama parswa), purbatana moth kotha aaji biswabidyalajara bhugol bibhaga . ehi attalikara ghanta tawaraku devidanka taaraa dwara sajajaichi, jaahaa jeranovitjara ihudi sampradajaku shradhanjali bhabare, jaahaa complexes nirmanare yogdan karithila. samagra dala eka byapaka landscape parkre sthapita hoichhi, jeunthire 1937 ray bhaskarjya hoithiba hlabhkanka eka smaraki achhi . itihas. ehi attalika gudika moolatah eka parjyapta dharmatwa anushadaku ayojan karuthila, jaahaa pratham biswajudha shesh heba parey, "sernauti" naamare sijarnovitj romaniar anshabisesha heba parey madhya karjya jaari rakhithila. ehaa thila sinodal halare 28 navember 1918 ray, romania sahita bukovinanka sanghaku anumodana karajaithila . dwiteeja biswajudha samajare agnikandare ehi attalika gudika lute karajaithila ebong yathesta khyatigrasta hoithila. juddha parey, jetebele ehi anchala sobhiet nijantranare asithila, dharmatwa anushadaku banda curry diajaithila; jetebele 1955 ray attalika punaruddhara arambha hoithila, segudiku saharar biswabidyalajaku sthanantara karajaithila . madhyabarti samajare, attalika gudiku sanrakhyana paain byabahara karajauthila ebong aneka bhitti chitra upare ranga karajaithila . 1957 ru 1967 parjyanta, jetebele ehi dalatiku sarkari surakhya pradan karajaithila, keteka moola baisistyaku punaruddhara curry aabhyantareen punahsajja karajaithila. 1991 masihare, ehi attalikati nutan swadheena yukrenara rajya panjikare talikabhukta hoithila. 2004 masiharu byapaka punaruddhara karajaithila, phalaswaroopa sheshare 28 june 2011 ray yunesko dwara biswa aitihya sthala talikare ehi samabeshaku lipibadha karajaithila. 2011 ray yukrenara satati sthapatya bismai madhyaru gotie bhabare internet bhot sameth pratijogitare ehi basabhabanaku chayan karajaithila .

bucovenian atey dalmatian mahanagran dee rihaish ukraine dey chernivatsi witch bucovenian atey dalmatian mahanagran daa nivas sathaan purbi orthodox metropolitan bishop laee 1864 atey 1882 dey vichkaar austria-hangri dey check architect joseph halavka dey design laee banaiaa giaa see. rihaish, jiss deeaan imaratan hunn chernivatsi university daa hissa hunn, noon 2011 witch unesco dee vishav virasat sathaan ailaniaa giaa see. usari. 1782 witch, habsburg rajtantar witch bukovina dey shamal honn toon baad, raduti dey moldevian purbi orthodox bishpan dee seet noon chernivatsi (uss samein zernovitz vajon janhiaa jaanda see) witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. soobe dey fauji parshasana neey bishop laee jaldbazi witch ikk rihaish banayi. 1783 witch mukammal hoee iss imaarat daa ikk kharaab pahilu see, joe chhote, hethle kamriaan witch vandiaa hoiaa see, ikk chhota jiha chappel jiss witch ittaan daa farsh see. namee caarn ullimar dey vaadhe caarn, imaarat daa hissa 1790 witch dheh giaa see atey baaki noon dhaah ditta giaa see. iss tarahan, harrescu atey uss dey uttradhikari denil vlahovisi, isaiaa baloseku atey, kujh samein laee, yujani hackman, kiraae dey kamriaan witch ghumman laee majbur sunn. 1851-1852 witch, hackman neey laviv witch parshasana noon reportan dee ikk luddy bheji, jiss witch shikait keeti gaee kii ih sathiti apmanjanak see. sann 1860 witch, dharmik mamlian dey mantrale neey ikk hukam jaari keeta jiss witch ikk navein episcopal nivas laee ikk architect dee chonh curran laee ikk mukabale dee ghoshna keeti gaee. iss project noon vikast curran laee check architect joseph halavka noon chunhiaa giaa see. aapne design tiaar curran witch, halavka neey khetar deeaan imaarat parampravan dee khoj keeti, atey 1866 witch "austrian samikhiaa" witch ikk lekh prakashit keeta, "bukovina witch purbi yunani church deeaan imaratan". complexes laee halavka dey prastavan witch naa siraf bishop daa mahil balki parshaski daftar, meating haal, ikk library, ikk gaika school, church qalaa daa ikk ajaib gharr atey ikk chappel vee shamal see. natije vajon kamm byzantine atey murish shaili noon jodada haii, jiss witch alhambra ikk prerna haii. usari 1864 witch shuru hoee parr takniki samassiaavan, 1872 toon baad toon halavka dee bimari atey halavka atey sathanak parshasana darmiaan asehmatiaan caarn kaafi deree hoee, jiss caarn halavka neey astifa dey ditta. halavka dey uttradhikari, felix seasersky dee ayogta neey pragati witch horr deree keeti. imaarat atey charchan noon 1882/3 dee sardiaan witch pavittar keeta giaa see. mahattav. unesco daa havala, nivas atey iss dey complexes witch imaratan noon "shandar sarav viaapak mull" ghoshit karda haii, site noon heth likhe anusar darsaunda haiyav architectural samooh witch mahanagran daa sabka nivas shamal haii jiss dey cent hunn. susiva chappel daa navaan naam; sabka madrassa atey madrassa church, atey ikk baagh atey landscape park dey ander iss dey ghadi tower dey naal sabka matth. nivas, architectural havaliaan dey nataki sumel dey naal, dharmik atey sabheyacharak sehansheelta dey samein dauran austria-hangri samraj dey ander orthodox church dee 19 veen sadee dee sabheyacharak pachanh noon darsaunda haii. 19veen sadee witch, itihasak architecture iss dey udesh baare sandesh dey sakda see atey bucovenian atey dalmatian mahanagran daa nivas ikk shandar udaharan haii. visheshtavan. complexes deeaan imaratan ikk vihade dey tinn pasiaan 'teey rakkhiaan gaeeaan hunn joe lagbhag 100 meeter dunghi atey 70 meeter chaudi haiyav iss vihade dey chauthe paase mukkh darwaze hunn, joe ucchiaan relingan witch sathapat hunn. gett dey sahmane sabh toon vaddi single imaarat haii, metropolitan dee rihaish, jiss witch jauhan daa chappel vee haii joe susiva daa navaan haii. iss imaarat witch varatman witch university dey aadhunik bhashavan dey faculty hunn. iss witch ikk rangi hoee chhatt dey naal sannaudal haal (ajj sangamarmar daa haal kiha jaanda haii) haii. asal witch, iss haal witch epaminonda busevshi (1843-1891) duaara austria dey rajiaan deeaan tasviran sunn. iss imaarat dey horr pramukh kamriaan witch metropolitan dee sabka library (neela haal), ikk chhoti meating jagha (laal haal) atey metropolitan daa sabka reception room (green haal) shamal hunn. site utte unesco dee report witch laal haal noon "ikk asadharan sunder lakkad dey gahiniaan daa dabba" dassiaa giaa haii, jiss dee kandh dee painting laal cheeni resham naal ikk atie aadhunik trimming vargi haii." gett dey khabbe paase madrassa dee imaarat (samooh daa sajja wing) atey iss daa church, tinn pavittar ladivaran daa church haii, jiss witch carle jobst atey horr kalakaran duaara kandh chittar shamal hunn. vihade dey dooje paase (samooh daa khabba wing), sabka matth dee imaarat ajj university daa bhugol vibhag haii. iss imaarat dey ghadi tower noon david dey taariaan naal sajaiaa giaa haii joe kii zernovitz dey yahudi bhaichare noon shardhanjali vajon haii jiss neey complexes dey nirman witch yogdan paaiaa. ih poora samooh ikk viaapak landscape park witch sathapat keeta giaa haii, jiss witch 1937 witch murtikrit halavka daa ikk smark haii. itihaas. imaratan neey asal witch ikk mahattavpuran dharam shastari faculty dee mezbani keeti joe kii pahile vishav yuddh dey ant toon baad, "sernui" dey naam heth romania daa hissa bann giaa. ih sansad bhawan witch see kii 28 navambar 1918 noon, romania naal bukovina dey sambandh dee pushti keeti gaee see. dooje vishav yuddh dauran imaratan noon luttiaa giaa see atey agg naal kaafi nuksan hoiaa see. yuddh toon baad, jadon ih khetar soviat controll adheen aaiaa, dharam shastari faculty noon bnd qarr ditta giaa see; jadon 1955 witch imaratan noon bahaal keeta jaanha shuru hoiaa, taan unhan noon shehar dee university witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. iss vichkarle samein witch, imaratan noon bhandaran laee vartiaa giaa see atey bahut saare kandh chittarkari noon pent keeta giaa see. andruni punar-sajawat, kujh mool visheshtavan noon bahaal karna, 1957 toon 1967 takk keeta giaa see, jadon samooh noon sarkari surakhiaa ditti gaee see. sann 1991 witch, iss imaarat noon navein sutantar ukraine dey raaj register witch suchibadh keeta giaa see. 2004 toon baad viaapak bahali keeti gaee, jiss dey natije vajon unesco duaara 28 juun 2011 noon vishav virasat sathanan dee suchi witch iss samooh noon shamal keeta giaa. nivas noon 2011 witch ukraine dey satt architectural ajubiaan vicchon ikk vajon ikk internet vott samet mukabale witch chunhiaa giaa see.

bucovenian tathaa dalmetian mahanagaranam nivaasah 1864 taha 1882 paryantam, austria-hangeree-deshasya check-vastukarasya joseph hlavka ityasya vinyaasen, yukren-deshasya chernivtsy-nagare, poorva-roodhi-aadhaarit-mahanagar-bishap-krute, bucovenian-dalmetian-mahanagar-nivaasah nirmitah aasit. nivaasah, yasya bhavanaani adhunaa chernivtsee-vishvavidyaalayasya bhaagaani santi, 2011 tame varshe yoonesko-vishva-dharoharasthalatvena ghoshitam. nirmaanam. 1782 tame varshe, hebsberg-rajatantre bukovinaa ityasya samaaveshaat param, radauti ityasya moldavian-poorva-roodichusta-bishap-ityasya peetham chernivtsy-nagaram (tadaa sernovitz iti namna prasidhah) sthanantaritam. prantasya sainyaprashasanam sheeghramev bishap-krute nivaasam niramaat. 1783 tame varshe poornam nirmitam bhavanam, laghu-nimna-prakoshteshu vibhajya, laghu-prarthana-gruham yukttam, ituka-talayuktam, bhagna-roopam aasit. ardratayaha karanat fungle-vruddhihi abhavat, 1790 tame varshe bhavanasya bhaagah patitah, sheshah cha patitah. evam, heresku, tasya uttaradhikarinaha denil vlaahovichi, isaya baalosesku, yujeni huckman cha, kinchitkalam yaavat, bhaatakagruhaani paritah gantum baadhyau abhavan. 1851-1852 madhye, heckman, lveev-nagarasya prashasanam prati prativedanaanaam shrunkhalaam preshitavaan, eshaa sthitihi asammanita iti abhiyogam krutavaan. 1860 tame varshe, dhaarmikakaaryamantraalay nutanasya episcopal-nivaasasya krute vastukarasya chayanartham spardhaam ghoshayan aadesham praavartayat. check-deshasya vaastukaarah joseph hlavka ityeshah pariyojanaayaah vikasaya chitah. swasya vinyasanam tayaareem kurvan, hlavka-varyaha asya pradeshasya bhavanaparamparanam vishaye samshodhanam krutvaa, 1866 tame varshe "austrian-samikshayam" "bukovinaa-nagare poorva-greek-charchasya bhavanaani" iti lekham prakashitavan. hlavka-varyasya sankeernasy prastaaveshu naa kevalam bishap-prasadaha, apitu prashaasanik-karyalayaha, sabhaa-sabhaagruhaah, pustakaalayah, gaayak-vidyaalayah, charch-kalayaha sangrahaalayah, chaapel cha antarbhavanti sma. parinaamatah krutakarmah baizaint-moorish-shailyaah cha samyojanam karoti, yatra alhambra ekaha prerakah asti. 1864 tame varshe nirmanakaryam aarabdham, parantu takaniki-samasyanam karanat, 1872 tamaat varshaat hlavka-rogasya karanat, hlavka-sthaniya-prashasanasya cha madhye bhinnabhiprayasya karanat cha paryaaptam vilambam abhavat, yena hlavka-ityasya tyaagah abhavat. hlavka ityasya uttaraadhikaari, felix sizarsky ityasya akshamata, pragatim adhikam vilambayat. 1882/3 ityasya shishirakaale bhavanaani charcha-kshetraani cha pratishtaapitaah aasan. mahattvam. yoonesko-ityasya uddharane, tasya parisarasya nivaasam bhavanaani cha "utkrushtam saarvatrikamoolyam" iti ghoshayan, asya sthalasy varnanam nimnarupena krutam asti-vastushilpa-samuhasya antargatam mahanagaranam poorvavaasah asti, yasya sthaanam sent asti. suseva-praarthanaapeetasya ian-cell-nau; poorva-seminary-seminary-charch, udyaanasya, bhoodrushya-udyaanasya cha antah poorva-mathah, tasya ghatikaragopuram cha asti. vastukalasamarthanam naatakeey-samyojanena saha nivaasah, dhaarmik-saamskrutika-sahishnutayaha kaale austro-hangeriyan-samrajyasya antargatyaam 19 shataabdyaah roodichutaa-charchasya saamskrutika-parichayam vyaktayati. 19 shataabdyaam aitihaasika-vaastukalaayaah uddeshyasy vishaye sandesha daatum shakyate sma, tathaa cha bucovenian-dalmetian-mahanagaranam nivaasah uttamah udaaharanah asti. vaishishtye. asya parisarasya bhavanaani pranganasya trishu paarshveshu sthaapitaah santi, yat praayah 100 meater-gabheeram 70 meater-vistrutam cha asti, asya pranganasya chaturthaayaam paarshve mukhya-dwaaraani santi, ye uccha-railing-dwara sthaapitaah santi. dwaarasya viruddham bruhattamam ekala-bhavanam asti, mahanagarasya nivaasah, yasmin susewaayaah nutanasya jaan ityasya prarthana-mandiram api asti. asmin bhavane samprati vishvavidyaalayasya aadhunikabhaashaavibhaagah asti. asmin sanodal-haal (adya marble-haal iti kathyate) asti, yasya upari varnitah chhaadah asti. moolatah asmin sabhaagruhe epaminonda busevsky (1843-1891) ityanena austrian-raajnah chitraani aasan. asya bhavanasya anyeshu pramukheshu prakoshteshu mahanagarasya poorva-pustakaalayam (neel-sabhaamandalam), laghutaram sabhasthalam (rakta-sabhaamandalam), mahanagarasya poorva-svaagata-kakshah (harita-sabhaamandalam) cha antarbhavanti. asmin sthale yoonesko-samsthaayaah prativedanam rakta-sabhamandalam "asadharanam sundaram kaashta-ratna-peteem" iti varnayati, yasya bhittipatalam rakta-cheeni-reshma-yukttam parishkrutam parishkaranam iva drushyate." dwaarasya vaamabhaage seminary-bhavanam (samuhasya dakshinabhagah), tasya charch cha asti, yatra carl jobst tathaa anyaih kalaavidaih nirmitaani bhittichitraani santi. praamganasya aparapaarshve (samuhasya vaamapakshah), poorva-matha-bhavanam adya vishvavidyaalayasya bhugol-vibhaagah asti. asya bhavanasya ghatikaragopuram, gernovitz ityasya yahoodee-samudaayasy krute sammaanaroopen david-nakshatraih alankrutam asti, yena asya sankeernasy nirmaanam abhavat. sampoornam samucchayam vishaalaayaam bhoodrushya-udyaane sthaapitam asti, yasmin 1937 tame varshe nirmitasya halavka-ityasya smarakam vartate. itihaasah. bhavanaani moolatah paryaaptam dharmashaastreey-adhyaapakam sthaapayanti sma, yat prathamavishvayuddhasya samaapteh anantaram, "cernauti" iti namna seasurnovitz ityasya romania-deshasya bhaagah abhavat, tadaa api yathaavidhi karyam kurvan aasit. 1918 tame varshe november-masasya 28 dinaanke sanodal-haal-madhye eva romenia-ityanena saha bukovinaa-ityasya samyogah anumoditah. dviteeyavishvayuddhe agnyuaa bhavanaani luntitaah, bahu kshatigrastaah cha abhavan. yuddhanantaram, yadaa ayam pradesha soviyat-deshasya niyantrane aagatah, tadaa dharmashaastreey-praadhyaapakavargah bandhitah abhavat; yadaa 1955 tame varshe bhavanaani punarsthaapayitum aarabdhaani, tadaa te nagarasya vishvavidyaalayam prati sthaanaantaritaah abhavan. madhyakaale bhavanaani bhandaranartham upayujyante sma, anekaah bhittichitraani chitritaah aasan. aantarik-punarnirmanam, kaanichan moolavisheshaan punahsthaapayatu, 1957 taha 1967 paryantam krutam, yadaa samuhasya sarvakaareey-rakshanm dattam. 1991 tame varshe, nutanasya swatantrasya ukren-deshasya rajya-panjeeye etat bhavanam soocheebaddham aasit. 2004 tamaat varshaat aarabhy vistrutam punarnirmanam krutam, yasya parinaamen antatah 2011 tame varshe joon-masasya 28 dinaanke yoonesko-samsthayaa vishva-dharoharasthalanam suchyam asya samuhasya abhilekhanam abhavat. 2011 tame varshe, ukraine-deshasya sapta-vastushilpa-adbhuteshu anyatamaroopen, antarjaala-mata-sahitam, spardhayam etat nivaasasthaanam chitam.

pukkoaviniya mattrum dalmadia perunagarangkalin vasippidam ukrain sernivtchiyil ulla pukkoaviniya mattrum dalmadian perunagarangkalin illam 1864 mattrum 1882 kku idaiyil kilakku marabuvazhi perunagara aayarukkaaka austria-hangaeriyaich saerntha seck kattidak kalaignar josaph hlaavkaavin vadivamaippugalukku kattappattathu. ippoathu sernivtchi palkalaikkazhagaththin oru paguthiyaaga irukkum inththa illam 2011 aam aandil unesco ulaga paarambariya thalamaaga arivikkappattathu. kattumanam. 1782 aam aandil, bukovina hapsburg mudiyaatchiyil inaikkappattathaith thodarnthu, raadaaviyin moltavian kilakku marabuvazhi aayarkalin irukkai sernivtchikku (appoathu sernovits endru azhaikkappattathu) maattrappattathu. maagaanaththin iraanuva nirvaagam pishappukkaaga avasaramaaga oru illatthaik kattiyadhu. 1783 aam aandil mudikappatta inththa kattidam, sengal tharaiyaik konda oru siriya devaalayaththudan siriya, thaazhntha araikalaaka irunthathaal, oru moasamaana amsaththaik kondirundhadhu. eerappathaththaal aerpatta poonjchai valarchi kaaranamaaga, 1790 aam aandil kattidaththin oru pakuthi idindhu vilunththathu, meethamullavai idikkappattana. ithanaal, heresku mattrum avarathu vaarisugal daniel vlahovisi, isaiah palosescu mattrum yujeni hockman aagiyoar oru kaalaththirku vaadagai araikalaich suttri vara vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. 1851-1852 ill, inththa nilaimai avamaanappaduthappadavillai endru bugar koori, elvivil ulla nirvaagaththirku hockman thodarchchiyaana arikkaikalai anupinaar. 1860 aam aandil, madha vivagaara amaichagam oru puthiya episcopal illaththirku oru kattidak kalaignaraith thaerntheduppatharkaana poattiyai arivikkum aanaiyai veliyittathu. inththa thittatthai uruvaakka seck kattidak kalaignar josaph hlavka thernthedukkappattaar. thanathu vadivamaippugalaith thayaarippathil, hlavka piraanthiyaththin kattida marabukalai aaraaynthu, 1866 aam aandil "austrian mathippaaivu" ill "pukkoavinaavil ulla kilakku kiraekka devalayaththin kattidangal" endra katturaiyai veliyittaar. valaakaththirkaana hlaavkaavin munmozhivugalil bishappin aranmanai mattumallaamal nirvaaga aluvalagangkal, kootta arangkugal, oru noolagam, oru paadagar palli, devalaya kalai arungaatchiyagam mattrum oru devalayam aagiyavai adangkum. idhan vilaivaaga varum padaippugal byzandine mattrum moorish paaniyai orunginaikkirathu, alahambra oru uthvaegamaaga ullathu. 1864 aam aandil kattumanam thodangiyathu, aanaal thozhilnutpa sikkalkal, 1872 muthal hlavka noai mattrum hlavka mattrum ulloor nirvaagaththirku idaiyilaana karutthu vaerupaadugal kaaranamaaga kanisamaana thaamathangalukku udpattathu, idhu hlavka rajinaamaavukku vazhivaguththathu. hlaavkaavin vaarisaana felix seaserskyin thiramaiyinmai, munnaettraththai maelum thaamathappaduththiyathu. 1882/3 kulirkaalaththil kattidam mattrum devaalayangal punithappaduththappattana. mukkiyathuvam. unesco maerkoal, kudiyiruppu mattrum adhan valaagaththil ulla kattidangalai "sirantha ulagalaaviya mathippu" endru arivikkirathu, inththa thalaththai pinvarumaaru vivarikkirathuh kattidakkalai kuzhumam perunagarangkalin munnaal illaththai adhan punithaththudan ulladakkiyathu. suseva devalayaththin iyoan chell noow; munnaal semri mattrum semri devalayam, mattrum oru thoattam mattrum iyarkaikkaatchi poongkaavirkul adhan kadikaara koopuraththudan munnaal madaalayam. kattidakkalai kurippugalin viyaththagu kalavaiyudan, inththa illam, madha mattrum kalaachaara sagippuththanmaiyin kaalakattathil austro-hangaeriya beararasukkul irunththa marabuvazhi devalayaththin 19 aam noottraandin kalaachaara adaiyaalaththai velippaduththukirathu. 19 aam noottraandil, varalaattru kattidakkalai adhan noakkam kuriththa seithigalai therivikka mudiyum, maelum pukkoaviniya mattrum dalmadia perunagarangkalin vasippidam oru sirantha eduththukkaattu. amsangkal. valaagaththin kattidangal muttraththin moontru pakkangkalilum amaikkappattullana, idhu sumar 100 meettar aazhamum 70 meettar agalamum kondathu inththa muttraththin naankaavathu pakkaththil mukiya vaayilgal ullana, avai uyaramaana thandavaalangalil amaikkappattullana. vaayilukku ethirae migapperiya ottraik kattidam, perunagaraththin kudiyiruppu, idhil soosevaavin puthiya john devaalayamum ullathu. inththa kattidaththil tharpoothu palkalaikkazhagaththin naveena mozhigal aasiriyarkalukku idam alikkappattullathu. idhu oru vannamayamaana kooraiyudan koodiya sinodal mandapaththaik kondullathu (intru palingku mandapam endru azhaikkappadukirathu). muthalil, inththa mandapaththil ebaminonda pusevchi (1843-1891) enbavaraal austriya mannargalin uruvappadangkal irunththana. inththa kattidaththil ulla pira mukiya araikalil perunagaraththin munnaal noolagam (neela mandapam), oru siriya santhippu idam (sivappu mandapam) mattrum perunagaraththin munnaal varavaerpu arai (pacchai mandapam) aagiyavai adangkum. antha idaththil ulla unesco arikkai sivappu mandapaththai "oru asaathaaranamaana azhagaana maraa nagai petti" endru vivarikkirathu, adhan suvar ooviyam sivappu seena pattu kondu athinaveena trimming poantrathu." vaayilin idathupuraththil semri kattidamum (kuzhuvin valathu pirivu) adhan devaalayamum, moontru punitha padinilaikalin devaalayamum ullana, idhil carle jopst mattrum pira kalaignargalin suvaroaviyangkal ullana. muttraththin marupuraththil (kuzhuvin idathu puram), munnaal madaalayam kattidam intru palkalaikkazhagaththin puviyiyal thuraiyaagum. inththa kattidaththin kadikaara koopuram valaagaththin kattumaanaththirku pankaliththa sernovits yootha samoogaththirku anjali seluththum vagaiyil davit natchaththiranggalaal alangarikkappattullathu. muzhu kuzhuvum oru virivaana nilaparappu poongaavil amaikkappattullathu, idhil 1937 ill sethukkappatta hlaavkaavin ninaivuchinnam ullathu. varalaaru. kattidangal muthalil oru kanisamaana iraiyiyal aasiriyargalai nadaththiyathu, idhu sernovits muthal ulagap poar mudivadaintha piragu, "sernavudi" endra peyaril romaniavin oru paguthiyaaga maariyapoathu thodarnthu seyalpattathu. 1918 navambar 28 andru, roamaaniyaavudan pukkoavinaavin inaippu angkeekarikkappattathu. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu kattidangal kollaiyadikkappattu, theeyinaal kanisamaaga sethamatainthana. poarukkup piragu, ippaguthi soviyath kattuppaattin keezh vanthapoathu, iraiyiyal aasiriyargal moodappattanar; 1955 ill kattidangal meettedukkath thodangiyapoathu, avai nagaraththin palkalaikkazhagaththirku maattrappattana. idaippatta kaalaththil, kattidangal saemippirkaagap payanpaduththappattana, maelum pala suvaroaviyangkal varainththana. ull maruseeramaippu, sila asal amsangkalai meetteduppathu, 1957 muthal 1967 varai maerkollappattathu, appoathu kuluvukku arasaangka paathukaappu vazhangkappattathu. 1991 aam aandil, inththa kattidam puthithaaga suthanthiram pettra ukrain maanila pathivaettil pattiyalidappattathu. 2004 muthal virivaana maruseeramaippu maerkollappattathu, idhan vilaivaaga iruthiyil unesco adhan ulaga paarambariya thazhangalin pattiyalil 28 juun 2011 andru porikkappattathu. 2011 aam aandil ukrain aezhu kattidakkalai athisayangkalil ontraaka inaiya vaakku udpada poattiyil inththa illam thaernthedukkappattathu.

bucovenian mariyu dalmatian mahanagarala nivaasam ukreyinloni chernivtseelo unna bucovenian mariyu dalmatian metropolitanla nivaasam 1864 mariyu 1882 madhya thoorpu sanaatana metropolitan bishop kosam austria-hangareeki chendina check vaastusilpi joseph hlavka designlaku nirminchabadindi. ippudu chernivtsi vishwavidhyaalayamlo bhaagamaina eee nivasanni 2011loe unesco prapancha vaarasatva pradaesamgaa prakatinchaaru. nirmaanam. 1782loe, bukovina hobsburg raacharikamlo vileenam ayina taruvaata, radayi yokka moldavian thoorpu sanaatana bishapla sthaanaanni chernivtseeki (appudu sernovitz anie pilustaaru) marcharu. provins sainika paripalana bishop kosam hadavidiga nivasanni nirminchindi. 1783loe puurtayina eee bhavanam, oka paelavamaina koonaanni kaligi undhi, idhi chinna, takkuva gadulagaa vibhajinchabadindi, ituka neelatoe kuudina chinna chappel undhi. thema kaaranamgaa sileendhraala perugudala kaaranamgaa, 1790loe bhavanamlo kontha bhaagam koolipoyindi mariyu migilinavi koolchiveyabaddaayi. anduvalla, heresku mariyu athani vaarasulu danil vlahovisi, isaiah balosesku mariyu kontakaalam eugeny hockman adde gadula chuttoo tiragadaaniki baadhyata vahinchaaru. 1851-1852 loe, eee paristhiti avamanakaramga undani firyadu chestu hockman elvivlooni paripalanaku varusa nivedikalanu pampaadu. 1860loe, matha vyavahaaraala mantritva saakha kotta episcopal nivaasam kosam oka vaastusilpini ennukoodaaniki pootiini prakatistuu oka uttarvu jaarii chesindi. eee prajectunu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki check vaastusilpi joseph hlavka empika cheyabaddaaru. thana namuunaalanu siddham chesetappudu, hlavka eee praanta nirmaana sampradaayaalapai parisoedhana chesi, 1866loe "austrian sameeksha" loe "bukovinaloni thoorpu greeku charchi bhavanalu" anae kathanaanni prachurinchaadu. eee samudaayam kosam hlavka chesina pratipaadanalalo bishop rajabhavanam matrame kakunda paripalana karyalayalu, samavesa mandiraalu, oka library, oka gayaka paatasaala, charchi kala yokka museum mariyu oka chappel kooda unnaayi. phalitamgaa vacchina rachana byzantine mariyu murish sailini militam chestundi, alhambranu oka preranagaa kaligi untundi. nirmaanam 1864loe praarambhamaindi, conny saanketika samasyalu, 1872 nundi halavka anaaroogyam mariyu halavka mariyu sthaanika paripalana madhya vibhedaala kaaranamgaa gananeeyamaina jaapyaaniki guraindi, idhi halavka raajeenaamaanu daariteesindi. hlavka varasudu felix seasersky asamarthatha purogatini marinta alasyam chesindi. 1882/3 sheethaakaalamlo bhavanam mariyu charchilu pavitram cheyabaddaayi. praamukhyata. unesco citation, nivaasam mariyu daani samudaayamlooni bhavanalanu "atyuttama saarvatrika viluva" gaa prakatistuu, eee pradaesaanni eee krindi vidhamgaa vivaristundihi nirmaana samishti daani seyint thoo mahanagarala puurva nivasanni kaligi untundi. suseva chappel yokka ione sell nau; maajee seminary mariyu seminary charchi, mariyu thota mariyu prakruti drushyaala udyaanavanamlo daani gadiyara gopuramtho maajee aasramam. nivaasam, nirmaana suuchanala naatakeeya kalayikatho, mataparamaina mariyu saamskrutika sahanam unna kaalamlo austro-hangerian saamrajyamlo sanaatana charchi yokka 19va sataabdapu saamskrutika gurtimpunu vyaktam chestundi. 19va sataabdamloo, chaaritraka vaastusilpam daani prayojanam gurinchi sandeshaalanu andinchagaladu mariyu bucovenian mariyu dalmatian mahanagarala nivaasam oka adbhutamaina udaaharana. lakshanaalu. eee samudaayamlooni bhavanalu praamganaaniki moodu vaipula sumaru 100 meterla lothu mariyu 70 meterla vedalputho nirminchabaddayih eee praamganaaniki nalgava vaipuna pradhana dwaaraalu unnaayi, ivi podavaina railinglalo amarchabadi unnaayi. getuku edurugaa atipedda oke bhavanam, metropolitan nivaasam, indulo susevaku chendina zaan dhi nyuu chappel kooda undhi. eee bhavanamlo prastutam vishwavidyaalayam yokka aadhunika bhashala adhyapakulu unnaaru. idhi paint chesina paikapputho sinodal haall (nedu palarayi haall anie pilustaaru) kaligi undhi. vaastavaaniki, eee haallo epaminonda busevsi (1843-1891) rachinchina austrian chakravartula chitraalu undevi. eee bhavanamloni itara pradhana gadulalo metropolitan yokka puurvapu library (blue haall), oka chinna samavesa sthalam (redd haall) mariyu metropolitan yokka puurvapu reception room (green haall) unnaayi. eee pradaesamlooni unesco nivedika erra haalnu "asaadhaaranamaina andamaina chekka aabharanaala pettega varninchindi, dheeni goda painting erra chainees pattutho adhunaatana trimmingnu pooli untundi." dwaaraaniki edama vaipuna seminary bhavanam (samishti yokka kudi vibhagam) mariyu daani charchi, moodu pavitra kramaanugataala charchi, indulo carle jobst mariyu itara kalaakaarula kudyachitraalu unnaayi. praamganaaniki avatali vaipuna (samishti yokka edama vibhagam), puurvapu matha bhavanam nedu vishwavidyaalayam yokka bhougolika vibhagam. eee bhavanam yokka gadiyara gopuram, eee samudaayam nirmaanaaniki dohadapadina gernovitz yokka yoodu samaajaaniki nivaaligaa david nakshatraalato alankarinchabadindi. mottam samishti vistrutamaina prakruti drushya udyaanavanamlo erpaatu cheyabadindi, indulo 1937loe chekkabadina hlavka smaaraka chihnam undhi. charitra. modati prapancha yuddham mugisina taruvaata, sernovitz "sernaui" paerutoe romanialo bhagamainappudu, eee bhavanalu modata gananeeyamaina vedaanta adhyapakulaku aatidhyam icchaayi, ivi aaa vidhamgaa panicheestuunee unnaayi. 1918 november 28naa sinodal hallone romaniato bukovina yokka union aamodinchabadindi. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo eee bhavanalu dochukobaddayi mariyu agnipramaadamlo gananeeyamgaa debbatinnaayi. yuddham taruvaata, eee praantam soviet niyantranaloki vachinappudu, vedaanta adhyapakulu moosiveyabaddaaru; 1955loe bhavanalu punaruddharinchabadatam praarambhinchinappudu, vaatini pattana vishwavidhyaalayaaniki badilee chesaaru. madhya kaalamlo, bhavanalu nilva kosam upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu aneka kudyachitraalu chitrinchabaddaayi. antargata punarnirmaanam, konni asalu lakshanaalanu punaruddharinchadam, 1957 nundi 1967 varaku jarigindi, appudu eee brundaaniki prabhutva rakshana labhinchindi. 1991loe, eee bhavanam kottagaa swatantramaina ukrain rashtra registerlo jabita cheyabadindi. 2004 nundi vistrutamaina punaruddharana jarigindi, phalitamgaa unesco 28 juun 2011naa prapancha vaarasatva pradaesaala jaabitaalo eee samudaayaanni cherchindi. 2011loe ukreyinloni edu nirmaana adbhutaalalo okatigaa internet otutho sahaa pootiiloo eee nivasanni empika chesaaru.

bocovenin aur dalmetin metropolitanon kii rehaish gaah ukareen kay chirnautsi mein bocovenin aur dalmeshiyayi metropolitanon kii rehaish gaah mashriqi orthodocs metropolitan bashp kay liye 1864 aur 1882 kay darmiyan austriya hungri say taaluq rakhnay waalay cheek mamaar jozaf halawaka kay design parr banayi gayee thee. rehaish gaah jiss kii emaratein abb chirnautsi university kaa hasah haine kuu 2011 mein unisco kay aalimi saqafati warsay kaa maqaam qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa. tameer. 1782 mein habsburg baadshahat mein bokwina kay shaamil honay kay baad radoti kay moldoin mashriqi orthodocs bashp kii nashast kuu charniotsi (iss waqat seasurnovates kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa) mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. soobay kii foji intezamiya nay jaldi mein bashp kay liye rehaish gaah banayi. 1783 mein makmal honay waali emarat kaa eek kharaab pehlu thaa juu chhotay nichley kamaron mein taqsim thaa jiss mein eek chhota saa cheepal thaa jiss kaa farsh ainton kaa thaa. namee kii wajah say phaphundi kii nashonuma kii wajah say emarat kaa kachh hasah 1790 mein girr gayaa aur baaqi kuu manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa. iss tarah hairsco aur iss kay jansheen denial walahowechi eisi balosiko aur kachh waqat kay liyay yujini hackman karaye kay kamaron mein ghoomnay phirnay parr majbur thay. 1851-1852 mein hackman nay leview mein intezamiya kuu reporton kaa eek silsilah bheja shikayat kii kahh yaha surathaal ghair qaabil ehteram hay. 1860 mein wazaarat mazhabi amoor nay eek neeya hakam naamah jaari kiyaa jiss mein eek nayey epscopal rehaish gaah kay liye eek mamaar kay intekhaab kay muqabilay kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa. cheek mamaar jozaf halawaka kuu iss mansubay kuu tayaar karnay kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. apnay design tayaar karnay mein saloka nay khatay kii tamirati rawayaat parr tehqeeq kii aur 1866 mein "austrain review" mein "bokwina mein mashriqi yunani charch kii emaratein" naami eek mazmun shaye kiyaa. iss complex kay liye saloka kii tajaweez mein naha sarf bashp kaa mahal balkah intezami dafatar metting haall eek library eek koyar school charch aart kaa museum aur eek cheepal bhee shaamil thay. natijay mein kaam bienteen aur moresh andaaz kuu yakja kartaa hay jiss mein alhambara eek tehreek kay toor parr hay. tameer 1864 mein sharoo hoyee leakin takniki masaail 1872 kay baad say halawaka kii bemari aur halawaka aur maqami intezamiya kay darmiyan ikhtelaaf raaye kii wajah say kaafi takhir kaa saamna karnaa padaa jiss kii wajah say halawaka nay istefi day diyaa. halawaka kay jansheen felic seasuresky kii naahili nay paish raft mein mazeed takhir kii. emarat aur girja gahar 1882/3 kay mosam sarma mein muqadas kiye gayey thay. ahmiyat. unisco kaa hawalah rehaish gaah aur iss kay complex mein mojud emaraton kuu "shandar aalamgir qadr" qaraar deetay huay iss jagah kuu iss tarah biyaan kartaa hay: tamirati majmuah metropolitanon kii sabqah rehaish gaah parr mushtamil hay jiss kay sent. sosiwa cheepal kaa nawaan noow vovo sabqah madarse aur madarse kaa church aur saabiq khanqah jiss kay baagh aur zameen kii tazyeen kay paark kay andar iss kay ghadi tower kay saath. rehaish gaah tamirati hawalon kay dramayi imtazaaj kay saath mazhabi aur saqafati rawadari kay door mein austro hungri sultanat kay andar orthodocs charch kii 19 wein sadee kii saqafati shanakhat kaa izhaar karti hay. 19 wein sadee mein tarikhi funn tameer iss kay maqsad kay baaray mein paighamat pahuncha saktaa thaa aur bocovenin aur dalmiyayi metropolitanon kii rehaish eek behtareen misaal hay. khususiyat. complex kii emaratein eek sahan kay teen itraaf mein rakhee gayee haine juu taqriba 100 metter gehri aur 70 metter chodi hay: iss sahan kay choothay hasay mein aham darwazay haine juu oonchi reling mein rakhay gayey haine. gait kay saamney sabb say bury waahid emarat hay juu metropolitan kii rehaish gaah hay jiss mein jaan dee neo aaf sosiwa kaa cheepal bhee hay. iss emarat mein phee alhaal university kii jadeed zabanon kii faculty mojud hay. iss mein senodal haal (jasay aaj sing marmar kaa haal kahaa jaataa hay) hay jiss kii chhat paint kii gayee hay. asl mein iss haal mein austriya kay baadshahon kii tasveeron parr mushtamil thee juu apamenonda bosiyoschi (1843-1891) kay zariye banayi gayee thee. iss emarat kay deegar baday kamaron mein metropolitan kii sabqah library (blue haal)yee eek chhoti metting kii jagah (reed haal) aur metropolitan kaa sabqah isteqbaliya kamrah (grain haal) shaamil haine. iss saait parr mojud unisco kii report mein reed haal kuu "lakdi kay zewaraat kaa eek ghair mamuli khubsurat dabah jiss kii dewaar kii penting sarkh cheeni resham kay saath eek nafees tarashnay say milti jalti hay" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay." darwazay kay bayein taraf madarse kii emarat (encenble kaa daayein baazo) aur iss kaa church teen muqadas darjah bundi kaa charch hay jiss mein carle jabist aur deegar funkaron kii dewaron parr mushtamil hay. sahan kay dosri taraf (inzmenible kaa bayein baazo)yee sabqah khanqah kii emarat aaj university kaa shobah geografiya hay. iss emarat kay ghadi minaar kuu dude kay sataron say sajaya gayaa hay juu zernovates kii yahudi baradari kuu kharaaj tehseen paish kartaa hay jiss nay complex kii tameer mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa. poraa majmuah eek wasee zameen kii tazyeen kay paark mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay jiss mein 1937 mein tarashay gayey halawaka kii eek yaadgaar hay. tareekh. emaraton mein asl mein eek kaafi mazhabi faculty kii mezbani kii gayee thee juu iss tarah kaam karti rahee jabb zernovatz pehli jung azeem kay ikhtatam kay baad "sarnawati" kay naam say romaniah kaa hasah bunn gayaa. yaha senodal haal mein hyee thaa kahh 28 nomber 1918 kuu romaniah kay saath bokwina kay itehad kii tausiq kii gayee. dosri jung azeem kay doraan emaraton kuu loat liyaa gayaa aur aag say kaafi nqsan pahuncha. jung kay baad jabb yaha khatah soweet kay zeer taslat aayaa mazhabi faculty kuu bund kirr diyaa gayaa. jabb 1955 mein emaraton kii bahaali sharoo hoyee tuu inhein shehar kii university mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. darmiyani arsey mein emaraton kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa aur behat see dewaron kuu paint kiyaa gayaa thaa. androni tazyeen woo aaraish kachh asl khususiyat kuu bahaal karnaa 1957 say 1967 takk kiyaa gayaa jabb iss dastay kuu sarkaari tahfuz diyaa gayaa. 1991 mein iss emarat kuu nayey aazaad ukareen kay riyasati register mein darj kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2004 kay baad say wasee paimanay parr bahaali kii gayee jiss kay natijay mein balaakhir 28 joone 2011 kuu unisco nay iss kay aalimi saqafati warsay kii fehrist mein iss kay majmuay kuu shaamil kiyaa. rehaish gaah kuu 2011 mein ukareen kay saat tamirati ajaibat mein say eek kay toor parr internet woat sameet muqabilay mein muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa.

0005fbe9c5b17f10ee3946adb46977cbcc7b4223c7d2968612cff0627de5662a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9145614

The NBA on TNT announcing teams

The NBA on TNT announcing teams

ti. eno. ti.-ror doll ghuxonar khetrot eno. bi. e.

tii. aine. tii. chya sanghanchi ghoshana karnyababat aine. bii. aii.

tii. enn. tii. dala ghoshana upare enn. bii. aii.

tii. ainn. tii. teaman daa ailaan curran baare ainn. bee. aii.

tea. enn. tea.-ghoshanaa-dalanam vishaye enn. bee. e.

00060686acc3fbd62de726af567343c5c843bfea3e5841b38a2d4145302c6a22

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48443366

Augusta Triumphans

Augusta Triumphans Augusta Triumphans: or, the Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe by Daniel Defoe was first published on 16 March 1728. The fictitious speaker of this pamphlet, Andrew Moreton, is a man in his sixties who offers suggestions for the improvement of London. In particular, he fosters the establishment of a university, an academy of music, a hospital for foundlings and licensed institutions for the treatment of mental diseases. Moreover, he encourages the introduction of measures to prevent moral corruption and street robbery. "Augusta Triumphans" is part of a group of works which were issued under the nom-de-plume of Andrew Moreton. It includes also "Every-body's Business, Is No-body's Business" (1725), "The Protestant Monastery" (1726), "Parochial Tyranny" (1727), and "Second Thoughts are Best" (1729). They respectively deal with the high salary of servants, disrespect towards elders, corruption of parishes, and crime prevention. They all revisit themes which their author, Daniel Defoe, had already discussed in "An Essay Upon Projects" (1697). Compared to this earlier work, however, they are more project-oriented than focused on moral criticism. As Maximillian Novak points out, Defoe chose a "grand title" for "Augusta Triumphans". It highlights his ambitious aim of making London stand out even at a universal level. This city has a significant role in both his biography and work. Firstly, his travels started and ended in this place. Secondly, it is "the implicit or explicit setting" of the majority of his writings. Subject and overall structure. "Augusta Triumphans" offers suggestions for the enhancement of the city of London. It begins with two introductory paragraphs. The former is a brief reflection on “projecting heads” and the attitude of the English towards them.“Projecting heads”, that is to say individuals who create schemes for social improvement, are invited to make proposals without fearing to be ridiculed. They should exclusively focus on offering honest advice. In addition, the possible shortcomings of their projects should be forgiven in that “It is a kind of good action to mean well, and the intention ought to palliate the failure”. As for the English, they are described as the least clement nation towards such individuals. They “treat them in the vilest manner” and it is because of this reason that their country is “esteemed so bad at invention”. In the second opening paragraph, the narrator explains the reason why he has written this pamphlet. He wants to make good use of the remaining time of his life by putting innovative proposals down on paper. On the whole, this work is intended to be the “testimony of” his “good will to” his “fellow-creatures”. Immediately after this introductory discourse, Andrew Moreton moves on to illustrate the project upon which he has reflected most. He fosters the establishment of a London university to oppose the contemporary corruption of learning and education. Subsequently, four titled sections come one after the other and present other schemes for social improvement. Section one calls for the establishment of a foundling hospital. It would prevent many mothers from freeing themselves of their illegitimate offspring through abortion or abandonment in parishes which do not offer them decent living conditions. Section two shows how a real academy of music would "prevent the expensive importation of foreign musicians, & c". Section three firstly offers advice to rescue "youths and servants" from moral corruption. Secondly, it denounces certain social evils: prostitution, gambling, and a series of dissolute manners to spend one's free time on Sunday such as alcohol misuse. Thirdly, it makes a digression on husbands's abuses of their wives and comments about contemporary private madhouses. Section four encourages the adoption of measures to stop street robbery. They include moral education and the introduction of a competent and paid body of watchmen as well as an adequate system of street lighting at night. The final part of "Augusta Triumphans" is titled “Omissions”. It is a revision of two aspects of the projects which have been illustrated so far. Andrew Moreton begins with rejecting his initial idea of founding a London university composed of “only a hall or public room”. Rather, “it should be a large house or inn, in the nature of a college, with store of convenient rooms for gentlemen, not only to study separately, but wherein to lodge their books, for it would be most inconvenient to lug them backwards and forwards”. He then expands his “discourse on madhouses”, particularly by offering a suggestion to impede the unjust confinement of widows or other women who find themselves with a fortune and no male guidance. In order to prevent them from becoming victims of greedy and manipulatory “strangers”, the nearest male relative should succeed the deceased gentleman in the management of the estate. At the end of the pamphlet is attached a letter “To Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Robinson” which is dated “Sept. 23, 1728”. Its signatory, Andrew Moreton, begins with briefly congratulating the addressee for his “election into the chamberlainship of the city of London”. He subsequently poses a series of questions to understand the purpose of “the orphan’s tax”. “Schemists” and their time. The theme of human capability to project is touched upon at the beginning of "Augusta Triumphans" when Andrew Moreton briefly comments on “schemists”. These figures are mentioned also in "An Essay Upon Projects". In its introduction, the author points out that his country “swarms with […] a multitude of” planners. This project-oriented climate originates from the widespread need to cope with contemporary problems and chaos. Moreover, since no other age was characterised by such a trend, his epoch could be defined as a “Projecting Age”. Daniel Defoe dealt with “the theme of […] man’s capacity to project” also in "An Essay Upon Projects" (1697) and "Robinson Crusoe" (1719). They respectively are an explicit and an implicit treatment of the same topic. In addition to be characterised by opposite approaches, they differ in perspective. "An Essay Upon Projects" is socially oriented in that it addresses issues which are of importance for a whole community. "Robinson Crusoe", on the other hand, focuses on the interests of a single human being. Andrew Moreton's proposals for the improvement of London. The establishment of new institutions. In "Augusta Triumphans", Andrew Moreton promotes the foundation of a university, an academy of music and a hospital for foundlings. He begins with calling for a university in London and stresses the reasons for making it non-residential. Firstly, by keep living under the same roof with their families of origin, students are not left to their own devices. and are less likely to fall into temptation. Young men who are sent to Cambridge or Oxford, on the other hand, waste their time drinking rather than learning themselves. Secondly, by daily returning to their family's quarter, they contribute to the cultural flourish of London society; they can spread the academic knowledge they acquire through conversation. Overall, the privileged beneficiary of this plan is the gentry whose residential areas are included in the list of places where Moreton advises establishing colleges: Westminster, St. James and Ormond Street. This social group is also invited to finance the whole project “by subscription”. Subsequently, Andrew Moreton urges the establishment of a foundling hospital. This would prevent many mothers from getting rid of their illegitimate offspring through abortion or abandoning them in parishes which are incapable of offering them adequate shelter. This issue recurs in Defoe’s other works, particularly in the novels "Moll Flanders" (1722), "Roxana" (1724), and in the essay "Conjugal Lewdness" (1727). In the early eighteenth century, a large number of abandoned children. were either left on the streets of London or put into the care of parishes. However, the latter were not considered reliable. Some dissipated the money which was supposed to be spent on the support of children; others were accused of entrusting orphans to the care of dishonest nurses selected on the basis of the cheapness of the service they provided. Lastly, Defoe’s fictitious speaker fosters the establishment of an academy of music “to prevent the expensive importation of foreign musicians & c.”. He points out that the then existing Italian opera, which is financed by upper class lovers of this art, is “improperly called academy” in that it just hires costly foreign musicians. It does not encourage the “propagation of science, by training up persons thereto from younger to riper years, under the instruction and inspection of proper artists”. When "Augusta Triumphans" was published, there existed a joint stock company whose denomination was Royal Academy of Music. Founded in 1719, it became operative in 1720. Thanks to governmental subsidies, it could afford to pay salaries which were “beyond the theatre’s inherent capacity to pay”. Preventing the moral corruption of youths and servants. Andrew Moreton encourages the introduction of measures to render servants faithful to their job. Firstly, they should be offered salaries which are not excessively high. In particular, their amount could be set on the basis of their capability of working and managing money. Secondly, the judicial system should not allow them to resign without just cause. Lastly, masters ought not to abuse them. This scheme aims primarily to keep servants away from idleness and bad company that may lead them into vice and crime. Eighteenth-century London was populated by a large number of migrants seeking job opportunities. Being alone and unaware of city dangers, they could easily become pray of unscrupulous people. Young girls, for instance, could be led into prostitution by manipulative individuals approaching them at their arrival. Procurers could take the advantage of “the custom of mistresses to meet the wagons which brought country girls to London in order to find and engage servants”. According to M. Dorothy George, “the first scene in Hogarth’s "Harlot’s Progress" was one frequently played in real life”. Reforming the madhouse system. Andrew Moreton reflects also upon the contemporary system of private madhouses and denounces its inefficiency. In the first place, he notices that it allows the institutionalisation of individuals who are affected by no mental disease. For instance, they frequently admit healthy wives. confined by abusive husbands for the sole purpose of getting rid of them. In the second place, he points out that they do not guarantee adequate treatment of patients in that their staffs neglect or abuse them. In the light of this, he suggests substituting them with “licensed madhouses” which are “subject to proper visitation and inspection” and where nobody can be “sent […] without due reason, inquiry, and authority”. In the eighteenth century, private madhouses were much discussed. Nicholas Hervey points out that Defoe was “among the first to question the practice of these institutions in "Augusta Triumphans" (1728)”. He was late followed by Tobias Smollett who wrote the novel "Sir Lancelot Greaves" (1762). in which the hero of the title criticises unfair detention in madhouses. and reflects upon the difference between sanity and mental illness. In 1763, the "Gentleman's Magazine" also denounced the abuse of a series of patients in asylums. Nicholas Hervey also notices that Defoe “attacked the way husbands were able to confine their wives for the most spurious of reasons”. This practice was later also denounced by Mary Wollstonecraft in "The Wrongs of Woman" (1798). On this point, Elizabeth Foyster claims that this “was an issue which caused much concern in eighteenth-century England”. Men’s right to confine their wives was frequently debated. In the essay "At the Limits of Liberty: Married Women and Confinement in eighteenth-century England" (2002), she argues that husbands’ detention of their spouses in family dwellings and madhouses had become a new form of conjugal violence. Her study is based on documents of the King’s Bench, the court which held jurisdiction over this issue. Prevention of street robbery. The last scheme of Andrew Moreton aims to prevent street robbery “first by heavenly, and then by earthly means”. The former consist in “enforcing and encouraging a reformation of manners, by suppressing of vice and immorality, and punishing profaneness and licentiousness”. Widespread immoral habits are the reading of lustful ballads, swearing, and alcohol abuse. The latter include the introduction of an efficient system of surveillance and lighting of the streets. First of all, it is necessary to substitute the current inept watch with a body of competent and physically strong men. These new guards should carry firearms, swords, and a horn to alert their co-workers. They should be assigned to areas which are not too large to be effectively monitored. In particular, “no watchman” should “stand above twenty doors distant from his fellow”. Moreover, they ought to be given salaries in recognition of their efforts. Secondly, streets need to be rendered visible a night. Therefore, it is important to set up a reasonable number of lamps which are technically capable of providing adequate lighting. In this section, Andrew Moreton recalls three peculiar aspects of the culture in Defoe’s time. The first to be mentioned is the movement for the reformation of manners. Throughout the 18th-century, large numbers of Englishmen denounced what they saw as the high degree of social immorality and the difficulty of prosecuting victimless offences. From 1690 on they gathered and founded a series of Societies. During the early decades they concentrated on organising and conducting the prosecution of targeted sinners. They could take you to court for offences such as drunkenness, swearing, gaming and sodomy. Later their members shifted their attention to teaching religious and moral values through the delivery of sermons and the production and distribution of pamphlets. The second cultural peculiarity is the night watch which existed since the thirteenth century. It consisted of men monitoring the streets during dark hours. It had been introduced to favour safety at night together with the enforcement of rules of curfew. Early criticism about this system date back to the Restoration. Some of its shortcomings were also reported in the city marshals' accounts of the 1690s. They noticed that poor areas could not afford financing this service. Moreover, watchmen would not carry appropriate weapons and, in some cases, would leave before shift ended. In the 1720s, a significant public debate over crime prevention was ongoing and Defoe participated to it through a series of pamphlets. In addition to "Augusta Triumphans", he investigated crime in "Some Considerations Upon Street Walkers" (1726), "Street Robbery Consider'd" (1728), "Second Thoughts Are Best" (1729), and "An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies" (1731). Lastly, Andrew Moreton deals with street lighting in connection with night watch. As J. M. Beattie explains, several changes were made to the urban environment of London for the purpose of improving aspects such as paving and the availability of drinkable water. Plans were also made to improve street lighting which, compared to other issues, was considered of the utmost importance to prevent crime. By rendering places visible to both pedestrians and part-time officers, life was made difficult for felons and this point was highlighted in petitions to Parliament. Street lighting eventually became a public system through the Lighting Act of 1736. It was financed by taxes and provided by private companies. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ogosta bijoyi ogosta triversanceh baa daniel diphuwe londonok biswobrohmandor ataitkoi xomridho sohor hisape gorhi tular upay prothombaror baabe 1728 sonor 16 marchot prokax paisil. ei pustikar kalponik bokta endru moreton hoise xathir doxokor ejon byokti jiye londonor unnotir baabe poramorxo diye. bixexkoi, teu ekhon biswobidyaloy, etaa xongit academy, protisthapokxokolor baabe ekhon sikitsaloy aaru manoxik rugor sikitsar baabe onugyapotroprapto protisthan sthapon kore. iyar uporiu, teu noitik durneeti aaru pothor lunthon protirudhor baabe byowostha grohon koriboloi utxahito kore. "ogosta triversians" hoise endru moretonor naam-di-plumor odhinot jaari koraa ek gutor kaamor ongxo. iyar bhitorot aase "protijon byoktir byoboxai, kunu byoktir byoboxai nohoy" (1725), "protestent moth" (1726), "parosiyel otyasar" (1727), aaru "dwitiyo sintadhara xorbosrestho" (1729). teuluke krome kormosarixokolor uscho dormoha, boyujyesthoxokolor proti oxomman, porixor durneeti aaru oporadh protirudhor xoite mukabila kore. teulukor lekhok daniel difuye itimodhye "prokolpor uporot etaa probondho" (1697) too alusona koraa bixoybostubur punorikhyon kore. ei purbor kaamor tulnat, obosye, xeibur noitik xomaluchonar uporot gurutwo diyar tulnat odhik prokolpo-bhittik. maximilian nubhake ullekh korar dore, difuye "ogosta triverance" ror baabe etaa "grand title" basoni korisil. ee aanoki ek xarbojonin porzayotu londonok prithok kori tular teur ussabhilaxi lokhyok alukpat kore. teur jiwani aaru kaam duyutate ei sohoror ek guruttopurno bhumika aase. prothomote, teur bhromon ei thaite aarombho hoisil aaru xex hoisil. dwitiyote, eyaa teur besibhag lekhar "ontornihito baa sposto poriwex". bixoy aaru xamogrik gothon. "ogosta triversianse" london sohoror unnotir baabe poramorxo diye. ee dutaa porisoimulok onuschedor poraa aarombho hoy. prothomtu hoise "projecting head" aaru teulukor proti ingrajxokolor monubhawor uporot ek xongkhipto protipholon.projecting head", orthat xamajik unnotir baabe aasoni sristi koraa byoktixokolok upohax korar bhoy nokorakoi prostab diboloi aamontron jonuwa hoy. teuluke kewol xot poramorxo prodan korat gurutwo dibo laage. iyar uporiu, teulukor prokolpoxomuhor xombhabyo trutibur khyoma koribo laage, "ee ek dhoronor bhaal podokhyep, aaru uddesyotuwe bifolotak proxomito koribo laage". ingrajxokolor khetrot, teulukok ene byoktixokolor proti ataitkoi komm xohanubhutixil dex hisape bornona koraa hoy. teuluke "teulukor xoite nikristotomo byobohar kore" aaru ei karonei teulukor dexok "udbhawonot imaan beyaa buli gonyo koraa hoy". dwitiyo aarombhoni onuschedot, bornonakariye teu ei pustikakhon kiyo likhisil taar kaaron byakhya korise. teu udbhawonimulok prostawbur kagojot raakhi jiwanor baaki xomoikhini bhaldore byobohar koribo bisare. xamogrikbhabe, ei kaamtu teur "xoho-prani" ror proti teur "xodischa" ror "xakhyo" huwar uddesye koraa hoise. ei porisoimulok boktritar loge loge endru moretone teu ataitkoi besi protipholito koraa prokolpotur chitron diboloi aagbarhe. teu xikhya aaru xikhyar xomoxamoyik durneetir birudhita koriboloi london biswobidyaloy sthapon koriboloi utxahito kore. poroborti xomoyot, sarita xirxok khondo etaar pisot etaa aahe aaru xamajik unnotir baabe aan aasonixomuh uposthapon kore. prothom khondotuwe etaa foundling sikitsaloy sthaponor aahban jonay. ee bohutu matrik gorbhopat baa porixxomuhot porityag korar joriyote teulukor oboidho xontanor poraa nijoke mukto korat baadha dibo ji teulukok upojukto jiwan dharonor poristhiti prodan nokore. dwitiyo khondotuwe dekhuway je kenekoi etaa prokrito xongit academye "bidexi xongitogyoxokolor byoybohul aamdani protirudh koribo". tritiyo khondotuwe prothome "juwok-juboti aaru kormosarixokolok" noitik durneetir poraa uddhar koriboloi poramorxo diye. dwitiyote, ee kisuman xamajik kufolok ninda koreh potitabritti, juwa, aaru deubare nijor khaali xomoy otibahito korar baabe ekerahe opobyobohar koraa opobyobohar. tritiyote, ee swamiye potnir uporot koraa otyasar aaru xomoxamoyik byoktigoto medhousexomuhor bixoye koraa montobyor uporot ek biroktir sristi kore. soturtho khondotuwe pothor lunthon bondho korar baabe byowostha grohon koriboloi utxahito kore. iyar bhitorot aase noitik xikhya aaru raati poth aalukor porzapto byowosthar logote rokhyokxokolor ek xokhyom aaru betonprapto xongsthar proborton. ogosta triversance" ror ontim ongxotur xirunam hoise "baad diya". eitu hoise prokolpoxomuhor dutaa dixor xongxudhon, jibur etiyaloike sitrito koraa hoise. endru moretone "kewol ekhon holl baa rajohuwa kutha" rey gothito ekhon london biswobidyaloy protistha korar teur prarombhik dharonatu nakoch kori aarombho kore. iyar poriworte, "eitu ekhon dangor ghor baa xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru manuhor baabe xubidhajonok kuthar bhandar thoka collegeor prokritir ekhon dangor ghor baa xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru xoru taar pisot teu teur "dhoritrigrihor uporot alusona" xomproxaron kore, bixexkoi bidhowa baa aan mohilar onyay bonditwot baadha diyar poramorxo diye jixokolor bhagyo aase aaru puruxor nirdexona naai. teulukok lubhi aaru hostosalito "osinaki" ror bolly huwar poraa rokhya koriboloi, xompotir byowosthaponat nikototom purux aatmiyojone mrito bhodrolukor sthan lo "bob laage. pustikar xexot "leftenent-cornell semuwel robinsonoloi" ekhon potro xonglogno koraa hoise jitu "sept" tarikhor. 23, 1728. iyar swakhyorkari endru moretone "london sohoror sembarlainoswipoloi nirbasito huwar" baabe thikona prapokjonok xongkhiptobhabe obhinondon jonai aarombho kore. poroborti xomoyot teu "onathor korr" ror uddesyo bujiboloi keibatau prosno utthapon kore. schemist" aaru teulukor xomoy. ogosta triversance" ror aarombhonite project korar manob xamorthyor bixoybostu sporxo koraa hoy jetiya endru moretone "schemist" ror uporot xongkhyepe montobyo kore. ei xongkhyabur "prokolpoxomuhor uporot ekhon probondho" too ullekh koraa hoise. iyar porisoyot, lekhoke anguliyai diye je teur dex "[ror xoite dolbodho hoi aase...] bohutu "porikolponakari. ei prokolpo-bhittik jolobayu xomoxamoyik xomosya aaru bisringkholotar xoite mukabila korar byapok proyujoniyotar poraa udbhob hoy. todupori, jihetu aan kunu boyox ene probonotar dwara sinhito koraa huwa nasil, xeyehe teur jugtuk "prodorxon jug" hisape xongyayito koribo paari. daniel diphuwe "[ror bixoybostur xoite mukabila korisil...] prokolpor uporot etaa probondho" (1697) aaru "robinson krusu" (1719) too project korar khyomota. xeibur krome eketa bixoyor ek sposto aaru ontornihito sikitsa. biporit poddhotir dwara sinhito huwar uporiu, xeiburor dristibhongi prithok hoy. "prokolpor uporot etaa probondho" xamajikbhabe aadharito hoy zo "too ee xomogro xomprodayor baabe guruttopurno bixoixomuhok xombudhon kore. "aanhate "robinson krusu"-ye ejon manuhor swarthor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. londonor unnotir baabe endru moretonor prostab. notun protisthan sthapon koraa. ogosta triversians" too endru moretone ekhon biswobidyaloy, xongitor academy aaru foundlingxokolor baabe ekhon sikitsaloyor bhetir prosar kore. teu londonot ekhon biswobidyaloyor baabe aahban kori aarombho kore aaru iyak onabaxik korar karonxomuhor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. prothomote, teulukor mool poriyalor xoite eketa sador tolot baax kori thokar folot, xikhyarthixokolok teulukor nijor xojulir uporot eri diya nohoy. aaru proluvito porar xombhawona komm. aanhate, cambridge baa oxfordoloi pothuwa juwok-jubotixokole nijoke xikar poriworte modyopan kori xomoy nosto kore. dwitiyote, doinik teulukor poriyalor cowarteroloi ubhoti aahi, teuluke london xomajor xangoskritik bikaxot orihona jugay; teuluke kothupkothonor joriyote laabh koraa xoikhyik gyanor proxar koribo paare. xamogrikbhabe, ei porikolponar xubidhaprapto xubidhabhugi hoise xei obhijatxokol jaar awaxik oncholbur moretone mohabidyaloy sthaponor poramorxo diya sthanxomuhor talikat ontorbhukto koraa hoiseh westminster, saint. james endo ormond street. ei xamajik guttuk "xodosyotar dwara" xomogro prokolpotur baabe bittiyo xahajyo koriboloi aamontron jonuwa hoise. poroborti xomoyot endru moretone etaa foundling sikitsaloy sthaponor aahban jonay. ee bohutu matrik gorbhopator joriyote teulukor oboidho xontanor poraa mukti puwat baa teulukok porzapto aashroy diboloi okhyom porixxomuhot eri juwat baadha dibo. ei xongkhyatu difur onyanyo kormoxomuhot, bixexkoi "mull flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724), aaru "konjugal lo 'dones" (1727) ror uponyaxxomuhot punorabritti hoy. ostadox xotikar aarombhonite brihot xongkhyok porityokto xixur jonmo hoisil. hoy londonor rastat eri diya hoisil baa porixor suwasitar baabe rokha hoisil. obosye, pisorburok nirbhorjugyo buli gonyo koraa huwa nasil. kisumane xixur xohayor baabe byoy koribologiya dhonkhini nosto korisil; aan kisumanor uporot teuluke prodan koraa xewar xostiya mulyor bhittit nirbasito oporadhi nursexokolor suwasitar baabe onathxokolok dayitwo diyar obhijug utthapon koraa hoisil. xexot, difur kalponik boktai "bidexi xongitogyo aaru chi-ror byoybohul aamdani protirudh koriboloi" xongitor academy sthapon kore.. teu anguliyai diye je ei kolar uscho shrenir premixokolor dwara bitto jugan dhora tetiyar bidyoman italy operak "onusitbhabe academy" buli kuwa hoy kiyonu ee kewol byoybohul bidexi xongitogyoxokolok nijukti diye. ee "upojukto xilpixokolor nirdexona aaru porikhyar odhinot, komm boyoxor poraa poripoko boyxoloike manuhok proxikhyon di, bigyanor prosarok utxahito nokore". jetiya "ogosta triverance" prokax paisil, tetiya etaa jutiya stock company aasil jaar mulyo aasil royel academy owo music. 1719 sonot protistha huwa ei aasoni 1720 sonot karjyokori hoisil. sorkari rajsahajyor baabe dhonyobad, ee "theater ontornihito porixudh khyomotar bahirot" dormoha porixudh koribo parisil. juwok-juboti aaru kormosarixokolor noitik durneeti protirudh koraa. endru mortone daxxokolok teulukor kaamor proti biswosto koriboloi byowosthar proborton koriboloi utxahito kore. prothomote, teulukok otirikto dormoha dibo laage. bixexkoi, teulukor kaam koraa aaru dhon porisalona korar khyomotar uporot bhitti kori teulukor poriman nirdharon koribo paari. dwitiyote, nyay byowosthatuwe teulukok nyayxongot kaaron obihone podotyag koriboloi diya usit nohoy. xexot, guruxokole teulukok opobyobohar koraa usit nohoy. ei aasonir lokhyo hoise mulotoh sakorixokolok oloxota aaru beyaa xongor poraa durot rokha, jiye teulukok oporadh aaru oporadhor dixe loi jaabo paare. ostadox xotikar londonot sakorir xujug bisari ohaa brihot xongkhyok probrojonkari luk aasil. okolxoriya huwa aaru sohoror bipodxomuhor bixoye ogyo huwar baabe, teuluke xohoje oxadhu lukoxokolor prarthona hoh "bob paare. udahoronsworupe, xoru suwaliburok teulukor aagomonor xomoyot teulukor usoroloi ohaa byoktixokole byowoxayoloi loi jaabo paare. kroikarixokole "ranir prothar xubidha loi" wegonbur log koribo paare jiye dexor suwalixokolok sakorir xondhan aaru jorito koriboloi londonoloi loi aahisil. em.-ror mote. doruthi jorjo, "hugorthor" besyar progoti "ror prothom drishyotu bastob jiwanat xoghonai khelaa hoisil. unmad byowosthar xongskar. endru moretone byoktigoto medhousor xomoxamoyik byowosthar uporotu protipholito kore aaru iyar odokhyotak ninda kore. prothomote, teu lokhyo kore je ee kunu manoxik rugot akranto nuhuwa byoktixokolor protisthanikikoronor onumoti diye. udahoronsworupe, teuluke xoghonai xustho potnixokolok grohon kore. opobyobohar koraa swamir poraa mukti puwar ekmatro uddesyor baabe teulukok aabodho kori rokha hoisil. dwitiyote, teu anguliyai diye je teuluke rugeexokolor porzapto sikitsar nischoyota nidiye jaate teulukor kormosarixokole teulukok owohela kore baa opobyobohar kore. iyar proti lokhyo raakhi teu xeiburor thait "onugyapotroprapto medhouse" sthapon korar poramorxo diye jibur "xothikbhabe poridorxon aaru porikhyar odhin" aaru zo 'too kaaku "preron" koribo nuwari...] upojukto kaaron, todonto aaru kortritwo obihone. ostadox xotikat byoktigoto medhousexomuhor bixoye bohu alusona hoisil. nikulas harbhei anguliyai diye je diphu "" ogosta triverance "(1728) too ei protisthanxomuhor prothanok prothome prosno koraa lukoxokolor bhitorot aasil. teur pisot tubius smolator aagmon hoisil jiye "chaar lencelot grieves" (1762) uponyaxkhon likhisil. zo 'too xirunamor nayokjone medhouseot onyaybhabe aatok korar xomaluchona kore. aaru swasthyo aaru manoxik rugor maajor parthokyor uporot protipholito kore. 1763 sonot "gentlemens megajine" aasroigrihot keibatau rugir uporot huwa otyasaroru ninda korisil. nikulas harbheye eituu lokhyo korise je difuye "swamixokole ataitkoi bhuwa karonot nijor potnik ximabodho koriboloi xokhyom huwar dhorone aakromon korisil". ei prothatuk pisoloi meree wolsto 'nokrafte "mohilar bhul" (1798) too ninda korisil. ei xondorbhot elizabeth foyastare daabi kore je eitu "ene etaa bixoy aasil jiye ostadox xotikar englandot jothesto udwegor sristi korisil". potnixokolok ximabodho kori rokhar puruxor odhikarok loi xoghonai bitorko hoisil. swadhinotar ximatoh ostadox xotikar englandot bibahito mohila aaru bonditwo" (2002) ror probondhot teu jukti diye je swamiye teulukor swami-potnik poriyalor baxosthan aaru potni-potnito rokhatu boibahik hingxar ek notun rupot porinot hoisil. teur odhyoyon rojar bisarpithor nothipotror uporot aadharito, ji ei bixoyot ekhtiyard thoka aadalot. pothor lunthon protirudh koraa. endru moretonor xex aasonir lokhyo hoise "prothome sworgiyo aaru taar pisot parthibo upayere" pothor lunthon protirudh koraa. prothomtur bhitorot aase "oporadh aaru onoitikota domon kori, aaru opobitrota aaru orthohinotar xasti di, aasoronor xongskar bolowot koraa aaru utxahito koraa". byapok onoitik obhyaxbur hoise kaam-kaamor bollad porha, xopot luwa aaru xurar opobyobohar. pisortut aase rastaxomuhor nirikhyon aaru puhoror ek dokhyo byowosthar aarombhoni. prothomote, bortomanor ojugyo ghoritur thait xokhyom aaru xaririkbhabe xoktixali puruxor etaa gutor byowostha koratu proyujoniyo. ei notun rokhyixokole teulukor xohokormixokolok xotorko koriboloi aagneyastro, toruwal aaru etaa horno korhiyai nibo laage. xeibur xei oncholxomuhot nirdharon koribo laage jibur pholoproxubhabe nirikhyon koribo porakoi besi dangor nohoy. bixexkoi, kunu rokhyokoi "teur xotirthor poraa durot bixota duwaror uporot thiyo hoh" bob nalage. iyar uporiu, teulukor prochestar swikriti sworupe teulukok dormoha diya usit. dwitiyote, rastabur edin raati drishyoman koribo lagibo. xeyehe, porzapto puhor prodan koriboloi karikoribhabe xokhyom juktixongot xongkhyok lamp sthapon koratu guruttopurno. ei khondot endru moretone difur xomoyot xongoskritir tinita bixex dixor kotha smoron kore. prothome ullekh koribologiya hoise xistasaror xongskaror andulon. 18xo xotikar gutei xomoisuwat brihot xongkhyok ingraj luke uscho porimanor xamajik onoitikota aaru bhuktobhugibihin oporadhor gusor soluwar oxubidha hisape dekhisil buli ninda korisil. 1690 sonor poraa teuluke ekotrito hoi keibatau xomiti protistha korisil. prarombhik doxokburot teuluke lokhyobostu koraa papixokolor biruddhe gusor ruju koraa aaru xongothito korar uporot gurutwo aarup korisil. teuluke aapunak xurapan, xopot grohon, khel aaru jouno xomporkor oporadhor baabe aadalotoloi loi jaabo paare. pisoloi teulukor xodosyoxokole dhormiyo aaru noitik mulyobudhor xikhyar proti teulukor monujug nirdex prodan aaru pustika prostut aaru bitoronor joriyote sthanantorito korisil. dwitiyo xangoskritik bixexotwotu hoh "lo troyudox xotikar poraa bidyoman raatir ghori. iyat ondhokaror xomoyot rastabur nirikhyon koraa puruxxokol aasil. carfure niyom bolbot korar logote nixa xurokhyar pokhyot iyak proborton koraa hoisil. ei byowosthatur bixoye prarombhik xomaluchona punoruddharor xomoyor poraa aarombho hoy. iyar kisuman truti 1690 sonor chiti marswelxokolor biboronut ullekh koraa hoisil. teuluke lokhyo korisil je doridro oncholxomuhe ei xewar baabe bittiyo jugan dhoribo nuware. iyar uporiu, surangsuwaxokole upojukto ostro bohon nokore aaru kisuman khetrot, xifot xex huwar aagotei guchi yaay. 1720-ror doxokot oporadh protirudhok loi ek guruttopurno rajohuwa bitorko soli aasil aaru difuye keibatau pustikar joriyote iyat ongxogrohon korisil. ogosta triverance" ror uporiu teu "pothor poriworti lukoxokolor uporot kisuman bibesona" (1726), "pothor dorasoloti bibesona koraa" (1728), "dwitiyo sintadhara xorbosrestho" (1729), aaru "pothor dorxonor tatkhyonik protirudhor baabe ek pholoproxu aasoni" (1731) too oporadhor todonto korisil. xexot, endru moretone nixar ghorir xoite xomporkito pothor puhoror xoite kaam kore. jene je. em. bittiye byakhya kore, paving aaru khuwa panir upolobdhotar dore dixbur unnot korar uddesye londonor nogoriya poriwexot keibatau poriworton koraa hoisil. pothor puhoror unnotir babeu porikolpona koraa hoisil, jaak onyanyo bixoyor tulnat oporadh protirudhor baabe xorbadhik guruttopurno buli gonyo koraa hoisil. podojatri aaru ongxokalin bixoya duyure baabe drishyoman sthan prodan kori, oporadhixokolor jiwan kothin kori tulaa hoisil aaru xongxodot daakhil koraa abedonot ei bixoitu alukpat koraa hoisil. 1736 sonor laiting aainor joriyote pothor puhor owoxexot ek rajohuwa byowosthat porinot hoisil. iyak koror dwara bittiyo xahajyo koraa hoisil aaru byoktigoto companyxomuhe prodan korisil.

augusta vijayira augusta transians athoba, deniel defoe dwara londonke mahabishwer sabcheye samriddha shohor korar upay prothom prokashito hoyechilo 16 march 1728 saale. eyi pustikatir kalponik bokta, andru morton, shaater doshoker ekjon byakti jini londoner unnotir jonno poramorsho deena. bishesh korey, tini ekti vishwavidyalaya, ekti sangeet academy, protisthata ebong mansik roger chikitsar jonno licensprapt protisthangulir jonno ekti hospital protistha corren. uporontu, tini noitik durniti ebong rastar dakati protirodher jonno byabostha probortone utsahito corren. "augusta transians" holl andru moretoner naam-dii-plumer adhine prokashito ekodol kaajer ongsho. err modhye royeche "protteker byabosa, konao byaktir byabosa noy" (1725), "protestant moth" (1726), "sangkirna atyachar" (1727), ebong "dwitiya chintabhabna sera" (1729). taaraa jothakrome chakorder uchcho beton, probinder proti asamman, parishgulir durniti ebong aporadh protirodher saathe mokabila korey. taaraa sobai seii vishayguli punarbibechana korey jaa taader lekhok daniel itimadhye "prokolpogulir upor ekti probondhe" (1697) alochona korechen. tobey, eyi ager kaajer tulna, eguli noitik samalochanar cheye beshi prokolpo-vittik. maximilian novak jemon ullekh korechen, defoe "augusta vijayider" jonno ekti "granned shiropa" beche niyechilen. etty londonke sorbojonin storeo alada korey tolar taanr uchchabhilashi lokkhoke tuley dhorey. taanr jeeboni ebong kaaj ubhoy khettrei eyi shohorer guruttopurno bhumika royeche. prothomoto, taanr bhromon shuru ebong shesh hoy eyi jaigatei. dwitiyata, etty taanr beshirbhag lekhar "antarnihito baa sposhto setting". vishay ebong samogrik kathamo. "augusta transians" london shohorer unnotir jonno poramorsho deyo. etty duti prarambhik anuchched diye shuru hoy. prothomti holl "matha tuley dhorar" ebong taader proti ingrezder monovaber ekti sangkhipto protipholon.projecting heeda" arthat, jaaraa samajik unnotir jonno prokolpo toiri korey, taader upohaser bhoy chharai prostab deoar jonno amantran janano hoy. taader ekchetiabhabe sott poramorsho deoar dike mononibesh koraa uchito. uporontu, taader prokolpogulir sombhabbo trutiguli khama koraa uchito jey "etty vall orther jonno eka dharaner vall podokkhep, ebong uddeshyoti byarthotake proshomito koraa uchito". ingrezder khettre, eyi dharaner byaktider proti taader sabcheye qama sahanubhutishil jaati hisabe bornona koraa hoy. taaraa "taader saathe nikrishtotomo acharan korey" ebong eyi karonei taader desh "udbhabone eto kharap boley bibechito hoy. dwitiya prothom anuchchede, bornonakari byakhya korechen jey keena tini eyi pustikati likhechen. tini taanr jeeboner aboshishto samayke kaaje lagiye udbhaboni prostabguli kagoje tuley dhorte chaan. samogrikbhabe, eyi kaajti taanr "soho-pranider" proti taanr "sadichchar" sakkhyo "howar uddeshye koraa hoyeche. eyi prarambhik boktritar porpori, andru morton seii prokolpoti chitrito korte egiye zaan jaar upor tini sabcheye beshi protifolito korechen. tini shikkha oo shikkhar somosamoyik durnitir biruddhe ladai korar jonno ekti london vishwavidyalaya protisthar jonno utsahito corren. porobortikale, eker porr eka charti shironamer bibhag aase ebong samajik unnotir jonno anyanno prokolpoguli uposthapon korey. prothom bibhage ekti foundling hospital protisthar ahoban janano hoyeche. etty onek maake gorbhopat baa pyarishgulite porityag korar madhyome taader aboidho santander theke mukto hotey badha debe jaa taader shaleen jeebonjatrar poribesh deyo naa. dwitiya bibhage dekhano hoyeche jey, kibhabe sangiter ekti prokrito academy "bideshi sangitagyader byabahul amdani rodh korbe". tritiya dharati prothomoto "jubok oo kormocharider" noitik durniti theke uddhar korar poramorsho deyo. dwitiyata, etty kichhu samajik kufaler ninda koreh potitabritti, jua ebong robibarer abosar somoy jemon moder apobyoboharer moto osot achoroner ekti sirij. tritiyata, etty swamider dwara taader strider proti nirjatoner ebong somosamoyik byaktigato madughar somporke montobyer upor ekti abagya korey. dhara 4 rastai dakati bondho korar jonno byabostha grohon korte utsahito korey. err modhye royeche noitik shikkha ebong ekti upojukto oo betonbhogi prohorider proborton ebong seisonge raate rastar alor porjapto byabostha. augusta transians"-err shesh ongsher shironam "baad deoa". etty prokolper duti diker ekti sangshodhan jaa ekhono porjonto chitrito hoyeche. andru morton "shudhumatra ekti holl baa public room" niye gothito ekti london vishwavidyalaya protisthar prathomik dharona prottakhyan korey shuru corren. borong, "etty ekti borh baadi baa saraikhana haoya uchito, colleger moto, bhadralokder jonno subidhajonok kokkher sanchaya soho, cable aladabhabe padashona korar jonno noy, taader boiguli rakhar jonno, kaaron taader pichhone ebong saamone teney niye yawa sabcheye asubidhajanak hobey. erpor tini taanr "bibah-griher bishoye boktrita" prosarito corren, bishesh korey bidhoba baa anyanno mohilader anyay karabase badha deoar poramorsho diye, jaader bhagyo ebong konao purush nirdeshona nei. taader lovi ebong karsaji "oporichito" byaktider shicker haoya theke biroto rakhar jonno, nikatatama purush atmiyoke sampattir porichalonai mrito bhadraloker stholabhishikto hotey hobey. pustikatir sheshe "leftenant cornell samuel robinsonke" ekti chitthi sangjukto koraa hoyeche jaa "septembara" tarikher. 23, 1728. err swakkhorkari, andru morton, "london shohorer chamberlainshipe nirbachito howar" jonno thikanatike sangkhepe abhinandan janiye shuru corren. porobortikale tini "onather corr"-err uddeshya bojhar jonno ekadhik proshno corren. skimmist" ebong taader somoy. augusta transians"-err shurute manob sokkhomotar vishaytike sporsho koraa hoy jokhon andru morton "schemist"-err upor sangkhepe montobbo corren. eyi porisongkhanguli "prokolpogulir upor ekti probondhe" ullekh koraa hoyeche. err bhumikai lekhok ullekh korechen jey taanr desh "[...]..] onek "porikolponakari". eyi prokolpo-vittik jalbayu somosamoyik samasya ebong bishrinkhala mokabelar byapok prayojaniyata theke udbhuto hoyeche. uporontu, jehetu onno konao boyce eyi dharaner probonota dwara chinnito chhilo naa, taai taanr jugke "abhikkhipto boyce" hisabe sangyayita koraa jete paare. daniel defoe "err thim niye kaaj korechen...] prokolpogulir upor ekti probondhe" (1697) ebong "robbinson cruso" (1719)-eoo manusher prokolpo korar khomota. eguli jothakrome ekoi bishoyer ekti susposhto ebong ekti antarnihito chikitsa. biporito poddhotir dwara chinnito howar pashapashi, taaraa drishtibhongite vinno. "prokolpogulir upor ekti probondho" samajikbhabe vittik jey etty ekti somogro sampradayer jonno guruttopurno vishaygulike sambodhan korey. "onnodike, "robbinson cruso" ekjon ekok manusher swarther upor drishti niboddho korey. londoner unnotir jonno andru mortoner prostab. notun protisthan protistha koraa. augusta transumans"-ayee, andru morton ekti vishwavidyalaya, ekti sangeet academy ebong foundling-err jonno ekti hospitaler bhittir prochar corren. tini londone ekti bishwobidyaloyer ahoban diye shuru corren ebong etike anabasik korar karongulir upor jore deena. prothomoto, taader bongshodbhuto poribarer sange ekoi chhader niche bosobas korey, chhatrora taader nijaswa jontrer upor chhede deoa hoy naa. ebong prolobhone porar sombhabona qama thaake. onnodike, jey jubokder cambridge baa oxforde pathano hoy, taaraa nijeder shekhar poriborte madyapan korey taader somoy noshto korey. dwitiyata, protidin taader poribarer barite firey eshe taaraa london samajer sangoskritik bikashe abodan rakhe; kothopokothoner madhyome taaraa jey academic gyan orjon korey taa chhoriye ditey paare. samogrikbhabe, eyi porikolponar subidhaprapto subidhabhogi hollen bhadralok, jaander abasik elakaguli morton college protisthar poramorsho deena emon jaigagulir talika antarbhukta royeche westminster, seenta. james anned ormond strita. eyi samajik gosthitike "sadasyatar madhyome" puro prokolper orthayoner jonnou amantran janano hoyeche. porobortikale, andru morton ekti foundling hospital protisthar ahoban zanan. etty onek maake gorvopater madhyome taader aboidho santander poritran petey baa taader porjapto ashray ditey akkham pyarishe taader porityag korte badha debe. eyi sankhyati defore anyanno rachonai, bishesh korey "moll flanders" (1722), "raxana" (1724) ebong "conjugal lordness" (1727) probondhe punorabritti hoy. ashtadash shatabdir godar dike, bipul sankhyak porityokto shishu chhilo. hoy londoner rastai chhede deoa hoyechilo athoba pyarishder tottabodhane rakha hoyechilo. tobey, porertike nirbhorjoggo boley money koraa hoyney. keu keu shishuder sahayatar jonno jey ortho byoy korar kotha chhilo taa noshto korey diyechilo; onnoder biruddhe abhijog chhilo jey taaraa jey porisheba pradan korey taar sostar vittite nirbachito osot nurseder jotner jonno anathder dayitto diyechilo. sobsheshe, defore kalponik bokta bideshi sangitshilpider byabahul amdani rodh korte "sangiter ekti academy protisthar jonno utsahito corren.. tini ullekh korechen jey, tatkalin vidyaman italiya apera, jaa eyi shilper uchchobitto premider dwara arthayan koraa hoy, etike "onupojuktobhabe academy bolla hoy" kaaron etty cable byabahul bideshi sangitshilpider niyog korey. etty "jothajotho shilpider nirdesh oo poridorshoner adhine, torun theke porinoto bochor porjonto byaktider proshikkhon diye bigyaner procharke utsahito korey naa. jokhon "augusta transians" prokashito hoyechilo, tokhon ekti joutho stock company chhilo jaar mulya chhilo rayyal academy off music. 1719 saale protisthito, etty 1720 saale karjokor hoy. sarkari bhartukir jonno dhonnobad, etty beton pradan korte paroto jaa "theater prodaner sahojato khomotar baire" chhilo. jubok oo kormocharider noitik durniti protirodh koraa. andru morton dasder taader kaajer proti bishwasto korar jonno podokkhepguli proborton korte utsahito corren. prothomoto, taader emon beton deoa uchito jaa atirikto noy. bishesh korey, taader kaaj korar ebong ortho porichalonar khomotar vittite taader poriman nirdharan koraa jete paare. dwitiyata, bitcher byabosthar uchito noy taader nyajya kaaron chharai podotyag korte deoa. sobsheshe, guruder uchito noy taader apobyobohar koraa. eyi prokolper prathomik lakkhya holl chakorder alsata ebong kharap songo theke doore rakha jaa taader kufal ebong aporadher dike niye jete paare. ashtadash shatabdir london bipul sankhyak abhibasider dwara adhyushito chhilo jaaraa chakrir sujog khunjchilo. ekaa ebong shohorer bipod somporke oggo thakay, taaraa sahojei asadhu manusher prarthona hoye uthte paroto. udahoronsorup, alpavayasi meyeder aasaar somoy taader kachhe assa byaktider dwara potitabrittir dike porichalito koraa jete paare. kretara "upopotnider prothar subidha nitey paare seii wagoner sange dekha korar jonno jaa gramin meyeder chakorder khunje berr korte ebong nijukto korar jonno londone niye esechilo. emm onusare. dorothy george, "hogarther" beshya 'shha pragresa "-err prothom drishyoti bastob jeebone prayashai khela hoto. pagal ghor byabosthar sangoskar. andru morton byaktigato madhouser somosamoyik byabosthar protichobio protifolito corren ebong err adokkhotar ninda corren. prothomoto, tini lakkhya korechen jey etty konao mansik rogey akranto byaktider pratisthanikkoroner anumati deyo. udahoronsorup, taaraa prayashai sustho strider grohon korey. taader theke mukti pawar ekmatro uddeshye abomanonakor swamider dwara seemaboddho. dwitiyata, tini ullekh corren jey taaraa rogider porjapto chikitsar nischayata deyo naa kaaron taader karmira taader abohela korey baa taader apobyobohar korey. err aloke, tini taader "licensprapt madhouse" diye protisthaponer poramorsho deena jaa "jothajotho poridorshon ebong poridorshon sapekkhe" ebong jekhane kauke "pathano" jaabe naa...] jothajotho kaaron, todonto ebong kortritto chharai. ashtadash shotabdite byaktigato madurghar niye onek alochona hoyechilo. nicolas harve ullekh korechen jey, "augusta transians" (1728)-ayee eyi protisthangulir anushilan niye proshno tolar jonno prothom byaktider modhye defoe chhilo. taanr porey chhilen tobius smollet, jini "syara lancellot grieves" (1762) uponyasti likhechilen. jekhane shironame nayakti madusgulite anyajya atoker samalochana korey. ebong mansik swastho ebong mansik oshusthotar modhye parthokyo protifolito korey. 1763 saale, "gentlemans magazine" ashraikendre ekadhik rogir nirjatoner ninda korey. nicolas harve arow lakkhya korechen jey, defoe "swamira jebhabe taader strider sabcheye nockle karone seemaboddho rakhte perechilo" sevabe akraman korechilo. eyi abhyasti porey merry olstonecraft dwara "dya vulls off uimen" (1798)-eoo ninda koraa hoyechilo. eyi prosonge, elizabeth foister daabi corren jey etty "emon ekti vishay chhilo jaa ashtadash shatabdir englande onek udweger kaaron hoyechilo. strider seemaboddho rakhar adhikar niye purushder modhye prayi bitorko hoto. swadhinotar seamer modhyeh bibahito naarii ebong ashtadash shatabdir englande karabas" (2002) probondhe tini jukti diyechilen jey, swamider paribarik basosthan ebong bibahita swamider swamider atok koraa boibahik sahingsatar ekti notun roop hoye utheche. taanr gobeshonati rajar bencher nothir upor vitti korey, jey adalat eyi bishoye ekhtiar dharon korechilo. rastai dakati protirodh. andru mortoner shesh porikolponar lakkhya holl "prothome swargiya ebong tarpor parthib upaye" rastar dakati protirodh koraa. prothomtir modhye royeche "achar-achoroner sangoskar, kusangskar oo onoitikota domon ebong ashlilata oo onoitikotar shasti pradan". byapok onoitik abhyashguli holl kaamyo ballad padaa, shopoth koraa ebong moder apobyobohar. porertir modhye royeche rastai nazardari ebong alor ekti dokkho byabostha proborton. prothomoto, bortoman ajogya ghaditir poriborte sokkhom ebong sharirikbhabe shaktishali purushder ekti doll sthapon koraa prayojan. eyi notun rakkhider taader sahokarmider sotorko korar jonno agneyastra, toloar ebong ekti horn bohon koraa uchito. eguli emon elaka baradda koraa uchito jaa karjokorbhabe porjobekkhon korar jonno khub borh noy. bishesh korey, "coone prohori"-err "taar sangir theke doore kudi darjar upore dandano uchito noy. uporontu, taader prochestar sikritiswarup taader beton deoa uchito. dwitiyata, rastaguli eka raate drishyoman korey tulte hobey. taai, juktisangato sankhyak alo sthapon koraa guruttopurno jaa projuktigotobhabe porjapto alo sarbaraha korte sokkhom. eyi bibhage, andru morton defore somoyer sangaskritir tinti adbhuto dick smaran corren. prothom jetar ullekh koraa jete paare taa holl shistacharer sangoskarer andolon. ashtadash shatabdi judey, bipul sankhyak ingrezra uchcho matrar samajik onoitikota ebong bhuktobhogihin aporadher bicharer asubidha hisabe jaa dekhechilo taar ninda korechilo. 1690 saal theke taaraa ekotrito hoye ekadhik samiti protistha korey. prathomik doshokgulite taaraa lakkhyabastu papider bitcher sangathito oo porichalonar dike mononibesh korechilo. taaraa aponake matalata, shopoth, kheladhula ebong somokamitar moto aporadher jonno adalte niye jete paare. porey taader sadasyara dharmopadesh pradan ebong pustika toiri oo bitoroner madhyome dharmiya oo noitik mulyabodh shikkhar dike mononibesh corren. dwitiya sangoskritik biseshotto holl ratri ghadi jaa trayodash shatabdi theke vidyaman. etey ondhokarer somoy rastai nazardari koraa purushra chhilo. etty carfuer niyam proyoger saathe saathe raate surakkhar pokkhe chaalu koraa hoyechilo. eyi byabostha somporke prathomik samalochana punoruddharer somoy theke shuru hoy. 1690-err doshoker city marshalder biboroneo err kichhu truti nothibhukto koraa hoyechilo. taaraa lakkhya korechilo jey, daridra anchalguli eyi porishebar arthayan korte paare naa. uporontu, prohorira upojukto ostro bohon koroto naa ebong kichhu khettre, shift shesh howar agei choley jeto. 1720-err doshke aporadh protirodh niye ekti ullekhjoggo jonosomokkhe bitorko cholchilo ebong besh koyekti procharpotrer madhyome etey ongsho niyechilo. augusta transumans" chharao tini "rastar pothcharider upor kichhu bibechona" (1726), "rastar dakati bibechona koraa" (1728), "dwitiya chintabhabna sera" (1729), ebong "rastar dakati abilambe protirodher jonno ekti karjokor prokolpo" (1731)-ayee aporadher todonto korechilen. sobsheshe, andru morton night watcher saathe rastar alo niye kaaj korey. jeey hisabe. emm. bitty byakhya corren, paka ebong panian joler upolobdhotar moto dikgulir unnotir uddeshye londoner shahure poribeshe besh koyekti poriborton koraa hoyechilo. rastar alo unnoto korar parikalpanao koraa hoyechilo, jaa anyanno bishoyer tulna aporadh protirodhe sorbadhik guruttopurno boley money koraa hoto. pothchari ebong khandakalin adhikarikder jonno drishyoman sthanguli toiri korey, aporadhider jeebon kathin korey deoa hoyechilo ebong sangsade abedone eyi vishayti tuley dhora hoyechilo. 1736 saaler alo aainer madhyome rastar alo abosheshe ekti public byabasthai porinoto hoy. etty corr dwara arthayan koraa hoyechilo ebong besarkari sangosthaguli dwara sarbaraha koraa hoyechilo.

ogastaa vijayotsav ogastaa victorians athavaa, daniel depho dwara londonne brahmaandnu sauthee samruddh shaher banaavvaani reet saupratham 16 march 1728naa roj prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa patrikaona kaalpaneek vaktaa, andrew morton, temnaa saathnaa daykama aek maanas chhe jeey londonna sudhaarana maate soochno aape chhe. khaas kareene, teo aek university, sangeet akaadmee, sthaapako maate hospital aneey mansik rogonee saarvaar maate licenses dharaavati sansthaaoni sthaapnaane protsaahan aape chhe. vadhumaa, teo naiteek bhrashtachar aneey sheree luntane rokvaa maate pagalaa levani sharuaatne protsaahit karey chhe. "ogastaa vijayotsav" aee kruteeona juthano aek bhaag chhe jeey andrew moratannaa nome-dii-plume hethal bahaar padvama aavee hatee. temaa "darek vyaktino vyavsaay, koee vyaktino vyavsaay nathee" (1725), "protestant mathh" (1726), "sankuchit julam" (1727), aneey "beeja vichaaro shreshth chhe" (1729) noow pann samaavesh thaay chhe. teo anukrame nokarona unchaa pagaar, vadilo pratyenaa anaadar, parganaona bhrashtachar aneey gunaa nivaaranno saamno karey chhe. teo badhaa aevaa vishhayoni samiksha karey chhe jenee temnaa lekhak daniel defoe "project parnaa nibandh" (1697) maan charcha curry hatee. joke, agaauna aaa kaarynee sarkhaamanimaa, teo naiteek teeka parr dhyaan kendrit karataa vadhu project-lakshi chhe. maximilian novak nirdesh karey chhe tema, defoe "ogastaa vijayotsav" maate "bhavya khitaab" pasand karyo hato. teey londonne saarvtrik stare pann alag padvana temnaa mahatvakankshi lakshyane prakashit karey chhe. aaa shahernu temnaa jivancharitra aneey kaary bannemaa nondhpaatra sthaan chhe. saupratham, temnee yaatrao aaa jagyae sharoo thaee aneey aheen jaj samaapt thaee. beeju, teey temnaa motabhagna lakhaanonu "garbhit athavaa spasht setting" chhe. vishhay aneey ekandar maalakhu. "ogastaa vivoncence" london shahernaa vikaas maate soochno aape chhe. teey beey praarambhik fakraothi sharoo thaay chhe. pahelu "projecting heeyd" aneey temnaa pratyenaa angrejonaa valan parr sankshipt pratibimb chhe.project heeyd" etale keey jeey vyakteeo saamaajik sudhaarana maate yojnaao banaave chhe, temne uphaasnaa bhay vinaa darkhaasto karvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aave chhe. teoae maatra pramanik salah aapvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karavu joiae. vadhumaa, temnaa projectnee sambhaveet khaameeone maaf karvee joiae keey "teey aek prakaarnu saaru kaary chhe jeno arth saaro thaay chhe, aneey hetu nishfaltaane shaant karvaano hovo joiae". jyaan sudhee angrejoni vaat chhe, temne aavaa vyakteeo pratye sauthee ochhi dayaalu raashtra tareeke varnavama aave chhe. teo "temnee saathe kharaab reete varte chhe" aneey aaa jaj kaaran chhe keey temnaa deshne "shodhamaa aatalo kharaab manvama aave chhe". beeja praarambhik fakrama, varnankaar aaa patrika qema lakhee chhe tenu kaaran samjaave chhe. teey navaa prastaavo kaagad parr mookine tenaa jeevannaa baakinaa samayno saaro upyog karvaa maange chhe. ekandare, aaa kaaryano hetu "temnaa" saathee-praaneeo "maate temnee" sadbhaavnaa "noow" sakshi "banvaano chhe. aaa praarambhik pravachan pachhi tarat jaj, andrew morton aee projectne samjavva maate aagad vadhe chhe jenaa parr temane sauthee vadhu pratibimbit karyoo chhe. teo shikshan aneey shikshana samkalin bhrashtaachaarno veerodh karvaa maate london universityni sthaapnaane protsaahan aape chhe. tyarbad, aek pachhi aek chaar shirshakvala vibhago aave chhe aneey saamaajik sudhaarana maate anya yojnaao rajoo karey chhe. vibhag aek foundling hospitalni sthaapnaa maate kahe chhe. teey ghanee maataaone garbhpaat dwara athavaa parishma tyajee devaana maadhyamthi temnaa gerkaydesar santanthi potaane mukt karvaathi atkavshe jeey temne yogya jeevanni paristhitio pradaan karatee nathee. vibhag beey darshaave chhe keey kevee reete sangeetni vaastavik akaadmee "videshi sangitkaaroni monghi aayatne atkavshe". vibhag trana saupratham "yuvaano aneey nokarone" naiteek bhrashtacharmathi bachavva maate salah aape chhe. beeju, teey amuk saamaajik dushanoni ninda karey chheh veshyavrutee, jugar aneey ravivaarnaa roj potaano khaalee samay pasaar karvaa maate shrenibaddh apmanjanak ritbhaat jaim keey daarunaa durupyog. triju, teey patini temnee patneeo saathe thatee durvyavhaar aneey samkalin khangi medhouses visheni tippaneeo parr dhyaan dore chhe. kalam chaar sheree lunt rokvaa maate pagalaa apnaavvaa maate protsaahit karey chhe. temaa naiteek shikshan aneey chokidaaroni saksham aneey pagaardaar sansthaani rajuaat temaj raatre sheree prakashni puratee vyavsthaano samaavesh thaay chhe. ogastaa vijayotsav" naa anteem bhaagnu sheershak "omission" chhe. teey projectnaa beey pasaonu punraavartan chhe jeey atyaar sudhee sachitra karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. andrew morton london universityni sthaapnaa karvaanaa temnaa praarambhik vichaarne nakaari kaadhvaani saathe sharuaat karey chhe, jeey "maatra aek holl athavaa jaaher khand" thee banelo chhe. tenaa badale, "teey aek motoo ghar athavaa dharamshala hovi joiae, collegeni prakrutimaa, sajjano maate anookool oradaaono sangrah hovo joiae, maatra alagthi abhyaas karvaa maate jaj nahee, parantu temnaa pustako kyaan mukavaa teey maate, kaaran keey temne paachhal aneey aagad laee javama sauthee vadhu asuvidha thashe". tyarbad teey "madhahouses parnoo pravachan" vistrut karey chhe, khaas kareene vidhavaao athavaa anya strioni anyaayi kedmaa avrodh laavvaa maate soochan kareene keey jeo potaane naseeb aneey koee purush margdarshan saathe nathee. temne lobhee aneey hairfare karnara "ajanyao" noow bhog banata atkavva maate, najiknaa purush sambandhiae estetnaa sanchalanma mrut sajjannu sthaan levu joiae. patrika ante "leftnent curnell semual robinsonne lakhelo patra" "september" "taarikhno chhe. 23, 1728. tenaa hastaksharkarta, andrew morton, "london shahernaa chamberlandshipma chuntani" maate sarnaamaane tunkma abhinandan aapvaa saathe sharuaat karey chhe. tyarbad teey "anaathnaa karveraanaa" hetune samjavaa maate shrenibaddh prashno ubhaa karey chhe. yojnakar" aneey temno samay. ogastaa vijayotsav" nee sharuaatmaa project karvaanee manav kshamataani theem parr sparsha karvaamaa aave chhe jyaare andrew morton "yojnakar" parr tunkma tippani karey chhe. aaa aankadaono ullekh "project parnaa nibandh" maan pann karvaamaa aavyo chhe. tenee rajuaatmaa, lekhak nirdesh karey chhe keey temno desh "[...]..] aayojakoni aek tolu. aaa project-lakshi aabohva samkalin samasyao aneey andhadhundhino saamno karvaanee vyaapak jaruriyatmathi udbhave chhe. vadhumaa, anya koee vaya aavaa valan dwara vargikrut naa hovathi, temnaa yugne "anumanit yug" tareeke vyakhyayit curry shakaay chhe. daniel defoe "[nee theem saathe vyavhaar karyo...] project parr aek nibandh" (1697) aneey "robinson cruso" (1719) maan pann project karvaanee vyaktini kshamata. teo anukrame aek jaj vishhayni spasht aneey garbhit saarvaar chhe. vipareet abhigamo dwara vargikrut karvaa upraant, teo pariprekshyamaa alag padey chhe. "project parno nibandh" saamaajik reete lakshi chhe, jemaa teey samagr samudaay maate mahatvana muddaaone sambodhit karey chhe. "beejee taraf "robinson cruso", aek jaj maanasna heeto parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. londonna sudhara maate andrew moratannee darkhaasto. navee sansthaaoni sthaapnaa. ogastaa vijayotsav" maan, andrew morton aek university, sangeetni akaadmee aneey foundlings maate hospitalni sthaapnaane protsaahan aape chhe. teey londonma universityni maangani saathe sharuaat karey chhe aneey tene biin-rahenank banavvana kaarano parr bhaar mooke chhe. pratham, mulnaa temnaa parivaaro saathe aek jaj chhat neeche rahevathi, vidhyarthione temnaa potaana upkarano parr chhodi devaamaa aavtaa nathee. aneey lalachma padvani shakyata ochhi hoya chhe. beejee taraf cambridge athavaa oxford mokalvaamaa aavtaa yuvaano potaano samay shikhvaane badale daaru pivama bagaade chhe. beeju, darroj temnaa parivaarnaa nivaasthaane paachha farvathi, teo london samajna saanskrutik vikasma faalo aape chhe; teo vaatchit dwara melvelaa shaikshanik gnyaanno felaavo curry shake chhe. ekandare, aaa yojnaano visheshadhikrut laabhaarthi aee kuleen varg chhe jemnaa rahenank vistaaro aevaa sthaloni yaadimaa saamel chhe jyaan morton collego sthaapavaani salah aape chheh westminster, saint. james aneey ormond street. aaa saamaajik juthane "subscription dwara" samagr projectne naanaa aapvaa maate pann aamantrit karvaamaa aave chhe. tyarbad, andrew morton foundling hospitalni sthaapnaa karvaa vinanti karey chhe. aaa ghanee maataaone garbhpaat dwara temnaa gerkaydesar santanthi chhutkaro melavaathi athavaa temne paryaapt aashray aapvama asamarth aevaa parganaoma chhodi devaane atkavshe. aaa muddo defony anya kruteeoma punraavartit thaay chhe, khaas kareene navalkathaao "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724) aneey nibandh "vaivaahik lampatata" (1727) maan. adhaarmee sadeeni sharuaatmaa motee sankhyama tyajee devaayela baadako hataa. temne kaan too londonni shereeomaa chhodi devaamaa aavyaa hataa athavaa parganaaoni sambhaalmaa mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa. joke, baadmaana vishvasneey manvama aavtaa naa hataa. ketlaak lokoae baadakona samarthan parr kharch karvaanaa nananno naash karyo; anya parr anaathone teo puurii paadati sevani sastitaanaa aadhare pasand karaayelee apramanik narsonee sambhaal sopavaano aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato. chhelle, defona kaalpaneek vaktaa "videshi sangeetkaaro aneey sangeetni monghi aayatne rokvaa maate" sangeetni akaadameeni sthaapnaane protsaahan aape chhe.. teo nirdesh karey chhe keey teey samaye astitvamaa rahela italian opera, jene aaa kalaana uchch vargnaa premeeo dwara bhandol purun padvama aave chhe, tene "ayogya reete academy" kahevama aave chhe kaaran keey teey maatra mongha videshi sangitkaarone raakhe chhe. teey "yogya kalaakaaroni soochnaa aneey nirikshan hethal, yuvanthi laeene paripakva varsh sudhee vyaktione taaleem aapeene vignanna prachaarne protsaahan aaptu nathee". jyaare "ogastaa trianvision" prakashit thayu hatoo, tyaare aek sanyukt stock kampani astitvamaa hatee, jeno moolya royal academy off music hato. 1719maan sthapaayel, teey 1720maan kaaryarat thaee. sarkari subsidyne kaarane, teey pagaar chukvi shakatu hatoo jeey "theatres chukavani karvaanee antargat kshamataathi bahaar" hatoo. yuvaano aneey nokarona naiteek bhrashtaachaarne atkavvo. andrew morton nokarone temnee nokri pratye vafaadaar banaavvaa maate pagalaa rajoo karvaa protsaahit karey chhe. pratham, temne aevaa pagaarnee ofara karvee joiae jeey vadhu padata naa hoya. khaas kareene, temnee rakam kaama karvaanee aneey nanannun sanchalan karvaanee temnee kshamtaanaa aadhare nakki curry shakaay chhe. beeju, nyaayik pranaaliae temne nyaayi kaaran vagar raajinaamu aapvani manjuri aapvi joiae nahee. chhelle, guruoae temno durupyog naa karvo joiae. aaa yojnaano udesh mukhyatve nokarone aalas aneey kharaab sangathi door raakhvaano chhe jeey temne aneesht aneey gunaa taraf doree shake chhe. adhaarmee sadeena londonma nokarini tako melavaa maate motee sankhyama sthalaantar karnaaraao vasvaat kartaa hataa. ekalaa hovaane kaarane aneey shahernaa jokhamothi ajaan hovaane kaarane, teo saraltathi anaitik lokonee praathnaa bunny shake chhe. dakhala tareeke, yuvan chhokario temnaa aagman samaye temnee paase aavtaa hairfare karnara loko dwara veshyavrutee taraf doree shakaay chhe. khareedaaro "malkinni ritbhatno laabh laee shake chhe keey jeey veganane maley chhe jeey nokarone shodhvaa aneey jodvaa maate deshnee chhokarione london laave chhe". aema. anusaar dorothi george, "hogaarthnee" veshyaoni pragatee "noon pratham drashya vaastavik jeevanma vaaramvaar bhajavvama aavtu hatoo". pagalkhanani vyavsthaamaa sudhaaro karvo. andrew morton khangi medhouseni samkalin pranali parr pann pratibimbit karey chhe aneey tenee binkarykshamtani ninda karey chhe. pratham sthaane, teo nondhe chhe keey teey aevaa vyaktionaa sansthakiyakaranne manjuri aape chhe jeo koee mansik rogthee asargrast nathee. dakhala tareeke, teo vaaramvaar tandurast patneeone sweekaare chhe. durvyavhaar karnara pateeone chhutkaro melavaanaa ekmatra hetu maate temne qeda karvaamaa aave chhe. beeja sthaane, teo nirdesh karey chhe keey teo dardioni puratee saarvaarni banydhari aaptaa nathee kaaran keey temnaa karmchaareeo temnee avgannaa karey chhe athavaa durupyog karey chhe. aaney dhyanma rakheene, teo soochave chhe keey temne "licenses praapt medhouse" saathe badalvama aave jeey "yogya mulakat aneey nirikshanne aadheen" hoya aneey jyaan koine "mokali" naa shakaay...] yogya kaaran, tapaas aneey sattaa vinaa. adhaarmee sadimaa khangi medhouseni ghanee charcha thaee hatee. nicolaus harve nirdesh karey chhe keey defoe "ogastaa vijayotsav" (1728) maan aaa sansthaaoni prathaa parr sawal uthavnar pratham lokomaano aek hato. temnaa pachhi tobias smollet aavyaa jemane "surr lanslot grieves" (1762) navalkathaa lakhee hatee. jemaa shirshakno naayak medhousemaa ayogya atkayatni teeka karey chhe. aneey vivek aneey mansik beemari vachchena tafavatne pratibimbit karey chhe. 1763maan, "gentleman magazine" aee pann aashraysthanoma shrenibaddh dardionaa durvyavhaarni ninda curry hatee. nicolaus harve aee pann nondhyu chhe keey defoe "pateeo sauthee vadhu banaavati kaaranosar temnee patneeone maryadit rakhvama saksham hataa teey reete humalo karyo". aaa prathaani paachhalthi meerii wallstonecraft dwara "dhaa folts off wooman" (1798) maan pann ninda karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa mudda parr, elizabeth foyster daavo karey chhe keey aaa "aek aevo muddo hato jene adhaarmee sadeena englandma ghanee chinta pedaa curry hatee". potaani patneeone maryadit rakhvana purushonaa adhikaar parr vaaramvaar charcha thatee hatee. aeta dhaa limits off friedamh parineet maheelao aneey adhaarmee sadeena englandma qeda" (2002) nibandhma, tenee daleel karey chhe keey patini temnaa jivansathini paarivaarik rahethaano aneey patee-patnioma atkayat vaivaahik hinsaanu aek navoo swaroop bunny gayoo hatoo. temno abhyaas raajaani bench, jeey aaa mudda parr adhikarkshetra dharaavati adalat hatee, tenaa dastavejo parr aadharit chhe. sheree lunt atkavvi. andrew moratannee chhelli yojnaano udesh sheree luntane "pahelaa svargeey aneey pachhi parthiv maadhyamo dwara" atkavvano chhe. pahelama "aachaar-vyavhaarmaa sudhaaraane laagu karvaa aneey protsaahit karvaa, dushtataa aneey anaitiktaane dabaavine, aneey apvitrataa aneey anaitiktaane sajaa karvaano samaavesh thaay chhe". vyaapak anaitik tevomaa kaamuk lokgeeto vaanchvi, shapath levu aneey daarunaa durupyogno samaavesh thaay chhe. baadmaa shereeomaa dekhrekh aneey prakashni kaaryaksham pranalini rajuaatno samaavesh thaay chhe. sau pratham, vartmaan ayogya ghadiyaalne saksham aneey shaaririk reete majboot purushonaa samooh saathe badalvi jaroori chhe. aaa navaa rakshakoae temnaa sahkarykarone chetvani aapvaa maate hathiyaaro, talvaaro aneey horna saathe raakhvaa joiae. temne aevaa vistaroma sopavaa joiae keey jeey asarkarak reete dekhrekh raakhvaa maate khoob motaa nathee. khaas kareene, "koee chokidaar" aee "tenaa saathithi door vees darvajathi upar ubhaa naa rahevu joiae". vadhumaa, temne temnaa prayaasoni manyatama pagaar aapvo joiae. beeju, shereeone aek raat drashyamaan banaavvaani jaroor chhe. tethee, vaajbi sankhyama deevaa sthaapit karvaa mahatvapurn chhe jeey takneeki reete puratee prakaash pradaan karvaamaa saksham chhe. aaa vibhagma, andrew morton defona samaynaa sanskrutinaa trana vishisht pasaone yaad karey chhe. saupratham ullekh thanar chhe shishtacharma sudhara maatenu aandolan. 18mee sadee darmiyan, motee sankhyama angrejoae saamaajik anaitiktaanaa uchch star aneey pidit vinaanaa gunaao saame kaaryvaahi karvaamaa mushkeli tareeke jeey joyu tenee ninda curry hatee. 1690thee teo bhegaa thayaa aneey shrenibaddh samajoni sthaapnaa curry. sharuaatnaa daaykaao darmiyan teoae laksheet paapeeo saame kaaryvaahi karvaa aneey tenu aayojan karvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo hatoo. teo tamane daarunaa nashaama rahevu, shapath levu, ramat ramvu aneey samlaingikta jevaa gunaao maate courtma laee jaee shake chhe. baadmaa temnaa sabhyoae upadesho aapeene aneey patrikaona utpaadan aneey vitaran dwara dhaarmik aneey naiteek mulyonaa shikshan taraf dhyaan kendrit karyoo. beejee saanskrutik visheshta raatri ghadiyaad chhe jeey termee sadithi astitvamaa chhe. temaa andharana kalaako darmiyan shereeo parr najar rakhnara purushono samaavesh thato hato. curfuna neeyamono amal karvaa saathe raatre salamatini tarfen karvaa maate tenee rajuaat karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa pranali visheni praarambhik teeka punsthapanni chhe. 1690naa daykana ciity marshalnaa ahevaalomaa pann tenee ketalik khaameeo nondhvaamaa aavee hatee. teoae nondhyu keey garib vistaaro aaa sevaane naanaa purun paadee shaktaa nathee. vadhumaa, chokidaaro yogya shastro laee jataa naa hataa aneey ketlaak kissaaomaa, paalee puurii thaay teey pahelaa jataa hataa. 1720naa daykama, gunaa nivaaran parr nondhpaatra jaaher charcha chaali rahee hatee aneey defoe shrenibaddh patrikaao dwara temaa bhaag leedho hato. ogastaa vijayotsav" upraant, temane "shereemaa chalnarao parr ketalik vichaarnaao" (1726), "sheree lunt" (1728), "beeja vichaaro shreshth chhe" (1729), aneey "sheree luntane taatkaalik rokvaa maateni asarkarak yojnaa" (1731) maan gunaani tapaas curry hatee. chhelle, andrew morton night vochnaa sambandhma street lighting saathe kaama karey chhe. jeey. aema. bitty samjaave chhe keey, londonna shaheri vatavaranma faratee jagya aneey pivalayak paanini uplabdhataa jevaa pasaoma sudhaaro karvaanaa hetuthi ghanaa ferfaro karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. sheree prakashma sudhaaro karvaanee yojnaao pann banavvama aavee hatee, jeey anya muddaaoni sarkhaamanimaa, gunakhorine rokvaa maate atyant mahatvapurn manvama aavtee hatee. padayatrio aneey anshkaalik adheekario bannene sthalo drashyamaan kareene, gunegaaro maate jeevan mushkel banaavyu hatoo aneey sansadma arjiomaa aaa muddaane prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1736naa prakaash adhiniyam dwara sheree prakaash aakhare jaaher vyavastha bunny gaee. tene karvera dwara naanaa puuraa padvama aavyaa hataa aneey khangi companyo dwara puurii padvama aavee hatee.

agast vijay augusta vijayah yaa, daniel defoe dwara landan koo brahmand mein sabse samriddh shahar banaane kaa tarika pahali baar 16 march 1728 koo prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. iss parche kaa kaalpanik vaktaa, andru morton, apane saath key dashak mein ack vyakti haye joe landan key sudhaar key liye sujhaav detaa haye. vishesh roop seey, vaha ack vishvavidyalaya, ack sangeet akadami, bachchon key liye ack aspatal aur mansik rogon key upchaar key liye licenses praapt sansthanon kii sthaapana koo badhaava dete hain. isake alawa, vaha naitik bhrashtachar aur sadak parr dakaiti koo rokane key liye upaayon kii shuruat koo protsaahit kartaa haye. "augusta vijayotsav" una karyon key samooh kaa hissa haye joe andreau morton key naam-dee-plume key tahat jaari kiye gaye they. isamen "harr vyakti kaa vyavasaay, kissy kaa vyavasaay naheen haye" (1725), "protestant mathh" (1726), "sankeern atyachar" (1727), aur "dusare vichaar sabse achche hain" (1729) bhee shamil hain. way kramshah sevakon key uchch vetan, badon key prati anadar, parrish key bhrashtachar aur aparaadh kii roktham seey nipatate hain. way sabhi una vishayon parr phir seey vichaar karate hain jinn parr unake lekhak, daniel defoe ney pahale hii "pariyojanaon parr ack nibandh" (1697) mein charcha kii thee. haalaanki, iss pahale key kaam kii tulanaa mein, way naitik aalochana parr kendrit honey kii tulanaa mein adhik pariyojana-unmukh hain. jaisa kii maximilian novak bataate hain, diffo ney "agasta vijayotsav" key liye ack "bhavya khitaab" chunaa. yeh landan koo saarvbhaumik star parr bhee alag banaane key unake mahatvakankshi uddeshya koo ujagar kartaa haye. unaki jeevani aur kaary donon mein iss shahar kii mahatvapurna bhoomika haye. sabse pahale, unaki yaatraaen isi sthaan parr shuru huin aur yaheen parr samaapt huin. doosara, yeh unake adhikansh lekhan kii "antarnihit yaa spasht setting" haye. vishay aur samagr sanrachana. "augusta vijayotsav" landan shahar key vikas key liye sujhaav detaa haye. yeh dou parichayaatmak paragraph key saath shuru hotaa haye. poorv "pramukhon koo prastut karane" aur unake prati angreji key drishtikon parr ack sankshipt pratibimb haye.pariyojana pramukh", arthaat samajik sudhaar key liye yojanaaen banaane vaale vyaktiyon koo upahaas key darr key binaa prastaav banaane key liye aamantrit kiya jaataa haye. unhein vishesh roop seey imandar salah dene parr dhyaan kendrit karna chaahiye. isake alawa, unaki pariyojanaon kii sambhaavit kamiyon koo iss mayane mein maaf curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii "yeh ack tarah kii achchi kaarravaai haye jiska matlab achchha haye, aur iraade seey viphalata koo cumm karna chaahiye. jahan taka angreji kaa sambandh haye, unhein aise vyaktiyon key prati sabse cumm vinamra rashtra key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. way "unake saath sabse kharaab tareeke seey vyavhaar karate hain" aur yahee kaaran haye kii unake desh koo "aavishkaar mein itna buraa maanaa jaataa haye. dusare shuruati paragraph mein, kathakar bataata haye kii usane yeh parcha kyon likhaa haye. vaha nae prastaavon koo kagaj parr dalkar apane jeevan key shesh samay kaa achchha upayog karna chaahata haye. kull milakar, iss kaary kaa uddeshya "apane" saathi-praniyon "key liye unaki" achchi ichcha "kii" gawahi "honah haye. iss parichayaatmak pravachan key turant baad, andru morton usa pariyojana koo spasht karane key liye aage badhate hain jiss parr unhone sabse adhik pratibimbit kiya haye. vaha seekhane aur shiksha key samkaaleen bhrashtachar kaa virodh karane key liye ack landan vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana koo badhaava dete hain. baad mein, chaar sheershak vaale khand ack key baad ack aatey hain aur samajik sudhaar key liye anya yojanaon koo prastut karate hain. khand ack mein ack foundling aspatal kii sthaapana kii aavashyakta haye. yeh kaee maataon koo garbhpaat yaa parish mein parityag key madhyam seey apani avaidh santanon seey khud koo mukt karane seey rokega joe unhein sabhya jeevan kii sthiti pradaan naheen karate hain. khand dou seey pataa chalata haye kii kaise sangeet kii ack vaastavik akadami "videshi sangeetkaron key mahange ayaat koo rokegi, aur see. khand teen sabse pahale "yuvaaon aur sevakon" koo naitik bhrashtachar seey bachaane key liye salah detaa haye. doosara, yeh kuchh samajik buraaiyon kii ninda kartaa haih veshyavritti, juaa, aur ravivaar koo sharaab key durupyog jaise khaali samay bitaane key liye apmaanjanak vyavhaar kii ack shrinkhala. teesara, yeh patiyon dwara apani patniyon key saath durvyavahar aur samkaaleen niji patniyon key baare mein tippaniyon parr ack tippani banaata haye. dhaara chaar sadak parr dakaiti rokane key upaayon koo apanaane koo protsaahit karati haye. inmein naitik shiksha aur ack saksham aur bhugtan kiye gaye paharedaron key nikaay key saath-saath raat mein sadak parr prakaash kii paryaapt pranali shamil haye. agasta vijayotsav" key antim bhaag kaa sheershak "chook" haye. yeh pariyojanaon key dou pahaluon kaa sanshodhan haye jinhen abb taka sachitra kiya gayaa haye. andru morton ney "kewal ack holl yaa saarvajanik kamare" seey baney landan vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana key apane praarambhik vichaar koo aswikar karane key saath shuruat kii. balki, "yeh ack badaa ghar yaa saraay honey chaahiye, ack college kii prakriti mein, sajjanon key liye suvidhajanak kamaron key bhandar key saath, naa kewal alag seey adhyayan karane key liye, balki jisamen unaki kitaaben rakhane key liye, kyonki unhein peechhe aur aage kheenchana sabse adhik asuvidhajanak hoga. isake baad vaha apane "madhauson parr pravachan" kaa vistaar kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey vidhvaaon yaa anya mahilaaon key anyaaypurna karawas koo baadhit karane key liye ack sujhaav pradaan karke joe khud koo bhaagya aur koee purush margadarshan key saath naheen paate hain. unhein lalchi aur jodd-toda karane vaale "ajnabiyon" kaa shikaar honey seey rokane key liye, nikatatam purush rishtedaar koo sampatti key prabandhan mein mrit sajjan kaa sthaan lena chaahiye. parche key anta mein leftinent-curnell saimuel robbinson koo ack patra sanlagn kiya gayaa haye joe sitambar kaa haye. 23, 1728. isake hastaksharkarta, andru morton, praaptakarta koo "landan shahar key chamberlandship mein chunaav" key liye sankshipt roop seey badhaai dene key saath shuru hotaa haye. baad mein vaha "anath key curr" key uddeshya koo samajhane key liye kaee sawal kartaa haye. yojnakar" aur unakaa samay. augusta vijayotsav" kii shuruat mein pariyojana key liye maanav kshamata key vishay koo chhuaa jaataa haye jaba andru morton "yojnakaron" parr sankshipt tippani karate hain. inn aankadon kaa ullekh "pariyojanaon parr ack nibandh" mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. isake parichay mein, lekhak ingit kartaa haye kii uska desh [key saath jhund...] yojnakaron kii ack bheed. yeh pariyojana-unmukh jalavaayu samkaaleen samasyaon aur arajakta seey nipatane kii vyaapak aavashyakta seey utpann hoti haye. isake alawa, choonki iss tarah kii pravritti kissy anya ayu kii visheshta naheen thee, isaliye unake yug koo "anumaanit ayu" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata thaa. daniel defoe ney "[key vishay key saath nipata...] pariyojanaon parr ack nibandh" (1697) aur "robbinson cruso" (1719) mein bhee pariyojana karane kii vyakti kii kshamata. way kramshah ack hii vishay kaa ack spasht aur antarnihit upchaar hain. vipareet drishtikon kii visheshta key alawa, way drishtikon mein bhinn hotey hain. "pariyojanaon parr ack nibandh" samajik roop seey unmukh haye jisamen yeh una muddon koo sambodhit kartaa haye joe ack poore samudaay key liye mahatvapurna hain. "doosari or, "robbinson cruso", ack ekal manushya key hiton parr kendrit haye. landan key sudhaar key liye andreau morton key prastaav. nae sansthanon kii sthaapana. agast vijayotsav" mein, andru morton ack vishvavidyalaya, sangeet kii ack akadami aur foundling key liye ack aspatal kii neenv koo badhaava detaa haye. vaha landan mein ack vishvavidyalaya key liye coll karane key saath shuru kartaa haye aur ise gair-aavaasiya banaane key karanon parr jore detaa haye. sabse pahale, apane mool key parivaaron key saath ack hii chhat key neeche rahane seey, chhatron koo apane upkaranon parr naheen chhoda jaataa haye. aur pralobhan mein padane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye. doosari or, cambridge yaa oxford bheje jaane vaale yuva, khud koo seekhane key bajaay sharaab peene mein apana samay barbad karate hain. doosara, dainik roop seey apane parivaar key awas parr lautane seey, way landan samaaj key saanskritik vikas mein yogdan karate hain; way baatchit key madhyam seey praapt shaikshanik gyaan kaa prasaar curr sakate hain. kull milakar, iss yojana kaa visheshaadhikaar praapt labharthi vaha kuleen varg haye jisake aavaasiya kshetra una sthaanon kii soochi mein shamil hain jahaan morton colleges kii sthaapana kii salah dete hainh westminster, sent. james aur ormond street. iss samajik samooh koo "sadasyata dwara" poori pariyojana key vittaposhan key liye bhee aamantrit kiya jaataa haye. baad mein, andru morton ack foundling aspatal kii sthaapana kaa aagrah kartaa haye. yeh kaee maataon koo garbhpaat key madhyam seey apani avaidh santanon seey chhutkara paane yaa unhein aise kshetron mein chhodane seey rokega joe unhein paryaapt aashray dene mein asamarth hain. yeh mudda defoe key anya karyon mein dohraya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey upanyason "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724), aur nibandh "sanyugma ashlilata" (1727) mein. athaarahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, badee sankhya mein parityakt bachche. yaa tou landan kii sadakon parr chhod diyaa gayaa yaa parrish kii dekhbhal mein daal diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, baad vaale koo vishvasaniya naheen maanaa gayaa thaa. kuchh logon ney bachchon key samarthan parr kharch kiye jaane vaale paise koo nasht curr diyaa; anya parr anathon koo unaki seva kii sastee keemat key aadhar parr chuni gaee beiman nurses kii dekhbhal key liye saunpane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. anta mein, diffue kaa kaalpanik vaktaa "videshi sangeetkaron aur sangeetkaron key mahange ayaat koo rokane key liye" sangeet kii ack akadami kii sthaapana koo badhaava detaa haye.. way bataate hain kii usa samay key maujooda italvi opera, jise iss kalaa key uchch varg key premiyon dwara vittaposhit kiya jaataa haye, koo "anuchit roop seey akadami kahaa jaataa haye" kyonki yeh sirf mahange videshi sangeetkaron koo kaam parr rakhta haye. yeh "uchit kalakaron key nirdesh aur nireekshan key tahat, cumm umr seey laker badey umr taka key vyaktiyon koo prashikshit karke vigyaan key prachaar koo protsaahit naheen kartaa haye. jaba "agasta vijayotsav" prakaashit huaa, tou ack sanyukt stock company maujood thee jiska moolya sangeet kii shaahi akadami thee. 1719 mein sthaapit, yeh 1720 mein sakriya hoe gayaa. sarkari subsidy key kaaran, yeh vetan kaa bhugtan curr sakata thaa joe "theatre kii antarnihit kshamata seey parey thaa. yuvaaon aur sevakon key naitik bhrashtachar koo rokna. andru morton sevakon koo unake kaam key prati wafadar banaane key liye upaayon kii shuruat koo protsaahit kartaa haye. sabse pahale, unhein aise vetan diye jaane chaahiye joe atyadhik naheen hain. vishesh roop seey, unaki raashi kaam karane aur dhana key prabandhan kii unaki kshamata key aadhar parr nirdhaarit kii jaa sakati haye. doosara, nyaayik pranali koo unhein binaa kissy kaaran key istifa dene kii anumati naheen deni chaahiye. anta mein, maalikon koo unakaa durupyog naheen karna chaahiye. iss yojana kaa uddeshya mukhya roop seey naukaron koo aalasy aur kharaab sangati seey door rakhna haye joe unhein burai aur aparaadh kii or leey jaa sakata haye. athaarahavin shatabdi key landan mein naukari key avsaron kii talash mein badee sankhya mein pravaasi rahate they. akele honey aur shahar key khatron seey anjaan honey key kaaran, way aasaani seey beiman logon kii prarthana curr sakate they. udaaharan key liye, yuva ladkiyon koo unake aagaman parr herfer karane vaale vyaktiyon dwara veshyavritti mein leey jaaya jaa sakata haye. kharidar "malkinon kii pratha kaa laabh uthaa sakate they kii way vaiganon seey milein joe naukaron koo khojane aur sanlagn karane key liye desh kii ladkiyon koo landan leey aae. aim key anusaar. dorothy george, "hogarth kii" veshya kii pragati "mein pahala drishya vaastavik jeevan mein aksar khela jaataa thaa. pagalpan pranali mein sudhaar. andru morton niji madhouse kii samkaaleen pranali koo bhee darshaata haye aur isaki akshamta kii ninda kartaa haye. pahali baat yeh haye kii vaha yeh dekhate hain kii yeh una vyaktiyon key sansthagatkaran kii anumati detaa haye joe kissy mansik bimari seey prabhaavit naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, way aksar swasth patniyon koo sweekaar karate hain. durvyavahar karane vaale patiyon koo unase chhutkara paane key ekmatra uddeshya seey seemit curr diyaa. dusare sthaan parr, way bataate hain kii way rogiyon key paryaapt upchaar kii guaranti naheen dete hain kyonki unake karmchari unaki upeksha karate hain yaa unakaa durupyog karate hain. isake aalok mein, vaha unhein "licenses praapt mathon" key saath pratisthaapit karane kaa sujhaav dete hain joe "uchit yatra aur nireekshan key adheen hain" aur jahaan kissy koo bhee "bheja" naheen jaa sakata haye...] binaa kissy kaaran, jaanch aur adhikaar key. athaarahavin shatabdi mein, niji mathon kii bahut charcha kii gaee thee. nicolaus harve bataate hain kii "agast vijayotsav" (1728) mein inn sansthanon key abhyaas parr sawal uthaane vaale pahale logon mein seey ack thaa. unake baad tobias smollet ney "surr lanslot greaves" (1762) upanyaas likhaa. jisamen sheershak kaa naayak madhouse mein anuchit hirasat kii aalochana kartaa haye. aur vivek aur mansik bimari key beach key antar koo darshaata haye. 1763 mein, "gentlemans magazine" ney bhee aashray grihon mein rogiyon kii ack shrinkhala key durvyavahar kii ninda kii. nicolaus harve ney yeh bhee notice kiya kii "jiss tarah seey pati apani patniyon koo sabse nakali karanon seey seemit rakhane mein saksham they, usa parr hamla kiya. iss pratha kii baad mein mairi wollstonecraft dwara "mahila key galat" (1798) mein bhee ninda kii gaee thee. iss bindu parr, elizabeth foyster kaa daavaa haye kii yeh "ack aisaa mudda thaa joe athaarahavin shatabdi key ingland mein bahut chinta kaa kaaran banaa. purushon key apani patniyon koo seemit rakhane key adhikaar parr aksar bahas hoti thee. nibandh "swatantrata kii seemaon menh vivaahit mahilaaon aur athaarahavin shatabdi key ingland mein karawas" (2002) mein, vaha tark detee hain kii patiyon kii parivarik nivaason aur pati-patni mein apane pati-patni kii hirasat vaivaahik hinsa kaa ack nayaa roop bunn gaee thee. unakaa adhyayan raajaa kii peeth key dastavejon parr adharit haye, joe iss mudde parr adhikaar kshetra mein adalat thee. sadak parr loot kii roktham. andru morton kii antim yojana kaa uddeshya sadak parr dakaiti koo rokna haye "pahale swargiya aur phir parthiv madhyam seey. poorv mein "shishtachar key sudhaar koo lagu karna aur protsaahit karna, burai aur anaitikta koo dabana, aur apavitrata aur anaitikta koo dandit karna" shamil haye. vyaapak anaitik aadaten kamuk gaathagiton koo padhana, shapath lena aur sharaab kaa durupyog hain. baad vaale mein sadakon kii nigrani aur prakaash vyavastha kii ack kushal pranali kii shuruat shamil haye. sabse pahale, vartamaan aksham ghadee koo saksham aur shaaririk roop seey majboot purushon key shareer key saath pratisthaapit karna aavashyak haye. inn nae guards koo apane sahakarmiyon koo sachet karane key liye agneyastra, talvaaren aur ack horn leey jaanaa chaahiye. unhein una kshetron mein saunpa jaanaa chaahiye joe prabhaavi roop seey nigrani key liye bahut badey naheen hain. vishesh roop seey, "kissy bhee chaukidar" koo "apane saathi seey door bees darvaajon seey oopar khadaa naheen honah chaahiye. isake alawa, unhein unake prayason kii maanyata mein vetan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. doosara, sadakon koo ack raat mein dikhaai dene kii aavashyakta haye. isaliye, uchit sankhya mein deepak lagaana mahatvapurna haye joe takniki roop seey paryaapt prakaash pradaan karane mein saksham hain. iss khand mein, andreau morton ney defoe key samay mein sanskriti key teen vishisht pahaluon koo yaad kiya. sabse pahale ullekh kiya jaanaa shishtachar key sudhaar key liye andolan haye. 18veen shatabdi key dauran, badee sankhya mein angrejon ney samajik anaitikta key uchch star aur peedit rahit apraadhon parr mukadama chalaane mein kathinaaee kii ninda kii. 1690 seey way ekatra hue aur samajon kii ack shrinkhala kii sthaapana kii. praarambhik dashakon key dauran unhone lakshit papiyon key khilaf mukadama chalaane aur unhein sangathit karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. way aapako nashe mein dhut honey, shapath lene, khel khelane aur yaun sambandh banaane jaise apraadhon key liye adalat mein leey jaa sakate hain. baad mein unake sadasyon ney dharmopadesh dene aur parche key utpaadan aur vitaran key madhyam seey dhaarmik aur naitik moolyon koo sikhaane kii or apana dhyaan sthanantarit kiya. doosari saanskritik visheshta raat kii ghadee haye joe terahavin shatabdi seey maujood haye. isamen andhere key samay sadakon kii nigrani karane vaale purush shamil they. ise curfue key niyamon key pravartan key saath raat mein suraksha key paksh mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. iss pranali key baare mein praarambhik aalochana bahaali kii tarikh seey haye. 1690 key dashak key shahar key marshalon key khaaton mein bhee isaki kuchh kamiyon kii soochana dee gaee thee. unhone dekhaa kii garib kshetra iss seva key vittaposhan kaa kharch wahan naheen curr sakate they. isake alawa, paharedar uchit hathiyar naheen leey jaate they aur kuchh mamalon mein, shift samaapt honey seey pahale chaley jaate they. 1720 key dashak mein, aparaadh kii roktham parr ack mahatvapurna saarvajanik bahas chala rahee thee aur defoe ney parche kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey isamen bhaag liya. agasta vijayotsav" key alawa, unhone "sadak parr chalane vaalon parr kuchh vichaar" (1726), "sadak parr dakaiti parr vichaar" (1728), "dusare vichaar sabse achche hain" (1729), aur "sadak parr dakaiti kii tatkaal roktham key liye ack prabhaavi yojana" (1731) mein aparaadh kii jaanch kii. anta mein, andru morton raat kii ghadee key sambandh mein sadak kii roshni key saath kaam kartaa haye. jey key roop mein. aim. beaty bataate hain, landan key shahari vatavaran mein kaee badalaav kiye gaye they, taaki footpath aur peene yogya paani kii upalabdhata jaise pahaluon mein sudhaar kiya jaa sakey. sadak kii roshni mein sudhaar karane kii bhee yojana banaai gaee thee, jise anya muddon kii tulanaa mein aparaadh koo rokane key liye atyadhik mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa thaa. paidal chalane vaalon aur anshakaalik adhikaariyon donon koo sthaanon koo dikhaai dene seey, apraadhiyon key liye jeevan mushkil hoe gayaa thaa aur sansad mein yachikaon mein iss bindu koo ujagar kiya gayaa thaa. sadak parr prakaash vyavastha antatah 1736 key prakaash adhiniyam key madhyam seey ack saarvajanik pranali bunn gaee. ise karon dwara vittaposhit kiya gayaa aur niji companiyon dwara pradaan kiya gayaa.

augusta vijayotsavagalu augusta vijayotsavah athawa, daniel defoe avarinda landannannu brahmandada atyanta pravardhamanakke baruva nagaravannagi maaduva maargavannu modala baarige 1728rahra march march prakatisalaayitu. ee karapatrada kaalpanika bhashanakara, andrew moreton, london sudhaaranege salahegalannu needuva tanna aravattara dashakada obba vyakti. nirdishtavagi, avaru manasika kayilegala chikitsegaagi vishvavidyaalaya, sangeeta academy, foundlinggalige aspatre mattu paravaanagi padeda samsthegala sthaapaneyannu prootsaahisuttaare. idallade, naitika bhrashtachara mattu beedi darodegalannu tadegattuva kramagalannu parichayisalu avaru prootsaahisuttaare. "augusta triongions" embudu andrew moreton 'nome-dii-ploom' adiyalli bidugadeyaada krutigala gumpina bhagavagide. idu "pratiyobbara vevahaara, yaavude vyaktiya vevahaaravalla" (1725), "protestant matha" (1726), "praantiya dabbaalike" (1727), mattu "eradane aalochanegalu atyuttamavagive" (1729) galannu saha olagondide. avaru kramavagi sevakara hecchina sambala, hiriyara bagegina agourava, pyarishgala bhrashtachara mattu aparadha tadegattuvikeyondige vyavaharisuttaare. avarellaroo tamma lekhaka daniel eegaagale "yojanegala melina prabandha" dalli charchisiruva vishayagalannu maruparishilisuttaare (1697). aadaagyoo, ee hindina kelasakke holisidare, avu naitika tikeya mele kendrikarisuvudakkinta hecchu yojana-aadhaaritavaagive. maximilian novac gamanisidante, defoe "augusta vijayotsava" kke "grand taital" annu ayke maadidaru. idu london annu saarvatrika mattadalloo eddu kaanuva avara mahatvakanksheya guriyannu etti torisuttade. ee nagaravu avara jivanacharitre mattu krutigaleradaralloo mahatvada patravannu hondide. modalaneyadaagi, avara prayanagalu ee sthaladalliye praarambhavaagi konegondavu. eradaneyadaagi, idu avara bahupalu barahagala "soochya athawa spashtavaada setting" aagide. vishaya mattu ottare rachane. "augusta triontians" london nagarada vardhanege salahegalannu niiduttade. idu eradu parichayaatmaka pyaaraagalondige praarambhavaaguttade. modalaneyadu "talegalannu torisuva" mattu avara bagge inglishna manobhaavada bagge sankshipta pratibimbavaagide.projecting hedgalu", andare samajika sudharanegagi yojanegalannu rachisuva vyaktigalannu apahaasyakke olagaagalu hedarade prastapagalannu maadalu aahvaanisalaaguttade. avaru pramanika salaheyannu niiduvatta maatra gamana harisabeku. idallade, avara yojanegala sambhaavya nyoonategalannu "idu olleya arthavannu needuva ondu reetiya olleya kramavagide, mattu uddeshavu vaiphalyavannu upashamanagolisabeku" emba amshadalli kshamisabeku. inglishge sambandhisidante, antaha vyaktigala bagge kanishta sahanubhooti hondiruva rashtravendu avarannu vivarisalaagide. avaru "avarannu atyanta ketta reetiyalli nadesikolluttaare" mattu ee kaaranakkaagiye avara deshavannu "avishkaaradalli tumba kettadaagi pariganisalaaguttade". eradane arambhika paragraphnalli, niroopakanu taanu ee karapatravannu eke barediddene embudannu vivarisuttaane. naveena prastapagalannu kagadada mele haakuva moolaka tanna jeevanada ulida samayavannu chennagi balsikollalu avanu bayasuttaane. ottaareyaagi, ee krutiyu tanna "saha-jivigalige" aatana "sadbhavanege" saakshiyaaguva uddeshavannu hondide. ee parichayaatmaka pravachanada nantara, andrew marton avaru hecchu pratibimbisida yojaneyannu vivarisalu munduvariyuttaare. avaru kalike mattu shikshanada samakaalina bhrashtacharavannu virodhisalu london vishvavidyaanilayavannu sthapisalu prootsaahisuttaare. taruvaaya, naalku shirshikegala vibhagagalu wandara nantara wandarante baruttave mattu samajika sudharanegagi itara yojanegalannu prastutapadisuttave. modala vibhagavu foundling aaspatreyannu sthapisalu karey niiduttade. idu aneka taayandirige yogyavada jeevana paristhitigalannu odagisada garbhapaata athawa pyarishgalalli tyajisuva moolaka tamma nyaayasammatavallada santatiyinda tammannu taavu muktagolisikolluvudannu tadeyuttade. eradane vibhagavu sangeetada nijavaada academy "videshi sangeetagaarara dubari aamadugalannu hege tadeyuttade embudannu torisuttade. mooraneya vibhagavu modalaneyadaagi "yuvakaru mattu sevakarannu" naitika bhrashtacharadinda rakshisalu salaheyannu niiduttade. eradaneyadaagi, idu kelavu samajika dushkrutyagalannu khandisuttadeh veshyaavaatike, jujata mattu bhaanuvaaradandu madyada durupayogadantaha biduvina veleyannu kaleyuva asahya nadavalikeya sarani. mooraneyadaagi, idu gandandiru tamma patniyara mele maaduva daurjanyagala bagge mattu samakaalina khasagi madhousgala bagge maaduva helikegala bagge avahelanavannu untumaaduttade. nalkane vibhagavu beedi darodegalannu tadeyalu kramagalannu alavadisikolluvudannu proothsaahisuttade. avugalalli naitika sikshana mattu samarth mattu sambala padeyuva kavalugarara parichaya mattu ratriyalli saakashtu beedi deepagala vyavasthe serive. augusta vijayotsava" dha antima bhagakke "lopagalu" emba shirshike nidalaagide. idu illiyavarege vivarisalaada yojanegala eradu amshagala parishkaraneyagide. andrew marton "kevala ondu sabhangana athawa saarvajanika kothadi" yinda koodida london vishvavidyaanilayavannu sthaapisuva tanna arambhika kalpaneyannu tiraskarisuvudarondige prarambhisuttane. badalige, "adhu kaaleju svaroopada dodda maney athawa satravagirabeku, mahaneeyarige anukulakaravaada kotadigala sangrahavagirabeku, pratyekavagi adhyayana maadalu matravalla, avara pustakagalannu ellie idabeku, ekendare avugalannu hindakke mattu mundakke kondoyyuvudu hecchu anaanukoolavaaguttade". nantara aata tanna "madhousgala kuritaada pravachana" vannu vistarisuttaane, visheshavaagi vidhaveyaru athawa purusha maargadarshanavillada itara mahileyara anyayakara bandanakke addipadisuva salaheyannu niiduttaane. duraaseya mattu kushalateyinda vartisuva "aparichitara" balipashugalaaguvudannu tadeyalu, hattirada purusha sambandhikaru estate nirvahaneyalli mruta sajjanar uttaraadhikaariyaagabeku. karapatrada koneyalli "leftinent-curnell samuel robinsonge" bareda patravannu lagattisalaagide, adhu "september" dinankavannu hondide. 23, 1728. adara sahidaara, andrew marton, "london nagarada chamberlineshipge aaykeyaada" vilaasavannu sankshiptavaagi abhinandisuvudarondige prarambhisuttare. taruvaaya aata "anathara terige" yaya uddeshavannu arthamadikollalu sarani prashnegalannu mundiduttaane. schemistgalu" mattu avara samaya. andrew marton "schemistgalu" bagge sankshiptavaagi pratikriyisidaaga "augusta vijayotsava" dha aarambhadalli manava saamarthyada parikalpaneya vishayavannu sparshisalaaguttade. ee anki amshagalannu "yojanegala kurita prabandha" dalliyoo ullekhisalaagide. adara parichayadalli, lekhakanu tanna deshavu "[...]..] aneka "yojakaru". ee yojana-aadhaarita havaamaanavu samakaalina samasyegalu mattu avyavastheyannu nibhaayisuva vyapaka agatyateyinda huttikondide. idallade, bere yaavude vayassinalli antaha pravrutti iralillavaaddarinda, avara yugavannu "prakshepisuva vayassu" endu vyaakhyaanisabahudu. daniel defoe "[...] vishayada bagge vyavaharisidaru...] yojanegala melina prabandha" (1697) mattu "robbinson cruso" (1719) nalli saha yojisuva manussian samarthya. avu anukramavagi onde vishayada spashta mattu soochyavaada chikitseyagide. viruddhavaada vidhaanagalinda niroopisalpaduvudara jotege, avu drashtikonadalli bhinnavagiruttave. "yojanegala kurita prabandha" vu samajikavagi kendrikrutavagiddu, adhu idee samudaayakke mukhyavaada samasyegalannu pariharisuttade. "mattondede, "robbinson cruso", obbane manussian hitasaktigala mele kendrikarisuttade. london sudharanegagi andrew marton prastapagalu. hosa samsthegala sthaapane. augusta triomans" nalli, andrew marton vishvavidyaalaya, sangeeta academy mattu foundlinggaligaagi aaspatreya adipayavannu uttejisuttaare. avaru landannalli vishvavidyaanilayavondanu kareyuvudarondige prarambhisuttare mattu adannu vasati rahitavagisalu kaaranagalannu ottiheluttaare. modalaneyadaagi, tamma moola kutumbagalondige onde chaavaniyadiyalli vasisuva moolaka, vidyaarthigalu tamma swanta saadhanagalige bidalaguvudilla. mattu pralobhanegalige olagaaguva saadhyate kadime. mattondede, cambridge athawa oxfordge kaluhisalaaguva yuvakaru, tammannu taavu kaliyuvudakkinta hechchaagi kudiyutta tamma samayavannu vyartha maaduttaare. eradaneyadaagi, pratidina tamma kutumbada nivaasakke hindiruguva moolaka, avaru london samajada saamskrutika eligege koduge niiduttaare; avaru sambhashaneya moolaka padeyuva shaikshanika gnaanavannu haradabahudu. ottaareyaagi, ee yojaneya savalattu padeda phalanubhavi endare, avara vasati pradeshagalannu moreton kaalejugalannu sthapisalu salahe needuva sthalagala pattiyalli serisalaagiruva ganyaruh westminster, saint. james mattu ormand streat. ee samajika gumpannu "chandaadaarikeya moolaka" idee yojanege hanakasu odagisalu aahvaanisalaagide. taruvaaya, andrew marton foundling aaspatreyannu sthapisalu ottaayisuttaane. idu aneka taayandiru garbhapaatada moolaka tamma nyaayasammatavallada santatiyannu todeduhaakuvudannu athawa avarige saakashtu aashrayavannu needalu asamarthavagiruva pyarishgalalli avarannu tyajisuvudannu tadeyuttade. ee sanchikeyu defona itara krutigalalli, visheshavaagi "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724) mattu "kanjugal ledness" (1727) prabandhagalalli punaraavartaneyaaguttade. hadinentane shatamaanada aarambhadalli, hecchina sankhyeya parityakta makkalu. ondo london beedigalalli bidalaayitu athawa pyarishgala aaraikege haakalaayitu. aadaagyoo, eradaneyadannu vishvaasaarhavendu pariganisalaagalilla. kelavaru makkala bembalakkagi kharchu maadabekaagidda hanavannu vyartha maadidaru; itararu taavu odagisuva seveya aggada beleya aadhaarada mele ayke maadalaada apraamaanika daadiyara aaraikege anaatharannu oppisiddaare endu aaropisalaayitu. koneyadaagi, defoe avara kaalpanika bhashanakara "videshi sangeetagaararu mattu sangeetagaarara dubari aamadugalannu tadeyalu" sangeeta academy sthaapaneyannu uttejisuttaare.endu baredukondiddaare. ee kaleya melvargada premigalinda hanakasu odagisalpatta andina astitvadallidda italian operaavannu "anuchitavaagi academy endu kareyalaaguttade" ekendare adhu kevala dubari videshi sangeetagaararannu nemisikolluttade endu avaru gamanaselediddaare. idu "sookta kalaavidara suchane mattu tapasaneya adiyalli, kiriyarinda proudhaavastheyavaregina vyaktigalige tarabeti needuva moolaka vignaanada prachaaravannu" proothsaahisuvudilla. augusta triomans" prakatavadaga, raayal academy off music emba hesarina junty stock kampani astitvadallittu. astitvadallittu sthaapaneyaada idu idu karyarambha maaditu. sarkari sabsidigalindaagi, "rangabhumiya antargata saamarthyavannu meerida" vetanagalannu pavatisalu idu shaktavaayitu. yuvakaru mattu sevakara naitika bhrashtacharavannu tadeyuvudu. andrew marton, sevakarannu tamma kelasakke nishtarannagi maaduva kramagalannu parichayisalu prootsaahisuttaare. modalaneyadaagi, avarige atiyaada sambalavannu niidabeeku. nirdishtavagi, avara hanavannu avara kelasa maaduva mattu hanavannu nirvahisuva saamarthyada aadhaarada mele nigadipadisabahudu. eradaneyadaagi, nyaayayuta kaaranavillade rajiname needalu nyayanga vyavastheyu avarige avakasha niidabaaradu. koneyadaagi, gurugalu avarannu nindisabaaradu. ee yojaneyu prathamikavagi naukararannu somaaritana mattu ketta sahavaasadinda duraviduvudu, adhu avarannu aparadha mattu aparaadhakke karedoyyabahudu. hadinentane shatamaanada landannalli udyogavakashagalannu hudukuttidda hecchina sankhyeya valasigaru vaasisuttiddaru. ekaangiyaagiruvudarinda mattu nagarada apayagala bagge tilidillada kaarana, avaru sulabhavaagi nirlajja janara praarthaneyaagabahudu. udaaharanege, chikka hudugiyaru agamisidaga kushalateyinda vyaktigalu avarannu samparkisuva moolaka veshyaavaatikege kaaranavaagabahudu. khareedidaararu "sevakarannu hudukalu mattu todagisikollalu halligaadina hudugiyarannu londonge karetanda vyagangalannu bheti maadalu upapatnigala paddhatiyannu" balasikollabahudu. emm prakara. dorothy georg, "hagartna" veshyeya pragati "yaya modala drashyavu nija jeevanadalli aagaagge adalpatta drushyavaagide". huchhu maney vyavastheyannu sudhaarisuvudu. andrew marton, khasagi madhousegala samakaalina vyavastheyannu pratibimbisuttaane mattu adara asamarthateyannu khandisuttaane. modalaneyadaagi, yaavude manasika kaayileyinda badhitarallada vyaktigala samsthikaranakke idu avakasha niiduttade endu avaru gamanisiddaare. udaaharanege, avaru aagaagge aarogyavanta patniyarannu oppikolluttaare. nindane maaduva gandandirige avarannu todeduhaakuva ekaika uddeshakkagi nirbandhisalaagide. eradaneyadaagi, avaru rogigalige saakashtu chikitseyannu niiduvudilla endu avaru gamanaselediddaare, ekendare avara sibbandi avarannu nirlakshisuttaare athawa durupayogapadisikolluttar. idara belakinalli, avugalannu "paravaanagi padeda madhouse" galondige badalisalu avaru soochisuttaare, avu "sariyaada bheti mattu parisheelanege olapattiruttave" mattu allie yaarannoo "kaluhisalaaguvudilla"...] yaavude kaarana, vichaarane mattu adhikaaravillade ". hadinentane shatamaanadalli, khasagi madhousgala bagge hecchu charcheyagittu. nicolus harveyu "augusta vijayootsavagalalli (1728) ee samsthegala abhyasavannu prashnisuvavaralli defoe modaligaraagiddaru" endu gamanaselediddaare. aatana nantara tobias smollet avaru "surr lancellat greaves" (1762) emba kaadambariyannu baredaru. idaralli shirshikeya nayakanu madhousgalalli anyaayada bandhanavannu tikisuttaane. mattu viveka mattu manasika asvasthateya naduvina vyatyaasavannu pratibimbisuttade. pratibimbisuttade, "gentlemen 's niyatakaalikeyu" ashrayagalalli rogigala saranigala melina daurjanyavannu khandisitu. nicolus harveyu saha defoe "atyanta nakali karanagaligagi gandandiru tamma hendatiyarannu simitagolisalu saadhyavaada reetiyalli daali maadidaru" endu gamanisiddaare. ee abhyasavannu nantara merrie wollstonecraft avaru "dhii raits off women" (1798) nalli khandisidaru. ee hantadalli, elizabeth foister idu "hadinentane shatamaanada englendnalli hecchu kalavalavannu untumaadida samasyeyagide" endu heluttaare. tamma patniyarannu simitagolisuva purushara hakkina bagge aagaagge charchegalu nadeyuttiddavu. swatantryada mitigalallih vivaahita mahileyaru mattu hadinentane shatamaanada englendnalli bandhana" (2002) emba prabandhadalli, kutumba vasatigalu mattu sangaatigalalli tamma sangaatiya gandana bandhanavu vaivaahika himsaachaarada hosa roopavaagide endu avaru vadisuttare. aakeya adhyayanavu ee vishayada mele nyaayavyaaptiyannu hondidda nyaayaalayada rajana pithada daakhalegalannu aadhariside. raste darode tade. andrew moreton koneya yojaneyu "modalu svargeeyavaagi, nantara aihika vidhaanagalinda" beedi darodegalannu tadeyuva guriyannu hondide. modalaneyadu "durachara mattu anaitikateyannu nigrahisuva moolaka mattu apavitrate mattu anaitikateyannu shikshisuva moolaka shishtacharada sudhaaraneyannu jarigolisuvudu mattu proothsaahisuvudu". vyaapakavaada anaitika abhyasagalendare kaamada laavanigalannu oduvudu, pramana maaduvudu mattu madyada durupayoga. eradaneyadu beedigala melvichaarane mattu belakina daksha vyavastheyannu parichayisuvudu. modalaneyadaagi, prastuta asamartha gadiyaravannu samarth mattu daihikavagi balavaada purushara gumpinondige badalisuvudu avashyakavaagide. ee hosa kaavalugaararu tamma sahodyogigalige echcharike needalu bandookugalu, kattigalu mattu kombugalannu oyyabeku. avugalannu parinamakariyagi melvichaarane maadalu tumba doddadallada pradeshagalige niyojisabeku. nirdishtavagi heluvudaadare, "yaava kaavalugaaranu" "tanna sahavartigalinda duraviruva ippattu bagilugala mele nillabaaradu". idallade, avara prayatnagalannu gurutisi avarige vetanavannu niidabeeku. eradaneyadaagi, beedigalannu ratriyidi gocharavaguvante maadabekaagide. aaddarinda, taantrikavaagi saakashtu belakannu odagisuva saamarthyavannu hondiruva samanjasavaada sankhyeya deepagalannu sthaapisuvudu mukhyavaagide. ee vibhagadalli, andrew marton avaru defona kaalada samskrutiya mooru vishishta amshagalannu nenapisikolluttaare. shishtacharada sudharanegagi nadeda chaluvaliyannu modalu ullekhisalaagide. 18neey shatamaanaduddakku, hecchina sankhyeya inglish janaru unnata mattada samajika anaitikate mattu balipashugalillada aparadhagala viruddha kaanoonu krama kaigolluva kashta endu avaru kandaddannu khandisidaru. khandisidaru avaru ottugudi sarani sanghagalannu sthaapisidaru. arambhika dasakagalalli avaru uddeshita papigala viruddha kaanoonu krama kaigolluva mattu sanghatisuvatta gamana harisidaru. kudita, pramana, aata mattu laingika kirukuladantaha aparadhagaligagi avaru nimmannu nyayalayakke karedoyyabahudu. nantara avara sadasyaru dharmopadeshagalannu needuva moolaka mattu karapatragala utpaadane mattu vitaraneya moolaka dharmika mattu naitika moulyagalannu bodhisuvatta tamma gamanavannu badalaayisidaru. hadimoorane shatamaanadinda astitvadallidda ratri gadiyaaravu eradane saamskrutika visheshateyagide. idu kattaleya samayadalli beedigalannu melvichaarane maaduva purusharannu olagondittu. curfue niyamagala jaariyondige ratriyalli surakshatege anukulavaguvante idannu parichayisalaagittu. ee vevastheya bagge arambhika tikegalu punahsthapaneya kaalakke serive. 1690rahra dashakada city maarshalgala dakhalegalalloo adara kelavu nyoonategalu varadiyagive. bada pradeshagalige ee sevege hanakasu odagisalu sadhyavaguttilla embudannu avaru gamanisidaru. idallade, kaavalugaararu sooktavaada shastrastragalannu hottukolluvudilla mattu kelavu sandarbhagalalli, shift mugiyuva modale horatu hoguttaare. 1720rahra dasakadalli, aparadha tadegattuvikeya bagge gamanarha saarvajanika charcheyu nadeyuttittu mattu karapatragala saraniya moolaka adaralli bhagavahisidaru. augusta vijayotsava" dha jotege, aata "beedibadi walking maaduvavara mele kelavu parigananegalu" (1726), "beedi darode pariganita" (1728), "eradane aalochanegalu atyuttamavagive" (1729), mattu "beedi darodegalannu takshana tadegattuva parinamakari yojane" (1731) nalli aparaadhavannu tanikhe maadidaru. koneyadaagi, andrew morton ratri vikshanege sambandhisidante beedi deepagalannu balasuttaare. zhe. emm. beetty vivarisuttaa, nelahasu mattu kudiyuva neerina labhyateyantaha amshagalannu sudhaarisuva uddeshakkagi london nagara parisaradalli halavaaru badalaavanegalannu maadalaagide. beedi deepagalannu sudhaarisuva yojanegalannu saha roopisalaayitu, idu itara samasyegalige holisidare, aparaadhavannu tadegattalu atyanta mahatvaddagide endu pariganisalaagittu. paadachaarigalu mattu arekaalika adhikaarigalige sthalagalannu gocharisuva moolaka, aparadhigala jivanavannu kashtakaragolisalaayitu mattu ee amshavannu samsattige sallisalaada arjigalalli etti torisalaayitu. 1736rahra belakina kaydeya moolaka beedi deepagalu antimavagi saarvajanika vyavastheyaadavu. idakke terigegalinda hanakasu odagisalaayitu mattu khasagi kampanigalu odagisidavu.

augusta vijayi 1728 march march daniel defoyude 'augusta victrovensa allengil, lokathe ettavum abhivridhi praapicha nagaramakki landane mattaanulla vazhi' aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. eee laghulekhayude saangalppika prabhashakanaaya andrew morettan, landante mechappeduthalinaayi nirddeshangal nalkunna arupathukalile oru manushyanaan. prathyekichum, oru sarvakalashaala, oru sangeetha akkadami, foundlingukalkkulla oru ashupatri, maanasika rogangalude chikilsaykkaayi licensulla sthaapanangal enniva sthaapikkunnathu addeham prothsaahippikkunnu. koodaathe, dhaarmika azhimathiyum theruvu kavarchayum thadayunnathinulla nadapadikal avatharippikkunnathine addeham prothsaahippikkunnu. "andrew morattante noom-dii-pluminu keezhil puratthirakkiya oru koottam kruthikalude bhagamaanu "augusta vijayi". oro vyakthiyudeyum bisinesses, aarudeyum bisinesses allah" (1725), "protestant ashramam" (1726), "parochiyal svechaadhipathyam" (1727), "randaamathe chinthakal mikachathaanu" (1729) ennivayum ithil ulppedunnu. avar yathaakramam jeevanakkaarude uyarnna shambalam, muthirnnavarodu anaadaravu, edavakakalude azhimathi, kuttakrithyangal thadayal enniva kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. avarude ezhuthukaaranaaya danielle ithinakam "projakdukalekkurichulla oru lekhanathil" (1697) charcha cheytha vishayangal avarellaavarum punaparisodhikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee munkaala kruthiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, avaa dhaarmika vimarshanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinkal kooduthal project adhishtithamaanu. maximilian novac choondikkaanikkunnathu, "augusta vijayi" kalkkayi depho oru "grand taittil" thiranjedutthu. landane saarvathrika thalatthil polum verittunirthukayenna addehathinte abhilasha lakshyathe ithu eduthukaanikkunnu. addehathinte jeevacharithrathilum kruthikalilum eee nagarathinu oru pradhana pankundu. onnamathaayi, addehathinte yathrakal aarambikkunnathum avasanikkunnathum ivideyaanu. randaamathaayi, ithu addehathinte bhooribhaagam rachanakaludeyum "avyakthamo vyakthamo aaya krameekaranamaanu". vishayavum mothatthilulla ghadanayum. "augusta viktauns" lunden nagaratthinte mechappeduthalinulla nirddeshangal nalkunnu. rund aamukha khandikakalil ninnaan ithu aarambhikkunnath. aadyathethu "projecting heads" ennathinekkurichum avarodu engleeshukaarude manobhaavathekkurichum oru hraswa prathifalanamaanu.projecting heads", athaayath saamoohika mechappeduthalinaayi padhathikal srishtikkunna vyakthikale parihasikkappedumennu bhayappedaathe nirddeshangal nalkaan kshanikkunnu. sathyasandhamaya upadesham nalkunnathil maathram avar shradha kendreekarikkanam. koodaathe, avarude padhathikalude saadhyamaaya poraaymakal shamikkanam, "ithu nannayi ardhamaakkunna orutharam nalla pravarthanamaanu, koodaathe uddeshyam paraajayatthe shamippikkanam". engleeshukaare sambandhichidatholam, atharam vyakthikalodu ettavum kuranja dayayullah rajyamaayi avare visheshippikkunnu. avar avarodu "ettavum moshamaayi perumaarunnu", eee kaaranathaalaanu avarude raajyam "kandupiduthathil valare moshamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnath". randaamathe aadya khandikayil, thaan eee laghulekha ezhuthaanulla kaaranam aakhyaathaavu vishadeekarikkunnu. noothana nirddeshangal kadalaasil vaykkunnathiloode thante jeevithathinte sheshikkunna samayam nannayi upayogikkaan addeham aagrahikkunnu. mothatthil, eee kruthi thante sahajeevikalodulla "sadbhavana" yude "saakshyamaayi" uddeshichullathaanu. eee aamukha prabhaashanathinu thottupinnaale, andrew morattan thaan ettavum kooduthal prathiphalippicha padhathi chithreekarikkaan neengunnu. padanathinteyum vidyaabhyaasathinteyum samakaalika azhimathiye ethirkkaan addeham oru lunden sarvakalashaala sthaapikkunnu. thudarnnu, naalu thalakkett vibhagangal onninupurake onnaayi varikayum saamoohika purogathikkaayi mattu padhathikal avatharippikkukayum cheiyunnu. onnaam vibhaagam oru foundling ashupatri sthaapikkaan aavashyappedunnu. manyamaaya jeevita saahacharyangal nalkaatha edavakakalil garbhachhidram nadathunnathiloodeyo upekshikkunnathiloodey pala ammamarum avarude niyamavirudhamaaya santhathikalil ninnu svayam mochippikkunnathil ninnu ithu thadayum. randaam vibhaagam oru yadhaartha sangeetha akkadami "videsha samgeethajnjarude chelaveria irakkumathi engane thadayumennu kaanikkunnu. moonnaamathe vakupp aadyam "yuvaakkaleyum sevekaray" dhaarmika azhimathiyil ninnu rakshikkunnathinulla upadesham nalkunnu. randaamathaayi, ithu chila saamoohika thinmakale apalapikkunnu veshyaavrithi, choothaattam, madyapaana durupayogam polulla njaayarazhchakalil oraalude ozhivu samayam chelavazhikkunnathinulla ashudhamaaya perumaattangalude oru parambara. moonnaamathaayi, bharthakkanmaar avarude bhaaryamare durupayogam cheiyunnathinekkurichum samakaalika swakaarya madhousukalekkurichulla paraamarshangalekkurichum ithu oru vyathichalippikkunnu. naalam vakupp theruvu kavarcha thadayunnathinulla nadapadikal sweekarikkunnathine prothsaahippikkunnu. dhaarmika vidyaabhyaasam, yogyathayullathum shambalamullathumaaya kaavalkkaarude oru samgham, raathriyil mathiyaya theruvu vilakkukal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. augusta vijayi" yude avasana bhaagathinu "ozhivaakkalukal" ennu perittirikkunnu. ithuvare chithreekaricha padhathikalude rund vashangalude punaravalokanamaanithu. oru haalo pothu murio maathram" ulkkollunna oru lunden sarvakalashaala sthaapikkuka enna thante prarambha ashayam nirasichukondu andrew morattan aarambikkunnu. pakaram, "maanyanmaarkk prathyekamaayi padikkaan mathramalla, avarude pusthakangal evideyaanu vaykkendathu ennathinaalum soukaryapradamaaya murikalulla oru valia veedum sathravum, oru colleginte swabhaavamulla oru valia veedum aayirikkanam athu, kaaranam avare pinnilekkum munnottum valichizhakkunnath ettavum asoukaryamaayirikkum". thudarnnu addeham thante "vivaahamurakalekkurichulla prabhashanam" vipuleekarikkunnu, prathyekichu vidhavakaleyo purusha maarganirdeshamillaatha vidhavakaleyo anyaayamaayi thadavilaakkunnathu thadayunnathinulla oru nirddesham nalkikkond. athyagrahavum krithrimathvavum kaanikkunna "aparichitharude" irakalaakunnathil ninnu avare thadayunnathinu, estettu maanejmentil maricha maanyante pingamiyaayi ettavum aduthulla purusha bandhu maaranam. laghulekhayude avasaanam "lefttanant kenal saamuval robinson" ennathinu "septambar" enna peril oru kathu nalkiyittundu. 23, 1728. athil oppitta andrew morettan, "lunden nagaratthinte chembarlainshippilekkulla thiranjeduppinu" vilasam sweekarikkunnayaale hrasvamaayi abhinandikkunnathiloodeya aarambhikkunnath. anaatharude nikuthiyude" uddeshyam manasilakkaan addeham thudarnnu niravadhi chodyangal unnayikkunnu. skeemistukalum" avarude samayavum. augusta vikshepanangal" ennathinte thudakkathil andrew morattan "skeemistukale" kurichu hrasvamaayi abhipraayamidumbol, project cheyyaanulla manushya sheshiyude vishayam sparshikkappedunnu. padhathikalekkurichulla oru lekhanathilum" eee kanakkukal paraamarsikkappettundu. athinte aamukhathil, rachayithaav choondikkaanikkunnathu thante raajyam "[...]..] aasoothrakarude oru koottam. samakaalika prasnangaleyum araajakathvatheyum neridaanulla vyapakamaaya aavasyakathayil ninnaan eee padhathi adhishtitha kaalavastha uthbhavikkunnath. mathramalla, mattoru praayavum atharamoru pravanathayude savisheshathayallathathinaal, addehathinte yugathe "projecting eaju" ennu nirvachikkaan kazhiyum. danielle depho "[enna vishayam kaikaaryam cheythu...] projakdukalekkurichulla oru lekhanathil" (1697), "robinson cruso" (1719) ennivayil avatharippikkanulla manushyante sheshi. avaa yathaakramam ore vishayathekkurichulla vyakthavum avyakthavumaaya oru paricharanamaanu. ethir sameepanangalal savisheshatha nalkappedunnathinu purame, avaa kazhchappadil vyathyasthamaan. "padhathikalekkurichulla oru prabandham" ennathu oru samoohathinu muzhuvan praadhaanyamulla prashnangale abhisambodhana cheiyunnathil saamoohikamaayi adhishtithamaanu. "maruvashathu, "robinson cruso" oru manushyante thalpparyangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. landanile vikasanathinayulla andrew morattante nirddeshangal. puthiya sthaapanangalude nirmmaanam. augusta victayans" enna pusthakatthil andrew morettan oru sarvakalashaala, sangeetha akkadami, foundlingukalkkaayulla ashupatri ennivayude adithara prothsaahippikkunnu. landanil oru sarvakalashaala aavashyappedunnathiloode aarambikkunna addeham athu noonn-residential akkunnathinulla kaaranagal oonnipparayunnu. onnamathaayi, avarude kudumbangalumaayi ore melkkooraykk keezhil thaamasikkunnathiloode, vidyaarthikale avarude swantham upakaranagalil upekshikkunnilla. pralobhanatthil veezhaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu. maruvashathu, kembridjilekko oxfordilekko ayaykkunna yuvakkal svayam padikkunnathinupakaram madyapikkunnathiloode samayam paazhaakkunnu. randaamathaayi, avarude kudumba kwarterilekku divasena madangunnathiloode, avar lunden samoohathinte saamskaarika abhivridhikku sambhavana nalkunnu; sambhaashanathiloode avar nedunna academic arivu pracharippikkan kazhiyum. mothatthil, eee padhathiyude prathyeka gunabhoktaavu, morettan collegeukal sthaapikkaan upadeshikkunna sthalangalude pattikayil ulppeduthiyittulla paarppida pradeshangal ulppeduthiyittulla kuleenaraanu westminstar, sent. jaims aandu oormandu street. subscription vazhi" muzhuvan projectinum dhanasahayam nalkaanum eee saamoohika groupine kshanikkunnu. thudarnnu, andrew morattan oru foundling ashupatri sthaapikkaan abhyarthikkunnu. garbhachhidrathiloodeyo mathiyaya abhayam nalkaan kazhiyaatha edavakakalil upekshikkunnathiloodey niyamavirudhamaaya santhathikale ozhivaakkunnathil ninnu ithu pala ammamareyum thadayunnu. eee vishayam defoy mattu kruthikalil, prathyekichu "moll flandezhs" (1722), "roxana" (1724), "kanjugal ledness" (1727) ennee novalukalil aavarthikkunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil upekshikkappetta dhaaraalam kuttikal undaayirunnu. onnukil landanile theruvukalil upekshikkukayo edavakakalude samrakshanathil vaykkukayo cheythu. ennirunnaalum, randaamathethu vishwasaneeyamaayi kanakkakkappettilla. chilar kuttikalude pinthunakkaayi chelavazhikkenda panam pazhaakki; mattullavar nalkunna sevanathinte vilakuravinte adisthaanathil thiranjeduttha sathyasandhathayillaatha nazhsumaarude paricharanatthinaayi anaathare ealppichathaayi aaropikkapettu. avasaanamaayi, videsha samgeethajnjarudeyum samgeethajnjarudeyum vilayeriya irakkumathi thadayunnathinaayi "oru sangeetha akkadami sthaapikkaan defoyude saangalppika prabhashakan prothsaahippikkunnu.. eee kalaye snehikkunna uyarnna vargakkaar dhanasahayam nalkunna annathe itaaliyan oopparaye "anuchithamayi akkadami ennu vilikkunnu", kaaranam athu vilayeriya videsha samgeethajnjare niyamikkunnu. sariyaaya kalakaaranmaarude nirddeshathinum parisodhanaykkum keezhil cheruppam muthal pakwathayullavar vareyulla vyakthikale parisheelippichukondu shaasthrathinte prachaaranatthe ithu prolsaahippikkunnil. augusta tranchians" prasidheekarichappol, royal akkadami oof music enna moolyamulla oru joyint stokku kambani nilavilundaayirunnu. 1719ll sthaapithamaaya ithu 1720ll pravarthanakshamamaayi. sarkkar subsidikalkku nandi, "thiyettarinte antharleenamaaya seshikk atheethamaaya" shambalam nalkaan ithinu kazhinju. yuvaakkaludeyum jeevanakkaarudeyum dhaarmika azhimathi thadayuka. andrew morattan dasanmare avarude joliyodu vishwastharaakkunnathilla nadapadikal avatharippikkan prothsaahippikkunnu. onnamathaayi, avarkk amithamaya shambalamillaatha shambalam nalkanam. prathyekichum, jolie cheyyaanum panam kaikaaryam cheyyaanumulla avarude kazhivinte adisthaanathil avarude thuka nischayikkaam. randaamathaayi, nyayamaaya kaaranamillathe raajivaykkaan neethinyaaya vyavastha avare anuvadikkaruthu. avasaanamaayi, yajamananmaar avare durupayogam cheyyaruthu. eee padhathi praadhamikamaayi lakshyamidunnathu jeevanakkaare alasathayil ninnum mosham sahavaasathil ninnum akattinirthukayum athu avare doshatthilekkum kuttakrithyathilekkum nayikkukayum cheyyum. pathinettaam noottaandile landanil thozhilavasarangal thedunna dhaaraalam kudiyettakkaarundaayirunu. ottaykkaayirikkukayum nagaratthile apakadangalekkurichu ariyaathirikkukayum cheythathinaal avarkk eluppathil neethimaanmaraaya aalukalude praarthanayaayi marran kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, penkuttikalude varavode avare sameepikkunna krithrima vyakthikal avare veshyaavrithiyilekku nayichekkaam. jolikkaare kandethunnathinum edapazhakunnathinumaayi naadan penkuttikale landanilekku konduvanna vaaganukale kandumuttanulla yajamaanathimaarude aacharam" vaangunnavarkk prayojanappedutthaam. emm. hogaarthinte" "veshyayude purogathi" "yile aadya rangam yadhaartha jeevithathil pathivayi avatharippikkappettathaan", dorothy jorj paranju ". bhraanthan samvidaanathe parishkarikkuka. andrew morattan swakaarya midhouseukalude samakaalika samvidaanathe prathifalippikkukayum athinte kaaryakshamathayillaymaye apalapikkukayum cheiyunnu. onnamathaayi, maanasikarogangalonnum baadhikkaatha vyakthikale sthaapanavalkkarikkaan ithu anuvadikkunnuvennu addeham shradhikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, avar palappozhum aarogyamulla bhaaryamare sweekarikkunnu. avare ozhivaakkuka enna eaka uddeshyathinaayi adhikshepikkunna bharthakkanmaar avare thadavilaakkunnu. randaamathaayi, avarude staaf avare avaganikkukayo durupayogam cheiyukayo cheiyunnathinaal rogikalkku mathiyaya chikitsa nalkumennu avar urappunalkunnillennu addeham choondikkaanikkunnu. ithinte velichathil, "sariyaaya sandarshanathinum parisodhanaykkum vidheyamaaya" "licensulla midhouseukal" upayogichu avaykku pakaram arcum "ayaykkaan kazhiyaatha" "licensulla midhouseukal" sthaapikkaan addeham nirddeshikkunnu...] uchithamaaya kaaranavum anweshanavum adikaaravum illaathe ". pathinettaam noottaandil swakaarya madhousukal valareyadhikam charcha cheyyappettirunnu. augustaa vikshepanangalil" (1728) eee sthaapanangalude sanbradaayathe aadyam chodyam cheythavaril oraalaan defoenn nicolas herway choondikkaanikkunnu. addehathe pinthudarnnu "sarr lancelot greaves" (1762) enna noval ezhuthiya tobias smollet taamasiyaathe vannu. ithil thalakkettinte naayakan midhouseukalile anyayamaaya thadankalppaalayathe vimarshikkunnu. koodaathe vivekavum maanasikarogavum thammilulla vyathyaasathe prathifalippikkunnu. 1763ll, "jellikkentmaans magazin" abhayakendrangalil niravadhi rogikal durupayogam cheiyunnathine apalapichu. ettavum vyajamaaya kaaranangalal bharthaakkanmaarkku avarude bhaaryamare parimithappedutthaan kazhinja reethi" defoe akramikkukayum cheythathaayum nicolas hervy shradhikkunnu. eee sanbradaayathe pinneedu merii volstonkraaftt "dhii thetts oof vuman" (1798) enna kruthiyilum apalapichu. eee ghattathil, elisabath phoyasttar avakaashappedunnathu ithu "pathinettaam noottaandile englandil valareyadhikam aashankayundaakkiya oru prashnamaayirunnu" ennaanu. bhaaryamare parimithappedutthaanulla purushanmaarude avakasham palappozhum charcha cheyyappettirunnu. swaathanthryathinte paridhikal pathinettaam noottaandile englandile vivahita sthreekalum thadavum" (2002) enna lekhanathil, bharthakkanmaar avarude pankaalikale kudumbavaasangalilum bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaarilum thadankalil vaykkunnathu vaivaahika akramatthinte oru puthiya roopamaayi maariyenn avar vaadikkunnu. eee vishayathil adhikaraparidhi vahichirunna raajaavinte benchinte rekhakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu avalude patanam. theruvu kavarcha thadayuka. andrew morattante avasana padhathi "aadyam swargeeyamaayum pinneedu bhoumikamaayum" theruvu kavarcha thadayukayaanu lakshyamidunnathu. dhaarmmikathayude parishkkaranam nadappilaakkukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheyyuka, tinmayum adaarmmikathayum adichamarthuka, apavarthithvavum niyamavirudhathayum shikshikkuka" enniva aadyathethil ulppedunnu. kaamamulla naadodikkadhakal vaayikkuka, sathyaprathinja cheyyuka, madyathinte durupayogam ennivayaanu vyapakamaaya adaarmika sheelangal. randaamathethil theruvukalude kaaryakshamamaya nireekshanavum velichavum ulppedunnu. onnamathaayi, nilavile kazhivillaatha vaachinu pakaram kazhivullavarum shaareerikamaayi shaktharumaaya purushanmaarude oru samgham upayogikkendathu aavasyamaanu. eee puthiya kavalkkar avarude sahapravarthakare ariyikkaan thokkukal, vaalukal, oru kombu enniva vahikkanam. phalapradamaayi nireekshikkaan kazhiyaathathra valuthallaatha pradeshangalilekku avaye niyogikkanam. prathyekichum, oru kaavalkkaranum "thante sahayaathrikanil ninnu irupathu vaathilukalkk mukalil nilkkaruth". koodaathe, avarude parisramangalkkulla amgeekaaramaayi avarkk shambalam nalkanam. randaamathaayi, theruvukal oru raathriyil drishyamaakanam. athinaal, mathiyaya velicham nalkaan saankethikamaayi kazhivulla nyayamaaya ennam vilakkukal sthaapikkendathu pradhaanamaan. eee vibhaagathil, andrew morattan defoyude kaalathe samskaarathinte moonnu savishesha vashangal oormmippikkunnu. aadyam paraamarshikkappedunnathu perumaattachatta parishkaranatthinulla prasthaanamaanu. pathinettaam noottaandiludaneelam, valia thothil engleeshukaar uyarnna thothilulla saamoohika adaarmikathayum erakalillaatha kuttakrithyangal vichaarana cheiyunnathinulla budhimuttum apalapichu. 1690 muthal avar othukoodukayum niravadhi sosaittikal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. aadya dashakangalil avar lakshyamidunna paapikale samghadippikkunnathilum vichaarana cheiyunnathilum shradha kendreekarichu. madyapaanam, sathyaprathinja, kalii, swavarggalaingikatha thudangiya kuttangalkk avar ningale kodathiyil kondupoyekkaam. pinneedu avarude amgangal prabhashanangal nadathunnathiloodeyum laghulekhakal nirmmikkunnathiloodeyum vitharanam cheiyunnathiloodeyum mathaparavum daarmmikavumaaya moolyangal padippikkunnathilekku shradha maatti. randaamathe saamskaarika prathyekatha pathimoonnaam noottaand muthal nilaninnirunna ratri nireekshanamaanu. irunda samayangalil theruvukal nireekshikkunna purushanmaar ithil ulppedunnu. curfue niyamangal nadappakkunnathinoppam raathriyile surakshaykk anukoolamaayaanu ithu avatharippichathu. eee samvidaanathekkurichulla aadyakaala vimarsanangal punarudhaaranakaalam muthalullathaanu. muthalullathaanu sitti maarshalukalude vivaranangalilum athinte chila poraaymakal report cheyyappettittund. pavapetta pradeshangalkk eee sevanathinu dhanasahayam nalkaan kazhiyillennu avar shradhichu. koodaathe, kavalkkar uchithamaaya aayudangal kaivasham vaykkilla, chila sandarbhangalil shift avasaanikkunnathin munbu pookum. pookum kuttakrithyangal thadayunnathinekkurichulla oru supradhana pothu charcha nadakkukayum niravadhi laghulekhakaliloode athil pankedukkukayum cheythu. augusta victayans" ennathinu purame, "theruvu nadathakkaarekkurichulla chila parigananakal" (1726), "theruvu kavarcha pariganikkunnu" (1728), "randaamathe chinthakal mikachathaanu" (1729), "theruvu kavarchakal udanadi thadayunnathinulla phalapradamaaya padhathi" (1731) ennee kuttakrithyangal addeham anweshichu. avasaanamaayi, andrew morattan ratri nireekshanavumaayi bandhappett theruvu vilakkukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. jeey. emm. beetti vishadeekarikkunnu, nadappaathayum kudivellatthinte labhyathayum polulla vashangal mechappeduthunnathinaayi landanile nagara paristhithiyil niravadhi mattangal varuthi. kuttakrithyangal thadayunnathinu ettavum praadhaanyamullathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna mattu prasnangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol theruvu vilakkukal mechappeduthunnathinum padhathikal thayyarakki. kaalnadayathrakkaarkkum part time offeesarmaarkkum sthalangal drishyamaakkunnathiloode kuttavaalikalude jeevitam budhimuttaavukayum paarlamentil samarppicha harjikalil eee kaaryam eduthukaanikkukayum cheythu. cheythu lighting niyamathiloode theruvu vilakkukal oduvil oru pothu samvidaanamaayi maari. nikuthikaliloode dhanasahayam nalkukayum swakaarya kambanikal nalkukayum cheythu.

augusta vijete augusta triverance kinwa, daniele dephone londonla vishvatil sarvat bharbharatiche shahar banavanyacha marg pratham 16 march 1728 roji prakashit keela. yaa patrikeche kalpanik vakte, andrew morton heey tyanchya sathchya dashkatil eka vyakti aahet jeey londonchya sudharanansathi soochana detat. visheshtah, teey eka vidyapith, eka sangeet akadami, sansthapkansathi eka rugnalay aanee mansik roganchya upcharasathi parvanadharak sansthanchya sthapanela protsahan detat. shivay, naitik bhrashtachar aanee rastyavaril darode rokhanyasathi upayayojana suru karnyas teey protsahan detat. "augusta triverancence' haah andreau moretonchya 'nome-dii-plume' antargat jaaree kelelya kamanchya samoohacha eka bhag aahe. yaat 'pratyekacha vyavasay, haah konachahi vyavasay nahee' (1725), 'protestant math' (1726), 'sankuchit atyachar' (1727) aanee 'dusare vichar sarvottam aahet' (1729) hyancha dekhil samavesh aahe. teey anukrame sevakanche uchch vetan, vetan anadar, parganyancha bhrashtachar aanee gunhegari pratibandh hatalatat. teey serve tyanchya lekhak, danielne aadhich 'prakalpanvaril nibandh' (1697) madhye charcha kelelya vishayanchi ferpariksha karatat. tathapi, yaa aadhichya kamachya tulanet, teey naitik tikela pradhanya denyapeksha adhik prakalp-kendrit aahet. maximilian novakne namood kelyapramane, defone 'augusta vijayotsavansathi' 'bhavya shirshak' nivadle. londonla sarvatrik patalivarhi vegale banavanyache tyache mahattvakankshi uddisht yaat thalakpane dakhavale aahe. tyanchya charitra aanee karya yaa donhimadhye yaa shaharachi mahattvapoorn bhoomika aahe. pratham, tyancha pravas yach thikani suru jhaala aanee yethech sampala. dusare mhanje, heey tyanchya bahutansh lekhanache 'antarnihit kinwa spasht mandani' aahe. vishay aanee ekoon rachana. "augusta vivongians' london shaharachya vadhisathi soochana dete. tyachi suruvat done parichayatmak parichchhedanpasun hote. pahila mhanje 'prakshepit pramukh' aanee tyanchyabaddalachya ingrajanmadhil vruttiche sankshipt pratibimb aahe.prakalp pramukh" mhanje samajik sudharanansathi yojana tayar upasthit vyaktinna upahasala naan ghabarata prastav mandanyasathi aamantrit kele jaate. tyanni keval pramanik sallah denyavar laksh kendrit kele pahije. yavyatirikt, tyanchya prakalpanmadhil sambhavya truti maaf kelya pahijet, kaaran "hii eka prakarchi changli krutee aahe, jyacha arth changla aahe aanee hetu apayshala shant karane aavashyak aahe". ingrajambabat sangayache tarr, asha vyaktinprati sarvat qamee dayalu rashtra mhanoon tyanche varnan kele jaate. teey "tyanna atyant white paddhatine vagavatat" aanee yach karanamule tyanchya deshala "shodhat itka white manale jaate". jaate suruvatichya parichhedat, kathakarane heey patrak qaa lihile yache kaaran spasht kele aahe. navinyapurn prastav kagdavar thevun tyala tyachya aayushyatil urvarit velecha changla vapar karayacha aahe. ekandarit, yaa karyacha uddesh tyachya 'saha-pranyan' sathichya tyachya 'sadichhechi' saksh 'asane haah aahe. yaa parichayatmak pravachananantar lagechach, andreau morton jyaa prakalpavar tyane sarvat jaast chintan kele aahe tyache chitran karnyasathi pudhe jaato. shikshan aanee shikshanachya samkalin bhrashtacharala virodh karnyasathi teey london vidyapithachya sthapanela protsahan detat. tyanantar, ekapathopath eka chaar shirshak vibhag yetat aanee samajik sudharanansathi itar yojana sadar karatat. pahilya vibhagat payabhoot rugnalay ubharanyachi magani aahe. yamule anek matanna garbhpat karoon kinwa tyanna sabhya jeevan paristhiti naan naan parishmadhye sodoon deuun tyanchya bekaydeshir santatipasoon mukt honyapasoon rokhata yeil. jaate vibhagat sangitachi kharee akadami "paradeshi sangitkaranchya mahagadya aayatila kase rokhel" heey dakhavale aahe. kalam teen pratham, "tarun aanee sevakanna" naitik bhrashtacharapasun vachavanyasathi sallah dete. dusare mhanje, tyat kahee samajik white goshtincha nishedh keela jaatoh veshyavyavasay, jugar aanee ravivari darucha gairavapar yasarkhya mokalya velecha kharch karnyasathichya vikrut shishtacharanchi malika. tisare mhanje, tyat patikadoon tyanchya patninvar malikanvar atyachar aanee samkalin khajgi maduzinvishayichya tippanyancha anadar keela jaato. kalam chaar rastyavaril darode rokhanyasathi upayayojana swikaranyas protsahit karate. tyat naitik shikshan aanee aanee saksham aanee pagarachya mandalachi suruvat tasech ratrichya velee pathadivechi pureshi vyavastha samavisht aahe. augusta vijayotsav' chya antim bhagache shirshak 'vagalane' asey aahe. aataparyant spasht kelelya prakalpanchya done pailunche heey punaravalokan aahe. andreau mortenne 'keval sabhagruh kinwa sarvajanik kholee' asalelya london vidyapithachya sthapanechi tyachi prarambhik kalpana nakarun suruvat kelee. tyaeivaji, "teey mahavidhyalayasarkhe mothe ghar kinwa dharamshala asave, jyamadhye sajjanansathi soyiskar kholyancha satha asava, keval swatantrapane abhyas karnyasathich navhe tarr tyanchi pustake kuthe thevavi, kaaran tyanna mage aanee pudhe dhakalane sarvat gairsoyiche tharel". tyanantar too visheshtah jyaa vidhva kinwa itar striya bhagyavan aahet aanee purushanche margadarshan milat nahee asha itar striyanchya anyaykarak bandivasat adthala aananyachya soochana deuun, 'vivahsthanvishayichya tyachya bhashanacha' vistar karato. lobhi aanee gairvartan upasthit "anolakhi" lokanche balee bananyapasun tyanna rokhanyasathi, jawalchya purush natevaikane malmattechya vyavasthapanamadhye mrut sajjananche sthan ghetale pahije. patrakachya shevati 'leftnunt curnell samuel robbinson yanna' lihilele patra jodalele aahe, jeey 'september' chey aahe. 23, 1728. tyavar swakshari karnara andreau moreton, 'london shaharachya chamberlanshipmadhye nivadalelya' pattyache sankshipt abhinandan karoon suruvat karato. tyanantar too 'anath curr' chaa uddesh samajoon ghenyasathi anek prashna vicharato. yojnakar" aanee tyancha vel. augusta trivonance' chya suruvatila, jevha andreau morton 'yojnakar' yanchyavar thodakyat bhashya karato, tevha manvi kshamata prakshepit karnyachya sankalpanela sparsh keela jaato. yaa aakadyancha ullekh 'prakalpanvaril nibandh' madhye dekhil keela aahe. tyachya parichayat, lekhak sangato qee tyacha desh [...]..] anek "niyojak". samkalin samasya aanee arajakatecha samna karnyachya vyapak garjemule heey prakalp-kendrit vatavaran nirman jhaale aahe. shivay, itar konatyahi vayache vaishishtya asha pravruttiche naslyamule, tyachya yugachi vyakhya 'prakshepit yug' mhanoon kelee jaau shakate. daniele dephone "[...] yaa vishayashi vyavhar keela...] prakalpanvaril nibandh' (1697) aanee 'robbinson cruso' (1719) madhye dekhil prakshepit karanyachi manasachi kshamata. tyaa anukrame ekach vishayachi spasht aanee antarnihit paddhat aahet. ulatya drushtikonandware vaishishtyikrut karnyavyatirikt, teey drushtikonatun bhinn aahet. "prakalpanvaril nibandh" haah samajikdrushtya kendrit aahe, jyamadhye sampoorn samudayasathi mahattvachya asalelya samasyankade laksh dile jaate. "dusarikade, 'robbinson cruso' haah chitrapat ekach mansachya hitsambandhanvar laksh kendrit karato. londonchya sudharanansathi andreau mortenche prastav. naveen sansthanchi sthapana karane. augusta trivinance' madhye, andreau morton vidyapith, sangeet akadami aanee sansthapkansathi rugnalay yanchya payabharanila protsahan deto. too londonmadhye vidyapith bolavanyas suruvat karato aanee teey anivasi banavanyachya karananvar jore deto. pahili gosht mhanje, moolchya tyanchya kutumbansobat ekach chhatakhali rahoon, vidyarthyanna tyanchya swatachya sadhananvar sodale jaat nahee. aanee teey pralobhanat padanyachi shakyata qamee asate. dusarikade, cambridge kinwa oxfordla pathavalele tarun, swatahla shikanyaivaji madyapan karoon aapala vel vaya ghalavatat. dusare mhanje, darroj tyanchya kutumbachya nivassthani parat yeuun, teey londonchya samajachya sanskrutik bharbharatila hatbhar lavtat; teey sambhashanadvare midavalelya shaikshanik dnyanacha prasar karoo shakatat. ekandarit, yaa yojanecha visheshadhikarprapt labharthi haah abhijat varg aahe, jyachya nivasi kshetrancha samavesh moreton jyaa thikani mahavidhyalaye sthapan karnyacha sallah detat tyaa thikananchya yadeet aaheh westminster, seent. james aanee ormond street. yaa samajik gatala sampoorn prakalpasathi "varganidvare" vittapuravatha karnyasathi dekhil aamantrit kele jaate. tyanantar, andreau morton yanni eka foundling rugnalay sthapan karanyachi vinanti kelee. yamule anek matanna garbhpatadvare tyanchya bekaydeshir santatipasoon sutka honyapasoon kinwa tyanna puresa aashray denyas asamarth asalelya parishmadhye sodoon jaanyapasun rokhata yeil. haah muddah defoychya itar kamanmadhye, visheshtah 'moll flanders' (1722), 'roxana' (1724) aanee 'vaivahik labadpana' (1727) yaa nibandhanmadhye punha yeto. atharavya shatkachya suruvatila mothya sankhyene sodoon dileli mule hotee. tyanna ektar londonchya rastyanvar sodale gele kinwa parishchya dekharekhikhali thewale gele. tathapi, nantarche vishvasaniy manale gele naheet. kahinni mulanchya aadharavar kharch karayache asalele paise nasht kele; itaranvar tyanni puravalelya sevechya swastapanachya aadhare nivadalelya apramanik paricharikanchya dekhbhalisathi anathanna sopavanyacha aarop karnyat aala. shevati, defoche kalpanik vakte paradeshi sangitkar aanee sangeet tadnyanchi mahagadi aayat rokhanyasathi 'sangeet akadami' sthapan karnyas protsahan detat.. teey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee, yaa kalechya uchchavargiy premindware arthsahayya kelya kelya tatkalin vidyaman italian auperala, keval mahagadya paradeshi sangitkaranchi nemanook kelyamule, 'ayogyaritya akadami' mhatale jaate. yogya kalakaranchya nirdesh aanee tapasanikhali, tarun teey paripakv vayogatatil vyaktinna prashikshan deuun vidnyanachya prasarala teey protsahan dett nahee. jevha 'augusta triverancence' prakashit jhaale, tevha eka sanyukt stock company astitvat hotee, jicha moolyavarg royal academy auph music hota. 1719 madhye sthapan jhaleli hii sanstha 1720 madhye karyanvit jhaali. sarkari anudanamule, tee 'natyagruhachya mool kshamatechya palikade' asalele vetan deu shakat hotee. tarun aanee sevakancha naitik bhrashtachar rokhane. andreau morton sevakanna tyanchya nokarishi vishvasoo banavanyasathi upayayojananchya parichayas protsahit karato. pratham, tyanna atiadhik nasalele vetan dile pahije. visheshtah, tyanchi rakkam tyanchya kaam karnyachya aanee paishache vyavasthapan karnyachya kshamatechya aadhare nishchit kelee jaau shakate. dusare mhanje, nyayvyavasthene tyanna nyayya karanashivay rajinama deu deu naye. shevati, gurunni tyancha gairavapar karoo naye. yaa yojanecha uddesh pramukhyane nokaranna aalshipana aanee white sangatipasoon door thevane haah aahe jyamule teey white aanee gunhegarichya dishene neuu shakatat. atharavya shatkatil londonmadhye nokarichya sandhee sandhee sthalantaritanchi mothee sankhya hotee. ekte asalyamule aanee shaharachya dhokyambaddal anbhidnya asalyamule, teey sahajpane anaitik lokanchi prathna banoo shakat hote. udaharanarth, tarun mulinna, tyanchya aagmananantar hastakanni tyanchyajaval yeuun veshyavyavasayat nele jaau shakate. kharedidar "malkinanchya prathecha fayda gheuun, nokar shodhanyasathi aanee tyanna guntavanyasathi grameen mulinna londonla londonla wagonna bhetu shakat hote". emm. chya matey. dorothy george, "hoggerthchya" veshya pragati "madheel pahile drushya vastavik jeevanat varanvar khelale gele hote". vedepanachya vyavasthet sudharana karane. andreau morton khajgi sadnikanchya samkalin pranalivar dekhil chintan karato aanee tyachya akaryakshamatecha nishedh karato. prathamatah, tyachya lakshat yete qee yamule konatyahi mansik aajarane prabhavit nasalelya vyaktinche sansthatmakakaran houu shakate. udaharanarth, teey anekada nirogi patni swikartat. tyanna door karnyachya ekmev hetune apmanaspad patindware bandist kele jaate. jaate thikani, teey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee teey rugnanna puresha upcharachi hummy dett naheet kaaran tyanche karmchari tyanchyakade durlaksh karatat kinwa tyancha gairavapar karatat. yaa parshvabhumivar, teey tyanna 'parvanadharak medahauj' neey badalanyachi soochana karatat, jeey 'yogya bhetee aanee tapasanichya adheen aahet' aanee jethe konalahi 'pathvile jaau shakat nahee...] yogya kaaran, chaukashi aanee adhikar naan deta. atharavya shatkat khajgi madahaujachi khoop charcha jhaali. nicolaus harvene nidarshanas aanoon dile qee 'augusta vijayotsav' (1728) madhye yaa sansthanchya prathevar prashna upasthit upasthit pahilya vyaktinpaiki defoe haah eka hota. tyachya nantar tobias smollet aala jyane 'surr lanslot grieves' (1762) hii kadambari lihili. jyamadhye shirshak asalela nayak madahausmadhil anyaykarak najarkaidet teeka karato. aanee vivek aanee mansik aajaar yateel farak pratibimbit karato. 1763 madhye, 'gentlemens magazin' neey dekhil aashraygruhanmadhye rugnanchya malikanvar malikanvar atyacharacha nishedh keela. nicolas harvechya lakshat yete qee, 'jyaa prakare patee tyanchya patninna sarvat banavat karanansathi maryadit thevu shakat hote, tyaa margane' defone hallah keela. yaa prathecha nantar merrie wallstonecraftne 'daad mists auph women' (1798) madhye nishedh keela. yaa muddyavar elizabeth foysterne dawa keela qee haah eka muddah hota jyamule atharavya shatkatil englandmadhye khoop chinta nirman jhaali. aaplya patninna maryadit thevanyachya purushanchya adhikaravar varanvar vaad hott asey. ett daad limits auph friedmah marred women andd confinment inn atharavya shatkatil ingland' (2002) yaa nibandhat, tee assa yuktivad karate qee patine tyanchya jodidaranna kautumbik nivassthananmadhye aanee jodidaranmadhye thevalyane vaivahik hinsacharacha eka naveen prakar banala hota. ticha abhyas rajachya khandpithane, jyache yaa muddyavar adhikarkshetra hote, tyaa nyayalayachya kagadpatranvar aadharit aahe. rastyavaril choree rokhane. andreau mortonchya shevatchya yojanecha uddesh rastyavarchi luut "pratham swargiy aanee nantar pruthvivaril margane" rokhane haah aahe. pahilya bhagat "aacharsanhitechya sudharanechi amalbajavani aanee protsahan dene, dushtata aanee anaitikta dadapun takane aanee apavitrata aanee anaitikta yanna shiksha karane" yancha samavesh aahe. kamuk gathanche vachan, shapath ghene aanee darucha durupyog yaa vyapak anaitik savayi aahet. nantarchya tappyat rastyanvar dekhrekh aanee prakashyojanachi karyaksham pranali suru karane samavisht aahe. sarvapratham, sadhyachya ayogya ghadyalachya jaagi saksham aanee sharirikdrushtya majboot purushanchi eka tukadi badalane aavashyak aahe. yaa naveen rakshakanni tyanchya tyanchya satark karnyasathi banduka, talwari aanee shing gheuun jaave. prabhavipane dekhrekh karnyasathi phaar mothe nasalelya bhaganna teey niyukt kele pahijet. visheshtah, konatyahi konatyahi 'tyachya sathidarapasun door vees darvajanchya varr ubhe rahoo naye. shivay, tyanchya prayatnanchya sanmanarth tyanna pagar deela gela pahije. dusare mhanje, raste eka ratrisathi drishyaman karane aavashyak aahe. tyamule, tantrikdrushtya puresa prakash puravanyasathi saksham asalele dive vajvi sankhyene basavane mahatvache aahe. yaa vibhagat, andreau mortenne defoychya kalatil sanskratiche teen vichitra pailu aathavale aahet. shishtachar sudharanyasathichi chalval hii pahili gosht aahe. 18 vya shatkat, mothya sankhyene ingrajanni samajik anaitikateche uchch praman aanee pidit nasalelya gunhyanvar khatala chalvanyatil adchanicha nishedh keela. 1690 pasoon tyanni ekatra yeuun sansthanchi eka malika sthapan kelee. suruvatichya dashakanmadhye tyanni lakshyit papyanchya virodhat khatala chalavanyavar aanee sanghatit karnyavar laksh kendrit kele. daroo pine, shapath ghene, khelane aanee laingik sambandh yansarkhya gunhyansathi teey tumhala nyayalayat gheuun jaau shakatat. nantar tyanchya sadasyanni dharmopadesh deuun aanee patrake tayar karoon aanee vitarit karoon dharmik aanee naitik moolye shikavanyavar aapale laksh kendrit kele. dusare sanskrutik vaishishtya mhanje ratriche ghadyal jeey teravya shatkapasoon astitvat aahe. tyat andharachya velee rastyanvar laksh laksh purushancha samavesh hota. sancharbandichya niyamanchya amalbajavanisaha ratrichya surakshesathi heey lagoo karnyat aale hote. yaa pranalibaddalchi suruvatichi teeka punarsthapanapasun suru hote. 1690 chya dashkatil shahar marshalchya nondinmadhye dekhil tyateel kahee truti nondavalya gelya hotya. garib bhaganna yaa sevesathi aarthik madat parvadat nahee, heey tyanchya lakshat aale. shivay, paharekari yogya shastre balgat nasat aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, paalee sampanyapurvi nighun jaat asat. 1720 chya dashakat, gunhegari pratibandhavar eka mahattvapoorn sarvajanik vadavivad suru hota aanee tyanni patrakanchya malikedware tyat bhag ghetala. augusta vijayotsuk' vyatirikt, tyane 'rastyavar 'rastyavar kahee vichar' (1726), 'rastyavarchi luut vicharali jaate' (1728), 'dusare vichar sarvottam aahet' (1729) aanee 'rastyavarchya darodyanna twarit pratibandh karnyasathi eka prabhavi yojana' (1731) yaa gunhyancha tapas keela. shevati, andreau morton ratrichya ghadyalachya sandarbhat rastyavaril divyanshi sambandhit aahe. jeey. emm. beaty spasht karate qee, farasbandi aanee pinyayogya panyachi upalabdhata yasarkhya pailunmadhye sudharana karnyachya uddeshane londonchya shahari vatavaranat anek badal karnyat aale. rastyavaril dive sudharanyasathihi yojana aakhanyat aalya, jeey itar samasyanchya tulanet gunhegari rokhanyasathi atyant mahattvache manale gele. gele aanee ardhvel ardhvel jaaga disalyane gunhegaranche jeevan katheen jhaale aanee haah muddah sansadet dakhal kelelya yachikanmadhye thalakpane mandala gela. 1736 chya prakash kayadyadvare rastyavaril prakash hii akheris eka sarvajanik pranali bunley. karadvare aanee khajgi kampanyandvare puravali jaat hotee.

augusta vijayotsava augusta traunjiansaha wa, daniel defodwara londonlai brahmandko sabaibhanda fastaune sahar banaune tarika pahilo patak 16 march 1728 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yass parchako kalpanik wakta, andrew moreton, afno sathko dashakma ek wyakti hun jasle londonko sudharka lagi sujhawaharu pradan garchhan. vishesh gari, unle ek vishwavidyalaya, ek sangit akadami, foundlingharuka lagi aspatal rar manasik rogharuko upcharka lagi ijajatpatra prapta sansthaharuko sthapanalai badhawa dinchhan. yasabahek, unle naitik bhrashtachar rar sadak dakaiti roknaka lagi upayaharu suru garna protsahit garchhan. "augusta troungians" karyaharuko samuhako ek bhag how june andrew moretonko naam-dee-plume antargat jaari garieko thiyo. yasama "pratyek sharirko wyawasaya, kunai sharirko wyawasaya hoina" (1725), "protestant math" (1726), "sankirna atyachar" (1727), rar "dosro vicharharu uttam chhan" (1729) pani samawesh chhan. tiniharule kramashah sewakharuko uccha talab, alderharuprati anadar, parishharuko bhrashtachar rar aparadh rokathamsanga wyawahar garchhan. tiniharu sabaile tee vishayavastuharu punah awalokan garchhan june uniharuka lekhak daniel defele pahile nai "pariyojanaharuma euta nibandha" (1697) maa chhalfal garisakeka thie. yadyapi, yass aghilla kamko tulanama, tiniharu naitik alochanama kendrit bhanda badhi pariyojana-unmukh chhan. maximilian nowakle aunlyaejhain, defele "augusta vijayotsava" kaa lagi "bhawya upadhi" roje. yasale londonlai vishwawyapi starma pani alag banaune unko mahatwakankshi uddeshyalai ujagar gardacha. unko jiwani rar karya duwaima yass saharko mahatwapurna bhumika chha. pahilo, unko yatra yasai thaunma suru bhayo rar yahin samapta bhayo. dosro, yo unka adhikansh lekhanharuko "nihit wa spashta setting" how. vishaya rar samagra sanrachana. "augusta troungians" ley london saharko wriddhika lagi sujhawaharu pradan gardacha. yo dui parichayatmak anuchchhedbata suru hunchha. pahilo "projecting head" rar tiniharupratiko angrejiko manowrittiko sankshipta pratibimba how.project headharu", arthat samajik sudharka lagi yojanaharu sirjana garne wyaktiharulai upahasko derbina prastawharu garna amantrit garinchha. tiniharule kewal imandar sallaha dina kendrit hunuparchha. thap rupma, tiniharuko pariyojanaharuko sambhawit kamajoriharu maff garnuparchha kii "yo ramro arthama ek prakarko ramro karya how, rar uddeshyale asafaltalai prashamit garnuparchha". angrejiharuka lagi, uniharulai tyasta wyaktiharuprati sabaibhanda cum dayalu rashtrako rupma warnan garieko chha. uniharule "uniharulai naramro tarikale wyawahar garchhan" rar yahi karanle uniharuko desh "awishkarma yati kharab manincha". dosro prarambhik anucchedma, kathakarle afule yo parchako lekhanko karan bataunchha. uni nawaprawartan prastawharu kagajma rakhera afno jiwanko baanki samayako ramro upayog garna chahanchhan. samagrama, yo karya "afna" saha-praniharu "kaa lagi unko" sadbhawana "ko" gawahi "hune uddeshyale garieko how. yass parichayatmak prawachanko lagattai pachhi, andrew mortenle afule sabaibhanda badhi pratibimbit gareko pariyojanako chitran garna agadi badhchan. unle sikai rar shikshako samakalin bhrashtacharko virodh garna london wishwawidyalayako sthapanalai badhawa dinchhan. pachhi, chaar shirshak khandaharu ekpachhi arko aunchhan rar samajik sudharka lagi anya yojanaharu prastut garchhan. khanda ekle foundling aspatal sthapana garna awhan gardacha. yasale dherai amaharulai garbhapatan wa parishharuma parityag garera afno awaidh santanbata mukta hunbata rokdachha jasle uniharulai sabhya jiwan awastha pradan gardaina. khanda duile kasari sangitko wastawik ekedemile "videshi sangitkarharuko mahango ayatlai rokchha, rar gaga" dekhaunchha. dhara tinle pahilo "yuwa rar sewakharulai" naitik bhrashtacharbata bachauna sallaha dinchha. dosro, yasale kehi samajik kuraharuko ninda gardachhah veshyavritti, juwa, rar aitbar afno khali samaya kharcha garne aswasthyakar shishtacharko shringkhala jastai raksiko durupyog. tesro, yasale patile afnie patniharulai durwyawahar garne rar samakalin niji medhausharuko barema tippaniharumathi ek awamulyan banaunchha. dhara charle sadak dakaiti roknaka lagi upayaharu apanauna protsahit gardacha. yasama naitik shiksha rar chaukidarharuko saksham rar bhuktan garieko nikayako parichayaka sathai ratma sadak battiko paryapta pranali samawesh chha. augusta traungians" ko antim bhagko shirshak "omission" how. yo pariyojanaka dui pakshaharuko sanshodhan how june ahilesamma chitran garieko chha. andrew mortenle "hull wa sarvajanik kotha matra" milera baneko london vishwavidyalaya sthapana garne afno prarambhik vicharlai aswikar garera suru garchhan. baru, "yo euta thulo ghar wa saraikhana hunuparchha, collegeko prakritima, sajjanharuka lagi suwidhajanak kothaharuko bhandar, chhuttai adhyayan garna matra hoina, tara uniharuko pustakharu kahan rakhnaka lagi, kinki tiniharulai pachhadi rar agadi jhundyaunu sabaibhanda asuwidhajanak hunechha. tyasapachhi unle afno "medhausharumathi prawachan" wistar garchhan, vishesh gari vidhava wa anya mahilaharuko anyayapurn bandikaranma badha puryaune sujhawa diera jo afulai bhagya rar purush margadarshan bina paunchhan. uniharulai lobhi rar herfer garne "aparichit" ko sikar hunbata roknaka lagi, najikko purush afantale sampatti prabandhanma mrit sajjanko uttaradhikari hunuparchha. parchako antyama "leftinent-carnell samuel robinsonlai" euta patra sanlagna garieko chha june "september" maa lekhieko chha. 23, 1728. yasako hastaksharkarta, andrew moretonle "london saharko chamberlainshipma chunawa" kaa lagi thegana praptakartalai sankshipta rupma badhai dindai suru gardacha. pachhi unle "anathko curr" ko uddeshya bujhnaka lagi prashnaharuko shringkhala khada garchhan. schemistharu" rar tiniharuko samaya. augusta troungians" ko suruma project garne manav kshamatako vishayavastulai chhunchha jab endru mortenle "schemistharu" maa chhoto tippani gardacha. yee tathyankaharu "pariyojanaharumathi euta nibandha" maa pani ullekha garieko chha. yasako parichayama, lekhakle aunlyae kii unko desh "[sanga jhundiyo...] yojanakarharuko ek bhid. yo pariyojana unmukh jalawayu samakalin samasyaharu rar arajakta samana garne wyapak awashyaktabata utpanna hunchha. yasabahek, kunai anya umera yasto prawrittidwara visheshta nabhaeko karan, unko yuglai "prakshepan yug" ko rupma paribhashit garna sakinchha. daniel defole "vishayavastu [...] pariyojanaharuma euta nibandha" (1697) rar "robinson cruso" (1719) maa pani prakshepan garne manisko kshamata. tiniharu kramashah eutai wishayako spashta rar nihit upchar hun. viparit drishtikonharudwara visheshta hunuka sathai, tiniharu pariprekshyama farak hunchhan. "pariyojanaharumathi euta nibandha" samajik rupma unmukh chha jasma yasale sampurna samudayaka lagi mahatwapurna muddaharulai sambodhan gardacha. "arkotarf, "robinson cruso", ekal manisko hitma kendrit chha. londonko sudharka lagi andrew mortenko prastawharu. nayan sansthaharuko sthapana. augusta troungians" maa, andrew moretonle vishwavidyalaya, sangitko ekedemy rar foundlingharuka lagi aspatalko jagalai badhawa dinchha. unle londonma euta wishwawidyalayako awhan garera suru garchhan rar yasalai gaira-awasiya banaune karanharuma jode dinchhan. pahilo, afna muel pariwarsanga eutai chhatmuni basda, vidyarthiharulai afnai upkaranharuma chhodiyo hundaina. anie pralobhanma parne sambhawana cum hunchha. arkotarf cambridge wa oxford pathaieka yuwaharu afulai siknuko satta piera afno samaya barbad garchhan. dosro, dainik afno pariwarko quarterma farkiera, tiniharule london samajko sanskritik vikasma yogdan puryaunchhan; uniharule kurakaniko madhyambata prapta gareko shaikshik gyan failauna sakchhan. samagrama, yass yojanako visheshadhikar prapta labharthi kuleen wyakti hun jasko awasiya kshetraharu moretonle collegeharu sthapana garna sallaha dine thaaunharuko suchima samawesh chhanh westminster, cent. james rar ormand street. yo samajik samuhalai "sadasyata dwara" sampurna pariyojanako vittaposhan garna pani amantrit garieko chha. pachhi, endru mortenle foundling aspatal sthapana garna agraha gardacha. yasale dherai amaharulai garbhapatanko madhyambata afno awaidh santanbata chhutkara pauna wa uniharulai paryapta ashraya dina asamartha parishharuma tyagnabata roknechha. yo mudda defoca anya kritiharuma, vishesh gari upanyas "moll flanders" (1722), "roksana" (1724), rar nibandha "waiwahik lukoi" (1727) maa punarawritti hunchha. atharaun shatabdiko prarambhama, parityakta bachchaharuko thulo sankhya. yaa tata londonko sadakma chhodinthyo wa parishharuko herchahma rakhieko thiyo. yadyapi, pachhillolai bharapardo maniena. katipayale balbalikako samarthanma kharcha garnuparne paisa nashta gare; arulai uniharule pradan gareko sewako sastotako adharma chayan garieka beiman narsharuko herchahma anathaharulai sumpieko arop lagaieko thiyo. antyama, defoko kalpanik waktale videshi sangitkarharuko mahango ayat rokna "sangitko ekedemiko sthapanalai badhawa dinchha.. unle yass kalako uccha warga premiharudwara witta poshit tatkalin awasthit italian operalai "anuchit rupma ekedemy bhaninchha" kinbhane yasale mahango videshi sangitkarharulai matra niyukta gardacha. yasale "uchit kalakarharuko nirdeshan rar nirikshan antargat, yuwadekhi paripakwa warshasamma wyaktiharulai talim diera vigyanko prasarlai protsahit gardaina. jab "augusta troungians" prakashit bhayo, tyahan euta sanyukta stock company astitwama thiyo jasko mulya royal ekedemy aff music thiyo. sann 1719 maa sthapana bhaeko yo sann 1720 maa sanchalan bhayo. sarkari anudanka karan yasale "thietarko antarnihit kshamatabhanda bahira" vetan tirna sakthyo. yuwa rar sewakharuko naitik bhrashtachar rokne. andrew mortenle sewakharulai uniharuko kamma wafadar banauna upayaharuko parichayalai protsahit gardacha. pahilo, uniharulai atyadhik uccha nabhaeko talab prastawa garnuparchha. vishesh gari, tiniharuko rakam uniharuko kaam garne rar paisa wyawasthapan garne kshamatako adharma sett garna sakinchha. dosro, nyayik pranalile uniharulai nyayapurna karanbina rajinama dina nadinu parchha. antyama, malikharule uniharulai durwyawahar garnu hundaina. yass yojanako mukhya uddeshya sewakharulai alas rar kharab companybata tadha rakhnu how jasle uniharulai durwyawahar rar aparadhma laijan sakchha. atharaun shatabdiko londonma rojgarika awasar khojne aprawasiharuko thulo sankhya basobas thiyo. eklai rar saharka khataraharubare anajan bhaekale, tiniharu sajilaisanga beiman manisharuko prarthana banna sakthe. udaharanka lagi, yuwa ketiharulai uniharuko agamanma herfer garne wyaktiharule uniharuko najik pugda veshyavrittima laijan sakinchha. kharidadarharule "malkinharuko chalanko faida lyne sakchhan jasle bhyaganharu bhetchhan jasle deshka ketiharulai sewakharu khojna rar sanlagna garna london lyaundachha. emm anusar. dorothy george, "hogarthako" weshyako pragati "ko pahilo drishya wastawik jiwanma prayaha khelieko thiyo. pagal ghar pranalima sudhar. andrew mortenle niji medhausharuko samakalin pranalima pani pratibimbit gardacha rar yasako akshamatako ninda gardacha. pahilo kura, unle dhyan die kii yasale kunai manasik rogbata prabhawit wyaktiharuko sansthagatkaranlai anumati dinchha. udaharanka lagi, tiniharu prayaha swastha patniharulai swikar garchhan. durwyawahar garne patile uniharulai chhutaune ekmatra uddeshyaka lagi banda gareka thie. dosro sthanma, unle aunlyae kii uniharule biramiharuko paryapta upcharko guarantee dindainan kii uniharuka karmachariharule uniharulai bewasta garchhan wa durwyawahar garchhan. yasako prakashma, unle tiniharulai "ijajatpatra prapta medhausharu" sanga pratisthapan garna sujhawa dinchhan june "uchit bhraman rar nirikshanko adhinma chha" rar jahaan kasailai "pathauna sakindaina...] uchit karan, anusandhan rar adhikar bina. atharaun shatabdima niji medhausharuko dherai charcha bhaeko thiyo. nicolus harvele defoe "augusta travision" (1728) maa yee sansthaharuko abhyasmathi prashna uthaune pahilo wyaktiharu madhye ek thiyo bhanera aunlyae. unko pachhi tobias smollet ae jasle upanyas "sear lanslot grieves" (1762) lekhe. jasma shirshakka nayakle medhausharuma anuchit najarbandako alochana garchhan. rar wiwek rar manasik rog bichko bhinnatama pratibimbit gardacha. sann 1763 maa, "gentlemen magjin" ley pani ashrayasthalharuma biramiharuko shringkhalako durwyawaharko ninda garyo. nicolus harvele yo pani dhyan die kii defele "patile afnie patniharulai sabaibhanda nakkali karanka lagi simit garna saksham bhaeko tarikama akraman gare. yass abhyaslai pachhi merry wolstonecraftle "mahilako galti" (1798) maa pani ninda gare. yass binduma, elizabeth foyastarle yo "atharaun shatabdiko englandma dherai chinta paida garne mudda thiyo" bhani dabi garchhan. purushharule afnie patniharulai simit rakhne adhikarbare prayaha bahas hunthyo. swatantratako simamaha vivahit mahila rar atharaun shatabdiko englandma kaid" (2002) namak nibandhama, unle tarka garin kii patiko pariwarik niwas rar pati-patniharuko pati-patniko nazarband waiwahik hinsako nayan roop baneko thiyo. unko adhyayan rajako benchko kagajatma adharit chha, adalat jasle yass muddama kshetradhikar rakheko thiyo. sadak dakaiti rokatham. andrew moretonko antim yojanako uddeshya sadak dakaitilai "pahile swargiya rar tyasapachhi parthiva madhyambata" roknu how. pahiloma "shishtacharko sudharlai lagu garna rar protsahit garna, dushtata rar anaitiktalai daman garera, rar apawitrata rar anaitiktalai sajaya dina" samawesh chha. wyapak anaitik baniharu kamuk gathaharu padhnu, shapath linu rar raksiko durupyog hun. pachhilloma sadakharuko nigarani rar prakashko kushal pranaliko parichaya samawesh chha. sarvapratham, wartaman ayogya ghadilai saksham rar sharirik rupma baliyo purushharuko sharirsanga pratisthapan garnu awashyak chha. yee nayan gardharule afna sahakarmiharulai sachet garauna banduk, tarwar rar singa boknuparchha. tiniharulai prabhawkari rupma nigarani garna dherai thula nabhaeka kshetraharuma tokieko hunuparchha. vishesh gari, "kunai pani chaukidar" "afno sathibata tadha beas dhokabhanda mathi khada hunu hundaina. yasabahek, uniharulai uniharuko prayasko manyatama talab dinupardacha. dosro, sadakharu ek ratma dekhine banauna awashyak chha. tasartha, paryapta prakash pradan garna prawidhik rupma saksham battiharuko uchit sankhya sthapana garnu mahatwapurna chha. yass khandama, andrew mortenle defoko samayama sanskritika tean anautho pakshaharu samjhaunchhan. pahilo ullekha garnu bhaneko shishtachar sudharka lagi andolan how. 18 aun shatabdima, thulo sankhyama angrejharule uccha starko samajik anaitikta rar piditwihin aparadhharuko mudda chalauna gahro bhaeko dekheka thie. sann 1690 dekhi tiniharu bhela bhae rar samajharuko ek shringkhala sthapana gare. prarambhik dashakharuma tiniharule laxit papiharuko abhiyojan wyawasthit garna rar sanchalan garnama dhyan kendrit gare. tiniharule tapainlai raksi piune, shapath line, khel khelne rar samalingi sambandha rakhne jasta aparadhharuka lagi adalatma laijan sakchhan. pachhi uniharuka sadasyaharule dharmopadeshharu witaran garera rar parcha utpadan rar witaranko madhyambata dharmik rar naitik mulyaharu sikaunama afno dhyan kendrit gare. dosro sanskritik visheshta raat watch how june tehraun shatabdidekhi astitwama chha. yasama andhyaro samayama sadakharuko nigarani garne manisharu thie. karfyuko niyamharu lagu garnuka sathai ratma surakshako pakshama yasalai prastut garieko thiyo. yass pranaliko barema prarambhik alochana punarsthapanako mitima firta aeko chha. yasako kehi kamajoriharu sann 1690 ko dashaka city marcelharuko vivaranma pani report garieko thiyo. tiniharule garib kshetraharule yass sewako vittaposhan garna sakdainan bhanne kura uniharule dekhe. yasabahek, chaukidarharule uchit hatiyar bokdainan rar, kehi awasthama, sift samapta hunu aghi nai chhodera janchhan. sann 1720 ko dashakma, aparadh rokathamma euta mahatwapurna sarvajanik bahas chaliraheko thiyo rar defolay parchaharuko shringkhalaka madhyambata yasama bhag lie. augusta traungian" kaa atirikta, unle "sadak hindneharuma kehi vicharharu" (1726), "sadak dakaiti vichar" (1728), "dosro vicharharu uttam chhan" (1729), rar "sadak dakaitiharuko tatkal rokathamka lagi ek prabhawkari yojana" (1731) maa aparadhko anusandhan gare. antyama, andrew moretonle ratko wachko sambandhama sadak battisanga wyawahar gardacha. jey ko rupma. emm. bittile bataeanusar, londonko sahari watawaranma footpath rar piuna sakine paniko upalabdhata jasta pakshaharu sudhar garne uddeshyaka lagi dherai pariwartanharu garieko thiyo. sadak batti sudhar garne yojana pani banaiyo, june anya muddaharuko tulanama aparadh roknaka lagi atyadhik mahatwapurna manincha. paidal yatri rar anshakalik adhikariharu duwailai thaaunharu drishya banaera, aparadhiharuko jiwan gahro banaiyo rar yo bindu sansadma dayar garieko nivedanma highlite garieko thiyo. sadak batti antatah 1736 ko prakash ainako madhyambata sarvajanik pranali banyo. yasalai karharudwara wittaposhit garieko thiyo rar niji companyharudwara pradan garieko thiyo.

augusta bijai augusta tranjyumansaha kimba, daniel diphonka dwara landanku brahmander sabutharu samruddha saharare parinata karibara upaiah pratham thara paain 16 march 1728 ray prakashita hoithila . ehi pustikara kalpanika bakta andryu moreton taanka shathie dashkar jane byakti jie londner unnati paain paramarsha dianti . bisesh curry, shay eka biswabidyalaja, eka sangeeta ekademy, pratisthatanka paain eka daktarakhana ebong manasika rogara chikitsa paain licensprapta anusthana pratistha karibaku prostahita karanti . ehaa byatita, shay naitika durneeti ebong rastakad dakajati rokiba paain padakhyepa grahan karibaku prostahita karanti. "augusta transunance" heuchhi eka karjya gosthira ansha jaahaa andryu moretanka naama-dii-plume adheenare jaari karajaithila . ethire "pratyeka byaktira byabasai, kaunasi byaktira byabasai nuhen" (1725), "protestant moth" (1726), "sankirna atyachara" (1727), ebong "dwiteeja chintadhara sarbottama" (1729) madhya antarbhukta . semane jathakrame sebakamananka uccha darma, bajaskamananka prati asamman, parishar durneeti ebong aparadha pratirodha sahita karjya karanti . semane samaste sehi bishajabastugudiku punahbichara karanti jaahaa semananka lekhaka, daniel, purbaru "prakalpa upare eka prabandha" (1697) ray alochana karisarichhanti. tebe, ehi purba karjya tulanare, segudika naitika samalochana upare dhyana deba apekhya adhika prakalpa-bhittika. maximilian novakanka kahiba anujai, defoe "augusta transunance" paain eka "grand title" bachithile. ehaa landanku sarbajaneena starare madhya alga karibara tankara mahatwakankhi lakhyaku darshauchhi. tankara jeebani ebong karjya ubhajare ehi saharar gurutwapurna bhumika rahichhi. prathamatah, tankara jatra ehi sthanaru arambha hoithila ebong shesh hoithila. dwiteejatah, ehaa tankara adhikansha lekhare "antarnihita kimba spust parisara" atte. bishai ebong samagrika dhancha. "augusta transunance" london saharar unnati paain paramarsha pradan kare . ehaa duiti prarambhika anuchhedaru arambha hoithae. prathamati heuchhi "mundaku upasthapana kariba" ebong semananka prati ingrejamananka manobhaba upare eka sankhipta pratiphalana .projecting head", arthat samajika unnati paain yojana prastuta karuthiba byaktimananku upahasara bhaja nakari prastaba deba paain nimantran karajae . semane kebala sachchot paramarsha deba upare dhyana deba uchita. ehaa byatita, semananka prakalpagudikara sambhabya trutigudiku khyama karajiba uchita, kaaran "ehaa eka prakara bhal karjya jahara artha bhal, ebong uddeshya biphalataku prasamita kariba uchita". ingrajeemananka paain, semananku epari byaktimananka prati sarbanimna dajashila rastra bhabare barnana karajaichi . semane "semananka sahita kharap byabahara karanti" ebong ehi karanaru semananka deshaku "udbhabanare ete kharap bolly bibechana karajae". dwiteeja prarambhika anuchhedare, barnanakari ehi pustikati kahinki lekhichhanti tahar kaaran barnana karichanti. shay kagajare abhinaba prastaba rakhi taanka jeebner abasista samaira bhal upajoga karibaku chahanti . samagrika bhabe, ehi karjyati "taanka" "saha-prani" "prati tankara" "sadichara" "pramana" "heba uddeshyare uddista. ehi prarambhika alochana parey turanta, andryu morton sehi prakalpaku chitrana karibaku aagaku badhanti jaahaa upare shay sabutharu adhika pratiphalita karichanti . sikhya ebong sikhyara samasamajika durneetiku birodha kariba paain shay eka london biswabidyalaja pratistha karibaku prostahita karanti . parabarti samajare, gotie parey gotie charoti shirshaka bibhaga asithae ebong samajika unnati paain anya yojanamana upasthapana karithae. pratham bibhagati eka foundlinga daktarakhana pratistha paain aahwana kare . ehaa aneka maanku garbhapata kimba parishare parityaga madhyamare semanankara abaidha santanankatharu nijaku mukta karibare baadha deba jaahaa semananku uttam jeebanadharanara paristhiti pradan kare naahin . dwiteeja bibhaga darshae je kipari eka prakruta sangeeta ekademy "bideshi sangeetagyanka mahanga aamadaneeku atakaiba, ebong sii" . dhaara 3 prathame "jubaka ebong sebakamananku" naitika durneetireru uddhara kariba paain paramarsha pradan kare. dwiteejatah, ehaa keteka samajika kuprathaku ninda kareh beshyabrutti, juaa, ebong rabibara deane nijara absar samai bitaiba paain aneka asammanajanaka acharan jepariki madyapanara apabyabahara. truteejatah, ehaa swameemananka dwara semananka patneenka prati heuthiba durbyabahara ebong samasamajika byaktigata medhouse bishajare mantabya upare eka abmanana karithae. dhaara 4 rasta dakaiti rokiba paain padakhyepa grahan karibaku prostahita kare . ethimadhyare naitika sikhya ebong eka sakhyama ebong betanabhogee praharinka anusthanara prabartana tatha raatire rasta aloka byabasthara eka parjyapta byabastha antarbhukta . augusta transunance" rahr shesh bhagara shirshaka heuchhi "baada". ehaa prakalpara duiti digaku sanshodhana karichhi, jaahaa aii parjyanta chitrita hoichhi. andryu morton "kebala eka hull kimba sarbajaneena kothari" ku nei gathita eka london biswabidyalaja pratistha karibara taanka prarambhika bicharaku pratyakhyana kariba sahita arambha karanti . barang, "ehaa eka budd ghara kimba sarabas heba uchita, eka college swabhabare, vadralokamananka paain subidhajanaka kothari bhandara sahita, kebala alga adhyajana kariba paain nuhen, barang semananka pustakagudika keunthi rakhiba paain, kaaran semananku pachaku ebong aagaku nebare ehaa sabutharu asubidhajanaka heba . taa 'parey shay tankara "medhouse upare alochana" ku bistara karanti, bisesh curry bidhaba kimba anya mahilanka anyaya karabasare baadha deba paain eka paramarsha pradan curry, jeunmane nijaku bhagya ebong purush margadarshan bina paanti . semananku lobhi ebong herapherakaree "aparichita" nka shikara hebaru rokiba paain, nikattam purush samparkeeah sampattira parichalanare mruta bhadralokanka sthana neba uchit . ehi pustika sheshare leftnant-cornell samuel rabinasananku eka chithi sanlagna karajaichi, jaahaa september maasare lekhajaichhi. 23, 1728. ehara swakhyarakaree andryu morton, "london saharar chamberlancip ray nirbachana" paain thikanaku sankhipta bhabare abhinandan janaiba sahita arambha karanti . parabarti samajare shay "anathanka ticks" rahr uddeshya bujhiba paain aneka prashna karanti . schemist" ebong semanankara samai. augusta transunance" rahr prarambhare manab samarthyaku upasthapana karibara bishajabastu upare dhyana diajaithae, jetebele andryu morton "schemist" upare sankhipta mantabya dianti. ehi parisankhyanagudika "prakalpa upare eka prabandha" ray madhya ullekha karajaichi. ehara parichajakare, lekhaka darshaichhanti je taanka desh "[...]....] aneka "jojanakari". ehi prakalpa-bhittika jalabaju samasamajika samasya ebong bishrunkhalara mukabila karibara byapaka abashyakata thaaru utpanna hoichhi . adhikantu, jehetu anya kaunasi bayasa epari eka dhaara dwara barnita hoinathila, taanka jugaku eka "upasthapita juga" bhabare byakhya karajaipariba . daniele defoe "rahr bishajabastu [.......] prakalpa upare eka prabandha" (1697) ebong "robbinson cruso" (1719) ray madhya byaktira khyamata. segudika jathakrame samaana bishajara eka spust ebong eka antarnihita chikitsa . bipareet abhimukhya dwara chinhita heba byatita, semane drustikonare bhinna atanti . "prakalpa upare eka prabandha" samajika drustiru uddista, jeunthire ehaa samagra sampradai paain gurutwapurna prasangagudiku samadhan karithae. "anyapakhyare "robbinson cruso", jane ekaka manishar swartha upare dhyana deithae. londner unnati paain andryu mortanka prastaba. nutan anusthana pratistha kariba. augusta transumance" ray, andryu morton eka biswabidyalaja, eka ekademy off music ebong foundlinganka paain eka daktarakhanara mooladuaaku prostahita karanti . shay landanare eka biswabidyalaja paain daaka dei arambha karanti ebong ehaaku anah-abasic karibara kaaran upare gurutwa dianti . prathamatah, niz moola paribara sahita gotie chhaata tale rahiba dwara, chhatrachhatrimane niz upakarana upare nirbharashila huanti naahin. ebong pralovanara shikara hebara sambhabana comm thaae. anyapakhyare, cambridge kimba oxfordku pathajaithiba jubakamane nijaku shikhiba paribarte madyapana curry samai nust karanti. dwiteejatah, dainika niz paribarara gharaku feriba dwara, semane london samajara sanskrutika bikashare yogdan karanti; semane kathabartta madhyamare hassel karithiba academic gyanaku bistara kariparibe . samagrika bhabe, ehi yojanara subidhaprapta hitadhikari heuchhanti sehi bhadra byakti, jahanka abasic anchala moreton college pratistha kariba paain paramarsha deuthiba sthana talikare antarbhuktah westminster, cent. james ebong ormanda street ehi samajika gostheeku madhya "sadasyata dwara" samagra prakalpa paain artha jogaiba paain nimantran karajaichi. parabarti samajare, andryu morton eka phaundling daktarakhana pratistha karibaku anurodha karithile. ehaa aneka maanku garbhapata madhyamare semananka abaidha santanaru mukti paiba kimba semananku parjyapta ashrai pradan karibare asamartha thiba parishare parityaga karibare baadha deba. ehi sankhyati diphonka anya rachanagudikare, bisesh curry upenyas "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724), ebong prabandha "kanjugal ludeness" (1727) ray punarabrutti hoichhi. astadasha shatabdir prarambhare, bahu sankhyaka parityakta shishu thile. semananku londner rastare chhadi diajaithila kimba parishmananka tatwabadhanare rakhajaithila. tebe, parabarteeti biswasaneeja bolly bibechana karajainathila. keteka pilanka sahajata paain kharcha karajibaku thiba arthaku nust karideithile; anyamane anathamananku semananka dwara pradan karajauthiba sebara shastata aadhaarare chayan karajaithiba asaga narsamananka jatnare nijojita karithiba abhijoga hoithila . sheshare, diphonka kalpanika bakta bideshi sangeetagya ebong sii nka mahanga aamadaneeku rokiba paain eka ekademy off music pratistha karibaku prostahita karanti .. shay darshaichhanti je tatkaleena bidyamana italiah apera, jaahaa ehi kalaara uccha berg premeenka dwara arthajana karajae, ehaaku "anuchita bhabare ekademy kuhajae" kaaran ehaa kebala mahanga bideshi sangeetagyamananku nijukti deithae . ehaa "upajukta kalakaramananka nirdesh ebong nirikhyana adheenare, jubaka thaaru arambha curry bayaska parjyanta, byaktimananku talim dei, bigyanara pracharaku prostahita kare naahin. jetebele "augusta transumance" prakashita hoithila, setebele eka milita stock company thila jahara mulya thila rayal ekademy off music . 1719 masihare sthapita, ehaa 1720 masihare karjyakhyama hoithila. sarkari sabasidi karanaru, ehaa "theatrer pradan karibara antarnihita khyamata bahare" thiba darma pradan karibaku samartha hoithila. jubaka ebong sebakamananka naitika durneetiku rokiba. andryu morton sebakamananku semananka karjya prati biswasta rakhiba paain padakhyepa prabartana karibaku utsahita karanti . prathamatah, semananku epari darma pradan karajiba uchita jaahaa atyadhika nuhen. bisesh curry, semanankara artha parichalana ebong karjya karibara khyamata aadhaarare semananka artharashi nirdharana karajaipariba. dwiteejatah, nyajika byabastha semananku bina kaaranare istafa debaku deba uchita nuhen. sheshare, gurumane semananku durbyabahara kariba uchita nuhen. ehi yojanara mukhya uddeshya heuchhi sebakamananku alsata ebong kharap sangaru doorare rakhiba jaahaa semananku kharap ebong aparadha aadaku neijaipare . astadasha shatabdir landanare nijukti sujoga khojuthiba bahu sankhyaka prabasi basabasa karuthile. ekaki rahi ebong saharar bipada bishajare agya rahi, semane sahajare anaitika lokanka prarthana hoiparile. udaharana swaroopa, jubateemane pahanchiba parey semananka pakhaku asuthiba kushali byaktimananka dwara beshyabrutti aadaku niajaipare . kretamane "malamal malikaninka reetira laabh uthaiparibe, jeun waganagudika gharoi jhiamananku landanku aanithila, ebong semane karmacharimananku khoji bahara karuthile. anujai emm. dorothy george, "hogarthanka" beshyanka pragati "rahr pratham drushya bastaba jeebanare barambar khelajaithila. pagala ghara byabasthare sanskara aaniba. andryu morton gharoi madhouser samasamajika byabastha upare madhya pratiphalita karanti ebong ehara akhyamataku ninda karanti . prathamatah, shay lakhya karichanti je ehaa kaunasi manasika roga dwara prabhabita hoinathiba byaktimananku sansthagata karibaku anumathi deithae. udaharana swaroopa, semane prajatah sustha patneemananku sweekara karanti. kebala semanankatharu mukti paiba uddeshyare durbyabaharakaree swameemananka dwara seemita . dwiteejare, shay darshaichhanti je semane rogeenka parjyapta chikitsara guaranti dianti naahin kaaran semananka karmacharimane semananku abahela karanti kimba durbyabahara karanti . ehaaku drustire rakhi, shay segudiku "licensprapta medhouse" sahita badalaibaku paramarsha dianti jaahaa "upajukta paridarshan ebong janchara bishai" ebong jeunthare kahaku "pathajaipariba naahin.....] bina kaaran, tadanta ebong kartupakhyanka bina. astadasha shatabdire, gharoi medahausgudika bishajare bahuta alochana hoithila. nicolas harbhe darshaichhanti je "augusta transunance" (1728) ray ehi anusthanagudikara abhyasa upare prashna uthaithiba pratham byaktimananka madhyare defoe thile. taanka parey tobias smollet thile, jieki "saar lancelot greebhs" (1762) upenyas lekhithile. jeunthire sirshakara najaka madahausare anyaya atakaku samalochana karanti . ebong manasika swasthya ebong manasika asusthata madhyare thiba parthakya upare pratiphalita kare . 1763 masihare, "gentlemons magazin" madhya aashrajasthaleere ekadhika rogeenka prati heuthiba durbyabaharaku ninda karithila. nicolas harbhe madhya lakhya karichanti je defoe "swameemane jeunbhali bhabe semananka patneemananku sabutharu nakali karanaru seemita rakhibare sakhyama hoithile, sebhali aakraman karithile. parey merry wolstonecraftnka dwara "mahilanka bhul" (1798) ray madhya ehi abhyasaku ninda karajaithila. ehi prasangare, elizabeth foister daabi karichanti je ehaa "eka prasanga thila jaahaa astadasha shatabdir englandare bahuta chintara kaaran hoithila". patneemananku seemita rakhibara purushanka adhikara upare barambar bitarka heuthila. swadheenatara seemareh astadasha shatabdir englandare bibahita mahila ebong carabas" (2002) prabandhare shay jukti deichhanti je swameenka dwara semananka jeebanasatheenku paribarika basagruha ebong bibahitanka madhyare ataka rakhiba baibahika hinsara eka nutan roop palatithila. taanka adhyajana rajanka benchara dastabija upare aadharita, jaahaa ehi prasangare adhikara khetra dhaaran karithila . rastakadare dakajati rokiba. andru moretanka shesh yojanati "prathame swargeeja ebong taa 'parey parthiba upaajare" rastakad dakajati rokiba paain uddista. prathamati "achar-acharanara sanskaraku laagu kariba ebong prostahita kariba, kupratha ebong anaitikataku daman kariba, ebong apabitrata ebong anaitikataku danda deba" ray antarbhukta . byapaka anaitika abhyasa heuchhi kamasakta ballad padhiba, shapath neba ebong madyapanara apabyabahara . dwiteejati heuchhi eka dakhya tadarakh byabastha ebong rastagudikare alokikarana byabastha prabartana. sarbaprathame, barttamanara akhyama ghadiku sakhyama ebong sharirika bhabe shaktishali purushanka sahita badalaiba aabasyaka . ehi nutan gardmane semananka sahakarmeemananku satarka kariba paain agnejastra, khanda ebong eka hern bahn kariba uchit . segudiku sehi khetragudiku diajiba, jeungudika prabhabasali bhabe nirikhyana kariba paain ete budd nuhen. bisesh curry, kaunasi "prahari" "kodie dwara upare niz sathinka thaaru doorare thia heba uchita nuhen. ehaa byatita, semananka prajasaku swekruti dei semananku darma diajiba uchita. dwiteejatah, rastagudiku gotie raatire drushyamana karibara abashyakata rahichhi. tenu, juktisangata sankhyare aloka byabastha kariba gurutwapurna, jaahaa baishajika drustiru parjyapta aloka byabastha pradan karibare sakhyama. ehi bibhagare andryu morton diphonka samaira sanskrutira tinoti swatantra digaku maneh pakaichanti. prathamati heuchhi shistacharara sanskara paain andolana. astadasha shatabdire, bahu sankhyaka ingrejamane uccha starar samajika anaitikata ebong piditabihina aparadha paain karjyanusthana nebare asubidha bolly ninda karithile. 1690 masiharu semane ekathi hoi aneka samiti pratistha karithile. prarambhika dashandhigudikare semane lakhyakruta papimananka birodhare karjyanusthana grahan kariba ebong sangathita kariba upare dhyana kendrit karithile. madyapana, shapath, khela ebong samalingi samparka bhali aparadha paain semane aapananku adalataku neiparanti. parey semananka sadasyamane dharmopadesh pradan ebong patrika prastuta ebong bitarana madhyamare dharmika ebong naitika mulyabodha sikhya deba upare dhyana deithile. dwiteeja sanskrutika biseshatwa heuchhi ratri ghadi jaahaa trayodasha shatabdiru bidyamana thila . ethire purushamane andhara samajare rastagudika upare nazar rakhuthile. corfure niam laagu kariba sahita raatire surakhya paain ehaa prabartana karajaithila. ehi byabastha bishajare prarambhika samalochana punaruddhara samajaru arambha hoichhi . ehara keteka truti 1690 dashkar city marshalanka bibaraneere madhya ullekha karajaithila. semane lakhya kale je gariba anchalagudika ehi sebaku artha jogaiba samarthya rakhiparanti naahin. ehaa byatita, prahareemane upajukta astrashastra bahn karinathile ebong keteka khetrare, sift shesh heba purbaru chalijanti . 1720 dashakare, aparadha nibarana upare eka gurutwapurna sarbajaneena bitarka chalithila ebong defoe aneka patrika madhyamare ethire anshagrahana karithile. augusta transumance" byatita, shay "rastakadare chaliba lokanka upare kichhi bichara" (1726), "rastakad dakajati bichara" (1728), "dwiteeja chintadhara sarbottama" (1729), ebong "rastakad dakajati turanta rokiba paain eka prabhabasali yojana" (1731) ray aparadha anusandhana karithile. sheshare, andryu morton raati ghanta sahita street light sahita karbar karanti . jay. emm. betty barnana karanti, londner saharanchal paribeshare aneka paribartana karajaithila jaahaa pakka ebong paniah jalara upalabdhata pari digaku unnat kariba uddeshyare . anya samasya tulanare, aparadha rokiba paain sarbadhika gurutwapurna bolly bibechana karajauthiba rastakad aalokeekaranare unnati aaniba paain madhya yojana karajaithila. ubhaja padachari ebong part time afisaranka paain drushyamana sthana pradan curry, aparadhimananka paain zeeban kastakara hoijaithila ebong sansadare petition ray ehi bindu upare alokapata karajaithila . 1736rahr aloka adhiniam madhyamare rasta aloka parisheshare eka sarbajaneena byabasthare parinata hoithila. ehaaku ticks dwara artha pradan karajaithila ebong gharoi companygudika dwara pradan karajaithila .

augusta jetu augusta tringenses jaan, daniel defoe duaara london noon brahmand daa sabh toon prafullat shehar banaun daa tarika pahili vaar 16 march 1728 noon prakashit keeta giaa see. iss pamphlet daa kalpanik bulara, aindrioo morton, aapne sathh dey dahake witch ikk aadmi haii joe london dey sudhar laee sujhaa dinda haii. vishesh taur utte, uh ikk university, ikk academy aaf music, foundlings laee ikk hospital atey mansik bimariaan dey ilaaj laee laisanshuda sansthavan dee sathapana noon utshahit karde hunn. iss toon ilava, uh naitik bhrishtachar atey galiaan witch lutt-khoh noon rokann laee upavan dee shuruat noon utshahit karda haii. "augusta tringens" uhanan rachnavan dey samooh daa hissa haii joe aindrioo morton dey naam-dee-plume dey tehat jaari keete gaye sunn. iss witch "harr viakati daa carobar, kise vee viakati daa carobar naheen haii" (1725), "protestant matth" (1726), "sanghani zulam" (1727), atey "dooje vichaar sabh toon vadhiaa hunn" (1729) vee shamal hunn. uh kramvaar naukran dee ucch tankhah, bazurgan pratee beizzati, pairishan dey bhrishtachar atey apradh dee roktham naal najithde hunn. uh saare uhanan vishiaan noon mudd vicharde hunn jinhan baare uhanan dey lekhak, daniel neey pahilan hii "projectan 'teey ikk lekh" (1697) witch charcha keeti see. halanki, iss pichle kamm dee tulna witch, uh naitik alochna utte kendrat curran naalon vadhere project-mukhi hunn. jiven kii maximilian novak dassda haii, defoe neey "augusta trivinesons" laee ikk "shandar khitaab" chunhiaa. ih london noon sarabviaapi paddhar 'teey vee vakkhra banaun dey uss dey abhilashi udesh noon ujagar karda haii. iss shehar dee unhan dee jeevani atey kamm dovan witch mahattavpuran bhumika haii. sabh toon pahilan, unhan deeaan yatravan itthe shuru hoiaan atey itthe hii khatam hoiaan. dooja, ih uhanan deeaan ziaadaatar likhtan dee "andruni jaan sapshat setting" haii. visha atey samucchi banatar. "augusta tringens" london shehar dey vaadhe laee sujhaa pesh karda haii. ih doou shuruati paire naal shuru hunda haii. pahila "projecting heads" atey uhanan pratee angrezan dey ravaiye baare ikk sankhep pratibimb haii.project curran vaale mukhiaan", bhaav smajik sudhar laee yojnavan banaun vaale viaktiaan noon makhaul udaae jaanh dey darr toon binan prastav denh laee sadda ditta jaanda haii. unhan noon siraf imandar salaah denh 'teey dhiaan denna chahida haii. iss toon ilava, unhan dey projectan deeaan sambhavit kamiaan noon muaf keeta jaanha chahida haii kii "ih ikk kisam dee changi karvai haii jiss daa changa arth haii, atey iraade noon asafalta noon shaant karna chahida haii. jithon takk angrezan dee gall haii, uhanan noon ajihe viaktiaan pratee sabh toon ghatt naram rashter dassiaa giaa haii. uh "unhan naal bhaide tarike naal pesh aaunde hunn" atey isey caarn unhan dey desh noon "kaadh witch inna buraa manniaa jaanda haii". dooje shuruati paire witch, birtantkar dassda haii kii uss neey ih parcha kiun likhiaa haii. uh aapne jeevan dey baaki samein dee varton kagaz utte navintakari prastavan noon paa keey karna chahunda haii. kull milaa keey, iss kamm daa udesh "uss dey" saathi-praniaan "laee uss dee" changi ichha "dee" gawahi "honaa haii. iss shuruati bhashan toon turant baad, aindrioo morton uss project noon darsaun laee agge vadhada haii jiss utte usne sabh toon vaddh pratibimbat keeta haii. uh sikkhiaa atey sikkhiaa dey samkali bhrishtachar daa virodh curran laee ikk london university dee sathapana noon utshahit karda haii. baad witch, chaar sirlekh vaale bhaag ikk toon baad ikk aaunde hunn atey smajik sudhar laee horr yojnavan pesh karde hunn. section ikk foundling hospital dee sathapana dee mung karda haii. ih bahut saariaan maavan noon garabhpat jaan pairishan witch chaddan duaara aapne annuchit bacchiaan toon aapne aap noon mukat curran toon rokega joe unhan noon changiaan jeevan sathitiaan dee peshkash naheen karde hunn. section doou darsaunda haii kii sangeet dee ikk asal academy "videshi sangeetkaran dey mahinge aayat noon kiven rokegi, atey see. section tinn sabh toon pahilan "naujwanan atey sevakan" noon naitik bhrishtachar toon bachaun laee salaah dinda haii. dooja, ih kujh smajik buraiaan dee ninda karda haiyav vesva-gaman, juaa atey aitwar noon aapna khaali samaan bitaun laee ashleel vivhaar dee ikk luddy jiven kii sharab dee durvarton. teeja, ih patiaan duaara aapniaan patniaan naal durvivhar atey samkali nijji modhouses baare tippniaan noon ghataunda haii. section chaar sadak dakaiti noon rokann laee upavan noon apnaun laee utshahit karda haii. inhan witch naitik sikkhiaa atey chaukidaran dee ikk yog atey tankhah vaali sanstha dee shuruat dey naal-naal raat noon street lighting dee ikk dhukvin pranali shamal haii. augusta tringens" dey antim hisse daa sirlekh "omissions" haii. ih projectan dey doou pahiluaan dee sodh haii joe hunn takk darsaae gaye hunn. andreau morton neey london university dee sathapana dey aapne shuruati vichaar noon radd curran naal shuruat keeti jiss witch "siraf ikk haal jaan jantak kamra" shamal see. iss dee bajaae, "ih ikk vadda gharr jaan saraan honaa chahida haii, ikk kaalaj dee prakirti witch, sajjnan laee suvidhajanak kamriaan daa bhandar honaa chahida haii, naa siraf vakkhre taur 'teey padhan laee, balki aapniaan kitaban noon kitthe rakkhna haii, kiunki uhanan noon pichhe atey agge lijana sabh toon asuvidhajanak hovega. firr uh aapne "majjhan baare bhashan" daa vistaar karda haii, khaskar vidhvavan jaan horr aurtan dee beinsafi dee qaid witch rukawat paunh laee ikk sujhaa pesh karke jinhan cole aapne aap noon kismat atey koee marad margdarshan naheen haii. uhanan noon lalchi atey heraferi curran vaale "ajnabiaan" daa shikar bannan toon rokann laee, sabh toon nazdiki marad rishtedaar noon jaidad dey parbandhan witch mritak sajjan dee thaan lainee chahidi haii. pamphlet dey ant witch "leftinent-karnal semual robinson noon ikk pattar" jodiaa giaa haii joe "satambar" dee mitee daa haii. 23, 1728 ". iss dey hastakharkarta, aindrioo morton, sankhep witch "london shehar dey chamberlaniship witch chonh" laee patey noon vadhai denh naal shuru karde hunn. baad witch uh "anath dey taiks" dey udesh noon samjhan laee kaee swal puchhda haii. yojnakar" atey unhan daa samaan. augusta trivinesons" dee shuruat witch project curran dee manukkhi samratha dey vishe noon chohiaa giaa haii jadon aindrioo morton neey "yojnakaran" utte sankhep tippniaan keetiaan hunn. inhan ankadiaan daa zikar "projectan baare ikk lekh" witch vee keeta giaa haii. iss dee jaanh-pachanh witch, lekhak neey dassiaa kii uss daa desh [...]..] bahut saare "yojnakar. ih project-mukhi jalvayu samkali samassiaavan atey arajakta naal najithan dee viaapak zaroorat toon paida hunda haii. iss toon ilava, kiunki koee horr umar ajihi rujhan duaara darsai naheen gaee see, iss laee uss dey yugg noon "anumanat umar" vajon paribhashit keeta jaa sakda haii. daniel defoe neey "[dey theem naal najithiaa...] project (1697) atey robinson cruso (1719) witch "projectan utte ikk lekh" witch vee project curran dee manukh dee samratha. uh kramvaar ikko vishe daa ikk sapshat atey ikk andruni ilaaj hunn. ulat pahunchan duaara darsaiaan jaanh toon ilava, uh drishtikon witch vakkhre hunn. "projectan utte ikk lekh" smajik taur utte adharat haii kiunki ih uhanan muddiaan noon sambodhan karda haii joe ikk samuche bhaichare laee mahattavpuran hunn. "dooje paase, "robinson cruso", ikk single manukh dey hittan 'teey kendrat karda haii. london dey sudhar laee andreau morton dey prastav. naviaan sansthavan dee sathapana. augusta trinvonsions" witch, aindrioo morton ikk university, sangeet dee academy atey foundlings laee ikk hospital dee neenh noon utshahit karda haii. uh london witch ikk university dee mung naal shuru karda haii atey iss noon gair-rihaishi banaun dey kaarnan 'teey zor dinda haii. sabh toon pahilan, aapne mool dey parivaran naal ikko chhatt heth rahinn naal, vidiaarthiaan noon aapne sadhanan utte naheen chaddiaa jaanda. atey partave witch aaunn dee sambhavna ghatt hundi haii. dooje paase, jinhan naujwanan noon cambridge jaan oxford bhejiaa jaanda haii, uh aapna samaan sikkhan dee bajaae sharab pee keey barbad karde hunn. dooja, rozana aapne parivaar dey gharr waps aaa keey, uh london samaaj dey sabheyacharak vikas witch yogdan paunde hunn; uh gallbat raahin prapat keete akadamik giaan noon faila sakde hunn. kull milaa keey, iss yojna daa vishesh adhikar prapat labharthi uh kuleen varag haii jiss dey rihaishi khetar uhanan sathanan dee suchi witch shamal hunn jitthe morton kaalaj sathapat curran dee salaah dinda haiyav westminster, cent. james atey ormand street iss smajik samooh noon "gahki duaara" poore project laee vitt poshan curran laee vee sadda ditta jaanda haii. baad witch, aindrioo morton ikk foundling hospital dee sathapana dee apeel karda haii. ih bahut saariaan maavan noon garabhpat raahin aapne gair-kanunni bacchiaan toon chhutkara paunh jaan unhan noon unhan pairishan witch chaddan toon rokega joe unhan noon dhukvin panaah denh witch asamrath hunn. ih ank diffo deeaan horr rachnavan witch, khaas karke nawal "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724) atey lekh "kanjugal ashlilata" (1727) witch duhraunda haii. atharvin sadee dey arambh witch, vaddi ginti witch chadde gaye bacche. jaan taan london deeaan sadkan 'teey chhadd ditta giaa see jaan pairishan dee dekhbhal witch rakkhiaa giaa see. halanki, baad vaale noon bharoseyog naheen manniaa giaa see. kujh neey bacchiaan dee sahaita laee kharach keete jaanh vaale paise noon khatam qarr ditta; doojiaan utte anathan noon unhan duaara pardan keeti gaee seva dee sasti keemat dey adhaar utte chunhiaan gaeeaan beiman narsan dee dekhbhal laee saunpan daa dosh lagaiaa giaa see. ant witch, daffoe daa kalpanik bulara videshi sangeetkaran atey sangeetkaran dey mahinge aayat noon rokann laee sangeet dee academy dee sathapana noon utshahit karda haii.. uh dassde hunn kii uss samein dey maujuda italvi opera, jiss noon iss qalaa dey ucch varag dey premiaan duaara vitti sahaita ditti jaandi haii, noon "galat tarike naal academy kiha jaanda haii" kiunki ih siraf mahinge videshi sangeetkaran noon rakkhda haii. ih "sahee kalakaran dey nirdesh atey nirikhan adheen, naujwanan toon lae keey pakke saalan takk dey viaktiaan noon sikhlai dey keey vigiaan dey prachar noon utshahit naheen karda". jadon "augusta trinvension" prakashit keeta giaa see, taan ikk sanjhi stock company maujood see jiss daa mull sangeet dee raail academy see. 1719 witch sathapit, ih 1720 witch karajsheel hoow giaa. sarkari subsidiaan dee badaulat, ih tankhahan daa bhugtan qarr sakda see joe "theatre dee bhugtan curran dee andruni samratha toon bahr" sunn. naujwanan atey sevakan dey naitik bhrishtachar noon rokna. aindrioo morton sevakan noon unhan dee naukari pratee vafadar banaun laee upavan dee shuruat noon utshahit karda haii. sabh toon pahilan, unhan noon bahut ziaada tankhahan dee peshkash keeti jaanhi chahidi haii. vishesh taur utte, uhanan dee rakam uhanan dee kamm curran atey paise dey parbandhan dee samratha dey adhaar utte nirdharat keeti jaa sakadi haii. dooja, niaanik pranali noon unhan noon binan kise jaaiz caarn dey astifa denh dee aagiaa naheen denni chahidi. ant witch, malkan noon unhan naal durvivhar naheen karna chahida. iss yojna daa udesh mukkh taur utte naukran noon sustata atey maadi sangat toon door rakkhna haii joe unhan noon burai atey apradh vall lae jaa sakadi haii. atharvin sadee dey london witch naukari dey maukiaan dee bhaal witch vaddi ginti witch parvasi vasde sunn. ikalle honn atey shehar dey khatriaan toon anjaan honn karke, uh aasani naal beiman lokan dee prarthna bann sakde sunn. udaharan vajon, naujwan ladkiaan noon unhan dey aaunn 'teey heraferi curran vaale viaktiaan duaara vesva-gaman vall lijaiaa jaa sakda haii. khariddar "malkinan dey rivaaj daa laabh lae sakde sunn kii uh vaignan noon milann laee joe gharelu ladkiaan noon naukran noon labbhan atey shamal curran laee london liaundiyan sunn. aimm dey anusar dorothy jaaraj, "hogarth dee" vesva dee pragati "daa pahila drish asal zindagi witch aksar khediaa jaanda see. pagal gharr pranali witch sudhar. aindrioo morton private modhouses dee samkali pranali noon vee darsaunda haii atey iss dee ayogta dee ninda karda haii. sabh toon pahilan, uh dhiaan dinda haii kii ih uhanan viaktiaan dey sansthagatkaran dee aagiaa dinda haii joe kise vee mansik bimari toon prabhavit naheen hunn. udaharan dey laee, uh aksar tandrusti valiaan patniaan noon savikar karde hunn. durvivhar curran vaale patiaan duaara unhan toon chhutkara paunh dey iko udesh laee bnd qarr ditta giaa. dooje sathaan utte, uh dassde hunn kii uh mareezan dey dhukven ilaaj dee grunty naheen dinde kiunki unhan daa staff unhan dee angahili jaan durvarton karda haii. iss dey maddenazar, uh uhanan noon "laisanshuda modhouses" naal badlan daa sujhaa dinda haii joe "sahee mulakat atey nirikhan dey adheen hunn" atey jitthe kise noon vee "bhejiaa" naheen jaa sakda...] binan kise caarn, jaanch atey adhikar dey. atharvin sadee witch, private modhouses dee bahut charcha keeti gaee see. nicholls harve neey dassiaa kii defoe "" augusta trinvensions "(1728) witch inhan sansthavan dey abhiaas utte swal chukkan vaale pahile lokan vicchon ikk see. uss toon baad tobias smollet neey nawal "sarr lancelt grieves" (1762) likhiaa. jiss witch sirlekh daa naaik modhouses witch annuchit nazarbandi dee alochna karda haii. atey ih vivek atey mansik bimari dey witch antar noon darsaunda haii. sann 1763 witch, "sajjan magazine" neey vee aasilman witch mareezan dee ikk luddy dee durvarton dee ninda keeti. nicholls harve neey ih vee dekhiaa kii defoe neey "jiss tarahan patiaan aapniaan patniaan noon sabh toon vaddh nakli kaarnan karke seemat curran dey yog sunn, uss utte hamla keeta. iss abhiaas dee baad witch mairi wollstonecraft duaara "aurat dey galat" (1798) witch vee ninda keeti gaee see. iss bindu 'teey, elizabeth foister daa daava haii kii ih "ikk ajiha mudda see jiss neey atharvin sadee dey england witch bahut chinta daa caarn baniaa. mardan dey aapniaan patniaan noon seemat rakkhan dey adhikar baare aksar bahis hundi see. aazadi deeaan seemavaon viaahiaan aurtan atey atharvin sadee dey england witch qaid" (2002) dey lekh witch, uh daleel dindi haii kii patiaan duaara aapne jeevan saathi noon parivarak rihaishan atey viaahuta jeevan witch nazarband karna viaahuta hinsa daa ikk navaan roop bann giaa see. uss daa adhiaen raaja dey bench dey dastavezan 'teey adharat haii, adalat jiss neey iss mudde' teey adhikar khetar rakkhiaa see. sadak lutt dee roktham. aindrioo morton dee aakhri yojna daa udesh "pahilan swargi atey firr dharti dey tarikiaan naal" galiaan witch lutt-khoh noon rokna haii. pahile witch "burai atey anaitikta noon dabaa keey, atey ashlilata atey anaitikta noon sazaa dey keey, vivhaar dey sudhar noon lagu karna atey utshahit karna" shamal haii. viaapak anaitik aadatan kamuk gathavan noon padhna, sahun chukkna atey sharab dee durvarton hunn. baad vaale witch sadkan dee nigrani atey roshni dee ikk kushal pranali dee shuruat shamal haii. sabh toon pahilan, maujuda ayog ghadi noon yog atey sarirak taur 'teey mazboot aadmiaan dey samooh naal badalna zaruri haii. inhan navein gaardan noon aapne sahi-karamchariaan noon suchet curran laee hathiaar, talwaran atey ikk sing lae keey jaanha chahida haii. uhanan noon uhanan khetran witch niyukat keeta jaanha chahida haii joe prabhavshali dhang naal nigrani curran laee bahut vadde naheen hunn. vishesh taur utte, "kise vee chaukidar" noon "aapne saathi toon door veeh darwaziaan toon uppar naheen khadah honaa chahida. iss toon ilava, unhan dey yatnan noon maanta dinde hoye unhan noon tankhahan dittiaan janhiaan chahidiaan hunn. dooja, sadkan noon ikk raat witch dikhai denh dee zaroorat haii. iss laee, vajab ginti witch lamp lagauna mahattavpuran haii joe takniki taur 'teey lodindi roshni pardan curran dey samrath hunn. iss bhaag witch, aindrioo morton neey defoe dey samein witch sabheyachar dey tinn vilakkhan pahiluaan noon yaad keeta. sabh toon pahilan zikar keeta jaanh vaala haii vivhaar witch sudhar laee andolan. ਅੰਦੋਲਨ। sadee dauran, vaddi ginti witch angrezan neey smajik anaitikta dey ucch paddhar atey peedat rahit apradhan utte mukaddama chalaun witch mushkal dee ninda keeti. 1690 toon uhanan neey ikkathe hoow keey susaitiaan dee ikk luddy dee sathapana keeti. shuruati dahakiaan dauran uhanan neey nishana banaae gaye papian dey virudh mukaddama chalaun atey uhanan noon sangathit curran 'teey dhiaan kendrit keeta. uh tuhanun sharabipan, sahun chukkna, khedna atey samlingta varge apradhan laee adalat witch lae jaa sakde hunn. baad witch uhanan dey memberan neey updeshan dey zariye dharmik atey naitik kadran-keematan noon sikhaun atey parche tiaar curran atey vandann vall aapna dhiaan ditta. duji sabheyacharak visheshta raat dee ghadi haii joe joe sadee toon maujood haii. iss witch aadmi kaale samein dauran sadkan dee nigrani karde sunn. iss noon raat noon surakhiaa dey huck witch pesh keeta giaa see atey iss dey naal hii karfioo dey niyam lagu keete gaye sunn. iss pranali baare shuruati alochna bahali takk haii. iss deeaan kujh kamiaan 1690 dey dahake dey city marshalan dey birtantan witch vee daraj keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. unhan neey dekhiaa kii garib khetar iss seva laee vitti sahaita naheen dey sakde. iss toon ilava, chaukidar dhukven hathiaar naheen lae keey jaande sunn atey kujh mamlian witch, shift khatam honn toon pahilan hii chaley jaande sunn. 1720 dey dahake witch, apradh dee roktham baare ikk mahattavpuran jantak bahis chall rahee see atey defose neey iss witch kaee parche raahin hissa liaa. augusta tringens" toon ilava, usne "street walkers" (1726), "street dakaiti" (1728), "dooje vichaar sabh toon vadhiaa hunn" (1729), atey "street dakaitiaan dee turant roktham laee ikk prabhavshali yojna" (1731) witch apradh dee jaanch keeti. ant witch, aindrioo morton raat dee ghadi dey sabndh witch street lighting naal najithda haii. jey. aim. beaty dassdi haii, london dey shahiri vatavaran witch padhra atey peenn yog paanee dee uplabbadhta varge pahiluaan witch sudhar dey udesh naal kaee tabdiliaan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. street lighting witch sudhar laee vee yojnavan banaiaan gaeeaan sunn, joe kii horr muddiaan dee tulna witch apradh noon rokann laee sabh toon mahattavpuran manniaa jaanda see. paidal challan valiaan atey paart-time adhikariaan dovan noon thaavan dikhai denh naal, apradhiaan laee jeevan mushkal hoow giaa see atey sansad witch patishanan witch iss nukte noon ujagar keeta giaa see. 1736 dey lighting aikat raahin street lighting aakharkar ikk jantak pranali bann gaee. iss noon taxes duaara vitt poshan keeta giaa atey private companyan duaara pardan keeta giaa.

agasta vijayotsavah augusta vijayotsavah athavaa daniel defo ityanena landan-nagaram vishvasya sarvaadhikam samruddham nagaram nirmaatum maargah prathamavaaram 1728 maarch 16 dinaanke prakaashitah aasit. asya patrasya kaalpanikah vaktaa endroo morton ityeshah shashtadashke kashchan vyaktihi asti yah landan-nagarasya sudharartham suzawan pradadaati. visheshatah saha vishvavidyaalayasya, sangeeta-akaadameeh, samsthapakanam krute chikitsaalayasy, manasikaroganam chikitsaartham anujnaapatrayuktaanaam cha samsthanam sthapanam vardhayati. api cha, saha naitika-bhrashtaachaarasy, maarga-darodaayaah cha nivaaranaartham upayanam pravartanam protsahayati. "augusta vijayotsavah" iti granthasya samuhasya bhaagah asti, yat endroo morton ityasya nome-dee-ploom ityasya antargatam prakaashitam aasit. asmin "pratyekasya vyapaarah, naa-vyapaarah" (1725), "protestant-mathah" (1726), "sankeerna-atyacharaha" (1727), "dwiteeya-vichaarah sarwottamah" (1729) cha antarbhavanti. te kramashah sevakaanaam uccha-vetanam, vruddhaanaam prati anaadaram, paadari-kshetraanaam bhrashtacharam, aparaadh-nivaaranam cha kurvanti. te sarve te vishayaani punah avalokayanti, ye teshaam lekhakah daniel defoe iti "e esse aan praajekts" (1697) ityasmin poorvamev charchitaah aasan. parantu, poorvakaalasy karyasya apekshayaa, te naitika-vimarshasya apekshayaa adhika-pariyojanaa-abhimukhi santi. yathaa maximilian novaak soochayati, defoe "augusta vijayotsavasya" krute "grand-sheershakam" chitavaan. idam landan-nagaram saarvajaneenastare api vishishtam kartum tasya mahattvaakaankshaam prakaashayati. tasya jeevanacharitram kaaryam cha iti ubhayoho kshetre asya nagarasya mahattvapoornam paatram asti. prathamam tasya yaatraah asmin sthaane eva aarabhy samaapyat. dwiteeyam, tasya adhikamshanam lekhananam "antarnihitam vaa spashtam vaa vinyaasah" asti. vishayasya samagrasya cha samrachanaa. "augusta wicktwians" iti grantham landan-nagarasya vardhanaartham suchanam pradadaati. asya aarambhah parichayaatmak-anucchedadvayena bhavati. poorvam "prakshepita-shirshanam" vishaye, teshaam vishaye anglanam manovruttehe cha vishaye sankshiptam pratibimbam asti.prakshepak-pramukhah" iti, arthaat samajika-sudharartham yojanam nirmaatum vyaktihi upahasat bhayaan vinaa prastavan kartum aamantritaah bhavanti. te kevalam pramanikopadesheshu eva dhyanam dadaatu. tadatiriktam, teshaam pariyojananam sambhaavya-nyoonataah kshamyante, yathaa "etat ekataram uttamm karma, yasya arthah uttamah, tathaa cha tasya uddeshyah cha asafalataam prashamitum arhati" iti. anglabhashayaha vishaye, te etadrushanam vyaktinaam prati nyoonatam-krupana-rashtram iti varnitaah santi. te "teshaam prati nichatamam vartante", evam eva teshaam deshah "aavishkaarasya vishaye atyantam durlabhaah iti manyate". dwiteeya-aarambhik-paricchede, kathaavastu, saha kimartham etat patrakam likhitavaan iti vyakhyaayati. saha navaprastaavaan kaagade sthapayitva swasya jeevanasya sheshakaalasy sadupayogam kartum icchati. samagratayaa etat karyam "sahachar-jivaan" prati tasya "sadbhaavanaayaah" "sakshyam" iti uddeshitam asti. asya parichayaatmak-pravachanasya anantaram eva, endroo morton ityeshah, yasya pariyojanaayaah vishaye saha sarvaadhikam pratibimbitavaan, tasya vivaranam kartum agre gacchati. saha shikshanasy cha samakaaleen-bhrashtaachaarasy virodhaartham landan-vishvavidyaalayasya sthapanam pravardhayati. tadanantaram, ekasmaat anantaram chatwaarah sheershak-khandaah aagacchanti, samajika-sudharartham anyaani yojanam cha prastooyanti. prathama-khandah faundling-chikitsaalayasy sthapanartham aahvayati. anena bahavah mataraha garbhapaatasy madhyamena athavaa parisheshu parityajy, teshaam nyayayuta-jeevan-sthitihi naa pradadat, teshaam avaidha-santatibhyah mukttim daatum naa shaknuvanti. khandadwayam darshayati yat sangeetasy vaastavika-akadami katham "videsheey-sangeetajnaanaam mahatee-ayatam pratirodhati, & c" iti. dhaaraa-truteeyah prathame "yuvaan sewakaah cha" naitika-bhrashtacharat rakshayitum upadesham pradadaati. dwiteeyam, etat katipayaan samajikan dushtaan nindayati-veshyaavruttihi, joodam, ravivaasare swasya rikttam samayam vyaayitum aswaasthyakar-aachaar-vyavahaarasya shrunkhalaa, yathaa madyasya durupayogah. truteeyam, etat swapatnyaah krute patyoho durvyavahaarasya vishaye, samakaaleenasy nijee-gruhaanaam vishaye cha vyaakhyaam prati avakshepam karoti. dhaaraa-chaturthah maarga-darodaayaah nivaaranaartham upayan sveekrutya protsahayati. teshu naitikashikshaam, samarthanam vetanayuktaanaam cha rakshakanam samsthaayaah aarambhah, raatrau paryaaptam veethi-deepa-vyavasthaa cha antarbhavati. augusta vijayotsavasya" antimabhaagasya sheershakam "lopaha" iti asti. etaavatparyantam chitritaah pariyojanaayaah dwayoh pakshayoho ayam samshodhanam asti. endroo morton ityayam "kevalam sabhaagruhe vaa saarwajanik-prakoshte vaa" yuktasya landan-vishvavidyaalayasya sthapanasya praarambhik-vichaaram niraakrutya aarabhate. apitu, "idam mahaavidyaalayasya swaroopam vishaalam gruham vaa satram vaa bhavet, yatra mahaniyanam krute suvidhaajanak-kakshanam bhandaarah bhavet, naa kevalam pruthak adhyayanam kartum, apitu teshaam pustakaani yatra sthaapayitum shakyate, yatah taan agrabhaage cha langhayitum ateeva asaukaryam bhavishyati" iti. tatah saha "mudhouse-vishaye pravachanam" vistaarayati, visheshatah vidhavaah athavaa anyeshaam mahilanam anyaayapoorit-bandhane avarodham sthaapayitum suzaavam pradaasyatah, ye cha dhanayuktaah santi, purusha-margadarshanam naa praaptaah santi. lobhinam, hastaparivartakanam cha "aparichitanam" piditanam bhavitum, sameepasthah purusha-bandhuhu, sampatteh vyavasthaapane mrutasya bhadralokasya uttaraadhikaari bhavet. patrasya ante "leftinent-carnell syaamuyel robinson ityasmai" iti patram sanlagnam asti yat "sept" iti iti asti. 23, 1728 "iti. tasya hastaksharakarta endroo morton ityeshah "landan-nagarasya chember-lenn-ship-krute nirvaachane" sanketam sveekrutya sankshepena abhinandanam adadat. tadanantaram saha "anathasya karasya" uddeshyam bodhayitum prashnaanaam shrunkhalaa prastooyati. yojanakaraha" tathaa teshaam samayah. augusta vijayotsavasya" aarambhe, yadaa endroo morton ityeshah "yojanakaranam" vishaye sankshepena tippanim karoti tadaa maanav-kshamataayaah prakshepanasya vishayavastuh sprushate. eteshaam ankaanaam ullekhah "pariyojanaah vishaye prabandhe" api asti. tasya parichayapatre lekhakah soochayati yat tasya deshah "[ityanena saha samoohitah asti...] anekaani "yojanakarani. iyam pariyojanaa-abhimukhi vaayugunah samakaaleen-samasyanam, avyavasthaayaah cha saameepyasy vyaapak-aavashyakataayah karanat utpannah asti. api cha, yatah anyat kimapi yugam etaadrushee pravruttyaa naa darshitam aasit, ataha tasya yugam "prakshepita-yugah" iti paribhaashayitum shakyate sma. daniel defoy ityanena "[iti vishayavastuh" iti upakruta...] pariyojanaah vishaye eka-nibandhah" (1697) tathaa "rabinson krooso" (1719) iti cha prakshepayitum purushasya kshamata. te kramashah samaanavishayam spashtam avyaktam cha vartante. viparitapranalya api te bhinnadrushtimoolam api santi. "pariyojanaah vishaye nibandhah" saamaajikaroopen abhimukhi asti, yena saha sampornasamudaayasy krute mahattwapoornaah vishayaah sambodhayati. "rabinson krooso" iti tu, ekaa manushyanam hitam prati kendreekrutam asti. landan-nagarasya sudharartham endroo morton ityasya prastaawah. nutananam samsthanam sthapana. augusta vijayotsavah" ityasmin, endroo morton ityayam vishvavidyaalayasya, sangeeta-akaadameeh, samsthapakanam krute chikitsaalayasy cha sthapanam pravartayati. saha landan-nagare vishvavidyaalayasya aahvaanen aarabhate, tasya anivaaseekaranasya karanan udghaatayati cha. prathamam, swawamsheeyapariwaaraih saha ekasmaat upari nivasan chhaatraah swakeeya-sadhanani naa nivruddhaah bhavanti. tathaa cha pralobhane patitasya sambhavana nyoonah bhavati. aparam, kembridge athavaa oxford-nagaram prati preshitaah yuvakaah, swawidyaayaah apekshayaa madyapanam krutvaa samayam vyartham kurvanti. dwiteeyam, pratidinam svaparivaarasya nivaasam pratyaagatya, te landan-samajasya saamskrutika-vikaase yogadam kurvanti; samvaadadvaaraa praaptasya shaikshanik-gyaanasya prasaram kartum shaknuvanti. samagratayaa, asya yojanayaha visheshaadhikaarapraaptah labharthi saha kuleenah asti yasya niwaas-kshetraani sthananam suchyam antarbhavanti yatra morton mahaavidyaalayaanaam sthapanartham upadeshayati-westminster, sent. james tathaa ormand street. ayam saamaajikasamooh api sampornasya pariyojanaayaah vittaposhanaartham "sadasyataayaah madhyamena" aamantritah asti. tadanantaram, endroo morton ityeshah faundling-chikitsaalayasy sthapanartham aagrahayati. etena bahavah mataha garbhapaatasy madhyamena swa-avaidha-santatibhyah mukttim praaptum vaa, teshaam paryaaptam ashrayam daatum asamarthah parisheshu taan parityaktum vaa nivaarayanti. defoy ityasya anyeshu krutishu, visheshatah "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724), tathaa "kaanjugal ludeness" (1727) iti prabandheshu cha eshaa samasyaa punaraavartate. ashtaadashashataabdyaah aarambhe, parityaktaah baalakaah bahusankhyakaah aasan. landan-nagarasya veethishu eva te parityaktaah, athavaa paadari-sabhanam paricharyayam nyastaani. parantu, uttaratah vishvasaneeyaha naa iti manyate sma. kechan balanam samarthane vyayam bhavitum apekshitam dhanam viraktavantah, anye cha anathan teshaam pradattasevaanaam alpamulyasya aadhaaren nirwaachitaah apramanika-paricharikanam paricharyaam prati nyastavantah iti aaropah krutah. ante, defo ityasya kaalpanikah vaktaa "videsheey-sangeetajnaanaam & sii ityasya mahyam ayatam nivaarayitum" sangeeta-akadami ityasya sthapanam vardhayati.iti. saha soochayati yat, tatt samaye vidyamaanah italian-operaa, yasya vittaposhanam ucchavargeeyena asya kalayaha premakaih krutam asti, "anuchitaroopen akadami iti kathyate", yatah saha kevalam mahatee videsheey-sangitakaran niyuktavaan. tatt "vidnyaanasya prasaram naa protsahayati, yuvatah praudaparyantam vyaktibhyah prashikshanm dattvaa, samuchitakalakaranam nirdeshena nirikshanena cha. yadaa "augusta transyomyans" iti prakaashanam jaatam, tadaa ekam samyukta-stack-kampanee aasit yasya moolyam rayal-akadami-aaf-music iti aasit. 1719 tame varshe sthaapitam, 1720 tame varshe karyam aarabdham. sarvakaareey-anudanasya karanat, "natyashalayaha deya-kshamataayaah anadhikam" vetanam daatum samartham aasit. yuvaanaam sevakaanaam cha naitika-bhrashtaachaarasy nivaaranam. endroo morton ityeshah sewakaah swakaaryasya prati vishvasaneeyaah bhavitum upayanam pravartanam protsahayati. prathamam, teshaam krute vetanam pradaatavyam yat atyadhikam naa bhavati. visheshatah teshaam dhanam teshaam karyakshamatayaha, dhanasya prabandhanasy cha aadhaaren nirdhaarayitum shakyate sma. dwiteeyam, nyayavyavastha nyayikaranena vinaa taan tyaagapatram naa daatum anumanyate. ante, guruhu taan naa durbyabahaaram kartum arhanti. asya yojanayaha uddeshyam mukhyataya sewakaah alasataayaah, dushtasangasya cha apekshayaa doore sthaapayitum asti yena te dushkrutye aparaadhe cha parinataah bhaveyuhu. ashtaadashashataabdyaah landan-nagare, udyogavakashan anvishya, bahusankhyakaah pravaasinah nivasanti sma. ekaki tathaa nagarasya apayan naa jananti, te sahajataya avivekeenaam jananam prarthana bhavitum arhanti sma. yathaa, yuvaraani, teshaam aagamanasamaye hastachaalitaih vyaktibhihi samipena veshyaavruttim agruhnaat. krayanakartaarah "sewakaah anveshtum, niyuktum cha desha-balikan landan-nagaram prati aanayan vyaagan-yanan militum upapatninam prathayaha" laabham praaptum shaknuvanti sma. tadanusaram emm. dorothy jaarj, "hogaarth ityasya" veshyaayaah pragatihi "ityasya prathamam drushyam vaastavikajeebane praayah abhineetam aasit. unmattagruhawyawasthayaah sudhaarah. endroo morton ityeshah samakaaleenasy nijee-bhavananam vyavasthaam api pratibimbayati, tasya akshamatam cha nindayati. prathamatah saha drashtavaan yat tatt manasikarogena naa piditanam vyaktinaam samsthaneekaranam anumanyate iti. yathaa, te praayah swasthapatneem sweekartum arhanti. kevalam teshaam vimochanaartham eva durwyawahaarinah patayah teshaam krute baddhaah. dwiteeye sthaane saha soochayati yat te roginaam paryaapt-chikitsayaha pratyaabhootim naa kurvanti, yatah teshaam karmachaarinah teshaam avahelanam vaa durupayogam vaa kurvanti. asya prakaashe saha teshaam sthaane "anudnyaapatrayuktaani medhouse" sthaapayitum soochayati, ye "samuchita-darshanasy nirikshanasya cha adheenaani" santi, yatra naa kenaapi "preshayitum shakyate...] uchitakaaranam, anveshanam, adhikaram cha vinaa. ashtadashashatabdyam, nijee-bhavananam vishaye bahu charchaa abhavat. nicolas-harve-varyaha soochayati yat "agastaa-vijayotsava-granthasya (1728)" madhye etaasu samsthanam abhyaasam prashnabaaneshu prathameshu defo iti aasit. tasya pashchat tobias smollet ityeshah "surr lancellat greeves" (1762) iti upanyasam likhitavaan. yasmin sheershakam naayakah medhouse-madhye anuchitam nirodham vimarshayati. tathaa cha vivekasya manasikarogasya cha bhedam pratiphalishyati. 1763 tame varshe "gentlemens-patrikaa" api aashrameshu roginaam shrunkhalaayaah durvyavahaarasya nindaam akarot. nicolas-harve ityanena api dnyaayate yat, "patibhihi swapatneem baddhum yathaa shakyate, tatt" kapata-kaaranaih eva akramanam akarot iti. pashchat "da-rats-aaf-vuman" (1798) ityasmin meri-wolstone-craft ityanena api eshaa prathaa ninditaa abhavat. asmin vishaye elizaabet fiester ityeshaa pratipaadayati yat "ayam ekaha vishayah aasit yah ashtadashashatabdyam england-deshe bahu chintaam janayat" iti. purushaanaam swapatneem seemitam kartum adhikaarah praayah charchitah aasit. att da limits aaf liberteeh vivahita-mahilaah tathaa ashtaadashashataabdyaah england-deshe karavasaha" (2002) iti prabandhe saa tarkayati yat, swapatnyaah pati-patninam kutumbinagareshu, pati-patneeshu cha nirodha vaivaahikahimsaayaah nootanah roopah abhavat iti. tasyaah adhyayanm, raajnah peetasya, nyayalayasya, yasya adhikaarakshetram asmin vishaye aasit, dastaavejeshu aadhaaritam asti. maarga-apaharanasya nivaaranam. endroo morton ityasya antimasya yojanaa "prathamam swargadwara, tatah paarthiv-madhyamena" veethi-darodaayaah nivaaranam lakshyayti. prathamasmin "aachaar-samskaranam pravartayitum protsaahayitum cha, duracharam anaitikam cha damanam krutvaa, apavitrataam vyabhichaaram cha dandayitum cha" antarbhavati. vyaapakaah anaitika-abhyaasaah santi-kaamuk-gathanam pathanam, shapatham, madyasya durupayogah cha. uttarasmin veethishu nirikshanasya, prakashasya cha dakshavyavasthaayaah aarambhah antarbhavati. sarvaprathamam, vartamaanasya ayogyasya nirikshanasya sthaane samarthanam shaareerikaroopen cha balavaan purushaanaam shareeram aavashyakam asti. ete nootan-rakshakaah swakarmachaarinah jaagarooyitum agneyastrani, khadgaani, shingaani cha dhaarayanti. te kshetraani yathaa prabhaawen nireekshayitum naa vishaalaani santi, teshaam krute niyuktaani bhaveyuhu. visheshatah, "naa kaapi kavaloka" "swasahacharaat doore vimshatidvaaraanaam upari naa tishtatu. api cha teshaam prayatnanam manyatam praapya vetanam daatavyam. dwiteeyam, veedhayah raatrau drushyante iti. ataha, paryaaptam prakasham pradadayitum samarthanam deepoh yuktasankhyaakaani sthaapayitum mahattvapoornam asti. asmin khande, endroo morton ityayam defo ityasya kaale samskrutyaah trayah vishishta-pakshan smaryati. prathame ullekhah shishtacharasya sudharartham andolanam asti. sampoorne 18 shataabdyaam, bahusankhyakaah aanglajanaah samajika-anaitikataayaah uccha-staram, peedita-aparadhanam abhiyojanasya kashtam iti cha apashyn, tatt nindayan. 1690 tamaat varshaat te ekatrvaa anekaan samajan sthaapayan. praarambhik-dashakeshu te lakshyikrutanam papinam abhiyojanasya aayojanasy cha vishaye dhyanam kendreekrutavantah. te madyapaanena, shapathen, kreedayaa, svavinodayaa ityaadibhih aparaadhaih bhavantam nyayalayam prati netum arhanti sma. pashchat teshaam sadasyaah upadeshanam vitaranasya, patrapatranam utpadanasya vitaranasya cha madhyamena dhaarmik-naitika-mulyanam shikshanm prati dhyanam preshitavantah. dwiteeyam saamskrutika-vishishtataa ratrikal-nireekshanam asti, yat trimshatishataabdyaah poorvam aasit. andhakaare kaale veethi-nirikshanam kurwantah purushaah asmin aasan. raatrau surakshayaha krute, karfyoo-niyamanam pravartanena saha, asya aarambhah krutah. asya vyavasthaayaah vishaye praarambhik-alochana punahsthapanaat arabhyate. 1690 tame dashake nagar-marshels-ityasya lekhaasu api asya kaanichan nyoonataah abhilikhitaah. te avadat yat daridrakshetraani asya sewaayaah vittaposhanam kartum naa shaknuvanti iti. api cha, rakshakaah samuchitaan shastraan naa vahanti sma, keshuchit kshetreshu, sthanantarasya samaapteh poorvam cha nirgacchati sma. 1720 tame dashake aparaadh-nivaaranavishaye mahattvapoornam saarwajanik-vaadavivaadah prachalati sma, tathaa cha defoe iti patrikaa-shrunkhalaayaah madhyamena tasmin bhaagam agruhnaat. augusta vijayotsavah" iti ityanena saha, saha "maarga-yatrikanam vishaye kechan vichaarah" (1726), "maarga-dasyata-vishaye vichaarah" (1728), "dwiteeya-vichaarah sarwottamah" (1729), "maarga-dasyatanam tatkshana-nivaaranaartham prabhaavee-yojanaa" (1731) ityaadishu aparaadhasy anveshanam akarot. ante, endroo morton iti ratrikal-nirikshanasya vishaye veethi-dipanam vishaye vyavaharati. yathaa jey. emm. beetty kathayati yat, landan-nagarasya nagar-paryaavarane, padapanam, peyajalasy upalabdhata ityadinam vishayeshu sudharartham anekaah parivartanaah abhavan iti. maarga-dipanam unnatehe krute api yojanaah kalpitaah, yaa anyaih samasyaih tulanam aparaadh-nivaarane atyantam mahattvapurna iti manyante sma. padacharibhyaha amshakaalika-adhikaaribhyah cha drushyamaanam sthaanam krutvaa, aparaadhibhyah jeevanam dushkarm jaatam, samsade niveditaasu yaachaneshu api ayam vishayah udghaatitah. 1736 tame varshe prakasha-adhiniyamasya madhyamena maarga-deepah antatah saarwajanik-vyavasthaa abhavat. karaihi vittaposhanam krutvaa, nijee-kampaneebhih cha pradaatat.

agusta vetrtriyaalargal agusta trivensions allathu, daniel defovin landanai pirabanjaththil migavum sezhippaana nagaramaaga maattruvatharkaana vazhi muthanmuthalil maarch 16,1728 andru veliyidappattathu. inththa thunduprasuraththin karpanaiyaana paechchaalar andrew morton, thanathu arupathukalil landanin munnaettraththirkaana parinthuraikalai valangkukiraar. kurippaaga, avar oru palkalaikkazhagam, isai akaadami, niruvanangalukkaana maruthuvamanai mattrum mananoaikalukku sigichchaiyalippatharkaaka urimam pettra niruvanangalai niruvuvathai ookkuvikkiraar. maelum, thaarmeega oozhal mattrum theru kollaiyaith thaduppatharkaana nadavadikkaigalai arimugappaduththuvathai avar ookkuvikkiraar. "agusta trivensions" enbathu andrew morten peyar-dii-bluemin keezh veliyidappatta padaippugalin kuzhuvin oru paguthiyaagum. idhil "ovvoru nabarin vanigam, endha nabarin vanigamum illai" (1725), "prodestant madaalayam" (1726), "parochial kodungoanmai" (1727), mattrum "irandaavathu ennangkal siranthavai" (1729) aagiyavai adangkum. avarkal muraiyae oozhiyargalin adhiga sambalam, periyavarkalai avamathippathu, thiruchchapaikalin oozhal mattrum kuttrangalaith thaduppathu aagiyavattraik kaiyaalugiraargal. avarkal anaivarum thangal ezhuththaalar daniel aerkanavae "thittangal kuriththa oru katturaiyil" (1697) vivaathiththa karupporulgalai marupariseelanai seikiraargal. iruppinum, inththa munththaiya padaippudan oppidumpoathu, avai thaarmeega vimarsanangkalil kavanam seluththuvathai vida thitta adippadaiyilaanavai. maximilian novac suttikkaattiyapadi, difo "agusta vijayi" kalukku oru "grand dietle" aith therntheduththaar. ulagalaaviya mattaththil kooda landanai thaniththu nirka vaippatharkaana avarathu latchiya noakkaththai idhu eduththukkaattukirathu. avarathu vaazhkkai varalaaru mattrum padaippugal irandilum inththa nagaram kurippidatthakka pangaik kondullathu. muthalil, avarathu payanangkal inththa idaththilaeyae thodangi mudivadaigindrana. irandaavathaaka, idhu avarathu perumpaalaana ezhuththukkalin "maraimugamaana allathu velippadaiyaana amaippu" aagum. porul mattrum ottumoththa amaippu. "agusta vijayi" lundon nagaraththai maempaduththuvatharkaana parinthuraikalai valangkukirathu. idhu irandu arimuga paththigaludan thodangukirathu. muthal pakuthi "thalaikalaith thittamiduvathu" mattrum avarkal meethaana aangkilaeyargalin anugumurai pattriya surukkamaana pirathipalippaakum.tittath thalaivarkal", athaavathu samooga maempaattukkaana thittangalai uruvaakkum thaninabarkal, kaelii seiyappaduvatharku payappadaamal munmozhivugalaich seiya azhaikkappadugiraargal. avarkal nermaiyaana aaloasanaikalai vazhangkuvathil mattumae kavanam seluththa vaendum. koodudhalaaga, avarkalin thittangalil ulla kuraipaadugal mannikkappada vaendum, athil "idhu oru vagaiyaana nalla nadavadikkai, idhu thoalviyai kuraikkum noakkam kondadhu". aangkilaeyargalaip porutthavarai, avarkal aththagaiya thaninaparkalidam migak kuraindha mannippu konda naadu endru vivarikkappadugiraargal. avarkal "avarkalai moasamaana muraiyil nadaththukiraargal", inththa kaaranaththirkaagavae avarkalin naadu "kandupidippil migavum moasamaaga mathikkappadukirathu". irandaavathu thodakka paththiyil, avar inththa thunduprasuraththai ezhuthuvatharkaana kaaranatthai vivarikkiraar. puthumaiyaana munmozhivugalai kaakithaththil vaippathan moolam thanathu vaazhkkaiyin meethamulla neraththai nanku payanpaduththa virumbukiraar. moththaththil, inththa vaelai avarathu "saga uyirinangkalukku" avarathu "nalla viruppaththin" saatchiyaaga irukka vaendum. inththa arimuga sorpozhivukkup piragu, andrew morton thaan migavum pirathipaliththa thittatthai vilakka munnaerukiraar. samagaalak karral mattrum kalviyil aerpattulla uuzhalai ethirkka lundon palkalaikkazhagaththai niruvuvathai avar ookkuvikkiraar. pinnar, thalaippulla naanku pirivugal ontran pinn ontraaka vandhu samooga maempaattukkaana pira thittangalai munvaikkintrana. pirivu ondru oru foundling maruththuvamanaiyai niruva vaendum endru koorukirathu. pala thaaimaargal thangal sattaviroathamaana santhathiyinaridamirunthu karukkalaippu allathu avarkalukku kanniyamaana vaazhkkai nilaimaigalai vazhangkaatha paarishgalil kaividuvathan moolam thangalai viduvikkaamal idhu thadukkum. irandaavathu pirivu oru unmaiyana isai akaadami "velinaattu isaikkalainarkalin vilaiyuyarnththa irakkumathiyaith thadukkum" enbathaik kaattukirathu. pirivu moontru muthalil "ilainyargal mattrum oozhiyargalai" thaarmeega oozhalilirunthu kaappaattruvatharkaana aaloasanaikalai valangkukirathu. irandaavathaaka, idhu sila samooga theemaigalai kandikkirathuh vibachaaram, soothaattam mattrum nyaayitrukkizhamaigalil oruvarin oaivu neraththai selavazhikka thodarchchiyaana moasamaana nadaththai, madhubaanam thavaraagap payanpaduththuthal poantravai. moontraavathaaka, kanavargal thangal manaivigalai dushprayogam seivathu mattrum samagaala thaniyar maruththuva illangkalaip pattriya karuththukkal kuritthu idhu oru thisaithiruppalai seikirathu. pirivu naanku theru kollaiyai niruththuvatharkaana nadavadikkaigalai pinpattruvathai ookkuvikkirathu. thaarmeegak kalvi mattrum tiramaiyaana mattrum uuthiyam perum kaavalaaligal amaippai arimugappaduththuvathu mattrum eravil poathumaana theru vilakkugal amaippathu aagiyavai avattril adangkum. agusta vijayi" kalin iruthip pakuthi "kuraipaadugal" endru peyaridappattullathu. idhu idhuvarai vilakkapattulla thittangalin irandu amsangkalin thiruththamaagum. andrew morton "oru mandapam allathu podhu arai mattumae" konda lundon palkalaikkazhagaththai niruvuvatharkaana thanathu aaramba yoasanaiyai niraagariththu thodangukiraar. maaraaga, "adhu oru periya veedu allathu viduthiyaaga irukka vaendum, oru kallooriyin eiyalpil, periyavarkalukku vasathiyaana araikal konda saemippu, thaniththaniyaaga padikka mattumallaamal, avarkalin puththagangkalai engku thanga vaika vaendum, aenentraal avattrai pinnoakki mattrum munnoakki izhukka migavum siramamaaga irukkum". pinnar avar thanathu "manavaazhkkai pattriya sorpozhivai" virivupaduthukiraar, kurippaaga vithavaikal allathu aangalukku vazhikaattuthal illaatha pira penkal niyaayamattra muraiyil adaikkappaduvathaith thaduka oru aaloasanaiyai vazhangkuvathan moolam. paeraasai mattrum kaiyaaluthal "anniyarkalin" paliyaagaamal thaduka, arugilulla aann uravinar thoattaththin nirvaagaththil iranththa manitharukkup piragu vara vaendum. thunduprasuraththin mudivil "leptinent-curnell saamuvel raabinsanukku" oru kadidham inaikkappattullathu, idhu "septumber" thaethiyittathu. 23, 1728. adhan kaiyopamitta andrew morton, "lundon nagaraththin saembarlainshippirku thernthedukkappatta" mugavarikku surukkamaaga vaalththu therivippathoadu thodangukiraar. pinnar avar "anaathaiyin varii" yinn noakkaththaip purinthukolla thodarchchiyaana kaelvigalai munvaitthaar. thittavattamaanavargal" mattrum avarkalin neram. andrew morton "thittavattamaanavargal" pattri surukkamaaga karutthu therivikkum poathu "agusta vijayi" kalin thodakkaththil manitha thiranai munvaikkum karupporul thodappadukirathu. inththa pullivivarangkal "thittangal kuriththa oru katturaiyilum" kurippidapattullana. adhan arimugaththil, thanathu naadu "[...]..] aeraalamaana "thittamidupavargal". inththa thitta adippadaiyilaana kaalanilai samagaala pirachchanaikal mattrum kuzhappaththai samaalippatharkaana paravalaana thevaiyilirunthu uruvaagirathu. maelum, vaeru endha vayathum aththagaiya poakkaik kondirukkavillai enbathaal, avarathu sagaapthaththai "munmathiri vayathu" endru varaiyarukka mudiyum. daniel tefo "[inn karupporulaik kaiyandar...] thittangal kuriththa oru katturai" (1697) mattrum "rabinson cruzo" (1719) aagiyavattril manithanin seyalthiranai munvaikkum thiran. avai muraiyae oray thalaippin velippadaiyaana mattrum maraimugamaana sigichchaiyaagum. ethir anugumuraigalaal vagaippaduththappaduvathoadu mattumallaamal, avai munnoakkilum vaerupadugindrana. "thittangal kuriththa oru katturai" enbathu samoogaththai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, idhu oru muzhu samoogaththirkum mukkiyathuvam vaaintha pirachchanaikalai uraiyaattrukirathu. "marupuram, "rabinson cruzo", oru thanii manithanin nalangalil kavanam seluththukirathu. landanin maempaattukkaana andrew morten munmozhivugal. puthiya niruvanangalai niruvuthal. augusta vijayi" endra noolil, andrew morton oru palkalaikkazhagam, isai akaadami mattrum adiththalangkalukkaana maruthuvamanaiyin adiththalatthai ookkuvikkiraar. avar landanil oru palkalaikkazhagaththai azhaippathan moolam thodangukiraar, maelum adhai vasippidamattrathaaka maattruvatharkaana kaaranangalai valiyuruththukiraar. muthalaavathaaka, thangal kudumbaththudan oray kooraiyin keezh vaazhvathan moolam, maanavargal thangal sontha saathanangalukku vidappaduvathillai. maelum avarkal soathanaiyil vizhuvatharkaana vaaippugal kuraivu. marupuram, cambridge allathu oxpordukku anupappadum ilainyargal, thangalaik katrukkolvathai vida kudippazhakkaththileye thangal neraththai veenaakkukintranar. irandaavathaaka, thangal kudumbaththin kudiyirupukku thinamum thirumbuvathan moolam, avarkal lundon samoogaththin kalaachaara selippukku pankalikkiraarkal; uraiyaadalin moolam avarkal perum kalvi arivai avarkal parappa mudiyum. ottumoththamaaga, inthath thittaththin salugai pettra payanaali, moraton kalloorigalai niruva arivuruththum idangkalin pattiyalil serkkappattulla kudiyiruppu pakuthikal konda periyavarkal westminster, saint. james mattrum oormand theru. inththa samoogak kuzhuvum muzhu thittaththirkum "santhaa moolam" nidhiyalikka azhaikkappadukirathu. pinnar, andrew morton oru foundling maruththuvamanaiyai niruva vaendum endru valiyuruththukiraar. idhu pala thaaimaargal karukkalaippu moolam thangal sattaviroatha santhathiyai agattruvathaiyoa allathu avarkalukku poathumaana thangkumidam vazhangka mudiyaatha paarishgalil avarkalaik kaividuvathaiyoa thadukkum. inththa idhazh difovin pira padaippugalil, kurippaaga "moal flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724) mattrum "kanjugal ledness" (1727) endra katturaigalil meendum meendum varukirathu. pathinettaam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, aeraalamaana kaividappatta kuzhandhaigal irunththanar. landanin therukkalil vidappattana allathu paarishgalin paraamarippil vaikappattana. iruppinum, pinthaiyavai nambagamaanavaiyaaga karudhappadavillai. silar kuzhandhaigalin aatharavukkaaga selavazhikka vaendiya panaththai kalaiththanar; mattravargal thaangkal valangkiya sevaiyin malivaana thanmaiyin adippadaiyil thernthedukkappatta nermaiyattra seviliyarkalin paraamarippukku anaathaikalai oppadaiththathaaga kuttram saattappattanar. kadaisiyaaga, defovin karpanaiyaana paechchaalar "velinaattu isaikkalainarkal & chii-yinn vilaiyuyarnththa irakkumathiyaith thaduka oru isai akaadamiyai niruvuvathai valarkkiraar.endru koorinaar. inththa kalaiyin uyar varkka kaathalarkalaal nidhiyalikkappatta appoathaiya itaaliya ooparaa, "muraiyattra muraiyil akaadami endru azhaikkappadukirathu", aenenil adhu vilaiyuyarnththa velinaattu isaikkalainarkalai mattumae paniyamarththukirathu endru avar suttikkaattukiraar. idhu "sariyaana kalaignargalin arivuruththal mattrum aaivin keezh, ilaiya vayathu muthal palamaiyaana vayathu varai ulla nabarkalukku payirchi alippathan moolam, ariviyalin parapputhalai ookkuvikkaathu". agusta trivensions" veliyidappattapoathu, raayal akaadami off music endra peyarudan oru koottu pangku niruvanam irunththathu. 1719ill niruvapatta idhu 1720ill seyalpaattukku vanthathu. arasaangka maaniyangkalin kaaranamaaga, "thiraiyarangkin ullaarntha tiranukku apparpatta" sambalangalai seluththa mudinthathu. ilainyargal mattrum oozhiyargalin thaarmeega oozhalaith thaduppathu. andrew morton oozhiyargalai thangal vaelaiyil unmaiyullavargalaaga maattruvatharkaana nadavadikkaigalai arimugappaduththa ookkuvikkiraar. muthalaavathaaka, avarkalukku miga athigamaaga illaatha uuthiyangkal vazhangkappada vaendum. kurippaaga, avarkalin panatthaich seluththum tiranin adippadaiyil avarkalin thogaiyai nirnayika mudiyum. irandaavathaaka, niyayamaana kaaranam illaamal avarkal rajinama seiya neethiththurai amaippu anumathikkakkoodaathu. kadaisiyaaga, ejamaanargal avarkalai dushprayogam seiyakkoodaathu. inthath thittam muthanmaiyaaga oozhiyargalai soambal mattrum moasamaana niruvanaththilirunthu vilakkuvathai nokkamaagak kondullathu, idhu avarkalai theeya mattrum kuttrangalukku vazhinadaththakkoodum. pathinettaam noottraandin landanil vaelai vaaippugalaith thaedum aeraalamaana pulampeyarnthoar vasiththu vanthanar. thaniyaaga iruppathanaalum, nagaraththin aapaththukalaip pattri ariyaamalum iruppathaal, avarkal elithil nermaiyattra makkalin piraarththanaiyaaga maara mudiyum. uthaaranamaaga, ilam penkal vanththavudan avarkalai anugum kaiyaaluthal nabarkalaal vibachchaaraththirku vazhivagukkalaam. kolmudhal seibavargal "ejamaanigalin vazhakkaththaip payanpaduththi, vaelaiyaatkalaik kandupiditthu eedupaduththuvatharkaaka naattuppurap penkalai landanukku alaiththu vantha vaekankalaich chandikkalaam". emm puddy. dorathy jaarj, "hogarthin" vibachchaaraththin munnaettraththil "muthal kaatchi nija vaazhkkaiyil adikkadi vilaiyaadappattathu". paiththiyakkaaraththanamaana amaippai seerthiruththuthal. andrew morton samagaala thaniyar madhows muraiyaiyum pirathipalikkiraar mattrum adhan seyalthiranai kurai koorukiraar. muthalil, mananoayaal paathikkappadaatha thaninabarkalai niruvanamayamaakka idhu anumathikkirathu enbathai avar kavanikkiraar. uthaaranamaaga, avarkal adikkadi aaroakkiyamaana manaivigalai aetrtrukkolkiraarkal. dushprayogam seiyum kanavargalaal avarkalai viduvippatharkaana oray nokkaththirkaaga kattuppaduththappadugiraar. irandaavathaaka, noayaaligalukku poathumaana sigichchaiyai avarkal uththaravaatham seiyavillai, aenenil avarkalin oozhiyargal avarkalai purakkanikkiraarkal allathu dushprayogam seikiraargal endru avar suttikkaattukiraar. idhan velichchaththil, avattrai "urimam pettra maadhavusgaludan" maattra parinthuraikkiraar, avai "muraiyaana varugai mattrum aaivukku udpattavai" mattrum yaaraiyum "anuppa mudiyaathu"...] uriya kaaranam, visaaranai mattrum athikaaram illaamal ". pathinettaam noottraandil, thaniyar madam migavum vivaathikkappattathu. nikkalas herway suttikkaattuvathu ennaventraal, "agusta vijayi" (1728) ill inththa niruvanangalin nadaimuraiyai kaelvi ezhuppiya muthal nabarkalil oruvar difo aavaar. avaraith thodarnthu thaamathamaaga tobias smollet "charr lancellat greaves" (1762) endra naavalai ezhuthinaar. idhil thalaippin naayagan madhhavusgalil niyaayamattra muraiyil thadutthu vaikkappaduvathai vimarsikkiraar. maelum mananalaththirkum mananoaikkum ulla vaerupaattaip pirathipalikkirathu. 1763 aam aandil, "gentlemans idhazh" kooda adaikkala viduthigalil thodarchchiyaana noayaaligal dushprayogam seiyappattathai kandiththathu. nicolaus herway maelum kurippidugaiyil, "migavum poaliyaana kaaranangalukkaaga kanavargal thangal manaivigalai adaiththu vaiththiruka mudintha vithaththai difo thaakkinaar". inththa nadaimurai pinnar maeri wollstonegrapht enbavaraal "pennin thavarugal" (1798) endra noolilum kandikkappattathu. inththa kattaththil, elisabeth foister idhu "pathinettaam noottraandin englaanththil migavum kavalaiyai aerpaduththiya oru prachchinai" endru koorukiraar. thangal manaivigalai adaiththu vaippatharkaana aangalin urimai kuritthu adikkadi vivaathikkappattathu. suthanthiraththin varambugalil tirumanamaana penkal mattrum pathinettaam noottraandin englaanththil siraiththandanai" (2002) endra katturaiyil, kanavargal thangal vaazhkkaith thunaigalai kudumba illangkalilum, manavatti veettilum thadutthu vaiththiruppathu thirumana vanmuraiyin oru puthiya vadivamaaga maariyullathu endru avar vaathidugiraar. avarathu aaivu inththa prachchanaiyil athikaara varambai kondirundha neethimandramaana mannarin benjin aavanangkalai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. theru kollaigalaith thaduppathu. andrew morten kadaisi thittam "muthalil sorkkatthaal, pinnar poomikkuriya vazhigalil" theru kollaiyaith thaduppathai nokkamaagak kondullathu. muthal pakuthi "ozhukkaneriyai seerthiruththuthal mattrum ookkuviththal, theeya mattrum ozhukkakkettai adakkuvathu mattrum avathooru mattrum sattaviroathaththai thandiththal" aagiyavattraik kondullathu. kaamap paadalkalaip padippathu, sathiyam seivathu mattrum madhu arunthuvathu aagiyavai paravalaana ozhukkakkaedaana pazhakkangkalaagum. pinthaiyathu therukkalil tiramaiyaana kankaanippu mattrum vilakkugal amaippai arimugappaduththuvathu adangkum. muthalaavathaaka, tharpoothaiya thiramaiyattra kadikaaraththirku pathilaaka tiramaiyaana mattrum udal reethiyaaga valuvaana aangalin amaippu thaevai. inththa puthiya kaavalargal thangal saga oozhiyargalai echcharikka thuppaakkikal, vaal mattrum oru kombai eduththuch sella vaendum. thirampada kankaanikka mudiyaatha alavukku periyathaaka illaatha pakuthikalukku avai odhukkappada vaendum. kurippaaga, "endhak kaavalaaliyum" "thanathu saga manitharidamirunthu irupathu kadhavugalukku mael nirkakkoodaathu". maelum, avarkalin muyarchigalai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil avarkalukku uuthiyam vazhangkappada vaendum. irandaavathaaka, therukkal oru eravilum theriyum vagaiyil irukka vaendum. enavae, thozhilnutpa reethiyaaga poathumaana vilakkugalai vazhangkakkoodiya niyayamaana ennikkaiyilaana vilakkugalai amaippathu mukkiyam. inthap pirivil, andrew morton difovin kaalaththil kalaachaaraththin moontru visithiramaana amsangkalai ninaivu koornthaar. muthalil kurippidappada vaendiya vishayam, pazhakkavazhakkangkalai seerthiruththuvatharkaana iyakkam. 18 aam noottraandu muzhuvathum, aeraalamaana aangkilaeyargal samooga ozhukkakkettin uyar mattam mattrum paathikkappattavarkal illaatha kuttrangalai vazhakkuth thodarvathil ulla siramam endru kandiththanar. 1690 muthal avarkal ondrukoodi thodarchchiyaana sangangalai niruvinar. aaramba thasaapthankalil avarkal ilakku vaikkapatta paavikalai ozhungamaiththu vazhakkuth thoduppathil kavanam seluththinar. kudipazhakkam, sathiyam, caming mattrum udaluravu poantra kuttrangalukkaaga avarkal ungkalai neethimantraththirku alaiththuch sellalaam. pinnar avarkalin uruppinarkal pirasangkangkalai vazhangkuvathan moolamum thundu prasurangkalai thayaariththu viniyoagippathan moolamum madha mattrum thaarmeega vizhumiyangkalai karpippathil thangal kavanaththai maattrinar. irandaavathu kalaachaara thanitthuvam pathinmoondraam noottraandil irunthu irunththa iravu kankaanippu aagum. irunda nerangalil therukkalai kankaanikkum aangal idhil irunththanar. uuradangku vithigalai amalpaduththuvathoadu eravil paathukaappukku aatharavaaka idhu arimugappaduththappattathu. inththa amaippu pattriya aarambagaala vimarsanangkal maruseeramaippu kaalaththilirunthu thodangugindrana. 1690kazhil nagara maarshalgalin kanakkugalilum adhan sila kuraipaadugal pathivaakiyullana. inththa sevaikku aezhaip paguthigalaal nidhiyalikka mudiyaathu enbathai avarkal kavaniththanar. maelum, kaavalaaligal porutthamaana aayuthangkalai eduththuch sella maattaargal, sila santharppangalil, shipt mudivatharku munbu purappaduvaargal. 1720kazhil, kuttrangalaith thaduppathu kuritthu oru kurippidatthakka podhu vivaatham nadanthu kondirundhadhu, maelum thodarchchiyaana thundu pirasurangkal moolam athil pankettraar. agusta vijayi" kaludan koodudhalaaga, "theru nadaippayanigal meethaana sila karuththukkal" (1726), "theru kollai karudhappattathu" (1728), "irandaavathu ennangkal siranthavai" (1729), mattrum "theru kollaigalai udanadiyaagath thaduppatharkaana oru payanulla thittam" (1731) aagiyavattril kuttrangalai avar visaaritthaar. kadaisiyaaga, andrew morton iravuk kankaanippu thodarbaaga theru vilakkugalaik kaiyaalgiraar. jay. emm. landanin nagarppura soozhalil nadaipaathai mattrum kudineer kidaippadhu poantra amsangkalai maempaduththum nokkaththirkaaga pala maattrangkal seiyappattana endru peetti vilakkukiraar. theru vilakkugalai maempaduththuvatharkaana thittangalum vagukkappattana, idhu mattra pirachchanaikaludan oppidumpoathu, kuttrangalaith thaduppathil miga mukkiyamaanathu endru karudhappattathu. paathasaarikal mattrum pakuthi naera athikaarikal iruvarukkum pulappadum idangkalai vazhangkuvathan moolam, kuttravaaligalin vaazhkkai kadinamaakkappattathu, maelum inththa pulli naadaalumandraththil thaakkal seiyappatta manukkalil munnilaippaduththappatta. 1736 aam aandin vilakkugal sattaththin moolam theru vilakkugal iruthiyil oru podhu amaippaaga maariyathu. idhu varigalaal nidhiyalikkappattathu mattrum thaniyar niruvanangalaal vazhangkappattathu.

augusta vijayotsavaalu augusta vijayotsavaaluh ledhaa, daniel depho dwara vishwamlo atyanta abhivruddhi chendutunna nagaramgaa landannu maarchadaaniki maargam modatisaarigaa 1728 marchi 16naa prachurinchabadindi. eee karapatram yokka kalpita vakta andrew moreton, thana aravailalo london merugudalaku salahalu ichhe vyakti. mukhyamgaa, athanu oka vishwavidyaalayam, sangeeta academy, foundlings kosam aasupatri mariyu manasika vyaadhula chikitsa kosam licenses pondina samsthala sthaapananu prothsahistaadu. antekakunda, naitika avineeti mariyu veedhi dopideelanu nivaarinchadaaniki charyalanu pravesapettadaanni ayana prothsahistaaru. "augusta vijayotsavaalu" anedi andrew moreton yokka nome-dii-plume kinda jaarii cheyabadina rachanala samuuhamloo bhaagam. indulo "prati vyakti yokka vyaparam, idhi yea vyakti yokka vyaparam kaadu" (1725), "protestant matham" (1726), "praantiiya daurjanyam" (1727), mariyu "rendava aalochanalu uttamamainavi" (1729) kooda unnaayi. vaaru varusaga sevakula adhika jeetam, peddala patla agouravam, paarishla avineeti mariyu neeraala nivaaranhatho vyavaharistaaru. vaari rachayita daniel defoo, "prajectulapai oka vyaasam" (1697) loe ippatike charchinchina itivruttaalanu vaarandaruu punahsameekshistaaru. ayithe, eee munupati panitho poliste, avi naitika vimarsalapai drushti pettadam kante ekkuva project-aadhaaritamainavi. maximilian novac etthi chuupinatlugaa, depho "augusta vijayotsavaalu" kosam "grand taitil" nuu enchukunnadu. idhi london nuu saarvatrika sthaayilo kooda pratyaekamgaa nilabettaalane athani pratishtaatmaka lakshyanni ettichooputundi. ayana jeevita charitra mariyu rachana rendintiloonuu eee nagaraniki mukhyamaina paatra undhi. modata, ayana prayaanaalu eee pradaesamloonae praarambhamai, mugisai. rendavadi, idhi ayana rachanalalo ekkuva bhaagam "avyaktamaina ledhaa spashtamaina nepathyam". vishayam mariyu mottam nirmaanam. "augusta vijayotsavaalu" london nagaranni meruguparachadaaniki salahalanu andistaayi. idhi rendu parichaya paeraalatoe praarambhamavutundi. modatidi "projecting heads" mariyu vaari patla aangleyula vaikharipai sankshipta pratibimbam.projecting heads" antey saamaajika merugudala kosam pathakaalanu roopondinche vyaktulu, egataali cheyabadatarane bhayam lekunda pratipaadanalu cheyadaaniki aahvaaninchabadataaru. vaaru nijaayiteegaa salahalu ivvadampai pratyaekamgaa drushti pettali. adanamgaa, vaari prajectulalo unde lopaalanu kshaminchaali, "idhi manchi ardham kosam oka rakamaina manchi charya, mariyu uddesyam vaiphalyaanni upasamanam cheyali". aanglula vishayaanikosthe, vaaru atuvanti vyaktula patla athi takkuva saanubhootigala desamgaa varninchabaddaaru. vaaru "vaaritho neechamaina reetilo vyavaharistaaru" mariyu eee kaaranamgaane vaari desham "aavishkaranalo chaalaa cheddaga pariganinchabadutundi". rendava prarambha peraalo, kathakudu eee karapatram raayadaaniki kaaranaanni vivaristaadu. athanu vinootna pratipaadanalanu kaagitampai unchadam dwara thana jeevitamlooni migilina samayanni baga upayoginchukovalanukuntuna. mottamgaa, eee pani thana "thoti-jeevula" patla thana "manchi sankalpaaniki" "sakshyam" gaa uddesinchabadindi. eee parichaya upanyaasam jarigina ventane, andrew moreton taanu ekkuvagaa pratibimbimchina prajectunu vivarinchadaaniki munduku saagataadu. samakaaleena abhyasam mariyu vidyalo avineetini vyatirekinchadaaniki london vishwavidyaalayam sthaapananu ayana prothsahinchaaru. aaa taruvaata, naalugu sheershikalu gala vibhagalu okadaani taruvaata okati vacchi saamaajika merugudala kosam itara pathakaalanu andistaayi. modati vibhagam foundling aasupatrini erpaatu cheyaalani korutundi. idhi chaalaa mandhi tallulu garbhasravam ledhaa vaariki manchi jeevana paristhitulanu andinchani paarishlalo vidichipettadam dwara tama chattaviruddhamaina santaanam nundi tamanu taamu vidipinchukokundaa nirodhistundi. rendava vibhagam nijamaina sangeeta academy "videshee sangeetakaarula khareedaina digumatini elaa nirodhistundo choopistundi. moodava vibhagam modata "yuvatanu, sevakulanu" naitika avineeti nundi rakshinchadaaniki salahalanu andistundi. rendavadi, idhi konni saamaajika chedulanu khandistundihi vyabhicharam, joodam, mariyu madyam durviniyogam vanti aadivaaram naadu okari khaalii samayanni gadapadaniki kramabaddhamaina asabhyakaramaina pravartana. moodavadi, idhi bhartalu tama bharyalapai chese durviniyogaalu mariyu samakaaleena private madhousela gurinchi chesina vyaakhyalapai apasavyamgaa untundi. naalugo vibhagam veedhi dopideeni aapadaniki charyalanu sweekarinchadaanni prothsahistundi. vaatilo naitika vidya, samarthulaina, chellimpu kaapalaadaarula brundaanni pravesapettadamto paatu raatri samayamlo veedhi deepaala vyavasthanu taginantagaa erpaatu cheyadam unnaayi. augusta vijayotsavaalu" yokka chivari bhaagaaniki "minahaayimpulu" anae paeru pettaru. idhi ippativaraku vivarinchabadina prajectula yokka rendu amsaala savarana. andrew moreton "haall ledhaa public room matrame" thoo kuudina london vishwavidyaalayaanni sthaapinchaalanae thana prarambha aalochananu tiraskarinchadamto praarambhistaadu. badulugaa, "idhi pedda illu ledhaa satram, kalaasaala swabhaavam, peddamanushulaku soukaryavantamaina gadula nilvatho, vidigaa adhyayanam cheyadaaniki matrame kakunda, vaari pustakaalanu ekkada unchaali, endukante vaatini venukaku, munduku lagadam chaalaa asoukaryamgaa untundi". aaa taruvaata athanu thana "madhouslapai upanyasanni" vistaristaadu, mukhyamgaa vitantuvulu ledhaa purusha maargadarsakatvam laeni itara mahilala anyaayamaina nirbandhaaniki aatamkam kaliginche suuchananu andinchadam dwara. vaaru atyaasatoe kuudina mariyu mosapurita "aparichitula" baadhitulugaa marakunda nirodhinchadaaniki, estate nirvahanalo maraninchina peddamanishi sthaanamlo sameepa maga bandhuvu undaali. karapatram chivaralo "leftinent-kalnal shamyul robinsonku" oka lekha jatacheyabadindi, idhi "septembaru" naatidi. 23, 1728. daani santakam chesina andrew moreton, "london nagara chamberlineship loki ennikainanduku" chirunamanu kluptamgaa abhinandinchadamtho praarambhamavutundi. aaa taruvaata athanu "anatha pannu" yokka uddesyaanni ardham chesukovadaniki varusa prasnalanu vestaadu. kutradaarulu" mariyu vaari samayam. andrew moreton "kutradaarula" paie kluptamgaa vyakhyaaninchinappudu "augusta vijayotsavaalu" praarambhamlo maanava saamarthyaanni anchanaa veyagala itivruttam gurinchi charchinchabadindi. eee ganaamkaalu "prajectulapai oka vyaasam" loe kooda prastaavinchabaddaayi. daani parichayamlo, rachayita thana desham "[thoo samuuhamgaa undani etthi chuupaaru...] aneka "plannerlu". eee project-aadhaarita vaataavaranam samakaaleena samasyalu mariyu gandaragolaanni edurkovataniki vistrutamaina avasaram nundi udbhavinchindi. antekakunda, maray itara vayassu atuvanti dhoranini kaligi lenanduna, athani yuganni "anchanaa vese vayassu" gaa nirvachinchavacchu. daniel depho "theem [...] prajectulapai oka vyaasam" (1697) mariyu "robinson cruso" (1719) loe kooda anchanaa veyagala vyakti saamarthyam. avi varusaga oke amsaaniki spashtamaina mariyu avyakta chikitsa. vyatiraeka vidhaanaala dwara vargeekarinchabadatame kakunda, avi drukpathamlo bhinnamgaa untaayi. "prajectulapai oka vyaasam" anedi samajikamga kendrikrutamai untundi, idhi mottam samaajaaniki mukhyamaina samasyalanu parishkaristundi. "marovaipu, "robinson cruso", oke maanavuni prayojanaalapai drushti pedutundi. london abhivruddhi kosam andrew moreton pratipaadanalu. kotta samsthalanu erpaatu cheyadam. augusta vijayotsavaalu" loe, andrew moreton oka vishwavidyaalayam, sangeeta academy mariyu foundlings kosam oka aasupatri punaadini prothsahistaadu. athanu londonlo oka vishwavidyaalayam kosam pilavadam praarambhinchi, daanini nivaasarahitamgaa cheyadaaniki gala kaaranaalanu nokki cheptaadu. modatidi, vaari muulavaasula kutumbaalato oke paikappu kinda nivasinchadam dwara, vidyaarthulu vaari swantha parikaraalaku vadiliveyabadaru. mariyu pralobhaaniki gurayye avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi. marovaipu, cambridge ledhaa oxfordku pampabade yuvakulu, tamanu taamu neerchukunee badulu traagadam dwara tama samayanni vrudhaa chesukuntaru. rendavadi, pratiroojuu tama kutumba nivaasaaniki tirigi ravadam dwara, vaaru london samajam yokka saamskrutika abhivruddhiki dohadam chestaaru; vaaru sambhaashana dwara sampaadinche vidya gnaanaanni vyaapti cheyavachu. mottammeeda, eee pranaalika yokka visaesha labdhidaarudu kuleenulu, vaari nivaasa praantaalu moreton kalaasaalalanu sthaapinchamani salaha ichhe pradaesaala jaabitaalo cherchabaddaayih westminster, seyint. james mariyu ormand streat. eee saamaajika samuuham mottam prajectuku "chandha dwara" aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki kooda aahvaaninchabadindi. aaa taruvaata, andrew moreton foundling aasupatrini erpaatu cheyaalani korutunnadu. idhi chaalaa mandhi tallulu garbhasravam dwara tama chattaviruddhamaina santaanaanni vadilinchukovadaanni ledhaa vaariki taginanta aasrayam ivvaleni paarishlalo vadiliveyadaanni nirodhistundi. eee sanchika defoe yokka itara rachanalalo, mukhyamgaa "moll flanders" (1722), "roxana" (1724), mariyu "kanjugal ledness" (1727) anae vyasalalo punaraavrutamavutundi. paddenimidava sataabdam praarambhamlo, pedda sankhyalo pillalu vidichipettabaddaru. london veedhullo vadiliveyabaddaaru ledhaa paarishla samrakshanhalo unchabaddaaru. ayithe, rendodi nammadaginadigaa pariganinchabadaledu. kontamandi pillala maddatu kosam kharchu cheyalsina dabbunu vrudhaa chesaaru; marikondaru vaaru andinche seva yokka choukaina aadhaaramgaa empika chesina nijayiti laeni narsula samrakshanaku anaadhalanu appaginchaarani aaropanalu vachayi. chivaraga, depho yokka kalpita vakta "videshee sangeetakaarulu & sii yokka khareedaina digumatini nivaarinchadaaniki" sangeeta academyni sthaapinchadaanni prothsahistaadu.anie paerkonnaaru. eee kala yokka unnata taragati premikulache nidhulu samakuurchabadina appati italian operaanu "academy anie tappugaa pilustaaru", endukante idhi kevalam khareedaina videshee sangeetakaarulanu niyaminchukuntundi. idhi "saraina kalaakaarula bodhana mariyu tanikheelo, chinna vayassu nundi pandina samvatsaraala varaku vyaktulaku sikshana ivvadam dwara vignaana shaastram yokka pracharanni" prothsahinchadu. augusta vijayotsavaalu" prachurinchabadinappudu, raayal academy off music anae viluva kaligina joint stock company undedi. 1719loe sthaapinchabadina idhi 1720loe amaluloki vachindi. prabhutva raayiteela kaaranamgaa, idhi "theatre yokka antarleena saamardhyaaniki minchina" jeetaalanu chellinchagaligindi. yuvata mariyu sevakula naitika avineetini nivaarinchadam. andrew moreton sevakulanu vaari udyogaaniki nammakamgaa unchadaaniki charyalanu pravesapettadaanni prothsahistaadu. modata, vaariki atigaa laeni jeetaalu ivvali. mukhyamgaa, vaari pani mariyu dabbunu nirvahinche saamarthyam aadhaaramgaa vaari mottaanni nirnayinchavacchu. rendavadi, nyaya vyavastha vaarini nyaayamaina kaaranam lekunda rajinama cheyadaaniki anumatinchakudadu. chivaraga, masters vaarini durviniyogam cheyakudadu. eee pathakam pradhanamgaa udyogulanu somaritanam mariyu chedu sahavasam nundi dhooramgaa unchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi, idhi vaarini dushtatvaaniki mariyu neeraalaku daariteeyavachchu. paddenimidava sataabdapu londonlo udyoga avakaasaalanu koorutuu pedda sankhyalo valasadaarulu nivasinchaaru. ontarigaa undi, nagara pramaadaala gurinchi teliyaka, vaaru sulabhamgaa anaitika vyaktula praarthanagaa maaravacchu. udaaharanaku, chinna ammayilu vachinappudu vaarini sampradinche vyaktula dwara vyabhichaaramloki daariteeyabadavachu. konugoludaarulu "yajamaanulanu kanugoni, nimagnam cheyadaaniki graameena baalikalanu londonku teesukuvacchina vyaaganlanu kalise umpudugattela aacharaanni" sadviniyogam chesukovacchu. emm prakaram. dorothy georg, "hogarth yokka" vaesya purogati "loe modati sannivesam nija jeevitamlo tarachugaa pradarsinchabadindi". picchi gruha vyavasthanu samskarinchadam. andrew moreton samakaaleena private modehousela vyavasthanu kooda pratibimbistaadu mariyu daani asamarthatanu khandistaadu. modatigaa, manasika vyaadhi laeni vyaktula samsthaagatatanu idhi anumatistundani ayana gamaninchaaru. udaaharanaku, vaaru tarachugaa aarogyakaramaina bharyalanu angeekaristaaru. vaarini vadilinchukovatam kosam durviniyoga bhartalache nirbandhinchabaddaaru. rendavadi, vaari sibbandi vaarini nirlakshyam ledhaa durviniyogam chestaarane kaaranamtho rogulaku tagina chikitsaku vaaru haamii ivvarani ayana etthi chuupaaru. dheeni drishtya, vaatini "saraina sandarsana mariyu tanikheeki lobadi" mariyu evarinee "pampaleni" "licenses pondina madehousela" thoo bharti cheyaalani ayana suuchistunnaaru...] tagina kaaranam, vichaarana mariyu adhikaram lekunda ". paddenimidava sataabdamloo, private madhouselu chaalaa charchinchabaddaayi. nicolus herway "augusta vijayotsavaalu" (1728) loe eee samsthala abhyasanni prasninchina modativaarilo defoe okaru "anie etthi chuupaaru. ayana taruvaata "surr lamselat greaves" (1762) anae navala raasina tobias smollet vacchaaru. dheenilo sheershika yokka heero madhouselalo anyaayamaina nirbandhaanni vimarsistaadu. mariyu telivi mariyu manasika anaaroogyam madhya vyatyaasaanni pratibimbistumdi. 1763loe, "gentlemen magazine" kooda aasramaalalo varusa rogulanu durviniyogam cheyadaanni khandinchindi. nicolus herway kooda defoe "atyanta nakilee kaaranaala valla bhartalu tama bharyalanu parimitam cheyagaligina vidhaanampai daadi chesaarani" gamaninchaadu. eee aacharaanni taruvaata maerii wollstonecraft "dhi raits off umen" (1798) loe kooda khandinchaaru. eee samayamlo, elizabeth foister idhi "paddenimidava sataabdapu inglandlo chaalaa aandolana kaliginchina samasya" anie paerkonnaaru. tama bharyalanu parimitam chesukune purushula hakku gurinchi tarachugaa charchinchabadedi. ett dhi limits off liberty marrade umen und confinement inn paddenimidava sataabdapu ingland" (2002) anae vyaasamlo, kutumba nivaasaalu mariyu bhaaryaabhartalalo tama jeevita bhaagaswaamulanu bhartalu nirbandhinchadam vaivahika himsaku kotta roopamgaa maarindani aame vaadinchaaru. aame adhyayanam eee samasyapai adhikara paridhini kaligi unna kortu ayina raaju dharmasana yokka patraalapai aadharapadi undhi. veedhi dopideeni nivaarinchadam. andrew moreton yokka chivari pathakam veedhi dopideeni "modata swargam dwara, aapai bhusambandhamaina maargaala dwara" nivaarinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. modatidi "duraachaaram mariyu anaitikatanu anachiveyadam dwara, mariyu apavitratanu mariyu anaitikatanu sikshinchadam dwara, acharala samskarananu amalu cheyadam mariyu prothsahinchadam". kamapu jaanapada gaathalu chadavadam, pramaanam cheyadam mariyu madyam durviniyogam cheyadam anevi vistrutamaina anaitika alavaatlu. rendodi veedhula nigha mariyu laiting yokka samarthavanthamaina vyavasthanu pravesapettadam. annintiloo modatidi, prastuta asamarthamaina gadiyaranni samarthulaina mariyu saareerakamgaa balamaina purushula samuuhamtoe bharti cheyadam avasaram. eee kotta gaardulu tama sahodyogulanu apramattam cheyadaaniki tupaakulu, kattulu mariyu kommunu teesukellaali. samarthavantamgaa paryaveekshinchaleeni chaalaa pedda praantaalaku vaatini ketayinchali. mukhyamgaa, "yea kaapalaadaarudu" "thana thoti vyaktiki dhooramgaa iravai talupula paina nilabadakudadu". antekakunda, vaari prayatnaalaku gurtimpugaa vaariki jeetaalu ivvali. rendavadi, veedhulanu oka raatri kanipinche vidhamgaa marchali. anduvalla, saanketikamgaa taginanta laitingnu andinchagala saamarthyam unna deepaalanu sahetukamaina sankhyalo erpaatu cheyadam chaalaa mukhyam. eee vibhaagamlo, andrew moreton defoe yokka kaalamlo samskruti yokka moodu pratyeka amsaalanu gurthuchesukuntadu. modata prastaavinchavalasinadi maryaadalu samskarinchadaaniki udyamam. 18va sataabdam antataa, pedda sankhyalo aangleyulu adhika sthaayi saamaajika anaitikata mariyu baadhitulu laeni neeraalanu vichaarinchadamlo ibbandigaa bhaavinchina vaatini khandinchaaru. 1690 nundi vaaru samavesamai varusa sanghaalanu sthaapinchaaru. prarambha dasaabdaalalo vaaru lakshyamgaa pettukunna paapula vichaarananu nirvahinchadam mariyu nirvahinchadam meeda drushti pettaru. tagubotulu, pramaanam cheyadam, atalu adatam mariyu swalinga samparkam vanti neeraalaku vaaru mimmalni kortuku teesukellavacchu. taruvaata vaari sabhyulu prasamgaalu ivvadam dwara mariyu karapatraala utpatti mariyu pampinhee dwara mataparamaina mariyu naitika viluvalanu bodhinchadampai tama drushtini marchukunnaru. rendava saamskrutika pratyekata padamuudava sataabdam nundi unikilo unna raatri gadiyaram. cheekati samayaallo veedhulanu paryavekshinche purushulu indulo undevaaru. curfew nibandhanala amalutho paatu raatri samayamlo bhadrataku anukuulamgaa dheenini pravesapettaaru. eee vyavastha gurinchi prarambha vimarsalu punaruddharana kaalam nativi. 1690la naati city marshels vruttaamtaalaloo kooda daani lopaalalo konni nivedinchabaddaayi. paedha praantaalu eee sevaku aardhika sahayam cheyalekapotunnayani vaaru gamaninchaaru. antekakunda, kaapalaadaarulu tagina aayudhalanu teesukellaru mariyu konni sandarbhaallo, shift mugiselopu vellipotaru. 1720laloe, neeraala nivaaranapai gananeeyamaina bahiranga charcha konasaagindi mariyu diffue varusa karapatraala dwara indulo palgonnadu. augusta vijayotsavaalu" thoo paatu, athanu "veedhi nadakadaarulapai konni parigananalu" (1726), "veedhi dopidi pariganinchabadutundi" (1728), "rendava aalochanalu uttamamainavi" (1729), mariyu "veedhi dopideelanu takshaname nivaarinchadaaniki samarthavanthamaina pathakam" (1731) loe neeraalanu parisoedhimchaadu. chivaraga, andrew moreton raatri gadiyaaraaniki sambandhinchi veedhi deepaalato vyavaharistundi. zhe. emm. chadunu mariyu traaguneeti labhyata vanti amsaalanu merugupariche uddesyamto london pattana vaataavaranamloo aneka maarpulu cheyabaddaayi anie beaty vivaristundi. itara samasyalatho poliste, neeraalanu nivaarinchadaaniki atyanta mukhyamainadigaa pariganinchabade veedhi deepaalanu meruguparachadaaniki kooda pranaalikalu roopondinchabaddaayi. paadachaarulu mariyu paart time adhikarulu iddarikee kanipinche pradaesaalanu andinchadam dwara, nerasthula jeevitam kashtataram cheyabadindi mariyu eee amsaanni paarlamentuku daakhalu chesina petitionlalo highlight chesaaru. veedhi deepaalu chivariki 1736 naati laiting chattam dwara praja vyavasthagaa marai. dheeniki pannula dwara nidhulu samakuurchabaddaayi mariyu private companylu andinchaayi.

agasta fateheen augusta trivencins: yaa landan kuu kainaat kaa sabb say ziyadah phulta phulta shehar bananay kaa tariqah denial defoe nay pehli baar 16 maarch 1728 kuu shaye kiyaa thaa. iss pumfilt kay farzi specker andrev mortan saath kii dahayi mein eek aadmi haine juu landan kii behtari kay liye tajaweez paish kartay haine. khaas toor parr wah eek university eek academy aaf music foundling kay liye eek hospital aur zahni beemariyon kay alaaj kay liye license yaaftah idaaron kay qayaam kuu farogh deetay haine. iss kay alawah wah akhlaqi badanwani aur glee mein dakiti kuu roknay kay liye iqdamat mutaarif karaaney kii huslah afzayi kartaa hay. "augusta tranjoanz" inn kaamon kay eek grop kaa hasah hay juu andrev morienton kay naam-ddee-plume kay tahat jaari kiye gayey thay. iss mein "harr jasm kaa karobar kasee kaa karobar nahein hay" (1725)yee "protestant khanqah" (1726)yee "paracheal zulam" (1727)yee aur "dosray khayalat behtareen haine" (1729) bhee shaamil haine. wah baltarteeb nokaron kii aalee tankhwah buzurgon kii bay aztee peerish kii badanwani aur jaraim kii rook thaam say namattay haine. wah sabb inn mozuaat parr nazar saani kartay haine jinn parr inn kay masnaf denial defoe pehley hyee "mansubon parr eek mazmun" (1697) mein bahas kirr chakay thay. tahim iss pehley kay kaam kay muqabilay mein wah akhlaqi tanqeed parr markoz honay kay muqabilay mein ziyadah project parr mubni haine. jaisa kahh maximlin nawaak batatay haine defoe nay "augusta toronance" kay liye "grend tytle" kaa intekhaab kiyaa. yaha landan kuu aalimi satah parr bhee numayan bananay kay inn kay parjosh maqsad kuu ajagar kartaa hay. iss shehar kaa inn kii sawanah umri aur kaam donon mein aham kirdaar hay. sabb say pehley inn kay safar asee jagah say sharoo hoay aur asee parr khatam hoay. dosra yaha inn kii ziyadah tarr tehreeron kaa "mazmar yaa waazah tartib" hay. mozua aur majmuyi saakhat. "augusta trivencins" landan shehar kii behtari kay liye tajaweez paish kartaa hay. yaha duu taarufi paragraph say sharoo hotaa hay. pehla "projection heads" aur inn kay tayein angrezon kay royay parr eek mukhtasir akaasi hay.projection heads"yee yauni wah afraad juu samaji behtari kay liye schemen banatay haine inhein madau kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah mazaaq udaye jaanay kay khoof kay baghair tajaweez paish karein. inhein khususi toor parr imandarana mashurah deenay parr taujah deeni chahiye. iss kay alawah inn kay mansubon kii mamkanah khaamiyon kuu iss lahaaz say maaf kiyaa jaana chahiye kahh "yaha eek tarah kaa achhaa amal hay jiss kaa matlab achhaa hay aur iss kay araday say nakami kuu door karnaa chahiye". jehaan takk angrezon kaa taaluq hay inhein aisey afraad kay tayein sabb say kumm raham dall qoom kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa jaataa hay. wah "inn kay saath badd tareen salok kartay haine" aur yahee wajah hay kahh inn kay milk kuu "aijaad mein atnaa braa samjha jaataa hay". dosray ibtadayi paragraph mein rawi iss wajah kii wazahat kartaa hay kahh iss nay yaha pumfilt kiyon likhaa hay. wah apnee zindagi kay baqiyah waqat kaa fayedah uthatay hoay akhtarayi tajaweez kuu kaghiz parr daalna chahta hay. majmuyi toor parr iss kaam kaa maqsad "saathi makhluqat" kay liye iss kii "neek khwahishaat" kii "gawahi" honaa hay. iss taarufi guftagu kay foraa baad andrev mortan iss mansubay kii wazahat karnay kay liye aagay badhtay haine jiss parr inhon nay sabb say ziyadah ghoor kiyaa hay. wah seekhnay aur taleem kii asree badanwani kii mukhalifat kay liye landan university kay qayaam kuu farogh deeta hay. baad mein eek kay baad eek chaar enwanat waalay hasay aatay haine aur samaji behtari kay liye deegar schemen paish kartay haine. section eek foundling hospital kay qayaam kaa mutalibah kartaa hay. yaha behat see maaon kuu asqaat hamal yaa peerish mein turk karnay kay zariye apnee najaiz aulaad say aazaad honay say rokay gaa juu inhein achhay halaat zindagi farahim nahein kartay haine. section duu say patah chalta hay kahh kiss tarah mausiqi kii eek haqeeqi academy "ghair milki mausiqaron kii mahungi daraamad kuu rokay gee aur see. section teen sabb say pehley "naujawanon aur nokaron" kuu akhlaqi badanwani say bachanay kay liye mashurah paish kartaa hay. dosra yaha baaz samaji buraiyon kii mazmat kartaa hay: jasm faroshi jawaa aur atwaar kuu apnaa faarig waqat guzarnay kay liye bay hayayi kay tarz amal kaa eek silsilah jeesay sharaab kaa ghalat istemaal. teesri baath yaha shoharon kii taraf say apnee bewiyon kay saath honay waali badsaloki aur asree najee modhouses kay baaray mein tabsaray kuu nazar andaaz kartaa hay. section chaar glee mein dakiti kuu roknay kay liye iqdamat kuu apnanay kii huslah afzayi kartaa hay. inn mein akhlaqi taleem aur chokidaron kay eek qaabil aur tankhwah daar idaarey kaa taaruf kay saath saath raat kay waqat strait lighting kaa munasib nazaam shaamil hay. augusta trivencins" kay aakhri hasay kaa anwaan "omissions" hay. yaha mansubon kay duu pahluwon parr nazar saani hay jinn kii abb takk wazahat kii gayee hay. andrev mortan nay landan university kii bunyaad rakhnay kay apnay ibtadayi khayaal kuu mustarid karnay kay saath sharoaat kii juu "sarf eek haal yaa awami kamray" parr mushtamil hay. balkah "yaha eek badaa gahar yaa saraye honaa chahiye college kii noiyat mein jiss mein shareefon kay liye aasaan kamaron kaa zakhirah honaa chahiye naha sarf alg say padhnay kay liyay balkah apnee kitabein kahaan rakhni haine keunkah inhein peeche aur aagay kii taraf lagaana sabb say ziyadah taklif dhah hoga. iss kay baad wah apnee "modhouses parr guftagu" kuu badhata hay khaas toor parr bewaon yaa dosri khwatin kii ghair munsifana qaid mein rukawat daalnay kay liye eek tajweez paish kartaa hay jinn kay paas khush qasmati hay aur koyee mard rehnumayi nahein hay. inhein lalchi aur heera phairi karnay waalay "ajnabiyon" kaa shikaar honay say roknay kay liyay qareebi mard rishtah daar kuu jayedad kay intezam mein matufi shareef aadmi kii jagah leena chahiye. pumfilt kay aakhir mein "leftinent karnal simoil rabansan kuu" eek khath mansalk kiyaa gayaa hay jiss kii tareekh "satambar" hay. 23yee 1728. iss kay dastakhat kanandah andrev mortan "landan shehar kay chamber leane ship mein intekhaab" kay liye adress kuu mukhtasir toor parr mubarik baad deenay kay saath sharoo hotaa hay. iss kay baad wah "yateem kay teks" kay maqsad kuu samajhne kay liye sawalat kaa eek silsilah paish kartaa hay. schemist" aur inn kaa waqat. augusta trivencence" kay aaghaz mein paish karnay kii insani salahiyat kay mozua kuu iss waqat chhawa jaataa hay jabb andrev mortan "schemists" parr mukhtasir tabsarah kartay haine. inn aidaad woo shamaar kaa zakar "mansubon parr eek mazmun" mein bhee kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kay taaruf mein masnaf nay nishandahi kii hay kahh iss kaa milk "[...]..] mansubah saazon kii eek bury taadad. yaha project parr mubni aab woo hawaa asree masail aur afratafri say namatnay kii wasee paimanay parr zarurat say paida hoti hay. iss kay alawah chonkah kasee aur amar kii iss tarah kay rajhaan kii khususiyat nahein thee iss liye iss kay door kuu "paish goyee karnay waali amar" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. denail defoe nay "theem [.....] projecton parr eek mazmun" (1697) aur "rabansan croso" (1719) mein bhee paish karnay kii ansaan kii salahiyat. wah baltarteeb eek hyee mozua kaa eek waazah aur mazmar alaaj haine. mukhalif naqtah nazar kii khususiyat kay alawah wah naqtah nazar mein mukhtalif haine. "mansubon parr eek mazmun" samaji toor parr mubni hay jiss mein inn masail kuu hall kiyaa jaataa hay juu poori baradari kay liye ahmiyat kay haamil haine. "dosri taraf "rabansan croso"yee eek hyee ansaan kay mufadat parr markoz hay. landan kii behtari kay liye andrev morienton kii tajaweez. nayey idaaron kaa qayaam. agasta trivencins" mein andrev mortan eek university eek academy aaf music aur foundling kay liye eek hospital kii bunyaad kuu farogh deetay haine. wah landan mein eek university kay mutalibe say sharoo kartaa hay aur asay ghair rehaishi bananay kii wajuhaat parr zoor deeta hay. sabb say pehley apnay aabayi khandanon kay saath eek hyee chhat kay neechey rehney say talbaa kuu apnay aalat parr nahein chhoda jaataa hay. aur aazmaish mein padnay kaa amkaan kumm hotaa hay. dosri taraf camberge yaa oxford bhejay jaanay waalay naujawan khood seekhnay kay bajaye sharaab pee kirr apnaa waqat zaaye kartay haine. dosra rozanah apnay khaandaan kay gahar waps aakar wah landan kay muashiray kii saqafati tarqi mein hasah daaltay haine vovo wah guftagu kay zariye haasil honay waalay taleemi alam kuu phaila saktay haine. majmuyi toor parr iss mansubay kaa maraat yaaftah mustafid wah buzurg hay jiss kay rehaishi elaqay inn jighon kii fehrist mein shaamil haine jehaan morienton college qayem karnay kaa mashurah deetay haine: vest minister sent. jaims aind ormand strait. iss samaji grop kuu "subscription kay zariye" puray project kii maali aanat kay liye bhee madau kiyaa jaataa hay. iss kay baad andrev mortan eek foundling hospital kay qayaam parr zoor deeta hay. iss say behat see maayein asqaat hamal kay zariye apnee najaiz aulaad say chhatkara paaney yaa inhein inn paarsh mein chhodnay say rokein gee juu inhein munasib panah deenay say qaasir haine. yaha masilah defoe kay deegar kaamon mein khaas toor parr naawalon "moul flanders" (1722)yee "roksana" (1724)yee aur mazmun "kanjogal fahashi" (1727) mein dohraya gayaa hay. utharahwein sadee kay awail mein turk shadah bachon kii eek bury taadad. yaa tuu landan kii galiyon mein chhod diyaa gayaa yaa peerish kii deekh bhaal mein ddaal diyaa gayaa. tahim moakhar alzikar kuu qaabil aetemad nahein samjha gayaa. kachh logon nay wah raqam zaaye kirr dee juu bachon kii madad parr kharch kii jaanee thee vovo dosron parr alzaam lagaya gayaa kahh inhon nay yateemon kuu inn kii farahim kardah khidmaat kii sastee kii bunyaad parr muntakhib bay aimaan narson kii deekh bhaal kay liye tafviz kiyaa. aakhir mein defoe kay farzi specker nay "ghair milki mausiqaron aur see kii mahungi daraamad kuu roknay kay liye" mausiqi kii eek academy kay qayaam kuu farogh diyaa.. wah batatay haine kahh iss waqat kay maujudah atalvi opera jiss kii maali aanat iss funn say aalee tabqe kay shaiqeen kartay haine kuu "namunasib toor parr academy" kahaa jaataa hay keunkah yaha sarf mahunge ghair milki mausiqaron kii khidmaat haasil kartaa hay. yaha "science kay phailao kii huslah afzayi nahein kartaa jiss mein munasib funkaron kii hidayat aur muainah kay tahat kumm amar say lay kirr pakhtah amar takk kay afraad kuu tarbiyat dee jaati hay. jabb "augusta trivengines" shaye hawaa tuu eek mushtarkah stock company mojud thee jiss kaa shamaar raail academy aaf music thaa. 1719 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa yaha 1720 mein faal how gayaa. sarkaari subsidy kii badolat yaha tankhwahein adaa karnay kay muthamil how saktaa thaa juu "theater kii adayegi kii maurusi salahiyat say baahir" thein. naujawanon aur nokaron kii akhlaqi badanwani kuu rokna. andrev mortan nokaron kuu inn kay kaam kay liye wafadar bananay kay liye iqdamat mutaarif karaaney kii huslah afzayi kartaa hay. sabb say pehley inhein aisi tankhwahein paish kii jaanee chahein juu ziyadah naha hoan. khaas toor parr inn kii raqam inn kii kaam karnay aur paisay kay intezam kii salahiyat kii bunyaad parr muqarar kii jaa sakti hay. dosra adalati nazaam kuu inhein baghair kasee maqool wajah kay istefi deenay kii ajazat nahein deeni chahiye. aakhir mein aaqaon kuu inn kay saath badsaloki nahein karnee chahiye. iss schem kaa bunyadi maqsad nokaron kuu laparwahi aur bury sahbat say door rakhna hay juu inhein barayee aur jarm kii taraf lay jaa sakti hay. utharahwein sadee kaa landan mulazimat kay mawaqa kay mutlashiyon kii eek bury taadad say aabaad thaa. akeela honay aur shehar kay khatraat say bay khabar honay kii wajah say wah aasani say bay aimaan logon kii duaa bunn saktay thay. misaal kay toor parr naujawan ladkiyon kuu inn kii aamad parr inn kay paas aaney waalay heera phairi karnay waalay afraad jasm faroshi kii taraf lay jaa saktay haine. kharidar "maalkin kay rawaj kaa fayedah uthaa saktay haine kahh wah vignon say milain juu gharilo ladkiyon kuu landan lay kirr aayen taakah nokaron kuu talaash kiyaa jaa sakay aur inn mein mashghul kiyaa jaa sakay. ayem kay mutabiq. dorothi jaarij "hograth kii" fahisha kii paish raft "kaa pehla manzar haqeeqi zindagi mein aksar kheela jaataa thaa. paagal punn kay nazaam mein aslahaat laana. andrev mortan najee modhouses kay asree nazaam kii bhee akaasi kartaa hay aur iss kii naahili kii mazmat kartaa hay. pehli baath yaha hay kahh wah mahsus kartaa hay kahh yaha inn afraad kuu idaarah jaati bananay kii ajazat deeta hay juu kasee zahni bemari say mutasir nahein haine. misaal kay toor parr wah aksar sehat mund bewiyon kuu qabool kartay haine. badsaloki karnay waalay shoharon kay zariye inn say chhatkara paaney kay waahid maqsad kay liye mahsur. dosri baath yaha hay kahh wah mareezon kay munasib alaaj kii zamanat nahein deetay haine keunkah inn kaa emlah inhein nazar andaaz yaa badsaloki kartaa hay. iss kii roshni mein wah inhein "license yaaftah modhouses" kay saath tabdil karnay kaa mashurah deetay haine juu "munasib doray aur muainah kay taabaa haine" aur jehaan kasee kuu "bheja" nahein jaa saktaa hay...] baghair kasee wajah taftish aur akhtiyar kay. utharahwein sadee mein najee modhouses parr behat bahas kii jaati thee. nakolas harwi batatay haine kahh defoe "" augusta trivenisions "(1728) mein inn idaaron kay amal parr sawaal uthanay waalay pehley logon mein say thaa. inn kay baad deer say tobias samolet aayey jinhon nay naawal "sarr lensult grews" (1762) likhaa. jiss mein anwaan kaa herow modhouses mein ghair munsifana haraasat parr tanqeed kartaa hay. aur aqal aur zahni bemari kay darmiyan farq kii akaasi kartaa hay. 1763 mein "gentleman megzin" nay bhee asailam mein mareezon kay saath badsaloki kii mazmat kii. nakolas harwi nay yaha bhee nott kiyaa kahh defoe nay "iss tarah say hamlah kiyaa jiss tarah say shohar apnee bewiyon kuu sabb say ziyadah jaali wajuhaat kii banaa parr mahdud rakhnay mein kamiyab hoay. iss amal kii baad mein meeri wilstone craft nay "khwatin kii ghaltiyon" (1798) mein bhee mazmat kii thee. iss moqaa parr alzabth foster kaa daawi hay kahh yaha "eek aisa masilah thaa jiss nay utharahwein sadee kay england mein behat tashwesh paida kii thee". mardon kay apnee bewiyon kuu mahdud rakhnay kay haqh parr aksar bahas hoti thee. aazadi kii hadood mein: shaadi shadah khwatin aur utharahwein sadee kay england mein qaid" (2002) kay mazmun mein wah dalil deeti haine kahh shoharon kii taraf say apnay shareek hayaat kuu khaandaani rehaish gaahon aur miyaan bewi mein haraasat mein rakhna azdawaji tashdad kii eek nayee shakal bunn gayee thee. iss kaa mutalah baadshah kay bunch kay dastawezaat parr mubni hay adaalat jiss nay iss masilay parr dairah akhtiyar haasil kiyaa thaa. sadak parr dakiti kii rook thaam. andrev mortan kii aakhri schem kaa maqsad "pehley aasmani aur phir zamini zaraye say" glee mein dakiti kuu rokna hay. pehla "badkari aur ghair akhlaqi kuu dabaa kirr aur badkari aur najaiz salok kii sazaa day kirr aadaab kii aslaah kuu naafiz karnay aur iss kii huslah afzayi karnay" parr mushtamil hay. wasee paimanay parr ghair akhlaqi aadaat mein shahwani shahut angez geeton kaa padhna qasm khaana aur sharaab kaa ghalat istemaal shaamil haine. moakhar alzikar mein sadkon kii nigrani aur roshni kay eek mosar nazaam kaa taaruf shaamil hay. sabb say pehley maujudah naahil ghadi kuu qaabil aur jasmani toor parr mazboot mardon kay jasm kay saath tabdil karnaa zaruri hay. inn nayey muhafizon kuu apnay saathi karkanon kuu khabardar karnay kay liye aatishein aslaha talwarein aur eek seeng lay kirr jaana chahiye. inhein inn elaqon mein tafviz kiyaa jaana chahiye juu moasir tareeqe say nigrani kay liye behat baday nahein haine. khaas toor parr "kasee bhee chokidar" kuu "apnay saathi say door bees darwazon say oopar khadaa nahein honaa chahiye. iss kay alawah inhein inn kii koshishon kay aiteraf mein tankhwahein dee jaanee chahein. dosra galiyon kuu eek raat mein nazar aaney kii zarurat hay. lehza munasib taadad mein lamp lagaana zaruri hay juu takniki toor parr munasib roshni farahim karnay kay qaabil hoan. iss hasay mein andrev mortan defoe kay zamanay mein saqafat kay teen ajeeb pahluwon kuu yaad kartay haine. sabb say pehley jiss kaa zakar kiyaa jaaye wah hay aadaab kii aslaah kii tehreek. 18 wein sadee kay doraan angrezon kii bury taadad nay samaji bay hayayi kii aalee satah aur baghair shikaar kay jaraim kay khalaaf qanuni kararwai mein dushwari kii mazmat kii. 1690 say inhon nay aktha how kirr muashiron kaa eek silsilah qayem kiyaa. ibtadayi dahayiyon kay doraan inhon nay nishanah banaye gayey gunahgaron kay khalaaf qanuni kararwai kuu manzam karnay aur chalanay parr taujah markoz kii. wah aap kuu sharaabi qasm khilanay kheel khelnay aur jansi ziyadati jeesay jaraim kay liye adaalat lay jaa saktay haine. baad mein inn kay arakeen nay apnee taujah mazhabi aur akhlaqi aqdaar kii taleem parr markoz kii jiss kay liye wah khaton kii tarseel aur pumfilt tayaar karnay aur taqsim kartay thay. dosri saqafati khususiyat night waach hay juu teerhawein sadee say mojud hay. iss mein aisey loag shaamil thay juu andheray kay auqaat mein galiyon kii nigrani kartay thay. asay karfio kay qawanin kay nafaz kay saath saath raat kay waqat hifazat kay haqh mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa. iss nazaam kay baaray mein ibtadayi tanqeed bahaali say sharoo hoti hay. iss kii kachh khaamiyan 1690 kii dahayi kay stee maarshil kay bayanaat mein bhee darj kii gayee thein. inhon nay mahsus kiyaa kahh gharib elaqay iss khadmat kay liye maali amdaad kay muthamil nahein how saktay. iss kay alawah chokidar munasib hathiyar nahein lay kirr jaatay aur baaz suraton mein shift khatam honay say pehley hyee wahaan say chalay jaatay. 1720 kii dahayi mein jaraim kii rook thaam parr eek aham awami bahas jaari thee aur defoe nay pumfilt kay eek silsilay kay zariye iss mein hasah liyaa. augusta trivenisions" kay alawah iss nay "strait waakarz parr kachh tahfuzat" (1726)yee "strait dakiti parr ghoor kiyaa jaataa hay" (1728)yee "dosray khayalat behtareen haine" (1729)yee aur "strait dakiti kii fouri rook thaam kay liye eek mosar schem" (1731) mein jaraim kii tehqiqat kein. aakhir mein andrev mortan night waach kay silsilay mein strait lighting say mutaliq kaam kartaa hay. jaisa kahh jay. ayem. betty batatay haine landan kay shehri maahul mein kayee tabdiliyan kii gayein taakah farsh aur pinay kay paani kii dastiyabi jeesay pahluwon kuu behatar banaya jaa sakay. strait lighting kuu behatar bananay kay liye bhee mansubay banaye gayey thay jasay deegar masail kay muqabilay mein jaraim kii rook thaam kay liye intehayi ahmiyat kaa haamil samjha jaataa thaa. paidal chalnay waalon aur jazz waqti afsaran donon kuu jaghein dikhayi deenay say mujrimon kii zindagi mashkal how gayee aur parliament mein dayer darkhwaston mein iss niktay kuu ajagar kiyaa gayaa. strait lighting balaakhir 1736 kay lighting aikat kay zariye eek awami nazaam bunn gayaa. iss kii maali aanat tekson kay zariye kii gayee aur najee companiyon kay zariah farahim kii gayee.

0006072de9c6c7ada9d612d9b250b13ba160cad39f373d7182cc6b106c2bc3f7

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=9067673

tatap muka

tatap muka Indonesian. Etymology. Compound . Compare to .

tatap mukaa indonesian. byutpotti. joug. tulona korok.

tatap luca indoneshiyana. byutpatti. jougik. tulna korun.

taatap mukaa indonesian. vyutpatti. sanyojan. tenee sarkhaamani karoo.

taatap luka indoneshiyai. vyutpatti. yaugik. tulanaa karein.

tottup muka indonesian. vyutpatti. samyukta. holisi.

tattaap muka indoneshyan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. samyuktham. thaarathamyam cheyyuka.

tatap luka indonesian. vyutpatti. sanyug. tulana qaraa.

tatap luka indonesian. wyutpatti. compound. tulana garnuhos.

tatap muka indonesian. byutpatti. jougika. tulana karantu.

tatap luka indonesian. shabdawali. compound. tulna crow.

taatap-mukaa-indoneshiyan iti. vyutpattih. samyuktam bhavati. tulanam karotu.

tatab mukka inthoanaesiyan. sorpirappiyal. kalavai. oppiduga.

tatup mukaa indonesian. vyutpatti. sammelanam. polchi chudandi.

tataap moka indoneshiyayi. siftiyat. markab. mawaznah karein.

000607572e1531f1b12951dc7e32db2a111dc91d4ec691796f51114ef9970ebd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4142763

1908 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election

1908 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of April 24, 1908 was the fourth election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. The Legislative Council had, since 1903, comprised seven members elected by registered voters from four electoral districts; in 1907 the number of members nominated by the British South Africa Company was reduced from seven to five. The Administrator of Southern Rhodesia sat on the Legislative Council "ex officio". The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, James George Fair, also sat on the Legislative Council "ex officio" but without the right to vote. Results. Note: William Harvey Brown was absent for the third and fourth (extraordinary) sessions of the Legislative Council in 1910 and 1911. Nominated members. The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were: During the absence of Clarkson Henry Tredgold from July 3, 1908, Robert McIlwaine (Secretary of the Law Department) stood in for him. Edward Ross Townsend stood down and was replaced by Dr Eric Arthur Nobbs (Director of Agriculture) on April 23, 1909.

1908 dokhyin rudesian bidhan porixod nirbason 1908 sonor 24 aprilor dokhyin rudesia bidhan porixodor nirbason aasil dokhyin rudesiyar bidhan porixodor soturtho nirbason. 1903 sonor poraa bidhan porixodot sarikhon nirbasoni jilaar poraa ponjiyonbhukto bhutare nirbasito xatjon xodosyo aasil; 1907 sonot britis dokhyin africa companye monunit koraa xodosyor xongkhya xatjonor poraa pasgorakiloi hraax koraa hoisil. dokhyin rudesiyar proxaxoke bidhan porixodor "poramorxodata" too bohisil. dokhyin rudesiyar resident komisonar james jorjo feyareu bidhan porixodot "porobortibhabe" bohisil kintu bhutdanor odhikar nasil. folafol. tukah 1910 aaru 1911 sonot bidhan porixodor tritiyo aaru soturtho (oxadharon) odhibexonot uilium harbhe braun onuposthito aasil. monunit xodosyoxokol. britis dokhyin africa companyr dwara monunit xodosyoxokol aasiloh 1908 sonor 3 julyr poraa clerkson henori tradegoldor onuposthitit teur hoi thiyo disil robert misilwein (aain bibhagor xosibo). edward roch townsand podotyag korisil aaru 1909 sonor 23 aprilot dodd0 erik aarthar nobxo (krixi xonsalok)-ror dwara protisthapito hoisil.

1908 dakkhin rhodesian aain porishod nirbachan 1908 saaler 24shhey april dakkhin rhodesia aain porishod nirbachan chhilo dakkhin rhodesier aain porishder choturtho nirbachan. 1903 saal theke aain porishod charti nirbachoni zela theke nibondhito bhotarder dwara nirbachito satjon sadasya niye gothito chhilo; 1907 saale british dakkhin africa company dwara manoneet sadasyader sankhya shaat theke komiye panch koraa hoy. dakkhin rhodesier proshashok aain porishod "eksa officio"-teey bosechilen. dakkhin rhodesier abasik commissioner james george faireo aain porishode "eksa officio"-teey bosechilen kintu bhot deoar adhikar chharai. folafol. drashtabyah uilium harve braun 1910 ebong 1911 saale aain porishder tritiya ebong choturtho (asadharan) adhibeshone onuposthito chhilen. manoneet sadasya. british dakkhin africa company kortrik manoneet sadasyara hollen 1908 saaler 3raa julai theke clerkson henry tradegolder onuposthitite robbert masselwein (aain bibhager sachib) taanr pokkhe dandiyechilen. edward ross townsand podotyag corren ebong 1909 saaler 23shhey april doh erik arthar nobbs (krishi porichalok) dwara protisthapito hohn.

1908 dakshin rhodesian vidhaan parishadni chuntani 24 april, 1908nee dakshin rhodeshiya vidhaan parishadni chuntani dakshin rodeshiyani vidhaan parishadni chothee chuntani hatee. 1903thee vidhaan parishadma chaar chuntani jillaomathi nondhaayela matdaaro dwara chuntayela saat sabhyono samaavesh thato hato; 1907maan british dakshin africa kampani dwara namankit sabhyoni sankhyaa saatthi ghataadine paanch karvaamaa aavee hatee. dakshin rhodeshiyana vahivatkartaa vidhaan parishad "ex officio" parr bethaa hataa. dakshin rhodeshiyana nivasi commissioner, james george phera pann vidhaan parishadma "padbhrasht" hataa parantu mutt aapvaano adhikaar vagar. parinaamo. nondhah veeliyam haarve braaun 1910 aneey 1911maan vidhaan parishadna trija aneey chothaa (asadharan) satromaa gerhaajar hataa. namankit sabhyo. british dakshin africa kampani dwara namankit sabhyo hataah 3 julai, 1908thee clarexon henry tradegoldnee gerhajari darmiyan, roobert messilwain (kaayada vibhagna sacheev) temnaa maate ubhaa hataa. edward roosa townsand pada parthee utaree gayaa aneey 23 april, 1909naa roj doow. erick arther nobbs (krushee niyaamak) dwara temnu sthaan levaamaa aavyu.

1908 dakshini rhodesian vidhaan parishad chunaav 24 aprail, 1908 kaa dakshini rhodesia vidhaan parishad kaa chunaav dakshini rhodesia kii vidhaan parishad key liye chautha chunaav thaa. 1903 seey vidhaan parishad mein chaar chunavi jilon seey panjikrit matdaataon dwara chune gaye saat sadasya shamil they; 1907 mein british dakshin africa company dwara naamit sadasyon kii sankhya saat seey ghataakar paanch curr dee gaee thee. dakshini rhodesia key prashaasak vidhaan parishad "paden" parr baithe. dakshini rhodesia key nivasi aayukt, james george fair, bhee vidhaan parishad mein "paden" baithe lekin matdan key adhikaar key binaa. parinam. notah villium harvey braun 1910 aur 1911 mein vidhaan parishad key teesare aur chauthe (asadharan) satron key liye anupasthit they. naamit sadasya. british dakshin africa company dwara naamit sadasya theh 3 julaai, 1908 seey clarkson heinry tradegold kii anupasthiti key dauran, robbert milwen (kaanoon vibhaag key sachiv) unake liye khade they. edward rose townsand neeche khadaa hoe gayaa aur 23 aprail, 1909 koo dow erich arther nobbs (krishi nideshak) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa.

1908 daksina rhodatian shasakanga mandaliya chunawane 1908rahra april april nadeda daksina rhodasia vidhana parishattina chunavaneyu daksina rodeshiyaada vidhana parishattina nalkane chunavaneyagittu. chunavaneyagittu shasakanga mandaliyu naalku chunawana jillegalinda nondayita matadaararinda chunaayitaraada elu sadasyarannu olagondittu; olagondittu; british daksina africa kampaniyinda namanirdeshanagonda sadasyara sankhyeyannu eligeyinda aidakke ilisalaayitu. daksina rodeshiyaada aadalitagaararu shasakanga mandaliyalli "ex officio" aagiddaru. daksina rodeshiyaada nivasi aayuktaraada james georg fair kooda shasakanga mandaliyalli "ex afficio" aagiddaru aadare matadaanada hakkannu hondiralilla. phalitaamshagalu. gamanisi 1910 mattu mattu nadeda shasakanga mandaliya moorane mattu nalkane (asadharana) adhiveshanagalalli vilium harvey braun gairu haajaraagiddaru. naamanirdeshita sadasyaru. british daksina africa kampaniyinda namanirdeshanagonda sadasyaruh 1908rahra julai julai clarkson henry treadgold avara anupasthitiyalli, robbert messilwine (kaanoonu ilaakheya karyadarshi) avara paravagi nintaru. edward rose tounsand avaru rajiname niididaru mattu 1909rahra april april avara sthaanavannu daa. erich orther nobes (krishi nirdeshaka) avaru padedaru.

1908 thekkan rodatian legislative kaunsil thiranjeduppu 1908 epril 24-leeii thekkan rodeshya legislative kaunsil thiranjeduppu thekkan rodeshya legislative kaunsililekkulla naalaamathe thiranjeduppaayirunnu. 1903 muthal naalu electoral jillakalil ninnu rajisttar cheytha watermar thiranjeduttha ezhu amgangal ulppettathaanu legislative kaunsil; 1907 ll britiish dakshinaafrikka kambani naamanirddesham cheytha amgangalude ennam ezhil ninnu anjaayi kurachu. thekkan rodeshyayude administrettar legislative kaunsilil "ex oofisiyoo" aayi irunnu. thekkan rodeshyayile resident kammeeshanaraaya jaims jorj fair legislative kaunsilil "ex oofisiyoo" aayi irikkukayum ennaal vottavakaasham illaathirikkukayum cheythu. phalangal. 1910lum 1911lum nadanna niyamanirmmaanasabhayude moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum (asaadhaarana) sessionukalil vilyam harvy braun hajaraayirunnilla. naamanirddesham cheyyappetta amgangal. britiish dakshinaafrikkan kambani naamanirddesham cheytha amgangal ivaraanu 1908 juulai 3 muthal clarkson henry treadagoldinte abhaavathil, niyama vakuppinte sekrattari roobert milwane addehathinu vendi ninnu. edward rooss tounsend sthaanamozhiyukayum 1909 epril 23 nuu doow. eric arther nobbs (kaarshika director) addehathe niyamikkukayum cheythu.

1908 dakshin rhodesian vidhan parishad nivadanuk 24 april 1908 roji dakshin rhodesia vidhan parishadechi nivadanuk hii dakshin rodeshiyachya vidhan parishadechi chauthi nivadanuk hotee. 1903 pasoon vidhan parishadet chaar nivadanuk jilhyanmadhun nondanikrut matdaranni nivadoon dilele saat sadasya hote; 1907 madhye british dakshin africa companyne namnirdeshit kelelya sadasyanchi sankhya satvarun qamee karoon paach karnyat aalee. dakshin rodeshiyacha prashasak vidhan parishadevar "paden" basala. dakshin rodeshiyache nivasi aayukt james george phair heey dekhil vidhan parishadevar 'paden' hote, parantu tyanna matdanacha adhikar navhata. parinam. teepah 1910 aanee 1911 madhye vilyam harvey braun vidhan parishadechya parishadechya aanee chauthya (asadharan) satrat anupasthit hote. namnirdeshit sadasya. british dakshin africa companyne namnirdeshit kelele sadasya hoteh 3 julai 1908 pasoon clarkson heinry tradegoldchya anupasthitit, robbert masselwen (kayada vibhagache sachiv) tyanchya bajoone ubhe rahile. edward ross townsendne rajinama deela aanee 23 april 1909 roji dow. erich arther nobes (krishi sanchalak) yanni tyanchi jaaga ghetali.

1908 dakshini rhodesian vidhan parishadko chunawa april 24,1908 ko dakshini rhodesia vidhan parishadko chunawa dakshini rhodesiako vidhan parishadko chautho chunawa thiyo. vidhan parishadma sann 1903 dekhi charawata nirvachak jillaharubata darta bhaeka matadataharudwara nirvachit saat sadasyaharu thie; sann 1907 maa britis dakshin africa companydwara manonit sadasyaharuko sankhya satabata ghataera panchma jhareko thiyo. dakshini rhodesiaka prashasak vidhan parishad "padena" maa base. dakshini rhodesiaka niwasi ayukta james george fair pani vidhan parishad "padena" maa base tara matadanko adhikarbina. parinam. notah william harway brauna sann 1910 rar 1911 maa vidhan parishadko tesro rar chautho (asadharan) satrama anupasthit thie. manonit sadasyaharu. britis dakshin africa companydwara manonit sadasyaharu thieh july 3,1908 dekhi clarkson heinry tradegoldko anupasthitima, robert missilwen (kanuna vibhagka sachiva) unko pakshama ubhie. edward ross tounsand pachhi ubhie rar 23 april 1909 maa dah erich arther nobes (krishi nirdeshak) dwara pratisthapit gariyo.

1908 dakhina rhodesian bidhan parishad nirbachana 1908 masiha april 24 tarikhare dakhina rhodesia bidhan parishad nirbachana dakhina rhodesiar bidhan parishad paain chaturtha nirbachana thila. 1903 masiharu bidhan parishadare charoti nirbachana jillara panjikruta bhotaranka dwara nirbachita saata john sadasya thile; 1907 masihare british dakhina africa company dwara manoneet sadasyanka sankhya saataru panchaku hrass karajaithila. dakhina rhodesiar prashasaka bidhan parishadare "ex officio" ray basithile. dakhina rhodesiar abasic commissioner, james george fair madhya bidhan parishadare "ex officio" ray basithile kintu bhot debara adhikara nathile. phala. tippaneeh william harbhe braun 1910 ebong 1911 ray bidhan parisadara truteeja ebong chaturtha (asadharana) adhibeshanare anupasthita thile. manoneet sadasya. british dakhina africa company dwara manoneet sadasyamane thileh 1908 masiha july 3 tarikh thaaru clarkson henry tredgoldnka anupasthitire, robart masalawen (ine bibhagara sachiba) taanka sapakhyare thia hoithile. edward rus tounsand istafa deithile ebong april 23,1909 ray doctor erich arther nobbs (krushi nirdeshaka) nka dwara pratisthapita hoithile.

1908 dakkhni rhodesian vidhan parishad chonhan 24 aprail, 1908 dee dakkhni rhodesia vidhan parishad dee chonh dakkhni rhodesia dee vidhan parishad laee chauthi chonh see. 1903 toon vidhan parishad witch chaar chonh zilhiaan toon registered votaran duaara chunhe gaye satt member shamal sunn; 1907 witch british dakkhni africa company duaara namzad memberan dee ginti satt toon ghatake panj qarr ditti gaee see. dakkhni rhodesia daa parshasak vidhan parishad "aiks officio" utte baitha. dakkhni rhodesia dey resident kamishnar, james jaaraj fair, vidhan parishad "aiks officio" witch vee baithe parr vott paunh dey adhikar toon binan. natije. notay viliam haarve braun 1910 atey 1911 witch vidhan parishad dey teeje atey chauthe (asadharan) saishanan laee gairhazar sunn. namzad member. british dakkhni africa company duaara namzad member sanauu 3 julai, 1908 toon clarkson hannery tradegold dee gair-hazri dauran, robbert messelwen (kanoon vibhag dey sakattar) uss laee khadeh sunn. edward ross tounsand neey aapna ahuda chhadd ditta atey 23 aprail, 1909 noon daa. erik arther nobes (khetibadi dey director) duaara badliaa giaa.

1908 dakshina-rhodesian-vidhaanaparishadah nirvaachanam. 1908 april 24 dinaanke dakshina-rhodesia-vidhaanaparishadah nirvaachanam dakshina-rhodesia-vidhaanaparishadah chaturtham nirvaachanam aasit. 1903 tamaat varshaat vidhaanaparishadah, chaturnam nirvaachakamandalebhyah panjeekrutaih nirwaachakaih nirwaachitaah sapta sadasyaah aasan; 1907 tame varshe british-dakshina-africa-kampanee ityanena naamaankitaah sadasyaah saptatah panchaparyantam nyunikrutaha. dakshina-rhodesia-pradeshasya prashaasakah "padena" vidhaanaparishadah upavishyata. dakshina-rhodesia-pradeshasya niwaas-aayuktah james jaarj ferr api vidhana-parishade "padena" upavishyata, parantu matadaan-adhikaarah naseet. parinamam. tippaneeh-vilium haarve braun 1910 tathaa 1911 tame varshe vidhaanaparishadah truteeye chaturthaayaam (asadharanam) satrayoho anupasthitah aasit. naamanirdeshitasadasyah. british-dakshina-africa-kampanee ityanena naamaankitaah sadasyaah aasanh 1908 julai 3 dinaankaat clarkson henry tradegold ityasya anupasthitau, rabert masilven (vidhivibhaagasya sachivah) tasya pakshe upavishyata. edward rose tounsand ityeshah padatyagam krutvaa, 1909 april 23 dinaanke daa. rikk aarthar nobbs (krushi-nirdeshaka) ityanena pratisthaapitah.

1908 therku rodesiya sattamandra sabaith thaerthal aepral 24,1908 andru nadantha therku rhodesia sattamandrak kuzhuth thaerthal therku rodesiavin sattamandrak kuzhuvirkaana naankaavathu thaerthalaagum. 1903 muthal, naanku thaerthal maavattangkalilirunthu pathivuseiyappatta vaakkaalargalaal thernthedukkappatta aezhu uruppinargalaik konda sattamandrak kuzhu 1907 aam aandil british thennaapirikka niruvanatthaal niyamikkapatta uruppinargalin ennikkai aezhil irunthu aivaraagak kuraikkappattathu. therku rodesiavin nirvaagi sattamandrak kuzhuvil "ex opicio" amarnthaar. therku rodesiavin kudiyiruppu aanaiyaraana james jaarj fair, sattamandrak kuzhuvil "ex-officio" aaga amarnthaar, aanaal vaakkalikkum urimai illaamal irunthaar. vilaivugal. 1910 mattrum 1911 aam aandugalil sattamandraththin moontraavathu mattrum naankaavathu (asaathaarana) amarvugalil villiyam haarvae pravun kalandhu kollavillai. niyamikkapatta uruppinarkal. british thennaapirikka niruvanatthaal niyamikkapatta uruppinarkal pinvarumaaru juulai 3,1908 muthal clarkson hendri treadcold illaathapoathu, robbert messlewein (sattath thuraiyin seyalaalar) avarukkaaga nindraar. edward roas downcent padhavi vilaginaar, 1909 aepral 23 andru doctor erik aarthar nopes (vivasaaya iyakkunar) enbavaraal maattrappattaar.

1908 dakshina rhodatian saasana mandali ennikalu 1908 april 24naa jarigina dakshina rhodesia saasana mandali ennikalu dakshina rhodesia saasana mandaliki jarigina naalugo ennikalu. 1903 nundi saasana mandalilo naalugu ennikala jillaala nundi namodaina otarlache ennukoobadina eduguru sabhyulu unnaaru; 1907loe british dakshinaafrikaa companyche nominate cheyabadina sabhyula sankhyanu edu nundi aiduku tagginchaaru. dakshina rhodesia nirvahakudu saasana mandalilo "ex afficio" gaa kuurchunnaaru. dakshina rhodesia nivaasa commissioner james georg fair kooda saasana mandalilo "ex afficio" gaa kuurchunnaaru, conny ootu hakku lekunda unnaaru. phalitaalu. gamanikah 1910 mariyu 1911loe jarigina saasanamandali moodava mariyu nalgava (asaadhaarana) samavesalaku vilium harway braun gairhajarayyaru. nominate chesina sabhyulu. british dakshinaafrikaa companyche nominate cheyabadina sabhyulu juulai 3,1908 nundi clarkson henry treadgold lenappudu, robbert missilvine (nyaya saakha karyadarshi) athani tarapuna nilabaddaru. edward rose tounsand padavee viramana chesi, 1909 april 23naa doctor eric orther nobes (vyavasaya director) chetha bharti cheyabaddaadu.

1908 janubi rudishiyayi qanoon saaz konsal kay intekhabat janubi rudishiya qanoon saaz konsal kay intekhabat 24 apreel 1908 kuu janubi rudishiya kii qanoon saaz konsal kay liye choothay intekhabat thay. qanoon saaz konsal 1903 say chaar intekhabi azlaa say registard voters kay zariye muntakhib saat arakeen parr mushtamil thee. 1907 mein bartanvi janubi afriqah company kay namzad arakeen kii taadad saat say kumm kirr kay paanch kirr dee gayee. janubi rudishiya kaa muntazim qanoon saaz konsal "expressue" parr betha. janubi rudishiya kay rehaishi commissioner jaims jaarj fair qanoon saaz konsal mein "expressue" bhee bethay leakin woat kaa haqh nahein thaa. nataij. nott: waleem haarvi brown 1910 aur 1911 mein qanoon saaz konsal kay teesre aur choothay (ghair mamuli) ajlason mein ghair haazir thay. namzad arakeen. bartanvi janubi afriqah company kay namzad kardah arakeen yaha thay: 3 jolayi 1908 say klekson hunry trade gold kii ghair maujudgi mein raabart masilvin (mohkamah qanoon kay screetry) inn kay liye khaday hoay. edward raas touncend mustaafi how gayey aur 23 apreel 1909 kuu inn kii jagah doctor airak aarthar nobles (director aaf agreculture) nay lay lee.

0006075c63901e154556a37499cf59819e688ee8031aed5a333e9be3e345923c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48744643

The Carnival at Bray

The Carnival at Bray 2014 young adult novel by Jessie Ann Foley The Carnival at Bray is a young adult novel by American author Jessie Ann Foley. The book was an Honor Book shortlisted for the American Library Association's Michael L. Printz Award for literary merit in 2015. The association's young adult division also named the book one of the 10 "Best Fiction for Young Adults" and had short-listed it for the 2015 William C. Morris Award for debut novels for young adults. The manuscript had previously won multiple contests. It was published after being entered into a contest to solicit submissions to Elephant Rock Books, and became the first young adult novel published by the small independent publisher An earlier manuscript had won the Chicago Reader annual fiction contest. Plot summary. The heroine of the novel, Maggie, is a Chicago-born teenager, who has recently moved to Bray in County Wicklow in Ireland, just south of Dublin. She and her mother have a difficult relationship. Her mother has recently married an Irishman, after years of short relationships following her separation from Maggie's father. The book follows Maggie's difficult integration into Irish school and social life, her acquisition of a surrogate grandfather, her loss of a beloved but troubled uncle, and "escapes" from her home life to Dublin and Rome, tied into her love for the band Nirvana, culminating in two crises. Reception. Kirkus Reviews gave the book a starred review, saying "The narrative subtly and carefully interweaves peer and family drama...with the highs and lows of the grunge music scene, from the transformative glory of a Nirvana concert to the outpouring of grief around the death of Kurt Cobain." Chicago Reader named "Carnival of Bray" on its list of favorite books of 2014, describing the book as "a lovely coming-of-age story set on the northwest side and in Dublin, which got its start five years ago as the winner of our annual fiction contest". It was a finalist for the 2015 Chicago Writers Association Traditional Fiction Book of the Year. Controversy. In 2022, "The Carnival at Bray" was listed among 52 books banned by the Alpine School District following the implementation of Utah law H.B. 374, "Sensitive Materials In Schools," many of which were removed because they were considered to contain pornographic material according to the new law, which defines porn using the following criteria: The book has also been removed from public libraries in Martin County, Florida. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

brey 'too carnival dyo carnival ett brey hoise jesi eno pho 'leer ekhon juwo praptoboyosko uponyax. ei gronthokhon aamerikan library ess "siyesyonor michael el-ror baabe talikabhukto ek xonmaniyo grontho aasil. 2015 sonot xahityik jugyotar baabe printz botaa. ess "siyesyonor juwo praptoboyosko bibhageu kitapkhonok 10taa" juwo praptoboyoskoxokolor baabe shrestho kolpokahini "ror bhitorot etaa buli naam disil aaru iyak 2015 sonor uilium chi-ror baabe suti talikabhukto korisil. juwo praptoboyoskoxokolor baabe prothom uponyaxor baabe moris botaa. pandulipituwe purbote ekadhik protijugitat joylabh korisil. elephont rok kitapxomuhot dakhilor onurudh koriboloi ekhon protijugitat prowex korar pisot iyak prokax koraa hoisil, aaru xoru swotontro prokaxoke prokax koraa prothom juwo praptoboyosko uponyax hisape porigonito hoisil, jaar purbor pandulipiye sikagu ridaar barxik kolpokahini protijugitat joylabh korisil. obhyorthona. kirkasor porzaluchonaxomuhe kitapkhonok ek tarkar porzaluchona disil, aaru koichil je "akhyantuwe xukhmobhabe aaru xabodhane xomoniya aaru poriyalor natokor maajot jorito hoi aase...gronj xongitor drishyopotor uscho aaru nimno storor xoite, nirbon xongitanusthanor poribortonxil gourowor poraa kurt kubeinor mrityur aaxe-paxe xukor probaholoike." sikagur pathoke 2014 sonor priyo kitapor talikat "carnival owo brey" naam disil, kitapkhonok "uttor-poschim dixot aaru doublinot nirmito ek xundor aagontuk boyoxor kahini, ji paas bosor aagote aamar barxik kolpokahini protijugitar bijoyi hisape aarombho hoisil" buli bornona korisil. ee 2015 sonor sikagu lekhok xongsthar bosoror poromporagot kolpokahinimulok kitapor suranto porzayor aasil. bitorko. 2022 sonot, eutah aain eis rupayonor pisot alpine skool jilaar dwara nixidho 52 khon kitapor bhitorot "dyo carnival ett brey" talikabhukto koraa hoisil.bi. 374, "bidyaloixomuhot xongbedonxil xamogri", jaare bohutu aatorai peluwa hoisil kaaron xeiburot notun aain onuxori pornographik xamogri thoka buli gonyo koraa hoisil, ji nimnolikhito mandondo byobohar kori pornok xongyayito koreh fro 'ridaar martin countyr rajohuwa puthibhoralxomuhor porau kitapkhon aatorai diya hoise.

bryer carnival dya carnival ayata brey jessy ayana folir ekti torun praptoboyosko uponyas. boiti american library associationer michael ell-err jonno sangkhipto talikabhukto ekti sommansuchok boi chhilo. 2015 saale sahitya jogyatar jonno printz puraskar. associationer torun praptoboyosko bibhag boitike 10tii "torun praptoboyoskoder jonno sera kathasahitya"-err modhye ekti hisabe namkaran koreche ebong 2015 saaler uilium shee-err jonno etike sangkhipto talikabhukto koreche. torun praptoboyoskoder jonno prothom uponyasher jonno morris puraskar. pandulipiti err agey ekadhik protijogitai joylav korechilo. etty elephant rock boigulite jomaa deoar jonno ekti protijogitai probesh korar porey prokashito hoyechilo ebong chhoto swadhin prokashok dwara prokashito prothom torun praptoboyosko uponyas hoye othe jaa ekti purboborti pandulipi shikago ridder barshik kathasahitya protijogitai jitechilo. abhyarthana. kirkaser porjalochonaguli boitike ekti tarka porjalochonar sujog korey diye boleche, "akhyanti sukkhobhabe ebong jotno sahokare sahakarmi ebong paribarik natoker modhye jorito...ekti nirban sangitanusthaner rupantarkari gaurab theke shuru korey kurto cobainer mrityute shoker bohiprokash porjonto, gronz sangiter drishyer uchchota oo nimnotar saathe." shikago patthok 2014 saaler priya boiyer talika "carnival off brey" naam diyechen, boitike "uttor-poschim dike ebong doubliner ekti sundar asonno golpo hisabe bornona korechen, jaa panch bochor agey amader barshik kathasahitya protijogitar vijayi hisabe shuru hoyechilo. etty 2015 saaler shikago raitarsa association-err bochorer sera oitijjobahi kathasahitya boiyer chudanta protijogi chhilo. bitorko. 2022 saale, 'dya carnival ayata brey'-keey alpine school zela kortrik nishiddho 52tii boiyer modhye talikabhukto koraa hoyechilo.bii. 374, "bidyaloygulite sangbedanshil upokoron", jaar modhye anekguli sariye fela hoyechilo kaaron notun aain onusare segulite pornographic upadan royeche boley money koraa hoyechilo, jaa nimnolikhito mandanda byabohar korey pornography sangyayita koreh boiti floridara martin kauntir public library thekeo sariye fela hoyeche.

brey khaate carnival dhaa carnival aeta brey aee jessy aena foleni yuvan pukht vayanaa lokonee navalkathaa chhe. aaa pustak american library association michael aela. maate shortlist karaayel sanmaan pustak hatoo. 2015maan saahityik yogyata maate printz award. sangathannaa yuvaa pukht vibhage pann aaa pustakne 10 "yuvan pukht vayanaa loko maate shreshth saahitya" maannu aek naam aapyu hatoo aneey tene 2015 veeliyam see. maate shorta-list karyoo hatoo. yuvan pukht vayanaa loko maate pratham navalkathaao maate morris award. aaa hastprat agau anek spardhao jeetee chooki hatee. haathee roqa pustakoni rajuaat karvaa maate aek spardhama praveshyaa pachhi teey prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey naana swatantra prakashak dwara prakashit pratham yuvan pukht navalkathaa bunny hatee, agaauni hastprat shikago reader vaarshik kaalpaneek spardhaa jeetee hatee. swaagat. kirkasnee samikshaoae pustakne taaraankit samiksha aapee hatee, aneey kahyoo hatoo keey "aaa kathaa sookshm aneey kaljipurvak sathidaro aneey paarivaarik natakone jode chhe...grunge sangeetnaa drashyanaa utaar-chadhaav saathe, nirvaan sangeet kaarykramna parivartankari gauravthi laeene curt kobennaa mrutyuni aaspasna dukkhnaa pravaah sudhee." shikago readerae 2014naa tenaa manpasand pustakoni yaadimaa "carnival off brey" naam aapyu hatoo, jemaa pustakne "uttarpashchim baaju aneey doublinma seeta karelee aek sunder aavnari vayanee vaarta tareeke varnavyu hatoo, jenee sharuaat paanch varsh pahelaa amaari vaarshik kaalpaneek spardhana vijeta tareeke thaee hatee". teey 2015 shikago lekhako sangathannaa paramparagat kaalpaneek pustak maate anteem vijeta hatee. vivaad. 2022maan, 'dhaa carnival aeta brey' neey 'utaah low aech' naa amalikaran pachhi alpine school district dwara pratibandhit 52 pustakomaa soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.bii. 374, "shaalaoma samvedansheel samagri", jemathi ghanaane door karvaamaa aavee hatee kaaran keey temaa navaa kaayada anusaar ashleel samagri hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo, jeey neechena maapdandono upyog kareene pornne vyakhyayit karey chheh aaa pustakne floridana martin kaauntimaa jaaher pustakaalayomaathi pann door karvaamaa aavyu chhe.

brey mein carnival dha carnival aitt brey jessy aine foley kaa ack yuva vayask upanyaas haye. yeh pustak american library association key michael ell key liye ack sammaanit pustak thee. 2015 mein saahityik yogyata key liye printz puraskar. sangh key yuva vayask vibhaag ney bhee pustak koo 10 "yuva vayaskon key liye sarvshreshth kathaa" mein seey ack kaa naam diyaa aur ise 2015 villium see key liye short-list kiya thaa. yuva vayaskon key liye debue upanyason key liye morris puraskar. pandulipi ney pahale kaee pratiyogitaaen jeeti theen. ise haathi rock pustakon key liye prastut karane key liye ack pratiyogita mein pravesh karane key baad prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh chhote swatantra prakaashak dwara prakaashit pahala yuva vayask upanyaas bunn gayaa thaa, ack poorv pandulipi ney shikago paathak vaarshik kathaa pratiyogita jeeti thee. swaagat. kirkus kii sameekshaon ney pustak koo ack tarankit sameeksha dete hue kahaa, "kathaa sookshmata seey aur saavdhaanipoorvak sahakarmi aur parivarik naatak koo aapas mein jodati haye...grunge sangeet key drishya key utaar-chadhaav key saath, ack nirvaan sangeet karyakram key parivartankari gaurav seey laker curt coben kii mrityu key aspas key dukh key pravaah taka." shikago key paathak ney 2014 kii apani pasandida pustakon kii soochi mein "carnival off brey" kaa naam diyaa, jisamen pustak koo "uttar-paschim kii or aur doublin mein sthaapit ack pyaari aaney vaali umr kii kahani key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa, jisaki shuruat paanch saal pahale hamari vaarshik kathaa pratiyogita key vijeta key roop mein hui thee. yeh 2015 shikago lekhak sangh kii varsh kii paaramparik kathaa pustak key liye ack antim pratiyogi thee. vivaad. 2022 mein, "dha carnival aitt brey" koo yoota low aich key karyanvayan key baad alpine school jile dwara pratibandhit 52 pustakon mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.bee. 374, "schools mein samvedansheel samagri", jinamen seey kaee koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki nae kaanoon key anusaar unamen ashleel samagri maani jaati thee, joe nimnalikhit maandandon kaa upayog karke porn koo paribhaashit kartaa haih iss pustak koo martin county, florida key saarvajanik pustakalayon seey bhee hataa diyaa gayaa haye.

brelnalli nadeyuva utsava dhii corneval aut bray embudu jessy aun phole avara yuva vayaskara kaadambariyaagide. ee pustakavu american library association micheal ell. ge shortlist maadalaada gaurava pustakavagittu. 2015ralli saahityada arhategaagi printz prashasti. sanghada yuva vayaskara vibhagavu ee pustakavannu 10 "yuva vayaskara atyuttama kadambari" galalli ondendu hesarisitu mattu 2015rahra vilium sii. yuva vayaskara chocchala kaadambarigalige maris prashasti. ee hastaprati ee hinde aneka spardegalalli jayagalisittu. elephant rock pustakagalige sallikegalannu koruva spardheyalli bhagavahisida nantara idannu prakatisalaayitu mattu chikka swatantra prakashakarinda prakatavaada modala yuva vayaskara kaadambariyaayitu, hindina hastaprati chikago reader varshika kaalpanika spardheyannu geddukondittu. svaagata. kircus vimarshegalu pustakakke ondu starr vimarsheyannu needitu, "niroopaneyu sookshmavaagi mattu echcharikeyinda peer mattu kautumbika naatakavannu besedide...grunge sangeetada drashyada uttunga mattu kelamattagalondige, nirvaana sangeeta kacheriya parivartaka vaibhavadinda curt coben saavina suttaloo dukkhavannu surisuvavarege." chikago reader tanna 2014rahra necchina pustakagala pattiyalli "corneval off bray" endu hesarisiddu, ee pustakavannu "vayuvya bhagadalli mattu dablinnalli hondisalaada sundaravaada mumbaruva vayassina kathe, idu aidu varshagala hinde namma varshika kaalpanika spardheya vijetaraagi praarambhavaayitu" endu vivariside. idu 2015rahra chikago barahagarara sanghada varshada saampradaayika kaalpanika pustakada antima hantadallittu. vivaada. 2022ralli, 'dha corneval aut bray' annu, 'yuta laa etch' anushthaanada nantara, alpine shaala jilleyu nishedhisida 52 pustakagalalli patti maadalaayitu.bii. 374, "shalegalalli sookshmavaada vastugalu", ivugalalli heccinavugalannu tegeduhaakalaayitu ekendare avu hosa kaanoonina prakara ashleela vastugalannu olagondive endu pariganisalaagittu, idu ee kelagina manadandagalannu balasikondu ashlilateyannu vyakhyanisuttadeh ee pustakavannu floridada martin kountiya saarvajanika granthaalayagalindalu tegeduhaakalaagide.

braile carnival jessy aan phooli ezhuthiya oru yuvavaaya noval aanu dhaa carnival attu bray. american library associationte maikkal ell enna bahumaanaartham shortlist cheytha oru pusthakamaayirunnu eee pusthakam. 2015-leeii saahitya yogyathaykkulla prints award. associationte yuva muthirnna vibhaagam eee pusthakatthe "cheruppakkaarkkulla mikacha 10 fiction" pusthakangalil onnaayi namakaranam cheyyukayum 2015-leeii vilyam sii. cheruppakkaarkkulla aadya novalukalkkulla morris award. eee kaiyezhuthuprathi munbu onniladhikam malsarangalil vijayichirunnu. aanaa paara pusthakangal samarppikkunnathinulla oru malsarathil praveshichathinu sesham ithu prasidheekarikkukayum chikkago reader vaarshika fiction malsarathil vijayicha oru cheria swatantra prasadhakan prasidheekaricha aadyathe yuvavaaya novalaayi ithu maarukayum cheythu. sweekaranam. kirkas avalokanangal pusthakathinu oru staar review nalki, "vivaranam sookshumamaayum shradhaapoorvvam pier kudumba naadakavum thammil bandhippikkunnu...oru nirvaana kacheriyude parivartthana mahathvam muthal kurt kobeyninte maranathe chuttipattiyulla dukkham vare grunch sangeetha ramgathinte uyarchayum thaazhchayum." chikkago reader 2014 leeii priyappetta pusthakangalude pattikayil "carnival oof brey" ennu namakaranam cheythu, eee pusthakatthe "vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathum dablinilum sajjeekarichirikkunna manoharamaaya varaanirikkunna katha, anchu varsham munbu njangalude vaarshika fiction malsarathinte vijayiyayi ithu aarambhichu". 2015leeii chikkago raittezhs associationte parambaraagatha fiction book oof dhaa iyarinte finalistaayirunnu ithu. tharkkam. 2022ll, uttaa niyamam echu nadappaakkiyathinethudarnna alpine school distrikt nirodhicha 52 pusthakangalil "dhaa carnival attu bray" pattikapedutthi.bii. 374, "skoolukalile sensitiivu metteeriyalukal", avayil palathum neekkam cheythu, kaaranam avayil puthiya niyamamanusarichu ashleela vasthukkal adangiyirikkunnuvennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ithu inipparayunna maanadandangal upayogichu ashleelathe nirvachikkunnu floridayile martin kaundiyile pothu librarikalil ninnum eee pusthakam neekkam cheythittundu.

brey yetheel carnival daad carnival ett brey hii jessy aine phole yanchi eka tarun praudh kadambari aahe. american library associationchya michael ell. sathee heey pustak nivadanyat aalele eka sanmananiy pustak hote. 2015 madhye sahityik gunvattesathi printz puraskar. sanghatanechya tarun praudh vibhagane yaa pustakala 10 "tarun praudhansathi sarvotkrusht kalpanaramya" paiki eka mhanoon naav dile aanee 2015 chya william see. sathee tyachi nivad kelee. tarun praudhansathichya navalkathansathicha mauris puraskar. yaa hastalikhitane yapurvi anek spardha jinkalya hotya. hatti rock pustakanchya sadarikaranasathichya spardhet pravesh kelyanantar tee prakashit jhaali aanee chhotya swatantra prakashkane prakashit keleli pahili tarun praudh kadambari tharali, purvichya hastalikhitane shikago reader varshik kalpanik spardha jinkley hotee. swagat. kirkschya samikshanni pustakala eka tarankit punaravalokan dile, asey mhanat qee "katha sookshmapane aanee kaljipurvak samvayask aanee kautumbik natkat gumphaleli aahe...granj sangeet drushyachya chadh-utaransah, nirvan maifilichya parivartanatmak vaibhavasah curt kobenchya mrutyuchya sabhovatalachya dukkhachya pravahaparyant." shikagochya vachkane 2014 chya aavadatya pustakanchya yadeet 'carnival auph brey' asey naav dile aahe, yaa pustakache varnan 'vayvyekadil aanee doublinmadhil eka sunder yenanya vayachi katha, jee paach varshanpurvi aamchya varshik kalpanik spardhecha vijeta mhanoon suru jhaali' asey kele aahe. 2015 chya shikago lekhakanchya sanghatanechya paramparik kalpanaramya pustakachya antim ferisathi haah hota. vaad. 2022 madhye, 'daad carnival ett brey' haah 'utah low etch' chya amalbajavaninantar alpine school district 'neey bandee ghatalelya 52 pustakanmadhye soochibaddha karnyat aala hota.buub. 374, "shalanmadhil sanvedanshil sahitya", jyapaiki barech kadhoon taknyat aale kaaran naveen kayadyanusar tyat ashleel sahitya asalyache manale gele hote, jeey khaleel nikashancha vapar karoon ashlilata paribhashit karateh floridatil martin countymadhil sarvajanik granthalayanmadhunahi heey pustak kadhoon taknyat aale aahe.

da carnival att brey da carnival att brey jacy enn foleko yuwa wayaska upanyas how. yo pustak american library associationko micheal elka lagi certlist garieko samman pustak thiyo. sann 2015 maa sahityik yogyataka lagi printz puraskar. sanghako yuwa wayaska vibhagle pani pustaklai 10 "yuwa wayaskaharuka lagi sarwashreshtha katha" madhye ekko naam dieko thiyo rar yasalai sann 2015 ko william see kaa lagi chhoto-suchibadha gareko thiyo. yuwa wayaskaharuka lagi debue upanyasharuka lagi morris puraskar. yass pandulipile yasaghi dherai pratiyogitaharu jiteko thiyo. yo elephant ruck pustakharuma pesharu anurodh garne pratiyogitama prawesh garepachhi prakashit bhaeko thiyo, rar sano swatantra prakashakdwara prakashit pahilo yuwa wayaska upanyas banyo june pahileko pandulipile sikago pathak warshik katha pratiyogita jiteko thiyo. swagat. kirkus samikshaharule pustaklai tarankit samiksha die, "kathale sukshma rar sawadhanipurwak sahakarmi rar pariwarik nataklai jodchha...grunge sangit drishyako uchai rar tallo starka sath, nirwan concertko rupantarankari mahimadekhi curt kobenko mrityuko waripari dukhako prawahasamma." sikago pathakle sann 2014 ko manaparne pustakharuko suchima "carnival aff brey" naam dieka chhan, pustaklai "uttarpashchimatira rar doublinma sett garieko ek sunder aaundai gareko umerko katha, jasle paanch warsha pahile hamro warshik katha pratiyogitako wijetako rupma yasako suruwat gareko thiyo. yo sann 2015 ko sikago reuters associationko paramparagat kalpanik pustakko lagi finalist thiyo. vivad. sann 2022 maa, yutah kanuna etch ko karyanwayanpachhi alpine schol jilladwara pratibandhit 52 wata pustakharuma "da carnival att brey" suchibadha garieko thiyo.bee. 374, "vidyalayaharuma sanvedanshil samagriharu", jasmadhye dherailai hataiyo kinbhane tiniharu nayan kanuna anusar ashleel samagri samawesh bhaeko maninthyo, jasle nimna mapdandharu prayog garera pornalai paribhashit gardachhah yo pustak floridako martin countyko sarvajanik pustakalayaharubata pani hataieko chha.

brethare carnival daa carnival aata brey heuchhi jessy aann pholinka eka juba bayaska upenyas. ehi pustakati americae library associationara michael ell. nka paain eka sammanajanaka pustaka thila. 2015 ray sahityika jogyata paain printz puraskara. sanghara juba bayaska bibhaga madhya ehi pustakaku 10 tii "juba bajaskanka paain shrestha kalpanika" madhyaru gotie bhabare namit karithila ebong ehaaku 2015 william sii paain cert-list karithila . juba bajaskanka paain pratham upenyas paain morris puraskara. ehi pandulipi purbaru aneka pratijogitare bijai hoithila. elephant rock pustakare dakhal paain anurodha kariba paain eka pratijogitare prabesha kariba parey ehaa prakashita hoithila, ebong chhot swadheena prakashakanka dwara prakashita pratham juba bayaska upenyas hoithila, eka purba pandulipi chikago reader barshika kalpanika pratijogita jitithila . swagata. kirks samikhya pustakaku eka tarka samikhya pradan curry kahichhi je "barnana sukshma bhabare ebong jatna sahakaare sahakarmee ebong paribarika natakaku jodithae .....grunge sangeeta drushyara uchchata ebong nimnata sahita, eka nirbana sangeeta karjyakramara paribartanakaree gauraba thaaru arambha curry kurt kobennka mrutyu charipakhare shoker prabaha parjyanta ." chikago pathaka 2014 rahr priya pustaka talikare "carnival off brey" naama deichhanti, ehi pustakaku "uttara-paschima parsware ebong dablinare eka sunder agman-bayasa kahani bhabare barnana karichanti, jaahaa pancha barsha purbe ammer barshika kalpanika pratijogitara bijeta bhabare arambha hoithila . ehaa 2015 chikago lekhaka sangha paramparika kalpanika pustaka off dee iyar paain eka chudanta pratijogee thila . bibada. 2022 ray, 'daa carnival aata brey' ku alpine skula zillah dwara nishidha 52 tii pustaka madhyare talikabhukta karajaithila, jutaha ine echa karjyakaree heba parey.bii. 374, "bidyalajare sambedanashila samagri", jeunthiru anekaku hatai diajaithila kaaran nutan ine anujai segudikare pernographic samagri thiba bibechana karajaithila, jaahaa nimnalikhita manadanda byabahara curry parnaku byakhya kare . ehi pustakaku floridara martin kauntira sarbajaneena laibrereeru madhya hatai diajaichhi.

barey vikhe carnival dha carnival aitt barey jaisi ainn foley daa ikk naujwan baalag nawal haii. ih kitaab american library association dey michael ail laee shortlist keeti gaee ikk aanar book see. 2015 witch sahitak yogta laee printz puraskar. association dey naujwan baalag vibhag neey iss kitaab noon 10 "naujwan balgan laee sarbottam glup" vicchon ikk daa naam ditta atey iss noon 2015 viliam see laee shortlist keeta see. naujwan balgan laee daibioo navlan laee mauris award. iss kharde neey pahilan vee kaee mukabale jitte sunn. ih haathi chattan deeaan kitaban laee peshkariaan dee mung curran laee ikk mukabale witch dakhal honn toon baad prakashit keeta giaa see, atey chhote sutantar parkashak duaara prakashit pahila naujwan baalag nawal bann giaa see, jiss toon pahilan ikk kharde neey shikago reeder salana glup mukabala jittiaa see. suagat. kirks deeaan samikhiaavan neey kitaab noon ikk stard samikhiaa ditti, ih kahinde hoye kii "birtant sookham atey dhiaan naal peear atey parivarak drame noon jodada haii...granj sangeet dey drish dey ucche atey hethle padhran dey naal, ikk nirvan sangeet samaroh dee parivartansheel shaan toon lae keey kurt coben dee maut dey aale duaale sog dey vahaa takk." shikago reeder neey 2014 deeaan aapniaan manpasand kitaban dee suchi witch "carnival aaf barey" daa naam ditta, jiss witch kitaab noon "uttar-pachmi paase atey doublin witch sathapat ikk sunder aaunn vaali umar dee kahani vajon darsaiaa giaa, jiss dee shuruat panj saal pahilan saade salana glup mukabale dey jetu vajon hoee see. ih saal 2015 dee shikago lekhakan dee association dee ravaiti glup pustak laee finalist see. vivaad. saal 2022 witch, "dha carnival aitt barey" noon 52 kitaban witch suchibadh keeta giaa see, jinhan utte yoota kanoon aich dey lagu honn toon baad alpine school zilhe duaara pabandi lagaai gaee see.bee. 374, "schoolan witch sanvedansheel samaggari", jinhan vicchon bahut saariaan noon hataa ditta giaa see kiunki uhanan witch navein kanoon anusar ashlilata samaggari manni jaandi see, joe heth ditte mapdandan dee varton kardiaan ashlilata noon paribhashit kardi haiyav iss pustak noon martin kaoonti, florida witch jantak libraries toon vee hataa ditta giaa haii.

brey-nagare carnival da carnieval att brey iti jessy aan phole ityasya yuva-vayaska-upanyasam asti. american-labrary-association ityasya mckell-ell ityasya krute etat pustakam namakam pustakam aasit. 2015 tame varshe saahitya-yogyataayaah krute printz-puraskaarah, sanghasya yuva-vayaska-vibhaagah api asya pustakasya naam "yuva-vayaskaanaam krute sarvashreshta-kathaa" iti 10 madhye anyatam iti nirdishtavaan, 2015 tame varshe vilium-see ityasya krute cha laghupatam akarot. morris-puraskaarah yuvaanaam krute prathama-upanyasanam krute asti. pandulipihi poorvam bahunam spardhaasu vijayam praapnot. elephant-raak-pustakanam samarpanartham spardhayam pravesham krutvaa etat prakaashitam, tathaa cha laghupreshakasya swatantra-prakashakena prakaashitam prathamam yuva-vayaska-upanyasam abhavat, poorva-pandulipya shikaago-reeder-vaarshik-kaalpanik-spardhaam praaptam aasit. sweekaranam. kirkus ityasya sameekshaasu pustakasya taramkitasamiksha dattaa, "kathaa sukshmataya savadhanataya cha samavayaskaanaam paarivaarik-natakanam cha antaraale asti...granj-sangeeta-drushyasya ucchaihi, nimnaihi cha saha, nirvaana-sangeeta-samarohasya parivartanaatmak-vaibhavaat curt-cobain ityasya mrutyoho paritah dukhasya pravaahah yaavat." shikaago-nagarasya paathaken 2014 tame varshe swasya priyapustakeshu "carnieval aaf brey" iti namakaranam krutam, yat "vaayavyadishi tathaa doublin-bhashayam sthaapitam, panchavarshapoorvam asmakam vaarshik-kaalpanik-pratiyogitaayaah vijetaaroopen aarabhat, ekam sundaram yugaantakaari kathaa" iti varnitam. 2015 tame varshe shikaago-ratters-sanghasya paaramparika-kaalpanik-pustakasya antima-spardhayam eshah aasit. vivaadah. 2022 tame varshe, 'da carnieval att brey' iti pustakam, 'yutaah-vidhi-ech' ityasya kaaryaanvayanaantaram, alpain-vidyaalaya-mandalen pratibandhiteshu 52 pustakeshu soocheebaddham aasit.kha. 374, "vidyaalayeshu samvedanasheela-saamagri" iti, yeshu bahavah apasaaritaah, yatah nootan-vidhihi, yat nimnalikhitam maanadandam upayujya ashleelam vyaakhyaayati, tadanusaram teshu ashleel-saamagri asti iti manyate sma. florida-rajyasya martin-kaunti-nagarasya saarwajanik-pustakalayat api idam pustakam apasaaritam asti.

braeyil thiruvilaa thii cornival add pirae enbathu jessy aann folay ezhuthiya oru ilam vayathu naaval aagum. inththa puththagam america noolaga sangaththin michael ell. kku pattiyalidappatta oru kaurava puththagamaagum. 2015 aam aandil ilakkiya thaguthikkaana brinds viruthu. sangaththin ilam vayathuvanthoar pirivu inththa puththagaththai 10 "ilainyarkalukkaana sirantha punaikathaikalil" ontraaka peyarittathu mattrum 2015 villiyam chii. ilam vayathinarukkaana arimuga naavalukkaana morris viruthu. inththa kaiyezhuththup pirathi idharku munbu pala poattikalil vettri pettrullathu. yaanai raak puththagangkalukku samarppippugalaik kooruvatharkaana poattiyil nuzhaintha piragu idhu veliyidappattathu, maelum siriya suyaatheena veliyeettaalaraal veliyidappatta muthal ilam vayathu naavalaaga maariyathu, munththaiya kaiyezhuththup pirathi sikago reader varudaanthira punaikathai poattiyil vettri pettrathu. varavaerpu. girgus vimarsanangkal puththagaththirku oru natchatthira mathippaaivai aliththana, "kadhai nutpamaagavum kavanamaagavum saga mattrum kudumba naadagaththai pinaikkirathu...kiranjch isaik kaatchiyin uyarangkal mattrum thaazhvugaludan, oru nirvana kacheriyin urumaarum magimai muthal curt cobine maranatthaich suttriyulla thukkam varai." sikago vaasagar 2014 aam aandin pidiththa puththagangkalin pattiyalil "cornival off pirae" endru peyarittaar, inththa puththagaththai "vadamaerku pakkaththilum dublinilum amaikappatta oru azhagaana vayathu varum kadhai, idhu ainthu aandugalukku munbu engkal varudaanthira punaikathai poattiyil vetrtriyaalaraakath thodangiyathu" endru vivaritthaar. idhu 2015 sikago ezhuththaalargal sangaththin aandin paarambariya punaikathai puththagaththirkaana iruthip poattiyaaga irunththathu. sarchchai. 2022 aam aandil, youta sattam ech amalpaduthappattathaith thodarnthu albine palli maavattathaal thadaiseiyappatta 52 puththagangkalil "thii cornival add pirae" pattiyalidappattathu.pii. 374, "palligalil mukkiyamaana porutkal", avattril pala puthiya sattaththin puddy, pinvarum alavukoalgalaip payanpaduththi poarnai varaiyarukkum vagaiyil, avai pornographic porutkalaik kondiruppathaagak karudhappattathaal agattrappattanah ploaridaavin martin kavundiyil ulla podhu noolagangalilirunthum inththa puththagam agatrtrappattullathu.

bray vadda corniwall dhi corniwall ett bray anedi jessy aann phole raasina yuva vayojana navala. eee pustakam american library association yokka maikhel ell kosam shortlist cheyabadina gourava pustakam. pustakam saahitya yogyata kosam printz avaardu. association yokka yuva vayojana vibhagam kooda eee pustakaanni 10 "yuvakulaku uttama kalpana" loe okatigaa perkondi mariyu 2015 vilium sii kosam daanini short list chesindi. yuvakulaku toli navalalaku morris avaardu. eee manuscript gatamlo aneka pootiilaloo vijayam saadhinchindi. elephant rock pustakaalaku samarpanalanu abhyardhinchadaaniki pootiiloo palgonna taruvaata idhi prachurinchabadindi, mariyu chinna swatantra prachuranakarta prachurinchina modati yuva vayojana navalaga maarindi, antakumundu manuscript chikago reader vaarshika kalpana pootiini geluchukundi. swaagatam. kircus sameekshalu eee pustakaaniki nakshatra sameekshanu icchaayi, "kathanam suukshmamgaa mariyu jagrattagaa thoti mariyu kutumba natakanni parasparam kaluputundi...grunge sangeeta drushyam yokka ettupallaalato, nirvaana kacheri yokka parivartanaatmaka keerti nundi curt coben maranam chuttoo dukkham yokka pravaham varaku." chikago reader 2014 naati ishtamaina pustakaala jaabitaalo "corniwall off bray" anie paeru pettaru, eee pustakaanni "vaayuvya vaipu mariyu doublinlo sett cheyabadina oka manoharamaina raboye vayassu katha, idhi maa vaarshika kalpita pootii vijaetagaa aidella kritam praarambhamaindi". idhi 2015 chikago raitars association traditional fiction book off dhi iyar kuu finalist gaa nilichindi. vivaadam. vivaadam, yutah laa hetch amalu taruvaata alpine paatasaala jilla nishedhinchina 52 pustakaalalo "dhi corniwall ett bray" jabita cheyabadindi.bii. 374, "paatasaalallo sunnitamaina padaarthaalu", veetilo chaalaa varaku tolaginchabaddaayi, endukante avi kotta chattam prakaram asleela vishayalanu kaligi unnatlu pariganinchabaddaayi, idhi eee krindi pramaanaalanu upayoginchi asleelatanu nirvachistundihi floridaloni martin kounteelooni praja grandhaalayaala nundi kooda eee pustakaanni tolaginchaaru.

bury mein carniol dee carniol aett bury jaisi aine foli kaa eek naujawan baaligh naawal hay. yaha kitaab american library aisosi aishan kay michael eel kay liye shaart list kii gayee eek aizazi kitaab thee. 2015 mein adbi meert kay liye prentz aiward. aisosi aishan kay naujawan baaligh devision nay bhee iss kitaab kuu 10 "naujawan balighon kay liye behtareen afsanay" mein say eek qaraar diyaa aur asay 2015 waleem see kay liye shaart list kiyaa thaa. naujawan balighon kay liye debio naawalon kay liye moris aiward. iss makhtutat nay pehley bhee mutadid muqabilay jeetay thay. yaha elephant raak kii kitaabon kay liye paishkashon kii darkhwast karnay kay muqabilay mein daakhil honay kay baad shaye hawaa aur chhotay aazaad naashir kay zariah shaye honay waala pehla naujawan baaligh naawal bunn gayaa iss say pehley kay makhtutat nay shikago reader salanah fakshan muqabilah jeeta thaa. isteqbaliya. karkas kay jaizon nay kitaab kuu eek staar review deetay hoay kahaa kahh "daastaan bariki say aur ahtiyaat say humm martabah aur khaandaani dramay kuu jodti hay...garanj music kay manzar naamay kii oonchaiyon aur ataar chadhao kay saath narwan concert kii tabdili kii shaan say lay kirr kirr curt cobin kii moth kay ard gird ghum kay bahao takk." shikago kay reader nay 2014 kii apnee pasandidah kitaabon kii fehrist mein "carniol aaf bury" kaa naam diyaa iss kitaab kuu "shamaal maghrabi taraf aur doublin mein tartib dee gayee eek khubsurat aaney waali amar kii kahaani jiss kaa aaghaz paanch saal pehley hamaray salanah fakshan muqabilay kay faatah kay toor parr hawaa thaa. yaha 2015 kii shikago ryters aisosi aishan kii rawayati fakshan buck aaf dee aiyar kay liye finalist thee. tanazah. 2022 mein yutah qanoon aich kay nafaz kay baad alpayan school distrikt kii taraf say mamnua 52 kitaabon mein "dee carniol aett bury" kuu darj kiyaa gayaa thaa.bub. 374yee "schoolon mein hasaas mawaad"yee jinn mein say behat say kuu hataa diyaa gayaa thaa keunkah nayey qanoon kay mutabiq inn mein fahash mawaad samjha jaataa thaa juu darj zeel mayaraat kaa istemaal kartay hoay fahash kii wazahat kartaa hay: iss kitaab kuu maartan county fluoreda kii awami katab khaanon say bhee hataa diyaa gayaa hay.

00060b2c5e6d7200aec7eb136720cd4594de196ab80bd954ccd39040d792b6a2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27086845

Zaria Airport

Zaria Airport Zaria Airport () is an airport serving Zaria, a city in the Kaduna State of Nigeria. The airport is north of the city. Nigerian College of Aviation Technology NCAT is based on the grounds of the airport. There are no scheduled airline operations at the airport. The airport is for training students to become pilots. It is an institution of aviation technology which is controlled by the federal government to control the affairs of the college of technology. The Zaria non-directional beacon (Ident: ZA) is on the field. History. The Nigerian College of Aviation Technology Zaria was setup in 1964 with the responsibility of training pilots, Air traffic controllers, Aircraft maintenance engineers, Aeronautical Telecommunication engineers, cabin crew, flight dispatchers and other aviation professionals. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jaria bimanbondor jaria bimanbondor hoise nigeriar kaduna rajyor ekhon sohor jariyat xewa aagborhuwa etaa bimanbondor. bimanbondortu sohorkhonor uttore owosthito. nigerian kolej owo aviation tekon 'loji eno. key. ti. bimanbondoror khelpotharor uporot aadharito. bimanbondortut kunu nirdharito biman poribohon karjyokolap naai. ei bimanbondortu saatro-satrixokolok pilot hoh "boloi proxikhyon diyar baabe. ee hoise biman poribohon projuktir protisthan ji hoise ek federal sorkar jiye kolej owo tekon "lojir bixoy niyontron kore. jaria oh-dixatmok beekon (identityh jaa) khelpotharot aase. itihax. 1964 sonot proxikhyon pilot, eyar trephic contrulor, bimanor rokhyonabekhyon obhijonta, aerontical telecommunication obhijonta, kebin kru, flyte resasar aaru onyanyo biman poribohon pesadarir dayitwore nigerian kolej owo aviation tekon 'loji jaria sthapon koraa hoisil.

jaria bimanbandar jaria bimanbandar holl nigeria kaduna rajyer ekti shohor jaria-teey porisheba prodankari ekti bimanbandar. bimanbandarti shohorer uttore abosthito. bimanbandar maathe nigerian college off aviation technology encat abosthito. bimanbandare konao nirdharito biman porisheba nei. bimanbandarti shikkharthider pilot howar proshikkhoner jonno. etty holl biman chalachal prajukti protisthan jaa ekti yuktarashtriya sarkar jaa prajukti colleger vishay niyantran korey. jaria aaa-diknirdeshok alokbortika (parichayah zaa) maathe royeche. itihas. 1964 saale nigerian college off aviation technology jaria pilot, aire traphika controller, aircraft rakkhanabekkhan engineer, boimanik telijogajog engineer, kebin kru, flight dispatchers ebong anyanno biman chalachal peshadarder proshikkhoner dayitto niye protisthito hoyechilo.

zaria hawaimathak zaria hawaimathak aee nigeriana kadunaa rajyanaa shaher zariyaane sevaa aaptu hawaimathak chhe. aaa hawaimathak shahernee uttare aavelu chhe. nigerian college off aviation technology aena. keey. tii. airportnaa medaan parr stheet chhe. airport parr koee sunishchit airline kamgiri nathee. aaa havaai mathak vidhyarthione pylot banvaa maate taaleem aapvaa maate chhe. teey uddayan technologyni sanstha chhe jeey aek sangheey sarkaar chhe jeey college off technologyna kaaryane niyantrit karey chhe. zaria biin-dishaatmak diwadandi (odakhah jhaa) medaan parr chhe. itihas. nigerian college off aviation technology zariyani sthaapnaa 1964maan pylot, air traphiqa controller, aircraft maintenance angineers, eronotical telecommunication angineers, cabin cru, flight dispatures aneey anya uddayan vyaavsaayikni taalimni javabdari saathe karvaamaa aavee hatee.

zaria havaai adda zaria havaai adda nigeria key kaduna raajya key ack shahar zaria kii seva karane vaalaa ack havaai adda haye. havaai adda shahar key uttar mein haye. nigerian college off aviation technology encat havaai adde key maidan parr sthit haye. havaai adde parr koee nirdhaarit airline sanchaalan naheen haye. havaai adda chhatron koo pilot banane key liye prashikshit karane key liye haye. yeh vimanan praudyogiki kaa sansthaan haye joe ack sanghiya sarkaar haye joe praudyogiki mahavidyalaya key mamle koo niyantrit karati haye. zaria gair-dishaatmak beekan (pahchaanah zaa) maidan parr haye. itihas. nigerian college off aviation technology zaria kii sthaapana 1964 mein pilots, vayu yatayat niyantrak, vimaan rakharkhaav engineeron, vaimaaniki dursanchar engineeron, kebin cru, udaan preshakon aur anya vimanan peshevaron key prashikshan kii jimmedaari key saath kii gaee thee.

jaria vimaana nildaana jaria vimaana nildaanavu naijeeriyaada kaduna rajyada nagaravaada jariyage seve sallisuva vimaana nildaanavaagide. vimaana nildaanavu nagarada uttaradallide. nigerian college off aviation technology enn. keey. tii. vimaana nildaanada maidaanadallide. vimaana nildaanadalli yaavude nigadita vimanayana karyacharanegalilla. ee vimaana nildaanavu vidyaarthigalige vimaana chalakaru aagalu tarabeti niiduvudaagide. idu vayuyana tantragyaanada samstheyaagide, idu tantragyaana collegina vevahaaravannu niyantrisuva federal sarkaaravaagide. jaria naan-directional beekan (gurutuh jhaa) maidaanadallide. itihaasa. nigerian college off aviation technology jariyaavannu 1964 ralli sthaapisalaayitu, idaralli tarabeti padeda pailetgalu, air trophic controller, aircroft maintainment enginiyargalu, aeronatical telecommunication enginiyargalu, cabin sibbandi, flight dispatchergalu mattu itara vayuyana vrattiparara jawabdari ittu.

sariya vimaanathaavalam nigeriayile kaduna samsthaanathe oru nagaramaya sariyayil sevanam nalkunna oru vimaanathaavalamaanu sariya vimaanathaavalam. nagarathinu vadakkaanu vimaanathaavalam. nigerian koleju oof eviyeshan teknolaji encat vimaanathaavalathinte groundilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. vimaanathaavalathil shedule cheytha vimana sarveesukal illa. vidyaarthikale pailattumaaraakaan parisheelippikkunnathinu vimaanathaavalam. koleju oof teknolajiyude karyangal niyanthrikkunna oru federal gavanmentaaya instittyoott oof eviyeshan teknolajiyaanu ithu. sariya noonn-directional beekkan (identity zaa) feeldilaanu. charithram. pailattumaar, eyar traaphik kantrolar, aircraft maintainance enchineeyarmaar, aeronotical telecommunication enchineeyarmaar, cabin kroo, flaitt dispatchermaar, mattu eviyeshan professionalukal ennivare parisheelippikkunna utharavaadithathodeyaanu 1964 ll nigerian koleju oof eviyeshan teknolaji sariya sthaapithamaayathu.

zaria vimantal zaria vimantal haah nigeriachya kaduna rajyatil zaria yaa shaharala seva denara vimantal aahe. vimantal shaharachya uttarela aahe. nigerian college auph aviation technology aine. see. aii. tii. heey vimantalachya maidanavar sthit aahe. vimantalavar konatehi niyojit vimanseva sanchalan nahee. vidyarthyanna vaimanik bananyasathi prashikshan denyasathi haah vimantal aahe. hii vimanchalan tantradnyanachi sanstha aahe jee eka sanghiy sarkar aahe jee tantradnyan mahavidhyalayachya vyavharavar niyantran thevate. zaria naun-directional beacan (olakhah jhaa) maidanavar aahe. itihas. nigerian college auph aviation technology zariyachi sthapana 1964 madhye pilot, havai vahtook niyantrak, viman dekhbhal abhiyante, vimanchalan dursanchar abhiyante, kebin kru, uddan preshak aanee itar vimanchalan vyavsayikanna prashikshan denyachya jababdarine karnyat aalee hotee.

jaria vimansthal jaria vimansthal nigeriako kaduna rajyako sahar jariyalai sewa dine vimansthal how. vimansthal saharko uttarma chha. nigerian college aff aviation technology encat wimansthalko maidanma adharit chha. vimansthalma kunai pani nirdharit viman sanchalan chhaina. yo vimansthal vidyarthiharulai pilot banna talim dine uddeshyale banaieko how. yo uddayan prawidhiko sanstha how june ek sanghiya sarkar how jasle college aff technologyko mamilalai niyantran gardacha. jaria gaira-dishatmak batti (pahichanah za) maidanma chha. itihas. nigerially college aff aviuson technology jaria sann 1964 maa pilotharu, air trafic controller, aircraft marmat engineerharu, aeronotical telecommunication engineerharu, kebin kru, flyte dispatcherharu rar anya uddayan peshewarharuko prashikshanko jimmewarika sath sthapana garieko thiyo.

jaria biman bandara jaria biman bandara heuchhi nigeriar kaduna rajyara eka sahara jariaaku seba pradan karuthiba eka biman bandara . ehi biman bandara saharar uttara digare abasthita. nigerian college off aabhiesan technology ncat biman bandar padiaare abasthita . bimanabandarare kaunasi nirdharita biman chalachala naahin. ehi biman bandara chhatrachhatrimananku pilot heba paain talim deba paain uddista. ehaa heuchhi biman chalachala prajukti pratisthana, jaahaa eka sangheeah sarkar, jaahaa college off technologyra karjyaku nijantrana karithae. jaria anah-diga-aloka (parichajah zaa) padiaare achhi . itihas. nigerian college off ebhijesan technology jaria 1964 ray pilot, eyaara traphik controller, biman rakhyanabekhyana engineer, aeronatical telecom engineer, cabin kru, flyte dispatcher ebong anyanya biman chalachala bruttigatanku talim deba dajitwa sahita sthapita hoithila .

zariaa havaai adda zariaa havaai adda nigeria dey kaduna raaj dey ikk shehar zariaa dee seva curran vaala ikk havaai adda haii. havaai adda shehar dey uttar witch haii. nigerian kaalaj aaf aviation technology encat havaai adde dey maidaan utte adharat haii. havaai adde utte koee nirdharat airline sanchalan naheen haii. ih havaai adda vidiaarthiaan noon pilot bannan dee sikhlai denh laee haii. ih havabazi technology dee sanstha haii joe ikk sanghi sarkaar haii joe technology kaalaj dey mamle noon niyantrit kardi haii. zariaa gair-dishawi beekan (pachanha zaa) maidaan utte haii. itihaas. nigerian kaalaj aaf aviation technology zariaa dee sathapana 1964 witch pilot, air traephik controller, aircraft rakkh-rakhaa engineer, aeronautical telecom engineer, cabin karoo, flight dispatcher atey horr havabazi peshevaran dee sikhlai dee zimmevari naal keeti gaee see.

zaria vimaanasthaanakam zaria-vimaanasthaanakam nigeria-deshasya kadunaa-rajyasya zaria-nagarasya sevaa-pradattam vimaanasthaanakam asti. vimaanasthaanakam nagarasya uttardishi asti. nigerian-college-aaf-aviation-teknaalaji-ena. key. tea. vimanasthanakasya adharasthane asti. vimanasthanakasya vimaanasevaa naa niyameetam asti. vimaanasthaanakam chhatranam vimanachalakaha bhavitum prashikshanartham asti. eshaa uddayan-praudyogikee-samsthaa asti yaa samyukta-sarwakaarah asti yaa praudyogikee-mahaavidyaalayasya karyam niyantrayati. zaria-dishaaheen-deepastambhah (identiteeh zaa) kshetre asti. itihaasah. nigerian-vishvavidyaalayasya uddayan-praudyogikee-zaria-mahaavidyaalayasya sthapana 1964 tame varshe vaimaanikaanaam, vaayu-yatayata-niyantrakanam, vimana-rakshan-abhiyantrunaam, vaimaanikee-doorasanchaar-abhiyantrunaam, kaksh-chaalakadalasy, vimana-preshakanam, anya-vimana-vyavasayikanam cha prashikshan-dayitvena abhavat.

jaria vimaana nilaiyam jaria vimaana nilaiyam enbathu naijeeriyaavin kaduna maanilaththil ulla oru nagaramaana jariyavukku saevai seiyum vimaana nilaiyamaagum. inththa vimaana nilaiyam nagarukku vadakkae ullathu. naijeeriya vimaanap poakkuvaraththu thozhilnutpak kalluri enn. caded vimaana nilaiyaththin maithaanaththil amainthullathu. vimaana nilaiyaththil thittamidappatta vimaana sevaigal ethuvum illai. vimaanigal aaga maanavargalukku payirchi alippatharkaaga inththa vimaana nilaiyam ullathu. idhu vimaanap poakkuvaraththu thozhilnutpa niruvanam, idhu thozhilnutpak kallooriyin vivagaaraththaik kattuppadutthum oru koottaatchi arasaangkamaagum. jaria allaatha thisai vilakkamaanathu (adaiyalam jaa) kazhaththil ullathu. varalaaru. naijeeriya vimaanap poakkuvaraththu thozhilnutpak kalluri 1964 aam aandil vimaanigal, vimaanap poakkuvaraththuk kattuppadutthi, vimaanap paramarippu poriyaalarkal, vanoorthy tholaiththodarpu poriyaalarkal, cabin kuzhuvinar, vimaana anuppubavargal mattrum pira vimaanap paniyaalarkalukku payirchi alikkum poruppudan amaikkappattathu.

jaria vimaanaasrayam jaria vimaanaasrayam nigerialoni kaduna raashtramloni jaria nagaraniki sevalu andinche vimaanaasrayam. vimaanaasrayam nagaraniki uttaraana undhi. nigerian college off aviation technology enn. catt vimaanaasrayam maidaanamlo undhi. vimaanaasrayamloo schedule chesina vimanayana karyakalapalu laevu. eee vimaanaasrayam vidyaarthulaku pailatlu kaavadaaniki sikshana ivvadam kosam undhi. idhi college off technology vyavaharanni niyantrinche federal prabhutvam ayina institute off aviation technology. jaria naan-directional beacon (gurtinchadaginadih zaa) maidaanamlo undhi. charitra. nigerian college off aviation technology jaria 1964loe pailatlu, air traaphik controller, aircraft maintenance injaneerlu, aeronatical telecommunication injaneerlu, cabin sibbandi, flight dispatcherlu mariyu itara aviation professional sikshana baadhyathatho erpaatu cheyabadindi.

zarya hawai addah zarya hawai addah eek hawai addah hay juu nigeria kii riyasat kadona kay shehar zarya kii khadmat kartaa hay. hawai addah shehar kay shamaal mein hay. nigerian college aaf aiwi aishan technology aine cate hawai aday kay medaan parr mubni hay. hawai aday parr koyee tay shadah aiyar line operation nahein hay. yaha hawai addah talbaa kuu pilot bannay kii tarbiyat deenay kay liye hay. yaha hawaa baazi technology kaa idaarah hay juu eek wafaqi hukumat hay juu college aaf technology kay muamilat kuu control karti hay. zaariya ghair samti bekan (shanakhat: zee) medaan mein hay. tareekh. nigerian college aaf aiwi aishan technology zarya 1964 mein piloton aiyar trafic controller hawai jehaaz kii deekh bhaal kay engineeron aeronatical teeli communication engineers keeban kay amlay flyte dispatures aur deegar hawaa baazi kay paishah warr afraad kii tarbiyat kii zamah daari kay saath qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa.

00060d90e247ffc1c985740b5eab0a83b3496305a75370d4a0a081ed84db2482

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60292990

Lil Nas X

Lil Nas X American rapper and singer (born 1999) Montero Lamar Hill (born April 9, 1999), known by his stage name Lil Nas X ( ), is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He rose to prominence with the release of his country rap single "Old Town Road", which spent 19 weeks atop the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming the longest-running number-one song since the chart debuted in 1958. As the song was atop the Hot 100, Lil Nas X came out as gay, becoming the only artist to do so while having a number-one record. Following the success of "Old Town Road", Lil Nas X released his debut extended play, titled "7", which spawned two further singles⁠, with "Panini" peaking at number five and "Rodeo" (featuring Cardi B or Nas) peaking at number 22 on the Hot 100. His debut studio album, "Montero" (2021), was supported by the chart-topping singles "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" and "Industry Baby" (featuring Jack Harlow) and the top-ten single "Thats What I Want", and was nominated for Album of the Year at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. Known for his boldly queer visuals and social media presence, Lil Nas X has received numerous accolades, including two Grammy Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards, two BET Hip Hop Awards, two iHeartRadio Music Awards and two American Music Awards. He has also been awarded by Songwriters Hall of Fame as the youngest honoree of the Hal David Starlight Award. "Old Town Road" ranks as the second highest-certified song in the United States, with 17-times platinum status. He ranked on the "Forbes" 30 Under 30 list in 2020 and "Time"'s annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2021. Early life and education. Montero Lamar Hill was born in Lithia Springs, Georgia, on April 9, 1999. He was named after the Mitsubishi Montero. His parents divorced when he was six, and he settled in the Bankhead Courts housing project in the Bankhead neighborhood of Atlanta with his mother and grandmother. Three years later, he moved in with his father, a gospel singer, north of the city in Austell. Although initially reluctant to leave, he later regarded it as an important decision, "There's so much shit going on in Atlanta—if I would have stayed there, I would have fallen in with the wrong crowd." He started "using the Internet heavily right around the time when memes started to become their own form of entertainment"; about when he was 13. He spent much of his teenage years alone, and turned to the Internet, "particularly Twitter, creating memes that showed his disarming wit and pop-culture savvy." His teenage years also saw him struggling with his coming out to himself as being gay; he prayed that it was just a phase, but around 16 or 17 he came to accept it. He began playing trumpet in the fourth grade and was first chair by his junior high years, but quit out of fear of looking uncool. Hill attended Lithia Springs High School, from which he graduated in 2017. He then enrolled at the University of West Georgia, where he majored in computer science, but later dropped out after one year to pursue a musical career. During this time, he stayed with his sister and supported himself with jobs at Zaxby's restaurants and the Six Flags Over Georgia theme park. In September 2019 he revisited his high school to perform a surprise concert. Career. 2015–2017: Internet personality. Hill said he began to isolate himself from "outside-of-class activities" during his teenage years. He spent large amounts of time online in hopes of building a following as an internet personality to promote his work, but was unsure what to focus on creatively. In a "Rolling Stone" interview he stated, "I was doing Facebook comedy videos, then I moved over to Instagram, and then I hopped on Twitter ... where I really was a master. That was the first place where I could go viral." He also posted short-format comedy videos on Facebook and Vine. During this period, he reportedly created and ran Nicki Minaj fan accounts on Twitter, including one called "@NasMaraj", according to a "New York" Magazine investigation. In 2017, this account gained attention for its flash fiction-style interactive "scenario threads" popularized on Twitter using dashboard app TweetDeck. The investigation linked @NasMaraj to the practice of "Tweetdecking", or using multiple accounts in collaboration to artificially make certain tweets go viral. The @NasMaraj account was suspended by Twitter due to "violating spam policies". After the suspension of @NasMaraj, "New York" Magazine's investigation concluded that he subsequently opened a new account with handle "@NasMarai", and that his current Twitter account at the time was a repurposed version of that "@NasMarai" account with a changed handle. After media reports linked Lil Nas X to the Minaj fan accounts, he called the reports a "misunderstanding", effectively denying having run the accounts. However, in May 2020, Lil Nas X admitted, in a tweet, to being a fan of Minaj. He explained why he initially denied it, stating that if people knew he was a fan of hers, they would think he was gay: "People will assume if you had an entire fan page dedicated to nicki u are gay. and the rap/music industry ain't exactly built or accepting of gay men yet". On June 17, 2020, Minaj responded to Nas, tweeting "It was a bit of a sting when you denied being a barb, but I understand. Congratulations on building up your confidence to speak your truth". Lil Nas apologized to Minaj, saying he "felt so bad, hoping u wouldn't see my denial". The @NasMarai account was later mentioned in a "New York Times Magazine" article, which described Hill as having spent "every waking hour online, tweeting as @nasmaraj". It is also referenced in the music video for "Sun Goes Down", which shows Lil Nas X's many struggles growing up as a closeted teen and embracing his sexuality; he is seen tweeting while in high school from an account named "nasmiraj" as the lyrics "I'd be by the phone, stanning Nicki morning into dawn" play. Sometime in the year 2018, Hill landed on music as a path to success, and started writing and recording songs in his closet. He adopted the name Lil Nas X, which is a tribute to the rapper Nas. On July 24, 2018, Lil Nas released his first mixtape "Nasarati" on SoundCloud, though it was not received with immediate fame; "Nasarati" would be removed from streaming services soon after the release of "Old Town Road" due to a copyright conflict and therefore would never gain significant traction. In late October 2018, he happened to hear the beat that would become "Old Town Road". 2018–2019: Breakthrough with "Old Town Road" and "7". On December 3, 2018, Lil Nas X released the country rap song "Old Town Road". He bought the beat for the song anonymously on beat-selling platform BeatStars from Dutch producer YoungKio for $30; it samples Nine Inch Nails' track "34 Ghosts IV" from their sixth studio album "Ghosts I–IV" (2008). He recorded at a "humble" Atlanta studio, CinCoYo, on their "$20 Tuesdays" taking less than an hour. Lil Nas X began creating memes to promote "Old Town Road" before it was picked up by short-form video social media TikTok users. TikTok encourages its 500 million global users to "endless imitation", with videos generating copies usually using the same music; the "app's frantic churn of content ...acts as a potent incubator for viral music hits." Lil Nas X estimated he made about 100 memes to promote it; the song went viral in early 2019 due to the #Yeehaw Challenge meme on TikTok. Millions of users posted videos of themselves dressed as a wrangler or cowgirl, with most #yeehaw videos using the song for their soundtrack; as of July 2019, they have been seen more than 67 million times. Another core audience tied to social media is children who are hidden in the statistics of adult listeners. Quartz.com says the song certainly owes part of its success to the demographic, and notes they are attracted to the song being repetitive, easy to sing along to, and using lyrics about riding horses and tractors, which children can relate to. It debuted at number 83 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, later climbing to number one. The track also debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at number 19 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs at number 36. After an "intense bidding war", Lil Nas X signed with Columbia Records in March 2019. "Billboard" controversially removed the song from the Hot Country songs chart in March 2019 telling "Rolling Stone": <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />When determining genres, a few factors are examined, but first and foremost is a musical composition. While "Old Town Road" incorporates references to country and cowboy imagery, it does not embrace enough elements of today's country music to chart in its current version. In Robert Christgau's opinion, "Taking 'Old Town Road' off the country chart strikes me as racist pure and simple, because country radio remains racist regardless of the Darius Ruckers and Kane Browns it makes room for." Another "Billboard" spokesperson told Genius, ""Billboard"'s decision to take the song off of the country chart had absolutely nothing to do with the race of the artist." Despite being removed from the main Country Songs chart, the song charted on "Billboard"'s Country Airplay chart, debuting at 53, and peaking at 50. In response, Sony Music Nashville CEO Randy Goodman told "Billboard" that his team started testing the song in some country radio markets, adding "it would be negligent not to look at it". In May 2019, the issues of racism in country music culture came up again when Wrangler announced its Lil Nas X collection, and some consumers threatened a boycott. Media outlets also noted that the song brings attention to the historic cultural erasure of African-Americans from both country music and the American frontier era. Country music star Billy Ray Cyrus featured in an April 2019 remix of "Old Town Road", the first of several. That same month, Lil Nas X broke Drake's record for the most U.S. streams from one song in one week with 143 million streams for the week ending April 11, surpassing Drake's "In My Feelings", which had 116.2 million streams in a week in July 2018; as of August 2019 it has streamed over a billion plays on Spotify alone. In May 2019, the video was released and as of August 2019, has over 370 million views. NBC News's Michael Arceneaux wrote, "In the social media age, Lil Nas X is arguably the first micro-platform crossover star." "Panini" was released as Lil Nas X's second single through Columbia Records on June 20, 2019. It is named after the fictional cabbit bear of the same name in the animated television series "Chowder", and does not refer to the sandwich of the same name. In mid-September 2019 "Panini" had its first remix released with rapper DaBaby. Lil Nas X released his debut extended play, titled "7", on June 21, 2019. The EP debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 chart. On June 23, 2019, Lil Nas X performed with Cyrus at the 2019 BET Awards. On June 30, Lil Nas X made his international debut at the largest greenfield festival in the world, the UK's annual Glastonbury Festival, when he and Billy Ray Cyrus made a surprise appearance and joined Miley Cyrus for the song, before performing "Panini" solo in a set seen nationally on BBC. On the same day, Lil Nas X became one of the most visible Black queer male singers when he came out as gay. This was especially significant for an artist in the country and hip hop genres, both of which emphasize machismo and "historically snubbed queer artists". Black queer male artists in hip hop having mainstream acceptance arguably started in 2012 with Frank Ocean's coming out just before "Channel Orange" was released. "Rolling Stone" premiered the "Rolling Stone" Top 100 in early July with three Lil Nas X songs: "Rodeo" with Cardi B at number nine; "Panini" at four; and "Old Town Road" as the first-ever number-one song on the chart. On August 19, 2019, Lil Nas X opened for Katy Perry at a concert Amazon held for its employees to celebrate its Prime Day sale. 2020–2021: "Montero". On July 7, 2020, Lil Nas X revealed that his debut album was "almost finished". He also stated that he was working on a mixtape, and invited producers to submit their beats for his new music. On November 8, 2020, he announced a new single, "Holiday", which was released on November 13. On Roblox, a virtual concert was held to promote Lil Nas X's single, with Lil Nas X-related items in the game's avatar shop. The single debuted at 37 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, while the song's music video accumulated tens of millions of views within the first several weeks of release. In January 2021, he released a children's book, "C Is for Country". The following month, he previewed his new song, "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" in a Super Bowl LV commercial. The song was officially released on March 26, 2021, along with an accompanying music video. On the same day, Lil Nas X revealed that his debut album would be named "Montero", and that it would be released in mid-2021. The video prompted strong reactions. The song was seen by many as a valuable expression of queerness, though prominent conservative and Christian figures accused Lil Nas X of sacrilege and devil worship. Despite the controversy, "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)", debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Lil Nas X's second chart-topping single and third top-ten single. On March 29, 2021, Lil Nas X partnered with New York-based art collective MSCHF to release a modified pair of Nike Air Max 97s called Satan Shoes, which may be seen on Satan's feet in the music video used to promote the release of "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)". The shoes are black and red with a bronze pentagram, filled with "60cc and 1 drop of human blood". Only 666 pairs were made at a price of $1,018. Nike said they were uninvolved in the creation and promotion of the shoes and did not endorse the messages of Lil Nas X or MSCHF. The company filed a trademark lawsuit against MSCHF in New York federal court. On April 1, the judge issued a temporary restraining order blocking the sale and distribution of the shoes pending a preliminary injunction. Lil Nas X responded to the lawsuit with a meme on Twitter showing himself as the character Squidward, homeless and asking for money. Later, he released a prelude video for the song "Industry Baby", which stages a fake "Nike vs. Lil Nas X" trial in the Supreme Court, during which people discuss the Satan Shoes before condemning the singer for being gay. Following the controversies surrounding his previous song and its promotion, Lil Nas X released the more introspective single "Sun Goes Down" on May 21, 2021, wherein he reflects on his struggles with bullying and coming to terms with his homosexuality in his upbringing. He performed the song alongside "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" at "Saturday Night Live" a day later, where he suffered a wardrobe malfunction during a pole dance routine when the seam of his trousers split, leaving him unable to finish it properly. On June 29, Lil Nas posted a promotional video of his debut album, ending it with "Montero, the Album". He also posted a snippet of a previously teased track called "Industry Baby". The song was released as a single on July 23, featuring rapper Jack Harlow, with production by Kanye West and Take a Daytrip. The song debuted at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached number one on the chart for the ending week of October 23, 2021, becoming Lil Nas X's fourth top-ten single and third number one. On September 17, 2021, "Montero" was released, along with its fourth single, "Thats What I Want". On October 23, 2021, Lil Nas X made a surprise appearance at Diplo's set at Electronic Daisy Carnival Las Vegas. During the appearance he performed "Industry Baby", "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)", and "Old Town Road". On April 26, 2022, he announced his first concert tour, the Long Live Montero Tour. The tour was in support of "Montero", and began in September 2022 and ran through January 2023. 2022–present: Upcoming second studio album. On March 16, 2022, Lil Nas X returned from his hiatus, and teased two songs from his "almost finished" new album, "Late to da Party" featuring YoungBoy Never Broke Again, and "Down Souf Hoes" featuring Saucy Santana. He also posted a preview of the track "Lean on My Body". On June 24, 2022, Lil Nas X released "Late to da Party", and later clarified via Twitter that it was "not a lead single". Lil Nas X said that the album would be "something fun, something for the summertime, something for the girls to get ready and party to". On his "Long Live Montero Tour", Lil Nas X performed his then-unreleased single "Star Walkin'" and the intro to "Down Souf Hoes". On September 15, 2022, Riot Games, the developers of the video game League of Legends, announced a collaboration with Lil Nas X for the 2022 League of Legends World Championship through a press release, where they also declared him to be "President of League of Legends", in what Kotaku journalist Isaiah Colbert called a publicity stunt. The anthem for the tournament, "Star Walkin'", was released on September 22 with an accompanying animated music video. He performed the song at the opening ceremony of the tournament on November 5. Additionally, a custom outfit for a playable character in the game co-designed by Lil Nas X will be made available temporarily in November. On October 19, 2022, Lil Nas X invited Saucy Santana on his tour to perform the intro of "Down Souf Hoes" with an additional previously unheard verse. On March 17, 2023, Lil Nas X performed an extended play of the intro of the song during his Lollapoloza Chile performance. "Lil Nas X: Long Live Montero", a documentary film by Carlos López Estrada and Zac Manuel, premiered at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival. The premiere was delayed by roughly half an hour because of a bomb threat from a caller who supposedly targeted Lil Nas X for being a black queer artist. However, according to a spokesperson for the festival, "To our knowledge, this was a general threat and not directed at the film or the artist." The threat was ultimately proven to not be credible. Musical style and influences. Lil Nas X's musical style has been described as hip hop, pop rap, country rap, trap, pop rock, pop, and rock. He credits LGBTQ artists Frank Ocean and Tyler, the Creator as inspirations and for "making it easier for me to be where I am, comfortably." Lil Nas X also cites Nicki Minaj, Katy Perry, Drake, Miley Cyrus and Doja Cat as some of his biggest influences. In 2019 he said, "I grew up off the Internet, so my influences come from all over musically." He grew up listening to hip hop artists such as Andre 3000, Kendrick Lamar, Kid Cudi and Lil Uzi Vert. Impact. Lil Nas X's success caused him to become the first person of color and the first openly gay performer to be listed by "Forbes" in its annual Highest-Paid Country Acts List. Ken Burns, who produced the PBS documentary "Country Music", noted,<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"Well, to me, Lil Nas X is my mic drop moment. We spend eight episodes and sixteen and a half hours talking about the fact that country music has never been one thing. ... And there's a huge African American influence, and it permeates throughout the whole story. ... And here we are in a new modern age that we're not touching, with all these classic, binary arguments about "Billboard" not listing ['Old Town Road'] on the country chart, and it turns out to be not just the No. 1 country hit but the No. 1 "single", period, and it's by a black gay rapper! ... It just is proving that all of those cycles that we have been reporting on across the decades—all of the tensions in country music of race, class, poverty, gender, creativity versus commerce, geography—are still going on." Following the release of the music video for "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)", several outlets praised Lil Nas X for his "unabashedly queer" visuals. "Variety"'s Adam B. Vary wrote that the video "changed everything for queer music artists", noting that some LGBT artists like Jonathan Knight of New Kids on the Block and Lance Bass of NSYNC sang about women while staying closeted, while others like Elton John and Ricky Martin did not explicitly sing about their sexuality. He described the sexual imagery, including the pole dance, as evoking images of Madonna or Janet Jackson, without the need to hide his homosexuality. The negative reception to the song and music video was characterized by "Los Angeles Times" and "Vice" as illustrating a Satanic panic and compared to past moments in popular music history, including jazz music being referred to as "the devil's music" in the early 20th century, John Lennon's comment in a 1966 interview that the Beatles were "more popular than Jesus", backmasking accusations, the Parents Music Resource Center's "Filthy Fifteen", Madonna's music video for "Like a Prayer", Lady Gaga's music videos for "Judas" and "Alejandro", and Nicki Minaj's performance of "Roman Holiday" at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards. Public image. Lil Nas X has been noted for his public fashions; in July 2019, "Vogue" noted Lil Nas X as a "master" at giving the cowboy aesthetic a glam look in his appearances and on Instagram. His stylist, Hodo Musa, says he aims for items that are "electric, playful, colorful, and futuristic." For his onstage look at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards he wore a cowboy motif cherry-red Nudie suit. Wrangler, which is mentioned in the "Old Town Road" lyrics, has consistently sold out of Lil Nas X co-branded fashions. For the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards Lil Nas X wore several outfits including a head-to-toe couture fuchsia Versace suit with a pink harness that took 700 hours to construct. In July 2020, Lil Nas X modeled in a trailer video for a new skincare line by Rihanna's Fenty Beauty. In August 2021, Lil Nas X commented "Nah he tweakin" on an Instagram post about Tony Hawk selling skateboards painted with paint that contained his blood. It became a viral phenomenon for the next few days. In 2022, he was criticized for repeatedly grabbing his genitals, and placing his microphone at the center of his crotch and swinging it around, pretending the device was his penis, during his performance at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. In May 2023, Lil Nas X attended the Met Gala wearing only silver body paint, a thong, and high-heeled platform shoes, with his face covered with rhinestones. His look was inspired by the late German fashion icon Karl Lagerfeld's cat Choupette. Personal life. Coming out. In early June 2019, Lil Nas X came out to his sister and father and he felt "the universe was signalling him to do so", despite his uncertainty whether his fans would stick by him or not. On June 30, 2019, the last day of Pride Month, Lil Nas X came out publicly as gay. His tweet confirmed earlier suspicions when he first indicated this in his track "c7osure". "Rolling Stone" noted the song "touches on themes such as coming clean, growing up and embracing one's self". The next day he tweeted again, this time highlighting the rainbow-colored building on the cover art of his EP "7", with the caption reading "deadass thought i made it obvious". He was unambiguous in an interview several days later on "BBC Breakfast", where he stated that he was gay and understands that his sexuality is not readily accepted in the country or rap music communities. The response to the news was mostly positive, but also garnered a large amount of homophobic backlash on social media, to which Lil Nas X also reacted. The backlash also came from the hip hop community, drawing attention to homophobia in hip hop culture. In January 2020, rapper Pastor Troy made homophobic comments on the outfit Lil Nas X wore during the Grammy Awards, to which Lil Nas X responded: "Damn I look good in that pic on god." In January 2023, Lil Nas X tweeted a new statement suggesting he is bisexual. The next day he tweeted "that was my last time coming out the closet i promise". Religion. Lil Nas X stated in September 2021 that he was an atheist "at one point," but is now "a very spiritual person in terms of the Universe, how everything works." In December 2023, he announced that he had become Christian. Achievements. Lil Nas X is the recipient of multiple awards including two Grammy Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards, two BET Hip Hop Awards, two iHeartRadio Music Awards and two American Music Awards. He has also been awarded by Songwriters Hall of Fame as the youngest honoree of the Hal David Starlight Award. Lil Nas X was the most-nominated male artist at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, where he ultimately won awards for Best Music Video and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. Lil Nas X is also the first openly LGBT Black artist to win a Country Music Association award and the first openly LGBTQ person to win an MTV Video Music Award for Song of the Year. In 2021, he became the third artist, following Kendrick Lamar and Taylor Swift, to win an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year for a video he co-directed – "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)". Lil Nas X scored three number-one singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. In early July 2019, "Old Town Road" achieved its 13th week at the top spot on the "Billboard" 100, becoming the first hip hop song to do so. It is also the first song to sell 10 million copies while in the top spot. On its 15th week at the top, Lil Nas X became the first openly gay artist to have a song last as long, overtaking Elton John's 1997 Double A-Side—where both sides of the record are promoted as hits, "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight". At 19 weeks at number one, Lil Nas X holds the record for the most weeks since the chart was first introduced in 1958. As of August 2019[ [update]], the song has also charted 19 weeks atop the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart; beating a three-way tie record. At 19 weeks at the top of the Hot Rap Songs chart the song has also beaten a three-way tie. By November 2019, the song was Diamond Certified, moving a combined sales and streaming 10 million units. "Time" named him as one of the 25 most influential people on the Internet in 2019, for his "global impact on social media" and "overall ability to drive news". In 2020, he was named on the "Forbes" 30 Under 30 list. In 2021, he appeared on the "Time" 100, "Time"'s annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. On September 1, 2021, The Trevor Project announced that Lil Nas X is the recipient of its inaugural Suicide Prevention Advocate of the Year award. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

lill naas ex monchor naam lill naas ex () naamere jonajat monteru laamor hill (jonmo 9 april, 1999) ejon aamerikan repar, gayok aaru gitikar. teur country rape ekok "oh 'ld taaun road" muktir xoite teu proxidhiloi unnit hoisil, ji eu. e. ror uporot 19 xoptah otibahito korisil.ess. "billboard" hott 100 chart, 1958 sonot charttu aarombho huwar pisot ataitkoi digholiya soli thoka ek nombor geet hoi porisil. jihetu gittu hott 100-ror uporot aasil, lill naas ex xomokami hisape ulai aahisil, ek nombor record thokar xomoyote ene koraa ekmatro xilpi hoi porisil. oh 'ld taaun road" ror xofolotar pisot, lill naas ex-e "7" xirxok teur prothom xomproxarito naatok mukoli kore, jiye aaru dutaa ekok natokor sristi kore, zo' too "panini" ponchom sthanot uponeet hoy aaru "rudiu" (cardy bi baa nasor boixistyo) hott 100-too 22 nomborot uponeet hoy. teur prothom studio 'elbam, "monteru" (2021), chart-topping ekok "monteru" (muk aapunar naamere koll korok) "aaru" industry bebi "(jek harlur boixistyojukto) aaru xirxo-dohta ekok" xeituwei moi bisaru ", aaru 64 xongkhyok barxik gremi botar bosoror elbamor baabe monunit hoisil. teur xahoxi quier bhijuwel aaru cho "siyel miriya uposthitir baabe jonajat lill naas ex-e dutaa gremi botaa, pasta billboard xongit botaa, pasta mtv video" xongit botaa, dutaa bett hipp hopp botaa, dutaa eherteradyo "xongit botaa aaru dutaa aamerikan xongit botaa xoho oxongkhyo proxongxa laabh korise. gitikarxokolor holl owo femor dwara teuk haal david starlight botar ataitkoi komm boyoxiya xonmanprapok hisapeu xonmanito koraa hoise. "oh 'ld taaun road" 17 guno platinum morzadar xoite aamerika juktorastror dwitiyo xorbuscho promanito geet hisape sthan laabh korise. teu 2020 sonot "forbos" 30 under 30 talikat sthan laabh korisil aaru 2021 sonot biswor 100 john ataitkoi probhawxali byoktir "time" ror barxik talikat sthan laabh korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. monteru laamor paharor jonmo hoisil georgier lithiya springchot 1999 sonor 9 aprilot. teur naam mitoxubixi monterur naamere rokha hoisil. teur choy bosor boyoxot teur pitri-matriye bibah bisched korisil, aaru teu teur maak aaru aaitak loi aatlantar bankhead suburit thoka bankhead koo 'rt housing prokolpot sthayibhabe boxoti sthapon korisil. tini bosoror pisot teu sohoror uttore oh 'stelot teur pitri, ejon go' spell gayokor xoite baax korisil. jodiu prothomote jaboloi onischuk aasil, pisot teu iyak ek guruttopurno xiddhanto buli gonyo korisil, "atlantat bohut beyaa soli aase-jodi moi taat thakisilu, moi bhul bhiror xoite pori goisilu."teu" meme teulukor nijor monuronjonor rup hoh "boloi aarombho korar xomoyor aaxe-paxe internetor byapok byobohar aarombho korisil"; pray 13 bosor boyoxot. teu koixuror besibhag xomoy okole kotaisil, aaru internetoloi ghuri aahisil, "bixexkoi twiter", jiye memes sristi korisil ji teur nirostro buddhi aaru pop-xongoskritir buronji dekhuwaisil."teur koixur kaalot teu xomokami hisape nijor usoroloi ulai ohaar xoite xonggram kori aasil; teu prarthona korisil je eitu kewol etaa porzayhe aasil, kintu pray 16 baa 17 sonot teu iyak grohon koriboloi aahisil. teu soturtho shrenit trumpe 'tot bojaboloi aarombho korisil aaru teur konistho uscho bosorot prothom odhyokhyo aasil, kintu aasorit dekha puwar bhoyot tyag korisil. hill lithiya springs haiskulot porhisil, jaar poraa teu 2017 sonot snatok degree laabh korisil. taar pisot teu west georgia biswobidyaloyot naambhorti korisil, zo 'too teu computer bigyanot snatok degree laabh korisil, kintu pisot ebosoror pisot xongitor keriyar onuxoron koriboloi baad disil. ei xomoisuwat teu teur bhoniyekor xoite aasil aaru jexbir resturentot aaru georgia thim parkor uporot thoka soita potakat sakori kori nijoke xohay korisil. 2019 sonor septembor maahot teu teur haiskulkhon punor bhromon kori ek aasorit xongitanusthan poriwexon korisil. keriyar. 2015-2017: internet byoktitwo. hill-e koichil je teu koixur boyoxot "shrenir baahiror karzokolap" ror poraa nijoke bischinno koriboloi aarombho korisil. teu nijor kaamor prosaror baabe internet byoktitwo hisape onuxoronkari gorhi tular aaxat onlainot bohu xomoy otibahito korisil, kintu sristixilbhabe kir uporot gurutwo dibo laage xei bixoye nischito nasil. etaa "rolling stone" xakhyatkarot teu koichil, "moi fesbuk comedy video 'kori aasilu, taar pisot moi instagramoloi goisilu, aaru taar pisot moi twiterot hoh' poo korilu... zo 'too moi xosakoiye ejon guru aasilu. xeituwei aasil prothom sthan zo 'too moi viral hoh' bob parilu."teu fesbuk aaru bhainot suti formator comedy video 'u post korisil. nework" alusonir todonto onuxori, ei xomoisuwat teu twiterot "@nasmaraj" naamor etaa accountoke dhori niki minaz fenn account sristi korisil aaru solaisil buli janibo poraa goise. 2017 sonot, ei accounttuwe deswobord ep twitdek byobohar kori twiterot jonopriyo huwa iyar flyax fixon-xoilir antohkriyaxil "drishyopot thread" ror baabe monujug aakorxon korisil. onuxondhantuwe @nasmaraj koo "twitdaking" prothar xoite xongzukto korise, baa kisuman tuit kritrimbhabe viral koriboloi ekadhik account byobohar korise. spame niti ulonghon koraa" ror baabe twitere @nasmaraj accounttu sthogito rakhisil. nework" alusonir todontot xiddhanto luwa hoisil je "id1" ror nilombonor pisot teu poroborti xomoyot "id2" handler xoite etaa notun account khulisil aaru xei xomoyot teur bortomanor twiter accounttu xei "id2" accountor punor nirman koraa xongskoron aasil. xongbad madhyomor protibedonxomuhe lill naas exok minaz fenn accountor xoite xongzug korar pisot, teu ei protibedonxomuhok "bhul bujabuji" buli obhihito korisil, pholoproxubhabe accountbur soluwar kotha oswikar korisil. obosye, 2020 sonor mey "maahot lill naas ex-e etaa tuitot minajor onuragi buli swikar korisil. teu prothomote kiyo iyak oswikar korisil xei bixoye byakhya kori koy je jodi manuhe janisil je teu taair onuragi, teuluke bhabibo je teu xomokamih "manuhe dhoribo je jodi aapunar nikee eu aaru ger baabe utxorgikrito etaa xompurno onuragi pristha thaake. aaru rape/xongit udyugtu etiyau xomokami puruxor xothikbhabe nirman baa grohon koraa huwa naai. 2020 sonor 17 junot minaje nasok uttor di tuit korisil, "jetiya aapuni barbo huwar kotha oswikar korisil tetiya eitu olop sting aasil, kintu moi buji paisu. aapunar xotyo kotha koo 'boloi aapunar aatmobiswax gorhi tular baabe obhinondon ". lill naase minajor usorot khyoma bisari koichil je teu "mur oswikartu aapuni napahoribo buli aaxa kori, bohut beyaa lagisil". @nasmarai accounttu pisot nework times alusonir etaa probondhot ullekh koraa hoisil, zo 'too hilor "protitu jege thoka xomoy onlainot otibahito kori, @nasmaraj buli tuit koraa" buli bornona koraa hoisil. chaan guch daaun" ror music video 'tou iyar ullekh aase, zo' too lill naas ex-ror ek bondho kixur hisape dangor huwa aaru teur jounota grohon koraa bohutu xonggram dekhuuwa hoise; haiskulot thoka xomoyot teuk "naxomiraj" naamor etaa accountor poraa "aai uil bi baai dyo phone" gittur xobdo hisape tuit kori dekha goise, "nikee ratipuwar poraa ratipuwaloi roi jaabo". 2018 sonor kunu etaa xomoyot hill xofolotar poth hisape xongitor uporot naami aahisil, aaru teur almarir bhitorot geet likhiboloi aaru record koriboloi aarombho korisil. teu lill naas ex naamtu grohon korisil, jitu hoise repar nasor proti sroddhanjoli. 2018 sonor 24 julyte lill naase soundcloudot teur prothomtu mixtep "nasaroti" mukoli kore, jodiu iyak tatkhyonik khyatire grohon koraa huwa nasil; "nosaroti" koo "repite xonghator baabe" oh 'ld taaun road "mukoli huwar loge loge streaming xewar poraa aatorai diya hoh" bob aaru xeyehe ketiyau guruttopurno aakorxon laabh nokore. 2018 sonor octoboror xexor faale teu ei beetu xunisil jitu "oh 'ld taaun road" hoi poribo. 2018-2019: "oh 'ld taaun road" aaru "7" ror xoite xofolota. 2018 sonor 3 disemborot lill naas ex-e dexor rape geet "oh 'ld taaun road" mukoli kore. teu beat bikri koraa platform beatstarot gittur baabe beetu dusch projujok yankiyur poraa 30 dolarot kinesil; ee teulukor xostho studio "elbam" bhut aai-iv "(2008) ror poraa noo inchi nokhor trekk" 34 bhut IV "ror nomuna loisil. teu chinokoy "ror etaa" nomoniyo "atlanta studio" too teulukor "mongolbare 20 dollar" too eghontatkoiu komm xomoy loi record korisil. loghu-rupor video 'cho "siyel miriya tikot" koo byowoharkarixokole luwar aagote lill naas ex-e "oh' ld taaun road" ror prosaror baabe memes sristi koriboloi aarombho korisil. tikotoke iyar 500 nijut biswobyapi byowoharkarik "ontohin onukoron" koo utxahito kore, video "bure xadharonote eke xongit byobohar kori kopi prostut kore;" ep "tur bixoybostur unmotto monthon...viral xongit hitor baabe ek xoktixali incubator hisape kaam kore."lill naas ex-e onuman korisil je teu iyar prosaror baabe pray 100taa mim toiyar korisil; 2019 sonor aarombhonite tiktokot #yeehaw cellenge mimor baabe gittu viral hoisil. laakh laakh byowoharkariye renglar baa cougarlor dore xaaj-puchak pindhi nijor video 'post korisil, besibhag #yeehaw video' ye teulukor soundtrackor baabe gittu byobohar korisil; 2019 sonor july maholoike, xeibur 67 nijutotkoi odhik baar dekha hoise. cho "siyel miriyar xoite jorito aan etaa mool dorxok hoise praptoboyosko shrutaxokolor porixongkhyat lukai thoka xixu. cowartz.komm-e koy je gittu nischitbhabe iyar xofolotar etaa ongxo jonogathonigot lukor usorot rinee, aaru ullekh kore je gittur punorabritti, logot gaboloi xohoj, aaru ghura aaru tractor soluwar bixoye gitor kotha byobohar korar proti teuluk aakorxito hoy, jaar xoite xixuxokole xomporkito hoh 'bob paare. ee "billboard" gorom 100 chartot 83 nomborot aatmoprokax korisil, pisoloi ek nomboroloi uthisil. trektuwe 19 nomborot hott country gaanor chartot aaru 36 nomborot hott aar endo bi/hipp-hopp geetot aatmoprokax korisil. "tibro nilam juddho" ror pisot, 2019 sonor march maahot lill naas ex-e kolombiya recordsor xoite swakhyor korisil. "bilobo" rde bitorkitobhabe 2019 sonor march maahot hott country gaanor chartor poraa gittu aatorai disil "rolling stone" buli koichiloh robert christogaur mote, "dexor chartor poraa 'oh' ld taaun road 'aatorai diyatuwe muk bornobadi bixudho aaru xorol buli gonyo kore, kiyonu dexor readyo" ee darius raakar aaru kenn braun nirbixexe bornobadi hoiyei thaake."aan ejon" bilobo "rd" mukhopatroi jiniyak koichil, "" bilobo "rdor gaantu country chartor poraa aatorai peluwar xiddhantor xoite xilpir douror kunu xomporko nasil."mool dexor gitor chartor poraa aatorai diya huwar pisotu, gittu" "billboard" "ror dexor airplay chartot chart koraa hoisil, 53 sonot aatmoprokax korisil aaru 50 sonot uponeet hoisil. protikriya hisape, sonee music naswobhil chi. ee. oh 'rendy goodmane" "billboard" "koo koichil je teur dole kisuman dexor readyo' bojarot gittu porikhya koriboloi aarombho korisil, logote jug disil je" "iyak noloy buli obohela koraa hoh 'bob. 2019 sonor mey "maahot renglare iyar lill naas ex xongroho ghuxona korar loge loge dexor xongit xongoskritit bornobador bixoibur punor utthapon hoisil, aaru kisuman grahoke borjonor bhabuki disil. xongbad madhyomxomuhe logote ullekh korise je ei gittuwe dexor xongit aaru aamerikar ximanto jug duyutar poraa african-aamerikanxokolor oitihaxik xangoskritik moronor proti dristi aakorxon korise. dexor xongit taroka billy rey sairas "oh 'ld taaun road" ror 2019 sonor april maahot remixot obhinoy korisil, jitu keibataur bhitorot prothom. xei eke maahot lill naas ex-e xorbadhik eu-ror baabe drekor obhilekh bhongo korisil.ess. 11 aprilot xex huwa xoptahot 143 nijut streamor xoite etaa xoptahot etaa gitor stream, drekor "inn maai celliants" koo otikrom kore, zo "too 2018 sonor julyte xoptahot 116.2 nijut stream aasil; 2019 sonor aagosto maholoike ee kewol spotifait ek biliyonotkoi odhik play stream korise. 2019 sonor mey "maahot video" tu mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 2019 sonor aagosto maholoike iyar 370 nijutoru odhik dorxon aase. eno. bi. chi. niujor michael aarkeniukxe likhisil, "cho" siyel miriyar jugot, lill naas ex hoise juktijuktobhabe prothom maikro "-platform krocho" bhaar taroka." "panini" 20 june, 2019-too kolombiya recordsor joriyote lill naas ex-ror dwitiyo ekok hisape mukti laabh korisil. animated television dharabahik "souder"-too eke naamor kalponik kebit bhalukor naamere iyar naamkoron koraa hoise, aaru eke naamor sandwistu ullekh koraa naai. 2019 sonor septemboror majbhagot "panini" ror prothom remix repar dababir xoite mukoli koraa hoisil. lill naas ex-e 21 june, 2019-too "7" xirxok teur prothom xomproxarito naatok mukoli korisil. ee. pi.-tu "bilobo" rd "200 chartot dwitiyo sthanot aatmoprokax korisil. 2019 sonor 23 junot 2019 sonor bett awardsot lill naas ex-e sairasor xoite prodorxon korisil. 30 junot, lill naas ex-e biswor xorbobrihot greenfield festival, iuker barxik glestonbari festivalot antohrastriyo porzayot aatmoprokax korisil, jetiya teu aaru billy rey sairase bibisito rastriyobhabe dekha puwa etaa setot "panini" sulu prodorxon korar aagote, ek aasorit uposthiti dekhuwaisil aaru gittur baabe millie sairasor xoite jugdan korisil. xei eke dinaa, lill naas ex xomokami hisape ulai ohaar xomoyot ataitkoi drishyoman koo 'laa rongor rongin purux gayokxokolor bhitorot ejon hoi porisil. eitu dexor ejon xilpi aaru hipp hopp dharar baabe bixexbhabe guruttopurno aasil, ji duyutai machism "aaru" oitihaxikbhabe oxommanito quier xilpi "ror uporot gurutwo aarup korisil. hipp hoh 'por black kuir purux xilpixokole mulxutir grohonjugyota thoka juktixongotobhabe 2012 sonot "senel orengjo" muktir thik aagote frank oh' chenor xoite aarombho hoisil. "rolling stone"-e julyr aarombhonite tinita lill naas ex gitor xoite "rolling stone" xirxo 100-ror primiyar korisiloh noo nomborot cardy bi-ror xoite "rudiu"; sarita nomborot "panini"; aaru chartot prothombaror baabe ek nombor geet hisape "oh 'ld taaun road". 2019 sonor 19 aagostot, lill naas ex-e iyar kormosarixokolor baabe onusthito ek xongitanusthan emejonot keti perir baabe mukoli koraa hoisil. 2020-2022: "monteru". 2020 sonor 7 julyte lill naas ex-e prokax korisil je teur prothom elbamtu "pray xomapto" hoisil. teu logote koichil je teu etaa mixtepot kaam kori aase, aaru teur notun xongitor baabe projujokxokolok teulukor beat daakhil koriboloi aamontron jonaisil. 2020 sonor 8 novemborot teu etaa notun ekok "holiday" ghuxona korisil, jitu 13 novemborot mukti paisil. roboloxot, khelor owotar dukanot lill naax ex-xomporkiyo xamogrir xoite lill naax ex-ror ekokor prosaror baabe ek bharsuwel concert onusthito hoisil. ekoktuwe "billboard" hott 100-too 37 bosorot aatmoprokax korisil, aanhate gittur music video "tuwe muktir prothom keixoptahmanor bhitorote doh nijut dorxon xongroho korisil. 2021 sonor januaryt teu xixur ekhon grontho "chi ij for country" mukoli kore. pisor maahot teu etaa supar baul elvi bigyaponot teur notun geet "monteru (muk aapunar naamere koo 'lo)" ror purbodorxon korisil. 2021 sonor 26 marchot gittu anusthanikbhabe mukoli koraa hoisil, iyar xoite etaa music video 'aasil. xei dintute lill naas ex-e prokax korisil je teur prothom elbamtur naam "monteru" rokha hoh 'bob, aaru iyak 2021 sonor majbhagot mukoli koraa hoh' bob. video 'tuwe tibro protikriyar sristi korisil. gittuk bohute bisitrotar ek mulyowan obhibyokti hisape dekhisil, jodiu bixisto rokhyonxil aaru khristan byoktixokole lill naas exok opobitrota aaru xoyotan upaxonar baabe obhijukto korisil. bitorkor swotweu, "monteru (muk aapunar naamere kouk)", "billboard" hott 100-too ek nomborot aatmoprokax korisil, lill naas ex-ror dwitiyo chart-topping ekok aaru tritiyo xirxo doh ekok hoi porisil. 2021 sonor 29 marchot, lill naas ex-e neworkosthito kolaa xamuhik mscf-ror xoite ongxidaritwo kori xoyotanor jutaa naamor naiki eyar max 97cho-ror ek poribortito zura mukoli kore, jitu "monteru (muk aapunar naamere koll korok)" ror muktir prosar koriboloi byobohar koraa music video 'too xoyotanor bhorit dekha jaabo paare. jutabur koo 'laa aaru ronga aaru etaa bronjor pentagram aase, ji "60sisi aaru 1 tupal manuhor tez" rey bhori aase. maatro 666 jura 1,018 dollar mulyot toiyar koraa hoisil. naikiye koichil je xeibur jutaa sristi aaru prosaror xoite jorito nasil aaru lill naas ex baa mscfor bartaburok xomorthon koraa nasil. companytuwe neworkor federal aadalotot mscfor biruddhe ek trademark gusor daakhil korisil. 1 aprilot nyayadhixgorakiye prathomik nixedhagyar baabe jutar bikri aaru bitoron bondho kori ek osthayi nirdex jaari korisil. lill naas ex-e twiterot nijoke squidward, grihohin aaru dhon bisora soritro hisape dekhuwai etaa memor xoite gusoror uttor disil. pisot, teu "industry bebi" gittur baabe etaa pri-lo 'dodd video' mukoli korisil, zo 'too etaa bhuwa "naiki bonam naiki" ror monchayon koraa hoisil. uschotom nyayaloyot lill naas ex "ror bisar, jaar xomoyot manuhe gayokjonok xomokami huwar baabe ninda korar aagote xoyotanor jutar bixoye alusona kore. teur purbor geet aaru iyar prosarok aaguri thoka bitorkor pisot, lill naas ex-e 2021 sonor 21 mey 'too odhik aatmonirbhorxil ekok "chaan guch daaun" mukoli korisil, zo' too teu utpironor xoite teur xonggram aaru teur proxowot teur xomokamitar xoite xamonjosyo rokhar bixoye protipholito korisil. edinor pisot "xonibare night live" too teu "monteru (muk aapunar naamere koll korok)" ror xoite gittu poriwexon korisil, zo 'too teur poo "lo dunce rutinor xomoyot teur trouseror semtu bibhokto huwar folot teu etaa almergor trutir xonmukhin hoisil, jaar folot teu iyak xothikbhabe xomapto koribo nuwarile. 29 junot lill naase teur prothom elbamor etaa prosarmulok video 'post korisil, jitu "monteru, dyo elbam" ror xoite xomapto hoisil. teu "industry bebi" naamor purbote tij koraa trekor etaa ongxou post korisil. gaantu 23 julyte ekok hisape mukoli koraa hoisil, zo 'too repar jek harlu aasil, jaar projujona kanye west aaru tek e day tripor dwara koraa hoisil. gittuwe "billboard" hott 100-too dwitiyo sthanot aatmoprokax korisil aaru 23 octobor, 2021-ror xex xoptahor baabe chartot ek nomborot uponeet hoisil, lill naas ex-ror soturtho xirxo-doh ekok aaru tritiyo nombor ek hoi porisil. 2021 sonor 17 septemborot "monteru" mukti paisil, iyar soturtho ekoktur xoite, "xeituwei moi bisaru". 2021 sonor 23 octoborot electronic deji carnival laas bhegasot diplur setot lill naas ex-e asoritbhabe uposthito hoisil. uposthitir xomoyot teu "industry bebi", "monteru (muk aapunar naamere maatok)", aaru "oh 'ld taaun road" prodorxon korisil. 2022 sonor 26 aprilot teu teur prothom concert bhromon, long live monteru bhromon ghuxona korisil. ei bhromontu "monteru" ror xomorthonot aasil, aaru 2022 sonor septembor maahot aarombho hoisil aaru 2023 sonor january maholoike solisil. 2023: aagontuk dwitiyo studio 'elbam. 2022 sonor 16 marchot lill naas ex teur birotir poraa ubhoti aahisil, aaru teur "pray xomapto" notun elbamor dutaa gaan, "lett tu daa party" zo 'too juwok ketiyau bhangibo nuware, aaru "daaun sof huch" too sosi xontanar boixistyo aasil. teu "mur xorirot helok" trektur etaa purbodorxonou post korisil. 2022 sonor 24 junot lill naas ex-e "lett tu daa party" mukti disil aaru pisot twiteror joriyote sposto korisil je ee "etaa mukhyo ekok nohoy". lill naas ex-e koichil je elbamtu "kiba etaa mojadar, grishmokalor baabe kiba etaa, suwalibure xaju hoh 'boloi aaru party koriboloi kiba etaa" hoh' bob. teur "long live monteru tyur" too lill naas ex-e teur tetiyar mukti nuhuwa ekok staar waakin aaru "daaun sof huch" ror porisoy prodorxon korisil. 2022 sonor 15 septemborot, video 'game leeg owo legendsor developar royot geme ek xongbad prokaxor joriyote 2022 sonor leeg owo legends biswo championswipor baabe lill naas exor xoite xohojugitar kotha ghuxona korisil, zo' too teuluke teuk "leeg owo legendsor xobhapoti" hisapeu ghuxona korisil, jaak kutakur xangbadik isaya colberte ek prosar stant buli obhihito korisil. protijugitakhonor xongit, "staar waakin", 22 septemborot animated music video "ror xoite mukoli koraa hoisil. 5 novemborot protijugitakhonor udwudhoni onusthanot teu gittu poriwexon korisil. iyar uporiu, lill naas ex-ror dwara xoho-design koraa khelkhonot etaa bojuwa soritror baabe etaa custom xaaj-puchak novemborot osthayibhabe upolobdho koraa hoh 'bob. 2022 sonor 19 octoborot lill naas ex-e teur bhromonoloi sauchi xontanok purbote xuna nuhuwa etaa otirikto slokor xoite "daaun sof hoh" jo "ror porisoy diboloi aamontron jonaisil. 2023 sonor 17 marchot lill naas ex-e teur lo 'lapuluja chili prodorxonor xomoyot gittur porisoyor ek xomproxarito naatok poriwexon korisil. xongit xoili aaru probhab. lill naas ex-ror xongit xoilik pop rape, hipp hopp, country rape, trape, pop rok, pop aaru rok hisape bornona koraa hoise. teu el. ji. bi. ti. kiu. xilpi frank oh 'chenn aaru tilerok onuprerona hisape aaru "moi zo' too aasu taat aramdayokbhabe thokatu mur baabe xohoj kori tular baabe krititwo diye."lill naas ex-e nikee minaz, keti peree, drack, maili sairas aaru duja ketoku teur ataitkoi dangor probhab hisape ullekh korise. 2019 sonot teu koichil, "moi internetor poraa dangor hoisu, xeyehe mur probhab xongitor khetrot xokolu thair poraa aahise."teu endre 3000, kendrik laamor, kidd kiudi aaru lill uji vertor dore hipp hopp xilpir kotha xuni dangor hoisil. probhab. lill naas ex-ror xofolotai teuk prothomgoraki rongin byokti aaru "forbos"-ror dwara iyar barxik xorbadhik porixudh koraa dexor karzor talikat talikabhukto huwa prothom mukoli xomokami prodorxok hisape porigonito korisil. pi. bi. ess. tothyositro "country music" projujona koraa kenn barnese ullekh korisil, monteru (muk aapunar naamere koo 'lo)" ror baabe music video' mukoli huwar pisot, keibatau outlete lill naas exok teur "nirlojjobhabe kuir" bhijuwelor baabe proxongxa korisil. "bibhinnota" aadom bi. viriyenje likhisil je video "tuwe quier xongit xilpixokolor baabe xokolu xoloni kori disil", ullekh kori je kisuman el. ji. bi. ti xilpi jene junathon night owo niu kids ono dyo block aaru eno. sinkor lench beze bondho hoi thokar xomoyot mohilaxokolor bixoye gaisil, aanhate elton john aaru riki martiner dore aanxokole spostobhabe teulukor jounotar bixoye gaai nasil. teu pull nrityoke dhori jouno sobir bixoye bornona korisil je teur xomokamita lukuwai rokhar proyujon nuhuwakoi meduna baa jenet jeksonor sobir udbhob korisil. geet aaru music video 'tur netibasok aadoronir baabe "los angeles times" aaru "bhaix" ror dwara ek xoyotanor aatongkor chitron hisape sinhito koraa hoisil aaru jonopriyo xongit itihaxor otitor muhurtoxomuhor tulnat, bingxo xotikar aarombhonite jez xongitok "dyo devils music" buli ullekh koraa hoisil, 1966 sonor ek xakhyatkarot john lenonor montobyo je beatles "jisutkoi odhik jonopriyo", backmasking obhijug, pitri-maatri xongit xompod kendror "nungra pundhor", "prarthonar dore" medunar xongit video "," judas "aaru" alejendru "ror baabe leady gaagar xongit video", aaru 54 xongkhyok barxik gremi botar xomoyot nikee minajor "ruman holiday" ror prodordorxon. rajohuwa sobi. lill naas ex teur rajohuwa feswonor baabe bikhyat; 2019 sonor julyte, "bho 'go"-e lill naas exok kauboy estetikak teur seherat aaru instagramot ek glame rup diyar khetrot "master" hisape ullekh korisil. teur stylist hodo musar mote teur lokhyo hoise "boidyutik, koutukpurno, rongin aaru bhobisyotor bostu"."2019 sonor em. ti. bhi. video 'music awardot teur monchor drishyor baabe teu etaa kauboy mutif cheri-ronga nudi sut pindhisil. oh 'ld taaun road" geetot ullekh koraa renglare nirontorbhabe lill naas ex ku-brended feswonxomuhor poraa bikri kori aahise. 62 xongkhyok barxik gremi botar baabe lill naas ex-e keibatau xaaj-puchak pindhisil, jaar bhitorot aase etaa gulpiya hernesor xoite muror poraa bhorir kasur fusiya verses suit, jitu nirman koriboloi 700 ghonta xomoy lagisil. 2020 sonor july maahot, rihanar fenty biutir dwara notun saalor jotnor lineor baabe lill naas ex-e etaa trailer video 'modeling korisil. 2021 sonor aagosto maahot lill naas ex-e etaa instagram postot tonny hoh 'korr tez thoka rongere rong koraa skatebo' rd bikri korar bixoye "naah hih tuikin" montobyo korisil. poroborti keidinmanor baabe ee ek viral porighotona hoi porisil. 2022 sonot 64 xongkhyok barxik gremi botaa prodan onusthanot teur pranango baare baare dhori luwar baabe, aaru microphontu teur krosor maajot raakhi, jontrotu teur xisno buli obhinoy kori iyak ghurai diyar baabe xomaluchona koraa hoisil. 2023 sonor mey "maahot lill naas ex-e kewol rupali body paint, thong aaru ukh hilor platform jutaa pindhi mett galatut ongxogrohon korisil, teur mukhkhon reinstonere abrito aasil. teur ruptu proyat german feswan aikon carl leggerfeldor kett soupetor dwara onupranito hoisil. 2023 sonor julyte, ul "lo" ror etaa dangor xurongor maajere ee-scooter soluwar baabe norober arokhyiye baadha diya sarijon lukor bhitorot lill naas ex onyotomo aasil buli janibo poraa goisil. byoktigoto jiwan. bahiroloi ulai aahe. 2019 sonor june maahor aarombhonite lill naas ex teur bhoniyek aaru deutakor usoroloi ulai aahisil aaru teu onubhob korisil je teur onuragixokole teur xoite thakibo ney naai taar onischoyota thokar swotweu "biswobrohmandoi teuk ene koriboloi ingito di aase". 2019 sonor 30 junot, gourob maahor xex dintu, lill naax ex rajohuwabhabe xomokami hisape ulai aahisil. teur tuittuwe purbor xondehbur nischito korisil jetiya teu prothombaror baabe teur trekk "chi7cho" jor "too eitu ingito disil. "rolling stone" gittuwe ullekh korisil je "" poriskar hoi ohaa, dangor huwa aaru nijoke aalingon korar dore bixoybostur uporot sporxo kore. pisdina teu punor tuit korisil, eibar teur epi "7" ror proschod kolar rainbu rongor ottalikak alukpat kori, "dedase bhabisil je moi iyak sposto kori disu" buli xirunamtu porhisil. keidinmanor pisot "bibisi ratipuwar aahar" too teu etaa xakhyatkarot spostokoi koichil, zo "too teu koichil je teu xomokami aaru buji paise je teur jounota dex baa rape xongit xomprodayxomuhot xohoje grohon koraa nohoy. batoritur protikriya besibhag itibasok aasil, kintu cho "siyel miriyat brihot porimanor xomokamitar protikriyau laabh korisil, jaar proti lill naas ex-u protikriya prokax korisil. hipp hopp xomprodayor porau protikriya aahisil, jiye hipp hopp xongoskritit humufubiyar proti dristi aakorxon korisil. 2020 sonor januaryt repar pastar troye gremi botar xomoyot lill naas ex-e pindha xaaj-puchakor uporot xomokamitar proti bidwexi montobyo korisil, jaar proti lill naas ex-e uttor disiloh "hey bhogowanor uporot xei sobikhonot moi bhaal dekhasu." 2023 sonor januaryt lill naas ex-e teur jouno obhimukhitar bixoye etaa notun bibriti tuit kori likhisil, "[prokritor baabe] houk, jodi moi olop ubhokami buli bhabisilu tente aapunaluk xokoluwe mur uporot khongo khaisil neki. pisdina teu tuit korisil, "xeituwei mur protisruti diya almarikhonor poraa ulai ohaa xexbar aasil. dhormo. 2021 sonor septembor maahot lill naas ex-e koichil je teu "etaa xomoyot" ejon nastik aasil, kintu etiya "biswobrohmandor khetrot ejon oti adhyatmik byokti, xokoluwe kenedore kaam kore." xafolyo. lill naas ex-e dutaa gremi botaa, pasta billboard xongit botaa, pasta mtv video 'xongit botaa, dutaa bett hipp hopp botaa, dutaa ihearteradyo' xongit botaa aaru dutaa aamerikan xongit botaa xoho ekadhik botaa laabh korise. gitikarxokolor holl owo femor dwara teuk haal david starlight botar ataitkoi komm boyoxiya xonmanprapok hisapeu xonmanito koraa hoise. lill naas ex 62 xongkhyok barxik gremi botar xorbadhik monunit purux xilpi aasil, zo 'too teu owoxexot shrestho xongit video' aaru shrestho pop duu/groop prodorxonor baabe botaa laabh korisil. lill naas ex hoise dexor xongit xongsthar botaa laabh koraa prothomjon mukolibhabe el. ji. bi. ti. koo 'laa xilpi aaru bosoror shrestho gitor baabe em. ti. bhi. video' xongit botaa laabh koraa prothom mukolibhabe el. ji. bi. ti. kiu. byokti. 2021 sonot kendrik laamor aaru tailor suiftor pisot teu xoho-porisalona koraa etaa video '-"monteru (muk aapunar naamere koll korok)"-ror baabe bosoror video' owo dyo bosoror baabe mtv video 'music botaa laabh koraa tritiyojon xilpi hisape porigonito hoy. lill naas ex-e "billboard" hott 100 chartot tinita ek nombor ekok orjon korisil. 2019 sonor july maahor aarombhonite "oh 'ld taaun road"-e "bilobo' rd" 100-too xirxo sthanot thoka 13tomo xoptahot uponeet hoy, ji ene koraa prothom hipp hoh 'poo geet hoi pore. ee xirxo sthanot thokar xomoyote 1 kuti kopi bikri huwa prothom geet. xirxot thoka iyar 15tomo xoptahot, lill naas ex elton jonor 1997 sonor daabol e-saidok otikrom kori geet etaa digholiya xomoy dhori rokha prothom mukoli xomokami xilpi hoi porisil-zo 'too recordor duyu pokhyok hitt hisape prosar koraa hoy, "mendel inn dyo wind 1997"/"aaji raati aapuni kenekuwa dekha yaay taar bixoye kiba. 1958 sonot charttu prothombaror baabe proborton korar pisor poraa 19 xoptahot ek nombor sthanot thoka lill naas ex-e xorbadhik xoptahor baabe obhilekh rakhise. gittuwe gorom aar endo bi/hipp-hopp gitor chartotu 19 xoptahor talikar uporot aase; trimargi taai recordok otikrom korise. 19 xoptahot gorom rape gitor chartor xirxot thoka gittuwe trimargi taiu porasto korise. 2019 sonor novemboror bhitorot, gittu hiraa promanpotroprapto hoisil, ek xongzukto bikri aaru 1 kuti unit xomprosar korisil. "time"-e teuk 2019 sonot internetor 25 john ataitkoi probhawxali byoktir bhitorot ejon hisape namakoron korisil, teur "" cho "siyel miriyat biswobyapi probhab" "aaru" "baatori soluwar xamogrik khyomota" "ror baabe. 2020 sonot teuk "forbos" 30 under 30 talikat sthan diya hoisil. 2021 sonot teu biswor 100 john ataitkoi probhawxali byoktir "time" 100, timor barxik talikat sthan paisil. 2021 sonor 1 septemborot travor prokolpotuwe ghuxona korisil je lill naas ex iyar udwudhoni atmohoitya protirudhor ukilor bosortur botaa laabh korise. discography. studio 'elbamxomuh

lill naas eksa montero lamar hill (jonmo 9ee april, 1999), jini taanr moncho naam lill naas eksa () naame porichito, ekjon markin rapper, gayak ebong geetikar. tini taanr country ryapa ekok "old town road"-err muktir madhyome khyati orjon corren, jaa markin juktorashtrer shirshe 19 saptaha atibahito korey.esha. "billboard" hott 100 churt, 1958 saale chartti atmoprokasher porr theke dirghotomo chalman eka nambar gaan hoye othe. ganti hott 100-err upore thakay, lill naas eksa samakami hisabe beriye esechilen, eka nambar recorder pashapashi etty koraa ekmatro shilpi hoyechilen. old town road"-err safalyer porr, lill naas eksa taanr prothom somprosarito natok "7" prakash corren, jaa arow duti ekok gaan toiri korey, "ponini" panch nombore uthhe aase ebong "rodio" (cardy bii baa naas samanwito) hott 100-ayee 22 nombore uthhe aase. taanr prothom studio album, "montero" (2021), churt-topping ekok "montero" (qala mii baai eor neema) ebong "industry bebby" (jack harlo samanwito) ebong sheersho dashti ekok "dats oyata aaee want" dwara somorthito chhilo ebong saale barshik grammy awarde bochorer sera albumer jonno manoneet hoyechilo. taanr sahoshi quier visual ebong soshyala midia uposthitir jonno porichito, lill naas eksa duti grammy puraskar, panchti billboard sangeet puraskar, panchti mtv vdo sangeet puraskar, duti bett hipa hopp puraskar, duti ihertradio sangeet puraskar ebong duti american sangeet puraskar soho asankhya proshongsha peyechen. tini holl david starlite puroskarer sorbokonistho sommanona hisabe geetikarder holl off phema dwara bhushito hoyechen. "old town road" 17 guno platinum morjada soho markin juktorashtrer dwitiya sorbochcho pratyayita gaan hisabe sthan peyeche. tini 2020 saale "forbes"-err 30 bochorer qama boyosider talika ebong 2021 saale bishwer 100 john prabhabshali byaktir "time"-err barshik talika sthan peyechen. prathomik jeebon oo shikkha. montero lamar pahader jonmo georgier lithia springse 1999 saaler 9ee april. taar namkaran koraa hoy mitsubishi montero naame. taanr chhoy bochor boyse taanr baba-mayer bibahobiched hoy ebong tini taanr maa oo dadir sange atlantar bankhead paday bankhead courter abason prokolpe bosoti sthapon corren. tinn bochor porr, tini taanr baba, ekjon gospel gayoker saathe shohorer uttore austelle choley asen. jodio prathomikbhabe tini choley jete anichchuk chhilen, porey tini etike ekti guruttopurno siddhanta hisabe bibechona korechilen, "atlanta onek kichhu cholche-aami jodi sekhane thaktam tobey aami bhul bhider modhye porey jetam."tini" "internet byapokbhabe byabohar korte shuru korechilen thhik seii somoye jokhon mimguli taader nijaswa binodoner roop hotey shuru korechilo"; pray jokhon tini 13 bochor vayasi chhilen. tini taanr kaishorer beshirbhag somoy ekaa katiechilen ebong internette, biseshoto tweetere, mima toiri korechilen jaa taanr nirostro buddhi ebong popp-sangaskriti somporke gyanke dekhay."taanr kaishorer bochorgulite tini samakami hisabe nijeke prakash korar saathe ladai korte dekhechilen; tini prarthona korechilen jey etty cable ekti porjai, tobey 16 baa 17 saaler dike tini etty grohon korte esechilen. tini choturtho shrenite trumpet bajano shuru corren ebong taanr junior uchcho bochorgulite prothom cheyara chhilen, kintu nirbodh dekhanor bhoye tini chhede deena. hill lithia springs hye schoole padashona corren, jekhan theke tini 2017 saale snatok hohn. erpor tini poschim georgia bishwobidyaloye bhorti hohn, jekhane tini computer biggane mejor hohn, kintu porey eka bochor porr sangeet karmajiban shuru korar jonno baad paden. eyi somoye, tini taar boner saathe thakten ebong jaxbyr restoran ebong georgia thim parker upor chhoyti potakar chakri diye nijeke samarthan korten. 2019 saaler septembore tini ekti chamakprada sangitanusthan sanchalaner jonno taanr uchcho bidyalaye punra poridorshon corren. pesha. 2015-2017: internet byaktitto. hill bollen jey tini taanr kaishore "shreni-bohirbhuto karjokolap" theke nijeke bichchinno korte shuru corren. tini taanr kaajer procharer jonno ekjon internet byaktitto hisabe anusarankari gadey tolar ashay online prachur somoy byoy korechilen, tobey srijanshilbhabe keyser dike mononibesh korben taa nischito chhilen naa. ekti "rolling stone" sakkhatkare tini bolechilen, "aami facebook comedy vdo karchilam, tarpor instagrame choley jaai, ebong tarpor aami tweetere jhanpiye pori... jekhane aami sottii ekjon muster chhilam. etai chhilo prothom jaiga jekhane aami viral hotey partam."tini facebook ebong oyaine short-format comedy vdo poosta korechen. neu eork" magaziner todonto anujayi, eyi somoyer modhye tini tweetere "@nasmaraj" naame ekti account soho niqi minaz phyana account toiri ebong porichalona korechilen. 2017 saale, eyi accountee dashboard ayapa tweetdeck byabohar korey tweetere janapriya haoya flash fiction-shailir interactive "cinario thread"-err jonno drishti akarshan korey. todontoti @nasmaraj keey "tweetdaking"-err onushiloner saathe jukto koreche, baa kritrimbhabe nirdishto tuitguli viral korar jonno ekadhik account byabohar koreche. spyama neeti longghoner" karone tweeter dwara @nasmaraj accountee sthogito koraa hoyechilo. neu eork" magaziner todonte dekha yaay jey, jey sthogitkoroner porr tini seii handle soho ekti notun account kholen ebong seii somoye taanr bortoman tweeter accountee seii seii accounter ekti poribortito handle soho ekti punohuddeshyokrito sanskaran chhilo. midia reportguli lill naas eksa-keey minaz phyana accountgulir saathe jukto korar porey, tini eyi reportgulike ekti "bhul bojhabujhi" boley abhihito korechilen, karjokorbhabe accountguli chaalaanor kotha aswikar korechilen. tobey, 2020 saaler meey maase, lill naas eksa ekti tuite minazer bhokto boley sweekar korechen. tini byakhya korechilen jey keena tini prathomikbhabe etty aswikar korechilen, eyi boley jey lokera jodi janoto jey tini taar bhokto, taaraa taake samakami money korobe "lokera dhorey nebe jey upner jodi ekti sampurna phyana peza thaake jaa nikki eu somokamike utsarga korey. ebong ryapa/sangeet shilp ekhono samakami purushder thikbhabe toiri baa grohon koreni. 2020 saaler 17ee june, minaz naske jobab diye tuit corren, "upney jokhon barb howar kotha aswikar korechilen tokhon etty kichuta sting chhilo, tobey aami bujhte paari. upner satya bolar attobiswas gadey tolar jonno abhinandan. lill naas minazer kachhe khama cheye bollen, "amar khub kharap legeche, aasha corry upney amar aswikar dekhte paben naa. porey newyork times magaziner ekti nibondhe @nasmarai accountee ullekh koraa hoyechilo, jekhane hilke "jege othar protiti ghanta online @nasmaraj hisabe tuit korey" byoy koraa hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. shaan goz daaun"-err music videoteo etty ullekh koraa hoyeche, jekhane lill naas eksa-err onek sangram dekhano hoyeche, jeti ekjon boddho kishore hisabe bede othe ebong taar jounota grohon korey; taake hye schoole thakakalin "nasmiraj" naame ekti account theke tuit korte dekha yaay, jaar gaaner kotha "aami phone thakab, nikir sokalke bhorer dike thhele debo". 2018 saaler cono eka somoy hill safalyer poth hisabe sangiter upor abataran korey ebong taar almarite gaan lekha ebong recording shuru korey. tini lill naas eksa namti grohon korechilen, jaa rapper naaser proti shroddha. 24shhey julai, 2018-ayee, lill naas soundcloude taar prothom mixtep "nasarati" prakash corren, jodio etty tatkhonikbhabe khyati payni; kopirait dwandwer karone "old town road" prokasher porpori "nasarati" streaming porisheba theke sariye deoa hobey ebong taai kokhonyi ullekhjoggo akarshan orjon korbe naa. 2018 saaler octoborer shesher dike, tini seii beetti shunte paan jaa "old town road" hoye uthbe. 2018-2019: "old town road" ebong "7"-err saathe aggrogoti. 2018 saaler 3raa december lill naas eksa country ryapa gaan "old town road" prakash corren. tini dutch projojok iankior kachh theke bitt-selling platform bitstergulite bename gaaner jonno bitti 30 dollare kinechilen; etty taader shostho studio album "bhuto aaee-ivy" (2008) theke noy inchi nokher track "34 bhuto IV"-err namuna. tini sinkoyo-rawr ekti "nomro" atlanta studiote taader "mangalbar 20 dollar"-ayee eka ghantaro qama somoy niye record korechilen. swalpo-form vdo soshyala midia tiktok byaboharkarira etty tuley neoar agey lill naas eksa "old town road" procharer jonno mima toiri korte shuru korey. tiktok taar 50 kotee bishwobyapi byaboharkarike "antahin anukaran" korte utsahito korey, videoguli sadharonoto ekoi sangeet byabohar korey anulipi toiri korey; "apper unmotto visayavastu monthon...viral music hitgulir jonno ekti shaktishali incubator hisabe kaaj korey."lill naas eksa anuman korechen jey tini etir procharer jonno pray 100 tii mima toiri korechilen; 2019 saaler godar dike tikotke #yeehaw challenge mimer karone ganti viral hoyechilo. lokkho lokkho byaboharkari nijeder rangler baa cougerler poshak porihito vdo poosta korechen, beshirbhag #yeehaw vdo taader soundtracker jonno ganti byabohar korey; julai 2019 porjonto, taaraa 6 kotee 70 lokkhero beshi barr dekha hoyeche. samajik jogajog madhyomer sange jukto arekti mool shrota holl seisob sisura jaaraa praptoboyosko shrotader porisongkhane lukiye thaake. quartz.qama boleche jey ganti aboshyoi err safalyer ekti ongsho jonosongkhar kachhe rinee, ebong taaraa ganti punorabrittimulok, pashapashi gaoa sahaj ebong ghoda oo tractor chaalaanor kotha byabohar korey akrishto hoy, jaar saathe sisura somporkito hotey paare. etty "billboard" hott 100 charte 83 nombore atmoprokash korey, porey eka nombore uthhe aase. ganti hott country gaaner talika 19 nombore ebong hott rndb/hipa-hopp gangulite 36 nombore atmoprokash korey. ekti "teebro nilam juddher" porr, lill naas eksa 2019 saaler march maase kalambia recorder saathe swakkhar corren. billboard bitorkitovabe 2019 saaler march maase hott country gaaner churt theke ganti sariye deyo ebong boley "rolling stone": robbert christgaoyer motey, "desher churt theke 'old town road' keey sariye fela amake bornobadi bishuddho ebong sahaj boley money korey, kaaron deshiya redio bornobadi roye geche, taa nirbisheshe jey darius rucker ebong keena braun err jonno jaiga korey deyo."arekjon" "billboard" "mukhpatra geniuske bollen," "billboarder country churt theke ganti sariye neoar siddhanter sange shilpir dauder konao somporko nei."mool country gaaner churt theke baad deoa sotteo, ganti" "billboard" "-err country airplay charte talikabhukto hoy, 53-ayee atmoprokash korey ebong 50-ayee shirshe uthhe aase. jobabe, sonny music nashville ceo randy goodman" "billboard" "-keey bollen jey taanr doll kichhu country redio bajare ganti porikkha koraa shuru korey, jog korey" "etty naa dekha abohela hobey. 2019 saaler meey maase, deshiya sangeet sangaskritite bornobader vishayguli abar saamone aase jokhon rangler taar lill naas eksa sangraher ghoshana deyo ebong kichhu bhokta boykoter humki deyo. midia outletguli arow ullekh koreche jey ganti deshiya sangeet ebong american seemanto jug ubhoy theke african-americander oitihasik sangoskritik nirmuler dike drishti akarshan korey. country music stara billy reey cyrus 2019 saaler aprile "old town road"-err ekti remixe prodorshito hoyechilo, jaa besh koyekti gaaner modhye prothom. seii ekoi maase, lill naas eksa sorbadhik eu-err jonno dreker record venge deyo.esha. 11ee april shesh haoya saptahe 143 million stream soho eka saptahe ekti gaan theke stream, dracker "inn maai centigence" keey chhadiye geche, jaa julai 2018 saale eka saptahe 116.2 million stream chhilo; august 2019 porjonto etty shudhumatra spotifaite eka billionero beshi natok stream koreche. 2019 saaler meey maase, videoti mukti paay ebong 2019 saaler august porjonto, 370 millionero beshi barr dekha hoyeche. nbc newzer michael arsenox likhechen, "soshyala midia juge, lill naas eksa juktijuktobhabe prothom micro-platform crossover tarka." "panini" 20shhey june, 2019-ayee kalambia recorder madhyome lill naas eksa-err dwitiya ekok hisabe mukti paay. etty animated television sirij "" chouder "-ayee ekoi naamer kalponik cabit biarer naame namkaran koraa hoyeche ebong ekoi naamer sandwichke bojhai naa. 2019 saaler september majhamajhi somoye rapper dababir sange 'panini'-rawr prothom remix mukti paay. lill naas eksa 21shhey june, 2019-ayee "7" shironame taanr prothom prosarito natok prakash corren. ep "billboard" 200 charte dwitiya sthane atmoprokash korey. 23shhey june, 2019-ayee, lill naas eksa 2019-err buzzy puroskargulite sairaser saathe abhinoy korechilen. 30shhey june, lill naas eksa bishwer brihottomo greenfield festival, juktorajyer barshik glastonbury festivale antorjatik atmoprokash corren, jokhon tini ebong billy reey cyrus bibisite jatiyobhabe dekha ekti sete "panini" ekok poribeshoner agey ekti vismayakar uposthiti toiri corren ebong gaaner jonno millie sairaser saathe jog deena. ekoi diney, lill naas eksa samakami hisabe beriye aasaar somoy sabcheye drishyoman kaalo samakami purush gayakder modhye ekjon hoye othen. etty desher ekjon shilpi ebong hipa hopp gharanar jonno biseshbhabe guruttopurno chhilo, jaa ubhayi jontrobadita ebong "oitihasikbhabe abohelito quier shilpider" upor jore deyo. hipa hoper kaalo kuar purush shilpider muldhara grohonjoggota juktijuktobhabe 2012 saale "channel orange" muktir thhik agey frank oshaner saathe shuru hoyechilo. "rolling stone" julaier shurute tinti lill naas eksa gaan soho "rolling stone" sheersho 100-err premiere koreh cardy bii-err saathe "rodio" noy nombore; "panini" chaar nombore; ebong "old town road" charter prothom-eka nambar gaan hisabe. 19shhey august, 2019-ayee, lill naas eksa taar kormocharider prime deey seela udjapon korar jonno onusthito ekti concert amazone catty perir jonno khola hoyechilo. 2020-2022: "montero". 2020 saaler 7ee julai, lill naas eksa prakash corren jey taanr prothom albumty "pray shesh" hoye geche. tini arow bolechilen jey tini ekti mixtape kaaj korchen ebong projojokder taanr notun sangiter jonno taader beat jomaa deoar jonno amantran janiyechilen. 2020 saaler 8ee navembar, tini ekti notun ekok, "holiday" ghoshana corren, jaa 13ee navembar mukti paay. robloxe, lill naas eksa-err ekok procharer jonno ekti virtual concert onusthito hoy, gemer abotar shope lill naas eksa-somporkito itemguli soho. ekokti "billboard" hott 100-ayee 37-ayee atmoprokash korey, jekhane gaaner music videoti muktir prothom koyek saptaher modhye koyek million view sangraha korey. 2021 saaler januaryte tini shishuder ekti boi "shee iza phara country" prakash corren. porer maase, tini ekti super bowl elvi biggapone taanr notun gaan, "montero (amake upner naame qala korun)"-err prakdarshan corren. ganti anusthanikbhabe 2021 saaler 26shhey march ekti sangeet vdo soho mukti paay. ekoi diney, lill naas eksa prakash korechilen jey taanr prothom albumer naam deoa hobey "montero", ebong etty 2021 saaler majhamajhi somoye mukti paabe. videoti teebro protikriya jagiye toley. gantike oneke adbhutotar ekti mulyaban abhibyakti hisabe dekhechilen, jodio bishishto rakkhanshil ebong khristan byaktira lill naas eksa-keey apobitrota ebong shaytan upasonar jonno abhijukto korechilen. bitorko sotteo, "montero (amake upner naame qala korun)", "billboard" hott 100-ayee prothom sthane atmoprokash korey, lill naas eksa-err dwitiya churt-sheersho ekok ebong tritiya sheersho dosho ekok hoye othe. 29shhey march, 2021-ayee, lill naas eksa newyork-vittik art somostigoto mshef-err saathe angshidaritto korey shayataner juto naame ekti poribortito jodaa naiki aire max max prakash korey, jaa shayataner paye dekha jete paare music videote jaa "montero (amake upner naame qala korun)" prokasher prochar korte byabohrito hoy. jutoguli kaalo ebong laal ronger ebong ekti bronzer pentagram royeche, jaa "60 sisi ebong 1 fonta manusher rokto" diye bhora. matro 666 jodaa 1,018 dollar daame toiri koraa hoyechilo. naiki bolechilo jey taaraa juto toiri ebong procharer saathe jorito chhilo naa ebong lill naas eksa baa mshef-err bartagulike samarthan korey naa. sangosthati newyork federal adalte emm. esha. eich. eff-err biruddhe ekti trademark mamla dayer koreche. 1 april bicharok prathomik nishedhagga abodhi jutogulir bikroy oo bitorone badha deoar jonno ekti asthayi nishedhagga jaari corren. lill naas eksa tweetere ekti mimer madhyome mamler jobab deena, jekhane nijeke chore, grihohin ebong orther jonno jigyasa koraa choritro hisabe dekhano hoyeche. porey, tini "industry bebby" gaaner jonno ekti prelude vdo prakash corren, jaa ekti nockle "naiki bonam" monchostho korey. supreme courte lill naas eksa-err bitcher, jey somoy lokera samakami howar jonno gayakke ninda korar agey shayataner juto niye alochona korey. taanr ager gaan ebong err procharke ghire bitorker porey, lill naas eksa 21 meey, 2021-ayee arow antardrishtipurna ekok "shaan goz daaun" prakash korechilen, jekhane tini utpidaner saathe taanr sangram ebong taanr lalonpalone taanr somokamitar saathe samanjasyapurna howar bishoye protifolito korechilen. ekdin porr 'sattereday night live'-ayee tini 'montero (amake upner naame dakun)'-err pashapashi ganti poribeshon corren, jekhane poola nacher rutiner somoy taanr panter selai venge yawar foley tini ekti poshaker trutir sammukhin hohn, jaar foley tini etty sathikbhabe shesh korte akkham hohn. 29shhey june, lill naas taar prothom albumer ekti procharmulok vdo poosta corren, jaa "montero, dya album" diye shesh hoy. tini "industry bebby" naame ekti purbe tease koraa tracker ekti snippeto poosta korechen. ganti 23shhey julai ekok hisabe mukti paay, jekhane rapper jack harlo chhilen, ebong prajojana korechilen canye oyesta ebong ekti detrip neen. ganti "billboard" hott 100-ayee dwitiya sthane atmoprokash korey ebong 23shhey octobor, 2021-err shesh saptahe charte eka nombore pouche yaay, jaa lill naas eksa-err choturtho sheersho-dosho ekok ebong tritiya eka nombore porinoto hoy. 17ee septembara, 2021-ayee, "montero" mukti paay, err choturtho ekok soho, "etai aami chaai. 23shhey octobor, 2021-ayee, lill naas eksa boidyutin deiji carnival laas vegase diplo-rawr sete ekti ashchorjojonok uposthiti toiri korechilen. uposthitir somoy tini "industry bebby", "montero (amake upner naame dakun)" ebong "old town road" poribeshon korechilen. 2022 saaler 26shhey april tini taanr prothom concert sofor, long live montero soforer kotha ghoshana corren. safarti "montero"-rawr somorthone chhilo ebong 2022 saaler septembore shuru hoyechilo ebong 2023 saaler januari porjonto cholechilo. 2023: asonno dwitiya studio album. 16ee march, 2022-ayee, lill naas eksa taar biroti theke firey esechilen ebong taar "pray somapto" notun album theke duti gaan, "leeta too daa party"-teey alpavayasi chheleke niye arr kokhono bhanga hoyney ebong "daaun suf hoes"-ayee sossie santana niye tease korechilen. tini "amar shorirer upor nirbhar korun" tractir ekti prakdarshano poosta korechen. 2022 saaler 24shhey june, lill naas eksa "leeta too daa party" prakash korey ebong porey tweeter madhyome sposhto korey deyo jey etty "ekti prodhan ekok gaan noy". lill naas eksa bolechilen jey albumty "kichhu mojadar, grisser jonno kichhu, meyeder prostuto howar ebong partyr jonno kichhu" hobey. taanr "long live montero tour"-ayee, lill naas eksa taanr tatkalin aprokashito ekok tarka wakin ebong "daaun suf hoes"-err bhumika poribeshon korechilen. 15ee septembara, 2022-ayee, vdo gema ligg off legendser developarra ekti presha releaser madhyome 2022 ligg off legends bishwa championshiper jonno lill naas eksa-err saathe ekti sahojogitar ghoshana korey, jekhane taaraa taake "ligg off legendser sabhapati" hisabeo ghoshana korey, jaa kotaku sangbadik isaiah colbert ekti prochar stunt boley abhihito korechilen. turnamenter sangeet, "stara wakin", 22shhey septembara ekti animated music vdo soho mukti paay. 5 navembar turnamenter udwodhoni anusthane tini ganti poribeshon corren. echhadao, lill naas eksa dwara soho-porikolpito gemtite ekti bajano choritrer jonno ekti custom poshak navembar maase asthayibhabe upolobdho koraa hobey. 19shhey octobor, 2022-ayee, lill naas eksa ekti atirikto purbe shona yayni emon shloka soho "daaun suf hoze"-err bhumika sanchalaner jonno taanr sofore sossie santanake amantran zanan. 2023 saaler 17ee march lill naas eksa taanr lolapoloza chilly poribeshoner somoy gaaner bhumikar ekti bordhito natok poribeshon corren. sangeet shaili ebong prabhab. lill naas eksa-err sangeet shoilike popp ryapa, hipa hopp, country ryapa, trap, popp rock, popp ebong rock hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. tini elgbtq shilpi franc oshan ebong tilerke anuprerana hisabe ebong "aami jekhane achhi sekhane swachchonde thaka amar pokkhe sahaj korey tolar jonno krititto deena."lill naas eksa taanr sabcheye borh prabhab hisabe niqi minaz, catty perry, drake, millie cyrus ebong doza kyatkeo ullekh korechen. 2019 saale tini bollen, "aami internet theke borh hoyechi, taai amar prabhabguli sangiter dick theke sorbotro theke aase."tini andrey 3000, kendrick lamar, kidd cudy ebong lill uji verter moto hipa hopp shilpider kotha shune borh hoyechen. prabhab. lill naas eksa-err safalyer foley tini prothom borner byakti ebong prothom prokashye samakami abhinayshilpi hoye othen jaa "forbes" dwara barshik sorbochcho betoner country acts talika talikabhukto hoyechilo. keena burns, jini pbs documentary "country music" prajojana korechilen, ullekh korechen, montero (amake upner naame qala korun)"-err music vdo prokasher porr, besh koyekti outlet lill naas eksa-err "nirlojjobhabe adbhuto" vijyualgulir jonno proshongsha koreche. "boichitro" adom bii. renz likhechen jey videoti "quier sangeet shilpider jonno sabkichu bodole diyeche", ullekh korey jey kichhu lgbt shilpi jemon jonathon night off neu kids ono dya block ebong ensinker luns bases bondho thucker somoy mohilader somporke geyechilen, onnodike elton john ebong rickie martiner moto onnora sposhtobhabe taader jounota somporke gaan korenni. tini poola nrityo soho jouno chitroke taar samakamita lukanor prayojan chharai madona baa janette jacksoner chhobi jagiye tolar moto bornona korechilen. gaan ebong music videor netibachak abhyarthana "loss angeles times" ebong "vice" dwara shayataner atongker chitro hisabe chinnito koraa hoyechilo ebong janapriya sangeet itihaser atito muhurtogulir tulna, 20 shotoker godar dike jyaja sangitke "dya devils music" hisabe ullekh koraa hoyechilo, 1966 saaler ekti sakkhatkare john lenoner montobbo jey beatles "jishur cheye beshi janapriya", backmasking abhijog, pitamatar sangeet sangosthan kendrer "nongra ponero", madoner "prarthonar moto" music vdo, "judas" ebong "alejandro"-err jonno lady gagar music vdo ebong 54 tomo barshik grammy puroskare "roman holiday"-err niqi minazer performance. jonosadharoner chhobi. lill naas eksa taar public fashioner jonno bikhyato; julai 2019 saale, "bhog" lill naas exke cauboy nandonikke taar uposthiti ebong instagrame ekti glyama chehara deoar khettre "muster" hisabe ullekh koreche. taanr stylist hodo musa bolechen jey tini emon jinisgulir jonno lakkhya rakhen jaa "boidyutik, kautukpurna, rongin ebong bhabishyato."2019 saaler mtv vdo music awarde taanr moncher chehara jonno tini ekti cauboy motif cherry-reeda nudy suite porechilen. old town road" gaaner kathagulite ullikhito rangler dharabahikbhabe lill naas eksa soho-branded fashiongulir modhye bikri hoyeche. eksa barshik grammy awarder jonno lill naas eksa mathay theke paye poshaker ekti golapi jotaa soho fuchia verses suite soho besh koyekti poshak porechilen jaa toiri korte 700 ghanta somoy legechilo. 2020 saaler julai maase, lill naas eksa rihannar fenty beauty dwara ekti notun twaker jotner liner jonno ekti trailer videote modeling korechilen. 2021 saaler auguste, lill naas eksa ekti instagram poste montobbo korechilen jey tonny hock taar roktojukto rongo diye aanka skateboard bikri korche. poroborti koyek diner jonno etty ekti viral ghotona hoye othe. 2022 saale, saale barshik grammy awarde taanr performancer somoy, tini barbar taanr jounango dhorey rakhar jonno ebong taanr microphonety taanr krocher majhkhane rekhe ebong etty ghuriye deoar jonno samalochito hoyechilen, jontroti taanr linger vaan korey. 2023 saaler meey maase, lill naas eksa shudhumatra rupali boddy paint, ekti thong ebong uchcho hiler platform juto porey meeta galay uposthito chhilen, taanr mukhti rhinestones diye abrito chhilo. taanr cheharati prayat german fashion icon curl leggerfelder bidal choupet dwara anupranito hoyechilo. 2023 saaler julai maase, jaanaa yaay jey oslote ekti borh sudanger modhyo diye ee-scooter chaalaanor jonno norwete pulish kortrik atok charjoner modhye lill naas eksa ekjon. byaktigato jeebon. beriye asche. 2019 saaler june maaser godar dike, lill naas eksa taar boone ebong babar kachhe esechilen ebong tini onubhob korechilen jey taanr bhoktora taanr paashe thakbe kii naa taa niye anishchayata thaka sotteo "mahabishwa taake etty korar jonno ingito korche". 2019 saaler 30shhey june, gorbo maaser shesh deane, lill naas eksa prokashye samakami hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. taanr tuitti purboborti sondehoke nischito korey jokhon tini prothom taanr track track etty ingito korechilen. "rolling stone" ganti ullekh koreche jey "" porishkar haoya, borh haoya ebong nijer atmake alingan korar moto thimgulike sporsho korey. porer deane tini abar tuit corren, ebar taanr '7' sangaskaraner prochchode rangdhanur ronger vobontike tuley dhorey, jaar captione lekha chhilo, "dedus bhebechilo aami etty sposhto korey tulechi. besh kayekdin porr "bbc pratohrashe" tini ekti sakkhatkare dwyarthahin chhilen, jekhane tini bolechilen jey tini samakami ebong bujhte paren jey taanr jounota deshe baa ryapa sangeet sampradayer modhye sahojei grihito hoy naa. khabartir protikriya beshirbhag itibachak chhilo, tobey samajik jogajog madhyome prachur porimane samakami bidweshmulok protikriyao orjon korechilo, jaar protikriya lill naas exo janiyechilen. hipa hopp sampradayer pokkho thekeo protikriya dekha diyechilo, jaa hipa hopp sangaskritite somokamitar proti drishti akarshan korechilo. 2020 saaler januaryte, rapper jajok troy grammy awarder somoy lill naas eksa jey poshak porechilen seey somporke samakamita bidweshpurno montobbo korechilen, jaar uttore lill naas eksa jobab diyechilenah "abhishap aami issorer upor seii chhobite vall dekhchi." 2023 saaler januaryte, lill naas eksa taar jouno abhimukh somporke ekti notun bibriti tuit korey likhechilen, "[prokritopokkhe] jodi aami money corry jey aami ektu uvokami, tahle apnara sobai amar upor raag korben. porer deane, tini tuit corren, "etai amar sheshbar almarir baire assa, aami protishruti dichchi. dhormo. lill naas eksa 2021 saaler septembore bolechilen jey tini "eka porjaye" nastik chhilen, tobey ekhon "mahabishwer dick theke ekjon khub adhyattik byakti, sabkichu kibhabe kaaj korey." orjon. lill naas eksa duti grammy puraskar, panchti billboard sangeet puraskar, panchti mtv vdo sangeet puraskar, duti bett hipa hopp puraskar, duti ihertradio sangeet puraskar ebong duti american sangeet puraskar soho ekadhik puroskarer prapok. tini holl david starlite puroskarer sorbokonistho sommanona hisabe geetikarder holl off phema dwara bhushito hoyechen. lill naas eksa eksa barshik grammy puroskare sorbadhik manoneet purush shilpi chhilen, jekhane tini shesh porjonto sera music vdo ebong sera popp jutee/dolgoto performancer jonno puraskar jitechilen. lill naas eksa prothom prokashye lgbt krishnanga shilpi jini country music association puraskar jitechen ebong prothom prokashye elgbtq byakti jini bochorer sera gaaner jonno mtv vdo sangeet puraskar jitechen. 2021 saale, tini kendrick lamar ebong telor suifter porey tritiya shilpi hohn, jini soho-porichalito ekti videor jonno bochorer sera videor jonno mtv vdo sangeet puraskar jitechen-"montero (amake upner naame qala korun)". lill naas eksa "billboard" hott 100 charte tinti eka nambar ekok score korechen. 2019 saaler julaier godar dike, "old town road" "billboard" 100-err shirshe shirshe saptaha orjon korey, jaa prothom hipa hopp gaan hoye othe. etty prothom gaan jaa sheersho sthane thaka abosthai 1 kotee coppy bikri hoyeche. shirshe shirshe saptahe, lill naas eksa prothom prokassho samakami shilpi hoye othen jaar ekti gaan dirghasthayi hoy, elton joner 1997 saaler double ayee-sideke chhadiye yaay-jekhane recorder ubhoy pokkho hitt hisabe procharito hoy, "batase mombati 1997"/"aaz raate upner chehara somporke kichhu". 19 saptahe eka nombore, lill naas eksa 1958 saale chartti prothom chaalu howar porr theke sorbadhik saptaha dhorey recordti dhorey rekheche. ganti hott rndb/hipa-hopp gaaner charte 19 saptaher shirshe royeche; ekti trimukhi tye recordke porajito koreche. 19 saptahe hott ryapa gaaner charter shirshe ganti ekti trimukhi taikeo porajito koreche. 2019 saaler novemborer modhye, ganti diamond certified hoyechilo, jaa sommilito bikroy ebong 1 kotee unit streaming korechilo. "time" "taake 2019 saale internette 25 john prabhabshali byaktir modhye ekjon hisabe namkaran koreche, taar" "samajik jogajog madhyome bishwobyapi prabhab" "ebong" "sangbad chaalaanor samogrik dokkhotar jonno. 2020 saale, tini "forbes" 30 under 30 talika naam peyechilen. 2021 saale, tini bishwer 100 john prabhabshali byaktir barshik talika 'time' 100-ayee uposthito hohn. 2021 saaler 1laa septembara travor prokolpo ghoshana korey jey lill naas eksa taar udwodhoni atmohotta protirodher aquate off dya ear puroskarer prapok. discography. studio album

lill naas ex montero lamar hill (janm 9 april, 1999), jeey temnaa munch naam lill naas ex () thee odakhaay chhe, teey aek american rapper, gaayak aneey gitkaar chhe. teo temnaa country rape single "old taaun rooad" nee rajuaat saathe prasiddhi pamya, jene yuu. aesa. maan toach parr 19 athvadiya gaadyaa.aesa. "billboard" hooat 100 chaart, chaart chartnee sharuaat thaee tyaarthi sauthee laambo samay chaalatu number-vana geet banyu. kaaran keey geet hooat "time" toach parr hatoo, lill naas ex geey tareeke bahaar aavyu, aneey number-vana reqorda dharaavati vakhate aama karnaar ekmatra kalakar banyu. old taaun rooad" nee safalataane pagale, lill naas exae "7" sheershak dharaavtu temnu pratham vistrut naatak rajoo karyoo, jene vadhu beey singles rajoo karyaa, jemaa "paanini" paanchmaa krame pahonchyu aneey "rodiyo" (cardy bii athavaa naas darshaavtu) hooat 100 parr parr krame pahonchyu. temnu pratham studiyo album, "montero" (2021), chaart-topping singles "montero" (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo) "aneey" industry babby "(jeeka harlo darshaavtu) aneey tochnaa dass single" teey jaj huun ichchhu chhu "dwara samartheet hatoo, aneey 2022maan vaarshik grammy awardsma varshnaa album maate namankit thayu hatoo. temnaa saahseek vichitra drashyo aneey soshiyal media haajari maate jaanita, lill naas exne beey grammy puraskaaro, paanch billboard music puraskaaro, paanch mtv videeyo music puraskaaro, beey bett hipa hoopa puraskaaro, beey ehertradio music puraskaaro aneey beey american music puraskaaro saheet asankhya prashansao malee chhe. temne gitkaar holl off phema dwara haal david starlite awardna sauthee yuvan sanmanit vyaktee tareeke pann enayat karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. "old taaun rooad" 17 ganaa platinum darajja saathe united statesma beeja sauthee vadhu pramanit geet tareeke sthaan dharaave chhe. temane "maate" "forbes" nee 30 under under yaadimaa aneey hatoo "time" nee vishvanaa 100 sauthee prabhavshali lokonee vaarshik yaadimaa sthaan melavyu hatoo. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. montero lamar tekreeno janm 9 april, april roj georgiana lithia springsma thayo hato. tenu naam mitsubishi montero parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. jyaare teo chh varshnaa hataa tyaare temnaa maataa-pitaae chhutachheda leedha hataa aneey teo aetalaantaa bankhead padoshmaa bankhead court housing projectmaa temnee maataa aneey daadi saathe sthaayi thayaa hataa. trana varsh pachhi, teo temnaa pitaa, gospel gaayak, saathe shahernee uttare ostelmaa rahevaa gayaa. sharuaatmaa javaa maate anichchha hovaa chhataa, temane pachhithi tene aek mahatvapurn nirnay ganaavyo, "aetalaantaama ghanoo badhu chaali rahyu chhe-jooe huun tyaan rokaayo hota, too huun khotee bhidmaa puddy gayo hota."temane" "internetno bhaare upyog teey samaynee aaspaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo jyaare meams manoranjannu potaanu swaroop banvaanu sharoo thayu"; jyaare teo 13 varshnaa hataa. temane temnaa kishoravasthana motabhagna varsho ekalaa vitaavyaa, aneey internet taraf valyaa, "khaas kareene tweeter, mames banaaveene jeey temnee nihshastra buddhi aneey pope-sanskruti samajshakti darshaave chhe."temnee kishoravasthama pann temne samlaingik tareeke potaani jaatne bahaar laavvaa maate sangharsh kartaa joyaa; temane praathnaa curry keey teey maatra aek tabakko hato, parantu 16 keey 17 nee aaspaas teo tene sweekarva aavyaa. temane chothaa dhoranmaa ranshingada vagaadvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo aneey temnaa juniyar uchch varsh sudhee teo pratham adhyaksh hataa, parantu teo moorkh dekhaata hovaana darthi temane pada chhodyu hatoo. hill lithia springs highschoolma bhanyo, jyanthi tene hatoo snatakni padvi melvee. tyarbad tene university off vesta georgiama pravesh melvyo, jyaan tene computer sciencemaa snatakni padvi melvee, parantu pachhithi sangeetni karkirdi banaavvaa maate aek varsh pachhi tene abhyaas chhodi deedho. aaa samay darmiyan, teey tenee bahen saathe rahyo aneey zexbyna restauranma nokareeo aneey georgia theem paark parr chh dhvaj saathe potaano teko aapyo. september chhe temane aek aashcharyajanak sangeet kaarykram karvaa maate temnee uchch shaalaani mulakat leedhi hatee. karkirdi. 2015-2017: internet vyaktitva. heele janaavyu hatoo keey tene kishoraavasthaa darmiyan "vargnee bahaarnee pravruttio" thee potaane alag karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. temane temnaa kaaryane protsaahan aapvaa maate internet vyaktitva tareeke anuyaayeeo banaavvaani aashama online motaa pramanma samay pasaar karyo, parantu sarjanatmak reete shun dhyaan kendrit karavu teey ange teo achokkas hataa. aek "rolling stone" mulakatma temane kahyoo hatoo keey, "huun facebook komedi videeyo curry rahyo hato, pachhi huun instagram parr gayo, aneey pachhi huun tweeter parr gayo... jyaan huun kharekhar master hato. teey pratham sthaan hatoo jyaan huun viral thaee shakyo."temane facebook aneey well parr tunkaa formetnaa komedi videeyo pann poosta karyaa hataa. newyork" megezinni tapaas anusaar, aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, temane tweeter parr nikee minaj phena accounts banaavya aneey chalaavya hataa, jemaa "@nasmaraj" naamnu aek account pann saamel hatoo. hatoo, aaa khaatae tenaa flash fiction-shaileena interactive "cinario threads" maate dhyaan khenchyu hatoo, jeey dashboard application tweetdeckno upyog kareene tweeter parr lokpreey banyu hatoo. tapaas @nasmaraj neey "tweetdaking" nee prathaa saathe jodvama aavee chhe, athavaa krutrim reete chokkas tweetsne viral karvaa maate sahyogma bahuveedh accountsno upyog karvaamaa aavyo chhe. @nasmaraj ekaauntane tweeter dwara "spaam niteeonu ullanghan" karvaane kaarane suspended karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. ID2" neey suspended karyaa pachhi, "newyork" megezinni tapasma taaran kadhvama aavyu hatoo keey tene pachhithi "@nasmarai" handle saathe navoo account kholyu hatoo aneey teey samaye tenu vartmaan tweeter account teey "@nasmarai" handlenu badalaayelu sanskaran hatoo. media ahevaaloae lill naas exne minaj chaahakona khaatao saathe jodyaa pachhi, temane ahevaalone "gersamajo" ganaavya, aneey khaatao chalaavvaa ange asarkarak reete incar karyo. jooe keey, meey 2020 maan, lill naas exae aek tweetma, minajna chaahak hovaanu sveekaaryu hatoo. temane samjaavyu keey sharuaatmaa temane teno incar qema karyo, aema kaheene keey jooe loko jaantaa hota keey teo temnaa chaahak chhe, too teo vichaarshe keey teo geey chheh "loko dhaare chhe keey jooe tamaari paase nikee yuu aar geey maate samarpeet aakhu phena pej hota. aneey rape/sangeet udhyog haju sudhee geey purushone barabar bandhvama athavaa svikarvama aavyo nathee. 17 juuna, november roj minaje naasne javaab aaptaa tweet karyoo hatoo keey "jyaare tame barb hovaano incar karyo tyaare teey thodo sting hato, parantu huun samjee shakoo chhu. tamaaru satya bolvaano tamaaro aatmavishvas vadhaarvaa badal abhinandan ". lill naasae minajni maafee maagee hatee aneey kahyoo hatoo keey tene "khoob kharaab laagyu, aashaa chhe keey tame maaro incar josho nahee". @nasmarai khaatano ullekh paachhalthi newyork times megezeenna lekhamaa karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa heelne" "jagvano darek kalaak online vitaavyo, @nasmaraj tareeke twit karyoo" "tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo". sunn goz daaun" maatena music videeyoma pann teno ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jeey lill naas exna ghanaa sangharsho darshaave chhe jeey aek bundh kishore tareeke motaa thayaa hataa aneey tenee jatiyatane sweekarta hataa; teey highschoolma "nasimraj" naamnaa accountmathi twit kartaa jovaa maley chhe, jemaa geeto "huun phone dwara hoish, nikee morningne savaarmaa staan kareesh". varsh julai koik samaye, hill safaltaanaa maarg tareeke sangeet parr utaree aavyu hatoo aneey potaani kabaatmaa geeto lakhvaanu aneey reqorda karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. temane lill naas ex naam apnaavyu, jeey rapper naasne shraddhaanjali chhe. 24 julai, december roj, lill naasae soundcloud parr tenee pratham mixtep "nasrati" rajoo curry, joke tene taatkaalik prasiddhi malee naa hatee; copyrite sangharshne kaarane "old taaun rooad" naa prakaashan pachhi tarat jaj "nasrati" neey streaming sevaomathi door karvaamaa aavashe aneey tethee kyaarey nondhpaatra aakarshan praapt thashe nahee. october december antamaa, tene dhabkara sambhalyaan jeey "old taaun rooad" bunny jashe. 2018-2019: "old taaun rooad" aneey "7" saathe safalataa. 3 december, december roj, lill naas exae deshnu rape geet "old taaun rooad" rajoo karyoo. temane beat-saling platform bitstars parr geet maate beat dutch nirmata yangkio pasethi $30 maan anaami reete khareedi hatee; teey temnaa chhaththa studiyo album "ghosts aaee-iv" (2008) maanthi nava inchnaa nakhnaa track "34 ghosts IV" noon namunaa chhe. temane sinakoyona "namr" atlanta studiyomaa temnaa "$20 mangalvaar" parr aek kalaakthee pann ochha samayma reqordina karyoo hatoo. laghu-swarupnaa videeyo soshiyal media tiktok vapraashkartaao dwara levaamaa aave teey pahelaa lill naas exae "old taaun rooad" neey protsaahan aapvaa maate meams banaavvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. tiktok tenaa 50 carode vaishvik vapraashkartaaone "anant anookaran" karvaa maate protsaahit karey chhe, jemaa saamanya reete samaan sangeetno upyog kareene nakalo banaavati videos; "application saamagreenu unmatt manthan"...viral music hita maate aek shaktishaali incubator tareeke kaama karey chhe."lill naas exno andaaj chhe keey tene tenaa prachaar maate lagbhag 100 meams banaavya hataa; tiktok parr #yeehaw challenge meemne kaarane julai sharuaatmaa aaa geet viral thayu hatoo. laakho vaprashkartaoae rangler athavaa cougerlnaa poshaakmaa potaana videeyo poosta karyaa, jemaa motabhagna #yeehaw videeyo temnaa soundtrack maate geetno upyog karey chhe; julai 2019 sudhimaa, teo 67 millionthi vadhu vakhat jovama aavyaa chhe. soshiyal media saathe jodaayela anya mukhya prexako aevaa baadako chhe jeey pukht shrotaona aankadama chhupayela chhe. quartz.qoma kahe chhe keey aaa geet chokkaspane tenee safalataano aek bhaag vastee vishhayak chhe, aneey nondhe chhe keey teo geet punraavartit, saathe gaava maate saral aneey ghodaa aneey tractorni savaari vishenaa geetono upyog karvaa taraf aakarshaay chhe, jenee saathe baadako sambandhit thaee shake chhe. teey "billboard" hooat 100 chaart parr parr krame aavee hatee, jeey pachhithi pratham krame pahonchi hatee. aaa track hooat country gitonaa chartma chartma number parr aneey hooat aar anned bii/hipa-hoopa gitomaa gitomaa number parr pann rajoo thayo hato. "teevra bollie yuddh" pachhi, lill naas exae march chhe kolambiya records saathe hastakshar karyaa hataa. "billboard" aee march chhe hooat country gitonaa chartmathi vivadaspad reete geetane door karyoo hatoo aneey kahyoo hatoo keey "rolling stone": roobert christagona abhiprayma, "deshnaa chartmathi 'old taaun rooad' neey hataavvo maney jativadi shuddh aneey saral laage chhe, kaaran keey deshno rediyo darius rucker aneey qena braaunne dhyanma leedha vinaa jativadi rahe chhe."anya aek" "billboard" "pravaktaae geniousne janaavyu hatoo keey," "billboardnaa geetane deshnaa chartmathi door karvaanaa nirnayne kalaakaarni reesa saathe koee levadeva nahoti"."mukhya deshee gitonaa chartmathi door karvaamaa aavyaa hovaa chhataa, aaa geet" "billboard" "naa country airplay chaart parr chaart thayu, 53 parr debue karyoo, aneey 50 parr pahonchyu. javabma, soonee music nashville ceo rendy goodmayne" "billboard" "neey kahyoo keey temnee teame ketlaak deshee rediyo bajaroma gitanu parikshan karvaanu sharoo karyoo, aneey umeryu keey" "tene naa jovu teey bedarkari hashe". meey chhe, deshee sangeet sanskrutima jativadna muddaao fareethi saame aavyaa jyaare ranglere tenaa lill naas ex sangrahni jaaherat curry, aneey ketlaak grahakoae bahishkaarni dhamki aapee. media outletse aee pann nondhyu hatoo keey aaa geet deshee sangeet aneey american sarhadi yug bannemathi african-americanona aitihasik saanskrutik bhunsi nakhva taraf dhyaan dore chhe. country music staar biilii reey cyrus april chhe "old taaun rooad" naa remixma darshavvama aavyo hato, jeey ghanaa gitomathi pratham chhe. teey jaj maheene, lill naas exae sauthee vadhu yuu maate drackno reqorda todyo.aesa. 11 aprilnaa roj puuraa thayela saptaahmaa 143 million streams saathe aek athvadiyama aek gitanaa streams, dreknaa "ina maay centils" neey vataavi gayaa, jemaa julai julai aek athvadiyama 116.2 million streams hataa; august 2019 sudhimaa tene ekalaa spotify parr aek abajthi vadhu natako stream karyaa chhe. meey chhe, aaa videeyo rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey august 2019 sudhimaa, tene 370 millionthi vadhu vakhat jovama aavyo chhe. nbc newzna michael arsenaxe lakhyu hatoo keey, "soshiyal media yugmaa, lill naas ex dalilpurvak pratham micro-platform crossover staar chhe." "paanini" 20 juuna, juuna roj lill naas exna beeja single tareeke kolambiya records dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. tenu naam animated television shrenee "" chaudar "maan samaan naamnaa kaalpaneek cabit rinchh parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe, aneey teey jaj naamnaa sandweachno sandarbh aaptu nathee". september juuna madhyamaa 'paanini' noon pratham remix rapper daabi saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. lill naas exae 21 juuna, juuna roj "7" sheershak dharaavtu temnu pratham vistrut naatak rajoo karyoo hatoo. aaa app "billboard" 200 chaart parr beeja krame aavyu hatoo. 23 juuna, juuna roj, lill naas exae juuna sharat puraskaroma cyrus saathe pradarshan karyoo hatoo. 30 junanaa roj, lill naas exae vishvanaa sauthee motaa greenfield festival, yukena vaarshik glastonbury festivalmaa aantarrashtriy padaarpan karyoo hatoo, jyaare teey aneey biilii reey cyrus bii. bii. see. parr raashtriy stare jovaa maltaa setamaa "paanini" solo pradarshan kartaa pahelaa, aashcharyajanak dekhaav karyo hato aneey geet maate millie sayarasma jodaya hataa. teey jaj divase, lill naas ex jyaare geey tareeke bahaar aavyaa tyaare teey sauthee vadhu drashyamaan kaalaa kweer purush gaayakomaano aek bunny gayo. aaa khaas kareene deshnaa kalakar aneey hipa hoopa shaileeo maate nondhpaatra hatoo, jeey banne matchismo aneey "aitihasik reete asveekrut kweer kalakaro" parr bhaar mooke chhe. hipa hopmaan black kweer purush kalakaro mukhya pravaahnee sveekruti dharaavtaa chhe, jeey dalilpurvak 2012 maan "chenal orange" release thaay teey pahelaa frank oshannaa bahaar aavvani saathe sharoo thayaa hataa. "rolling stone" noon julyni sharuaatmaa trana lill naas ex geeto saathe "rolling stone" topa 100 noon premiere thayu hatuh cardy bii saathe navmaa krame "rodiyo"; chaarma krame "paanini"; aneey chaart parr pratham number-vana geet tareeke "old taaun rooad". 19 august, juuna roj, lill naas ex tenaa karmchaareeo maate tenaa prime deey selanee ujavani karvaa maate aayojit concert amazonema ketee peree maate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2020-2022: "montero". 7 julai, november roj, lill naas exae jaaher karyoo keey tenu pratham album "lagbhag samaapt" thaee gayoo hatoo. temane aema pann janaavyu hatoo keey teo aek mixtep parr kaama curry rahyaa chhe, aneey nirmataone temnaa navaa sangeet maate temnaa dhabkara rajoo karvaa aamantran aapyu hatoo. 8 november, november roj, temane aek navoo single, "holiday" nee jaaherat curry, jeey 13 novembernaa roj release thayu hatoo. roblocks parr, ramatnee avtaar dukaanmaa lill naas ex-sambandhit vastuo saathe, lill naas exna singalne protsaahan aapvaa maate aek virtual concert yojvama aavee hatee. aaa single "billboard" hooat 100 parr 37 parr rajoo thayu hatoo, jyaare gitanaa music videeyoae release thayaana pratham ketlank athvadiyama laakho views ekathaa karyaa hataa. january hatoo temane baadakonu pustak "see iz phora country" noon vimochan karyoo hatoo. teey pachhinaa maheene, temane super baul aela. vee. commercialma temnaa navaa geet, "montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)" noon purvavlokan karyoo. aaa geet sattavaar reete 26 march, september roj sangeet videeyo saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey jaj divase, lill naas exae jaaher karyoo keey temnaa pratham aalbamnu naam "montero" rakhvama aavashe, aneey teey september madhyamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavashe. aaa videeyoae teevra pratikriyaao aapee hatee. aaa geetane ghanaa loko dwara vichitrataani mulyavaan abhivyakti tareeke jovama aavyu hatoo, joke agranee rudhichust aneey khristi hasteeoae lill naas ex parr apvitrataa aneey shetanni pujaa karvaano aarop lagaavyo hato. vivaad hovaa chhataa, "montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)", "billboard" hooat 100 parr pratham krame aavyu, jeey lill naas exnun beeju chaart-tochnu single aneey triju topa-teena single banyu. 29 march, september roj, lill naas exae nyu york stheet aart saamuhik aema. aesa. aech. aef. saathe bhagidari kareene naiki air makes makes sudhaareli jodee rajoo curry hatee, jene shetaannaa jutaa kahevaay chhe, jeey "montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)" naa prakashanne protsaahan aapvaa maate upyogmaa levaata music videeyoma shetaannaa pug parr joee shakaay chhe. pagarkhaa kaalaa aneey laal rangnaa hoya chhe, jemaa kaansaani pantagram hoya chhe, jeey "60 seesee aneey manav loheena 1 teepaa" thee bharela hoya chhe. maatra 666 jodee jodee bhaave banavvama aavee hatee. naikiae janaavyu hatoo keey teo jutaani rachnaa aneey pracharma asambaddh hataa aneey lill naas ex athavaa mshfna sandeshaaone samarthan aaptaa naa hataa. kampaniae newyork federal courtma aema. aesa. aech. aef. saame trademark daavo dakhal karyo hato. 1 aprilnaa roj nyayadhishe praarambhik hukam sudhee jutaanaa vechaan aneey vitaran parr pratibandh mukvaano kaamchalaau pratibandhno aadesh jaaree karyo hato. lill naas exae tweeter parr aek meem saathe mukadmaano javaab aapyo hato, jemaa potaane squidward, beghar aneey paisa maangtaa paatra tareeke darshavvama aavee hatee. baadmaa, temane "udhyog baadak" geet maate prastaavnaa videeyo bahaar paadyo, jemaa nakali "naiki wii. sarvoch adalatma lill naas ex "trial, jeey darmiyan loko gaayakne geey hovaa badal ninda kartaa pahelaa shetaannaa jutaani charcha karey chhe. temnaa agaauna geet aneey tenaa prachaarne lagata vivaadone pagale, lill naas exae 21 meey, september roj vadhu aatmanirikshan single "sunn goz daaun" rajoo karyoo, jemaa teo gundagiri saathena temnaa sangharsho aneey temnaa uchherma temnee samlaingikta saathe sammat thavaa parr pratibimbit karey chhe. temane aek divas pachhi "setarde night live" parr "montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)" saathe geet rajoo karyoo, jyaan poola dance rutin darmiyan jyaare temnaa trouserni seam vibhajit thaee gaee tyaare temne kapadama khaameeno saamno karvo padyo, jenaathi teo tene yogya reete samaapt karvaamaa asamarth rahyaa. 29 junanaa roj, lill naasae temnaa pratham aalbamno promotional videeyo poosta karyo, jeno anta "montero, dhaa album" saathe thayo. temane "industry babby" naamnaa agau teas karelaa trekno aek bhaag pann poosta karyo hato. aaa geet 23 julyna roj single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa rapper jeeka harlo darshavvama aavyo hato, jenu nirmaan kenay vesta dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey teqa aaa deey triip karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa geet "billboard" hooat 100 parr beeja krame aavyu hatoo aneey 23 october, september anteem saptaahmaa chaart parr pratham krame pahonchyu hatoo, jeey lill naas exnun chothu tochnu dass single aneey triju number vana banyu hatoo. 17 september, september roj, "montero" tenaa chothaa single "teey jaj huun ichchhu chhu" saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 23 october, september roj, lill naas ex electronic dezzy carnival laas vegas khaate diplona seeta parr aashcharyajanak dekhaav karyo hato. dekhaav darmiyan temane "udhyog baadak", "montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)" aneey "old taaun rooad" rajoo karyaa hataa. 26 april, october roj, temane temnaa pratham sangeet kaarykram pravaas, longa live montero pravaasnee jaaherat curry hatee. aaa pravaas "montero" naa samarthanma hato aneey september gaee sharoo thayo hato aneey january 2023 sudhee chaalyo hato. 2023: aagaami beeju studiyo album. 16 march, october roj, lill naas ex tenaa virammathi paachho faryo, aneey tenaa "lagbhag samaapt" thayela navaa album "leeta too daa party" naa beey geeto, jemaa yuvan chhokaro pharii kyaarey tutyo naa hato, aneey sosee santaana darshaavtaa "daaun sopha hoses" neey teas karyaa. temane "leane ona maay bodee" treknu purvavlokan pann poosta karyoo hatoo. 24 juuna, october roj, lill naas ex "leeta too daa party" rajoo curry hatee aneey baadmaa tweeter dwara spashtata curry hatee keey teey "mukhya single nahotu". lill naas exae kahyoo keey aaa album "kaneek manoranjak hashe, unalana samay maate kaneek, chhokario maate taiyar thavaa aneey party karvaa maate kaneek". temnaa "longa live montero tour" parr, lill naas exae temnaa teey samaye rajoo naa thayela single staar walking aneey "daaun sopha hoses" nee rajuaat curry hatee. 15 september, october roj, videeyo game leag off legendsna vikaskartao, ramkhanoni ramtoae aek akhbari yaadee dwara 2022 leag off legends worled championship maate lill naas ex saathe sahyogni jaaherat curry, jyaan teoae temne "leag off legendsna pramukh" tareeke pann jaaher karyaa, jene kotakuna patrakaar isaya colberte publicity stunt tareeke odakhaavyo. tournament maatenu geet, "staar walking", 22 septembernaa roj animated music videeyo saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. temane 5 novembernaa roj tournamentna udghaatan samarohma geet rajoo karyoo hatoo. vadhumaa, lill naas ex dwara saha-design karvaamaa aaveli ramatmaa vagaadi shakaay tevaa paatra maate aek custom poshaak novemberma asthaayi rupe uplabdh karavvama aavashe. 19 october, october roj, lill naas exae agau sambhalvama naa aaveli vadhaaraani kaveeta saathe "daaun soof hoses" nee rajuaat karvaa maate temnaa pravaas parr sosee santanane aamantrit karyaa hataa. 17 march, march roj, lill naas exae temnaa lolapoloza cheelee pradarshan darmiyan geetnee prastaavnaa vistrut naatak rajoo karyoo hatoo. sangeet shailee aneey prabhaav. lill naas exnee sangeet shaileene pope rape, hipa hoopa, country rape, trape, pope roqa, pope aneey roqa tareeke varnavama aavee chhe. teo lgbtq kalakaro frank ocean aneey taylor, nirmata, neey prernaa tareeke aneey "huun jyaan chhu tyaan aaramthi rahevaanu maaraa maate saral banaavvaa maate" shrey aape chhe."lill naas ex tenaa ketlaak sauthee motaa prabhaavo tareeke nikee minaj, ketee peree, drack, millie cyrus aneey doja ketano pann ullekh karey chhe. chhe temane kahyoo hatoo keey, "huun internethi moto thayo chhu, tethee maaro prabhaav sangeetni drashtiae sarvatrathi aave chhe."teo andrey 3000, qendriqa lamar, kida cudy aneey lill uzi varta jevaa hipa hoopa kalakarone sambhaline motaa thayaa hataa. assar. lill naas exnee safaltaae temne rangnaa pratham vyaktee aneey forbes dwara tenee vaarshik sauthee vadhu pagaar melavtaa desh kaayadaaoni yaadimaa soochibaddh thanara pratham khulleaam geey kalakar banyaa. qena burns, jemane pii. bii. aesa. dastaveji "country music" noon nirmaan karyoo hatoo, temane nondhyu hatoo keey, montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)" maatena music videeyona prakaashan pachhi, ghanaa outletse lill naas exnee "nirlajj kweer" drashyo maate prashansa curry hatee. "vividhataa" aadam bii. variage lakhyu keey videeyoae "kweer music artistes maate badhu jaj badalee nakhyu", nondhyu keey ketlaak lgbt kalakaro jaim keey jonathan night off nyu kids ona dhaa bloqa aneey lance baas off encinc closet raheene maheelao vishe gaataa hataa, jyaare elton john aneey rickie martin jevaa anya lokoae temnee jatiyata vishe spasht reete gaayu naa hatoo. temane poola dance saheet jaatiy chhabine medonaa athavaa genet jaiksonni chhabio ushkere chhe, tenee samlaingikta chhupavvani jaroor vagar varnavi hatee. geet aneey sangeet videeyone nakaaraatmak pratisaad "losa angels times" aneey "wies" dwara shetaannaa gabharaatne darshaavto hato aneey lokpreey sangeet itihaasnee bhutkaalni kshanoni sarkhaamanimaa, jemaa jaaz sangeetne sangeetne sadeeni sharuaatmaa "shetaannu sangeet" tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo, john lenannee lenannee mulakatma tippani keey beatles "isu karataa vadhu lokpreey" hataa, backmaskingna aakshepo, parents music resource centerno "gandee pandar", "praathnaa jevee" maate medonaz music videeyo, "judas" aneey "alejandro" maate lady gaagaana music videeyo aneey aneey vaarshik grammy awardsma nikee minajnu "rooman holiday" noon pradarshan hatoo. jaaher chhabi. lill naas ex tenaa jaaher fashion maate jaanitu chhe; julai 2019 maan, "voga" aee lill naas exne tenaa dekhavma aneey instagram parr kaauboy saundaryalakshi dekhaav aapvaa maate "master" tareeke nondhyu hatoo. temnaa stylist, hoodoo musa kahe chhe keey teo aevee vastuo maate lakshya raakhe chhe jeey "electric, ramatiyaad, rangeen aneey bhavishyani hoya."2019 mtv videeyo music awardsma temnaa munch parnaa dekhaav maate temane kaauboy motif cherry-reeda newdy soot paheryo hato. old taaun rooad" naa gitomaa ullekheet rangler, satat lill naas ex qoo-branded fationmathi vechai rahyu chhe. ex vaarshik grammy puraskaaro maate lill naas exae gulabi harness saathe heeyd-too-toow coacher fucia verses soot saheet anek poshaak pahere paheryaa hataa, jene banavvama 700 kalaak laagya hataa. julai "maate", lill naas exae rihanna fenty beauty dwara navee tvachaa sambhaal line maate trailer videeyoma modelling karyoo. august hatoo, lill naas exae aek instagram poosta parr tippani curry hatee keey tonny hoqa tenaa loheethi rangela skateboards veche chhe. teey aagaami ketlaak divaso maate viral ghatnaa bunny gaee. gaee, 2022maan vaarshik grammy awardsma temnaa pradarshan darmiyan, vaaramvaar temnaa jananango pakadvaa maate, aneey temnaa microphone temnaa krochnee madhyamaa mukavaa aneey tene farate zulavva maate, upkaran temnaa shishna hovaano dhhong karvaa badal temnee teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. meey january, lill naas ex maatra silver bodee paint, thong aneey unchee hilvaalaa platform jutaa pahereene meeyt gaala khaate haajari aapee hatee, jemaa teno chahero chahero dhankayelo hato. temno dekhaav swargasth german fashion icon carle lazerfeldnee qeta chaupetthi prereet hato. julai january, aevu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey lill naas ex aee chaar lokomaano aek hato jene norvemaa polise oslomaa aek motee tunnelmathi ee-scooter chalaavvaa maate rokyo hato. angat jeevan. bahaar aavee rahyaa chhe. juuna julai sharuaatmaa, lill naas ex tenee bahen aneey pitaa paase aavyo aneey tene laagyu keey tenaa chaahako tenee saathe raheshe keey nahee teey anishchitataa hovaa chhataa, "brahmand tene aama karvaa maate sanket aapee rahyu chhe". 30 juuna, juuna roj, garv maheenano chhello divas, lill naas ex jaaherma geey tareeke bahaar aavyo. jyaare temane pratham vakhat temnaa track track maan aano sanket aapyo tyaare temnaa tweetma agaauni shankani pushti thaee hatee. "rolling stone" "geet nondhe chhe keey" "swachchh thavu, motaa thavu aneey potaane sveekarvu jevaa vishhayo parr sparsha karey chhe". beeja divase temane fareethi twit karyoo, aaa vakhate temnaa app "7" naa cover aart parr meghadhanush rangnee imaaratne prakashit curry, caption saathe "dedase vichaaryu keey meyn tene spasht curry didhu chhe". ghanaa divaso pachhi "bbc breakfast" parr aek mulakatma teo spasht hataa, jemaa temane kahyoo hatoo keey teo geey chhe aneey samaje chhe keey temnee jatiyata deshmaa athavaa rape sangeet samudayoma sahelaithi svikarvama aavtee nathee. aaa samaachaarne malelo pratisaad mote bhaage hakaaraatmak hato, parantu soshiyal media parr homophobic pratikriyaa pann malee hatee, jenaa parr lill naas exae pann pratikriyaa aapee hatee. hipa hoopa samudaay tarafthi pann pratikriyaa aavee hatee, jene hipa hoopa sanskrutima homophobia taraf dhyaan doryu hatoo. january "maate", rapper paadari troye grammy awards darmiyan lill naas ex dwara pahervaamaa aavela poshaak parr homophobic tippaneeo curry hatee, jenaa javabma lill naas exae javaab aapyo hatoh "dhikkaar chhe keey huun bhagvaan parr teey chitramaa saaro dekhaato chhu." january january, lill naas exae tenaa jaatiy abhigam vishe aek navoo nivedan twit karyoo hatoo, jemaa lakhyu hatoo keey "jooe maney laagtu hota keey huun thodo ubhayalingi chhu too tame badhaa maaraa parr gusse thasho". beeja divase, temane twit karyoo keey "huun jeey kabaatmaa vachan aapu chhu teey bahaar aavvaanu aaa maaree chhelli vaar hatoo". dharm. lill naas exae september hatoo janaavyu hatoo keey teo "aek samaye" naastik hataa, parantu havey "brahmaandnee drashtiae aek khoob jaj aadhyatmik vyaktee chhe, badhu kevee reete kaary karey chhe." seeddhio. lill naas ex beey grammy puraskaaro, paanch billboard music puraskaaro, paanch mtv videeyo music puraskaaro, beey bett hipa hoopa puraskaaro, beey ihartradio music puraskaaro aneey beey american music puraskaaro saheet bahuveedh puraskaaro melavnaar chhe. temne gitkaar holl off phema dwara haal david starlite awardna sauthee yuvan sanmanit vyaktee tareeke pann enayat karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. lill naas ex ex vaarshik grammy awardsma sauthee vadhu namankit purush kalakar hataa, jyaan temane aakhare shreshth music videeyo aneey shreshth pope jodee/jooth pradarshan maate puraskaaro jeetya hataa. lill naas ex country music association award jitnaar pratham khulleaam lgbt black kalakar pann chhe aneey varshnaa geet maate mtv videeyo music award jitnaar pratham khulleaam lgbtq vyaktee chhe. hatoo, qendriqa lamar aneey taylor swift pachhi, teo trija kalakar banyaa, jemane temnaa saha-nirdeshanmaa "montero (maney tamara naamthi coll karoo)" maate varshno shreshth videeyo maate mtv videeyo music award jeetyo hato. lill naas exae "billboard" hooat 100 chaart parr trana number-vana singles banaavya hataa. julai julai sharuaatmaa, "old taaun rooad" aee "billboard" 100 parr tochnu sthaan melavyu hatoo, jeey aavu karnaar pratham hipa hoopa geet banyu hatoo. teey tochnaa sthaane hovaa chhataa 1 carode nakalo vechanaaru pratham geet pann chhe. toach parr tenaa tenaa saptaahmaa, lill naas ex elton johnni johnni double aee-sidene paachhal chhodi detaa geet laambu chaalnaar pratham khulleaam geey kalakar banyo-jyaan rekordnee banne bajuone hita tareeke protsaahan aapvama aave chhe, "meenbatti pavanmaa 1997"/"aajnee raat tame jeey reete juo chho tenaa vishe kaneek". pratham number parr 19 athvadiya parr, lill naas ex 1958 maan chaart pratham vakhat rajoo karvaamaa aavyo tyaarthi sauthee vadhu athvadiya maate reqorda dharaave chhe., aaa geet hooat aar anned bii/hipa-hoopa gitonaa chartma 19 athvadiya toach parr pann chhe; trana-maargiy tye recordne pachhaadyu chhe. hooat rape gitonaa chartma toach parr 19 athvadiya parr aaa geetae three-weey tye pann todee nankhyu chhe. november 2019 sudhimaa, aaa geetane diamond certified karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jene sanyukt vechaanne aagad vadhaaryu hatoo aneey 1 carode aekamonu streaming karyoo hatoo. "time" "aee temne 2019 maan internet parr 25 sauthee prabhavshali lokomaana aek tareeke naam aapyu, temnee" "soshiyal media parr vaishvik assar" "aneey" "samachar chalaavvaani ekandar kshamata" "maate". "maate", tenu naam "forbes" 30 under 30 yaadimaa hatoo. hatoo, teo vishvanaa 100 sauthee prabhavshali lokonee timeny vaarshik soochima "time" "time" dekhaaya hataa. 1 september, september roj, traver projectae jaaherat curry hatee keey lill naas ex tenaa praarambhik aatmahatya nivaaran vakeel off dhaa year awardno praaptkartaa chhe. dyscography. studiyo albums

lill naas aiks montero lamar hill (janm 9 aprail, 1999), jinhen unake munch naam lill naas aiks () seey jaanaa jaataa haye, ack americi rapper, gaayak aur geetkaar hain. vaha apane desh key rapp ekal "old town road" kii release key saath pramukhta seey ubhare, jisane yuu key oopar 19 saptah bitaaye.aiss. "billboard" hott 100 chart, 1958 mein chart kii shuruat key baad seey sabse lambe samay taka chalane vaalaa number-vann geet bunn gayaa. kyonki geet hott 100 mein sheersh parr thaa, lill naas aiks samlaingik key roop mein saamane aaya, aur number-vann record rakhate hue aisaa karane vaalaa ekmatra kalakar bunn gayaa. old town road" kii safalata key baad, lill naas aiks ney apana pahala vistaarit naatak jaari kiya, jiska sheershak thaa "7", jisane dou aur ekal natakon koo janm diyaa, jisamen "panini" paanchven number parr aur "rodio" (cardy bee yaa naas kii visheshta) 100 parr 22vein number parr pahunch gayaa. unakaa pahala studio album, "montero" (2021), chart-topping ekal "montero (mujhe apane naam seey coll karein)" aur "industry bebi" (jack harlo kii visheshta) aur sheersh-duss ekal "joe main chaahata huun", aur 64vein vaarshik grammy awards mein varsh key album key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. apane saahasik vichitra drishyon aur soshal media upasthiti key liye jaane jaane vaale, lill naas aiks koo kaee puraskar mille hain, jinamen dou grammy puraskar, paanch billboard sangeet puraskar, paanch mtv video sangeet puraskar, dou bett hip hopp puraskar, dou hartradio sangeet puraskar aur dou americi sangeet puraskar shamil hain. unhein geetkaar holl off fame dwara haal david starlite puraskar key sabse cumm umr key sammaanit vyakti key roop mein bhee sammaanit kiya gayaa haye. "old town road" sanyukt raajya mein 17 gunaa platinum sthiti key saath dusare uchchatam pramaanit geet key roop mein sthaan rakhta haye. unhone 2020 mein "forbes" 30 under 30 soochi mein sthaan praapt kiya aur 2021 mein duniya key 100 sabse prabhaavshaali logon kii "time" kii vaarshik soochi mein sthaan praapt kiya. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. montero lamar pahaadi kaa janm 9 aprail, 1999 koo lithia springs, georgia mein huaa thaa. unakaa naam mitsubishi montero key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. chhah saal kii umr mein unake maataa-pitaa kaa talaak hoe gayaa aur vaha apani maan aur daadi key saath atlanta key bankhead pados mein bankhead court housing project mein buss gaye. teen saal baad, vaha apane pitaa, ack susamachar gaayak, key saath shahar key uttar mein austel mein rahane chaley gaye. halanki shuru mein jaane key liye anichhuk, baad mein unhone ise ack mahatvapurna nirnay key roop mein maanaa, "atlanta mein bahut kuchh chala rhaa haye-aggar main vahaan rahata, tou main galat bheed key saath gir jaataa."unhone" internet kaa bahut adhik upayog karna shuru curr diyaa, usa samay key aspas jaba meem manoranjan kaa apana roop banane lagey "; lagbhag jaba way 13 varsh key they. unhone apane kishoravastha key adhikansh varshon koo akele bitaaya, aur internet kii or rukh kiya, vishesh roop seey tweeter, meem banaate hue joe unaki nirastreekaran buddhi aur popp-sanskriti kii samajh koo darshaata haye."apani kishoravastha mein bhee unhone samlaingik honey key roop mein apane paas aaney key liye sangharsh karate hue dekhaa; unhone prarthana kii kii yeh sirf ack charan thaa, lekin 16 yaa 17 key aspas vaha ise sweekaar karane aae. unhone chauthi kaksha mein turah bajaana shuru kiya aur apane junier uchch varshon mein pahali kursi parr they, lekin moorkh dikhane key darr seey unhone naukari chhod dee. hill ney lithia springs hyee school mein padhaai kii, jahan seey unhone 2017 mein snaatak kiya. phir unhone west georgia vishvavidyalaya mein dakhila liya, jahan unhone computer vigyaan mein mahaarat hassil kii, lekin baad mein ack saal baad sangeet carrier banaane key liye chhod diyaa. iss dauran, vaha apani bahan key saath rahey aur jaxby key restaraan aur georgia theem park parr chhah jhandon mein naukari karke apana samarthan kiya. sitambar 2019 mein unhone ack aashcharyajanak sangeet karyakram karane key liye apane hyee school mein phir seey pravesh kiya. carrier. 2015-2017: internet vyaktitva. hill ney kahaa kii unhone apani kishoravastha key dauran "varg key baahar kii gatividhiyon" seey khud koo alag karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone apane kaam koo badhaava dene key liye ack internet vyaktitva key roop mein ack anuyaayi banaane kii ummeed mein online badee matra mein samay bitaaya, lekin yeh sunishchit naheen thaa kii rachanaatmak roop seey kyaa dhyaan kendrit kiya jaae. ack "rolling stone" sakshatkar mein unhone kahaa, "main facebook comedy video curr rhaa thaa, phir main instagram parr chalaa gayaa, aur phir main tweeter parr chalaa gayaa... jahan main vaastav mein ack master thaa. yeh pahali jagah thee jahan main viral hoe sakata thaa."unhone facebook aur wine parr laghu-praarup comedy video bhee post kiye. newyork" patrika kii jaanch key anusaar, iss avadhi key dauran, unhone kathit taur parr tweeter parr niki minaz phain account banaae aur chalaae, jisamen "@nasmaraj" naamak ack bhee shamil thaa. 2017 mein, iss khaate ney dashboard aip tweetdeck kaa upayog karke tweeter parr lokpriya kiye gaye apane flashes fiction-shally key samvaadaatmak "paridrishya dhaage" key liye dhyaan aakarshit kiya. jaanch @nasmaraj koo "tweetdaking" key abhyaas seey jodati haye, yaa kritrim roop seey kuchh tweets koo viral karane key liye sahyog mein kaee khaaton kaa upayog karati haye. @nasmaraj khaate koo tweeter dwara "spam neetiyon kaa ullanghan karane" key kaaran nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. nyu york" patrika kii jaanch ney nishkarsh nikala kii kii key nilamban key baad, usane baad mein usa handle key saath ack nayaa khaata khola, aur usa samay uska vartamaan tweeter khaata usa usa khaate kaa ack punarnirmit sanskaran thaa jisamen ack handle badala gayaa thaa. media reports key baad lill naas aiks koo minaz phain khaaton seey jodaa gayaa, unhone reports koo "galatfahmi" kahaa, prabhaavi roop seey khaaton koo chalaane seey incar kiya. haalaanki, maee 2020 mein, lill naas aiks ney ack tweet mein, minaz key prashansak honey kaa sweekaar kiya. unhone bataaya kii unhone shuru mein iska khandan kyon kiya, yeh kahate hue kii aggar logon koo pataa thaa kii vaha unakaa prashansak haye, tou way sochenge kii vaha samlaingik haih "loga maan lenge kii aggar aapke paas niki yuu koo samarpit ack puuraa prashansak prishth haye tou aap samlaingik hain. aur rapp/sangeet udyog abhee taka samlaingik purushon koo bilkul naheen banaaya yaa sweekaar naheen kiya haye. 17 juuna, 2020 koo, minaz ney naas koo jawab dete hue tweet kiya, "yeh thodaa sting thaa jaba aapane ack barb honey seey incar kiya, lekin main samajhata huun. apana sach bolane key liye apana aatmavishvaas badhaane key liye badhaai. lill naas ney minaz seey maafi maangate hue kahaa kii unhein "bahut buraa lagaa, ummeed haye kii aap merey incar koo naheen dekhenge. @nasmarai khaate kaa ullekh baad mein newyork times patrika key ack lekh mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pahaadi koo "harr jaagane kaa ghanta online bitaane, @nasmaraj key roop mein tweet karane" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. ise "sunn gos down" key sangeet video mein bhee sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, joe lill naas aiks key kaee sanghrshon koo ack bund kishore key roop mein badey hotey hue aur apani kamukta koo galey lagaate hue dikhaata haye; vaha hyee school mein "nasiraj" naamak ack khaate seey tweet karate hue dekhaa jaataa haye, jisake boll "aaee bee baay dha phone, stanning niki morning intu donn" hain. varsh 2018 mein kissy samay, hill safalata key maarg key roop mein sangeet parr utaraa, aur apani almari mein geet likhana aur record karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone lill naas aiks naam apanaaya, joe rapper naas koo ack shraddhanjali haye. 24 julaai, 2018 koo, lill naas ney apana pahala mixtep "nasrati" soundcloud parr jaari kiya, halanki ise tatkaal prasiddhi key saath praapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa; copyrite sangharsh key kaaran "old town road" key jaari honey key turant baad "nasrati" koo streaming sevaaon seey hataa diyaa jaayega aur isaliye kabhi bhee mahatvapurna karshan praapt naheen hoga. octuber 2018 key anta mein, unhone usa taal koo sunaa joe "puraane shahar kii sadak" bunn jaayegi. 2018-2019: "old town road" aur "7" key saath safalata. 3 disambar, 2018 koo, lill naas aiks ney desh kaa rapp geet "old town road" jaari kiya. unhone beat-selling platform beatstars parr geet key liye beat koo dutch nirmaata yangkiyo seey $30 mein kharida; yeh unake chhathe studio album "ghosts aaee-iv" (2008) seey nau inch key nakhun 'track "34 ghosts IV" kaa namuna haye. unhone ack ghante seey bhee cumm samay lete hue ack "vinamra" atlanta studio, sinkoyo mein unake "$20 mangalwar" parr record kiya. laghu-roop video soshal media ticktock upayogkartaon dwara uthaaye jaane seey pahale lill naas aiks ney "puraane shahar kii sadak" koo badhaava dene key liye meem banaana shuru curr diyaa. ticktock apane 50 karod vaishvik upayogkartaon koo "antaheen nakal" karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye, jisamen video aamtaur parr usee sangeet kaa upayog karke pratiyaan utpann karate hain; "aip kii samagri kaa ugra manthan...viral sangeet hitt key liye ack shaktishali ushmaayak key roop mein kaary kartaa haye."lill naas aiks ney anuman lagaaya kii unhone ise badhaava dene key liye lagbhag 100 meem banaae; ticktock parr #yeehaw challenge meem key kaaran 2019 kii shuruat mein yeh geet viral hoe gayaa. laakhon upayogkartaon ney rangler yaa cougerl key roop mein taiyar apane video post kiye, jinamen seey adhikansh #yeehaw video apane soundtrack key liye geet kaa upayog karate hain; julaai 2019 taka, unhein 67 million seey adhik baar dekhaa gayaa haye. soshal media seey judey ack anya mukhya darshak bachche hain joe vayask shrotaon key aankadon mein chhipe hue hain. quartz.comm kaa kahana haye kii yeh geet nishchit roop seey jansankhyikiya key liye apani safalata kaa hissa haye, aur nott kartaa haye kii way geet key dohrao, gaane mein aasaan honey aur ghodon aur tractors kii sawari key baare mein boll kaa upayog karane key liye aakarshit hain, jisase bachche sambandhit hoe sakate hain. yeh "billboard" hott 100 chart parr 83 number parr shuru huaa, baad mein number ack parr chadh gayaa. track ney hott country songs chart parr number 19 parr aur hott aar aind bee/hip-hopp songs parr number 36 parr bhee shuruat kii. ack "teevra bolly yuddh" key baad, lill naas aiks ney march 2019 mein columbia record key saath hastakshar kiye. "billboard" ney march 2019 mein hott country songs chart seey vivadaspad roop seey geet koo hataa diyaa jisamen "rolling stone" kahaa gayaa thaah robbert christgau kii raay mein, "desh key chart seey 'puraane shahar kii sadak' koo hataana mujhe naslavaadi shuddh aur saral key roop mein prabhaavit kartaa haye, kyonki desh kaa radio naslavaadi banaa rahata haye, chaahe vaha darius rakar aur caine braun hoe."ack anya" billboard "key pravakta ney pratibha koo bataaya," billboard "key desh key chart seey geet koo hataane key faisale kaa kalakar kii daud seey koee lena-denaa naheen thaa."mukhya deshi geeton key chart seey hataae jaane key bavjood, geet" "billboard" "key country airplay chart parr chart kiya gayaa, 53 parr debue kiya, aur 50 parr pahunch gayaa. pratikriya mein, soney music nashville see. ee. oh. randy goodman ney" "billboard" "koo bataaya kii unaki team ney kuchh deshi radio baajaron mein geet kaa pareekshan karna shuru curr diyaa, aur kahaa kii" "ise naa dekhana laparwahi hogi. maee 2019 mein, deshi sangeet sanskriti mein naslavaad key mudde phir seey saamane aae jaba rangler ney apane lill naas aiks sangrah kii ghoshana kii, aur kuchh upbhoktaon ney bahishkaar kii dhamki dee. media outlets ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii yeh geet deshi sangeet aur americi seema yug donon seey african-amerikiyon key aitihaasik saanskritik unmoolan kii or dhyaan dilaata haye. deshi sangeet starr billy ray cyrus koo aprail 2019 mein "old town road" key remix mein dikhaaya gayaa, joe kaee mein seey pahala haye. usee maheene, lill naas aiks ney sabse adhik yuu key liye drake kaa record toda diyaa.aiss. 11 aprail koo samaapt saptah key liye 143 million stream key saath ack saptah mein ack geet kii dhaaraaen, drack kii "inn maaee sentigues" koo paar curr gaee, jisaki julaai 2018 mein ack saptah mein 116.2 million stream thee; agast 2019 taka yeh akele spotify parr ack arab seey adhik natakon koo stream curr chuka haye. maee 2019 mein, video jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur agast 2019 taka, 370 million seey adhik baar dekhaa gayaa haye. nbc news key michael arsenox ney likhaa, "soshal media yug mein, lill naas aiks yakinan pahala micro-platform crossover starr haye." "panini" koo 20 juuna, 2019 koo lill naas aiks key dusare ekal key roop mein columbia record key madhyam seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa. iska naam animated television shrinkhala "chauder" mein isi naam key kaalpanik cabit bhalu key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, aur yeh usee naam key sandwich koo sandarbhit naheen kartaa haye. sitambar 2019 key madhya mein "panini" kaa pahala remix rapper daabi key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa. lill naas aiks ney 21 juuna, 2019 koo "7" sheershak seey apana pahala vistaarit naatak jaari kiya. ee. pee. ney "billboard" 200 chart parr dusare number parr shuruat kii. 23 juuna, 2019 koo, lill naas aiks ney 2019 key daanv puraskaron mein cyrus key saath pradarshan kiya. 30 juuna koo, lill naas aiks ney duniya key sabse badey greenfield utsav, yuke key vaarshik glastenbury utsav mein apani antarrashtriya shuruat kii, jaba unhone aur billy ray cyrus ney ack aashcharyajanak upasthiti darj karaai aur bee. bee. see. parr rashtriya star parr dekhe gaye sett mein "panini" ekal pradarshan karane seey pahale geet key liye mylie cyrus mein shamil hoe gaye. usee dinn, lill naas aiks sabse adhik dikhaai dene vaale kaale samlaingik purush gayakon mein seey ack bunn gaye jaba way samlaingik key roop mein saamane aae. yeh desh mein ack kalakar aur hip hopp shailiyon key liye vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna thaa, joe donon hii yantravaad aur "aitihaasik roop seey asweekrit samlaingik kalakaron" parr jore dete hain. hip hopp mein kaale samlaingik purush kalakaron kii mukhyadhara kii sweekriti 2012 mein "channel orange" key jaari honey seey thheek pahale frank ocean key aaney key saath shuru hui thee. "rolling stone" ney julaai kii shuruat mein teen lill naas aiks geeton key saath "rolling stone" sheersh 100 kaa premiere kiyaah cardy bee key saath "rodio" nauvein number parr; "panini" chaar parr; aur "old town road" chart parr pahale number key geet key roop mein. 19 agast, 2019 koo, lill naas aiks ney apane karmchaariyon key liye apani prime day cell manaane key liye aayojit ack sangeet karyakram amezan mein ketty perry key liye khola. 2020-2022: "montero". 7 julaai, 2020 koo, lill naas aiks ney khulasa kiya kii unakaa pahala album "lagbhag samaapt" hoe gayaa thaa. unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii vaha ack mixtep parr kaam curr rahey they, aur nirmaataon koo apane nae sangeet key liye apani taal prastut karane key liye aamantrit kiya. 8 navambar, 2020 koo, unhone ack nae ekal, "holiday" kii ghoshana kii, joe 13 navambar koo release huaa thaa. roblocks parr, khel kii avtaar dukaan mein lill naas aiks-sambandhit vastuon key saath, lill naas aiks key ekal koo badhaava dene key liye ack aabhaasi sangeet karyakram aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. ekal ney "billboard" hott 100 parr 37 parr shuruat kii, jabaki geet key sangeet video ney release key pahale kaee hafton key bheetar laakhon baar dekhaa. janwari 2021 mein, unhone bachchon kii ack pustak, "see ijj forr country" kaa vimochan kiya. agale maheene, unhone ack super baul ell. vee. vigyaapan mein apane nae geet, "montero (mujhe apane naam seey bulaao)" kaa purvavlokan kiya. yeh geet aadhikarik taur parr 26 march, 2021 koo ack sangeet video key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa. usee dinn, lill naas aiks ney khulasa kiya kii unake pahale album kaa naam "montero" hoga, aur yeh 2021 key madhya mein jaari kiya jaayega. video ney kadee pratikriyaon koo prerit kiya. iss geet koo kaee logon ney vichitrata kii ack moolyavaan abhivyakti key roop mein dekhaa, halanki pramukh roodhivaadi aur isai hastiyon ney lill naas aiks parr apavitrata aur shaitan kii pooja kaa aarop lagaaya. vivaad key bavjood, "montero (mujhe apane naam seey bulaao)", "billboard" hott 100 parr pahale number parr aaya, joe lill naas aiks kaa doosara chart-topping ekal aur teesara sheersh-duss ekal bunn gayaa. 29 march, 2021 koo, lill naas aiks ney newyork sthit kalaa saamoohik aim. aiss. aich. aff. key saath saajhedaari kii, taaki naiki air max max kii ack sanshodhit jodee jaari kii jaa sakey jise shaitan key joote kahaa jaataa haye, jise "montero (mujhe apane naam seey coll karein)" key vimochan koo badhaava dene key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale sangeet video mein shaitan key pairon parr dekhaa jaa sakata haye. joote kaale aur laal rung key hotey hain aur ack kansya pentagram hotaa haye, joe "60 cc aur maanav rakt kii 1 boond" seey bharaa hotaa haye. kewal 666 jode 1,018 dollar kii keemat parr banaae gaye they. naiki ney kahaa kii way jooton key nirmaan aur prachaar mein shamil naheen they aur lill naas aiks yaa mshf key sandeshon kaa samarthan naheen karate they. company ney newyork sanghiya adalat mein aim. aiss. aich. aff. key khilaf ack trademark mukadama daayar kiya. 1 aprail koo nyayadhish ney praarambhik nishedhagya key lambit rahane taka jooton kii bikri aur vitaran koo avaruddh karane kaa ack asthaayi pratibandh adesh jaari kiya. lill naas aiks ney tweeter parr ack meem key saath mukadame kaa jawab diyaa, jisamen khud koo ack chor, beghar aur paise maangane vaale charitra key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. baad mein, unhone "industry bebi" geet key liye ack prastaavana video jaari kiya, joe ack nakali "naiki banaam naiki" koo prastut kartaa haye. lill naas aiks "supreme court mein mukadama, jisake dauran loga samlaingik honey key liye gaayak kii ninda karane seey pahale shaitan key jooton parr charcha karate hain. apane pichhale geet aur isake prachaar key aspas key vivaadon key baad, lill naas aiks ney 21 maee, 2021 koo adhik aatmanireekshan ekal "sunn goj down" jaari kiya, jisamen vaha badmashi key saath apane sanghrshon aur apani parvarish mein apani samalaingikta key saath aaney parr pratibimbit kartaa haye. unhone ack dinn baad "shaniwar kii raat live" mein "montero (mujhe apane naam seey bulaao)" key saath geet kaa pradarshan kiya, jahan unhein ack poul dance rutein key dauran almari mein kharabi kaa saamana karna padaa jaba unaki patloon kii silai vibhajit hoe gaee, jisase vaha ise thheek seey khatm karane mein asamarth hoe gaye. 29 juuna koo, lill naas ney apane pahale album kaa ack prachaar video post kiya, jiska anta "montero, dha album" key saath huaa. unhone "industry bebi" naamak pahale seey chidhaaya gayaa track kaa ack ansh bhee post kiya. yeh geet 23 julaai koo ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen rapper jack harlo kii visheshta thee, jiska nirmaan cannie west ney kiya thaa aur ack dinn kii yatra lii thee. yeh geet "billboard" hott 100 parr dusare number parr aaya aur 23 octuber, 2021 key anta saptah key liye chart parr pahale number parr pahunch gayaa, joe lill naas aiks kaa chautha sheersh-duss ekal aur teesara number ack bunn gayaa. 17 sitambar, 2021 koo, "montero" koo isake chauthe ekal key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa, "yahee main chaahata huun. 23 octuber, 2021 koo, lill naas aiks ney electronic dezzy carnival laas vegas mein diplo key sett parr ack aashcharyajanak upasthiti darj karaai. upasthiti key dauran unhone "udyog bebi", "montero (mujhe apane naam seey bulaao)", aur "old town road" kaa pradarshan kiya. 26 aprail, 2022 koo unhone apane pahale sangeet karyakram daure, lambe samay taka chalane vaale montero daure kii ghoshana kii. yeh daura "montero" key samarthan mein thaa aur sitambar 2022 mein shuru huaa aur janwari 2023 taka chalaa. 2023: agami doosara studio album. 16 march, 2022 koo, lill naas aiks apane antaral seey laute, aur apane "lagbhag samaapt" nae album key dou geeton koo chidhaaya, "lait too daa party" mein yuva ladke kii visheshta phir kabhi naheen tooty, aur "down soof hose" mein sossy santana kii visheshta thee. unhone "merey shareer parr jhukein" track kaa purvavlokan bhee post kiya. 24 juuna, 2022 koo, lill naas aiks ney "lait too daa party" jaari kiya, aur baad mein tweeter key madhyam seey spasht kiya kii yeh "ack pramukh ekal naheen thaa. lill naas aiks ney kahaa kii album "kuchh majedar hoga, garmiyon key liye kuchh, ladkiyon key liye taiyar honey aur party karane key liye kuchh". apane "long live montero tour" mein, lill naas aiks ney apane tatkalin aprakaashit ekal starr walkin aur "down soof hose" key parichay kaa pradarshan kiya. 15 sitambar, 2022 koo, video game leag off legends key developers, danga khelon ney ack press vigyapti key madhyam seey 2022 leag off legends vishva championship key liye lill naas aiks key saath sahyog kii ghoshana kii, jahaan unhone unhein "leag off legends kaa adhyaksh" bhee ghoshit kiya, jise kotaku key patrakaar isaiya colbert ney ack prachaar stunt kahaa. tournament key liye gaan, "starr walkin", 22 sitambar koo ack animated sangeet video key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 5 navambar koo tournament key udghaatan samaroh mein geet kaa pradarshan kiya. isake alawa, lill naas aiks dwara saha-design kiye gaye khel mein ack khelane yogya charitra key liye ack custom poshak navambar mein asthaayi roop seey upalabdh karaai jaayegi. 19 octuber, 2022 koo, lill naas aiks ney ack atirikt pahale seey naa sunee gaee kavita key saath "down soof hose" kii shuruat karane key liye apane daure parr sausi santana koo aamantrit kiya. 17 march, 2023 koo, lill naas aiks ney apane lolapoloza chilly pradarshan key dauran geet key parichay kaa ack vistaarit naatak kiya. sangeet shally aur prabhaav. lill naas aiks kii sangeet shally koo popp rapp, hip hopp, country rapp, trap, popp rock, popp aur rock key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. vaha ell. jee. bee. tii. kyu. kalakaron koo frank ocean aur teller, nirmaata koo prerana key roop mein aur "merey liye jahan main huun vahaan aaraam seey honah aasaan banaane key liye shreya detaa haye."lill naas aiks ney apane sabse badey prabhaavon mein seey kuchh key roop mein niki minaz, ketty perry, drake, millie cyrus aur doja catt kaa bhee hawala diyaa haye. 2019 mein unhone kahaa, "main internet seey badaa huaa huun, isaliye meraa prabhaav sangeet key roop mein sabhi jagah seey aataa haye."vaha andrey 3000, kendrick lamar, kidd cudy aur lill uzi verts jaise hip hopp kalakaron koo sunkar badey hue. prabhaav. lill naas aiks kii safalata ney unhein rung kaa pahala vyakti aur pahali khule taur parr samlaingik kalakar banane key liye prerit kiya jise "forbes" dwara apani vaarshik sabse adhik bhugtan vaale desh key krityon kii soochi mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa. caine burns, jinhone pee. bee. aiss. vrittachitra "country music" kaa nirmaan kiya, ney kahaa, montero (mujhe apane naam seey bulaao)" key liye sangeet video key jaari honey key baad, kaee outlets ney lill naas aiks key "bejod roop seey vichitra" drishyon kii prashansa kii. "vividhata" aadam bee. veraj ney likhaa kii video ney "kweer sangeet kalakaron key liye sub kuchh badal diyaa", yeh dekhate hue kii kuchh lgbt kalakar jaise jonathan night off dha nyu kids onn dha block aur lens baas off ensink ney mahilaaon key baare mein gaaya, jabaki elton johnn aur rickie martin jaise anya logon ney spasht roop seey apani kamukta key baare mein naheen gaaya. unhone poul dance sahit yaun kalpana koo apani samalaingikta koo chhipaane kii aavashyakta key binaa, madona yaa genet jackson kii chhaviyon koo ujagar karane key roop mein varnit kiya. geet aur sangeet video key liye nakaratmak swaagat koo "loss angils times" aur "wies" dwara ack shaitani dahashat koo darshaane key roop mein darshaaya gayaa thaa aur lokpriya sangeet itihas key pichhale kshanon kii tulanaa mein, jisamen 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein jaiz sangeet koo "dha devils music" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, johnn lennon kii 1966 key ack sakshatkar mein tippani thee kii beatles "yeeshu seey adhik lokpriya" they, backmasking aarop, maataa-pitaa key sangeet sansaadhan kendra kaa "gandi pandrah", "prarthana kii tarah" key liye madona kaa sangeet video, "judas" aur "alegendro" key liye lady gaaga key sangeet video, aur 54 vein vaarshik grammy puraskaron mein "roman holiday" key niki minaz key pradarshan. saarvajanik chhavi. lill naas aiks koo unake saarvajanik fashion key liye jaanaa jaataa haye; julaai 2019 mein, "vog" ney lill naas aiks koo apane roop aur instagram parr couboy saundarya koo ack glam look dene mein "master" key roop mein nott kiya. unake stylist, hodo moosa kaa kahana haye kii unakaa lakshya una vastuon key liye haye joe "bijli, khel-kood, rangeen aur bhavishya kii hain."2019 aim. tii. vee. video sangeet puraskaron mein apane munch parr dekhane key liye unhone ack couboy motif cherry-redd nagna soot pahana thaa. rangler, jiska ullekh "old town road" key bolon mein kiya gayaa haye, lagaatar lill naas aiks koo-branded fashion seey bick rhaa haye. 62vein vaarshik grammy puraskaron key liye lill naas aiks ney kaee paridhan pahane they, jinamen gulabi harness key saath ack sir seey pair taka kaa fashion fucia versus soot shamil thaa, jise banaane mein 700 ghante lagey they. julaai 2020 mein, lill naas aiks ney rihana kii sunder sundarta dwara ack naee twacha dekhbhal line key liye ack trailer video mein model kiya. agast 2021 mein, lill naas aiks ney ack instagram post parr tippani kii kii "naah haye twackin" tonny hock key baare mein skateboard bechane key baare mein pent key saath chitrit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen uska khoon thaa. yeh agale kuchh dinon key liye ack viral ghatana bunn gaee. 2022 mein, 64vein vaarshik grammy puraskaron mein apane pradarshan key dauran, baar-baar apane jananangon koo pakadane aur apane microphone koo apane crotch key kendra mein rakhane aur ise chaaron or ghumaane key liye unaki aalochana kii gaee thee, yeh naatak karate hue kii upkaran unakaa ling thaa. maee 2023 mein, lill naas aiks ney kewal silver boddy pent, ack thong aur oonchi aidee key platform key joote pahankar mett gaalaa mein bhaag liya, jisamen unakaa chehra sfatikon seey dhakaa huaa thaa. unakaa roop divangat german fashion icon carle lazerfeld kii billi chaupet seey prerit thaa. julaai 2023 mein, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii lill naas aiks una chaar logon mein seey ack thaa jinhen pulis ney oslo mein ack pramukh surang key madhyam seey ee-scooter kii sawari karane key liye norwey mein rokaa thaa. vyaktigat jeevan. baahar aaa rhaa haye. juuna 2019 kii shuruat mein, lill naas aiks apani bahan aur pitaa key paas aaya aur usane mahsoos kiya kii "brahmand usey aisaa karane kaa sanket dey rhaa thaa", usaki anishchitata key bavjood kii usake prashansak usake saath rahenge yaa naheen. 30 juuna, 2019 koo, garv maheene key antim dinn, lill naas aiks saarvajanik roop seey samlaingik key roop mein saamane aaya. unake tweet ney pahale key sandehon kii pushti kii jaba unhone pahali baar apane track track mein iska sanket diyaa. "rolling stone" ney geet koo "" swachchh honey, badey honey aur apane aap koo galey lagaane jaise vishayon koo chhoota haye. agale dinn unhone phir seey tweet kiya, iss baar apane ee. pee. "7" key aavaran kalaa parr indradhanush rung kii imarat koo ujagar karate hue, caption key saath "dedas socha maine ise spasht curr diyaa". kaee dinon baad "bee. bee. see. nashte" parr ack sakshatkar mein unhone spasht roop seey kahaa kii vaha samlaingik they aur samajhate hain kii unaki kamukta koo desh yaa rapp sangeet samudaayon mein aasaani seey sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye. iss khabar parr pratikriya jyaadaatar sakaratmak thee, lekin soshal media parr badee matra mein homophobic pratikriya bhee millie, jiss parr lill naas aiks ney bhee pratikriya dee. hip hopp samudaay seey bhee pratikriya aaee, jisane hip hopp sanskriti mein homophobia kii or dhyaan aakarshit kiya. janwari 2020 mein, rapper paadari troi ney grammy awards key dauran pahane gaye lill naas aiks key paridhan parr homophobic tippaniyan keen, jiss parr lill naas aiks ney jawab diyaah "dhikkaar haye kii main bhagwan parr usa tasveer mein achchha lugg rhaa huun." janwari 2023 mein, lill naas aiks ney apane yaun abhivinyas key baare mein ack nayaa bayaan tweet kiya, jisamen likhaa thaa, "[vaastavik roop seey] aggar mujhe lagata kii main thodaa ubhayalingi huun tou aap sabhi mujh parr pagal hoe jaayenge. agale dinn, unhone tweet kiya, "yeh meraa aakhiri baar thaa jaba main vaadaa kartaa huun kii main apani almari seey baahar aaa rhaa thaa. dharm. lill naas aiks ney sitambar 2021 mein kahaa kii vaha ack samay parr naastik they, lekin abb "brahmand key sandarbh mein ack bahut hii aadhyatmik vyakti hain, sub kuchh kaise kaam kartaa haye." uplabdhiyaan. lill naas aiks koo dou grammy puraskar, paanch billboard sangeet puraskar, paanch mtv video sangeet puraskar, dou bett hip hopp puraskar, dou ihartradio sangeet puraskar aur dou americi sangeet puraskaron sahit kaee puraskaron kaa praaptakarta haye. unhein geetkaar holl off fame dwara haal david starlite puraskar key sabse cumm umr key sammaanit vyakti key roop mein bhee sammaanit kiya gayaa haye. lill naas aiks 62vein vaarshik grammy puraskaron mein sabse adhik namankit purush kalakar they, jahan unhone antatah sarvshreshth sangeet video aur sarvshreshth popp jodee/samooh pradarshan key liye puraskar jeete. lill naas aiks ack deshi sangeet sangh puraskar jeetane vaale pahale khule taur parr lgbt ashwet kalakar hain aur varsh key geet key liye mtv video sangeet puraskar jeetane vaale pahale khule taur parr lgbtq vyakti hain. 2021 mein, vaha kendrick lamar aur teller swift key baad teesare kalakar bunn gaye, jinhone ack video key liye varsh key video key liye ack aim. tii. vee. video sangeet puraskar jeetaa, jise unhone saha-nirdeshit kiya-"montero (mujhe apane naam seey coll karein)". lill naas aiks ney "billboard" hott 100 chart parr teen number-vann ekal ank praapt kiye. julaai 2019 kii shuruat mein, "old town road" ney "billboard" 100 parr sheersh sthaan parr apana 13vaan saptah hassil kiya, aisaa karane vaalaa pahala hip hopp geet bunn gayaa. yeh sheersh sthaan parr rahate hue 10 million pratiyaan bechane vaalaa pahala geet bhee haye. sheersh parr apane 15vein saptah mein, lill naas aiks pahale khule taur parr samlaingik kalakar bunn gaye jinake paas ack geet lambe samay taka chalaa, elton johnn key 1997 double aeye-side koo peechhe chhodate hue-jahaan record key donon pakshon koo hitt key roop mein prachaarit kiya jaataa haye, "wind mein candle 1997"/"aaj raat aap jiss tarah seey dekhate hain usake baare mein kuchh. 19 saptah mein number ack parr, lill naas aiks ney 1958 mein chart pahali baar pesh kiye jaane key baad seey sabse adhik hafton kaa record banaaya haye., geet ney hott aar aind bee/hip-hopp geet chart mein 19 saptah kaa chart bhee banaaya haye; joe teen-tarfa tyee record koo todata haye. 19 saptah mein hott rapp geeton key chart mein sheersh parr geet ney teen-tarfa tyee bhee kiya haye. navambar 2019 taka, geet koo diamond pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa, ack sanyukt bikri aur streaming 10 million ikaaiyon koo sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. "time ney unhein 2019 mein internet parr 25 sabse prabhaavshaali logon mein seey ack key roop mein naamit kiya, unake" "soshal media parr vaishvik prabhaav" "aur" "samachar chalaane kii samagr kshamata" "key liye. 2020 mein, unhein 30 under 30 soochi mein "forbes" mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. 2021 mein, vaha duniya key 100 sabse prabhaavshaali logon kii "time" 100, time kii vaarshik soochi mein dikhaai diye. 1 sitambar, 2021 koo, traver pariyojana ney ghoshana kii kii lill naas aiks apane udghaatan aatmahatya roktham adhivakta varsh puraskar kaa praaptakarta haye. dyscography. studio album

lill naas ex montero lamar hill (janana april 9,1999), tanna ranganama lill naas ex () ninda prasiddhanaagiddu, obba american rapar, gayaka mattu geetarachanaakaara. aata tanna kantri raap single "old town road" bidugadeyondige pramukhyateyannu galisidaru, idu yuu. esnalli 19 vaaragala kaala nadeyitu.ess. "billboard" hott 100 chaart, 1958 ralli chaart praarambhavaadaagininda athi hecchu kaala chaalaneyalliruva number one haadaagide. haadu hott 100 ralli agrasthaanadalliruvudarinda, lill naas ex salingakamigalagi horabandaru, number one record hondiruva ekaika kalaavidaraadaru. old town road" naa yashassina nantara, lill naas ex avaru "7" emba shirshikeya tamma chocchala vistruta naatakavannu bidugade maadidaru, idu "panini" aidane sthaanadalli mattu "rhodeo" (cardy bii athawa naasnannu olagonda) hott 100 ralli 22 neey sthaanadalliddu, avara modala studio album, "montero" (2021), pattiyalli agrasthaanadalliruva singles "montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu karey)" mattu "industry bebi" (jack harlo olagonda) mattu agra hattu single "duts waat aii want" ninda bembalitavagide mattu 64 neey varshika grammy prashastigalalli varshada albumge naamanirdeshanagonditu. tanna dhairyashali vichitra drashyagalu mattu samajika madhyamada upasthitige hesaruvasiyada lill naas ex, eradu grammy prashastigalu, aidu jaahiraatu phalaka sangeeta prashastigalu, aidu mtv video sangeeta prashastigalu, eradu bett hip hop prashastigalu, eradu ihartradeo sangeeta prashastigalu mattu eradu american sangeeta prashastigalu seridante halavaaru prashastigalannu padediddaare. aatanige haal david starlite prashastiya atyanta kiriya gaurava vijetaragiyoo gitarachanakaarara haal off fame prashasti niidide. "old town road" 17 pattu platinum sthaanamaanadondige united statesnalli eradane athi hecchu pramanikruta haaduyaagide. avaru 2020 ralli "forbes" 30 under 30 pattiyalli mattu 2021 ralli vishvada 100 atyanta prabhavashali vyaktigala "time" naa varshika pattiyalli sthana padediddaare. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. montero lamar bettavu georgiyada lithia springsonalli april 9,1999 randu janisidanu. avanige mitsubishi montero hesarannu idalaagide. aata aaru varshadavanagiddaga aatana poshakaru vichchedana padedaru mattu aata tanna taayi mattu ajjiyondige atlaantaada bank head nerehoreyalli bank head court vasati yojaneyalli nelesidaru. mooru varshagala nantara, aata suvaarte gaayakanaada tanna tandeyondige nagarada uttaradalliruva austelge sthalaantaragondanu. aarambhadalli horadalu hinjariyuttiddaroo, nantara avaru adannu ondu pramukha nirdhaaravendu pariganisidaru, "atlaantaadalli tumba ketta sangatigalu nadeyuttive-naanu alliye ulidukondiddare, naanu tappu gumpinondige beeluttidde."avaru" "meemgalu tammade aada manaranjane rupavagalu praarambhisida samayadalliye antarjaalavannu hecchu balasalu praarambhisidaru"; avaru 13 varshadavaragiddaga. avaru tamma hadihareyada varshagala hecchina bhagavannu ekangiyagi kaledaru, mattu antarjaalakke, visheshavaagi tweeterge tirugidaru, idu avara nirastrikaranada buddhivantike mattu pop-samskrutiya tiluvalikeyannu torisuva meemgalannu rachisitu."tanna hadihareyada varsagalalli aata salingakami endu tannannu taanu bahirangapadisikollalu henagaaduttiddanu; idu kevala ondu hantavendu aata praarthisidanu, aadare sumaru 16 athawa 17rahra sumaarige aata adannu sweekarisalu bandanu. avaru nalkane taragatiyalli tutturiyannu nudisalu praarambhisidaru mattu tamma kiriya unnata varsagalalli modala adhyaksharaagiddaru, aadare coole aagi kanisikolluva bhayadinda toredaru. hill avaru lithia springs proudhashaaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru, allinda avaru 2017 ralli padavi padedaru. nantara avaru paschima georgia vishvavidyaalayakke serikondaru, allie avaru computer vijnaanadalli majer aadaru, aadare nantara sangeeta vrattijeevanavannu munduvarisalu ondu varshada nantara kaibittaru. ee samayadalli, avaru tamma sahodariyondige tangiddaru mattu joxby restorentgalalli mattu georgia theem parkna aaru dhvajagalalli udyogagalondige tammannu taavu pooshisikondaru. 2019rahra septembernalli aata tamma proudhashaaleyannu maruparisheelisi acchariya sangeeta kacheriyannu niididaru. vrattijeevana. 2015-2017: antarjaalada vyaktitva. tanna hadihareyada varsagalalli taanu "vargada horagina chatuvatikegalinda" tannannu taanu pratyekisikollalu praarambhiside endu hill helidaru. avaru tamma kelasavannu uttejisalu antarjaalada vyaktitvavagi phaalovargalannu nirmisuva bharavaseyalli anlinelli hecchina samayavannu kaledaru, aadare srujanasheelavaagi enannu kendrikarisabekendu khachitavagiralilla. rolling stone" sandarshanavondaralli avaru, "naanu facebook haasya veediyogalannu maaduttidde, nantara naanu instagramge hode, mattu nantara naanu tweeternalli hoope maadide... allie naanu nijavagiyoo guruvaagidde. naanu viral agabahudada modala sthala adhu."aata facebook mattu vainnalli kiru-svaroopada haasya veediyogalannu saha post maadiddaare. newyork" niyatakaalikeya tanikheya prakara, ee avadhiyalli, avaru "@nasmaraj" emba hesarina ondu khaateyannu olagondante tweeternalli nikki minaz fyaan khategalannu rachisidaru mattu nadesidaru endu varadiyagide. 2017ralli, ee khaateyu dashboard application tweet deck annu balasikondu tweeternalli janapriyagolisalaada tanna flash fiction-sailiya samvadatmaka "sanniveshada elegalinda" gamana seledide. tanikheyu "tweet decking" abhyasakke athawa kelavu tweetgalu krutakavagi viral aguvante maadalu sahayogadondige aneka khategalannu balasuvudarondige @nasmaraj annu link maadide. spam nitigalannu ullanghisiddakkagi" tweeter, @nasmaraj khaateyannu amanatugoliside. newyork" niyatakaalikeya tanikheyu, "aidi1" annu amanatugolisida nantara, aata taruvaaya "aidi2" handle hondiruva hosa khaateyannu teredaru mattu aaa samayadalli aatana prastuta tweeter khaateyu aaa "aidi2" khaateya maru uddeshita aavruttiyaagiddu, handle badalaagittu endu tirmaanisitu. madhyama varadigalu lill naas ex annu minaz abhimanigala khategalige link maadida nantara, avaru varadigalannu "tappu tiluvalike" endu karedaru, khategalannu nadesuttiruvudannu parinamakariyagi nirakarisidaru. aadaagyoo, mayee 2020 ralli, lill naas ex avaru tweetnalli, minaz avara abhimaaniyendu wappikondaru. taanu adannu eke nirakarisidenendu aata aarambhadalli vivarisuttaa, taanu aakeya abhimaaniyendu janarige tilididdare, aata salingakami endu avaru bhavisuttareh "neevu nikki yuu aarr salingakaamige misalaagiruva sampoorna abhimani putavannu hondiddare janaru bhavisuttare. mattu raap/sangeeta udyamavu innoo salingakami purusharannu nikharavaagi nirmisilla athawa sweekarisilla. zoon 17,2020 randu, minaz avaru naasege pratikriyisi, tweet maadidaru, "neevu barb endu nirakarisidaga idu swalpa kutuku aagittu, aadare nanage arthavaguttade. nimma satyavannu maatanaaduva nimma aatmavishvaasavannu belesiddakkagi abhinandanegalu ". nanna nirakaraneyannu neevu noduvudilla emba aashayadinda tumba kettadaagi bhavisiddene" endu heli, lill naas minajge kshameyachisidaru. prati echcharavaada ganteyannu anlinelli kaleyuttaa, tweet madutta" endu hill vivarisida "" newyork times niyatakaalikeya lekhanadalli "" @nasmarai khaateyannu nantara ullekhisalaagide ". idannu "sunn gose down" emba sangeeta veediyodalli ullekhisalaagide, idu lill naas ex avara hadihareyadavalaagi beledu tanna laingikateyannu sweekarisuva aneka horatagalannu torisuttade; avaru proudhashaaleyalliddaaga "nasmiraj" emba khaateyinda tweet maaduttiruvudu kandubaruttade, "aii will bii bye dhii phone, stanning nikki marning tuu daan" play. 2018rahra varshadalli, hill sangeetavannu yashassina haadiyaagi praarambhisidaru mattu tamma kapaatinalli haadugalannu bareyalu mattu dhwanimudrana maadalu praarambhisidaru. aata rapper nasge gaurava sallisuva lill naas ex emba hesarannu alavadisikondaru. julai 24,2018 randu, lill naas tanna modala mixtape "nasarati" annu soundcloudnalli bidugade maadidaru, aadaroo idu takshanada khyatiyondige sweekarisalilla; kritiswamya sangharshadindaagi "old town road" bidugadeyaada koodale "nasarati" annu streaming sevegalinda tegeduhaakalaayitu mattu aaddarinda endigoo gamanarha akarshaneyannu galisalilla. october 2018 rahra koneyalli, avaru "old town road" aagaliruva beat annu kelidaru. 2018-2019: "haleya pattana raste" mattu "7" nondige pragati. december 3,2018 randu, lill naas ex kantri raap haadu "old town road" annu bidugade maadidaru. avaru beat-selling platform beatstargalalli dutch nirmaapaka yangkio avarinda $30kke haadina beat annu anaamadheyavaagi khareedisidaru; idu avara aarane studio album "ghosts aii-aivi" (2008) yinda ombattu inchina ugurugala track "34 ghosts IV" annu maadari maaduttade. avaru sinkoyoda "vinamra" atlanta studiyodalli avara "$20 mangalavaara" dalli ondu gantegoo kadime samaya tegedukondaru. laghu-roopada video samajika madhyama tictock balakedaararu adannu tegedukolluva modalu "haleya pattana raste" yannu uttejisalu lill naas ex meemgalannu rachisalu praarambhisidaru. tictock tanna 500 dasalaksha jagatika balakedararannu "antyavillada anukarane" ge proothsaahisuttade, veediyogalu samanyavagi adhe sangeetavannu balasikondu pratigalannu utpaadisuttave; "application vipareeta vishayada manthana"...viral sangeeta hitgalige prabala incubator aagi kaaryanirvahisuttade."lill naas ex avaru adannu prachara maadalu sumaru 100 meemgalannu maadiddaare endu andajisiddare; tiktaknalli #yeehaw challenge meemnindaagi ee haadu 2019 rahra aarambhadalli viral aayitu. lakshaantara balakedaararu tamma dhwanipathakkagi haadannu balasuva hecchina #yeehaw vidiyogalondige, rangler athawa cougerl vesha dharisida veediyogalannu post maadiddaare; julai 2019 rahra hottige, avugalannu 67 dashalakshakku hecchu baari nodalaagide. samajika madhyamadondige besedukondiruva mattondu pramukha prekshakaru endare vayaska kelugara ankiamshagalalli adagikondiruva makkalu. quartz.ee haadu khanditavaagiyoo adara yashassina ondu bhagavannu janasankhyege niidabeekaagideyendu com heluttade, mattu ee haadu punaraavartitavaagiruvudke, hadalu sulabhavaagiruvudakke mattu makkalu sambandhisabahudaada kuduregalu mattu tractorgala sawari bagge saahityavannu balasuvudakke avaru akarshitaragiddare endu tippani maaduttade. idu "billboard" hott 100 chartnelli 83 neey sthaanadalli paadaarpane maaditu, nantara modala sthanakke airitu. ee haadu hott kantri haadugala pattiyalli 19neey sthaanadalli mattu hott aarr & bii/hip-hop haadugalu 36neey sthaanadalli paadaarpane maadidavu. "tivravaada bidding yuddha" dha nantara, march 2019ralli columbia recordsnondige sahi haakida lill naas ex. "billboard" march 2019ralli hott kantri haadugala pattiyalli "rolling stone" endu heli haadannu vivaadaatmakavaagi tegeduhaakituh robbert christgou avara abhiprayadalli, "halligaadina pattiyinda 'haleya pattanada rasteyannu' tegeduhaakuvudu nanage janangiya suddha mattu saralavendu toruttade, ekendare halligaadina radeo darius rakkargalu mattu caine broungalannu lekkisade janangiyavagi ulidide."mattobba" "jaahiraatu phalaka" "dha vaktaararu," "halligaadina pattiyinda haadannu tegeduhaakuva jaahiraatu phalakada nirdharakkoo kalaavidana otakkoo yaavude sambandhavilla"."mukhya halligaadina haadugala pattiyinda tegeduhaakalpattiddaroo, ee haadu" "billboardne kantri airplay chartnelli" "sthana padedide, 53 neey sthanakke paadaarpane maaditu mattu 50 neey sthanakke airitu. pratikriyeyagi, sooni music nashville sii. ii. oo. randi goodman" "billboard" "ge tamma tandavu kelavu halligaadina radeo marukattegalalli haadannu parikshisalu praarambhiside endu helidaru," "adannu nodadiruvudu nirlakshya" "endu helidaru". 2019rahra mayee tingalalli, halligaadina sangeeta samskrutiyalli varnabheda neetiya samasyegalu matte bandaaga, rangler tanna lill naas ex sangrahavannu ghoshisidaga, mattu kelavu grahakaru bahishkaarada bedarike haakidaru. halligaadina sangeeta mattu american gadi yugada african-americannara aitihaasika saamskrutika alivinatta ee haadu gamanavannu seleyuttade endu madhyamagalu gamanisive. halligaadina sangeeta taare billi ray siras avaru april 2019 ralli "old town road" naa remixonalli kanisikondaru, idu halavaaru remixgalalli modalaneyadu. adhe tingalu, lill naas ex athi hecchu yuu galisida drakena daakhaleyannu muridaru.ess. april 11kke konegonda vaaradalli 143 million streamgalondige ondu vaaradalli ondu haadina streamgalu, julai 2018ralli ondu vaaradalli 116.2 million streamgalannu hondidda drekna "inn mye sentings" annu meeriside; august 2019rahra velege idu spotify wandaralle ondu billion natakagalannu stream maadide. 2019rahra mayee tingalalli, veediyovannu bidugade maadalaayitu mattu 2019rahra august velege, 370 dashalakshakku hecchu vikshanegalannu hondide. enbc nyusna micheal arsenox barediddaare, "samajika madhyama yugadalli, lill naas ex vaadayogyavaagi modala micro-platform crossover starr aagide." "panini" annu zoon 20,2019 randu columbia records moolaka lill naas exna eradane single aagi bidugade maadalaayitu. idannu animated duradarshana sarani "chouder" nalli adhe hesarina kaalpanika cabit karadia hesarannu idalaagide mattu adhe hesarina sandwitch annu ullekhisuvudilla. 2019rahra september madhyadalli "panini" tanna modala remix annu rapar daabaabiyondige bidugade maaditu. 2019rahra zoon 21randu, "7" emba shirshikeya tamma chocchala vistruta naatakavannu lill naas ex bidugade maadidaru. ee ii. pii. yuu "billboard" 200 pattiyalli eradane sthaanadallittu. zoon 23,2019 randu, 2019 rahra panta prashastigalalli lill naas ex sairasnondige pradarshana niididaru. zoon 30randu, lill naas ex avaru vishvada atidodda greenfield utsavavaada yukeya varshika glastenbury utsavadalli tamma antararashtriya chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, avaru mattu billi ray siras aashcharyakaravaagi kanisikondaru mattu bbc yalli rashtriya mattadalli kandubaruva setnalli "panini" ekavyakti pradarshana needuva modalu, haadige millie sirasge seridaru. adhe dina, lill naas ex avaru salingakamigalagi horabandaaga atyanta gocharavaada kappu kweer purusha gayakaralli obbaraadaru. idu deshada kalaavidarige mattu hip hop prakaaragalige visheshavaagi mahatvaddagittu, iveradoo mechismo mattu "aitihaasikavaagi tiraskaragonda kweer kalaavidaru" ge ottu niiduttave. hip haapnallina kappu kweer purusha kalaavidaru mukhyavahiniya sweekaaravannu hondiddu, 2012ralli "channel arrange" bidugadeyaguva swalpa modalu fraank ocean bidugadeyaguvudarondige vaadayogyavaagi praarambhavaayitu. "rolling stone" "julai aarambhadalli mooru lill naas ex haadugalondige" "rolling stone" "top 100 annu prathama pradarshana madituh ombattane sthaanadalli cardy bii yondige" "rhodeo"; nalkane sthaanadalli "" panini "; mattu pattiyalli modala baarige modalaneya sthana padeda haadu" "old town road". " august 19,2019 randu, tanna udyogigalige adara prime day sale annu acharisalu ayojisidda sangeeta kacheriyalli keti perrigaagi lill naas ex annu tereyalaayitu. 2020-2022: "montero". 2020rahra julai 7randu, lill naas ex tamma chocchala album "bahuteka poornagondide" endu bahirangapadisidaru. avaru mixtepnalli kelasa maaduttiddaarendu helidaru mattu tamma hosa sangeetakkaagi tamma beetgalannu sallisalu nirmaapakarannu aahvaanisidaru. november 8,2020 randu, avaru hosa single, "holiday" annu ghoshisidaru, idu november 13 randu bidugadeyaayitu. robloxenalli, aatada avataara angadiyalli lill naas ex-sambandhita vastugalondige, lill naas ex single annu prachara maadalu virtual sangeeta kacheriyannu nadesalaayitu. ee ekageeteyu "billboard" hott 100ralli 37neey sthaanadalli paadaarpane maaditu, aadare haadina music video bidugadeyaada modala halavaaru vaaragalalli hattaaru million vikshanegalannu sangrahisitu. 2021rahra janavariyalli, avaru "sii ees phaar kantri" emba makkala pustakavannu bidugade maadidaru. mundina tingalu, avaru tamma hosa haadu, "montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu kareyiri)" annu suuper baul elvi jaahiraatinalli purvavikshane maadidaru. ee haadannu adhikrutavaagi march 26,2021 randu sangeeta vidiyodondige bidugade maadalaayitu. adhe dina, lill naas ex tanna chocchala albange "montero" endu hesaridalaaguvudu mattu adhu 2021rahra madhyabhaagadalli bidugadeyagalide endu bahirangapadisidaru. video balavaada pratikriyegalannu prerepisitu. ee haadannu anekaru vichitrateya amoolya abhivyaktiyagi nodidaru, aadaroo pramukha sampradaayavaadi mattu christian vyaktigalu lill naas ex annu apavitrate mattu devvada aaradhaneya aaropa maadidaru. vivaadada horataagiyoo, "montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu karey)", "billboard" hott 100ralli modala sthaanakkeritu, idu lill naas exna eradane chaart-top single mattu moorane top-tenn single aayitu. march 29,2021 randu, lill naas ex newyork moolada art saamuhika emshhf jote paaludaarike hondiddu, saitana bootugalu endu kareyalpaduva maarpadisida jodie naik air max 97 galannu bidugade maadidaru, idannu "montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu karey maadi)" bidugadeyannu uttejisalu balasuva sangeeta veediyodalli saitanana padagalalli kaanabahudu. bootugalu kappu mattu kempu bannadalliddu, kanchina pentagram annu hondiddu, "60 sisi mattu 1 honey manava rakta" dinda tumbiruttave. kevala 666 jodigalannu $1,018 belege tayaarisalaayitu. avaru bootugala rachane mattu prachaaradalli bhagiyagilla mattu lill naas ex athawa emshhf sandeshagalannu anumodisalilla endu naik helide. kampaniyu newyork federal nyaayaalayadalli emshhf viruddha trademark mokaddameyannu hooditu. april 1randu, nyayadhisharu praathamika tadeyaagne baruvavarege bootugala marata mattu vitaraneyannu nirbandhisuva taatkaalika nirbandhada aadeshavannu horadisidaru. ee mokaddamege pratikriyisida lill naas ex, tweeternalli tannannu taanu nirgatika, niraashrita mattu hana keluva patravendu torisuva ondu lekkapatradondige pratikriyisidaru. nantara, avaru "industry bebi" haadina munnudi veediyovannu bidugade maadidaru, idu nakali "naik versus" annu pradarshisuttade. sarvochcha nyaayaalayadalli 'lill naas ex' vichaarane, ee samayadalli janaru gayaka salingakami endu khandisuva modalu saitanana bootugalannu charchisuttare. tanna hindina haadu mattu adara prachaarada suttalina vivaadagala nantara, lill naas ex 2021rahra mayee 21randu hecchu atmavalokanada ekageeteyaada "sunn gose down" annu bidugade maadidaru, idaralli aata tanna belevanigeyalli tanna salingakaamavannu edurisuva mattu bedarisuva horatagalannu pratibimbisuttaane. avaru ondu dinada nantara "shaniwara ratri neraprasaaradalli" "montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu karey)" jotege haadannu pradarshisidaru, allie avaru pole dance vaadikeya samayadalli avara pantna seam vibhajaneyaadaaga wardrobe asamarpaka kaaryavannu anubhavisidaru, idarindaagi avarige adannu sariyagi poornagolisalu sadhyavagalilla. zoon 29randu, lill naas tamma chocchala albumna prachaarada veediyovannu post maadidaru, adannu "montero, dhii album" endu konegolisidaru. avaru ee hinde tease maadalaada "industry bebi" emba haadina tunukannu saha post maadiddaare. ee haadannu julai 23randu ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalaayitu, idaralli rapar jack harlo iddaru, idannu canye west nirmisidaru mattu take aa day trip maadidaru. ee haadu "billboard" hott 100ralli eradane sthaanadalli paadaarpane maaditu mattu 2021rahra october 23rahra koneya vaaradalli pattiyalli modala sthaanavannu talupitu, idu lill naas exna nalkane agra hattu ekageete mattu moorane number one aayitu. september 17,2021 randu, "montero" bidugadeyaayitu, adara nalkane ekageeteyondige, "adanne naanu bayasuttene". october 23,2021 randu, electronic daisi corneval laas vegasnalli diploda setnalli lill naas ex achchariyaagi kanisikondaru. ee pradarshanada samayadalli avaru "industry bebi", "montero (nannannu nimma hesarininda kareyiri)" mattu "old town road" annu pradarshisidaru. april 26,2022 randu, avaru tamma modala sangeeta kachheri pravaasavaada long live montero pravaasavannu ghoshisidaru. ee pravaasavu "montero" ge bembala needitu mattu september 2022 ralli praarambhavaagi janavari 2023 ravarege nadeyitu. 2023: mumbaruva eradane studio album. march 16,2022 randu, lill naas ex tanna viraamadinda hindirugidanu mattu tanna "bahuteka purnagonda" hosa aalbamninda eradu haadugalannu, "late tuu daa party" yaya chikka huduga matte endigoo muriyalilla, mattu sassie santana hondiruva "down souf hose" annu tease maadidanu. avaru "nanna dehavannu avalambisi" haadina poorvavikshaneyannu saha post maadiddaare. zoon 24,2022 randu, lill naas ex "late tuu daa party" annu bidugade maaditu mattu nantara idu "pramukha single alla" endu tweeter moolaka spashtapadisitu. ee album "vinodadaayakavaaddu, besige kaalakke enaadaroo, hudugiyaru siddaragalu mattu party maadalu enaadaroo" endu lill naas ex helidaru. tanna "long live montero pravaasa" dalli, lill naas ex avaru aaga bidugadeyagada ekavyakti starr walking mattu "down soof hose" naa parichayavannu niididaru. september 15,2022 randu, video game leigh off legendsna abhivardhakaraada raayit games, 2022 rahra leigh off legends vishwa champiyanshipgagi lill naas exna sahayogavannu patrika prakataneya moolaka ghoshisitu, allie avaru avarannu "leigh off legendsna adhyaksharu" endu ghoshisidaru, idannu kootaaku patrakarta isaiah colbert publicity stunt endu karedaru. pandyavaliya geete, "starr walking" annu september 22 randu animated music vidiyodondige bidugade maadalaayitu. november 5randu nadeda pandyavaliya udghatana samaarambhadalli avaru haadannu haadidaru. hechchuvariyagi, lill naas ex saha-vinyaasagolisida aatadalli aadabahudaada patrakkagi custom udupannu novembernalli tatkalikavagi labhyavaguvante maadalaaguvudu. october 19,2022 randu, ee hinde kelirada hechchuvari padyadondige "down soof hose" naa parichayavannu pradarshisalu lill naas ex avaru tamma pravaasakke sousi santaanaavannu aahvaanisidaru. march 17,2023 randu, lill naas ex avaru tamma lollapoloza chilly pradarshanada samayadalli haadina parichayada vistruta naatakavannu pradarshisidaru. sangeetada shaili mattu prabhaavagalu. lill naas ex avara sangeeta sailiyannu pop raap, hip hop, kantri raap, trop, pop rock, pop mattu rock endu vivarisalaagide. avaru elgibiticu kalaavidaraada fraank ocean mattu srushtikarta tailor avarannu sphurti endu mattu "naanu aramavagi iruva sthalavannu sulabhagolisiddakkagi" avaru prashamsisuttaare."lill naas ex, nikki minaz, catty perri, drake, millie siras mattu doja catt annu tanna kelavu dodda prabhavagalendu ullekhisuttaane. 2019ralli avaru, "naanu antarjaaladinda belediddene, aaddarinda nanna prabhaavagalu sangeetada drashtiyinda elledeyindaloo baruttave."avaru andrey 3000, kendrick lamar, kid cudy mattu lill uji vartnantaha hip hop kalavidarannu kelutta beledaru. parinama. lill naas exna yashassu aatanannu varnada modala vyakti mattu forbes tanna varshika athi hecchu sambhavane padeyuva kantri acts pattiyalli patti maadida modala bahiranga salingakami kalavidanagalu kaaranavaayitu. pbs sakshyachitra "kantri music" annu nirmisida kenn burns, gamanisidante, montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu kareyiri)" gaagi sangeeta video bidugadeyaada nantara, halavaaru maligegalu lill naas ex avara "nirlajjavagi vichitra" drushyagaligaagi prashamsisidavu. "vaividhya" aadam bii. ee video "kweer sangeeta kalaavidarige ellavannoo badalaayiside" endu reven barediddaare, kelavu elgbt kalaavidaru udaaharanege jonathan nait off nyoo kids aun dhii block mattu launs baas off encinc closset agiddaga mahileyara bagge haadidaru, aadare elton zaan mattu rickie martin avarantaha itararu tamma laingikateya bagge spashtavagi hadalilla. pole dance seridante laingika chithranavu tanna salingakaamavannu maremachuva agatyavillade madonna athawa johnet jackson avara chitragalannu prachodisuttade endu avaru bannisidaru. haadu mattu sangeeta veediyoge nakaaraatmakavaada svagatavu "laas angelies times" mattu "vais" ninda saitanana bhitiyannu vivarisuttade mattu janapriya sangeeta itihaasada hindina kshanagalige holisidare, jaajh sangeetavannu 20 neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli "devvada sangeeta" endu ullekhisalaagide, 1966 rahra sandarshanadalli beatles "jeesasginta hecchu janapriyavagide" endu zaan lennon avara helike, backmasking aaropagalu, poshakara sangeeta sampanmoola kendrada "kolaku hadinaidu", praarthaneyante madonna avara sangeeta video, "judas" mattu "alejandro" gaagi lady gaagaada sangeeta veediyogalu mattu 54 neey varshika grammy prashastigalalli "roman holiday" yaya nikki minaz avara pradarshana. saarvajanika chitrana. lill naas ex avara saarvajanika fasiongalige hesaruvasiyagiddare; julai 2019 ralli, kaubay soundaryakke avara notadalli mattu instagramnalli akarshaka notavannu needuvalli "wog" lill naas ex avarannu "master" endu gurutiside. avara vinyaasaka, hodo moosa, avaru "vidyut, tamaasheya, varnaranjita mattu bhavishyada vastugalannu" guriyagirisikondiddare endu heluttaare."2019rahra emm. tii. vii. video sangeeta prashastigalalli tamma vedikeya notakkagi avaru kaubay motifna cherry-redd nudi suit annu dharisiddaru. old town road" saahityadalli ullekhisalaada rangler, lill naas ex saha-brand fyaashangalinda nirantaravagi maaraatavaagide. 62neey varshika grammy prashastigaligaagi, laal naas ex avaru taleyinda kaalinavarege udupu dharisuva fusia versus suit annu olagondante halavaaru battegalannu dharisiddaru, idannu nirmisalu 700 gantegalu bekayitu. julai 2020 ralli, hill naas ex rihannah avara fenty beauty hosa charmada aaraikegaagi trailer veediyodalli roopisidaru. august 2021 ralli, tonny hock tanna raktavannu hondiruva bannadinda chithrisida skatebordgalannu marata maaduva bagge instagram postnalli "naa hii tweakin" endu lill naas ex comment maadidaru. idu mundina kelavu dinagalavarege viral vidyamaanavaayitu. 2022ralli, 64neey varshika grammy prashastigalalli tamma pradarshanada samayadalli, tamma jananangagalannu padhe padhe hididukondu, tamma microphone annu tamma cratchna madhyabhaagadalli irisi, adannu suttaloo tugadutta, aaa saadhanavu tamma shishnavendu natisiddakkagi teekege guriyaadaru. 2023rahra mayee tingalalli, lill naas ex avaru belliya deha banna, thong mattu ettarada himmady platform bootugalannu maatra dharisi, tamma mukhavannu rainstongalinda mucchikondu mett galadalli bhagavahisiddaru. avara notavu diwangata german fashion aikaan carle loggerfeldn catt choupetteyinda sphurti padedide. 2023rahra julainalli, osloda pramukha surangada moolaka ii-skootargalannu odisiddakkagi norweyalli polisaru tadeda nalvaralli lill naas ex obbarendu varadiyagide. vaiyaktika jeevana. horabaruttaare. 2019rahra zoon aarambhadalli, lill naas ex tanna sahodari mattu tandeya balige bandanu mattu tanna abhimanigalu tannondige antikolluttaareye athawa illave emba anishchitateya horataagiyoo, "brahmaandavu haage maadalu tannannu soochisuttide" endu avanu bhavisidanu. zoon 30,2019 randu, hemmeya tingala koneya dinavaada, lill naas ex saarvajanikavaagi salingakami endu horabanditu. avara tweet avaru tamma "sii7sosar" tracknelly idannu modalu soochisidaaga hindina anumaanagalannu drudhapadisidaru. "rolling stone" "haadannu" "svachchavaagi baruvudu, beleyuvudu mattu obbara aatmavannu svikarisuvantaha vishayagala mele sparshisuttade". marudina avaru matte tweet maadidaru, ee baari tamma ap "7" naa cover artnalli malebillina bannada kattadavannu highlite maadidaru, shirshikeyondige "dedas naanu adannu spashtapadisiddene endu bhaviside". halavaaru dinagala nantara "bbc belagina upahara" dalli needida sandarshanadalli aata taanu salingakami endu heli, tanna laingikateyannu desha athawa raap sangeeta samudaayagalalli sulabhavaagi svikarisalaaguvudilla endu arthamadikondiddane. ee suddige pratikriyeyu hechchaagi sakaaraatmakavaagittu, aadare samajika madhyamadalli hecchina pramanada salingakaamada himbaditavannu galisitu, idakke lill naas ex saha pratikriyisidaru. hip hop samudaayadindalu saha hinnadegalu bandavu, idu hip hop samskrutiyalli homophobiadatta gamanavannu seleyitu. 2020rahra janavariyalli, rapar padri troy avaru grammy prashastigala samayadalli dharisidda udupina bagge homophobic kaamentgalannu maadidaru, adakke lill naas ex pratikriyisidaruh "devara mele aaa chitradalli naanu chennagi kaanuttiddene." janavari 2023 ralli, lill naas ex tanna laingika drashtikonada bagge hosa helikeyannu tweet maadi, "naanu swalpa ubhayalingi endu bhavisidare neevellaroo nanna mele koopagolluttiri" endu barediddaare. marudina, avaru tweet maadidaru, "naanu bharavase needida kapatannu horabaralu idu nanna koneya baari". dharma. lill naas ex avaru september 2021 ralli "ondu hantadalli" naastikaraagiddaru, aadare eega "brahmandada drashtiyinda bahala aadhyaatmika vyaktiyagiddare, ellavoo hege kaaryanirvahisuttade." sadhanegalu. eradu grammy prashastigalu, aidu billboard sangeeta prashastigalu, aidu mtv video sangeeta prashastigalu, eradu bett hip hop prashastigalu, eradu ihartradeo sangeeta prashastigalu mattu eradu american sangeeta prashastigalu seridante aneka prashastigalannu lill naas ex padediddaare. aatanige haal david starlite prashastiya atyanta kiriya gaurava vijetaragiyoo gitarachanakaarara haal off fame prashasti niidide. 62neey varshika grammy prashastigalalli hecchu namanirdeshanagonda purusha kalaavidanaagidda lill naas ex, allie avaru antimavagi atyuttama sangeeta video mattu atyuttama pop jodie/gumpu pradarshanakkagi prashastigalannu geddaru. lill naas ex avaru kantri music association prashastiyannu gedda modala bahiranga ell. zii. bii. tii. kappu kalavidaragiddare mattu varshada haadugaagi emm. tii. vii. video sangeeta prashastiyannu gedda modala bahiranga ell. zii. bii. tii. kyu. vyaktiyagiddare. 2021ralli, kendrick lamar mattu taylor swift nantara, avaru saha-nirdeshisida video-"montero (nimma hesarininda nannannu karey maadi)" gaagi varshada veediyogaagi mtv video sangeeta prashastiyannu gedda moorane kalaavidaraadaru. billboard" hott 100 chartnelli lill naas ex mooru number one singles galisidaru. 2019rahra julai aarambhadalli, "old town road" tanna 13neey vaaravannu "billboard" 100ralli agrasthaanadalli sadhisi, haage maadida modala hip hop haadaayitu. idu agrasthanadalliddaga 10 dasalaksha pratigalu maaratavaada modala haadu kooda aagide. adara 15neey vaaradalli, lill naas ex elton jaanna 1997rahra double aa-side annu hindikki, haadannu dirghakaala ulisikonda modala bahiranga salingakami kalaavidaraadaru-allie daakhaleya eradoo badigalannu hitt endu prachara maadalaaguttade, "candle inn dhii wind 1997"/"neevu indu ratri kaanuva vidhaanada bagge enaadaroo". 19 vaaragala modala sthaanadalli, 1958ralli ee pattiyannu modala baarige parichayisidaagininda athi hecchu vaaragala daakhaleyannu lill naas ex hondiddaare., ee haadu 19 vaaragala hott aarr & bii/hip-hop haadugala pattiyalli agrasthaanadallide; mooru-reetiyalli tye daakhaleyannu muriyitu. 19 vaaragalalli hott raap haadugala pattiyalli agrasthaanadalliruva ee haadu mooru-maargagala samabalavannu saha meeriside. november 2019 rahra hottige, ee haadu diamond pramanikarisalpattitu, ottu maaraatavannu hechchisitu mattu 10 million yunitgalannu streaming maaditu. "time" "avara" "samajika madhyamada mele jagatika prabhaava" "mattu" "suddigalannu nadesuva ottare saamarthyakkaagi" "avarannu 2019 ralli antarjaalada 25 atyanta prabhavashali vyaktigalalli obbarendu hesarisitu". 2020ralli, avarannu "forbes" 30 under 30 pattiyalli hesarisalaayitu. 2021ralli, avaru vishvada 100 atyanta prabhavashali vyaktigala time 100rahra varshika pattiyalli kanisikondaru. september 1,2021 randu, trevor yojaneyu lill naas ex tanna arambhika atmahatye tadegattuva varshada vakilara prashastiyannu sweekariside endu ghoshisitu. discography. studio aalbangalu

lill naas ex oru american rapper gayakan gaanarachayithaavumaan lill naas ex () enna steju naamatthil ariyappedunna montero lammer hill (jananam epril 9,1999). 19 aazhcha yuu. esile ettavum mikacha rapp gaanamaya "ooldu taunn rooad" purathirangiyathiloode addeham prashasthiyilekku uyarnnu.ezz. "1958ll chart aarambhichathinusesham ettavum kooduthal kaalam onnaam sthaanathirunna gaanamaayi "billboard" hoott 100 chart maari. eee gaanam 100-aamm sthaanathaayathinaal, lill naas ex swavarggaanuraagiyaayi puratthuvannu, onnaam nambar record ulla oreyoru kalakaaranaayi. ooldu taunn roadinte" vijayathethudarnnu, lill naas ex thante aadya extended play puratthirakki, "7" enna peril, ithu rund singles geyimukalkku kaaranamaayi, "panini" anchaam sthaanathethi, "rodeo" (cardy bii allengil naasine avatharippikkunna) hoott 100 ll 22-aamm sthaanathethi. addehathinte aadya studiyo aalbamaaya "montero" (2021), chartle onnaamathethiya singles "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)", "industry bebi" (jacq harlo avatharippikkunna), topp-tenne single "dattu dattu aii vaatt" enniva pinthunaykkukayum 64-aamath vaarshika grammy avaardukalil aalbathinte aalbathin naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum cheythu. dheeramaaya vichitramaaya drishyangalkkum soshyal media saannidhyathinum peruketta lill naas ex rund grammy avaardukal, anchu billboard music avaardukal, anchu emtv viidiyoo music avaardukal, rund bettu hip hoopp avaardukal, rund ihartradio music avaardukal, rund american music avaardukal ennivayulppede niravadhi amgeekaarangal nediyittundu. haal david staarlaitt avaardile ettavum praayam kuranja bahumathiyayi gaanarachayithaav haal oof faim addehathinu puraskaaram nalkiyittundu. "17 madangu plaattinam padaviyulla "ooldu taunn rooad" amerikkayile ettavum uyarnna certified gaanangalil randaam sthaanathaanu. 2020ll forbes 30 under 30 pattikayilum 2021ll lokathile ettavum swaadheenamulla 100 perude vaarshika pattikayilum addeham sthaanam nedi. aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum. 1999 epril 9 nuu jorjiyayile lithia springsil montero lammer hill janichu. mitsubishi monteroyude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. aarr vayassullappol maathaapithaakkal vivaahamochanam nedukayum atlaantayile bankhead ayalpakkathulla bankhead court housing projakttil ammaykkum muthashikkumoppam thaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. moonnu varshathinu sesham, suvishesha gayakanaaya pithavinoppam addeham nagarathinu vadakku austalilekku thamasam maari. thudakkathil pookaan vimukhatha kaanichenkilum, pinneedu addeham athine oru pradhana theerumaanamaayi kanakkakki, "atlaantayil valareyadhikam kuzhappangal nadakkunnundu-njaan avide thaamasichirunnenkil, njaan thettaaya janakkoottathil veezhumaayirunnu."meemukal avarude swantham vinoda roopamaayi marran thudangiya samayathaan addeham internettu valareyadhikam upayogikkaan thudangiyathu"; ekadesham 13 vayassullappol. kaumaarapraayatthil kooduthal samayavum addeham ottaykkaayirunnu chelavazhichathu, internettilekku thirinju, prathyekichu twittar, addehathinte niraayudheekarana budhiyum poppu-samskaara vaidagdhyavum kaanikkunna meemukal srishtichu."kaumaarapraayatthil swavarggaanuraagiyaayi svayam purathuvarunnathumaayi addeham budhimuttunnathu kandu; ithu oru ghattam maathramaanennu addeham praarthichu, pakshe 16 allengil 17 oode addeham athu sweekarikkaan vannu. naalam classil ninnu kahalam vaayikkaan thudangiya addeham juuniyar hier varshangalil onnaam sthaanathaayirunnuvenki sundariyaayi kaanapedumenna bhayam moolam addeham athu upekshichu. hill lithia springs haiskoolil chernnu, avide ninnu 2017 ll birudam nedi. thudarnnu vestt jorjia sarvakalashaalayil chernnu, avide addeham computer sayansil birudam nedi, ennaal pinneedu oru varshathinusesham sangeetha jeevitam thudaraan upekshichu. eee samayat, addeham thante sahodariyodoppam thaamasikkukayum saxbyude restorantukalilum jorjia theem paarkkin mukalilulla aarr pathaakakalilum jolie cheyth svayam paripalikkukayum cheythu. 2019 septambaril addeham thante haiskool sandarshichu oru surprise kacheri nadatthi. currier. 2015-2017: internettu vyakthithvam. kaumaarapraayatthil "classinu purathulla pravarthanangalil" ninnu svayam ottappedaan thudangiyennu hill paranju. thante pravartthanatthe prolsaahippikkunnathi oru internettu vyakthithvamenna nilayil oru pholoverse srishtikkaamenna pratheekshayil addeham oonlainil dhaaraalam samayam chelavazhichu, pakshe srishtiparamaayi enthaanu shradha kendreekarikkendathenna urappillaayirunnu. oru "rolling stoon" abhimukhathil addeham paranju, "njaan facebook komadi veediyokal cheiyukayaayirunnu, thudarnnu njaan instagraamilekku maari, thudarnnu njaan tvittaril hoopp cheythu... njaan sarikkum oru maasttar ayirunna sthalam. enikku vairalakaan kazhinja aadya sthalam athaayirunnu."addeham facebookilum wine vazhiyum hraswa formet komadi veediyokalum poost cheythu. newyork" maasikayude anweshanam anusarichu, eee kaalayalavil addeham tvittaril "@nasmaraj" enna perulla oru nikki minaj phaan akkoundukal srishtikkukayum nadathukayum cheythathayi reportund. 2017ll, dashboard aapp tweetdeck upayogichu tvittaril janapriyamaakkiya flash fiction shailiyilulla samvedanaathmaka "sinario threadukal" eee akkoundu shradha nedi. tweet decking" enna sambradaayavumaayi allengil chila tweettukal krithrimamaayi vairalakkaan onniladhikam akkoundukal upayogikkunnathumaayi @nasmaraj bandhippicha anweshanam. spam nayangal lamghicha" kaaranam @nasmaraj akkoundu twittar thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivachu. aidi1" suspended cheythathinushesham, "newyork" maasikayude anweshanathil addeham pinneedu "aidi2" handle upayogichu oru puthiya akkoundu thurannuvennum aaa samayat addehathinte nilavile twittar akkoundu aaa "aidi2" akkoundinte punarnirmmicha pathippayirunnuvennum kandethi. maadyama reportukal lill naas ex-neey minaj phaan akkoundukalumaayi bandhippichathinethudarnna, addeham eee reportukale "thettidhaaranayaayi" visheshippikkukayum akkoundukal nadathiyirunnuvennu phalapradamaayi nishedhikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 2020 meyy maasathil, lill naas ex oru tweettil minaajinte aaraadhakanaanennu sammathichu. thaan aadyam athu nirasichathinte kaaranam addeham vishadeekarichu, thaan avalude aaraadhakanaanennu aalukalkk ariyaamenkil, avar avane swavarggaanuraagiyaanenna karuthumennu paranju "ningalkk nikki yuu aarr geey enna peril oru muzhuvan phaan pejum undaayirunnengil aalukal anumanikkum. rapp/sangeetha vyavasaayam ithuvare swavarggaanuraagikalaaya purushanmaare krithyamaayi nirmmikkukayo sweekarikkukayo cheythitilla. 2020 juun 17 nuu minaj nassinode prathikarichu tweet cheythu, "ningal oru barb aanennu nishedhichappol athu alppam stingaayirunnu, pakshe enikku manassilaakunnu. sathyam parayaanulla aathmavishwaasam valarthiyathinu abhinandanangal ". ente nishedham ningal kaanillenn prathekshikkunnu, valare moshamaayi thonni" ennu paranju lill naas minajinode kshama chodichu. unarunna oro manikkoor oonlainil chelavazhichu @nasmaraj ennu tweet cheythathayi" hill visheshippicha oru newyork times maasika lekhanathil @nasmarai akkoundu pinneedu paraamarsikkappettu. sann gose daun" enna sangeetha veediyoyilum ithu paraamarshikkappedunnu, ithu lill naas ex oru adanja kaumarakkaaranaayi valarukayum laingikatha sweekarikkukayum cheiyunna niravadhi poraattangal kaanikkunnu; haiskoolil padikkumbol "nasmiraj" enna akkoundil ninnu "aii bii bye dhaa phoon, nikki morning tuu doonn" enna gaanarachanayayi addeham tweet cheiyunnathu kaanam. 2018ll orikkal, hill vijayathilekkulla oru paathayaayi samgeethathil ethi, thante alamarayil pattukal ezhuthaanum record cheyyaanum thudangi. rapper naasinulla aadarasoochakamaayi addeham lill naas ex enna peru sweekarichu. 2018 juulai 24 nuu, lill naas thante aadyathe mixtape "nasarati" soundcloudil puratthirakki, athu udanadi prashasthi labhichillengilum; pakarppavakasha vairudhyam kaaranam "ooldu taunn rooad" purathirangiyathinushesham udan thanne "nasarati" streaming sevanangalil ninnu neekkam cheyyappedum, athinaal orikkalum kaaryamaaya traction nedilla. 2018 october avasaanathode, "ooldu taunn rooad" aayi maarunna beett addeham kettu. 2018-2019: "ooldu taunn rooad", "7" ennivayumaayi munnettam. 2018 desember 3 nuu, lill naas ex "ooldu taunn rooad" enna naadan rapp gaanam puratthirakki. dutch nirmmathaavaaya yangkiyoyil ninnu beett-selling plaattfomaaya beetstaarsil anjjaathamaayi addeham beett vaangi; avarude aaraamathe studiyo aalbamaaya "goosts aii-aivi" (2008) ll ninnulla ombathu inch nails track "34 goosts IV" sample cheiyunnu. sincoyoyile oru "vinayaanvitha" atlaanta studiyoyil avarude "$20 chovvaazhchakalil" oru manikkooril thaazhe samayameduthu addeham record cheythu. hraswa-roopa viidiyoo soshyal media tick toock upayokthaakkal edukkunnathinu munbu "ooldu taunn rooad" prolsaahippikkunnathi lill naas ex meemukal srishtikkaan thudangi. tictock athinte 500 dasalaksham aagola upayokthaakkale "ananthamaaya anukaranathilekku" prothsaahippikkunnu, veediyokal saadhaaranayaayi ore samgeetham upayogichu pakarppukal srishtikkunnu; "aaplikkeshante ulladakkathinte bhranthamaaya marnn"...vairal music hitukalkkulla sakthamaaya inkubettaraayi ithu pravartthikkunnu."lill naas ex kanakkaakkiyath addeham ithu pracharippikkunnathinaayi 100 oolam meemukal nirmmichathaayi; tick tokkile #yeehaw chalanchu meeme kaaranam 2019 nte thudakkathil gaanam vairalayi. dasalakshakkanakkinu upayokthaakkal rangler allengil kaugel aayi vasthram dharicha veediyokal poost cheythu, mikka #yeehaw veediyokalum avarude sountraakkinaayi gaanam upayogikkunnu; 2019 joolaiyile kanakkanusarichu, avaa 67 dashalakshathiladhikam thavana kandu. muthirnnavarude shrothaakkalude sthithivivarakkanakkukali maranjirikkunna kuttikalaanu soshyal mediayumaayi bandhapetta mattoru pradhana prekshakar. quarts.eee gaanam theerchayaayum athinte vijayathinte oru bhagam janasamkhyaashaasthrathinu kadappettirikkunnuvennu coom parayunnu, koodaathe paatt aavarthikkaanum oppam paadaan eluppamullathum kuttikalkk bandhappedutthaan kazhiyunna kuthirakaleyum tractorukaleyum oodikkunnathinekkurichu varikal upayogikkunnathum avare aakarshikkunnuvenn kurikkunnu. parasyaboard" hoott 100 chartle 83-aamm sthaanathaanu ithu arangettam kurichathu, pinneedu onnaam sthaanathekku kayari. 19-aamm nambaril hoott kantri gaanangalude chartilum 36-aamm nambaril hoott aarr & bii/hip-hoopp gaanangalilum eee track arangettam kurichu. oru "theevramaaya lelayudhathinu" sesham, 2019 maarchil columbia recordukalumaayi lill naas ex oppuvachu. "billboard" vivaadaparamaayi 2019 maarchil hoott kantri gaanangalude chartle ninnu "rolling stoon" ennu paranju gaanam neekkam cheythu roobert christagoyude abhipraayathil, "kantri chartle ninnu 'ooldu taunn rooad' edukkunnathu enne vamseeya shudhavum lalithavumaanennu thonnunnu, kaaranam kantri radio darius rakkarmaarum keyne brounukalum pariganikkathe vamsheeyamaayi thudarunnu."mattoru" "parasyaboard" "vakthaav geniousinode paranju," "naadan chartle ninnu gaanam neekkam cheyyaanulla parasyabordinte theerumaanathinu kalakarante oottavumaayi yaathoru bandhavumilla"."pradhana naadan gaanangalude chartle ninnu neekkam cheyyapettittum," "parasyabordinte" "kantri airplay chartle chart cheyyappetta gaanam 53-aamm sthaanathethi, 50-aamm sthaanathethi. prathikaranamaayi, soony music naashville ceo randy goodman" "parasyabordinodu" "thante team chila raajya radio vipanikalil gaanam pareekshikkaan aarambhichathayi paranju," "athu nokkaathirikkuka ennathu ashradhamaayirikkum". 2019 meyy maasathil rangler thangalude lillu naas ex shekharam prakhyaapichappol naadan sangeetha samskaarathile vamsheeyathayude prasnangal veendum uyarnnuvannu, chila upabhokthakkal bahishkarikkumennu bheeshanippedutthi. naadan samgeethathil ninnum american athirthi kaalaghattatthil ninnum aafrikkan-amerikkakkaarude charitraparamaaya saamskaarika maaychukalayalilekku eee gaanam shradha kendreekarikkunnuvennum maadyamangal abhiprayappettu. kantri music staar billie reey sairas 2019 eprilil "ooldu taunn rooad" enna remixil prathyakshappettu, ithu niravadhi remixukalil aadyathethaanu. athe maasam thanne, ettavum kooduthal yuu enna draakkinte record lill naas ex thakarthu.ezz. 2018 joolaiyil oraazhchaykkullil 116.2 dasalaksham streamukal undaayirunna dreykkinte "inn mye censities" neey marikadannu epril 11 nuu avasaanicha aazhchayil 143 dasalaksham streamukalulla oru paattil ninnulla streamukal; 2019 august vare ithu spotifyil maathram oru bilyaniladhikam play stream cheythittundu. 2019 meyy maasathil viidiyoo purathirangukayum 2019 august vareyulla kanakkanusarichu 370 dashalakshathiladhikam kaazhchakkaarund. enn. bii. sii nyoosinte maikkal arsenox ezhuthi, "soshyal media yugathil, lill naas ex aadyathe micro-plaattphom crosswor staaraan." "2019 juun 20 nuu columbia recordukaliloode lill naas eksinte randaamathe single aayi 'panini' puratthirangi. animated television parambarayaaya 'chowdarile' athe perilulla saangalppika kyaabit karadiyude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu, athe perilulla sandwichine paraamarsikkunnilla. 2019 septambar pakuthiyode rapper dababikoppam 'panini' yude aadya remix puratthirangi. 2019 juun 21 nuu "7" enna peril thante aadya extended naadakam puratthirakkiya lill naas ex. "parasyaboard" 200 chartle randaam sthaanathaanu eee eiii. pii. arangettam kurichathu. 2019 juun 23 nuu, 2019 bettu avaardukalil lill naas ex syrasinoppam prakadanam nadatthi. juun 30 nuu, lokathile ettavum valia greenfield festivalaaya yukeyude vaarshika glaastanbari festivalil, lillu naas ex anthaaraashtra arangettam kurichu, bbcyil desheeyathalathil kaanunna oru settil "panini" sooloo avatharippikkunnathin munbu, adhehavum billie reey sairas oru apratheekshitha prathyakshatha nadathukayum gaanam mylie sairasil cherukayum cheythu. athe divasam thanne, lill naas ex swavarggaanuraagiyaayi purathuvannappol ettavum kooduthal drishyamaaya karutha kweer purusha gaayakariloraalaayi maari. raajyathe oru kalakaran hip hoopp vibhagangalkkum ithu prathyekichum praadhaanyamarhikkunnu, iva randum mekkismoik "charitraparamaayi avaganikkapetta kweer aarttistukalkkum" oonnal nalkunnu. mukhyadharaa sveekaaryathayulla hip hoppile black kweer purusha kalakaaranmaar 2012 ll "chaanal ooranchu" purathirangunnathinu thottumunbu frank ooshyan puratthirangi. "rolling stoon" juulai aadyam moonnu lill naas ex gaanangalumaayi "rolling stoon" topp 100 premiier cheythu onpathaam nambaril cardy biyullah "rodeo"; naalam nambaril "paanini"; chartile aadya nambar vann gaanamaayi "ooldu taunn rooad". 2019 august 19 nuu, jeevanakkaarude prime day vilppana aaghoshikkunnathinaayi aamasonil nadanna oru kacheriyil kaatti perrikkayi lill naas ex thurannu. 2020-2022: "montero". 2020 juulai 7 nuu, thante aadya aalbam "eathaandu poortthiyaayathaayi" lill naas ex velippeduthi. thaan oru mixteppil pravarthikkukayaanennum addeham prasthaavichu, koodaathe thante puthiya samgeethathinaayi avarude beettukal samarppikkaan nirmmaathaakkale kshanichu. 2020 november 8 nuu addeham oru puthiya single "holiday" prakhyaapichu, athu november 13 nuu puratthirangi. roboloxil, lill naas ekssinte single pracharippikkunnathinaayi oru vertual kacheri nadannu, geyiminte avathara shoppil lill naas ex-anubandha enangal undaayirunnu. parasyaboard" hoott 100-ll 37-aamm sthaanathaanu eee gaanam arangettam kurichathu, athesamayam gaanatthinte music viidiyoo puratthirangi aadya eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil pathinaayirakkanakkin kazhchakal nedi. 2021 januvariyil addeham "sii ees phoor kantri" enna kuttikalude pusthakam puratthirakki. adutha maasam, addeham thante puthiya gaanamaya "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)" oru suuppar bowl elvi parasyatthil preview cheythu. 2021 march 26 nuu oru music veediyoykkoppam gaanam audyogikamaayi puratthirangi. athe divasam thanne, thante aadya aalbathin "montero" ennu peridumennum 2021 pakuthiyode athu purathirangumennum lill naas ex velippeduthi. viidiyoo sakthamaaya prathikaranangalkk kaaranamaayi. pramukha yaadhaasthithikarum kristhyaanikalumaaya vyakthikal lillu naas x neey apavarthithanum pishach aaradhanayum aaropikkunnundenkilum eee gaanam vichithrathayude vilapetta prakadanamaayi palarum kandu. vivaadangalkkidayilum, "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)", "parasyaboard" hoott 100-ll onnaam sthaanathethi, ithu lill naas eksinte randaamathe chart-topping single, moonnaamathe topp-tenne single aayi maari. 2021 march 29 nuu, laal naas ex newyork aasthaanamaayulla art koottaaya emm. ezz. echu. efumaayi chernnu saattan shoos ennu vilikkunna oru parishkaricha jody naikk eyar maiks 97kall puratthirakki, ithu "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)" enna release prolsaahippikkaan upayogikkunna music veediyoyil saathaante kaalil kaanam. 60 sisi, 1 thulli manushya raktham" enniva niranja venkala pentagraamulla shoos karuppum chuvappum niratthilaanu. 1, 018 dollar vilaykk 666 jody maathramaan nirmmichathu. shoos nirmmikkunnathilum prolsaahippikkunnathum avarkk pankillennum lill naas ex allengil emshf sandeshangale amgeekarikkunnillennum naikk paranju. newyork federal kodathiyil emm. ezz. echu. ephinethire kambani vyaapaaramudra cases phayal cheythu. praadhamika utharavu undakaathe shoosinte vilppana vitharanavum thadayunna thaalkkaalika nirodhana utharavu epril onninu jadji purappeduvichu. tvittarile oru meemiloode lill naas ex eee kesinode prathikarikkukayum svayam oru durbalanaaya, bhavanarahithanaya kathaapaathramaayi kaanikkukayum panam aavasyappedukayum cheythu. pinneedu, "industry bebi" enna gaanatthinte oru aamukha viidiyoo addeham puratthirakki, athu oru vyaja "naikk vezhsas" avatharippikkunnu. supreme kodathiyil nadanna vichaaranayil, gaayakane swavarggaanuraagiyaanenna apalapikkunnathin munbu aalukal satan shoosinekkurich charcha cheiyunnu. thante muun gaanatheyum athinte prachaaranatheyum chuttipattiyulla vivaadangalethudarnnu, lill naas ex 2021 meyy 21 nuu kooduthal aathmaparisodhanayulla single "sann gose daun" puratthirakki, athil bheeshanippeduthalumaayulla thante poraattangalekkurichum thante valarthalil swavarggalaingikathayumaayi poruthappedunnathinekkum addeham prathifalippikkunnu. oru divasam kazhinju "saattarde naitt laivil" "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)" enna gaanathinoppam addeham gaanam avatharippichu, avide oru pooll dance dinacharyayil trouserinte seam pilarnnappol oru wardrobe takaraar anubhavapettu, athu shariyaayi poortthiyaakkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. juun 29 nuu, lill naas thante aadya aalbathinte oru pramoshanal viidiyoo poost cheythu, athu "montero, aalbam" enna peril avasaanippichu. industry bebi" enna peril munbu kaliyakkiya oru trackinte oru bhaagavum addeham poost cheythu. rapper jacq harlo avatharippikkunna eee gaanam juulai 23 nuu single aayi puratthirangi, kaani vestt nirmmikkukayum oru day trip edukkukayum cheythu. parasyaboard" hoott 100-ll randaam sthaanathethiya eee gaanam 2021 october 23 avasana aazhchayil chartle onnaam sthaanathethi, ithu lill naas ex-nte naalaamathe mikacha patthu single, moonnaamathe nambar vann aayi maari. 2021 septambar 17 nuu, "montero" puratthirangi, athinte naalaamathe single, "athaanu enikku vendathu". 2021 october 23 nuu, electronic daisey carnival laas vegasile diployude settil lill naas ex apratheekshithamaayi prathyakshappettu. prathyakshappedumbol addeham "industry bebi", "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)", "ooldu taunn rooad" enniva avatharippichu. 2022 epril 26 nuu addeham thante aadya kacheri paryadanamaaya long live montero touur prakhyaapichu. 2022 septambaril aarambhicha eee paryadanam "montero" yeei pinthunaykkukayum 2023 januvari vare neendunilkkukayum cheythu. 2023: varaanirikkunna randaamathe studiyo aalbam. 2022 march 16 nuu, lill naas ex thante edavelayil ninnu madangiyethi, thante "eathaandu poortthiyaaya" puthiya aalbathil ninnulla rund ganangal, "lettu tuu daa party" enna cheruppakkaarante paatt orikkalum takarnnilla, sosi shaanthanayude "daun soof hoose" enniva kaliyaakki. line oonn mye body" enna trackinte preview addeham poost cheythu. 2022 juun 24 nuu, lill naas ex "lettu tuu daa party" puratthirakki, pinneedu ithu "oru leed single allah" ennu twittar vazhi vyakthamakki. rasakaramaaya enthengilum, venalkkaalathin enthengilum, penkuttikalkku thayyarakanum party nadathaanumulla enthengilum" aayirikkum aalbam ennu lill naas ex paranju. thante "long live montero touril", lill naas ex thante annu purathirangaattha single staar vaakkin, "daun soof hoose" enna aamukham enniva avatharippichu. 2022 septambar 15 nuu, viidiyoo geyim leag oof legendsinte developermaaraaya raayt geyimukal, 2022 leag oof legends loka chaambyanshippinaayi lill naas ex-maayi sahakarichu oru pathrakkurippiloode prakhyaapichu, avide avar addehathe "leag oof legends president" aayi prakhyaapichu, kottakku pathrapravartthaka isaiah colbert ithine oru pablisity standu ennu vilichu. toornamentinte gaanamaya "staar vaakkin" septambar 22 nuu animated music veediyoykkoppam puratthirangi. november 5 nuu toornamentinte udghaadana chadangil addeham gaanam aalapichu. koodaathe, lill naas ex saha-roopakalppana cheytha geyimil kalikkaan kazhiyunna oru kathaapaathrathinaayulla oru ishtaanusritha vasthram novemberil thaalkkaalikamaayi labhyamakum. 2022 october 19 nuu, munbu kettittillaatha oru kavithayodoppam "daun soof hoose" enna aamukham avatharippikkunnathinaayi lill naas ex sosi shantanaye thante paryadanatthilekku kshanichu. 2023 march 17 nuu, lill naas ex thante lolapolosa chili prakadanatthil paattinte aamukhathinte vipulamaaya naadakam avatharippichu. sangeetha sailiyum swaadheenangalum. poppu rapp, hip hoopp, kantri rapp, trap, poppu roock, poppu, roock enningane lill naas eksinte sangeetha sailiye visheshippichittundu. ell. jii. bii. tii. kyu kalakaaranmaaraaya frank ooshyanum srashtaavaaya tylor prachodanangalaanennum "njaan evideyaano avide sukhamaayi nilkkunnath enikku eluppamaakkiyennum addeham credit cheiyunnu."nikki minaj, kaatti perry, drake, millie sairas, doja kyaatt ennivayum thante ettavum valia swaadheenangalaayi lill naas ex udharikkunnu. 2019ll addeham paranju, "njaan internettil ninnaan valarnnathu, athinaal ente swaadheenangal samgeethathil ellaayidathuninnum varunnu."andrey 3000, kendrick lammer, kid kudi, lill usi vertt thudangiya hip hoopp kalakaaranmaare kelkkiyaanu addeham valarnnathu. swaadheenam. lill naas eksinte vijayam addehathe aadyathe varnna vyakthiyum "forbes" athinte vaarshika ettavum kooduthal prathiphalam vaangunna raajya act pattikayil ulppeduthiya aadyathe parasya swavarggaanuraagiyaaya kalakaaranumaayi maari. kantri music" enna pbs documentary nirmmicha kenn bains abhiprayappettu, montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)" enna sangeetha viidiyoo purathirangiyathinushesham, niravadhi autlettukal lill naas ex-nte "lajjayillathe vichitramaaya" drishyangale prashamsichu. "vaividhyamaarnna" aadam bii. viidiyoo "kweer music aarttistukalkk ellaam maattimarichu" ennu rench ezhuthi, jonathan naitt oof nyoo kids oonn dhii block, lans baas oof ensing thudangiya chila elgbt kalakaaranmaar adanjukidakkumbol sthreekalekkurichu paadiyappol elttan joonn, rickie martin ennivareppolulla mattullavar avarude laingikathayekkurichu vyakthamaayi paadiyilla. pooll dance ulppedeyulla laingika prathichaaya thante swavarggalaingikatha marachuvaykkenda aavasyamillaathe madonayudeo jaanett jaxoninteyo chithrangal unarthunnathaanennu addeham visheshippichu. 20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil jaas samgeethathe" "dhaa devils music" "ennu vilikkunnathu ulppede janapriya sangeetha charithratthile muun nimishangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, beettils" "yeshuvinekkaal janapriyamaan", backmasking aropanangal, maathaapithaakkalude music resource sentarinte "" malinamaaya pathinanju "," oru praarthana pole "ennathinulla madona music viidiyoo," "judas", "" alejandro "ennivaykkulla lady gaagayude music veediyokal, 54-aamath vaarshika grammy avaardukalil" "roman holiday" "enna nikki minaajinte prakadanam ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol" "loss enchals times", "" vais "enniva paattinteyum music veediyoykkulla negatteevu sweekaranam savisheshathayaanu". pothu chithram. lill naas ex thante pothu faashanukalkku perukettathaanu; 2019 joolaiyil, kauboy soundaryathinu thante roopathilum instagraamilum oru glamour lukk nalkunnathil "wog" lill naas ex oru "maasttar" aayi paraamarshichu. addehathinte stailist hodo moosa parayunnath "electric, kaliyaakkunna, varnnabhamaaya, bhaviparamaaya enangalaanu thaan lakshyamidunnathu" ennaanu."2019leeii emm. tii. vii viidiyoo music avaardukalile steju lukk cheythathinu addeham oru kauboy motif cherry-redu nudi suit dharichirunnu. ooldu taunn rooad" enna varikalil paraamarshichirikkunna rangler, lill naas ex qoo-branded faashanukalil ninnu sthiramaayi vittupoyi. 62-aamath vaarshika grammy avaardukalkkaayi lill naas ex 700 manikkoor edutha pink harnezullah head-tuu-toow coacher fusia versays suit ulppede niravadhi vasthrangal dharichirunnu. 2020 joolaiyil, rihanayude fenti beauty oru puthiya charmmasamrakshana laininaayi lill naas ex oru trailer veediyoyil maathrkayaakki. 2021 augustil, lill naas ex oru instaagraam posttil tonny hoock thante raktham adangiya peyint kondu varacha skettu boardukal vilkkunnathinekkurich "naa hii tweakin" ennu abhiprayappettu. adutha kurachu divasathekku ithu oru vairal prathibhasamaayi maari. 2022-ll, 64-aamath vaarshika grammy avaardukalile prakadanatthinide, thante jananendriyangal aavarthichu pidichathinum microphone thante krochinte madhyathil vaykkukayum upakaranam thante lingamaanennu nadichu athu chuttikkarangukayum cheythathinu addeham vimarsikkappettu. 2023 meyy maasathil, lill naas ex silver body peyint, oru thong, uyarnna healed plaattphom shoos enniva maathram dharichu, mukham rainstonukalaal moodiyaanu mettu gaalayil pankedutthathu. antharicha jarmman fashion aikkan kaal laggerfeldinte kyaatt choupettil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanu addehathinte roopam. 2023 joolaiyil, ooslooyile oru pradhana thurankatthiloode iii-scooterukal oodichathinu norwayil police thadanja naalu peril oraalaan lill naas ex ennu report cheyyappettu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. puratthu varunnu. 2019 juun aadyam, lill naas ex thante sahodariyudeyum pithaavinteyum aduthekku vannu, thante aaradhakar thannodoppam nilkkumo illayo enna anishchithathvam undaayirunnittum "prapancham angane cheyyaan thanne soochippikkukayaanennu" addehathinu thonni. 2019 juun 30 nuu, abhimaana maasatthinte avasana divasamaaya, lill naas ex swavarggaanuraagiyaayi parasyamaayi puratthuvannu. thante "sii7sosher" enna trackle ithu aadyamaayi soochippichappol addehathinte tweet munbathe samshayangal sthireekarichu. "shudheekarikkuka, valaruka, svayam aalinganam cheyyuka thudangiya vishayangale sparsikkunnathaanu" "rolling stoon" "ennu gaanam abhiprayappettu". pittennu addeham veendum tweet cheythu, ithavana thante eiii. pii. '7' nte cover artle mazhavillu niramulla kettidam eduthukaanikkunnu, "dedas karuthi njaan athu vyakthamaakkiyenn" enna adikkurippodeyaanu. divasangalkku sesham "bbc prabhaathabhakshanam" enna paripaadiyil oru abhimukhathil addeham swavarggaanuraagiyaanennum thante laingikatha raajyatho rapp sangeetha samoohangalilo eluppathil amgeekarikkappedunnillum paranju. vaarthayodulla prathikaranam kooduthalum anukoolamaayirunnu, ennaal soshyal mediayil valia alavil swavarggaanuraagaparamaaya prathikaranavum nedi, athinodu lill naas ex prathikarichu. hip hoopp samskaarathile swavarggaanuraagathilekku shradha aakarshikkunna hip hoopp samoohathil ninnum thirichadi vannu. 2020 januvariyil, rapper paasttar troy grammy avaardukalkkidayil lill naas ex dharichirunna vasthrathekkurich swavarggaanuraagaparamaaya abhipraayangal prakadippichu, athinu lill naas ex prathikarichu "daivathekkurichulla aaa chithratthil njaan sundaranaan." 2023 januvariyil, lill naas ex thante laingika aabhimukhyathekkurichu oru puthiya prasthavana tweet cheythu, "njaan oru cheria ubhayalingiyaanennu njaan karuthiyal ningalkkellavarkkum ennodu deshyamundaakumo" ennu ezhuthi. pittennu addeham tweet cheythu, "njaan vaagdaanam cheiyunna alamarayil ninnu njaan avasaanamaayi purathuvarunnathu athaayirunnu". matham. thaan oru ghattathil nireeshwaravaadiyaayirunnuve ennaal ippol prapanchatthinte kaaryatthil valare athmeeya vyakthiyaanennum ellaam engane pravarthikkunnuvennum 2021 septambaril lill naas ex prasthaavichu." nettangal. rund grammy avaardukal, anchu billboard music avaardukal, anchu emm. tii. vii viidiyoo music avaardukal, rund bettu hip hoopp avaardukal, rund ihartradio music avaardukal, rund american music avaardukal ennivayulppede onniladhikam avaardukal labhichittund. haal david staarlaitt avaardile ettavum praayam kuranja bahumathiyayi gaanarachayithaav haal oof faim addehathinu puraskaaram nalkiyittundu. 62-aamath vaarshika grammy avaardukalil ettavum kooduthal naamanirddesham cheyyappetta purusha kalakaaranaayirunnu lill naas ex, avide addeham aathyanthikamayi mikacha music veediyoykkum mikacha poppu jody/group prakadanatthinum avaardukal nedi. oru kantri music association award nedunna aadyathe parasyamaaya elgbt black aarttistum aaa varshathe gaanathinulla emtv viidiyoo music award nedunna aadyathe parasyamaaya elgibiticu vyakthiyumaan lill naas ex. 2021ll kendrick lamarinum tailor swifttinum sesham, "montero (enne ningalude peril vilikkuka)" enna videoic viidiyoo oof dhaa iyar enna emm. tii. vii viidiyoo music award nedunna moonnaamathe kalakaaranaayi addeham maari. parasyaboard" hoott 100 chartle lill naas ex moonnu nambar vann singles nedi. 2019 juulai aadyam, "ooldu taunn rooad" "parasyaboard" 100-ll onnaam sthaanathethi 13-aamm aazhcha nedi, angane cheiyunna aadyathe hip hoopp gaanamaayi maari. onnaam sthaanathaayirikkumbol thanne 10 dasalaksham koppikal vittazhikkappedunna aadya gaanam koodiyaanithu. elttan joninte 1997 leeii double eiii-side marikadannu, athinte pathinanjaam aazhchayil, lill naas ex oru gaanam deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna aadyathe swavarggaanuraagiyaaya kalakaaranaayi maari-recordinte iruvashavum hittukalayi pracharippikkappedunna "kaattil mezhukuthiri 1997"/"innu ratri ningal kaanunna reethiyekkurich enthengilum". 1958ll chart aadyamaayi avatharippichathinushesham ettavum kooduthal aazhchakal record cheytha 19 aazhchakalulla lill naas ex, thrimukha tye record marikadannu 19 aazhchakal hoott aarr & bii/hip-hoopp gaanangalude chartle idam nedi. 19 aazhchakalilaayi hoott rapp gaanangalude pattikayil eee gaanam thrimukha samanila marikadannu. 2019 navambarode, eee gaanam diamond certified aayi, samyojitha vilppana streaming 10 dasalaksham unitaayi. "soshyal mediayil aagola swaadheenam cheluthiyathinum" "vaarthakal nayikkanulla mothatthilulla kazhivu" "ennivaykku 2019 ll internettile ettavum swaadheenamulla 25 peril oralaayi time addehathe thiranjedutthu". 2020ll forbes 30 under 30 pattikayil addehathe ulppeduthi. 2021ll, lokathile ettavum swaadheenamulla 100 vyakthikalude time 100 enna vaarshika pattikayil addeham idam nedi. 2021 septambar 1 nuu, trevor project athinte udghaadana aathmahathyaa prathirodha abhibhaashakan oof dhaa iyar award lill naas ex nediyathaayi prakhyaapichu. dyscography. studiyo aalbangal

lill naas ex lill naas ex () yaa tyachya manchavaril navane olakhala jaanara montero lamar hiill (janm 9 april 1999) haah eka american rapper, gayak aanee gitkar aahe. tyachya deshi rapp ekal 'old tauun road' chya pradarshanasah too prasiddha jhaala, jyane yuu. ess. madhye 19 aathvade kaam kele.ess. "billboard' hott 100 chart, 1958 madhye chart suru jhalyapasun sarvat jaast kaal chalanare number vann gaane banale. heey gaane hott 100 madhye avval sthanavar asalyane, lill naas ex samalingi mhanoon baher aale, aanee number vann reecord asatana asey karnare teey ekmev kalakar banale. old tauun road" chya yashanantar, lill naas exney tyache pahile vistarit natak, "7" heey shirshak prakashit kele, jyane aanakhi done ekeri khelanna janm deela, jyat "panini" pachvya kramankavar pohochale aanee "rodio" (cardy bii kinwa naas darshavit) hott 100 varr 22 vya kramankavar pohochale. tyacha pahila studio album, "montero" (2021), chart-top singles "montero (coll mea buy yore neem)" aanee "industry bebby" (jacq harlo darshavit) aanee top-teena single "duts vhat aay vaant" dware samarthit hota aanee 64 vya varshik grammy puraskaranmadhye varshatil albamsathi namankit jhaala hota. tyachya dhadsi vichitra drushye aanee soshal media upasthitisathi olakhalya jaananya lill naas exla done grammy puraskar, paach billboard sangeet puraskar, paach emm. tii. vhee. video sangeet puraskar, done bett hiip hopp puraskar, done ehartradio sangeet puraskar aanee done american sangeet puraskaransah anek puraskar midale aahet. tyanna holl auph fame yaa gitkaranni, haal david starlite puraskaratil sarvat tarun sanmananiy mhanoonahi sanmanit kele aahe. "old tauun road' heey 17 putt adhik pramanan asalele americetil dusare sarvoch pramanit gaane aahe. 2020 madhye tyanni 'forbes' chya 30 under 30 chya yadeet aanee 2021 madhye 'time' chya jagatil 100 sarvat prabhavshali lokanchya varshik yadeet sthan midavale. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. montero lamar tekadicha janm 9 april 1999 roji georgiachya lithia springs yethe jhaala. tyala mitsubishi monteroche naav denyat aale. too sahaa varshancha asatana tyachya aaee-vadilancha ghatasfot jhaala aanee too tyachi aaee aanee aajisah atalantachya bankhead shejarchya bankhead kortachya gruhnirman prakalpat sthayik jhaala. teen varshannantar, too tyachya vadilansobat, eka gospel gayak, shaharachya uttarela austel yethe rahayala gela. suruvatila baher padnyas nakar deela asala taree, nantar tyane too eka mahattvacha nirnay manla, "atalantamadhye khoop kahee chalale aahe-jarr mea tithe rahile asate tarr mea chukichya gardit adakalo asato."meams heey tyanche swatache manoranjanache roop banoo lagale tyaa kalatach tyanni internetcha mothya pramanat vapar karnyas suruvat kelee"; teey 13 varshanche asatana. tyane tyachi kishoravayin varshe ektech ghalavali aanee internetkade valale, visheshtah tweeterwar, meams tayar kele jyat tyachi nihshastra buddhi aanee popp-sanskratichi samaj darshavili gelee."tyachya kishoravayin vayat tyala samalingi mhanoon swatakade yenyas tras hott hota; tyane prathna kelee qee haah fakt eka tappa hota, parantu 16 kinwa 17 chya sumaras too too swikarayala aala. tyane chauthya iyattet bigul vajavayala suruvat kelee aanee tyachya kanishth uchch varshaparyant too pahila adhyaksh hota, parantu too aswasth disanyachya bhitine tyane nokri sodali. hilane lithia springs highschoolmadhye shikshan ghetale, jithun tyane 2017 madhye padvi prapt kelee. tyanantar tyane west georgia vidyapithat pravesh ghetala, jithe tyane sanganak vidnyanat padvi ghetali, parantu nantar eka varshanantar sangeet karkird suru thevanyasathi tyane shikshan sodale. yaa kalat, too tyachya bahinisobat rahila aanee zaxbychya upahargruhanmadhye aanee georgia theem parkvareel sahaa zendyanmadhye nokri karoon swatacha udarnirvah keela. september 2019 madhye tyane tyachya highschoolmadhye eka aashcharyakarak maifil sadar karnyasathi punha bhet dilee. karkird. 2015-2017: internet vyaktimatva. hilane sangitale qee tyane tyachya kishoravayin vayat swatahla "vargabaheril kriyakalapanpasun" vegale karoo lagale. aaplya kamacha prachar karnyasathi internet vyaktimatva mhanoon anuyayi tayar karnyachya aashene tyanni online mothya pramanat vel ghalavala, parantu sarjansheelpane kashavar laksh kendrit karave yabaddal tyanna khatri navhati. eka 'rolling stone' mulakhatit too mhanala, "mea facebookwar vinodi video karat hoto, nantar mea instagramvar gelo aanee nantar mea tweeterwar udee marley... jithe mea kharokharach eka guru hoto. mea pahilyanda viral houu shakalo teey thikan hote."tyane facebook aanee winewar laghupatatil vinodi video dekhil poost kele. newyork masikachya tapasanusar, yaa kalat tyane tweeterwar nikee minaz phann khaatee tayar kelee aanee chalavali, jyat '@nasmaraj' navachi eka khaatee hotee. 2017 madhye, dashboard app tweetdeck vaparoon tweeterwar lokpriy jhalelya flash fiction-shailichya parasparsanvadi "cinario threads" sathee yaa khatyane laksh vedhale. tapasane @nasmaraj laa "tweetdaking" chya pratheshi jodale aahe kinwa kahee tweet krutrimpane viral honyasathi anek khaatee vaparoon sahyog keela aahe. spam dhorananche ullanghan" kelyamule tweeterne @nasmaraj khaate nilambit kele hote. id1' chya nilambananantar, 'newyork' niyatkalikachya tapasanit assa nishkarsh nighala qee tyane nantar 'id2' heey handle asalele naveen khaate ughadale aanee tyaveli tyache sadhyache tweeter khaate tyaa 'id2' khatyachi punarnirmit aavrutti hotee, jyat badalalelya handlecha samavesh hota. madhyamanchya batmyanni lill naas exla minaz chahatyanchya khatyanshi jodalyanantar, tyanni yaa vruttanna 'gairsamaj' mhatale, aanee khaatee chalavanyacha prabhavipane incar keela. tathapi, meey 2020 madhye, lill naas exney eka tweetmadhe, minajcha chahata asalyache kabool kele. tyane suruvatila heey qaa nakarle heey spasht kele, asey mhanat qee jarr lokanna mahit asel qee too ticha chahata aahe, tarr tyanna vatel qee too samalingi aaheh "jarr tumche sampoorn chahate prushth nikee yuu aar geey sathee samarpit asel tarr lock asey gruheet dhartil. aanee rapp/sangeet udyog adyap samalingi purushanna agadi tantotant tayar kinwa swikarat nahee. 17 juuna 2020 roji minajne nasla uttar dett tweet kele, "jevha tumhi barb asalyache nakarle tevha heey thodese sting hote, parantu mallah samajate. tumche satya bolanyacha aatmavishvas vadhavalyabaddal abhinandan ". lill nasne minajchi maafee magitali, too mhanala qee tyala "khoop white vatale, aasha aahe qee tumhala majha nakar disanar nahee". id2' khatyacha ullekh nantar newyork times masikatil lekhat karnyat aala, jyat hilane 'jaage honyacha pratyek taas online ghalavala, @nasmaraj asey tweet kele' asey varnan kele aahe. sunn goj daun' yaa sangeet vhidiomadhyehi yacha sandarbh aahe, jyamadhye lill naas exche eka bandist kishoravayin mhanoon mothe honare aanee tyachi laingikta swikaranare anek sangharsh darshavile aahet; too highschoolmadhye asatana 'nasimraj' navachya khatyatoon 'aay' daad bii buy daad phone 'yaa ganyache booal mhanoon tweet kartana disato, aanee' nikee morning too dorn 'vajavato. 2018 saalee kadhitari, hiill haah yashacha marg mhanoon sangitavar utarala aanee tyane tyachya kapatat ganee lihayala aanee dhwanimudrit karayala suruvat kelee. tyane lill naas ex heey naav sweekarle, jeey rapper nasla shraddhanjali aahe. 24 julai 2018 roji, lill nasne tyacha pahila mixtep 'nasarati' soundcloudver pradarshit keela, jaree tyala tatkal prasiddhi midali nahee; copyrite sangharshamule 'old tauun road' pradarshit jhalyanantar lagechach 'nasarati' streaming sevanmadhun kadhoon takale jaeel aanee tyamule tyala kadhihi lakshaniy aakarshan milanar nahee. aktoobar 2018 chya uttaradhat, tyala 'old tauun road' bananara taal aikoo aala. 2018-2019: 'old tauun road' aanee '7' saha pragati. 3 december 2018 roji lill naas exney 'old tauun road' heey deshi rapp gaane pradarshit kele. tyane beat-selling platform beatstarsver beetsathi beat dutch nirmata yangkiokadun $30 madhye vikat ghetali; tyat tyanchya sahavya studio album 'ghosts aay-ivy' (2008) madheel nauu inch nakhanchya 'track' 34 ghosts IV 'chey namune ghetale aahet. tyanni '$20 mangalvari', sincoyo yetheel 'vinamra' atalanta studiomadhye, eka tasapeksha qamee vel ghet dhwanimudran kele. laghu-swarupatil video soshal media tiktok vaparkartyanni uchalanyapurvi lill naas exney 'old tauun road' laa protsahan denyasathi meams tayar karnyas suruvat kelee. tiktok aaplya 50 kotee jaagtik vaparkartyanna "antaheen anukaran" karnyasathi protsahit karate, jyachya prati tayar karnare video sahasa samaan sangeet vapartat; "appche samagriche unmatt manthan"...viral music hitsathi eka shaktishali incubator mhanoon kaam karate."lill naas exney andaj vartavala qee tyane tyachya pracharasathi sumare 100 meams kele; tiktokvaril #yeehaw challenge mimmule heey gaane 2019 chya suruvatila viral jhaale. lakho vaparkartyanni rangler kinwa cougerlchya veshat swatache video poost kele, bahutek #yeehaw video tyanchya dhvanimudranasathi gaane vapartat; julai 2019 paryant, teey 6 kotee 70 lakhanhun adhik vela pahile gele aahet. samajik madhyamanshi jodalele aanakhi eka mukhya prekshak mhanje praudh shrotyanchya aakadevarit lapaleli mule. quartz.com mhanate qee heey gaane nishchitach tyachya yashacha kahee bhag loksankhyechya aadharavar aahe aanee teey namood karatat qee heey gaane punaravruttishil, sobat ganyas sope aanee ghode aanee tractor chalvanyabaddal booal vaparane, jyashi mule sambandhit asoo shakatat, yamule teey aakarshit jhaale aahet. too 'billboard' chya 100vya chartvar 83vya kramankavar aala aanee nantar pahilya kramankavar pohochala. yaa ganyane hott country ganyanchya chartvar 19 vya kramankavar aanee hott aar andd bii/hiip-hopp ganyanvar 36 vya kramankavar padarpan kele. 'tivra boolii yuddh' nantar, lill naas exney march 2019 madhye kolambiya recordshee swakshari kelee. 'billboard' neey march 2019 madhye hott country ganyanchya chartmadhun vadgrastapane gaane kadhoon takale aanee 'rolling stone' mhatleh robbert christagau yanchya matey, 'old tauun road' laa country chartmadhun kadhoon takane mallah varnadveshi shuddha aanee sope vatate, kaaran country redio, tyat jevadhi jaaga aahe, tyaa darius rakar aanee qeena braunchi parva naan karata, varnadveshich aahe."aanakhi eka" "jahirat falak" "chya pravaktyane pratibha yanna sangitale qee," "jahirat falkane country chartmadhun gaane kadhoon taknyachya nirnayacha kalakarachya sharyatishi kahihi sambandh nahee"."mukhya deshi ganyanchya taktyatoon kadhoon taknyat aale asale taree, heey gaane" "billboard" "chya deshi prasaran taktyavar aale, 53 vya kramankavar padarpan kele aanee 50 vya kramankavar pohochale. pratisadat, soonee music nashville see. eae. oo. randy goodmanne" "billboard" "laa sangitale qee tyanchya sanghane kahee deshi redio bajarpethanmadhye ganyachi chachani suru kelee, aanee pudhe mhatale qee" "tyakade naan pahane nishkaljipana asel". meey 2019 madhye, ranglerne tyachya lill naas ex sangrahachi ghoshana kelee aanee kahee grahakanni bahishkar takanyachi dhamki dilee tevha deshi sangeet sanskratitil varnadveshache mudde punha samore aale. heey gaane deshi sangeet aanee american seema yug yaa donhimadhil african-american lokanchya aitihasik sanskrutik nashakade laksh vedhate asehi prasarmadhyamanni namood kele. deshi sangeet starr biilii reey cyrus april 2019 madhye 'old tauun road' chya remixmadhye disala, joou anekanpaiki pahila hota. tyach mahinyat lill naas exney sarvadhik yoocha drackcha vikram modala.ess. 11 april roji sampalelya aathvadyat 143 dashalaksh pravahansah eka aathvadyat eka ganyatil pravah, julai 2018 madhye eka aathvadyat 116.2 dashalaksh pravah asalelya drackchya 'inn maay centils' laa mage takat; august 2019 paryant tyane ektya spotifiver eka abjahoon adhik natake pravahit kelee aahet. meey 2019 madhye haah video pradarshit karnyat aala aanee august 2019 paryant tyala 370 dashalakshanhun adhik vela pahile gele aahe. aine. bii. see. nyoojchya michael arsenoxne lihile, "soshal mediachya yugat, lill naas ex haah vadatitpane pahila micro-platform crossover starr aahe." "panini' heey 20 juuna 2019 roji lill naas exche dusare ekal mhanoon kolambiya recordsdware pradarshit karnyat aale. animated television malika 'chauder' madheel tyach navachya kalpanik cabit asvalavarun tyache naav denyat aale aahe aanee tyach navachya sandvicha sandarbh dett nahee. september 2019 chya madhyat rapper dabisobat 'panini' chey pahile remix pradarshit jhaale. lill naas exney 21 juuna 2019 roji '7' heey tyache pahile vistarit natak pradarshit kele. eae. pii. neey 'billboard' 200 chya yadeet dusya kramankavar padarpan kele. 23 juuna 2019 roji lill naas exney 2019chya bett puraskaranmadhye cyruses sadarikaran kele. 30 juuna roji, lill naas exney jagatil sarvat mothya greenfield mahotsavat, yookechya varshik glastenbury mahotsavat aantarrashtriy padarpan kele, jevha too aanee biilii reey cyrus yanni bii. bii. see. varr rashtriy staravar disana setmadhye 'panini' ekal sadarikaran karnyapurvi, ganyasathi aashcharyakarakpane hajeri lavali aanee miilii sayarasmadhye sameel jhaale. tyach divashi, lill naas ex jevha samalingi mhanoon baher aala tevha too sarvat jaast disana krishnavarniy purush gayakanpaiki eka banala. deshatil kalakar aanee hiip hopp shailinsathi heey visheshtah mahattvache hote, jeey donhi yantravad aanee "aitihasikdrushtya asvikrut vichitra kalakar" yavar jore detat. hiip hopmadheel black kweer purush kalakaranna mukhya pravahat manyata midalyane 2012 madhye 'channell aurange' pradarshit honyapurvich phrank oshanchya pradarshanasah vadavivad suru jhaala. "rolling stone' neey julaichya suruvatila teen lill naas ex ganyansah 'rolling stone' top 100 chaa premiere kelah cardy bii saha 'rodio' navvya kramankavar; 'panini' charvya kramankavar; aanee 'old tauun road' heey chartvaril pahile numberche gaane. 19 august 2019 roji, lill naas ex heey catty perisathi tyachya karmchanyansathi tyachya prime day selcha utsav sajra karnyasathi aayojit kelelya eka maifilimadhye ughadale gele. 2020-2022: "montero". 7 julai 2020 roji lill naas exney khulasa keela qee tyacha pahila album jawaljawal purn jhaala hota. tyane asehi sangitale qee too eka mixtepwar kaam karat aahe aanee tyane nirmatyanna tyachya naveen sangitasathi tyanche taal sadar karnyasathi aamantrit kele. 8 november 2020 roji, tyane 'holiday' yaa naveen ekeri ganyachi ghoshana kelee, jeey 13 november roji pradarshit jhaale. robloxver, lill naas exchya ekeri ganyachya pracharasathi eka aabhasi maifili aayojit karnyat aalee hotee, jyat lill naas ex-sambandhit vastoo khelachya avtar dukanat hotya. yaa ganyache ekal gaane 37vya varshi 'billboard' hott 100 varr pradarshit jhaale, tarr ganyachya sangeet videone pradarshit jhalyachya pahilya kahee aathvadyant lakho drushye jamaa kelee. janewari 2021 madhye tyanni 'see ij phaur country' yaa mulanchya pustakache prakashan kele. pudhchya mahinyat, tyane eka super baul ell. vhee. jahiratimadhye tyachya 'montero (mallah tuzya navane haak maaraa)' yaa naveen ganyache purvavalokan kele. 26 march 2021 roji sangeet videos heey gaane adhikrutpane pradarshit karnyat aale. tyach divashi, lill naas exney khulasa keela qee tyachya pahilya albamla 'montero' asey naav dile jaeel aanee too 2021 chya madhyat pradarshit keela jaeel. yaa videone tivra pratikriya dilya. jaree pramukh puranmatvadi aanee khrishchan vyaktinni lill naas exver apavitrata aanee saitan upasanecha aarop keela asala taree, yaa ganyakade anekanni eka maulyavan abhivyakti mhanoon pahile. vaad asoonahi, 'montero (mallah tumchya navane coll qaraa)', 'billboard' hott 100 varr pratham kramankavar aala, lill naas exche dusare chart-top singles aanee tisare top-teena singles banale. 29 march 2021 roji, lill naas exney newyorksthit qalaa samoohik emm. ess. etch. eff. sobat bhagidari karoon nayaki air max 97s chee sudharit jodee jaaree kelee, jyala saitan shooj mhanatat, jee 'montero' chya pradarshanasathi vaparlya jaanarya sangeet vhidiomadhye saitanachya payavar disu shakate (mallah tumchya navane coll qaraa). boot kaale aanee laal rangache asoon tyat kansya pentagram aahe, joou "60 cc aanee manvi raktacha 1 themb" neey bharalela aahe. 1018 dollarchya kimmatit keval 666 jodya banavanyat aalya. nayakeene sangitale qee teey butanchi nirmiti aanee pracharat sahbhagi navhate aanee lill naas ex kinwa emm. ess. etch. eff. chya sandeshanna samarthan dett navhate. companyne newyork federal kortat emm. ess. etch. eff. viruddha trademark khatala dakhal keela. 1 april roji nyayadhishanni prathamik aadesh pralambit asatana butanchi vikri aanee vitaran rokhanyacha tatpurata pratibandhatmak aadesh jaaree keela. lill naas exney yaa khatalyala tweeterwar eka miim deuun pratisad deela, jyat swatahla chorate, beghar aanee paise magnare patra mhanoon dakhavale aahe. nantar, tyane 'industry bebby' yaa ganyasathi eka prastavna video jaaree keela, jyamadhye banavat 'nayaki viruddha. lill naas ex "haah khatala sarvoch nyayalayat chalato, jyaa darmyan lock gayak samalingi asalyabaddal tyacha nishedh karnyapurvi saitanachya butanvar charcha karatat. tyachya aadhichya ganyabaddalachya aanee tyachya pracharabaddalachya vadannantar, lill naas exney 21 meey 2021 roji adhik aatmanirikshanatmak ekal 'sunn goj daun' prakashit kele, jyamadhye too tyachya sangopanatil gundgiri aanee tyachya samalaingikteshi julavun ghenyachya tyachya sangharshanvar pratibimbit karato. eka divasanantar tyane 'satterday nite live' madhye 'montero (mallah tuzya navane coll qaraa)' sobat gaane sadar kele, jithe pole danschya nityakramadarmyan tyachya paygholichi shivan tutali tevha tyala kapadyanchya bighadala samore jaave lagale, jyamule too teey yogyaritya purn karoo shakala nahee. 29 juuna roji, lill nasne tyachya pahilya albumcha pracharatmak video poost keela, jyacha shevat 'montero, daad album' neey keela. tyane 'industry bebby' navachya purvi chidalelya ganyacha eka tukada dekhil poost keela. canny westchya nirmitisah aanee take aaa day trips, rapper jacq harloche vaishishtya asalele heey gaane 23 julai roji ekal gaane mhanoon pradarshit karnyat aale. heey gaane 'billboard' hott 100 varr dusya kramankavar aale aanee 23 aktoobar 2021 chya shevatchya aathvadyat chartvar pahilya kramankavar pohochale, aanee lill naas exche chauthe top-teena single aanee tisare number vann banale. 17 september 2021 roji, 'montero' tyachya chauthya ekal ganyasah pradarshit jhaala, 'hetch mallah havey aahe'. 23 aktoobar 2021 roji, lill naas exney electronic dezzy carnival laas vegas yethe diplochya setwar aashcharyakarakpane hajeri lavali. yaa pradarshanadarmyan tyane 'industry bebby', 'montero' (mallah tumchya navane haak maaraa) aanee 'old tauun road' sadar kele. 26 april 2022 roji tyane tyacha pahila maifili daura, long live montero daura jaheer keela. haah daura 'montero' chya samarthanarth hota aanee september 2022 madhye suru jhaala aanee janewari 2023 paryant chalala. 2023: aagami dusra studio album. 16 march 2022 roji, lill naas ex tyachya vishrantitun paratala aanee tyane tyachya 'jawaljawal purn jhalelya' naveen albammadhil 'lett too daa party' madheel done ganee, jyat tarun mulga punha kadhihi tutala nahee aanee 'daun soof hose' madhye sossy santana aahe. tyane 'leane aun maay boddy' yaa ganyache purvavalokan dekhil poost kele. 24 juuna 2022 roji lill naas exney 'lett too daa party' pradarshit kele aanee nantar tweeterdware spasht kele qee teey 'aaghadiche gaane navhate'. lill naas exney sangitale qee haah album "kahitari majedar, unhalyasathi kahitari, mulinsathi tayar honyasathi aanee partisathi kahitari asel". tyachya 'long live montero tour' madhye, lill naas exney tyache tatkalin pradarshit naan jhalele ekal starr walking aanee 'daun soof hose' chee prastavna sadar kelee. 15 september 2022 roji, video game leag auph legendschya vikaskanni, dangal khelanni 2022 chya leag auph legends jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhesathi lill naas exsobat eka prasiddhipatrakachya madhyamatoon sahyogachi ghoshana kelee, jithe tyanni tyala 'leag auph legendscha adhyaksh' mhanoon ghoshit kele, jyala kotakoo patrakar isaiah colbert yanni prasiddhi stunt mhatale. spardheche rashtragit, 'starr walking', 22 september roji animated music videos pradarshit karnyat aale. 5 november roji spardhechya udghatan samarambhat tyane heey gaane sadar kele. yavyatirikt, lill naas exney saha-rachana kelelya khelatil vajavata yenyajogya patrasathi eka sanukool poshakh novembermadhye tatpurata upalabdh karoon deela jaeel. 19 aktoobar 2022 roji lill naas exney purvi naan aikalelya aanakhi eka padyasah 'daun soof hose' chee prastavna sadar karnyasathi sossy santana yanna tyanchya dauyavar aamantrit kele. 17 march 2023 roji lill naas exney tyachya lolapoloza chiilii sadarikaranadarmyan ganyachya parichayasathi eka vistarit natak sadar kele. sangeet shaili aanee prabhav. lill naas exchya sangeet shailiche varnan popp rapp, hiip hopp, country rapp, trap, popp rock, popp aanee rock asey kele gele aahe. too ell. jee. bii. tii. kyu. kalakar phrank ocean aanee tylor, nirmata yanna prerana mhanoon aanee "mea jithe aahe tithe aaramat asane majhyasathi sope banavanyache shrey deto."lill naas ex yane nikee minaz, ketty peree, drake, miilii cyrus aanee doja catt hyancha tyachya sarvat mothya prabhavanpaiki kahee mhanoon ullekh keela aahe. 2019 madhye too mhanala, "mea internetpasoon motha jhalo aahe, tyamule majhe prabhav sangitatoon sarvatra yetat."too andre 3000, kendrick lamar, kid cudy aanee lill uzi vert yasarkhya hiip hopp kalakaranna aikoon motha jhaala. prabhav. lill naas exchya yashamule too rangeet rangancha pahila vyakti aanee forbeschya varshik sarvadhik mandhan ghenanya deshi krutyanchya yadeet soochibaddha jhalela pahila ughadpane samalingi kalakar banala. qeena burns, jyanni pii. bii. ess. mahitipat 'country music' tayar keela, tyanni namood kele, montero (mallah tumchya navane coll qaraa)' yaa ganyacha video pradarshit jhalyanantar, anek outletsnee lill naas exchya 'nirlajjapane vichitra' drushyansathi tyache kautuk kele. "vividhata" aadam bii. verengene lihile qee yaa videone "kweer sangeet kalakaransathi serve kahee badalale", heey lakshat gheuun qee jonathan nite auph nyu kids aun daad block aanee lance baas auph encinc yasarkhe kahee ell. jee. bii. tii. kalakaranni bandist rahoon mahilambaddal gayale, tarr elton johnn aanee rickie martin yanchyasarkhya itaranni tyanchya laingikatebaddal spashtapane gayale nahee. pole nrutyasah laingik pratimanche varnan tyanni kele, qee teey madona kinwa janette jacksonchya pratima, tyanchi samalaingikta lapavanyachi garaj naan balgata, uttejit karatat. gaane aanee sangeet videola nakaratmak pratisad 'losses angelis times' aanee 'vice' dware darshavila gela hota, jeey saitanachya bhitiche chitran karate aanee lokpriy sangeet itihasatil mageel kshananshi tulana kelee gelee, jyat 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila jaz sangeetala 'daad devils music' mhanoon sambodhale jaat hote, 1966 chya mulakhatit johnn lenanchi tippani qee beatles 'yeshupeksha adhik lokpriy' hote, backmasking aarop, palak sangeet sansadhan kendracha 'ghanerada pandhra', madonancha 'prathanasarkha' sangeet video, lady gagache 'judas' aanee 'elejandro' sathee sangeet video aanee nikee minajcha 54 vya varshik grammy puraskaranmadhye 'roman holiday' chaa abhinay. sarvajanik pratima. lill naas ex tyachya sarvajanik fashionsathi prasiddha aahe; julai 2019 madhye, 'vog' neey lill naas exla tyachya rupat aanee instagramvar coveboy saundaryala eka glam look denyat 'master' mhanoon nondavale. tyacha shailikar, hodo musa mhanato qee tyache uddisht "vijechya, khelkar, rangiberangi aanee bhavishyatil" asha vastunche aahe."2019 chya emm. tii. vhee. video sangeet puraskaranmadhye tyachya onstage looksathi tyane kauboy motif cherry-reed noody suut paridhan keela hota. old tauun road' chya bolanmadhye ullekh asalelya ranglerchi lill naas ex saha-branded fashionmadhun satatyane vikri hott rahili aahe. 62vya varshik grammy puraskaransathi lill naas exney gulabi rangachya poshakhasah doke teey paay kapadi fushia verses suits anek poshakh ghatale hote, jeey tayar karnyasathi 700 taas lagale. julai 2020 madhye, lill naas exney rihanachya fanty beautychya naveen tvachechya dekhbhalisathichya chitrapatachya trailer vhidiomadhye modelling kele. august 2021 madhye, lill naas exney eka instagram postvar tippani kelee qee toney hock tyachya raktane rangavalelya skateboardschee vikri kareet aahe. pudhil kahee divas hii eka vishanujanya ghatana bunley. 2022 madhye, 64 vya varshik grammy puraskaranmadhye tyachya sadarikaranadarmyan, tyache jannendriye varanvar pakadalyabaddal aanee tyacha microphone tyachya crotchya madhyabhagi thevalyamule aanee teey device tyache ling asalyache bhasavun teey firavalyabaddal tyachyavar teeka karnyat aalee. meey 2023 madhye, lill naas exney keval chandicha rung, eka thang aanee unch tachanche platform shooj paridhan karoon, tyacha chehara sfatikanni jhakalela, mett gaala madhye hajeri lavali. tyacha look divangat german fashion icon carl leggerfeldchya catt chaupetpasun prerit hota. julai 2023 madhye, oslomadhil eka mothya bogdyatoon eae-scooter chalavalyabaddal polisanni norweymadhye adavalelya chaar lokanpaiki lill naas ex haah eka hota, asey nondavale gele. vaiyaktik jeevan. baher yet aahe. juuna 2019 chya suruvatila, lill naas ex tyachya bahinikade aanee vadilankade aala aanee tyache chahate tyachya pathishi rahtil qee nahee yabaddal anishchitata asoonahi tyala vatale qee 'vishva tyala tase karnyacha sanket dett aahe'. 30 juuna 2019 roji, garv mahinyacha shevatcha divas, lill naas ex heey sarvajanikaritya samalingi mhanoon baher aale. jevha tyane tyachya 'see7shozar' yaa trackmadhye pahilyanda heey soochit kele tevha tyachya tweetney purvichya shankanna pushti dilee. "rolling stone" yaa ganyat mhatale aahe qee, "" swachchh hone, mothe hone aanee swatahla aatmasat karane yasarkhya vishayanna sparsh hoto ". dusya divashi tyane punha tweet kele, yaveli tyachya '7' yaa epchya mukhprushthavaril indradhanushya rangachya imarativar prakash takala, jyache shirshak 'dedasla vatale qee mea teey spasht kele aahe' asey hote. anek divasannantar 'bii. bii. see. nashtyavar' dilelya eka mulakhatit too spasht hota, jyat tyane sangitale qee too samalingi aahe aanee tyala samajate qee tyachi laingikta deshat kinwa rapp sangeet samudayanmadhye sahaj sweekarli jaat nahee. yaa batmila midalela pratisad bahutek sakaratmak hota, parantu soshal mediavaril samalingi dveshala dekhil mothya pramanat pratisad midala, jyavar lill naas exnehi pratikriya dilee. hiip hopp sanskratitil homophobiakade laksh vedhoon ghet, hiip hopp samudayakadunhi pratikriya aalee. janewari 2020 madhye, rapper padri triane grammy puraskarandarmyan lill naas exney paridhan kelelya poshakhavar samalingi tippani kelya, jyavar lill naas exney uttar dileh "devachya tyaa chitrat mea khoop chhan disate." janewari 2023 madhye, lill naas exney tyachya laingik pravruttibaddal eka naveen vidhan tweet kele, "jarr mallah vatale qee mea thodi ubhayalingi aahe tarr tumhi sarvajan majhyavar ragavala asata". dusya divashi tyane tweet kele qee, "mea vachan dilelya kapatatoon baher padanyachi tee majhi shevatchi vel hotee". dharm. lill naas exney september 2021 madhye sangitale qee too eka velee nastik hota, parantu aata too 'vishvachya drushtine eka atishay aadhyatmik vyakti aahe, serve kahee kase karya karate." kamgiri. lill naas ex yanna done grammy puraskar, paach billboard sangeet puraskar, paach emm. tii. vhee. video sangeet puraskar, done bett hiip hopp puraskar, done hartradio sangeet puraskar aanee done american sangeet puraskaransah anek puraskar midale aahet. tyanna holl auph fame yaa gitkaranni, haal david starlite puraskaratil sarvat tarun sanmananiy mhanoonahi sanmanit kele aahe. lill naas ex haah 62 vya varshik grammy puraskaranmadhye sarvadhik namankit purush kalakar hota, jithe tyane shevati sarvotkrusht sangeet video aanee sarvotkrusht popp jodee/gut kamgirisathi puraskar jinkale. lill naas ex haah country music associationcha puraskar jinkanara pahila ughadpane ell. jee. bii. tii. krishnavarniy kalakar aahe aanee emm. tii. vhee. video music puraskar jinkanara pahila ughadpane ell. jee. bii. tii. kyu. vyakti aahe. 2021 madhye, kendrick lamar aanee teller swift yanchyanantar, tyane saha-digdarshit kelelya 'montero (mallah aaplya navane coll qaraa)' yaa vhidiosathi emm. tii. vhee. video music award jinkanara too tisra kalakar tharala. lill naas exney 'billboard' chya 100vya chartvar teen number vann singles midavale. julai 2019 chya suruvatila, 'old tauun road' neey 'billboard' 100 varr avval sthan midvat 13 vaa aathvada gathala, asey karnare teey pahile hiip hopp gaane tharale. pahilya sthanavar asatana 1 kotee pratee vikale jaanare heey pahile gaane aahe. shirshasthani asalelya tyachya 15 vya aathvadyat, lill naas ex heey pahile ughadpane samalingi kalakar banale jyanche gaane itake lamb tikale, tyanni elton johnchya 1997 chya duheri aii-sidela mage takale-jithe vikramachya donhi bajunna hiit mhanoon prachar keela jaato, 'menbatti inn daad wind 1997'/'aaj ratri tumhi kase disata yabaddal kahitari'. pahilya kramankavar 19 aathvade asatana, lill naas exney 1958 madhye chart pahilyanda sadar jhalyapasun sarvadhik aathvade vikram keela aahe., heey gaane aar andd bii/hiip-hopp ganyanchya chartmadhye 19 aathvade avval sthanavar aahe; teen-marg tye recordla mage takat. 19 aathvadyanchya hott rapp ganyanchya chartmadhye yaa ganyane teen-marganchya barobarila dekhil mage takale aahe. november 2019 paryant, heey gaane hinyachya pramanit jhaale, ektrit vikri aanee pravahit 1 kotee units. "time' neey 2019 madhye, 'soshal media' varr jaagtik prabhav aanee 'batamya chalavanyachya ekoon kshamatesathi', tyala internetvaril 25 sarvat prabhavshali lokanpaiki eka mhanoon naav dile. 2020 madhye, tyache naav 'forbes' chya 30 under 30 yadeet hote. 2021 madhye, too 'time' chya 100, jagatil 100 sarvat prabhavshali lokanchya varshik yadeet disala. 1 september 2021 roji, traver prakalpane jaheer kele qee lill naas ex haah tyachya udghatan aatmahatya pratibandh vakeel auph daad ear puraskar praptakarta aahe. dyscography. studio album

lill nass ex montero lamar hill (janma april 9,1999), unko stage naam lill nass ex () dwara chininchha, ek americi rapper, gayak, rar gitkar hun. uni afno contry rapp ekal "old tauna road" ko rilijsangai prakhyat bhae, jasle yu maa 19 hapta bitaeko thiyo.ess. "billboard" hutt 100 chart, sann 1958 maa chart suru bhaedekhi sabaibhanda lamo samayasamma chaliraheko number-ek geet baneko chha. geet hutt 100 maa shirshama hunda, lill nass ex samalingiko rupma bahira ae, number-ek record bhaeko bela tyaso garne ek matra kalakar bane. old tauna road" ko safalta pachhi, lill nass exle afno pahilo wistarit natak "7" shirshak jaari gare, jasle thap dui ekal khelharu utpanna garyo, "panini" panchaun nambarma pugyo rar "rodio" (cardie bee wa nasko visheshta) hutt 100 maa 22 aun nambarma pugyo. unko pahilo studio album, "montero" (2021), chart-topping ekal "montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)" rar "udyog beby" (jack harloko visheshta) rar shirsha-das ekal "tyo how june mahm chahanchhu", rar 64 aun warshik gryami awardma warshako albumka lagi manonit bhayo. afno sahasik kweer bhijual rar samajik sanjal upasthitika lagi parichit, lill nass exle dui graimi puraskar, paanch billboard sangit puraskar, paanch mtv bhidiyo sangit puraskar, dui bett hipp hup puraskar, dui ehertradio sangit puraskar rar dui americi sangit puraskarsahit dherai prashansa prapta gareka chhan. unlai gitkar hull aff femle hull devid starlight awardko sabaibhanda kanchho sammanitko rupma pani sammanit gareko chha. "old tauna road" sanyukta rajya americama dosro uchchatam pramanit gitko rupma 17-guna platinum sthitiko sath sthan prapta gardacha. unle sann 2020 maa "forbes" 30 antargat 30 ko suchima rar sann 2021 maa vishwaka 100 prabhawashali wyaktiharuko "time" ko warshik suchima sthan pae. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. montero lamar hilko janma april 9,1999 maa georgiako lithia springsma bhaeko thiyo. unko naam mitsubishi monteroko nambata rakhieko thiyo. uni chha warshako hunda unka amababule sambandhawiched gare, rar uni afnie amah rar hajuramasanga etlantako bankhead chhimekma raheko bankhead court awas pariyojanama basobas gare. tinn warshapachhi, uni afno buba, ek susamachar gayak, astelko saharko uttarma sare. suruma chhodna anicchuk bhae pani, unle pachhi yasalai euta mahatwapurna nirnayako rupma mane, "atlantama yati dherai kura bhairaheko chha-yadi mahm tyahan baseko bhae, mahm galat bhidma parna sakthen."unle" mames uniharuko afnai manoranjanko roop banna thaleko samayama internetko prayog garna thale "; lagbhag 13 warshako umerma. unle afno kishorawasthako dheraijaso samaya eklai bitae, rar internetma farkie, "vishesh gari tweeter, mames sirjana gardai jasle unko nishastra buddhi rar pup-sanskriti samajh dekhaundacha."unko kishorawasthama pani uni samalingi bhaeko rupma aafusanga bahira auna sangharsh gariraheko dekhiyo; unle prarthana gare kii yo kewal ek charan how, tara 16 wa 17 ko asapas uni yasalai swikar garna ae. unle chautho kakshama bigul bajauna thale rar afno kanishtha uccha warshaharuma pahilo kursima thie, tara asaksham dekhine darle chhode. hille lithia springs hai schoolma padhe, jahanbata unle 2017 maa snatak gare. tyasapachhi unle west georgia vishwavidyalayama bharna bhae, jahaan unle computer vigyanma mazer gare, tara pachhi ek warshapachhi sangitko kariyarko khoji garna chhode. yass samayama, uni afnie bahinisanga base rar jacksbyko resturant rar georgia thim parkma chhawata jhanda liera afulai sahayog gare. september 2019 maa unle afno hai schoolma euta ashcharyajanak concert pradarshan garna punah bhraman gare. currier. 2015-2017: internet wyaktitwa. hille bhane kii unle afno kishorawasthama afulai "warga bahirka gatiwidhiharu" batt alag garna thale. unle afno kamko prawardhan garna internet wyaktitwako rupma faloing nirman garne ashama unlinema thulo samaya bitae, tara rachanatmak rupma key kurama dhyan kendrit garne bhanne kurama anishchit thie. ek "rolling stone" antarwartama unle bhane, "mahm facebook kamedi bhidiyoharu gardai thie, tyasapachhi mahm instagramma gaen, rar tyasapachhi mahm tweeterma hup garen... jahaan mahm sanchchai guru thie. tyo pahilo sthan thiyo jahaan mahm bhairal huna sakthen."unle facebook rar bhainama chhoto dhanchako kamedi bhidiyoharu pani post gare. yass awadhima, unle kathit rupma tweeterma niki minaz fyan khataharu banae rar chalae, jasma "@nasmaraj" bhanine euta "nyu york" patrika anusandhanka anusar. sann 2017 maa, yass khatale dasboard app twitdeck prayog garera tweeterma lokpriya bhaeko yasako flas fixon-shaili antarkriyatmak "paridrishya thread" kaa lagi dhyan akarshit akarshit. anusandhanle @nasmaraj lai "tweetdecking" ko abhyassanga jodeko chha, wa kritrim rupma nishchit tweetharu bhairal huna sahayog garna dherai khataharu prayog gardacha. @nasmaraj khata twiterdwara "spyam nitiharu ullanghan" gareko karan nilambit garieko thiyo. @nasmaraj ko nilamban pachhi, "newyork" patrikako anusandhanle nishkarsh nikalchha kii unle pachhi "@nasmarai" handleko sath nayan khata khole, rar tyas samayama unko halko tweeter khata tyo "@nasmarai" khatako punah uddeshyit sanskaran thiyo june pariwartan garieko handleko sath thiyo. midia reportharule lill nass exlai minaz fyan khataharusanga jodeko pachhi, unle reportharulai "galatfahmi" bhane, prabhawkari rupma khataharu chalaeko aswikar gare. yadyapi, mey 2020 maa, lill nass exle ek tweetma, minajko fyan bhaeko swikar gare. unle suruma kinn aswikar gare bhanera wyakhya gare, yadi manisharulai thaha thiyo kii uni unko fyan hun bhane, uniharule sochnechhan kii uni samalingi thieh "yadi tapainsanga niki yu samalingi hunuhunchha bhanera samarpit sampurna fyan prishtha chha bhane manisharule mannechhan. rar rapp/sangit udyog ajhai samalingi purushharuko thyakkai nirman wa swikar garieko chhaina. june 17,2020 maa, minajle naslai jawaf dindai tweet gare, "yo thorai sting thiyo jab tapainle barb huna aswikar garnubhayo, tara mahm bujhchhu. afno satya bolne atmawishwas badhaunubhaekoma badhai chha. lill nasle minajsanga mafi magdai bhane, "tapainle mero aswikar nadekhos bhanne asha gardai, dherai naramro mahasus garnubhayo. @nasmarai khatalai pachhi newyork times patrikako lekhma ullekha garieko thiyo, jasma hille "harek jagne ghanta unline bitaeko, @nasmaraj ko rupma tweet gareko" warnan garieko thiyo. yasalai "sunn goj dauna" kaa lagi music bhidiyoma pani sandarbha garieko chha, jasle lill nass exko dherai sangharshaharu ek banda kishorko rupma hurkane rar afno yaunatalai angaaleko dekhaunchha; uni hai schoolma hunda "nasmiraj" namak khatabata tweet gardai dekhieka chhan. sann 2018 ko kunai samaya hill safaltako margaka rupma sangitma awataran bhayo, rar afno almarima githaru lekhna rar record garna thalyo. unle lill nass ex naam apanae, june rapper naslai shraddhanjali how. july 24,2018 maa, lill nasle soundclaudma afno pahilo mixtep "nasrati" jaari gare, yadyapi yasalai tatkal prasidhi prapta bhaena; pratilipi adhikar dwandwako karan "old tauna road" ko rilij pachhi turuntai "nasrati" streaming sewaharubata hatainechha rar tyasaile kahilyai mahatwapurna karshan prapta gardaina. october 2018 ko antyama, unle taal sune june "purano saharko sadak" banne thiyo. 2018-2019: "purano sahar sadak" rar "7" sanga safalta. december 3,2018 maa, lill nass exle contry rapp geet "old tauna road" jaari gare. unle beat-selling platform bitstarsma gitka lagi bitt douch nirmata yangkiobata $30 maa kineka thie; yasale uniharuko chhaitaun studio album "ghosts aie-ibhi" (2008) batt nau inchko nell track "34 ghosts IV" ko namuna linchha. unle ek ghantabhanda cum samaya liera uniharuko "$20 mangalbar" maa "vinamra" atlanta studio, sinkoyoma record gare. lill nass exle chhoto-faram bhidiyo samajik midia tiktok prayogkartaharule uthaunuaghi "purano sahar sadak" lai badhawa dina mames sirjana garna thale. tikatokle afna 50 karod vishwawyapi prayogkartaharulai "ananta nakkal" garna protsahit gardacha, bhidiyoharule samanyataya uhi sangit prayog garera pratilipiharu utpadan gardacha; "epko samagriko unmatta manthan...bhairal sangit hitharuka lagi ek shaktishali incubatorko rupma karya gardacha."lill nass exle anuman gare kii unle yasako prachar garna lagbhag 100 mames banae; tikatokma #yeehaw challenge memka karan geet 2019 ko suruma bhairal bhayo. lakhaun prayogkartaharule rangler wa kaugarlako pahiranma afna bhidiyoharu post gare, dheraijaso #yeehaw bhidiyoharule uniharuko soundtracka lagi geet prayog gare; july 2019 samma, tiniharu 67 million bhanda badhi patak herieka chhan. samajik mediama bandhieka arko mukhya darshakharu tee balbalika hun jo wayaska shrotaharuko tathyankama lukeka hunchhan. quartz.cum bhanchhan kii geet nishchit rupma yasako safaltako ek bhag janasankhyikiyako lagi rini chha, rar note gardacha kii tiniharu geet dohorine, sangai gauna sajilo, rar ghoda rar tractor sawariko barema shabdaharu prayog garera akarshit chhan, june bachchaharule sambandhit garna sakchhan. yo "billboard" hutt 100 chartma 83 nambarma suru bhayo, pachhi number ekma pugyo. trackle hutt contry geet chartma number 19 maa rar hutt arr anned bee/hipp-hup githaru number 36 maa pani suru bhayo. "tiwra bolly yuddha" pachhi, lill nass exle march 2019 maa columbia recordharusanga hastakshar gare. "billboard" ley march 2019 maa hutt contry geet chartbata vivadaspad rupma geet hataera "rolling stone" bhandaih robert cristagauko vicharma, "contry chartbata 'old tauna road' linule malai jatiwadi shudha rar saralko rupma prahar gardacha, kinki contry radio darious rakarharu rar keyne braunharuko parwah nagari jatiwadi rahanchha."arka" billboard "prawaktale jiniyaslai bhane," "billboardko contry chartbata geet hataune nirnayako kalakarko daudasanga kunai sambandha thiena."mukhya contry geet chartbata hataie pani, geet" "billboard" "ko contry airplay chartma chart bhayo, 53 maa debue bhayo, rar 50 maa pugyo. pratikriyama, sony music nasabhil ceo randi goodmanle" "billboard" "lai bhane kii unko tolile kehi contry radio bajarharuma gitko parikshan suru garyo, thapdai" "yasalai nadekhan laparwahi hunechha. mey 2019 maa, deshi sangit sanskritima jatiwadka muddaharu feri dekha pare jab renglerle afno lill nass ex sangrahako ghoshana gare, rar kehi upabhoktaharule bahishkarko dhamki die. yass gitle africi-amerikiharuko aitihasik sanskritik unmulanma dhyan akarshit gareko chha bhanera midia autletharule pani ullekha gare duwai deshi sangit rar americi sima yugbata. contry music starr billy rey cyrus april 2019 maa "old tauna road" ko remixma chitrit garieko thiyo, dherai madhye pahilo. sohi mahina, lill nass exle sabaibhanda dherai yu ko lagi drekko record todyo.ess. april 11 maa samapta bhaeko haptaka lagi 143 million strimharusahit ek haptama euta gitbata streamharu, drekko "inn mai centiments" lai uchhindai, june july 2018 maa ek haptama 116.2 million streamharu thie; august 2019 samma yasale spatifyma matrai ek arab bhanda badhi pleharu stream gareko chha. mey 2019 maa, bhidiyo jaari garieko thiyo rar august 2019 samma, 370 million bhanda badhi patak herieko chha. nbc nyujka micheal arsenaxle lekheka chhan, "sosal midia yugma lill nass ex yakinan pahilo micro-platform krasaobhar starr hun." "panini" june 20,2019 maa lill nass exko dosro ekalko rupma columbia recordharu marfat rilij garieko thiyo. yo animated television shringkhala "chauder" maa uhi namko kalpanik cabit bhaluko nambata rakhieko how, rar uhi namko sandwichlai janaundaina. september 2019 ko madhyama "panini" ko pahilo remix rapper dabisanga rilij bhaeko thiyo. lill nass exle june 21,2019 maa "7" shirshakko afno pahilo wistarit natak jaari gare. eple "billboard" 200 chartma dosro nambarma debue garyo. june 23,2019 maa, lill nass exle 2019 ko bett awardma sairassanga pradarshan gare. june 30 maa, lill nass exle wishwako sabaibhanda thulo greenfield festival, belayatko warshik glastenbury festivalma afno antarrashtriya debue gare, jab uni rar billy rey sairasle bibisima rashtriya rupma dekhieko setma "panini" ekal pradarshan garnu aghi, gitko lagi ashcharyajanak upasthiti banae rar millie sairasma samel bhae. sohi dina, lill nass ex samalingiko rupma bahira aepachhi sabaibhanda dekhine callo kweer purush gayakharu madhye ek bane. yo vishesh gari deshka kalakar rar hipp hup vidhaharuka lagi mahatwapurna thiyo, june duwaile matchismo rar "aitihasik rupma aswikrit kweer kalakarharu" lai jode dinchha. hipp hapma callo kweer purush kalakarharu mukhyadharako swikriti bhaeko tarkapurwak 2012 maa "channel suntala" rilij hunubhanda thik aghi frank osanko bahira auna suru bhayo. "rolling stone" ley julyko suruma tean lill nass ex githarusanga "rolling stone" shirsha 100 ko premiere garyoh cardie biko sath "rodio" number nauma; "panini" charma; rar "old tauna road" chartma pahilo number-ek gitko rupma. august 19,2019 maa, lill nass exle afna karmachariharuka lagi yasako prime day cell manauna ayojit concert amazonma ketty perika lagi kholiyo. 2020-2022: "montero". july 7,2020 maa, lill nass exle afno pahilo album "lagbhag samapta" bhaeko khulasa gare. unle afu mixtepma kaam gariraheko pani batae, rar nirmataharulai afno nayan sangitka lagi afno taal paces garna amantrit gare. november 8,2020 maa, unle nayan ekal, "holiday" ko ghoshana gare, june november 13 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. roblexma, lill nass exko ekallai prawardhan garna ek bharchual concert ayojit garieko thiyo, khelko awatar pasalma lill nass ex-sambandhit wastuharu thie. ekalle "billboard" hutt 100 maa 37 maa debue garyo, jabki gitko music bhidiole releaseko pahilo kehi haptaharuma lakhaun bhyuharu jamma garyo. janawari 2021 maa, unle balbalikako pustak "see iz ferr contry" ko vimochan gare. arko mahina, unle afno nayan geet, "montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)" ko purvavlokan super baul elbhi vigyapanma gare. yo geet adhikarik rupma 26 march 2021 maa euta sangit bhidiyosangai rilij garieko thiyo. sohi dina, lill nass exle afno pahilo albumko naam "montero" rakhne rar yo 2021 ko madhyama rilij hune khulasa gare. bhidiole kada pratikriyaharu nimtyayo. gitlai dheraile wichitratako mulyawan abhiwyaktiko rupma hereka thie, yadyapi pramukh rudhiwadi rar isai wyaktitwaharule lill nass exlai apawitrata rar shaitanko pujako arop lagae. wiwadko bawajud, "montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)", "billboard" hutt 100 maa number ekma debue bhayo, lill nass exko dosro chart-topping ekal rar tesro shirsha-das ekal banyo. march 29,2021 maa, lill nass exle newyorkma adharit kala samuhik mshfsanga sajhedari gari naiki air max max parimarjit jody jaari garna jaslai shaitan jutta bhaninchha, june "montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)" ko rilijlai badhawa dina prayog garieko music bhidiyoma shaitanko khuttama dekhna sakinchha. jutta callo rar rato rar kaansaako pentagram bhaeko chha, jasma "60 cc rar manav ragatko 1 thopa" bharieko chha. kewal $1,018 ko mulyama 666 jodiharu banaiyo. naikile juttako nirman rar prawardhanma asambandhit raheko rar lill nass ex wa mshfko sandeshlai samarthan nagareko bataeko chha. companyle newyork sanghiya adalatma mshf viruddha trademark mudda dayar gareko chha. april 1 maa nyayadhishle prarambhik adesh nabhaesamma juttako bikri rar vitaranma roke lagaune asthayi adesh jaari gare. lill nass exle tweeterma euta mimko sath muddako jawaf die jasle afulai squidward, gharbarwihin rar paisa magne charitrako rupma dekhaunchha. pachhi, unle "udyog beby" gitko lagi ek prastawana bhidiyo jaari gare, jasle nakkali "naiki banam. lill nass ex "sarvochcha adalatma mudda, jasma manisharule gayaklai samalingi bhaekoma ninda garnu aghi shaitanko juttako barema chhalfal garchhan. afno aghillo geet rar yasako prachar warparka vivadharu pachhi, lill nass exle mey 21,2021 maa adhik atmanirikshan ekal "sunn goj dauna" jaari gare, jasma unle badmashi rar afno palanposhanma afno samalaingiktasanga samjhauta garne afno sangharshalai pratibimbit garchhan. unle ek dina pachhi "shanibar raat pratyaksha" maa "montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)" sangasangai geet prastut gare, jahaan unko pantko sim vibhajit hunda pole dance dincharyako kramama wardrobma kharabi aeko thiyo, jasle garda uni yasalai ramrosanga samapta garna asamartha bhae. june 29 maa, lill nasle afno pahilo albumko prachar bhidiyo post gare, yasalai "montero, album" sanga samapta gare. unle pahile chidiyaeko tracko euta ansh pani post gare jaslai "udyog beby" bhaninchha. yo geet 23 julyma ekalko rupma rilij garieko thiyo, jasma rapper jack harloko visheshta thiyo, kyanye westdwara nirman garieko thiyo rar ek dinko yatra linuhos. gitle "billboard" hutt 100 maa dosro nambarma debue garyo rar october 23,2021 ko antya haptako lagi chartma pahilo nambarma pugyo, lill nass exko chautho shirsha-das ekal rar tesro number ek banyo. september 17,2021 maa, "montero" yasako chautho ekal "yahi mahm chahanchhu" sanga rilij bhaeko thiyo. october 23,2021 maa, lill nass exle electronic deji carnival lass vegasma diploko setma ashcharyajanak upasthiti dekha paryo. upasthitima unle "udyog beby", "montero (malai afno namle bolaunuhos)", rar "old tauna road" pradarshan gare. april 26,2022 maa, unle afno pahilo concert bhraman, lamo laibh montero bhramanko ghoshana gare. yo bhraman "montero" ko samarthanma thiyo, rar september 2022 maa suru bhayo rar janawari 2023 samma chalyo. 2023: agami dosro studio album. march 16,2022 maa, lill nass ex afno virambata farke, rar afno "lagbhag samapta" nayan albumbata dui githaru chidhae, "lett too daa party" jasma jawan ketale feri kahilyai todyo, rar "dauna soaf hose" maa sasi santana bhaeko thiyo. unle "mero sharirma leane" tracko purvavlokan pani post gare. june 24,2022 maa, lill nass exle "lett too daa party" jaari garyo, rar pachhi tweeter marfat spashta garyo kii yo "pramukh ekal thiena". lill nass exle album "kehi ramailo hunechha, garmika lagi kehi, ketiharuka lagi tayar huna rar party garna kehi" bhane. afno "lamo laibh montero tour" maa, lill nass exle afno tyasabela rilij nagarieko ekal starr wakin rar "dauna soaf hose" ko parichaya die. september 15,2022 maa, bhidiyo game ligg aff legendka wikaskartaharu, danga khelharule ek press vigyapti marfat 2022 ligg aff legend vishwa championshipka lagi lill nass exsanga sahakaryako ghoshana gare, jahaan uniharule unlai "ligg aff legendko adhyaksha" pani ghoshana gare, jaslai kotaku patrakar isaya colbertle publicity stunt bhanin. pratiyogitako gaan, "starr wakin", september 22 maa animated music bhidiyoko sath jaari garieko thiyo. unle november 5 maa pratiyogitako udghatan samarohma geet prastut gare. thap rupma, lill nass exdwara saha-design garieko khelma khelna yogya charitraka lagi custom poshak novemberma asthayi rupma upalabdha garainechha. october 19,2022 maa, lill nass exle pahile nasunieko thap shlokko sath "dauna soaf hose" ko parichaya pradarshan garna afno bhramanma sasi santanalai amantrit gare. march 17,2023 maa, lill nass exle afno lolapoloza chilly pradarshanko kramama gitko parichayako wistarit natak pradarshan gare. sangit shaili rar prabhawharu. lill nass exko sangitik shaililai pup rapp, hipp hup, contry rapp, trap, pup ruck, pup rar rakako rupma warnan garieko chha. unle elgibitkyu kalakarharu frank ocean rar taylor, sirjanakartalai preranaka rupma rar "mahm jahaan chhu tyahan sahajai huna sajilo banaekoma shreya dinchhan."lill nass exle niki minaz, ketty peri, drekk, millie cyrus rar doja biralolai pani afno sabaibhanda thulo prabhawka rupma uddhrit gardacha. sann 2019 maa unle bhane, "mahm internetbata hurkien, tyasaile mero prabhawa sangitko rupma sabai thaunbata aunchha."uni andrey 3000, kendrick lamar, kidd cudy rar lill uji wort jasta hipp hup kalakarharu sunera hurkeka thie. prabhawa. lill nass exko safaltale unlai pahilo rangin wyakti rar pahilo khula samalingi kalakar banna badhya banayo june "forbes" dwara yasako warshik sabaibhanda dherai bhuktan hune desh karyaharuko suchima suchibadha garieko thiyo. keyne berns, jasle pbs writtachitra "contry music" nirman gare, ullekha gare, montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)" kaa lagi music bhidiyo rilij bhaepachi, dherai autletharule lill nass exko "nirlajja kweer" bhijualska lagi prashansa gare. "vividhata" adam bee. bherinjale lekheka chhan kii bhidiole "kweer sangit kalakarharuka lagi sabai kura pariwartan garyo", blakma nayan bachchaharuko jonathan night rar nsinko lance bass jasta kehi lgbt kalakarharule banda rahanda mahilaharuko barema gaeka thie, jabki alton john rar ricky martin jasta anyale spashta rupma uniharuko yaunatako barema gaenan. unle pole danceshitko yauna chitranlai afno samalingita lukaune awashyakta bina madona wa genet jacksonko chhawiharu jagaune rupma warnan gare. geet rar music bhidiyoko nakaratmak swagatlai "lus angels times" rar "bhaisa" ley shaitanko atankalai chitran gareko rar lokpriya sangit itihaska wigatka kshanharuko tulanama 20 aun shatabdiko suruma jyaj sangitlai "da deville 'saas music" bhanera chinieko thiyo, sann 1966 ko antarwartama john lenanko tippani thiyo kii beatles "yeshu bhanda badhi lokpriya" thie, backmasking aropharu, abhibhawak sangit srota kendrako "ganda pandhra", madonako "prarthana jastai" ko music bhidiyo, leady gagako "judas" rar "alejandro" kaa music bhidiyoharu, rar niki minajko 54 aun warshik gryami awardma "roman holiday" ko pradarshan. sarvajanik chhawi. lill nass ex afno sarvajanik fessionka lagi prakhyat bhaeko chha; july 2019 maa, "wog" ley lill nass exlai kauboya esthetiklai unko upasthiti rar instagramma glam look dina "master" ko rupma ullekha gareko thiyo. unka stylist, hodo musa bhanchhan kii unle "vidyutiya, khelaunapurna, rangin rar bhawishyaka wastuharu" laxit gareka chhan."sann 2019 ko mtv bhidiyo music awardma unko manchama dekhine drishyaka lagi unle kauboya motif chery-redd noody suit lagaeka thie. old tauna road" kaa gitma ullekha garieko ranglerle lagatar lill nass ex ko-branded fessionharu bikri gareko chha. 62 aun warshik gryami awardka lagi lill nass exle gulabi harnesko sath tauko-dekhi-khutta kochar fusia bharsesa suit sahit dherai poshakharu lagaeka thie june nirman garna 700 ghanta lagyo. july 2020 maa, lill nass exle rihannako fenty byutidwara nayan skincare lineka lagi trailer bhidiyoma model gare. august 2021 maa, lill nass exle tony hakle afno ragat bhaeko rangle chitrit skateboardharu bechne barema ek instagram postma "nah hey twickin" tippani gare. yo agami kehi dinasamma bhairalko ghatana banyo. sann 2022 maa, 64 aun warshik gryami awardma unko pradarshanko kramama, barambar afno jannang samatna, rar afno microfonlai afno krachko kendrama rakhera rar upkaran afno ling bhaeko natak gardai yasalai waripari ghumaekoma unko alochana garieko thiyo. mey 2023 maa, lill nass exle mett galama bhag lie kewal chaandiko sharirko rung, thong, rar uccha-hill platform jutta lagaera, unko anuhar rhinestones ley dhakieko thiyo. unko look swargiya german fasion aikan carle lazerfeldko biralo chaupetbata prerit thiyo. july 2023 maa, lill nass ex osloko ek pramukh surungama eae-scooter chalaekoma narvema praharile rokeka chaar wyaktiharu madhye ek thie bhanera report garieko thiyo. wyaktigat jiwan. bahira niskanchha. june 2019 ko suruma, lill nass ex afnie bahini rar bubasanga bahira ae rar unle mahasus gare kii "brahmandle unlai tyaso garna sanket gariraheko chha", unko anishchittako bawajud kii unka prashansakharu unisanga baschhan wa chhainan. june 30,2019 maa, garva mahinako antim dina, lill nass ex sarvajanik rupma samalingiko rupma bahira ayo. unko twitle pahileko shanka pushti garyo jab unle pahilo patak afno track "see 7 kajar" maa yo sanket gare. "rolling stone" ley gitlai "" safa auna, hurkane rar afulai angalna jasta vishayavastuharuma sparsha gardacha "" bhanera ullekha gareko chha. bholipalta unle feri tweet gare, yass patak unko app "7" ko kabhar artma indradhanush rangko bhawanlai highlite gardai, "dedasle soche kii maile yasalai spashta garen" bhanne capsonko sath. uni dherai dinpachhi "bbc breakfast" maa ek antarwartama spashta thie, jahaan unle afu samalingi bhaeko rar afno yaunata desh wa rapp sangit samudayharuma sajilai swikar garindaina bhanera bujhchan. samacharko pratikriya dheraijaso sakaratmak thiyo, tara samajik mediama thulo matrama homophobic pratikriya pani prapta bhayo, jasma lill nass exle pani pratikriya die. hipp hup sanskritima homophobiatira dhyan akarshit gardai hipp hup samudayabata pani pratikriya ayo. janawari 2020 maa, rapper paster triale lill nass exle gryami awardko samayama lagaeko poshakma homophobic tippani gare, jasma lill nass exle jawaf dieh "dhikkar mahm bhagawanko tyo taswirma ramro dekhinchha." janawari 2023 maa, lill nass exle afno yauna abhimukhikaranko barema nayan bayan tweet gare, "yadi maile sochen kii mahm thorai ubhayalingi hun bhane [wastawikka lagi] tapain sabai masanga pagal hunuhunechha. bholipalta unle tweet gare, "maile wacha gareko almaribata bahira niskane yo mero antim samaya thiyo. dharma. lill nass exle september 2021 maa bhane kii uni "ek binduma" nastik thie, tara ab "brahmandko sandarbhama ek dherai adhyatmik wyakti how, sabai kura kasari kaam gardacha." upalabdhiharu. lill nass exle dui graimi puraskar, paanch billboard sangit puraskar, paanch mtv bhidiyo sangit puraskar, dui bett hipp hup puraskar, dui ihartradio sangit puraskar rar dui americi sangit puraskarsahit dherai puraskarharu prapta gareka chhan. unlai gitkar hull aff femle hull devid starlight awardko sabaibhanda kanchho sammanitko rupma pani sammanit gareko chha. lill nass ex 62 aun warshik gryami awardma sabaibhanda badhi manonit purush kalakar thie, jahaan unle antatah utkrishta music bhidiyo rar sarwashreshtha pup jody/samuha pradarshanka lagi puraskar jite. lill nass ex contry music association award jitne pahilo khula lgbt callo kalakar pani hun rar warshako gitko lagi mtv bhidiyo music award jitne pahilo khula lgbtku wyakti hun. sann 2021 maa, uni kendrick lamar rar taylor swiftapachhi tesro kalakar bane, jasle unle saha-nirdeshan gareko bhidiyoka lagi warshako bhidiyoko lagi mtv bhidiyo sangit puraskar jiteka thie-"montero (malai afno namle cull garnuhos)". lill nass exle "billboard" hutt 100 chartma tinn number-ek ekal score gare. july 2019 ko suruma, "old tauna road" ley "billboard" 100 maa shirsha sthanma afno 13 aun hapta hasil garyo, tyaso garne pahilo hipp hup geet banyo. yo shirsha sthanma rahanda 1 karod pratilipi bikri garne pahilo geet pani how. shirshama yasako 15 aun haptama, lill nass ex pahilo khula rupma samalingi kalakar bane jasle alton joneko 1997 double ae-sidelai uchhindai geet lamo samayasamma chaleko thiyo-jahaan recordka duwai pakshaharulai hitko rupma badhawa diinchha, "mainabatti hawama 1997"/"az raati tapainle kasto dekhnuhunchha bhanne bare kehi. number ekma 19 haptama, lill nass exle sann 1958 maa chart pahilo patak prastut bhaedekhi sabaibhanda dherai haptako record rakheko chha., gitle tato arr anned bee/hipp-hup geet chartma 19 haptako chart pani banaeko chha; three-wey tye recordlai haraaundai. 19 haptama hutt rapp githaruko chartma shirshama raheko gitle three-wey tylai pani haraeko chha. november 2019 samma, geet hira pramanit bhayo, sanyukta bikri sardai rar 1 karod ekaiharu streaming gariyo. "time" ley unlai sann 2019 maa internetma 25 sabaibhanda prabhawashali wyaktiharu madhye ekko rupma naam diyo, unko "" samajik mediama vishwawyapi prabhawa "" rar "" samachar chalaune samagra kshamatako lagi. sann 2020 maa, unlai "forbes" 30 under 30 suchima naam diieko thiyo. sann 2021 maa uni vishwaka 100 prabhawashali wyaktiharuko "time" 100, timeko warshik suchima dekha pare. september 1,2021 maa, traver pariyojanale lill nass exlai yasako udghatan atmahatya rokatham adhiwakta warshako puraskar prapta bhaeko ghoshana garyo. discography. studio albumharu

lill naas ex montero lamar hill (janma april 9,1999), taanka mancha naama lill naas ex () dwara janashuna, jane americae rapara, gajaka ebong geetikara . shay taanka deshar raap ekaka "old tauna road" rahr muktilabha sahita prasiddhi laabh karithile, jaahaa jayu. aii. rahr sheershare 19 saptaha bitaithila .ess. "billboard" hutt 100 chart, 1958 ray chart arambha heba paratharu dirghatama chaluthiba eka nambara geeta hoigala. jehetu geetati hutt 100 ray sheershare thila, lill naas ex samalingi bhabare baharithile, eka nambara record thibabele epari karibare ekamatra kalakara hoithile . old tauna road" rahr saphalata parey, lill naas ex tankara pratham samprasarita nataka "7" jaari karithile, jaahaa ahuri duiti ekaka nataka srusti karithila, jeunthire "panini" pancham sthanare pahanchithila ebong "rodio" (cardy bii kimba nasaku nei) hutt 100 ray 22 nambarare pahanchithila. tankara pratham studio album, "montero" (2021), chart-tapinga singalsa "montero" (cull mea baai yora nema) ebong "industry bebi" (jack harlonku nei) ebong shirsha-dashati ekaka "dutt what aai want" dwara samarthita hoithila ebong 64 tama barshika grammy puraskarare barshar album paain manoneet hoithila . tankara sahasika quire vijual ebong social midia upasthiti paain janashuna, lill naas ex duiti grammy puraskara, panchti billboard music puraskara, panchti mtv bhidio music puraskara, duiti bett hip hup puraskara, duiti ehertradio music puraskara ebong duiti americae music puraskara sameth aneka prashansa paichanti. tanku geeta lekhaka hull off fame dwara hull devida starlight puraskarara sarbakanistha sammanita byakti bhabare madhya sammanita karajaichi. "old tauna road" 17 guna platinum manyata sahita juktarastrare dwiteeja sarbadhika-certified geeta bhabare sthana paichi . shay 2020 ray "forbes" 30 under 30 talikare ebong 2021 ray biswara 100 prabhabasali byaktinka "time" rahr barshika talikare sthana paithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. montero lamar pahad georgier lithia springasare april 9,1999 ray janmagrahana karithile. tankara naama mitsubishi monteronka naamare rakhajaichhi. tanku chhaa barsha hoithiba bele taanka pitamatanka madhyare chadapatra hoijaithila ebong shay taanka maaa ebong jejema 'nka saha atlantar byankahed padoshi byankahed courter abas prakalpare sthajee bhabe basabasa karithile. tini barsha parey, shay taanka pita, jane susamachara gajakanka saha, saharar uttarare, astelre rahibaku lagile. jadio prathame shay jibaku anichhuka thile, parey shay ehaaku eka gurutwapurna nishpatti bolly bibechana karithile, "atalantare ete sabu jinish chalichi-jadi mun sethare rahithanti, tebe mun bhul bhidare padithanti."shay" internetaku byapaka bhabare byabahara kariba arambha karithile jetebele mim semanankara nijaswa manoranjan roop hebaku arambha karithila "; praiah jetebele shay 13 barsha baisar thile . shay tankara kishore baisar adhikansha samai ekutia bitaithile, ebong internet aadaku muhanithile, bisesh curry twitera, mim srusti karithile jaahaa tankara nirastra buddhi ebong pop-sanskruti gyanaku darshaithila ."kishorabasthare madhya shay samalingi bolly nijaku prakash kariba saha sangharsha karuthibara dekhithile; shay prarthana karithile je ehaa kebala eka parjyaja, kintu praiah 16 kimba 17 ray shay ehaaku grahan karibaku aasithile. shay chaturtha shreneere trumpet kheliba arambha karithile ebong taanka kanistha uccha barsha madhyare pratham cheyara thile, kintu anah-thund dekhajiba bhajare chhadi deithile. hill lithia springs haiskulare adhyajana karithile, jeunthiru shay 2017 ray snataka hoithile. taa 'parey shay paschima georgia biswabidyalajare naama lekhaithile, jeunthare shay computer bigyanare mejara hoithile, kintu parey eka barsha parey eka sangeeta kyariyara karibaku drop karithile . ehi samajare, shay taanka bhauneenka saha rahithile ebong jaxbinka resturantare chakiri ebong georgia thim park upare chhaati pataka sahita nijaku poshana karithile. september 2019 ray shay eka ashcharjya sangeeta karjyakram pradarshan karibaku taanka haiskulaku punarbara paridarshan karithile. kyariyara. 2015-2017: internet byaktitwa. hill kahichanti je kishore bajasare shay nijaku "shreni bahare karjyakalapa" ru alga kariba arambha karithile. shay taanka karjyaku prostahita kariba paain jane internet byaktitwa bhabare anusaranakaree srusti karibara ashare unline bahuta samai bitaithile, kintu srujanashila bhabare qa 'naa dhyana debe taaha anischita thile . eka "roling stone" sakhyatakarare shay kahithile, "mun facebook kamedi bhidio karuthili, taa 'parey mun instagramaku chalili, ebong taa' parey mun twiterre hup colly..... jeunthare mun prakrutare jane guru thili. seithi hinn pratham sthana thila jeunthare mun bhairal hoiparili."shay facebook ebong winere khudra-formatt kamedi bhidio madhya post karithile. nyujarka" patrikara anusandhana anujai, ehi samajare shay twiterre "@nasmaraj" namaka eka sahita "nikki minaz fann account" srusti karithile ebong chalaithile. 2017 ray, ehi account dasboard app twitdeck byabahara curry twiterre lokpriya hoithiba ehara flas fixon-style interactive "cineorhea thread" paain dhyana akarshana karithila . anusandhanati @nasmaraj ku "twit deking" abhyasa sahita yodila, kimba keteka twit ku krutrima bhabare bhairal kariba paain sahajogare ekadhika account byabahara kallah . spam neeti ullanghana" karanaru twitera dwara @nasmaraj aakauntaku nilambita karajaithila. id1" ku nilamban kariba parey, "nyujarka" patrikara anusandhanaru janapadichhi je parabarti samajare shay "id2" handle sahita eka nutan account kholithile, ebong sehi samajare tankara barttamanara twitera account sehi "id2" accountra eka punahuddeshita sanskarana thila, jeunthire eka badalithiba handle thila. ganamadhyama reportgudika 'lill naas ex' ku minaz fann account sahita jodiba parey, shay ehi reportgudiku eka "bhul bujhamana" bolly kahithile, ebong aakauntagudiku chalaiba kathaa asweekara karithile. tebe, meey 2020 ray, lill naas ex eka twitare minazar prashansaka bolly sweekara karithile. shay prathame kahinki ehaaku asweekara kale taaha barnana curry kahithile je jadi lokamane janithanti je shay tankara jane prashansaka, tebe semane bhabibe je shay samalingeeh "lokamane anumana karibe je jadi apanankara eka sampurna prashansaka prustha thaae jaahaa nikki jayu samalingeenku utsargeekruta . ebong raap/music industry eparjyanta thick samalingi purushamananku nirmana kimba grahan karinahin. june 17,2020 ray, minaz nasku twit curry pratikrija janaile, "jetebele apana jane barb bolly asweekara kale, ehaa tike sting thila, kintu mun bujhuchhi. aapananka satya kahiba paain apanankara aatmabiswasa brudhi karithibaru abhinandan. lill naas minajanku khyama maagi kahithile je shay "bahuta kharap anubhaba karuthile, aasha karuthile je apana more pratyakhyana dekhibe naahin". parey nyujarka timeser eka nibandhare 'id1' account bishajare ullekha karajaithila, jeunthire 'hill' nka "pratyeka jagrata samai unlinere bitaiba, 'id2' bolly twit kariba" bishajare barnana karajaithila. surya asta hoijanti" paain music bhidiore madhya ehaa ullekha karajaichi, jaahaa eka closes kishore bhabare budd heba ebong taanka jounataku alingana karuthiba lill naas eksanka aneka sangharshaku darshae; shay haiskulare thibabele "nasmiraj" namaka eka aakauntaru twit karuthiba dekhibaku milichi, geeta bhabare "mun phonere hebi, sakalaku nikki stan karuchhi" play . 2018 masihare kaunasi eka samajare, hill saphalatara marga bhabare sangeetare abataran karithile, ebong taanka alamarire geeta lekhiba ebong recording arambha karithile . shay lill naas ex naama grahan karithile, jaahaa rapara nasanku eka shradhanjali . july 24,2018 ray, lill naas soundcloudre tankara pratham mixtep "nasarati" muktilabha karithile, jadio ehaa turanta prasiddhi laabh karinathila; eka kapirait bibada hetu "old tauna road" muktilabha parey "nasarati" streaming sarbhis ru hatai diajiba ebong tenu ehaa kadapi gurutwapurna akarshana hassel kariba naahin . october 2018 sheshare, shay eka beat shunile jaahaa "puruna sahara rasta" ray parinata heba . 2018-2019: "puruna sahara rasta" ebong "7" sahita saphalata. december 3,2018 ray, lill naas ex desh raap geeta "old tauna road" muktilabha karithile. shay douch nirmata jangakionkatharu bitt-seling platform bitastarare benami bhabare geeta paain beetku $30 ray kinithile; ehaa semanankara shastha studio album "ghosts aai-aaivi" (2008) ru naaa inch nakh track "34 ghosts IV" rahr namuna . shay eka ghantaru comm samai nei sinkojosthita eka "namra" atlanta studiore semananka "$20 mangalabara" ray record karithile. puruna sahara rasta' ku prostahita kariba paain 'lill naas ex' mim tiari kariba arambha karithila, jaahaa purbaru ehaaku cert-form bhidio social midia tiktok byabaharakareemane grahan karithile. tiktok ehara 500 nijuta biswastareeja byabaharakareenku "antahina anukaran" paain prostahita kare, jeunthire bhidiogudika sadharanatah samaana sangeeta byabahara curry kapi srusti kare; "app" rahr bishajabastu upare unmatta manthan .....bhairal music heat paain eka shaktishali incubator bhabare karjya kare ."lill naas ex akalana karithile je shay ehara prachara paain praiah 100 mim karithile; tiktok upare #yeehaw challenge mim hetu geetati 2019 rahr prarambhare bhairal hoithila . lakhya lakhya byabaharakaree nijara bhidio post karichanti, jeunthire adhikansha #yeehaw bhidio semananka soundtrack paain geeta byabahara karuchanti; july 2019 suddha, semananku 67 nijutaru adhika thara dekhajaichhi. social midia sahita jadita anya eka mukhya darshaka heuchhanti pila jeunmane bayaska shrotanka parisankhyanare luchi rahichanti . quartz.qama kahichhi je ehi geeta nischita bhabare ehara saphalatara kichhi ansha janasankhikeeja paain runee, ebong ullekha kare je semane geetati punarabruttijukta, geeta gaibaku sahaja, ebong ghoda ebong tractor chalaiba bishajare lyrics byabahara curry akarshita huanti, jaahaa pilamane jadita kariparibe . ehaa "billboard" hutt 100 chartre 83 nambarare arambha hoithila, parey eka nambaraku aarohan karithila . ehi geetati hutt contry geeta chartre 19 nambarare ebong hutt aarr anded bii/hip-hup geeta 36 nambarare arambha hoithila. eka "tibra nilam juddha" parey, march 2019 ray kalambia record sahita sil naas ex swakhyara karithile. march 2019 ray "billboard" bibadiah bhabare hutt contry geeta chartru geetaku hataideithila ebong "roling stone" kahithilah robert kristagaunka matare, "'puruna sahara rasta' ku deshar chartru hataiba mote jatibadi shudha ebong sarala bolly maneh kare, kaaran deshi redio jatigata hoi rahithae, ehaa darious rakara ebong caine braun nirbisheshare sthana kare ."anya jane" "billboard" "mukhapatra pratibhanku kahichanti," "billboardra desh chartru geetatiku hataiba nispattira kalakaranka dauda sahita kaunasi samparka naahin."mukhya deshi geeta chartru hatai diajiba satwe, geetati" "billboard" "rahr deshi ejaraple chartre chart hoithila, 53 ray debyu karithila, ebong 50 ray sheershare pahanchithila. pratikrija swaroopa, sony music nasavila ceo randi goodman" "billboard" "ku kahithile je taanka dala kichhi deshi redio bajaarare gitatira parikhya arambha karithila, ebong ahuri madhya kahichanti je" "ehaaku naah dekhiba abahela heba. meey 2019 ray, deshi sangeeta sanskrutire jatibadara prasanga puni thare samnaku asithila jetebele rangalar ehara lill naas ex sangraha ghoshana karithile, ebong kichhi upabhokta barjan dhamaka deithile . ganamadhyama madhya ullekha karichhi je ehi geeta ubhaja deshi sangeeta ebong americae seema jugaru african-aamerikeejamananka aitihasika sanskrutika abakhyai prati dhyana akarshana karichhi. desh sangeeta tarka billy ray siras april 2019 ray "old tauna road" rahr remixre pradarshita hoithile, jaahaa aneka madhyaru pratham . sehi maasare, lill naas ex sarbadhika jayu paain dreknka record bhangithile.ess. april 11 ray shesh saptaha paain 143 nijuta stream sahita gotie saptahare gotie geetaru streaming, drekker "moe bhabanare" ku atikrama karichhi, jahara july 2018 ray eka saptahare 116.2 nijuta stream thila; august 2019 suddha ehaa kebala spatiphaire eka bilijanaru adhika nataka stream karichhi . meey 2019 ray, bhidioti muktilabha karithila ebong august 2019 suddha, 370 nijutaru adhika bhyu achhi . nbc nyujara michael arsenox lekhichhanti, "social midia jugare, lill naas ex juktijukta bhabare pratham micro-platform krasobhara starr ." "panini" june 20,2019 ray kalambia record madhyamare lill naas exer dwiteeja ekaka bhabare muktilabha karithila . animated television sirij "" chauder "ray samaana namara kalpanika cabit bhalunka naamare ehara namakarana karajaichi, ebong samaana namara sandawich ku suchita kare naahin . september 2019 madhyabhagare 'panini "rahr pratham remix rapara dababinka saha muktilabha karithila. lill naas ex 21 june, 2019 ray "7" shirshaka tankara pratham samprasarita nataka muktilabha karithile. ep "billboard" 200 chartre dwiteeja sthanare arambha hoithila . june 23,2019 ray, lill naas ex 2019 bett puraskarare cyrus sahita pradarshan karithile. june 30 ray, lill naas ex biswara sarbabruhata greenfield festival, brittener barshika glestonbury phestibhalare antarjatija debyu karithile, jetebele shay ebong billy ray siras eka ashcharjyajanaka upasthiti srusti karithile ebong geeta paain millie sirasare joga deithile, jatiah starare dekhibaku milithiba sett ray "panini" ekaka pradarshan kariba purbaru. sehideen, lill naas ex sabutharu drushyamana kalaa quire purush gajakamananka madhyaru jane hoithile jetebele shay samalingi bhabare baharithile . ehaa deshar jane kalakara ebong hip hup sailee paain bisesh bhabare gurutwapurna thila, jaahaa ubhaja massismo ebong "aitihasika bhabare anadekha hoithiba quire kalakara" upare gurutwa deithae . hip hup rahr kalaa kujira purush kalakaramane mukhyadharara swekruti paibaku juktijukta bhabare 2012 ray "channell arrange" muktilabha karibara thick purbaru phrank oshen bahariba sahita arambha hoithila . "roling stone" july prarambhare tinoti lill naas ex geeta sahita "roling stone" shirsha 100 rahr premiyara karithilah cardy bii sahita "rodio" nabam sthanare; "panini" chaari sthanare; ebong "old tauna road" chartre pratham-eka nambara geeta bhabare . august 19,2019 ray, lill naas ex ehara karmacharimananka paain ehara prime day cell palana kariba paain ajojita eka concert aamaajanare kaati peri paain kholila . 2020-2022: "montero". july 7,2020 ray, lill naas ex prakash karithile je tankara pratham album "praiah samapta" hoithila . shay ehaa madhya kahithile je shay eka mixtep upare kaama karuchanti, ebong taanka nutan sangeeta paain niz sangeeta pradan karibaku prajojakamananku nimantran karithile. navember 8,2020 ray, shay eka nutan ekaka, "holiday" ghoshana karithile, jaahaa navember 13 ray muktilabha karithila. robloxre, lill naas eksanka ekakaku prachara kariba paain eka virtual concert anusthita hoithila, khelara abatara dokanare lill naas ex-sambandheeah itom sahita . ekakati "billboard" hutt 100 ray 37 ray arambha hoithila, jetebele geetara music bhidio muktilabhara pratham kichhi saptaha madhyare dasha lakhya bhyu sangraha karithila . januari 2021 ray, shay eka shishu pustaka, "sii iz pharr contry" unmochan karithile. taa 'para maasa, shay eka super bole elavi bigyapanare tankara nutan geeta, "montero (mote aapananka naamare dakantu)" rahr purbara drushyamana karithile. ehi geetati aanusthanika bhabe march 26,2021ray eka music bhidio sahita muktilabha karithila. sehideen, lill naas ex prakash karithile je tankara pratham albummer naama "montero" rahiba, ebong ehaa 2021 masiha madhyabhagare muktilabha kariba. bhidioti tibra pratikrija srusti karithila. ehi geetaku aneka lock eka mulyabana adbhuta abhibyakti bhabare dekhuthile, jadio pramukh rakhyanashila ebong khristian byaktitwamane lill naas eksanku apabitrata ebong shaitan pooja paain abhijoga karithile. bibada satwe, "montero (mote aapananka naamare dakantu)", "billboard" hutt 100 ray pratham sthanare prabesha karithila, jaahaa lill naas exer dwiteeja chart-tapinga singal ebong truteeja top-tenne singal hoithila . march 29,2021 ray, lill naas ex nyujarka sthita art collective mshf sahita bhagidari curry eka paribartita jodi naiki eyaara max 97s jaahaaku shaitan jota kuhajae, jaahaa "montero (mote aapananka naamare cull karantu)" rahr muktilabhaku prostahita karibaku byabahruta music bhidiore shajatananka paadare dekhajaipare . jota gudika kalaa ebong laal rangara ebong eka bronz pentagram sahita, "60 sisi ebong 1 bunda manab rakta" ray bhartti . $1,018 moolyare maatra 666 yoda tiari karajaithila. naiki kahichhi je semane jota srusti ebong pracharare asampurna thile ebong lill naas ex kimba mshfra barta samarthan karinathile. company nyujarka federal kortare emm. ess. sii. aif. biruddhare eka trademark makaddama dair karithila. april 1 tarikhare, bicharapati eka asthajee pratibandhaka adesh jaari curry prathamika nirdesh parjyanta jota bikri ebong bitaranaku abarodh karithile. lill naas ex twiterre eka mim sahita makaddamara zabab deithile jaahaa nijaku squidward, gruhahina ebong tanka maguthiba charitra bhabare darshaithila . parey, shay "industry bebi" geeta paain eka prelude bhidio jaari karithile, jaahaa eka nakali "naiki banam" manchasta kare . sarbocha nyajalajare 'lill naas ex' bichara, jeunthire lokamane gajakanku samalingi bolly ninda kariba purbaru shaitan jota bishajare alochana karanti . tankara purba geeta ebong ehara pracharaku nei bibada parey, lill naas ex meey 21,2021 ray adhika atmabiswasi ekaka "sunn gos down" muktilabha karithile, jeunthire shay taanka lalanapalanare taanka samalingeeta sahita sangharsha ebong bujhamana sahita pratiphalita karanti . shay gotie deane parey "shanibara raati live" ray "montero (mote aapananka naamare cull karantu)" sahita geetati paribeshana karithile, jeunthare shay eka pole dances rutin samajare eka wardrobe trutira sammukheen hoithile jetebele taanka trouser sim bibhajan hoithila, jaahaa tanku ehaaku sathik bhabare samapta karibare asamartha karithila . june 29 ray, lill naas taanka pratham albummer eka promotional bhidio post karithile, jaahaa "montero, album" sahita shesh hoithila . shay "industry bebi" namaka eka purbaru tiz hoithiba tracker eka snippet madhya post karithile . ehi geetati july 23 ray ekaka bhabare muktilabha karithila, jeunthire rapara jack harlo abhinai karithile, kanye westanka dwara prodoxon ebong eka day trip niantu . ehi geetati "billboard" hutt 100 ray dwiteeja sthanare prabesha karithila ebong october 23,2021 rahr shesh saptahare chartre eka nambarare pahanchithila, jaahaa lill naas exer chaturtha top-tenne singal ebong truteeja nambara eka hoithila . september 17,2021 ray, "montero" ehara chaturtha ekaka sahita muktilabha karithila, "taaha mun chaahen. october 23,2021 ray, electranic deiji carnival laas bhegas ray diplore sett ray lill naas ex eka ashcharjyajanaka upasthiti srusti karithile . ehi pradarshan samajare shay "industry bebi", "montero (mote aapananka naamare dakantu)", ebong "old tauna road" pradarshan karithile. april 26,2022 ray, shay tankara pratham sangeeta karjyakram gasta, lang live montero gasta ghoshana karithile. ehi gasta "montero" rahr samarthanare thila, ebong september 2022 ray arambha hoithila ebong januari 2023 parjyanta chalithila . 2023: agami dwiteeja studio album. march 16,2022 ray, lill naas ex taanka biratiru pherithile, ebong taanka "praiah samapta" nutan albummer duiti geeta, "lett tuu daa party" ray juba balakanku aau kebe bhanginathile, ebong sasi santana sahita "down suf hoses" tie karithile . shay "moe sharira upare nirbhara karantu" tracker eka purbarupa madhya post karithile. june 24,2022 ray, lill naas ex "lett tuu daa party" muktilabha karithile, ebong parey twitera madhyamare spust karithile je ehaa "eka pramukh ekaka nuhen" . lill naas ex kahithile je ehi album "kichhi mazadar, grishma rutu paain kichhi, jhiamananka paain prastuta heba ebong party kariba paain kichhi" heba. tankara "lang live montero tour" ray, lill naas ex tankara tatkaleena muktilabha karithiba ekaka starr wakin ebong "down suf hose" rahr bhumika paribeshana karithile. september 15,2022 ray, bhidio game ligg off legendsra bikashakaree danga khelagudika eka press bigyapti madhyamare 2022 ligg off legends biswa championship paain lill naas eksanka saha eka sahjog ghoshana karithile, jeunthare semane tanku "ligg off legendsra sabhapati" bhabare madhya ghoshana karithile, jaahaaku kotaku sambadika isaiah colbert eka publicity stunt bolly kahichanti. turnament paain geeta, "starr wakin", september 22 ray eka animated music bhidio sahita muktilabha karithila . navember 5 ray turnamenter udaghatani samarohare shay ehi geeta paribeshana karithile. ehaa byatita, lill naas eksanka dwara saha-design hoithiba khelare eka khelajauthiba charitra paain eka custom poshaka nabhembarare asthajee bhabare upalabdha karajiba . october 19,2022 ray, lill naas ex purbaru naah sunithiba eka atirikta pada sahita "dauna suf hoses" rahr bhumika pradarshan karibaku taanka gastaku sasi santanaku nimantran karithile. march 17,2023 ray, lill naas ex taanka lolapoloza chilly pradarshan samajare geetara prarambhika eka bardhita nataka pradarshan karithile. sangeeta sailee ebong prabhaba. lill naas eksanka sangeeta saileeku pop raap, hip hup, contry raap, trap, pop rock, pop ebong rock bhabare barnana karajaichi . shay ell. jii. bii. tii. kyu. kalakara phranka oshen ebong tiler, srustikartanku prerana ebong "mun jeunthare achhi sethare aaramare rahiba moe paain sahaja kariba paain shreya dianti."lill naas ex madhya nikki minaz, kaati peri, drekk, millie cyrus ebong doja bileiku tankara sabutharu budd prabhaba bhabare ullekha karichanti. 2019 ray shay kahithile, "mun internetaru budd hoichhi, tenu more prabhaba sabu sthanaru sangeetare aasichhi."shay andrey 3000, kendrick lammer, kidd kuti ebong lill uji vert pari hip hup kalakaranku shuni budd hoithile. prabhaba. lill naas eksanka saphalata tanku pratham rangina byakti ebong pratham kholakholi samalingi kalakara bhabare "forbes" dwara ehara barshika sarbadhika parishramika prapta desh adhiniam talikare talikabhukta karithila . caine berns, jie pii. bii. ess. documentary "contry music" nirmana karithile, ullekha karithile, montero (mote aapananka naamare dakantu)" paain music bhidio muktilabha kariba parey, aneka outlet lill naas eksanku taanka "nirlajja quire" drushya paain prashansa karithile. "bibidhata" adam bii. vng lekhichhanti je ehi bhidio "quire music kalakaramananka paain sabukichhi badalai deichi", ehaa ullekha curry je kichhi lgbt kalakara jepariki jonathan night off nyu kiddrs aun daa block ebong lance baas off ensinka mahilamananka bishajare geeta gaithile, jetebele kii elton zohn ebong ricky martinanka pari anyamane semananka jounata bishajare spust bhabare gaai nathile . pole dances sameth jouna chitraku shay barnana karithile je madona kimba janette jyaksananka pratichabi udwudha karuchhi, taanka samalingeeta luchaibara abashyakata bina . geeta ebong music bhidiora nakaratmaka swagata "laas angels time" ebong "bhais" dwara eka shaitan aatankaku chitrana kariba ebong lokpriya music itihasara ateeta muhurta sahita tulana kariba sahita, 20shaa shatabdir prarambhare jaz myujikaku "daa devil 'saas music" bhabare ullekha karajaithila, 1966 ray eka sakhyatakarare zohn lenannka mantabya je beatle "jeesunka apekhya adhika lokpriya", back masking abhijoga, pitamata music resource centre "aparishkara pander", "prarthana pari" paain madonanka music bhidio, "judas" ebong "alejandro" paain ledi gaganka music bhidio, ebong 54 tama barshika grammy puraskarare "roman holiday" rahr nikki minaz pradarshan . sarbajaneena chitra. lill naas ex taanka sarbajaneena fashion paain janashuna; july 2019 ray, "bhog" lill naas eksanku kaubae soundarjyaku taanka upasthiti ebong instagramare eka glam look debare "master" bhabare ullekha karithila . taanka stylist, hodo musa kahichanti je shay "baidyutika, khelapadia, rangeena ebong bhabisyata" jinish paain lakhya rakhichhanti."2019 emm. tii. bhi. bhidio music puraskarare manchare tankara drushya paain shay eka kaubae motif cherry-redd nudi suit pindhithile. old tauna road "geetare ullekha thiba rangalar kramagata bhabe lill naas ex saha-branded fassion bikri kariasuchhi. 62tama barshika grammy puraskara paain lill naas ex aneka poshaka pindhithile, jeunthire mundaru goda parjyanta poshaka fiusia versace suit sahita eka golapi harness thila, jaahaa nirmana karibaku 700 ghanta samai neithila. july 2020 ray, lill naas ex rihananka fenty saundarjya dwara eka nutan twacha jatna line paain eka trailer bhidiore madeling karithile . august 2021 ray, lill naas ex eka instagram postare tippanee deichhanti je "naa shay twikin" tonny hock taanka rakta dhaaran karithiba rangare ranga hoithiba skateboard bikri kariba bishajare . agami kichhi deane paain ehaa eka bhairal ghatana hoigala . 2022 ray, 64 tama barshika grammy puraskarare tankara pradarshan samajare, barambar taanka jounangaku dhari, ebong taanka microphonecu taanka krachra kendrare rakhi ehaaku charipate jhuliba paain, upakaranati tankara linga bolly abhinai karithibaru shay samalochita hoithile. meey 2023 ray, lill naas ex kebala rupa buddy pent, eka thang ebong uccha-hill platform jota pindhi mett galla ray joga deithile, taanka muhn rhinestone ray aachadita . tankara roop swargata german fashion icon carle lazerfeldnka catt chaupet dwara anupranita hoithila . july 2023 ray, ehaa suchana diajaithila je oslore eka pramukh sudanga madhyamare ee-scooter chalaiba paain narawere police dwara atakajaithiba chaari jananka madhyaru lill naas ex jane . byaktigata zeeban. baharaku aasuchhi. june 2019 rahr prarambhare, lill naas ex taanka bhaunee ebong pitanka nikataku aasithile ebong shay anubhaba karithile je taanka prashansakamane taanka sahita rahibe kii naahin shay anishchitata satwe "brahmand tanku epari karibaku sanketa deuchhi". june 30,2019 ray, garba masser shesh deane, lill naas ex sarbasadharanare samalingi bhabare baharithila . taanka twit purba sandehaku nischita karithila jetebele shay prathame taanka track "sii7 exposure" ray ehaa suchita karithile . "roling stone" geetati ullekha karithila je "" parishkara heba, budd heba ebong nijaku alingana kariba pari bishajabastu upare sparsha kare . pardin shay puni twit karithile, ether taanka epi "7" rahr prachada kalaa upare indradhanush rangara buildingku highlite curry, capson sahita "dedas bhabila mun ehaaku spust karichhi" . kichhi deane parey "bibisi pratahbhojana" ray shay eka sakhyatakarare spust thile, jeunthare shay kahithile je shay samalingi ebong bujhanti je taanka jounata deshare kimba raap sangeeta sampradajare sahajare grahan karajae naahin . ehi khabarku adhikansha sakaratmaka pratikrija milithila, kintu social midiare bahu parimanara homophobic pratikrija madhya srusti karithila, jaahaa upare lill naas ex madhya pratikrija prakash karithile. hip hup sampradajaru madhya pratikrija asithila, jaahaa hip hup sanskrutire homophobia prati dhyana akarshana karithila . januari 2020 ray, rapara paster troy grammy puraskara samajare lill naas ex pindhithiba poshaka upare homophobic mantabya deithile, jahara uttarare lill naas ex pratikrija deithileh "abhishapa mun bhagabananka upare sehi phatore bhal dekhajauchhi ." januari 2023 ray, lill naas ex taanka jouna abhimukhya bishajare eka nutan bibrutti twit curry lekhithile, "[prakruta paain] jadi mun bhabuthili je mun eka chhot ubhakamee . pardin shay twit karithile, "mun jeun kabataku pratishruti deuchhi, taaha more shesh thara paain baharithila. dharma. lill naas ex september 2021 ray kahithile je shay "eka samajare" jane nastika thile, kintu bartamana "brahmand drustiru jane atyanta adhyatmika byakti, sabukichhi kipari karjya kare ." saphalata. lill naas ex duiti grammy puraskara, panchti billboard music puraskara, panchti mtv bhidio music puraskara, duiti bett hip hup puraskara, duiti ihartradio music puraskara ebong duiti americae music puraskara sameth ekadhika puraskara paichanti. tanku geeta lekhaka hull off fame dwara hull devida starlight puraskarara sarbakanistha sammanita byakti bhabare madhya sammanita karajaichi. 62tama barshika grammy puraskarare lill naas ex sarbadhika manoneet purush kalakara thile, jeunthare shay sheshare shrestha music bhidio ebong shrestha pop jodi/group pradarshan paain puraskara jitithile. lill naas ex madhya pratham kholakholi ell. jii. bii. tii. kalaa kalakara jie eka contry music association puraskara jitichanti ebong barshar geeta paain emm. tii. bhi. bhidio music puraskara jitithiba pratham kholakholi ell. jii. bii. tii. kyu byakti . 2021 ray, shay kendrick lammer ebong taylor suiftanka parey truteeja kalakara hoithile, jie eka bhidio paain barshar bhidio paain emm. tii. bhi bhidio music puraskara jitithile jaahaa shay saha-nirdeshita karithile-"montero (mote aapananka naamare cull karantu)" . lill naas ex "billboard" hutt 100 chartre tinoti nambara-eka singalsa score karithile. july 2019 prarambhare, "old tauna road" "billboard" 100 ray shirsha sthanare ehara 13 tama saptaha hassel karithila, epari karibare pratham hip hup geeta hoithila . ehaa madhya pratham geeta jaahaa shirsha sthanare thibabele 10 nijuta kapi bikri hoichhi . sheershare ehara 15 tama saptahare, lill naas ex pratham kholakholi samalingi kalakara hoithile jahankara eka geeta dirgha samai dhari chalithila, elton jannka 1997 double aii-side ku atikrama curry-jeunthare recorder ubhaja parswa heat bhabare prachara karajae, "pabanare candle 1997"/"aaji raatire apana kipari dekhajanti shay bishajare kichhi" . 19 saptaha eka nambarare rahi, 1958 ray chart pratham thara paain prabartita heba paratharu sarbadhika saptaha paain lill naas ex record rakhichhi . ehi geetati hutt aarr & bii/hip-hup geeta chartre 19 saptaha sheershare madhya chart karichhi; eka tini-mukhi tye rekardaku parasta karichhi . 19 saptaha madhyare hutt raap geeta charter sheershare thiba ehi geetati madhya eka trimukhi taiku parasta karichhi . navember 2019 suddha, geetati heera certificate paithila, eka milita bikrajaku sthanantarita karithila ebong 10 nijuta unit streaming karithila . "social midia upare biswastareeja prabhaba" ebong "" khabara chalaibara samagrika khyamata "" paain, 2019 ray, time tanku internetare 25 john prabhabasali byaktinka madhyaru jane bhabare namit karithila. 2020 ray, tanku "forbes" 30 under 30 talikare sthana milithila. 2021 ray, shay biswara 100 tii prabhabasali byaktinka barshika talikare "time" 100 ray sthana paithile. september 1,2021 ray, traver prakalpa ghoshana karithila je lill naas ex ehara udaghatani aatmahatya pratirodha okil off dee iyar puraskara prapta karichanti. discography. studio album

lill naas x montro lamar hill (janam 9 aprail, 1999), joe aapne stage naam lill naas aiks () naal janhiaa jaanda haii, ikk amriki rapper, gaeek atey geetkar haii. uh aapne desh dey raip single "old taoon road" dee rileez naal pramukhta prapat keeti, jiss neey yuu. aii. dey sikhar 'teey 19 hafte bitaae.aiss. "billboard daa hott 100 chaart, 1958 witch chaart dee shuruat toon baad sabh toon lambe samein takk challan vaala number ikk geet bann giaa. jiven kii ih geet hott 100 witch sikhar 'teey see, lill naas aiks geya dey roop witch bahr aaiaa, number ikk ricard rakkhde hoye ajiha curran vaala iklauta kalakar bann giaa. old taoon road" dee safalta toon baad, lill naas aiks neey aapna pahila vistrit natak jaari keeta, jiss daa sirlekh "7" see, jiss neey doou horr singles noon janam ditta, jiss witch "paninni" panjven number 'teey pahunch giaa atey "rodio" (cardy bee jaan naas dee visheshta) hott 100' teey teey number 'teey pahunch giaa. uss dee pahili studio album, "montero" (2021), noon chaart-topping singles "montero (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)" atey "industry bebi" (jaik harlo dee visheshta) atey choti dey dass single "duts what aaee vaant" duaara samarthan ditta giaa see, atey witch salana grammy awardan witch saal dee album laee namzad keeta giaa see. aapni dalerana queer visual atey soshal media dee maujudgi laee jaane jaande, lill naas aiks noon kaee parshansa prapat hoee haii, jiss witch doou grammy puraskar, panj billboard sangeet puraskar, panj aimm. tii. vee. vdo sangeet puraskar, doou bett hipp hopp puraskar, doou ihartradio sangeet puraskar atey doou amriki sangeet puraskar shamal hunn. uss noon geetkaran duaara haal aaf fame duaara haal david starlight award dey sabh toon ghatt umar dey sanmanat vajon vee sanmanit keeta giaa haii. "old taoon road" sanyukat raaj witch dooje sabh toon ucche pramanit geet vajon darja prapat haii, jiss noon 17 gunna platinum daa darja prapat haii. unhan noon 2020 witch "forbes" 30 under 30 dee suchi witch atey 2021 witch dunia dey 100 sabh toon prabhavshali lokan dee "time" dee salana suchi witch darja ditta giaa see. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. montero lamar pahadi daa janam 9 aprail, 1999 noon georgia dey lithia springs witch hoiaa see. uss daa naam mitsubishi montero dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. jadon uh chhe saalan daa see taan uss dey maapiaan daa talaak hoow giaa atey uh aapni maan atey daadi naal atlanta dey bankhead guaandh witch bankhead court housing project witch settle hoow giaa. tinn saal baad, uh aapne pitaa, ikk injeel gaeek, naal shehar dey uttar witch austel witch aaa giaa. halanki shuru witch jaanh toon chijakde hoye, baad witch unhan neey iss noon ikk mahattavpuran faisla manniaa, "atlanta witch bahut kujh chall riha haii-jey main utthe rahinda, taan main galat bheed witch phas jaanda."uss neey" uss samein dey aale-duaale internet dee bhaari varton curney shuru qarr ditti jadon meams manoranjan daa aapna roop banna shuru hoow giaa see "; lagbhag jadon uh 13 saal daa see. uss neey aapni kishore umar dey ziaadaatar saal ikalle bitaae, atey internet vall mudiaa, "khaas karke twitter, meem banaunde hoye joe uss dee nihathe buddhi atey popp-sabheyachar dee samajh noon darsaunde hunn."uss dey kishore umar dey saalan witch uss neey aapne aap noon samlingi honn dey roop witch bahr aaunn naal sanghrash karde hoye dekhiaa; usne prarthna keeti kii ih siraf ikk padaa see, parr 16 jaan 17 dey aas paas uh iss noon savikar curran laee aaiaa. uss neey chauthi jamaat witch turhi vajauni shuru qarr ditti see atey aapne junier hyee saalan witch pahili chair see, parr uss neey kusht dikhai denh dey darr toon chhadd ditta. hill neey lithia springs hyee school witch padahi keeti, jithon usne 2017 witch graduation keeti. firr usne pachmi georgia university witch dakhla liaa, jitthe usne computer science witch muharat haasal keeti, parr baad witch ikk saal baad sangeet carrier banaun laee chhadd ditta. iss samein dauran, uh aapni bhainn naal riha atey zexby dey restaurantan atey georgia theem park dey chhe jhande witch naukari karke aapna paalan poshan keeta. satambar 2019 witch uh ikk achanak sangeet samaroh curran laee aapne hyee school witch giaa. carrier. 2015-2017: internet shakhsiat. hill neey kiha kii uss neey aapni kishore umar dauran aapne aap noon "class toon bahr deeaan gatividhiaan" toon alagg karna shuru qarr ditta. uss neey aapne kamm noon utshahit curran laee ikk internet shakhsiat dey roop witch faloar banaun dee umeed witch vaddi matra witch online samaan bitaiaa, parr uh nishchit naheen see kii rachnatmak taur 'teey qee dhiaan kendrit karna haii. ikk "rolling stone" interview witch unhan neey kiha, "main facebook kamedi vdo qarr riha see, firr main instagram 'teey chalaa giaa, atey firr main twitter' teey aaa giaa... jitthe main asal witch ikk maastar see. ih pahili jagha see jitthe main viral hoow sakda see."unhan neey facebook atey wine utte chhote-format kamedi vdo vee post keete. newyork" magazine dee jaanch anusar, iss samein dauran, usne kathit taur utte twitter utte nikki minaj fain account banaae atey chalaae, jiss witch "@nasmaraj" namak ikk vee shamal haii. saal 2017 witch, iss khaate neey dashboard app tweetdake dee varton kardiaan twitter utte prasidh keete gaye aapne flash fiction-shaili dey interactive "drish thariddan" laee dhiaan khichiaa. jaanch neey @nasmaraj noon "tweet decking" dey abhiaas naal jodiaa, jaan kujh tweetan noon nakli taur 'teey viral curran laee sahiyog naal kaee khatiaan dee varton keeti. @nasmaraj khaate noon twitter duaara "spam nitiaan dee ulanghna" curran caarn muattal qarr ditta giaa see. see। dee muattali toon baad, "newyork" magazine dee jaanch neey ih sitta kaddhiaa kii baad witch usne uss handle naal ikk navaan khaata kholhiaa atey uss samein uss daa maujuda twitter khaata uss uss khaate daa ikk badliaa hoiaa handle see. media reportan neey lill naas aiks noon minaj parshansak khatiaan naal joden toon baad, unhan neey reportan noon "galat samajh" kiha, jiss neey khatiaan noon chalaun toon prabhavshali dhang naal inkaar keeta. halanki, maee 2020 witch, lill naas aiks neey ikk tweet witch, minaj daa parshansak honn daa savikar keeta. uss neey dassiaa kii uss neey shuru witch iss toon inkaar kiun keeta, ih kahinde hoye kii jey lock janade sunn kii uh uss daa parshansak haii, taan uh sochange kii uh samlingi haiyav "lock mann lainge kii jey tuhade cole nikki yuu aar geya noon samarpit ikk poora parshansak panna haii. atey raip/sangeet udyog ajey takk samlingi mardan noon bilkul naheen banaiaa jaan savikar naheen keeta giaa haii. 17 juun, 2020 noon, minaj neey naaz noon jawab dinde hoye, "ih thoda sting see jadon tusin ikk barb honn toon inkaar keeta, parr main samajhda haan. sacch bolann laee tuhada aatamvishwas vadhaun laee vadhaiaan. lill naas neey minaj toon muafi mangde hoye kiha kii uss noon "bahut buraa lagga, umeed haii kii tusin merey inkaar noon naheen vekhoge". baad witch ikk newyork times magazine dey lekh witch @nasmarai khaate daa zikar keeta giaa see, jiss witch pahadi noon "jaagan daa harr ghanta online bitaun, @nasmaraj vajon tweet curran" vajon darsaiaa giaa see. iss daa havala sangeet vdo witch "suraj dubb jaanda haii" laee vee ditta giaa haii, jiss witch lill naas aiks dey bahut saare sangharshan noon ikk bnd kishore dey roop witch vadde hunde hoye atey aapni lingakta noon apnaunde hoye dikhaiaa giaa haii; uh hyee school witch "nasimraj" namak ikk khaate toon "main phone duaara hovanga, nikki sware noon sware witch sten qarr riha haan" dey boll dey roop witch tweet karde hoye dekhiaa giaa haii. saal 2018 witch kise samein, hill neey safalta dey maarag vajon sangeet utte utarna shuru keeta, atey aapni almari witch geet likhna atey ricard karna shuru qarr ditta. uss neey naam lill naas aiks apnaiaa, joe kii rapper naas noon shardhanjali haii. 24 julai, 2018 noon, lill naas neey soundcloud utte aapni pahili mixtep "nasarati" jaari keeti, halanki iss noon turant prasidhi naal prapat naheen keeta giaa see; copyright takraa dey caarn "old taoon road" dey jaari honn toon turant baad "nasarati" noon streaming sevavan toon hataa ditta javega atey iss laee kadey vee mahattavpuran khich prapat naheen hovegi. aktubar 2018 dey akheer witch, uss neey uss dhadkan noon suniaa joe "purane shehar dee sadak" bann javegi. 2018-2019: "old taoon road" atey "7" naal safalta. 3 dasambar, 2018 noon, lill naas aiks neey desh daa raip geet "old taoon road" jaari keeta. uss neey beat-selling platform beatstars utte geet laee beat noon dutch nirmata yangkio toon 30 dallar witch gumnam taur utte kharidiaa; ih uhanan dee chhevin studio album "bhoot aaee-iv" (2008) toon naun inch dey nahuaan dey track "34 bhoot IV" daa namuna haii. uss neey ikk ghante toon vee ghatt samein witch ikk "nimmer" atlanta studio, sinkoyo witch uhanan dey "$20 mangalwar" utte ricard keeta. chhote-farm vdo soshal media tiktok upbhogtavan duaara chukke jaanh toon pahilan lill naas aiks neey "old taoon road" noon utshahit curran laee meem banauna shuru qarr ditta see. tiktok aapne 50 croad vishwaviaapi upbhogtavan noon "beant nakal" curran laee utshahit karda haii, jiss witch vdo aam taur 'teey use sangeet dee varton karde hoye kapiaan tiaar karde hunn; "app daa samaggari daa gussa manthan...ih viral sangeet hittan laee ikk shaktishali incubator vajon kamm karda haii."lill naas aiks neey andaza lagaiaa kii usne iss noon utshahit curran laee lagbhag 100 meem banaae sunn; ih geet 2019 dey shuru witch tiktok utte #yeehaw challenge meem caarn viral hoiaa see. lakkhan upbhogtavan neey aapne aap dey vdo post keete joe ikk rangler jaan cougral dey kappde paae hoye sunn, ziaadaatar #yeehaw vdo aapne soundtrack laee geet dee varton karde hunn; julai 2019 takk, unhan noon 67 million toon vaddh vaar dekhiaa giaa haii. soshal media naal jude ikk horr mukkh darshak uh bacche hunn joe baalag sarotiaan dey ankadiaan witch luke hoye hunn. quartz.qaam daa kahina haii kii ih geet nishchit taur utte iss dee safalta daa hissa jansankhiaa daa haii, atey nott karda haii kii uh iss geet vall aakarshit hunde hunn joe duhraun vaala, naal gaaun witch assan atey ghodiaan atey tractoran dee swari baare bolan dee varton karda haii, jiss naal bacche sabandhat hoow sakde hunn. iss neey "billboard" hott 100 chaart utte utte number utte shuruat keeti, baad witch number ikk utte chadh giaa. track neey hott contry geetan dey chaart utte number 19 utte atey hott aar aind bee/hipp-hopp geetan utte number 36 utte shuruat keeti. ikk "teebar bollie yuddh" toon baad, lill naas aiks neey march 2019 witch columbia recordan naal dastkhat keete. "billboard" neey march 2019 witch hott contry geetan dey chaart toon vivadpuran dhang naal geet noon hataa ditta atey kiha "rolling stone": robbert christau dee raae witch, "'old taoon road' noon desh dey chaart toon hatauna mainoon nasalvadi shudh atey sadharan mannada haii, kiunki desh daa radio nasli baniaa hoiaa haii bhaven kii darius rakkar atey caine braoons laee jagha bnaa dinda haii."ikk horr" billboard "dey bulare neey pratibha noon dassiaa," billboard dey geet noon desh dey chaart toon hataun dey faisle daa kalakar dee daud naal koee laina-denna naheen see."mukkh contry geetan dey chaart toon hataae jaanh dey bavjood, geet billboard dey contry airplay chaart utte chaart keeta giaa, 53 'teey daibioo keeta, atey 50' teey sikhar 'teey pahunchiaa. jawab witch, soonee music nashville see. ee. ou. randy goodman neey" "billboard" "noon dassiaa kii unhan dee team neey kujh contry radio bazaran witch geet dee jaanch shuru qarr ditti haii, ih jodade hoye kii" "iss noon naa dekhna laparvahi hovegi. maee 2019 witch, desh dey sangeet sabheyachar witch nasalvad dey mudde firr toon sahmane aae jadon rangler neey aapne lill naas aiks sangrah dee ghoshna keeti, atey kujh khaptkaran neey bicot dee dhamki ditti. media outlets neey ih vee nott keeta kii ih geet desh dey sangeet atey amriki sarhaddi yugg dovan toon african-amrikiaan dey itihasak sabheyacharak mitaun vall dhiaan divaunda haii. desh dey sangeet starr billie reey sairas noon aprail 2019 witch "old taoon road" dey remix witch pradarshit keeta giaa see, joe kii kaee vicchon pahila see. use maheene, lill naas aiks neey sabh toon vaddh yuu laee drake daa ricard todd ditta.aiss. 11 aprail noon khatam hoye hafte laee 143 million streaman dey naal ikk hafte witch ikk geet toon streams, drake dey "inn myee centilies" noon pachad dinde hoye, jiss witch julai 2018 witch ikk hafte witch 116.2 million streams sunn; agast 2019 takk iss neey ikalle spotify utte ikk arab toon vaddh play stream keete hunn. maee 2019 witch, vdo jaari keeta giaa see atey agast 2019 takk, iss noon 370 million toon vaddh vaar dekhiaa giaa haii. ainn. bee. see. news dey michael arcinox neey likhiaa, "soshal media yugg witch, lill naas aiks yakinan pahila micro-platform crossover starr haii." "panini" 20 juun, 2019 noon columbia recordan raahin lill naas aiks dey dooje single vajon jaari keeta giaa see. iss daa naam animated television seereez "chauder" witch isey naam dey kalpanik cabit richh dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii, atey ih use naam dey sandwich daa havala naheen dinda haii. satambar 2019 dey addh witch "panini" daa pahila remix rapper daabi naal jaari keeta giaa see. lill naas aiks neey 21 juun, 2019 noon aapna pahila vistrit natak jaari keeta, jiss daa sirlekh "7" see. ee. pee. neey "billboard" 200 chaart utte dooje number utte shuruat keeti. 23 juun, 2019 noon, lill naas aiks neey 2019 dey baazi puraskaran witch sairas naal pardarshan keeta. 30 juun noon, lill naas aiks neey dunia dey sabh toon vadde greenfield festival, yuke dey salana glastenbury festival witch aapni antarashtari shuruat keeti, jadon usne atey billie reey sairas neey ikk heranijanak peshkari ditti atey gaane laee millie sairas witch shamal hoow gaye, iss toon pahilan kii uh rashtari paddhar 'teey vekhe gaye ikk sett witch "panini" solo pardarshan curran. use dinn, lill naas aiks sabh toon vaddh dikhai denh vaale kaale queer purash gaikan vicchon ikk bann giaa jadon uh samlingi vajon sahmane aaiaa. ih desh dey ikk kalakar atey hipp hopp shailiaan laee vishesh taur 'teey mahattavpuran see, joe doven hii matchismo atey "itihasak taur' teey angaule queer kalakaran" 'teey zor dinde hunn. hipp hopp witch kaale queer purash kalakaran noon mukkh dhaara witch savikar keeta giaa see, jiss dee shuruat 2012 witch "channel aurainj" dey rileez honn toon theek pahilan frank ocean dey aaunn naal hoee see. "rolling stone" neey julai dey shuru witch tinn lill nais x geetan naal "rolling stone" choti dey 100 daa premiere keetaau cardy bee naal nauven number 'teey "rodio"; chaar' teey "panini"; atey chaart 'teey pahile number dey geet vajon "old taoon road". 19 agast, 2019 noon, lill naas aiks neey aapne karamchariaan laee aapni prime daye cell daa jashan manaun laee aayojit ikk sangeet samaroh witch catty pairi laee kholhiaa. 2020-2022: "montro". 7 julai, 2020 noon, lill naas aiks neey khulasa keeta kii uss dee pahili album "lagbhag mukammal hoow gaee see. uss neey ih vee kiha kii uh ikk mixtep utte kamm qarr riha see, atey usne nirmatavan noon aapne navein sangeet laee aapniaan beetan pesh curran laee sadda ditta. 8 navambar, 2020 noon, usne ikk navaan single, "holiday" dee ghoshna keeti, joe 13 navambar noon rileez hoiaa see. roblocks utte, khed dee avtaar dukan witch lill naas aiks-sabandhat iteman dey naal, lill naas aiks dey single noon utshahit curran laee ikk virtual sangeet samaroh aayojit keeta giaa see. single neey "billboard" hott 100 utte 37 dee shuruat keeti, jadon kii geet dey sangeet vdo neey rileez dey pahile kaee haftiaan dey ander lakkhan viooz ikkathe keete. janwari 2021 witch, unhan neey bacchiaan dee ikk kitaab, "see izz phaar contry" jaari keeti. agle maheene, uss neey ikk super baul aill. vee. vaparak witch aapne navein geet, "montero (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)" daa purav-drish pesh keeta. ih geet adhikarat taur utte 26 march, 2021 noon ikk sangeet vdo dey naal jaari keeta giaa see. use dinn, lill naas aiks neey khulasa keeta kii uss dee pahili album daa naam "montero" rakkhiaa javega, atey ih 2021 dey addh witch jaari keeti javegi. vdo neey sakhat pratikriaavan noon prerit keeta. iss geet noon bahut saare lokan duaara ajibta dey ikk keemati pragtave vajon dekhiaa giaa see, halanki pramukh rudhiwadi atey isai hastiaan neey lill naas x utte apvittarta atey shaitan dee pooja daa dosh lagaiaa see. vivaad dey bavjood, "montro (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)", billboard hott 100 utte number ikk utte shuru hoiaa, lill naas aiks daa dooja chaart-topping single atey teeja choti daa dass single bann giaa. 29 march, 2021 noon, lill naas aiks neey naiki air maikas 97 dee ikk sodhi hoee jodee jaari curran laee newyork adharat qalaa samoohak mschf naal bhaiwali keeti, jiss noon shaitan dey jutte kiha jaanda haii, joe kii "montero (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)" dee rileez noon utshahit curran laee varte jaande sangeet vdo witch shaitan dey pairan utte vekhiaa jaa sakda haii. juttiaan kaliaan atey laal hunn atey ikk kaansi dey pentagram naal, "60 cc atey manukkhi khoon dee 1 boond" naal bhariaan hoiaan hunn. siraf 666 jode $1,018 dee keemat 'teey banaae gaye sunn. naiki neey kiha kii uh juttiaan dee sirjana atey tarakki witch shamal naheen sunn atey lill naas aiks jaan mschf dey sandeshan daa samarthan naheen karde sunn. company neey newyork federal court witch mschf dey virudh ikk trademark mukaddama daair keeta. 1 aprail noon jajj neey shuruati adesh takk juttiaan dee vikri atey vandd noon rokann laee ikk aarzi roque adesh jaari keeta. lill naas aiks neey mukkadme daa jawab twitter 'teey ikk meem naal ditta jiss witch aapne aap noon beghriaan atey paise dee mung curran vaale charittar vajon dikhaiaa giaa haii. baad witch, uss neey "industry bebi" geet laee ikk peshkari vdo jaari keeta, jiss witch ikk jaali "naiki banaam naiki" pesh keeta giaa haii. superim court witch lill naas aiks mukaddama, jiss dauran lock gaeek noon samlingi honn laee ninda curran toon pahilan shaitan dey juttiaan baare charcha karde hunn. aapne pichle geet atey iss dey prachar dey aale duaale dey vivadan toon baad, lill naas aiks neey 21 maee, 2021 noon vadhere aatam-drishti single "sunn goj daaun" jaari keeta, jiss witch uh dhakkeshahi atey aapni parvarish witch aapni samlingta naal jude aapne sangharshan noon darsaunda haii. uss neey ikk dinn baad "shanivar night live" witch "montero (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)" dey naal geet pesh keeta, jitthe uss noon pole dance rutein dauran almari witch kharabi daa sahmana karna piaa jadon uss dee paint dee seem vakkh hoow gaee, jiss naal uh iss noon sahee tarahan poora curran witch asamrath hoow giaa. 29 juun noon, lill naas neey aapni pahili album daa ikk prachar vdo post keeta, jiss daa ant "montro, album" naal keeta giaa. unhan neey "industry bebi" namak ikk pahilan chidiaa hoiaa track daa ikk hissa vee post keeta. ih geet 23 julai noon ikk single dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see, jiss witch rapper jaik harlo dee visheshta see, jiss daa nirman canny west duaara keeta giaa see atey ikk dinn dee yaatra crow. ih geet "billboard" hott 100 utte dooje number utte shuru hoiaa atey 23 aktubar, 2021 dey antim hafte laee chaart utte pahile number utte pahunch giaa, joe lill naas aiks daa chautha choti daa dass single atey teeja number ikk bann giaa. 17 satambar, 2021 noon, "montero" iss dey chauthe single dey naal rileez keeta giaa see, "ih uh haii joe main chahunda haan. 23 aktubar, 2021 noon, lill naas aiks neey electronic dezzy carnival laas vegas witch diplo dey sett witch ikk heranijanak peshkari ditti. dikkh dey dauran usne "industry bebi", "montero (mainoon aapne naam naal bulao)", atey "old taoon road" daa pardarshan keeta. 26 aprail, 2022 noon, usne aapne pahile sangeet samaroh daure, lambe live montero daure daa ailaan keeta. ih daura "montro" dey samarthan witch see atey satambar 2022 witch shuru hoiaa atey janwari 2023 takk challiaa. 2023: aaunn vaali duji studio album. 16 march, 2022 noon, lill naas aiks aapne antral toon waps aaiaa, atey aapni "lagbhag mukammal hoee" naveen album dey doou gaane, "lait too daa party" jiss witch naujwan munde neey dubara kadey naheen todiaa, atey "daaoon soof hose" witch sausi santana dee visheshta see. unhan neey "merey sareer utte chukao" track daa ikk purav-drish vee post keeta. 24 juun, 2022 noon, lill naas aiks neey "lait too daa party" rileez keeti, atey baad witch twitter raahin spasht keeta kii ih "ikk pramukh single naheen see". lill naas aiks neey kiha kii album "kujh mazedar, garmiaan laee kujh, ladkiaan laee tiaar honn atey party curran laee kujh" hovegi. aapne "lambe live montero tour" witch, lill naas aiks neey aapne udon dey ann-rileez single starr wakin atey "daaoon soof hose" dee jaanh-pachanh keeti. 15 satambar, 2022 noon, vdo game leeg aaf legends dey developeran, danga geman neey ikk presses rileez raahin 2022 leeg aaf legends vishav championship laee lill naas aiks naal sahiyog dee ghoshna keeti, jitthe unhan neey uss noon "leeg aaf legends daa pardhan" vee ghoshit keeta, jiss witch kotaku dey pattarkar isaiaa colbert neey ikk prachar stunt kiha. tournament daa geet, "starr walking", 22 satambar noon ikk animated sangeet vdo dey naal jaari keeta giaa see. unhan neey 5 navambar noon tournament dey udghatni samaroh witch geet pesh keeta see. iss toon ilava, lill naas aiks duaara sahi-design keeti gaee khed witch ikk khedan yog paatar laee ikk custom pahirave noon navambar witch asthai taur 'teey upalbadh karvaiaa javega. 19 aktubar, 2022 noon, lill naas aiks neey aapne daure 'teey sausi santana noon ikk horr pahilan naa sunee gaee kavita dey naal "daaoon sauf hose" dee shuruat curran laee sadda ditta. 17 march, 2023 noon, lill naas aiks neey aapni lolapoloza chilly peshkari dauran geet dee shuruat daa ikk vistrit natak pesh keeta. sangeet dee shaili atey prabhav lill naas aiks dee sangeetak shaili noon popp raip, hipp hopp, contry raip, trap, popp raak, popp atey rock vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. uh ail. jee. bee. tii. kioo. kalakaran, frank ocean atey titler, sirjanhar noon prerna atey "merey laee jitthe main haan, utthe aaram naal honaa assan banaun laee" daa sihra dinda haii."lill naas aiks neey aapne sabh toon vadde prabhav vajon nikki minaj, catty pairi, drake, millie sairas atey doja catt daa vee havala ditta haii. 2019 witch unhan neey kiha, "main internet toon vadda hoiaa haan, iss laee meraa prabhav sangeet dey roop witch harr paase toon aaunda haii."uh andrey 3000, candrick lamar, kidd kiddy atey lill uzi vert varge hipp hopp kalakaran noon sunade hoye vadda hoiaa. prabhav. lill naas aiks dee safalta neey uss noon rung daa pahila viakati atey "forbes" duaara aapni salana sabh toon vaddh tankhah lainn vaale desh dey kamman dee suchi witch suchibadh keeta jaanh vaala pahila khullh keey samlingi kalakar bann giaa. caine burnes, jiss neey pee. bee. aiss. dastavezi "contry sangeet" daa nirman keeta, neey nott keeta, montero (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)" laee sangeet vdo dey jaari honn toon baad, kaee outletan neey lill naas aiks dee "bebuniaad queer" visual laee parshansa keeti. "vakkh-vakkh" aadam bee. vakkh neey likhiaa kii vdo neey "queer sangeet kalakaran laee sabh kujh badal ditta", ih nott karde hoye kii kujh ail. jee. bee. tii. kalakar jiven kii jonathan night aaf nioo buds aana dha block atey lens baas aaf ainn. sink neey aurtan baare gaaiaa jadon kii elton john atey rickie martin varge horaan neey spasht taur 'teey unhan dee lingakta baare naheen gaaiaa. uss neey pole dance samet jinsi chittran noon aapni samlingta noon lukaun dee zaroorat toon binan madona jaan genette jackson deeaan tasviran noon jagaun vajon darsaiaa. geet atey sangeet vdo noon nakaratmak reception "laas angels times" atey "vaais" duaara ikk shaitani dahishat noon darsaunde hoye atey prasidh sangeet itihaas dey pichle palaan dee tulna witch, jiss witch 20 veen sadee dey arambh witch jaiz sangeet noon "shaitan daa sangeet" kiha giaa see, john lennon dee 1966 dee ikk interview witch tippni kii beatles "yisu naalon vadhere prasidh" sunn, backmasking dey ilzam, maapiaan dey sangeet sarot kendra daa "ganda pandran", madona daa sangeet vdo "prarthna dee tarahan", lady gaaga dey sangeet vdo "judes" atey "alegendro" laee, atey niqi minaj dee 54 ven salana grammy awardan witch "roman chhutti" dee karguzari. jantak chittar. lill naas aiks noon uss dey jantak maadlan laee janhiaa jaanda haii; julai 2019 witch, "vog" neey lill naas aiks noon kaoobuae suhaj noon uss dee dikkh atey instagram utte ikk glam dikkh denh witch ikk "maastar" vajon nott keeta. uss dey stylist, hodo moosa daa kahina haii kii uss daa udesh "bijli, khedan, rangeen atey bhavikh deeaan cheezan" hunn."2019 dey aimm. tii. vee. vdo sangeet puraskaran witch aapni stage lukk laee usne ikk kaoobuae motif cherry-laal nagni soot pahiniaa see. rangler, jiss daa zikar "old taoon road" dey geetan witch keeta giaa haii, neey lagatar lill naas x sahi-branded maadlan vicchon vechiaa haii. aiks salana grammy awardan laee lill naas aiks neey kaee kappde paae sunn jinhan witch ikk gulabi harness dey naal sir toon pair takk daa cotcher fushia versace soot shamal see jiss noon banaun witch 700 ghante lagge sunn. julai 2020 witch, lill naas aiks neey rihana dee sundarta duaara ikk naveen chamdi dee dekhbhal line laee ikk trailer vdo witch maadal keeta. agast 2021 witch, lill naas aiks neey ikk instagram post utte tippni keeti kii tonny hock neey aapne khoon vaale rung naal pent keete skateboard wetch rahey hunn. ih agle kujh dinan laee ikk viral vartara bann giaa. saal 2022 witch, witch salana grammy awardan witch aapni peshkari dauran, uss dee vaar-vaar aapne jannan angaan noon fadan atey aapne microphone noon aapne crotch dey kendra witch rakkhan atey iss noon ghummaun laee alochna keeti gaee see, ih dikhawa karde hoye kii upkaran uss daa ling haii. maee 2023 witch, lill naas aiks neey siraf silver baadi pent, ikk thong atey ucchi aidee vaale platform jutte pahin keey mait gaala witch hissa liaa, jiss daa chihra rhinestones naal dhakkiaa hoiaa see. uss dee dikkh marhoom german fashion icon carle leggerfeld dee billi chaupet toon prerit see. julai 2023 witch, ih dassiaa giaa see kii lill naas aiks unhan chaar lokan vicchon ikk see jinhan noon pulis neey oslo witch ikk vaddi surang raahin ee-scooteran dee swari curran laee narve witch rokiaa see. nijji jeevan. bahr aaa riha haii. juun 2019 dey shuru witch, lill naas aiks aapni bhainn atey pitaa cole aaiaa atey uss neey mahisus keeta kii "brahmand uss noon ajiha curran daa sanket dey riha see", uss dee anishchitta dey bavjood kii uss dey parshansak uss dey naal rahinge jaan naheen. 30 juun, 2019 noon, maann maheene daa aakhri dinn, lill naas aiks jantak taur 'teey samlingi vajon sahmane aaiaa. uss dey tweet neey pahilan dey shankiaan dee pushti keeti jadon uss neey pahili vaar aapne track "see 7 exposure" witch iss daa sanket ditta. "rolling stone" neey geet noon nott keeta "" saaf-suthre aaunn, vadde honn atey aapne aap noon galey lagaun varge vishiaan noon chhuhda haii. agle dinn unhan neey dubara tweet keeta, iss vaar aapne appy "7" dey cover aart utte satrangi rung dee imaarat noon ujagar karde hoye, sirlekh witch likhiaa see "dadas neey sochiaa kii main iss noon sapshat qarr ditta haii. uh kaee dinan baad "bee. bee. see. breakfast" 'teey ikk interview witch spasht see, jitthe usne kiha kii uh samlingi see atey samajhda haii kii uss dee lingakta noon desh jaan raip sangeet bhaichariaan witch asani naal savikar naheen keeta jaanda. khabran daa hungara ziaadaatar skaratmak see, parr soshal media utte vaddi matra witch homophobic pratikriaa vee prapat keeti, jiss utte lill naas aiks neey vee pratikiriaa ditti. hipp hopp bhaichare vallon vee pratikriaa aaee, jiss neey hipp hopp sabheyachar witch homophobia vall dhiaan khichiaa. janwari 2020 witch, rapper padri troye neey grammy awardan dauran paae gaye libas lill naas aiks utte homophobic tippniaan keetiaan, jiss utte lill naas aiks neey jawab dittaau "main rabb utte uss tasveer witch changa laggda haan." janwari 2023 witch, lill naas aiks neey aapne jinsi rujhan baare ikk navaan biaan ditta, jiss witch likhiaa giaa see, "[asal witch] jey main sochda haan kii main thoda duu lingi haan taan qee tusin merey utte pagal hovoge. agle dinn, unhan neey tweet keeta, "ih merrie aakhri vaar see jadon main vaada keeta see kii main almari toon bahr aaa riha haan. dharam. lill naas aiks neey satambar 2021 witch kiha see kii uh ikk samein 'teey ikk nastik see, parr hunn brahmand dey mamle witch ikk bahut hii adhiaatmik viakati haii, kii sabh kujh kiven kamm karda haii." prapatiaan. lill naas aiks noon kaee puraskar mille hunn jinhan witch doou grammy puraskar, panj billboard sangeet puraskar, panj aimm. tii. vee. vdo sangeet puraskar, doou bett hipp hopp puraskar, doou ihartradio sangeet puraskar atey doou amriki sangeet puraskar shamal hunn. uss noon geetkaran duaara haal aaf fame duaara haal david starlight award dey sabh toon ghatt umar dey sanmanat vajon vee sanmanit keeta giaa haii. lill naas aiks aiks salana grammy awardan witch sabh toon vaddh namzad purash kalakar see, jitthe usne aakharkar sarbottam sangeet vdo atey sarbottam popp jodee/samooh pardarshan laee puraskar jitte. lill naas aiks desh sangeet association puraskar jittan vaala pahila khulleh taur 'teey ail. jee. bee. tii. qaala kalakar haii atey saal dey geet laee aim. tii. vee. vdo sangeet puraskar jittan vaala pahila khulleh taur' teey ail. jee. bee. tii. kioo. viakati haii. 2021 witch, uh candrick lamar atey teller swift toon baad teeja kalakar bann giaa, jiss neey ikk vdo laee saal daa vdo laee aimm. tii. vee. vdo sangeet puraskar jittiaa jiss daa usne sahi-nirdeshan keeta-"montero (mainoon aapne naam naal qaal crow)". lill naas aiks neey "billboard" hott 100 chaart utte tinn number ikk singles banaae. julai 2019 dey shuru witch, "old taoon road" neey "billboard" 100 utte choti dey sathaan utte aapna aapna hafta haasal keeta, ajiha curran vaala pahila hipp hopp geet bann giaa. ih geet choti dey sathaan 'teey rahinde hoye 1 croad kapiaan vechan vaala pahila geet vee haii. sikhar 'teey aapne aapne hafte' teey, lill naas aiks elton john dey 1997 double aii-side noon pachadade hoye, ikk geet jinna chir challda haii, pahila khullh keey gey kalakar bann giaa-jitthe ricard dey dovan pasiaan noon hitt vajon utshahit keeta giaa haii, "havaa witch mombatti 1997"/"ajj raat tusin jiss tarahan dikhai dinde hoow uss baare kujh". number ikk utte 19 haftiaan witch, lill naas aiks neey 1958 witch chaart dee shuruat toon baad sabh toon vaddh haftiaan daa ricard kaaim keeta haii., iss geet neey tinn-pakkhi tyee ricard noon pachadade hoye hott aar aind bee/hipp-hopp geetan dey chaart witch 19 haftiaan daa sikhar vee haasal keeta haii. 19 haftiaan witch hott raip geetan dey chaart witch sikhar 'teey geet neey tinn-pakkhi barabari noon vee pachad ditta haii. navambar 2019 takk, geet noon diamond pramanit keeta giaa see, jiss neey sanyukat vikri noon agge vadhaiaa atey 1 croad unitan noon streaming keeta. "time neey unhan noon 2019 witch internet utte 25 sabh toon prabhavshali lokan vicchon ikk daa naam ditta, unhan dey" "soshal media utte vishwaviaapi prabhav" "atey" "khabran chalaun dee samucchi yogta" "laee. saal 2020 witch, uss noon "forbes" 30 under 30 dee suchi witch shamal keeta giaa see. saal 2021 witch, uh time 100 dee salana suchi witch dunia dey 100 sabh toon prabhavshali lokan witch shamal hoye. 1 satambar, 2021 noon, traver project neey ailaan keeta kii lill naas aiks noon saal dey udghatni aatam hattiaa roktham vakeel daa puraskar miliaa haii. dyscography. studio ailabman

lill naas x montero laamar hill (janma april 9,1999), yah manchanama lill naas eksa () ityanena prasidhah, ekaha american-ryaapar, gaayakah, geetarachayitru cha asti. saha swasya contry raap-single "old-town-road" ityasya vimochanena pramukhatam praapnot, yat yoo-ess-madhye 19 saptaahaani yaavat aasit.ess. "bilboard" haat 100 chaart, 1958 tame varshe chaart ityasya arambhat aarabhy dirghatamam eka-nambar-geetam jaatam. yatah geetam haat 100 madhye sheershe aasit, tatt lill naas eksa iti ge iti rupena prakaashitam, eka-nambar-abhilekham asti sma, tathaa cha etat kartum ekamaatrah kalakaraha abhavat. old-town-road" ityasya safalataayaah anantaram, lill-naas-eksa-varyaha "7" iti sheershakam krutvaa swasya prathama-vistaarit-naatakam aarabhat, yena "paanini" panchasthaane, "rodiyo" (cardy-bee athavaa naas ityetam cha darshitam) cha haat-100 madhye 22 tame sthaane, tathaa cha "singles-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e - swasya sahasikataya vichitra-drushyaanaam tathaa samajika-madhyamasya upasthitehe krute prasidhah, lill-naas-eksa ityayam, dwau grami-puraskaarau, pancha bilboard-sangeeta-puraskaarau, pancha emm. tea. vee. veediyo-sangeeta-puraskaarau, dwau bett-hip-haap-puraskaarau, dwau ehartradio-sangeeta-puraskaarau, dwau american-sangeeta-puraskaarau cha sahitau anekaan prashamsaam avaapnot. saha haal-david-starlat-puraskaarasy kanishtatama-sammaanitah iti geetalekhakaih haal-aaf-fame ityanena api puraskrutah asti. "old-town-road" iti geetam samyuktarajyamerikadesha dwiteeyam ucchatamapramaanitam geetam asti, yasya sthaanam 17-gunitam plaatinam iti asti. saha 2020 tame varshe "forbes" 30 under 30 iti suchyam, 2021 tame varshe vishvasya 100 prabhaavashaalishu jananam varshikasoochyam cha sthaanam avaapnot. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. montero laamar parvatasya janma georgia-deshasya lithia-springs-nagare april-masasya 9 dinaanke 1999 tame varshe abhavat. tasya naam mitsubishee-montero ityasya namna krutam. tasya maataapitarau yadaa saha shut varshaanaam aasit tadaa vivaahavicchedam krutvaa, saha atlanta-nagarasya byaank-hayd-parisarasthasya byaank-hayd-court-aavaasaprakalpe swamaateh, matamahihi cha saha sthaya. varshatrayam yaavat anantaram, saha swapituh, suvichaar-gaayakah, saha, austel-nagarasya uttardishi, aashritah. yadyapi praarambhe nirgamane anicchitah aasit, tathaapi pashchat saha tatt mahattwapoornah nirnayah iti avadat, "atlanta-nagare etaavat vikshiptam prachalati-yadi aham tatra eva tishtati tarhi aham galata-janasamoohasy madhye patati sma."saha" antarjaalasy atyadhikam upayogam tasmin eva samaye aarabdhavaan yadaa meems teshaam manoranjanasya swakeeyaroopam abhavat "; praayah yadaa saha 13 varshasya aasit. saha swasya kishoraawasthaayaah adhikaamsham varshaani ekaki vyatitavaan, antarjaalam prati nivartyata, "visheshatah tweeter" ityatra, mems-rachanam krutvaa yat tasya nirastreekaranabuddhim, paap-samskruti-gyaanam cha darshayat."tasya kishoravayaskeshu saha swa-swa-samalingi iti prakatitena saha sangharsham kurvan api drushtah; saha kevalam ekam charanam eva iti prahrayat, parantu praayah 16 athavaa 17 tame varshe saha tatt sweekartum aagatah. saha chaturthashrenyaam turbbah vaayitum aarabdhavaan, uccha-kanishta-varsheshu prathama-adhyakshah cha aasit, parantu avivekee bhavitum bhayaat nishkaasayat. hill-varyaha lithia-springs-ucchavidyaalaye abhyanayt, yasmaat saha 2017 tame varshe snaatakapadaveem praptavan. tatah saha pashchim-georgia-vishvavidyaalaye namankanam krutavaan, yatra saha ganakayantr-vijnaana-vishaye pramukhah aasit, parantu pashchat ekavarshaanantaram sangeeta-vruttijeevanam anuvartayitum nishkaasayat. asmin samaye saha swabhaginyaa saha aashritah, zyaksbee ityasya bhojanalayeshu, georgia-theem-paark ityasya upari sthitaasu shut-dhvajeshu cha karyam krutvaa swayam poshayat. 2019 september-maase saha swasya ucchavidyaalayam punah punah gatvaa achintya sangeeta-pradarshanm krutavaan. vruttihi. 2015-2017-antarjaalasy vyaktitvam. hill ityeshah avadat yat saha kishoraavasthaayaam "vargaat bahihi kaaryeshu" svameva vilambayitum aarabdhavaan iti. saha swasya karyasya pracharartham antarjaala-vyaktitvaroopena anuyaayim nirmaatum ashaya antarjaala-madhyamena bahu samayam vyatitavaan, parantu rachanaatmakaroopen kaani dhyanani kendreekarishyanti iti anishchitah aasit. rolling stone" iti sakshatkare saha avadat, "aham facebook-kamedi-videos karoti sma, tatah instagram-ityatra gatavaan, tatah twitter-madhye hip krutavaan... yatra aham vastutah guruhu aasit. idam prathamam sthaanam aasit yatra aham vairalah bhavitum arhaami."saha facebook-ityatra, vain-ityatra cha laghu-praaroop-hasya-veediyo-ityetaan api prakashitavan. asmin kaale, "nyuyaark" patrikaayaah anveshanaanusaaram, saha twitter-madhye nikee minaz ityasya prashamsakaani lekhaani nirmitavaan, chaalayat, yeshu "@nasmaraj" iti namakam cha aasit. 2017 tame varshe, etat lekhanam, dashboard-aap-tweet-deck ityasya upayogena tweeter-madhye lokapriyanam flash-fikshan-shailyaah antarakriyatmakanam "paridrushya-sutranam" krute avadhaanam praapnot. tweet-decking" ityasya abhyasena, athavaa krutrimaroopena katipayaani tweet-patraani vairal kartum bahunam lekhanam sahayogena vaa, @nasmaraj sambaddham anveshanam. spaam-neeti-ullanghanena" tweeter ityanena @nasmaraj iti account sthagitam. aii. dii. 2" ityasya sthaganen anantaram "nyuyaark" patrikaayaah anveshanam nishkarsham praapnot yat tadanantaram saha "aii. dii. 1" iti hastalekhayaa nootanam lekhaam udghatitavan, tathaa cha tasmin samaye tasya vartamaanam tweeter-lekhaam tasya "aii. dii. 1" iti akshare punah parikalpitam samskaranam aasit, yasya hastakshepen parivartanam krutam aasit. yadaa madhyamanam prativedanaani lill-naas-eksa ityetam minaz-fyaan-accounts ityetaih saha sambaddhaani, tadaa saha prativedanaani "apaarthavyaah" iti uktavaan, accounts ityetaan sanchaalayitum samarthatayaa niraakarot. parantu 2020 mey-maase, lill naas eksa ityanena twitmadhye minaz ityasya prashamsakah iti sweekrutam. saha spashtavaan yat saha praarambhe kimartham tam niraakrutavaan iti, yadi janaah jaananti yat saha tasyaah bhaktah asti, tarhi te samalingi iti manyantehe "yadi bhavatah sampoornam prashamsaapatram nikee yoo aar ge iti samarpitam asti tarhi janaah anumanyanti. raap/sangeeta-udyogah adyaapi samalingi-purushaanaam nirmanam vaa sweekaarah vaa naa abhavat ". 2020 joon 17 dinaanke minaz, naas ityasmai pratyuttarm dattvaa, tweet krutvaa, "yadaa bhavaan barb iti naa angeekrutavaan tadaa etat alpam sting aasit, parantu aham jaanaami. satyasya vaktrutvaartham bhavatah aatmavishvaasam vardhayitum abhinandanaani ". lill naas minaz ityasmai kshamayachanam akarot, saha "ateeva durdashitah abhavat, asha asti yat bhavaan mama nirakaranam naa pashyati" iti. pashchat nyoo yaark tams patrikaayaah lekhayam @nasmarai iti lekhah ullikhitah, yasmin hill ityeshah "jaagarite samaye antarjaale @nasmaraj iti tweet krutvaa vyatitavaan" iti varnitam. sunn gos down" iti sangeeta-drushyachitre api asya ullekhah asti, yasmin lill-naas-eksa ityasya anekaani sangharshaani drushyante, ye kishoraavasthaayaam vardhante, swalingeeyataam api sweekaroti; saha ucchavidyaalaye vidyamaane "nasmiraj" iti lekhayaha dwara tweet kurvan drushyate, yasya sahityam "aii will bee bai da phone, stanning nikee marning too done" iti iti asti. 2018 tame varshe kasminshchit kaale, hill-nagaram safalataayaah maargaroopen sangeete praavishat, tathaa cha swasya alamaryam geetaani likhitum, dhwanimudranam cha aarabdhavaan. saha lill naas eksa iti naam sveekrutavaan, yat ryaapar naas ityasya krute sammanam asti. 2018 julai 24 dinaanke, lill-naas ityayam saund-claude ityatra swasya prathamam mixtep "nasarati" iteedam pradarshayat, yadyapi tatkshanaat khyatya naa sweekrutam aasit; "old-town-road" ityasya vimochanasya anantaram sheeghramev "naasarati" iteedam streaming-sevaanaam taha nishkasyate sma, ataha krutiswaamya-vivaadasya karanat kadaapi mahattvapoornam akarshanam naa prapnuyat. 2018 october-masasya ante saha "old-town-road" iti beat-shabdam shrutavaan. 2018-2019: "old-town-road" tathaa "7" ityetayoho saha pragatihi. 2018 december 3 dinaanke, lill naas eksa ityanena "old-town-road" iti deshiyam raap-geetam pradarshitam. saha beat-selling-platform-beatstars ityatra gitasya beat-iteedam dutch-nirmaatruh yangkiyo ityatah $30 krute anaamikaroopen krinaat; etat teshaam shashtasya studio-aalbam "ghosts aii-aivee" (2008) ityasya nava-inch-neyils-track "34 gosts IV" ityasya namuna asti. saha "vinamrah" atlanta studio, sinkoyo ityatra, teshaam "$20 mangalavaasare" ekaghantaatah api nyoonam samayam avalambya dhwanimudranam krutavaan. laghu-roopa-veediyo-samajika-maadhyam-tiktaak-upayoktrubhih sveekrutya poorvam, "old-town-road" ityasya pracharartham, lill-naas-eksa iti samsthaa meems-rachanam aarabhat. tiktaak-samsthaa swasya 50 koti-vaishvika-upayoktrun "ananta-anukaranam" kartum protsahayati, yatra veediyo-chitraani praayah samaan-sangeetasy upayogena pratilipim janayanti; "aap-ityasya vishayavastoonaam unmatt-manthanam" iti...vairal-sangeeta-hitt-krute prabalah incubator-rupena karyam karoti."lill naas eksa" ityanena anumaanitam yat saha tasya pracharartham praayah 100 meems-krutavaan iti; 2019 tamavarshasya aarambhe tick taak ityatra <aii. dii. 1> chaalanch meem-ityasya karanat etat geetam vairalam abhavat. laxashah upayoktaarah rangler athavaa kaugarl ityetayoho veshadhaarinah sweeyaani videos post krutavantah, adhikaamshaah #yeehaw videos cha swasundtraak krute geetam upayujyante; 2019 julai-maasaparyantam te 67 dashalakshat adhikavaaram drushtaah santi. samajika-madhyamena saha sambadhaah anyah mukhyah prekshakaah baalakaah santi ye vayaska-shrotrunaam sankhyikayam lapalitaah santi. quartz.kaam ityeshaa vadati yat gitasya safalataayaah amshah nishchitataya janasaankhyikeeyasya eva asti, tathaa cha gitasya punaraavartanam, saha gaayane sulabham, ashva-triactor-savaareevishaye cha gitanam prayogam cha baalaih saha sambadhyeta iti tippya te aakarshitaah iti. bilboard" haat 100 chaart madhye 83 tame sthaane prathamavaaram aarabhy, pashchat prathamastham praapnot. geetam haat-contry-geeta-soochee-madhye 19 tame sthaane api cha haat-aar & bee/hip-haap-geetaani 36 tame sthaane api prathamavaaram prakaashitam. "teevra-bolly-yuddhasya" anantaram, 2019 maarch-maase, lill-naas-eksa-varyaha columbia-dhwanimudrakaih saha hastaaksharam krutavaan. "bilboard" ityanena 2019 maarch-maase, "rolling-stone" iti vadan, haat-contry-geeta-soochee-taha geetam vivaadaaspadaroopen apasaaritam. rabert christgou ityasya matena, "deshiyopakaranaat 'old-town-road' iteedam nitva aham jaativaadinah shuddhah saralah cha iti manyante, yatah desheeyopayogah, darius-rakkars tathaa kenn-braun ityetayoho sthanasya avasare jaativaadinah eva bhavanti."anyah" bilboard "pravaktaa genious ityasmai avadat yat" "bilboard ityasya gaanam contry-chaart-taha nishkaasayitum nirnayasya kalakarasya spardhayaa saha sarvathaa kimapi naa aasit."mukhya-desheeyopakaran-soocheetah apasaaritam satsu api," "bilboard" "ityasya desheeyopachaar-suchimadhye geetam ankitam, 53 tame varshe padaarpanam krutvaa 50 tame sthaane cha aasit. pratikriyaaroopen, sonee-music-naashville-see. ee. o. rendy-goodman" "bilboard" "ityasmai avadat yat tasya dalah keshuchit desheeyopakaran-vipanyaam gitasya parikshanam aarabdhavaan," "tatt naa drashtum avagananam bhavishyati" "iti api avadat. 2019 mey-maase, deshiye sangeetasamskruteh jativadasya vishayaah punah udabhavitaah, yadaa rangler-varyaha swasya lill-naas-eksa-sangrahasya udghoshanam krutavaan, kechan upabhoktaarah bahishkaranasy bheetih cha dattavantah. deshasangitat american-sima-yugaat cha aafrikan-american-jananam aitihaasika-saamskrutika-ksharanasya vishaye etat geetam avadhaanam praadadaati iti api prasaramadhyamaha avadat. deshiyaa sangitatarika bilee rey sairas ityeshaa "old-town-road" ityasya remix ityasmin 2019 april-maase, anekeshu prathamayam pradarshita. tasmin eva maase, lill naas eksa ityanena drekk ityasya sarvaadhikam yu iti abhilekhah bhangah.ess. april 11 dinaanke samaptasaptahe 143 dashalakshaih stream-yukttaih ekasmin saptaahe ekasyaah gitasya stream-ityetaih, drekk ityasya "inn mai feelings" iti stream-ityetam atikramitam, yasya 2018 julai-maase ekasaptaahe 116.2 dashalax-stream-aasan; 2019 august-maasaparyantam, kevalam spaatifai ityatra eva ekashataadhik-play-ityetaani stream-krutaani. 2019 mey-maase etat veediyo pradarshitam, 2019 august-maasaparyantam 370 dashalakshat adhikaah drushyaani praaptaani. enn. bee. see. nyoos ityasya mckell arsenox ityanena likhitam, "samajika-maadhyam-yugasya, lill naas eksa iti tarkayogyatayaa prathamah sukshma-mancha-crossover-starr asti." "paaninee" iti geetam 2019 joon 20 dinaanke columbia-abhilekhanasy madhyamena lill-naas-eksa ityasya dwiteeya-ekageetaroopen pradarshitam aasit. asya naam "chauder" iti animated-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaam tasmin eva naamnah kaalpanikasya cabit-bear ityasya namna krutam asti, tathaa cha tatt eva naamnah sandwich ityasya ullekhah naasti. 2019 september-masasya madhyabhaage "paaninee" ityasya prathamam remix ryaapar-daabi ityanena saha pradarshitam. jill-naas-eksa ityayam 2019 joon 21 dinaanke "7" iti shirshakena swasya prathama-vistaarit-naatakam prakashitavan. ee. pee. "bilboard" 200 chaart madhye dwiteeyasthaane aarabhat. joon 23,2019 dinaanke, 2019 tame varshe bett-puraskaareshu, lill-naas-eksa ityanena sairas ityanena saha pradarshanm krutam. joon 30 dinaanke, jill-naas-eksa ityayam vishvasya bruhattamasya green-feeled-utsavasya, yoo. key. ityasya vaarshikasya glaston -burry-utsavasya, antarashtriya-padaarpanam krutavaan, yadaa saha bilee-rey-sairas ityanena saha aashcharyakararoopen upasthitah abhavat, bee. bee. see. ityatra raashtriyaroopen darshite sett-madhye "paaninee" solo-pradarshanat poorvam, gitasya krute millie-sairas-ityanena saha sammilitah. tasmin eva dine, lill naas eksa ityayam samalingi iti prakatite kaaleshu krushnavarneeya-purusha-gayakeshu anyatamah abhavat. deshasya kalaavidasya hip-haap-prakaranam cha krute etat visheshatayaa mahattvapoornam aasit, yayoho yantravaadah, "aitihaasikaroopena asweekrutah kweer-kalakaraha" cha mahattvam dadati. hip-haap-madhye mukhyadharayaha sweekrutim praaptah krushna-quier-purusha-kalakaraha 2012 tame varshe "chaanal-aarenj" ityasya vimochanaat poorvamev frank-oceans ityasya nirgamanena yuktiyuktaroopena aarabdhah. "rolling stone" iti geetam julai-masasya aarambhe "rolling stone" shirsha-100 iti gitasya prathamapradarshanm krutavat, yatra treeni lill-naas-x iti geetaani aasanh navaam sankhyayam cardy-bee ityanena saha "rodiyo"; chaturthah sankhyayam "paanini"; tathaa cha "old-town-road" iti geetam chaart-madhye prathama-sankhyaayaam geetam aasit. 2019 august 19 dinaanke, lill-naas-eksa iti ketty-peree ityasya krute, tasya karmacharinam krute praim-day-sell-utsavaay aayojite sangitasabhayam amazon-madhye udghaatitam. 2020-2022: "montero". 2020 julai 7 dinaanke, lill naas eksa ityanena tasya prathama-aalbam "praayah samaaptam" iti prakatitam. saha api avadat yat saha ekam mixtep ityasya karyam karoti sma, tathaa cha nirmaatrum swasya nootanasangeetasy krute swakeeyam beat-prastotum aamantrayat. 2020 tame varshe november-masasya 8 dinaanke saha "haliday" iti nootanam ekakam geetam ghoshayat, yat november-masasya 13 dinaanke pradarshitam aasit. rablox-ityatra, lill-naas-eksa ityasya ekakam geetam prachaarayitum, lill-naas-eksa-sambaddhaani vastooni kreedaayaah avataar-shaap-madhye, aabhaasi-sangeeta-karyakramena aayojitaah. bilboard" haat 100 madhye 37 tame varshe ekala-gitasya aarambhah abhavat, yadaa cha gitasya music-veediyo ityasya pradarshanena prathama-katipayeshu saptaaheshu dashalakshan drushyaani sanchitaah. 2021 janavaree-maase saha "see eez faar contry" iti balanam pustakasya vimochanam krutavaan. agrime maase, saha soopar-baul-aii. vi. vaanijyapatre swasya nootanam geetam "montero (mahyam swasya namna aahvayatu)" iti purvaavalokanam akarot. 2021 maarch 26 dinaanke, sangeeta-veediyo ityanena saha, etat geetam aadhikaarikaroopen pradarshitam. tasmin eva dine, lill naas eksa ityanena tasya prathamasya aalbam "montero" iti namna namakaranam bhavishyati, 2021 tamavarshasya madhyabhaage tasya vimochanam bhavishyati iti prakatitam, tathaa cha veediyo-dwara prabalapratikriyah praavartitaah. aneke etat geetam vichitrataayaah bahumulya-abhivyaktihi iti manyante sma, yadyapi pramukhah roodichutaah christian-janaah cha lill-naas-x ityenam apavitram tathaa shayataan-pujayaha aropam kurvanti sma. vivaadasya avasare api, "montero (mahyam swasya namna aahvayatu)" iti "bilboard" haat 100 madhye prathamasthaane aarabhy, lill-naas-eksa ityasya dwiteeya-chaart-shirsha-single, truteeya-shirsha-dash single cha abhavat. 2021 maarch 29 dinaanke, jill-naas-eksa ityanena nyuyaark-nagarasya art-collective emm. ess. ech. ef. ityanena saha sahabhaagitvam krutvaa saitaan-shoos iti namna naikee-err-max 97-ess ityasya parivartitam yugmam pradarshitam, yat "montero (mama naamnah aahvayatu)" ityasya vimochanasya pracharartham prayukte music-veediyo-madhye saitanasya paadeshu drushyete. padatranani krushnavarnayoho, kaamsya-pentagraam-yukttaah, "60 sisi, 1 tu manushyarakta-binduhu" ityetaih pooritaah santi. kevalam $1,018 mulyena 666 jodihi eva nirmitaani. naikee ityanena avadat yat te padatrananam nirmanasya pracharasya cha vishaye asambaddhaah aasan, tathaa cha lill-naas-eksa athavaa emm. ess. ech. ef. ityasya sandeshaan naa samarthayanti iti. kampanee nyuyaark-federal-nyayalaye emm. ess. ech. ef. ityasya viruddham treadmark-prakaranam pravishtavatee. april-masasya 1 dinaanke nyayadhishaha, praarambhik-adeshaparyantam padatrananam vikrayanam vitaranam cha avaruddham asthayee-nirodha-aadesham praavartayat. lill naas eksa ityayam twitter-madhye ekam meem-dwara prakaranasya pratyuttarm dattavaan, yasmin saha swayam durdashaagrastah, niraashritah, dhanam yachanah cha iti paatram abhyanayt. pashchat saha "industry bebby" iti gitasya purvasuchana-videom anaavruttavaan, yasmin "naikee versus" iti nakaleem chitram asti. sarvocchanyaayaalaye "lill naas eksa" ityasya vichaaranam, yasmin janaah gayakasya samalingi iti nindanaat poorvam shaitaan-padatrananam vishaye charchanti. tasya poorvageetam, tasya pracharam cha paritah vivaadaan anantaram, lill naas eksa ityanena 2021 mey 21 dinaanke "sunn gos down" iti adhika-aatmanirikshanaatmakam ekakam prakaashitam, yasmin saha utpidanasya saha swasya sangharsham, swapaalane swasamakaamitrena saha saha samyam cha sweekaroti iti pratibimbitavaan. saha ekadivasanantaram "shanivaasare raatri-laiv" ityasmin "montero (mama naamnah aahvayatu)" ityanena saha geetam abhyanayt, yatra pole-nrutyasya nityakramasya samaye tasya patalookasy seem vibhajya, saha tatt samyak samaaptum asamarthah abhavat. joon 29 dinaanke, lill-naas ityayam swasya prathamasya aalbam ityasya prachaar-videom prakashitavan, yasya samaapanam "montero, da aalbam" ityanena abhavat. saha "industry bebby" iti poorvam chitasya gitasya khandam api post krutavaan. julai 23 dinaanke geetam ekageetaroopen pradarshitam, yasmin ryaapar-jyaak haarlo aasit, kaani-vest ityanena nirmitam tathaa day-trip cha sweekarotu. geetam "bilboard" haat 100 madhye dwiteeyasthaane aarabhy 2021 october 23 dinaanke antimasaptaahe chaart madhye prathamasthaane praapnot, yena lill-naas-eksa ityasya chaturtham shirsha-dasham ekakam, truteeya-prathamam cha abhavat. 2021 september 17 dinaanke "montero" iti geetam tasya chaturtham ekakam "duts vaat aii want" iti geetam saha pradarshitam. 2021 october 23 dinaanke, electronic-dezie-carnival-laas-vegas-madhye diplo ityasya sett-madhye, lill-naas-eksa iti anoohyaroopen upasthitah abhavat. pradarshanakale saha "industry bebby", "montero (mahyam swasya namna aahvayatu)", "old-town-road" cha abhyanayt. 2022 april 26 dinaanke saha swasya prathamam sangeeta-pradarshana-paryatanam, dirgha-pratyaksha-montero-paryatanam, ghoshayat. montero" ityasya samarthane ayam pravaasaha aasit, 2022 september-maase aarabhy 2023 janavaree-maasaparyantam cha abhavat. 2023: agamihi dwiteeyah studio aalbam. 2022 maarch 16 dinaanke, lill naas eksa ityeshah swasya viraamaat pratyaagatya, swasya "praayah samaaptah" nutanasya aalbam-ityasya "lett too daa party" iti geetadwayam, yatra yauvvana-baalakah punah kadaapi naa bhagnah, tathaa cha "down soof hoses" ityasmin sausee santana iti geetadwayam upaahrutavaan. saha "lain aan mai baadee" iti gitasya purvaavalokanam api prakashitavan. 2022 joon 24 dinaanke, lill naas eksa ityanena "lett too daa party" iti chalacchitram pradarshitam, anantaram tweeter-madhyamena spashteekrutam yat tatt "leed single naa aasit" iti. lill naas eksa ityanena avadat yat etat aalbam "kimapi vinodam, greeshmakaalasy krute kimapi, balikanam krute sajjataam, utsavam cha kartum kimapi" bhavishyati iti. laang laiv montero tour" ityasmin, lill naas eksa ityayam swasya tatkaaleen-aprakaashitam single-starr-vaakin iti, "down-soof-hoses" ityasya cha parichayah akarot. 2022 september 15 dinaanke veediyo-gem-leag-aaf-legend-ityasya vikaasakaah rait-games-kreedaasu 2022 leag-aaf-legend-vishva-chaampiyanship-krute lill-naas-eksa ityanena saha sahayogam ekam patrikaa-prakaashanam krutvaa ghoshayan, yatra te tam "leag-aaf-legend-ityasya adhyakshah" iti api ghoshayan, yat kotaaku-patrakara isaya colbert ityeshaa prachaar-stunt iti uktavatee. starr vaakin" iti pratiyogitaayaah gaanam september 22 dinaanke sajeeva-sangeeta-veediyo ityanena saha pradarshitam. saha 5 november dinaanke pratiyogitaayaah udghaatanee-samaarohe geetam abhyanayt. tadatiriktam, lill-naas-eksa ityanena saha-parikalpitam kridaayaam vaayane yogyasya paatrasya krute ekam visheshavastram november-maase asthaayeeroopen upalabhyte. 2022 october 19 dinaanke, lill-naas-eksa ityayam "down-soof-hoses" ityasya parichayartham, poorvam naa shrutasya atiriktam padyam pradarshayitum, swaparyatanasya krute sausee-santanam aamantrayat. 2023 maarch 17 dinaanke, lill naas eksa ityayam swasya lollapoloza chilly ityasya pradarshanasy samaye gitasya parichayasy vistrutam naatakam abhyanayt. sangeetashailee prabhaawah cha. lill naas eksa ityasya sangeetashailyaah varnanam paap-raap, hip-haap, contry-raap, trop, paap-raak, paap, raak iti rupena krutam asti. saha ell. jee. bee. tea. kyoo. kalaavidaanaam fraank ocean tathaa tailar ityetayoho nirmatrunam krute cha preranehe shreyah pradadaati, "yatra aham asmi tatra sahajataya sthaatum sulabham karoti."lill naas eksa" ityasmin api nikee minaz, ketty peree, drekk, millie sairas, doja kyaat ityetaani tasya keshaanchan bruhattamaah prabhaawaah iti ullikhati. 2019 tame varshe saha avadat, "aham antarjaalaat bahihi utthaapitah, ataha mama prabhaawah sangeetadrushtyaa sarvatra bhavati."saha endre 3000, kendrick laamar, kidd cudie, lill uzee vert ityadinam hip-haap-kalakaranam shravanam anvavartan vardhata. prabhaawah. lill naas eksa ityasya safalataayaah karanat saha prathamah varna-vyaktihi abhavat, prathamah prakashya-samalingi-kalakaraha cha abhavat yah "forbes" ityanena vaarshik-sarvaadhika-vetana-prapta-desha-adhiniyam-suchyam suchibaddhaha. kenn berns, yah pee. bee. ess. ityasya "contry music" iti vruttachitram nirmitavaan, avadat, montero (mahyam swasya namna aahvayatu)" ityasya sangeeta-veediyo ityasya vimochanaanantaram, aneke prasaarakaani, lill-naas-eksa ityasya "nirlajja-vichitra-drushyaartham" prashamsaam akurvan. "vividhah" aadam bee. variane ityanena likhitam yat veediyo "kweer-sangeeta-kalakaranam krute sarvam parivartayat" iti, etat avadat yat kechan ell. jee. bee. tea. kalakaraha yathaa jonaathan-nait-aaf-nyoo-kids-aan-da-blaak tathaa enn. ess. sink-ityasya lens-baas-ityete closset-rupena mahilanam vishaye geetaani aalapan, anye yathaa elton-jaan tathaa ricky-martin ityetaah swa-yaunataayaah vishaye spashtatayaa naa geetaani. saha pole-nrutyam ityadinam yauna-chitraani, swasamakamitam avahelanam vinaa, madonna athavaa genet-jaaksan ityasya chitraani udbuddhaani iti varnayat. gitasya tathaa sangeeta-veediyo ityasya nakaratmaka-sweekaranam "laas-angelies-tams" tathaa "vais" ityetaih shaitani-aatankasya nidarshanaroopen darshitam aasit tathaa cha lokapriy-sangeeta-itihasasya poorva-kshananam apekshayaa, 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe jaaj-sangeetam "da devils-music" iti nirdishtam aasit, 1966 tame varshe saakshaatkaarasy jaan-lennon ityasya tippanee yat beatles "jeesas ityasya apekshayaa adhikam lokapriyam" iti, prushta-mukhasya aaropah, maataapitru-sangeeta-samsaadhana-kendrasya "malin-panchadash", "prarthanayaha krute" madonna-ityasya sangeeta-veediyo, "judas" tathaa "alejandro" ityasya krute leady-gaga-ityasya sangeeta-veediyo, 54 tame vaarshik-gryaamee-puraskaare nikee minaz ityasya "roman-haliday" ityasya pradarshanam iti. saarvajanikam chitram. lill naas eksa ityayam swasya saarwajanik-shailinam krute prasidhah asti; 2019 julai-maase, "vog" ityanena lill naas eksa iti kaubaay ityasya saundaryasya tasya drushye instagram ityatra cha glyam-look iti pradadaate "master" iti namna ullekhah krutah. tasya shaileekaarah hodo moosaa vadati yat saha "vidyudvaaraa, kreedayaa, varnaranjanena, bhavishye cha vastoonaam lakshyam karoti."2019 emm. tea. vee. veediyo-sangeeta-puraskaareshu tasya manchasya drushyaartham saha kaubaay-motif-cheree-redd-nudie-soot-paridhanam krutavaan. old-town-road" iti geete ullikhitah rangler-geetah, nirantaratayaa lill-naas-eksa saha-brand-prakaareshu vikreeyat. 62 tame vaarshik-gryaamee-puraskarartham, lill-naas-eksa ityayam anekebhyah vastraani dharati sma, yeshu shiraha-padam-yuktah vastra-vinyaasah, fushia-versus-soot, yasya nirmaanaay 700 ghantaah laagatah, api cha gulabi-varnasya kavacham api aasit. 2020 julai-maase, lill naas eksa ityeshaa rihannaa ityasya fenti-byooti ityanena nutanasya twak-samrakshana-shrenyaah krute trailer-veediyo-madhye pratiroopanam krutavatee. august 2021 tame varshe, lill naas eksa ityanena instagram poste, toney haak ityasya raktavarnayuktaih skate-board-ityetaih vikreetasya vishaye "naa hey twickin" iti tippaneem akarot. agrimeshu katipayeshu dineshu eshaa vishaanu-janita-ghatana abhavat. 2022 tame varshe, 64 tame vaarshik-gryaamee-puraskaareshu tasya pradarshanasy samaye, swasya jananamgan aavartanam graheetum, swasya macrofone-yantram swasya cratch-ityasya kendre sthapayitva, tam paritah dolayan, yantram tasya lingam iti nutton, tasya nindaam krutam. 2023 mey-maase, lill-naas-eksa ityeshah kevalam rajat-shareer-varnam, thong, uccha-heal-platform-shoos cha dharya, ranstone-ityanena mukham aacchaadayitvaa, mett-gaalaa-madhye upasthitah. tasya roopam swa. german-fyaashan-aikaan carl legarfeld ityasya kyaat chaupet ityanena preritam aasit. 2023 julai-maase, oslo-nagarasya pramukhesu surangasya madhyamena ee-scooter-yanasya krute naarve-deshe aarakshakaih sthagiteshu chaturmahadooteshu lill-naas-eksa iti ekaha aasit iti soochitam. vyaktigatajeevanam. bahihi aagacchan. 2019 joon-masasya aarambhe, lill-naas-eksa ityayam swabhagineem pitaram cha prati aagatah, tasya prashamsakaah tasya saha tishtanti vaa naa vaa iti anishchitatam satsu api, "vishvam tam tadartham sanketayati" iti saha avadat. 2019 joon 30 dinaanke, garvamaasasya antimadine, lill naas eksa iti saarvajanikaroopena samalingi iti ghoshitam. tasya tweet-dwara poorvakaalasy shankanam pushtihi abhavat yadaa saha prathamam swasya swasya iti track-madhye etat soochitavaan. "rolling stone" iti geetam "swaccham aagacchatu, vardhate, svatvam sweekaroti ityadini vishayaani sparshayati" iti avadat. aparadine saha punah tweet krutavaan, asmin samaye tasya ee. pee. "7" ityasya aavaranakalaayaam indradhanushavarnasya bhavanam hailait krutavaan, shirshakena saha "dedas-chintayat aham tatt spashtam akarot" iti. katipayadinanantaram "bee. bee. see. praatahbhojanasy" saakshaatkaarasy saha spashtah aasit, yatra saha swalingee iti avadat, deshe vaa raap-sangeeta-samudayeshu vaa tasya yaunataayaah sweekaarah sahajataya naa bhavati iti cha jaanaati sma. vaartaayaah pratikriyaa bahudhaa sakaratmakaha aasit, parantu samajikamadhyameshu api bahusankhyaakam homophobic-pratikriyam praapnot, yasya prati lill-naas-eksa api pratikriyaam adadat. hip-haap-samudayat api pratikriyaah abhavan, yena hip-haap-samskrutehe homophobia-vishaye avadhaanam praaptam. 2020 janavaree-maase, rapper-paadri troy, grami-puraskaranam samaye lill-naas-eksa ityanena paridhaanasy vishaye homophobic-tippaneem akarot, yasya uttaram lill-naas-eksa ityanena krutam, "dhik, aham bhagavate tasmin chitre sundarah drushyate." 2023 janavareemaase, lill naas eksa ityayam swasya yauna-abhimukheekaranasy vishaye nootanam vaktavyam tweet krutavaan, "yadi aham alpam ubhayalingee iti manyaami tarhi kim [vaastavikatayaa] bhavantah mama upari kruddhaah bhavishyanti?" iti likhitavaan. agrime dine saha tweet krutavaan, "aham pratijnaam karoti yat alamaryam bahihi aagacchan tatt antimam padam aasit" iti. dharmah. 2021 september-maase, jill-naas-eksa ityanena saha "ekasmin samaye" naastikah aasit iti avadat, parantu adhunaa "vishvasya drushtyaa ateeva adhyatmikaha vyaktihi asti, sarvam katham karyam karoti iti." upalabdhaah. lill naas eksa ityeshaa grami-puraskaaradwayam, bilboard-sangeeta-puraskaaradwayam, emm. tea. vee.-veediyo-sangeeta-puraskaaradwayam, hip-haap-puraskaaradwayam, aihaartrediyo-sangeeta-puraskaaradwayam, american-sangeeta-puraskaaradwayam ityadinam bahuvidhapuraskaran praaptavatee asti. saha haal-david-starlat-puraskaarasy kanishtatama-sammaanitah iti geetalekhakaih haal-aaf-fame ityanena api puraskrutah asti. 62 tame vaarshik-gryaamee-puraskaareshu, lill-naas-eksa iti sarvaadhikam namankitam purusha-kalakaraha aasit, yatra saha antatah sarvashreshta-music-veediyo, sarvashreshta-paap-dwayam/samooh-pradarshanm cha puraskaran praapnot. lill naas eksa iti desha-sangeeta-sangha-puraskaram praaptah prathamah prakashya-ell. jee. bee. tea. krushnavarneeya-kalakaraha api asti, tathaa eva varshasya gitasya krute emm. tea. vee. veediyo-sangeeta-puraskaram praaptah prathamah prakashya-ell. jee. bee. tea. kyoo. vyaktihi cha asti. 2021 tame varshe, kendrick laamar tathaa teller swift ityetayoho anantaram, saha truteeyah kalakaraha abhavat, yah saha-nirdeshite veediyo-"montero (mama naamnah aahvayatu)" ityasya krute varshasya veediyo-krute emm. tea. vee. veediyo-sangeeta-puraskaram praapnot. bilboard" haat 100 chaart madhye, lill naas eksa ityayam ekakeeye chalacchitreshu trayah prathama-sthanani praapnot. 2019 julai-masasya aarambhe "old-town-road" iti geetam "bill-board" 100 madhye shirshasthane 13 tamam saptaham praaptam, evam prathamam hip-haap-geetam abhavat. etat prathamam geetam api asti yasya 10 dashalaxapratih vikreeyant, yadaa cha shirshasthane asti. sheershe 15 tame saptaahe, lill naas eksa ityayam prathamah prakashya-samalingi-kalakaraha abhavat yasya geetam dirghakalam yaavat aasit, ell tunn jaan ityasya 1997 double-e-said iteedam agraahayat-yatra abhilekhasya ubhayapakshaah hitt iti pracharitaha santi, "kaindal inn da wind 1997"/"adya raatrau bhavatah drushyasya vishaye kimapi" iti. 19 saptaaheshu prathamasthaane, 1958 tame varshe prathamavaaram chaart-ityasya arambhat aarabhy sarwadhikasaptahah yaavat, lill-naas-eksa iti abhilekhah asti. etat geetam, tri-margiya-tai-abhilekhasya paraajayam krutvaa, haat aar & bee/hip-haap-geeta-suchishu 19 saptaaheshu shirshasthane api sthaanam avaapnot. 19 saptaaheshu haat-raap-gitanam chaart-madhye sheershe etat geetam tri-margiya-samaantaram api paraajitam. 2019 tamavarshasya november-maasaparyantam, geetam vajrapramaanitam jaatam, yena samyuktavikrayanam, 10 dashalax-unit-ityetaani prasaaranam cha jaatam. "taim" ityanena 2019 tame varshe antarjaalasy 25 prabhaavashaalishu janeshu anyatamah iti namakaranam krutam, tasya "samajika-madhyamena vaishvikaprabhaavaha" tathaa "vaartaam chaalayitum samagra-kshamata" ityetayoho krute. 2020 tame varshe, saha "forbes" 30 under 30 iti suchyam namankitaha. 2021 tame varshe, saha "taim" 100 iti, taim ityasya vishvasya 100 prabhaavashaalishu jananam varshikasoochyam upasthitah. 2021 september 1 dinaanke travor-pariyojanaayaah ghoshanaayaah yat, lill-naas-eksa iti tasya udghaatanee-atmahatya-nivaaran-adhivaktaa-varshasya puraskaarasy praptakarta asti iti. discography. studio aalbam

lill naas ex montero lamar hiill (prappu aepral 9,1999), avarathu maedaip peyaraana lill naas ex () endru azhaikkappadugiraar, oru america ropper, paadagar mattrum paatalaasiriyar aavaar. avar thanathu naattu raap single "oolt down road" veliyeettin moolam mukkiyathuvam pettraar, idhu yuu. ess. ill 19 vaarangkal kazhiththathu.ess. "vilambarap palagaiyin hott 100 saart, 1958 aam aandil tharavarisai arimugappaduththappathillathu miga neenda kaalamaaga iyangkum nambar onn paadalaaga maariyathu. paadal hott 100 ill muthalidaththil irunthathaal, lill naas ex oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraaka veliyae vanthaar, nambar onn saathanaiyaip pettra oray kalaignaraanaar. oolt down road" vetrtriyaith thodarnthu, lill naas ex thanathu muthal neettikappatta naadagamaana "7" aii veliyittaar, idhu maelum irandu ottraiyar paadalkalai uruvaakkiyathu, "panini" ainthaavathu idaththaiyum, "rhodeo" (cardy pii allathu naas idampettrathu) hott 100 ill 22 vadhu idaththaiyum pidiththathu. avarathu muthal studio aalbamaana "montero" (2021), tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththil ulla ottraiyar "montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)" mattrum "industry paepi" (jaak haarlovaik konda) mattrum muthal paththu thanippaadalaana "adhu thaan naan virumbukiraen" aagiyavattraal aatharikkappattathu, maelum 64 vadhu varudaanthira kirami viruthugalil aandin aalpaththirku parinthuraikkappattathu. thanathu thairiyamaana vinoathamaana kaatchigal mattrum samooga uudaga iruppukku peyar pettra, lill naas ex irandu kirami viruthugal, ainthu vilambarap palagai isai viruthugal, ainthu emm. dii. vii veediyoa isai viruthugal, irandu paet hiip haap viruthugal, irandu ihartradio isai viruthugal mattrum irandu american isai viruthugal udpada pala paaraattukkalaip pettrullaar. haal davit starlite viruthai ventra ilaiyavar endra perumaiyaiyum paatalaasiriyarkal haal off faymal avar pettrullaar. "oolt down road" 17 madangku platinum anthasthudan americavil irandaavathu miga uyarnththa saantralikkappatta paadalaaga ullathu. 2020 aam aandil "forbes" 30 under 30 pattiyalil avar idam pettraar mattrum 2021 aam aandil ulagin migavum selvaakku mikka 100 nabarkalin "time" inn varudaanthira pattiyalil idam pettraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. montero lamar malai aepral 9,1999 andru georgiavin lithia springsil piranthaar. avarukku mitsubishi monterovin peyar soottappattathu. avarukku aaru vayathaaka irunththapoathu avarathu pettroar vivaagaraththu seithanar, maelum avar thanathu taayaar mattrum paattiyudan atlaandaavin vangkith thalaimaiyagaththil ulla vangkith thalaimai neethimandra veettuvasathith thittaththil kudiyaerinaar. moontru aandugalukkup piragu, avar narcheythi paatakaraaka irunththa thanathu thanthaiyudan, nagaraththin vadakkae austelil kudipeyarnthaar. aarambaththil veliyaera thayakkam kaatiya poathilum, pinnar avar adhai oru mukkiyamaana mudivaaga karuthinaar, "atlaandaavil niraiya vishayangkal nadanthu kondirukkindrana-naan angku thangiyirunthaal, naan thavaraana koottaththirkul vilunththiruppaen."meemskal thangal sontha pozhuthupoakku vadivamaaga maarath thodangiya neraththil avar inaiyatthai perithum payanpaduththath thodangkinaar"; avar 13 vayathaaka irunththapoathu. avar thanathu denage aandugalin perumbaguthiyai thaniyaaga kaliththaar, maelum inaiyaththirkuth thirumbinaar, kurippaaga tweeter, avarathu niraayuthapaaniyaana puththisaaliththanaththaiyum paap-kalaachaara arivaiyum kaattum meemskalai uruvaakkinaar."avarathu denage aandugalilum avar oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraaka thannai velippaduththik kolvathil siramappattaar; idhu oru kattam mattumae endru avar praarththiththaar, aanaal 16 allathu 17 aam aandil avar adhai aerka vanthaar. avar naankaam vaguppil ekkaalam vaasikkath thodangkinaar, maelum avarathu juuniyar uyarnilai aandugalil muthal naarkaaliyaaga irunthaar, aanaal kulirchchiyattravaraagath thoattramalippaar endra payaththil vilaginaar. hiill lithia springs uyarnilaip pallyil payintraar, athil avar 2017 ill pattam pettraar. pinnar avar maerku georgia palkalaikkazhagaththil saernthaar, angku avar kanini ariviyalil therchchi pettraar, aanaal pinnar oru varudaththirkup piragu oru isai vaazhkkaiyaith thodara kaivittar. inththa neraththil, avar thanathu cakoothariyudan thangki, jaxpiyin unavagangkalilum, georgia theem poongaavin meethu ulla aaru kodigalilum vaelai seithu thannai aathariththaar. septumber 2019 ill avar thanathu uyarnilaip pallikku oru aachariyamaana kacheriyai nigazhththa parvaiyittaar. thozhil. 2015-2017: inaiya aalumai. thanathu denage aandugalil "varkkaththirku veliyae ulla nadavadikkaigalil" irunthu thannai thanimaippaduththik kollath thodangiyathaaga hiill koorinaar. avar thanathu vaelaiyai ookkuvikka oru inaiya aalumaiyaaka pinthodarpavargalai uruvaakka vaendum endra nambikkaiyil anline adhiga neraththai selavittaar, aanaal padaippaattralil ethil kavanam seluththuvathu endru theriyavillai. oru "rolling stone" nerkaanalil avar koorinaar, "naan facebook nagaichchuvai veediyoakkalaich seithu kondirunthaen, pinnar naan instaakiraamirkuch sentraen, pinnar naan tweeteril kudhiththaen... angku naan unmaiyil oru maastar. naan vairalaagach sellakkoodiya muthal idam adhudhaan."avar facebook mattrum vainil kurugiya vadiva nagaichchuvai veediyoakkalaiyum veliyittaar. inththa kaalakattathil, avar tweeteril nikki minaj rasikar kanakkugalai uruvaakki nadaththinaar, idhil "@nasmaraj" endru azhaikkappadum ondru udpada, oru "newyorg" paththirigai visaaranaiyinpadi. 2017 aam aandil, inththa kanakku adhan flash fiction paani uudaadum "soozhnilai noolkalukkaaga" kavanaththai eerththathu, idhu dashfordu payanpaattu tweetech payanpaduththi tweeteril pirabalappaduththappattathu. tweet tecking" nadaimuraiyudan allathu sila tweettugalai seyarkai muraiyil vairalaagach seiya pala kanakkugalaip payanpaduththuvathan moolam @nasmaraj aii inaiththa visaaranai. spame kolgaigalai meeriyathaal" @nasmaraj kanakku tweeterol idainiruththappattathu. aidi1" idaineekkam seiyappatta piragu, "newyorg" idhazhin visaaranaiyil avar pinnar "aidi2" endra kaippidiyudan oru puthiya kanakkaith thiranthathaakavum, antha neraththil avarathu tharpoothaiya tweeter kanakku antha "aidi2" kanakkin marupariseelanai seiyappatta pathippaakavum irunththathu endrum mudivu seiyappattathu. uudaga arikkaikal lill naas ex aii minaj rasikar kanakkugaludan inaiththa pinnar, avar arikkaikalai oru "thavaraana purithal" endru alaiththaar, kanakkugalai nadaththiyathai thirampada marutthaar. iruppinum, mae 2020 ill, lill naas ex oru tweetle, minajin rasikar endru oppukkondaar. avar aarambaththil adhai aen marutthaar enbathai vilakkiya avar, avar avaludaiya oru rasikar endru makkal arinthirunthaal, avar oorinachchaerkkaiyaalar endru avarkal ninaippaarkal endru koorinaar "nikki yuu aarr kae enbatharku arppanikappatta oru muzhu rasikar pakkamum ungkalidam irunthaal makkal karudhuvaargal. raap/isaith thozhil innum oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkalai sariyaaga uruvakkavoa allathu aetrtrukkollavoa illai ". juun 17,2020 andru, minaj naasukku pathilaliththaar, tweet seithaar, "neengkal oru paarp endru maruththapoathu idhu oru sting, aanaal enakku purigirathu. ungkal unmaiyaip paesuvatharkaana nambikkaiyai valarththatharku vaazhththukkal ". naan maruththathai neengkal paarkka maatteerkal endru nambukiraen, migavum moasamaaga unarnththaen" endru koori, minajidam lill naas mannippu catar. vizhiththirukkum ovvoru manii neeraththaiyum anline @nasmaraj endru tweet seithu" kazhiththathaaga hiill vivariththa newyorg times paththirigai katturaiyil "@nasmarai kanakku" pinnar kurippidappattathu. suunn kuus down" endra isai veediyoavilum idhu kurippidappattullathu, idhu oru moodiya deenaejaraaga valarnthu thanathu paaliyal thanmaiyaith thaluviya lill naas ex-inn pala poaraattangkalaik kaattukirathu; avar uyarnilaip pallyil irunththapoathu "nasmiraj" endra kanakkilirunthu tweet seivathaik kanalaam, "naan tholaipaesiyil iruppaen, nikki kaalai vidiyarkaalai varai katthiyaal adikkiraen". 2018 aam aandil, vetrtrikkaana paathaiyaaka music meethu irangkiyathu, maelum avarathu alamariyil paadalkalai ezhuthavum pathivu seiyavum thodangiyathu. avar lill naas ex endra peyarai aetrtrukkondaar, idhu ropper naas-kku anjali seluththuvathaagum. juulai 24,2018 andru, lill naas thanathu muthal mixtape "nasarati" aii soundclavuttil veliyittaar, iruppinum adhu udanadi pugazhaip peravillai; pathippurimai moathal kaaranamaaga "oolt down saalai" veliyaana udanaeyae "nasarati" streaming sevaikalilirunthu agattrappadum, enavae orupoathum kurippidatthakka izhuvaip peraathu. october 2018 inn pirpaguthiyil, avar "pazhaiya nagara saalai" aaga maarum thudipaik catar. 2018-2019: "pazhaiya nagara saalai" mattrum "7" udan munnaettram. disambar 3,2018 andru, lill naas ex naattuppura raap paadalaana "oolt down road" aii veliyittaar. avar duchu thayaarippaalar yangkiyoavidamirunthu beat-virpanai maedaiyil peetstarsil anaamathaeyamaaga paadalukkaana thudippai $30 kku vaankinaar; idhu avarkalin aaraavathu studio aalbamaana "paei aii-aivi" (2008) ilirunththu onbathu angkula nagangkalin track "34 paei IV" aii maathiriyaagak kondullathu. chinkayovil ulla oru "thaalmaiyaana" adlanda studiovil, avarkalin "$20 sevvaaikkizhamaigalil" oru manii neeraththirkum kuraivaagavae avar pathivu seithaar. kurugiya vadiva veediyoa samooga uudaga dictock payanarkalaal edukkappaduvatharku munbu "pazhaiya nagara saalaiyai" ookkuvikka lill naas ex meemskalai uruvaakkath thodangkinaar. dictock adhan 500 million ulagalaaviya payanarkalai "mudivattra pinpattralukku" ookkuvikkirathu, veediyoakkal podhuvaaga athae isaiyaip payanpaduththi nagalkalai uruvaakkukintrana; "payanpaattin verithanamaana ulladakkaththin surn...virus isai vetrtrikalukku oru sakthivaaintha ingupaettaraaga seyalpadugirathu."adhai vilambarappaduththa avar sumar 100 meemskalai uruvaakkiyathaaka lill naas ex mathippittaar; dictockil #yeehaw sawal meem kaaranamaaga 2019 aam aandin thodakkaththil inththa paadal vairalaagiyathu. million kanakkaana payanarkal oru rangler allathu kavkarl poal udaiyanintha veediyoakkalai veliyittanar, perumpaalaana #yeehaw veediyoakkal thangal olippathivukku paadalaip payanpaduththukintrana; juulai 2019 nilavarappadi, avai 67 milliyanukkum athigamaana murai paarkkappattullana. samooga uudakangkaludan pinaikappatta mattroru mukiya paarvaiyaalarkal vayathu vanthoar kaetpavargalin pullivivarangkalil maraikappatta kuzhandhaigal aavar. gwards.inththa paadal adhan vettriyin oru paguthiyai makkalthogaikku kadanpattullathu endru kaam koorukirathu, maelum paadal meendum meendum varuvathaalum, paaduvatharku elithaanathu mattrum kuzhandhaigal thodarpupaduththakkoodiya kuthiraigal mattrum tractorgalil sawari seivathu pattriya varigalaip payanpaduththuvathilum avarkal eerkkappadugiraargal. idhu vilambarap palagaiyil 83 vadhu idaththil arimugamaanathu, pinnar muthal idaththirku uyarnthathu. inththa paadal hott kandri paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil 19 vadhu idaththilum, hott aarr & pii/hiip-haap paadalkal 36 vadhu idaththilum arimugamaanathu. oru "theevira aelap poarukkup piragu", lill naas ex maarch 2019 ill kolambiya pathivukaludan kaiyeluththittaar. maarch 2019 ill hott kandri paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil irunthu "vilambarap palagai" sarchaikkuriya vagaiyil "urulum cull" endru koori paadalai agattriyathu robbert christcavin karuththin puddy, "pazhaiya nagara saalaiyai naattin tharavarisaiyilirunthu agattruvathu inaveri thooimaiyaanathu mattrum elimaiyaanathu endru ennaith thaakkukirathu, aenentraal naattu vanoli darius rakkarkal mattrum caine provunce aagiyavattraip porutpaduththaamal inaveriyaaka ullathu."mattroru" "vilambarap palagaiyin" "seithith thodarpaalar maethaikku aliththa paettiyil," "naattuppura tharavarisaiyil irunthu paadalai agattruvatharkaana vilambarap palagaiyin mudivukku kalaignarin inam thodarpillai"."mukiya naattuppura paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil irunthu neekkapatta poathilum, inththa paadal" "vilambara palagaiyin" "naattuppura oliparappu tharavarisaiyil pattiyalidappattathu, 53 vadhu idaththil arimugamaanathu, 50 vadhu idaththil uyarnthathu. pathilukku, soani music nashville thalaimai nirvaaga adhigaari randy goodman" "vilambara palagaiyil" "thanathu kuzhu sila naattuppura vanoli santhaigalil paadalai soathikkath thodangiyathaaga koorinaar, maelum" "athaip paarkaamal iruppathu alatchiyamaaka irukkum". mae 2019 ill, naattuppura isai kalaachaaraththil inaveri pirachchanaikal meendum vanthana, rangler adhan lill naas ex thoguppai ariviththapoathu, sila nugarvoar purakanippai achchuruththinar. naattuppura isai mattrum america ellai sagaaptham aagiya irandilirunththum aaprikka-amerikkarkalin varalaattru kalaachaara azhivu kuritthu inththa paadal kavanaththai eerkkirathu endrum uudakangkal kuripittana. naattuppura isai natchatthiram billie raey siras aepral 2019 remix "oolt down road" ill idampettraar, idhu palavattril muthal. athae maathaththil, lill naas ex adhiga yuu endra traikin saathanaiyai muriyadiththaar.ess. aepral 11 aam thaethiyudan mudivadaintha vaaraththil 143 million streamgaludan oru vaaraththil oru paadalil irunthu streamgal, juulai 2018 ill oru vaaraththil 116.2 million streamgalaik kondirundha traikin "inn maii centils" aii vinjchina; august 2019 nilavarappadi idhu spotifyil mattum oru pilliyanukkum athigamaana naadagangalai stream seithullathu. 2019 mae maatham, inththa veediyoa veliyidappattathu mattrum august 2019 nilavarappadi, 370 milliyanukkum athigamaana paarvaikalaik kondullathu. enn. pii. chii. newsin michael arsenox ezhuthinaar, "samooga uudaga yugaththil, lill naas ex muthal micro-platform grassver natchatthiram." "panini" juun 20,2019 andru kolambiya pathivukal moolam lill naas ex inn irandaavathu thanippaadalaaga veliyidappattathu. idhu animation seiyappatta tholaikaatchi thodaraana "" savudar "" ill athae peyaril ulla karpanaiyaana capit karadiyin peyaraal peyaridappattullathu, maelum athae peyaril ulla sandvich kurikkappadavillai ". 2019 septumber naduppaguthiyil "panini" adhan muthal remix ropper thapaapiyudan veliyidappattathu. lill naas ex thanathu muthal neettikappatta naadagamaana "7" aii juun 21,2019 andru veliyittaar. inththa epi "vilambarap palagai" 200 tharavarisaiyil irandaavathu idaththil arimugamaanathu. juun 23,2019 andru, 2019 pandhaya viruthugalil lill naas ex sairasudan naditthaar. juun 30 andru, lill naas ex ulagin migapperiya greenfield thiruvilaavil sarvadesa alavil arimugamaanaar, englaandhin varudaanthira clastenbury thiruvilaa, avarum billie raey sairas paadalil aachchariyamaaka thoantri millie sairas udan saernthapoathu, pipisiyil thaesiya alavil kaanapatta oru thoguppil "panini" thanii nigazhchchiyai nigazhththuvatharku munbu. athae naalil, lill naas ex oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraaka veliyae vanthapoathu migavum pulappadum karuppu vinoathamaana aann paatakarkalil oruvaraaga aanaar. idhu naattilulla oru kalaignarukkum hiip haap vagaikalukkum kurippaaga kurippidaththakkadhaaga irunththathu, ivai irandum mckismo mattrum "varalaattru reethiyaaga purakkanikkappatta vinoathamaana kalaignargalai" valiyuruththukintrana. hiip haap thiraippataththil karuppu kuyar aann kalaignargal pirathaana aetrtrukkollum thanmai kondavargal, 2012 aam aandil "saenal aaranjchu" veliyidappaduvatharku sattru munbu frank oasanin veliyeettudan vivaathikkath thodangkinar. "rolling stone" juulai thodakkaththil moontru lill naas ex paadalkaludan "" rolling stone "" muthal 100 paadalkalai muthanmuthalil veliyittathu cardy pii udan "" rhodeo "" onbathaavathu idaththil; "" panini "" naankaavathu idaththil; mattrum "" oolt down road "" tharavarisaiyil muthal muthalidaththil ullathu ". august 19,2019 andru, lill naas ex adhan oozhiyargalukkaaga adhan piraim day virpanaiyai kondaaduvadharkaaga amesan nadaththiya kacheriyil kaetti perrikku thirakkappattathu. 2020-2022: "montero". juulai 7,2020 andru, lill naas ex thanathu muthal aalbam "kittatthatta mudinthuvittathu" endru velippaduththinaar. avar oru mixtaple panipurinthu varuvathaakavum, thanathu puthiya isaikku thangal thudippukalai samarppikkumaaru thayaarippaalargalai azhaiththathaagavum koorinaar. navambar 8,2020 andru, avar oru puthiya thanippaadalaana "holiday" aii arivitthaar, idhu navambar 13 andru veliyidappattathu. rabloxyl, vilayaattu avathaarak kadaiyil lill naas ex-thodarpudaiya porutkaludan, lill naas ex-inn thanippaadalai vilambarappaduththa oru meinigar kacheri nadaipettrathu. inththa thanippaadal "vilambarap palagaiyil" hott 100 ill 37 vayathil arimugamaanathu, athae neraththil paadalin music veediyoa veliyaana muthal pala vaarangkalukkul pallaayirakkanakkaana paarvaikalaik kuviththathu. janavari 2021 ill, avar "chii enbathu naattukkaanathu" endra kuzhandhaigal puththagaththai veliyittaar. aduththa maatham, avar thanathu puthiya paadalaana "montero (ennai ungkal peyaraal azhaikkavum)" endra paadalai oru suuppar bavul elvi vilambaraththil munnoattamaaga veliyittaar. inthap paadal athikaarappoorvamaaga maarch 26,2021 andru oru isai veediyoavudan veliyidappattathu. athae naalil, lill naas ex thanathu muthal aalpaththirku "montero" endru peyaridappaduvathaagavum, adhu 2021 naduppaguthiyil veliyidappadum endrum velippaduththinaar. veediyoa valuvaana ethirvinaigalaith thoondiyathu. mukiya pazhamaivaatha mattrum christhava piramugargal lill naas ex meethu punithath thuroagam mattrum bisasu valipaattaik kuttram saattiya poathilum, inthap paadalai palar visiththiraththin mathippumikka velippaadaaga paarththanar. sarchchaigal irunththapoathilum, "montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)", "vilambarap palagai" hott 100 ill muthalidaththil arimugamaanathu, idhu lill naas ex inn irandaavathu tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththilum moontraavathu muthal paththu thanippaadalaagavum maariyathu. maarch 29,2021 andru, lill naas ex newyorkai thalamaagak konda kalaik koottu emm. ess. ech. eff udan koottu saernthu saatthaan kaalanigal endru azhaikkappadum oru maattriyamaikkappatta jody naik aer makes 97 kazhai veliyittaar, idhu "montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)" veliyeettai ookkuvikkap payanpaduththappadum isai veediyoavil saathaanin kaalil kanalaam. kaalanigal karuppu mattrum sivappu niraththil venkala bentagram kondavai, avai "60 sisi mattrum 1 thuli manitha raththaththaal" nirappappattullana. 666 jody mattumae 1,018 dollar vilaiyil thayaarikkappattana. kaalanigalai uruvaakkuvathu mattrum ookkuvippathil avai eedupadavillai endrum, lill naas ex allathu emm. ess. ech. eff seithigalai angkeekarikkavillai endrum naik kooriyadhu. niruvanam newyorg koottaatchi neethimandraththil emm. ess. ech. eff-kku ethiraaga oru varththaga mutthirai vazhakkaith thaakkal seithathu. aepral 1 aam thaethi, neethipathi oru thartkaalika thadai uththaravai pirappitthaar, idhu oru aaramba thadai uttaravu niluvaiyil ulla kaalanigalin virpanai mattrum viniyoagaththaith thadukkirathu. inththa valakkukku pathilaliththa lill naas ex, tweeteril oru meem moolam thannai oru moasamaana, veedattra mattrum panam kaetkum kathaapaaththiramaaga kaattinaar. pinnar, avar "industry paepi" paadalukkaana oru munnurai veediyoavai veliyittaar, idhu oru poali "naik versus". uchcha neethimandraththil 'lill naas ex' vazhakku visaaranai, idhan poathu paadagar oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraaka iruppathai kandikkum muun makkal saathaanin kaalanigalaip pattri vivaathikkiraarkal. avarathu munththaiya paadal mattrum adhan vilambaraththaich suttriyulla sarchaigalaith thodarnthu, lill naas ex mae 21,2021 andru migavum ullnoakkamaana ottrai "suunn kuus down" aii veliyittaar, athil avar kodumaippaduththudhal mattrum avarathu valarppil avarathu oorinachchaerkkaiyudan udanpaduvathu aagiyavattrudan thanathu poaraattangkalaip pirathipalikkiraar. oru naall kaliththu "sanikkizhamai iravu neralaiyil" "montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)" udan avar paadalai nigazhththinaar, angku avarathu kaalsattaiyin madippu pirinthapoathu poal nadana vazhakkaththin poathu alamariyil seyalizhappu aerpattathu, ithanaal avaraal adhai sariyaaga mudikka mudiyavillai. juun 29 andru, lill naas thanathu muthal aalpaththin vilambara veediyoavai veliyittaar, adhai "montero, aalbam" udan muditthaar. industry paepi" endra munbu kindal seiyappatta trackin oru paguthiyaiyum avar veliyittaar. inththa paadal juulai 23 andru oru thanippaadalaaga veliyidappattathu, idhil ropper jaak haarlo idampettraar, canye vest thayaariththu oru pakalnaera payanaththai eduththuk kondaar. inththa paadal "vilambarap palagai" hott 100 ill irandaavathu idaththil arimugamaanathu mattrum october 23,2021 iruthi vaaraththil tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththai adainthathu, idhu lill naas ex inn naankaavathu muthal paththu ottrai mattrum moontraavathu muthalidaththai pidiththathu. septumber 17,2021 andru, "montero" adhan naankaavathu single "adhaan enakku vaendum" udan veliyidappattathu. october 23,2021 andru, electronic deisey cornival losses vaekaasil diplovin thoguppil lill naas ex aachchariyamaaka thoantrinaar. thoattraththin poathu avar "thozhilthurai kuzhandhai", "montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)" mattrum "pazhaiya nagara saalai" aagiyavattrai nigazhththinaar. aepral 26,2022 andru, avar thanathu muthal kacheri suttruppayanamaana neenda naera montero suttruppayanaththai arivitthaar. inththa suttruppayanam "montero" vaii aatharikkum vagaiyil septumber 2022 ill thodangi janavari 2023 varai oodiyathu. 2023: varavirukkum irandaavathu studio aalbam. maarch 16,2022 andru, lill naas ex thanathu idaiveliyilirunthu thirumbinaar, maelum avarathu "kittatthatta mudintha" puthiya aalpaththilirunthu irandu paadalkalai kindal seithaar, laet duu daa barty "ilam paiyanaik kondirundhadhu meendum orupoathum udaikkavillai, maelum sassie saandanaavaik konda" down soof hoas ". enn udalil saainthu kollungal" endra paadalin munnoattaththaiyum avar veliyittaar. juun 24,2022 andru, lill naas ex "laet duu daa barty" endra thiraippataththai veliyittaar, pinnar idhu "munnani single alla" endru tweeter moolam thelivupaduththinaar. inththa aalbam "vaedikkaiyaaga irukkum, koadaikkaalaththirku aethaavathu, penkal tayaaraagi virunthukku aethaavathu" endru lill naas ex koorinaar. avarathu "long live montero suttruppayanaththil", lill naas ex appoathu veliyidappadaatha avarathu ottrai natchatthira nadaipayirchi mattrum "down soof hoas" arimugaththai nigazhththinaar. septumber 15,2022 andru, veediyoa came leak off legentsin developergal, kalavara vilaiyaattukal, 2022 leak off legents ulaga saambiyanshippirkaaga lill naas ex udan oththuzhaippathaaga oru seithikkurippu moolam ariviththanar, angku avarkal avarai "leak off legentsin thalaivar" endrum ariviththanar, idhil koattaaku paththirigaiyaalar isaiyaa goalbert oru vilambara stund endru alaiththaar. poattikkaana keetham, "starr walking", septumber 22 andru animation seiyappatta isai veediyoavudan veliyidappattathu. navambar 5 aam thaethi poattiyin thodakka vizhaavil avar inthap paadalai nigazhththinaar. koodudhalaaga, lill naas ex inainthu vadivamaiththa vilaiyaattil vilaiyaadakkoodiya kathaapaaththiraththirkaana thanippayan aadai novemberil thartkaaligamaaga kidaikkum. october 19,2022 andru, lill naas ex thanathu suttruppayanaththirku saasi saandanaavai munbu kaetkappadaatha koodudhal vasanaththudan "down soof hoas" arimugaththai nigazhththa alaiththaar. maarch 17,2023 andru, lill naas ex thanathu lolabolosa siilii nigazhchchiyin poathu paadalin arimugaththin neettikappatta naadagaththai nigazhththinaar. isai paani mattrum thaakkangkal. lill naas ex-inn isai paani paap raap, hiip haap, kandri raap, trop, paap raak, paap mattrum raak yena vivarikkappattullathu. ell. jii. pii. dii. kyuu kalaignargal frank ooshan mattrum dialer, padaippaalar uthvaegam mattrum "naan irukkum idaththil vasathiyaaga iruppathai elithaakkiyathu" endru avar paarattukiraar."nikki minaj, kaetti berry, trake, millie sairas mattrum doja caded aagiyavai avarathu migapperiya thaakkangkalil silavaagavum lill naas ex maerkoal kaattukiraar. 2019 aam aandil avar koorinaar, "naan inaiyaththilirunthu valarnththaen, enavae enathu thaakkangkal isai reethiyaaga ellah idangkalilirunthum varukintrana."avar andrey 3000, kendrick lamar, kitt kudi mattrum lill usi vert poantra hiip haap kalaignargalaik kettu valarnthaar. thaakkam. lill naas ex-inn vettri avarai muthal karuppu nabaraagavum, "forbes" adhan varudaanthira adhiga sambalam vaangkum naattuch seyalkalin pattiyalil pattiyalidappatta muthal velippadaiyaana orinachchaerkkai kalaignaraagavum maattriyathu. naattuppura isai" endra pps aavanappadaththai thayaariththa kenn burns kuripittaar, montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)" kkaana isai veediyoa veliyaanathaith thodarnthu, pala veliyeedugal lill naas ex-aii avarathu "vetkamillaatha vinoathamaana" kaatchigalukkaaga paaraatina. "virusity" aathaam pii. inththa veediyoa "kuyar isaik kalaignarkalukku anaiththaiyum maattriyathu" endru reware ezhuthinaar, blackil ulla puthiya kuzhandhaigalin jonathan nite mattrum ensinkin launs baas poantra sila ell. jii. pii. dii kalaignargal moodiyirukkum poathu penkalaip pattri paadiyullanar, athae neraththil elton john mattrum rickie martin poantravarkal thangal paaliyal pattri velippadaiyaagap paadavillai. poal nadanam ullitta paaliyal padangkal, thanathu orinachchaerkkai maraikka vaendiya avasiyamillai, madona allathu johnet jackson padangkalaith thoonduvathaaga avar vivaritthaar. paadal mattrum isai veediyovukku ethirmaraiyaana varavaerpu "losses aenjals times" mattrum "vais" oru saatthaaniya peethikku eduththukkaattuvathaaka vagaippaduththappattathu mattrum pirabalamaana isai varalaattril kadantha tharunangaludan oppidugaiyil, jaas isai 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil "thii devils music" endru kurippidappattathu, 1966 nerkaanalil john lennon karutthu, beatles "iyaesuvai vida migavum pirabalamaanathu", backmasking kuttrachchaattugal, pettroar isai vala maiyaththin "alukku pathinainthu", madonavin isai veediyoa "oru praarththanai poala", laedi kaagaavin isai veediyoakkal "judas" mattrum "alejandro", mattrum nikki minaj 54 vadhu varudaanthira grammi viruthugalil "roaman vidumurai". podhup padam. lill naas ex avarathu podhu paanigalukkaaga kurippidapadugiraar; juulai 2019 ill, kavpaai azhagiyal avarathu thoattraththilum instagramilum oru kavarchiyaana thoattraththai vazhangkuvathil lill naas ex oru "maastar" endru "voak" kurippittathu. avarathu vadivamaippaalar hoodoo moosaa, minsaara, vilaiyaattuthanamaana, vannamayamaana mattrum ethirkaala porutkalai nokkamaagak kondullathaagak koorukiraar."2019 emm. dii. vii veediyoa isai viruthugalil avarathu maedaip paarvaikkaaka avar oru kavpaai maiyakkaruththu cherri-sivappu nirvaana udaiyai aninthirunthaar. pazhaiya nagara saalai" paadal varigalil kurippidapattulla rangler, thodarnthu lill naas ex inai branded maadalgalil irunthu vitrtruth theernthullathu. 62 vadhu varudaanthira kirami viruthugalukku lill naas ex thalaiyilirunthu kaall aadai fusia versus suut udpada pala aadaikalai aninthirunthaar, idhu ilanjchivappu niraththil irunththathu, idhu katta 700 manii neram pidiththathu. juulai 2020 ill, lill naas ex rihannaavin fendy azhagin puthiya saruma paramarippu varisaikkaana trailer veediyoavil maathiriyaaga irunthaar. august 2021 ill, lill naas ex oru instagram pathivil "naa hii tweakin" endru karutthu therivitthaar, donny haak thanathu iraththaththaik konda vannappoochaal varaiyapatta skaetpoardugalai virpanai seivathu pattri. idhu aduththa sila naatkalukku oru virus nigazhvaaga maariyathu. 2022 aam aandil, 64 vadhu varudaanthira kirami viruthugalil thanathu seyalthiranin poathu, thanathu pirappuruppugalai meendum meendum pidiththatharkaagavum, thanathu microphone thanathu croachin maiyaththil vaiththu, adhai suzhattri, saathanam thanathu aankuri endru paasaangku seithatharkaagavum avar vimarsikkappattaar. mae 2023 ill, lill naas ex mett kaelaavil kalandhu kondaar, velli udal vannappoochu, oru thondai mattrum uyar eetti maedai kaalanigal mattumae aninthirunthaar, avarathu mugam rainstoangalaal moodappattathu. avarathu thoattram maraintha jerman fasion aikaan carle lockerfieldin caded soupettaevaal eerkkappattathu. juulai 2023 ill, oosloavil ulla oru periya surangappaathai vazhiyaaga minn-scootergalai oottiyatharkaaka noarvaeyil kaavalthuraiyaal thadutthu nirutthappatta naanku paeril lill naas ex oruvaraaga irunthaar endru therivikkappattathu. thanipatta vaazhkkai. veliyae varukirathu. juun 2019 aam aandin thodakkaththil, lill naas ex thanathu chakoothari mattrum thanthaiyidam veliyae vanthaar, maelum avarathu rasigargal avarudan ottikkolvaargalaa illaiyaa endra nichchayamatra thanmai irunththapoathilum, "pirabanjam avarai avvaaru seiya samignai seikirathu" endru avar unarnthaar. juun 30,2019 andru, perumai maathaththin kadaisi naall, lill naas ex oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraaka pagirangkamaaga velivanththathu. avarathu tweet thanathu track "chii 7 exposure" ill idhai muthanmuthalil suttikkaattiyapoathu munththaiya santhegangalai uruthippaduththiyathu. "urulum cull" "paadal" "thooimaiyaaga varuvathu, valarnthu varuvathu mattrum oruvarin suyaththaith thazhuvuvathu poantra karupporulgalaith thodugirathu". aduththa naall avar meendum tweet seithaar, inththa murai avarathu epic "7" inn attaippadak kalaiyil vaanavil nira kattidaththai munnilaippaduththukiraar, "tedas naan adhai velippadaiyaagach seithaen endru ninaiththen" endru thalaippudan. pala naatkalukkup piragu "ppc kaalai unavu" endra nigazhchchiyil avar oru nerkaanalil thelivaanavaraaga irunthaar, angku avar oorinachchaerkkaiyaalar endrum, thanathu paaliyal natilo raap isai samoogangaliloo udanadiyaaga aetrtrukkollappadavillai enbathaiyum purinthukolgiraar. seithigalukkaana pathil perumpaalum nermaraiyaaga irunththathu, aanaal samooga uudakangkalil adhiga alavu orinachchaerkkai pinnadaivaip pettrathu, adharku lill naas ex pathilaliththaar. hiip haap samoogaththilirunthum pinnadaivu vanthathu, idhu hiip haap kalaachaaraththil orinachchaerkkaikku kavanaththai eerththathu. janavari 2020 ill, ropper paastar troy kirami viruthugalin poathu lill naas ex aninthiruntha aadai kuritthu orinachchaerkkai karutthukkalai veliyittaar, adharku lill naas ex pathilalithaarh "kadavulin meethu antha padaththil naan azhagaaga irukkiraen." janavari 2023 ill, lill naas ex thanathu paaliyal nokkunilai pattri oru puthiya arikkaiyai tweet seithaar, "naan oru siriya irupaal endru ninaitthaal neengkal anaivarum enn meethu koopappaduveergal" endru ezhuthinaar. marunaal, avar tweet seithaar, "naan vaakkuruthi aliththa alamari vittu veliyae varuvathu adhuvae kadaisi muraiyaagum". madham. lill naas ex septumber 2021 ill avar oru kattaththil oru nathikar endru koorinaar, aanaal ippoathu "pirabanjaththin adippadaiyil migavum aanmeega nabar, ellaam evvaaru seyalpadugirathu." saathanaigal. irandu kirami viruthugal, ainthu vilambarap palagai isai viruthugal, ainthu emm. dii. vii veediyoa isai viruthugal, irandu paet hiip haap viruthugal, irandu ihartradio isai viruthugal mattrum irandu american isai viruthugal ullitta pala viruthugalaip pettrullaar. haal davit starlite viruthai ventra ilaiyavar endra perumaiyaiyum paatalaasiriyarkal haal off faymal avar pettrullaar. 62 vadhu varudaanthira kirami viruthugalil migavum parinthuraikkappatta aann kalaignaraaga lill naas ex irunthaar, angku avar iruthiyil sirantha isai veediyoa mattrum sirantha paap irattaiyar/kuzhu seyalthiranukkaana virudhugalai ventraar. naattuppura isai sanga viruthai ventra muthal velippadaiyaana ell. jii. pii. dii karuppina kalaignar mattrum aandin sirantha paadalukkaana emm. dii. vii veediyoa isai viruthai ventra muthal velippadaiyaana ell. jii. pii. dii. kiuu nabar aavaar. 2021 aam aandil, kendrick lamar mattrum dailor swiftaith thodarnthu, avar inainthu iyakkiya veediyoa-"montero (ungkal peyaraal ennai azhaikkavum)" kkaana aandin veediyoavukkaana emm. dii. vii veediyoa isai viruthai ventra moontraavathu kalaignar aanaar. vilambarap palagaiyil" hott 100 tharavarisaiyil lill naas ex moontru nambar onn ottraiyar paadalkalai adiththaar. juulai 2019 thodakkaththil, "oolt down road" adhan 13 vadhu vaaratthai "vilambarap palagai" 100 ill muthalidaththil adainthathu, avvaaru seitha muthal hiip haap paadalaaga maariyathu. muthal idaththil irukkumpoathu 10 million pirathikal vittra muthal paadalum idhuvaagum. adhan 15 vadhu vaaraththil, ell naas ex oru paadal neenda kaalam needikkum muthal velippadaiyaana orinachchaerkkai kalaignaraanaar, elton jaanin 1997 irattai aee-saidai munthiyathu-angku pathivin iru pakkangkalum vetrtrikalaaka vilambarappaduththappadukina, "mezhuguvarththi kaattril 1997"/"intru iravu neengkal paarkkum vithaththaip pattri aethaavathu". 19 vaarangkalil muthalidaththil, 1958 aam aandil vilakkappadam muthanmuthalil arimugappaduththappathillathu adhiga vaarangkalukku lill naas ex saathanaiyai vaiththirukiraar., inththa paadal hott aarr & pii/hiip-haap paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil 19 vaarangkal muthalidaththil ullathu; moontru vazhi dye saathanaiyai muriyadiththathu. 19 vaarangkalil hott raap paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththil ulla inththa paadal moontru vazhi dye-aii muriyadiththullathu. navambar 2019kkul, inththa paadal vairach saantrithazhaip pettrathu, idhu oru orunginaintha virpanaiyai nagarththiyathu mattrum 10 million yoonittukalai streaming seithathu. "samooga uudakangkalil ulagalaaviya thaakkam" mattrum "" seithigalai iyakkum ottumoththa thiranukkaaga "" 2019 aam aandil inaiyaththil migavum selvaakku seluththiya 25 paeril oruvaraaga time avarai peyarittathu ". 2020 aam aandil, avar 30 vayathukkutpatta 30 pattiyalil "forbes" pattiyalil peyaridappattaar. 2021 aam aandil, ulagin migavum selvaakku mikka 100 nabarkalin time 100 endra time varudaanthira pattiyalil avar thoantrinaar. septumber 1,2021 andru, trever thittam, lill naas ex adhan thodakka thartkolai thaduppu vazhakkarinyar aandin viruthaip petrtrathaaka ariviththathu. dyschography. studio aalbangkal

lill naas ex montero lamar hill (jananam april 9,1999), athani rangasthala paeru lill naas ex () thoo prasiddhi chendaadu, oka american rapar, gayakudu mariyu paatala rachayita. athanu thana country raap single "old town road" vidudalatoe praamukhyata pondaadu, idhi 19 vaaraala paatu uslo agrasthaanamlo nilichindi.ess. "billboard hott 100 chaart", 1958loe chaart praarambhamainappati nundi ekkuva kaalam konasagina number vann pataga nilichindi. eee paata hott 100loe agrasthaanamlo unnanduna, lill naas ex swalinga samparkulugaa bayataku vacchi, number vann rikaardunu kaligi unna ekaika kalakarudiga nilichaadu. old town road" vijayam taruvaata, lill naas ex thana toli podiginchina natakam "7" nuu vidudala chesaadu, idhi maroe rendu singles plaenu srushtinchindi, "paanini" aidava sthaanamlo nilichindi mariyu "rodeo" (cardia bii ledhaa naastho kuudinadi) hott 100loe 22va sthaanamlo nilichindi. athani toli studio album, "montero" (2021), chaartlo agrasthaanamlo unna singles "montero (mea paerutoe nannu pilavandi)" mariyu "industry baby" (jaak harlotho kuudinadi) mariyu top-tenn single "duts vaat ii want", mariyu 64va vaarshika grammy avaardulalo album off dhi iyarku nominate cheyabadindi. thana saahasopetamaina vichitramaina drushyaalu mariyu soshal media unikiki prasiddhi chendina lill naas ex rendu grammy avaardulu, aidu billboard music avaardulu, aidu mtv veediyo music avaardulu, rendu bett hip haap avaardulu, rendu ehartradio music avaardulu mariyu rendu american music avaardulatoe sahaa aneka prasamsalanu andukunnaru. haall david starlite avaarduku athi pinna vayaskudigaa gaana rachayitala haall off fame kooda aayanaku avaardu ichindi. "old town road" 17 retlu platinum hodaato united stateslo rendava atyadhika dhruveekarinchabadina pataga nilichindi. athanu 2020loe "forbes" 30 under 30 jaabitaalo mariyu 2021loe prapanchamlooni 100 atyanta prabhaavavantamaina vyaktula vaarshika jaabitaalo sthaanam pondaadu. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. montero lamar konda april 9,1999naa georgialoni lithia springslo janminchindi. dheeniki mitsubishi montero paeru pettaru. ataniki aaru samvatsaraala vayasulo athani tallidandrulu vidaakulu teesukunnaru, athanu thana talli mariyu ammammatho kalisi atlanta yokka byaank head parisaraallooni byaank head court housing prajectlo sthirapaddaadu. moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata, athanu nagaraniki uttaraana unna austelloni suvaarta gayakudu ayina thana tandritho kalisi vellaadu. modata velladaaniki vimukhata chuupinappatikii, athanu taruvaata daanini oka mukhyamaina nirnayamgaa bhaavinchaadu, "atlaantaalo chaalaa chettha jarugutondi-neenu akkada undi unte, neenu tappu gumpulo padi undevaadini."athanu 13 samvatsaraala vayassulo" meams vaari sonta vinoda roopamgaa maaradam praarambhinchina samayamlone internetnu ekkuvagaa upayoginchadam praarambhinchaadu ". athanu thana yuktavayasulo ekkuva bhaagam ontarigaa gadipadu, mariyu internet vaipu moggu chuupaadu, mukhyamgaa twitter, athani niraayudheekarana telivi mariyu pop-samskruti avagahananu choopinche meemlanu srushtinchaadu."thana yuktavayassu samvatsaraalalo athanu swalinga samparkudigaa tananu taanu bayataku teesukuraavadaaniki kashtapadatam kooda chushadu; athanu idhi kevalam oka dasha matrame anie praarthinchaadu, conny 16 ledhaa 17 loe athanu daanini angeekarinchadaaniki vacchaadu. athanu naalugo taragatilo baakaa vaayinchadam praarambhinchaadu mariyu thana juuniyar unnata samvatsaraalalo modati kurcheegaa unnadu, conny challaga kanipistaadane bhayamtho vidichipettadu. hill lithia springs unnata paatasaalalo chadivaadu, daani nundi athanu 2017loe pattabhadrudayyaadu. taruvaata athanu west georgia vishwavidhyaalayamlo cheraadu, akkada athanu computer sainslo praaveenyam pondaadu, conny taruvaata sangeeta vruttini konasaaginchadaaniki oka samvatsaram tarvaata tappukunnadu. eee samayamlo, athanu thana sodarito kalisi jaxby restaurantlu mariyu georgia theem parkpai unna aaru gendaalalo udyogaalu chesi tananu taanu pooshinchukunnaadu. 2019 septembarulo athanu thana unnata paatasaalanu tirigi sandarsinchi oka aascharyakaramaina kachereeni pradarsinchaadu. vrutti. 2015-2017: internet vyaktitvam. thana yuktavayasulo "taragati velupala karyakalapala" nundi tananu taanu verucheyadam praarambhinchaanani hill chepparu. athanu thana panini prothsahinchadaaniki internet vyaktitvamgaa faalovarlanu nirminchaalane aasatoe aanlainlo ekkuva samayam gadipadu, conny srujanaatmakamgaa denipai drushti pettaalo teliyaledu. oka "rolling stone" interviewlo ayana ilaa annaru, "neenu facebook comedy veediyolu chestunnanu, taruvaata neenu instagramku vellaanu, aapai neenu twitterlo hope chesaanu... neenu nijamgaa master ayina chota. neenu viral ayye modati pradaesam adhe."athanu facebook mariyu wine loe chinna formatt comedy veediyolanu kooda post chesaadu. newyork" patrika daryaaptu prakaram, eee kaalamlo, athanu twitterlo "@nasmaraj" anae khaataato sahaa nikki minaz fyaan khaataalanu srushtinchi, nadipadu. 2017loe, eee khaataa dashboard yap tweet decknu upayoginchi twitterlo prachuryam pondina flash fiction-shaili interactive "cinario threads" kosam drushtini aakarshinchindi. tweet decking" abhyaasamtho ledhaa konni tweetlanu krutrimamgaa viral cheyadaaniki bahula khaataalanu upayoginchadam dwara @nasmaraj nii anusandhaaninchina daryaaptu. spam vidhaanaalanu ullanghinchadam" kaaranamgaa twitter @nasmaraj khaataanu nilipivesindi. newyork" patrika yokka daryaaptu prakaram, athanu "" @nasmarai "handletho kotta khaataanu terichaadani, aaa samayamlo athani prastuta twitter khaataa aaa" @nasmarai "khaataaku marchabadina handletho punarnirminchina samskarana anie nirdhaarinchindi". media nivedikalu lill naas ex nuu minaz abhimanula khaataalato anusandhaaninchina taruvaata, athanu eee nivedikalanu "aparthalu" anie pilichi, khaataalanu naduputunnanani samarthavantamgaa khandinchaadu. ayithe, 2020 maeloe, lill naas ex oka tweetlo, minaz abhimaniga angeekarinchaadu. taanu modata daanini enduku tiraskarinchaano vivaristuu, taanu aame abhimanini anie prajalaku teliste, athanu swalinga samparkudani vaaru bhaavistaarani perkonnaduh "meeku mottam fyaan paejee unte prajalu anukuntaaru. mariyu raap/sangeeta parisrama inca swalinga samparkulanu sarigga nirminchaledu ledhaa angeekarinchaledu ". juun 17,2020naa, minaz naasku pratispandistuu, "meeru barb anie khandinchinappudu idhi konchem sting, conny naaku ardham ayyindi. mea nijaanni cheppadaniki mea vishwaasaanni pempondinchukunnanduku abhinandanalu "anie tweet chesaaru. naa tiraskarananu meeru chudalerani aasistuu, chaalaa badhapaddanu" anie cheppi, lill naas minajku kshamaapanalu cheppadu. melkone prati ganta aanlainlo gadipinatlugaa, @nasmaraj gaa tweet chestu" hill varninchina newyork times patrika vyaasamlo @nasmarai khaataa taruvaata prastaavinchabadindi. idhi "sunn gose down" kosam music veediyolo kooda prastaavinchabadindi, idhi lill naas ex yokka aneka pooraataalanu oka closed teenejga perigi thana laingikatanu sweekarinchadaanni choopistundi; athanu haiskoollo unnappudu "nasmiraj" anae khaataa nundi "ii will bii bye dhi phone, stanning nikki marning tuu done" anae pataga tweet cheyadam kanipistundi. 2018loe edho oka samayamlo, hill sangeetaanni vijayaniki maargamgaa enchukuni, thana almaralo paatalu rayadam mariyu record cheyadam praarambhinchaadu. athanu lill naas ex anae paerunu sweekarinchaadu, idhi rapar naas kuu nivaali. juulai 24,2018naa, lill naas thana modati mixes tape "naasarati" nuu soundcloudelo vidudala chesaadu, ayithe idhi takshana keertito andukoledu; copyrite vivaadam kaaranamgaa "old town road" vidudalaina ventane "naasarati" streaming sevala nundi tolaginchabadutundi, anduvalla eppatikee gananeeyamaina aakarshananu pondadu. october 2018 chivaralo, athanu "old town road" gaa maare beat vinnadu. 2018-2019: "old town road" mariyu "7" thoo purogati. december 3,2018naa, lill naas ex desheeya raap paata "old town road" nuu vidudala chesindi. athanu beat-selling platfam beatstars loe dutch nirmaata yangkio nundi $30kii beat kosam beetnu anamakamga konugolu chesaadu; idhi vaari aarava studio album "dayyaalu ii-aivi" (2008) nundi tommidi angulaala golla track "34 dayyaalu IV" namuunaanu kaligi undhi. athanu sinkoyoloni "vinayapoorvakamaina" atlanta studiolo vaari "$20 mangalavaaram" loe oka ganta kante takkuva samayam teesukoni record chesaadu. chinna-roopam veediyo soshal media tictock viniyogadaarulu teeyadaaniki mundu "old town road" nuu prothsahinchadaaniki lill naas ex meemlanu roopondinchadam praarambhinchindi. tictock thana 500 millionla prapancha viniyogadaarulanu "antuleni anukarana" kuu prothsahistundi, veediyolu saadhaaranamgaa adhe sangeetaanni upayoginchi kaapeelanu utpatti chestaayi; "yap yokka vipareetamaina content...viral music hitlaku saktivantamaina incubatorga panichestundi."dheenini pracharam cheyadaaniki ayana sumaru 100 meams chesadani lill naas ex anchanaa vaesaadu; tictaclo #yeehaw chhalenj meam kaaranamgaa eee paata 2019 praarambhamlo viral ayindi. lakshalaadi mandhi viniyogadaarulu tama soundtrack kosam patanu upayoginche chaalaa #yeehaw veediyolato, rangler ledhaa cougerl dustulu dharinchina veediyolanu post chesaaru; juulai 2019 natiki, avi 67 millionlaku paiga saarlu chudabaddayi. soshal mediatho mudipadi unna maroe pradhana prekshakulu vayojana shrotala ganankalalo daachina pillalu. quartz.eee paata daani vijayamlo kontha bhaganni janaabhaaku runapadi undani com chebutundi, mariyu eee paata punaraavrutamavadam, paadataaniki sulabham mariyu pillalu sambandham kaligi undagala gurralu mariyu tractorlanu nadapadam gurinchi saahityaanni upayoginchadam patla vaaru aakarshinchabadatarani perkondi. idhi "billboard" hott 100 chaartlo 83va sthaanamlo nilichindi, taruvaata modati sthaanaaniki cherukundi. eee paata hott country paatala chaartulo 19va sthaanamlo mariyu hott aarr & bii/hip-haap paatalalo 36va sthaanamlo kooda praarambhamaindi. "teevramaina velampata yuddham" taruvaata, marchi 2019loe columbia recordulatho santakam chesina lill naas ex. "billboard" vivadaspadamga marchi 2019loe hott country paatala chaartulo nundi patanu tolaginchindi, "rolling stone" anie chebuthu robbert christgou abhiprayam prakaram, "paatha pattana rahadaarini desheeya pattika nundi tolaginchadam nannu jaatyahankaara swachchamaina mariyu saralamainadani bhaavistundi, endukante desheeya radeo darius ruckers mariyu caine brownlathoo sambandham lekunda jatyahamkaramga undhi."maroka" "billboard" "pratinidhi medhavi thoo matladutu," "country chaart nundi patanu tolaginchaalani billboard teesukunna nirnayaaniki kalakarudi jaatito etuvanti sambandham ledhu"."pradhana desheeya paatala pattika nundi tolaginchabadinappatiki, eee paata" "billboard" "yokka country airplay chaartlo chaartulo, 53va sthaanamlo pravesinchi, 50va sthaanamlo nilichindi. pratispandanagaa, soonee music nashville seeo randy goodman" "billboard" "kii thana brundam konni desheeya radeo marketlalo patanu pareekshinchadam praarambhinchindani," "daanini chudakapovadam nirlakshyamgaa untundi" "anie chepparu". 2019 maeloe, rangler thana lill naas ex sekarananu prakatinchinappudu desheeya sangeeta samskrutilo jaatyahankaara samasyalu mallee terapaiki vachayi, kontamandi viniyogadaarulu bahishkarananu bedirinchaaru. desheeya sangeetam mariyu american sarihaddu yugam rendinti nundi african-americanla chaaritraka saamskrutika tolagimpupai eee paata drushtini aakarshistundani media samsthalu perkonnaayi. desheeya sangeeta taara billie rae siras aneka chitraalalo modatidi, "old town road" yokka april 2019 remixlo kanipinchindi. adhe nelaloo, lill naas ex atyadhika yuu kosam drake rikaardunu baddalu kottindi.ess. april 11thoo mugisina vaaramlo 143 million streamlatho oka vaaramlo oka paata nundi prasaralu, juulai 2018loe oka vaaramlo 116.2 million prasaralanu kaligi unna drake yokka "inn mye sentings" nuu adhigaminchaayi; augustu 2019 natiki idhi okka spotifylo matrame oka billion naatakaalanu prasaram chesindi. 2019 maeloe, eee veediyo vidudalaindi mariyu 2019 augustu natiki, 370 millionlaku paiga veekshanhalu unnaayi. enbisi nyuus yokka maikhel arsenax ilaa vraasaadu, "soshal media yugamlo, lill naas ex nissandehamgaa modati micro-platfam crossover starr." "paanini" juun 20,2019naa columbia recordula dwara lill naas ex yokka rendava singlega vidudalaindi. dheeniki animated television syries "chouder" loe adhe paerutoe unna kalpita cabit bair paeru pettaru, mariyu adhe paerutoe unna saandvichnu suuchimchadu. 2019 september madhyalo "paanini" daani modati remixnu rapar dabaabitoe kalisi vidudala chesindi. lill naas ex thana toli podiginchina natakanni "7" paerutoe juun 21,2019naa vidudala chesaadu. eee ipi "billboard" 200 chaartlo rendava sthaanamlo nilichindi. juun 23,2019naa, 2019 pandem avaardulalo lill naas ex sairasto pradarsana icchaaru. juun 30naa, lill naas ex prapanchamlone atipedda greenfield festival, yuke vaarshika glastenbury festivallo antarjaateeya arangetram chesaadu, athanu mariyu billie rae sairas aascharyakaramgaa kanipinchi, bbclo jaateeyamgaa kanipinche setlo "paanini" solo pradarsinchadaaniki mundu, paata kosam millie sairaslo cheraaru. adhe rojuna, lill naas ex swalinga samparkudigaa bayataku vachinappudu atyanta kanipinche nallajati kweer maga gayakulalo okadu ayyadu. idhi desamloni oka kalaakaarudiki mariyu hip haap sailulaku pratyekinchi mukhyamainadi, ivi rendoo kooda mechismo mariyu "chaaritraatmakamgaa anachiveyabadina kweer kalaakaarulu" nuu nokki chebutaayi. hip haap loe block kweer maga kalaakaarulu pradhana sravanti aamodam kaligi unnaaru, idhi 2012 loe "chaanal aurange" vidudalaku mundu fraank oshan vidudalatoe praarambhamaindi. "rolling stone" juulai praarambhamlo moodu lill naas x paatalatho "rolling stone" top 100 nuu pradarsinchindihi kaardi bii thoo tommidava sthaanamlo "rodeo"; naalugava sthaanamlo "paanini"; mariyu chaartlo mottamodati number-vann pataga "old town road". augustu 19,2019naa, lill naas ex daani prime day ammakanni jarupukovadaniki daani udyogula kosam nirvahinchina kacheri amazonlo catey perri kosam praarambhinchabadindi. 2020-2022: "montero". juulai 7,2020naa, lill naas ex thana toli album "daadaapu puurtayindani" velladinchaadu. taanu oka mixtape meeda panicheestunnaanani kooda perkonna ayana, thana kotta sangeetam kosam tama beetlanu samarpinchamani nirmaatalanu aahvaninchaaru. november 8,2020naa, athanu kotta single, "holiday" nuu prakatinchaadu, idhi november 13naa vidudalaindi. robloxlo, game yokka avataara dukaanamloo lill naas ex-sambandhita vastuvulatoe lill naas ex singilnu prothsahinchadaaniki oka virtual kacheri jarigindi. eee single "billboard" hott 100loe 37va sthaanamlo nilichindi, ayithe paata yokka music veediyo vidudalaina modati konni vaaraallone padilakshala veekshanhalanu sekarinchindi. 2021 janavarilo, ayana "sii eej pharr country" anae pillala pustakaanni vidudala chesaaru. marusati nelaloo, athanu thana kotta paata, "montero (nannu mea paerutoe pilavandi)" nuu suupar baul elvi vaanijya prakatanalo preview chesaadu. eee paata marchi 26,2021naa oka sangeeta veediyotho paatu adhikarikamga vidudalaindi. adhe rojuna, thana toli albumku "montero" anie paeru pettanunnatlu, 2021 madhyalo vidudala chestamani lill naas ex velladinchaadu. veediyo balamaina pratispandanalanu prerepinchindi. pramukha sampradaayavaada mariyu kraistava pramukhulu lill naas x nuu apavitram mariyu deyyam aaraadhanaku paalpaddaadani aaropinchinappatiki, eee patanu chaalaa mandhi vintha yokka viluvaina vyakteekaranagaa chuusaaru. vivaadam unnappatikee, "montero (nannu mea paerutoe pilavandi)", "billboard" hott 100loe modati sthaanamlo nilichindi, idhi lill naas ex yokka rendava chaartlo agrasthaanamlo unna single mariyu moodava top-tenn singlega nilichindi. marchi 29,2021naa, jill naas ex newyork aadhaarita art collective emshetho bhagaswamyam chesukuni, saataanu bootlu anie piluvabade savarinchina naik air maaks 97 lanu vidudala chesindi, idhi "montero (mea paerutoe nannu pilavandi)" vidudalanu prothsahinchadaaniki upayoginche music veediyolo saataanu paadaalapai chudavachu. bootlu nalupu mariyu erupu rangulo, kaamsya pentagram thoo, "60 sisi mariyu 1 chukka maanava raktam" thoo nindi untaayi. kevalam 666 jatalanu $1,018 dharatho tayaaru chesaaru. bootla tayari mariyu prachaaramlo avi prameyam ledani mariyu lill naas ex ledhaa emshhf sandeshaalanu aamodinchaledani naik telipindi. newyork federal kortulo mshetfku vyatiraekamgaa company trademark daavaa vesindi. april 1naa, praathamika nishedhaagna pendinglo unna bootla ammakam mariyu pampineeni nirodhistuu nyaayamuurti taatkaalika nirbandha uttarvu jaarii chesaaru. twitterlo oka meam thoo, tananu taanu chettagaa, niraasrayulugaa mariyu dabbu adugutunna paatragaa chuupistuu, lill naas ex eee daavaaku pratispandinchaaru. taruvaata, athanu "industry baby" paataku oka mundumaata veediyoonu vidudala chesaadu, idhi nakilee "naik verses" nuu pradarsistundi. supreenkortulo vichaarana, eee samayamlo prajalu gayakudini swalinga samparkudigaa khandinche mundu saataanu bootla gurinchi charchistaaru. thana munupati paata mariyu daani pracharam chuttoo unna vivaadaala taruvaata, lill naas ex 2021 mae 21naa marinta aatmapariseelana single "sunn gose down" nuu vidudala chesaadu, indulo athanu bedirimpulatoe thana pooraataalanu mariyu thana pempakamlo thana swalinga samparkamtho oppandam kudurchukovadaanni pratibimbistaadu. athanu oka roeju taruvaata "sanivaaram raatri pratyaksha prasaram" loe "montero (mea paerutoe nannu pilavandi)" thoo paatu patanu pradarsinchaadu, akkada athanu pole dance rotein samayamlo thana pyantu yokka seam cheelipoyinappudu wardrobe panicheyakapovadam valla daanni sarigga puurti cheyalekapoyadu. juun 29naa, lill naas thana toli album yokka prachara veediyoonu post chesi, daanini "montero, dhi album" thoo muginchaadu. athanu gatamlo tease chesina "industry baby" paata yokka oka bhaganni kooda post chesaadu. eee paata juulai 23naa singlega vidudalaindi, indulo rapar jaak haarlo unnaaru, dheenini kaani west nirminchaaru mariyu take eah day trip chesaaru. eee paata "billboard" hott 100loe rendava sthaanamlo nilichindi mariyu october 23,2021 chivari vaaramlo chaartlo modati sthaanaaniki cherukundi, idhi lill naas ex yokka nalgava top-tenn single mariyu moodava number vanga nilichindi. september 17,2021naa, "montero" daani nalgava singiltho paatu vidudalaindi, "adhe naaku kaavaali". october 23,2021naa, electronic diacy corniwall laas vegaslo diplo setlo lill naas ex aascharyakaramgaa kanipinchaaru. pradarsana samayamlo athanu "industry baby", "montero (nannu mea paerutoe pilavandi)" mariyu "old town road" pradarsinchaaru. april 26,2022naa, athanu thana modati kacheri paryatana, long live montero parytananu prakatinchaadu. eee paryatana "montero" kuu maddatugaa undhi, idhi september 2022loe praarambhamai janavari 2023 varaku konasaagindi. 2023: raboye rendava studio album. marchi 16,2022naa, lill naas ex thana viramam nundi tirigi vacchi, thana "daadaapu puurtayina" kotta album "nundi rendu paatalanu, laet tuu daa party" loe young baay mallee eppuduu virigipoledu, mariyu saasii santana natinchina "down souf hose" nuu tease chesaadu. naa sareerampai vangi undandi" paata yokka previewnu kooda post chesaadu. juun 24,2022naa, lill naas ex "laet tuu daa party" nuu vidudala chesindi, taruvaata idhi "pradhana single kaadu" anie twitter dwara spashtam chesindi. eee album "saradaagaa untundi, vesavi kosam untundi, ammayilu siddhamgaa undi, party cheyadaaniki untundi" anie lill naas ex chepparu. thana "long live montero tour" loe, lill naas ex thana appati vidudala kaani single starr walking mariyu "down suuf hose" parichayaanni pradarsinchaadu. september 15,2022naa, veediyo game leag off legends developerlu, allarla atalu, 2022 leag off legends prapancha championship kosam lill naas ex thoo kalisi oka patrika prakatana dwara prakatinchaayi, akkada vaaru atanni "leag off legends president" gaa kooda prakatinchaaru, dheenilo kotaku paatrikeyudu isaiah colbert oka publicity stunt anie pilicharu. tornament yokka geetam, "starr walking", september 22naa animated music veediyotho vidudala cheyabadindi. november 5naa tornament praarambhotsava kaaryakramamlo ayana eee patanu pradarsinchaaru. adanamgaa, lill naas ex saha-roopakalpana chesina aatalo aadagalige paatra kosam custom dustulu novemberlo tatkalikamga andubaatulo unchabadataayi. october 19,2022naa, gatamlo vinani maroe padyamtho "down suuf hose" parichayaanni pradarsinchadaaniki lill naas ex thana paryatanaku saasii saantanaanu ahvaninchadu. marchi 17,2023naa, lill naas ex thana lollapoloza chilly pradarsana samayamlo paata parichayaanni vistarinchina aatanu pradarsinchaadu. sangeeta shaili mariyu prabhavalu. lill naas ex yokka sangeeta sailini pop raap, hip haap, country raap, trop, pop rock, pop mariyu rock gaa varninchaaru. elgibitique kalaakaarulu fraank oshan mariyu srushtikarta ayina tailor preranagaa mariyu "neenu unna chota soukaryavantamgaa undatam naaku sulabhataram chesinanduku" ayana ghanata istaaru."lill naas ex kooda nikki minaz, catey perri, drake, millie sairas mariyu doja catnu thana atipedda prabhavaluga paerkonnaadu. 2019loe ayana ilaa annaru, "neenu internet nundi perigaanu, kabatti naa prabhavalu sangeetaparamgaa anni praantaala nundi vachayi."athanu andrey 3000, kendrick lamar, kid cudie mariyu lill uji vert vanti hip haap kalaakaarulanu vintoo perigaadu. prabhavam. lill naas ex vijayam atanni modati rangu vyaktigaa mariyu forbes daani vaarshika atyadhika paaritoshikam teesukune desheeya charyala jaabitaalo jabita chesina modati bahiranga swalinga samparka pradarsanakaarudigaa chesindi. pbs documentary "country music" nuu nirminchina kenn burns, ilaa paerkonnaadu, montero (nannu mea paerutoe pilavandi)" kosam music veediyo vidudalaina taruvaata, aneka avutletlu lill naas ex nuu athani "siggupadani vichitramaina" visuals kosam prasamsimchaayi. "vaividhya" aadam bii. eee veediyo "kweer sangeeta kalaakaarula kosam pratidee marchivesindi" anie variage raasaaru, kontamandi elgibity kalaakaarulu jonathan nait off nyuu kids aann dhi block mariyu lans baas off ensinc vanti vaaru closedga unnappudu mahilala gurinchi paadaaru, ayithe elton zaan mariyu rickie martin vanti itarulu vaari laingikata gurinchi spashtamgaa paadaledu. pole dansto sahaa laingika chitraalanu thana swalinga samparkaanni daachaalsina avasaram lekunda madonna ledhaa johnet jackson chitraalanu prerepistunnatlu ayana abhivarninchaaru. paata mariyu music veediyoku pratikuula spandana "laas angels times" mariyu "vais" oka saataanu bhayandolananu vivaristundi mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo jaz sangeetaanni "deyyam sangeetam" gaa suuchimchadamtoe sahaa pramukha sangeeta charitralo gatha kshanaalatoo poliste, beatles "yesu kante ekkuva prachuryam pondaayi", backmasking aaropanalu, tallidandrula music resource center yokka "muriki padihenu", madonna yokka "praarthana laaga" kosam music veediyo, "judas" mariyu "alejandro" kosam laedii gaaga yokka music veediyolu mariyu 54va vaarshika grammy avaardulalo "roman holiday" yokka nikki minaz pradarsana. praja chitram. lill naas ex thana public fyaashanlaku prasiddhi chendaadu; juulai 2019loe, kaubay soundaryaaniki athani roopaallo mariyu instagramlo oka aakarshanheeyamaina roopaanni ivvadamlo "vog" lill naas exnu "master" gaa perkondi. athani shaili rachayita hodo moosa matladutu, athanu "vidyut, ullaasabharitamaina, rangurangula mariyu bhavishyat vastuvulanu lakshyamgaa pettukunnanani chepparu."2019 mtv veediyo music avaardulalo thana vedikapai kanipinchinanduku athanu kaubay motifto kuudina cherry-redd nudee suutnu dharinchaadu. old town road" saahityamlo perkonna rangler, nilakadaga lill naas ex koo-branded faashanlalo ammudaindi. 62va vaarshika grammy avaardula kosam, laal naas ex thala nundi kaali varaku dustulu dharinche fusia versays suut thoo paatu gulabi rangu jeenu dharinchi, daanini nirminchadaaniki 700 gantalu pattindi. juulai 2020loe, rihannah yokka fenty beauty kotta charma samrakshana shreni kosam lill naas ex oka trailaru veediyolo modalga natinchaaru. augustu 2021loe, lill naas ex thana raktamtho peyinttho paint chesina skaetboordulanu vikrayistunna toney hock gurinchi oka instagram postlo "naa hii tweakin" anie vyakhyaaninchaadu. idhi taruvaati konni rojula paatu viral drugvishayamgaa maarindi. 2022loe, 64va vaarshika grammy avaardulalo thana pradarsana samayamlo, thana jananendriyaalanu padepade pattukunnanduku, thana microphone thana cratch madhyalo unchi, daanini ooginchi, parikaram thana purushangam anie natinchi, vimarsinchabaddaadu. 2023 maeloe, lill naas ex kevalam vendi boddy paint, thang mariyu hye-heal platfam bootlu dharinchi, mukham rainstonelatho kappabadi, mett galaku hajarayyaru. athani roopaanni divangata german fyaashan icon carle loggerfeld yokka catt choupette nundi prerana pondindi. juulai 2023loe, osloloni oka pradhana sorangam gundaa ii-scooterlanu naduputunnanduku norwaylo pooliisulu aapina naluguru vyaktulalo lill naas ex okaru anie nivedinchabadindi. vyaktigata jeevitam. bayataku vastunnaaru. juun 2019 praarambhamlo, lill naas ex thana sodari mariyu tandri vaddaku vacchaadu mariyu thana abhimanulu tanaku kattubadi untara ledhaa anae anischiti unnappatikee, "viswam tananu alaa cheyamani suuchistoemdi" anie bhaavinchaadu. juun 30,2019naa, garvam nela chivari roeju, lill naas ex bahirangamgaa swalinga samparkudigaa bayataku vachindi. ayana thana track "sii7jore" loe dheenini modata suuchimchinappudu athani tweet munupati anumanalanu dhruveekarinchindi. "rolling stone" paata "" subhramgaa ravadam, peragadam mariyu okari aatmanu aalinganam chesukovadam vanti itivruttaalapai sprusistundi ". marusati roeju athanu mallii tweet chesaadu, esaari thana epilo cover art "7" paie indradhanassu rangu bhavananni highlight chestu, "dedas neenu daanini spashtamgaa chesanani anukunnanu" anae sheershikato. chaalaa rojula taruvaata "bbc breakfast" loe icchina oka interviewlo athanu spashtamgaa cheppadu, andulo athanu swalinga samparkudani, thana laingikata desamlo ledhaa raap sangeeta sanghaalalo takshaname aamodinchabadadani ardham chesukunnatlu paerkonnaadu. eee vaartalaku spandana ekkuvagaa sanukoolamgaa undhi, conny soshal medialo pedda mottamlo swalinga samparka vyatiraekata kooda vachindi, dheeniki lill naas ex kooda pratispandinchaaru. hip haap samajam nundi kooda edurudebbalu vachayi, hip haap samskrutilo homophobiapy drushtini aakarshinchindi. 2020 janavarilo, rapar paster troy grammy avaardula samayamlo dharinchina dustulapai swalinga samparkula patla dweshapurita vyaakhyalu chesaaru, dheeniki lill naas x ilaa samaadhaanamichaaduh "heyamaina neenu aaa chitramlo devuniki andamgaa kanipistunnaanu." janavari 2023loe, lill naas ex thana laingika dhorani gurinchi oka kotta prakatnanu tweet chesaadu, "neenu konchem dwilinga samparkuraalini anie anukunte [nijamgaane] meeru napai kopamgaa untara" anie vrasadu. marusati roeju, athanu tweet chesaadu, "neenu vaagdaanam chesina gadhi nundi bayataku ravadam adhe chivarisaari". matam. taanu oka samayamlo naastikudini anie, conny ippudu "viswam paramgaa, pratidee elaa panichestundo, chaalaa aadhyaatmika vyaktini" anie lill naas ex 2021 septembarulo paerkonnaadu." vijayalu. rendu grammy avaardulu, aidu billboard music avaardulu, aidu mtv veediyo music avaardulu, rendu bett hip haap avaardulu, rendu ihartradio music avaardulu mariyu rendu american music avaardulatoe sahaa bahula avaardulanu lill naas ex andukunnaru. haall david starlite avaarduku athi pinna vayaskudigaa gaana rachayitala haall off fame kooda aayanaku avaardu ichindi. 62va vaarshika grammy avaardulalo atyadhika nominate ayina purusha kalakarudu lill naas ex, akkada athanu chivariki uttama music veediyo mariyu uttama pop dvayam/samuuha pradarsanaku avaardulanu geluchukunnadu. desheeya sangeeta sangham avaardunu geluchukunna modati bahiranga elgibity nalla kalakarudu mariyu samvatsarapu paataku entivi veediyo music avaardunu geluchukunna modati bahiranga elgibitiki vyakti kooda lill naas ex. 2021loe, kendrick lamar mariyu taylor swift taruvaata, "montero (nannu mea paerutoe pilavandi)" anae saha-darsakatvam vahinchina veediyoku samvatsarapu veediyoku mtv veediyo music avaardunu geluchukunna moodava kalakarudu ayyadu. billboard" hott 100 chaartlo lill naas ex moodu number vann singilsnu saadhinchaadu. juulai 2019 praarambhamlo, "old town road" "billboard" 100loe modati sthaanamlo 13va vaaranni saadhinchindi, alaa chesina modati hip haap pataga nilichindi. idhi modati sthaanamlo undagaa 10 million kaapeelu ammudaina modati paata kooda. daani 15va vaaramlo, lill naas ex elton zaan yokka 1997 double eah-sidenu adhigaminchi, oka patanu ekkuva kaalam konasaaginchina modati bahiranga swalinga samparka kalakarudiga nilichaadu-ikkada rikaarduku rendu vaipula hitlugaa pracharam cheyabaddaayi, "candle inn dhi wind 1997"/"eee raatri meeru elaa kanipistaarane daani gurinchi". 19 vaaraala modati sthaanamlo, 1958loe chartunu modatisaari pravesapettinappati nundi atyadhika vaaraala paatu rikaardu kaligi unna lill naas ex., eee paata hott aarr & bii/hip-haap paatala chaartulo 19 vaaraala paatu agrasthaanamlo nilichindi; moodu-maargam tye rikaardunu adhigaminchindi. hott raap paatala chaartulo 19 vaaraala paatu agrasthaanamlo unna eee paata moodu-maargam taini kooda adhigaminchindi. november 2019 natiki, eee paata diamond certificate pondindi, idhi kalipi ammakalu mariyu streaming 10 million unitlanu taralinchindi. "soshal medialo prapanchavyaaptamgaa prabhavam choopinanduku" mariyu "" vaartalanu nadipinche mottam saamarthyam "" kosam time 2019loe internetlo atyanta prabhaavavantamaina 25 mandhi vyaktulalo okarigaa atanni perkondi ". 2020loe, athanu "forbes" 30 under 30 jaabitaalo chotu dakkinchukunnadu. 2021loe, athanu prapanchamlooni 100 atyanta prabhaavavantamaina vyaktula vaarshika jaabitaalo "time" 100loe kanipinchaadu. september 1,2021naa, trever project, lill naas ex thana prarambha aatmahatya nivaarana nyaayavaadi off dhi iyar avaardunu andukunnatlu prakatinchindi. discography. studio albumlu

lalee naas aiks montero laamar hull (paidaish 9 apreel 1999)yee juu apnay stage naam lalee naas aiks () say jaana jaataa hay eek americi reeper gulukaar aur naghmah nigaar hay. wah apnay milk kay reep sangal "old town road" kii release kay saath shahrat haasil karnay mein kamiyab huay jiss nay 19 haftay yuu aiss kay oopar guzaray.aiss. "bull board" hott 100 chaart 1958 mein chaart kay aaghaz kay baad say sabb say taweel chalnay waala number eek gaana bunn gayaa. chonkah yaha gaana hott 100 mein sarfehrist thaa lalee naas aiks humm jans parsat kay toor parr saamney aayaa aur number eek record rakhtay hoay aisa karnay waala waahid fankaar bunn gayaa. old town road" kii kamiyabi kay baad lalee naas aiks nay apnaa pehla tausiyi dramah jaari kiyaa jiss kaa anwaan "7" thaa jiss nay mazeed duu singles kuu janam diyaa jiss mein "paneeni" panchwen number parr pahunch gayaa aur "rudio" (cardy bee yaa naas kii khususiyat) garm 100 parr 22 wein number parr pahunch gayaa. inn kaa pehla studio album "montero" (2021)yee chaart mein sarfehrist singles "montero (majhay apnay naam say kaal karein)" aur "industry beebi" (jeek harlo kii khususiyat) aur topp teen sangal "wahee hay juu majhay chahiye"yee aur 64 wein salanah greemi ewards mein album aaf dee aiyar kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa. apnay daliri say ajeeb woo gharib basri aur soshal mediya kii maujudgi kay liye mashhur lalee naas aiks kuu mutadid tareefain milly haine jinn mein duu greemi ewards paanch bull board music ewards paanch ayem tye wee video music ewards duu bait hipp hopp ewards duu aayee haart redio music ewards aur duu american music ewards shaamil haine. inhein geeth nigaaron kay haal aaf faim nay haal dude staar light aiward kay sabb say kumm amar aizaz yaaftah kay toor parr bhee nawaza hay. "old town road" riyasathaye muthadah mein dosray sabb say ziyadah tasdiq shadah gaaney kay toor parr darjah bundi kartaa hay jiss kuu 17 ganaa platinum kaa darjah haasil hay. inhon nay 2020 mein "forbus" 30 inder 30 kii fehrist mein aur 2021 mein duniya kay 100 baasir tareen afraad kii "tyme" kii salanah fehrist mein darjah bundi kii. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. montero laamar hull 9 apreel 1999 kuu jarjiya kay lathiya springs mein paida hoyee thee. iss kaa naam matsubashi montero kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. jabb wah chh saal kaa thaa tuu iss kay waldeen kii talaaq how gayee aur wah apnee maan aur daadi kay saath atlanta kay benak head pados mein benak head court housing project mein aabaad how gayaa. teen saal baad wah apnay waalid juu eek anjeel kay gulukaar thay kay saath shehar kay shamaal mein austeel mein muntaqil how gayey. agarcha ibtadayi toor parr jaanay say garizaan thaa leakin baad mein iss nay asay eek aham faislah samjha "atlanta mein behat kachh chull rehaa hay-agar mein wahaan rehta tuu mein ghalat hujum mein parh jaataa."inhon nay" internet kaa behat ziyadah istemaal iss waqat say sharoo kiyaa jabb mems inn kii apnee tafrih kii shakal bannay lagay "vovo taqriba iss waqat jabb wah 13 saal kay thay. inhon nay apnee noamri kay ziyadah tarr saal akilay guzaray aur internet kii taraf maail huay khaas toor parr tweater mems banatay hoay juu inn kii ghair maslah zahanat aur paap culture kii samajh kuu zahir kartay haine."iss kii noamri kay saalon mein asay humm jans parsat honay kay toor parr apnay aap kuu saamney laanay kay saath jadujahad kartay hoay bhee dekha gayaa. iss nay duaa kii kahh yaha sarf eek marhalah thaa leakin 16 yaa 17 kay aas paas wah asay qabool karnay aayaa. iss nay chothi jamaat mein bhandi bajana sharoo kiyaa aur apnay juniyar hayee saalon mein pehli karsi parr thaa leakin bay hodah nazar aaney kay khoof say chhod diyaa. hull nay letahiya springs hayee school mein taleem haasil kii jehaan say inhon nay 2017 mein graduation kii. iss kay baad inhon nay university aaf vest jarjiya mein daakhlah liyaa jehaan inhon nay computer science mein maharat haasil kii leakin baad mein eek saal baad musical carrier bananay kay liye chhod diyaa. iss doraan wah apnee behan kay saath rehaa aur zeksby kay restauranon aur jarjiya theem paark kay oopar chh jhandon mein mulazimaton kay saath apnaa khayaal rakhaa. satambar 2019 mein inhon nay eek hairat angez concert paish karnay kay liye apnay hayee school kaa dorah kiyaa. carrier. 2015-2017: internet kii shaqsiyat. hull nay kahaa kahh iss nay apnee noamri kay saalon mein khood kuu "tabqe say baahir kii sargarmiyon" say alg thalag karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa. inhon nay apnay kaam kuu farogh deenay kay liye internet shaqsiyat kay toor parr eek falover bananay kii ameed mein aann line bury maqdar mein waqat guzara leakin inhein yaqeen nahein thaa kahh takhliqi toor parr kiss cheez parr taujah dee jaaye. eek "roling stone" intervieve mein inhon nay kahaa "mein fees buck comedy videoz kirr rehaa thaa phir mein instagram parr chalaa gayaa aur phir mein tweater parr chalaa gayaa... jehaan mein waaqee maaster thaa. yaha wah pehli jagah thee jehaan mein viral how saktaa thaa."inhon nay fees buck aur wine parr mukhtasir formate kii mazahiya videoz bhee post kein. neoyork" megzin kii tehqiqat kay mutabiq iss arsey kay doraan inhon nay mubinah toor parr tweater parr nakee minaaj faine accounts banaye aur chalaye jinn mein say eek "@nasmaraj" naami thaa. 2017 mein iss akaunt nay desh board aip tweet deek kaa istemaal kartay hoay tweater parr maqbool honay waalay apnay fleesh fakshan tarz kay intraikto "manzarname kay dhaagon" kii wajah say taujah haasil kii. tehqiqat nay @nasmaraj kuu "tweet decking" kay amal say jodaa yaa masnuyi toor parr kachh tweats kuu viral karnay kay liye mutadid accounts kaa istemaal kiyaa. @nasmaraj akaunt kuu tweater nay "speem policiyon kii khalaaf warzi" kii wajah say muatil kirr diyaa thaa. neo yark" megzin kii tehqiqat nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh iss nay baad mein "@nasmarai" handle kay saath eek neeya akaunt kholaa aur yaha kahh iss waqat iss kaa maujudah tweater akaunt iss "@nasmarai" akaunt kaa eek tabdil shadah handle kay saath dobarah tayaar kardah warzan thaa. mediya reports kay baad lalee naas aiks kuu maneej faine accounts say mansalk kiyaa gayaa inhon nay inn reports kuu "ghalat fehmi" qaraar diyaa aur moasir tareeqe say accounts chalanay say ankaar kiyaa. tahim mayee 2020 mein lalee naas aiks nay eek tweet mein minaaj kay parastaar honay kaa aiteraf kiyaa. iss nay wazahat kii kahh iss nay ibtadayi toor parr iss kii tardid kiyon kii yaha kehtay hoay kahh agar loag jaantay kahh wah iss kaa parastaar hay tuu wah soochein gay kahh wah humm jans parsat hay: "loag farz karein gay kahh agar aap kaa poraa faine paij nakiyo humm jans paraston kay liye waqaf hay. aur reep/music industry ubhee takk humm jans parsat mardon kuu balkal nahein banaya yaa qabool nahein kiyaa gayaa hay. 17 joone 2020 cow minaaj nay naas kuu jawaab deetay hoay tweet kiyaa "yaha thoda saa sting thaa jabb aap nay baarb honay say ankaar kiyaa leakin mein samajhta hoan. apnaa sach bolnay kay liye aap kaa aetemad badhanay parr mubarik how. lalee naas nay minaaj say maafi maangtay hoay kahaa kahh asay "behat braa lagaa ameed hay kahh aap miray ankaar kuu nahein dekhein gay". baad mein neoyork times megzin kay eek mazmun mein @nasmarai akaunt kaa zakar kiyaa gayaa jiss mein pahaadi kuu "jaagney kaa harr ghantah aann line guzarnay @nasmaraj kay toor parr tweet karnay" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kaa hawalah music video mein "sunn goz ddaun" kay liye bhee diyaa gayaa hay jiss mein lalee naas aiks kii behat see jadujahad kuu dikhaya gayaa hay juu eek bund noamar kii haisiyat say bury how rahee hay aur apnee jansiyat kuu qabool kirr rahee hay. wah hayee school mein rehtay hoay "nasmiraj" naami akaunt say tweet kartay hoay dekha jaataa hay jiss kay boul "mein phone kay zariye hoan gaa nakee marning kuu taloo aaftaab takk daghta hoan". saal 2018 mein kasee waqat hull kamiyabi kay raastay kay toor parr mausiqi parr utraa aur apnee almaari mein gaaney likhna aur record karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa. iss nay naam lalee naas aiks apnaya juu kahh reeper naas kuu kharaaj tehseen hay. 24 jolayi 2018 cow lalee naas nay sound clowed parr apnaa pehla miks taip "naasaarti" jaari kiyaa halankah asay fouri shahrat nahein milly thee. kaapi raait tanazah kii wajah say "old town road" kii release kay foraa baad "nasarti" kuu streaming sarosaz say hataa diyaa jaaye gaa aur iss wajah say kabhi bhee iss kii taujah nahein milay gee. aktobar 2018 kay aakhir mein iss nay wah dhadkan sunee juu "old town road" bunn jaaye gee. 2018-2019: "old town road" aur "7" kay saath paish raft. 3 dasambar 2018 cow lalee naas aiks nay kantri reep gaana "old town road" jaari kiyaa. iss nay gaaney kay liye bait seeling plait faarm bait starz parr dich producer yang kiyo say gumnam toor parr 30 ddaalar mein bait kharida. yaha inn kay chhatay studio album "ghostas aayee-aayee wee" (2008) say noow inch cales kay track "34 ghostas IV" kaa namunah hay. inhon nay eek "shayesta" atlanta studio sankoyo mein inn kay "$20 mangal" parr eek ghantay say bhee kumm waqat mein record kiyaa. lalee naas aiks nay "old town road" kuu farogh deenay kay liye mems banana sharoo kirr diyaa iss say pehley kahh asay shaart faarm video soshal mediya tick taak saarfin nay uthaya. tick taak apnay 50 karod aalimi saarfin kuu "lamtanahi nql" karnay kii targhib deeta hay jiss mein videoz aam toor parr eek hyee mausiqi kaa istemaal kartay hoay kaapiyan tayaar karti haine vovo "aip kaa mawaad kaa teez tarr maraqabah...viral music hutt kay liye eek taqatwar incubator kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay."lalee naas aiks nay andazah lagaya kahh iss nay iss kii tashheer kay liye taqriba 100 mems banaye thay. yaha gaana 2019 kay awail mein tick taak parr #yeehaw challenge meem kii wajah say viral hawaa. laakhon saarfin nay apnay rengler yaa charwaha kay labaas mein khood kii videoz post kein jinn mein ziyadah tarr #yeehaw videoz apnay sound track kay liye gaaney kaa istemaal karti haine. jolayi 2019 takk inhein 67 millin say ziyadah baar dekha jaa chakaa hay. soshal mediya say jaday eek aur bunyadi saamayin wah bachay haine juu baaligh saamayin kay aidadushmar mein chhapay hoay haine. kwartz.kaam kaa kehna hay kahh yaha gaana yaqeeni toor parr iss kii kamiyabi kaa eek hasah aabadiyati logon kaa hay aur nott kartaa hay kahh wah iss gaaney kii taraf raghib hotay haine juu dohraya jaataa hay saath mein gaana aasaan hay aur ghodon aur tractors kii sawari kay baaray mein bolon kaa istemaal kartaa hay jiss say bachay mutaliq how saktay haine. iss nay "bull board" garm 100 chaart parr 83 number parr sharoaat kii baad mein pehley number parr chadh gayaa. track nay hott kantri gaanon kay chaart mein number 19 parr aur hott aar aind bee/hipp hopp gaanon mein number 36 parr bhee aaghaz kiyaa. eek "shadeed boli jung" kay baad lalee naas aiks nay maarch 2019 mein columbia records kay saath dastakhat kiye. "bull board" nay maarch 2019 mein hott kantri gaanon kay chaart say mutnazah toor parr gaana hataa diyaa jiss mein "roling stone" kahaa gayaa thaa: raabart christgaon kii raaye mein "" old town road "kuu milk kay chaart say hatana majhay nasal parastana khaalis aur saadah lagtaa hay keunkah milki redio nasal parastana rehta hay qataa nazar iss kay kahh derios rukarz aur keenn browns kay liye jagah banata hay."eek aur" "bull board" "kay tarjuman nay basalahiyat kuu bataya" "bull board kay gaaney kuu milk kay chaart say hatanay kay faislay kaa fankaar kii dodh say balkal koyee taaluq nahein thaa."markazi milki gaanon kay chaart say hataye jaanay kay bawajood gaana" "bull board" "kay kantri aiyar play chaart parr chaart kiyaa gayaa 53 parr debio kiyaa aur 50 parr pahunch gayaa. jawaab mein sonee music neshweel see ayee awo rendy gadmeen nay" "bull board" "kuu bataya kahh inn kii team nay kachh milki redio marketon mein gaaney kii jaanch sharoo kardee inhon nay mazeed kahaa kahh" "asay naha dekhna laparwahi hogi. mayee 2019 mein milki mausiqi kii saqafat mein nasal parasti kay masail eek baar phir iss waqat saamney aayey jabb rengler nay apnay lalee naas aiks clection kaa aalaan kiyaa aur kachh saarfin nay bicot kii dhamki dee. mediya aaot leets nay yaha bhee nott kiyaa kahh yaha gaana milki mausiqi aur americi sarhadi door donon say afriqi americiyon kay tarikhi saqafati khaatime kii taraf taujah dilata hay. kantri music staar bully ray sayers kuu apreel 2019 mein "old town road" kay remaks mein dikhaya gayaa juu kayee mein say pehla hay. asee mahinay lalee naas aiks nay sabb say ziyadah yuu kaa drack kaa record toad diyaa.aiss. 11 apreel kuu khatam honay waalay haftay kay liye 143 millin streams kay saath eek haftay mein eek gaaney say streams drack kay "inn mayee censuls" kuu peeche chhodte huay jiss mein jolayi 2018 mein eek haftay mein 116.2 millin streams thay. agast 2019 takk iss nay sarf spotife parr eek arb say ziyadah dramay stream kiye haine. mayee 2019 mein video jaari kii gayee thee aur agast 2019 takk asay 370 millin say ziyadah baar dekha gayaa hay. aine bee see newz kay michael arseno nay likhaa "soshal mediya kay door mein lalee naas aiks blashbah pehla micro plait faarm karaas auvar staar hay." "paani" kuu 20 joone 2019 kuu columbia records kay zariye lalee naas aiks kay dosray sangal kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kaa naam animated teeli vision seerez "chodar" mein asee naam kay afsanvi cabet bayer kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay aur iss mein asee naam kay sandoch kaa hawalah nahein hay. satambar 2019 kay wast mein "panee" nay apnaa pehla remaks reeper daabi kay saath jaari kiyaa thaa. lalee naas aiks nay 21 joone 2019 kuu "7" kay anwaan say apnaa pehla tausiyi dramah jaari kiyaa. ayee pee nay "bull board" 200 chaart parr dosray number parr debio kiyaa. 23 joone 2019 cow lalee naas aiks nay 2019 kay bait ewards mein sayers kay saath perform kiyaa. 30 joone cow lalee naas aiks nay duniya kay sabb say baday grain feld festival bartaniah kay salanah glastenbry festival mein apnaa beenn alaqwami aaghaz kiyaa jabb inhon nay aur bully ray sayers nay bee bee see parr qomi satah parr dekhay jaanay waalay seet mein "panee" solo paish karnay say pehley eek hairat angez zahoor kiyaa aur gaaney kay liye milly sayers mein shaamil how gayey. asee dunn lalee naas aiks sabb say ziyadah nazar aaney waalay seeyah faam koyar mard gulukaron mein say eek bunn gayey jabb wah humm jans parsat kay toor parr saamney aayey. yaha milk kay eek fankaar aur hipp hopp anwaa kay liye khaas toor parr aham thaa juu donon hyee machini aur "tarikhi toor parr bay nqab koyar funkaron" parr zoor deetay haine. hipp hopp mein bleek koyar mard funkaron kuu markazi dhaaray mein qabuliyat haasil hay jiss kaa aaghaz 2012 mein frank aushin kay "chinal auranj" kii release say theek pehley saamney aaney kay saath hawaa thaa. "roling stone" nay jolayi kay awail mein teen lalee naas aiks gaanon kay saath "roling stone" topp 100 kaa premier kiyaa: nawein number parr cardy bee kay saath "rudio" vovo chaar parr "paneeni" vovo aur chaart parr pehley number parr gaaney kay toor parr "old town road". 19 agast 2019 cow lalee naas aiks nay apnay mulazimin kay liye apnee prime day sail mananay kay liye munaqid eek concert emizon mein keaty peeri kay liye khola. 2020-2022: "montero". 7 jolayi 2020 cow lalee naas aiks nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh inn kaa pehla album "taqriba khatam how chakaa thaa". inhon nay yaha bhee kahaa kahh wah eek miks taip parr kaam kirr rahay haine aur inhon nay prodiosaron kuu apnee nayee mausiqi kay liye apnee taal paish karnay kii daawat dee. 8 nomber 2020 cow iss nay eek nayey single "haali day" kaa aalaan kiyaa juu 13 nomber kuu release hawaa thaa. rubloks parr kheel kii autaar shaap mein lalee naas aiks say mutaliq ashyaa kay saath lalee naas aiks kay sangal kuu farogh deenay kay liye eek virtual concert kaa anaqad kiyaa gayaa thaa. sangal nay "bull board" hott 100 parr 37 parr debio kiyaa jabkah gaaney kii music video nay release kay pehley kayee hafton mein dasiyon millin viewz jamaa kiye. januri 2021 mein inhon nay bachon kii kitaab "see az faar kantri" jaari kii. aglay mahinay iss nay eek spir bawal eel wee commercial mein apnay nayey gaanay "montero (majhay apnay naam say pakaro)" kaa paish nizarah kiyaa. yaha gaana bazabtah toor parr 26 maarch 2021 kuu eek music video kay saath release kiyaa gayaa thaa. asee dunn lalee naas aiks nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh inn kay pehley album kaa naam "montero" rakhaa jaaye gaa aur yaha kahh yaha 2021 kay wast mein release hoga. video nay sakht radamil kaa izhaar kiyaa. iss gaaney kuu behat say logon nay ajeeb woo gharib kay eek qeemati izhaar kay toor parr dekhaa halankah mamtaz qadamat pasand aur eisayi shaqsiyat nay lalee naas aiks parr raswai aur shaitan kii ibadat kaa alzaam lagaya. tanazah kay bawajood "montero (majhay apnay naam say kaal karein)"yee "bull board" hott 100 parr pehley number parr aayaa juu lalee naas aiks kaa dosra chaart topping sangal aur teesra topp teen sangal bunn gayaa. 29 maarch 2021 cow lalee naas aiks nay neoyork mein maqeem aart ijtemayi ayem aiss aich aif kay saath sharakat daari kii taakah naiki aiyar meks 97 aiss kii eek tarmim shadah jodee jaari kii jaa sakay jasay shaitan kay jotay kahaa jaataa hay juu "montero (majhay apnay naam say kaal karein)" kii release kuu farogh deenay kay liye istemaal honay waali music video mein shaitan kay peeron parr dekha jaa saktaa hay. jotay seeyah aur sarkh rung kay hotay haine jinn mein kaansi kaa pantagram hotaa hay juu "60 see see aur insani khoon kay 1 qatray" say bharaa hotaa hay. sarf 666 joday 1,018 ddaalar kii qeemat parr banaye gayey thay. naiki nay kahaa kahh wah joton kii takhliq aur farogh mein ghair malus thay aur inhon nay lalee naas aiks yaa ayem aiss aich aif kay paighamat kii tausiq nahein kii. company nay neoyork kii wafaqi adaalat mein ayem aiss aich aif kay khalaaf trade maark kaa moqhadhima dayer kiyaa. yakam apreel kuu jajj nay ibtadayi hakam naamay takk joton kii farokhat aur taqsim parr rook laganay kaa aarizi hakam jaari kiyaa. lalee naas aiks nay tweater parr eek meem kay saath moqhadhime kaa jawaab diyaa jiss mein khood kuu bay gahar bay gahar aur paisay maangnay waalay kirdaar kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa. baad mein iss nay "industry beebi" gaaney kay liye eek paish khaimah video jaari kiyaa jiss mein eek jaali "naiki bamuqablah naiki" kaa stage kiyaa gayaa hay. suprem court mein moqhadhime kii samaat jiss kay doraan loag gulukaar kay humm jans parsat honay kii mazmat karnay say pehley shaitan kay joton parr bahas kartay haine. apnay pachlay gaaney aur iss kay farogh kay ard gird kay tanazaat kay baad lalee naas aiks nay 21 mayee 2021 kuu ziyadah basirat waala sangal "sunn goz ddaun" jaari kiyaa jiss mein wah ghandah girdi kay saath apnee jadujahad aur apnee prorish mein apnee humm jans parasti kay saath muahidah karnay kii akaasi kartaa hay. iss nay eek dunn baad "sneacher day night laiyo" mein "montero (majhay apnay naam say pakaro)" kay saath gaana paish kiyaa jehaan poul ddaans kay mamul kay doraan asay almaari mein kharaabi kaa saamna karnaa padaa jabb iss kii patlun kii seeyon alg how gayee jiss say wah asay theek say khatam karnay say qaasir how gayaa. 29 joone cow lalee naas nay apnay pehley album kii eek promotional video post kii jiss kaa ikhtatam "montero album" kay saath hawaa. inhon nay "industry beebi" kay naam say pehley chheday gayey track kaa eek tukda bhee post kiyaa. yaha gaana 23 jolayi kuu sangal kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein reeper jeek harlo shaamil thay jiss kii production keenay vest nay kii thee aur eek day trip lay liyaa thaa. yaha gaana "bull board" hott 100 parr dosray number parr aayaa aur 23 aktobar 2021 kay aakhri haftay kay liye chaart parr pehley number parr pahunch gayaa juu lalee naas aiks kaa chotha topp teen sangal aur teesra number winn bunn gayaa. 17 satambar 2021 cow "montero" iss kay choothay sangal kay saath release hawaa "yahee mein chahta hoan. 23 aktobar 2021 cow lalee naas aiks nay electronk ddezi carniol laas vigas mein diplo kay seet parr hairat angez paishi kii. iss kii maujudgi kay doraan iss nay "industry beebi"yee montero (majhay apnay naam say pakaro)yee aur "old town road" kii paishkash kii. 26 apreel 2022 cow inhon nay apnay pehley concert toar laang laiyo montero torr kaa aalaan kiyaa. yaha dorah "montero" kii himayat mein thaa aur satambar 2022 mein sharoo hawaa aur januri 2023 takk jaari rehaa. 2023: aaney waala dosra studio album. 16 maarch 2022 cow lalee naas aiks apnay waqfe say waps aayaa aur apnay "taqriba makmal" nayey album kay duu gaaney chheday "lait tuu daa paarti" jiss mein naujawan ladkay nay dobarah kabhi nahein todaa aur "ddaun soaf hoz" jiss mein saaki santana shaamil hay. inhon nay "miray jasm parr jhukao" track kaa eek paish nizarah bhee post kiyaa. 24 joone 2022 cow lalee naas aiks nay "lait tuu daa paarti" release kii aur baad mein tweater kay zariye waazah kiyaa kahh yaha "leed sangal nahein thaa". lalee naas aiks nay kahaa kahh album "kachh mazay daar mosam garma kay liye kachh ladkiyon kay liye tayaar honay aur paarti karnay kay liye kachh" hoga. apnay "laang laiyo montero torr" parr lalee naas aiks nay iss waqat release honay waalay apnay sangal staar waakan aur "ddaun soaf hoz" kaa taaruf paish kiyaa. 15 satambar 2022 cow video gaim leeg aaf legends kay dwelpers raait games nay eek prais release kay zariye 2022 kii leeg aaf legends world champine ship kay liye lalee naas aiks kay saath taawan kaa aalaan kiyaa jehaan inhon nay asay "leeg aaf legends kaa sadr" bhee qaraar diyaa jasay kotako kii sahafi eisi colbert nay publisty stunt kahaa. tornament kaa taranah "staar waakan"yee 22 satambar kuu eek mutharik music video kay saath jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay 5 nomber kuu tornament kii iftatahi taqrib mein gaana paish kiyaa. iss kay alawah lalee naas aiks kay mushtarkah design kardah gaim mein eek qaabil adaa kirdaar kay liye eek apnee marzi kaa labaas nomber mein aarizi toor parr dastiyaab karaya jaaye gaa. 19 aktobar 2022 cow lalee naas aiks nay apnay doray parr sosi santana kuu eek izaafi sabqah naha sunee gayee aayat kay saath "ddaun soaf hoz" kaa taaruf paish karnay kay liye madau kiyaa. 17 maarch 2023 cow lalee naas aiks nay apnee lolapoloza chalee performans kay doraan gaaney kay taaruf kaa eek tausiyi dramah paish kiyaa. mausiqi kaa andaaz aur asraat. lalee naas aiks kay musical style kuu paap reep hipp hopp kantri reep trape paap raak paap aur raak kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. wah eel jee bee tye kiyo kay funkaron frank aushin aur tylor takhliq kaar kuu tehreek aur "miray liye jehaan mein hoan aaraam say honaa aasaan bananay kaa sehra deetay haine."lalee naas aiks nay apnay sabb say baday asraat kay toor parr nakee minaaj keaty peeree drack milly sayers aur doja cate kaa bhee hawalah diyaa hay. 2019 mein inhon nay kahaa "mein internet say badaa hawaa hoan iss liye miray asraat mausiqi kay lahaaz say harr jagah say aatay haine."wah andry 3000yee candrik laamar cudd cuddy aur lalee azee wart jeesay hipp hopp funkaron kuu sunn kirr baday hoay. asar. lalee naas aiks kii kamiyabi nay inhein rangeen rung kaa pehla shaqs aur pehla khalay aam humm jans parsat adakaar bannay kaa sabab banaa jasay "forbus" nay apnee salanah sabb say ziyadah maawazah leenay waali milki karwaiyon kii fehrist mein darj kiyaa. keenn burnes jinhon nay pee bee aiss dastawezi film "kantri music" tayaar kii nay nott kiyaa montero (majhay apnay naam say pakaro)" kay music video kii release kay baad kayee aaot leets nay lalee naas aiks kii "bay sharmi say ajeeb" basriyon kay liye tareef kii. "mukhtalif qasm" aadam bee. verage nay likhaa kahh video nay "koyar music funkaron kay liye sabb kachh badal diyaa"yee iss baath kuu nott kartay hoay kahh kachh eel jee bee tye fankaar jeesay block parr nayey bachon kay jonathan night aur aine sink kay laans baas nay bund rehtay hoay khwatin kay baaray mein gaaya jabkah elton jaan aur rakee maartan jeesay deegar nay waazah toor parr inn kii jansiyat kay baaray mein nahein gaaya. inhon nay poul ddaans sameet jansi manzar kashee kuu apnee humm jans parasti kuu chhapanay kii zarurat kay baghair medona yaa genate jackson kii tasavir kuu janam deenay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa. gaaney aur music video kay liye manfi isteqbal kii khususiyat "laas angeles times" aur "waais" kii thee juu eek shaitani ghabrahat kii akaasi karti thee aur maqbool mausiqi kii tareekh kay maazi kay lamhaat kay muqabilay mein jiss mein 20 wein sadee kay awail mein jaaz mausiqi kuu "shaitan kii mausiqi" kahaa jaataa thaa 1966 kay eek intervieve mein jaan lenan kaa tabsarah kahh battles "yasua say ziyadah maqbool" thay beek masking kay alzamaat waldeen kay music resource center kaa "gandaa pandrah"yee "duaa kii tarah" kay liye medona kaa music vidio "jodas" aur "alegendro" kay liye leady gaaga kii music videoz aur 54 wein salanah greemi ewards mein "roman holiday" kii nakee minaaj kii karkardgi. awami tasveer. lalee naas aiks kuu inn kay awami fashion kay liye jaana jaataa hay. jolayi 2019 mein "wog" nay lalee naas aiks kuu charwahay kay jamaliyati pehlu kuu inn kii zahiri shakal aur instagram parr eek gleemer shakal deenay mein "maaster" kay toor parr nott kiyaa. inn kay stylist hodo mosi kaa kehna hay kahh inn kaa maqsad aisi ashyaa haine juu "barqi chanchal rangeen aur mustaqabil kii hoan."2019 kay ayem tye wee video music ewards mein apnay aann stage nazar kay liye inhon nay eek charwahay kay naqshe kay liye cheeri-reed nadee sout pehna thaa. rangler jiss kaa zakar "old town road" kay bolon mein kiyaa gayaa hay muslisil lalee naas aiks kuu branded fashion say farokhat hawaa hay. 62 wein salanah greemi ewards kay liye lalee naas aiks nay kayee labaas pehney thay jinn mein sarr say peer kaa labaas gulaabi harnes kay saath fushiya warsees sout bhee shaamil thaa jasay bananay mein 700 ghantay lagay thay. jolayi 2020 mein lalee naas aiks nay rehanah kii fenty beauty kii taraf say jald kii deekh bhaal kii eek nayee line kay liye eek trailer video mein modeling kii. agast 2021 mein lalee naas aiks nay eek instagram post parr tabsarah kiyaa kahh "nahein wah tweek" tony hock kay baaray mein scate boards farokhat kirr rehaa hay juu paint say paint kiye gayey haine jiss mein iss kaa khoon thaa. yaha aglay chand dunon takk eek viral rajhaan bunn gayaa. 2022 mein 64 wein salanah greemi ewards mein apnee karkardgi kay doraan inhein baar baar apnay jinnangon kuu pakadnay aur apnay microphone kuu apnay kirch kay wast mein rakhnay aur asay ghoomnay phirnay yaha dikhawa karnay parr tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya gayaa kahh aalah iss kaa azoo tanasil hay. mayee 2023 mein lalee naas aiks nay meet gaala mein sharkat kii jiss mein inhon nay sarf salor baadi paint thong aur oonchi eedee waalay plait faarm kay jotay pehney hoay thay jiss kaa chehrah rhinestones say dahkaa hawaa thaa. inn kii shakal marhum german fashion aayikan carle leggerfeld kii cate chopet say mutasir thee. jolayi 2023 mein yaha atlaa milly kahh lalee naas aiks inn chaar afraad mein say eek thaa jinhein naarway mein police nay oslo mein eek bury sarang kay zariye ayee scoter chalanay parr rooka thaa. zaati zindagi. baahir aaa rehaa hay. joone 2019 kay awail mein lalee naas aiks apnee behan aur waalid kay paas aayaa aur iss nay mahsus kiyaa kahh "kainaat asay aisa karnay kaa asharah day rahee hay"yee iss kii ghair yaqeeni surathaal kay bawajood kahh iss kay parastaar iss kay saath rahein gay yaa nahein. 30 joone 2019 cow fakhar kay mahinay kaa aakhri dunn lalee naas aiks awami toor parr humm jans parsat kay toor parr saamney aayaa. iss kay tweet nay pehley kay shakok woo shabhaat kii tasdiq kii jabb iss nay pehli baar apnay track "see 7 afzudah" mein iss kii nishandahi kii. "roling stone" nay gaaney kuu nott kiyaa "" saaf sthara honaa badaa honaa aur khood kuu gulay lagaana jeesay mozuaat kuu chhota hay. aglay dunn inhon nay dobarah tweet kiyaa iss baar apnay ayee pee "7" kay sarwaraq parr andardakhsh rung kii emarat kuu ajagar kartay huay caption kay saath likhaa gayaa thaa "dedas nay socha kahh mein nay asay waazah kirr diyaa hay". wah kayee dunon baad "bee bee see naashte" parr eek intervieve mein ghair waazah thaa jehaan iss nay kahaa kahh wah humm jans parsat hay aur samajhta hay kahh iss kii jansiyat kuu milk yaa reep music communities mein aasani say qabool nahein kiyaa jaataa hay. iss khabar parr radamil ziyadah tarr masbat thaa leakin soshal mediya parr humm jans parasti kay radamil kii eek bury maqdar bhee haasil hoyee jiss parr lalee naas aiks nay bhee radamil zahir kiyaa. radamil hipp hopp community kii taraf say bhee aayaa jiss nay hipp hopp culture mein homophobia kii taraf taujah mabzool karayee. januri 2020 mein reeper paadri troey nay greemi ewards kay doraan pehney gayey labaas lalee naas aiks parr humm jans parsat tabsaray kiyay jiss parr lalee naas aiks nay jawaab diyaa: "laanat hay kahh mein khadaa parr iss tasveer mein achhaa lugg rehaa hoan." januri 2023 mein lalee naas aiks nay apnay jansi rajhaan kay baaray mein eek neeya biyaan tweet kiyaa jiss mein likhaa gayaa thaa kahh "[haqeeqi toor parr] agar majhay lagtaa kahh mein thoda saa abilangi hoan tuu kiyaa aap sabb majh parr paagal hoan gay. aglay dunn iss nay tweet kiyaa "yaha meeri aakhri baar thee jabb mein iss almaari say baahir aaa rehaa thaa jiss kaa mein waadah kartaa hoan. mazhab. lalee naas aiks nay satambar 2021 mein kahaa kahh wah "eek moqaa parr" malhad thay leakin abb "kainaat kay lahaaz say eek behat hyee rohani shaqs haine kahh sabb kachh kisay kaam kartaa hay." kamyabiyan. lalee naas aiks kuu mutadid ewards haasil hoay haine jinn mein duu greemi ewards paanch bull board music ewards paanch ayem tye wee video music ewards duu bait hipp hopp ewards duu aayee haart redio music ewards aur duu american music ewards shaamil haine. inhein geeth nigaaron kay haal aaf faim nay haal dude staar light aiward kay sabb say kumm amar aizaz yaaftah kay toor parr bhee nawaza hay. lalee naas aiks 62 wein salanah greemi ewards mein sabb say ziyadah namzad mard fankaar thay jehaan inhon nay balaakhir behtareen music video aur behtareen paap jodee/grop performans kay liye ewards jeetay. lalee naas aiks kantri music aisosi aishan kaa aiward jeetnay waalay pehley khalay aam eel jee bee tye seeyah faam fankaar bhee haine aur saal kay behtareen gaaney kay liye ayem tye wee video music kaa aiward jeetnay waalay pehley khalay aam eel jee bee tye kiyo shaqs haine. 2021 mein wah candrik laamar aur teller swifet kay baad teesre fankaar bunn gayey jinhon nay eek video kay liye saal kii behtareen video kaa ayem tye wee video music aiward jeeta jiss kii inhon nay mushtarkah hidayat kaaree kii thee-"montero (majhay apnay naam say kaal karein)". lalee naas aiks nay "bull board" hott 100 chaart parr teen number winn singles score kiye. jolayi 2019 kay awail mein "old town road" nay "bull board" 100 parr sarfehrist maqaam parr apnaa 13 waan haftah haasil kiyaa aisa karnay waala pehla hipp hopp gaana bunn gayaa. yaha pehla gaana bhee hay jiss kii 1 karod kaapiyan farokhat hoyein jabkah yaha topp position parr hay. sabb say oopar apnay 15 wein haftay mein lalee naas aiks pehla khalay aam humm jans parsat fankaar bunn gayaa jiss kaa gaana atnaa taweel rehaa jiss nay elton jaan kay 1997 kay double aey side kuu peeche chhod diyaa-jehaan record kay donon itraaf kuu hutt kay toor parr farogh diyaa gayaa hay "candle inn dee wind 1997"/"aaj raat aap kay nazar aaney kay andaaz kay baaray mein kachh". 19 hafton mein number eek parr lalee naas aiks 1958 mein chaart pehli baar mutaarif honay kay baad say sabb say ziyadah hafton kaa record rakhti hay.yee iss gaaney nay garm aar aind bee/hipp hopp gaanon kay chaart mein 19 hafton kaa chaart bhee banaya hay vovo jiss nay teen tarfah tayee record kuu peeche chhod diyaa hay. 19 hafton mein garm reep gaanon kay chaart mein sabb say oopar gaaney nay teen tarfah tayee kuu bhee shakast dee hay. nomber 2019 takk gaaney kuu diamond certificate mill gayaa jiss nay mushtarkah farokhat kuu badhaya aur 1 karod units kuu stream kiyaa. "tyme nay inhein 2019 mein internet parr 25 sabb say ziyadah baasir afraad mein say eek kay toor parr namzad kiyaa inn kay" "soshal mediya parr aalimi asar" "aur" "khabron kuu chalanay kii majmuyi salahiyat" "kay liye. 2020 mein inhein "forbus" 30 inder 30 kii fehrist mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2021 mein wah duniya kay 100 baasir tareen afraad kii tyme kii salanah fehrist "tyme" 100 mein shaamil hoay. yakam satambar 2021 cow traver project nay aalaan kiyaa kahh lalee naas aiks kuu iss kay iftatahi khudkashi kii rook thaam kay adocate aaf dee aiyar aiward kaa wasool kanandah hay. discography. studio albumz

000611bee3b894c29c3428bbeb577558427344d3270a8de4227d50f754b13587

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=843787

Bloomingdale's

Bloomingdale's American luxury department store chain owned by Macy's Inc Bloomingdale's Inc. is an American luxury department store chain founded in 1861 by Benjamin and Lyman Bloomingdale. It was acquired by Federated Department Stores in 1930, which acquired the Macy’s department store chain in 1994, since which time they have been sister brands. Ultimately, Federated itself was renamed Macy’s, Inc. in 2007. As of March 23, 2023, the chain has a total of 36 department stores and 23 outlet stores with the Bloomingdale's nameplate in operation, along with a Bloomie's Mosaic concept store in Virginia. Its headquarters and flagship store are located at 59th Street and Lexington Avenue in the New York City borough of Manhattan. History. 19th century. The first Bloomingdale's was founded in New York City by Benjamin Bloomingdale and his son Lyman Bloomingdale in 1861 in its Lower East Side area, originally under the name Bloomingdale's Hoopskirts. In 1872, Lyman and his brother Joseph opened a second location called Bloomingdale's Great East Side Bazaar in Midtown Manhattan at 965 Third Avenue, between 56th & 57th Sts. The Bazaar later moved into three adjacent buildings further up the block before finally moving into a building at 59th St. and Third Avenue, where its flagship store remains today. By 1902, the store grew to occupy 80 percent of the city block between 58th St. and 59th St. to the north and south, and Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue to the east and west. Joseph Bloomingdale retired from the company in 1896, giving his brother Lyman full control, and Lyman's sons Hiram and Samuel inherited his shares upon his death in 1905. 20th century. After the New York City Subway debuted, the store's primary entrance was shifted to its Lexington Avenue side in 1918 to draw customers coming from the nearby IRT Lexington Avenue Line stop at 59th Street and Lexington Avenue. Given that the U.S. was involved in World War I, Samuel Bloomingdale gave the American Red Cross free use of an entire floor there until the war ended. By 1927, after acquiring all the remaining portions along it, Bloomingdale's controlled 100 percent of the block, expanding the store's size to 84,000 square feet (later nearly quadrupled via newly added floor space). Like most publicly traded companies, Bloomingdale's faced severe financial problems following the Black Tuesday stock market crash in 1929, and it merged with the newly created Federated Department Stores in early 1930, which helped it survive the Great Depression. In 1947, and tandem with America's economic boom after World War II, Bloomingdale's opened its first store outside of Manhattan in New Rochelle, a New York City suburb, where it assumed control of the former Ware's Department Store. After concluding that using pre-existing buildings could have been a better fit with its tried-and-true floor layouts, the company debuted its first custom-built store in 1949, located in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood across the East River in Queens. Over 25,000 people visited on its first day of business. During the 1960s, Bloomingdale's shifted its merchandise mix to incorporate haute couture fashions imported from Paris and home furnishings from Italy. It also launched its first single designer-specific department in 1969, for Halston, one that was quickly followed later that year by a dedicated Polo Ralph Lauren boutique in its men's store. By the early 1970s, Bloomingdale's had begun embracing avant-garde European design, and following the United Nations recognition of China in 1971, it became the first American retailer to sell products from Communist-era China. Its iconic rounded logo debuted in 1972, followed a year later by its "Big Brown Bag" and "Little Brown Bag," all of which remain in use today. Bloomingdale's continued to thrive throughout the 1970s, despite New York City's turbulence at the time, partly via continued expansions into the suburbs. Its largest branch opened in White Plains, New York in 1975, with 260,000 square feet of floor space, and shortly after that, Bloomingdale's shuttered its original, but much smaller, New Rochelle branch. In 1976, Bloomingdale's launched its first store outside of the New York City area in Tysons, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. in Northern Virginia. The First Lady at the time, Betty Ford, attended its opening as its guest of honor. In 1981, Bloomingdale's opened a branch at the King of Prussia Mall in suburban Philadelphia, then the largest mall in the world. Other new stores opened as well, along the East Coast, Florida, Chicago, and in Dallas, Texas. In 1988, Canadian real estate developer Robert Campeau launched a hostile takeover attempt of the company, successfully acquiring it for $6.6 billion: it was the largest non-oil corporate merger ever at the time. Bloomingdale's faced continued economic challenges in the early 1990s, resulting in the closures of its Dallas, Fresh Meadows, and Stamford, Connecticut locations. In 1994, Federated Stores acquired the entire Macy's chain, which had been in bankruptcy for two years. In 1996, Bloomingdale's expanded to the U.S. West Coast, converting four former chains of The Broadway, which it acquired via its merger with Macy's, in Southern California into Bloomingdale's stores in a single day. Bloomingdale's continued growth and shuttering of duplicative locations stemming from Macy's merger. 21st century. In 2004, the company returned once again to downtown Manhattan, opening an 82,000-square-foot store – featuring an "edited" selection of the flagship store's offerings – in SoHo. In 2007, Bloomingdale’s expanded into San Diego (Fashion Valley) and Costa Mesa (South Coast Plaza), once again by replacing former Robinsons-May stores that closed in 2006, in each case because Macy's already had existing stores in each location. In 2006, Bloomingdale's opened its largest store besides its Manhattan flagship: a 330,000 square-foot colossus in San Francisco's Union Square. On June 1, 2007, Federated Stores changed its corporate name to Macy's, given its more robust name recognition, but left its Bloomingdale's store names intact. On February 14, 2008, parent company Macy's, Inc. announced plans to enter the Phoenix market with a 180,000-square-foot store by 2009. Arizona would have been the thirteenth state to have a Bloomingdale's store location, with this store being the tenth in the western U.S. and 41st throughout the chain. This store never materialized as a result of the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009. In May 2008, Bloomingdale's began the phase-out of its Bloomingdale's By Mail catalog to greater emphasize its rapidly growing online presence at bloomingdales.com. On September 10, 2008, Macy's announced plans to open three new Bloomingdale's stores, two modeled after its SoHo store. One was intended to be a three-level anchor store at The Shops at Georgetown Park in Washington, D.C., but the plan collapsed after the mall's parent company declared bankruptcy. The other two stores were completed, including a new branch at Westfield Valley Fair in San Jose, California, and a store in Santa Monica Place, in Santa Monica, CA. The latter debuted in early 2010. The San Jose store's debut was delayed until 2020, primarily due to the Great Recession, and the company permanently shuttered its Santa Monica location in 2021 due to subpar performance. In February 2010, Macy's launched Bloomingdale's first international location in Dubai. As is the case for rival Saks Fifth Avenue, the global presence for Bloomingdale's is operated under license by a local interest: in this case, Al Tayer Group LLC, a leading UAE-based conglomerate. Bloomingdale's CEO announced that the Dubai store would most likely be the only store outside of the U.S. (The company's leaders later had a change of heart, and opened a branch in Kuwait in 2017.) Later in 2010, the company launched its first outlet store at Potomac Mills, located outside of Washington, D.C. On November 3, 2011, Macy's announced it planned to open a new Bloomingdale's store in Glendale Galleria in late 2013 as part of the mall's remodeling plan, replacing the mall's former Mervyn's store. On January 4, 2012, Macy's announced it would close four Bloomingdale's stores, including its Mall of America location. A home store at Oakbrook Center in Oak Brook, Illinois, and full-line stores in Perimeter Mall in Dunwoody, Georgia, and (former) White Flint Mall in North Bethesda, Maryland, closed as well. On November 12, 2015, Bloomingdale's opened its first Hawaiian store at Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. The three-story, store replaced a former Sears store and includes special services such as smart fitting rooms, charging lounges, and dining services at its 40 Carrots restaurant. In late 2019, Macy's announced that fur would no longer be sold in any of its stores, including Bloomingdale's department & outlet stores, as of the end of the 2020 fiscal year. As part of an initiative to better establish its New York flagship store as a "retail destination," designed to allure shoppers who primarily purchase department store goods online, Bloomingdale's introduced new departments and offerings throughout the decade, including a branch of Magnolia Bakery and a boutique for Sarah Jessica Parker's SJC Collection shoe line. It was the first department store in New York to offer the latter. In 2018 and 2019, Bloomingdale's remodeled nearly 200,000 square feet inside the store, wholly revamping its denim, cosmetics, shoes, and women's contemporary clothing departments. They ended the decade with the opening of The SoNo Collection location in Norwalk, Connecticut. In March 2020, Macy's, Inc. announced that it would temporarily close all Bloomingdale's and Macy's locations as a result of the rapidly spreading COVID-19 pandemic. Its original plan to reopen at the end of March quickly evaporated due to the pandemic's rapid spread, as did its intent to do so by the end of April 2020: as was the case with most brick-and-mortar retailers, Macy's ended up closing some of its stores for a year or more, with reopening days that varied depending on their locations. Some did not reopen until late 2021. On September 9, 2022, Bloomingdale's celebrated its 150th anniversary, featuring a variety of special events and unique merchandise offerings through the end of the year at its Manhattan flagship location. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bloomingdalor bloomingdalor inok. 1861 sonot benjamin aaru laimen bloomingdalor dwara protistha koraa aamerikar bilaxita bibhagor sto 'ror sein. iyak 1930 sonot federated department sto "rey odhigrohon korisil, jiye 1994 sonot mesir department sto" ror sein odhigrohon korisil, xei xomoyor poraa teuluk bhogni brend hoi aahise. owoxexot federatedor naam xoloni kori mesis, inok rokha hoisil. 2007 sonot. 2023 sonor 23 marcholoike, ei sringkholtut muth 36taa bibhagiyo dukan aaru 23taa outlet dukan aase zo 'too bloomingdalor namplate soli aase, logote bharjiniyat etaa blumir mujaik dharonar dukan aase. iyar mukhyo karzaloy aaru flagswip sto 'ror nework sohoror menhaton borur & street aaru lexington aviniut owosthito. itihax. 1861-1970 s. prothom bloomingdale nework sohorot 1861 sonot benjamin bloomingdale aaru teur putro laimen bloomingdalor dwara iyar nimno pubo dixot protistha koraa hoisil, mulotoh bloomingdalor hoopscarts naamere. 1872 sonot laimen aaru teur bhatri juchefe juchefe aaru aaru ess. ti. ess.-ror maajot 965 tritiyo aviniut midtown menhatonor bloomingdalor great isto side bojar naamor dwitiyo sthan mukoli kore. bojarkhon pisot blokor uporoloi aaru usoror tinita ottalikaloi sthanantorito hoisil aaru owoxexot 59 nong storot etaa ottalikaloi sthanantorito hoisil. & tritiyo avenue, zo 'too iyar flagswip sto' ror aaji aase. keibatau xomproxaronor pisot, pisot xotikar bhitorot dukankhone sohor blokor 80 xotangxo dokhol koriboloi briddhi paisil. & & sto. uttor aaru dokhyine, aaru pubo aaru poschimot tritiyo avenue aaru lexington avenue, 1902 sonoloike. 1896 sonot juxef bloomingdale companyr poraa owoxor grohon kore, teur bhatri laimenok xompurno niyontron diye, aaru laimenor putro hiram aaru semuwele 1905 sonot teur mrityur pisot teur sweyar uttoradhikari hisape laabh kore. nework chiti metro "aarombho huwar pisot, 1918 sonot dukankhonor prathomik prowexdwartu iyar lexington avenue faale sthanantorito koraa hoisil jaate 59 nong street aaru lexington avenure usoror irt lexington avenue line stopor poraa ohaa grahokxokolok aakorxon koribo paari. xeiya di eu.ess. prothom biswojudhot jorito thoka semuwel bloomingdalei aamerikan redd krosor juddho xex nuhuwaloike taat etaa xompurno mojiyar mukto byobohar korisil. 1927 sonor bhitorot, iyar kaxor baaki xokolu ongxo aahoron korar pisot, bloomingdalor dwara 100 xotangxo block niyontron koraa hoisil, dukanor aakar 84,000 borgo futoloi xomproxarito koraa hoisil (pisoloi notunkoi jug diya mojiyar sthanor joriyote pray sarigun briddhi paisil). besibhag rajohuwa byoboxai koraa companyr dore, 1929 sonot koo 'laa mongolbare stock market durghotonar pisot bloomingdalese gurutor bittiyo xomosyar xonmukhin hoisil, aaru ee 1930 sonor aarombhonite notunkoi sristi koraa federated department sto "roxomuhor xoite ekotrito hoisil, jiye iyak mohaa mondar poraa jiyai thakiboloi xohay korisil. 1947 sonot, aaru dwitiyo biswojudhor pisot aamerikar orthonoitik utthanor xoite millie, bloomingdalese nework sohoror upokontho niu roselot menhatonor bahirot iyar prothomtu dukan mukoli korisil, zo 'too ee purbor wearor department storer niyontron grohon korisil. purbor poraa thoka ottalikaxomuh byobohar koratu iyar chesta koraa aaru prokrito mojiya binyaxor xoite odhik upojukto hoh "bob paare buli xiddhanto luwar pisot, companytuwe 1949 sonot iyar prothomtu custom-bilt sto" ror aarombho korisil, ji pubo nodir paarot thoka xotej ghahonir suburit owosthito. iyar byowoxayor prothom dintut dintut odhik luke bhromon korisil. 1960-ror doxokot, perisor poraa aamdani koraa hout koo "taar feswan aaru italyr poraa ghoror xaaj-xojja ontorbhukto koriboloi bloomingdalese iyar xamogrir mishron sthanantor korisil. ee 1969 sonot helstonor baabe iyar prothomtu ekok designor-nirdisto bibhagou aarombho korisil, jitu xei bosoror xexor faale puruxor dukanot etaa xomorpito poo "lo" ralf lo "renn butike oti xunkale onuxoron korisil. 1970-ror doxokor aarombhonite bloomingdalese avent-guarde europiyo design grohon koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru 1971 sonot rastroxonghor swikritir pisot ee communist jugor seenor xamogri bikri koraa prothom aamerikan khusura bikretat porinot hoisil. iyar iconic brittakar lugu 1972 sonot aarombho hoisil, taar ebosoror pisot iyar "big braun begg" aaru "little braun begg" aasil, jibur aajiu byoboharot aase. xei xomoyot nework sohoror oxantito thokar swotweu, angxikbhabe uponogorxomuhot obyahot xomproxaronor joriyote 1970-ror doxokjuri bloomingdalesor bikax obyahot aasil. iyar ataitkoi dangor xakhatu 1975 sonot 260,000 borgo fut mojiyar sthanor xoite neworkor bogaa xomobhumit mukoli koraa hoisil, aaru taar kichu xomoyor pisote, bloomingdalor iyar mool, kintu bohut xoru, notun rochel xakhatu bondho kori diya hoisil. 1976 sonot bloomingdalese nework sohor oncholor bahirot waswingtonor uponogor taison kornarot iyar prothomtu dukan mukoli kore.chi. uttor bharjiniyat. xei xomoyot prothom mohila beti forde iyar udwudhoni onusthanot xonmaniyo otithi hisape uposthito aasil. 1980-1990ror doxok. 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite khusura bojartu briddhi paisil. 1981 sonot, bloomingdalese sohoriya philadelphier king owo pruchiya molot etaa xakha mukoli korisil, ji tetiya biswor xorbobrihot moll aasil. pubo upokul, fluorida, sikagu aaru texaxor dollasotu aan notun dukan khula hoisil. 1988 sonot kanadian real istet developar robert campuye companytur ek birudhi odhigrohonor prochesta aarombho korisil, iyak xofolotare 6.6 billion dolarot odhigrohon korisiloh ee xei xomoyot xorbobrihot oh-tel korpo "rett ekotrikoron aasil. 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite bloomingdalese obyahot orthonoitik proityahbanor xonmukhin hoisil, jaar folot iyar dolla, xotej ghahoni aaru stamford, xongzugsthol sthanxomuh bondho hoi goisil. 1994 sonot federated sto 'roxomuhe gutei mesir sringkholtu odhigrohon korisil, ji dubosor dhori deulia hoi aasil. 1996 sonot bloomingdales eu. e. loi xomproxarito hoisil.ess. poschim upokulot, broadway 'ror sarita purbor sringkholak-jitu ee mesi' sor xoite ekotrito kori laabh korisil-dokhyin californiat edinote bloomingdalor dukanoloi rupantorit korisil. 2000-2007. mesir ekotrikoronor folot udbhob huwa bloomingdalor obirot briddhi aaru duplicative owosthanxomuh bondho hoi juwa. 2004 sonot companytuwe punor menhatonor downtownoloi ubhoti aahisil, etaa 82,000 borgo futor dukan mukoli korisil-zo 'too flagxip sto' rotur ofarxomuhor "xompadito" nirbason aasil-suhut. 2007 sonot bloomingdales chaan diyegu (feswan veli) aaru cousta mesa (dokhyin upokul plaza) loi xomproxarito hoisil, punor ebaar 2006 sonot bondho huwa purbor robinsonos-mey 'sto' roxomuh xoloni kori, protitu khetrote mesisor itimodhye protitu sthanot bidyoman sto 'ror aasil. 2006 sonot bloomingdalese menhaton flagswipor uporiu iyar ataitkoi dangor dukan mukoli korisiloh chaan francisokur union scowarot 330,000 borgo futor etaa kulusas. 2007 sonor 1 junot federated sto "roxomuhe iyar odhik xoktixali naamor swikritir baabe iyar korpo" rett naam mesijoloi xoloni korisil, kintu iyar bloomingdalor sto "ror naam okhyunno rakhisil. 2007-2009. 2008 sonor 14 februaryt mool company mesis, inok. 2009 sonor bhitorot 180,000 borgo futor dukanor xoite phoenix bojarot prowex korar porikolpona ghuxona koraa hoisil. erijuna hoh 'lo etaa bloomingdalor dukan thoka terdox rajyo, ei dukantu poschim europor doxom sthanot aase.ess. aaru xomogro sringkholat sringkholat. 2008 aaru 2009 sonot mohaa mondawosthar folot ei dukankhon ketiyau bastowayito huwa nasil. 2008 sonor mey "maahot bloomingdalese bloomingdalot iyar drutogotit briddhi puwa online uposthitir uporot odhik gurutwo diboloi mail ketlogor dwara iyar bloomingdalor poraa porzay-porzayor poraa aatori ohaa aarombho korisil.komm. 2008 sonor 10 septemborot mesi 'jo-e iyar suhu sto' ror aadorxo onuxori dukhon notun bloomingdale sto 'ror khular porikolpona ghuxona korisil. etaa waswingtonor jo "rotaun parkor dukanxomuhot etaa tini-storor enchar sto" ror huwar uddesyo aasil.chi.kintu molor mool companye deulia ghuxona korar pisot porikolponatu bhangi porisil. aan dutaa dukan xompurno hoisil, jaar bhitorot aase californier chaan jo 'sor westfield veli melar etaa notun xakha aaru chi. e. ror xanta monikar xanta monika sthanot etaa dukan. pisortu 2010 sonor aarombhonite aarombho hoisil. mukhyotoh mohaa mondawosthar baabe chaan jo 'cho sto' rotur aarombhoni 2020 sonoloike polom hoisil, aaru companye 2021 sonot nimnomanor prodorxonor baabe iyar xanta monika owosthan sthayibhabe bondho korisil. 2010-2019. 2010 sonor februaryt mesi 'jo-e dubait bloomingdalor prothom antohrastriyo owosthan mukoli kore. protidondi sax ponchom avenure khetrot huwar dore, bloomingdalor baabe biswobyapi uposthiti sthaniyo swarthor dwara onugyapotror odhinot porisalito hoyoh ei khetrot, aal teyar groop el. el. chi, ek aagxarir eu. e. ee-bhittik gutt. bloomingdalor chi. ee. oh '.-ye ghuxona korisil je dubai sto' rotuwei xombhobotoh eu. e.-ror baahiror ekmatro sto 'ror hoh' bob.ess. (companytur netaxokolor pisot monn xoloni hoisil, aaru 2017 sonot kuweitot etaa xakha mukoli korisil.) pisot 2010 sonot, companytuwe waswingtonor bahirot owosthito potumek milot iyar prothomtu outlet sto 'ror aarombho korisil.chi. 2011 sonor 3 novemborot mesije ghuxona korisil je ee molor punor nirman porikolponar ongxo hisape 2013 sonor xexor faale glendale galleriat etaa notun bloomingdalor dukan khular porikolpona korise, molor purbor mervinor dukanor thait. 2012 sonor 4 januaryt mesije ghuxona korisil je ee iyar moll owo aamerika owosthanoke dhori sarita bloomingdalor dukan bondho koribo. ilinoysor uk brookor ukbruk centerot etaa hoom sto 'ror, aaru georgier danaudir perimeter molot etaa ful-line sto' ror, aaru marylandor northo bethesdar (purbor) huwait flint moll bondho hoi yaay. 2015 sonor 12 novemborot bloomingdalese hawair honululur aala muwana centerot iyar prothomtu hawaiyan sto 'ror mukoli kore. tini moholar ei dukankhone etaa purbor sirso dukanor sthan loisil aaru iyar 40taa gaajor resturentot smart feating rum, serging lounge aaru bhujon xewar dore bixex xewa ontorbhukto korisil. 2019 sonor xexor faale mesije ghuxona korisil je 2020 bittiyo borxor xexoloike bloomingdalor department endo outlet sto 'roke dhori iyar kunu sto' roto aaru lum bikri koraa noho 'bob. neworkor flagxip sto 'rok "khusura gontobyo" hisape unnotbhabe sthapon korar ek podokhyepor ongxo hisape, jitu prodhankoi onlainot department sto' ror xamogri kroy koraa bojar korutaxokolok aakorxito koriboloi design koraa hoise, bloomingdalor xomogro doxokjuri notun bibhag aaru ofar proborton koraa hoise, jaar bhitorot aase magonolia bekarir etaa xakha aaru sarah jesika parkaror esjesi xongroho jutaa lineor baabe etaa butik. eitu neworkor prothom departmental sto 'ror aasil jiye pisortu prodan korisil. 2018 aaru 2019 sonot, bloomingdalor dukanor bhitorot pray 200,000 borgofoot punor nirman koraa hoisil, iyar denim, proxadhon xamogri, jutaa aaru mohilar xomoxamoyik kapur bibhag xompurnorupe punor nirman koraa hoisil. teuluke xongzugikator norowakot sonu xongroho sthan mukoli korar xoite doxoktur onto pelaisil. 2020 sonor. 2020 sonor march maahot mesis, inok. ghuxona koraa hoisil je drutogotit biyopi thoka koo "vid-19 mohamarir pholsworupe ee xokolu bloomingdale aaru mesir sthan osthayibhabe bondho koribo. marchor xexot punor khular mool porikolponatu mohamarir drut proxaror baabe drutogotit baspibhut hoisil, jenekoi 2020 sonor aprilor xexor faale korar uddesyo aasiloh besibhag itaa-aaru-morter khusura bikretaxokolor khetrot huwar dore, mesije iyar kisuman dukan ebosor baa tatkoi odhik xomoyor baabe bondho kori disil, aaru punor khular dinbur teulukor owosthanor uporot nirbhor kori beleg beleg aasil. kisuman 2021 sonor xexoloike punor khula huwa nasil. 2022 sonor 9 septemborot bloomingdalese iyar 150 xongkhyok barxiki udjapon kore, zo 'too iyar menhaton flagswip owosthanot bosoror xexor faale bibhinno bixex onusthan aaru ononyo banijyik xamogri aagborhuwa hoy.

bloomingdales bloomingdale 'shha inock. etty 1861 saale benzamin ebong lyman bloomingdale dwara protisthito ekti american bilasbahul department store chein. etty 1930 saale federated departmental store dwara adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo, jaa 1994 saale massir departmental store chein orjon korechilo, seii somoy theke taaraa boone branned hoye utheche. shesh porjonto, federateder naam poriborton korey massis, inock koraa hoy. 2007 saale. 2023 saaler 23shhey march porjonto, eyi cheiner moat 36tii departmental store ebong 23tii outlet store royeche, jekhane bloomingdaler nameplate chaalu royeche, pashapashi virginia ekti bloomyr mozaik concept store royeche. err sodor doptor ebong flagship store neu eork city boro off manhatoner saale strita ebong lexington avenuete abosthito. itihas. 1861-1970 esha. prothom bloomingdales 1861 saale neu eork shohore benzamin bloomingdale ebong taanr putro lyman bloomingdale dwara err purbo diker nimno ongshe protisthito hoyechilo, mulat bloomingdaler hoopscart naame. 1872 saale, lyman ebong taar bhai josepha josepha ebong ebong central stationer modhye modhye tritiya avenuete midtown manhatone bloomingdaler greta east side bazar naame ekti dwitiya abosthan kholen. bajarti porey blocker arow upore tinti sanglagna bhobone sthanantorito hoy ebong abosheshe saale sthane ekti bhobone sthanantorito hoy. ebong tritiya avenue, jekhane aaz taar flagship store royeche. besh koyekti somprosaroner porr, porr shatabdir modhye dokanti shohorer blocker 80 shotangsho dokhol korey neyo. saale oo. 1902 saaler modhye uttor oo dakkhine ebong purbo oo poschime tritiya avenue oo lexington avenue. josepha bloomingdale 1896 saale company theke abosar grohon corren, taanr bhai limanke purno niyantran deena ebong limaner putro hiram oo samuel 1905 saale taanr mrityur porr taanr sheyara uttoradhikar sutre paan. neu eork city sabwe chaalu howar porey, dokaner prathomik probeshdwarti 1918 saale saale strita ebong lexington avenuete nikatbarti irt lexington avenue line stop theke assa grahokder akrishto korar jonno taar lexington avenue sidey sthanantorito koraa hoy. jey eu deoa.esha. prothom bishwojuddhe jorito samuel bloomingdale juddho shesh naa haoya porjonto american reeda crosske sekhane puro mejheti binamulye byabohar korte diyechilen. 1927 saaler modhye, err saathe bucky samasta ongsho adhigrahan korar porey, bloomingdaler 100 shotangsho block niyantran korey, dokaner akaar 84,000 borgfoot (porey notun jukto mejhe jaigar madhyome pray chargun) porjonto prosarito korey. beshirbhag prokashye byabosa koraa sangosthar moto, 1929 saale kaalo mongolbarer sheyara bazar biporjer porey bloomingdales gurutoro arthik samasyar mukhomukhi hoyechilo ebong 1930 saaler godar dike etty soddo toiri federal departmental storegulir saathe ekibhuto hoyechilo, jaa etike mahamanda theke benche thakte sahayata korechilo. 1947 saale, ebong dwitiya bishwojuddher porey americar orthonoitik utthaner saathe samanjasya rekhe, bloomingdales neu eork shohorer shahartalir neu roshelle manhatoner baire taar prothom dokan khole, jekhane etty praktan ponner department storer niyantran grohon korey. purbo-vidyaman bhabanguli byabohar korey taar porikkhito ebong satyikarer mejher binnaser saathe arow bhalbhabe maniye neoa jeto eyi uposonghare aasaar porey, companity 1949 saale taar prothom custom-nirmito dokan chaalu korey, jaa purbo nadeer opare taza trinobhumir paday abosthito. err byabosar prothom diney 25,000-ero beshi manush poridorshon corren. 1960-err doshke, bloomingdales parris theke amdani koraa hott poshak ebong itali theke baadir asbabpatra antarbhukta korar jonno taar ponnodrobbo mishranke sthanantorito korey. etty 1969 saale halstoner jonno taar prothom ekok designer-nirdishto bibhago chaalu korey, jaa seii bochorer shesher dike taar purushder dokane ekti nibedito pollo ralf lorren butic dwara druto anusaran koraa hoyechilo. 1970-err doshoker godar dike, bloomingdales avant-guarde europea naksha grohon korte shuru korey ebong 1971 saale jatisangher cheener swikritir porey, etty communist juger chean theke ponno bikri koraa prothom american khuchro bikreta hoye othe. err iconic golakar logo 1972 saale atmoprokash korey, eka bochor porey err "borh badami byag" ebong "chhoto badami byag", jaa aaz abodhi byabohrito hoy. seii somoye neu eork shohorer ashantir sotteo, angshikbhabe shohortolite abyahoto somprosaroner madhyome 1970-err doshok judey bloomingdaler bikash abyahoto chhilo. err brihottomo shakhati 1975 saale newyorker saadaa somobhumite 260,000 borgfoot mejhe soho khola hoy ebong err alpo kichudin porei, bloomingdaler mool, kintu onek chhoto, notun rochelle shakhati bondho hoye yaay. 1976 saale, bloomingdales neu eork city elakar baire washingtoner shahartalir tyson corner prothom dokan chaalu korey.shee. uttor virginia. seii somoyer first lady, betty phorda, err udwodhoni anusthane sommanito atithi hisabe uposthito chhilen. 1980-1990-err doshok. 1980-err doshoker godar dike khuchro bazar briddhi paay. 1981 saale, bloomingdales shahartalir philadelphier king off prussia moley ekti shakha khole, jaa tokhon bishwer brihottomo moll chhilo. purbo upokul, florida, shikago ebong texuser dallase anyanno notun dokano khola hoyeche. 1988 saale, kanadian real esteta developer robbert campio companyr ekti protikul adhigrahaner prochesta shuru corren, safalbhabe etty 6.6 billion markin dollare orjon korenoh etty seii somoyer brihottomo aaa-teela corporate sangjukti chhilo. 1990-err doshoker godar dike bloomingdales kromagoto orthonoitik chyalenjer mukhomukhi hoy, jaar foley err dalla, taza trinovumi ebong stamford, sangjogsthaler abosthanguli bondho hoye yaay. 1994 saale, federated storeguli puro massie 'shha chein adhigrahan korey, jaa dui bochor dhorey deulia hoye giechilo. 1996 saale, bloomingdales eu-teey prosarito hoy.esha. poschim upokul, broadwayer charti praktan chainke rupantarita korey-jaa etty massir saathe ekibhuto howar madhyome orjon korechilo-dakkhin california ekodinei bloomingdaler dokane. 2000-2007. bloomingdaler kromagoto briddhi ebong duplicative abosthangulir suttering massir sangjukti theke udbhuto. 2004 saale, companity abar manhatoner kendrosthole firey aase, ekti 82,000 borgofooter dokan khole-jaa sohote flagship storer afargulir ekti "sampadito" nirbachan baisistyajukta. 2007 saale, bloomingdale shaan diego (fashion valley) ebong coasta messa (dakkhin upokuler plaza)-teey prosarito hoy, 2006 saale bondho haoya praktan robbinson-meey storegulike protisthapon korey, protiti khettrei kaaron massir itimadhye protiti sthane vidyaman dokan chhilo. 2006 saale, bloomingdales taar manhatton flagship chharao taar brihottomo dokan kholeh shaan franciscore union squarey 330,000 borgofooter ekti colosus. 2007 saaler 1laa june, federated storeguli taar corporate naam poriborton korey massis rakhe, err arow shaktishali naam swikritir karone, kintu err bloomingdaler dokaner naam okkhoto rekhe yaay. 2007-2009. 14ee february, 2008-ayee, mool sangostha massis, inock. 2009 saaler modhye 180,000 borgofooter ekti dokan niye phoenix bajare probesher parikalpana ghoshana koraa hoy. arizona trayodash rajyo hotey paroto jekhane ekti bloomingdaler dokaner abosthan chhilo, eyi dokanti poschim eu. esha-err dasham.esha. ebong chein judey judey. 2008 ebong 2009 saaler moha mondar foley eyi dokanti kokhonyi bastobayito hoyney. 2008 saaler meey maase, bloomingdales taar bloomingdales baai mail catalog theke porjaykrome beriye aase jaate bloomingdalese taar druto bordhonshil online uposthitir upor arow jore deoa yaay.qama. 2008 saaler 10ee septembara, massis tinti notun bloomingdaler dokan kholar parikalpana ghoshana korey, duti taar soho storer model. ekti washingtoner georgetown parker dokangulite tinn-storer ancor store howar uddeshye koraa hoyechilo.shee.kintu moler mool sangostha deulia ghoshana korar porey porikolponati venge porey. californier shaan jose westfield valley melay ekti notun shakha ebong caa-rawr santa monikar santa monika sthane ekti dokan soho onno duti dokaner kaaj shesh hoyechilo. porerti 2010 saaler godar dike atmoprokash korey. shaan jose storer atmoprokash 2020 saal porjonto bilambito hoyechilo, prathomikbhabe moha mondar karone, ebong companity 2021 saale taar santa monika abosthan sthayibhabe bondho korey deyo. 2010-2019. 2010 saaler februaryte, massis dubaite bloomingdaler prothom antorjatik abosthan chaalu korey. protidwondi sax pancham avenuer khettre jemon hoy, bloomingdaler jonno bishwobyapi uposthiti sthaniya swarther dwara licenser adhine porichalito hayah eyi khettre, all tayar group llc, ekti shirshosthaniyo uae-vittik gosthi. bloomingdaler ceo ghoshana korechilen jey dubai store sombhoboto eu err baire ekmatro dokan hobey.esha. (companyr netara porey monn poriborton korechilen ebong 2017 saale kuete ekti shakha kholen.) porey 2010 saale, sangosthati washingtoner baire abosthito potomac milgulite taar prothom outlet store chaalu korey.shee. 2011 saaler 3raa navembar, massis ghoshana korey jey, taaraa moler punarnirman porikolponar ongsho hisabe 2013 saaler shesher dike glendell galleria ekti notun bloomingdaler dokan kholar parikalpana koreche, moler praktan marviner dokanke protisthapon korey. 4thhaa januari, 2012-ayee, massis ghoshana korey jey taaraa taar moll off america abosthan soho charti bloomingdaler dokan bondho korey debe. ilinoyer oka brooker okbrook centere ekti home store ebong georgier danaudir perimeter moley purno-liner dokan ebong marylander uttor bethesder (praktan) hoait flint molow bondho hoye yaay. 2015 saaler 12ee navembar, bloomingdales hawaiyer hanolulur allah moana centere taar prothom hawaiyan dokan khole. tintala eyi dokanti ekti praktan seors storeke protisthapon koreche ebong err 40tii gajor restoran smart fitting room, charging lounge ebong dining porishebar moto bishesh porishebaguli antarbhukta royeche. 2019 saaler shesher dike, massis ghoshana korey jey 2020 saaler arthik bochorer shesh porjonto bloomingdaler department ebong outlet store soho taar konao dokane poshom arr bikri koraa hobey naa. newyorker flagship storeke ekti "khuchro gontobbo" hisabe arow bhalbhabe protisthito korar uddoger ongsho hisabe, jaa prathomikbhabe online departmental storer ponno krayakari kretader akrishto korar jonno design koraa hoyeche, bloomingdaler notun bibhag ebong afarguli saaraa doshok judey chaalu koraa hoyeche, jaar modhye royeche magnolia bekarir ekti shakha ebong saaraa jessica parker esjc sangraher juto liner jonno ekti butic. etty newyorker prothom departmental store jaa porerti sarbaraha korechilo. 2018 ebong 2019 saale, bloomingdaler dokaner vitore pray 200,000 borgfoot punarnirman koraa hoyeche, taar denim, prosadhoni, juto ebong mohilader somosamoyik poshak bibhagke sampurnarupe sangoskar koraa hoyeche. taaraa sangjogsthaler norwake sono sangraher sthaner udwodhoner madhyome dashakti shesh korey. 2020-err doshok. 2020 saaler march maase, massis, inock. ghoshana koraa hoyeche jey druto chhoriye padaa covid-19 mahamarir foley etty samasta bloomingdale ebong massir abosthanguli samoyikbhabe bondho korey debe. marcher sheshe punra kholar mool porikolponati mahamarir druto bistarer karone druto bashpibhuto hoye yaay, jemonti 2020 saaler apriler shesher dike korar abhiprai chhiloh beshirbhag itt-oo-morter khuchro bikretader khettre jemon hoyechilo, massis shesh porjonto taar kichhu dokan eka bochor baa taar beshi somoyer jonno bondho korey deyo, abar kholar dinguli taader abosthaner upor nirbhar korey poribortito hoy. kichhu 2021 saaler shesh porjonto punra khola hoyney. 9ee septembara, 2022-ayee, bloomingdales taar taar barshiki udjapon korey, jaar manhatoner flagship abosthane bochorer shesh porjonto bivinno bishesh anusthan ebong ananya ponnodrobyer prostab royeche.

bluemindales bluemindelni ink. teey dwara benjamin aneey limen bluemindale dwara sthaapit aek american lakzari department store chain chhe. teey teey sangheey department stores dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee, jene hataa messini department store chain hastgat curry hatee, tyaarthi teo bahen brands chhe. aakhare, sanghiyanu naam badaline messies, ink rakhvama aavyu hatoo. 2007 maan. 23 march, 2023 sudhimaa, aaa saankalma coole 36 department stores aneey 23 outlet stores chhe, jemaa bluemindelni namplate kaaryarat chhe, saathe virginiama bloomnaa mosack concept store pann chhe. tenu mukhya mathak aneey mukhya store manhatannaa newyork ciity baromaa jethee street aneey lexington aevanyu parr stheet chhe. itihas. 1861-1970 s. pratham bluemindelni sthaapnaa nyu york shaherma benjamin bluemindale aneey temnaa putra limen bluemindale dwara dwara tenaa neechala purv bajunaa vistaarmaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey mulroope bluemindelnaa hoopscurts naam hethal hatee. hatee, limen aneey temnaa bhaai josephe josephe aneey aneey sts vachche, midtown mainhatanma 965 trija aevanyu parr bloomingdalenu greta ist side bajaar naamnu beeju sthaan kholyu. bajaar paachhalthi bloknee aagad trana adeene aaveli imaaratomaa khasedvama aavyu hatoo aneey aakhare jethee street parr aek buildingma khasedvama aavyu hatoo. aneey trijo maarg, jyaan teno mukhya store aaje pann chhe. ghanaa vistaran pachhi, pachhi sadeeni vachche store shahernaa bloknaa 80 takaa bhaag parr kabajo curry leedho. & 59 mee. uttar aneey dakshinma, aneey purv aneey pashchimma trijo aevanyu aneey lexington aevanyu, 1902 sudhimaa. joseph bluemindale bluemindale companymathi nivrutt thayaa, temnaa bhaai limenne sampoorn niyantran aapyu, aneey limennaa putro hiram aneey semuelne semuelne temnaa mrutyu pachhi temnaa shhare varsama malyaa. newyork ciity sabave sharoo thayaa pachhi, storenu praathmeek praveshdwaar praveshdwaar tenee lexington aevanyu bajuae khasedvama aavyu hatoo jethee jethee street aneey lexington aevanyu khaate najiknaa irt lexington aevanyu line stopthi aavtaa graahakone aakarshvama aave. teey yuu.aesa. pratham vishvyudhhma saamel, semuel bloomingley american reeda crossne yuddh purun thaay tyaan sudhee tyaan aakhaa maalno mafat upyog aapyo. 1927 sudhimaa, tenee saathena baakinaa tamaam bhaago hastgat karyaa pachhi, bluemindelnaa 100 takaa blokne niyantrit kareene, storenu qada 84,000 choras foot sudhee vistrut karyoo (pachhithi navee umeraayelee flore spaces dwara lagbhag chaar ganoo). motabhagni jaaher vepaar karatee companyoni jaim, bluemindalesne bluemindalesne black mangalvaarnaa sherbazaarnaa patan pachhi gambhir nanakiy samsyaono saamno karvo padyo hato aneey aneey sharuaatmaa teey navaa banaavela samvaytantrit department stores saathe bhalee gayoo hatoo, jene tene mahamandimathi bachvama madad curry hatee. hatee, aneey beeja vishvyuddh pachhi americana aarthik uchhaala saathe, bluemindales newyork shahernaa upnagar nyu roshelmaan manhatanni bahaar teno pratham store kholyo, jyaan tene bhutpurv vernaa department storenu niyantran sambhaalyu. agaauthi astitvamaa rahelee imaaratono upyog tenaa ajmayash aneey saacha flore leout saathe vadhu yogya hoi shake chhe teey nishkarsh parr pahonchya pachhi, kampaniae 1949 maan teno pratham custom-bilt store sharoo karyo, jeey purv nadeena taajaa ghaasnaa medanona padoshmaa stheet chhe. tenaa vyavsaaynaa pratham divase 25,000 thee vadhu lokoae mulakat leedhi hatee. hatee daaykaa darmiyan, bluemindales perismathi aayaat karaayel sunder fashion aneey italymathi ghargaththu furnitureno samaavesh karvaa maate tenaa vepaari mishranne sthaanaantarit karyoo. tene tene helston maate teno pratham single designer-vishisht vibhag pann sharoo karyo hato, jeey teey varshnaa antamaa tenaa purushonaa storemaa samarpeet pooloo ralf lorren boutic dwara zadapthi anusarvaamaa aavyo hato. dwara daaykaani sharuaat sudhimaa, bluemindales avent-garde european designne apnaavvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo, aneey aneey united nations dwara cheenane maanyata malyaa pachhi, teey saamyavaadi yugnaa chinmathi utpaadno vechnaar pratham american retailer banyu hatoo. teno iconic golaakaar logo logo rajoo thayo hato, tyarbad aek varsh pachhi tenee "motee kaththai thelee" aneey "naanee kaththai thelee" aavee hatee, jeey tamaam aaje pann upyogmaa chhe. teey samaye nyu york shaherma ashanti hovaa chhataa, aansheek reete upnagaromaa satat vistaran dwara, dwara daaykaa darmiyan bluemindelni samruddhi chaalu rahee. tenee sauthee motee shaakha shaakha newyorknaa safed medanoma 260,000 choras footni flore spaces saathe kholvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey pachhi toonk samayma, bluemindelni tenee mool, parantu ghanee naanee, navee rochelle shaakha bundh thaee gaee hatee. hatee, bluemindales newyork ciity vistaarni bahaar washingtonna upnagar, dii. tyson cornerma teno pratham store sharoo karyo.see. uttari virginiama. teey samaye pratham maheela, betty phorda, tenaa udghaatanmaa sanmaannaa maheman tareeke haajari aapee hatee. hatee daykama. daykama daaykaani sharuaatmaa chhutak bajaarmaa tejee aavee hatee. hatee, bluemindales upnagareey filadelfiyama king off prussia moll khaate aek shaakha kholee, jeey teey samaye vishvano sauthee moto moll hato. purv keenare, florida, shikago aneey taxasna dallasma anya navaa stores pann kholvaamaa aavyaa hataa. hataa, kenediyan real estate developer roobert campo companyna pratikool takeoverno prayaas sharoo karyo, tene safaltapurvak $6.6 abajmaa hastgat kareeh teey teey samayenu sauthee motoo biin-teela corporate vilinikaran hatoo. hatoo daaykaani sharuaatmaa bluemindelne satat aarthik padkaarono saamno karvo padyo hato, jenaa parinaame tenaa dalla, taajaa ghaasnaa medaano aneey stamford, connecticut sthaano bundh thaee gayaa hataa. hataa, samvaaytant storse samagr messini saankal hastgat curry, jeey beey varshthi nadarima hatee. hatee, bluemindelnu yuu. aesa. maan vistaran thayu.aesa. pashchim keenare, broadwaynee chaar bhutpurv saankalone rupantarit curry-jeey tene messies saathe tenaa vilinikaran dwara hastgat curry hatee-dakshin californiama aek jaj divasma bluemindelnaa storsemaa. 2000-2007. meseena vilinikaranthi udbhavtaa bluemindelni satat vrudhdhi aneey duplicative sthaano bundh thaee rahyaa chhe. chhe, kampani pharii aekvaar downtown mainhatanma parat pharii hatee, jemaa tene 82,000 choras footno store kholyo hato-jemaa sohomaa mukhya storeni ofarnee "sampadit" pasandagi darshavvama aavee hatee. hatee, bluemindelnu vistaran seena diyego (fashion velii) aneey costa mesaa (south coast plaza) maan thayu, pharii aekvaar chhe bundh thayela bhutpurv robinson-meey storsene badaline, darek kissaamaa kaaran keey messini darek jagyae pahelethee jaj astitvamaa chhe. chhe, bluemindales tenaa manhutton flagship upraant teno sauthee moto store kholyoh saana franciscona union squarema 330,000 choras footno colosus. 1 juuna, juuna roj, sangheey storo tenaa corporate naamne badaline messies karyoo, tenaa vadhu majboot naamnee maanyataane dhyanma rakheene, parantu tenaa bluemindelnaa stornaa naamone akbandh rakhyaa. 2007-2009. 14 februari, september roj, mool kampani messies, ink. 2009 sudhimaa 180,000 choras footnaa store saathe phoenix bajaarmaa praveshvani yojnaa jaaher curry. arizona aee aee raajy hota keey jyaan bluemindelnu store sthaan hatoo, jemaa aaa store pashchim yuu. aesa. maan dasamo hato.aesa. aneey samagr saankalma saankalma krame. 2008 aneey aneey mahamandina parinaame aaa dukan kyaarey sakaar thaee naa hatee. meey meey, bluemindales bluemindales khaate tenee zadapthi vikasatee online haajari parr vadhu bhaar mukavaa maate tenaa bluemindales baay mail ketalogmathi tabakkavar bahaar nikalvani sharuaat curry hatee.qoma. 10 september, september roj, mesiae tenaa soho stornaa aadhare beey navaa bluemindelnaa stores kholvani yojnaa jaaher curry hatee. aekno hetu washington, dii. maan georgetown paark khaateni dukanoma trana-starnee enker store banvaano hato.see.parantu molnee mool kampaniae nadari jaaher karyaa pachhi yojnaa tutee gaee. anya beey stores purn thayaa hataa, jemaa keliforniyana seena josamaa westfield velii phera khaate navee shaakha aneey santa monika, siaemaa santa monika placemaa aek storeno samaavesh thaay chhe. baadmaa 2010 nee sharuaatmaa sharuaat curry hatee. seena joses storeni sharuaat 2020 sudhee vilambit thaee hatee, mukhyatve mahamandine kaarane, aneey kampaniae 2021 maan tenaa santa monika sthaanne nabalaa pradarshanne kaarane kaayamee dhorane bundh curry didhu hatoo. 2010-2019. februari pachhithi, mesiae dubaima bluemindelnu pratham aantarrashtriy sthaan sharoo karyoo. harif saaks paanchmaa maargnee jaim, bluemindales maate vaishvik haajari sthaaneek heet dwara licenses hethal sanchaalit thaay chheh aaa kissaamaa, all tayer group llc, aek agranee uae-aadharit samooh chhe. bluemindelnaa ceoa jaaherat curry hatee keey dubai store sambhavatah yuu. aesa. nee bahaarno ekmatra store hashe.aesa. (companyna netaaonu munn paachhalthi badalaayu aneey aneey kuvaitma aek shaakha kholee.) pachhithi pachhithi, kampaniae washingtonni bahaar stheet potomac meeloma teno pratham outlet store sharoo karyo.see. 3 november, november roj, mesiae jaaherat curry hatee keey teey molnee remodelling yojnana bhagroope bhagroope antamaa glandell galleriama aek navo bluemindelno store kholvani yojnaa dharaave chhe, jeey molnaa bhutpurv marveenna storene badale chhe. 4 january, january roj, mesiae jaaherat curry hatee keey teey tenaa moll off america saheet bluemindelnaa chaar stores bundh karashe. ileenoisna oak brookma oakbrook center khaateni aek hooma store aneey dunwoody, georgiama perimeter molmaan phul-line stores aneey marylandnaa uttar bethesdama (bhutpurv) white flint moll pann bundh thaee gayaa. 12 november, november roj, bluemindales honolulu, havaaimaa alaa moana center khaate teno pratham havaaiyan store kholyo. trana maalnee aaa dukaanae agaauna sears storenu sthaan leedhu hatoo aneey temaa smart fitting room, charging lounge aneey tenee 40 gaajar restaurantmaa bhojan sevaao jevee vishesh sevaaono samaavesh thaay chhe. 2019 naa antamaa, mesiae jaaherat curry hatee keey 2020 naa nanakiy varshnaa anta sudhimaa, bluemindelnaa department aneey outlet stores saheet tenaa koipan storemaa farnu vechaan karvaamaa aavashe nahee. tenaa newyorknaa mukhya storene "chhutak gantavya" tareeke vadhu saaree reete sthaapit karvaanee pahelnaa bhagroope, jeey mukhyatve department storeni chijavastuo online khareedata dukaandaarone aakarshva maate rachaayel chhe, bluemindelnaa samagr daaykaa darmiyan navaa vibhago aneey offerings rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa, jemaa magnolia bekareeni shaakha aneey sarah jessica parkerni sjc collection shhoo line maate butikno samaavesh thaay chhe. teey newyorkma pratham department store hato jene baadmaa ofara curry hatee. 2018 aneey 2019 maan, bluemindelnaa storeni andar lagbhag 200,000 choras footnun punnirman karvaamaa aavyu, tenaa denim, saundarya prasadhno, pagarkhaa aneey mahilaaonaa samkalin kapadaa vibhagoma sampoorn sudhaaro karvaamaa aavyo. temane daaykaano anta norwok, connecticutmaa sono sangrah sthalnaa udghaatan saathe karyo. 2020. march 2020 maan, messies, ink. jaaherat curry hatee keey zadapthi felaataa covid-19 rogchaalaane parinaame teey bluemindale aneey meseena tamaam sthalo asthaayi rupe bundh karashe. rogchalana zadpi felaavaane kaarane maarchnaa antamaa fareethi kholvani tenee mool yojnaa zadapthi bashpibhavan thaee gaee, jaim keey april 2020 naa anta sudhimaa aama karvaano teno irado hatoh motabhagna int aneey mortar retaileroni jaim, mesiae tenaa ketlaak storsene aek varsh keey tethee vadhu samay maate bundh curry deedhaa, aneey tenaa divaso temnaa sthaannaa aadhare badalaata rahyaa. ketlaak 2021 naa anta sudhee pharii kholvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa. 9 september, september roj, bluemindales tenee tenee varshgaanthni ujavani curry, jemaa tenaa manhutton mukhya sthaan parr varshnaa anta sudhimaa viveedh vishesh kaarykramo aneey ananya vepaari prastaavo darshavvama aavyaa hataa.

bloomindales bloomindales ink. yeh ack americi lakjari department store shrinkhala haye jisaki sthaapana 1861 mein benjamin aur lyman bluemindale dwara kii gaee thee. ise 1930 mein sanghiya department store dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane 1994 mein messi key department store shrinkhala kaa adhigrahan kiya thaa, jisake baad seey way bahan brand rahey hain. antatah, sanghiya kaa naam badalkar massie, ink curr diyaa gayaa. 2007 mein. 23 march, 2023 taka, shrinkhala mein kull 36 department store aur 23 outlet store hain, jinamen virginia mein ack bloomy key mozek concept store key saath-saath bluemindale kii nameplate bhee haye. iska mukhyalaya aur pramukh store mainhattan key newyork shahar key baro mein 59 veen street aur lexington avenue mein sthit hain. itihas. 1861-1970 s. pahala bluemindale kii sthaapana newyork shahar mein benjamin bluemindale aur unake bete lyman bluemindale dwara 1861 mein isake nichale poorv kshetra mein kii gaee thee, mool roop seey bluemindale key hoopscurt key naam seey. 1872 mein, lyman aur unake bhaai joseph ney 56vein aur 57vein street key beach, 965 teesare avenue parr midtown mainhattan mein bloomindales grate east side bajar naamak ack doosara sthaan khola. bajar baad mein block key aage teen aasann imaraton mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa aur anta mein 59 veen street parr ack imarat mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. aur teesara maarg, jahan aaj bhee iska pramukh store banaa huaa haye. kaee vistaaron key baad, dukaan 58 veen key beach shahar key block key 80 pratishat hisse parr kabja curr gaee. & 59 veen. uttar aur dakshin mein, aur poorv aur paschim mein teesara avenue aur lexington avenue, 1902 taka. joseph bluemindale 1896 mein company seey sevaanivritt hue, apane bhaai lyman koo puuraa niyantran diyaa, aur lyman key beton hiram aur saimuel koo 1905 mein unaki mrityu key baad unake share viraasat mein mille. newyork shahar key sabave kii shuruat key baad, store key praathamik pravesh dwaar koo 1918 mein paas key irt lexington avenue line stop seey aaney vaale grahakon koo aakarshit karane key liye isake lexington avenue side mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh yuu diyaa.aiss. pratham vishva yuddh mein shamil they, saimuel bloomangdale ney yuddh samaapt honey taka americi redd cross koo vahaan ack poore farsh kaa muft upayog diyaa. 1927 taka, isake saath shesh sabhi bhaagon koo praapt karane key baad, bluemindale ney block key 100 pratishat koo niyantrit kiya, store key aakar koo 84,000 varg phut taka badhaaya (baad mein nae jode gaye farsh sthaan key madhyam seey lagbhag chaar gunaa). adhikansh saarvajanik roop seey karobar karane vaali companiyon kii tarah, bloomindales koo 1929 mein kaale mangalwar key share bajar kii durghatana key baad gambhir vittiya samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa, aur yeh 1930 kii shuruat mein nae banaae gaye sanghiya vibhaag key bhandaron key saath vilay hoe gayaa, jisase ise mahaan avasaad seey bachane mein madad millie. 1947 mein, aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad america key aarthik uchhaal key saath, bloomindales ney mainhattan key baahar apana pahala store nyu york shahar key upnagar nyu roshell mein khola, jahan isane poorv wayer key department store kaa niyantran grahan kiya. yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key baad kii pahale seey maujood imaraton kaa upayog karna apane aazamaae gaye aur sahee farsh leout key saath behtar hoe sakata thaa, company ney 1949 mein apana pahala custom-nirmit store shuru kiya, joe poorv nadee key paar taaje ghaas key maidanon mein sthit thaa. isake vyavasaay key pahale dinn 25,000 seey adhik logon ney daura kiya. 1960 key dashak key dauran, bloomingdale ney apane vyaparik mishran koo peris seey aayatit haut fashion aur itali seey gharelu saaj-sajja koo shamil karane key liye sthanantarit curr diyaa. isane 1969 mein halston key liye apana pahala ekal designer-vishisht vibhaag bhee shuru kiya, jisake baad usa varsh baad apane purushon key store mein ack samarpit polo ralf lauren buteek dwara kiya gayaa. 1970 key dashak kii shuruat taka, bluemindale ney avant-garde europeeya design koo apnana shuru curr diyaa thaa, aur 1971 mein sanyukt rashtra dwara chean kii maanyata key baad, yeh communist yug key chean seey utpaadon koo bechane vaalaa pahala americi khudra vikreta bunn gayaa. isake pratishthit goal logo kii shuruat 1972 mein hui, isake ack saal baad iska "badaa bhura bagg" aur "chhota bhura bagg", joe aaj bhee upayog mein haye. usa samay newyork shahar kii ashanti key bavjood, aanshik roop seey upnagaron mein nirantar vistaar key madhyam seey, 1970 key dashak mein bloomingdale kaa falanaa-phoolana jaari rhaa. isaki sabse badee shakha 1975 mein safed maidanon, newyork mein 260,000 varg phut farsh sthaan key saath kholi gaee, aur usake turant baad, bloomangdale kii apani mool, lekin bahut chhoti, naee roshell shakha bund hoe gaee. 1976 mein, bloomindales ney washington key upnagar, dee. mein newyork shahar kshetra key baahar apana pahala store shuru kiya.see. uttari virginia mein. usa samay kii pratham mahila, betty ford, isake udghaatan mein sammaanit atithi key roop mein shamil huin. 1980-1990 key dashak mein. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein khudra bajar mein teji aaee. 1981 mein, bloomindales ney upnagariya philadelphia mein prussia maull key raajaa mein ack shakha kholi, joe taba duniya kaa sabse badaa maull thaa. purvi tata, florida, shikago aur texas key dallas mein anya nae store bhee khole gaye. 1988 mein, kanadai real estate developer robbert campeu ney company key pratikool adhigrahan kaa prayaas shuru kiya, ise safaltapurvak $6.6 billion mein praapt kiyaah yeh usa samay kaa sabse badaa gair-tail corporate vilay thaa. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein bloomingdale koo nirantar aarthik chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padaa, jisake parinamswarup isake dalla, taaja ghaas key maidan aur stamford, connecticut sthaanon koo bund curr diyaa gayaa. 1994 mein, sanghiya dukaanon ney poori messi shrinkhala kaa adhigrahan curr liya, joe dou saal seey diwalia hoe gaee thee. 1996 mein, bluemindale kaa vistaar yuu mein huaa.aiss. paschimi tata, chaude raaste kii chaar poorv shrinkhalaon koo parivartit kartaa haye-jise usane massie key saath apane vilay key madhyam seey praapt kiya-dakshini california mein ack hii dinn mein bluemindale key store mein. 2000-2007. messi key vilay seey upaji bluemindale kii nirantar vriddhi aur duplicative sthaanon kii shutter. 2004 mein, company ack baar phir mainhattan shahar mein laut aaee, jisamen ack 82,000 varg phut kaa store khola gayaa-jisamen pramukh store key prastaavon kaa ack "sampaadit" chayan-soho mein thaa. 2007 mein, bluemindale kaa vistaar saine diago (fashion valley) aur costa messa (south coast plaza) mein huaa, ack baar phir 2006 mein bund hue poorv robbinsons-meey stores koo badalkar, pratyek mamle mein kyonki messi key pahale seey hii pratyek sthaan parr maujooda store they. 2006 mein, bloomindales ney apane mainhattan flagship key alawa apana sabse badaa store kholaah saine francisco key union squire mein 330,000 varg phut kaa colosus. 1 juuna, 2007 koo, sanghiya dukaanon ney apane corporate naam koo massie mein badal diyaa, isake adhik majboot naam kii maanyata koo dekhate hue, lekin isake bluemindale key store key naam barkarar rahey. 2007-2009. 14 farwari, 2008 koo, mool company massie, ink. 2009 taka 180,000 varg phut key store key saath phoenix bajar mein pravesh karane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii gaee. arizona ack khilane vaale store kaa sthaan rakhane vaalaa terahvaan raajya hotaa, jisamen yeh store paschimi yuu. aiss. mein dasvaan hotaa.aiss. aur poore shrinkhala mein 41 vein. 2008 aur 2009 mein aaee bhaari mandee key parinamswarup yeh dukaan kabhi bhee kaam naheen aaee. maee 2008 mein, bloomindales ney bloomindales mein apani teji seey badhati online upasthiti parr adhik jore dene key liye mell catalog dwara apane bloomindales key charan-out kii shuruat kii.comm. 10 sitambar, 2008 koo, massie ney teen nae bluemindale key store kholane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii, joe isake soho store key baad dou model hain. ack kaa irada washington mein georgetown park kii dukaanon mein teen-stariya lunger store honah thaa.see.lekin maull kii mool company dwara diwalia ghoshit kiye jaane key baad yojana dhwast hoe gaee. anya dou store poore hoe gaye, jinamen saine jose, california mein westfield valley melle mein ack naee shakha aur saanta monika, caa mein saanta monika sthaan mein ack store shamil haye. baad vaale ney 2010 kii shuruat mein shuruat kii. saine jose store kii shuruat 2020 taka deree seey hui thee, mukhya roop seey mahaan mandee key kaaran, aur company ney 2021 mein apane saanta monika sthaan koo sthaayi roop seey bund curr diyaa. 2010-2019. farwari 2010 mein, messi ney dubai mein bloomingdale kaa pahala antarrashtriya sthaan shuru kiya. jaisa kii pratidvandi sax paanchven avenue key mamle mein haye, bluemindale key liye vaishvik upasthiti ack sthaaniya hita dwara licenses key tahat sanchaalit kii jaati haih iss mamle mein, all tayer samooh llc, ack pramukh yuu. aeye. ee.-adharit samooh haye. bloomingdale key see. ee. oh. ney ghoshana kii kii dubai store yuu. key baahar ekmatra store hoga.aiss. (company key netaaon kaa baad mein dill badal gayaa, aur 2017 mein kuwait mein ack shakha kholi.) baad mein 2010 mein, company ney washington key baahar sthit potomac milon mein apana pahala outlet store shuru kiya.see. 3 navambar, 2011 koo, massie ney ghoshana kii kii usane maull kii poorv mervin store kii jagah, maull kii punarnirmaan yojana key hisse key roop mein 2013 key anta mein glendale galleria mein ack nayaa bluemindale store kholane kii yojana banaai haye. 4 janwari, 2012 koo, massie ney ghoshana kii kii vaha apane maull off america sthaan sahit chaar bloomingdale key store bund curr dega. ilinois key oak brook mein okbrook center mein ack home store aur dunwoody, georgia mein paridhi maull mein poorna-line store aur uttari bethesda, maryland mein (poorv) white flint maull bhee bund hoe gaye. 12 navambar, 2015 koo, bloomindales ney honolulu, havaai mein alaa moana kendra mein apana pahala havaai store khola. teen manjila, store ney ack poorv sears store koo badal diyaa aur isamen smart fitting room, charging lounge aur isake 40 gaajar restaraan mein bhojan sevaayen jaisi vishesh sevaaen shamil hain. 2019 key anta mein, massie ney ghoshana kii kii 2020 key vittiya varsh key anta taka, bloomingdale key department aur outlet store sahit isake kissy bhee store mein farr naheen beche jaayenge. apane newyork flagship store koo ack "khudra gantavya" key roop mein behtar sthaapit karane kii pahal key hisse key roop mein, joe mukhya roop seey online department store saman khareedane vaale kharidaaron koo aakarshit karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye, bluemindale ney poore dashak mein nae vibhagon aur peshkashon kii shuruat kii, jisamen magnolia bekari kii ack shakha aur saaraa jessica parker kii sjc sangrah jootaa line key liye ack buteek shamil haye. yeh newyork mein pahala department store thaa joe baad vaale kii peshkash kartaa thaa. 2018 aur 2019 mein, bluemindale ney store key ander lagbhag 200,000 varg phut kaa punarnirmaan kiya, apane denim, saundarya prasaadhan, joote aur mahilaaon key samkaaleen kapadon key vibhagon koo poori tarah seey sanshodhit kiya. unhone dashak kaa anta norwak, connecticut mein sono sangrah sthaan key udghaatan key saath kiya. 2020 kaa dashak. march 2020 mein, massies, ink. ghoshana kii kii yeh teji seey fail rahee covid-19 mahamari key parinamswarup sabhi khilane vaale sthaanon aur massie key sthaanon koo asthaayi roop seey bund curr dega. march key anta mein phir seey kholane kii isaki mool yojana mahamari key teji seey prasaar key kaaran jaldi seey vaashpit hoe gaee, jaisa kii aprail 2020 key anta taka aisaa karane kaa iska irada thaah jaisa kii adhikansh eent-aur-mortar khudra vikretaon key mamle mein thaa, massie ney apane kuchh stores koo ack saal yaa usase adhik samay key liye bund curr diyaa, aur phir seey kholane key dinn joe unake sthaanon key aadhar parr bhinn they. kuchh 2021 key anta taka phir seey naheen khule. 9 sitambar, 2022 koo, bluemindale ney apani 150veen varshgaanth manai, jisamen varsh key anta mein apane mainhattan pramukh sthaan parr vibhinn prakaar key vishesh karyakram aur advitiya vyaparik prastaavon kii visheshta thee.

bloomingdales bloomingdales ink. idu idu benjamin mattu lyman bloomingdale avaru sthaapisida americada aisharami angadigala sarapaliyagide. idannu idannu samyukta department storgalu swadhinapadisikondavu, idu muchchalpattavu mackis department store sarapaliyannu swadhinapadisikonditu, andininda avu sahodara bryandgalagive. antimavagi, federated annu mackis, ink endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. olagondittu-sohodalli. march 23,2023 rahra hottige, ee sarpaliyu ottu 36 department storgalu mattu 23 outlet storgalannu hondiddu, varjiniyaadalli bloomna mosaic concept store jotege bloomingdalen nameplate kaaryanirvahisuttide. idara pradhana kachheri mattu pramukha angadiu newyork nagarada manhatton 59neey beedi mattu lexington avenyoodallide. itihaasa. 1861-1970 s. modala bloomingdales annu newyork nagaradalli 1861 ralli benjamin bloomingdale mattu avara maga lyman bloomingdale avaru adara kela purva bhagadalli sthaapisidaru, moolatah bloomingdales hoopscurt emba hesarinalli. hesarinalli, lyman mattu avara sahodara joseph 56 mattu 57neey sts naduve midtown manhattennalli 965 third avenyudalli bloomingdalen grate eest side bazar emba eradane sthalavannu tereyidaru. nantara bazar annu blockge mattashtu meliruva mooru pakkada kattadagalige sthalaantarisalaayitu mattu antimavagi 59 neey taragatiyalli kattadakke sthalaantarisalaayitu. mattu moorane avenue, allie adara pramukha angadiu indigoo ulidide. halavaaru vistaranegala nantara, 58neey shatamaanada naduve angadiu nagarada 80 pratishatadashtu bhagavannu aakramisikonditu. & 59 neey stu. uttara mattu dakshinakke, mattu purva mattu paschimakke moorane avenue mattu lexington avenue, 1902 rahra hottige. joseph bloomingdale bloomingdale kampaniyinda nivruttaraadaru, idu avara sahodara limenra sampoorna niyantranavannu needitu, mattu mattu avara maranada nantara limenra putraraada hiram mattu samuel avara sherugalannu aanuvamshikavaagi padedaru. newyork city sabway praarambhavaada nantara, 59neey streat mattu lexington avenyoodalliruva hattirada irt lexington avenue line stapninda baruva grahakarannu seleyalu angadia praathamika praveshadvaaravannu praveshadvaaravannu adara lexington avenue badige sthalaantarisalaayitu. adannu yuu.ess. modalane mahayuddhadalli bhagiyagidda samuel bloomingdale, yuddhavu konegolluvavaregu americada redd krasge allie sampoorna mahadiyannu uchitavaagi balasidanu. 1927rahra hottige, adara uddakkoo ulidiruva ellah bhagagalannu swadhinapadisikonda nantara, bloomingdale 100 pratishatadashtu block annu niyantrisitu, angadia gatravannu 84,000 chadara adigalige vistarisitu (nantara hosadaagi serisalaada nelada sthalada moolaka sumaru naalku pattu hechchaayitu). saarvajanikavaagi vyapara maaduva bahuteka kampanigalante, 1929rahra kappu mangalavaarada sheru marukatte kusitada nantara bloomingdales teevra arthika samasyegalannu edurisitu mattu 1930rahra aarambhadalli hosadaagi rachisalaada samyukta department storgalondige vileenagonditu, idu mahaa arthika kusitadinda badukuliyalu sahaaya maaditu. maaditu, mattu eradane mahayuddhada nantara americada arthika utkarshadondige, bloomingdales tanna modala angadiyannu newyork nagarada upanagaravaada nyoo rochelnalli tereyitu, allie adhu hindina ware department storna niyantranavannu vahisikonditu. modale astitvadalliruva kattadagalannu balasuvudu adara prayatnisida mattu nijavaada nelada vinyaasagalondige uttamavaagi hondikollabahudendu tirmaanisida nantara, kampaniyu 1949 ralli tanna modala custom-nirmita angadiyannu praarambhisitu, idu purva nadiya taja hullugaavalugala nerehoreyalli raniyaralli nelegondide. adara vyavahaarada modala dinadandu dinadandu hecchu janaru bheti niididaru. 1960rahra dasakadalli, bloomingdales tanna vanijya mishranavannu pyaarisninda aamadu madikonda outana udupugala shailigalannu mattu italiyinda maney pithopakaranagalannu alavadisalu badalaayisitu. idu idu halstongagi tanna modala eka vinyaasaka-nirdishta vibhagavannu praarambhisitu, aaa varshada nantara adara purushara angadiyalli meesalaada polo ralf lauren angadi praarambhavaayitu. 1970rahra dashakada aarambhada velege, bloomingdales awant-gaard european vinyaasavannu alavadisikollalu praarambhisitu mattu mattu united nations chinakke needida maanyateya nantara, idu communist yugada cheenaadinda utpannagalannu marata maadida modala american chillare vyapari aayitu. adara saampradaayika dundaada laanchanavu 1972 ralli praarambhavaayitu, ondu varshada nantara adara "dodda kandu cheela" mattu "chikka kandu cheela", ivellavoo indigoo balakeyallive. aaa samayadalli newyork nagarada prakshubdhateya horataagiyoo, bhagashah upanagaragalige munduvarida vistaranegala moolaka, 1970rahra dashakaduddakku bloomingdales abhivruddhi honditu. idara atidodda shakheyu shakheyu newyorkna bili bayalu pradeshagalalli 260,000 chadara addi nelada sthaladondige praarambhavaayitu, mattu adara swalpa samayada nantara, bloomingdales tanna moola, aadare chikkadaada, hosa roshell shakheyannu muchchitu. muchchitu, bloomingdales tanna modala angadiyannu newyork nagara pradeshada horage, washington upanagaravaada tysons cornernalli praarambhisitu.sii. uttara varjiniyaadalli. aaa samayadalli prathama mahile, betty ford, adara udghatana samaarambhadalli gouravaanvita atithiyaagi bhagavahisiddaru. 1980-1990rahra dashaka. 1980rahra dashakada aarambhadalli chillare marukatte pravardhamanakke banditu. banditu, bloomingdales upnagar philadelphiyaadalliruva king off prussia malnalli ondu shakheyannu tereyitu, adhu aaga vishvada atidodda maall aagittu. purva karavali, florida, chikago mattu texasna dallasnalli itara hosa maligegalu saha tereyalpattavu. tereyalpattavu, kenadaada real estate developer robbert campayu kampaniyannu pratikoolavaagi svadhinapadisikolluva prayatnavannu praarambhisi, adannu $6.6 shatakotige yashasviyagi swadhinapadisikondanuh idu aaa samayadallidda atidodda tailavallada corporate vileenavaagittu. 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli bloomingdales nirantaravagi arthika savaalugalannu edurisitu, idara parinaamavaagi adara dallaagalu, taja hullugaavalugalu mattu stamford, connecticut sthalagalu muchchalpattavu. muchchalpattavu, federal maligegalu eradu varshagalinda divaalitanadallidda sampoorna mackis sarapaliyannu swadhinapadisikondavu. swadhinapadisikondavu, bloomingdales yuu. yuu. ge vistarisitu.ess. paschima karavaliyu, daksina californiadalli myaakeesnondige vilinagonda moolaka swadhinapadisikonda broadway naalku hindina sarapaligalannu onde dinadalli bloomingdalen maligegalaagi parivartisitu. 2000-2007. bloomindalen nirantara belavanige mattu nakalu sthalagala shutter maaduvudoo mackia vileenadinda untaayitu. untaayitu, kampaniyu mattomme manhatton nagarada madhyabhaagakke maralitu, 82,000 chadara addi angadiyannu tereyitu-pramukha angadia kodugegala "sampaadita" aaykeyannu olagondittu-sohodalli. olagondittu-sohodalli, bloomindales annu syaan diego (fashion valley) mattu costa messa (daksina karavali plaza) ge vistarisalaayitu, hondittu muchchida hindina robinsons-mayee maligegalannu mattomme badalaayisuva moolaka, prati sandarbhadallu, ekendare mackis eegaagale prati sthaladallu astitvadalliruva maligegalannu hondittu. hondittu, bloomingdales tanna manhatton flagship jotege tanna atidodda angadiyannu tereyituh syaan franciscoda union squarenalli 330,000 chadara addi dodda angadiyagide. zoon 1,2007 randu, federal maligegalu adara corporate hesarannu mackis endu badalaayisidavu, adara hecchu drudhavaada hesarina gurutannu needi, aadare adara bloomingdalen angadia hesarugalannu haage ulisikondavu. 2007-2009. phebravari 14,2008 randu, moola kampani mackis, ink. 2009rahra velege 180,000 chadara addi angadiyondige phoenix maarukatteyannu praveshisuva yojanegalannu ghoshisitu. arizona hoobiduva angadia sthalavannu hondiruva hadimoorane raajyavaagabahudittu, ee angadiu paschima yuu. esnalli hattane sthaanadallide.ess. mattu saraniyaadyanta 41 neey sthaanadallide. 2008 mattu 2009rahra mahaa arthika hinjaritada parinaamavaagi ee angadiu endigoo karyaroopakke baralilla. mayee mayee, bloomingdales tanna bloomingdales bye mail catalog annu hanta hantavagi praarambhisitu, idu bloomingdalesnalli vegavagi beleyuttiruva anline upasthitiyannu hecchu ottiheluttade.com. september 10,2008 randu, massis tanna soho angadia maadariyalli mooru hosa bloomingdale maligegalannu tereyuva yojaneyannu ghoshisitu. ondu washington, dii. yaya georgetown paarknalliruva angadigalli mooru-hantada anker angadiyagiralu uddeshisalaagittu.sii.aadare, malnah moola kampani diwaalitanawannu ghooshisida nantara ee yojane kusiyitu. californiada syaan josnalliruva westfield valley fairnalli hosa shaakhe mattu saa. shaa. santaa monica sthaladalliruva saantaa monica sthaladalliruva angadiu seridante itara eradu maligegalu poornagondavu. eradaneyadu 2010 rahra aarambhadalli praarambhavaayitu. syaan jose angadia chocchala praveshavu 2020 ravarege vilambavaayitu, mukhyavaagi mahaa arthika hinjaritadindaagi, mattu kampaniyu 2021 ralli tanna saantaa monica sthalavannu shaashvatavaagi muchchitu. 2010-2019. 2010rahra phebravariyalli, massis samstheyu dubainalli bloomingdalen modala antaaraashtriya sthalavannu praarambhisitu. pratispardhi saaks aidane avenue vishayadanteye, bloomingdalesna jagatika upasthitiyannu sthaliya hitasaktiyinda paravaanagi adiyalli nirvahisalaaguttadeh ee sandarbhadalli, all tyre group llc, uae-moolada pramukha samoohavaagide. bloomingdalen sii. ii. oo. yuu, bahushah dubaina angadiu yuu. ess. naa horagina ekaika angadiyagiruttade endu ghoshisidaru.ess. (kampaniya nayakaru nantara manassu badalaayisidaru, mattu 2017 ralli kuvaitnalli shakheyannu tereyidaru.) nantara 2010 ralli, kampaniyu tanna modala outlet angadiyannu washington horagiruva potomac giranigalalli praarambhisitu.sii. november 3,2011 randu, malnah maruroopisuva yojaneya bhagavagi 2013 rahra koneyalli glendale galleryadalli hosa bloomingdale angadiyannu tereyalu yojisiruvudaagi mackis ghoshisitu, idu malnah hindina mervin angadiyannu badalaayisitu. janavari 4,2012 randu, massis tanna maall off america sthalavannu olagondante naalku bloomingdale maligegalannu muchchuvudaagi ghoshisitu. illinayna ok nadiya okbrook centernalliruva ondu home store mattu georgiyada danvudiyalliruva perimeter maalnalliruva phul-line storgalu mattu marylandna uttara bethesdaadalliruva (hindina) white flint maall saha muchchalpattavu. 2015rahra november november, bloomingdales tanna modala hawai angadiyannu havayiya honoluluvinalliruva alaa mona kendradalli tereyitu. mooru antastina ee angadiu hindina sears angadiyannu badalaayisitu mattu adara 40 carrett restorentnalli smart fitting kotadigalu, charging lounjgalu mattu uutada sevegalantaha vishesha sevegalannu olagondide. 2020rahra hanakasu varshada antyada velege, bloomindalen department mattu outlet storgalu seridante tanna yaavude maligegalalli tuppalavannu marata madalaguvudilla endu 2019rahra koneyalli, mackis ghoshisitu. prathamikavagi department store sarakugalannu anlinelli khareedisuva shaapargalannu akarshisalu vinyasagolisalada tanna newyork pramukha angadiyannu "chillare taana" vaagi uttamavaagi sthaapisuva upakramada bhagavagi, bloomingdale dashakaduddakku hosa ilaakhegalu mattu kodugegalannu parichayisitu, idaralli magnolia bekariya shaakhe mattu saaraa jacica parkern esjesi collection shoo laingaagi ondu angadi serive. idu eradaneyadannu needida newyorkna modala department store aagittu. 2018 mattu mattu, bloomingdale tanna denim, soundaryavardhakagalu, bootugalu mattu mahileyara samakaalina udupu vibhagagalannu sampoornavaagi navikarisi, angadiyolage sumaru 200,000 chadara addi pradeshavannu maruroopisitu. avaru kanektikatna norwaknalli sono sangraha sthalavannu tereyuva moolaka dasakavannu konegolisidaru. 2020rahra dashaka. march 2020 ralli, mackis, ink. vegavagi haraduttiruva covid-19 saankraamikada parinaamavaagi ellah bloomingdale mattu mackis sthalagalannu tatkalikavagi muchchuvudaagi ghoshisitu. march antyadalli matte tereyuva adara moola yojaneyu saankraamika rogada ksipra haraduvikeyindaagi tvaritavagi aaviyaayitu, haageye april 2020 rahra antyada velege haage maaduva uddeshavu ittuh hecchina ittige mattu gaare chillare vyaapaarigalanteye, mackis tanna kelavu maligegalannu ondu varsha athawa adakkinta hecchu kaala muchchitu, avugala sthalagalannu avalambisi dinagala punaraarambhavu badalaayitu. kelavu 2021 rahra antyadavarege matte tereyalilla. september 9,2022 randu, bloomingdales tanna 150 neey vaarshikotsavavannu aacharisitu, varshada antyada velege tanna manhatton pramukha sthaladalli vividha vishesha kaaryakramagalu mattu vishishta vanijya kodugegalannu olagondittu.

bloomingdalinte bloomingdalinte ink. 1861ll benchamin, lyman bloomingdale ennivar chernnu sthaapicha oru american adambara department store shringalayaanu ithu. 1930ll federated department storukal ithu ettedukkukayum 1994ll maasiyude department store shringhala ettedukkukayum cheythu, annumuthal avaa sahodara braandukalaayi. aathyanthikamayi, federated thanne massis, ink ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. 2007ll. 2023 march 23 vareyulla kanakkanusarichu, eee shringalaykku motham 36 department storukalum 23 outlettu storukalum pravartthikkunnu, koodaathe bloomdingdalinte nameplate virjeeniyayile oru bloomy mosaik kanseptt storum undu. newyork sitti baroo oof manhattanile 59-aamm streettilum lexington avanyoovilumaanu ithinte aasthaanavum munnira storum sthithi cheiyunnathu. charithram. 1861-1970 s. 1861ll benchamin bloomingdale makan lyman bloomingdale chernnu newyork nagaratthil athinte thaazhathe kizhakk bhaagath bloomingdalinte hopskirts enna peril aadyathe bloomingdales sthaapichu. 1872-ll laiman sahodaran joseph 56-aamm noottaandinum 57-aamm noottaandinum idayil 965 moonnaam avanyoovil midu taunn manhattanil bloomingdalinte grettu eest side basar enna peril randaamathe sthalam thurannu. 59-aamm classil oru kettidatthilekku maarunnathin munbu basar pinneedu blockinu mukalilulla moonnu aduthulla kettidangalilekku maari. athinte munnira store innu nilanilkkunna moonnaamathe avanyoo. niravadhi vipuleekaranangalethudarnna, 58-aamm theeyathikkidayil store sitti blokkinte 80 sathamaanavum kaivashappedutthi. & 59 aam. 1902 aayappozhekkum vadakkum thekkum, kizhakkum padinjaarum moonnaam avanyoo & lexington avanyoo. joseph bloomingdale 1896-ll kambaniyil ninnu viramikkukayum sahodaran lymanu poornna niyanthranam nalkukayum cheythu, 1905-ll laimaante maranashesham addehathinte makkal hiram samuval addehathinte oharikal paarambaryamaayi nedi. newyork sitti sabway aarambhichathinusesham, aduthulla 59-aamm streettileyum lexington avanyoovileyum irt lexington avanyoo line stoppil ninnu varunna upabhokthaakkale aakarshikkunnathinayi 1918-ll storinte praadhamika kavaadam athinte lexington avanyoo vashathekku maatti. athu yuu.ezz. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil earppettirunna saamuval bloomingdale american redu crossinu yuddham avasanikkunnathuvare avide oru muzhuvan nilayum soujanyamaayi upayogikkaan nalki. 1927 aayappozhekkum, bakkiyulla ellah bhaagangalum ettedutha sesham, blokkinte 100 sathamaanavum bloomingdalinte niyanthranatthilaayi, storinte valuppam 84,000 chathurashra adiyaayi (pinneedu puthuthayi cherttha thara idathiloode ekadesham naalirattiyayi) vikasippichu. pothuve vyapaaram nadathunna mikka kambanikaleyum pole, 1929 leeii black chovvazhcha stokku maarkkat thakarchayethudarnnu bloomingdale gurutharamaaya saambathika prasnangal nerittu, 1930 nte thudakkathil puthuthayi srishticha federated department storukalumaayi layichu, ithu mahaamaandyathe athijeevikkaan sahayichu. 1947-ll, randaam lokamahaayudhathinusheshamal amerikkayude saambathika kuthippinodoppam, newyork nagaratthinte praanthapradeshamaaya nyoo roshellil manhattan purathu bloomingdales athinte aadya store thurannu, avide muun ware department storinte niyanthranam etteduthu. munpu undaayirunna kettidangal upayogikkunnathu athinte pareekshichathum yadhaarthavumaaya floor leauttukalkku anuyojyamaakumennu nigamanatthiletthiya sesham, 1949 ll kambani thangalude aadyathe ishtaanusrithamaayi nirmmicha store aarambhichu, ithu kizhakkan nadikku kuruke puthiya pulmedukalude parisarathu kweensil sthithicheyyunnu. athinte aadya divasam 25,000-thiladhikam aalukal sandarshichu. 1960kalil, paareesil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha hoott coacher modalukalum italiyil ninnulla veettupakaranangalum ulppeduthunnathinaayi bloomingdales athinte charakk misritham maatti. 1969 ll haalstaninaayi aadyathe single designer-nirddishta vakupum aarambhichu, aaa varsham thanne purushanmaarude storil oru samarppita pooloo ralph lorren botic athu pinthudarnnu. 1970 kalude thudakkathil, bloomingdales avant-gaard europian design sweekarikkaan thudangi, 1971 ll ikyaraashtrasabha chaina amgeekarichathinethudarnna, communist kaalaghattatthile chainayil ninnulla uthppannangal vilkkunna aadyathe american retailer ithu maari. athinte ikkanik rounded logo 1972 ll arangettam kurichu, oru varshathinusesham athinte "bigg braun bagg", "littil braun bagg" ennivayellaam innum upayogathilundu. aaa samayat newyork nagaratthinte prakshubdhatha undaayirunnittum, bhaagikamaayi praanthapradeshangalilekkal thudarchayaaya vipuleekaranangaliloode 1970-kalil udaneelam bloomingdales thazhachuvalarnnu. athinte ettavum valia shaakha 1975 ll newyorkkile velutha samathalangalil 260,000 chathurashra adii thara sthalavumaayi thurannu, athinusesham taamasiyaathe, bloomingdales athinte yadhaartha, ennaal valare cheruthaaya puthiya roshell shaakha adachu. 1976-ll, newyork sitti eriyaykku purathu washington dii. sii. yude praanthapradeshamaaya taisans corneril bloomingdales athinte aadya store aarambhichu.sii. vadakkan virjeeniyayil. akkaalathe pradhama vanithayaya betti foord athinte udghaadanathil vishishtaathidhiyaayi pankedutthu. 1980-1990kall. 1980kalude thudakkathil chillara vipani kuthichuyarnnu. 1981ll, boombingdales, annathe lokathile ettavum valia maalaya philadelphiyayile suburban prussia maalil oru branch thurannu. kizhakkan theeram, florida, chikkago, texasile dallas ennividangalilum mattu puthiya storukal thurannu. 1988ll, canadian riyal estettu developer roobert campeo 6.6 bilyan dollarinu kambani ettedukkaan oru prathikoola sramam aarambhichu akkaalathe ettavum valia enna ithara korpparettu layanamaayirunnu ithu. 1990 kalude thudakkathil bloomingdaleukal thudarchayaaya saambathika velluvilikal nerittu, athinte falamaayi athinte dallakal, puthiya pulmedukal, connecticut sthalangalaaya stamford enniva adachu. 1994ll federated storukal rund varshamaayi paapparatthatthilaayirunna maasiyude shringhala muzhuvan swanthamaakki. 1996ll bloomingdales yuu. esilekku vyaapichu.ezz. padinjaaran theeram, thekkan kaaliforniyayile maaseesumaayi layippichukondu nediya broadwayude naalu muun shringalakale otta divasam kondu bloomingdalinte storukalaayi parivartthanam cheythu. 2000-2007. maasiyude layanathil ninnu uthbhavicha bloomingdalinte thudarchayaaya valarchayum thanippakarpp lokkeshanukalude shuttering. 2004-ll kambani veendum manhattan nagarakendrathilekku madangiyethi, 82,000 chathurashra adii vistheernnamulla oru store thurannu-athil munnira storinte ofarukalude "edittad" selection-sohoyil. 2007-ll, bloombingdales saan diego (fashion vaali), koosta messa (southu koost plasa) ennivayilekku vikasippichu, 2006-ll adacha muun robinsons-meeii storukal maatti, oro kesilum maasisinu ithinakam oro sthalathum storukal undayirunnathinaal. 2006-ll, bloomingdales athinte manhattan munniraykk purame ettavum valia store thurannu saan fraansiskoyude union squareil 330,000 chathurashra adii colosus. 2007 juun 1 nuu federated storukal athinte korpparettu peru massis ennu maatti, athinte kooduthal sakthamaaya peru amgeekaaram nalki, pakshe athinte bloomingdalinte store perukal kedukoodaathe avasheshichu. 2007-2009. 2008 februvari 14nuu, maathru kambaniyaaya massis, ink. 2009 oode 180,000 chathurashra adii storumaayi phoenix vipaniyil pravesikkaanulla padhathikal prakhyaapichu. padinjaaran yuu. esile pathaamatthe storaaya eee store upayogichu bloomingdalinte store lokkeshan ulla pathimoonnaamatthe samsthaanamaayirikkum arizona.ezz. koodaathe shringalayiludaneelam 41-aamm sthaanathum. 2008lum 2009lum undaaya mahaa maandyathinte falamaayi eee store orikkalum yaadhaarthyamaayilla. 2008 meyy maasathil, bloomingdelukalil athivegam valarunna oonlain saannidhyam kooduthal oonnipparayunnathinaayi bloomingdelukalude meyil kaattalogil ninnu ghattam ghattamayi poovidunnu.coom. 2008 septambar 10 nuu, massis athinte soho storinte maathrkayil moonnu puthiya bloomingdalinte storukal thurakkaanulla padhathikal prakhyaapichu. orennam washingtonile jorstaun paarkkile kadakalile moonnu nilakalulla aankar store aakaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu.sii.ennaal maalinte maathru kambani paapparattham prakhyaapichathode padhathi thakarnnu. kaaliforniyayile saan josile westfield vaali fairile oru puthiya shaakhayum santa monikkayile santa monikkayile oru storum ulppede mattu rund storukal poortthiyaayi. randaamathethu 2010 nte thudakkathil arangettam kurichu. saan jose storinte arangettam 2020 vare vaiki, pradhaanamaayum valia maandyam kaaranam, 2021 ll kambani athinte santa monica lokkeshan sthiramaayi adachu. 2010-2019. 2010 februvariyil massis dubaayiyil bloomingdalinte aadya anthaaraashtra lokkeshan aarambhichu. ethiraaliyaaya sax anchaam avanyoovinte kaaryatthilennapole, bloomingdalinte aagola saannidhyam praadeshika thaalpparyathaal licensinu keezhilaanu pravartthikkunnathu eee saahacharyathil, yuu. eiii. iii aasthaanamaayulla oru pramukha kambaniyaaya alle tair group ell. ell. sii. yuu. esinu purathulla eaka store dubay storaayirikkumenn bloomingdalinte sii. iii. oo prakhyaapichu.ezz. (kambaniyude nethaakkal pinneedu manass maarukayum 2017 ll kuvaittil oru branch thurakkukayum cheythu.) pinneedu 2010 ll kambani washingtonin purathulla potomac millukalil aadyathe outlettu store aarambhichu.sii. maalinte punarnirmmaana padhathiyude bhaagamaayi 2013 avasaanathode glendell galleryayil oru puthiya bloomingdale store thurakkaan padhathiyidunnathaayi 2011 november 3 nuu massis prakhyaapichu, maalinte muun mervins storinu pakaram. 2012 januvari 4 nuu, massis athinte maall oof america lokkeshan ulppede naalu bloomingdalinte storukal adachupoottumennu prakhyaapichu. illinoyisile ookku aruviyile ookkbrookku sentarile oru hoome storum jorjiyayile danvudiyile perimeter maalile phul-line storukalum merilaandile north bethesdayile (muun) vaitt flint maalum adachu. 2015 november 12 nuu, bloomingdales havaayiyile honoluluvile alaa movana sentaril aadyathe havaian store thurannu. moonnu nilakalulla eee store muun seezhs storinu pakaram smart phitting roomukal, charging lonchukal, 40 kaaratt restorantile bhakshana sevanangal enniva ulkkollunnu. 2020 saambathika varshathinte avasaanam vare bloomingdalinte department & outlettu storukal ulppede thangalude oru storilum romangal vilkkillenn 2019 avasaanathode massis prakhyaapichu. praadhamikamaayi department store saadhanangal oonlainil vaangunna shopermaare aakarshikkunnathinayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunna oru "retail lakshyasthaanamaayi" newyork munnira store mikacha reethiyil sthaapikkunnathinulla oru samrambhathinte bhaagamaayi, magnolia bekariyude oru shaakhayum saaraa jessica parkerude esjesi kalakshan shhoo laininaayulla oru boatic ulppede bloong deylinte pathittaandiludaneelam puthiya vakuppukalum ofarukalum avatharippichu. randaamathethu vaagdaanam cheiyunna newyorkkile aadyathe department storaayirunnu ithu. 2018lum 2019lum, bloomingdalinte storinullil ekadesham 200,000 chathurashra adii punarnirmmikkukayum denim, soundaryavardhaka vasthukkal, shoos, sthreekalude samakaalika vasthra vakuppukal enniva poornnamaayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu. connectikkattile norvaakkil sono shekhara sthalam thurannukondu avar dashakam avasaanippichu. 2020. 2020 maarchil, massis, ink. athivegam padarunna covid-19 mahamariyude falamaayi bloomingdelukaludeyum maasiyudeyum ellah sthalangalum thaalkkaalikamaayi adachupoottumennu prakhyaapichu. 2020 epril avasaanathode angane cheyyaanulla uddeshyatheppole, pakarchavyaadhiyude druthagathiyilulla vyaapanam kaaranam march avasaanathode veendum thurakkaanulla athinte yadhaartha padhathi vegathil bashpeekarikkappettu mikka ishtikayum charadukalum ulla chillara vilppanakkaarude kaaryatthilennapole, massis athinte chila storukal oru varshamo athil kooduthalo adachu, avayude lokkeshanukal anusarichu divasangal veendum thurakkunnu. chilath 2021 avasaanam vare veendum thurannitilla. 2022 septambar 9 nuu, bloomingdales athinte 150-aamm vaarshikam aakhoshichu, varshavasaanam muzhuvan athinte manhattan munnira sthalathu vividha prathyeka paripaadikalum savisheshamaaya charakk ofarukalum avatharippichu.

bluemindales bluemindales ink. 1861 madhye benjamin aanee lyman bloomangdale yanni sthapan keleli hii eka american lakzari department store sakhali aahe. 1930 madhye federal department stoarsney teey vikat ghetale, jyanni 1994 madhye massichi department store cheen vikat ghetali, tevhapasoon teey bhagini brand aahet. akheris, sangharajyala massies, ink asey naav denyat aale. 2007 madhye. 23 march 2023 paryant, yaa sakhalimadhye ekoon 36 vibhagiy dukane aanee 23 outlet dukane aahet, jyat bloomangdelchi nameplate karyarat aahe, tasech vharjiniyamadhye bloomchya mosack sankalpana dukanasah. tyache mukhyalay aanee pramukh dukan manhattonchya newyork shaharatil 59 vya rastyavar aanee lexington avenue yethe aahe. itihas. 1861-1970 ess. pahilya bloomingdalechi sthapana newyork shaharat benjamin bloomingdale aanee tyacha mulga lyman bloomingdale yanni 1861 madhye tyachya khalchya purv bajuchya bhagat kelee hotee, moolatah bloomingdale hupskirts yaa navane. 1872 madhye, lyman aanee tyacha bhau joseph yanni 56vya aanee 57vya sts darmyan, 965vya tisya avenuever midtown manhattenmadhye bluemindales gret east side bajar navache dusare thikan ughadale. bajar nantar blockchya pudhe teen shejarchya imaratinmadhye halavala gela aanee shevati 59 vya kramankavar eka imaratit halavala gela. aanee tisra marg, jithe tyache pramukh dukan aaj aahe. anek vistarannantar, 58vya tarkhedarmyan dukanane shaharachya 80 takke bhag vyapala. aanee 59 vya. 1902 paryant uttar aanee dakshinela, aanee purv aanee paschimela tisra marg aanee lexington marg. joseph bluemindale 1896 madhye companytoon nivrutt jhaala, tyane tyacha bhau limenla purn niyantran dile aanee 1905 madhye tyachya mrutyunantar limenchya mulanna hiram aanee samuella tyache sambhag varshane midale. newyork ciity sabave suru jhalyanantar, dukanatil prathamik praveshdwar 1918 madhye tyachya lexington avenue bajula halavanyat aale jenekarun 59 vya street aanee lexington avenue yetheel jawalchya irt lexington avenue line stopwaroon yenanya grahakanna aakarshit karata yeil. teey yuu dile.ess. pahilya mahayuddhat sahbhagi asalelya samuel bluemindelne american reed crossla yuddh sampeparyant sampoorn majala muktapane vaparanyachi mubha dilee. 1927 paryant, tyachya bajoone uralele serve bhag midvalyanantar, bloomangdelne 100 takke block niyantrit keela, dukanacha aakar 84,000 chauras futanparyant vadhavala (nantar navyane jodalya gelelya majlyavaril jagedware jawaljawal charpat). sarvajanikaritya vyapar karananya bahutek kampanyanpramanech, 1929 madheel black mangalvarchya share bajaratil crashnantar bluemindelsla gambhir aarthik samasyanna samore jaave lagale aanee 1930 chya suruvatila navyane tayar kelelya federal department stoarsmadhye teey villin jhaale, jyamule tyala mahamanditun baher padnyas madat jhaali. 1947 madhye, aanee dusya mahayuddhanantar amerikechya aarthik tejichya barobarine, bluemindelsney manhattonchya baher newyork shaharachya upnagaratil nyu rochelle yethe aapale pahile dukan ughadale, jithe tyane purvichya wares department stoarche niyantran sweekarle. aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya imaratincha vapar karane heey tyachya prayatna kelelya aanee khyan majlyavaril mandanishi adhik yogya asoo shakale asate, assa nishkarsh kadhalyanantar, companyne 1949 madhye tyache pahile sanukoolit-nirmit dukan suru kele, jeey purv nadichya palikade tajya kurananchya parisarat sthit hote. tyachya vyavasayachya pahilya divashi 25,000 hoon adhik lokanni bhet dilee. 1960 chya dashakat, bloomingdalene parismadhun aayat kelelya haut cotcher fashion aanee italihoon gharguti furniturecha samavesh karnyasathi aapale vyapari mishran halavale. 1969 madhye tyane halstonsathi tyacha pahila ekal designer-vishisht vibhag dekhil suru keela, jyachya nantar tyaa varshachya akheris tyachya purushanchya dukanat pooloo ralf lauren buteekne samarpit kele. 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, bluemindelsney avant-garde european rachana swikaranyas suruvat kelee hotee aanee 1971 madhye sanyukt rashtranni chinala manyata dilyanantar, communist kalatil chinmadhun utpadane vikanari tee pahili american kirkol vikreta bunley. tyacha pratishthit golakar logo 1972 madhye suru jhaala, tyanantar eka varshanantar tyachi "mothee tapkiri pishavi" aanee "chhoti tapkiri pishavi", jee aajdekhil vaparat aahet. tyaa velee newyork shaharatil ashantata asoonahi, upnagaranmadhye satatyane vistar karoon, 1970 chya dashakat bloomingdalechi bharbharat suruch rahili. tyachi sarvat mothee shakha 1975 madhye newyorkmadheel pandhya maidani bhagat 260,000 chauras phoot jagesah ughadali gelee aanee tyanantar lagechach, bloomangdalesne tyachi mool, parantu khoopach lahan, naveen rochelle shakha bund kelee. 1976 madhye, bluemindelsney newyork shahar kshetrabaher washingtonchya upnagaratil tyson cornermadhye tyache pahile dukan suru kele.see. uttar vharjiniyamadhye. tyaveli pratham mahila, betty phorda, tyachya udghatanala sanmananiy atithi mhanoon upasthit hotya. 1980-1990 chya dashakat. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila kirkol bajarpethet bharbharat jhaali. 1981 madhye, bluemindelsney upnagariy philadelphiyamadhil king auph prussia mallmadhye eka shakha ughadali, joou tevha jagatil sarvat motha maull hota. purv kinarpattivar, florida, shikago aanee texaschya dallasmadhye itar naveen dukanehi ughadali gelee. 1988 madhye, canadachya sthavar malmatta vikasak robbert campune companycha pratikool taba ghenyacha prayatna suru keela, tee $6.6 abjat yashasviritya vikat ghetalih teey tyaa kalatil sarvat mothe bigger-teel corporate vilinikaran hote. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila bluemindella satat aarthik aavhanancha samna karava lagla, parinami tyache dalla, taje kurane aanee stamford, connecticut thikane bund jhaali. 1994 madhye, done varshanpasun diwalkhorit asaleli sampoorn massichi sakhali, federal stoarsney vikat ghetali. 1996 madhye, bluemindelcha vistar yuu. madhye jhaala.ess. paschim kinarpattivar, dakshin californiatil massigeberober vilinikaran karoon midavalelya chaukatmargachya chaar purvichya sakhalyanche rupantar ekach divasat bloomingdalechya dukananmadhye kele. 2000-2007. bluemindelchi satat vaadh aanee massichya vilinikaranamule nirman jhalelya duplicative sthananche shutter. 2004 madhye, company punha ekada downtown manhattenmadhye paratali, aanee 82,000 chauras phoot dukan ughadale-jyat pramukh dukanachya prastavanchi "sampadit" nivad-sohomadhye hotee. 2007 madhye, bluemindelcha vistar sann diego (fashion valley) aanee costa messa (dakshin kinarpatti plaza) madhye jhaala, 2006 madhye bund jhalelya robbinson-meey stoarschya jaagi punha ekada, pratyek babatit, kaaran massichi pratyek thikani aadhich dukane hotee. 2006 madhye, bluemindelsney manhattonchya pramukh vyatirikt tyache sarvat mothe dukan ughadaleh sann franciscochya union squaremadhye 330,000 chauras phoot vishal. 1 juuna 2007 roji, federal stoarsney tyache corporate naav badaloon massies kele, tyachya adhik majboot nawala manyata dilee, parantu tyachya bloomangdelchya dukanachi nave abadhit thewali. 2007-2009. 14 februwari 2008 roji, massies, ink. hii mool company. 2009 paryant 180,000 chauras phoot dukanasah phoenix bajarat pravesh karnyachya yojanechi ghoshana kelee. arizona heey 13 weey rajya asate jithe bloomingdaleche dukan aahe, aanee heey dukan paschim yuu. ess. madheel dahave aahe.ess. aanee sampoorn sakhalimadhye 41 vya. 2008 aanee 2009 madheel mothya mandimule heey dukan kadhich pratyakshat aale nahee. meey 2008 madhye, bloomingdalesne bloomingdalesmadhye tyachya vegane vadhana online upasthitivar adhik jore denyasathi tyachya bloomingdales buy mail catalogmadhun tappyatappyane baher padnyas suruvat kelee.com. 10 september 2008 roji, massies yanni teen naveen bluemindelchi dukane ughadanyachya yojana jaheer kelya, done tyanchya soho stoarchya rupat tayar kelya. eka washingtonmadhil georgetown parkmadhil dukananmadhye teen-stariy anker dukan asanyacha hetu hota.see.parantu mallchya mool companyne diwalkhori jaheer kelyanantar hii yojana kosalali. californiatil sann jose yetheel westfield valley fairmadhil naveen shakha aanee californiatil santa monica yetheel santa monica yetheel eka dukanasah itar done dukane purn jhaali. nantarche 2010 chya suruvatila suru jhaale. sann jose stoarche padarpan 2020 paryant vilambit jhaale, pramukhyane mothya mandimule aanee companyne 2021 madhye qamee kamgirimule tyache santa monica sthan kayamche bund kele. 2010-2019. februwari 2010 madhye, massies yanni dubaimadhye bluemindelche pahile aantarrashtriy sthan suru kele. pratispardhi sacks fifth avenyuchya babatit jase aahe, tase bluemindelsasathi jaagtik upasthiti sthanik hitsambandhanchya parvanyakhali chalavali jaateh yaa prakaranat, all tayer group llc, eka agraganya yuu. aii. eae.-aadharit samooh. bloomingdalechya mukhya karyakari adhikaone jaheer kele qee dubaiche dukan bahudha yuu. aii. chya baherche ekmev dukan asel.ess. (nantar companychya netyanche munn badalale aanee 2017 madhye kuvetmadhye tyanni eka shakha ughadali.) nantar 2010 madhye, companyne washingtonchya baher asalelya potomac girnyanmadhye tyanche pahile outlet stoar suru kele.see. 3 november 2011 roji, massies yanni jaheer kele qee mallchya majee marvinchya dukanachi jaaga gheuun mallchya punarnirmiti yojanecha bhag mhanoon 2013 chya uttaradhat glendell galleriamadhye eka naveen bloomangdelche dukan ughadanyachi tyanchi yojana aahe. 4 janewari 2012 roji, massiesne jaheer kele qee teey tyachya maull auph america sthanasah bloomingdalechi chaar dukane bund kartil. eleanoymadhil oka brookmadhil okbrook centermadhil eka ghar dukan aanee georgiachya dunwoody yetheel parimiti mallmadhil purn-reshechi dukane aanee marylandchya uttar bethesda yetheel (purvicha) pandhara flint maull dekhil bund jhaala. 12 november 2015 roji, bloomingdalesne honolulu, havai yetheel alah moana center yethe aapale pahile hawaiyan dukan ughadale. teen majali yaa dukanane purvichya sears dukanachi jaaga ghetali aanee tyat smart fitting room, charging lounge aanee tyachya 40 gajar restaurantmadhye jevanachya sevansarkhya vishesh sevancha samavesh aahe. 2019 chya uttaradhat, massiesne jaheer kele qee 2020 chya aarthik varshachya akheris, bloomingdalechya department aanee outlet stoars tyachya konatyahi dukanat phara vikale jaanar nahee. newyorkmadheel pramukh dukanala "kirkol gantvyasthan" mhanoon adhik changlya prakare sthapit karnyachya upkramacha eka bhag mhanoon, jeey pramukhyane department stoarchya vastoo online kharedi karananya kharedidaranna aakarshit karnyasathi tayar kele gele aahe, bluemindelne magnolia bekarichi eka shakha aanee saara jessica parkarchya ess. jeey. see. sangrah shhoo linesathi eka bootics sampoorn dashakbharat naveen vibhag aanee aupher sadar kelya. newyorkmadheel heey pahile department store hote, jeey nantarche deu karat hote. 2018 aanee 2019 madhye, bloomangdelne dukanachya aat sumare 200,000 chauras phoot jaaga navyane tayar kelee, tyachya denim, saundaryaprasadhane, boot aanee mahilanchya samkalin kapadyanchya vibhaganmadhye purnapane sudharana kelee. tyanni kanektikatchya norwalk yethe sono sangrahsthalachya udghatanasah dashak sampavale. 2020 saal. march 2020 madhye, massies, ink. vegane pasarana covid-19 mahamarimule teey serve bloomingdale aanee massichi thikane tatpurati bund karnar asalyache jaheer kele. mahamarichya zapatyane pasarlyamule marchchya shevati punha ughadanyachi tyachi mool yojana patkan bashpibhavan jhaali, tasech april 2020 chya akheris tase karnyacha tyacha hetuhi hotah bahutek vita aanee mortar kirkol vikretyanpramanech, massiesne eka varsh kinwa tyahoon adhik kaal aapali kahee dukane bund kelee, tyanche thikananusar vegvegale divas punha ughadale. kahee 2021 chya uttaradhaparyant punha ughadale gele naheet. 9 september 2022 roji, bluemindelne tyache 150 weey vardhapan deane sajare kele, jyat tyachya manhatton flagship thikani varshachya akheris vividh vishesh karyakram aanee adviteey vyapari prastav sadar kele gele.

blumindale blumindale 'saas ink. ehaa eka americae bilasapurna department store chenn jaahaa 1861 ray benjamin ebong lyman blumindale dwara sthapita hoithila . ehaaku 1930 masihare federated department store dwara adhigrahan karajaithila, jaahaa 1994 masihare masira department store chenn adhigrahan karithila, sehi samajaru semane bhaunee brand hoichhanti . sheshare, federated nijaku massis, ink bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila . 2007 masihare. march 23,2023 suddha, ehi shrunkhalara samudai 36tii department store ebong 23tii outlet store rahichhi, jeunthire blumindale namapatrika karjyakhyama rahichhi, ebong bharjiniaare eka blumira mosaic dharana store madhya rahichhi. ehara mukhyalaja ebong flagship store nyujarka city baroh off myanhatanra 59 tama street ebong lexington aabhenyure abasthita . itihas. 1861-1970 s. pratham blumindale nyujarka saharare benjamin blumindale ebong taanka pua lyman blumingdelnka dwara 1861 ray ehara tala purba parswa anchalare sthapita hoithila, moolatah blumindale hoopscort naamare . 1872 masihare, lyman ebong taanka bhai joseph 56tama ebong 57tama station madhyare, 965tama truteeja aabhenyure, midtaun myanhatanre blumindale 'saas great east side bajaara namaka eka dwiteeja sthana kholithile. bajarati parey blakra ahuri uparaku tinoti sanlagna attalika bhitaraku sthanantarita hoithila ebong sheshare 59tama sthanare eka attalika bhitaraku sthanantarita hoithila. ebong truteeja ebhiniu, jeunthare ehara flagship store aaji madhya rahichhi. aneka samprasarana parey, 58 tama parjyaja madhyare store saharar blocker 80 pratishata dakhal karithila . ebong 59tama sta. uttara ebong dakhinare, ebong purba ebong paschimare truteeja aabhenyu ebong lexington aabhenyu, 1902 suddha. joseph blumingadela 1896 masihare companyru absar neithile, taanka bhai laimananku sampurna nijantrana pradan karithile, ebong laimananka pua hiram ebong samuel 1905 masihare taanka mrutyu parey taanka ansha uttaradhikarare paithile. nyujarka city sabawe arambha heba parey, storer prathamika prabesha dwaraku 1918 masihare ehara lexington aabhenyu parswaku sthanantarita karajaithila, jaahaa nikatasta irot lexington aabhenyu line stop 59tama street ebong lexington aabhenyuru asuthiba grahakamananku akarshita karithila. taaha dei jayu.ess. pratham biswajuddhare samprukta thiba samuel blumingadela juddha shesh heba parjyanta americara redd krasra sampurna mahlar mukta byabahara pradan karithile. 1927 masiha suddha, ehara samasta abasista ansha hassel kariba parey, blumindale ehara 100 pratishata blakaku nijantrana karithila, storer aakaaraku 84,000 bargaphutaku bistara karithila (parey nutan bhabe jodajaithiba chataana sthana madhyamare praiah chariguna brudhi paithila). adhikansha sarbajaneena karbar karuthiba company bhali, 1929 masihare kalaa mangalabara stock market patana parey blumindale gurutara arthika samasyara sammukheen hoithila, ebong 1930 masiha prarambhare ehaa nabagathita federated department store sahita mishigala, jaahaa ehaaku mahamander kabalaru rakhya karibare sahajya karithila. 1947 masihare, ebong dwiteeja biswajudha parey americara arthanaitika abhibruddhi sahita, blumindale nyujarka saharar upakanth nyu rochelre manhatton bahare ehara pratham store kholithila, jeunthare ehaa purbatana wejarra department storer nijantrana grahan karithila . purbaru thiba attalika byabahara kariba ehara parikhita ebong prakruta floor leout sahita eka bhal fitt hoi parithanta bolly siddhanta neba parey, company 1949 ray ehara pratham custom-nirmita store arambha karithila, jaahaa purba nadee paara taza trinabhumi padoshire abasthita . ehara byabasajara pratham dinare 25,000 ru adhika lock paridarshan karithile. 1960 dashakare, blumindale ehara banijyika mishranaku pyarisaru amdani hoithiba hout cuture fassion ebong italyru ghara asababapatraku antarbhukta karibaku sthanantarita karithila . ehaa 1969 ray halston paain ehara pratham ekaka designer-nirdista bibhaga madhya arambha karithila, jaahaa sehi barsha parey ehara purushanka store eka utsargeekruta pollo ralf lauren boutic dwara shighra anusarana karajaithila . 1970 dashkar prarambha suddha, blumindale abhanta-garde europeah designku grahan kariba arambha karithila, ebong 1971 ray cheenaku milita jatisanghara swekruti parey, ehaa communist jugara cheenaru utpada bikrai karibare pratham americae khuchura bikreta hoithila . ehara iconic goal logo 1972 ray arambha hoithila, eka barsha parey ehara "budd badami bagg" ebong "chhot badami bagg", jaahaa aaji madhya byabaharare achhi . sehi samajare nyujarka saharar ashantata satwe, aanshika bhabare upnagariah anchalare nirantara samprasarana madhyamare, 1970 dashakare blumindale samruddha hoi chalithila . ehara sarbabruhata shakha 1975 ray nyujarkara dhalaa samatala anchalare 260,000 berg phuta chataana sthana sahita kholajaithila, ebong ehara kichhi samai parey, blumindale ehara moola, kintu bahuta chhot, nutan rochel shakha banda karidela . 1976 masihare, blumindale 'shh nyujarka sahara bahare washington, dii. rahr eka upakanth tyson karnarare ehara pratham store arambha karithila.sii. uttara bharjiniaare. sehi samaira pratham mahila, betty ford, ehara udaghatani utsabare sammanita atithi bhabare joga deithile. 1980-1990 dashaka. 1980 dashkar prarambhare khuchura bajaara brudhi paithila. 1981 masihare, blumindale 'saas upnagariah philadelphiar prussia malra rajanka thaare eka shakha kholithila, jaahaa setebele biswara sarbabruhata mull thila. purba upakula, florida, chikago ebong texacer dallasare anya nutan store madhya kholajaithila. 1988 masihare, kanadara real estate developer robert campo companyra eka shatrutapurna adhigrahan prayasa arambha karithile, ehaaku $6.6 bilijanare saphalatara saha adhigrahan karithileh ehaa sehi samaira sarbabruhata anah-taila corporate mishran thila . 1990 dashkar prarambhare blumindale kramagata arthika aahwanara sammukheen hoithila, jahara phalaswaroopa ehara dalla, taza trinabhumi ebong stamford, sanjoga sthana banda hoijaithila. 1994 masihare, federated storgudika samagra maasi 'saas chenn adhigrahan karithile, jaahaa dui barsha dhari debalia hoijaithila. 1996 masihare, blumindale jayu. aii. ku samprasarita hoithila.ess. paschima upakula, broadware charoti purbatana shrunkhalaku rupantarita kare-jaahaa ehaa massies sahita mishran madhyamare hassel karithila-dakhina kalipharniaare gotie dinare blumindalera store . 2000-2007. blumindelra nirantara abhibruddhi ebong nakal stanagudikara banda heba masinka mishranaru utpanna hoithila . 2004 ray, company puni thare downtown myanhatanaku pherithila, eka 82,000 berg phuta store kholithila-jeunthire flagship storer afargudikara eka "sampadita" chayan-sohore . 2007 ray, blumindale saana diego (fashion upatyaka) ebong kosta messa (dakhina upakula plaza) ray bistara karithila, puni thare 2006 ray banda hoithiba purbatana robbinson-meey store badalai, pratyeka khetrare kaaran pratyeka sthanare masira purbaru store thila . 2006 masihare, blumindale ehara manhattan flagship byatita ehara sarbabruhata store kholithilah shaan francisco rahr union skwarare 330,000 berg phuta colosus . june 1,2007 ray, federated store ehara corporate naamaku masisaku paribartana karithila, ehara adhika shaktishali naama swekrutiku drustire rakhi, kintu ehara blumindalera store naama akshurna rakhithila . 2007-2009. februari 14,2008 ray, moola company massis, ink. 2009 masiha suddha 180,000 bergfoot store sahita phoenix bajaarare prabesha karibara yojana ghoshana karithile. arizona trayodasha rajya hoithante jahara eka blumindale store abasthana thiba, ehi store paschima jayu. ess. ray dasham .ess. ebong samagra shrunkhalare 41tama।. 2008 ebong 2009 masihare mahamanda karanaru ehi store kebe bii karjyakaree hoiparinathila. meey 2008 ray, blumindale ehara blumindale baai mail katalog ru parjyaja-out arambha karithila jaahaa blumindale ray ehara druta gatire brudhi pauthiba unline upasthiti upare adhika gurutwa deithae .comm. september 10,2008 ray, massis tinoti nutan blumindale store kholibaku yojana ghoshana karithila, duiti ehara soho store parey model . washington, dii. rahr georgetown parkre thiba dokanagudikare eka tini-stariah aankar store hebara uddeshya thila .sii.kintu malra moola company debalia ghoshana kariba parey ehi yojanati bhushudi padithila. anya duiti store sampurna hoithila, jeunthire californier shaan josra westfield upatyaka melare eka nutan shakha ebong santa monica sthanare eka store, santa monica, ca antarbhukta . 2010 prarambhare parabarteeti arambha hoithila. shaan joses storer arambha 2020 parjyanta bilamba hoithila, mukhyatah mahaa mandabastha karanaru, ebong company 2021 ray ehara santa monica abasthaku sthajee bhabare banda karideithila kaaran nimna pradarshan. 2010-2019. februari 2010 ray, messis dubaire blumindalera pratham antarjatija sthana arambha karithila . pratidwandee sax pancham ebhiniu bhali, bloomindales paain biswastareeja upasthiti sthaniah swartha dwara licences adheenare parichalita hoithaeh ehi khetrare, all tear group ell. ell. sii, eka agrani jayu. aii. ee.-aadharita company. blumindale rahr ceo ghoshana karithile je dubai store sambhabatah jayu. aii. bahare ekamatra store heba.ess. (companyra netamananka manare parey paribartana asithila, ebong 2017 ray kuetare eka shakha kholithila.) parey 2010 ray, company washington bahare abasthita potomac milsre ehara pratham outlet store arambha karithila.sii. navember 3,2011 ray, massis ghoshana kallah je malra purbatana marbhin storaku badalai malra punahnirmana yojanara ansha bhabare 2013 rahr shesh bhagare glendell galleriare eka nutan blumindale store kholibaku yojana karichhi. januari 4,2012 ray, massis ghoshana kallah je ehaa ehara mull off america abasthana sameth charoti blumindale store banda kariba . eleanoire oak brookra okbrook sentarare eka home store ebong georgier danwudira perimeter malre eka sampurna line store ebong marylander uttara bethesda sthita (purbatana) white flint mull madhya banda hoijaithila. navember 12,2015 ray, blumindale ehara pratham hawaijana store hawaira honolulure aalaa moana sentarare kholithila . tini mahla bisista ehi store eka purbatana sears storaku badalai deithila ebong ethire smart phiting room, charging launz ebong ehara 40 gajara resturantare bhojan seba bhali swatantra seba antarbhukta thila. 2019 rahr shesh bhagare, massis ghoshana karithila je 2020 arthika barshar shesh suddha blumindalera department ebong outlet store sameth ehara kaunasi store pasham bikri karajiba naahin. nyujarka flagship storaku eka "khuchura gantabya" bhabare unnat pratistha karibara eka padakhyepa bhabare, jaahaa mukhyatah department store samagri unlinere kraiah karuthiba kretamananku akarshita kariba paain design karajaichi, blumindale dashandhi saaraa nutan bibhaga ebong offer prabartana karichhi, jeunthire magnolia bekrira eka shakha ebong saaraa jessica parkarnka esjesi sangraha jota line paain eka boutic antarbhukta . nyujarkara ehaa pratham department store thila jaahaa parabarteeti pradan karithila . 2018 ebong 2019 ray, blumindale store bhitare praiah 200,000 bargaphutaku punahnirmita karithila, ehara denim, prasadhan samagri, jota ebong mahilanka samasamajika poshaka bibhagaku sampurna bhabare nabikarana karithila . semane connectra narawaakare sono sangraha sthana kholiba sahita dasandhira samapti karithile. 2020. march 2020 ray, massis, ink. druta gatire byapithiba kovida-19 mahamari karanaru ehaa samasta blumindale ebong masinka sthanaku asthajee bhabare banda kariba bolly ghoshana karithila. mahamarira druta bistara hetu march sheshare punarbara kholiba paain ehara moola yojana shighra bashpibhuta hoithila, jepari april 2020 shesh suddha epari karibara ehara uddeshya thilah adhikansha ita ebong mortara khuchura byabasajeenka khetrare, massis ehara kichhi store eka barsha kimba adhika samai paain banda curry deithila, puni kholiba deane sahita jaahaa semanankara abasthana upare nirbhara curry bhinna thila . keteka 2021 shesh parjyanta punarbara kholinathile. september 9,2022 ray, blumindale ehara 150 tama barshiki palana karithila, jeunthire ehara manhatton flagship sthanare barsha shesh parjyanta bibhinna swatantra event ebong ananya banijyika offer pradarshita hoithila .

bloomingdales bloomingdale daa ink. ih ikk amriki lagzari department store chenn haii jiss dee sathapana 1861 witch benjamin atey lyman bloomingdale duaara keeti gaee see. iss noon sann 1930 witch federated department storan duaara haasal keeta giaa see, jiss neey 1994 witch maisi dee department store chenn noon haasal keeta see, jiss samein toon uh bhainn brand rahey hunn. akheer witch, sanghi daa naam badal keey messies, ink rakkhiaa giaa. 2007 witch. 23 march, 2023 takk, chenn witch kull 36 department store atey 23 outlet store hunn jinhan witch bloomingdale dee nameplate kamm qarr rahee haii, naal hii virginia witch ikk balumi dey mozek sankalap store vee haii. iss daa headquarter atey flagship store manhattan dey newyork city boro witch 59 veen street atey lexington aivenioo witch sathit haii. itihaas. 1861-1970 s. pahila bloomingdale dee sathapana newyork shehar witch benjamin bloomingdale atey uss dey puttar lyman bloomingdale duaara 1861 witch iss dey hethle purbi paase dey khetar witch keeti gaee see, mool roop witch bloomingdale dey hoopscurts dey naam heth. 1872 witch, lyman atey uss dey bharaa josaf neey neey atey atey stannes dey vichkaar, 965 teeje aivenioo utte midtaoon manhattan witch bloomingdale daa mahaan purbi paase daa baazaar namak ikk dooja sathaan kholhiaa. baazaar baad witch block dey agge tinn naal laggdiaan imaratan witch chalaa giaa atey ant witch 59 veen street 'teey ikk imaarat witch chalaa giaa. atey teeja aivenioo, jitthe iss daa pramukh store ajj vee baniaa hoiaa haii. kaee vistaran toon baad, baad sadee dey vichkaar store neey shehar dey block dey 80 pratishat hisse utte kabza qarr liaa. & 59 veen sht. 1902 takk uttar atey dakkhan witch, atey purab atey pachham witch teeja aivenioo atey lexington aivenioo. joseph bloomingdale neey 1896 witch company toon sevamukt hoow keey aapne bharaa lyman noon poora niyantaran ditta atey lyman dey puttran hiram atey semual noon 1905 witch uss dee maut toon baad uss dey hisse virasat witch mille. newyork city subway dee shuruat toon baad, store dey muddhale pravesh duaar noon 1918 witch iss dey lexington aivenioo side witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see taan joe 59 veen street atey lexington aivenioo vikhe nedley aaee. aar. tii. lexington aivenioo line stop toon aaunn vaale gaahkan noon aakarshit keeta jaa sake. iss noon ditta giaa haii kii yuu.aiss. pahile vishav yuddh witch shamal see, semual bloomingdale neey amriki redd karaas noon yuddh khatam honn takk utthe ikk puurii manzal dee mufat varton ditti. 1927 takk, iss dey naal baaki saare hisse prapat curran toon baad, bluemungdale dey 100 pratishat block noon niyantrit keeta giaa, jiss naal store daa aakaar 84,000 varag futt takk vadhiaa (baad witch naveen jodee gaee farsh space raahin lagbhag chaar gunna). ziaadaatar jantak taur utte vapaar curran valiaan companyan dee tarahan, bloomingdales noon 1929 witch kaale mangalwar dey stock markeet crash toon baad gambhir vitti samassiaavan daa sahmana karna piaa, atey ih 1930 dey shuru witch navein banaae gaye federated department storan witch milaa ditta giaa, jiss neey iss noon mahan mandee toon bachann witch sahaita keeti. 1947 witch, atey dooje vishav yuddh toon baad amrica dey aarthik uchhal dey naal, bloomingdales neey manhattan toon bahr aapna pahila store nioo yarak shehar dey upnagar nioo roshell witch kholhiaa, jitthe iss neey sabka wares department store daa controll sambhal liaa. ih sitta kaddhan toon baad kii pahilan toon maujood imaratan dee varton karna iss dey azmaish keete atey sacche farsh layout dey naal bihtar fitt hoow sakda see, company neey 1949 witch aapna pahila custom-billet store shuru keeta, joe kii raniaan witch purbi nadee dey paar taaza ghaah dey maidanan dey guaandh witch sathit haii. iss dey carobar dey pahile dinn 25,000 toon vaddh lokan neey iss daa daura keeta. 1960 dey dahake dauran, bloomingdale neey paris toon daramad keete hott cotcher maadlan atey itali toon gharelu furniture noon shamal curran laee aapne vaparak mishran noon tabdil qarr ditta. iss neey 1969 witch halston laee aapna pahila single designer-vishesh vibhag vee shuru keeta, jiss toon baad uss saal baad iss dey purshan dey store witch ikk samarpit pollo ralf lauran buteek duaara turant iss dee shuruat keeti gaee. 1970 dey dahake dey arambh takk, bloomingdales neey avent-gaard european design noon apnauna shuru qarr ditta see, atey sanyukat rashter duaara 1971 witch cheen dee maanta toon baad, ih communist-yugg dey cheen toon utpaad vechan vaala pahila amriki retailer bann giaa see. iss daa pratishathit goal logo 1972 witch shuru hoiaa, ikk saal baad iss daa "vadda bhura baig" atey "chhota bhura baig", joe ajj vee varton witch haii. uss samein newyork shehar dee ashanti dey bavjood, kujh hadd takk upnagaran witch nirantar vistaar dey zariye, 1970 dey dahake dauran bloomingdale daa vikas jaari riha. iss dee sabh toon vaddi shakha chitte maidanan, newyork witch 1975 witch 260,000 varag futt dee farsh jagha dey naal khullhi, atey iss toon thodhi dair baad, bloomingdale dee aapni asal, parr bahut chhoti, naveen roshell shakha bnd hoow gaee. sann 1976 witch, bloomingdales neey aapna pahila store newyork city khetar toon bahr, washington dey ikk upnagar, tysons carner witch shuru keeta.see. uttri virginia witch. uss samein dee pahili mahila, batty ford, iss dey udghatan witch mehmann vajon shamal hoee. 1980-1990 dey dahake witch. 1980 dey dahake dey shuru witch prachun baazaar witch tezi aaee. sann 1981 witch, bloomingdales neey upnagari fildelfia witch king aaf prussia maal witch ikk shakha kholhi, joe uss samein dunia daa sabh toon vadda maal see. purbi tatt, florida, shikago atey dallas, taxas witch horr navein store vee khulleh. sann 1988 witch, canadian real astet developer robbert campo neey company dey virodhi kabza curran dee koshish shuru keeti, iss noon 6,6 billion dallar witch safaltapurvak prapat keetaau ih uss samein daa sabh toon vadda gair-tail corporate ralevan see. bloomingdale noon 1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch nirantar aarthik chunotiaan daa sahmana karna piaa, jiss dey natije vajon iss dey dalle, taaza ghaah dey maidaan atey stamford, connect sathanan noon bnd qarr ditta giaa. sann 1994 witch, federated storan neey puurii maisi dee chenn noon haasal qarr liaa, joe doou saalan toon diwaliapan witch see. 1996 witch, bloomingdale daa yuu witch vistaar hoiaa.aiss. pachmi tatt, broadway deeaan chaar sabka chains noon-joe iss neey messies naal aapne raleven raahin prapat keeta-dakkhni california witch ikk hii dinn witch bloomingdale dey storan witch badal ditta. 2000-2007. maisi dey raleven toon paida hoye duplicative sathanan daa bloomingdale daa nirantar vikas atey shtar. 2004 witch, company ikk vaar firr manhattan shehar witch waps aaee, ikk 82,000 varag futt daa store kholhiaa-jiss witch pramukh store deeaan peshakshan dee ikk "sampadit" chonh-soho witch see. 2007 witch, bloomingdale daa sainn diago (fashion valley) atey coast messa (dakkhni tatt plaza) witch vistaar hoiaa, ikk vaar firr sabka robinson-meye storan noon badal keey joe 2006 witch bnd hoow gaye sunn, harr mamle witch kiunki maisi dey pahilan hii harek sathaan utte maujuda store sunn. saal 2006 witch, bloomingdales neey aapne manhattan flagship toon ilava aapna sabh toon vadda store kholhiaan sainn francisco dey union varag witch ikk 330,000 varag futt colosus. 1 juun, 2007 noon, federated storan neey iss dey vadhere mazboot naam dee maanta noon dekhde hoye aapna corporate naam badal keey messies qarr ditta, parr iss dey bloomingdale dey store dey naam barkarar rakkhe. 2007-2009. 14 farvari, 2008 noon, mool company messies, ink. 2009 takk 180,000 varag futt dey store naal phoenix markeet witch dakhal honn dee yojna daa ailaan keeta giaa. arizona arizona raaj hunda jiss witch ikk bloomingdale daa store sathaan hunda, jiss witch ih store pachmi yuu witch daswan hunda.aiss. atey samucchi luddy witch witch. ih store 2008 atey 2009 witch aaee mandee dey natije vajon kadey vee amali roop naheen lae sakiaa. maee 2008 witch, bloomingdales neey aapne bloomingdales baaee mail catalog toon padaa-bahr dee shuruat keeti taan joe bloomingdales witch aapni tezi naal vaddh rahee online maujudgi utte vadhere zor ditta jaa sake.com. 10 satambar, 2008 noon, messies neey tinn navein bloomingdale dey store kholhan dee yojna daa ailaan keeta, doou iss dey soho store dey baad tiaar keete gaye sunn. ikk daa udesh washington, dee witch jortaoon park deeaan dukanan witch tinn-padhri ainkar store honaa see.see.parr maal dee mool company vallon diwaliapan daa ailaan curran toon baad yojna dheh gaee. horr doou store poore hoow gaye sunn, jinhan witch sainn jose, california witch westfield valley melle witch ikk naveen shakha atey centa monica, see. aii. witch centa monica sathaan witch ikk store shamal haii. baad vaale neey 2010 dey arambh witch shuruat keeti. sainn jose store dee shuruat witch 2020 takk deree hoee see, mukkh taur 'teey mandee dey caarn, atey company neey 2021 witch aapne centa monica sathaan noon pakke taur' teey bnd qarr ditta. 2010-2019. farvari 2010 witch, messies neey dubai witch bloomingdale dee pahili antarashtari sathiti dee shuruat keeti. jiven kii virodhi saakas panjven aivenioo daa mamla haii, bloomingdale dee vishwaviaapi maujudgi sathanak hitt duaara licences dey tehat sanchalit keeti jaandi haiyav iss mamle witch, all tayer group ail. ail. see., ikk pramukh yuu. aii. ee. adharat samooh haii. bloomingdale dey see. ee. ou. neey ailaan keeta kii dubai store sambhavat taur 'teey yuu. aii. toon bahr iklauta store hovega.aiss. (company dey netavan daa baad witch dill badal giaa, atey 2017 witch kuwait witch ikk shakha kholhi gaee) baad witch 2010 witch, company neey aapna pahila outlet store potomac millan vikhe shuru keeta, joe washington, dee.see. 3 navambar, 2011 noon, messies neey ailaan keeta kii usne maal dee punar nirman yojna dey hisse vajon 2013 dey akheer witch glandell galleria witch ikk navaan bloomingdale daa store kholhan dee yojna banayi haii, maal dey sabka mervin dey store noon badal ditta haii. 4 janwari, 2012 noon, messies neey ailaan keeta kii uh aapne maal aaf amrica dey sathaan samet chaar bloomingdale dey store bnd qarr devega. oak brook center, eleanois witch ikk home store atey dunwoody, georgia witch perimeter maal witch puurii line vaale store atey uttri bethesda, maryland witch (sabka) white flint maal vee bnd hoow gaye. 12 navambar, 2015 noon, bloomingdales neey honolulu, havaai witch alaa moana center vikhe aapna pahila havaian store kholhiaa. tinn manzila, store neey ikk sabka sears store dee thaan lae laee atey iss dey 40 gaajar restaurant witch vishesh sevavan jiven kii smart fitting room, charging laaoonj atey khaana sevavan shamal hunn. 2019 dey akheer witch, messies neey ailaan keeta kii 2020 dey vitti saal dey ant takk, iss dey kise vee store witch farr naheen veche jaange, jiss witch bloomingdale dey vibhag atey outlet store shamal hunn. aapne newyork flagship store noon ikk "prachun manzil" vajon bihtar dhang naal sathapat curran dee pahil dey hisse vajon, joe kii khariddaran noon aakarshit curran laee tiaar keeta giaa haii joe mukkh taur 'teey department store daa samaan online kharidade hunn, bloomingdale neey poore dahake dauran navein vibhag atey peshakshan dee shuruat keeti, jiss witch magnolia bekari dee ikk shakha atey sarah jessica parker dee aiss. jey. see. collection jutti line laee ikk buteek shamal haii. ih newyork witch pahila department store see jiss neey baad vaale dee peshkash keeti. saal 2018 atey 2019 witch, bloomingdale neey aapne danim, cosmetics, juttiaan atey aurtan dey samkali kappde vibhagan noon puurii tarahan sudharde hoye store dey ander lagbhag 200,000 varag futt daa navinikaran keeta. uhanan neey dahake daa ant narwak, connect witch sono sangrah sathaan dey udghatan naal keeta. 2020. march 2020 witch, messies, ink. ailaan keeta kii ih tezi naal fail rahee covid-19 mahamari dey natije vajon saare bloomingdale atey maisi dey sathanan noon asthai taur 'teey bnd qarr devega. march dey ant witch dubara kholhan dee iss dee asal yojna mahamari dey tezi naal failan caarn tezi naal waf hoow gaee, jiven kii aprail 2020 dey ant takk ajiha curran daa irada seeuuu jiven kii ziaadaatar ittaan atey mortar prachun vikretavan dey mamle witch see, messies neey aapne kujh storan noon ikk saal jaan iss toon vaddh samein laee bnd qarr ditta, jiss dey dinn unhan dey sathanan dey adhaar teey vakkh-vakkh sunn. kujh 2021 dey akheer takk dubara naheen khulleh sunn. 9 satambar, 2022 noon, bloomingdale neey aapni aapni varehgandh manai, jiss witch saal dey ant witch aapne manhattan flagship sathaan utte kaee tarahan dey vishesh program atey vilakkhan vaparak peshakshan pesh keetiaan gaeeaan.

bluemindale ityasya blumingdale ityasya ink. benjamin tathaa laiman blumingdale ityetabhyam 1861 tame varshe sthaapitah amerikaadeshasy vilasa-vibhaga-bhandarashrunkhala asti. 1930 tame varshe sangheekruta-department-stores ityanena etat adhigrahitam, yat 1994 tame varshe messies department-store-chenn iteedam adhigrahitam, tatah param te bhaginee-brands iti santi. antatah, federated-samsthaa eva messies, ink iti punah namakaranam krutam. 2007 tame varshe. 2023 maarch 23 dinaankaparyantam, asya shrunkhalaayaam kulaihi 36 department-stores, 23 autlet-stores cha santi, yatra bloomingdale ityasya nameplate prachalati, tathaiva virginia-deshe blumi ityasya mojack-concept-store asti. asya mukhyaalayah pramukha-bhandaarah cha nyuyaark-nagarasya manhatton-nagarasya 59 tama-veethi-lexington-avanyoo-madhye sthitaah santi. itihaasah. 1861-1970 s. prathamam bloomingdale-nagaram nyuyaark-nagare benjamin bloomingdale ityanena tasya putrena laiman bloomingdale ityanena 1861 tame varshe tasya poorvadishi kshetre sthaapitam, moolatah bloomingdale-hoopscurts iti namna. 1872 tame varshe laiman, tasya bhrata joseph cha 56 taha 57 tamayoho ess. tii. ess. madhye 965 truteeya-margasya madhyabhaage manhattan-nagarasya midtown-madhye bloomingdale-gret-east-said-bazaar iti dwiteeyam sthaanam udghaatitavantah. pashchat bajaarah khandasya upari sameepasthatrayam bhavanam agruhnaat, ante 59 tame sthaane bhavanam agruhnaat. truteeya-maargah, yatra adya tasya pramukha-bhandaarah asti. anekeshaam vistaaraanaam anantaram, 58 tamasya madhye nagarasya 80 pratishatam bhaagam asya bhandaarah aakramayat. 59 tamam cha. 1902 tame varshe uttar-dakshina-kshetreshu, poorva-pashchim-bhaageshu cha truteeye evanyoo-lexington-evyoo-madhye cha. joseph bloomingdale ityeshah 1896 tame varshe kampaneetah nivruttah, tasya bhraatuh laiman ityasya poornaniyantranam dattavaan, tathaa cha 1905 tame varshe tasya mrutyoho anantaram laiman ityasya putraah hiraam tathaa saamuyel cha tasya bhagan uttaradhikararupena praaptavantah. nyuyaark-nagarasya sabwe ityasya aarambhasy anantaram, 1918 tame varshe, 59 tame veethihi lexington-evanyoo-margasthanike cha samipasthat airt lexington-evanyoo-maargasthaanikebhyah aagantum grahakaha aakarshayitum, asya bhandarasya praathamikapraveshah lexington-evanyoo-pakshm sthanantaritaha. tatt yu iti.ess. prathamavishvayuddhe samlagtah syaamuyel bloomingdale ityeshah amerikaadeshasy redd cross-ityasya sampoorn-talasya yuddha-samaaptiparyantam nihshulka-upayogam dattavaan. 1927 tame varshe, tasya paarshve sheshaan sarvaani bhagan praptva, blumingdale ityasya 100 pratishatam khandam niyantreetam, yena bhandarasya aakaarah 84,000 wargafeet yaavat vistaaritah (pashchat nava-samyojita-sthalasthaanasy madhyamena praayah chaturthah abhavat). adhikaamshaah saarvajanikaroopena vyaapaarinah kampenee-ityete iva, 1929 tame varshe krushna-mangala-stack-markett-kshatehe anantaram bloomingdale-samsthaa gambhiran vitteeyaan samasyaan sammukheekarot, 1930 tame varshe navanirmitaih federated department-stores-ityanena saha vileenam cha abhavat, yena mahaa-mandatayaha avasare tishtitum sahayyam jaatam. 1947 tame varshe, dwiteeyawishwayuddhaanar amerikaadeshasy arthikavruddhya saha, bloomingdales-samsthaa, nyuyaark-nagarasya upanagarasy nyoo rochell-nagare, manhatton-nagaraat bahihi swasya prathamam bhandaram udghaatayat, yatra saa poorvasya vers-department-store ityasya niyantranam sveekrutavatee. poorva-vidyamananam bhavananam upayogena tasya parikshita-satya-bhoo-vinyaasaih saha uttamm yojanam bhavitum arhati iti nishkarsham praapya, kampanee 1949 tame varshe swasya prathamam swaniyojitam bhandaram aarabhat, yat poorva-nadyaah param nootan-trunabhoomi-parisarasya raajni-madhye sthitam aasit. asya vyavasaayasya prathamadine 25,000 taha adhikaah janaah aagacchan. 1960 tame dashake, bloomingdale-samsthaa swasya vaanijya-mishranm parivartya pyaris-nagaraat ayatitan hout-kauchar-shailyaani, itali-deshaat gruha-gruhopakaranaani cha samaaveshayat. 1969 tame varshe halston-nagarasya krute prathamam eka-vinyaasakah-vishishtam vibhaagam api aarabdham, yasya anantaram tasmin varshe eva purushanam bhandaare polo-ralf-lauren-boutic iti samarpitam vibhaagah sheeghramev sthaapitah. 1970 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, bloomingdales-samsthaa avant-gaard-europiya-vinyaasam sweekurtum aarabhat, 1971 tame varshe samyuktaraashtrasanghasya cheena-deshasya manyatam praapya, communist-yugasya cheena-deshasya utpadan vikriyamana prathamaa amerikiya-vikretaa abhavat. asya prateek-vruttaakaar-logo 1972 tame varshe arabdha, tadanantaram ekavarsham yaavat tasya "bigg braun-byaag", "litil braun-byaag" cha aasan, ye sarve adyatve api prayujyante. tasmin samaye nyuyaark-nagarasya ashaantihi satsu api, aamshikaroopena upnagareshu nirantaram vistaarasya madhyamena, 1970 tame dashake poonah bloomingdale-ityasya vikaasah nirantaram abhavat. asya bruhattamaa shakha 1975 tame varshe nyuyaark-nagarasya shveta-samatalapradeshe udghatita, yatra 260,000 wargafeet yaavat sthalam aasit, tatah kinchitkalanantaram bloomingdale-ityasya mool-shakha, parantu bahu laghu-rochell-shakha, shutter abhavat. 1976 tame varshe bloomingdale-samsthaa nyuyaark-nagarakshetrat bahihi, washington-nagarasya upanagarasy taisan-carner-nagare, prathamam bhandaram aarabhat.sii. uttar-virginia-deshe. tasmin samaye prathamamahila betty ford iti asya udghaatanasy sammaan-atithiroopen upasthitavatee. 1980-1990 dashakam. 1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe chillaravipanyaam utkarshah abhavat. 1981 tame varshe, bloomingdales-samsthaa, philadelphia-nagarasya upanagarasy prussia-maal-nagarasya raajne shakha udghaatayat, yat tadaa vishvasya bruhattamam maal-kshetram aasit. poorvatate, florida, chikaago, dallas, texas ityeteshu cha anyaani nootanaani bhandaarah api udghaatitaah. 1988 tame varshe, kenadaadeshasy real-state-vikaasakah rabert-kempo ityayam kampenee-samsthaayaah pratikool-adhigrahana-prayatnam aarabdhavaan, $6.6 billion-mulyena safalatayaa praptavan, tatt samaye bruhattamam taila-rahita-nigamita-vileenam aasit. 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe bloomingdale-nagaram nirantar-aarthik-samasyaan sammukhikrutavan, yasya parinaamen tasya dallaa-kshetraani, taja-trunabhoomihi, stamford-kshetraani, connecticut-sthanani cha bandhitaah abhavan. 1994 tame varshe, sangheekruta-bhandaraha sampoornam messy-shrunkhalaam praaptavantah, yat varshadvayebhyah diwala-sthitam aasit. 1996 tame varshe bloomingdale-ityasya vistaarah yu. e. paryantam abhavat.ess. pashchimatate, dakshina-california-deshe, broadway-ityasya chaturnam poorvashrunkhalaam-yaan te messies-ityanena saha vileenam krutvaa praaptavantah-ekadine eva bloomingdale-ityasya bhandaareshu parivartayan. 2000-2007. messy ityasya vilinena udbhootasy bloomingdale ityasya nirantaravruddhihi, dvigunitasthananam shutter-sthaanam cha. 2004 tame varshe, kampanee punah ekadaa manhatton-nagarasya madhyabhaage pratyaagatavatee, soho-nagare 82,000 varga-paada-vistrutam bhandaram udghaatayat-yatra pramukha-bhandaram ityasya arpananam "sampaadita" chayanam drushyate. 2007 tame varshe, blumingdale-ityasya vistaarah syaan diyego (fyaashan-upatyakaa), costa-mesaa (dakshinatateeyah plaza) ityeteshu abhavat, punah ekadaa 2006 tame varshe bandhitebhyah poorva-robinsons-mey-stores ityetaan pratisthapayitva, pratyekam kshetre cha messies-ityasya pratyekasmin sthaane poorvamev vidyamaanaani stores aasan. 2006 tame varshe, blumingdale-samsthaa swasya manhatton-pramukha-udyamena vihaay bruhattamam bhandaram udghaatayat, yat syaan-francisco-sangha-chaukayam 330,000 varga-paada-vishaal-bhandaaram asti. 2007 joon 1 dinaanke, sangheekruta-bhandaraha swasamsthaayaah naam messies iti parivartayan, tasya adhika-drudha-naam-manyatam praapya, parantu tasya blumingdale ityasya bhandarasya naamaani akshunnani asthaapayan. 2007-2009. 2008 februvari 14 dinaanke, mool-kampanee messies, ink. 2009 tamavarshaparyantam 180,000 vargafootayuktena bhandaaren phoeniks-vipanyaam praveshtum yojanam ghoshitam. arizona iti trayamsham raajyam syaat yatra bloomingdale-ityasya bhandaram vartate, yat pashchim-yoo. e. madhye dashamam sthaane asti.ess. tathaa cha sampoorne shrunkhale 41. 2008 tame varshe 2009 tame varshe cha mahatee mandatayaha parinaamen etat bhandaram kadaapi naa karyarupam praapnot. 2008 mey-maase, bloomingdales-samsthaa, bloomingdales ityatra drutagatyaa vardhamaanaam anlain-upasthitim adhikatayaa udghaatayitum, swasya bloomingdales-dwara mell-soochee-dwara charana-nishkasanam prarabhata.ko. 2008 september 10 dinaanke, messies ityanena, tasya soho-store ityasya aadhaaren nirmitau dwau nootanau bloomingdale-store-ityetau udghaatayitum yojanam ghoshitam. ekaha washington-nagarasya georgetown-paark-nagarasya bhandaareshu tri-stareeyam enkar-store iti uddeshitam aasit.sii.parantu maal-ityasya mool-kampenee diwala iti ghoshayitvaa yojanaa vighatitaa. anyau dwau bhandaarah api poornau abhavan, teshu california-rajyasya saan-jose-nagarasya vest-feeled-vyaalee-melaayaam nootanah shakha, tathaa santa-monica-nagarasya santa-monica-sthaane ekaha bhandaarah cha antarbhavati. uttaratah 2010 tamavarshasya aarambhe aarabhyat. saan-jose-store ityasya aarabhy 2020 tamavarshaparyantam vilambah abhavat, mukhyataya mahamandena, tathaa cha kampanee 2021 tame varshe nyoon-pradarshanasy karanat swasya santa-monica-sthaanam sthayirupena bandhayat. 2010-2019. 2010 februvari-maase, messies-samsthayaa bloomingdale-samsthaayaah prathamam antaaraashtriyasthanam dubai-nagare praarabdham. pratidwandwee saaks-panchama-margasya vishaye yathaa bhavati, tathaiva bloomingdale-ityasya vaishvika-upasthitihi sthaniya-hitena anujnaapatrasya antargatam sanchaalyateh asmin kshetre, all-tayer-samoohah ell. ell. sii., ekaha pramukhah yoo. e. ee-aadharitah samoohah asti. bloomingdale ityasya see. ee. o. ityanena ghoshitam yat sambhawatah yoo. e.-deshaat bahihi ekamaatram bhandaram dubai-store iti bhavishyati iti.ess. (pashchat kampenee-netaarah hrudayaparivartanam akurvan, 2017 tame varshe kuwait-nagare shakha udghaatitavantah.) anantaram 2010 tame varshe, kampanee washington-nagaraat bahihi sthitasya potomac-mills-madhye swasya prathamam autlet-store-samsthaam prarabhata.sii. 2011 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 3 dinaanke, messies-samsthaa, maal-ityasya poorva-marvain-store ityasya sthaane, maal-ityasya punarnirmaan-yojanayaha bhagarupena 2013 tamasya varshasya ante glendell-galleria-nagare nootanam bloomingdale-store udghaatayitum yojanam krutavatee iti ghoshayat. 4 janavaree 2012 dinaanke, messies ityanena, tasya maal aaf america-sthaanam api saha, bloomingdale-ityasya chatwaarah bhandaarah bandhitaah iti ghoshitam. ileanois-rajyasya ok-brook-nagarasya ok-brook-kendre gruha-bhandaram, georgia-deshasya dunn-woody-nagarasya perimeter-maal-madhye poorna-lans-bhandaarah, maryland-rajyasya uttar-bethesda-nagarasya (poorvam) vait-flint-maal-api bandhitaah. 2015 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 12 dinaanke, bloomingdales-samsthaa havaayi-nagarasya honolulu-nagarasya alaa moanaa-kendre swasya prathamam havaayi-bhandaram udghaatayat. tri-stareeyam, bhandaram poorvasya seers-bhandaram pratisthaapayat, tathaa cha tasya 40 gaajar-bhojanaalaye smart-fitting-kakshaani, chaarjing-laaunj, bhojan-sewaah ityaadayah visheshasevaah cha antarbhavanti. 2019 tamasya varshasya ante, messies ityanena ghoshitam yat 2020 vitteeyavarshasya ante, bloomingdale ityasya department-aut-lett-stores ityetaih saha, tasya kasyaapi stores madhye farr-ityasya vikrayanam naa bhavishyati iti. nyooyaark-nagarasya pramukha-bhandaram "chillar-gantavyasthaanam" iti uttamarupena sthaapayitum, yat mukhyataya vibhaga-bhandaar-vastuhu antarjaale kretrubhyah kretrubhyah aakarshayitum parikalpitam asti, tasya upakramasya bhagarupena, blumingdale-samsthaa, sampornadashake nutanan vibhagan, prastuteekaranaani cha praavartayat, yasmin magnolia-bekaree ityasya shakha, saara jessica-parker-ityasya ess. jey. see. sangraha-shoo-lans ityasya krute boutic cha antarbhavati. nyuyaark-nagarasya prathamam department-store aasit yat uttaram adadat. 2018 tame varshe 2019 tame varshe cha, blumingdale ityasya praayah 200,000 wargafeet yaavat bhandaram punah nirmitam, tasya denim, saundaryaprasadhanani, padatranani, mahilanam samakaaleenawastrawibhaagaah cha purnataya naveekrutam. te dashakam samapya, connecticut-nagarasya naar-vaak-nagare sono-sangrahasthaanasy udghaatanena. 2020 tame varshe. 2020 maarch-maase, messies, ink. drutagatyaa prasaarite covid-19 mahamaryaha karanat bloomingdale-messy-ityetayoho sthanani cha asthaayeeroopen bandhaani karishyati iti ghoshitam. maarch-masasya ante punah udghaatayitum tasya mulayojana, mahamarihi drutagatyaa prasrutah iti karanat sheeghramev vashpita abhavat, tathaiva 2020 april-masasya ante yaavat tasya uddeshyah aasith yathaa adhikamshanam itt-gaareshu vikretrunaam vishaye aasit, messies-samsthaa swasya kaanichan bhandaarah ekavarsham vaa adhikakalam vaa bandhayat, punah udghaatitadinaani teshaam sthanani ashritya bhinnani aasan. kechan 2021 tamasya varshasya ante yaavat punah naa udghaatitaah. 2022 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 9 dinaanke, blumingdale-samsthaa swasya 150 tamam vaarshikotsavam aacharat, yasmin varshasya ante swasya manhatton-pramukhasthaane vividhaah vishesha-kaaryakramaah, vishishta-vaanijya-prastuteeyaah cha santi.

bloomingtales bloomingtalin ink. idhu 1861 aam aandil benjamin mattrum lyman bloomingtale aakiyoaraal niruvapatta oru america aadambara thurai kadai sangkili aagum. idhu 1930 aam aandil koottaatchi department storkalaal vaangkappattathu, idhu 1994 aam aandil maesiyin department store sangkiliyai vaangkiyathu, adhan pinnar avai chakoothari piraandugalaaga ullana. iruthiyil, koottaatchi niruvanam massis, ink endru marupeyaridappattathu. 2007ill. maarch 23,2023 nilavarappadi, inththa sangkiliyil moththam 36 department stores mattrum 23 owdlet stores ullana, idhil pookkum dale peyaradai seyalpaattil ullathu, maelum varjeeniyaavil oru pookkum mosaik concept store ullathu. adhan thalaimaiyagam mattrum muthanmaik kadai newyorg nagarap perunagaramaana manhatanil ulla 59 vadhu theru mattrum lexington avenuevil amainthullathu. varalaaru. 1861-1970 kall. muthal pookkum dales newyorg nagaril benjamin pookkum dale mattrum avarathu magan lyman pookkum dale aakiyoaraal 1861 aam aandil adhan keezh kilakku paguthiyil niruvappattathu, muthalil pookkum dales hoopscurds endra peyaril. 1872 aam aandil, lymanum avarathu cakootharar josappum 56 vadhu mattrum 57 vadhu standert setskalukku idaiyil, 965 moontraavathu avenuevil mitt down manhatonil bloomingtalin grade eest side bajar endra irandaavathu idaththaith thiranthanar. kadaiththeru pinnar blackin mael maelum moontru arugilulla kattidangalukku maattrappattathu, iruthiyaaka 59 vadhu theruvil oru kattidaththirku maattrappattathu. adhan muthanmaik kadai intru irukkum moontraavathu avenue. pala virivaakkangkalaith thodarnthu, 58 aam thaethikku idaiyil inththa kadai nagarath thoguthiyin 80 sathaveethaththai aakiramiththathu. & 59vadhu St. vadakku mattrum therkae, mattrum kilakku mattrum maerkae moontraavathu avenue & lexington avenue, 1902 kkul. josaph bloomingtale 1896 aam aandil niruvanaththil irunthu oaivu pettraar, avarathu cakootharar laimanukku muzhu kattupaattai valangkinaar, maelum limen magangal hiraam & saamuvel 1905 aam aandil avar iranththa piragu avarathu pankukalai vaarisaagap pettranar. newyorg nagara surangappaathai thodangappatta piragu, kadaiyin muthanmai nuzhaivaayil 1918 aam aandil adhan lexington avenue pakkaththirku maattrappattathu, 59 vadhu theru mattrum lexington avenuevil ulla arugilulla airt lexington avenue line stable irunthu varum vaadikkaiyaalargalai eerkka. adhu kodukkappattathu U.ess. muthalaam ulagap poaril eedupatta saamuvel bloomingtale, america sivappu siluvaiyai poar mudiyum varai angku oru muzhu thalaththaiyum ilavasamaagap payanpaduththa anumathitthaar. 1927 vaakkil, adhan meethamulla anaitthu paguthigalaiyum vaangkiya piragu, pookkum maedaiyin 100 sathaveetha thoguthiyaik kattuppaduththiyathu, kadaiyin alavai 84,000 sathura adikku virivupaduththiyathu (pinnar puthithaaga serkkappatta tharai idam moolam kittatthatta naanku madangku athikariththathu). perumpaalaana podhuvil varththagam seiyappadum niruvanangalaip poalavae, 1929 aam aandil karuppu sevvaai pankuch santhai sarivaith thodarnthu boomingtales kadumaiyaana nidhi sikkalkalai ethirkondathu, maelum idhu 1930 aam aandin thodakkaththil puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta koottaatchi department storkaludan inainthathu, idhu perum manthanilaiyaith thakkavaikka uthaviyathu. 1947 aam aandil, irandaam ulagap poarukkup piragu americavin porulaathaara aetrtraththudan inainthu, bloomingtales thanathu muthal kadaiyai manhattanukku veliyae newyorg nagara puranagarp paguthiyaana neu rossell nagaril thiranthathu, angku adhu munnaal vaer department storin kattupaattai aetrtrathu. munbae irunththa kattidangalaip payanpaduththuvathu adhan muyarchiththa mattrum unmaiyana tharai thalavamaippukaludan oru sirantha poruththamaaga irunththirukkum endru mudivu seitha piragu, niruvanam 1949 aam aandil thanathu muthal thanippayan kattapatta kadaiyai arimugappaduththiyathu, idhu kilakku aattrin kurukkae puthiya pulveligalil amainthullathu. adhan vanigaththin muthal naalil 25,000 kkum maerpatta makkal paarvaiyittanar. 1960 kazhil, bloomingtales thanathu vaniga kalavaiyai paarisil irunthu irakkumathi seiyappatta azhagaana aadai paanigal mattrum itaaliyil irunthu veettu alangaarangkalai inaikka maattriyathu. idhu 1969 aam aandil haalstanukkaaga adhan muthal ottrai vadivamaippaalar-kuripitta thuraiyaiyum arimugappaduththiyathu, adhaith thodarnthu antha aandin pirpaguthiyil adhan aangal kadaiyil oru pirathyaeka pooloo ralf lauren puuttik thodangappattathu. 1970 kalin murpaguthiyil, bloomingtales avent-cord iroappiya vadivamaippaith thaluvath thodangiyathu, maelum 1971 aam aandil aikkiya naadugal sabai seenaavai angeekariththathaith thodarnthu, idhu communist sagaaptha cheenaavilirunthu thayaarippukalai vittra muthal america sillarai virpanaiyaalaraaka maariyathu. adhan chinnamaana vattamaana logo 1972 ill arimugamaanathu, adhaith thodarnthu oru varudam kaliththu adhan "periya paluppu paiyil" mattrum "siriya paluppu paiyil", ivai anaiththum intrum payanpaattil ullana. antha neraththil newyorg nagaraththin kondhalippu irunththapoathilum, 1970kall muzhuvathum pookkum dales thodarnthu sezhiththathu, oralavu puranagarp pakuthikalil thodarchchiyaana virivaakkangkal moolam. adhan migapperiya kilai 1975 aam aandil newyorkin vellai samaveligalil 260,000 sathura addii tharai idaththudan thirakkappattathu, atharkup piragu, pookkum dales adhan asal, aanaal migavum siriya, puthiya rossell kilayai moodiyathu. 1976 aam aandil, bloomingtales thanathu muthal kadaiyai newyorg nagarap pakuthikku veliyae washington puranagarp paguthiyaana diesons moolaiyil thodangiyathu.chii. vadakku varjeeniyaavil. antha neraththil muthal penmani, petti fordu, adhan thodakka virunththinaraaga kalandhu kondaar. 1980kall-1990kall. 1980kalin thodakkaththil sillarai santhai valarchchiyadainththathu. 1981 aam aandil, boomingtales puranagar piladelpiyaavil ulla prashyaavin mannar maalil oru kilaiyaith thiranthathu, appoathu idhu ulagin migapperiya maalaagum. kilakku kadarkarai, plorida, sikago mattrum texacin dallassil mattra puthiya kadaigalum thirakkappattana. 1988 aam aandil, kanediya riyal estate developer robbert cambio niruvanaththin viroatha kaiyagappaduththum muyarchiyaith thodangkinaar, adhai $6.6 pilliyanukku vetrtrikaramaaka wankinar idhu antha neraththil migapperiya ennei allaatha peruniruvana inaippaaka irunththathu. 1990kalin murpaguthiyil pookkum dales thodarnthu porulaathaara savaalgalai ethirkondathu, idhan vilaivaaga adhan dallaakkal, puthiya pulveligal mattrum stamford, inaikappatta idangkal moodappattana. 1994 aam aandil, irandu aandugalaaka thivaalnilaiyil irunththa maesiyin sangkili muzhuvathaiyum koottaatchi kadaigal kaiyagappaduththina. 1996 aam aandil, bloomingtales yuu. ess. kku virivadainththathu.ess. maerku kadarkarai, therku californiavil ulla agalappaathaiyin naanku munnaal sangkiligalai-massis udan inaippathan moolam adhu pettra-oray naalil pookkum dale kadaikalaaga maattriyathu. 2000-2007. maesi inaippilirunthu uruvaagum bloomingtalin thodarchchiyaana valarchi mattrum nagal idangkalin moodal. 2004 aam aandil, niruvanam meendum manhattan nagaraththirkuth thirumbiyathu, 82,000 sathura addii kadaiyaith thiranthathu-idhil muthanmai kadaiyin salugaigalin "thirutthappatta" thaervu idampettrathu-sohovil. 2007 aam aandil, pookkum dale chaan tiago (fasion pallatthaakku) mattrum gosta messa (therku kadarkarai blassa) varai virivadainththathu, 2006 aam aandil moodappatta munnaal rabinsons-mae kadaigalai meendum maattruvathan moolam, ovvoru chandharppaththilum massis aerkanavae ovvoru idaththilum aerkanavae kadaikalaik kondirundhadhu. 2006 aam aandil, bloomingtales adhan manhaton flackship thavira adhan migapperiya kadaiyaith thiranthathu chaan bransiskovin union sathukkaththil 330,000 sathura addii colosus. juun 1,2007 andru, koottaatchi kadaigal adhan corporate peyarai massis endru maattrina, adhan valuvaana peyar angkeekaaraththaik koduththathu, aanaal adhan pookkum kadaiyin peyarkal appadiyae irunththana. 2007-2009. pipravari 14,2008 andru, thaai niruvanamaana massis, ink. 2009aam aandukkul 180,000 sathura addii kadaiyudan phoenix santhaiyil nuzhiyum thittatthai ariviththathu. arizona oru pookkum kadaiyai vaiththirukkum pathinmoondraavathu maanilamaaga irunththirukkum, inththa kadai maerku yuu. ess. ill paththaavathu idamaaga irukkum.ess. mattrum sangkili muzhuvathum 41 vadhu. 2008 mattrum 2009 aam aandugalil aerpatta perum porulaathaarap pinnadaivin vilaivaaga inththa kadai orupoathum nadaimuraikku varavillai. mae 2008 ill, bloomingtales adhan bloomingtalin anjal moolam pattiyalai kattam kattamaaga veliyaettrath thodangiyathu, idhu bloomingtaelgalil adhan vaekamaaka valarnthu varum anline iruppai adhiga valiyuruththukirathu.com. septumber 10,2008 andru, massis moontru puthiya bloomingtalin kadaikalaith thirakkum thittatthai ariviththathu, irandu adhan soho kadaiyin maathiriyaaga vadivamaikkappattana. ondru washingtonil ulla georgedown poongaavil ulla kadaigalil moontru nilai nangooram kadaiyaaga irukka thittamidappattathu, dii.chii.aanaal maalin thaai niruvanam thivaalaakivittathaaka ariviththa piragu inththa thittam sarinthathu. californiavin chaan josil ulla westfield pallatthaakku kankaatchiyil oru puthiya kilai mattrum santa monika idaththil ulla oru kadai udpada mattra irandu kadaigal mudikappattana. pinthaiyathu 2010 aam aandin thodakkaththil arimugamaanathu. chaan jose kadaiyin arimugamaanathu 2020 varai thaamathamaanathu, muthanmaiyaaga perum manthanilai kaaranamaaga, maelum niruvanam 2021 aam aandil adhan sanda monika iruppidaththai nirantharamaaga moodiyathu. 2010-2019. pipravari 2010 ill, maesi thupaayil bloomingtalin muthal sarvadesa iruppidaththai arimugappaduththiyathu. poatti sax ainthaavathu avenuevipe poalavae, bloomingtaelukkaana ulagalaaviya iruppu ulloor nalangalaal urimaththin keezh iyakkappadugirathu inththa vishayathil, all dier groob ell. ell. chii, oru munnani uae-adippadaiyilaana koottu niruvanam. plumingtaline thalaimai nirvaaga adhigaari, dubai kadai thaan amerikkaavirku veliyae ulla oray kadaiyaaga irukkum endru arivitthaar.ess. (niruvanaththin thalaivarkal pinnar manathai maattrik kondanar, maelum 2017 aam aandil kuvaiththil oru kilaiyaith thiraththanar.) pinnar 2010 aam aandil, niruvanam thanathu muthal kadaiyai washingtonukku veliyae amainthulla podomac aalaikalil thodangiyathu.chii. navambar 3,2011 andru, maalin maruvadivamaippu thittaththin oru paguthiyaaga 2013 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil clendale kaaleriyaavil oru puthiya pookkum kadaiyaith tirakka thittamittullathaaka massis ariviththathu, maalin munnaal mervins kadaikku pathilaaka. janavari 4,2012 andru, massis adhan maall off america iruppidam udpada naanku bloomingtalin kadaigalai mooduvathaaga ariviththathu. illinoisin oak sittrooril ulla ookprook maiyaththil ulla oru veettuk kadai mattrum georgiavin dunvudiyil ulla perimeter maalil ulla muzhu varisai kadaigal mattrum maerilaanththin vadakku bethestavil ulla (munnaal) vellai flind maalum moodappattana. navambar 12,2015 andru, bloomingtales thanathu muthal havaai kadaiyai havaai, honaluluvil ulla alaa moanaa maiyaththil thiranthathu. moontru maadi, kadai oru munnaal seers kadaiyai maattriyathu mattrum adhan 40 carett unavagaththil smart fitting araikal, sarging oaivaraikal mattrum unavu sevaigal poantra sirappu sevaigalai ulladakkiyathu. 2019 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, 2020 nidhiyaandin iruthi nilavarappadi, pookkum dale department & owdlet kadaigal udpada adhan endha kadaikalilum farr inii virkappadaathu endru massis ariviththathu. muthanmaiyaaga anline moolam department store porutkalai vaangkum kadaikkaarargalai eerkkum vagaiyil vadivamaikappatta adhan newyorg muthanmaik kadaiyai oru "sillarai virpanai idamaaga" sirappaaga niruvuvatharkaana oru munmuyarchiyin oru paguthiyaaga, bloomingtalin puthiya thuraikal mattrum salugaigalai dasaaptham muzhuvathum arimugappaduththiyathu, idhil magnolia backery oru kilai mattrum saaraah jessica bargarin ess. jay. chii sekarippu shuu varisaikkaana oru puuttik adangkum. newyoarkil pinthaiyathai valangkiya muthal department store idhuvaagum. 2018 mattrum 2019 aam aandugalil, bloomingtalin kadaikkul kittatthatta 200,000 sathura addii maruseeramaikkappattathu, adhan denim, azhagusaathanap porutkal, kaalanigal mattrum penkalin samagaala aadaith thuraikalai muzhumaiyaaga pudhuppiththathu. avarkal inaikkattil ulla noarvaakkil soonoo sekarippu iruppidaththaith thirappathan moolam thasaapthaththai mudiththanar. 2020aam aandu. maarch 2020 ill, massis, ink. vaekamaaka paravi varum koovit-19 thottrunoayin vilaivaaga pookkum dale mattrum maesiyin anaitthu idangkalaiyum thartkaaligamaaga mooduvathaaga ariviththathu. maarch maatha iruthiyil meendum thirappatharkaana adhan asal thittam thottrunoayin viraivaana paraval kaaranamaaga viraivaaga aaviyaanathu, aepral 2020 iruthikkul avvaaru seivatharkaana adhan noakkaththaip bolaway perumpaalaana sengal mattrum motor sillarai virpanaiyaalargalaip poalavae, massis adhan sila kadaigalai oru varudam allathu adharku maerpatta kaalaththirku moodiyathu, adhan iruppidangkalaip porutthu maarupatta naatkal meendum thirakkappattana. sila 2021 aam aandin pirpaguthi varai meendum thirakkappadavillai. septumber 9,2022 andru, bloomingtales adhan 150 vadhu aandu niraivaik kondaadiyadhu, adhan manhaton muthanmai idaththil aandu iruthi varai palvaeru sirappu nigazhvugal mattrum thaniththuvamaana vaniga salugaigalaik kondirundhadhu.

bloomingdales bloomingdale yokka ink. idhi nagaramlo benzin mariyu lyman bloomingdale sthaapinchina oka american lagjari department store golusu. dheenini dheenini federal department storelu konugolu chesaayi, idhi moosiveyabaddaayi massis department store golusunu konugolu chesindi, appati nundi avi sodari brandluga unnaayi. chivariki, samakhyaku massis, ink anie paeru maarchabadindi. pradarsinchaaru. marchi 23,2023 natiki, eee golusulo mottam 36 department storelu mariyu 23 avtlet storelu unnaayi, veetilo bloomingdale yokka nameplate panichestondi, alaage virginialo bloomy yokka mosaic concept store undhi. dheeni pradhana karyalayam mariyu pradhana dukaanam newyork nagaramloni maanhaatanloni 59va veedhi mariyu lexington avenuelo unnaayi. charitra. 1861-1970 luu. modati bloomingdales nuu newyork nagaramlo nagaramlo benzin bloomingdale mariyu athani kumarudu lyman bloomingdale daani diguva thoorpu vaipu praantamloo sthaapinchaaru, modata bloomingdales hoops skartulu anae paerutoe. paerutoe, lyman mariyu athani sodarudu joseph 56va mariyu 57va STS madhya 965va moodava avenue vadda midtown manhatonlo bloomingdale yokka grate eest side bazar anae rendava pradaesaanni praarambhinchaaru. aaa taruvaata bazar aaa block kii marinta paiki moodu prakkane unna bhavanalaku maarchabadindi, chivaraku 59va taragati vadda oka bhavanamloki maarchabadindi. & moodava avenue, ikkada daani pradhana dukaanam netikee undhi. aneka vistaranala taruvaata, 58va thedhee madhya dukaanam city blacklo 80 saatam aakraminchindi. & 59 va va. 1902 natiki uttara mariyu dakshinaana, mariyu thoorpu mariyu paschimaana moodava avenue & lexington avenue. joseph bloomingdale bloomingdale company nundi padavee viramana chesi, thana sodarudu lymanku puurti niyantrananu icchaadu, icchaadu athani maranam taruvaata lyman kumaarulu hiram & shamyul athani vaataalanu vaarasatvamgaa pondaaru. newyork city sabwe praarambhamaina taruvaata, store yokka praadhamika pravesha dwaaram dwaaram daani lexington avenue vaipuku maarchabadindi, 59va veedhi mariyu lexington avenue vadda sameepamloni airt lexington avenue line stop nundi vachhe viniyogadaarulanu aakarshinchadaaniki. adhi yuu icchina.ess. modati prapancha yuddhamlo palgonna shamyul bloomingdale, yuddham mugise varaku american redd cross kuu akkada mottam antastunu uchitamgaa upayoginchaadu. 1927 natiki, daani venta migilina anni bhaagaalanu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, bloomingdale 100 saatam blacknu niyantrinchindi, dukaanam parimaanaanni 84,000 chadarapu adugulaki vistarinchindi (taruvaata kottagaa jodinchina naela sthalam dwara daadaapu naalugu retlu perigindi). chaalaa bahirangamgaa vartakam chese companyla maadirigaane, maadirigaane block mangalavaaram stock market patanam taruvaata bloomingdales teevramaina aardhika samasyalanu edurkondi, mariyu idhi 1930 praarambhamlo kottagaa srushtinchabadina federal department storelatho vileenam ayyindi, idhi mahaa maandyam nundi bayatapadataaniki sahaayapadindi. sahaayapadindi, rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata america aardhika vijrumbhanato kalisi, bloomingdales thana modati dukaanaanni newyork nagara shivaaru praantamaina nyuu rochelle loe manhattan velupala praarambhinchindi, akkada adhi maajee saamaanu department store niyantrananu sweekarinchindi. mundugaa unna bhavanalanu upayoginchadam daani prayatninchina mariyu nijamaina naela leavutlaku baga saripoyedani nirdhaarinchina taruvaata, company company thana modati custom-built storenu praarambhinchindi, idhi queenslo thoorpu nadipai taja pacchika bayalla parisaraallo undhi. daani vyaparam modati rojuna 25,000 mandiki paiga prajalu sandarsinchaaru. sandarsinchaaru, bloomingdales paris nundi digumati chesukunna hout fyaashan faashanlanu mariyu italii nundi gruhopakaranalanu chaerchadaaniki daani vaanijya misramaanni maarchindi. idhi idhi halston kosam thana modati single designer-nirdishta vibhaganni kooda praarambhinchindi, aaa samvatsaram taruvaata daani purushula dukaanamloo pratyeka pooloo ralf lauren botic dheenini praarambhinchindi. 1970la praarambhamlo, bloomingdales awant-gaard european designu sweekarinchadam praarambhinchindi, mariyu mariyu aikyaraajyasamiti chainaku gurtimpu icchina taruvaata, communist yugam chaina nundi utpattulanu vikrayinchina modati american retailerga nilichindi. daani iconic round logo logo praarambhamaindi, oka samvatsaram taruvaata daani "bigg braun byaag" mariyu "little braun byaag" unnaayi, ivanni netikee upayogamlo unnaayi. aaa samayamlo newyork nagaram yokka allarlu unnappatikee, paakshikamgaa shivaaru praantaalalo nirantara vistaranala dwara, 1970la antataa bloomingdales abhivruddhi chendadam konasaagindi. daani atipedda saakha saakha tellani maidaanaalalo, newyorklo 260,000 chadarapu adugula naela sthalamtho praarambhinchabadindi, aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike, bloomingdales daani asalu, conny chaalaa chinna, kotta rochelle saakhanu moosivesindi. moosivesindi, bloomingdales thana modati dukaanaanni newyork nagara praantam velupala, washington shivaaru praantamaina tysons carnerlo praarambhinchindi.sii. uttara virginialo. aaa samayamlo pradhama mahila, betty ford, daani praarambhootsavaaniki gourava atithigaa hajarayyaru. 1980luu-1990luu. 1980la praarambhamlo retail market vruddhi chendindi. chendindi, bloomingdales, appudu prapanchamlone atipedda maall ayina suburban philadelphialoni king off prussia maallo oka saakhanu praarambhinchindi. thoorpu teeram, florida, chikago mariyu dallas, texaslalo itara kotta dukaanaalu kooda prarambhamayyayi. prarambhamayyayi, kenadian real estate developer robbert campeo companyni pratikuulamgaa swaadheenam chesukune prayatnaanni praarambhinchaadu, daanini $6.6 biliyanlaku vijayavantamgaa konugolu chesadu idhi aaa samayamlo atipedda chamuruyetara corporate vileenam. 1990la praarambhamlo bloomingdales nirantara aardhika savaallanu edurkondi, phalitamgaa daani dallalu, taja pacchika bayallu mariyu stamford, connecticut pradaesaalu moosiveyabaddaayi. moosiveyabaddaayi, federal storelu rendu samvatsaraalugaa diwala teesina mottam maasi golusunu konugolu chesaayi. chesaayi, bloomingdales yuu. ess. kuu vistarinchindi.ess. paschima teeram, dakshina californialo maaseestho vileenam dwara pondina broadway yokka naalugu puurva golusulanu oke rojulo bloomingdale dukanaluga maarchindi. 2000-2007. maasi vileenam nundi udbhavinchina bloomingdale yokka nirantara perugudala mariyu nakilee pradaesaala moosiveta. moosiveta, company marosari down town manhatanku tirigi vacchi, 82,000 chadarapu adugula dukaanaanni praarambhinchindi-indulo pradhana dukaanam yokka samarpanala "savarinchina" empikanu-soho loe pradarsinchaaru. pradarsinchaaru, bloomingdales shaan diego (fyaashan valley) mariyu costa messa (south coast plaza) loki vistarinchindi, undhi moosiveyabadina maajee robinsons-mae storelanu bharti cheyadam dwara marosari, prati sandarbhamloonuu, endukante massis ippatike prati pradaesamloe ippatike unna storelanu kaligi undhi. undhi, bloomingdales thana manhatton flagshipto paatu atipedda dukaanaanni praarambhinchindih shaan francisco union squarelo 330,000 chadarapu adugula colosus. juun 1,2007naa, samakhya dukaanaalu daani corporate paerunu massisga marchai, daani marinta balamaina paeru gurtimpunu batti, conny daani bloomingdale yokka dukaana paerlanu chekkuchedarakunda vadilivesayi. 2007-2009. fibravari 14,2008naa, maatru samstha massis, ink. 2009 natiki 180,000 chadarapu adugula dukaanamtoe phoenix marketloki pravesinchaalane pranaalikalanu prakatinchindi. aurizona paschima yuu. ess loe padava dukaanamgaa unna eee dukaanamtoe, bloomingdale yokka dukaanam unna padamuudava rashtramgaa undedi.ess. mariyu golusu antataa 41 va. 2008 mariyu mariyu goppa maandyam phalitamgaa eee dukaanam ennadoo kaaryaroopam dalchaledu. mae mae, bloomingdales bloomingdales vadda vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna online unikini marinta nokki cheppadaniki daani bloomingdales bye mail ketalog nundi dasalavaareegaa tolagimpunu praarambhinchindi.com. septembaru 10,2008naa, massis moodu kotta bloomingdale dukaanaalanu praarambhinchae pranaalikalanu prakatinchindi, rendu daani soho store maadirigaa roopondinchabaddaayi. okati washington, dii looni georgetown park looni dukaanaalaloo moodu-sthaayi anker storga uddesinchabadindi.sii.conny maall yokka maatru samstha diwala teesinatlu prakatinchina taruvaata pranaalika kuppakoolindi. migilina rendu dukaanaalu puurtayyaayi, veetilo shaan jose, californialoni westfield valley fairlo kotta saakha mariyu shanta monika, saa. sha. looni shanta monika pradaesamloe oka dukaanam unnaayi. rendavadi 2010 praarambhamlo praarambhamaindi. shaan jose store yokka praarambhotsavam 2020 varaku alasyam cheyabadindi, pradhanamgaa goppa maandyam kaaranamgaa, mariyu takkuva paniteeru kaaranamgaa company company daani shanta monika sthaanaanni saasvatamgaa moosivesindi. 2010-2019. fibravari taruvaata, massis dubaylo bloomingdale yokka modati antarjaateeya pradaesaanni praarambhinchindi. pratyarthi saaks aidava avenue vishayamlo maadirigaane, bloomingdales kosam prapancha uniki sthaanika aasakti dwara licenses krinda nirvahinchabadutundih eee sandarbhamlo, all tyre group llc, pramukha uae aadhaarita sammelanam. bloomingdale yokka ceo dubay store bahusha yuu. ess velupala unna ekaika store anie prakatinchaaru.ess. (company nayakulu taruvaata manasu marchukunnaru, mariyu mariyu kuwaitlo oka saakhanu praarambhinchaaru.) taruvaata taruvaata, company thana modati avtlet storenu washington velupala unna potomac millulalo praarambhinchindi.sii. november 3,2011naa, mackies maall yokka punarnirmaana pranaalikaloo bhaagamgaa 2013 chivarilo glendale gallerialo kotta bloomingdale storenu teravaalani yochistunnatlu prakatinchindi, maall yokka maajee mervin store sthaanamlo. janavari 4,2012naa, massis thana maall off america sthaanamtho sahaa naalugu bloomingdale dukaanaalanu moosivestunnatlu prakatinchindi. illinayisloni ook vaagulooni okbrook centerloni oka home store, georgialoni danvudilooni perimeter maallooni puurti-line storelu, maereelaandlooni uttara bethesdaloni (maajee) white flint maall kooda moosiveyabaddaayi. november 12,2015naa, bloomingdales thana modati hawai dukaanaanni havaayilooni honolululoni alaa movana centerlo praarambhinchindi. moodu antastula eee dukaanam, oka puurvapu sears dukaanaanni bharti chesindi mariyu daani 40 caretla restaurantlo smart fitting gadulu, charging lanzlu mariyu bhojana sevalu vanti pratyeka sevalanu kaligi undhi. 2020 aardhika samvatsaram chivari natiki, bloomingdale department & avtlet storelatho sahaa thana yea dukaanaalloonuu bochu ikapai vikrayinchabadadani 2019 chivarilo, massis prakatinchindi. pradhanamgaa aanlainlo department store vastuvulanu konugolu chese konugoludaarulanu aakarshinchadaaniki roopondinchina "retail gamyasthanam" gaa thana newyork flagship storenu merugga sthaapinche choravalo bhaagamgaa, bloomingdale dasaabdam antataa kotta vibhagalu mariyu samarpanalanu pravesapettindi, indulo magnolia bakery saakha mariyu saaraa jessica parker yokka esjesi collection shoe line kosam oka botic unnaayi. idhi newyorklo rendodi andinche modati department store. 2018 mariyu mariyu, bloomingdale yokka dukaanam lopala daadaapu 200,000 chadarapu adugula maera punarnirminchabadindi, daani denim, soundarya sadhanalu, bootlu mariyu mahilala samakaaleena dustula vibhaagaalanu puurtigaa punaruddharinchindi. vaaru kanektikatloni norwaklo sono sekarana pradaesaanni praarambhinchadamtho dasaabdaanni muginchaaru. 2020 loe. marchi marchi, massis, ink. vaegamgaa vyaapti chendutunna covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa bloomingdale mariyu maakii yokka anni pradaesaalanu tatkalikamga moosivestunnatlu prakatinchindi. marchi chivarilo tirigi teravaalanna daani asalu pranaalika, mahammari yokka vegavantamaina vyaapti kaaranamgaa twaragaa aaviraipoyindi, alaage 2020 april chivari natiki alaa cheyalane daani uddesyam coodah chaalaa ituka mariyu phirangi retailerla vishayamlo maadirigaane, massis daani konni dukaanaalanu oka samvatsaram ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaalam moosivesindi, vaati sthaanaalanu batti maarutuu unde rojulu tirigi teravadam jarigindi. konni 2021 chivari varaku tirigi teravaledu. september 9,2022naa, bloomingdales thana 150va vaarshikotsavaanni jarupukundi, daani manhatton pradhana pradaesamloe samvatsaram chivarilo vividha rakaala pratyeka karyakramalu mariyu pratyaekamaina vaanijya vastuvulanu andinchindi.

blomingdale kaa blomingdale kaa incorporated. yaha eek americi lagzari department store cheen hay jiss kii bunyaad 1861 mein benjaman aur limeen blomingdale nay rakhee thee. asay 1930 mein wafaqi department stores nay haasil kiyaa thaa jiss nay 1994 mein messies department store cheen haasil kiyaa thaa iss waqat say wah behan brandz rahay haine. balaakhir khood kuu wafaqi banaya gayaa jiss kaa naam badal kirr messies incorporated rakhaa gayaa. 2007 mein. 23 maarch 2023 takk iss silsilay mein kill 36 department stores aur 23 aaot lait stores haine jinn mein blomingdale kaa neem plait chull rehaa hay saath hyee warjiniya mein blomi kaa mozeek concept store bhee hay. iss kaa sadr daftar aur fleeg ship store neoyork shehar kay boro meen heaton mein 59 wein strait aur lexington avenio parr waaqa hay. tareekh. 1861-1970 s. pehla blomingdale kii bunyaad neoyork shehar mein 1861 mein benjaman blomingdale aur iss kay betay limeen blomingdale nay iss kay nichley mashriqi elaqay mein rakhee thee asl mein iss kaa naam blomingdale kay hopscrits thaa. 1872 mein leeman aur iss kay bhayee jozaf nay 56 wein aur 57 wein aiss tye aiss kay darmiyan 965 thard avenio parr mudd town meen heaton mein blomingdale kaa great aist side bazaar naami dosra maqaam khola. bazaar baad mein block kay aagay teen malhaqah emaraton mein muntaqil how gayaa aur aakhir kaar 59 wein start parr eek emarat mein muntaqil how gayaa. aur teesra avenio jehaan iss kaa fleeg ship store aaj bhee mojud hay. kayee tausia kay baad store 58 wein kay darmiyan shehar kay block kay 80 faisad hasay parr qaabiz how gayaa. & 59 wein sent. shamaal aur janub mein aur mashriq aur maghrab mein teesra avenio aur lexington avenio 1902 takk. jozaf blomingdale nay 1896 mein company say retirement lay lie jiss say inn kay bhayee leeman kuu makmal control mill gayaa aur leeman kay beton hiram aur simoil kuu 1905 mein inn kii moth kay baad inn kay hassas warasat mein milay. neoyork stee sabb way kay aaghaz kay baad store kay bunyadi darwazay kuu 1918 mein iss kay lexington avenio side mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa taakah 59 wein strait aur lexington avenio parr qareebi aayee aart lexington avenio line stop say aaney waalay saarfin kuu raghib kiyaa jaa sakay. iss kay paish nazar kahh yuu.aiss. pehli jung azeem mein shaamil honay kay baad simoil blomingdale nay americi reed karaas kuu jung khatam honay takk wahaan eek poori manzal kaa mufta istemaal diyaa. 1927 takk iss kay saath baaqi tamaam hasay haasil karnay kay baad blomingdale nay block kay 100 faisad hasay kuu control kiyaa jiss say store kaa size badh kirr 84,000 marbaa fitt how gayaa (baad mein nayee izaafi farsh kii jagah kay zariye taqriba chaar ganaa how gayaa). awami toor parr tajarat karnay waali ziyadah tarr companiyon kii tarah blomingdale kuu 1929 mein bleek mangal stock market kay karesh kay baad shadeed maali masail kaa saamna karnaa padaa aur yaha 1930 kay awail mein nayey banaye gayey federated department stores mein zam how gayaa jiss say asay baday afsardagi say bachnay mein madad milly. 1947 mein aur dosri jung azeem kay baad america kii maashi teezi kay saath blomingdale nay neoyork shehar kay mazafati elaqay neo roshal mein meen heaton kay baahir apnaa pehla store kholaa jehaan iss nay saabiq wayer kay department store kaa control sanbhaal liyaa. iss natijay parr pahunchnay kay baad kahh pehley say mojud emaraton kaa istemaal apnay aazmaya hawaa aur haqeeqi farsh kay tartib kay saath behatar fitt how saktaa thaa company nay 1949 mein apnaa pehla apnee marzi kay mutabiq banaya hawaa store sharoo kiyaa juu mashriqi daryaa kay paar taazah gahaas kay medanon kay pados mein waaqa hay. iss kay karobar kay pehley dunn 25,000 say ziyadah logon nay dorah kiyaa. 1960 kii dahayi kay doraan blomingdale nay peers say daraamad shadah hott kochar fashion aur atlee say gharilo furniture kuu shaamil karnay kay liye apnay tajarti markab kuu muntaqil kiyaa. iss nay 1969 mein halston kay liye apnaa pehla waahid designar makhsus shobah bhee sharoo kiyaa jiss kay baad iss saal kay aakhir mein mardon kay store mein eek makhsus pollo raalif lauran botech nay iss kaa aaghaz kiyaa. 1970 kii dahayi kay awail takk blomingdale nay avent gaard europi design kuu apnana sharoo kirr diyaa thaa aur 1971 mein aqwam muthadah kay cheen kuu tasleem karnay kay baad yaha communist door kay cheen say masnuaat farokhat karnay waala pehla americi khurdah farosh bunn gayaa. iss kaa mashhur goal logo 1972 mein sharoo hawaa iss kay eek saal baad iss kaa "badaa bhuri beeg" aur "chhota bhuri beeg"yee yaha sabb aaj bhee istemaal mein haine. iss waqat neoyork shehar kii hungamah aarayi kay bawajood jazwi toor parr mazafat mein muslisil tausia kay zariye 1970 kii dahayi mein blomingdale kii tarqi jaari rahee. iss kii sabb say bury shaakh safed medani alaaqon neoyork mein 1975 mein 260,000 marbaa fitt farsh kii jagah kay saath kholi gayee aur iss kay foraa baad blomingdale kii apnee asl leakin behat chhoti nayee roshal shaakh bund how gayee. 1976 mein blomingdale nay neoyork shehar kay elaqay say baahir washington kay mazafati elaqay tycense kaaran mein apnaa pehla store sharoo kiyaa.see. shamali warjiniya mein. iss waqat kii khaatun awal betty ford nay iss kay iftatahi taqrib mein batoor mahman khususi sharkat kii. 1980-1990 kii dahayi. 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein khurdah bazaar mein teezi aayee. 1981 mein blomingdales nay mazafati fladelfia mein king aaf proshia maal mein eek shaakh kholi juu iss waqat duniya kaa sabb say badaa maal thaa. mashriqi saahil fluoreda shikago aur taxas kay dlaas mein deegar nayey stores bhee khill gayey. 1988 mein canadian raeel steat dwelper raabart campo nay company kay qabze kii eek dushmanana koshish kaa aaghaz kiyaa asay kamiyabi kay saath 6.6 blain ddaalar mein haasil kiyaa: yaha iss waqat kaa sabb say badaa ghair teel corporate inzamam thaa. 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein blomingdale kuu muslisil maashi challenges kaa saamna karnaa padaa jiss kay natijay mein iss kay dalaas taazah gahaas kay medaan aur steamford kanektikt maqamat bund how gayey. 1994 mein wafaqi stores nay poori meesi kii zanjir haasil kirr lie juu duu saal say dewaliya punn mein thee. 1996 mein blomingdale kii yuu takk tausia hoyee.aiss. maghrabi saahil braad way kii chaar sabqah zanjiron kuu tabdil kartaa hay-jasay iss nay meesi kay saath inzamam kay zariye haasil kiyaa thaa-janubi california mein eek hyee dunn mein blomingdale kay stores mein. 2000-2007. blomingdale kii muslisil tarqi aur nqli maqamat kii shuttering meesi kay inzamam say paida hoti hay. 2004 mein company eek baar phir meen heaton kay markaz mein waps aayee jiss nay 82,000 marbaa fitt kaa store khola-jiss mein sohoo mein fleeg ship store kii paishkashon kaa "tarmim shadah" intekhaab shaamil thaa. 2007 mein blomingdale kii tausia saan ddaigo (fashion veeli) aur cousta meesa (saoth coast plazah) mein hoyee eek baar phir saabiq rabansan-mayee stores kuu tabdil karkay juu 2006 mein bund huay harr muamile mein keunkah meesi kay pehley say hyee harr maqaam parr store mojud thay. 2006 mein blomingdale nay apnay meen heaton fleeg ship kay elawah apnaa sabb say badaa store khola: saan francesco kay union squire mein 330,000 marbaa fitt kaa colosus. yakam joone 2007 cow wafaqi stores nay apnay corporate naam kuu tabdil kirr kay messies kirr diyaa iss kay ziyadah mazboot naam kii pehchaan kuu dekhtay huay leakin iss kay blomingdale kay store kay naam barqarar rakhay. 2007-2009. 14 faroori 2008 cow parent company messies incorporated. 2009 takk 180,000 marbaa fitt store kay saath fenks market mein daakhil honay kay mansubon kaa aalaan kiyaa. arezona teerhawein riyasat hoti jiss kaa store location blomingdale hotaa jiss mein yaha store maghrabi yuu mein daswaan hotaa.aiss. aur puray silsilay mein 41 wein. yaha store 2008 aur 2009 mein zabardast kasaad bazaari kay natijay mein kabhi emli jaamah nahein utraa. mayee 2008 mein blomingdales nay blomingdales mein apnee teezi say badhti hoyee aann line maujudgi parr ziyadah zoor deenay kay liye apnay blomingdales bayee meel catalog say marhalah waar baahir honaa sharoo kiyaa.kaam. 10 satambar 2008 cow messies nay blomingdale kay teen nayey store khoolnay kay mansubon kaa aalaan kiyaa jinn mein say duu iss kay sohoo store kay mutabiq banaye gayey haine. eek kaa maqsad washington ddee mein jort town paark kii dukanon parr teen darjay kaa anker store honaa thaa.see.leakin maal kii parent company kay dewaliya honay kaa aalaan karnay kay baad yaha mansubah toot gayaa. deegar duu store makmal how gayey jinn mein saan joose california mein vest feld veeli melay kii eek nayee shaakh aur saanta monika see aey mein saanta monika kii jagah parr eek store shaamil hay. baad mein 2010 kay awail mein sharoo hawaa. saan jose store kii sharoaat 2020 takk takhir kaa shikaar rahee bunyadi toor parr bury kasaad bazaari kii wajah say aur company nay 2021 mein apnee saanta monika location kuu ghair mamuli karkardgi kii wajah say mustaqil toor parr bund kirr diyaa. 2010-2019. faroori 2010 mein messies nay dabayi mein blomingdale kaa pehla beenn alaqwami maqaam sharoo kiyaa. jaisa kahh hareef saaks faith avenio kaa muamilah hay blomingdale kii aalimi maujudgi maqami mafaad kay license kay tahat chalayi jaati hay: iss muamile mein ill tyre grop eel eel see juu kahh yuu aey ayee mein maqeem eek maruf jamaat hay. blomingdale kay see ayee awo nay aalaan kiyaa kahh dabayi store mamkanah toor parr yuu aiss say baahir waahid store hoga.aiss. (company kay qaideen kaa dall baad mein badal gayaa aur 2017 mein covet mein eek shaakh kholi.) baad mein 2010 mein company nay washington ddee kay baahir waaqa potomac milon mein apnaa pehla aaot lait store sharoo kiyaa.see. 3 nomber 2011 cow messies nay aalaan kiyaa kahh iss nay maal kay saabiq marween store kii jagah lay kirr maal kay tajdid kaaree kay mansubay kay hasay kay toor parr 2013 kay aakhir mein glendale galleria mein eek neeya blomingdale store khoolnay kaa mansubah banaya hay. 4 januri 2012 cow messies nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah apnay maal aaf america kay maqaam sameet blomingdale kay chaar stores bund kirr day gaa. baloot kay kinaray aleenwaye mein ook brok center mein eek hoam store aur dunn woodee jarjiya mein peeri metter maal mein fill line store aur (sabqah) shamali bethesda meeri lend mein waait flint maal bhee bund how gayaa. 12 nomber 2015 cow blomingdales nay honololo hawai mein alaa mawana center mein apnaa pehla hawai store khola. teen manzilah store nay eek sabqah seeyar store kii jagah lay lee aur iss kay 40 girat reestoran mein smart fitting romaz charging lounge aur khaaney kii khidmaat jaisi khususi khidmaat shaamil haine. 2019 kay aakhir mein messies nay aalaan kiyaa kahh 2020 kay maali saal kay aakhir takk iss kay kasee bhee store mein bashmol blomingdale kay department aur aaot lait stores mein khaal farokhat nahein kii jaaye gee. apnay neoyork fleeg ship store kuu "khurdah manzal" kay toor parr behatar toor parr qayem karnay kay aqdaam kay eek hasay kay toor parr juu kharidaron kuu raghib karnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay juu bunyadi toor parr department store kaa saamaan aann line khareedate haine blomingdale nay poori dahayi mein nayey mahkame aur paishkash mutaarif karwayein jinn mein magnolia bekari kii eek shaakh aur saarah jaisika parkar kii aiss jay see clection jotay kii line kay liye eek botech shaamil hay. yaha neoyork kaa pehla department store thaa jiss nay moakhar alzikar paish kiyaa. 2018 aur 2019 mein blomingdale nay store kay andar taqriba 200,000 marbaa fitt kuu dobarah tayaar kiyaa jiss say iss kay danum cosmetics jotay aur khwatin kay asree labaas kay mahkamon kuu makmal toor parr behatar banaya gayaa. inhon nay kanektikt kay noor waak mein sono clection kay maqaam kay iftatah kay saath dahayi kaa ikhtatam kiyaa. 2020 kii dahayi. maarch 2020 mein messies incorporated. aalaan kiyaa kahh wah teezi say failnay waali coved-19 wabayi bemari kay natijay mein blomingdale aur meesi kay tamaam maqamat kuu aarizi toor parr bund kirr day gaa. maarch kay aakhir mein dobarah khoolnay kaa iss kaa asl mansubah wabayi amraz kay teezi say failnay kii wajah say teezi say khatam how gayaa jaisa kahh apreel 2020 kay aakhir takk aisa karnay kaa iss kaa aradah thaa: jaisa kahh ziyadah tarr ainton aur marter khurdah faroshon kay muamile mein thaa messies nay apnay kachh stores kuu eek saal yaa iss say ziyadah arsey kay liye bund kirr diyaa jiss kay dobarah khilnay kay dunn inn kay maqamat kay lahaaz say mukhtalif thay. kachh 2021 kay aakhir takk dobarah nahein khill sakay. 9 satambar 2022 cow blomingdale nay apnee 150 wein salgrah manayi jiss mein saal kay aakhir mein apnay meen heaton fleeg ship location parr mukhtalif qasm kay khususi prograam aur manfard tajarti paishkashon kuu paish kiyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=185278

Repertory of the Comedie Humaine/B

Repertory of the Comedie Humaine/B <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← A C <pages index="Repertory of the Comedie Humaine.djvu" from=47 to=100 tosection=s1 /> <templatestyles src="Smallrefs/styles.css" />

hasyamaya human/bee. aeye. see. kii kahani

humaine/bii. eiii. sii. enna haasyachithrathinte vivaranam

kamedi human/bee. aii. see. dee kahani

00061ac7ed001ee91208bd65c2dcbd51987649b1d381cf58c46e8ea4066b9144

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2532066

Desmond Shawe-Taylor

Desmond Shawe-Taylor Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures Desmond Philip Shawe-Taylor (born 30 September 1955) was Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures from 2005 to 2020. He succeeded Christopher Lloyd on Lloyd's retirement. Early life. Shawe-Taylor is the son of Brian Newton Shawe-Taylor and Jocelyn Cecilia Shawe-Taylor. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, University College, Oxford, and the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. Career. Shawe-Taylor was a lecturer in the History of Art Department of the University of Nottingham from 1979 to 1996, and director of Dulwich Picture Gallery from 1996 to 2005, when he was succeeded by Ian Dejardin. He has published several books: "Genial Company: the theme of genius in eighteenth-century British portraiture", 1987; "The Georgians: eighteenth-century portraiture and society", 1990; "Dramatic Art: theatrical paintings from the Garrick Club", 1997; "Rembrandt to Gainsborough: masterpieces from Dulwich Picture Gallery", 1999; "Shakespeare in Art", 2003; "Bruegel to Rubens: masters of Flemish painting", 2007; and "The Conversation Piece: scenes of fashionable life, 2009". He was made redundant in December 2020, following the news that the Royal Collections Trust "expects to lose £64m in income this year because Buckingham Palace and other sites have been shut to visitors." Shawe-Taylor was appointed Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) in 2011 and Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2021 Birthday Honours. Family. In 1987, Shawe-Taylor married Rosemary North. They have three children: Marianne, Edward and William. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

desmond swowe-tailor desmond phillip swowe-tailor (jonmo 30 septembor 1955) 2005 sonor poraa 2020 sonoloike ranir sobixomuhor joripkari aasil. teu loyoror owoxoror xomoyot christopher loyoror uttoradhikari hoisil. prarombhik jiwan. swowe-tayolar hoise briyan newton swowe-tayolar aaru jo 'chelin cecilia swowe-tiler putro. teu sriubari skool, university kolej, oxford aaru londonor court 'ld institut owo artot xikhya laabh korisil. keriyar. swowe-tailor 1979 sonor poraa 1996 sonoloike nottingham biswobidyaloyor kolaa bibhagor itihaxor probhaxok aasil, aaru 1996 sonor poraa 2005 sonoloike daluis pikchar galleryr xonsalok aasil, jetiya teur pisot ian desardine aahisil. teu keibakhonu kitap prokax koriseh "jiniyel companyh dyo thim owo jines inn aath xotikar britis portresar", 1987; "dyo georgiansoh aath xotikar portresar endo sosaiti", 1990; "dramatic artoh gerik clubber theater painting", 1997; "rembrand tu gainboruh dowlouis pikchar galleryr shrestho xilpokormo", 1999; "swexpiyar inn art", 2003; "brugail tu rubenxoh master owo flamish painting", 2007; aaru "dyo converse chinxoh pix owo feseswan life, 2009". royel kalekson truste "ei bosor 64 million pound aay heruwabo buli aaxa korise kiyonu buckingham praxad aaru onyanyo sthanxomuh dorxonarthir baabe bondho hoi porise buli khobor pisot 2020 sonor disemborot teuk oporiharzo kori diya hoisil." xaawe-tailorok 2011 sonot royel victorian order (elvio ") leftenent aaru 2021 sonor jonmodinor xonmanot royel victorian order (sibhio") commander hisape nijukto koraa hoisil. poriyal. 1987 sonot swob-tailore ror 'jomeri northok biyaa koraisil. teulukor tinita xontan aaseh marian, edward aaru uilium.

desmond shaoye-telor desmond phillip shaoye-telor (jonmo 30 septembara 1955) 2005 theke 2020 saal porjonto ranir chhabigulir joripkari chhilen. tini lloyder abosar grohoner porr christopher lloyder stholabhishikto hohn. prathomik jeebon. shaoye-telor hollen bryan neuton shaoye-telor ebong joslin cecilia shaoye-telorer putro. tini shrewbury school, university college, oxford ebong londoner courtled institute off arte padashona korechilen. karmajiban. shaoye-telor 1979 theke 1996 saal porjonto nottingham bishwobidyaloyer shilp bibhager itihaser probhashok chhilen ebong 1996 theke 2005 saal porjonto dalwich picture gallery porichalok chhilen, jokhon taanr stholabhishikto hohn iyana deserdine. tini besh koyekti boi prakash korechenoh "genial company dya thim off jinesa inn ashtadash-senchuri british portreture", 1987; "dya georgians ashtadash-shatabdir portreture anned society", 1990; "natakiya shilpoh garik club theke theatral painting", 1997; "rembrandt too gainboro masterpiece from dalwich picture gallery", 1999; "shakespeare inn art", 2003; "bruzel too rubensah masters off flemish painting", 2007; ebong "dya converses sinsoh peace off fashionable life, 2009". 2020 saaler decembere taake aprayojaniya ghoshana koraa hoy, eyi khoborer porey jey rajakiya sangraher trust "eyi bochor 64 million pound aay haranor aasha korey kaaron buckingham prasad ebong anyanno siteguli dorsonarthider jonno bondho korey deoa hoyeche." shaoye-telorke 2011 saale rayyal victorian order (elvio) leftenant ebong 2021 saaler jonmodiner sommane rayyal victorian order (cvo) commander nijukto koraa hoyechilo. poribar. 1987 saale shaoye-telor rosemary northoke biye corren. taader tinti santan royeche marian, edward ebong uilium.

desmond shau-taylor desmond phillip shau-taylor (janm 30 september 1955) 2005 thee 2020 sudhee raaninaa chitrona sarvekshak hataa. teo loidnee nivrutti parr christopher loidnaa anugaamee banyaa hataa. praarambhik jeevan. shaave-taylor bryan neuton shaave-taylor aneey joslin cicilia shaave-tailorno putra chhe. temane shroosbury school, university college, oxford aneey londonma courtauld institute off artmaan shikshan melavyu hatoo. karkirdi. shaave-taylor 1979 thee 1996 sudhee university off nottinghamna qalaa vibhagna itihaasmaa lacturer hataa, aneey 1996 thee 2005 sudhee dulwich picture galleryna director hataa, jyaare temnaa pachhi ian dejardine aavyaa hataa. temane ghanaa pustako prakashit karyaa chheh "genial company dhaa theem off genious ina adhaarmee sadee british portrature", 1987; "georgiano adhaarmee sadeena portrature anned sosayati", 1990; "naatkeey kalaah theatre paintings phroma dhaa gerik club", 1997; "rambrandt too gainbaroh masterpiece phroma dulwich picture gallery", 1999; "shakespeare ina aart", 2003; "brujel too rubensah masters off flamish painting", 2007; aneey "vaatchit drashyoh fationable jeevanno tukado, 2009". december 2020maan temne binjaruri banaavi devaamaa aavyaa hataa, aaa samaachaarne pagale keey shaahee sangrah trust "aaa varshe 64 million poundnee aavak gumaavvaani apeksha raakhe chhe kaaran keey buckingham payless aneey anya sites mulaakaatio maate bundh curry devaamaa aavee chhe." shaave-tailorne 2011 maan royal viktoriyana order (aela. vee. oo.) naa leftnent tareeke aneey 2021 naa janmadivasnaa sanmaanmaa royal viktoriyana order (see. vee. oo.) naa commander tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. parivaar. 1987maan, shau-tellare rosemary north saathe lagna karyaa. temne trana baadako chheh marian, edward aneey veeliyam.

desmond shau-teller desmond phillip shau-teller (janm 30 sitambar 1955) 2005 seey 2020 taka raani kii tasveeron key sarvekshankarta they. unhone lloyd kii sevaanivritti parr christopher lloyd kaa sthaan liya. praarambhik jeevan. shaave-teller bryan neuton shaave-teller aur josleen cicilia shaave-teller key bete hain. unhone shroosbury school, university college, oxford aur landan mein courtalled institute off art mein shiksha praapt kii thee. carrier. shaave-teller 1979 seey 1996 taka nottingham vishvavidyalaya key kalaa vibhaag key itihas key vyakhyata they, aur 1996 seey 2005 taka dulwich picture gallery key nideshak they, jaba unake baad iaan desardine ney padbhar sambhala. unhone kaee pustaken prakaashit kii hainh "genial companyh dha theem off genius inn athaarahavin-centuary british portrature", 1987; "dha georgianah athaarahavin-centuary portrature aind society", 1990; "naatakiya kalaah garrick club seey naatakiya chitrakaari", 1997; "rembrand too gensburoh masterpiece from dulwich picture gallery", 1999; "shekspeare inn art", 2003; "brugel too rubensah masters off flamish painting", 2007; aur "dha conversation seensah pees off fashionable life, 2009". disambar 2020 mein unhein anaavashyak banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, iss khabar key baad kii shaahi sangrah trust koo iss saal 64 million pound kii aaya khone kii ummeed haye kyonki buckingham palace aur anya saiton koo agantukon key liye bund curr diyaa gayaa haye." shaave-teller koo 2011 mein royal victorian order (ell. vee. oh.) kaa leftinent aur 2021 key janmadin key sammaan mein royal victorian order (see. vee. oh.) kaa commander niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. parivaar. 1987 mein, shau-teller ney rosemary north seey shaadi kii. unake teen bachche hainh marian, edward aur villium.

desmond shaav-taylor desmond phillip shaav-taylor (janana 30 september 1955) 2005rinda 2020ravarege raniya chitragala surveyor aagiddaru. avaru lloydra nivruttiya nantara christopher lloydra uttaraadhikaariyaadaru. arambhika jeevana. shaav-taylor brian neuton shaav-taylor mattu joseline cicilia shaav-taylor avara maga. aata shroosbury shaale, oxfordn university kaaleju mattu london courtalled institute off artnalli sikshana padedaru. vrattijeevana. shaav-taylor avaru 1979rinda 1996ravarege nottingham vishvavidyaalayada kalaa vibhagada itihaasadalli upanyasakaragiddaru mattu 1996rinda 2005ravarege dulwich chitra gallery nirdeshakaraagiddaru, nantara avara uttaradhikariyadavaru eoin desordine. aata halavaaru pustakagalannu prakatisiddaareh "genial company dhii theem off genious inn entane shatamaanada british portrature", 1987; "dhii georgians entane shatamaanada portrature und society", 1990; "natakiya kaleh garrick clubna natakiya varnachitragalu", 1997; "rembrand tuu gainbaro dulwich picture gallery merukrutigalu", 1999; "shakespeare inn art", 2003; "brugal tuu rubans masters off fleemish painting", 2007; mattu "sambhashaneya drashyagalu-fashion life, 2009". buckingham aramane mattu itara taanagalannu pravasigarige muchchiruvudarinda ee varsha 64 million pound aadaayavannu kaledukolluva niriksheyide emba suddiya nantara, 2020rahra decembernalli avarannu anagatyagolisalaayitu." shaav-taylor avarannu 2011 ralli raayal victorian arder (elvo) naa leftinent aagi mattu 2021 rahra janmadinada gouravagalalli raayal victorian arder (cvo) naa commander aagi nemisalaayitu. kutumba. 1987ralli, shaav-taylor rosemary north avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avarige mooru makkaliddaareh marian, edward mattu vilium.

desmond shaave-tailor 2005 muthal 2020 vare raajnjiyude chithrangalude sarveyaraayirunnu desmond philipp shaav-tailor (jananam 1955 septambar 30). loyidinte viramikkalil addeham christopher loyidinte pingamiyaayi. aadyakaala jeevitam. bryan nyoottan shaav-tailorinteyum joslin cecilia shaav-tailorinteyum makanaan shaav-tailor. shroosbury school, ooksfoordile yooniversitti koleju, landanile courtould instittyoott oof art ennividangalil addeham vidyaabhyaasam nedi. currier. 1979 muthal 1996 vare nottingam sarvakalaashaalayile art departmentinte charithratthile lakchararaayirunna shaav-tailor, 1996 muthal 2005 vare dulwich picture galleryude directoraayirunnu, addehathinte pingamiyaayi iyaan dejardine adhikaaramettu. genial kambani pathinettaam noottaandile britiish portraicherile prathibhayude vishayam", 1987; "georgiansa pathinettaam noottaandile portraicher samoohavum", 1990; "naadakeeya kalah gaarik clubble ninnulla theateral paintingukal", 1997; "rembrand tuu gainsbaro maastarpees phram dulwich picture gallery", 1999; "shakespeare inn art", 2003; "brugel tuu rubenza maastezhs oof flemish painting", 2007; "sambhaashana ramgangal fashion life, 2009" enningane niravadhi pusthakangal addeham prasidheekarichittundu. buckingham kottaravum mattu saittukalum sandarshakarkkaayi adachathinaal eee varsham 64 milyan poundu varumanam nashtappedumennu royal collections trastt prathekshikkunnu enna vaarthayethudarnnu 2020 desemberil addehathe pirichuvittu." 2011ll royal victorian oordarinte (elvio) leftanantaayum leftanantaayum janmadina bahumathikalil royal victorian oordarinte (cvo) commandera shaav-tailorine niyamichu. kudumbam. 1987ll shaav-tailor rosemary nortthine vivaham kazhichu. avarkk moonnu makkalunda marian, edward, vilyam.

desmond shau-teller desmond phillip shau-teller (janm 30 september 1955) 2005 teey 2020 yaa kalat ranichya chhayachitranche sarvekshak hote. lloydchya nivruttinantar teey khristofar lloydche uttaradhikari jhaale. prarambhik jeevan. shave-teller haah bryan neuton shave-teller aanee joslin cecilia shave-teller yancha mulga aahe. tyanche shikshan shrewsbury shaala, auxford yetheel vidyapith mahavidhyalay aanee londonmadhil courtalled institute auph aart yethe jhaale. karkird. shave-teller heey 1979 teey 1996 yaa kalat nottingham vidyapithachya qalaa vibhagachya itihasache vyakhyate hote aanee 1996 teey 2005 yaa kalat dulwich picture galleryche sanchalak hote, jevha tyanche uttaradhikari iaan desardine jhaale. tyanni anek pustake prakashit kelee aaheth "genial companyh daad theem auph genious inn atharavya shatkatil british portreture", 1987; "daad georgians atharavya shatkatil portreture andd society", 1990; "natya kalah garric clubchi natya chitre", 1997; "rembrand too gensbaroh masterpiece fraum dulwich picture gallery", 1999; "shakespeare inn aart", 2003; "brugel too rubensah masters auph flemish painting", 2007; aanee "daad converch seenah peace auph fashionable life, 2009". buckingham palace aanee itar thikane abhyagatansathi bund asalyamule royal collection trustla yaa varshi 64 dashalaksh paund utpann gamvave lagel ashee apeksha aahe yaa batminantar december 2020 madhye tyala anavashyak karnyat aale." shave-teller yanchi 2011 madhye royal victorian aurder (ell. vhee. oo.) chey leftnunt aanee 2021 chya vadhadivsachya sanmanarth royal victorian aurder (see. vhee. oo.) chey commander mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee. kutumb. 1987 madhye shau-tellarne rosemary northshee lagn kele. tyanna teen mule aaheth marian, edward aanee vilyam.

desmond shaawe-taylor desmond phillip shaawe-taylor (janma 30 september 1955) 2005 ru 2020 parjyanta raninka chitrara sarbekhyanakaree thile. shay lajadanka absar parey christopher lajadanka uttaradhikari hoithile. prarambhika zeeban. shaawe-taylor heuchhanti brian neuton shaawe-taylor ebong joslin cecilia shaawe-telaranka pua. shay shryusabari skula, junivarasiti college, oxford ebong londner courtould institute off artre sikhya laabh karithile. kyariyara. shaawe-taylor 1979 ru 1996 parjyanta nottingham biswabidyalajara kalaa bibhagara itihasare jane adhyapaka thile, ebong 1996 ru 2005 parjyanta dulwich picture gallery nirdeshaka thile, jetebele taanka parey ayon desardine uttaradhikari hoithile. shay aneka pustaka prakash karichantih "genial companyh astadasha shatabdir british portrature pratibhabana bishajabastu", 1987; "jarjiaanh astadasha shatabdir portrechara ebong society", 1990; "natakiah kalah garric klabaru theatre penting", 1997; "rembrandt tuu gensabaroh dulwich picture gallery masterpiece", 1999; "shakespeare inn art", 2003; "brugel tuu rubensah masters off flemish penting", 2007; ebong "bartalapa drushyah fasional life, 2009". december 2020 ray tanku nirarthaka karajaithila, ehi khabara parey je rayal collexon trust "chalita barsha aajare 64 nijuta pound haraibara aasha kare kaaran buckingham palace ebong anyanya site paridarshakanka paain banda achhi ." shaawe-telaranku 2011 ray rayal victorian order (ell. bhi. oh.) rahr leftnant ebong 2021 janmadina sammanare rayal victorian order (sii. bhi. oh.) rahr commander bhabare nijukta karajaithila. paribara. 1987 masihare, shaawe-taylor rosemary narthanku bibaha karithile. semanankara tinoti santan achantih marien, edward ebong william.

desmond shaave-teller desmond philip shaave-teller (janam 30 satambar 1955) 2005 toon 2020 takk raanee deeaan tasviran daa surveyor see. uh lloyd dee retirement 'teey christopher lloyd toon baad aaiaa. mudhla jeevan. shaave-teller bryne neuton shaave-teller atey josleen cecilia shaave-teller daa puttar haii. uss neey shrioosbari school, university kaalaj, oxford atey london witch courtauld institute aaf aart toon sikkhiaa prapat keeti see. carrier. shaave-teller 1979 toon 1996 takk nottingham university dey qalaa vibhag dey itihaas witch lacturar rahey atey 1996 toon 2005 takk dulwich picture gallery dey director rahey, jadon unhan dee thaan iaan desordine neey laee. uss neey kaee kitaban prakashit keetiaan hann "genial compania atharvin sadee dey british portreture witch pratibha daa visha", 1987; "georgians atharvin sadee dey portreture atey suciety", 1990; "dramatic arty theatre paintings fraum dha gaerik club", 1997; "rembrandt too gensbro masterpiece fraum dulwich picture gallery", 1999; "shakespeare inn aart", 2003; "brugal too rubens masters aaf flamish painting", 2007; atey "gallbat dey drishau fashionable life, 2009". uss noon dasambar 2020 witch iss khabar toon baad beloda qarr ditta giaa see kii shaahi sangrah trust noon iss saal 64 million pond dee aamdan guaun dee umeed haii kiunki buckingham palace atey horr saitan noon sailaniaan laee bnd qarr ditta giaa haii." shaave-teller noon 2011 witch shaahi victorian arder (aill. vee. ou.) daa leftinent atey 2021 dey janam dinn dey sanman witch shaahi victorian arder (see. vee. ou.) daa commander niyukat keeta giaa see. parivaar. sann 1987 witch, shaave-teller neey rosemary north naal viaah karwa liaa. uhanan dey tinn bacche hann marian, edward atey viliam.

desmond-shaave-teller desmond phillip shaave-teller (janma 30 september 1955) 2005 taha 2020 paryantam raajnyaah chitraanaam surveyor aasit. saha lloyd ityasya nivrutti-samaye christopher lloyd ityasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. praarambhikajeevanam. shaave-teller ityayam brian newton shaave-teller tathaa joslin cicilia shaave-teller ityetayoho putrah asti. saha shrusbury vidyaalaye, oxford-vishvavidyaalaya-mahaavidyaalaye, landan-nagarasya courtauld-institute-aaf-art ityatra cha shikshitah. vruttihi. shaave-teller 1979 taha 1996 paryantam nottingham-vishvavidyaalayasya kalaa-vibhaagasya itihasasya vyakhyata aasit, 1996 taha 2005 paryantam dulwich-chitra-pradarshalayasy nirdeshaka cha aasit, yadaa tasya uttaraadhikaari ian desordine abhavat. saha anekaah pustakaani prakashitavan-"genial kampaneeh da theem aaf genious inn athaarth-century british portreture", 1987; "da jaarjiyansh athaarth-century portreture end society", 1990; "dramatic aarth theatrical pentings frum da gyaarik club", 1997; "rembrand too gensbaroho masterpieces frum dulwich picture gallery", 1999; "shekspiyar inn art", 2003; "brugel too rubensh masters aaf flamish penting", 2007; tathaa "da kanvarshes seensh pees aaf fession laif, 2009". raaj-sangraha-nyaasah "asmin varshe 64 million paund-ayasya haanih apekshitah asti, yatah bakingham-prasadaha, anye cha sthalaani agantukanam krute bandhitaah santi iti vaartaayaah anantaram 2020 december-maase saha nirarthakah abhavat." shaave-teller 2011 tame varshe rayal victorian arder (ell. vee. o.) ityasya leftinent-rupena, 2021 tame varshe janmadinasya sammanartham rayal victorian arder (see. vee. o.) ityasya senaapatih cha niyuktah. parivaarah. 1987 tame varshe, shaave-teller rosemary-naarth ityetam parineetavaan. teshaam trayah putraah santi-marian, edward, vilium cha.

desmond shaav-dailor desmond pilip shaav-dailor (pirappu 30 septumber 1955) 2005 muthal 2020 varai raaniyin padangkalin sarvaeyaraaga irunthaar. avar lloytin oaivu petrtrapoathu christopher laayittukkup piragu vanthaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. shaav-dailor praiyan neuton shaav-dailor mattrum josalin cecilia shaav-dailor aagiyoarin magan aavaar. avar shroosbury palli, palkalaikkazhaga kalluri, oxpordu mattrum landanil ulla gordald institute off ard aagiyavattril kalvi payintraar. thozhil. shaav-daylor 1979 muthal 1996 varai nottingham palkalaikkazhagaththin kalaith thuraiyin varalaattril virivuraiyaalaraagavum, 1996 muthal 2005 varai dulwich biksar caloryin iyakkunaraagavum irunthaar, appoathu avarukkup piragu iyaan dejordine pathaviyaettraar. avar pala puththagangkalai veliyittullaar "jeniyal kambeni pathinettaam noottraandin british uruvappadaththil maethai karupporul", 1987; "georgiergal pathinettaam noottraandin uruvappadam mattrum samoogam", 1990; "viyaththagu kalaif caric kilappin naadaga ooviyangkal", 1997; "rembrand duu cainbaro dulwich biksar kelariyilirunthu thalaisirantha padaippugal", 1999; "shakespeare inn ard", 2003; "broogal duu rubans masters off playmish bainding", 2007; mattrum "uraiyaadal kaatchigal naagareegamaana vaazhkkaiyin thundu, 2009". buckingham aranmanai mattrum pira thazhangal paarvaiyaalarkalukku moodappattiruppathaal inththa aandu 64 million pavundugal varumaanathai izhakka neridum endru arasa vasool arakkattalai ethirpaarkkirathu endra seithiyaith thodarnthu, 2020 disambaril avar panineekkam seiyappattaar." shaav-dailor 2011 aam aandil raayal victorian arder (elvo) inn leptinentaagavum, 2021 piranthanaal mariyaathaikalil raayal victorian arder (chii. vii. ooo) inn thalapathiyaagavum niyamikkappattaar. kudumbam. 1987 aam aandil, shaav-dailor rosemary narththai mananthaar. avarkalukku moontru kuzhandhaigal ullanar marian, edward mattrum villiyam.

desmond shaave-taylor desmond phillip shaave-taylor (jananam 30 september 1955) 2005 nundi 2020 varaku raani chitraala surveyor. athanu lloyd padavee viramanapai christopher lloyd taruvaata vacchaadu. prarambha jeevitam. shaave-taylor brian neuton shaave-taylor mariyu joseline sisilia shaave-taylor kumarudu. athanu shroosbury paatasaala, vishwavidyaalaya kalaasaala, oxford mariyu landanlooni courtalled institute off artlo chaduvukunnadu. vrutti. shaave-taylor 1979 nundi 1996 varaku nottingham vishwavidyaalayam yokka kalaa vibhaagamlo lecturer gaa, mariyu 1996 nundi 2005 varaku dulwich picture gallery director gaa panicheesaaru, aaa taruvaata ayana taruvaata eoin desordine vacchaadu. athanu aneka pustakaalanu prachurinchaaduh "genial company dhi theem off genious inn paddenimidava sataabdapu british portrature", 1987; "dhi georgians paddenimidava sataabdapu portrature und society", 1990; "naatakeeya kalah garrick club nundi theatrical paintings", 1997; "rembrand tuu gainbaro dulwich picture gallery nundi kalakhandalu", 1999; "shakespeare inn art", 2003; "brugal tuu rubens masters off fleemish painting", 2007; mariyu "sambhaashana drushyaaluh fyaashan life, 2009". buckingham pales mariyu itara pradaesaalu sandarsakulaku moosiveyabadinanduna eee samvatsaram 64 million poundla aadaayaanni kolpotamani raayal collectionla trust aasistunnatlu vacchina vaartalanu anusarinchi 2020 decemberlo athanu anavasaramgaa cheyabaddaadu." shaave-taylor shaave-taylor raayal victorian arder (elvo) yokka leftinentga mariyu 2021 puttinaroju gowrawaalalo raayal victorian arder (sivio) commanderga niyaminchabaddaadu. kutumbam. kutumbam, shaave-taylor rosemary naartnu vivaham chesukunnadu. vaariki mugguru pillalu unnaru marian, edward mariyu vilium.

desmond show teller desmond flip shaao teller (paidaish 30 satambar 1955) 2005 say 2020 takk malkah kii tasavir kay sarwer thay. inhon nay loyad kii retirement parr christopher lyde kii jagah lee. ibtadayi zindagi. shaao teller brine neuton shaao teller aur josleen cecilia shaao teller kaa betaa hay. inhon nay sharosbari school university college oxford aur landan kay courtold insity teut aaf aart mein taleem haasil kii. carrier. show teller 1979 say 1996 takk university aaf notingham kay aart department kii tareekh kay lecturer aur 1996 say 2005 takk dloch pakchar gallery kay director thay jabb inn kay baad ayaan ddijardin nay ahdah sanbhala. inhon nay kayee kitabein shaye kii haine: "genial company: utharahwein sadee kay bartanvi portrait mein jainas kaa mozua"yee 1987 vovo "dee georgians: utharahwein sadee kii portrait aur society"yee 1990 vovo "dramayi aart: theater pentings fraam dee girek kalb"yee 1997 vovo "reem brandt tuu gainzbro: shahkar say dloch pakchar gallery"yee 1999 vovo "shakespear inn aart"yee 2003 vovo "brogal tuu rubanz: masters aaf fleemish penting"yee 2007 vovo aur "dee conversion senz: pais aaf fashion life 2009". dasambar 2020 mein asay bay kaar kirr diyaa gayaa iss khabar kay baad kahh raail clections trust kuu "iss saal 64 millin pound kii aamadni say nqsan honay kii toqaa hay keunkah bakangham peels aur deegar maqamat zaireen kay liye bund kirr diye gayey haine." show teller kuu 2011 mein raail victorian arder (eel wee awo) kaa leftinent aur 2021 kii salgrah kay aizazat mein raail victoriyan arder (see wee awo) kaa commander muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa. khaandaan. 1987 mein show teller nay rozmeeri naarth say shaadi kii. inn kay teen bachay haine: maaryaan edward aur waleem.

00061c6188c828dd249c008605f9af93b4679ab70031b51317771baf2edd3953

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43712046

Almaty Arena

Almaty Arena Almaty Arena (formerly Almaty Ice Palace) is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in Almaty, Kazakhstan which was opened on 18 September 2016 and seats 12,000 spectators for ice hockey. Apart from hosting ice hockey matches, the arena is venue for boxing, figure skating, basketball, concerts, and other events. It is one of the venues to host the 2017 Winter Universiade. The arena is located in the north of punched Ryskulov Avenue, to the west from Momyshuly street in the Alatau District. History. Almaty's successful bid to host the 2017 Winter Universiade, coupled with its (unsuccessful) bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, drove the need to build an ice hockey arena meeting the standards of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). On 27 March 2014, the city's mayor Akhmetzhan Yessimov announced the building of the new arena for 12,000 spectators and a minor arena for 3,000. The arenas were projected to cost $170 million and $89 million respectively. Structure and facilities. The ice palace is the second largest in the CIS with the area of , similar with the Minsk-Arena and smaller than the Bolshoy Ice Dome. The complex consists of three units: the ice arena with 12,000 seats, a training rink with a recreation complex, and a swimming pool. The layout of the ice arena allows it to function as a universal platform for figure skating, ice hockey, boxing, basketball, volleyball, as well as a concert hall with an extra 5,000 seats, in the case of laying thermal insulation covering the entire area of the ice field with about . Special attention is given to the technology of ice freezing. 120 cubic metres of water is needed for each rink pouring. The water is pre-treated from various mechanical impurities, iron, chlorine and the salts, and then falls into the softener system and maintain the desired storage temperature. Ice surface is aligned with special ice machines to achieve the desired thickness - 5 cm after a complete freezing. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

almati erina almati erina (purbote almati aais peles) hoise kajakhostanor almatit owosthito ek bohumukhi inned "ror erina jitu 18 septembor 2016-too mukoli koraa hoisil aaru iyat aais hokir baabe 12,000 dorxokor aaxon aase. aais hockey khel aayujon korar uporiu ei ornetu boxing, figure skating, busketball, concert aaru onyanyo onusthanor sthan. 2017 sonor xitkalin biswojonin porzayor aayujon koraa sthanxomuhor bhitorot ee onyotomo. ei ornenatu mustibodho reschoolov avenure uttore, alatau jilaar moo 'miswuli pothor poraa poschime owosthito. itihax. 2017 xitkalin biswobikhyat aayujonor baabe almatir xofol prochesta, 2022 xitkalin olympic aayujon korar baabe iyar (bifol) prochestar xoite antohrastriyo aais hockey federation (aai. aai. eis. ef) ror mandondo puron koraa aais hokir ek khyetro nirmanor proyujoniyotar uporot gurutwo aarup korisil. 2014 sonor 27 marchot sohorkhonor meyor aakhmetjhan iyesimove 12,000 dorxokor baabe notun erina aaru 3,000ror baabe etaa xoru erina nirmanor kotha ghuxona korisil. erinaburot krome 170 nijut dollar aaru 89 nijut dollar byoy hoh 'bob buli onuman koraa hoisil. gothon aaru xubidha. borphor praxadtu sisor dwitiyo brihottom, iyar aayoton minxok-aarenar xoite eke aaru boloswoy borphor gombujotkoi xoru. ei complextut tinita gutt aaseh 12,000 aaxonor xoite borphor ornena, binudon complexor xoite etaa proxikhyon rink, aaru etaa suiming pull. borphor khyetror binyaxe iyak figure skating, aais hockey, boxing, busketball, bholibolor baabe ek xarbojonin moncho hisape kaam koriboloi onumoti diye, logote otirikto 5,000 aaxonor xoite ek concert holl hisape kaam kore, xomogro elekatu taapiyo insulation sthapon korar khetrot borphor khelpothartu pray. borof himayito korar projuktir uporot bixex gurutwo diya hoy. protitu rink dhaali diyar baabe 120 ghono mitter panir proyujon hoy. bibhinno jantrik oxuddhota, aairon, klo "rinn aaru lobonor poraa paanee purbo-xudhon koraa hoy, aaru taar pisot softainer pronalit pore aaru akangkhyito xongrokhyon tapmatra bojai raakhe. borphor pristhobhagtu bixex borphor jontror xoite xongrekhito koraa hoy jaate xompurno himayito huwar pisot 5 centimeter akangkhito dathota laabh koribo paari.

almati erina almati arena (purbe almati aise palace) kazakhstaner almatite abosthito ekti bahumukhi abhyantarin angan jaa 18 septembara 2016-ayee khola hoyechilo ebong aise hokir jonno 12,000 dorshoker asson royeche. aise hockey match ayojan chharao, eyi anganti boxing, figure skating, basketball, concert ebong anyanno anusthaner sthan. etty 2017 shitkalin universiday ayojoner onnotomo sthan. eyi rangamanchati alatau jelara momishuli strita theke poschime ghushi maaraa risculov avenuer uttore abosthito. itihas. 2017 shitkalin universiday ayojoner jonno almatir sofol darpatra, 2022 shitkalin olympic ayojoner jonno taar (byartho) dorpotrer saathe, antorjatik aise hockey federationer (aaee. aaee. eich. eff) maan puron korey ekti aise hockey khettro nirmaner prayojaniyata toiri korey. 2014 saaler 27shhey march shohorer meyor akhmetjan iyesimov 12,000 dorshoker jonno notun angan ebong 3,000 dorshoker jonno ekti chhoto angan nirmaner ghoshana corren. angangulir jonno jothakrome 17 kotee dollar ebong 89 kotee dollar kharach hobey boley anuman koraa hoyechilo. kathamo oo sujog-subidha. baraf prasadti minsk-arenar moto ebong balshay borofer gombujer cheye chhoto, jaar ayton siser dwitiya brihottomo. complexty tinti unit niye gathitoh 12,000 asson soho baraf khettro, ekti binodan complexes soho ekti proshikkhon rink ebong ekti suiming pull. baraf khettrer binnas etike figure skating, aise hockey, boxing, basketball, volleybaler jonno ekti sorbojonin platform hisabe kaaj korar pashapashi atirikto 5,000 asson soho ekti concert holl hisabe kaaj korar anumati deyo, taap nirodhok sthapon korar khettre somogro elaka judey baraf khettro pray. baraf himayit korar prajuktir proti bishesh monojog deoa hoy. protiti rink ddhalao korar jonno 120 cubic mitter joll prayojan. bivinno jantrik amedhya, loha, chlorin ebong lobon theke jolke agey theke shodhrano hoy ebong tarpor norom korar poddhotite porey yaay ebong pochondosoi sanchaya tapmatra bojay rakhe. borofer pristhoti bishesh borofer meshiner saathe sariboddho koraa hoy kankhito purutto orjoner jonno-ekti sampurna himayit howar porey 5 semi.

almatti erena almatti erena (agau almatti aais payless) aee kazakhstanna almatima stheet aek bahuhetuk indor erena chhe, jeey 18 september september roj kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey temaa aais hockey maate 12,000 darshakoni bethak chhe. aais hockey mecho yojvaa upraant, aaa akhaado boxing, figure skating, basketball, sangeet jalsaao aneey anya kaarykramonu sthal chhe. teey 2017 winter universidaenu aayojan karvaa maatena sthalomaanu aek chhe. aaa akhaado mukka marela riskulov aevanyuni uttare, alatau jeellama momishuli shereethi pashchimma stheet chhe. itihas. 2017 winter universideni yajmani maate almatini safal bollie, 2022 winter olympicsni yajmani maate tenee (asafal) bollie saathe, aantarrashtriy aais hockey federation (iihf) naa dhoranone purn kartaa aais hockey erena banaavvaani jaruriyaatne veeyg aapyo. 27 march march roj, shahernaa mayer akhmetzan yesimoway 12,000 darshako maate navaa akhadana nirmanni aneey 3,000 maate naana akhadana nirmanni jaaherat curry. aaa akhaadaano kharch anukrame 17 carode dollar aneey 89 carode dollar thavaano andaaj hato. maalakhu aneey suveedhao. barafno mahel cisma beeja kramno sauthee moto vistaar chhe, jeey minsk-erena jevo jaj chhe aneey bolshoy barafnaa gumbaj karataa naano chhe. aaa sankulma trana aekamono samaavesh thaay chheh 12,000 bethako saathenu barafnu medaan, manoranjan sankul saathenu taaleem rink aneey swimming pool. barafnaa medaannu leout tene figure skating, aais hockey, boxing, basketball, volleyball maate saarvtrik munch tareeke kaama karvaanee manjuri aape chhe, temaj vadhaaraani 5,000 bethako saathe concert holl tareeke kaama karey chhe, barafnaa medaannaa samagr vistaarne aavari letaa thermal insulation mukvaanaa kissaamaa. barafne thandu karvaanee takneek parr vishesh dhyaan aapvama aave chhe. darek rink redvaa maate 120 ghana meater paanini jaroor padey chhe. paanine viveedh yaantrik ashuddhio, aayarn, chlorin aneey ksharmathi purv-prakriyaa karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey pachhi softner sistamma padey chhe aneey ichchhit sangrah taapmaan jaalvi raakhe chhe. barafnee sapatine ichchhit jaadai praapt karvaa maate khaas baraf masheeno saathe gothavvama aave chhe-sampoorn thandu thayaa pachhi 5 seey. mee..

almatti kshetra almatti akhaada (poorv mein almatti aais palace) almatti, kazakhstan mein sthit ack bahuuddeshiya indor akhaada haye jise 18 sitambar 2016 koo khola gayaa thaa aur isamen burf hockey key liye 12,000 darshak baithate hain. aais hockey maichon kii mejbani key alawa, yeh kshetra mukkebaji, figure skating, basketball, sangeet karyakram aur anya karyakramon kaa sthal haye. yeh 2017 sheetkaleen saarvbhaumik ayojan kii mejbani karane vaale sthaanon mein seey ack haye. akhaada alaataau jile mein momishuli sadak seey paschim mein, mukka maare gaye riskulov avenue key uttar mein sthit haye. itihas. 2017 sheetkaleen saarvbhaumik ayojan kii mejbani karane key liye almatti kii safal bolly, 2022 sheetkaleen olympic kii mejbani karane key liye isaki (asafal) bolly key saath, antarrashtriya aais hockey mahasangh (aaee. aaee. aich. aff.) key manakon koo puuraa karane vaale ack aais hockey kshetra key nirmaan kii aavashyakta koo prerit kiya. 27 march 2014 koo, shahar key mahapour akhmetzan yesimov ney 12,000 darshakon key liye nae akhaade key nirmaan aur 3,000 key liye ack chhote seey akhaade kii ghoshana kii. akhaadon kii laagat kramshah $170 million aur $89 million honey kaa anuman thaa. sanrachana aur suvidhaaen. burf kaa mahal aais mein doosara sabse badaa haye, jiska kshetrafal minsk-arena key samaan haye aur bolshoy burf key gumbad seey chhota haye. parisar mein teen ikaaiyaan hainh 12,000 seeton vaalaa burf kaa maidan, ack manoranjan parisar key saath ack prashikshan rink aur ack swimming pool. burf key maidan kaa leout ise figure skating, aais hockey, boxing, basketball, volleyball key liye ack saarvbhaumik munch key roop mein kaary karane kii anumati detaa haye, saath hii saath atirikt 5,000 seeton key saath ack sangeet karyakram holl key roop mein, poore kshetra koo cover karane key mamle mein thermal insulation burf key maidan key saath lagbhag. burf koo jamaane kii takneek parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye. pratyek rink daalane key liye 120 ghana meater paani kii aavashyakta hoti haye. vibhinn yaantrik ashuddhiyon, loha, chlorine aur lavanon seey paani kaa poorv-upchaar kiya jaataa haye, aur phir naram pranali mein gir jaataa haye aur vaanchhit bhandaran tapman banaae rakhta haye. burf kii satah koo vishesh burf machines key saath sanrekhit kiya jaataa haye taaki vaanchhit motai praapt kii jaa sakey-5 semi ack poorna jamane key baad.

almatti rangabhoomi almatti arena (hinde almatti ais palace) kajhakistanada almatiyalliruva bahu-uddeshada olaangana kridaanganavaagiddu, idannu 18 september 2016 randu tereyalaayitu mattu ais hakigagi 12,000 prekshakarige sthalavakasha kalpiside. ais hockey pandyagalannu ayojisuvudara jotege, ee kridaanganavu boxing, figure scating, basketball, sangeeta kacherigalu mattu itara kaaryakramagalige sthalavagide. idu 2017rahra chaligaalada universiade annu ayojisuva stalagalalli ondaagide. ee kridaanganavu punched riskulov avenue uttaradalli, alatou jilleya momishuli beediyinda paschimakke ide. itihaasa. 2017rahra chaligaalada universiadeannu aayojisalu almatia yashasvi prayatna mattu 2022rahra chaligaalada olympixannu aayojisalu adara (viphala) prayatnavu antaaraashtriya ais hockey okkootada (ihhf) manadandagalannu puraisuva ais hockey kridaanganavannu nirmisuva agatyavannu hechchisitu. 2014rahra march 27randu, nagarada mayer akhmetjhan yesimov 12,000 prekshakarige hosa kridaangana mattu 3,000 prekshakarige sanna kridaanganavannu nirmisuvudaagi ghoshisidaru. kridaanganagalige kramavagi $170 dasalaksha mattu $89 dasalaksha vechchavaagalide endu andaajisalaagittu. rachane mattu soulabhyagalu. ais aramaneyu minsk-arenaavannu holuva mattu bolshoy ais gummatakkinta chikkadaada pradeshavannu hondiruva sisna eradane atidodda ais aramaneyagide. ee sankeernavu mooru ghatakagalannu olagondideh 12,000 asanagaliruva ais arena, manaranjana sankirnadondige tarabeti rink mattu eejukola. ais kridaanganada vinyaasavu figure scating, ais hockey, boxing, basketball, vaalibaalge saarvatrika veedikeyaagi kaaryanirvahisalu anuvu maadikoduttade, jotege hechchuvari 5,000 aasanagalannu hondiruva sangeeta kachheri sabhaanganavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, idee pradeshavannu aavarisuva ushna nirodhanavannu haakuva sandarbhadalli ais maidaanavu sumaru. ais freezing tantragyaanakke vishesha gamana nidalaaguttade. prati rinkge 120 cubic meater neeru bekaguttade. vividha yaantrika kalmashagalaada kabbina, chlorin mattu lavanagalinda neerannu purva-samskarisalaaguttade mattu nantara mrudugolisuva vyavasthege beeluttade mattu apekshita shekharana taapamaanavannu kaapaadikolluttade. sampoornavaagi ghanikarisida nantara 5 sem. mea. apekshita dappavannu sadhisalu manjugaddeya melmaiyannu vishesha manjugaddeya yantragalondige jodisalaguttade.

almetti mekhala 2016 septambar 18 nuu thuranna kasaakhisthaanile almattiyil sthithicheyyunna oru multy purposes indor areenayaan almetti areena (munbu almetti aise palas), aise hockick 12,000 kaanikale irikkaam. aise hockey malsarangalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkunnathinupurame, boxing, figure scating, basketball, kacherikal, mattu paripaadikal ennivayude vediyaanu eee stadium. 2017leeii sheetakaala yooniversiyedinu aathidheyathvam vahikkunna vedikalilonnaanithu. punched riskulov avanyoovinu vadakku, alaattau jillayile momishuli streettil ninnu padinjaaru dishayilaanu eee arann sthithi cheiyunnathu. charithram. 2017leeii sheetakaala yooniversiyedinu aathidheyathvam vahikkaanulla almaattiyude vijayakaramaya shramavum 2022leeii sheetakaala olimbiksinu aathidheyathvam vahikkaanulla (parajayappetta) shramavum anthaaraashtra aise hockey federationte (aii. aii. echu. eph) maanadandangal palikkunna oru aise hockey mekhala nirmmikkendathinte aavasyakathaye prerippichu. 2014 march 27 nuu nagara mayer akhmetsaan yesimov 12,000 kaanikalkkayi puthiya aranum 3,000 perkkaayi oru cheria aranum nirmmikkumenn prakhyaapichu. eee arangalkk yathaakramam 170 dasalaksham dollar 89 dasalaksham dollar chelavaakumenn pratheekshichirunnu. ghadanayum soukaryangalum. minsk-arinaykku samaanavum bolshoy aise thaazhikakkudathekkaal cheruthumaaya vistheernnamulla aise palas sisil randaamathe valiyathaanu. 12, 000 seettukalulla aise areena, vinoda samuchayamulla pariseelana rink, neenthalkkulam enningane moonnu yoonittukalaan samuchayathilullath. aise areena leauttu figure scating, aise hockey, boxing, basketball, volleyball ennivaykkulla oru saarvathrika vediyaayi pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu, koodaathe 5,000 adhika seettukalulla oru kacheri haalum, aise feeldinte muzhuvan pradeshavum ulkkollunna thermal insulation sthaapikkunna saahacharyathil. aise freesing saankethikavidyaykku prathyeka shradha nalkunnu. oro rinkle 120 cubic meter vellam ozhikkanam. irumbu, chlorin, lavanangal thudangiya vividha mechanical maalinyangalil ninnu vellam munkootty samskarikkukayum thudarnnu softnar systethilekku veezhukayum aavasyamulla sambharana thaapanila nilanirthukayum cheiyunnu. aise uparithalam aavasyamulla kanam nedunnathinu prathyeka aise mesheenukalumaayi vinyasichirikkunnu-poornnamaayum maravippichathinu sesham 5 centimeter.

almatti kshetra almatti erena (purvi almatti aais palace) heey kazakhstanchya almatti yethe sthit eka bahuuddeshiy antargehi kshetra aahe, jeey 18 september 2016 roji ughadanyat aale hote aanee tyat barfavareel hockeysathi 12,000 prekshak basoo shakatat. barfavareel hockey samne aayojit karnyavyatirikt, heey maidan mushtiyuddha, figure skating, basketball, maifili aanee itar karyakramanche thikan aahe. 2017 hiwali universiedche aayojan aayojan thikananpaiki heey eka aahe. haah maidan mushtya ghatalelya resculov avenyuchya uttarela, alatau jilhyatil momishuli rastyapasoon paschimela aahe. itihas. 2017 hiwali vishvavijetepad aayojit karnyasathi almatichya yashasvi bolisah 2022 hiwali olympicche aayojan karnyasathichya (ayashasvi) bolimule aantarrashtriy aais hockey mahasanghachya (aay. aay. etch. eff.) manakanchi purtata karnare aais hockey kshetra tayar karanyachi garaj nirman jhaali. 27 march 2014 roji, shaharache mahapour akhmetzan yesimov yanni 12,000 prekshakansathi naveen maidan aanee 3,000 prekshakansathi eka lahan maidan bandhanyachi ghoshana kelee. yaa maidanansathi anukrame $17 kotee aanee $89 kotee kharch apekshit hote. rachana aanee suvidha. barfavareel rajwada haah minsk-arenapramanech aanee bolshoychya barfachya ghumatapeksha lahan, kshetrafalasaha sismadhil dusra sarvat motha aahe. yaa sankulat teen ghatak aaheth 12,000 aasanksham barfavareel maidan, karamanook sankulasah prashikshan rink aanee jaltaran talav. burf kshetrachya mandanimule teey figure skating, aais hockey, boxing, basketball, volleyballsathi eka sarvatrik vyaspeeth mhanoon kaam karoo shakate, tasech atirikt 5,000 jagansah maifiliche sabhagruh, sampoorn kshetra jhakanare aushnik insulation thevanyachya babatit burf kshetra sumare. burf gothavanyachya tantradnyanavar vishesh laksh dile jaate. pratyek rink otanyasathi 120 ghanmeter paanee lagate. loh, chlorine aanee kshar yaa vividh yantrik ashuddhatepasun panyavar purv-prakriya kelee jaate aanee nantar softner pranalimadhye padate aanee ichchit sathavan tapman rakhate. purnapane gothalyanantar 5 seen. mea. ashee ichchit jaadi midvinyasathi barfacha prushthbhag vishesh barfachya yantranshi sanrekhit keela jaato.

almatti khetra almatti erena (pahile almatti ais pyales) almatti, kazakhstanma awasthit ek bahuuddeshiya indor erena how june 18 september 2016 maa kholieko thiyo rar ais hakkika lagi 12,000 darshakharu baschhan. ais hakki khelharu ayojana garnuka atirikta, yo akhada buxing, figure skating, basketball, concertharu rar anya karyakramharuka lagi sthal how. yo 2017 shitkalin universiad ayojana garne sthanharu madhye ek how. yo akhada alatau jillako momishuli sadakbata paschimma mukka prahar garieko riskulobh avenyuko uttarma awasthit chha. itihas. sann 2017 ko shitkalin universiadko ayojana garna almatiko safal bolly, 2022 shitkalin olampikko ayojana garna yasako (asafal) bolile antarrashtriya ais hakki mahasangha (iihf) ko mapdanda pura garne ais hakki khetra nirman garne awashyaktalai utprerit गऱ्यो।. 27 march 2014 maa, saharka meyer akhmetjan yesimobhle 12,000 darshakharuka lagi nayan akhada rar 3,000 kaa lagi sano akhada nirmanko ghoshana gare. rangamanchaharuko lagat kramashah $17 karod rar $89 karod hune anuman garieko thiyo. sanrachana rar suwidhaharu. barafko darbar sisako kshetrafalko sath dosro thulo chha, minsk-erenasanga mildojuldo rar bolsoy baraf gumbaj bhanda sano chha. yass parisarma tean ekaiharu chhanh 12,000 sitharu bhaeko ais erena, manoranjan parisarko sath prashikshan rink, rar swimming pull. baraf kshetrako leautle yasalai figure skating, ais hakki, buxing, basketball, bhalibalka lagi vishwawyapi platformko rupma kaam garna anumati dinchha, sathai atirikta 5,000 sitharu bhaeko concert halko rupma, thermal insulation rakhne awasthama barafko sampurna kshetralai dhakne kshetrama lagbhag. baraf friz garne prawidhima vishesh dhyan diinchha. pratyek rink khanyaunaka lagi 120 ghan mitter pani chahinchha. panilai vibhinna mechanical ashuddhataharu, falam, chlorin rar lawanharubata purva-upchar garinchha, rar tyasapachhi suftner pranalima khascha rar ichchit bhandaran tapman kayam rakhchha. purna rupma jamepachhi 5 centimeter-manaparne motai prapta garna barafko sataha vishesh baraf mesinharusanga panktibadha garieko chha.

almatti erina almatti erena (purbaru almatti ices palaces) heuchhi kazakhstanara almatire abasthita eka bahumukhi indor erena jaahaa 18 september 2016 ray kholajaithila ebong ices hockey paain 12,000 darshaka basibaku basithae . ices hockey match ayojan kariba byatita, ehi khetra buxing, figure skating, basketball, sangeeta karjyakram ebong anyanya karjyakramara sthana . 2017 shitakalina biswabidyalajara ayojan paain ehaa anyatama sthana. ehi rangamanchati punched risakulov aabhenyu uttarare, alatau jillara momishuli street thaaru paschimare abasthita . itihas. 2017 shitakalina biswastareeja pratijogita ayojan kariba paain almatira saphala prayasa, ebong 2022 shitakalina alympic ayojan kariba paain ehara (biphal) prayasa, antarjatija ices hockey federation (aai. aai. etch. aif.) rahr manadanda purana karuthiba eka ices hockey khetra nirmana karibara aabashyakataaku prostahita karithila. 2014 masiha march 27 tarikhare, saharar meyer akhmetjhan jesimabh 12,000 darshakanka paain nutan rangmancha ebong 3,000 darshakanka paain eka chhot rangmancha nirmana kariba paain ghoshana karithile. ehi rangamanchagudika paain jathakrame $170 nijuta ebong $89 nijuta kharcha heba bolly akalana karajaithila. dhancha ebong subidha. baraf prasad heuchhi sii. aai. ess. rahr dwiteeja sarbabruhata, jahara khetraphala minsk-arena sahita samaana ebong bolsai baraf gambuja thaaru chhot . ehi complexeray tinoti unit rahichhih 12,000 aasana bisista baraf khetra, eka manoranjan complexes sahita eka talim rink ebong eka suiming pool. baraf khetrara binyas ehaaku figure skating, ices hockey, buxing, basketball, bhalibal paain eka sarbajaneena platform bhabare karjya karibaku anumathi deithae, ebong atirikta 5,000 siit sahita eka concert hull, baraf khetrara samagra anchalaku taap nirodhaka bichaiba khetrare. baraphaku baraphare baraf karideba prajukti upare bisesh dhyana diajauchhi. pratyeka rinkare paani dhaliba paain 120 cubic mitter paani aabasyaka hoithae. bibhinna jantrika ashuddhata, lauha, chlorin ebong labanaru jalaku purbaru chikitsa karajae, ebong taa 'parey softner sistamare padithae ebong abashyakeeah storage tapmatra bajaiah rakhe . baraf prusthaku swatantra baraf messin sahita sanlagna karajaichi jaahaa eka sampurna himankita heba parey 5 shay. mea. rahr abashyakeeah mota hassel kare .

almatti akhada almatti akhada (pahilan almatti aaees palace) almatti, kazakhstan witch sathit ikk bahu-mantavi indor akhada haii joe 18 satambar 2016 noon kholhiaa giaa see atey aaees hockey laee 12,000 darshakan dee seet haii. aaees hockey maichan dee mezbani toon ilava, ih akhada mukkebaazi, figure skating, basketball, samaroh atey horr programan daa sathaan haii. ih 2017 winter universiade dee mezbani curran vaale sathanan vicchon ikk haii. akhada alatau zilhe witch momishuli glee toon pachham vall, punched resculov aivenioo dey uttar witch sathit haii. itihaas. 2017 winter universiade dee mezbani curran laee almatti dee safal bollie, 2022 winter olympic dee mezbani curran laee iss dee (asfal) bollie dey naal, antarashtari aaees hockey federation (aaee. aaee. aich. eff.) dey miaaran noon poora curran vaale aaees hockey khetar dey nirman dee zaroorat noon prerit keeta. 27 march 2014 noon, shehar dey mayer akhmetzan yesimov neey 12,000 darshakan laee navein akhade atey 3,000 laee ikk chhote akhade dee usari daa ailaan keeta. akhadiaan dee laagat kramvaar $170 million atey $89 million honn daa anuman lagaiaa giaa see. dhancha atey sahulatan. aaees palace daa khetarfal see. aaee. aiss. witch dooja sabh toon vadda haii, joe kii minsk-arena dey samaan haii atey bolshoe aaees gumbad toon chhota haii. complexes witch tinn ikaiaan hann 12,000 seetan vaala aaees akhada, ikk manoranjan complexes dey naal ikk sikhlai rink atey ikk swimming pool. baraf dey akhade daa khaaka iss noon figure skating, aaees hockey, mukkebaazi, basketball, valibal laee ikk sarav viaapak platform dey naal-naal 5,000 seetan dey naal ikk sangeet samaroh haal dey roop witch kamm curran dee aagiaa dinda haii, joe kii poore khetar noon cover curran vaale tharmal insulation dey mamle witch haii. baraf noon thanda curran dee takneek vall vishesh dhiaan ditta jaanda haii. harek rink paunh laee 120 kioobik meeter paanee dee zaroorat hundi haii. paanee noon vakkh-vakkh mechanical ashudhiaan, iron, chlorin atey loonn toon pahilan toon ilaaj keeta jaanda haii, atey firr softner system witch dhiggda haii atey lodinde bhandaran tapman noon banayi rakkhda haii. puurii tarahan thandha honn toon baad 5 centimeter-baraf dee satah noon vishesh baraf deeaan machines naal jodiaa jaanda haii taan joe lodindi motai prapat keeti jaa sake.

almatti-kshetram almatti-erenaa (poorvam almatti-ais-pyaales) kazaakhstaanasy almatti-nagare sthitah bahuuddeshyeeyah antahsthah erenaa asti, yah 18 september 2016 dinaanke udghaatitah, ais-haakee-kreedaayaah krute 12,000 prekshakaah asanani cha santi. ais-haakee-kreedaah aayojayitum vihaay, asmin kshetre baxing, figure-skating, basketball, sangeeta-kaaryakramaah, anye cha kaaryakramaah bhavanti. 2017 tamavarshasya sheetakaalasy universiade-aayojanasy sthaleshu etat anyatam asti. ayam rangamanchah mushtiprakshepitasya riskulov-margasya uttare, alatau-mandalasya momishuli-margat paschimadishi sthitah asti. itihaasah. 2017 tamavarshasya sheetakaalasy universiade-ayojanartham almatti ityasya safalaprayatnena, 2022 tamavarshasya sheetakaalasy olympic-kreedaayaah ayojanartham tasya (asaphalam) pracheshtaya saha, antarashtriya-ais-haakee-sanghasya (aii. aii. ech. ef.) maanakam poorayan ais-haakee-kshetrasya nirmanasya aavashyakataa abhavat. 2014 maarch 27 dinaanke nagarasya meyar akhmetzan yesimov ityeshah 12,000 prekshakanam krute nutanasya kreedaamganasya, 3,000 darshakanam krute laghukshetrasya cha nirmanasya ghoshanaa krutaa. kridangananam vyayah kramashah $170 dashalakshah, $89 dashalakshah cha iti anumaanitam aasit. samrachanaah tathaa suvidhaah. himaprasadaha, minsk-arena-ityanena saha samaanah, bolshoy-himagopuram apekshayaa laghavah cha, sees-madhye dwiteeyam bruhattamam kshetrafalam vartate. asmin parisare trayah ghatakaani santi-12,000 aasanayuktaah himakshetraah, manoranjana-sankeernaih saha prashikshan-rink, tarana-pool cha. himakshetrasya vinyaasah, figure skating, ais-haakee, baxing, basketball, walibal ityetayoho krute saarwatrik-mancharupena karyam kartum, api cha 5,000 atirikta-asanayuktasya sangeeta-sabhaagruhe cha karyam kartum, sampoornam kshetram aacchaadayitum tharmal-insulation sthaapayitum, anumatim dadati. hima-shitalikaran-tantrajnaanasya vishaye vishesham avadhaanam deeyate. pratyekasya rink-pravaahasya krute 120 ghanameetar-jalasya aavashyakataa bhavati. jalam vividhaihi yantrika-ashuddhibhihi, lohaat, chlorin-ityanena, lavanaihi cha poorva-samskaritam bhavati, tatah mrudu-vyavasthaayaam patitvaa apekshitam bhandaaran-taapamaanam cha nirvahati. himaprushtam visheshaihi himayantraihi saha samrekhitam bhavati yena apekshitam sthoolatvam praaptam bhavet-poorna-ghaneebhavanaanantaram 5 se. mee..

almatti arangkam almatti arangkam (munbu almatti panii aranmanai) enbathu kajagastan almattiyil amainthulla oru palnoakku udpura arangkaagum, idhu septumber 18,2016 andru thirakkappattathu mattrum aiz haakkikku 12,000 paarvaiyaalarkal amarakoodiya idamaagum. aiz haakki poattikalai nadaththuvathaith thavira, kuththuchandai, figure scatting, koodaippandhu, kachchaerigal mattrum pira nigazhvugalukkaana idamaagavum inththa arangkam ullathu. 2017 kulirkaala universiate nadaththum idangkalil idhuvum ontraakum. arangkam kutthu riskulov avenuevin vadakkae, aladav maavattaththil ulla momishuli theruvilirunthu maerkae amainthullathu. varalaaru. 2017 kulirkaala universiate nadaththuvatharkaana almattiyin vetrtrikaramaana muyarchiyum, 2022 kulirkaala olimpikkai nadaththuvatharkaana adhan (thoalviyuttra) muyarchiyum, sarvadesa aiz haakki koottamaippin (iiff) tharangalai poorthi seiyum aiz haakki arangkai uruvaakka vaendiyathan avasiyaththai thoondiyathu. 27 maarch 2014 andru, nagarin mayer agmedjohn yesimov 12,000 paarvaiyaalarkalukkaaka puthiya arangkaiyum, 3,000 paarvaiyaalarkalukkaaka oru siriya arangkaiyum kattuvathaaga arivitthaar. arangkugalukku muraiyae $170 million mattrum $89 million selavaagum endru kanikkappattathu. amaippu mattrum vasathigal. aiz aranmanai chis paguthiyil irandaavathu periyathu, minsk-araenaavaip poalavae ullathu mattrum bolshoy aiz kuvimaadaththai vida siriyathu. inththa valaagam moontru alagugalaik kondullathuh 12,000 irukkaikaludan koodiya panii arangkam, pozhuthupoakku valaakaththudan koodiya payirchi valaiyam mattrum neechal kulam. panii arangkin thalavamaippu, panippanthu, aiz haakki, kuththuchandai, koodaippandhu, kaippandhu aagiyavattrirkaana oru ulagalaaviya thalamaagavum, koodudhalaaga 5,000 irukkaikaludan oru kacheri mandapamaagavum seyalpada anumathikkirathu, panippaguthi muzhuvathum veppa kaappu poadum vishayathil. panii uraipani tholilnutpaththil sirappu kavanam seluththappadukirathu. ovvoru valaiyaththilum 120 kana meettar thanneer uutrtrappada vaendum. palvaeru iyanththira asuththangkal, irumbu, chlorin mattrum uppugalilirunthu neer munkoottiyae suththikarikkappattu, pinnar menmaiyaana amaippil vilunththu virumbiya saemippu veppanilaiyai paraamarikkirathu. panii maerparappu virumbiya thadimanai adaiya sirappu panii iyanththirangkaludan seeramaikkappattullathu-oru muzhumaiyaana uraiyavaitha piragu 5 semee.

almatti arena almatti arena (gatamlo almatti ice pales) anedi kazakhstanloni almatylo unna bahula-prayojana indor arena, idhi 18 september 2016naa praarambhinchabadindi mariyu ice hockey kosam 12,000 mandhi prekshakula kosam koorchuntundi. ice hockey myaachlanu nirvahinchadamtho paatu, eee arena baxing, figure skating, basketball, kachereelu mariyu itara kaaryakramaalaku vedika. 2017 sheethaakaala universiade kuu aatidhyam ichhe vedikalalo idhi okati. arena guddabadina riskulov avenueki uttaraana, alatou jillaalooni momishuli veedhi nundi paschimaana undhi. charitra. 2017 sheethaakaala universiadeku aatidhyam ivvadaaniki almatti yokka vijayavantamaina velampata, 2022 sheethaakaala olympicsku aatidhyam ivvadaaniki daani (vijayavantam kaani) velampaatatho paatu, antarjaateeya ice hockey samakhya (iihf) pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa ice hockey arenanu nirminchaalsina avasaranni penchindi. 27 marchi 2014naa, nagara mayer akhmetzan yesimov 12,000 mandhi prekshakulaku kotta arena mariyu 3,000 mandiki chinna arena nirmaanaanni prakatinchaaru. eee arenalaku varusaga $170 millionlu mariyu $89 millionlu kharchu avtundani anchanaa veyabadindi. nirmaanam mariyu soukaryaalu. manchu rajabhavanam minsk-arena maadirigaane mariyu bolshoy manchu gopuram kante chinnadigaa, vistiirnamtoe sis loe rendava atipeddadi. eee samudaayamlo moodu vibhagalu unnaih 12,000 seetlatho kuudina manchu arena, vinoda samudaayamtho kuudina sikshanaa rink mariyu eetha kolanu. manchu arena yokka layowoot figure skating, ice hockey, baxing, basketball, wallyball kosam saarvatrika vaedikagaa panicheyadaaniki anumatistundi, alaage adanapu 5,000 seetlatho kuudina kacheri halto paatu, mottam praantaanni cover chese thermal insulation veyadam vishayamlo manchu maidaanam. manchu gaddakatte saanketikatapai pratyeka shraddha ivvabadutundi. prati rink poyadaaniki 120 cubic meterla neeru avasaram. vividha yaantrika malinaalu, inumu, chlorin mariyu lavanaala nundi neetini mundugaa suddhi chesi, aapai softner vyavasthaloki padi, kaavalasina nilva ushnogratanu nirvahistaaru. manchu uparitalam kaavalasina mandaanni saadhinchadaaniki pratyeka manchu yantraalato samalekhanam cheyabadutundi-puurtigaa gaddakattina tarvaata 5 centimeters.

almati medaan almati medaan (sabqah almati aais peels) eek kaseer maqsadi indor medaan hay juu almaati qazqistan mein waaqa hay juu 18 satambar 2016 kuu khola gayaa thaa aur aais haaki kay liye 12,000 tamashaiyon kii nashaston parr mushtamil hay. aais haaki meechon kii mezbani kay alawah yaha medaan boxing figure scating basket baal concerts aur deegar taqribaat kaa maqaam hay. yaha 2017 kay sarmayi universeed kii mezbani karnay waalay maqamat mein say eek hay. yaha medaan zalaa alatav mein momesholi strait say maghrab mein pinched ruscolof avenio kay shamaal mein waaqa hay. tareekh. 2017 kay sarmayi universeed kii mezbani kay liye almati kii kamiyab bouli 2022 kay sarmayi olympics kii mezbani kay liye iss kii (nakaam) boli kay saath mill kirr beenn alaqwami aais haaki federation (aayee aayee aich aif) kay mayaraat parr poraa utarnay waalay aais haaki kay medaan kii tameer kii zarurat kuu janam diyaa. 27 maarch 2014 cow shehar kay mear akhmatzan yasmof nay 12,000 tamashaiyon kay liye nayey medaan kii tameer aur 3,000 kay liye eek mamuli medaan kaa aalaan kiyaa. medanon parr baltarteeb 17 karod ddaalar aur 89 karod ddaalar kii laagat aaney kaa takhmina thaa. saakhat aur sahuliyaat. aais peels siss mein dosra sabb say badaa hay jiss kaa raqbah mansak areena say milta jaltaa hay aur bolshoye aais gunbad say chhota hay. complex teen younton parr mushtamil hay: 12,000 nashaston waala aais erina tafrihi complex kay saath eek training runk aur eek swiming poul. aais airina kii tartib asay figure scating aais hockey boxing basket baal waali baal kay saath saath izaafi 5,000 nashaston kay saath eek concert haal kay liye eek aalamgir plait faarm kay toor parr kaam karnay kii ajazat deeti hay agar thermal mosliyat rakhee jaaye tuu barf kay medaan kay puray elaqay kuu taqriba ahatah kartaa hay. barf kuu manjamad karnay kii technology parr khususi taujah dee jaati hay. harr runk daalnay kay liye 120 cubic metter paani kii zarurat hoti hay. paani kuu mukhtalif mechanical najasat lohaa chlorin aur namkiyaat say pehley say trait kiyaa jaataa hay aur phir softner system mein girr jaataa hay aur matlubah storage darjah hararat kuu barqarar rakhta hay. barf kii satah kuu matlubah motayi haasil karnay kay liye khaas barf kii machinon kay saath mansalk kiyaa jaataa hay-makmal toor parr manjamad honay kay baad 5 centy metter.

00061dd8fe34ef1bbf1df8c22850b848c325f788305473d5306be19b60b37dcd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55580448

Sri Lanka women's national field hockey team

Sri Lanka women's national field hockey team The Sri Lanka women's national field hockey team represents Sri Lanka at international field hockey competitions for women. Sri Lanka is currently ranked under 40 FIH rating.July 2017 FIH Ratings The women's team was eligible to contest in the Women's FIH Hockey World League for the first time in its history after making its first appearance in the 2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League. Sri Lanka competed in the Round 1 (Asian category) of the Hockey World League for the season 2016-17 and they were knocked out of the first round claiming only 2 wins out of 6 pool matches. Sri Lankan women's field hockey team also secured a silver medal in the field hockey competition which was part of the 2016 South Asian Games after losing to favourites India in the finals by a huge margin. It was also the first ever women's field hockey tournament to have contested in the South Asian Games. In 2003, Sri Lankan women team also won a silver medal in the AHF Women's field hockey tournament. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

srilongkar mohila rastriyo field hockey doll srilongkar mohila rastriyo field hockey dole mohilar baabe antohrastriyo field hockey protijugitat srilongkak protinidhitwo kore. bortoman srilongka 40 ef. aai. eis. ratingor tolot aase.2017 sonor july maahot ef. aai. eis. rating diya mohila doltuwe mohila ef. aai. eis. hockey biswo leegot prothombaror baabe protidondita korar pisot itihaxote prothombaror baabe mohila ef. aai. eis. hockey biswo leegot protidondita koriboloi jugyo hoisil. srilongkai sijon 2016-17 ror baabe hockey biswo leegor round 1 (asean shreni) too protidondita korisil aaru 6 khon pull mesor bhitorot maatro 2 khon joy daabi kori prothom roundor poraa porasto hoisil. srilongkar mohila field hockey doleu finalot priyo bharotor haatot brihot byobodhanot porasto huwar pisot 2016 sonor dokhyin asier khelor ongxo aasil. logote dokhyin asier khelxomuhot protidondita koraa prothomkhon mohila field hockey protijugita aasil. 2003 sonot srilongkar mohila doleu mohila field hockey protijugitat rupor podok laabh korisil.

srilanka mohila jatiya field hockey doll srilanka mohila jatiya field hockey doll mohilader jonno antorjatik field hockey protijogitai srilankar protinidhitto korey. srilanka bortomane 40 eff. aaee. eich retting-err niche royeche.julai 2017 fih retting mohila doll taar itihase prothombar mohila fih hockey bishwa leagay protidwondita korar jogyo chhilo. srilanka hockey bishwa liger prothom round (eshiya bibhag)-ayee 2016-17 morshumer jonno protidwondita korey ebong taaraa 6tii pull matcher modhye matro 2tii joy daabi korey prothom round theke chhitke yaay. srilankar mohila field hockey dolo field hockey protijogitai roupyo podok orjon korey, jaa finale favourit bharoter kachhe bipul byabodhane herey yawar porr 2016 saaler dakkhin eshiya gameser ongsho chhilo. etty dakkhin eshiya gamese protidwondita koraa prothom mohila field hockey turnamentao chhilo. 2003 saale srilankar mohila dolo mohila field hockey turnamente roupyo podok jitechilo.

shrilanka maheela raashtriy filled hockey team shrilanka maheela raashtriy filled hockey team maheelao maateni aantarrashtriy filled hockey spardhaoma shrilankaanu pratinidhitva karey chhe. shrilanka haalmaa 40 aef. aaee. aech. rating hethal chhe.julai 2017 fih ratings maheela team 2016-17 maheela fih hockey vishva leegma pratham vakhat dekhaav karyaa pachhi tenaa itihaasmaa pratham vakhat maheela fih hockey vishva leegma bhaag levaa maate paatra hatee. srilanka hockey vishva leegnee season 2016-17 maate round 1 (aeshiyan shrenee) maan bhaag leedho hato aneey teo 6 pool mechomathi maatra 2 jeetno daavo kareene pratham roundmanthi bahaar thaee gayaa hataa. shrilankani maheela filled hockey teame pann filled hockey spardhama rajat chandrak melvyo hato, jeey jeey dakshin aesheeyani ramatono bhaag hatee, jyaare finalmaan favourit bhaarat saame bhaare antarthi haarno saamno karvo padyo hato. teey dakshin aesheeyani ramatomaa bhaag lenar pratham maheela filled hockey tournament pann hatee. hatee shrilankani maheela teame pann maheela filled hockey tournamentma rajat chandrak jeetyo hato.

srilanka mahila rashtriya hockey team srilanka mahila rashtriya feeled hockey team mahilaaon key liye antarrashtriya feeled hockey pratiyogitaon mein srilanka kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. srilanka vartamaan mein 40 aff. aaee. aich. rating key tahat haye.julaai 2017 feeh ratings mahila team mahila feeh hockey vishva leag mein apani pahali upasthiti darj karaane key baad apane itihas mein pahali baar mahila feeh hockey vishva leag mein pratispardha karane key liye paatr thee. srilanka ney satra key liye hockey vishva leag key round 1 (asiai shreni) mein bhaag liya aur way pahale daur seey baahar hoe gaye aur 6 pool maichon mein seey kewal 2 jeet kaa daavaa kiya. srilanka kii mahila feeled hockey team ney bhee feeled hockey pratiyogita mein rajat padak hassil kiya joe 2016 key dakshin asiai khelon kaa hissa thaa aur final mein pasandida bhaarat seey bhaari antar seey haarne key baad. yeh dakshin asiai khelon mein pratispardha karane vaalaa pahala mahila feeled hockey tournament bhee thaa. 2003 mein, srilanka kii mahila team ney mahila hockey pratiyogita mein bhee rajat padak jeetaa.

srilanka mahila rashtriya feeled hockey tanda srilankada mahila rashtriya feeled hockey tandavu mahileyara antaaraashtriya feeled hockey spardegalalli srilankavannu pratinidhisuttade. prastuta 40 fih rating adiyalli srilanka sthaanadallide.julai 2017 ralli fih rating needida mahila tandavu, mahila fih hockey vishwa leagnalli modala baarige kanisikonda nantara, tanna itihaasadalli modala baarige mahila fih hockey vishwa leagnalli spardhisalu arhate padeyitu. srilanka tandavu hockey vishwa leagna 1neey suttinalli (asean vibhaga) spardhisi, 6 pool pandyagalalli kevala 2ralli maatra jayagalisi modala suttininda horabidditu. srilankada mahila feeled hockey tandavu 2016rahra daksina eshyaa kridaakootada bhagavagidda feeled hockey spardheyalli belli padakavannu geddukonditu, finalnalli mecchina bhaaratadinda bhaaree antaradinda sotitu. idu daksina eshyaada kridakutagalalli spardhisida modala mahila feeled hockey pandyaavaliyaagide. 2003ralli, srilankada mahila tandavu mahila feeled hockey pandyaavaliyalli belli padakavannu geddukonditu.

sreelangan vanita deseeya feeld hockey team sreelangan vanita deseeya feeld hockey team vanithakalkkayulla anthaaraashtra feeld hockey malsarangalil sreelanka prathinidheekarikkunnu. nilavil 40 fih ratingil thaazheyaan srilanka.2017 joolaiyil fih rating prakaram vanita hockey loka leagil aadyamaayi prathyakshappettathin sesham charithratthil aadyamaayi vanita fih hockey loka leagil malsarikkaan vanita teaminu arhata labhichu. hockey waled leaginte aii. dii. 1 seasonile raundu 1 (eshyan vibhaagam) ll srilanka malsarichu, 6 pool malsarangalil 2 vijayangal maathram nedi avar aadya roundil ninnu purathaayi. finalil favourit indiayodu valia bhooripakshathil paraajayappettathin sesham 2016 leeii dakshineshyan geyimsinte bhagamaayirunna feeld hockey malsarathilum sreelangan vanita feeld hockey team vellimedal nedi. dakshineshyan gamesil malsaricha aadya vanita feeld hockey toornament koodiyaayirunnu ithu. 2003ll sreelangan vanita team vanita feeld hockey toornamentilum vellimedal nedi.

srilanka mahila rashtriy maidani hockey sangh shrilankecha mahila rashtriy maidani hockey sangh mahilansathichya aantarrashtriy maidani hockey spardhanmadhye shrilankeche pratinidhitva karato. srilanka sadhya 40 eff. aay. etch. manankanakhali aahe.julai 2017 madhye eff. aay. etch. manankan mahila sangh, 2016-17 mahila eff. aay. etch. hockey jaagtik leegmadhye pahilyanda sahbhagi jhalyanantar, tyachya itihasat prathamach mahila eff. aay. etch. hockey jaagtik leegmadhye bhag ghenyas patra tharala. shrilankene hangamasathi hockey world leegchya pahilya fereet (ashiyai shreni) bhag ghetala aanee 6 pool samnyanpaiki keval 2 vijay midvat teey pahilya feritoon baad jhaale. antim fereet pasantichya bharatakadun mothya farkane parabhoot jhalyanantar, shrilankechya mahila maidani hockey sanghane 2016 chya dakshin ashiyai khelancha bhag asalelya maidani hockey spardhetahi raupyapadak patkavale. dakshin ashiyai khelanmadhye bhag ghenari hii pahili mahila maidani hockey spardha dekhil hotee. 2003 madhye shrilankechya mahila sanghane mahila maidani hockey spardhetahi raupyapadak jinkale.

shreelanka mahila jatiah field hockey dala shreelanka mahila jatiah field hockey dala mahilamananka paain antarjatija field hockey pratijogitare shreelankara pratinidhitwa kare . shreelanka bartamana 40 aif. aai. etch. reting tale rahichhi.july 2017 ray fih reting mahila dala mahila fih hockey biswa ligre pratham thara paain kheliba parey itihasare pratham thara paain mahila fih hockey biswa ligre pratidwandita karibaku jogya thila . shreelanka hockey biswa ligger round 1 (asiah berg) ray rutu paain pratidwandita karithila ebong semane 6 pool match madhyaru maatra 2 tii bijai daabi curry pratham roundru nockout hoithile. shreelankara mahila field hockey dala madhya 2016 dakhina asiah creedara anshabisesha bhabe ajojita field hockey pratijogitare roupya padaka hassel karithila, jeunthire shay phainalare favourit bharatatharu bipula byabadhanare parasta hoithile. ehaa madhya pratham mahila field hockey turnament thila jaahaa dakhina asiah kreedare pratidwandita karithila . 2003 masihare shreelankara mahila dala madhya mahila field hockey turnamentare roupya padaka jitithila.

srilanka mahila rashtari feeled hockey team srilanka mahila rashtari feeled hockey team aurtan laee antarashtari feeled hockey mukabaliaan witch srilanka dee numaindagi kardi haii. srilanka iss vele 40 feeh rating toon hethan haii.julai 2017 witch feeh rating witch mahila team mahila feeh hockey vishav leeg witch aapni pahili peshkari toon baad aapne itihaas witch pahili vaar mahila feeh hockey vishav leeg witch hissa lainn dee yog see. srilanka neey season 2016-17 laee hockey vishav leeg dey raoond 1 (aci shreni) witch hissa liaa atey uh 6 pool maichan vicchon siraf 2 jittan daa daava karde hoye pahile raoond toon bahr hoow gaye. srilanka dee mahila feeled hockey team neey vee feeled hockey mukabale witch chaandi daa tagma jittiaa joe final witch manpasand bharat toon bhaari farak naal haaran toon baad 2016 deeaan dakkhni aci khedan daa hissa see. ih dakkhni aci khedan witch hissa lainn vaala pahila mahila feeled hockey tournament vee see. saal 2003 witch srilankai mahila team neey mahila feeled hockey tournament witch vee chaandi daa tagma jittiaa see.

shrilanka-deshasya mahilaa-rashtriya-kshetra-haakee-dalah shrilanka-mahilaa-rashtriya-kshetra-haakee-dalah mahilanam krute antarashtriya-kshetra-haakee-spardhaasu shrilankayaha pratinidhitvam karoti. shrilanka-deshah samprati 40 fih-retting-taha adhah asti.julai 2017 tame varshe feeh-retting-madhye mahilaa-dalah, 2016-17 mahilaa-feeh-haakee-vishva-leag-madhye prathamavaaram upasthitah bhutva, itihaase prathamavaaram mahilaa-feeh-haakee-vishva-leag-madhye spardhayitum arhati sma. shrilanka-deshah 2016-17 ityasya rutau haakee-vishva-leag-ityasya prathama-charane (asean-shrenee) spardhaam akarot, tathaa cha 6 pool-spardhaasu kevalam 2 vijayaan praapya prathama-charanaat nishkaasitaah abhavan. shreelankaadeshasy mahilaa-kshetra-haakee-dalah api, antima-spardhayam prabal-mataihi bhaarat-viruddham parajayena, 2016 tame varshe dakshina-asiadeshasya kreedaasu bhagikrutya, kshetra-haakee-spardhayam rajatpadakam praapnot. dakshina-asiayaah kreedaasu spardhaam krutavatee prathamaa mahilaa-feeled-haakee-pratiyogitaa api aasit. 2003 tame varshe shreelankaadeshasy mahilaa-dalah api e. ech. ef. mahilaa-kshetra-haakee-spardhayam rajatpadakam praapnot.

ilangkai magalir thaesiya kazha haakki anii ilangkai magalir thaesiya kazha haakki anii penkalukkaana sarvadesa kazha haakki poattikalil ilangkaiyai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. ilangkai tharpoothu 40 fabih tharavarisaiyil ullathu.juulai 2017 fabih mathippeedugal penkal anii 2016-17 penkal fabih haakki ulaga leakil muthal muraiyaaga thoantriya pinnar adhan varalaattril muthal muraiyaaga penkal fabih haakki ulaga leakil poattiyida thaguthi pettrathu. haakki ulaga leakin suttru 1 (aasiya vagai) seasonil ilangkai poattiyittathu, maelum avarkal 6 puul poattikalil 2 vetrtrikalaip pettru muthal suttril irunthu veliyaettrappattanar. iruthip poattiyil viruppamaana inthiyaavidam perum vidhyaasaththil thoalviyadaintha pinnar, 2016 therkaasiya vilaiyaattukalin oru paguthiyaaga irunththa kazha haakki poattiyil ilangkai magalir kazha haakki aniyum vellip pathakkam ventrathu. therkaasiya vilaiyaattup poattikalil pankettra muthal penkal kazha haakki poattiyaagavum idhu irunththathu. 2003 aam aandil, ilangkai magalir anii magalir kazha haakki poattiyil vellip pathakkam ventrathu.

srilanka mahilala jaateeya feeled hockey jattu srilanka mahilala jaateeya feeled hockey jattu mahilala kosam antarjaateeya feeled hockey pootiilaloo srilankaku praatinidhyam vahistundi. srilanka prastutam 40 fih rating krinda undhi.juulai 2017 fih ratings mahilala jattu 2016-17 mahilala fih hockey prapancha leaglo modatisaari kanipinchina taruvaata charitralo modatisaarigaa mahilala fih hockey prapancha leaglo pootii cheyadaaniki arhata pondindi. srilanka season 2016-17 kosam hockey varald leag yokka round 1 (asea vargam) loe pootii chesindi mariyu vaaru 6 pool matchlalo 2 vijayalu matrame saadhinchi modati round nundi nishkraminchaaru. finalslo favourates india chetilo bhaarii thedaatho odipoyina taruvaata 2016 dakshinasia creedalalo bhaagamaina feeled hockey pootiiloo srilanka mahilala feeled hockey jattu kooda rajata patakaanni saadhinchindi. idhi dakshinasia creedalalo pootii chesina mottamodati mahilala feeled hockey tornament kooda. 2003loe srilanka mahilala jattu kooda mahilala feeled hockey tornamentlo rajata patakaanni geluchukundi.

saree lankaa khwatin kii qomi feld haaki team saree lankaa kii khwatin kii qomi feld haaki team khwatin kay beenn alaqwami feld haaki muqabilon mein saree lankaa kii numaindagi karti hay. saree lankaa iss waqat 40 fah darjah bundi say neechey hay.jolayi 2017 fah retings khwatin kii team khwatin kii fah haaki world leeg mein pehli baar sharkat karnay kay baad apnee tareekh mein pehli baar khwatin kii fah haaki world leeg mein hasah leenay kii ahal thee. saree lankaa nay seezan 2016-17 kay liye haaki world leeg kay round 1 (aishiyayi zamray) mein hasah liyaa aur wah 6 poul meechon mein say sarf 2 jeeth kaa daawi kartay hoay pehley round say baahir how gayey. saree lankaa kii khwatin kii feld haaki team nay bhee feld haaki muqabilay mein chaandi kaa tamgha haasil kiyaa juu final mein pasandidah hindustan say baday farq say haarnay kay baad 2016 kay janubi aishiyayi kheelon kaa hasah thaa. yaha khwatin kaa pehla feld haaki tornament bhee thaa jiss nay janubi aishiyayi kheelon mein hasah liyaa thaa. 2003 mein saree lankaa kii khwatin kii team nay bhee aey aich aif weemanz feld haaki tornament mein chaandi kaa tamgha jeeta thaa.

000622b50b33c848768e59be2afec513aa73ef4c21d06852cc072665bf5cf2e2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32186468

Phyllostegia waimeae

Phyllostegia waimeae Species of flowering plant Phyllostegia waimeae is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name Kauai phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is limited to the island of Kauai. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. This plant was not seen since 1969 and was rediscovered in 2000. This pink-flowered subshrub grows in moist and wet forest habitat. There are only two wild individuals known to exist, but more are likely to be growing in habitat not recently surveyed. Additionally, there are several individuals that have been planted. The species is threatened by feral pigs, feral goats, rats, introduced species of plants, and overcollection. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

phylostagea waimei phylostagea waime hoise pudina poriyalor ek birol projatir fulor udbhid jaak xadharon naam kaui phylostagea buli jonaa yaay. ee hawair sthaniyo, zo 'too ee kaui dipoloike ximabodho. ee aamerika juktorastror ek federal talikabhukto biponno projati. ei udbhid 1969 sonor poraa dekha puwa nasil aaru 2000 sonot punor abiskar koraa hoisil. ei gulapi fulor upo-jharikoi aardro aaru aardro bonancholor baxosthanot briddhi paay. maatro dutaa bonyo byokti aase buli jonaa yaay, kintu xehotiyakoi joreep koraa nuhuwakoi baxosthanot odhik briddhi huwar xombhawona aase. iyar uporiu, keibatau byokti aase jiburok rupon koraa hoise. ei projatituk bonoriya gaahori, bonoriya sagoli, murkho, proborton koraa udbhidor projati aaru otirikto xongmisronor dwara bhabuki diya hoy.

phylostagea oyemei phylostagea oyaime holl pudina poribarer ekti biral projatir sapushpak udbhid jaa sadharan naam kaui phylostagea naame porichito. etty hawaiyer sthaniya, jekhane etty kaui dweepe seemaboddho. etty markin juktorashtrer ekti federal talikabhukto biponno prajati. eyi udbhidti 1969 saal theke dekha yayni ebong 2000 saale punra abishkrito hoyechilo. eyi golapi-fuler sabshrubti ardro ebong ardro boner abashsthole briddhi paay. matro duti bonno byaktir astitto royeche boley jaanaa yaay, tobey samprati jorip koraa hoyney emon abashsthole arow beshi briddhi pawar sombhabona royeche. echhadao, besh koyekjon byakti royeche jaaraa ropon koraa hoyeche. eyi projatiti bonno shukar, bonno chhagol, indur, udbhider probortito prajati ebong atirikto sangraher dwara humkir mukhe royeche.

phylostagia vemei phylostagia weimei aee fudinaa parivaarmaa foolnaa chhodni aek durlabh prajaati chhe jeey saamanya naam kaaui phylostagia dwara odakhaay chhe. teey havaai maate sthaaneek chhe, jyaan teey kaaui taapu sudhee maryadit chhe. teey united statesnee luptpray prajaati chhe. aaa chhod 1969 thee jovaa malyo naa hato aneey 2000 maan tenee punah shodh karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa gulabi-foolvali sabshrab bhejwala aneey bheena jangalnaa nivassthanma uge chhe. maatra beey jungley vyakteeo astitvamaa hovaanu jaanitu chhe, parantu taajetarma sarvekshan naa karaayelaa vadhu loko nivassthanma vrudhdhi pamvani shakyata chhe. vadhumaa, tyaan ghanee vyakteeo chhe jeey vaavetar karvaamaa aavee chhe. aaa prajatine jungley dukkar, jungley bakra, undaro, chhodni prajaatio aneey vadhu padatee bhegee thavaathi khataro chhe.

phylostagea wimey phylostagea wimei taksal parivaar mein foolon key paudhe kii ack durlabh prajaati haye jise aam naam kaui phylostagea seey jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh havaai key liye sthaanik haye, jahan yeh kaui dweep taka seemit haye. yeh sanyukt raajya america kii ack sanghiya roop seey soochibaddh luptapray prajaati haye. yeh paudha 1969 key baad seey naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa aur 2000 mein isaki phir seey khoj kii gaee thee. yeh gulabi foolon vaalaa upa-jhaadoo nama aur geele vann nivaas mein ugataa haye. kewal dou jangli vyaktiyon key astitva key baare mein jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin haal hii mein sarvekshan naheen kiye gaye nivaas sthaan mein adhik badhane kii sambhavana haye. isake alawa, kaee aise vyakti hain jinhen lagaaya gayaa haye. iss prajaati koo jangli suar, jangli bakariyaan, choohe, paudhon kii prajaatiyon kii shuruat aur atee sangrah seey khatra haye.

phylostegia vaime phylostegia vaime embudu pudina kutumbadalli kandubaruva aparoopada hoobiduva sasyada jatiyagiddu, idannu kaui phylostegia endu kareyalaaguttade. idu havaayige sthaliyavaagide, allie idu kaui dweepakke simitavagide. idu samyukta samsthaanada okkootada patti maadalaada alivinanchinalliruva prabhedavagide. ee sasyavu 1969 rinda kanisalilla mattu 2000 ralli marushoodhisalaayitu. ee gulabi-hoovina upashrib tevaamsha mattu ardra aranya aavasasthaanadalli beleyuttade. kevala eradu kaadu vyaktigalu astitvadallive endu tilidide, aadare ittichege samikshe maadada aavasasthaanadalli hecchu beleyuva saadhyateyide. hechchuvariyagi, halavaaru vyaktigalannu nedalaagide. ee prabhedavu kaadu handigalu, kaadu aadugalu, iligalu, parichayisalaada sasyagala prabhedagalu mattu atiyaada sangrahanegalinda apayakke olagaagide.

philostejiya vaimee kauyi philostejiya enna pothuvaaya peril ariyappedunna mint kudumbatthile apoorva inam poochediyaanu philostejiya vaimee. ithu havayiyil thaddesheeyamaanu, avide ithu kavaay dveepil parimithappedutthiyirikku. american aikyanaadukalile federal listtil vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru inamaanithu. 1969 muthal kaanaatha eee chedi 2000 ll veendum kandethi. eerppamullathum eerppamullathumaaya vanaa aavaasavyavasthayil valarunna eee pink pookkalulla sabshroob. rund vanyamrugangal maathrame nilavilulloovenkilum aduthide sarway nadathiyittillaatha aavaasavyavasthayil kooduthal valaraan saadhyathayund. koodaathe, niravadhi vyakthikal nattupidippichittundu. kaattupannikal, kaattupotthukal, elikal, parichayappedutthiya sasyangalude enangal, amithamaya shekharanam enniva eee inathe bheeshanippeduthunnu.

phylostagia vemi phylostagia vemi hii pudina kutumbatil fulanchya vanaspatichi eka durmil prajati aahe, jee kaui phylostagia yaa samanya navane olakhali jaate. too havaisathi sthanik aahe, jithe too kaui betapurata maryadit aahe. hii united stateschee sangharajyiy soochibaddha luptapray prajati aahe. hii vanaspati 1969 pasoon disali nahee aanee 2000 madhye punha shodhali gelee. hii gulabi fulanchi upashrub olsar aanee olya jangalatil adhivasat vadhate. astitvat asalyache keval donach vanya vyakti dnyat aahet, parantu alikade sarvekshan naan kelelya adhivasat aanakhi vadhanyachi shakyata aahe. yavyatirikt, anek vyakti aahet jyanche ropan kele gele aahe. jangali dukar, jangali jangali, undeer, vanaspatinchya parichay jhalelya prajati aanee atisankalanamule yaa prajatila dhoka aahe.

phylostagea waimei phylostagea waimi pudina pariwarma full fulne botko ek durlabh prajati how jaslai samanya naam kaui phylostagea bhaninchha. yo hawaiko sthaniya how, jahaan yo kaui tapuma simit chha. yo sanyukta rajya americako sanghiya rupma suchibadha luptapraya prajati how. yo biruwa sann 1969 dekhi dekhiena rar sann 2000 maa punah patta lageko thiyo. yo gulabi full bhaeko upa-jhadi osilo rar bhijeko wanko basasthanma badhcha. tyahan kewal dui jungley wyaktiharu awasthit chhan bhanera thaha chha, tara halasalai sarwekshan nagarieko basasthanma badhi badhne sambhawana chha. thap rupma, tyahan dherai wyaktiharu chhan june ropieka chhan. yo prajati jangali sungur, jangali bakhra, musaharu, botabiruwaka prajatiharu, rar ati sankalandwara khatarama chha.

phylostagia waimae phylostagia waimei heuchhi pudina paribarara eka birala prajatira phul gacha jaahaa sadharana naama kaui phylostagia dwara janashuna . ehaa hawai paain sthaniah, jeunthare ehaa kaui dwepare seemita . ehaa juktarastra americara eka sangheeah talikabhukta bipanna prajati . ehi udbhida 1969 masiharu dekhibaku mili nathila ebong 2000 masihare ehaaku punah abishkara karajaithila. ehi golapi-phulajukta upa-jhitipiti ardra ebong ardra jangala aabasasthalare badhithae . kebala duiti banya byakti achanti bolly janaa, kintu nikatare sarbekhyana karajainathiba basasthanare adhika brudhi hebara sambhabana achhi . ehaa byatita, aneka byakti achanti jeunmane ropana karichanti. ehi prajatiti banya ghushuri, banya chheli, moosha, prabartita udbhida prajati ebong atyadhika sangraha dwara bipadare achhi .

phylostagia vaimi phylostagia vaimi pudine dey parivaar witch fullan dey paude dee ikk durlabh prajati haii jiss noon aam naam kaui phylostagia naal janhiaa jaanda haii. ih havaai laee sathanak haii, jitthe ih kaui tapu takk seemat haii. ih sanyukat raaj amrica dee sanghi suchibadh khatre vaali prajati haii. ih pauda 1969 toon naheen dekhiaa giaa see atey 2000 witch dubara labhiaa giaa see. ih gulabi fullan vaali upp-jhaadi namee atey gille jangal dey nivas sathaan witch uggadi haii. siraf doou jangli viakati maujood hunn, parr haal hii witch sarvekhan keete binan nivas sathaan witch vadhan dee sambhavna haii. iss toon ilava, kaee viakati hunn jinhan noon laaiaa giaa haii. iss prajati noon jangli sooran, jangli bakkariaan, chuhiaan, paudiaan deeaan pesh keetiaan gaeeaan kisman atey ziaada sangrah duaara khatra haii.

philostagia vaimee philostagia vaimee iti pudina-kulasya pushpa-sasyasya durlabhajaatih asti yaa kauyee philostagia iti samanyanamna prasidhah asti. ayam havaayi-pradeshasya sthaanikah asti, yatra kauyi-dweepe eva seemitah asti. eshaa samyuktarajyamerikadesha sangha-suchibaddha-viluptapraayaah asti. 1969 tamaat varshaat etat sasyam naa drushtam, 2000 tame varshe punah aavishkrutam cha abhavat. etat gulabi-pushpayuktam upa-gulma-vruksham aardr-vana-nivaasasthaane vardhate. atra kevalam dwau vanya-vyaktiau vidyamaanau iti dnyaayate, parantu samprati sarve naa krutau api adhikaah nivaasasthaane vardhante iti sambhavana asti. tadatiriktam, aneke janaah santi ye ropitavantah. vanyapashubhihi, vanya-bakarebhyah, mooshaabhih, pravartita-vanaspatisamskrutaih, ati-sangrahanena cha eshaa prajaatih sankatagrasta asti.

philostegia vaimae philostegia vaimae enbathu pudhinaa kudumbaththil ulla oru ariya pookkum thaavara inamaagum, idhu podhuvaana peyaraana kavaai philostegia endru azhaikkappadukirathu. idhu havaai theevukku mattumae uriyathu, angku idhu kavaai theevukku mattumae udpattathu. idhu aikkiya maakaanangkalil ulla oru koottaatchi pattiyalil ulla azhiyum nilaiyil ulla inamaagum. inththa thaavaram 1969 muthal kaanappadavillai mattrum 2000 aam aandil meendum kandupidikkappattathu. inththa ilanjchivappu-pookkal konda thunaichchedi eeramaana mattrum eeramaana vana vaazhvidangkalil valarkirathu. irandu kaattu thaninabarkal mattumae iruppathaaka ariyappadugirathu, aanaal sameepaththil kanakkedukkappadaatha vaazhvidangkalil innum athigamaaga valarum vaaippu ullathu. koodudhalaaga, pala thaninabarkal nadappattullanar. inththa inangkal kaattu pandrigal, kaattu aadugal, eligal, arimugappaduththappatta thaavara inangkal mattrum athigappadiyaana thoguppu aagiyavattraal achchuruththappadugindrana.

phylostegia vaime phylostegia vaime anedi pudiinaa kutumbamlo kaui phylostegia anae saadhaarana paerutoe piluvabade arudaina pushpinche mokka. idhi havaiki sthaanikamainadi, ikkada idhi kaui dveepaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. idhi samyukta rashtraalalo antarinchipothunna jaatulalo samakhya jaabitaalo undhi. eee mokka 1969 nundi kanipinchaledu mariyu 2000 loe tirigi kanugonabadindi. eee gulabi-puvvula upashrab thema mariyu tadi atavee aavasalalo perugutundi. rendu adavi vyaktulu matrame unikilo unnatlu telusu, conny iteevala survey cheyani aavasalalo ekkuva perige avakaasam undhi. adanamgaa, aneka mandhi vyaktulu naatabaddaru. eee jaatulu adavi pandulu, adavi mekalu, elukalu, pravesapettina jaatula mokkalu mariyu atigaa sekarinchadam dwara bedirinchabadutunnaayi.

filostigia weemi filostgia weemi podinay kay khaandaan mein phulon kay poday kii eek nayaab nooa hay jasay aam naam kawayi filostgia say jaana jaataa hay. yaha hawai kay liye maqami hay jehaan yaha kawayi kay jazeeray takk mahdud hay. yaha riyasathaye muthadah kii eek wafaqi toor parr darj khatray say dochaar nooa hay. yaha podaa 1969 say nahein dekha gayaa thaa aur 2000 mein asay dobarah driyafat kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha gulaabi phulon waali zeeli jhaadi numm aur gailay jangal kay maskan mein agti hay. sarf duu jangli afraad mojud haine leakin inn kay rehaish gaah mein badhnay kaa amkaan hay jinn kaa haal hyee mein sarway nahein kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kay alawah kayee afraad haine jinhein lagaya gayaa hay. iss nooa kuu jangli khanzir jangli bakriyan chohay podon kii mutaarif karayee gayee anwaa aur ziyadah jamaa honay say khatrah hay.

000623e871bc548227fdb12a5957f57c2b86dedfc68bfd718f36153c5e0cc481

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1955785

Oakland Stompers

Oakland Stompers American soccer team Soccer club The Oakland Stompers were a soccer team based out of Oakland, California that played the 1978 season in the North American Soccer League (NASL). The Stompers played in the Western Division of the American Conference and finished the year with a 12–18 record, in third place and out of playoff contention. Team history. At the end of the 1977 NASL season, Silicon Valley businessman (and former owner of the San Jose Earthquakes) Milan Mandarić bought the Connecticut Bicentennials and relocated them to Oakland. The club, renamed the Stompers, hired Mirko Stojanović as head coach and signed a 10-year lease at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, previously home of the NASL's Oakland Clippers in 1967–68. The team signed Shep Messing for $100,000 making him the highest-paid American soccer player at the time. The club drew 32,104 in their home opener against cross-Bay rivals San Jose Earthquakes on April 2, 1978, with about half of those in attendance being supporters of the visiting team. (At the time, it was the largest crowd ever to see a club soccer match in California.) After eight games and a record of 4-4, the team fired Stojanović and replaced him on an interim basis with Jack Hyde. Hyde was in turned replaced by Ken Bracewell who had previously coached the Denver Dynamos. In July, the team was averaging 12,200 fan in attendance, but ended the season in third place and with a slight dip in attendance 11,929 fans at seasons end. (The Coliseum was a lonely place in the summer of '78: the Stompers' co-tenants, baseball's Oakland Athletics, attracted just 7,218 fans per home date.) Following the season, the team moved to Edmonton, Alberta where they was renamed the Edmonton Drillers. Honors. U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame Canada Soccer Hall of Fame Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ookland stompers ookland sto "muppers aasil californier uklandot owosthito ekhon football doll ji 1978 sonor sijonot uttor aamerikar football leeg (nesol) too khelisil. sto "maparxokole aamerikan xonmilonor poschimiya xakhat khelisil aaru bosortu 12-18 recordor xoite tritiyo sthanot aaru playo" for bibador bahirot xomapto korisil. dolor itihax. 1977 sonor nesol sijonor xexot, cylicon upotyokar byowoxayi (aaru chaan jo 'cho bhumikompor prakton maalik) milan mandarike xongzugkari dwixot bosoriya kinny xeibur ukolendoloi sthanantor korisil. clubtuwe sto 'march naam xoloni kori mirku stujanubhisok mukhyo proxikhyok hisape nijukti disil aaru ookland-alameda county kulisiyame 10 bosoror lijot swakhyor korisil, ji aagote 1967-68 too nesolor ookland clipperor ghor aasil. doltuwe xei xomoyot teuk xorbadhik dormoha puwa aamerikan football kheluwoi hisape 100,000 dollar baabe swep messing swakhyor korisil. 1978 sonor 2 aprilot chaan jo 'cho bhumikompor biruddhe klabkhone teulukor ghoruwa aarombhonitut 32,104 dro "koo korisil, zo" too uposthito thoka pray aadha luk bhromonkari dolor xomorthok aasil. aathkhon khel aaru 4-4 ror obhilekhor pisot doltuwe stujanubhisok borkhasto kore aaru ontobortikalin bhittit teuk jek hydere xoloni kore. hydor thait kene borswelor byowostha koraa hoisil jiye purbote denver dainamusor proxikhyon disil. july maahot doltuwe gore 12,200 onuragir uposthiti aasil, kintu sijontu tritiyo sthanot aaru sijonor xexot 11,929 onuragir uposthiti xamanyo hraxor xoite sijontu xomapto korisil. ('78 sonor grishmokalot kolichiyam ek nixongo sthan aasiloh sto "maparsor xoho-bharatia, besbolor ookland ethletikse proti ghoruwa tarikhot maatro 7,218 john onuragik aakorxito korisil.) sijonor pisot doltuwe admonton, albertaloi sthanantorito hoisil zo 'too teulukor naam xoloni kori admonton drillers rokha hoisil. xonman. eu.ess. football holl owo fame kanada football holl owo fame inned 'ror football holl owo fame

oakland stompers oakland stompers chhilo californier oakland vittik ekti football doll jaa 1978 saaler morshume uttor american football lige (nassel) khelechilo. stompers american sommeloner western dibhishane khelechilo ebong tritiya sthane ebong play ofer bitorker baire ekti 12-18 record niye bochorti shesh korechilo. doler itihas. 1977 saaler nassel morshumer sheshe, silicon valley byabasayi (ebong shaan jose bhumikamper praktan malik) milan manderich sangjogkari dwishotoborshojibi kiney taader oaklande sthanantorito corren. clubti, stomperser naam poriborton korey, mirco stozanovichke prodhan coach hisabe niyog korey ebong oakland-alameda county coliciume 10 bochorer izara swakkhar korey, jaa purbe 1967-68-ayee nasoler oakland clipperser baadi chhilo. dolti taake seii somoye sorbochcho betoner american football kheload hisabe 100,000 dollar jonno shape messing swakkhar korey. 1978 saaler 2raa april shaan jose bhumikamper biruddhe clubti taader ghorer udwodhoni matche 32,104 raan tuley neyo, jekhane uposthitoder pray ardhek safarkari doler somorthok chhilen. atti khela ebong 4-4-err recorder porr, dolti stozanovichke borkhasto korey ebong antarbartikalin vittite jack hyde diye taar protisthapon korey. hyde keey keyne bracewell dwara protisthapito hoyechilo jini purbe denver dynamoske proshikkhon diyechilen. julai maase, dolti gadey 12,200 john bhokter uposthiti chhilo, kintu morsumer sheshe 11,929 john bhokter uposthiti samanno hrass peye tritiya sthane morsumti shesh korey. (colicium '78 saaler grisse ekti ekaki jaiga chhiloh stompers' soho-bhadate, basebaler oakland athletics, proti baadir tarikhe matro 7,218 john bhoktoke akrishto korechilo.) morshumer porey, dolti edmonton, alberta choley yaay jekhane taader naam poriborton korey edmonton drillers rakha hoy. sommanona. eu.esha. football holl off phema kanada football holl off phema indor football holl off phema

ockland stompers ockland stompers ockland, california stheet aek sokara team hatee jeey 1978nee seasonma uttar american sokara leag (nassel) maan ramee hatee. stompers american parishadna pashchimi vibhagma ramyaa hataa aneey varshne 12-18 reqorda saathe trija sthaane aneey playoff vivadmathi bahaar karyoo hatoo. teamno itihas. 1977 nee nassel seasonna ante, silicon kheennaa vepaari (aneey seena joses bhookampna bhutpurv maaleek) milan mandarike connecticut dwishtabdi khareedi aneey temne oaklandma sthaanaantarit karyaa. club, jenu naam badaline stompers rakhvama aavyu, tene mirako stojanovicne mukhya coach tareeke rakhyaa aneey ockland-alameda kaauntii collisium khaate 10 varshnaa liz parr hastakshar karyaa, jeey agau 1967-68 maan nasalna ockland clippersnu ghar hatoo. teame $100,000 maate shape messing parr hastakshar karyaa hataa, jeey tene teey samaye sauthee vadhu pagaar melavnaar american sokara khelaadi banaave chhe. 2 april, 1978naa roj seena joses dhartikamp saame clubae temnaa gharaanganana openerma 32,104 runn banaavya hataa, jemaa haajari aapnaraomathi lagbhag adadhaa mulakati teamnaa samarthako hataa. aath ramato aneey 4-4 noow vikram pachhi, teame stojanovicne bartaraf karyo aneey vachgalana dhorane jeeka hyde saathe tenee jagya leedhi. hydene qena bracewell dwara badalvama aavyu hatoo jene agau denver dynamosne taaleem aapee hatee. julyma, team sarerash 12,200 chaahakoni hajarima hatee, parantu seasonna ante 11,929 chaahakoni hajarima thodo ghataado kareene trija sthaane seasonno anta aavyo. (qolisiyama '78 naa unalama aek aekalu sthal hatuh stompers' saha-bhaadut, baseballni ockland athletics, ghar deeth maatra 7,218 chaahakone aakarshe chhe.) aaa season pachhi, team admenton, alberta gaee jyaan temnu naam badaline admenton drillers rakhvama aavyu. sanmaan. yuu.aesa. football holl off phema keneda sokara holl off phema indor sokara holl off phema

oakland stompers oakland stompers oakland, california seey baahar sthit ack football team thee joe 1978 key satra mein uttari americi socker leag (nassel) mein kheli gaee thee. stompers ney americi sammelan key paschimi prabhaag mein khela aur varsh koo 12-18 record key saath samaapt kiya, teesare sthaan parr aur playoff vivaad seey baahar. team kaa itihas. 1977 key nassel season key anta mein, silicon valley key vyavasaayi (aur saine jose bhookamp key poorv malik) milan mandarik ney connecticut dwishtabdi koo kharida aur unhein oakland mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. club, jiska naam badalkar stompers curr diyaa gayaa, ney mirco stozanovic koo mukhya coach key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa aur oakland-almeda county colessium mein 10 saal key patte parr hastakshar kiye, joe pahale 1967-68 mein nazal key oakland clippers kaa ghar thaa. team ney $100,000 key liye shape mess parr hastakshar kiye jisase vaha usa samay sabse adhik bhugtan paane vaalaa americi football khilaadi bunn gayaa. 2 aprail, 1978 koo saine jose bhookamp key khilaf apane gharelu salami ballebaaj mein club ney 32,104 runn banaae, jisamen upasthiti mein lagbhag aadhe mehmann team key samarthak they. aathh game aur 4-4 key record key baad, team ney stozanovic koo nikaal diyaa aur antarim aadhar parr jack hyde key saath unaki jagah leey lii. hyde koo caine bracewell dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa joe pahale denver dynamos koo prashikshit curr chuke they. julaai mein, team ausatan 12,200 prashansakon kii upasthiti mein thee, lekin season key anta mein 11,929 prashansakon kii upasthiti mein mamuli girawat key saath season koo teesare sthaan parr samaapt kiya. (colicium '78 kii garmiyon mein ack akela sthaan thaah stompers' saha-kirayedar, baseball key oakland athletics, prati ghar kii tarikh mein kewal 7,218 prashansakon koo aakarshit karate they.) season key baad, team admonton, alberta chully gaee jahan unakaa naam badalkar admonton drillers curr diyaa gayaa. sammaan. yuu.aiss. football holl off fame kanada socker holl off fame indor socker holl off fame

ok land stampers okland stampers californiada okland moolada football tandavagiddu, 1978rahra rtuvinalli uttara americada saakar leigh (nassel) nalli aaditu. stampergalu american conferencen paschima vibhagadalli aadidaru mattu varshavannu 12-18 daakhaleyondige, moorane sthaanadalli mattu playoff spardheyinda horagulidu mugisidaru. tandada itihaasa. 1977rahra nasal rtuvina koneyalli, silicon kaniveya udyami (mattu syaan jose bhookampagala maaji malikaru) milan manderick avaru connecticut bicentanials annu khareedisi avugalannu oklyaandge sthalaantarisidaru. stampers endu marunamakaranagonda club, mirco stojanovic avarannu mukhya tarabetudaararaagi nemisikonditu mattu okland-alameda kaunti kolisiyamnalli 10 varshagala guttigege sahi haakitu, idu hinde 1967-68 nalli nasalna okland klippargala neleyagittu. tandavu $100,000 ge shep messingge sahi haakitu, idarindaagi aaa samayadalli aata athi hecchu sambhavane padeyuva american saakar aatagaaranaagiddanu. 1978rahra april 2randu syaan jose bhookampagala viruddha club tamma tavaru arambhika pandyadalli 32,104 rangalannu galisitu, hajariddavaralli ardhadashtu mandi bheti needida tandada bembaligaraagiddaru. entu atagalu mattu 4-4 rahra daakhaleya nantara, tandavu stojanovic avarannu vajaa maaditu mattu madhyantara aadhaarada mele jack haidnondige avarannu badalaayisitu. ee hinde denver dynamosge tarabeti niididda kenn bracewellninda hyde annu badalaayisalaayitu. julainalli, tandavu sarasari 12,200 abhimanigala haajaraatiyannu hondittu, aadare rtuvina koneyalli 11,929 abhimanigala haajaraatiyalli swalpa kusitadondige moorane sthaanadalli rtuvannu konegolisitu. (collisium '78rahra besigeyalli ekaangi sthalavagittuhu stampers saha-hiduvalidaararu, baseballn okland athletics, prati manege kevala 7,218 abhimaanigalannu aakarshisitu.) rtuvina nantara, tandavu edmunton, albertage sthalaantaragonditu, allie avarannu edmunton driller endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. gouravagalu. yuu.ess. saakar haal off fame kenada saakar haal off fame olaangana saakar haal off fame

oakland stompers oakland stompers haah aukland, california yetheel eka football sangh hota, joou joou hangam uttar american socker leegmadhye (nassel) khelala. stompers american conferencechya western divisionmadhye khelale aanee varshacha shevat 12-18 vikrami kamgirisah, houn sthanavar aanee playofchya sharyatitoon baher padale. sanghacha itihas. 1977 chya nasal hangamachya shevati, silicon vallicha vyapari (aanee sann jose bhookampancha majee malak) milan mandarik yane connecticut dvishatabdi vikat ghetale aanee tyanna oklandmadhye sthalantarit kele. stompersche naav badalalelya clubney, mirco stojanovichala mukhya prashikshak mhanoon niyukt kele aanee oakland-alameda county collesium yethe 10 varshanchya bhadepattyavar swakshari kelee, jeey purvi 1967-68 madhye nasselchya oakland clippersche ghar hote. sanghane shape messingwar 100,000 dollarsathi swakshari kelee jyamule too tyaa velee sarvadhik mandhan ghenara american socker kheladu banala. 2 april 1978 roji sann jose bhukampanviruddha tyanchya gharchya salamichya samnyat clubney 32,104 dhawa kelya, jyat upasthit asalelyanpaiki sumare ardhe pahune sanghache samarthak hote. aath samne khelalyanantar aanee 4-4 assa vikram kelyanantar, sanghane stojanovichala baad kele aanee tyachya jaagi jacq hydela tatpurte sthan dile. hydechya jaagi qeena bracewelchi jaaga ghenyat aalee, jyanni purvi denver dynamosela prashikshan dile hote. julaimadhye, sanghachi sarasari 12,200 chahate upasthit hote, parantu hangamachya shevati 11,929 chahatyanchya upasthitimadhye kinchit ghat houn houn sthanavar rahoon hangam sampavala. (78 chya unhalyat collesium eka ekaki thikan hoteh stompersche saha-bhadekaru, baseballchya oakland ethleticsne, pratyek gharchya tarkhes fakt 7,218 chahatyanna aakarshit kele.) hangamanantar, sangh admonton, alberta yethe gela, jithe tyanche naav badaloon admonton drillers asey karnyat aale. sanman. yuu.ess. football holl auph fame canada socker holl auph fame antargehi football holl auph fame

okland stumpers okland stumpers okland, californiama adharit football tolly thiyo jasle uttar americi football ligg (nassel) maa 1978 sijan kheleko thiyo. stumpersle americi sammelanko paschimi divisionma khele rar tesro sthanma rar playuff vivadbata bahira, 12-18 recordka sath warsha samapta gare. toliko itihas. sann 1977 ko nassel sijanko antyama silican bhyalika wyapari (rar saan jose bhukampaka purva malik) milan mandarichle connectict dwishatabdi kineka thie rar tiniharulai oklandma sthanantaran gare. club, stumpersko naam pariwartan gari, mirco stojanobhichlai mukhya prashikshakko rupma niyukta garyo rar okland-almeda county collegiumma 10 warshako bhadama hastakshar garyo, pahile 1967-68 maa nasalko okland clippersko ghar thiyo. tolile $100,000 maa shape mess garne hastakshar garyo jasle unlai tyas samayako sabaibhanda badhi parishramik line americi football kheladi banayo. april 2,1978 maa saan jose bhukampa viruddha cluble afno gharelu openerma 32,104 anka nikalchha, jasma upasthitmadhye lagbhag adha agantuk tolika samarthakharu thie. atha khel rar 4-4 ko recordpachhi, tolile stojanobhichlai barkhasta गऱ्यो। rar unlai antarim adharma jack hydele pratisthapan गऱ्यो।. hydelai keyne bracewelle pratisthapan gareko thiyo jasle pahile denbhar dynamoselai prashikshan dieka thie. julyma, tolile ausat 12,200 prashansakharuko upasthiti thiyo, tara sijanko antyama 11,929 prashansakharuko upasthitima thorai girawatka sath sijan tesro sthanma samapta bhayo. (colicium '78 ko garmima eklo thaaun thiyoh stumperska saha-bhadama lineharu, besbalko okland athleticsle prati ghar mitima kewal 7,218 prashansakharulai akarshit गऱ्यो।) sijanpachhi, tolly admonton, albertama sare jahaan uniharulai admonton drillers naam diiyo. samman. yu.ess. football hull aff fame canada football hull aff fame indor football hull aff fame

oakland stumpers oakland stumpers thila californier okalyandare abasthita eka football dala jaahaa 1978 sijanare uttara americae football ligg (nassel) ray khelithila. stumpersmane americae sammilanira paschima bibhagare khelithile ebong barsatiku eka 12-18 record sahita truteeja sthanare ebong playoff bibadaru baharithile. dalara itihas. 1977 nassel rutu sheshare, silican upatyakara byabasajee (ebong shaan joses bhukampara purbatana malika) milan mandarik sanjogakaree dwishatabdee kinile ebong segudiku okalyandaku sthanantara kale. stumpers naama paribartana curry club, mirco stojanoviknku mukhya prashikhyaka bhabare nijukta karithila ebong okland-alameda county kolijijamare 10 barshar liz swakhyara karithila, jaahaa purbaru 1967-68 ray nassler okland kliparmanankara ghara thila . dala $100,000 ray shape mesing swakhyara karithila jaahaa tanku sehi samajare sarbadhika parishramika prapta americae football khelali karithila . april 2,1978 ray shaan joses bhukampa bipakhyare club semanankara gharoi udaghatani myachare 32,104 dra karithila, jeunthire upasthita thiba praiah adhaa atithi dalara samarthaka thile . athati match ebong 4-4 record parey, dala stojanoviknku barakhasta karithila ebong madhyabarteekaleena bhittire jack hyde sahita taanka sthanare neithila. hyde badalare caine bracewell sthana paithila jie purbaru denver dynamos ku talim deithile . july maasare, dala harahari 12,200 prashansakanka upasthiti thila, kintu sijan sheshare 11,929 prashansakanka upasthiti samanya hrass sahita truteeja sthanare sijan shesh karithila. ('78rahr grishma ruture collegium eka ekaki sthana thilah stumpers saha-bhadatia, baseball rahr oakland athletics, prati home detre maatra 7,218 prashansakanku akarshita karithila .) ehi rutu parey, dala admonton, alberta chalijaithile jeunthare semanankara naama admonton drillers rakhajaithila. sammana. jayu.ess. football hull off fame kanada football hull off fame indor football hull off fame

ockland stommers ockland stoppers ockland, california toon bahr sathit ikk football team see joe uttri amriki football leeg (naisal) witch 1978 daa season khedi gaee see. stoppers neey amriki conferences dey pachmi division witch khediaa atey saal daa ant ikk 12-18 ricard naal keeta, teeje sathaan 'teey atey playf vivaad toon bahr. team daa itihaas 1977 dey naisal season dey ant witch, silican valley dey vapari (atey sainn jose bhuchalan dey sabka maalak) milan mandrik neey connect doou-sadia noon kharidiaa atey uhanan noon ockland witch tabdil qarr ditta. club, jiss neey stommers daa naam badliaa, neey mirco stojanovic noon mukkh coach vajon niyukat keeta atey ockland-almeda kaoonti colicium vikhe 10 saal dey lease 'teey dastkhat keete, joe pahilan 1967-68 witch naisal dey ockland clippers daa gharr see. team neey $100,000 witch shape messing' teey dastkhat keete jiss naal uh uss samein sabh toon vaddh tankhah lainn vaala amriki football khidari bann giaa. club neey 2 aprail, 1978 noon sainn jose dey bhuchalan dey virudh aapne gharelu salami match witch 32,104 daudan banaiaan, jiss witch hazri bharan valiaan vicchon lagbhag addhe mehmann team dey samarthak sunn. atth geman atey 4-4 dey ricard toon baad, team neey stojanovic noon bahr kaddh ditta atey antrim adhaar 'teey jaik hyde naal uss dee thaan lae laee. hyde dee thaan caine bracewell neey lae laee see jiss neey pahilan danver dynamos noon sikhlai ditti see. julai witch, team dee hazri austan 12,200 parshansak see, parr season dey ant witch season dey 11,929 parshanskan dee hazri witch mamuli girawat dey naal season daa ant teeje sathaan 'teey hoiaa. ('78 deeaan garmiaan witch colicium ikk ikalli jagha seeuuu stompers dey sahi-kiraedar, baseball dey ockland athletics neey pratee gharelu mitee siraf 7,218 parshanskan noon aakarshit keeta.) season toon baad, team admunton, alberta chalee gaee jitthe uhanan daa naam badal keey admunton driller rakkhiaa giaa. sanman. yuu.aiss. football haal aaf fame canada football haal aaf fame indor football haal aaf fame

oklend stampers oklend-stompers iti california-deshasya oklend-nagare sthitah ekaha saakar-dalah aasit yah 1978 tame varshe uttar-american-saakar-leag (naasal) ityasmin creedaa kreeditavaan. stampers-janaah american-sammelanasy pashchim-vibhaage kreeditavantah, tathaa cha truteeyasthaane play-aaf-vivaadaat bahihi cha, 12-18 abhilekhena varsham samaaptavantah. dalasya itihaasah. 1977 tame varshe naasal-rutuhu samaaptah abhavat, silican-upatyakaa-vyavasaayinah (tathaa saan-jose-bhukampasya poorva-swami) milan-mandaarik ityeshah dwishataabdam connecticut-nagaram kritva taan ok-lyand-deshe sthanantaritavan. stampers iti punah namakaranam krutvaa club, mirco stojanovic ityenam mukhya-prashikshakatvena niyuktavaan, tathaa cha oklend-alameda-kaunti-colessium ityatra 10-varsheeya-pattyaam hastaaksharam krutavaan, yat poorvam 1967-68 ityasmin naasal-ityasya oklend-clippers ityasya gruham aasit. dalah $100,000 krute shape-messing iti hastaaksharam krutavaan, yena saha tasmin samaye sarvaadhikam vetanam praaptah american-saakar-kreedakah abhavat. 1978 april 2 dinaanke saan-jose-bhukampasya viruddham club-sanghah svagruhasya udghaatane 32,104 ankaan praapnot, upasthitanam praayah ardhabhaagah atithi-dalasya samarthakaah aasan. ashtakridanam, 4-4 ankaanaam cha abhilekhasya anantaram, dalah stojanovic ityenam nishkaasy, tasya sthaane antarima-rupena jyaak haid ityanena pratisthaapayat. haid ityasya sthaane kenn-bracewell-ityanena pratisthaapitam, yah poorvam denver-danamos-ityetaan prashikshayat. julai-maase, dalasya upasthitihi 12,200 prashamsakaah aasit, parantu truteeyasthaane, rutusamaaptau 11,929 prashamsakaah upasthitau alpena nyunataya cha, rutuhu samaaptah. (colicium-nagaram 78 tamasya varshasya grishmakaale ekaki sthaanam aasit, besball-kreedaayaah oklend-athletics-kreedaayaah saha-bhaatakah, stompers-kreedaayaah pratigruha-dinaankah kevalam 7,218 prashamsakaah aakarshitaah.) rutoho anantaram, dalah edmunton, alberta-nagaram prati gatavaan, yatra teshaam naam edmunton drillers iti krutam. sammanam. yu.ess. football haal aaf fame kenada-deshasya faakar-haal-aaf-fame indor football haal aaf fame

ooklaand stombers ooklaend stombers enbathu californiavin ooklaendai thalamaagak konda oru kaalpandhu aniyaagum, idhu 1978 aam aandil vada america kaalpandhu leakil (naas) vilaiyaadiyathu. america maanattin merkaththiya pirivil stombers vilayaadi, aandai 12-18 saathanaiyudan mudiththu, moontraavathu idaththil mattrum playoff poattiyil irunthu veliyaeriyathu. aniyin varalaaru. 1977 naasal paruvaththin mudivil, silican pallatthaakku thozhilathibar (mattrum chaan jose poogambangkalin munnaal urimaiyaalar) milan montaric inaikappatta irunooru aandukaalangkalai vaangki avattrai ooklaandirku maatrinaar. kilap, stombers endru marupeyaridappattathu, mirco stojanovicai thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka niyamiththathu mattrum ooklaend-alameda kavundi kolisiyaththil 10 aandu kuththagaikku kaiyezhuththittathu, munbu 1967-68 ill naasalin ooklaend kilipparkalin illamaaga irunththathu. anii $100,000 kku sheb messingle kaiyezhuththittathu, ithanaal avar antha neraththil adhiga sambalam vaangkum america kaalpandhu veeraraaga aanaar. aepral 2,1978 andru chaan jose poogambangkalukku ethiraaga thangal sontha thodakka aattaththil kilap 32,104 oottangkalai eerththathu, angku kalandhu kondavargalil paathi paer varugai tharum aniyin aatharavaalarkalaaka irunththanar. ettu aattangkal mattrum 4-4 endra saathanaikku piragu, anii stojanovicai panineekkam seithu, idaikkaala adippadaiyil jaak hight moolam avarukku pathilaaka maattriyathu. munbu denver dynamosai payittruviththa kenn bracewell haidukku pathilaaka maattrappattathu. juulai maathaththil, anii saraasariyaaga 12,200 rasigargalin varugaiyai kondirundhadhu, aanaal paruvaththin mudivil 11,929 rasigargalin varugai kuraindhu moontraavathu idaththil seesanai mudiththathu. (kolisiyam '78 koadaiyil oru thanimaiyaana idamaaga irunthathu stombers' inai vaadagaithaarargal, baseballin ooklaend thadagala, oru veettu thaethikku 7,218 rasigargalai mattumae eerththathu.) inththa paruvatthaith thodarnthu, anii edmunden, alberdavukku kudipeyarndhadhu, angku avarkal edmunden thurappaniyaalarkal endru marupeyaridappattanar. gowravangal. yuu.ess. kaalpandhu haal off fame kanada kaalpandhu haal off fame udpura kaalpandhu haal off fame

oklaand stampers oklaand stampers anedi uttara america sacker leag (nasal) loe 1978 seasonlo aadina oklaand, california aadhaarita sacker jattu. stampers american conferences yokka westran divisionlo aadaru mariyu samvatsaraanni 12-18 rikaardutoe, moodava sthaanamlo mariyu playoff pootii nundi bayataku teesaaru. jattu charitra. 1977 nasal season mugimpulo, silicon valley vyaapaaravaetta (mariyu shaan jose bhookampaala maajee yajamani) milan mandarik connecticut bicentanialsnu konugolu chesi vaatini oklaandku marcharu. aaa club, stompersga paeru maarchabadindi, mirco stojanovichnu pradhana kochga niyaminchindi mariyu oklaand-alameda county colisium vadda 10 samvatsaraala leejuku santakam chesindi, gatamlo idhi 1967-68 loe nassel yokka oklaand clippers yokka nivaasam. aaa jattu $100,000 kuu shep messing paie santakam chesindi, aaa samayamlo atanni atyadhika paaritoshikam teesukune american sacker aatagadiga chesindi. april 2,1978naa shaan jose bhookampaalaku vyatiraekamgaa club tama home openarlo 32,104 parugulu chesindi, haajaraina vaarilo sagam mandhi sandarsinche jattuku maddatudaarulu. enimidi atalu mariyu 4-4 recordula tarvaata, jattu stojanovicnu tolaginchi, taatkaalika praatipadikana athani sthaanamlo jaak hydenu upayoginchindi. gatamlo denver dynamosku sikshana icchina kenn bracewell dwara hyde sthaanamlo maarchabadindi. joolailo, jattu sagatuna 12,200 mandhi abhimanula haajarutho, conny season mugimpulo 11,929 mandhi abhimanula swalpa taggudalatoe moodava sthaanamlo season mugisindi. (colisium '78 vesavilo ontari pradaesamgaa undedih stompers saha-addedaarulu, baseball yokka oklaand athletics, prati inti teedeeki kevalam 7,218 mandhi abhimanulanu aakarshinchindi.) aaa season taruvaata, jattu edmunton, albertaku maarindi, akkada vaariki edmunton drillers anie paeru marcharu. gowravaalu. yuu.ess. sacker haall off fame kenada sacker haall off fame indor sacker haall off fame

ockland stampers ockland stampers ocland california say baahir kii bunyaad parr eek fitt baal team thee jiss nay 1978 kaa seezan naarth american fitt baal leeg (neesal) mein kheela. stampers nay american conference kay western devision mein kheela aur saal kaa ikhtatam 12-18 record kay saath kiyaa teesri position parr aur play aaf kay tanazah say baahir. team kii tareekh. 1977 kay neesal seezan kay ikhtatam parr salkaan veeli kay taajir (aur saan jose zalzalon kay saabiq maalik) milan mendark nay conecticate bayee centineal kharida aur inhein ockland mein muntaqil kirr diyaa. kalab jiss nay stampers kaa naam tabdil kiyaa nay merco stojanovich kuu head coach kay toor parr rakhaa aur ockland-almeda county collezium mein 10 saalah lease parr dastakhat kiyay juu pehley 1967-68 mein neesal kay ockland kalparz kaa gahar thaa. team nay sheep messing parr 100,000 ddaalar mein dastakhat kiye jiss say wah iss waqat sabb say ziyadah maawazah leenay waala americi fitt baal khilaadi bunn gayaa. kalb nay 2 apreel 1978 kuu saan jose kay zalzalon kay khalaaf apnay hoam opener mein 32,104 kaa draa kiyaa jiss mein haaziri mein mojud taqriba nasf mahman team kay haami thay. aath games aur 4-4 kay record kay baad team nay stojanovich kuu bartarf kirr diyaa aur aburi bunyaad parr jeek hyde kay saath inn kii jagah lay lee. hyde kii jagah keenn brais weel nay lay lee thee juu pehley denor dynamos kuu tarbiyat day chakay thay. jolayi mein team austa 12,200 shaiqeen kii haaziri mein thee leakin seezan kay ikhtatam parr 11,929 shaiqeen kii haaziri mein mamuli kamee kay saath seezan kuu teesre maqaam parr khatam kiyaa. (colzium '78 kay mosam garma mein eek tanha jagah thee: stampers kay shareek karayah daar bees baal kay ockland athletics nay phee hoam ddait sarf 7,218 shaiqeen kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa.) seezan kay baad team admenton alberta muntaqil how gayee jehaan inn kaa naam badal kirr admenton derlers rakh diyaa gayaa. aizazat. yuu.aiss. fitt baal haal aaf faim canada fitt baal haal aaf faim indor fitt baal haal aaf faim

000628c725185b3212117ab46bc8c5a1e24d7650be2e70e2f995481acf510459

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=180660

morn

morn English. Etymology. From , from , from , , from , (compare , , , , , ), from , , from (compare , ), from (compare ). . See also . Middle English. Noun. Compare . Scots. Etymology. From , variant of , from .

ratipuwa ingraji. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa, poraa, poraa, (tulona korok,,,,), poraa, poraa, poraa (tulona korok,), poraa (tulona korok), poraa (tulona korok). . logote sauk. modhyo ingraji. bixesyo. tulona korok. sko 'tot. byutpotti. poraa, rupor poraa, poraa.

sokal. ingrezi. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke, theke, theke, (tulna,,,), theke, theke, theke (tulna,), theke (tulna). . etao dekhun. modhyo ingrezi. bishessho. tulna korun. scots. byutpatti. theke, err baikalpik, theke.

savaar angreji. vyutpatti. maanthi, maanthi, maanthi, thee, thee, (sarkhaamani karoo,,,) thee, thee, thee (sarkhaamani karoo,) thee, thee (sarkhaamani karoo) thee. . pann juo. madhya angreji. sangyaa. sarkhaamani karoo. scoats. vyutpatti. thee, naa prakaar, thee.

subah angrezi. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey, seey, seey, seey, (tulanaa,,,) seey, seey, seey (tulanaa,), seey (tulanaa). . yeh bhee dekhein. madhya angreji. sangya. tulanaa karein. scots. vyutpatti. seey, kaa sanskaran, seey.

belagina jaava inglish. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda, ninda, (holisi,,,), ninda, ninda, (holisi,), ninda (holisi). . saha nodi. madhya inglish. naamapada. holike maadi. scots. vyutpatti. ninda, roopaantaradinda, ninda.

raavile engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. (thaarathamyam cheyyuka,), (thaarathamyam cheyyuka,), (thaarathamyam cheyyuka), (thaarathamyam cheyyuka), (thaarathamyam cheyyuka) ennivayil ninnu. . athum kaanuka. madhya engleesh. namam. thaarathamyam cheyyuka. scots. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, vakabhedam, muthal.

sakal. ingraji. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon, pasoon, pasoon, (tulana qaraa,,,) pasoon, pasoon, pasoon (tulana qaraa), pasoon (tulana qaraa). . hehee pahaa. madhya ingraji. sandnya. tulana qaraa. scots. vyutpatti. pasoon, prakar, pasoon.

bihan angreji. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt, batt, dekhi, (tulana,,,), batt, dekhi, (tulana,), dekhi (tulana). . pani hernuhos. madhya angreji. sangya. tulana garnuhos. scots. wyutpatti. batt, ko sanskaran, batt.

sakaala ingraji. byutpatti. ru, ru, ru, ru, ru, (tulana,,,) ru, ru, ru, ru (tulana,), ru (tulana). .. madhya dekhantu. madhya ingraji. biseshya. tulana karantu. scott. byutpatti. ru, rahr bhariant, ru.

sware angrezi. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon, toon, toon, (tulna crow,,,), toon, toon, (tulna crow,), toon (tulna crow). . ih vee dekho. maddh angrezi. naam. tulna crow. scots. shabdawali. toon, daa roop, toon.

praatahkaalah. anglabhashayam. vyutpattih. taha, taha, taha, taha, (tulanam karotu,,,), taha, (tulanam karotu,), taha (tulanam karotu), taha (tulanam karotu). . api pashyatu. madhya-anglabhashayam. naam. tulanam karotu. skaatland. vyutpattih. taha, prakaaratah, taha.

kaalai aangkilam. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu, irunthu, irunthu, (oppidungkal,,,), irunthu, irunthu, (oppidavum,), irunthu (oppidavum). . idhaiyum paarungkal. naduththara aangkilam. peyarchchol. oppidungkal. skaatlaanthu. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, maarupaadu, irunthu.

udayam aanglam. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi, nundi, nundi, (polchandi,,,), nundi, nundi, nundi (polchandi,), nundi (polchandi). . kooda chudandi. madhya aanglam. namavachakam. polchi chudandi. scots. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi.

sabah angrezi. siftiyat. say say say say say (mawaznah) say say say (mawaznah)yee say (mawaznah). . yaha bhee dekhein. darmiyani angrezi. asm. mawaznah karein. scott. siftiyat. say kii qasm say.

000629823549cea78bb85d6106c5d68cb91ce5ea1aa9f9113d745796b91ad625

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49763432

Border effect

Border effect Border effects refer to asymmetries in trade patterns between cities and regions of different countries and those that are located in the same country. Usually, trade volume between the former is much less. Economic integration (as in the EU) may be a solution to overcome these effects. A 2017 meta-analysis of 1,271 estimates of the border effect finds that borders reduce trade by one third. More generally, "border effect" also refers to the tendency of people to purchase consumer goods in a locality that borders another jurisdiction where the desired good is either illegal or highly expensive. Several examples of this are detailed below. Examples. The small town of Whiteclay, Nebraska, which borders Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, was previously noted for its role as a seller of alcohol to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (where alcohol is illegal). This ended when the town liquor stores' licenses were not renewed in 2017. The border effect has been repeatedly observed in the United States since 2014, when the first legalized cannabis sales began in Colorado; it has since spread to various other states with legalized cannabis. A notable example is Ontario, Oregon, which borders Idaho and first opened cannabis dispensaries in 2019. Total cannabis sales from Ontario dispensaries topped $100 million in December 2020.

ximantor probhab ximanto probhabbure bibhinno dexor sohor aaru onchol aaru eketa dexot owosthito sohoror maajot banijyor aarhir oxomotak bujay. xadharonote, purbortur maajot banijyor poriman bohut komm hoy. orthonoitik ekotrikoron (europor dore) ei probhawxomuh otikrom korar ek xomadhan hoh 'bob paare. ximantor probhawor 1,271taa onumanor 2017 sonor metaa-bislexone dekhuwaise je ximat banijyo ek tritiyangxo hraax paay. odhik xadharonote, "ximanto probhab"-e aan ek khyetror ximarekhar usorot thoka oncholot upobhukta xamogri kroy korar probonotau bujay zo 'too akangkhyito xamogri oboidho baa oti byoybohul. iyar keibatau udahoron tolot bixodbhabe ullekh koraa hoise. udahoron. dokhyin dakutar uglala lakuta countyr ximare laagi thoka nebraskar xoru sohor huwaitokle purbote paain riz bharotiyo xongrokhyon (zo 'too xura oboidho) too xura bikreta hisape iyar bhumikar baabe bikhyat aasil. 2017 sonot sohoror xura dukanxomuhor onugyapotro nobikoron nokorar loge loge iyar onto porisil. 2014 sonor poraa aamerika juktorastrot ximanto probhab baare baare lokhyo koraa hoise, jetiya coloradut prothom boidho gaaja bikri aarombho hoisil; iyar pisot ee boidho gaajar xoite aan bibhinno rajyoloi biyopi porise. etaa ullekhjugyo udahoron hoh "lo oh" regonor oh "ntario", ji idahur ximare aaru 2019 sonot prothombaror baabe gaaja ouxodhaloi mukoli korisil. 2020 sonor disembor maahot oh "ntario" ouxodhaloyor poraa muth gaaja bikri 100 nijut dolarot uponeet hoisil.

seemanto prabhab seemanto prabhabguli bivinno desher shohor ebong anchal ebong ekoi deshe abosthito shahargulir modhye banijyer nidorshongulite asamata bojhai. sadharonoto, prothomtir modhye banijyer poriman onek qama hoy. orthonoitik sanhatkaran (eu-err moto) eyi prabhabguli katiye othar ekti samadhan hotey paare. 2017 saale seemanto probhaber 1,271tii onumaner metaa-bishleshone dekha geche jey, seemanto banijya eka tritiyangsho hrass korey. arow sadharonbhabe, "seemanto prabhab" bolte emon ekti elaka bhogyoponno kenara probonotakeo bojhai jaa onno ekti ekhtiar seemana judey royeche jekhane kankhito ponnoti hoy aboidho baa atyanta byabahul. err koyekti udaharan niche bistaritovabe deoa holl. udaharan. hoaitkle, nebrasca-err chhoto shohor, jaa dakkhin dakotara oglala lakota kauntir seemana judey abosthito, purbe pine riz bharatiya sanrakkhaner (jekhane alcohol aboidho) alcohol bikreta hisabe taar bhumikar jonno porichito chhilo. 2017 saale shohorer moder dokangulir licenses punarnabikaran naa koraa holey etty shesh hoy. 2014 saal theke markin juktorashtre seemanter prabhab barbar lakkhya koraa geche, jokhon coloradote prothom boidho ganja bikroy shuru hoyechilo; etty boidho ganja soho anyanno bivinno rajye chhoriye poreche. ekti ullekhjoggo udaharan holl ontario, oregon, jaa idahor seemana ebong 2019 saale prothom ganjar dispensory khulechilo. 2020 saaler decembere ontario dispensory theke moat ganjar bikroy 100 million dollar chhadiye geche.

sarhad assar sarhadi asaro aee viveedh deshona shahero aneey pradesho aneey aek jaj deshmaa stheet vistaaro vachchena vepaarnee patternma asampramantano sandarbh aape chhe. saamanya reete, pahelani vachche vepaarnu pramaan ghanoo ochhu hoya chhe. aarthik ekikaran (european unionni jaim) aaa asarone door karvaano ukel hoi shake chhe. sarhadni asarnaa 1,271 andajona andajona metaa-vishleshanma jaanvaa malyun chhe keey sarahado vepaarmaa aek trutiyaansh ghataado karey chhe. vadhu saamanya reete, "sarhadi assar" aee aevaa vistaarmaa graahak chijavastuo khareedvani lokonee vruttine pann sandarbhit karey chhe jeey anya adhikarkshetrani sarahade chhe jyaan ichchhit maal gerkaydesar athavaa atyant mongho chhe. aanaa ketlaak udaaharano neeche vigatvaar chhe. udaaharano. whiteclay, nebrascanu naanu shaher, jeey dakshin dakotana oglala lakota kaauntini sarahade aavelu chhe, teey agau pine rij bhaartiy aarakshan (jyaan daaru gerkaydesar chhe) maan daarunaa vikreta tarikeni tenee bhoomika maate jaanitu hatoo. jyaare jyaare shahernee daaruni dukanona licensenu navikaran karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo tyaare aaa samaapt thayu hatoo. united statesma 2014 thee sarhad assar vaaramvaar jovaa malee rahee chhe, jyaare koloradoma pratham kaydesar gaanjaano vechaan sharoo thayu hatoo; tyaarthi teey kaydesar gaanjaano upyog kareene anya viveedh rajyoma felaayo chhe. aek nondhpaatra udaaharan ontario, oregon chhe, jeey idaho saathe jodaayelee chhe aneey aneey saupratham kenabis davakhanao kholyaa hataa. ontario davakhanaomathi gaanjaano coole vechaan december december $100 millionthi upar hatoo.

seema prabhaav seema prabhaav vibhinn deshon key shaharon aur kshetron key beach vyaapaar pattern mein vishamtaon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur joe ack hii desh mein sthit hain. aamtaur parr, poorv key beach vyaapaar kii matra bahut cumm hoti haye. aarthik ekikaran (jaisa kii europeeya sangh mein haye) inn prabhaavon koo door karane kaa ack samadhan hoe sakata haye. 2017 mein seema prabhaav key 1,271 anumaanon key metaa-vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii seemaaen vyaapaar koo ack tihai taka cumm karati hain. aam taur parr, "seema prabhaav" ack aise ilaake mein upabhokta vastuon koo khareedane kii logon kii pravritti koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye joe ack anya kshetradhikar kii seema seey lagata haye jahaan vaanchhit vastu yaa tou avaidh haye yaa atyadhik mahangi haye. isake kaee udaaharan neeche diye gaye hain. udaaharan. whiteclay, nebrasca kaa chhota shahar, joe dakshin dakota key oglala lakota county kii seema seey lagata haye, pahale pine riz bhaaratiya aarakshan (jahaan sharaab avaidh haye) mein sharaab key vikreta key roop mein apani bhoomika key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. yeh taba samaapt huaa jaba 2017 mein shahar kii sharaab kii dukaanon key licenses kaa navinikaran naheen kiya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein 2014 seey baar-baar seema prabhaav dekhaa gayaa haye, jaba pahali vaidh bhang kii bikri colorado mein shuru hui thee; taba seey yeh vaidh bhang key saath vibhinn anya raajyon mein fail gayaa haye. ack ullekhaniya udaaharan ontario, oregan haye, joe idaho kii seema seey lagata haye aur 2019 mein pahali baar bhang aushadhaalay khole gaye. ontario aushdhaalayon seey kull bhang kii bikri disambar 2020 mein $100 million seey oopar thee.

gadi parinama gadi parinamagalu vividha deshagala nagaragalu mattu pradeshagala naduvina mattu onde deshadalliruva vyapara maadarigalallina asamategalannu soochisuttave. samanyavagi, modalinadara naduvina vyaapaarada pramanavu tumba kadimeyiruttade. arthika ekikaranavu (airopya okkootadalliruvante) ee parinaamagalannu nivaarisalu ondu parihaaravaagirabahudu. 2017rahra gadi parinaamada 1,271 andajugala meta-vishleshaneyu gadigalu vyaapaaravannu moorane ondu bhagadashtu kadime maaduttave endu kanduhididide. hecchu samanyavagi, "gadi parinama" vu apekshita saraku kanunubahira athawa hecchu dubaariyaagiruva mattondu nyaayavyaaptiya gadiyalliruva pradeshadalli grahaka sarakugalannu khareedisuva janara pravruttiyannu saha soochisuttade. idakke halavaaru udaaharanegalannu kelage vivarisalaagide. udaaharanegalu. daksina dakotaada oglala lakota kountiya gadiyalliruva nebraskada whiteclay emba sanna pattanavu ee hinde paine ridge bhaaratiya meesalu pradeshakke (allie madyavu kaanunubaahiravaagide) madya maaratagaarana patrakkagi hesaruvaasiyaagittu. hesaruvaasiyaagittu pattanada madyadangadigala paravaanagigalannu navikarisada nantara idu konegonditu. konegonditu koloradodalli modala kanunubaddha ganja marata praarambhavaadaagininda united statesnalli gadi parinaamavannu padhe padhe gamanisalaagide; nantara idu kanunubaddha ganjadondige itara rajyagalige haradide. ondu gamanarha udaaharaneyendare oregon ontario, idu idaahoda gadiyallide mattu 2019 ralli modala baarige ganja aushadhaalayagalannu tereyitu. ontario aushadhaalayagalinda ottu ganja maaraatavu december 2020 ralli $100 million annu meeritu.

seema prabhav seema parinam mhanje vegvegalya deshantil shahare aanee pradeshanmadhil aanee ekach deshat asalelya vyapar paddhatitil vishamata. sahasa, pahilya madheel vyaparache praman khoopach qamee asate. aarthik ektrikaran (european yuniyanpramane) haah yaa parinamanvar maat karnyacha eka upay asoo shakato. 2017 saalee seema prabhavachya 1,271 andajanchya meta-vishleshanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee seema vyaparat eka trutiyansh ghat karatat. adhik samanyatah, "seema parinam" mhanje, ichchit vastoo ektar bekaydeshir kinwa atyant mahag asalelya asalelya adhikarkshetrachya simevar asalelya parisarat grahakopayogi vastoo kharedi karanyachi lokanchi pravrutti. yachee anek udaharane khalee tapshilvar dilee aahet. udaharane. dakshin dakota yetheel ogalala lakota kauntichya simevar asalele whiteclay, nebrasca heey chhote shahar, purvi bharatiy pine rij aarakshanala (jethe daroo bekaydeshir aahe) daroo vikanara mhanoon tyachya bhoomikesathi olakhale jaat hote. 2017 madhye shaharatil daruchya dukananche parvane nutanikaran naan jhalyane heey sampale. koloradomadhye jevha ganjachi pahili kayadeshir vikri suru jhaali, tevhapasoon 2014 pasoon americet seema parinam varanvar disun yet aahe; tevhapasoon too kayadeshir ganja asalelya itar vividh rajyanmadhye pasarla aahe. eka ullekhaneey udaharan auntario, oregon aahe, jeey idahochya simevar aahe aanee 2019 madhye pahilyanda ganja davakhane ughadale. auntario aushadhalayanmadhun ekoon ganjachi vikri december 2020 madhye $100 dashalakshanvar pohochali.

sima prabhawa sima prabhawharule vibhinna deshka saharharu rar kshetraharu rar eutai deshma awasthitharu bichko wyapar dhanchama asamantalai janaunchha. samanyataya, pahileko bichko wyaparko matra dherai cum hunchha. arthik ekikaran (europeli sanghama jastai) yee prabhawharu parr garne samadhan huna sakchha. sann 2017 maa sima prabhawko 1,271 anumanko meta-vishleshanle sima wyaparma ek tihai kami aeko patta lagaeko chha. ajha samanyataya, "sima prabhawa" ley manisharuko arko kshetradhikarko simanama raheko ilakama upabhokta samanharu kharid garne prawrittilai pani janaunchha jahaan ichchit wastu yaa tata awaidh wa atyadhik mahango chha. yasaka dherai udaharanharu tall wistrit chhan. udaharanharu. whiteclayko sano sahar, nebrasca, june oglala lakota county, dakshin dakotako simanama chha, pahile pine riz bharatiya arakshan (jahaan raksi awaidh chha) maa raksi wikretako rupma yasako bhumikaka lagi prakhyat thiyo. sann 2017 maa saharko madira pasalharuko ijajatpatra nawikaran nagarepachhi yo samapta bhayo. sann 2014 dekhi sanyukta rajya americama sima prabhawa barambar dekhieko chha, jab koloradoma pahilo vaidha bhang bikri suru bhayo; yo vaidha ganjako sath vibhinna anya rajyaharuma failieko chha. euta ullekhaniya udaharan ontario, oregon how, jasle idahoko simanama chha rar sann 2019 maa pahilo patak ganja dispensoryharu kholyo. ontario dispensoryharubata kull ganja bikri december 2020 maa $10 karodma pugyo.

seema prabhaba seema prabhaba bibhinna deshar sahara ebong anchala ebong samaana deshare abasthita banijya dhanchare asamanataku suchita kare . sadharanatah, purbati madhyare banijya parimana bahuta comm hoithae. arthika ekikarana (europeah sangha bhali) ehi prabhabagudiku doora kariba paain eka samadhan hoipare. 2017 masihare seema prabhaba bishajare bishajare akalana upare hoithiba eka meta-bishleshanaru janapadichhi je seema banijya eka trutijansha hrass karithae. adhika sadharana bhabe, "seema prabhaba" madhya sehi anchalare upabhokta samagri kraiah kariba paain lokanka prabruttiku bujhae jaahaa anya eka khetradhikara seemaare abasthita jeunthare ichha karuthiba samagri beaina kimba atyadhika byajabahula . ehara keteka udaharana nimnare bistruta bhabe diajaichhi. udaharana. dakhina dakotara oglala lakota kauntira seemaare thiba nebraskara whitekle namaka chhot sahara purbaru pine riz bharatiah sanrakhyana (jeunthare mudd beaina) ray mudd bikreta bhabare ehara bhumika paain janashuna . 2017 masihare saharar mudd dokanagudikara licences nabikarana nahoi ehaa shesh hoithila. 2014 masiharu juktarastra aamerikare seema prabhaba barambar dekhibaku milichi, jetebele pratham baidha ganja bikrai koloradore arambha hoithila; ehaa parey baidha ganja sahita anya bibhinna rajyaku byapichhi . eka ullekhaneeah udaharana heuchhi ontario, oregon, jaahaa idaho seemaare ebong 2019 ray pratham bhabare ganja dispensory kholithila. ontario disapenasareeru mote ganja bikrai december 2020 ray $100 nijuta upare pahanchithila .

sarhaddi prabhav sarhaddi prabhav vakkh-vakkh deshan dey shahiran atey khetran atey ikko desh witch sathit khetran darmiaan vaparak patternan witch asamruptavan noon darsaunde hunn. aam taur utte, pahile dey vichkaar vapaar dee matra bahut ghatt hundi haii. aarthik ekikaran (jiven kii yurapi sangh witch) inhan prabhavan noon door curran daa ikk hall hoow sakda haii. sarhaddi prabhav dey 1,271 anumanan dey 2017 dey maita-vishleshan witch paaiaa giaa haii kii sarhaddan vapaar noon ikk tihai takk ghataundiyan hunn. aam taur utte, "sarhaddi prabhav" lokan dey uss ilaake witch khaptkar vastan kharidan dey rujhan noon vee darsaunda haii joe kise horr adhikar khetar naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii jitthe lodindiaan vastan jaan taan gair kanunni jaan bahut mahingiaan hunn. iss deeaan kaee udaharnan hethan vistrit hunn. udaharnan. whiteclay, nabrasca daa chhota jiha shehar, joe kii dakkhni dakota dey oglala lakota county dee sarhadd naal laggda haii, pahilan pine rij indian reservation (jitthe sharab gair kanunni haii) witch sharab vechan dee aapni bhumika laee janhiaa jaanda see. ih udon khatam hoiaa jadon 2017 witch shehar deeaan sharab deeaan dukanan dey licences daa navinikaran naheen keeta giaa see. sanyukat raaj amrica witch 2014 toon sarhaddi prabhav vaar-vaar dekhiaa giaa haii, jadon colorado witch pahili kanunni bhang dee vikri shuru hoee see; ih udon toon kanunni bhang naal vakkh-vakkh horr raajan witch fail giaa haii. ikk mahattavpuran udaharan ontario, oregan haii, joe kii idaho dee sarhadd naal laggda haii atey pahili vaar 2019 witch bhang dispensoriaan kholhiaan gaeeaan sunn. ontario dispensoriaan toon kull bhang dee vikri dasambar 2020 witch $100 million toon uppar see.

sima-prabhaawah sima-prabhaawaah bhinna-bhinna-deshanam nagaranam, pradeshanam cha madhye, tathaa cha ekasmin deshe sthitanam cha vyaapaar-paddhatyam vishamataah soochayanti. praayah poorvasya madhye vyaapaarasy parimanam bahu nyoonam bhavati. aarthik-ekeekaranam (yathaa europiya-sanghe) eteshaam prabhavan nivaarayitum upaayah bhavitum arhati. 2017 tame varshe, sima-prabhaavasya 1,271 anumanam metaa-vishleshanam prati, seemaah vyaapaarasy truteeyaamsham nyooneekartum shaknoti iti jaanaati. samanyataya, "sima-prabhaawah" iti api anyasmin kshetre upabhoktru-vastoonaam krayanasya janaanaam pravruttim soochayati, yatra apekshitam vastu avaidham vaa atyadhikam vaa vyayam bhavati. asya aneke udaaharanaani adhah vishaalaah santi. udaaharanaani. dakshinadakota-nagarasya oglala-lakotaa-prantasya simayam sthitam nebrasca-nagarasya shveta-kle-ityasya laghunagaram poorvam bhaarateey-pain-parvatashrenyaam (yatra madyam avaidham asti) madyavikretaaroopena tasya bhumikayaha krute prasidham aasit. etat tadaa samaaptam yadaa 2017 tame varshe nagarasya madya-bhandaranam anujnaapatraanaam naveekaranam naa abhavat. samyuktarajyamerikadesha 2014 tamavarshaat seemaaprabhaawah aavartanam drushtah asti, yadaa colorado-deshe prathamam vaidha-kanchaavi-vikrayanam aarabdham; tatah param vaidha-kanchavina saha anyeshu vividheshu raajyeshu prasrutah asti. asya ullekhaneeyam udaharanam ontario, oregon-nagaram asti, yat idaaho-nagarasya simayam sthitam asti, tathaa cha 2019 tame varshe prathamam kanchaapradhaan-aushadhaalayaan udghaatayat. ontario-aushadhaalayaat 2020 tame varshe december-maase kanchaapradhaan-vikrayanam $100 dashalakshat adhikaa abhavat.

ellai vilaivu ellai vilaivugal enbathu vevvaeru naadugalin nagarangal mattrum piraanthiyangkalukku idaiyilaana varththaga muraigalil ulla samachcheerattra thanmaiyaik kurikkirathu. podhuvaaga, munthaiyavattrukku idaiyilaana varththaga alavu migavum kuraivaaga irukkum. porulaathaara orunginaippu (iroappiya ontriyaththil ullathaip poala) inththa vilaivugalai samaalippatharkaana oru theervaaga irukkalaam. ellai vilaivu kuriththa 1,271 mathippeedugalin 2017 metta pakuppaaivu, ellaikal varthagaththai moontril oru pangku kuraippathaagak kaattukirathu. migavum podhuvaaga, "ellai vilaivu" enbathu virumbiya porul sattaviroathamaanathu allathu migavum vilaiyuyarnththa mattroru athikaara varampirku udpatta oru paguthiyil nugarvoar porutkalai vaangkuvatharkaana makkalin poakkaik kurikkirathu. idharku sila uthaaranangkal keezhae vivarikkappattullana. uthaaranangkal. therku takoottaavin oklala lakota kavundiyin ellaiyai otiyulla nebrascavin vellai kaliman endra siriya nagaram, munbu bine ridge inthiyan reservationukku (madhubaanam sattaviroathamaanathu) madhubaana virpanaiyaalaraaka adhan pankirkaaka kurippidappattathu. 2017 aam aandil nagara madhubaanak kadaikalin urimangkal puthuppikkappadaathapoathu idhu mudivukku vanthathu. kolaraadoavil muthal sattappoorvamaakkappatt kanjaa virpanai thodangiya 2014 muthal americavil ellai vilaivu meendum meendum kaanappattullathu; idhu sattappoorvamaakkappatt kanjaavudan palvaeru maanilangkalukku paraviyullathu. idharku oru kurippidatthakka udhaaranam oregon onrariyoa aagum, idhu idahovin ellaiyil 2019 aam aandil muthanmuthalil kanjaa marunththagangkalaith thiranthathu. onrariyoa marunthagangkalilirunthu moththa kanjaa virpanai 2020 disambaril $100 milliyanaith thaandiyathu.

sarihaddu prabhavam sarihaddu prabhavalu vividha deshaala nagaralu mariyu praantaala madhya mariyu oke desamlo unna vaati madhya vaanijya namoonaalalo asamaanatalanu suuchistaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, modati vaati madhya vaanijya parimaanam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. eee prabhavalanu adhigaminchadaaniki aardhika samaikyata (iyu loe vale) oka parishkaram kaavacchu. sarihaddu prabhavam gurinchi 1,271 anchanaala 2017 meta-vislaeshanha sarihaddulu vaanijyaanni moodinta oka vanthu taggistaayani kanugondi. marinta saadhaaranamgaa, "sarihaddu prabhavam" anedi kaavalasina vastuvu chattaviruddham ledhaa atyanta khareedaina maroka adhikara paridhiki sarihaddugaa unna praantamloo viniyogadaarula vastuvulanu konugolu chese prajala dhoranini kooda suuchistumdi. dheeniki konni udaaharanalu krinda vivarinchabaddaayi. udaaharanalu. dakshina dakotaloni oglaalaa lakota kounteeki sarihaddugaa unna nebrascaloni whiteclay anae chinna pattanam, gatamlo paine ridge indian reservation (madyam chattaviruddham) kuu madyam vikretagaa daani paatraku prasiddhi chendindi. 2017loe pattana madyam dukaanaala licensulu punaruddharinchabadanappudu idhi mugisindi. 2014 nundi united stateslo sarihaddu prabhavam padepade gamaninchabadindi, kolaradolo modati chattabaddhamaina ganjai ammakalu praarambhamainappati nundi; idhi chattabaddhamaina ganjai thoo aneka itara raashtraalaku vyaapinchindi. oka mukhyamaina udaaharana oregaanloni antario, idhi idahoku sarihaddugaa undhi mariyu 2019loe mottamodatisaarigaa ganjai aushadhashaalalanu praarambhinchindi. antario aushadhashaalala nundi mottam ganjai ammakalu december 2020loe $100 millionlaku cherukunnayi.

sarhadi asar sarhadi asraat say maraad mukhtalif mamalik kay shehron aur khaton aur eek hyee milk mein waaqa shehron kay darmiyan tajarti namunon mein adam masawaat hay. aam toor parr sabqah kay darmiyan tajarti hajm behat kumm hotaa hay. iqtesadi inzamam (jaisa kahh europi union mein hay) inn asraat parr qaabu paaney kaa eek hall how saktaa hay. sarhadi asraat kay 1,271 takhminon kay 2017 kay meeta tajziye say patah chalta hay kahh sarhadein tajarat mein eek tahayi kamee karti haine. ziyadah aam toor parr "sarhadi asar" say maraad logon kaa iss elaqay mein saarfin kaa saamaan khareedne kaa rajhaan bhee hay juu kasee dosray dairah akhtiyar say mutsil hay jehaan matlubah saamaan yaa tuu ghair qanuni hay yaa intehayi mahunga hay. iss kii kayee misalein zeel mein tafsil say dee gayee haine. misalein. waait kalee nebrasca kaa chhota saa qasbah juu janubi dakota kii oglala lakota county say mutsil hay pehley paain rajj indeen reservation (jehaan sharaab ghair qanuni hay) mein sharaab baichnay waalay kay toor parr apnay kirdaar kay liye jaana jaataa thaa. yaha iss waqat khatam hawaa jabb 2017 mein shehar kii sharaab kii dukanon kay licenson kii tajdid nahein kii gayee. riyasathaye muthadah mein 2014 say baar baar sarhadi asar dekha gayaa hay jabb colorado mein bhang kii pehli qanuni farokhat sharoo hoyee thee. iss kay baad say yaha qanuni bhang kay saath mukhtalif dosri riyasaton mein phail gayaa hay. eek qaabil zakar misaal oontario auregon hay juu adaho say mutsil hay aur jiss nay pehli baar 2019 mein bhang kii dispenceriyan kholi thein. oontario dispenceriyon say bhang kii kill farokhat dasambar 2020 mein 100 millin ddaalar say tajawaz kirr gayee.

00062997d34ea71361f2de634c0561df47d181c31a6adf78ba48d6836e7a7fa3

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=537335

sùgh

sùgh Scottish Gaelic. Etymology. From , from . Cognate with .

sung scots gallic. byutpotti. poraa, poraa. xoite gyat houk.

sugh scottish gailic. byutpatti. theke, theke. sange porichito hohn.

skotlendnaa gallic. vyutpatti. thee, thee. saathe parichit thaao.

scotland key gallic. vyutpatti. seey, seey. key saath parichit.

sang scottish gaylic. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda. avarondige gurutisikolli.

sung scotish gaelic. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal. ariyuka.

scottish gelic. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon. olakh karoon ghya.

sung scottish galic. wyutpatti. batt, batt. sita parichit hunuhos.

sug scottish gelic. byutpatti. ru, ru. sahita parichita huantu.

sangh scottish gallic. shabdawali. toon, toon. naal jaanhu hovo.

sugh skaatish gelic. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah. saha parichitah.

skaatlaanthu calic. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu. therinthukollungal.

scottish galic. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi. thoo parichayam.

saoth scotsh gallic. siftiyat. say say. kay saath pehchanein.

00062af05ec7fd0398d3c780cb268308ee279117aca62da0814c9339cb6ce4ad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51729749

Alex Stenzel

Alex Stenzel German painter Alex Stenzel (born 1965) is a German-American artist and former fashion designer who is known for a new style of abstract overpainted photographs and innovative designs in architecture, fashion and product design. Stenzel was born in Recklinghausen, Westphalia and grew up in Oer-Erkenschwick, a small coal-mining town on the northern fringe of the Ruhr district, one of the largest industrial areas in Europe. Stenzel was also a world class athlete: tennis(1983 ITF Junior World Ranking No.33), mountain-bike(1987 Grundig Challenge Mountain Bike World Cup, Kaprun No.30), triathlon(1986 Ironman World Championship, Kona, Hawaii) . Stenzel has produced many of his works in his studio in the Pacific Palisades in Los Angeles. In 2006 as an artist of extraordinary ability Stenzel was granted permanent resident status by the United States Immigration and now lives and works in the Eastern Sierras in Bishop, California. Work. Fashion design. In 1984 Stenzel age 19 started a business importing Californian surf t-shirts and in 1986 Stenzel had his own fashion line, running a company with 15 employees, designing a collection inspired by surfing and skateboarding and trademarked it Broken Glasses. As Stenzel's baggy pants and shirts established themselves in trendy boutiques in Germany, Switzerland and Austria he made his first million. In 1987 Stenzel, with his label Broken Glasses Sportswear was considered by German Vogue Magazine amongst Europe's prominent fashion designers. Stenzel appeared on posters and ads modeling for his clothing line Broken Glasses. Product design. Stenzel owns patents trademarks, and copyrights in fields as widely ranging as fashion, general gift items, computer accessories, food products, architectural designs, screenplays, workout programs, and computer games. Stenzel has designed CD holders, piggy banks, doors and food products which have been sold at Whole Food and Walmart. In 2004, Stenzel designed and patented a bread less cucumber sandwich trademarked Gorilla Sandwich, a hollowed-out cucumber filled with such ingredients as walnuts, avocado, olives, seaweed and flax seed oil. Architecture. In 1999, Stenzel conceived an interactive sculpture for Berlin, "B1-Be Tower 1". It was one of the earliest designs for a modern 'twisted' tower structure. Stenzel described it as a multi-story structure built of glass, steel, and video monitors, all arranged in the shape of a large crystal. On the inside, the sculpture is designed to function as a platform to connect to the Internet...Hundreds of images are beamed from behind the glass...photographs sent by e-mail...from all over the world...all serve as a reminder of the world's unity. After 9/11, a year before the memorial competition, on 9 April 2002 Stenzel wrote a letter to Mr. Whitehead at the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, proposing to use the idea for a memorial. Stenzels' design was exhibited at the Don O'Melveny Gallery in 2002. In 2003 Stenzel entered a variation of his original design into the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition. Visual arts. Stenzel has produced oil paintings, collages, sculptures, photographs and overpainted photographs. In 2001 Stenzels' exhibition at the Absolute L.A. Biennial Art Invitational was exhibited at the Coleman Gallery and sponsored by the German Consulate. Stenzels' work 10 Tons was on the cover of the L.A Biennial Catalog."It is the remarkable combination and juxtaposition of nature, art history references, and man made elements, with a manipulation of space and weight, that make this new series a breakthrough–a pioneering foot pushing apart a theatrical curtain that has been opened for the first time," writes art critique, Bruce Helander of the Huffington Post. In 2002 the overpainted photograph, Shipwreck 6.0 tons was auctioned at Angel Art, Christie's Auction, hosted by Creative Artists Agency in Los Angeles. Stenzel 2002 exhibition at the Don O'Melveny gallery was reviewed by Peter Frank as LA Weekly "Art Picks of the Week". In 2014 Stenzel traded artwork with German entertainer Michael Wigge and appeared in his movie Barter for Paradise. Overpainted photographs. For Stenzel the process of making an overpainted photograph begins by photographing the surfaces and textures of artifacts marked by time and weather. Stenzel believes that weathered artifacts exhibit distinct marks in different location in the world and has traveled extensively to hunt down unseen structures and patterns. Stenzel has been written about in the German media and books and featured in documentaries as an art nomad. On walls or rusty steel doors Stenzel finds "fractal images": colors and forms that look like an abstract painting. "A truthful moment can only be depicted with a complex fractal image as a starting point," Die Zeit. Later, in a studio, he paints over the enlarged photographs with oil. There is a perceptual shifting going in Stenzel's work without much optrickery, LA Weekly. He separates a photographic printed surface with well-balanced painted lines, and an occasional geometric shape. In 15 Tons, a painting that was exhibited at the Coleman Gallery in Los Angeles Stenzel communicated a new visual language by combining a photographic image with acrylic paint, capturing the chance visual poetry found on a common, wire-wrapped fence post out on the range. These recognizable and literal visual twists are delicately painted over to form a mysterious theatrical scrim-like curtain. Some of Stenzels paintings seem to be bundles wrapped together like a Christo knapsack with strong tight lines. There is a slight resemblance to Franz Kline's scratchy, narrow black gestures. Stenzel exhibit named 105.000 Tons at the Coleman gallery is "measured in weight" relating to his perception of space as gravitational forces. In his work Stenzel draws from a spiritual understanding learned in the Aboriginal Australian Outback. "I spent years traveling through Australia, I walked the song lines of the Aboriginal, meditated at their sacred sites and studied their rituals," said Stenzel. Stenzels' work is lively and unpredictable and he achieves this through planar abstraction that involve many modernist factors: Gesture, composition, form and color contrast, and collage. "I work in different mediums and see myself as an abstract romantic painter. When I make my overpainted photographs I start abstracting the image or object while I photograph it. I move my camera like a sculpture moves his chisel around a block of marble, I abstract it until I loose the object and just have relations of time and space. I put a layer of pigment over the photograph, I dust it basically on it. This creates a beautiful contrast between the glossy surface of the photograph and the layer of paint. This continues the process of abstraction which started already when taking the photograph. You don't know what the object is but you have a great dimensionality, it's space behind a veil,"said Stenzel. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alex stangel alex stangel (jonmo 1965) ejon german-aamerikan xilpi aaru prakton feswan designer ji ek notun xoilir bimurto otirikto rongor photograph aaru sthapotyo, feswan aaru xamogrir designot udbhawonimulok designor baabe jonajat. stangelor jonmo hoisil westfelier recklinghousenot aaru teu europor onyotomo brihot oudyugik onchol rur jilaar uttor prantor etaa xoru koyola-khonon sohor oh "ror-erkenswouikot dangor hoisil. stangel egoraki biswomanor kheluwoiu aasiloh tenis (1983 sonor juniyor biswo ranking no.33), mountain-bike (1987 sonor grandig cellenge mountain bike biswokap, kaporun no.30), triathlon (1986 sonor ironman biswo championswip, kunaa, hawai). stangele los angelesor pesiphik palisedsor teur studio 'too teur bohutu kaam projujona korise. 2006 sonot aamerika juktorastror probrojonor dwara oxadharon khyomotar xilpi hisape stangelok sthayi baxindar morzada prodan koraa hoisil aaru etiya californier bixopor pubo sirat baax kore aaru kaam kore. kaam kore. feswan design. 1984 sonot 19 bosor boyoxot stangele californian charf ti-chart aamdani korar byoboxai aarombho korisil aaru 1986 sonot stangelor nijor feswan line aasil, ji 15 john kormosarir xoite etaa company solai aasil, surfing aaru skatebo "rdingor dwara onupranito hoi etaa xongroho design korisil aaru iyak bhanga soxomar trademark korisil. stangelor begee pent aaru chartxomuhe germany, swizerland aaru ostriyar trendy butikxomuhot nijoke protistha korar loge loge teu teur prothom million aay korisil. 1987 sonot stangelor label bhanga soxomar xoite krirar puchakok german bho 'go alusoniye europor bixisto feswan designerxokolor bhitorot bibesona korisil. stangel teur kapuror xarir bhanga soxomar baabe modeling koraa poster aaru bigyaponot dekha goisil. xamogrir design. stangelor patent trademark, aaru feswan, xadharon upohar xamogri, computeror aanuxongik xamogri, khadyo xamogri, sthapotyor design, skrinplay, byayam karzoxusi, aaru computer gemor dore khetrot kopiyarait aase. stangele chi. di. holder, pigi benk, duwar aaru khadyo xamogrir design korise jibur xompurno khadyo aaru walmartot bikri koraa hoise. 2004 sonot stangele breadbehin tiyohor sendouisor design aaru patent korisil, jitu trademark gorila sendouis aasil, jitu aakhorut, avocadeu, jolofai, xagoriyo xoibal aaru flex beej telor dore upadanore bhora etaa fapa-out tiyohor. sthapotyo. 1999 sonot stangele barlinor baabe baabe tawar 1" naamor ek antohkriyaxil bhaskorjyor kolpona korisil. aadhunik 'musoliya' tawar gathonir baabe ee onyotomo prarombhik design aasil. stangele iyak kaas, ispat aaru video 'monitorere nirmito ek bohutol gathoni hisape bornona korisil, xokolubur etaa dangor sfotikor aakritire xaaj khaai rokha hoisil. bhitorot, bhaskorjotu internetor xoite xongzug korar baabe etaa moncho hisape kaam koriboloi design koraa hoise...kasor pisfalor poraa xo xo sobi prokax paay...ee-mailor joriyote preron koraa photu...xomogro biswor poraa...ei xokolubure biswor ekotar ek smritisihno hisape kaam kore. 9/11 ror pisot, smarok protijugitar ebosor aagote, 2002 sonor 9 aprilot stangele srijut srijutoloi ekhon potro likhisil. nimno menhaton unnoyon nigomor whiteheade ei dharonatu etaa smarokor baabe byobohar korar prostab disil. 2002 sonot donn oh 'melveni galleryt stangelsor design prodorxon koraa hoisil. 2003 sonot stangele biswo banijyo kendror sait smarok protijugitat teur mool designor ek boisitryot prowex korisil. drishyo kolaa. stangele toilo chitro, kulaj, bhaskorzo, photograph aaru otirikto rong koraa photograph prostut korise. 2001 sonot absolute el-too stangelsor prodorxoni.e. colleman galleryt dibarxik kolar aamontron prodorxon koraa hoisil aaru german consulator pristhopuxokotat koraa hoisil. stangelor kaam 10 tonn el-ror proschodtut aasil.etaa dibarxik xusi."sthan aaru ujonor heroferor xoite prokriti, kolaa itihaxor proxongo, aaru manob nirmito upadanxomuhor ullekhjugyo xongmisron aaru xongmisronei ei notun sringkholatuk ek xofolota prodan korise-prothombaror baabe mukoli koraa ekhon naatyo porda aatorai juwa ek pothoprodorxok bhori", huffington postor kolaa xomalusok, bruch hellandere likhise. 2002 sonot los angelsot creative arts agencyr dwara ayujit christir nilam, angel artot otirikto rong koraa photograph, jahajor dhongxawoxex 6 tonn nilam koraa hoisil. donn oh 'melveni galleryt onusthito 2002 sonor stangel prodorxonikhon pitter franke xaptahik "xoptahor kolar posondo" hisape porzaluchona korisil. 2014 sonot stangele german monuronjonkari michael uigor xoite xilpokolar byoboxai korisil aaru teur solositro barter for peredaijot obhinoy korisil. otirikto rongor photu. stangelor baabe xomoy aaru botoror dwara sinhito xilpokolar pristho aaru gothonor photu tuli otirikto rong koraa photu tular prokriya aarombho hoy. stangele biswax kore je bayumondoliyo xilpokormoxomuhe prithibir bibhinno sthanot prithok sinho prodorxon kore aaru odrishyo gathoni aaru aarhir sikar koriboloi byapokbhabe bhromon korise. german xongbad madhyom aaru kitapxomuhot stangelor bixoye likha hoise aaru tothyositroxomuhot ejon kolaa jajabor hisape prodorxito koraa hoise. dewal baa rosti steelor duwarot stangele "fractal sobi" bisari paayoh rong aaru rup jibur bimurto sitror dore dekha yaay. "etaa xotyobadi muhurto kewol etaa jotil fractal sobir xoite aarombhoni bindu hisape sitrito koribo paari", teu koy. pisot, etaa studio 'too, teu dangor huwa photographburor uporot telore rong kore. xaptahikbhabe besi optrikri obihone stangelor kaamot ek budhgomyo poriworton hoise. teu etaa photographic sopa pristhok xu-xontulito rong koraa rekhar xoite prithok kore, aaru maaje maaje jyamitik aakriti. 15 tonor bhitorot, los angeles stangelor colleman galleryt prodorxito ekhon sitroi acrylic paintor xoite photographic sobi etaa ekotrito kori ek notun sakhyux bhaxar jugajug korisil, aaru etaa xadharon, taarere abrito ber postot puwa xombhabyo sakhyux kobitatu bondi korisil. ei sinaktokoronjugyo aaru aakhyorik drishyogot twistbur ek rohosyomoy theater scream-xodrix porda gothon koriboloi xukhmobhabe rong koraa hoy. kisuman stangel chitro xoktixali tite lineor xoite christu nepsekor dore ekeloge abrito bandil zen laage. frange cliner khojuwoti thoka, thek koo 'laa ongobhongir xoite xamanyo xadrisyo aase. colleman galleryt 105.000 tonn naamor stangel prodorxoni "ujonot maapa" hoy jitu mohakorxon xokti hisape sthanor bixoye teur dharonar xoite xomporkito. teur kormokhyetrot stangele australier adibaxixokolor maajot xiki luwa ek adhyatmik budhgomyotar poraa aakorxon korise. "moi australier maajere bohu bosor bhromon korisilu, moi adibaxixokolor gitor xaribur khuj korha, teulukor pobitro sthanot dhyan koraa aaru teulukor reeti-niti odhyoyon koraa", stangele koy. stangelsor kaam jiwanta aaru oproityaxito aaru teu iyak planer bimurtotar joriyote laabh kore zo 'too bohutu aadhunikbadi kaarok jorito thaakeh ongobhongi, rosona, rup aaru rongor boixadrishyo, aaru kulaj. "moi bibhinno madhyomot kaam koru aaru nijoke ejon bimurto romantik sitroxilpi hisape dekhisu. jetiya moi mur otirikto rong koraa photograph bonau tetiya moi sobikhon baa bostutu photu tular xomoyot bimurto koriboloi aarombho koru. moi mur kemeratu enebhabe sthanantor koru zen etaa bhaskorzoi teur sijeltu marbolor etaa blokor sariufale sthanantor kore, moi bostutu heruwaloike iyak bimurto koru aaru kewol xomoy aaru sthanor xomporko thaake. moi photukhonor uporot rongro etaa stor rakhisu, moi iyak mulotoh taat dhuli maari diu. ee photographtur soksoke pristho aaru rongro storor maajot ek xundor parthokyo sristi kore. iyar folot itimodhye photu tular xomoyot aarombho huwa bimurto prokriyatu obyahot thaake. aapuni bostutu ki najane kintu aapunar ek mohan matra aase, ee etaa pordar pisfale sthan ", stangele koo 'ley.

alex stenzel alex stenzel (jonmo 1965) ekjon german-american shilpi ebong praktan fashion designer jini bimurto overpented photograph ebong sthapotto, fashion ebong ponno designer udbhaboni designer jonno porichito. stangel westfalier recklinghousene jonmogrohon corren ebong europer brihottomo shilp anchalgulir modhye ekti ruhr jelara uttor prante abosthito ekti chhoto koyla-khoni shohor or-erkenshouike bede othen. stangel ekjon bishwomaner kridavidao chhilenh tennis (1983 saale junior bishwa ranking no.33), mountain bike (1987 grandig challenge mountain bike vishwakap, kaprun no.30), triathlon (1986 ironman bishwa championship, cona, hawai). stangel loss angeleser pacific palacede taanr studiote taanr onek kaaj prajojana korechen. 2006 saale asadharan dokkhotar shilpi hisabe stangelke markin juktorashtrer abhibasan dwara sthayi basinda morjada deoa hoyechilo ebong ekhon tini bishop, californier purbo sierate bosobas corren ebong kaaj corren. kaaj korey. fashion design. 1984 saale 19 bochor boyse stenzel californier surf tii-shirt amdani korar byabosa shuru corren ebong 1986 saale stangeler nijaswa fashion line chhilo, 15 john karmachari niye ekti sangostha porichalona corren, surfing ebong skateboarding dwara anupranito ekti sangraher naksha corren ebong etike bhanga chashmar trademark corren. stangeler baggy pyanta ebong shirtguli germany, suizerland ebong austria fashionable butike protisthito howar saathe saathe tini taar prothom million aay korechilen. 1987 saale stenzel taanr lebel bhanga chashmar sportsware soho german bhog magazine dwara europer bishishto fashion designerder modhye bibechito hoyechilo. stenzel taar poshaker line bhanga chashmar jonno poster ebong biggaponer modelingye uposthito hoyechilen. ponner naksha. stenzel fashion, sadharan upoharer jinispatra, computer anushongik, khaddo ponno, sthapotto naksha, chitronatto, workout programa ebong computer gemer moto khetrogulite patent trademark ebong kopiraiter malik. stenzel seedy holder, piggy bank, darja ebong khaddo ponno design koreche jaa puro khabar ebong walmarte bikri koraa hoyeche. 2004 saale, stenzel ekti rutibihin shosha sandwich trademark garila sandwich design ebong patent korey, jaa akhrot, avocado, jalpai, samudrik shoibal ebong shono beejer teler moto upadan diye bhora ekti fanpa shosha. sthapotto. 1999 saale, stenzel barliner jonno ekti interactive bhaskorjer dharona korechilen, korechilen tower 1". etty ekti adhunik 'bankano' tower kathamor jonno prachintama nakshagulir modhye ekti chhilo. stangel etike cutch, ispat ebong vdo monetor diye nirmito ekti bahutal kathamo hisabe bornona koreche, jaa ekti borh sphotiker akare sajano. vitore, bhaskorjoti interneter saathe sangjog sthaponer jonno ekti platform hisabe kaaj korar jonno design koraa hoyeche...kacher pichhon theke shoto shoto chhobi tola hoy...ee-mailer madhyome pathano chhobi...saaraa bishwa theke...eguli soboi bishwer oikyer onussarok hisabe kaaj korey. 9/11-err porr, smarok protijogitar eka bochor agey, 2002 saaler 9ee april stenzel mih keey ekti chitthi lekhen. loar manhatton development corporationer whitehead, ekti smritisoudher jonno dharonati byabohar korar prostab deyo. 2002 saale donn oo 'melveni galleryte stangelser naksha prodorshito hoy. 2003 saale stenzel taanr mool nakshar ekti boichitro bishwa banijya kendrer saita smritisoudho protijogitai probesh corren. visual artasa. stenzel toilochitro, kolaj, bhaskorjo, photograph ebong atirikto rongin photograph toiri korechen. 2001 saale absolute ell-ayee stangelser prodorshoni.ayee. german consulate dwara sponsor koraa ebong colleman galleryte dwibarshik shilp amantran prodorshon koraa hoyechilo. stangeler kaaj 10 tonn ell-err prochchode chhilo.ekti dwibarshik catalog."huffington poster shilp somalochok, bruce hellander likhechen, "sthan oo ojoner karsaji soho prokriti, shilp itihaser ullekh ebong manabsrishto upadangulir ullekhjoggo sangmishran ebong sangmishran eyi notun sirijtike ekti jugantokari korey tuleche-ekti agrani paa jaa ekti natyo pordake alada korey deyo jaa prothombarer jonno khola hoyeche. 2002 saale atirikto rongo koraa chhobi, 6 tonn jahajer bhanga ongsho, loss angelese creative artiste agency dwara ayojit christyr nilame angel arte nilam koraa hoyechilo. donn oo 'melveni galleryte stenzel 2002 prodorshoniti pitter franc dwara saptahik "saptaher sera shilp" hisabe porjalochona koraa hoyechilo. 2014 saale stenzel german binodankari michael uiger saathe shilpokormer byabosa corren ebong taanr barter phara paradise cholochchitre uposthito hohn. atirikto aanka chhobi. stangeler jonno ekti atirikto rongin photograph toirir prokriya somoy ebong abhawa dwara chinnito nidorshongulir pristho ebong gathangulir photography diye shuru hoy. stenzel biswas corren jey, bayumandaliya nidarshanguli bishwer bivinno sthane swatantra chinno prodorshon korey ebong adrishya kathamo oo nidarshanguli shicker korar jonno byapokbhabe bhromon koreche. german ganomadhyom ebong boigulite stenzel somporke lekha hoyeche ebong tothyochitre ekjon shilp jajabor hisabe prodorshito hoyeche. dewale baa morche ispat darjar upor stenzel "fractal image" khunje payah rongo ebong form jaa ekti bimurto chitrokolar moto dekhay. "ekti satyikarer muhurtoke shudhumatra ekti jotil fractal image diye ekti suchona bindu hisabe chitrito koraa jete paare", tini bollen. porey, ekti studiote, tini borh koraa chhabigulir upor teela diye rongo corren. saptahikbhabe, khub beshi optricary chharai stangeler kaaje ekti bodhgamya poriborton hachche. tini ekti alokchitri mudrito pristhoke susham aanka rekha ebong ekti majhe majhe jyamitik akriti diye prithak corren. loss angeles stangeler colleman galleryte prodorshito ekti chitrokormo 15 tonn ojoner ekti alokchitrer sange acrylic ronger sangmishran ghotiye ekti notun chakkhush bhasha prakash korey, jaa ekti sadharan, taarer modano bedaa poste pawa drishyakalpa kobita dharon korey. eyi swikrito ebong akkhorik drishyogoto modguli ekti rahasyamay natyo scream-sadrish porda gathoner jonno sukkhobhabe aanka hoy. kichhu stangeler chitrokormo christo napsacker moto shokto antsant rekha soho eksange modano bandil boley money hoy. franz cliner skrachjukto, sangkirna kaalo angabhangir saathe samanno sadrishya royeche. colleman galleryte 105.000 tonn naame stenzel prodorshoni mahakarshiya shakti hisabe sthan somporke taanr upolobdhir saathe somporkito "ojone porimap koraa hoy". taanr rachonai stenzel adibasi australioder modhye sheikha adhyattik bojhapada theke aanken. "stenzel bollen, "aami bochorer porr bochor dhorey australier modhyo diye bhromon korechi, aami adibasider gaaner linegulite hentechi, taader pobitro sthane dhyan korechi ebong taader achar-anusthan adhyayan korechi. stangelser kaaj pranobonto ebong aprotyashito ebong tini planner bimurtotar madhyome etty orjon corren jaa onek adhunikbadi karoner saathe jaditah angabhangi, rachona, roop ebong ronger baiparitya ebong kolaj. "aami bivinno madhyome kaaj corry ebong nijeke ekjon bimurto romantic chitroshilpi hisabe dekhi. aami jokhon amar atirikto aanka chhobi toiri corry tokhon aami chhobi tolar somoy chhobi baa bostutike bimurto korte shuru corry. aami amar camerati emanbhabe sariye niyi jeno ekti bhaskorjo taar chhinditi marbler ekti blocker charpashe sariye deyo, aami etty bimurto corry jotokkhon naa aami bostuti chhede diyi ebong cable somoy ebong sthaner somporko rakhi. aami chhobir upor ranjaker ekti stor rakhi, aami mulat etir upor dhulo corry. etty photographer chokchoke pristho ebong ronger storer modhye ekti sundar baiparitya toiri korey. etty bimurtokoroner prokriya abyahoto rakhe jaa itimadhye chhobi tolar somoy shuru hoyechilo. upney jaanen naa jey bostuti qee kintu upner ekti durdanto matra royeche, etty ekti pordar pichhone jaiga ", stenzel bolechilen.

alex stanzel alex stanzel (janm 1965) aek german-american kalakar aneey bhutpurv fashion designer chhe, jeey amoort overpainted photographsnee navee shailee aneey architecture, fashion aneey product designma naveen design maate jaanita chhe. stanzelno janm westfeliyana reclinghousenma thayo hato aneey teey yuropnaa sauthee motaa audhyogik vistaromana aek, ruhar jeellana uttareey keenare aavela kolsaanaa khankam kartaa naana shaher, or-erkenshvikma uchharyo hato. stanzel vishva kakshana ramatveer pann hataah tennis (1983maan juniyar vishva ranking no.33), mountain-bike (1987 grandig challenge mountain bike vishva cup, kaprun no.30), triathlon (1986 ironman vishva championship, konaa, havaai). stanzelle losa angelisma paciphic palacedsmaa temnaa studiyomaa temnee ghanee kruteeonun nirmaan karyoo chhe. 2006maan asadharan kshamtaanaa kalakar tareeke stanzelne united states immigration dwara kaayamee nivasino darajjo aapvama aavyo hato aneey havey teey bishop, californiama purveey sirasma rahe chhe aneey kaama karey chhe. kaama karoo. fashion design. 1984maan 19 varshnee ummare stanzelle california surf tii-shirtney aayatno vyavsaay sharoo karyo aneey 1986maan stanzelni potaani fashion line hatee, jeey 15 karmchaareeo saathe kampani chalaavati hatee, surfing aneey skateboarding prereet sangrahni rachnaa karatee hatee aneey tene tutelaa chashmaano trademark karatee hatee. stanzelnaa begee pent aneey shirtne germany, switzerland aneey austriyama trendy butikma sthaapit karyaa pachhi temane potaani pratham millionni kamaani curry. 1987maan stanzel, temnaa lebalwala tutelaa chashma saathe, german voga magazine dwara yuropnaa agranee fashion designaromana aek tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa. stanzel tenaa kapadaanni line tutelaa chashma maate postaro aneey jaheratona modelingma dekhaayo hato. utpaadan design. stanzel pattent trademark dharaave chhe, aneey fashion, saamanya bhet vastuo, computer accessories, khaadhy utpaadno, architectural design, screenplay, workout prograams aneey computer games jevaa kshetroma vyaapakpane copyrites dharaave chhe. stanzelle seedee dhaarako, piggy benko, darvaja aneey khaadhy utpaadanoni rachnaa curry chhe jeey aakhaa khoraak aneey wallmartma vechvaamaa aave chhe. 2004maan, stanzelle bread vinaanaa kaakadi sandweachnee design aneey pattent curry hatee, jemaa gorila sandwich trademark hatoo, jeey akhrot, avocado, oliv, cvd aneey shannaa beej teela jevaa ghatakothi bharelee aek kholaa-bahaarnee kaakadi hatee. sthapatya. 1999maan, stanzelle berlin maate aek samvadatmak shilpnee kalpanaa curry, "bii1-bii tower 1". teey aadhunik 'valankvala' tower maalkhaa maateni praarambhik rachnaaomaani aek hatee. stanzelle tene kaach, steel aneey videeyo moneterthi banelee bahumaalee rachnaa tareeke varnavi hatee, jeey tamaam motaa sfatiknaa aakarma gothvaayelee hatee. andarthi, shilp internet saathe jodava maate aek munch tareeke kaama karvaa maate rachaayel chhe...kaachnee paachhalthi senkado chhabio prasaarit thaay chhe...ee-mail dwara mokalvaamaa aavela photographs...samagr vishvamaa...aaa badhaa vishwani aektaani yaad apaave chhe. 9/11 pachhi, smaarak spardhana aek varsh pahelaa, 9 april 2002naa roj stanzelle shrine patra lakhyo hato. looar manhutton development corporation khaate whitehead, smaarak maate vichaarno upyog karvaanee darkhaast karey chhe. stanzelsnee design 2002maan doona oo 'melaveni galleryma pradarshit karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2003maan stanzelle vishva vepaar kendra sthal smaarak spardhama temnee mool designni vividhataa dakhal curry hatee. drashya kalaa. stanzelle oil paintings, kolaj, shilpo, photographs aneey vadhu padata rangaayela photographs banaavya chhe. 2001maan absolute aela khaate stanzelsnu pradarshan.aee. dhvivarshik qalaa aamantrannu pradarshan colleman galleryma karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey german vanijya dutaavaas dwara prayojit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. stanzelnu 10 tunnoo kaama aelnaa cover parr hatoo.dhvivarshik soochi."teey koodarat, qalaa itihaasnaa sandarbho aneey manav nirmeet tatvonu nondhpaatra sanyojan aneey sanyojan chhe, jeey jagya aneey vajannee hairfare saathe chhe, jeey aaa navee shreneene aek safalataa banaave chhe-aek agranee pug jeey pratham vakhat kholvaamaa aavela naaty padadaane alag karey chhe", huffington postnaa qalaa vivechak, bruce hellander lakhe chhe. 2002maan losa angelsmaa sarjanatmak kalaakaaroni agency dwara aayojit angel aart, christini harajima 6 tunna jahajna bhangaarnaa vadhu padata rangnaa photographni haraji karvaamaa aavee hatee. doona oo 'melaveni gallery khaate stanzel 2002 pradarshanni samiksha pieter frank dwara saaptaahik "athvadiyani qalaa pasandgio" tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2014maan stanzelle german manoranjankar michael wig saathe artworkno vepaar karyo aneey swarg maate temnee film 'barter' maan dekhaaya. vadhu padata rangaayela photographs. stanzel maate vadhu padata rangthi rangaayela photograph banaavvaani prakriyaa samay aneey havaman dwara chinhit kalakrutioni sapaateeo aneey dekhaavnaa photographs dwara sharoo thaay chhe. stanzel maane chhe keey vaataavaraniy kalakrutio vishvanaa viveedh sthaloae alag alag nishan darshaave chhe aneey adrashya maalkhaao aneey patternno shikaar karvaa maate vyaapakpane pravaas karyo chhe. stanzel vishe german media aneey pustakomaa lakhvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey dastaveji feelmoma aek qalaa vichartee tareeke darshavvama aavyu chhe. diwalo athavaa kaatvaalu steelnaa darvaja parr stanzelne "asthibhangni chhabio" maley chheh rango aneey swarupo jeey amoort cheetra jevaa dekhaay chhe. "aek satya kshanne maatra aek jatil asthibhangni chhabi saathe praarambhik bindu tareeke darshaavi shakaay chhe", aema temane kahyoo hatoo. pachhithi, aek studiyomaa, teey motaa thayela photographs parr telthee rung karey chhe. saaptaahik dhorane, vadhu optrikari vinaa stanzelnaa kaammaan aek samajshakti parivartan thaee rahyu chhe. teey saaree reete santulit rangeli rekhaao aneey prasangopaat bhaumeetik aakaar saathe photographic mudrit sapatine alag karey chhe. losa angelous stanzelma colleman galleryma pradarshit 15 tunma aek painting accrylic paint saathe photographic chhabine jodeene navee drashya bhashano sanchaar karey chhe, jeey shreneema bahaarnaa saamanya, wire-lapetee vaad poosta parr jovaa malatee taka drashya kaveetaane kabaje karey chhe. aaa odakhee shakaay tevaa aneey shaabdik drashya valaankne rahasyamay naaty scream jevaa padada banaavvaa maate najuk reete rangvaamaa aave chhe. stanzelnaa ketlaak chitro majboot chust rekhaao saathe christo napsecni jaim eksaathe lapetee levaayela bundle hovaanu janaay chhe. franz cline kharjavu, saankada kaalaa haavbhaav saathe thodee saamyata chhe. colleman galleryma 105.000 tunn naamnu stanzel pradarshan "vajanmaa mapvama aave chhe" jeey gurutvakarshan bado tareeke avkashni temnee dhaarnaane sambandhit chhe. temnaa kaaryamaa stanzel mool australian outbackma sheekhi aadhyatmik samjanmathi khenche chhe. "stanzelle kahyoo, "meyn ostreliyaamaa musafari kartaa varsho pasaar karyaa, meyn aadivasioni geet pankteeo parr chaalyu, temnaa pavitra sthalo parr dhyaan karyoo aneey temnee dhaarmik vidheeono abhyaas karyo". stanzelsnu kaary jivant aneey anadhaari chhe aneey teey tene samtaleey amurtataa dwara praapt karey chhe jemaa ghanaa aadhuniktavadi pareebalo saamel chheh haavbhaav, rachnaa, swaroop aneey rung virodhabhas aneey kolaj. "huun viveedh madhyamoma kaama karoo chhu aneey maaree jaatne aek amoort romentic chitrakaar tareeke joun chhu. jyaare huun maaraa vadhu padata rangvala photographs banaavu chhu tyaare huun chhabi athavaa objectne photograph karatee vakhate tene amoort karvaanu sharoo karoo chhu. huun maaraa camerane aevee reete khasedu chhu keey aek shilp tenee chhinine aaraspahanna bloknee aaspaas khasede chhe, jyaan sudhee huun vastune chhodato nathee aneey maatra samay aneey jagyana sambandho dharaavto nathee tyaan sudhee huun tene amoort karoo chhu. meyn photograph parr rangdravyanu aek star mookyoo, huun tene mulbhoot reete tenaa parr dhool maaree daun chhu. aaa photographni chalaktaa sapaati aneey paintnaa star vachche aek sunder virodhabhas banaave chhe. aaa amurtataani prakriyaa chaalu raakhe chhe jeey photograph letee vakhate pahelethee jaj sharoo thaee gaee hatee. tame jaantaa nathee keey padaarth shun chhe parantu tamaari paase aek mahaan parimaan chhe, teey padado paachhalni jagya chhe, "stanzelle kahyoo.

alex stanzel alex stangel (janm 1965) ack german-americi kalakar aur poorv fashion designer hain joe vastukala, fashion aur utpaad design mein amoort chitrakaari aur naveen designs kii ack naee shally key liye jaane jaate hain. stanzel kaa janm westfelia key racklinghossen mein huaa thaa aur vaha europe key sabse badey audyogik kshetron mein seey ack, ruhar jile key uttari kinare parr ack chhote seey koyla-khanan shahar, oer-erkenshwick mein paley-badhe they. stangel ack vishva stariya athlete bhee theh tennis (1983 aaee. tii. aff. junier vishva ranking no.33), mountain-bike (1987 grundig challenge mountain bike vishva cup, kaprun no.30), triathlon (1986 ironman vishva championship, cona, havaai). stanzel ney loss angils mein prashant palace mein apane studio mein apane kaee karyon kaa nirmaan kiya haye. 2006 mein asadharan kshamata key kalakar key roop mein stangel koo sanyukt raajya america key aapravaasan dwara sthaayi nivasi kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa aur abb way bishap, california mein purvi siera mein rahate hain aur kaam karate hain. kaam karate hain. fashion design. 1984 mein 19 saal kii umr mein stangel ney california kii surf tii-shirt kaa ayaat karane kaa vyavasaay shuru kiya aur 1986 mein stangel kii apani fashion line thee, joe 15 karmchaariyon key saath ack company chalaati thee, surfing aur skateboarding seey prerit ack sangrah koo design karati thee aur ise toote hue chashme kaa trademark karati thee. stanzel kii baggy paint aur shirt key roop mein unhone germany, switzerland aur austriya mein trendy buteek mein khud koo sthaapit kiya. 1987 mein stanzel, unake label toote hue chashme key saath khel key paridhan koo german vog patrika dwara europe key pramukh fashion designers mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa. stangel apane kapadon key toote hue chashme key liye posters aur vigyaapan modeling parr dikhaai diye. utpaad design. stangel key paas fashion, samanya upahaar vastuen, computer sahayak upkaran, khaadya utpaad, vaastushilp design, patkatha, kasrat karyakram aur computer game jaise kshetron mein vyaapak roop seey patent trademark aur copyrite hain. stangel ney cd dhaarak, piggy baink, darwaaje aur khaadya utpaadon koo design kiya haye jinhen poore bhojan aur wallmart parr becha gayaa haye. 2004 mein, stangel ney ack bread cumm kheere key sandwich trademark gorilla sandwich koo design aur patent kiya, joe kii akhrot, avocado, jaitoon, samudri shaiwal aur alsi key beej key tail jaisi samagri seey bharaa huaa ack khokhla-out kheera thaa. vastukala. 1999 mein, stangel ney berlin key liye ack samvaadaatmak murtikala kii kalpana kii, kii tower 1". yeh ack aadhunik 'ghumaavdaar' meenar sanrachana key liye sabse shuruati designs mein seey ack thaa. stangel ney ise kaanch, ispat aur video monitor seey bunny ack bahu-manjila sanrachana key roop mein varnit kiya, joe sabhi ack badey chrystal key aakar mein vyavasthit they. ander, murtikala koo internet seey judane key liye ack munch key roop mein kaary karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye...kaanch key peechhe seey saikadon chhaviyaan dikhaai detee hain...ee-mell dwara bheji gaee tasveeren...duniya bhar seey...sabhi duniya kii ekataa key anusmaarak key roop mein kaam karate hain. 9/11 key baad, smaarak pratiyogita seey ack saal pahale, 9 aprail 2002 koo stangel ney shree koo ack patra likhaa. nichale mainhattan vikas nigam mein whitehead, ack smaarak key liye vichaar kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav. stanzel key design koo 2002 mein donn oh 'melveni gallery mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. 2003 mein stanzel ney vishva vyaapaar kendra sthal smaarak pratiyogita mein apane mool design key ack badalaav mein pravesh kiya. drishya kalaa. stangel ney tail chitra, kolaj, moortiyaan, tasveeren aur adhik chitrit tasveeren banaai hain. 2001 mein absolute ell mein stanzels kii pradarshani.aeye. dvivaarshik kalaa aamantran colleman gallery mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa aur german vanijya dutawas dwara praayojit kiya gayaa thaa. stanzel kaa kaam 10 tunn ell key aavaran parr thaa.dvivaarshik soochi."yeh prakriti kaa ullekhaniya sanyojan aur sanyojan haye, kalaa itihas sandarbh, aur maanav nirmit tatva, sthaan aur vajan key herfer key saath, joe iss naee shrinkhala koo ack safalata banaata haye-ack agrani pair joe ack naatakiya parde koo alag kartaa haye jise pahali baar khola gayaa haye", kalaa sameekshak, huffington post key broose hellander likhate hain. 2002 mein loss angils mein rachanaatmak kalakar agency dwara aayojit angel art, christies nilami mein 6 tunn kii adhik chitrit tasveer, jahaaj key tootane kii nilami kii gaee thee. donn oh 'melveni gallery mein stanzel 2002 pradarshani kii sameeksha peater frank dwara laa saptahik "saptah kii kalaa pasand" key roop mein kii gaee thee. 2014 mein stangel ney german manoranjankarta michael wig key saath kalaakriti kaa vyaapaar kiya aur apani film barter forr paradise mein dikhaai diye. adhik chitrit tasveeren. stangel key liye ack adhik chitrit tasveer banaane kii prakriya samay aur mausam dwara chihnit kalakritiyon kii satahon aur banaavat kii tasveer lene seey shuru hoti haye. stangel kaa maanana haye kii vatavaran kii kalaakritiyaan duniya mein vibhinn sthaanon parr vishisht nishan pradarshit karati hain aur andekhi sanrachanaon aur pattern kaa shikaar karane key liye badey paimaane parr yatra kii haye. stanzel key baare mein german media aur pustakon mein likhaa gayaa haye aur ack kalaa khanabdosh key roop mein vrittachitron mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. divaaron yaa jangdar steel key darvaajon parr stangel koo "fractal chhaviyaan" milati hainh rung aur roop joe ack amoort painting kii tarah dikhate hain. "ack sachpurn kshan koo kewal ack jatil asthibhang chhavi key saath ack praarambhik bindu key roop mein chitrit kiya jaa sakata haye", kahate hain. baad mein, ack studio mein, vaha tail key saath badhee hui tasveeron parr pent kartaa haye. saptah mein adhik optrici key binaa stanzel key kaam mein ack avdhaaranaatmak badalaav hoe rhaa haye. vaha ack photographic mudrit satah koo achchi tarah seey santulit chitrit rekhaaon aur ack saamyik jyaamitiya aakar key saath alag kartaa haye. 15 tunn mein, loss angils stangel mein colleman gallery mein pradarshit ack painting ney acrylic pent key saath ack photographic chhavi koo jodkar ack naee drishya bhasha kaa sanchaar kiya, joe ack samanya, taar seey lipate baad post parr paaee jaane vaali sanyog drishya kavita koo pakadati haye. inn pahchaanane yogya aur shaabdik drishya modon koo ack rahasyamay naatya tirchha jaisa pardaa banaane key liye najuk roop seey chitrit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh stanzel paintings majboot tanga rekhaaon key saath christo napsack kii tarah ack saath lipate hue bundles prateet hotey hain. franz cline key kharonchdar, sankeern kaale haav-bhaavon seey thodaa saa milata-julata haye. colleman gallery mein 105.000 tunn naamak stangel pradarshani gurutvaakarshan balon key roop mein antariksh kii unaki dhaarana seey sambandhit "vajan mein maapi jaati haye". apane kaam mein stanzel mool australiyai baahari mein seekhi gaee aadhyatmik samajh seey aakarshit hotaa haye. "maine australia key madhyam seey yatra karate hue kaee saal bitaaye, main adivasiyon key geeton kii panktiyon parr chalaa, unake pavitra sthalon parr dhyaan kiya aur unake anushthaanon kaa adhyayan kiya", stangel ney kahaa. stanzels kaa kaam jeevant aur apratyaashit haye aur vaha ise planner amurtata key madhyam seey praapt kartaa haye jisamen kaee adhuniktawadi kaarak shamil hainh haavbhaav, sanrachana, roop aur rung vipareet, aur kolaj. "main vibhinn madhyamon mein kaam kartaa huun aur khud koo ack amoort romantic chitrakaar key roop mein dekhta huun. jaba main apani adhik chitrit tasveeren banaata huun tou main chhavi yaa vastu koo amoort karna shuru curr detaa huun jaba main ise chitrit kartaa huun. main apane cameray koo ack murtikala kii tarah hilaata huun jaise kii ack moorti sangamarmar key ack khand key chaaron or usaki chheni koo hilaati haye, main ise taba taka amoort kartaa huun jaba taka kii main vastu koo naheen chhod detaa aur buss samay aur sthaan key sambandh naheen rakhate. main tasveer key oopar varnak kii ack parat daaltaa huun, main ise mool roop seey usa parr dhool daaltaa huun. yeh tasveer kii chamakdaar satah aur pent kii parat key beach ack sunder antar banaata haye. yeh amurtata kii prakriya koo jaari rakhta haye joe photo lete samay pahale seey hii shuru hoe chuki thee. aap naheen jaanate kii vastu kyaa haye, lekin aapke paas ack mahaan ayam haye, yeh ack ghoonghat key peechhe kii jagah haye, "stangel ney kahaa.

alex stenjhel alex stenjhel (janana 1965) obba german-american kalaavida mattu maaji fashion designer aagiddu, avaru vastushilpa, fashion mattu utpanna vinyaasadalli amoortavaada atiyagi chithrisida chayachitragalu mattu naveena vinyaasagala hosa shailige hesaruvasiyagiddare. stenzel avaru westfaaliyaada rockinghousennalli janisidaru mattu europina atidodda kaigarika pradeshagalalli ondaada rur jilleya uttarada anchinalliruva sanna kalliddalu ganigaarike pattanavaada oyar-erkenshwicknalli beledaru. stenzel vishwa darjeya kridaapatuvoo agiddaruhu tennis (1983rahra junier vishwa shreyanka <aii. dii. 1>), mountain-bike (1987rahra grundig challenge mountain bike vishwakap, copron <aii. dii. 2>), trathlon (1986rahra ironman vishwa championship, cona, hawai). laas angeliesna peciphic polysadesnalli tanna studiyodalli stenjhel tanna aneka krutigalannu nirmisiddaare. 2006ralli asadharana saamarthyada kalaavidanaagi stenjhelge united states valaseyinda shaashvata nivasi sthaanamaanavannu nidalaayitu mattu eega californiada bishapnalliruva purva siragalalli vasisuttiddare mattu kelasa maduttiddare. kelasa. fashion vinyasa. 1984ralli 19neey vayassinalli stensel californiada surf tii-shartgalannu aamadu maadikolluva vevahaaravannu praarambhisidaru mattu 1986ralli stensel tammade aada fashion line annu hondiddu, 15 udyogigalondige kampaniyannu nadesuttiddaru, surfing mattu skateboardingninda sphurti padeda sangrahavannu vinyaasagolisidaru mattu adannu murida kannadakagala trademark maadidaru. stenjhelna byagi pant mattu shartgalu germany, switzerland mattu aastriyaada trendy angadigalli tammannu taavu sthaapisikondante avaru tamma modala million galisidaru. 1987ralli stenjhel, tanna label murida kannadakada creeda udupugalannu german wog niyatakaalikeyu europina pramukha fashion vinyaasakaralli pariganisitu. stenjhel tanna battegala saalu murida kannadakakkagi bhittipatragalu mattu jaahiraatugala maadariyalli kanisikondanu. utpannada vinyasa. stenjhel paytent trademarkgalannu hondiddu, fashion, saamaanya udugore vastugalu, computer parikaragalu, aahara utpannagalu, vaastushilpada vinyaasagalu, chitrakathegalu, vyayama kaaryakramagalu mattu computer aatagalantaha kshetragalalli vyaapakavaagi hakkusvaamyavannu hondide. stenjhel cd holdergalu, piggy byaankgalu, bagilugalu mattu aahara utpannagalannu vinyaasagoliside, ivugalannu sampoorna aahara mattu walmartnalli marata maadalaaguttade. 2004ralli, stenjhel bread rahita soutekaayi sandwitch trademark gorilla sandwitch annu vinyaasagolisidaru mattu paytent padedaru, idu walnuts, avocado, olive, kadalehannu mattu agase bijada enneyinda tumbida tollaada soutekaayiyaagide. vastushilpa. 1999ralli, stenjhel barlingagi "bii1-bii gopura 1" emba samvadatmaka shilpavannu roopisidaru. idu aadhunika 'tiruchida' gopurada rachaneya arambhika vinyaasagalalli ondaagide. stenjhel idannu gaaju, ukku mattu video maanitargalinda nirmisalaada bahumahadi rachane endu vivariside, ivellavoo dodda sphatikada akaaradalli jodisalpattive. olabhaagadalli, shilpavannu antarjaalakke samparka kalpisuva veedikeyaagi kaaryanirvahisalu vinyaasagolisalaagide...gaajina hindininda nooraru chitragalu holeyuttave...ii-mail moolaka kaluhisida chitragalu...prapanchadaadyanta...ivellavoo vishvada ekateyannu nenapisuttave. 9/11 nantara, smaaraka spardhege ondu varsha modalu, 2002rahra april 9randu stenzel shree. kela manhatton abhivruddhi nigamada white head, smarakakkagi kalpaneyannu balasalu prastapisidaru. stenjhels vinyaasavannu 2002ralli daan oo 'melvini galleryalli pradarshisalaayitu. 2003ralli stenjhel tanna moola vinyaasada badalaavaneyannu vishwa vanijya kendrada taana smaaraka spardheyalli serisidaru. drashya kalegalu. stenjhel taila varnachitragalu, kolajgalu, shilpagalu, chayachitragalu mattu atiyagi chithrisida chayachitragalannu tayaarisiddaare. 2001ralli sampoorna elnalli stensels pradarshana.aa. dwaivaarshika kalaa aamantranavannu colleman galleryalli pradarshisalaayitu mattu german dootaavaasavu prayojisitu. stenjhels avara 10 tangalashtu kelasavu elna mukhaputadallittu.dwaivaarshika catalog."prakruti, kalaa itihaasada ullekhagalu mattu manava nirmita amshagala gamanarha samyojane mattu samyojaneyu, sthala mattu tukada kushalateyondige, ee hosa saraniyannu ondu pragatiyannagi maaduttade-modala baarige tereyalaada natakiya paradeyannu pratyekisuva ondu pravartaka hejje" endu huffington postna kalaa vimarshaka, broose helender bareyuttaare. 2002ralli laas angelisnallina creative artistes agencyu ayojisidda christies haraajinalli 6 tannugalashtu hadagina bhagnaavasheshada chitravaada atiyagi chithrisida chayachitravannu haraju haakalaayitu. daan oo 'melvini galleryalli nadeda stenjhel 2002rahra pradarshanavannu peater fraank avaru vaarada "art picks off dhii weak" endu vimarshisidaru. 2014ralli stenjhel german manaranjak micheal wig avarondige kalakrutigalannu vinimaya maadikondaru mattu avara barter phaar paradise chalanachitradalli kanisikondaru. atiyagi chithrisida chitragalu. stenjhelgaagi, samaya mattu havaamaanadinda gurutisalpatta kalakrutigala melmai mattu tekashchargalannu chayachitra maaduva moolaka atiyagi chithrisida chayachitravannu maaduva prakriyeyu praarambhavaaguttade. vatavaranada kalakrutigalu vishvada vividha stalagalalli vishishta gurutugalannu pradarshisuttave mattu kaanada ranchanegalu mattu maadarigalannu beteyaadalu vyaapakavaagi prayanisive endu stenjhel nambuttaare. german madhyamagalu mattu pustakagalalli stenjhel bagge bareyalaagide mattu sakshyachitragalalli kalaa alemarigalagi kanisikondide. godegala mele athawa tukku hidiyuva ukkina bagilugala mele stenjhel "murida chitragalu" annu kandukolluttadeh amoorta varnachitradante kaanuva bannagalu mattu roopagalu. "ondu satyavaada kshanavannu sankirnavaada muritada chithranadondige maatra arambhika hantavagi chithrisabahudu", endu avaru helidaru. nantara, studiyodalli, avaru tailadinda doddadaada chayachitragalannu chithrisuttaare. varakkomme hecchu aptrikari illade stenjhelna kelasadalli grahikeya badalavaneyaguttade. aata chayagrahanada mudrita melmaiyannu samatolita bannada rekhegalu mattu saandarbhika jyaamitiya aakaaradondige pratyekisuttaane. 15 tangalalli, laas angelies stenselnalliruva colleman galleryalli pradarshisalaada varnachitravu akrilik bannadondige chayagrahanada chitravannu samyojisuva moolaka hosa drashya bhasheyannu samvahana maaditu, idu shreniyalliruva saamaanya, tanti-suttuva bayley postnalli kandubaruva drashya kaviteyannu serehidiyuttade. ee gurutisabahudaada mattu aksarashah drashya tiruvugalannu nigoodha natakiya skrimnantaha paradeyannu rupisalu sookshmavaagi chithrisalaagide. kelavu stenjhel varnachitragalu balavaada bigiyaada rekhegalondige christo nyapsyaknante ottige suttikonda kattugalendu toruttade. franz cline geeru, kiridaada kappu sannegalige swalpa hoolikeyide. coleman galleryalli 105.000 tangala hesarina stenjhel pradarshanavannu gurutvakarshaneya shaktigalendu baahyaakaashavannu grahisuvudakke sambandhisidante "tukadalli aleyalaaguttade". tanna krutiyalli stenjhel aastreliyaada moolanivasigalalli kalita aadhyaatmika tiluvalikeyinda seleyuttaane. "naanu aastreliyaada moolaka prayanisutta varshagale kalediddene, naanu moolanivaasigala haadugala saalugalannu nadediddene, avara pavitra stalagalalli dhyana maadiddene mattu avara aacharanegalannu adhyayana maadiddene" endu stenjhel helidaru. stenjhels avara krutiyu utsaahabharitavaagide mattu anirikshitavagide mattu avaru idannu aneka adhunikatavadi amshagalannu olagondiruva samatala amoortateya moolaka sadhisuttareh gesture, samyojane, roopa mattu bannada vyatiriktate mattu kolaj. "naanu vividha madhyamagalalli kelasa maaduttene mattu nannannu obba amoorta pranaya varnachitrakaaranaagi noduttene. naanu nanna atiyagi banna balida chayachitragalannu maduvaga naanu chitra athawa vastuvannu chayachitra maduvaga amoortagolisalu praarambhisuttene. naanu nanna cameravannu ondu shilpavu amrutashileya gumpina suttaloo tanna uguruvannu chalisuvante chalisuttene, naanu vastuvannu kaledukolluvavarege mattu samaya mattu sthalada sambandhagalannu honduvavarege adannu amoortagolisuttene. naanu chayachitrada mele varnadravyada padaravannu haakuttene, naanu adannu moolatah adara mele dhoolininda ujjuttene. idu chayachitrada holapu needuva melmai mattu bannada padarada naduve sundaravaada vyatyaasavannu srushtisuttade. idu chayachitravannu tegedukolluvaga eegaagale praarambhavaada amoortateya prakriyeyannu munduvarisuttade. aaa vastuvu enu endu nimage tilidilla, aadare neevu dodda aayaamavannu hondiddiri, adhu musuku hinde iruva sthalavagide "endu stenjhel helidaru.

alex stensel alex stensel (jananam 1965) oru jarmman-american kalakaran muun fashion designarumaanu, addeham vaasthuvidya, fashion, uthppanna roopakalppana ennivayile amoorthamaaya ovarpeyant cheytha photographukaludeyum noothana designukaludeyum puthiya shailikk perukettayaalaan. westfaaliyayile racklinghousenil janicha stensel europile ettavum valia vyaavasaayika mekhalakalilonnaaya rur jillayude vadakkan attathulla oru cheria kalkari khanana pattanamaya oor-erkkenshwikkilaanu valarnnathu. tennies (1983 juuniyar loka ranking <aii. dii. 1>), moundan-bike (1987 grundig chalanchu moundan bike lokakapp, kaapran <aii. dii. 2>), triathlon (1986 ayanmaan loka chaambyanshippu, coona, havaay) ennee lokothara athlattukalum stensel aayirunnu. loss enjalsile pasaphik paalisedukalile thante studiyoyil stensel thante niravadhi kruthikal nirmmichittundu. 2006-ll asaadhaaranamaaya kazhivulla oru kalakaranenna nilayil stensalinu yunaittad stetts immigration sthira thaamasa padavi nalkukayum ippol kaaliforniyayile bishappile kizhakkan siyerakalil thaamasikkukayum pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. jolie. fashion design. 1984-ll 19-aamm vayassil stensel californian surf tii-sharttukal irakkumathi cheiyunna oru bisinesses aarambhichu, 1986-ll stenselinu svanthamaayi oru fashion line undaayirunnu, 15 jeevanakkarulla oru kambani nadatthi, surfingle skateboardingilum ninnu prachodanam ulkkond oru shekharam roopakalppana cheyyukayum athu takarnna glassukalkk vyaapaaramudra nalkukayum cheythu. jarmmani, swittsarland, austriya ennividangalile trendy bottikkukalil stensalinte baggy paantum sharttukalum svayam sthaapichathode addeham thante aadya dasalaksham nedi. 1987-ll stensal, thante takarnna glassukal enna label ulla sports ware europile pramukha fashion designermaaril oralaayi jarmman wog magazin kanakkakki. stensel thante vasthrangalude line takarnna glassukalkkaayi posttarukalilum parasyangalilum prathyakshappettu. uthppanna roopakalppana. fashion, pothuvaaya sammana enangal, computer aaksasarikal, bhakshya uthppannangal, vasthuvidyaa roopakalppanakal, thirakkadhakal, vyayaama paripaadikal, computer geyimukal thudangiya mekhalakalil pettant vyaapaaramudrakalum pakarppavakashavum stensalinu svanthamaanu. muzhuvan bhakshanathilum walmartilum vilkkunna sidi holderukal, piggy baankukal, vaathilukal, bhakshya uthppannangal enniva stensel roopakalppana cheythittundu. 2004-ll, walnuts, avocado, olivu, kadalppayal, flacks seed oayil thudangiya cheruvakal niranja pollayaya vellarikkayaya gorilla sandwich enna bread less vellarikka sandwich vyaapaaramudrayulla oru bread roopakalppana cheyyukayum pettant nedukayum cheythu. vaasthuvidya. 1999-ll, berlinayi berlinayi tower 1" enna oru samvedanaathmaka shilpam stensel vibhavanam cheythu. aadhunika 'valanja' gopura gadanayude aadyakaala roopakalppanakalilonnaanith. glass, steel, viidiyoo monittarukal enniva upayogichu nirmmicha oru multy-stori gadanayaayi stensel ithine visheshippichu, ellaam oru valia christalinte aakruthiyil krameekarichirikkunnu. akathu, internettilekku bandhippikkunnathinulla oru vediyaayi pravarthikkunnathinaanu shilpam roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu...noorukanakkinu chithrangal glassinu pinnil ninnu thelinjittundu...iii-meyil vazhi ayacha chithrangal...lokathinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnu...ivayellaam lokathinte aikyathinte oormmappeduthalaayi varthikkunnu. <aii. dii. 1> nuu sesham, smaaraka malsarathinu oru varsham munbu, 2002 epril 9 nuu stensel shree. lover manhattan development korppareshanile whitehead, oru smaarakathinaayi eee ashayam upayogikkaan nirddeshikkunnu. 2002ll doonn oo 'melveni galleryil stensalsinte roopakalppana pradharshippichu. 2003ll stensal thante yadhaartha roopakalppanayude oru vyathiyaanam waled trade sentar saitt memorial malsarathil ulppeduthi. vishwal arts. ennachaayaachithrangal, kolaashukal, shilpangal, photographukal, ovarpeyint cheytha photographukal enniva stensel nirmmichittundu. 2001ll ebsolute ell-ll stensals exhibition.eiii. dvivatsara art invitteshan colman galleryil pradarshippikkukayum jarmman konsulettu sponsor cheyyukayum cheythu. stensalsinte 10 tonn varkk ell-nte kavaril undaayirunnu.oru dvivatsara kaattalog."prakrithiyude sradheyamaaya samyojanavum samyojanavum, kalaacharitra paraamarshangalum, manushyanirmmitha gadakangalum, sthalavum bharavum kaikaaryam cheythaanu eee puthiya parambaraye oru vazhithirivayi maattunnath-aadyamaayi thuranna oru naadaka thirasseela thallunna oru pioneering call", huffington posttinte art critic, broose helender ezhuthunnu. 2002ll loss enjalsile creative aartist ejansi aathidheyathvam vahicha christees lelathil 6 tonn kappal thakarnnathinte ovarpeyint cheytha foto lelam cheythu. doonn oo 'melveni galleryile stensel 2002 pradarshanam peettar frank aazhchayile "aazhchayile art picks" aayi avalokanam cheythu. 2014-ll stensel jarmman entertainer maikkal vigumaayi kalaasrishti vyapaaram nadathukayum thante barter phoor paradise enna sinimayil prathyakshappedukayum cheythu. amithamaayi varacha chithrangal. stensalinaayi, samayavum kaalaavasthayum adayaalappeduthiya karakaushalavasthukkalude uparithalangalum ghadanayum photoyeduthaanu ovarpeyint cheytha foto nirmmikkunna prakriya aarambhikkunnath. anthareekshathile karakaushala vasthukkal lokathile vividha sthalangalil vyathyastha adayaalangal prakadippikkunnuvennum kaanaatha gadanakaleyum paattenukaleyum vettayaadaan vipulamaayi sanjarichittundennum stensel vishwasikkunnu. jarmman maadhyamangalilum pusthakangalilum stensalinekkurichu ezhuthukayum dokyumentarikalil oru art naadodiyaayi avatharippikkukayum cheythittundu. chuvarukalilo thurumbulla urukk vaathilukalilo stensel "fractal emejukal" kandethunnu nirangalum roopangalum amoortha painting pole kaanapedunnu. "oru sathyasandhamaya nimishathe oru sankeernamaaya fractal imej upayogichu oru prarambha pooyintaayi maathrame chithreekarikkaan kazhiyoo", addeham paranju. pinneedu, oru studiyoyil, addeham valuthakkiya photographukalkku mukalil enna kondu peyint cheiyunnu. aazhchathorum kooduthal optrikari illaathe stensalinte joliyil oru bodhapoorvamaaya maattam nadakkunnu. nannayi samathulithamaaya peyint cheytha varakalum idaykkide jyaamitheeya aakruthiyum upayogichu addeham oru photographic achadicha uparithalathe verthirikkunnu. 15 tonn bhaarathil, loss enchals stensalile coleman galleryil pradharshippicha oru painting oru photographic chithravum akrilik peyintum samyojippichu oru puthiya vishwal bhasha ashayavinimayam nadatthi, oru saadhaarana vayar pothinja veli posttil kaanapedunna drishya kavita pakarthi. thirichariyaavunnathum aksharaarthathilullathumaaya eee drishya valachodikkalukal sookshumamaayi varachu oru nigoodamaaya naadaka scrim polulla thirasseela roopappeduthunnu. chila stensal paintingukal sakthamaaya irukiya varakalulla oru kristoo napchack pole pothinja bandilukalaanennu thonnunnu. france klaininte chorichilum idungiyathumaaya karutha aamgyangalumaayi cheria saamyamund. colman galleryil 105.000 tonn enna peril stensel pradharshippichirikkunnathu guruthwaakarshana sakthikalaayi bahiraakaashathekkurichulla addehathinte daaranayumaayi bandhapetta "bhaarathil alakkunnu". australian aadivaasikalil ninnu padicha athmeeya daaranayilaanu stensel thante kruthiyil ninnu ulkkollunnath. "njaan oostreliyayiloode varshangalolam sanjarichu, aadivaasikalude ganarachanakal nadatthi, avarude punyasthalangalil dhyanikkukayum avarude achaarangal padikkukayum cheythu", stensel paranju. stensalsinte srishtikal sajeeva pravachanaatheethavumaan, aamgyam, ghadana, roopam, varnna vairudhyam, kolash thudangi niravadhi aadhunika gadakangal ulppedunna planner amoortheekaranathiloodeyaanu addeham ithu kaivarikkunnath. "njaan vividha maadyamangalil pravartthikkukayum ennethanne oru amoorthamaaya romaantik chithrakaaranaayi kaanukayum cheiyunnu. njaan ente ovarpeyant cheytha photographukal edukkumbol foto edukkumbol njaan chithramo vasthuvo amoorthamaakkaan thudangunnu. oru shilpam marble blockinu chuttum avante uzhunnu neekkunnathupole njaan ente camera chalippikkunnu, njaan athu vasthuvine nashtappeduthunnathuvare amoorthamaakkunnu, koodaathe samayavum sthalavum thammilulla bandhangal maathrameyulloo. njaan photoic mukalil pigmentinte oru paali idunnu, njaan athu adisthaanaparamaayi podipodikkunnu. ithu photoyude thilangunna uparithalavum paintinginte paaliyum thammil manoharamaaya oru vyathyasam srishtikkunnu. foto edukkumbol thanne aarambhicha amoortheekarana prakriya ithu thudarunnu. aaa vasthu enthaanennu ningalkariyilla, pakshe ningalkk oru valia alavukolundu, athu oru moodupadam pinnil ulla sthalamaanu ", stensel paranju.

elex steinzel elex steinzel (janm 1965) haah eka german-american kalakar aanee majee fashion designer aahe joou amoort atichitrit chhayachitranchya naveen shailisathi aanee vastukala, fashion aanee utpadananchya rachneteel navinyapurn designsathi olakhala jaato. stenzelcha janm westfeliyatil racklinghossen yethe jhaala aanee too europemadhil sarvat mothya audhyogik kshetranpaiki eka asalelya ruhar jilhyachya uttarekadil kathavaril kolasa khaninche eka chhote shahar, oer-erkenshwick yethe vadhala. steinzel haah jaagtik darjacha kheladu dekhil hotah tennis (1983 teey kanishth jaagtik kramvarit no.33), mounton-bike (1987 grandig challenge mounton bike vishvachashak, kaprun no.30), triathlon (1986 chee ironman jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha, koona, havai). steinzelne losses angelisemadhil paisiphik paliceds yetheel tyachya studiomadhye tyachya anek kamanchi nirmiti kelee aahe. 2006 madhye asadharan kshamatecha kalakar mhanoon steinzella united states immigration kayamswarupi nivasi darja deela aanee aata too bishop, california yetheel purv sirasmadhye rahato aanee kaam karato. kaam. fashion designing. 1984 madhye vayachya 19 vya varshi steinzelne californiachya surf tii-shirtchi aayat karnyacha vyavasay suru keela aanee 1986 madhye steinzelchi swatachi fashion line hotee, jee 15 karmchanyansah eka company chalvat hotee, surfing aanee skateboardingpasoon prerit asalelya sangrahachi rachana karat hotee aanee tyala tutalelya chashmyancha trademark deela. germany, switzerland aanee austriya yetheel aadhunik butikmadhye steinzelchya baggy pant aanee shirtney swatahla prasthapit kele aanee tyane tyache pahile dashalaksh kamavale. 1987 madhye stenzelne tyachya labelchya tutalelya chashmyansah, german fashion masikane europechya pramukh fashion designersmadhye creeda paridhan manale hote. stenzel tyachya kapadyanchya tutalelya chashmyasathichya bhittichitranvar aanee jahiratinchya modelingwar disala. utpadanachi rachana. stanzelkade paytant trademark aahet aanee fashion, samanya bhetvastu vastoo, sanganakache upkarane, khadyapadarth, sthapatya rachana, patkatha, vyayam karyakram aanee sanganakeey khel yasarkhya kshetranmadhye vyapakpane copyrite aahet. steinzelne seedee dharak, piggy banka, darvaje aanee khadyapadarthanchi rachana kelee aahe, jeey sampoorn ann aanee wallmartwar vikale gele aahet. 2004 madhye, steinzelne bread nasalele kakadi sandwich trademark gorilla sandwichi rachana aanee paytant kele, acroad, avocado, olive, cvd aanee flacks seed teel yasarkhya ghatkansah bharalela pokal kakadi. vastukala. 1999 madhye, steinzelne berlinsathi 'bii1-bii tower 1' yaa parasparsanvadi shilpakalechi kalpana kelee. aadhunik 'valalelya' manonyachya sanrachanesathichya sarvat suruvatichya aarakhadyanpaiki hii eka hotee. stenzelne tyache varnan kaach, polad aanee video monetarne bandhaleli bahu-majali rachana mhanoon kele aahe, jee serve mothya sphatikachya aakarat mandanyat aalee aahe. aateel bajus, shilpakalechi rachana internetshee jodale jaanyasathi eka vyaspeeth mhanoon karya karnyasathi kelee gelee aahe...kachechya mage shekado pratima jhalkat aahet...eae-meldware pathavalele photo...jagbharatoon...heey serve jagachya aikyachi aathvan karoon denare aahe. 9/11 nantar, smarak spardhechya eka varsh aadhi, 9 april 2002 roji steinzel yanni shree. loar manhatton development corporationmadhil whitehead, smarkasathi kalpana vaparnyacha prastav mandat aahe. 2002 madhye donn oo 'melveni gallerymadhye steinzelchya rachaneche pradarshan karnyat aale. 2003 madhye steinzelne tyachya mool rachneteel badal jaagtik vyapar kendra sthal smarak spardhet samavisht keela. drushya qalaa. steinzelne tailchitre, kolaj, shilpe, chhayachitre aanee atichitrit chhayachitre tayar kelee aahet. 2001 madhye absolute ell yethe steinzelsche pradarshan.aaa. dvivarshik qalaa aamantran coleman gallerymadhye pradarshit karnyat aale aanee german vanijya dutavasane prayojit kele. stenzelche 10 tunn vajan elchya mukhprushthavar hote.dvivarshik soochi."nisarg, qalaa itihasache sandarbh aanee manavnirmit ghatakanche ullekhaneey sanyojan aanee sanyojan, jaaga aanee vajanat ferfar karoon, yaa naveen malikela eka pragati dete-prathamach ughadanyat aalelya natyapatala bajula dhakalanara eka agraganya paay", huffington postche qalaa samikshak, broos hellander lihitat. 2002 madhye losses angelisemadhil creative artiste agencyne aayojit kelelya christies lilavat, 6 tunn vajanache jahaj kosalalele, atichitrit chhayachitra, engel aartmadhye lilav karnyat aale. donn oo 'melveni gallerymadheel steinzel 2002 pradarshanache pieter frankney saptahik' aart pick auph daad weak 'mhanoon punaravalokan kele. 2014 madhye steinzelne german manoranjankar michael vigasobat kalakrutincha vyapar keela aanee too tyachya 'barter phaur paradise' yaa chitrapatat disala. atichitrit chhayachitre. stenzelsathi atichitrit chhayachitra banavanyachi prakriya vel aanee havamanane chinhankit kelelya kalakrutinchya prushthbhagache aanee potanche chhayachitran karoon suru hote. stenzelcha assa vishvas aahe qee vatavaranatil kalakruti jagatil vegvegalya thikani vishisht khuna pradarshit karatat aanee naan disalelya sanrachana aanee namunyancha shodh ghenyasathi tyanni mothya pramanat pravas keela aahe. german madhyame aanee pustakanmadhye steinzelbaddal lihile gele aahe aanee mahitipatanmadhye eka qalaa bhatkya mhanoon dakhavale gele aahe. bhintinvar kinwa kateri poladachya darvajanvar stenzella 'fractal pratima' aadhaltatah rung aanee rupe jee amoort chitrasarkhi disatat. "eka satya kshan keval eka prarambhik bindu mhanoon eka jatil fractal pratima chitrit kele jaau shakate", asey mhatale jaate. nantar, eka studiomadhye, too telane vadhavalelya chhayachitranvar rangvato. saptahik staravar, jaast netrapatriyateshivay steinzelchya kamat eka aakalansheel badal hott aahe. too chhayachitran mudrit prushthbhagala santulit rangavalelya reshansah aanee adhunmadhun bhaumitik aakarane vegale karato. 15 tunn vajanat, losses angelis stenzel yetheel coleman gallerymadhye pradarshit kelelya eka chitrane chhayachitran pratimesah acrylic rung jodoon, eka samanya, tarane gundallelya kumpanavar sapadalelya aakasmik drushya kavita capture karoon eka naveen drushya bhasha sampreshit kelee. heey olakhanyayogya aanee shabdasha drushya valane eka rahasyamay natyapatasarkha padada tayar karnyasathi najukpane rangavali jaatat. kahee stenzel chitre majboot ghatt reshansah christo napsacksarkhi ekatra gundalaleli bundle asalyache disate. franz clinechya kharkharit, arund kalya havbhavanshi thode samya aahe. coleman gallerymadhye 105.000 tunn navache stenzel pradarshan heey gurutvakarshan shakti mhanoon antaralabaddalachya tyachya samajutishi sambandhit 'vajanat mojale jaate'. tyachya karyat steinzel mool austreliyan bahereel bhagat shikalelya aadhyatmik samajutitun rekhatato. "mea austreliyatun pravas kartana anek varshe ghalavali, mea aadivasinchya ganyanchya olee aikalya, tyanchya pavitra sthalanvar dhyan kele aanee tyanchya vidhincha abhyas keela", asey steinzel mhanale. steinzelsche kaam chaitanyashil aanee apratyashit aahe aanee too heey samtol amurtatedware sadhya karato jyamadhye anek aadhuniktavadi ghatak samavisht asatatah havbhav, rachana, swaroop aanee rung virodhabhas aanee kolaj. "mea vegvegalya madhyamanmadhye kaam karato aanee swatahla eka amoort pranayramya chitrakar mhanoon pahato. jevha mea majhi atichitrit chhayachitre banavato tevha mea pratima kinwa vastuche chhayachitra kadhatana tee amoort karoo lagato. mea majha camera asha prakare halvato, jase shilp tyacha chhali sangamarvari dagadat firavate, mea vastoo sodeparyant aanee fakt vel aanee jaageche sambandh hoiparyant too amoort karato. mea chhayachitravar rangdravyacha thurr thewala, mea mulat tyavar dhool takto. yamule chhayachitracha chamakdar prushthbhag aanee rangancha thurr yanchyat eka sunder virodhabhas nirman hoto. heey chhayachitra ghetana aadhich suru jhaleli amurtata prakriya suru karate. tumhala tee vastoo kaay aahe heey maheet nahee, parantu tumchyakade eka uttam pariman aahe, tee padadyachya mage jaaga aahe, asey steinzel mhanale.

alex stangel alex stangel (janma 1965) ek german-americi kalakar rar purva fasion designer hun jo amurta overpented photographharu rar wastukla, fasion rar utpadan designma naveen designharuko nayan shailika lagi parichit chhan. stangel westfaliako recklinghausenma janmieka thie rar yuropko sabaibhanda thulo audyogik kshetraharu madhye ek, ruhar jillako uttari kinarma raheko sano koila-khani sahar, or-erkenswickma hurkeka thie. stangel pani vishwa stariya kheladi thieh tennis (1983 itf junier vishwa shrenikaran no.33), mountain-bike (1987 grandig challenge mountain bike vishwa cup, capron no.30), triathlon (1986 ironman vishwa championship, cona, hawai). stangelle lus angelsko pasific palacedsma raheko afno studioma afna dherai kamharu nirman gareka chhan. sann 2006 maa asadharan kshamataka kalakarka rupma stangellai sanyukta rajya americako aprawasandwara sthayi niwasiko darja pradan garieko thiyo rar ahile bishop, californiako purvi sirasma baschhan rar kaam garchhan. kaam. fasion design. sann 1984 maa 19 warshako umerma stangelle californialy surf tea-certharu ayat garne wyawasaya suru gare rar sann 1986 maa stangelko afnai fasion line thiyo, 15 zana karmachariharusanga company chalaundai, surfing rar skateboardingbat prerit sangraha design gardai rar yasalai bhaanchieko chashmeko trademark gare. stangelko byagi pant rar certle germany, swizerland rar astriyaka trendy butikharuma afulai sthapit gare, unle afno pahilo million kamae. sann 1987 maa stangel, unko lebel tuteko chashma sportsweyarlai german bhog magjinle yuropka pramukh fasion designerharu madhye ek manyo. stangel afno kapadako line tuteko chashmasambandhi poster rar vigyapan modlingharuma dekha pare. utpadan design. stangelsanga fasion, samanya upahar wastuharu, computer sahayak upkaranharu, khadya utpadanharu, wastukla designharu, screenplayharu, kasarat karyakramharu, rar computer khelharu jasta kshetraharuma patent trademarkharu, rar pratilipi adhikarharu chhan. stangelle cd holder, piggy bank, dhoka rar khadya utpadanharu design gareko chha june sampurna khana rar walmartma bechieka chhan. sann 2004 maa, stangelle bread rahit kakadi sandwich trademark gorilla sandwichko design rar patent gare, akharota, ebhokyado, jaitun, samudri shaiwal rar flacks seed tel jasta samagriharule bharieko euta khopo-bahira kakadi. wastukla. sann 1999 maa, stangelle berlinka lagi ek antarkriyatmak murtikla, murtikla tower 1" ko kalpana gare. yo adhunik 'ghumauro' tower sanrachanaka lagi prarambhik designharu madhye ek thiyo. stangelle yasalai gillas, still rar bhidiyo monitorle baneko bahu-tale sanrachanako rupma warnan gareko chha, sabai thula crystalko akarma wyawasthit chhan. bhitri bhagma, murtiklalai internetma jadan garna platformko rupma kaam garna design garieko chha...gilasko pachhadibata sayaun taswirharu prasarit hunchhan...photoharu imeldwara pathaiyo...sansarbharibata...sabaile wishwako ektako samjhana garaunchhan. 9/11 pachhi, smarak pratiyogita hunubhanda ek warsha aghi, 9 april 2002 maa stangelle shrilai patra lekhe. tallo manhattan vikas nigamma whitehead, smarakka lagi vichar prayog garne prastawa gardai. stangelsko design sann 2002 maa dunn o 'melbheni galleryma pradarshan garieko thiyo. sann 2003 maa stangelle vishwa wyapar kendra site smarak pratiyogitama afno muel designko bhinnatama prawesh gare. drishya kala. stangelle tel chitra, kolaj, murtikla, foto rar adhik chitrit photoharu utpadan gareko chha. sann 2001 maa absolute elma stangelsko pradarshani.ae. dwiwarshik kala nimantrana colleman galleryma pradarshan garieko thiyo rar german wanijya dutawasdwara prayojit thiyo. stangelko kaam 10 tunn elko awaranma thiyo.dwiwarshik suchi."yo prakriti, kala itihas sandarbhaharu, rar manav nirmit tatwaharuko ullekhaniya sanyojan rar sanyojan how, thaaun rar taulako herferko sath, jasle yass nayan shrinkhalalai ek safalta banaunchha-pahilo patak kholieko theater pardalai alag garne agragami khutta", huffington postka kala samikshak, brus hellander lekhchan. sann 2002 maa lus angelsko creative artiste agencydwara ayojana garieko angel art, christiko lilamima overpented foto, jahaz bhagnawashesh 6 tunn lilami garieko thiyo. dunn o 'melbheni galleryma stangel 2002 pradarshanilai pieter frankle saptahik "haptako kala chhanot" ko rupma samiksha gareka thie. sann 2014 maa stangelle german manoranjankarta micheal wigsanga kalakriti wyapar gare rar swargaka lagi afno chalchitra barterma dekha pare. atichitrit photoharu. stangelka lagi samaya rar mausamdwara chihnit kalakritiharuko sataha rar banawatko foto khichera overpented foto banaune prakriya suru hunchha. stangel vishwas garchhan kii watawarniya kalakritiharule sansarko vibhinna sthanma farak chinhaharu pradarshan gardacha rar nadekheka sanrachanaharu rar dhanchaharu patta lagauna wyapak rupma yatra gareko chha. stangelko barema german midia rar pustakharuma lekhieko chha rar writtachitraharuma ek kala khanabadoshko rupma chitrit garieko chha. bhitta wa rusty stilka dhokaharuma stangelle "fractal chhawiharu" fela parchhah rung rar rupharu june amurta chitra jasto dekhinchha. "euta saancho kshanlai kewal euta jatil fractal chhawilai prarambhik binduko rupma chitran garna sakinchha", unle bhane. pachhi, euta studioma, unle telle thula garieka photoharuma rung lagaunchhan. tyahan dherai uptricory bina stangelko kamma jaane ek awadharanatmak pariwartan chha, saptahik rupma. unle ramrosanga santulit chitrit rekhaharu rar kahilekaahin jyamitiya akarko sath photographic mudrit satahalai alag gardacha. 15 tonma, lus angels stangelko colleman galleryma pradarshan garieko euta chitrale acrylic pentsanga photographic chhawi sanyojan garera nayan bhijual bhashalai sanchar capture, ek samanya, tarle lapeteko parkhal postma fela pareko mauka bhijual kawitalai capture capture. yee pahichan yogya rar shabdik drishya modharu rahasyamaya theater scream-jasto parda banaunaka lagi nazuk rupma chitrit garinchha. kehi stangel chitraharu baliyo tanga rekhaharuka sath cristo napsack jastai eksath lapetieka bandalharu jasto dekhinchha. tyahan frange clineko kharani, sanghuro callo hawabhawasanga thorai samanta chha. colleman galleryma 105.000 tunn namak stangel pradarshani gurutwakarshan balharuko rupma antarikshako dharanasanga sambandhit "taulama mapan" garinchha. afno kritima stangelle adiwasi astreliyali outbackma sikeko adhyatmik samajhabata akarshit gardacha. "maile australia hundai yatra garna warshaun bitaen, adiwasiharuko geet lineharuma hindchhu, uniharuko pawitra sthalharuma dhyan gardachhu rar uniharuko anushthanharuko adhyayan gardachhu", stangelle bhane. stangelsko kaam jiwanta rar apratyashit chha rar unle yasalai planner amurtata marfat prapta garchhan jasma dherai adhuniktawadi karakharu samawesh chhanh hawabhaw, rachana, roop rar rung viparit, rar kolaj. "mahm vibhinna madhyamharuma kaam garchhu rar afulai ek amurta romantic chitrakarko rupma herchhu. jab mahm mero overpented photoharu banaunchhu mahm chhawi wa vastulai foto khichda amurta garna thalchhu. mahm mero cameralai murtikla jastai sarchhu jasle unko chhenilai sangamarmarko blakako waripari sarchha, mahm yasalai amurta gardachhu jabasamma mahm wastu chhoddinan rar samaya rar thaaunko sambandha rakhdinan. maile photoma pigmentko taha rakhen, mahm yasalai muel rupma dhulo lagaunchhu. yasale photoko chamakdar sataha rar pentko taha bichma sunder bhinnata sirjana gardacha. yasale amurtatako prakriyalai jaari rakhchha june foto khichda pahile nai suru bhaisakeko thiyo. tapainlai wastu key how thaha chhaina tara tapainsanga euta thulo ayam chha, yo parda pachhadi thaaun how ", stangelle bhane.

alex stangel alex stangel (janma 1965) jane german-americae kalakara ebong purbatana fashion designer jie eka nutan saileera bimurta overpented photograph ebong sthapatya, fashion ebong utpada designre abhinaba design paain janashuna . stangel westphaliara racklinghausenre janmagrahana karithile ebong yuropara sarbabruhata shilpa khetra madhyaru anyatama rur jillara uttara seemaare thiba eka chhot koila khani sahara oar-erkenswick ray badhithile. stangel madhya jane biswastareeja athlet thileh tennis (1983 itf juniara biswa rankinga no.33), mountain-bike (1987 grundig challenge mountain bike biswakap, capron no.30), triathlon (1986 iron myan biswa championship, cona, hawai). stangel tankara aneka karjya lus angelsra pasiphic palisedare thiba taanka studiore nirmana karichanti. 2006 masihare asadharana dakhyatara jane kalakara bhabe stenjelanku juktarastra americara immigration dwara sthajee basinda manyata pradan karajaithila ebong bartamana shay californier bishop thaare purba sierare rahuchanti ebong karjya karuchanti. kaama karantu. fashion design. 1984 masihare 19 barsha bajasare stangel californier sarf tii-sart amdani curry eka byabasai arambha karithile ebong 1986 masihare stangelra nijara fashion line thila, 15 john karmacharinka sahita eka company chalauthile, sarfing ebong skateboading dwara anupranita eka sangraha design karithile ebong ehaaku bhangithiba chashama trademark karithile. stenajelanka byagi pant ebong sart germany, swijaralanda ebong astriara trendy butikare nijaku pratisthita kallah parey shay tankara pratham nijuta aaja karithile. 1987 masihare stangel, taanka lebalre thiba bhangi jaithiba chashama sahita, german bhog patrika dwara yuropara pramukh fashion designermananka madhyare bibechita hoithile. stangel taanka poshaka line bhangithiba chashama paain madeling karuthiba poster ebong bigyapanare upasthita hoithile. utpada design stangelra patent trademark ebong fashion, sadharana upahara samagri, computer aanushangika, khadya utpada, sthapatya design, screenplay, byayam karjyakram ebong computer game pari byapaka khetrare kapirait achhi . stangel sidi holder, pigi byanka, dwara ebong khadya utpada design karichhi jaahaa sampurna khadya ebong walmartre bikri hoichhi . 2004 masihare, stangel eka bread-rahita kakad sandawich trademark gorila sandawich, eka pokala-out kakadaku parikalpana ebong patent karithile, jaahaa akhrot, avocado, alibh, samudrika shaibala ebong flacks sid tell pari upadanare bhartti . sthapatya. 1999 masihare, stangel berlin paain eka parasparika bhaskarjya, bhaskarjya tawara 1" rahr kalpana karithile. ehaa eka adhunika 'bakra' tawara dhancha paain prarambhika design madhyaru gotie thila . stangel ehaaku catch, ispat ebong bhidio manitarare nirmita eka bahu mahla sanrachana bhabare barnana karithile, jaahaa eka budd sphatika aakarare sajajaichi . bhitara bhagare, bhaskarjyati internet sahita sanjoga kariba paain eka platform bhabare karjya kariba paain design karajaichi .....catch pacharu shaha shaha chitra alokita heuchhi .....ee-mail jariaare phato pathajaichi.....saaraa biswaru.....egudika biswara ekatara smarana karaibare sahajaka hoithae. 9/11 parey, smaraki pratijogitara eka barsha purbaru, 2002 masiha april 9 tarikhare stangel mea. nimna manhattan bikash nigamare whitehead, eka smaraki paain chintadharaku byabahara karibaku prastaba deichhanti . 2002 masihare donn oh 'melabheni gyalereere stangelsnka design pradarshita hoithila. 2003 masihare stangel taanka moola design rahr eka paribartanaku biswa banijya kendra site smaraki pratijogitare prabesha karithile. drushya kalaa. stangel taila chitrakala, kolaja, bhaskarjya, photograph ebong atyadhika rangina photograph prastuta karichanti . 2001 ray obsolute ell ray stangelser pradarshani .aii. dwibarshika kalaa nimantran colleman gyalereere pradarshita hoithila ebong german banijya dutabas dwara prajojita hoithila . stangelsnka kaama 10 tone ell rahr prachada upare thila .eka dwibarshika suchi."ehaa heuchhi prakruti, kalaa itihas sandarbha, ebong manab nirmita upadanagudikara ullekhaneeah mishran ebong mishran, sthana ebong ozner herfer sahita, jaahaa ehi nutan sirijaku eka saphalata pradan kare-eka agrani paada jaahaa eka theatre pardaku alga curry deichi jaahaa pratham thara paain kholajaichhi", hafingatan poster kalaa samalochaka, brus hellander lekhichhanti . 2002 masihare adhika ranga hoithiba photograph, jahaz bhanga 6 tone, lus enjelasare creative kalakara agency dwara ajojita kristinka nilam, angel artre nilam karajaithila . donn oh 'melabheni gyalereere stangel 2002 pradarshaneeku pieter phranka dwara laa saptahika "saptahara kalaa chayan" bhabare samikhya karajaithila. 2014 ray stangel german manoranjanakari michael wignka saha kalakruti karbar karithile ebong taanka chalachitra barter pharr pyaredaijare abhinai karithile. atyadhika rangina phato. stangel paain eka atyadhika rangina photograph tiari karibara prakriya samai ebong panipaga dwara chinhita kalakrutigudikara prustha ebong texture photograph curry arambha hue . stangel biswasa karanti je bajumandalija kalakruti biswara bibhinna sthanare swatantra chinha pradarshan kare ebong adrushya sanrachana ebong dhanchaku shikara kariba paain byapaka bhabare jatra karichhi . german ganamadhyama ebong pustakagudikare stangel bishajare lekhajaichhi ebong dakyumentareere jane kalaa jajabara bhabare pradarshita hoichhi . kanth kimba rusty still dwarare stangel "fractal emage" paithaeh ranga ebong form jaahaa eka bimurta penting pari dekhajae . "eka satya muhurttaku kebala eka jatila fractal pratichabi sahita eka prarambhika bindu bhabare chitrita karajaipariba", shay kahichanti. parey, eka studiore, shay budd hoithiba phatogudiku telare ranga karanti . stenajelanka karjyare eka pratyakhyaneeja paribartana heuchhi, adhika uptricary bina, saptahika bhabare . shay eka photographic mudrita prusthaku santulita rangeena rekha ebong eka belebele jyamitika aakaar sahita pruthaka karanti . 15 tunrey, lus angels stangelra colleman gyalereere pradarshita eka chitrakala eka photographic pratichabi sahita acrylic rangaku mishai eka nutan drushyamana bhasha sanchara karithila, eka sadharana, taara-aabruta baada postare miluthiba akasmika drushya kabita capture karithila. ehi sweekrutiprapta ebong aakhyarika drushyagata modaku eka rahasyamai theatre scream pari parada gathan karibaku sukshma bhabare chitrita karajae . keteka stangel chitrakala eka christo napsack bhali eka sangare bandha hoithiba bundle bhali manehue, jeunthire drudha tite line thaae. franges klainnka scratch, sankirna kalaa angabhangi sahita samanya samanata achhi . coleman gyalereere 105.000 tone namaka stangel pradarshani "ojanare mapa karajae" jaahaa mahakashaku madhyakarshana shakti bhabare tankara dharana sahita jadita . taanka rachanare stangel moola astreliaara bahya anchalare shikhiba eka adhyatmika bujhamanaru akarshita karanti . "mun astrelia dei jatra curry barsha barsha bitaithili, mun aadibaseenka geeta linere chalithili, semananka pabitra sthanare dhyana karithili ebong semanankara reetineeti adhyajana karithili", stangel kahichanti. stangelsnka karjya jibanta ebong apratyashita ebong shay ehaaku planara bimurtata madhyamare hassel karanti jeunthire aneka aadhunikabadee karaka antarbhuktah angabhangi, rachna, roop ebong ranga baisadrushya, ebong kolaj . "mun bibhinna madhyamare kaama kare ebong nijaku jane bimurta romantic chitrakar bhabare dekhe . jetebele mun more atyadhika rangina photograph tiari kare mun phato uthaiba samajare chitra kimba bastuku bimurta kariba arambha kare . mun moe cameracu epari bhabe ghunchaithae jepari eka murti marbler eka khanda charipate taa 'rahr chhaati ghunchaithae, mun ehaaku abstract kare je parjyanta mun bastutiku harai naahin ebong kebala samai ebong sthanara samparka achhi . mun phato upare rangaka stara rakhithili, mun ehaaku moolatah sethire dhuli pakaithili. ehaa photographer chakachake prustha ebong pent stara madhyare eka sunder parthakya srusti kare . ehaa bimurta prakriya jaari rakhichhi jaahaa phato uthaiba samajare arambha hoisarithila . apana jananti naahin je bastuti qa 'naa, kintu apanankara eka budd matra achhi, ehaa eka parada pachare sthana ", stangel kahile.

alex stanzel alex stanzel (janam 1965) ikk german-amriki kalakar atey sabka fashion designer haii joe architecture, fashion atey utpaad design witch amurat overpented fotoan atey navintakari design dee ikk naveen shaili laee janhiaa jaanda haii. steinzel daa janam rackinghosson, westfalia witch hoiaa see atey uh yoorap dey sabh toon vadde udyogik khetran vicchon ikk, ruhar zilhe dey uttri kinare utte ikk chhote colla-mining shehar, orr-erkenshwick witch vadda hoiaa see. steinzel ikk vishav padhri athleet vee seeuuu tennis (1983 aaee. tii. aif. junier vishav ranking no.33), mountain-bike (1987 grundig challenge mountain bike vishav kapp, kaparan no.30), triathlon (1986 eironman vishav championship, cona, havaai). steinzel neey laas angels witch parshant palace witch aapne studio witch aapniaan bahut saariaan rachnavan daa nirman keeta haii. sann 2006 witch asdharan yogta dey ikk kalakar dey roop witch steinzel noon sanyukat raaj amrica dey immigration duaara sathayi nivasi daa darja ditta giaa see atey hunn uh bishop, california witch purbi sears witch rahinda haii atey kamm karda haii. kamm crow. fashion design. sann 1984 witch 19 saal dee umar witch stanzel neey california deeaan saraf tii-shirtan daramad curran daa carobar shuru keeta atey sann 1986 witch stanzel dee aapni fashion line see, joe 15 karamchariaan naal ikk company chalaa rahee see, surfing atey skateboarding toon prerit ikk sangrah noon design qarr rahee see atey iss noon tutte hoye shishe daa trademark banaiaa see. jiven kii steinzel dee baggy paint atey shirtan neey germany, switzerland atey austria witch aadhunik buteek witch aapne aap noon sathapat keeta, usne aapna pahila million banaiaa. sann 1987 witch stanzel neey aapne label tutte hoye shishe vaale khed dey kappde noon german vog magazine duaara yoorap dey pramukh fashion designaran witch manniaa giaa see. stanzel aapne kappdiaan dee line dey tutte hoye shishe laee postran atey vigiaapnan dey modeling utte dikhai ditta. utpaad design. stanzel cole patent trademark atey fashion, aam tohfe deeaan cheezan, computer upkaran, bhojan utpaad, architectural design, screenplay, kasrat program atey computer geman varge khetran witch copyright hunn. stanzel neey cd holder, piggy baink, darwaze atey bhojan utpaad tiaar keete hunn joe poore bhojan atey walmart 'teey veche gaye hunn. sann 2004 witch, steinzel neey ikk bread lais kheere sandwich trademark gorila sandwich, ikk khokhla-aaoot kheere noon alnut, avocado, zaitun, samundari nadeen atey alsie dey beej dey tail vargiaan samaggariaan naal bhariaa hoiaa design atey patent keeta. architecture. sann 1999 witch, stanzel neey barlin laee ikk interactive murti, "bee 1-bee tower 1" dee kalpana keeti. ih ikk aadhunik 'modiaa hoiaa' tower dhanche laee sabh toon purane design vicchon ikk see. stanzel neey iss noon kacch, steel atey vdo monitoran naal bnee ikk bahu-manzila banatar vajon darsaiaa, joe saare ikk vadde chrystal dey aakaar witch vivasthit hunn. andron, murti noon internet naal juden laee ikk platform vajon kamm curran laee tiaar keeta giaa haii...shishe dey pichhe toon sainkade tasviran khicchiaan gaeeaan hunn...fotoan eemel duaara bhejiaan gaeeaan hunn...dunia bharr toon...ih sabh sansar dee ekta dee yaad divaunde hunn. yadgari mukabale toon ikk saal pahilan, 9 aprail 2002 noon, steinzel neey shriman noon ikk pattar likhiaa. loar manhattan development corporation vikhe whitehead, ikk yadgar laee vichaar dee varton curran daa prastav rakkhda haii. stanzels dey design noon 2002 witch daan ou 'melveni gallery witch pradarshit keeta giaa see. 2003 witch steinzel neey vishav vapaar kendra site yadgar mukabale witch aapne asal design dee ikk tabdili witch pravesh keeta. visual arts. steinzel neey tail chittarkari, kolaj, murtiaan, fotoan atey ziaada rangeen fotoan tiaar keetiaan hunn. 2001 witch absolute aill vikhe stanzels dee pardarshani.aii. doou saala qalaa sadda-pattar colleman gallery witch pradarshit keeta giaa see atey german consulate duaara spancer keeta giaa see. steinzel daa kamm 10 tunn aill dey cover utte see.ikk doou saala suchi."ih kudrat, qalaa itihaas dey havaliaan atey manukh duaara banaae tattan daa shandar sumel atey sanjog haii, joe jagha atey bhaar dee heraferi naal iss naveen luddy noon ikk safalta banaunda haii-ikk mohri pair ikk theatre parade noon vakkh karda haii joe pahili vaar kholhiaa giaa haii", qalaa aalochak, huffington post dey broos hallander likhda haii. 2002 witch, jahaz dey 6 tunn dey tuttan dee ziaada rangi hoee tasveer, laas angels witch rachnatmak kalakar agency duaara aayojit christy dee nilami, angel aart witch nilami keeti gaee see. daan ou 'melveni gallery vikhe steinzel 2002 pardarshani dee pieter frank duaara laa haftavari "hafte dee qalaa chunhiaan" vajon samikhiaa keeti gaee see. sann 2014 witch stanzel neey german manoranjak michael vigg naal kalakari daa vapaar keeta atey aapni film barter phaar paradise witch dikhai ditti. over pent keetiaan tasviran. stanzel laee ikk overpent keeti foto banaun dee prakiriaa samein atey mausam duaara chinhit kalakritiaan deeaan satahan atey banatar dee foto khicchan naal shuru hundi haii. steinzel daa mannana haii kii vatavaran deeaan kalakritiaan dunia witch vakkh-vakkh sathanan witch vakkhre nishan pradarshit kardiaan hunn atey andekhe dhanchiaan atey patternan daa shikar curran laee viaapak yaatra keeti haii. stanzel baare german media atey kitaban witch likhiaa giaa haii atey dastavezi witch ikk qalaa khanabdosh vajon pradarshit keeta giaa haii. kandhan jaan jangal vaale steel dey darwaziaan utte stanzel noon "fractal chittar" milde hann rung atey roop joe ikk amurat painting varge dikhai dinde hunn. "ikk sacche pall noon siraf ikk gunjhaldar fractal chittar naal ikk shuruati bindu vajon darsaiaa jaa sakda haii", usne kiha. baad witch, ikk studio witch, uh tail naal vaddiaan tasviran utte pent karda haii. haftawari taur utte, bahut ziaada optricary toon binan stanzel dey kamm witch ikk bodhatmak tabdili hoow rahee haii. uh ikk photographic printed satah noon changi tarahan santulit pent keetiaan lines atey kadey-kadayin geometric shakal naal vakkh karda haii. 15 tunn witch, ikk painting joe kii laas angels stanzel witch colleman gallery witch pradarshit keeti gaee see, neey ikk photographic chittar noon acrylic pent naal jode keey ikk naveen visual bhasha daa sanchar keeta, ikk aam, taar naal lapeti vaad post utte millie mauka visual kavita noon capture keeta. inhan pachanan yog atey shabdik drishtikon modan noon ikk rahassmai theatre scream varga parda banaun laee nazuk dhang naal pent keeta jaanda haii. kujh stanzel pentingan mazboot tang lines dey naal christo napsec wang ikkathe lapete hoye bundle jaapde hunn. franz cline dey khurkde, tang kaale ishariaan naal thodhi jihi samanta haii. colleman gallery witch 105.000 tunn namak stanzel pardarshani noon gravitational forces vajon pulad dee uss dee dharna naal sabandhat "bhaar witch maapiaa jaanda haii". aapne kamm witch stanzel mool australiaai baahari khetar witch sikkhi gaee adhiaatmik samajh toon khichiaa giaa haii. "stanzel neey kiha, "main australia dee yaatra witch kaee saal bitaae, main aadivasiaan deeaan geet lines utte turiaa, unhan dey pavittar sathanan utte dhiaan lagaiaa atey unhan deeaan rasman daa adhiaen keeta. stanzels daa kamm jeevant atey anhona haii atey uh iss noon planner abstraction duaara prapat karda haii jiss witch bahut saare aadhuniktavadi kaarak shamal hann ishara, rachna, roop atey rung dey ulat, atey kolaj. "main vakkh-vakkh madhiaman witch kamm karda haan atey aapne aap noon ikk amurat romantic chittarkar vajon vekhda haan. jadon main aapniaan ziaada rangiaan tasviran banaunda haan taan main chittar jaan vastu noon foto khichde samein abstract karna shuru qarr dinda haan. main aapne cameray noon iss tarahan hilaunda haan jiven ikk murti uss dee chhilli noon sangamarmar dey ikk block dey duaale hilaundi haii, main iss noon udon takk sankhep karda haan jadon takk main vastu noon naheen chadda atey siraf samein atey sathaan dey sabndh naheen rakkhda. main foto dey uppar rung dee ikk parat paa ditti, main iss noon mool roop witch iss utte dhood paa dinda haan. ih foto dee chamakdar satah atey pent dee parat dey vichkaar ikk sunder antar banaunda haii. ih abstraction dee prakiriaa noon jaari rakkhda haii joe foto khicchan vele pahilan hii shuru hoow gaee see. tusin naheen janade kii vastu qee haii parr tuhade cole ikk bahut vadda ayami haii, ih ikk parade dey pichhe jagha haii, "stanzel neey kiha.

alex stangel alex stangel (janma 1965) ekaha german-american-kalakaraha poorva-fyaashan-vinyaasakah cha asti yah amurta-ati-varnita-chhayachitranam nootanashailyaah, vastukala, fyaashan, utpaada-vinyaasasya cha naveena-vinyasanam cha krute prasidhah asti. stangel ityayam westafalia-nagarasya raaking-hausen-nagare ajayata, tathaa cha europe-deshasya bruhattameshu audyogikakshetreshu anyatamasy rur-mandalasya uttar-praante sthitasya laghu-angaara-khanane oyar-erkenshwick-nagare cha utthaapitah. stangel ityayam vishva-stareeyah kreedaaluh api aasit-tennis (1983 tamavarshasya kanishta-vishva-shreneeh no.33), mauntan-baik (1987 tamavarshasya grundig-chaalanch-mauntan-baik-vishvakap, kaapran no.30), triathlon (1986 tamavarshasya airanmyaan-vishva-championship, konaa, havaai). stangel ityayam laas-angelies-nagarasya peciphic-polyceds-nagarasya swasya studio-madhye swasya anekaani krutayah nirmitavaan. 2006 tame varshe asaadhaaran-kshamataayukta-kalakaratvena stangel ityasmai samyuktarajyamerika-deshaantar-pravasena sthayinivasinaha iti padaveem dattam, adhunaa saha california-rajyasya bishap-nagare poorva-sieras-nagare nivasati, karyam cha karoti. karyam karotu. shailee vinyaasah. 1984 tame varshe 19 varsheeyah stangel ityeshah california-deshasya surf-tea-shirts-ityetaan aamadaaneekartum vyavasaayam aarabdhavaan, 1986 tame varshe stangel ityasya swakeeyah fyaashan-lain aasit, 15 karmachaaribhih saha ekam kampanee chaalayati, surfing-skateboarding-dwara preritam sangraham roopayati, tasya bhagna-chashmaagruhe treadmark karoti cha. stangel ityasya baigee-pents, shirts cha germany, switzerlyaand, austria cha ityeteshu aadhunik-boutiques-madhye sthaapitavantah, ataha saha swasya prathama-dashalaxam anmayat. 1987 tame varshe steinzel ityayam, swasya breaked-glass-creedaa-vastram iti mudranayuktah, german-vog-patrikayaa europe-deshasya pramukhanam fyaashan-vinyaasakeshu anyatamah iti manyate sma. stangel ityeshah swasya vastra-rekhayaha bhagna-chashmehe krute mudraneshu, vidnyaapaneshu cha pratiroopaneshu drushtah. utpaadasya vinyaasah. stangel ityasya patent-treadmark-ityetaani, fyaashan, samanya-upahaar-vastuhu, sanganake sahaayakaani, khaadya-utpaadaani, vastushilpa-vinyaasaah, chitrakathaani, vyaayaama-kaaryakramah, sanganake kreedaani ityadinam kshetreshu cha pratilipyaadhikaarah cha santi. stangel ityanena see. dee. holder, piggy-byaank, dwaaraani, khaadya-utpaadaani cha parikalpitaah santi ye sampoorn-khaadya-vastushu, walmart-vastushu cha vikreeyante. 2004 tame varshe stangel ityanena brade-rahitasya kakad-saandwich-treadmark yuktasya gorilla-saandwich-ityasya vinyaasam patent-patram cha praaptam, yat akharot-sasyaih, evokyaado-sasyaih, aaliv-sasyaih, see-weed-sasyaih, flex-seed-tailena cha yuktena khopaa-yuktasya kakad-sasyasya pratiroopanam cha krutam. vastukala. 1999 tame varshe stangel-varyaha berlin-nagarasya krute krute 1" iti paraspar-shilpasya kalpanam akarot. aadhunikasy 'vakra-' gopur-samrachanaayaah praarambhik-vinyaaseshu etat anyatam aasit. stangel ityanena etat kachena, steelen, veediyo-monitor ityanena cha nirmitam bahumahilaa-samrachanaa iti varnitam, sarvaani bruhad-chrystal-akrutya vyavasthitaah santi. antah, shilpam antarjaalena saha sambaddhum mancharupena karyam kartum parikalpitam asti...kachasya prushtatah shatashah pratimaah prakaashyante...chaayaachitraani ee-mell dwara preshitaani...sampoorne jagatah...sarve vishvasya ekataayaah smaranaroopen karyam kurvanti. 9/11 ityasya anantaram, smarakaspardhayaha ekavarsham poorvam, 2002 april 9 dinaanke stangel mahodayay patram likhitavaan. lover-manhatton-development-corporation ityatra vait-head iti samsthaa, smaarake asya vichaarasya upayogam kartum prastooyati. 2002 tame varshe daan o 'melveni-gallery ityatra stangel-ityasya vinyaasah pradarshitah. 2003 tame varshe stangel-varyaha swasya moolavinyaasasya bhinnatam vishvavyaapaarakendrasya sthala-smaarak-spardhayam pravishtavaan. drushyakalaah. stangel ityanena tailachitraani, collages, shilpaani, chaayaachitraani, ativarnitaani chaayaachitraani cha nirmitaani santi. 2001 tame varshe assolute-ell ityatra stangels ityasya pradarshanee abhavat.a. dvivaarshika-kalaa-aahvaanasy pradarshanm colleman-gallery ityatra krutam, german-vaanijya-dootaawaasen prayojitam cha. stangels ityasya 10 tunn-bharakam karyam ell ityasya aavarane aasit.dvivaarshikasoochanaa."prakrutyaah, kalaa-itihasasya, sandarbhanam, manavanirmitanam tattvaanaam cha, sthanasya bharasya cha kushalataa-yuktteh, ullekhaneeyam samyojanam samyogam cha, etat nootanam shrunkhalaam pragatim janayati-prathamavaaram udghaatitam natyaparapatalam pruthak kartum maargadarshakah paadah" iti huffington-post ityasya kalaa-sameekshakah, brus hellander likhati. 2002 tame varshe, laas-angelies-nagare creative-artistes-ejainsee ityanena aayojite christies-nilamane, 6 tuns-bharakam, adhikavarnitam chaayaachitram, naukaayaan-bhagnaavashesham, enjel-art ityasmin lilambe abhavat. daan o 'melveni gallery ityatra stangel 2002 ityasya pradarshanm peater fraank ityanena saptahikarupena "saptahasya kalaa-chayanani" iti samikshitam. 2014 tame varshe stangel ityayam german-manoranjanakaaren mckell wig ityanena saha kalaakrutim vyapaaram krutavaan, swasya barter faar paradise iti chalachchitre abhyanayt. atichitraani. stangel ityasya krute ati-varnita-chaayaachitrasya nirmanasya prakriya, kaalen, vayugunena cha chihnitanam kalaakrutinaam prushtabhaagaanaam, vinyasanam cha chhayachitranat arabhyate. stangel ityasya matanusarena, vaataavaraneey-kalaakruteehi vishvasya bhinnasthaaneshu vishishtaani chihnaani pradarshanti, adrushya-samrachanaah, pratiroopaani cha anveshtum cha vistrutaroopena pravaasam krutavantah iti. german-maadhyameshu, pustakeshu cha stangel ityasya vishaye likhitam asti, vruttachitreshu kalaa-yayamanarupena cha chitritam asti. bhittau vaa rusty-steel-dwaarayoh vaa stangel "fractal-image" iteedam praapnoti-varnaani roopaani cha ye amurta-chitram iva drushyante. "ekam satyasandham kshanam kevalam jatilena bhagnachitren eva aarambhabinduh iti chitrayitum shakyate" iti saha avadat. pashchat, studio-madhye, saha tailena vistrutaanaam chhayachitranam upari chitrayati. prativaaram, adhika-optricary-vinaa stangel ityasya kaarye ekam bodhagamya-parivartanam asti. saha chaayaachitra-mudrita-prushtabhaagam santulita-varnita-rekhaayuktena, tathaa cha kadaa kadaa jyaamiteey-akrutya cha pruthak karoti. 15 tunn-mitam, laas-angelies-stangel-nagarasya colleman-gallery-madhye pradarshitam chitram, akrilik-varnena saha chaayaachitra-chitram samyojayitvaa nootan-drushya-bhasham sampreshanam krutavaan, tathaa cha samanye taar-aacchaditasya veshtane praptam aakasmik-drushya-kaavyam api sankeernavaan. ete parichayah shaabdikashch drushya-vakraani sukshmataya chitritaah santi yena rahasyapoornah natya-skrim-sadrushah paradoho nirmeeyate. kechan stangel-chitraani christo-naipsyaak-sadrushaani drudha-drudha-rekhaayuktaani bundles-yuktaani drushyante. franz clain ityasya skryaachi, sankeerna-krushna-angabhangeebhih saha alpam saadrushyam vartate. colleman-gallery-madhye 105.000 tunn iti namna namna khyaatah stangel-pradarshanee "bharena mapayita" asti, yat antarikshasya gurutvakarshana-balarupena tasya dharanaya sambaddha asti. stangel ityayam swasya krutau australian-moolanivaasinah madhye adhyetaayaah aadhyaatmik-bodhaat aahatah asti. "aham australia-deshaantargatam yatram varshaani vyateetavaan, adivasinam geeta-panktim gatavaan, teshaam pavitrasthaaneshu dhyanam krutavaan, teshaam aachaar-anushtaanaan cha adhyayanam krutavaan" iti stangel avadat. stangels ityasya krutihi jeevantah anirikshitah cha asti, saha samatal-amurtatayaha madhyamena etat saadhayati yasmin aneke aadhunikataavaadee-kaarakaah santi-angaprabhaavah, rachanaa, roopah, varna-vairuddhyah, kolaaj cha. "aham vividha-maadhyameshu karyam karoti, swayam amurta-pranayarachayitruroopen pashyaami. yadaa aham mama ativarnitaani chaayaachitraani nirmaami tadaa chaayaachitram vaa vastu vaa amoortam kartum aarabhate. aham mama chaayaachitram prastarashilaayaah khandasya paritah tasya chisal-ityetam kadam karoti iva chaalayaami, yaavat aham vastum naa pataami, kevalam samayasya sthanasya cha sambandham naa sthaapayaami taavat aham tatt saaraamsham karoti. aham chaayaachitrasya upari varnakasya staram sthaapayaami, moolatah tasya upari dhoolim api sthaapayaami. etena chaayaachitrasya chakachake prushtabhaagasya varnastambhasya cha madhye sundaram vairuddhyam bhavati. etat amurtata-prakriyaam anuvartayati, yaa chaayaachitragrahanasamaye eva arabdha aasit. vastu kim iti bhavaan naa jaanaati, parantu bhavatah vishaalam parimanam vartate, tasya paradaayaah prushthe sthaanam asti "iti stangel avadat.

alex stensell alex stensell (pirappu 1965) oru jerman-america kalaignar mattrum munnaal fasion designer aavaar, avar oru puthiya paaniyaana surukkamaana overbaint seiyappatta pugaippadangkal mattrum kattidakkalai, fasion mattrum thayaarippu vadivamaippil puthumaiyaana vadivamaippugalukkaaga ariyappadugiraar. stensell westpaliavin rucklinghousenil piranthaar, maelum iroappaavin migapperiya thozhilthurai pakuthikalil ontraana ruur maavattaththin vadakku vilimbil ulla oru siriya nilakkari suranga nagaramaana oayar-ergenswickle valarnthaar. dennis (1983 ill juuniyar ulaga tharavarisai no.33), mavundan-paik (1987 cruntic sawal mavundan paik ulagak kooppai, cobran no.30), triathlon (1986 irumbu manithar ulaga saambiyanship, koonaa, havaai) aagiya ulagath tharam vaaintha thadagala veerarum stensell aavaar. losses aenchalsil ulla pasipik polysatesil ulla thanathu studiovil stensell thanathu pala padaippugalai thayaaritthullaar. 2006 aam aandil asaathaarana thiramai konda kalaignaraaga stensell america kudiyaettraththaal niranthara kudiyiruppu anthasthu vazhangkappattathu, ippoathu californiavin bishappil ulla kilakku siyaraakkalil vasiththu varukiraar. vaelai. fasion design. 1984 aam aandil 19 vayathil stensell californiavin surf dii-sharttukalai irakkumathi seiyum vanigaththaith thodangkinaar, 1986 aam aandil stensell thanathu sontha fasion lainaik kondirundhaar, 15 oozhiyargaludan oru niruvanatthai nadaththinaar, surfing mattrum scadeboarding moolam eerkkappatta oru thoguppai vadivamaithaar, maelum adhai udainththa kannaadigalai varththaga muthiraippaduththinaar. stensalin paekki pands mattrum sattaigal jermani, switcherlaandhu mattrum aasthriyaavil ulla navanaagareegamaana poottikkalil thangalai nilainirutthik kondathaal, avar thanathu muthal milliyanai sambathiththaar. 1987 aam aandil stensell, avarathu mutthirai udaikappatta kannaadigal konda vilayaattu aadaikal jerman voak idhazhaal iroappaavin mukiya fasion vadivamaippaalargalil oruvaraaga karudhappattathu. stensell thanathu aadai varisai udainththa kannaadigalukkaana suvarottigal mattrum vilambara maadalingil thoantrinaar. thayaarippu vadivamaippu. fasion, podhuvaana parisu porutkal, kanini bhaagangkal, unavup porutkal, kattidakkalai vadivamaippugal, thiraikkathaikal, udarpayirchi thittangal mattrum kanini vilaiyaattukal poantra thuraikalil kaappurimai varththaga muththiraigal mattrum pathippurimaikalai stensell vaiththirukiraar. stensell sidi holdergal, pandri vangkigal, kadhavugal mattrum unavup porutkalai vadivamaiththullathu, avai muzhu unavu mattrum walmartle virkapattullana. 2004 aam aandil, stensell oru rotti illaatha vellarikkaai sandvich varththaga mutthirai konda corilla sandvich, agrude paruppugal, avagado, olive, kadarpaasi mattrum aalii vidhai ennei poantra porutkalaal nirappapatta vetrtru vellarikkaai aagiyavattrai vadivamaiththu kaappurimai pettraar. kattidakkalai. 1999 aam aandil, perlinukkaaga oru uudaadum sirpaththai stensell uruvaakkinaar, "pii 1-pii dover 1". idhu oru naveena 'murukkapatta' koopuram kattamaippirkaana aarambagaala vadivamaippugalil ontraakum. kannadi, efku mattrum veediyoa maanittarkalaal kattapatta pala maadi amaippu endru stensell vivaritthaar, ivai anaiththum oru periya padiga vadivaththil amaikkappattullana. ullae, sirpam inaiyaththudan inaippatharkaana oru thalamaaga seyalpadum vagaiyil vadivamaikkappattullathu...kannaadiyin pinnaal irunthu noottrukkanakkaana padangkal olirum...minnanjal moolam anuppapatta pugaippadangkal...ulagam muzhuvathilumirunthu...ivai anaiththum ulagin ottrumaiyai ninaivoottukintrana. 9/11 kkup piragu, ninaivu poattikku oru varudam munbu, aepral 9,2002 andru stensell thiru. keezh manhaton maempaattuk kazhagaththil vellai thalai, oru ninaivagaththirku yoasanaiyaip payanpaduththa munmozhinthathu. stenselsin vadivamaippu 2002 aam aandil dawn ooo 'melvini caloryil kaatchikku vaikkappattathu. 2003 aam aandil stensell thanathu asal vadivamaippin marupaattai ulaga varththaga maiya thazha ninaivu poattiyil nuzhainthaar. kaatchi kalaigal. ennei ooviyangkal, padaththoguppugal, sirpangal, pugaippadangkal mattrum athigappadiyaana vannamayamakkappatta pugaippadangkalai stensell thayaaritthullaar. 2001 aam aandil muzhumaiyaana ell ill stensels kankaatchi.auuu. iru varuda kalai azhaippithazh coleman caloryil kaatchippaduththappattathu mattrum jerman thootharagaththaal nidhiyudhavi seiyappattathu. stenselsin vaelai 10 dunn ell inn attaiyil irunththathu.iru varudaanthira pattiyal."iyarkai, kalai varalaaru kurippugal mattrum manithanaal uruvaakkappatta koorugalin kurippidatthakka kalavai mattrum kalavaiyae, idam mattrum edaiyaik kaiyaaluvathan moolam, inththa puthiya thodarai oru thiruppumunaiyaaga aakkukirathu-muthal muraiyaaga thirakkapatta oru naadagath thiraiyai priththuth thallum oru munnoadi kaall" endru huffington poastin kalai vimarsagar, broose helandar ezhuthukiraar. 2002 aam aandil athigappadiyaana vannamayamakkappatta pugaippadam, kappal 6 dunn, losses aenchalsil ulla padaippu kalaignargal niruvanatthaal nadatthappatta aenjchal ard, christiyin aelaththil aelam vidappattathu. dawn ooo 'melvini caloryil ulla stensell 2002 kankaatchi piittar frankhal laa vaaraanthira "vaaraththin kalai thaervugal" endru mathippaaivu seiyappattathu. 2014 aam aandil stensell jerman pozhuthupoakku veerar michael vikkaevudan kalaippadaippugalai varththagam seithaar, maelum avarathu thiraippatamaana barder phaar paradise ill thoantrinaar. migaippaduththappatta pugaippadangkal. stensel oru athigappadiyaana vannamayamaana pugaippadam edukkum seyalmurai neram mattrum vaanilai kurikapatta kalaipporutkalin maerparappugal mattrum amaippugalai pugaippadam eduppathan moolam thodangukirathu. vaanilaik kalaipporutkal ulagin palvaeru idangkalil thaniththuvamaana adaiyaalangkalai velippaduththukintrana endrum, kaanappadaatha kattamaippugal mattrum vadivangkalai vaettaiyaaduvatharkaaka virivaaga payanam seithullana endrum stensell nambukiraar. stensel pattri jerman uudakangkal mattrum puththagangkalil ezhuthappattullathu mattrum aavanappadangkalil oru kalai naadoadiyaaga idampettrullathu. suvarkal allathu thuruppidikkum efku kadhavugalil stensell "elumbu murivu padangkal" kaanappadugindrana oru surukka ooviyam poantra vannangkal mattrum vadivangkal. "oru sikkalaana elumbu murivu uruvaththudan mattumae oru unmaiyana tharunatthai oru thodakka pulliyaaga siththarikka mudiyum", endru avar koorinaar. pinnar, oru studiovil, avar ennei kondu virivaakkappatta pugaippadangkalai varaikiraar. vaaranththoarum adhiga oliyiyal illaamal stensalin vaelaiyil oru pulanunarvu maattram nadakkirathu. avar oru pugaippada achidappatta maerparappai nanku samanilaiyaana varnam poosappatta koadugal mattrum avvappoathu vadiviyal vadivaththudan prikkiraar. 15 dungalil, losses aenchalsil ulla coleman caloryil kaatchippadutthappatta oru ooviyam, agrilic vannappoochchudan oru pugaippadap padaththaip inaippathan moolam oru puthiya kaatchi mozhiyaith thodarbukondathu, oru podhuvaana, kambi-moodappatta vaeli idugaiyil kaanappadum vaaippu kaatchi kavidhaigalaip pathivu seithathu. inththa adaiyaalam kaanakkoodiya mattrum neradi kaatchi thiruppankal oru marmamaana naadaga scrim poantra thiraicheelai uruvaakka menmaiyaana muraiyil varaiyappattullana. sila stensell ooviyangkal valuvaana irukkamaana koadugaludan oru christo napsack poala ontraaka moodappatta moottaikalaakath therikirathu. france cline keeral, kurugiya karuppu saigaigaludan oru siriya ottrumai ullathu. coleman kaatchiyagaththil ulla 105.000 dunkle endra peyarudaiya stensell kankaatchi, eerppu visaigalaaka idaththai avar unarnthathu thodarpaana "edaiyil alavidappadukirathu". stensell thanathu padaippil australian pazhangudi makkal matthiyil kattrukkonda aanmeega purithalil irunthu perukiraar. "naan australia vazhiyaaga pala aandugal payanam seithaen, pazhangudi makkalin paadal varigalil nadanthu sentraen, avarkalin punitha idangkalil thiyaanam seithaen, avarkalin sadangugalaip padiththaen" endru stensell koorinaar. stensellin padaippugal urchaakamaakavum kanikka mudiyaathathaakavum ullana, maelum avar idhai pala naveenavaatha kaaranigalai ulladakkiya plaanar surukkaththin moolam adaikiraar saigai, kalavai, vadivam mattrum vanna maarupaadu mattrum padaththoguppu. "naan vevvaeru uudakangkalil vaelai seikiraen, ennai oru surukkamaana kaathal ooviyaraaga paarkkiraen. naan enathu athigappadiyaana vannamayamakkappatta pugaippadangkalai edukkumpoathu, padam allathu porulai pugaippadam edukkumpoathu surukkath thodangkukiraen. oru sirpam avarathu ulai oru palingkuth thoguthiyaich suttri nagarththuvathu poala naan enn kemaraavai nagarththukiraen, naan porulaith thuvaikkum varai adhai surukkukiraen, neram mattrum idaththin uravugalaik kondirukkiraen. naan pugaippadaththin meethu oru niramiyin adukkai vaiththaen, naan adhai adippadaiyil thoosi poadugiraen. idhu pugaippadaththin palapalappaana maerparappirkum vannappoochchin adukkukkum idaiyil oru azhagaana vaerupaattai uruvaakkukirathu. idhu pugaippadam edukkum poathu aerkanavae thodangiya surukka seyalmuraiyaith thodarkirathu. porul ennaventru ungkalukkuth theriyaathu, aanaal ungkalidam oru periya parimaanam ullathu, adhu oru mukkaadu pinnaal ullathu, "endru stensell koorinaar.

alex stensel alex stensel (jananam 1965) oka german-american kalakarudu mariyu maajee fyaashan designer, athanu nairoopya ovar paint chaayaachitraalu mariyu vaastusilpam, fyaashan mariyu utpatti roopakalpanalo vinootna designla yokka kotta sailiki prasiddhi chendaadu. stenzel westfalialoni rucklinghousenlo janminchaadu mariyu airopaloni atipedda paarisraamika praantaalalo okataina rur jilla uttara anchuna unna oka chinna boggu-ganula pattanam ayina oyer-erkenshwicklo perigaadu. stenzel kooda prapancha sthaayi athlet tennis (1983 juuniyar prapancha ranking no.33), mountain bike (1987 grundig chhalenj mountain bike prapancha cup, capron no.30), triathlon (1986 ironman prapancha championship, cona, hawai). laas angelsloni pasiphik polysadesloni thana studiolo stensel thana aneka rachanalanu nirminchaadu. 2006loe asaadhaarana saamarthyam kaligina kalakarudiga stenselku united states immigration shaashwata nivasi hodaanu manjuru chesindi mariyu ippudu bishop, californialoni thoorpu siraaslo nivasistunnaaru mariyu panicheestunnaaru. pani. fyaashan design. 1984loe 19 yella stensel california surf tii-shartulanu digumati chesukune vyapaaraanni praarambhinchaadu mariyu 1986loe stensel thana sonta fyaashan line kaligi unnadu, 15 mandhi udyogulato oka samsthanu naduputunnadu, surfing mariyu skateboarding nundi prerana pondina sekarananu roopondinchaadu mariyu daanini virigina addaalanu trademark chesaadu. germany, switzerland mariyu austrialoni adhunaatana shaapulalo stensel yokka baggy pyantu mariyu chokkalu sthirapadadamtho athanu thana modati million sampaadinchaadu. 1987loe stensel, thana label thoo virigina addaala creeda dustulanu german vog patrika airopaloni pramukha fyaashan designerlalo okatigaa pariganinchindi. stensel thana dustula line virigina addaala kosam posterlu mariyu prakatanala modalinglo kanipinchaadu. utpatti roopakalpana. stensel patent trademarklu mariyu fyaashan, saadhaarana bahumati vastuvulu, computer upakaranaalu, aahara utpattulu, nirmaana namuunaalu, screenplay, vyayama karyakramalu mariyu computer games vanti rangaalalo kaapeeraitlanu kaligi undhi. stensel sidi holderlu, piggy byaankulu, talupulu mariyu aahara utpattulanu roopondinchindi, ivi mottam aaharam mariyu walmartlo vikrayinchabaddaayi. 2004loe, stensel bread laeni dosakaya sandwitch trademark gorilla saandvichnu roopondinchi, patent pondindi, idhi valnuts, avocado, olive, seaveed mariyu avise ginja noone vanti padaarthaalatho nindina bolu-avt dosakaya. nirmaana. 1999loe, berlin kosam "bii1-bii tower 1" anae paraspara silpaanni stensel roopondinchaaru. aadhunika 'vakreekruta' gopuram nirmaanam kosam mottamodati designlalo idhi okati. stensel dheenini gaaju, ukku mariyu veediyo maanitarlatoe nirminchina bahula antastula nirmaanamgaa abhivarninchindi, ivanni pedda christal aakaaramlo amarchabadi unnaayi. lopali bhaagamlo, shilpam internetku connect cheyadaaniki oka vaedikagaa panicheyadaaniki roopondinchabadindi...gaaju venuka nundi vandalaadi chitraalu prakaasistaayi...eee-mail dwara pampina photolu...prapanchavyaaptamgaa nundi...ivanni prapancha aikyatanu gurtuchestayi. 9/11 taruvaata, smaaraka pooteeki oka samvatsaram mundu, 2002 april 9naa stensel mister kuu oka lekha raasaaru. diguva manhatton development corporationlo white head, eee aalochananu smaaraka chihnamgaa upayoginchaalani pratipaadinchaaru. stensels roopakalpana 2002loe daan oo 'melvini gallerylo pradarsinchabadindi. 2003loe stensel thana asalu roopakalpana yokka vaividhyaanni prapancha vaanijya kendram sait smaaraka pootiiloo pravesinchaadu. drushya kalalu. stensel ayil paintings, collegelu, silpaalu, chaayaachitraalu mariyu atigaa paint chesina chaayaachitraalanu tayaaru chesindi. 2001loe sampoorna ell vadda stensels exhibition.eah. dwaivaarshika kalaa ahvaanaanni coleiman gallerylo pradarsinchaaru mariyu german consulate spaansar chesindi. stensels yokka pani 10 tannulu ell yokka kavarpai undhi.dwaivaarshika jabita."prakruti, kalaa charitra suuchanalu, maanava nirmita amsaala yokka adbhutamaina kalayika, kalayika, sthalam mariyu baruvunu taarumaaru cheyadam, eee kotta sireesnu purogatigaa chestaayi-modatisaarigaa teravabadina theatrical kartennu veruchese maargadarsaka adugu" anie huffington post yokka art critic, broose hellander raasaaru. 2002loe laas angelsloni creative artistes agency nirvahinchina christy velampaatalo 6 tannula ooda shidhilaala chaayaachitram vaelam veyabadindi. daan oo 'melvini gallerylo stensel 2002 exhibitionnu peater fraank varapu "art picks off dhi weak" gaa sameekshinchaaru. 2014loe stensel german entertainer maikhel viggetho kalisi kalaakrutulanu vyaparam chesi, thana chitram barter pharr paradise loe kanipinchaadu. atigaa paint chesina photolu. stensel kosam, samayam mariyu vaataavaranam dwara gurtinchabadina kalakhandala uparitalaalu mariyu allikalanu chithreekarinchadam dwara atigaa paint chesina chaayaachitram teese prakriya praarambhamavutundi. vaataavarana kalakhandalu prapanchamlooni vividha pradaesaalaloo vibhina gurtulanu pradarsistaayani, kanipinchani nirmaanaalu mariyu namuunaalanu vetaadataaniki vistrutamgaa prayaaninchaayani stensel vishwasistaadu. german media mariyu pustakaalalo stensel gurinchi vraayabadindi mariyu documentarylalo kala sanchaaramgaa pradarsinchabadindi. godalapai ledhaa tuppu pattina ukku talupulapai stensel "fractal chitraalu" kanugontundih rangulu mariyu roopaalu nairoopya painting laaga kanipistaayi. "oka nijaayiteegala kshanaanni sanklishtamaina fractal chithramtho matrame prarambha binduvugaa chithreekarinchavachhu", anie ayana annaru. taruvaata, oka studiolo, athanu vistarinchina chayachitralapai noonetho paint chestaadu. varanikokasari ekkuva optricary lekunda stensel paniloo grahanaseelata maarpu jarugutundi. athanu baga samatulya paint chesina panktulu mariyu appudappudu rekhaganita aakaaramtho photographic printed uparitalaanni vaeru chestaadu. 15 tannulalo, laas angels stenselloni coleiman gallerylo pradarsinchabadina oka painting oka photographic chitraanni acrylic peyinttho kalapadam dwara kotta drushya bhashanu teliyajesindi, oka saadhaarana, wire-chuttina kanche postpie kanipinche drushya kavitvaanni sangrahinchindi. gurtinchadagina mariyu aksharartha drushya malupulu oka marmamaina naatakeeya scream lanty teranu roopondinchadaaniki sunnitamgaa chitrinchabaddaayi. konni stensels chitraalu balamaina bigutugaa unna geetalato christo napsack laaga chuttabadina kattaluga kanipistaayi. franz cline yokka geetalugala, irukaina nallati haavabhaavaalato konchem poolika undhi. coleiman gallerylo 105.000 tannula anae stensel pradarsana gurutvakarshana saktulugaa antarikshaanni ayana grahinchadaaniki sambandhinchi "baruvulo kolustaaru". thana rachanalo stensel australian aadimavaasulalo neerchukunna aadhyaatmika avagahana nundi teesukobaddadu. "neenu australia gundaa prayaanistuu samvatsaraalu gadipanu, neenu aadimavaasula paatala panktulanu nadichanu, vaari pavitra pradaesaalaloo dhyanam chesaanu mariyu vaari aacharalanu adhyayanam chesaanu" anie stensel chepparu. stensels rachana sajeevamgaa mariyu anoohyamgaa untundi mariyu athanu aneka aadhunika kaarakaalanu kaligi unna samatala sangraham dwara dheenini saadhistaadu sangna, kuurpu, roopam mariyu rangu viruddhata mariyu college. "neenu vividha madhyamalalo pani chestaanu mariyu nannu neenu nairoopya srungaara chitrakaarudigaa chuustaanu. neenu naa atigaa paint chesina chaayaachitraalanu teesinappudu, neenu chitraanni ledhaa vastuvunu chitrikarinchetappudu sangrahinchadam praarambhistaanu. oka shilpam thana ulini palarayi block chuttoo kadilistunnatlugaa neenu naa cameranu kadilistaanu, neenu vastuvunu vadalivesi, samayam mariyu sthalam yokka sambandhaalanu kaligi unde varaku daanini sangrahistaanu. neenu chaayaachitram meeda varnadravyam poranu unchaanu, neenu daanini praathamikamgaa daanipai dummu duluputaanu. idhi chaayaachitram yokka niganigalade uparitalam mariyu paint pora madhya andamaina vyatyaasaanni srushtistundi. idhi chaayaachitram teesetappudu ippatike praarambhamaina sangraha prakriyanu konasaagistundi. aaa vastuvu emito meeku teliyadu conny meeku goppa parimaanam undhi, idhi musugu venuka sthalam "anie stensel annaru.

aleks stenzel aleks stenzel (paidaish 1965) eek german-americi fankaar aur saabiq fashion designar haine juu architecture fashion aur product design mein tajridi auvar paint shadah tasavir aur jadeed design kay nayey andaaz kay liye jaanay jaatay haine. stenzel vest feliya kay recling housan mein paida hoay aur europ kay sabb say baday sanaati elaqon mein say aike zalaa rohar kay shamali kinaray parr koyale kii kaan kanee karnay waalay eek chhotay say qasbey aur airkenshok mein play badhay. stenzel eek aalimi mayaar kay khilaadi bhee thay: tense (1983 aayee tye aif juniyar world renking no.33)yee mountain bike (1987 grendig challenge mountain bike world cup coppern no.30)yee triathlon (1986 aairan meen world champine ship konaa hawai). stenzel nay laas angeles kay paisifik pelsades mein apnay studio mein apnay behat say kaam tayaar kiye haine. 2006 mein ghair mamuli salahiyat kay fankaar kay toor parr stenzel kuu riyasathaye muthadah kii immigration nay mustaqil rehaishi kaa darjah diyaa thaa aur abb wah bashp california mein mashriqi seera mein rehta hay aur kaam kartaa hay. kaam karein. fashion design. 1984 mein 19 saal kii amar mein stenzel nay california kii sarf tye shirts daraamad karnay kaa karobar sharoo kiyaa aur 1986 mein stenzel kii apnee fashion line thee juu 15 mulazimin kay saath eek company chalaa rahee thee jiss nay surfing aur scate bording say mutasir eek majmuah design kiyaa aur asay tutay hoay sheeshe kaa trade maark banaya. stenzel kii beeg paint aur shirts nay germani sweatzerland aur austriya mein jadeed boteekon mein khood kuu qayem kiyaa iss nay apnaa pehla millin kamaya. 1987 mein stenzel apnay leebal tutay hoay sheeshe kay sports wayer kay saath german wog megzin nay europ kay mamtaz fashion designars mein shamaar kiyaa. stenzel apnay kapadon kay tutay hoay sheeshon kay liye posters aur ishteharaat kii modeling parr nazar aayey. product design. stenzel pattent trade maark aur fashion aam guft itoms computer lawazmaat khaaney kii masnuaat architectural design screen play warzish kay prograam aur computer games jeesay shoabon mein kaapi raait kaa maalik hay. stenzel nay see ddee holders suur kay benak darwazay aur khaaney kii masnuaat design kii haine juu puray khaaney aur walmart parr farokhat kii gayee haine. 2004 mein stenzel nay roty say kumm khairay kay sandoch kuu trade maark gorilah sandoch kay toor parr design aur pattent kiyaa juu kahh akhroot ayokado zeeton samandari gahaas aur sunn kay beej kay teel jeesay ajzaa say bharaa hawaa khokhla khaira hay. funn tameer. 1999 mein stenzel nay barlan kay liye eek bahami mujasmah "bee 1-bee tower 1" kaa tasavur kiyaa. yaha jadeed 'moad' tower dahanchay kay ibtadayi designon mein say eek thaa. stenzel nay asay sheeshe steel aur video monitor say banaa eek kaseer manzilah dahancha qaraar diyaa juu sabb eek baday cristal kii shakal mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay. andar kii taraf mujasmah kuu internet say jadnay kay liye eek plait faarm kay toor parr kaam karnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay...sheeshe kay peeche say sainkadon tasavir dikhayi deeti haine...ayee meel kay zariye bheji gayee tasavir...duniya bhar say...yaha sabb duniya kay itehad kii yaad dehani kay toor parr kaam kartay haine. 9/11 kay baad yaadgaar muqabilay say eek saal pehley 9 apreel 2002 kuu stenzel nay mister kuu eek khath likhaa. loir meen heaton dwelopment corporation mein waait head iss khayaal kuu yaadgaar kay liye istemaal karnay kii tajweez paish kirr rehaa hay. stenzel kay design kii numaish 2002 mein ddaan awo meloni gallery mein kii gayee thee. 2003 mein stenzel nay apnay asl design kii eek tabdili kuu world trade center saait memorial muqabilay mein daakhil kiyaa. basri fanoon. stenzel nay aayel pentings collage mujasme tasavir aur ziyadah paint shadah tasavir tayaar kii haine. 2001 mein mutliq eel mein stenzel kii numaish.aey. colman gallery mein duu saalah aart daawat naamah kii numaish kii gayee aur german qonslet nay iss kii sarparasti kii. stenzel kaa kaam 10 tunn eel kay sarwaraq parr thaa.duu saalah catalog."huffington post kay aart cratic brose helander likhtay haine "yaha fitrat aart histry kay hawalah jaath aur ansaan saakhta anaasir kaa qaabil zakar imtazaaj aur milaap hay juu jagah aur wazan mein heera phairi kay saath iss nayee seerez kuu eek paishraft banata hay-eek aham qadm juu theater kay parday kuu alg kartaa hay juu pehli baar khola gayaa hay. 2002 mein ziyadah paint shadah tasveer 6.0 tunn kaa jehaaz kaa malbah laas angeles mein takhliqi funkaron kii agency kay zeer ahtamam farishta aart christy kii nilami mein nilaam kiyaa gayaa thaa. ddaan awo meloni gallery mein stenzel 2002 kii numaish kaa jaizah petter frank nay haftah waar "aart pukk aaf dee veek" kay toor parr liyaa. 2014 mein stenzel nay german intertainer michael wag kay saath aart wark kii tajarat kii aur apnee film barter faar paradise mein nazar aayey. ziyadah paint shadah tasavir. stenzel kay liye ziyadah paint shadah tasveer bananay kaa amal waqat aur mosam say nashaan zad namunon kii sathon aur banawat kii tasveer kashee say sharoo hotaa hay. stenzel kaa khayaal hay kahh mosami namunay duniya kay mukhtalif maqamat parr alg alg nishanaat zahir kartay haine aur inhon nay poshidah dahanchon aur namunon kaa shikaar karnay kay liye baday paimanay parr safar kiyaa hay. stenzel kay baaray mein german mediya aur kitaabon mein likhaa gayaa hay aur asay dastawezi filmon mein eek aart khaanah badosh kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa hay. dewaron yaa zing aalud steel kay darwazon parr stenzel kuu "frectal amagez" milti haine: wah rung aur shaklein juu eek tajridi penting kii tarah nazar aatee haine. "eek sachay lamhay kuu sarf eek paichidah frectal ameej kay saath eek naqtah aaghaz kay toor parr dikhaya jaa saktaa hay. baad mein eek studio mein wah teel say bury hoyee tasavir parr paint kartaa hay. haftah waar mein ziyadah optracree kay baghair stenzel kay kaam mein eek adraaki tabdili hoti hay. wah eek foto girafi kii tabaat shadah satah kuu achhi tarah say matwazan paint shadah linon aur kabhi kabhaar hindsi shakal kay saath alg kartaa hay. 15 tunn mein laas angeles stenzel mein colman gallery mein numaish kay liye rakhee gayee eek penting nay acrylic paint kay saath eek foto girafi kii tasveer kuu joad kirr eek nayee basri zabaan kaa izhaar kiyaa jiss mein renj parr mojud eek aam taar say lapti baad post parr payee jaanay waali moqaa parr basri shayeri kuu qaid kiyaa gayaa. inn qaabil shanakhat aur lafzi basri moad kuu eek prasrar theater scream jaisa parday bananay kay liye naazik andaaz mein paint kiyaa jaataa hay. stenzel kii kachh pentings mazboot tung lakiron kay saath cristo napsec kii tarah eek saath laptay hoay bundle dikhayi deeti haine. franz cline kay kharchanay waalay tung seeyah ashaaron say thodi see mashabahat hay. colman gallery mein 105.000 tunn naami stenzel kii numaish kashash saql kii quwaton kay toor parr khalaa kay baaray mein iss kay adraak say mutaliq "wazan mein maapa jaataa hay". stenzel nay apnay kaam mein australiyayi baashindon mein seekhi gayee rohani tafheem say akhz kiyaa hay. "stenzel nay kahaa "mein nay australia say safar kartay hoay kayee saal guzaray mein nay maqami logon kay geeton kii linon parr chalta rehaa inn kay muqadas maqamat parr maraqabah kiyaa aur inn kii rasumaat kaa mutalah kiyaa. stenzel kaa kaam zindah aur ghair matuqa hay aur wah asay planar tajridi kay zariye haasil kartaa hay jiss mein behat say jadeed ansar shaamil hotay haine: asharah saakhat shakal aur rung kaa tazaad aur kolaj. "mein mukhtalif zaraye mein kaam kartaa hoan aur apnay aap kuu eek tajridi romanvi masoor kay toor parr dekhta hoan. jabb mein apnee ziyadah paint shadah tasavir banata hoan tuu mein tasveer yaa shay kuu khalasah karnaa sharoo kirr deeta hoan jabb mein iss kii tasveer khainchta hoan. mein apnay kimray kuu iss tarah harkat deeta hoan jeesay koyee mujasmah iss kii chhalki kuu sing marmar kay eek takday kay gird harkat deeta hay mein asay iss waqat takk khalasah kartaa hoan jabb takk kahh mein shay kuu khoo naha doon aur sarf waqat aur jagah kay taluqat naha rakhon. mein nay tasveer kay oopar roghan kii eek parat rakhee mein asay bunyadi toor parr iss parr dhol daalta hoan. yaha tasveer kii chamakdar satah aur paint kii parat kay darmiyan eek khubsurat tazaad paida kartaa hay. yaha tajridi amal kuu jaari rakhta hay juu tasveer leetay waqat pehley hyee sharoo how chakaa thaa. aap nahein jaantay kahh shay kiyaa hay leakin aap kay paas eek behat bury jehat hay yaha eek pardah kay peeche kii jagah hay "stenzel nay kahaa.

00062d370bc7edd4ed9d0c874902abeba22b033988cf8073de68a2fb9bd67121

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73092679

Edward Gernon

Edward Gernon 19th century American politician Edward Gernon (December 26, 1800 – June 23, 1877) was an American lawyer, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing Waukesha County during the 1856 and 1857 sessions. He was one of dozens of lawmakers in the 1856 session caught up in the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad bribery scheme. Biography. Edward Gernon lived for many years in Claverack, New York, where he was elected justice of the peace in the 1840s and 1850s, running on the Democratic Party ticket. He moved west to Wisconsin in 1854 with his wife and children. They settled on a farm in the town of Genesee, in Waukesha County, where he resided for the rest of his life. Almost immediately after arriving in Wisconsin, he became involved in politics with the Democratic Party of Wisconsin. Although he did not pursue the office, in 1855, he was nominated for Wisconsin Senate by a fractious Democratic Party convention in Waukesha County. The Democratic Party of Wisconsin at the time was split over several issues, but prominently over the re-election of Governor William A. Barstow, who was tainted by corruption allegations. Gernon's opponent in the general election was former U.S. senator Isaac P. Walker, who was an anti-Barstow Democrat running as an independent. Gernon narrowly prevailed in the election, and went on to serve a two-year term representing Wisconsin's 10th State Senate district—then-comprising the southern half of Waukesha County. During the 1856 term of the Legislature, Gernon was one of dozens of Wisconsin legislators caught up in a massive railroad bribery scheme. In a subsequent investigation, Gernon was found to have received $10,000 worth of the corrupt railroad stock (over $360,000 adjusted for inflation to 2023). Personal life and family. On January 16, 1828, Edward Gernon married Catherine Huyck at Claverack, New York, as members of the Dutch Reformed Church. They had at least three children. Their son Stephen served for several years as chairman of the Genesee town board, and was a member of the Republican Party of Wisconsin state central committee. Gernon died at his home in Genesee on June 23, 1877, after suffering from Edema. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

edward gernon edward gernon (26 disembor, 1800-23 june, 1877) egoraki aamerikan odhibokta, rajneetibid aaru wisconsinor pothoprodorxok aasil. teu 1856 aaru 1857 sonor odhibexonot woukesa countyk protinidhitwo koraa wisconcin sinetor xodosyo aasil. 1856 sonor odhibexonot laa croch aaru milwawaki railpoth ghux aasonir xonmukhin huwa dozon dozon bidhayokor bhitorot teu ejon aasil. jiwani. edward gernone neworkor claverecot bohu bosor dhori baax korisil, zo 'too teu 1840 aaru 1850-ror doxokot demkretik partyr tikotot protidondita kori xantir nyaybisar hisape nirbasito hoisil. teu 1854 sonot potni aaru xontanor xoite poschimor wisconcinoloi guchi yaay. teuluke woukesa countyr jenesi sohoror etaa farmot boxoti sthapon korisil, zo 'too teu baaki jiwan baax korisil. wisconcinot uposthito huwar pray loge loge teu wisconcinor demkretik partyr xoite rajneetit jorito hoi porisil. jodiu teu karzaloitu onuxoron koraa nasil, 1855 sonot woukesa countyt ek bhogno gonotantrik dolor xonmilonor dwara teuk wisconcin sinetor baabe monunit koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot wisconcinor demkretik party keibatau bixoyot bibhokto aasil, kintu guruttopurnobhabe rajyopal uilium e-ror punor nirbasonok loi. barstu, ji durneetir obhijugor dwara kolonkito hoisil. xadharon nirbasonot gerononor protidondi aasil prakton eu.ess. xenetar aaisak pi. waakaar, ji ejon barstu birudhi gonotantrik aasil, ejon swotontro hisape dourisil. nirbasonot gernone komm xomoyor baabe joylabh korisil, aaru wisconcinor doxom rajyik chinet jilak protinidhitwo kori dubosoror karzokalor baabe karzonirbah korisil-tetiya woukesa countyr dokhyin aadha ongxore gothito aasil. 1856 sonor bidhan xobhar karzokalot, gernon ek brihot rey "lopoth ghux aasonir xonmukhin huwa dozon dozon wisconsin bidhayokor bhitorot ejon aasil. poroborti todontot, gernone 10,000 dollar durnitigrosto railpoth stock (2023 sonoloike mudrasfitir baabe xamonjosyo koraa 360,000 dolarotkoi odhik) laabh koraa dekha goisil. byoktigoto jiwan aaru poriyal. 1828 sonor 16 januaryt edward gernene dusch xongskorito girjar xodosyo hisape neworkor cleverekot ketherin haikokor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. teulukor komeu tinita xontan aasil. teulukor putro stephene keiba bosor dhori jenisi taaun bob "rdor odhyokhyo hisape karzonirbah korisil, aaru republican party owo wisconsin rajyik kendriyo xomitir xodosyo aasil. edimat akranto hoi 1877 sonor 23 junot jenisir ghorot gernonor mrityu hoy.

edward garnon edward garnon (26shhey december, 1800-23shhey june, 1877) ekjon markin aainjibi, rajnitibid ebong wisconsiner aggragami chhilen. tini 1856 ebong 1857 saaler adhibeshone wakesha kauntir protinidhitto korey wisconsin sineter sadasya chhilen. 1856 saaler adhibeshone laa cross ebong milwaki railpoth ghush prokolpe dhora padaa koyek dozon aainpronetar modhye tini chhilen ekjon. jeeboni. edward garnon newyorker claverake bohu bochor dhorey bosobas corren, jekhane tini 1840 ebong 1850-err doshke democratic partyr tikite shantir bicharpati nirbachito hohn. 1854 saale tini taanr stree oo santander sange poschime wisconsine choley zaan. taaraa wakesha kauntir jenesi shohorer ekti khamare bosoti sthapon korey, jekhane tini bucky jeebon bosobas corren. wisconsine pouchonor pray sange sangei tini wisconsiner ganotantrik doler sange rajnitite jukto hohn. jodio tini eyi podey adhisthito hononi, 1855 saale wakesha kauntite ekti bhangur democratic partyr sommeloner madhyome tini wisconsin sineter jonno manoneet hohn. seii somoye wisconsiner ganotantrik doll besh koyekti vishay niye bivokto chhilo, tobey bishistobhabe governor uilium ayee-err punarnirbachan niye. barsto, jini durnitir abhijoge kolongkito hoyechilen. sadharan nirbachone garnoner protidwondi chhilen praktan eu.esha. sinetara isak pii. waker, jini ekjon barsto birodhi ganotantrik chhilen ebong ekjon swadhin prarthi hisebe daude chhilen. garnon nirbachone alpo byabodhane joylav corren ebong dui bochorer jonno wisconsiner 10maum rajyo sineta jelara protinidhitto corren-jaa tokhon wakesha kauntir dakkhin ardhek niye gothito chhilo. 1856 saaler ainsobhar meyadkale, garnon chhilen eka bishal railpoth ghush prokolpe dhora padaa koyek dozon wisconsin bidhayaker modhye ekjon. poroborti todonte, garnon 10,000 dollar mulyer durnitigrasta railpoth stock (2023 saaler mudrasfitir jonno samanjasya koraa 360,000 dollarero beshi) peyeche boley jaanaa geche. byaktigato jeebon ebong poribar. 1828 saaler 16ee januari edward garnon dutch sangoskarkrito girjar sadasya hisabe newyorker claverake cathryn hikeke biye corren. taader ontoto tinti santan chhilo. taader chhele stephen besh koyek bochor dhorey jenisi town boarder chairman hisabe dayitto palon korechilen ebong wisconsin rajyo kendriya komitir republican partyr sadasya chhilen. garnon shoth rogey akranto hoye 1877 saaler 23shhey june taanr barite maaraa zaan.

edward gernan edward gernon (december 26,1800-juuna 23,1877) aek american vakeel, rajkarani aneey wisconsinna agranee hataa. teo 1856 aneey aneey satro darmiyan vokesha kaauntinu pratinidhitva kartaa wisconsin senetnaa sabhy hataa. teo hatoo satramaa laa cross aneey milavauki railroad laanch yojnaamaa fasaayela dozneck sansadomana aek hataa. jivancharitra. edward gernon ghanaa varsho sudhee newyorknaa cleverekma rahyaa, jyaan teo 1840 aneey aneey daykama lokshaahi pakshnee ticket parr chaaline shaantino nyaay tareeke chuntaya hataa. teo teo temnee patnee aneey baadako saathe pashchimma wisconsin gayaa hataa. teo vaukesha kaauntimaa utpatti nagarmaa aek khetarma sthaayi thayaa, jyaan teo temnu baakeenu jeevan rahyaa. wisconsin pahonchya pachhi lagbhag tarat jaj teo wisconsinna lokshaahi paksh saathe rajkaranma saamel thaee gayaa. temane hoddo sambhaalyo naa hovaa chhataa, chhataa, temne vaukesha kaauntimaa aek bhanganjanak lokshaahi pakshna sammelan dwara wisconsin senate maate namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teey samaye wisconsinno lokshaahi paksh ghanaa muddaao parr vibhajit hato, parantu mukhyatve governor veeliyam aee. nee punahchuntanine laeene. barsto, jeey bhrashtacharna aaropothi kalankeet hataa. saamanya chuntanima gernonnaa veerodhi bhutpurv yuu hataa.aesa. senator isaq pii. walker, jeey aek swatantra tareeke chaali rahela barsto veerodhi lokshahivadi hataa. chuntanima gernon alpmatma jeetya hataa aneey wisconsinna wisconsinna raajy senate jillaanu pratinidhitva kartaa beey varshnaa karykalma sevaa aapee hatee-jeey teey samaye vaukesha kaauntinaa dakshin bhagma hatoo. hatoo vidhansabhana kaarykaad darmiyan, gernon wisconsinna dozneck dharasabhyomathi aek hataa, jeo vishaal railroad laanch yojnaamaa fasaayela hataa. tyarpachhini tapasma, gernonne 10,000 dollarnaa bhrasht railroad stock (2023 sudhee fugaavo maate samaayojit 360,000 dollarthi vadhu) malyaa hovaanu jaanvaa malyun hatoo. vyaktigat jeevan aneey kutumb. 16 january, january roj edward gernne dutch sudharela churchna sabhyo tareeke newyorknaa cleverack khaate kethrin hyuk saathe lagna karyaa hataa. temne ochhama ochha trana baadako hataa. temnaa putra stephene ghanaa varsho sudhee utpatti nagar boardnaa adhyaksh tareeke sevaa aapee hatee aneey teey wisconsin raajy kendreey sameetina ripablikana pakshna sabhy hataa. sojothi pidaataa gernon 23 juuna, juuna roj utpattimaa temnaa ghare mrutyu pamya hataa.

edward gernan edward gernan (26 disambar, 1800-23 juuna, 1877) ack americi vakeel, rajneta aur wisconsin key agrani they. way 1856 aur 1857 key satron key dauran vaukesha county kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale wisconsin senate key sadasya they. way 1856 key satra mein laa cross aur milwauki railroad rishwat yojana mein pakade gaye darjanon sansadon mein seey ack they. jeevani. edward gernan kaee varshon taka claverack, newyork mein rahey, jahan unhein 1840 aur 1850 key dashak mein shaanti key nyaay key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, joe democratic party key tikat parr chala rahey they. way 1854 mein apani patni aur bachchon key saath wisconsin chaley gaye. way vaukesha county mein utpatti key shahar mein ack khet mein buss gaye, jahan way apana shesh jeevan bitaate rahey. wisconsin pahunchane key lagbhag turant baad, vaha wisconsin kii loktaantrik party key saath rajneeti mein shamil hoe gaye. halanki unhone karyalaya kaa peechha naheen kiya, 1855 mein, unhein vaukesha county mein ack khandit loktaantrik party sammelan dwara wisconsin senate key liye naamit kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay wisconsin kii loktaantrik party kaee muddon parr vibhajit thee, lekin pramukhta seey governor villium aeye key punah chunaav parr. barsto, joe bhrashtachar key aaropon seey daagi huaa thaa. aam chunaav mein gernan kaa pratidvandi poorv yuu thaa.aiss. senator isaq pee. walker, joe ack barsto virodhi loktaantrik they, ack swatantra key roop mein chala rahey they. chunaav mein gernan ney sankeern roop seey jeet hassil kii, aur wisconsin key 10vein raajya senate jile kaa pratinidhitva karate hue dou saal kaa karyakal puuraa kiya-taba-jisamen vaukesha county kaa dakshini aadhaa hissa shamil thaa. 1856 key vidhanmandal key karyakal key dauran, gernan wisconsin key darjanon vidhayakon mein seey ack they joe ack badey paimaane parr rail rishwat yojana mein funce gaye they. baad kii jaanch mein, gernan koo 10,000 dollar moolya kaa bhrasht rail stock (2023 taka mudrasfeeti key liye samaayojit 360,000 dollar seey adhik) praapt huaa thaa. vyaktigat jeevan aur parivaar. 16 janwari, 1828 koo edward gernan ney dutch sudhaar church key sadasyon key roop mein claverack, newyork mein catherine huke seey shaadi kii. unake cumm seey cumm teen bachche they. unake bete stephen ney kaee varshon taka utpatti nagar board key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya, aur wisconsin raajya kendriya samiti key republican party key sadasya they. journan kii mrityu 23 juuna, 1877 koo shoth seey peedit honey key baad unake ghar mein hui.

edward gernon edward gernon (december 26,1800-zoon 23,1877) americada vakeela, rajakarani mattu wisconsin pravartakaraagiddaru. avaru 1856 mattu 1857rahra adhiveshanagalalli vaukesha kountiyannu pratinidhisuva wisconsin senetna sadasyaraagiddaru. 1856rahra adhiveshanadalli laa cross mattu milwaukey railroad lancha yojaneyalli silukikonda dajangattale shasakaralli avaru obbaraagiddaru. jivanacharitre. edward gernon newyorkna claverachnalli aneka varshagala kaala vaasisuttiddaru, allie avaru 1840 mattu 1850 rahra dasakagalalli democratic pakshada tiketnalli spardhisi shanti nyaayamurtiyaagi aaykeyaadaru. aata aata tamma patni mattu makkalondige paschima wisconsinge sthalaantaragondaru. avaru vaukesha kountiya genesi pattanadalli ondu jameeninalli nelesidaru, allie avaru tamma ulida jivanavannu kaledaru. wisconsinge agamisida takshanave, avaru wisconsin democratic pakshadondige raajakeeyadalli todagisikondaru. avaru adhikaaravannu munduvarisadiddaroo, munduvarisadiddaroo, vaukesha kountiyalli nadeda murida democratic pakshada samaveshadinda wisconsin senetge namanirdeshanagondaru. aaa samayadalli wisconsin democratic pakshavu halavaaru vishayagala mele vibhajanegondittu, aadare pramukhavaagi governor vilium aa. avara maru-chunavaneya mele. bhrashtaachaarada aaropagalinda kalankitanagidda barsto. saarvatrika chunavaneyalli gernan eduraali maaji yuu.ess. senator isaq pii. walker, obba swatantra abhyarthiyaagi spardhisuttidda barsto virodhi prajaprabhutvavadi. chunavaneyalli gernon alpasvalpavagi jayagalisidaru mattu wisconsin 10neey raajya senet jilleyannu pratinidhisuva eradu varshagala avadhige seve sallisidaru-aaga vaukesha kountiya daksina bhagavannu olagondittu. 1856rahra shasakangada avadhiyalli, wisconsin naa dajangattale shasakaralli gernon obbaraagiddaru, avaru brihat railroad lancha yojaneyalli sikkihaakikondaru. nantarada tanikheyalli, gernon 10,000 dollar moulyada bhrashta railroad stock annu sweekarisiddu kandubandide (2023rahra hanadubbarakke sarihondisida 360,000 daalargaliginta hecchu). vaiyaktika jeevana mattu kutumba. janavari 16,1828 randu, edward gernon avaru dutch reformed churchna sadasyaraagi newyorkna claverachnalli catherine hike avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avarige kanishta moovaru makkaliddaru. avara maga stephen halavaaru varshagala kaala genesi town boardna adhyaksharaagi seve sallisidaru mattu wisconsin raajya kendra samitiya republican pakshada sadasyaraagiddaru. edimaadinda balaluttidda gernon 1877rahra zoon zoon genesiyalliruva tanna maneyalli nidhanaraadaru.

edward gernon edward gernon (desember 26,1800-juun 23,1877) oru american abhibhashakanum raashtreeyakkaaranum visconsin payaniyarumayirunnu. payaniyarumayirunnu 1856lum nadanna sessionukalil voukesha kaundiye prathinidheekaricha addeham visconsin senattile amgamaayirunnu. 1856 leeii laa cross, milwaki railway kaikkooli padhathiyil kudungiya dussen kanakkinu niyamanirmmaathaakkalil oraalaayirunnu addeham. jeevacharitram. edward gernon newyorkkile claverakkil varshangalolam thaamasichu, avide avide 1840kalilum demookratik party tikkattil malsarichu samadhaanathinte neethimaanaayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1854ll addeham bhaaryaykkum makkalkkumoppam padinjaaru viskonsinilekku thamasam maari. addeham jeevithakalam muzhuvan thaamasicha voukesha kaundiyile jenesi pattanatthile oru krishiyidathilaanu avar thamasam. visconsinil ethiya udan thanne addeham demookratik party oof viskonsinumaayi raashtreeyathil earppettu. addeham aaa padavi pinthudarnnillenkilum 1855-ll voukesha kaundiyil nadanna oru takarnna demookratik party kanvenshan vazhi visconsin senattilekku naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. akkaalat visconsinile demookratik party niravadhi vishayangalil bhinnichirunnu, pakshe pradhaanamaayum govarnor vilyam eiii. yude punar thiranjeduppinecholli. azhimathi aropanangalil kalankithanaaya baarsto. pothutheranjeduppil jernante ethiraali muun yuu aayirunnu.ezz. senattar isak pii. swathanthranaayi malsarikkunna baarsto virudha janaadhipathyavaadiyaayirunna wacker. thiranjeduppil jernon neriya vijayam nedukayum visconsinte pathaamatthe samsthaana senatt jilla prathinidheekarichu rund varshathe kaalavadhi sevikkukayum cheythu-annu voukesha kaundiyude thekkan pakuthi ulkkollunnu. 1856 leeii niyamanirmmaanasabhayude kaalath, oru valia railway kaikkooli padhathiyil kudungiya dussen kanakkinu visconsin niyamanirmmaathaakkalil oraalaayirunnu gernon. thudarnnulla anweshanathil, jernon 10,000 dollar moolyamulla azhimathi niranja railway stokku (2023 leeii panapperuppatthinaayi krameekaricha 360,000 dollariladhikam) labhichathayi kandethi. vyakthiparamaaya jeevithavum kudumbavum. 1828 januvari januvari edward gernon dutch parishkaricha sabhayile amgangalaayi newyorkkile claverakkil vachu catherine heikkine vivaham kazhichu. avarkk kuranjathu moonnu kuttikalundaayirunnu. avarude makan steefan niravadhi varshangal jeneesi taunn board chairmaanaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum republican party oof visconsin stettu central kammitti amgamaayirunnu. edema baadhichathine thudarnnu 1877 juun 23 nuu jernon jeneesiyile veettil vachu marichu.

edward gernan edward gernon (26 december 1800-23 juuna 1877) heey eka american vakeel, rajkarani aanee wisconsinche pranete hote. 1856 aanee 1857 chya satranmadhye vokesha kauntiche pratinidhitva karnare teey wisconsin sinetche sadasya hote. 1856 chya satratil laa cross aanee milwauki railway lachkhori yojnet adakalelya dazanbhar khasdaranpaiki teey eka hote. charitra. edward gernon anek varshe newyorkmadheel cleverack yethe rahila, jithe too 1840 aanee 1850 chya dashakat lokshahi pakshachya tikitavar nivadoon aala. 1854 madhye teey tyanchi patni aanee mulansah wisconsinla gele. teey vaukesha countymadhil gency shaharatil eka shetat sthayik jhaale, jithe teey tyanche urvarit ayushya rahile. wisconsinmadhye pohochalyanantar lagechach teey wisconsinchya lokshahi pakshasobat rajkaranat sameel jhaale. jaree tyanni padacha pathpurava keela nahee, taree 1855 madhye, waukesha countymadhil eka bhagn lokshahi pakshachya adhiveshanane tyanna wisconsin sinetsathi namankit kele. tyaa velee wisconsincha lokshahi paksh anek muddyanvar vibhagala gela hota, parantu pramukhpane governor william aii. chya punarnirvachanevar. barsto, joou bhrashtacharachya aaropanni kalankit jhaala hota. sarvatrik nivadanukit gernoncha virodhi majee yuu.ess. senator isaq pii. walker, joou eka barsto virodhi lokshahivadi hota, too swatantra mhanoon nivadanuk ladhavat hota. nivadanukit gernonne alpamatane vijay midavala aanee wisconsinchya 10 vya rajya synet jilhyache pratinidhitva karnyasathi done varshancha karyakal purn keela-jyat tevha vaukesha kaunticha dakshin ardha bhag samavisht hota. 1856 chya vidhimandalachya karyakalat, wisconsinchya dazanbhar aamdaranpaiki gernon heey eka hote, jeey mothya railway lachkhori yojnet adakale hote. tyanantarchya tapasat, gernonla 10,000 dollars kimaticha bhrasht railway satha (2023 paryantchya chalanvadhisathi samayojit kelelya 360,000 dollarspeksha jaast) midalyache aadhalun aale. vaiyaktik jeevan aanee kutumb. 16 janewari 1828 roji edward gernonne, dutch reform churchche sadasya mhanoon, newyorkmadheel cleverack yethe catherine hayakashi vivah keela. tyanna kiman teen mule hotee. tyancha mulga stephen yane anek varshe utpatti nagar mandalache adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele aanee too wisconsin rajya kendriya samitichya republican pakshache sadasya hote. sujachya aajarane grast rahilyanantar 23 juuna 1877 roji gernonche tyachya janmasthalavaril gharee nidhan jhaale.

edward gernan edward gernan (december 26,1800-june 23,1877) ek americi wakil, rajnitigya rar wisconsin agragami thie. uni sann 1856 rar 1857 ko satraharuma waukesa countyko pratinidhitwa garne wisconsin cineteka sadasya thie. uni sann 1856 ko satrama lah cruss rar milwaki railroad ghuskhori yojanama faseka darjanaun sansadharu madhye ek thie. jiwani. edward gernan newyorkko cleverackma dherai warshasamma basthe, jahaan uni sann 1840 rar 1850 ko dashakma democratic partyko tikatma daudera shantiko nyayaka lagi nirvachit bhae. uni afnie shrimati rar bachchaharusanga sann 1854 maa paschimma wisconsinma sare. uniharu waukesa countyko genesiko saharko euta khetma basobas gare, jahaan uni afno baanki jiwan bitae. wisconsin aipugeko lagattai uni wisconsinko democratic partysanga rajnitima sanlagna bhae. yadyapi unle pada pachhyaenan, sann 1855 maa, unlai waukesa countyma bhaeko euta vibhajit loktantrik partyko adhiweshandwara wisconsin cineteka lagi manonit garieko thiyo. tyas samayama wisconsinko democratic party dherai muddaharuma vibhajit thiyo, tara pramukh rupma governer william ae ko punah nirvachanlai liera. barsto, jo bhrashtacharko aropbata kalankit thie. aam chunawama gernanko pratidwandi purva yu thie.ess. cineter isak pee. waker, jo ek swatantra rupma daudiraheka ek barsto virodhi democrat thie. gernanle chunawama alpa bahumat prapta gare, rar wisconsinko 10 aun rajya sinet jillako pratinidhitwa gardai dui warshako karyakalko sewa gare-tyasapachhi-waukesa countyko dakshini adha samawesh thiyo. wyawasthapikako 1856 ko karyakalma, gernan wisconsinka darjanaun vidhayakharu madhye ek thie jo vishal railroad ghuskhori yojanama faseka thie. tyasapachhiko anusandhanma, gernanle 10,000 dollar mulyako bhrashta railroad stock (2023 samma mudrasfitika lagi samayojit $360,000 bhanda badhi) prapta gareko fela pareko thiyo. wyaktigat jiwan rar pariwar. janawari 16,1828 maa, edward gernanle douch reform charchaka sadasyaharuko rupma newyorkko cleverackma catherine hyuksanga vivaha gare. uniharuka kamtima tinn santan thie. uniharuka chhora stafenle utpatti nagar boardko adhyakshako rupma dherai warshasamma sewa gare, rar wisconsin rajya kendriya samitiko republican partyka sadasya thie. edimabata pidit bhaepachi 23 june 1877 maa genesiko afno gharma gernanko mrityu bhayo.

edward garnon edward garnon (december 26,1800-june 23,1877) jane americae okil, rajneta ebong wisconsin agragami thile. shay wisconsin cinetra sadasya thile, 1856 ebong 1857 adhibeshana samajare wakesha kauntira pratinidhitwa karithile. 1856 masihar adhibeshanare laa cross ebong milawaki relawe lanch jojanare phasithiba dozen dozen bidhajakanka madhyaru shay jane thile. jeebani. edward garnon nyujarkara claverac thaare aneka barsha dhari rahithile, jeunthare shay 1840 ebong 1850 dashakare democratic party tiketare pratidwandita curry shantira nyaaja bhabare nirbachita hoithile. shay 1854 masihare taanka patni ebong pilamananka sahita wiskansinku paschimaku chalijaithile. semane wakesha kauntira genesi saharar eka khetare basati sthapana karithile, jeunthare shay taanka baaki zeeban rahithile. wisconsin pahanchiba parey praiah turanta shay wisconsin democratic party sahita rajaneetire jadita hoithile. jadio shay ehi padabeere karjya karinathile, 1855 masihare wokesha kauntire eka bhangaruja democratic party sammilani dwara shay wisconsin sinet paain manoneet hoithile. sehi samajare wisconsin rahr democratic party aneka prasangare bibhakta thila, kintu pramukh bhabare rajyapala william aii. nka punarnirbachanaku nei . barsto, jie durneeti abhijogare kalankita hoithile. sadharana nirbachanare jarnananka pratidwandee thile purbatana jayu.ess. sinetara isaq pii. wakara, jie jane barsto birodhi ganatantrika thile, jane swadheena bhabare douduthile. nirbachanare journan alpake bijai hoithile, ebong wisconsin rahr 10maha rajya sinet jillara pratinidhitwa curry dui barshar karjyakala seba karithile-setebele-wakesha kauntira dakhina ardhekaku nei gathita . 1856 masihare byabasthapaka sabhara karjyakala samajare, eka bishala relpath lanch jojanare phasithiba wiskanasinara dozen dozen bidhajakanka madhyaru gernon anyatama thile. parabarti anusandhanare, journan $10,000 mulyara durnitigrasta rela stock (2023 parjyanta mudrasfeeti paain $360,000 ru adhika samajojita) paithiba dekhibaku milithila. byaktigata zeeban ebong paribara. januari 16,1828 ray, edward garnon nyujarkara claverac thaare catherine hyuknku douch sanskarita churcher sadasya bhabare bibaha karithile. semanankara ati kamre tinoti santan thile. semananka pua stephen aneka barsha dhari utpatti tauna boarder adhyakhya bhabare karjya karithile, ebong wisconsin rajya kendriah kamitira republican partyra sadasya thile. edema rogare peedita heba parey, 1877 masiha juna 23 tarikhare, journan jinsithare thiba taanka ghare mrutyubarana karithile.

edward gernon edward gernon (26 dasambar, 1800-23 juun, 1877) ikk amriki vakeel, siasatdan atey visconsin daa mohri see. uh visconsin senate daa member see, joe 1856 atey 1857 dey saishanan dauran vaukesha county dee numaindagi karda see. uh 1856 dey saishan witch laa karaas atey milvauki railmarg rishwat yojna witch phas gaye darjanan sansad memberan vicchon ikk see. jeevani. edward gernon kaee saalan takk cleverack, newyork witch rahey, jitthe uh 1840 atey 1850 dey dahake witch democratic party dee ticket utte chonh ladade hoye shanti dey niaan laee chunhe gaye sunn. uh aapni patni atey bacchiaan naal 1854 witch pachham vall visconsin chaley gaye. uh vaukesha kaoonti dey jansi kasbe witch ikk farm witch vas gaye, jitthe uh aapni baaki dee zindagi rahey. visconsin pahunchan toon turant baad, uh visconsin dee democratic party naal rajneeti witch shamal hoow giaa. halanki uss neey daftar daa pichha naheen keeta, sann 1855 witch, uss noon vaukesha county witch ikk bhang jamhuri party sammelan duaara visconsin senate laee namzad keeta giaa see. uss samein visconsin dee democratic party kaee muddiaan 'teey vandee hoee see, parr pramukhta naal governor viliam aii dee mudd chonh noon lae keey. barsto, joe bhrishtachar dey doshan naal daagi see. aam chonhan witch gernon daa virodhi sabka yuu see.aiss. senator isac pee. vaakar, joe ikk aazaad vajon daudan vaale ikk barsto virodhi loktantri sunn. gernon neey chonhan witch mamuli jitt haasal keeti, atey visconsin dey 10ven raaj senate zilhe dee numaindagi karde hoye doou saal daa karajkal poora keeta-jiss witch uss vele vaukesha county daa dakkhni addha hissa shamal see. vidhan sabha dey 1856 dey karajkal dauran, gernon visconsin dey unhan darjanan vidhan sabha memberan vicchon ikk see joe ikk vishal railmarg rishwat yojna witch phas gaye sunn. baad dee jaanch witch, gernon noon 10,000 dallar daa bhrishtachar vaala railmarg stock (2023 takk mahingai laee adjust keete gaye 360,000 dallar toon vaddh) prapat hoiaa see. nijji jeevan atey parivaar. 16 janwari, 1828 noon, edward gernon neey dutch sudhar church dey memberan vajon cleverack, newyork vikhe catherine hiook naal viaah karvaiaa. unhan dey ghatto-ghatt tinn bacche sunn. unhan dey puttar stephen neey kaee saalan takk utpati taoon board dey chairman vajon seva nibhai, atey uh visconsin raaj kendri kameti dee republican party dey member sunn. journon dee edema toon peedat honn toon baad 23 juun, 1877 noon janam sathaan witch aapne gharr witch maut hoow gaee.

edward gernan edward gernan (december 26,1800-joon 23,1877) ekaha amerikeeyah adhivaktaa, raajaneetidnyah, visconsin-deshasya pravartakah cha aasit. saha visconsin-seenet-sadasyah aasit, 1856 tathaa 1857 tame varsheshu satreshu vaukeshaa-prantasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. 1856 tame varshe satrasya laa cross tathaa milwaki rail-rail-laanch-yojanayam sankeerneshu dozen-dozen-jaann-vidhaayakeshu saha anyatamah aasit. jeevanacharitram. edward gernan ityeshah nyoo yaark-nagarasya cleverock-nagare anekavarshaani yaavat nivasat, yatra saha 1840,1850 tame dashakeshu democratic-party-ityasya tiket-dwara nyayasya krute nirwaachitah aasit. saha 1854 tame varshe swapatnyaa, putriyah cha saha paschimadishi visconsin-nagaram gatavaan. te vaukeshaa-prantasya gency-nagare ekasmin krushikshetre sthaatum shaknuvanti sma, yatra saha sheshajeevanam nivasati sma. visconsin-nagaram aagaty praayah tatkshanameva saha visconsin-deshasya democratic-party ityanena saha raajaneetim abhyanayt. yadyapi saha padasya anusaranam naa krutavaan, tathaapi 1855 tame varshe vokeshaa-kaunteetah bhagna-lokataantrik-paksha-sammelanadwara visconsin-seenet-krute namankitaha abhavat. tasmin samaye visconsin-deshasya lokataantrikapakshah anekeshu vishayeshu vibhaktah aasit, parantu pramukhatayaa governor-vilium-e-ityasya punah nirvaachane. barsto, yah bhrashtachara-aaropaih kalankitah aasit. saamaanyanirvaachane gernan ityasya pratidwandwih poorwah yoo aasit.ess. senator isaak pee. vaakar, yah swatantraroopena dhaavan barsto-virodhee-lokatantrikah aasit. nirvaachane gernan alpena vijayam avaapnot, tathaa cha visconsin-rajyasya 10 tame rajya-seenet-mandalasya pratinidhitvam kurvan varshadvayam yaavat kaaryam akarot-tatt samaye vaukeshaa-prantasya dakshina-ardhabhaagah aasit. 1856 tame varshe vidhayika-karyakale, visconsin-rajyasya dozen-dozen-jaann-vidhaayakeshu gernan ityeshah ekaha aasit yah bruhad-rail-laanch-yojanayam sankochitah aasit. tadanantaram samshodhane, gernan $10,000 mulyasya bhrasht-rail-stack-iteedam praptavan iti dnyaatam (2023 tamavarshaparyantam mudraasfeeti-krute $360,000 taha adhikam samaayojitam). vyaktigatam jeevanam tathaa parivaarah. 1828 janavaree 16 dinaanke edward gernan ityayam nyoo yaark-nagarasya cleverk-nagare catherine-hack ityenam dutch-samskrutehe charchasya sadasyatvena parineetavaan. teshaam nyunatinyoonam trayah putraah aasan. teshaam putrah stephen ityayam anekavarshaani yaavat utpatti-nagar-mandalasya adhyakshatvena karyam krutavaan, visconsin-rajyasya republican-pakshasya kendriya-samityaah sadasyah cha aasit. dimaa-rogena peeditah gernan-varyaha 1877 joon 23 dinaanke gency-nagare swagruhe mrutah.

edward jernon edward jernon (disambar 26,1800-juun 23,1877) oru america vazhakkarinyar, arasiyalvaathi mattrum visconsin munnoadiyaagum. avar visconsin senat uruppinaraaga irunthaar, 1856 mattrum 1857 amarvugalil voukesha mavattaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. 1856 aam aandu amarvil laa gross mattrum milwaki irayil paathai lanjath thittaththil sikkiya dajan kanakkaana sattamiyattrupavargalil ivarum oruvar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. edward jernon newyorkin claavaraakkil pala aandugal vaalnththaar, angku avar 1840 mattrum 1850 kazhil jananayagak katchiyin dickettle amaithiyin neethipathiyaaga thernthedukkappattaar. avar thanathu manaivi mattrum kuzhandhaigaludan 1854 aam aandil maerkae visconsin nagarukku kudipeyarnthaar. avarkal voukesha maavattaththil ulla jeneesi nagaril oru panaiyil kudiyaerinar, angku avar thanathu vaazhnaal muzhuvathum vaalnththaar. visconsin vantha udanaeyae, visconsin jananayagak katchiyudan arasiyalil eedupattaar. avar pathaviyaith thodaravillai entraalum, 1855 aam aandil, voukesha kavundiyil nadantha oru muranpatta jananayagak katchi maanattin moolam visconsin senattukku parinthuraikkappattaar. antha neraththil visconsin jananayagak katchi pala pirachchanaikalil pilavupattirunthathu, aanaal mukkiyamaaga covernor villiyam aee. meendum thaernthedukkappattathil. oozhal kuttrachchaattugalaal karaipadindha barsto. podhuth therthalil jernan ethiriyaana munnaal yuu.ess. senattar aisak pii. wacker, oru suthanthiravaathiyaaga poattiyidum oru barsto ethirppu jananayagavadhi. therthalil kernon kurugiya kaalaththirku vettri pettraar, maelum visconsin 10 vadhu maanila senat mavattaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum irandu aandu kaalaththirku paniyaattrinaar-appoathu voukesha kavundiyin therku paathiyai ulladakkiyathu. 1856 aam aandu sattamandraththin pathavikkaalaththil, visconsin sattamandra uruppinargalil dajan kanakkaanavargal oru periya irayil paathai lanjath thittaththil sikkiyavarkalil jernanum oruvar. aduthaduththa visaaranaiyil, kernon 10,000 dollar mathippulla oozhal niraintha irayil paathai pankukalaip pettriruppathu kandariyappattathu (2023 aam aandirkaana panaveekkaththirku $360,000 kkum athigamaaga sariseiyappattathu). thanipatta vaazhkkai mattrum kudumbam. janavari 16,1828 andru, edward kernon duchu seerthiruththa devalayaththin uruppinargalaaga newyorkin claavaraakkil keththarin hiyookkai mananthaar. avarkalukku kurainthathu moontru kuzhandhaigal irunththanar. avarkalin magan stephen pala aandugal thoattra nagara vaariyaththin thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar, maelum visconsin maanila matthiya kuzhuvin kudiyarasuk katchiyin uruppinaraaga irunthaar. jernon juun 23,1877 andru edema noayaal paathikkappatta pinnar thanathu veettil iranthaar.

edward gernon edward gernon (december 26,1800-juun 23,1877) oka american nyaayavaadi, raajakeeyavetta mariyu wisconsin maargadarsakudu. athanu 1856 mariyu 1857 samavesalalo vaukesha kounteeki praatinidhyam vahistuu wisconsin senatelo sabhyudiga unnadu. 1856 sessionlo laa cross mariyu milwaukey railroad lancham pathakamlo chikkukunna dozenla koddi chattasabha sabhyulalo ayana okaru. jeevita charitra. edward gernon newyorkloni claveraclo chaalaa samvatsaraalu nivasinchaaru, akkada athanu 1840luu mariyu mariyu democratic party tikketpai pootii chestu shanti nyaayamuurtulugaa ennikayyaaru. athanu athanu thana bhaarya mariyu pillalatho kalisi paschimaana wisconsinku vellaadu. vaaru vaukesha kounteelooni genessy pattanamlooni oka polamlo sthirapaddaaru, akkada athanu thana jeevitaantam nivasinchaadu. wisconsin cherukunna ventane, athanu wisconsin democratic paarteetho rajakeeyaalalo palgonnadu. athanu padavini konasaginchanappatiki, konasaginchanappatiki, vaukesha counteeloo jarigina oka vicchinnamaina democratic party samavesam dwara wisconsin senetku nominate ayyadu. aaa samayamlo wisconsin democratic party aneka samasyalapai vibhajinchabadindi, conny governor vilium eah tirigi ennikapai pramukhamgaa undhi. avineeti aaropanalato kalankitamaina barsto. saadhaarana ennikalaloo gernon pratyarthi maajee yuu.ess. senator isak pii. walker, swatantra abhyardhigaa pootii chestunna barsto vyatiraeka prajaasvaamyavaadi. gernon eee ennikallo swalpamgaa vijayam saadhinchi, wisconsin yokka 10va rashtra senate jillaaku praatinidhyam vahistuu rendu samvatsaraala padaveekaalam panicheesaaru-appudu vaukesha county yokka dakshina bhaganni kaligi undhi. 1856 saasanasabha padaveekaalamlo, wisconsin saasanasabhyula dozenla koddi bhaarii railroad lancham pathakamlo chikkukunna vaarilo gernon okaru. tadupari daryaptulo, zernan $10,000 viluvaina avineeti railway stacknu (2023 natiki dravyolbananiki sardubaatu chesina $360,000 kante ekkuva) andukunnatlu kanugonabadindi. vyaktigata jeevitam mariyu kutumbam. janavari 16,1828naa, edward gernon dutch samskarinchabadina charchilo sabhyuluga newyorkloni claveraclo catherine haiknu vivaham chesukunnadu. vaariki kaneesam mugguru pillalu unnaaru. vaari kumarudu stephen aneka samvatsaraalu genessy town boardu chairmanga panicheesaaru, mariyu wisconsin state central kamitee republican party sabhyudiga unnaaru. zernan edimaatho badhapaduthunna taruvaata 1877 juun 23naa genesiloni thana intlo maraninchaadu.

edward girnan edward girnan (26 dasambar 1800-23 joone 1877) eek americi wakeel seyasat daan aur waskonsan kay alambardar thay. wah waskonsan senate kay rakan thay jinhon nay 1856 aur 1857 kay ajlason kay doraan wokesha county kii numaindagi kii. wah 1856 kay ajlaas mein darjanon qanoon saazon mein say eek thay juu laa karaas aur malwaki railway rashwat schem mein phans gayey thay. sawanah umri. edward girnan kayee saalon takk neo yark kay shehar cleveric mein rahay jehaan wah 1840 aur 1850 kii dahayi mein democratic paarti kay ticket parr chull kirr justice aaf dee pais muntakhib hoay. wah 1854 mein apnee bewi aur bachon kay saath maghrab mein waskonsan chalay gayey. wah wokesha county kay gensi qasbey kay eek faarm mein aabaad huay jehaan wah apnee baaqi zindagi rahay. waskonsan pahunchnay kay foraa baad wah waskonsan kii democratic paarti kay saath seyasat mein shaamil how gayey. agarcha inhon nay ahday kaa taaqib nahein kiyaa leakin 1855 mein inhein wokesha county mein eek tutee hoyee democratic paarti kay convention kay zariye waskonsan senate kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa. iss waqat waskonsan kii democratic paarti kayee masail parr manqasam thee leakin numayan toor parr governor waleem aey kay dobarah intekhaab parr. barsto juu badanwani kay alzamaat say daghdar thaa. aam intekhabat mein girnan kaa mukhalif saabiq yuu thaa.aiss. senitor aizaak pee. waakar juu eek aazaad amidwar kay toor parr intekhaab ladnay waalay eek barsto mukhalif jamhuriyat pasand thay. girnan nay intekhabat mein mamuli kamiyabi haasil kii aur waskonsan kay 10 wein riyasati senate zalaa kii numaindagi kartay hoay duu saalah madat kii khadmat kii-iss waqat wokesha county kay janubi nasf hasay parr mushtamil thaa. 1856 kii maqnanah kii madat kay doraan girnan waskonsan kay darjanon qanoon saazon mein say eek thay juu railway rashwat kii eek bury schem mein phans gayey thay. baad kii tehqiqat mein girnan kuu 10,000 ddaalar maaliyat kaa badanwan railway stock (2023 takk afraat zarr kay liye adjust kardah 360,000 ddaalar say ziyadah) mosul hawaa. zaati zindagi aur khaandaan. 16 januri 1828 kuu edward girnan nay dich aslaah shadah charch kay arkaan kay toor parr neoyork kay cleaverk mein catherine hike say shaadi kii. inn kay kumm az kumm teen bachay thay. inn kay betay stephan nay kayee saalon takk genesi town board kay chairmeen kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain aur wah republican paarti aaf waskonsan steat central committy kay rakan thay. girnan kaa inteqal 23 joone 1877 kuu adema mein mubtala honay kay baad gensi mein apnay gahar parr hawaa.

0006302006a53400fcbea7cc4371f7c7fd230bbc22ee1d2a99a8bfb56fe7bba8

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=9956800

türken

türken German. Verb. Usage notes. Often considered offensive because of the obvious association with . The etymological connection isn't clear.

turken german. kriya. noot byobohar korok. iyar xoite sposto xomporko thokar baabe iyak praye aapottijonok buli gonyo koraa hoy. byutpotigot xomporkotu sposto nohoy.

turkin german. crea. note byabohar korun. err saathe susposhto sangjoger karone prayashai akromonattok boley money koraa hoy. byutpottigoto sangjog sposhto noy.

turkan german. kriyapad. upyogni nondho. tenee saathe spasht jodanne kaarane ghanivaar tene apmanjanak manvama aave chhe. vyutpattishastranu jodaan spasht nathee.

turk german. kriya. noton kaa upayog karein. aksar key saath spasht sambandh key kaaran aakramak maanaa jaataa haye. vyutpatti sambandhi sambandh spasht naheen haye.

turken german. kriyapada. tippanigalannu balasi. adarondige spashtavaada sambandhada kaaranadindaagi idannu aagaagge akramanakari endu pariganisalaaguttade. vyutpattiya sambandhavu spashtavagilla.

turkan jarmman. kriya. kurippukal upayogikkuka. ithumaayulla vyakthamaaya bandham kaaranam palappozhum aakramanaathmakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. uthbhavabandham vyakthamalla.

turk german. kriyapad. notes vapara. tyachyashi spasht sambandh asalyamule anekada aaksheparh manale jaate. vyutpattishastriy sambandh spasht nahee.

turkan german. kriyapad. noteharu prayog garnuhos. prayaha akramak manincha kinbhane spashta sambandhako karan. wyutpatti sambandha spashta chhaina.

turkey german. kriya. note byabahara karantu. ehaa sahita spust samparka thibaru ehaaku prajatah aakramanatmaka bolly bibechana karajae. byutpatti sambandheeah samparka spust nuhen.

turken german. kriaa. notes dee varton crow. aksar iss naal spasht sabndh honn dey caarn iss noon apmanjanak manniaa jaanda haii. vyutpati sabndh sapshat naheen haii.

turken german-bhashayam. kriyaapadam. tippanyah upayujyataam. praayah aksheparham iti manyate yatah tasya saha spashtah sambandhah asti. vyutpatti-sambandhah spashtah naasti.

turkier jerman. vinaichchol. kurippugalaip payanpaduththunggal. velippadaiyaana thodarbu kaaranamaaga perumpaalum punpaduththum vagaiyil karudhappadugiradhu. sorpirappiyal thodarbu thelivaaga illai.

turken german. kriya. upayoginche gamanikalu. daanitoe spashtamaina anubandham kaaranamgaa tarachugaa abhyantarakaramgaa pariganinchabadutundi. vyutpatti sambandham spashtamgaa ledhu.

turk german. faal. nott istemaal karein. iss kay saath waazah waabistagi kii wajah say aksar jarhana samjha jaataa hay. mushtaq taaluq waazah nahein hay.

0006310d1ceb02c85028d0cc8b6927d72835c19ed1c1dab2fc1ad376ca214095

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27300256

Kansa language

Kansa language Siouan language of the Dhegihan group once spoken by the Kaw people Kansa is a Siouan language of the Dhegihan group once spoken by the Kaw people of Oklahoma. Vice President Charles Curtis spoke Kansa as a child. The last mother-tongue speaker, Ralph Pepper, died in June 1982. Classification. Kansa is a Dhegiha Siouan language, a broader category containing other languages such as Quapaw, Omaha, Ponca and Osage. This group of languages falls under Mississippi Valley Siouan, which is grouped under the largest category of the Siouan language family. History. The speakers of Kansa, known as the Kaw people, lived together with the Siouan-speakers in a united nation known as the Dhegiha Siouan group. This group was originally situated north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River and then moved west down the Ohio River. Following their westward migration, the Dhegiha Siouan group branched into five indigenous "tribes" (Sioux subgroups) known mainly as Ponca, Osage, Omaha, Quapaw or Kaw people. Later on, many Kaw people migrated west of Missouri river and were called "People of the Southwind." The languages of the 5 tribes originating from the single Dhegiha group are quite similar, and have been regarded ed as dialects of each other. Geographic distribution. The Kansa Sioux language was mostly spoken only in the plains region now known as the U.S. state of Kansas, and now because all of the descendants of Native Kansa speakers have died, Kansa is no longer natively spoken. Members of the tribe now use English, while some still understand certain Kansa phrases and words. There are, however, ongoing language revitalization efforts to document and study several Native languages, both to improve understanding of language evolution and to honor the legacy of indigenous peoples. Scholarship and resources. Pioneering anthropologist and linguist James Owen Dorsey collected 604 Kansa words in the 1880s and also made about 25,000 entries in a Kansa-English dictionary which has never been published. Dorsey also collected 24 myths, historical accounts, and personal letters from nine Kansa speakers. In 1974, linguist Robert L. Rankin met Walter Kekahbah (d. 1979), Ralph Pepper (d. 1982), and Maud McCauley Rowe (d. 1977), the last surviving native speakers of Kansa. Rankin made extensive recordings of all three, especially Rowe, and his work over the next 31 years documented the language and helped the Kaw Nation to develop language learning materials. Phonology. Kansa has 29 consonants and 8 vowels. /ɛ/ is phonetically open-mid, whereas /o/ is phonetically close-mid. Additionally, /a/ and /o/ can also be pronounced as [ə] and [u] respectively. Grammar. Nouns. Kansa does not mark nouns for number or gender. The number of a particular noun can be determined from the verb, an article or from context. For example, the word could be translated to English as "squirrel" or "squirrels" depending on context, in the sentence , (transl. We looked at a squirrel), it must be a single squirrel because of the article . Verbs. Kansa is a SOV language and the verbs are inflected based on the person and number of their subjects and objects. For example, in the sentence (transl. I want water), the object , (transl. water), comes before the verb (transl. I want). Kansa does not have verb tenses. Orthography. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Vocabulary. The Kansa language has a lot of words similar to the other tribes originated from the Dhegiha Siouan group. The following table lists compares cognates in Kansa and Osage: Language revitalization. As of 2012, the Kaw Nation offers online language learning for Kansa second language speakers. The 2nd Annual Dhegiha Gathering in 2012 brought Kansa, Quapaw, Osage, Omaha and Ponca speakers together to share best practices in language revitalization. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kongxo bhaxa kancha hoise eke xomoyote ukolahumar kaaw lukoxokolor dwara kuwa dhegihan gutor etaa siuyan bhaxa. upo-rastropoti charls cartise xixu hisape kanchar kotha koichil. xex matrivaxar bokta ralof jalukor 1982 sonor june maahot mrityu hoisil. shrenibibhajon. kongxo hoise ek dhegiha siuyan bhaxa, ji hoise kuwapaw, umaha, punka aaru oh "sejor dore onyanyo bhaxa thoka ek bistrito shreni. ei bhaxar guttu misixippi upotyoka siuyanor odhinot pore, jaak siuyan bhaxa poriyalor xorbobrihot shrenir odhinot gutt diya hoise. itihax. kaaw lukoxokol hisape jonajat kanchar boktaxokole dhegiha siuyan gutt hisape jonajat ek oikyobodho rastrot siuyan-boktaxokolor xoite ekeloge baax korisil. ei guttu mulotoh uhiu nodir uttore aaru misixipi nodir pube owosthito aasil aaru taar pisot uhiu nodir poschimoloi naami goisil. ei probrojonor pisot, dhegiha siuyan guttu pasta upogusthi baa jonojatit bibhokto hoisil jaak punka, oh "chaze, umaha, kuwapa aaru kaau buli jonaa goisil. pisoloi kaawe misouri nodir poschimoloi probrojon korisil aaru teulukok "dokhyin botahor luk" buli kuwa hoisil."ekok dhegiha gutor poraa udbhob huwa 5taa jonojatir bhaxa otyonto eke aaru iyak ijone xijonor upobhaxa hisape gonyo koraa hoy. bhougulik bitoron. ei bhaxa kewol kanchaxot kuwa hoisil aaru xokolu bhaxabhaxir mrityu huwar pisot iyak sthaniyobhabe kuwa nohoy. jonojatir xodosyoxokole etiya ingraji byobohar kore, kintu kisumane bhaxar kisuman bakyangxo baa xobdo bujibo paare. obosye bhaxa punorujjibito korar prochesta soli aase. britti aaru xompod. pothoprodorxok nritotwobid aaru bhaxabid james uwen dorseye 1880-ror doxokot 604taa kancha xobdo xongroho korisil aaru logote ekhon kancha-ingraji obhidhanot pray 25,000taa prowex korisil jitu ketiyau prokax huwa nasil. dorsei nojon kongxo bhaxabhaxir poraa 24taa kingbodonti, oitihaxik biboron aaru byoktigoto sithi xongroho korisil. 1974 sonot, bhaxabid robert el. rangkinor xoite walter kekahbah (mrityu. 1979), ralof jaluk (gho. 1982), aaru moud macaculi ruwe (mrityu. 1977), kongxor xex jiwito sthaniyo bhaxabhaxi. rankine tiniutare, bixexkoi ruwer, byapok recording korisil aaru poroborti 31 bosorot teur kaamoi bhaxatu nothibhukto korisil aaru kaaw rastrok bhaxa xikar xamogri bikoxito korat xohay korisil. dhwonitotwo. kongxot 29taa byonjonborno aaru 8taa swor aase. /ε/dhwonigotobhabe modhyo-mukto, aanhate/o/dhwonigotobhabe modhyo-nikot. iyar uporiu,/a/aaru/o/koo krome [Â] aaru [u] hisapeu ussoron koribo paari. byakoron. bixesyo. kongxot xongkhya baa lingor baabe bixesyo sinhito koraa nohoy. etaa bixex bixesyor xongkhya kriya, etaa probondho baa proxongor poraa nirdharon koribo paari. udahoronsworupe, bakyotut, (), probondhotur baabe eitu etaa ekok kathbirali hoh 'bob lagibo, proxongor uporot nirbhor kori xobdotu ingrajiloi "kathbirali" baa "kathbirali" hisape onubad koribo paari. kriya. kongxo hoise ek cho 'bho bhaxa aaru kriyabur byokti aaru teulukor bixoy aaru bostur xongkhyar uporot aadharito kori probisto koraa hoy. udahoronsworupe, bakyo () too, bostu, (), kriya () ror aagote aahe. kongxor kunu kriya kaal naai. xobdobhandar. dhegiha siuyan gutor poraa udbhob huwa aan jonojatir dore kongxo bhaxat bohutu xobdo aase. nimnolikhito talikabure kancha aaru oh "sejot cognetor tulona koreh bhaxar punorujjibon. 2012 sonoloike, kaaw rastroi kancha dwitiyo bhaxa kuwaxokolor baabe online bhaxa xikar xubidha prodan kore. 2012 sonot dwitiyo barxik dhegiha xomawexot bhaxa punorujjibito korar shrestho onuxilonxomuh bhag botora koriboloi kongxo, kuwapaw, usej, umaha aaru punka bhaxa kuwaxokol ekotrito hoisil.

congs bhasha kansa holl oklahomar kaao jonogoner dwara kothito ddhegihan gosthir ekti siuan bhasha. vice presidenta charles cartis shishu hisabe kansa kotha bolechilen. shesh matribhasha bokta, ralf morich, 1982 saaler june maase maaraa zaan. shrenibibhag. congs ekti ddhegiha siuan bhasha, jaa ekti bistrito bibhag, jekhane anyanno bhasha jemon quapao, omaha, ponka ebong ocez royeche. eyi bhasasomuher gosthiti mississippi upottoka siuaner adhine porey, jaa siuan bhasha poribarer brihottomo bibhager adhine royeche. itihas. kansar boktara, jaa kaao manush hisabe porichito, ddhegiha siuan gosthi naame porichito ekti oikyoboddho jatite siuan-boktader saathe eksathe bosobas korten. eyi gosthiti mulat ohio nadeer uttore ebong misissippi nadeer purbe abosthito chhilo ebong tarpor ohio nadeer poschime sorey yaay. eyi abhibashoner porr, ddhegiha siuan gosthi panchti upogosthi baa upojatite bivokto hoye yaay jaa ponka, ocez, omah, copa ebong kaao naame porichito chhilo. porey kaao misauri nadeer poschime choley aase ebong taader "dakkhin bataser manush" bolla hoy."ekok ddhegiha gosthi theke udbhuto 5tii upojatir bhasaguli atyanta anurup ebong eke oporer upobhasha hisabe bibechito hoyeche. bhougolik bonton. bhasati shudhumatra kansase bolla hoto ebong samasta boktader mrityur porr theke etty arr sthaniyobhabe bolla hoy naa. upojatir sadasyara ekhon ingrezi byabohar korey, kintu keu keu seii bhasay nirdishto kichhu bakyangsho baa shobdo bujhte sokkhom hoy. tobey, bhasha punorujjiboner prochesta cholche. britti oo sompod. aggragami nritottobid ebong bhasabid james oyena dorsey 1880-err doshke 604tii congs shobdo sangraha korechilen ebong ekti congs-ingrezi abhidhane pray 25,000tii entry korechilen jaa kokhono prokashito hoyney. dorsey 24tii pouranik kahini, oitihasik biboron ebong nayajan kongsobhashider kachh theke byaktigato chitthio sangraha korechilen. 1974 saale, bhasabid robbert ell. rankin walter kekahbah (mrityu. 1979), ralf morich (gho. 1982), ebong moud macauli roow (mrityu. 1977), kansar shesh jeebito sthaniya bokta. rankin eyi tintir byapok recording korechilen, bishesh korey rooye, ebong poroborti 31 bochore taanr kaaj bhasatike nothibhukto korechilo ebong kaao jatike bhasha shekhar upokoron bikash korte sahayata korechilo. dhonibiggan. kongser 29tii byanjanbarna ebong 8tii swarbarna royeche. /ε/dhonigotovabe khola-majhkhane, jekhane/o/dhonigotovabe kachakachi-majhkhane. atiriktobhabe,/a/ebong/o/jothakrome [Â] ebong [u] hisabeo uchcharito hotey paare. byakaran. bishessho. congs sankhya baa linger jonno bishessho chinnito korey naa. ekti nirdishto biseshyer sankhya crea, ekti nibondho baa prosongo theke nirdharan koraa jete paare. udahoronsorup, bakyer prekkhapote, (), nibondher karone shobdoti aboshyoi ekti ekok kathbidali hotey hobey, prosonger upor nirbhar korey shobdoti ingrezite "kathbidali" baa "kathbidali" hisabe anubad koraa jete paare. crea. congs ekti sove bhasha ebong kriyaguli byakti ebong taader vishay ebong bostur sankhyar upor vitti korey anupranito hoy. udahoronsorup, bakko ()-ayee, bostu, (), crea ()-err agey aase. kongser konao crea cull nei. shabdabhandar. ddhegiha siuan gosthi theke udbhuto anyanno upojatider moto congs bhasay onek shobdo royeche. nimnolikhito tabiler talikaguli kansa ebong ocez-ayee gyaniyader tulna koreh bhasar punarujjiban. 2012 saal porjonto, kaao jaati kansa dwitiya bhasabhashider jonno online bhasha shekhar prostab deyo. 2012 saale dwitiya barshik ddhegiha samabesh bhasha punorujjiboner sarbottama anushilanguli bhag korey neoar jonno congs, kopao, ocez, omaha ebong ponka boktader ekotrito korechilo.

cons bhaasha cons aee aek samaye oklahomana kaav loko dwara bolaata dhegihan juthnee siuan bhaasha chhe. wies president charles curtise baadpanma cons bolyaa hataa. chhelli matrubhasha bolnaar, ralf murry, juuna 1982maan mrutyu pamya hataa. vargikaran. cons aee dhegiha siuan bhaasha chhe, jeey kvaapaav, omaha, ponka aneey osage jevee anya bhashao dharaavati aek vyaapak shrenee chhe. aaa bhashaonu jooth mississippi kheen siuan hethal aave chhe, jeey siuan bhaasha parivaarni sauthee motee shrenee hethal juthbaddh chhe. itihas. kansana vaktaao, jeey kaav loko tareeke odakhaay chhe, teo dhegiha siuan jooth tareeke odakhaata sanyukt rashtrama siuan-vaktaao saathe saathe raheta hataa. aaa jooth mulroope oheo nadeeni uttare aneey mississippi nadeeni purvamaa aavelu hatoo aneey pachhi oheo nadeeni pashchim taraf aagad vadhyu hatoo. aaa sthalaantar pachhi, dhegiha siuan jooth paanch petaa jutho athavaa janjatioma vibhajit thayu hatoo jeey poncas, osage, omahas, kwapo aneey kau tareeke odakhaata hataa. paachhalthi kaav misauri nadeeni pashchimma sthalaantar karyoo aneey temne "dakshin pavannaa loko" kahevama aavtaa hataa."aek dhagiha juthmathi udbhaveli 5 janjationi bhashao atyant samaan chhe aneey tene aekbeejaani boleeo tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe. bhaugolik vitaran. aaa bhaasha maatra kensasma bolaati hatee aneey havey teey mool rupe bolaati nathee kaaran keey badhaa bolnarao mrutyu pamya chhe. adijatina sabhyo havey angrejino upyog karey chhe, parantu ketlaak loko bhashama chokkas shabdsamuho athavaa shabdo samjee shake chhe. joke, bhashana punrutthaannaa prayaaso chaalu chhe. shishyavrutee aneey sansadhno. agranee manavshastri aneey bhashashastri james owen dorsey 1880naa daykama 604 cons shabdo aektrit karyaa hataa aneey cons-angreji shabdkoshma lagbhag 25,000 entrio pann curry hatee jeey kyaarey prakashit thaee nathee. dorsey nava cons bolnarao pasethi 24 pauranik kathaao, aitihasik ahevaalo aneey vyaktigat patro pann aektrit karyaa hataa. 1974maan, bhashashastri roobert aela. rankin voltara kekaahbaahne malyaa (aaa. 1979), ralf murry (dii. 1982), aneey maud macauli roway (dii. 1977), kansana chhella hayaat mool bolnara. rankine traneyni, khaas kareene roveni, vyaapak reqordina curry hatee aneey aagaami 31 varshomaa temnaa kaarye bhashanu dastavejikaran karyoo hatoo aneey kaav raashtrane bhaasha shikhvani samagri vikasavvama madad curry hatee. dhvanivigyan. kansamaa 29 vyanjan aneey 8 swaro chhe. /ε/aee dhvanishastriy reete open-mida chhe, jyaare/o/aee dhvanishastriy reete close-mida chhe. vadhumaa,/a/aneey/o/neey anukrame [Â] aneey [u] tareeke pann uchcharvama aave chhe. vyaakaran. sangnao. cons sankhyaa athavaa ling maate sangnaone chinhit karatu nathee. koee chokkas sangnani sankhyaa kriyapad, lekh athavaa sandarbhmathi nakki curry shakaay chhe. udaaharan tareeke, vaakyama, sandarbhnaa aadhare shabdno angrejeemaa "khisakoli" athavaa "khisakoli" tareeke anuvaad curry shakaay chhe, (), teey lekhane kaarane aek jaj khisakoli hovi joiae. kriyapado. cons aee aek sove bhaasha chhe aneey kriyapado vyaktee aneey temnaa vishhayo aneey padaarthoni sankhyana aadhare vibhajit thaay chhe. udaaharan tareeke, vaakya () maan, object, (), kriyapad () pahelaa aave chhe. kansamaa kriyapad kaal nathee. shabdbhandol. cons bhashama anya janjaatio jevaa ghanaa shabdo chhe jeey dhegiha siuan juthmathi udbhavyaa chhe. neecheni koshtak soocheeo cons aneey osejmaa cognetsnee sarkhaamani karey chheh bhashanu punrutthaan. 2012 sudhimaa, kaav raashtra cons beejee bhaasha bolnarao maate online bhaasha shikhvani taka aape chhe. 2012maan beeja vaarshik dhegiha melavadaae bhaasha punrutthaanmaa shreshth prathaao vahenchavaa maate cons, kvaapaav, osage, omaha aneey ponka bolnaraone eksaathe laavya hataa.

cons bhasha cons ohaayo key kaao logon dwara kabhi bolly jaane vaali dhegihan samooh kii ack siuan bhasha haye. uparaashtrapati charles curtis ney ack bachche key roop mein cons kii baat kii thee. antim matribhasha vaktaa, ralf kaali mirch, kii mrityu juuna 1982 mein hui thee. vargeekaran. cons ack dhegiha siuan bhasha haye, jisamen kwapav, omaha, ponka aur oces jaisi anya bhaashaaen shamil hain. bhaashaon kaa yeh samooh mississippi ghaati siuan key antargat aataa haye, joe siuan bhasha parivaar kii sabse badee shreni key tahat aataa haye. itihas. cons bolane vaale, jinhen kaav logon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack sanyukt rashtra mein siuan-vaktaaon key saath rahate they, jinhen dhegiha siuan samooh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. yeh samooh mool roop seey ohiyo nadee key uttar mein aur mississippi nadee key poorv mein sthit thaa aur phir ohiyo nadee key paschim mein chalaa gayaa. iss pravaas key baad, dhegiha siuan samooh paanch upsamuhon yaa janjaatiyon mein vibhajit hoe gayaa jinhen ponka, oces, omah, quapau aur kau key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. baad mein kaav misauri nadee key paschim mein chaley gaye aur unhein "dakshin pawan key loga" kahaa jaataa thaa."ekal dhegiha samooh seey utpann honey vaali 5 janjaatiyon kii bhaashaaen behad samaan hain aur ack-dusare kii boliyon key roop mein maani jaati hain. bhaugolik vitaran. yeh bhasha kewal kansas mein bolly jaati thee aur abb mool roop seey naheen bolly jaati haye kyonki sabhi vaktaaon kii mrityu hoe gaee haye. janjaati key sadasya abb angreji kaa upayog karate hain, lekin kuchh loga bhasha mein kuchh vakyanshon yaa shabdon koo samajhane mein saksham hain. haalaanki, bhasha koo punarjeevit karane key prayaas jaari hain. chhatravritti aur sansaadhan. agrani maanavvigyaani aur bhashavid james owen dorsey ney 1880 key dashak mein 604 cons shabd ekatra kiye aur ack cons-angreji shabdakosh mein lagbhag 25,000 pravishtiyaan bhee keen joe kabhi prakaashit naheen hui hain. dorsey ney nau cons vaktaaon seey 24 mithak, aitihaasik vivaran aur vyaktigat patra bhee ekatra kiye. 1974 mein, bhashavid robbert ell. rankin ney walter kekahbah (dee. 1979), ralf kaali mirch (dee. 1982), aur maud mccauli roway (dee. 1977), cons key antim jeevit deshi vaktaa. rankin ney teenon kii vyaapak recording kii, vishesh roop seey roway, aur agale 31 varshon mein unake kaam ney bhasha kaa dastavejikaran kiya aur kaav rashtra koo bhasha seekhane kii samagri vikasit karane mein madad kii. dhvanivigyaan. cons mein 29 vyanjan aur 8 swar hain. /ε/dhvanyaatmak roop seey khula-madhya haye, jabaki/o/dhvanyaatmak roop seey nikat-madhya haye. isake atirikt,/a/aur/o/koo kramshah [Â] aur [u] key roop mein bhee uchchaaran kiya jaa sakata haye. vyaakaran. sangyaaen. cons sankhya yaa ling key liye sangyaon koo chihnit naheen kartaa haye. kissy vishesh sangya kii sankhya koo kriya, lekh yaa sandarbh seey nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, vaakya mein, sandarbh key aadhar parr shabd kaa angreji mein "gilhari" yaa "gilhari" key roop mein anuvaad kiya jaa sakata haye, (), lekh key kaaran yeh ack ekal gilhari honey chaahiye. kriyaaen. cons ack sove bhasha haye aur kriyaaen vyakti aur unake vishayon aur vastuon kii sankhya key aadhar parr parivartit hoti hain. udaaharan key liye, vaakya () mein, vastu, (), kriya () seey pahale aatee haye. cons mein koee kriya kaal naheen hotaa haye. shabdawali. cons bhasha mein anya janjaatiyon key samaan bahut saare shabd hain joe dhegiha siuan samooh seey utpann hue hain. nimnalikhit talika soochiyaan cons aur oces mein sangyanatmak kii tulanaa karati hainh bhasha kaa punrutthan. 2012 taka, kaav rashtra cons dwiteeya bhasha bolane vaalon key liye online bhasha seekhane kii peshkash kartaa haye. 2012 mein doosari vaarshik dhegiha sabhaa ney bhasha punrutthan mein sarvottam prathaon koo saajha karane key liye cons, kwapav, oces, omaha aur ponka bolane vaalon koo ack saath laaya.

consa bhashe oklahomaada kaav janaru omme matanaduttidda degihan gumpina seovan bhasheyu consa bhasheyagide. upadhyaksha charles curtis baalyadalli consa maatanaaduttiddaru. koneya matrubhashe maatanaaduva ralf pepper 1982rahra joonnalli nidhanaraadaru. vargeekarana. consa ondu dhigiha seovan bhaasheyaagiddu, kwapav, omaha, ponca mattu osejgalantaha itara bhaashegalannu olagondiruva ondu vishaalavaada vargavagide. ee bhashegala gumpu mississippy kaniveya siaun adiyalli baruttade, idu siaun bhasha kutumbada atidodda vargada adiyalli vargeekarisalpattide. itihaasa. cava janaru endu kareyalpaduva kansa matanaduvavaru, siuyan matanaduvavarondige, dhegiha siuyan gumpu endu kareyalpaduva samyukta rashtradalli vaasisuttiddaru. ee gumpu moolatah ohiyo nadiya uttarakke mattu mississippy nadiya purvakke nelegondittu mattu nantara ohiyo nadiya paschimakke chalisitu. ee valaseya nantara, degiha seovan gumpu aidu upagumpugalu athawa budakattugalaagi vibhajanegonditu, avugalannu poncas, osejas, omahas, kwapas mattu couse endu kareyalaaguttittu. nantara kaviyu misauri nadiya paschimakke valase bandanu mattu avarannu "dakshinada gaaligala janaru" endu kareyalaayitu."onde dhegiha gumpininda huttida 5 budakattugala bhashegalu atyanta holuttave mattu avugalannu parasparara upabhaashegalendu pariganisalaagide. bhougolika vitarane. ee bhasheyannu kaansaasnalli maatra maatanaadalaaguttittu mattu matanaduvavarellaru tirikondiruvudarinda sthaliyavaagi matanadalaguvudilla. budakattu janangada sadasyaru eega inglish annu balasuttaare, aadare kelavaru aaa bhasheyalli kelavu padaguchchagalu athawa padagalannu arthamadikollalu samartharagiddare. aadaagyoo, bhasheya punarujjeevanada prayatnagalu nadeyuttive. vidyaarthivetana mattu sampanmoolagalu. pravartaka maanavashaastragna mattu bhaashaashaastragna james oven darsey 1880rahra dasakadalli 604 consa padagalannu sangrahisidaru mattu kansa-inglish nighantinalli sumaru 25,000 namoodugalannu maadidaru, adhu endigoo prakatagondilla. dorsey ombattu kansa bhashikara 24 puraanagalu, aitihaasika daakhalegalu mattu vaiyaktika patragalannu saha sangrahisidaru. 1974ralli, bhaashaashaastragna robbert ell. rankin walter kekah (dii. 1979), ralf pepper (dii. 1982), mattu moud makkauli rove (dii. 1977), kansada ulidiruva koneya sthaliya bhashikaru. rankin ee moorara, visheshavaagi rove, vyaapakavaada dhwanimudranagalannu maadidaru mattu mundina 31 varsagalalli avara kelasavu bhasheyannu daakhalisitu mattu bhasha kalika saamagrigalannu abhivraddhipadisalu qaa rashtrakke sahaaya maaditu. dhwaniwignaana. kamsavu 29 vyanjanagalu mattu 8 svaragalannu hondide. /ε/embudu dhwaniyaagi mukta-madhyadalliddare,/o/embudu dhwaniyaagi nikata-madhyadallide. hechchuvariyagi,/a/mattu/o/annu kramavagi [Â] mattu [u] endu uchcharisabahudu. vyakarana. naamapadagalu. kaansavu sankhye athawa lingakke naamapadagalannu gurutisuvudilla. nirdishta naamapadada sankhyeyannu kriyapada, lekhana athawa sandarbhadinda nirdharisabahudu. udaaharanege, vaakyadalli, (), lekhanada kaaranadindaagi, ee padavannu sandarbhavannu avalambisi "alilu" athawa "alilu" endu inglishge anuvaadisabahudu, idu onde alilu agirabeku. kriyapadagalu. consa ondu sove bhasheyagide mattu kriyapadagalu vyakti mattu avara vishayagalu mattu vastugala sankhyeyannu aadharisi badalaaguttave. udaaharanege, vaakyadalli (), vastuvu, (), kriyapadada () modalu baruttade. kamsakke kriyapada kalagalilla. padagala sangraha. kamsa bhasheyu itara budakattu janangagalanteye bahalashtu padagalannu hondiddu, idu dhegiha seovan gumpininda huttikondide. ee kelagina koshtaka pattigalu consa mattu osejnallina kagnetgalannu holisuttaveh bhasheya punarujjeevana. 2012rahra hottige, kaas raashtravu cassa eradane bhashe matanaduvavarige anline bhasha kalikeyannu odagisuttade. 2012ralli nadeda 2neey varshika dhegiha kootavu bhasha punarujjeevanadalli uttama abhyasagalannu hanchikollalu consa, kwapav, oseja, omaha mattu ponca matanaduvavarannu ottige tanditu.

cons bhasha cons hii ekekali oklahomachya kaav lokankadoon bolalya olakhalya dhegihan gatachi siuan bhasha aahe. upadhyaksh charles curtis lahanpani cons bolat asat. shevatche matrubhasha bolanare ralf mariche juuna 1982 madhye nidhan jhaale. vargikaran. cons hii eka dhegiha siuan bhasha aahe, jyat kwapav, omaha, ponka aanee osage yasarkhya itar bhasha aahet. bhashancha haah gut mississippy mississippy siuan antargat yeto, joou siuan bhasha kutumbatil sarvat mothya shreneet vibhagala gela aahe. itihas. kaav lock mhanoon olakhale jaanare cons bhashik dhegiha siuan gut mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya sanyukt rashtrat siuan-bhashikansobat rahat hote. haah gut moolatah ohayo nadichya uttarela aanee mississippy nadichya purvela sthit hota aanee nantar ohayo nadichya paschimekade gela. yaa sthalantaranantar, dhegiha siuan gut paach upasamuhanmadhye kinwa jamatinmadhye vibhagala gela jyanna ponka, osage, omaha, kwapau aanee kau mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. nantar kaav misauri nadichya paschimes sthalantarit jhaale aanee tyanna 'dakshin 'dakshin lock' mhatale gele."ekach dhegiha gatatoon ugam pavalelya 5 jamatinchya bhasha atyant samaan aahet aanee tyaa ekmekanchya bolibhasha manalya jaatat. bhaugolik vitaran. hii bhasha keval cansasmadhye bolali jaat hotee aanee serve bhashikancha mrutyu jhalyamule tee aata moolatah bolali jaat nahee. jamatiche sadasya aata ingraji vapartat, parantu kahijan tyaa bhashetil kahee vakye kinwa shabd samajoo shakatat. matra, bhashechya punarujjivanache prayatna suru aahet. shishyavrutti aanee sansadhane. agraganya manavvanshashastradnya aanee bhashashastradnya james owen dorsey yanni 1880 chya dashakat 604 cons shabd gola kele aanee cons-ingraji shabdakoshat sumare 25,000 nondi kelya jyaa kadhihi prakashit jhalya naheet. dorseyne nauu cons bhashikankadun 24 dantkatha, aitihasik nondi aanee vaiyaktik patre dekhil gola kelee. 1974 madhye, bhashashastradnya robbert ell. rankinchi bhet walter kekahbahshi jhaali (aaa. 1979), ralf murry (aaa. 1982), aanee maud mccauli roow (maam. 1977), kansache shevatche jiwant mool bhashik. rankinne yaa tinhi bhashanchi, visheshtah rovechi, vistrut dhwanimudrane kelee aanee pudhil 31 varshant tyanni kelelya karyane yaa bhasheche dastaivajikaran kele aanee kaav rashtrala bhasha shikanyasathi sahitya vikasit karnyas madat kelee. dhvanyatmakata. kansamadhye 29 vyanjan aanee 8 swar aahet. /ε/dhvanyatmakdrushtya open-miid aahe, tarr/o/dhvanyatmakdrushtya close-miid aahe. yavyatirikt,/a/aanee/o/anukrame [Â] aanee [u] mhanoon dekhil uchcharale jaau shakate. vyakaran. sandnya. cons haah sankhya kinwa lingasathi sandnya chinhankit karat nahee. ekhadya vishisht sandnyechi sankhya kriyapad, lekh kinwa sandarbhavarun nishchit kelee jaau shakate. udaharanarth, sandarbhanusar yaa shabdache ingerjit 'gilhari' kinwa 'gilhari' asey bhashantar kele jaau shakate, vakyat, (), lekhamule too ekach gilhari asane aavashyak aahe. kriyapad. cons hii eka sove bhasha aahe aanee vyakti aanee tyanchya vishayanchya aanee vastoonchya sankhyechya aadhare kriyapade rupantarit kelee jaatat. udaharanarth, vakya () madhye, object, (), kriyapadachya aadhi yeto. kansala kriyapadache kaal nasatat. shabdasangrah. dhegiha siuan gatatoon ugam pavalelya itar jamatinsarkhech barech shabd cons bhashet aahet. khaleel taktyachya yadya cons aanee osejmadhil sandnyatmak varnanchi tulana karatatah bhasheche punarujjivan. 2012 paryant, kaav rashtra cons dviteey bhasha bhasha online bhasha shikanyachi suvidha dete. 2012 madheel madheel varshik dhegiha melavyane bhasha punarujjivanatil sarvottam paddhati samayik karnyasathi cons, kwapav, osage, omaha aanee ponka bhashikanna ekatra aanale.

cons bhasha cons ohayoka kawa manisharule ek patak bolne dhegihan samuhako siuan bhasha how. uparashtrapati charles curtisle balyakalma cons bolthe. antim matribhasha bolne ralf marichko june 1982 maa mrityu bhayo. wargikaran. cons ek dhegiha siuan bhasha how, kwapawa, omaha, ponca rar oces jasta anya bhashaharu samawesh garne ek wyapak shreni how. bhashaharuko yo samuha mississippi upatyaka siuan antargat pardachha, june siuan bhasha pariwarko sabaibhanda thulo shreni antargat wargikrit garieko chha. itihas. kanasa bolneharu, jaslai kawa manisharu bhaninchha, dhegiha siuan samuha bhanera chinine sanyukta rashtrama siuan-bolneharusanga sangai basthe. yo samuha muel rupma ohiyo nadiko uttarma rar mississippi nadiko purvama awasthit thiyo rar tyasapachhi ohiyo nadiko paschimatira sareko thiyo. yass basainsaraipachhi, dhegiha siuan samuha paanch upasamuh wa janajatiharuma vibhajit bhayo jaslai poncas, oces, omaha, kwapa rar kao bhanera chininthyo. pachhi kao misauri nadiko paschimma basain sare rar uniharulai "dakshin hawaka manisharu" bhaninchha."ekal dhegiha samuhabata utpatti bhaeka 5 janajatiharuka bhashaharu atyanta saman chhan rar ekarkaka bolika rupma manieka chhan. bhaugolik witaran. yo bhasha kansasma matra bolinthyo rar sabai bolneharuko mrityu bhaepachi ab sthaniya rupma bolindaina. janajatika sadasyaharule ahile angreji prayog garchhan, tara kohi-kohi bhashaka kehi wakyansh wa shabdaharu bujhna saksham chhan. tathapi, tyahan bhasha punarutthan prayasharu jaari chhan. chhatrawritti rar srotharu. agragami manawashastri rar bhashavid james owen dorseyle sann 1880 ko dashakma 604 cons shabdaharu sankalan gare rar cons-angreji shabdakoshma lagbhag 25,000 prawishtiharu pani gare june kahilyai prakashit bhaeko thiena. dorseyle 24 wata mithak, aitihasik vivaran rar nau cons bhashiharubata wyaktigat patraharu pani sankalan gare. sann 1974 maa bhashavid robert ell. rankinle walter kekahabahlai bhete (dee. 1979), ralf marich (dee. 1982), rar maud mccauli row (dee. 1977), kansaka antim jiwit muel bhashiharu. rankinle tinawataiko, vishesh gari roweko, wyapak recording gare rar arko 31 warshama unko kamle bhashalai dastawej maddat rar kawa rashtralai bhasha sikne samagri vikas garna maddat maddat. dhwanyatmak. kansama 29 wata wyanjan rar 8 wata swarharu chhan. /aaa/dhwanyatmak rupma khula-madhya how, jabki/o/dhwanyatmak rupma najik-madhya how. thap rupma,/a/rar/o/lai kramashah [â] rar [u] ko rupma pani uchcharan garna sakinchha. wyakaran. namharu. kansale sankhya wa lingka lagi namharu chinha lagaundaina. euta vishesh sangyako sankhya kriyapad, lekh wa sandarbhabata nirdharan garna sakinchha. udaharanka lagi, shabdalai sandarbhaka adharma angrejima "gilhari" wa "gilhari" ko rupma anuwad garna sakinchha, wakyama, (), lekhko karan yo ekal gilhari hunuparchha. kriyaharu. cons ek sobh bhasha how rar kriyaharu wyakti rar tiniharuko vishaya rar wastuharuko sankhyako adharma prabhawit hunchhan. udaharanka lagi, wakya () maa, wastu, (), kriyapad () bhanda pahile aunchha. kansama kriyapad call hundaina. shabdawali. dhegiha siuan samuhabata utpanna bhaeka anya janajatiharu jastai cons bhashama dherai shabdaharu chhan. nimna talikaka suchiharule cons rar osejma kognetsko tulana gardachhah bhashako punarutthan. sann 2012 samma, kao rashtrale cons dosro bhasha bolneharuka lagi unline bhasha sikai pradan gardacha. sann 2012 maa bhaeko dosro warshik dhegihale bhasha punarutthanma utkrishta abhyasharu sajha garna cons, kwapawa, oces, omaha rar ponca bolneharulai eksath lyayo.

kansa bhasha kansa heuchhi dhegihana gosthira eka siuan bhasha jaahaa ekada okalahomara kaawa lokanka dwara kuhajauthila . uparastrapati charles cortis piladine kansa bhasare kathaa heuthile. shesh matrubhasha bakta, ralf maricha, june 1982 ray mrutyubarana karithile. bargikarana. kansa heuchhi eka dhegiha siuan bhasha, eka byapaka berg jeunthire quapao, omaha, ponka ebong oces pari anyanya bhasha antarbhukta . ehi bhasha gosthi misissippi upatyaka siuan adheenare pade, jaahaa siuan bhasha paribarara sarbabruhata bargare gostheebhukta . itihas. kaawa lock bhabe janashuna kansabhasheemane dhegiha siuan gosthi naamare janashuna eka milita rastrare siuan-bhashimananka sahita ekathi rahuthile. ehi gostheeti moolatah ohio nadira uttarare ebong misissippi nadira purbare abasthita thila ebong parey ohio nadira paschima digaku gati karithila. ehi sthanantarana parey, dhegiha siuan gosthi panchti upagosthi kimba janajatire bibhakta hoithila jaahaa ponka, oces, omaha, quapa ebong kaao bhabare janashuna . parey kaawa misauri nadira paschimaku sthanantarita hoithile ebong semananku "dakhina pabana lock" kuhajauthila."ekaka dhegiha gostheeru utpanna utpanna janajatira bhasha atyanta samaana ebong paraspara madhyare upabhasha bhabe bibechana karajaithae. bhougolika bunton. ehi bhasha kebala kansasare kuhajauthila ebong samasta bakta mrutyubarana karithibaru ehaa aau sthaniah bhabare kuhajai naahin. janajatira sadasyamane bartamana ingraji byabahara karanti, kintu kichhi lock bhasare nirdista bakyansha kimba sabda bujhibare sakhyama . tebe bhasha punaruddhara prayasa jaari rahichhi. brutti ebong sambala. agrani nrutwabit tatha bhasabit james owena dorsey 1880 dashakare dashakare kansa sabda sangraha karithile ebong eka kansa-ingraji abhidhanare praiah praiah entry madhya karithile jaahaa kebe prakashita hoinahin. dorsey madhya naaa john kansabhasheenka thaaru thaaru pouranika kathaa, aitihasika bibaranee ebong byaktigata chithi sangraha karithile. 1974 masihare, bhasabit robert ell. rankin walter kekahabahanku bhetithile (mru. 1979), ralf maricha (gha. 1982), ebong moud macoley roe (mru. 1977), kansa bhasara shesh jeebita sthaniah bhashi. rankin ehi tinitira byapaka recording karithile, bisesh curry rowe, ebong parabarti 31 barsha madhyare taanka karjya bhasatiku document karithila ebong bhasha sikhyana samagri bikashita karibare kaawa rastraku sahajya karithila . dhwanibigyana. kansare kansare byanjanabarna ebong ebong swarabarna rahichhi. /ε/dhwanigata bhabe khola-madhya, jetebele kii/o/dhwanigata bhabe nikata-madhya. ehaa byatita,/a/ebong/o/ku jathakrame [Â] ebong [u] bhabare madhya uchharana karajaipariba. byakarana. biseshya. kansa sankhya kimba linga paain bisheshyaku chinhita kare naahin . eka nirdista bisesyara sankhya kriya, eka nibandha kimba prasangaru nirdharana karajaipariba. udaharana swaroopa, prasanga upare nirbhara curry ehi shabdaku ingrajire "kathabidali" kimba "kathabidali" bhabare anubada karajaipariba, bakyare, (), lekhati hetu ehaa gotie kathabidali heba aabasyaka . kriya. kansa heuchhi eka sobh bhasha ebong krijagudika byakti ebong semananka bishai ebong bastur sankhya upare aadharita . udaharana swaroopa, bakya () ray, bastu, (), kriya () purbaru asithae . kansare kaunasi kriya kaala naahin. shabdabhandara. dhegiha siuan gostheeru utpanna hoithiba anya janajatinka bhali kansa bhasare aneka sabda rahichhi. nimnokta saaranee talika kansa ebong osejare sangyatmakagudikara tulana karithaeh bhashaku punarjeebita kariba. 2012 masiha suddha, kao rastra cassa dwiteeja bhashabhashinka paain unline bhasha sikhya pradan karithae. 2012 masihare dwiteeja barshika dhegiha samaabeshare bhasha punaruddharare sarbottama abhyasa bantiba paain kansa, quapao, oces, omaha ebong ponka bhashimananku ekathi karajaithila.

kansa bhasha kansa oklahoma dey kaav lokan duaara bollie jaanh vaali dhegihan samooh dee ikk siuan bhasha haii. upp rashtarpati charles curtis neey bachpan witch kansa boliaa see. aakhri maan bollie bolann vaale, ralf kaali mirch dee juun 1982 witch maut hoow gaee. vargikaran. kansa ikk dhegiha siuan bhasha haii, ikk viaapak shreni jiss witch horr bhashavan jiven kii kawapao, omaha, ponka atey osage shamal hunn. bhashavan daa ih samooh mississippi ghaati siuan dey adheen aaunda haii, joe kii siuan bhasha parivaar dee sabh toon vaddi shreni dey tehat samoohit haii. itihaas. kansa bolann vaale, jinhan noon kaav lock kiha jaanda haii, ikk sanyukat rashter witch siuan bolann valiaan naal rahinde sunn, jinhan noon dhegiha siuan samooh vajon janhiaa jaanda see. ih samooh asal witch ohio nadee dey uttar atey mississippi nadee dey purab witch sathit see atey firr ohio nadee dey hethan pachham vall vadhiaa. iss parvas toon baad, dhegiha siuan samooh panj upp-samoohan jaan kabiliaan witch vandiaa giaa jinhan noon ponka, osage, omaha, kawapao atey kaav vajon janhiaa jaanda see. baad witch kaav misauri nadee dey pachham vall chaley gaye atey unhan noon "dakkhni havaa dey lock" kiha giaa."single dhegiha samooh toon utpan 5 kabiliaan deeaan bhashavan bahut samaan hunn atey ikk dooje deeaan upbhashavan manniaan jandiaan hunn. bhugolik vandd. ih bhasha siraf kansas witch bollie jaandi see atey hunn mool roop witch naheen bollie jaandi kiunki saare bolann valiaan dee maut hoow gaee haii. kabile dey member hunn angrezi dee varton karde hunn, parr kujh bhasha witch kujh vakansh jaan shabdan noon samjhan dey yog hunde hunn. halanki, bhasha noon mudd surjit curran dey yatan jaari hunn. scholarship atey sarot. pioneering manav vigiaani atey bhasha vigiaani james owen dorsey neey 1880 dey dahake witch 604 kansa shabad ikkathe keete atey ikk kansa-angrezi shabadkosh witch lagbhag 25,000 aintriaan vee keetiaan joe kadey prakashit naheen hoiaan. dorsey neey naun kansa bolann valiaan toon 24 mith, itihasak birtant atey nijji pattar vee ikkathe keete. 1974 witch, bhasha vigiaani robert aill. rankin neey walter kekahbah (aaa. 1979), ralf kaali mirch (dee. 1982), atey maud mccolly roow (dee. 1977), kansa dey aakhri bache hoye mool bolann vaale. rankin neey tinnan, khaas karke roway dee viaapak recording keeti, atey agle 31 saalan witch uss dey kamm neey bhasha noon dastavezi roop ditta atey kaav rashter noon bhasha sikkhan dee samaggari vikast curran witch sahaita keeti. phonology. cons witch 29 vianjan atey 8 swar hunn. /ε/dhuni dey taur utte open-midd haii, jadon kii/o/dhuni dey taur utte close-midd haii. iss toon ilava,/a/atey/o/noon kramvaar [Â] atey [u] dey roop witch vee uchariaa jaa sakda haii. viaakaran. naam. kansa number jaan ling laee naaman noon naheen darsaunda. kise vishesh naam dee ginti kriaa, lekh jaan parsang toon nirdharat keeti jaa sakadi haii. udaharan dey laee, shabad daa anuvad sandrabh dey adhaar utte angrezi witch "gilhari" jaan "gilhari" dey roop witch keeta jaa sakda haii, vaak witch, (), lekh dey caarn ih ikk single gilhari honee chahidi haii. kriaavan. kansa ikk sove bhasha haii atey kriaavan viakati atey uhanan dey vishiaan atey vastuaan dee ginti dey adhaar teey prabhavit hundiaan hunn. udaharan laee, vaak () witch, object, (), kriaa () toon pahilan aaunda haii. kansa witch koee kriaa qaal naheen hunda. shabdawali. kansa bhasha witch bahut saare shabad hunn joe dhegiha siuan samooh toon utpan hoye horr kabiliaan dey samaan hunn. heth likhiaan saarnee suchiaan kansa atey osage witch sanketkan dee tulna kardiaan hann bhasha punar-surjiti. 2012 takk, kaav rashter kansa duji bhasha bolann valiaan laee online bhasha sikkhan dee peshkash karda haii. saal 2012 witch dooje salana dhegiha ikkath neey bhasha dey punar-surjiti witch sarbottam abhiaasan noon sanjha curran laee kansa, kawapa, osage, omaha atey ponka bolann valiaan noon ikkatha keeta.

kamsabhasha kansaa iti dhegihan-samuhasya siovan-bhasha asti yaa ekadaa oklahomaa-nagarasya kaav-janaihi bhaashyate sma. uparaashtrapatih charles curtis baalye kaale kamsabhasham bhashata. antimaa matrubhasha-vaktree ralf-marichika 1982 joon-maase mrutaa. vargeekaranam. kamsabhasha dhegihaa-siovan-bhasha asti, eshaa vistrutashrenee kvaapaav, omaha, ponkaa, osage ityadini anyabhaashaah santi. eshaa bhasha-samoohah mississippy-upatyakaa-seauvan ityasya antargatam bhavati, yaa seauvan-bhasha-parivaarasya bruhattameshu vargeshu samooheekrutam asti. itihaasah. kau-janaah iti namna prasidhaah kamsa-bhaashinah dhegihaa-siovan-samoohah iti namna prasiddhe samyukta-rashtre siovan-bhaashakaih saha saha nivasanti sma. ayam samoohah moolatah ohiyo-nadyaah uttardishi, mississippy-nadyaah poorvadishi cha sthitah aasit, tatah ohiyo-nadyaah paschimadishi gatavaan. asya pravaasasya anantaram dhegihaa-siovan-samoohah pancha upasamooheshu athavaa janajatishu vibhaktah, ye ponkaa, osage, omaha, kvaapaav, kau iti namna prasidhaah aasan. pashchat kaavah misauree-nadyaah paschimadishi pravaasam krutvaa "dakshinavaantasya janaah" iti namna abhishiktaah."ekena dhegihaa-samuhat utpadyamananam 5 janajatinam bhaashaasu ateeva samyam vartate, parasparm upabhaashaah iti manyate. bhaugolika-vitaranam. eshaa bhasha kevalam cansas-nagare eva bhashita aasit, sarwaah bhashakaha mrutaah iti karanat adhunaa deshiyaa naa bhaashyate. janajaatyaah sadasyaah adhunaa anglabhasham upayunjanti, parantu kechan bhashayaha katipayaani vaakyaamshaani vaa shabdaani vaa graheetum shaknuvanti. parantu bhasha-punarujjeevanasya prayatnaah prachalanti. vidvataa tathaa samsaadhanam. agragaameeh maanavashaastradnyah bhaashaavid cha james oven dorsey 1880 tame dashake 604 kamsa-shabdaan sangruheet, tathaa cha kamsa-aangl-shabdakoshasya praayah 25,000 pravishtihi api krutavantah, yaa kadaapi naa prakaashitah. dorsey ityayam nava kamsabhashikanam 24 pauraanikakathaah, aitihaasikavruttaantaani, vyaktigatapatraani cha sangruheet. 1974 tame varshe bhaashaavid rabert ell. rankin ityanena valter kekahbah ityanena saha militah (a. 1979), ralf-marichika (gha. 1982), tathaa maud muck-kaulee row (a. 1977), kamsabhaashaayaah antimah jeevitah desheeyah bhaashakah. rankin ityayam trayanam, visheshatah row-ityasya, vistrutam abhilekhanam krutavaan, agrime 31 varsheshu tasya karyena bhashayaha abhilekhanam krutvaa, kaav-rashtrasya bhasha-shikshan-saamagrim vikasayitum sahayyam krutavaan. dhvanyaatmakam. kamsasya 29 vyanjanaah, 8 swaraah cha santi. /ε/dhvanyatmakataya mukta-madhyam asti, parantu/o/dhvanyatmakataya nikat-madhyam asti. tadatiriktam,/a/tathaa/o/kramashah [Â] tathaa [u] iti api ucchaarayitum shakyate. vyaakaranam. naam. kamsah sankhyaa athavaa lingasya krute naamakaani naa ankayati. kriyaapade, lekhane vaa sandarbhe vaa visheshanaamasya sankhyaa nirdharita bhavet. yathaa, vaakyasya sandarbhanusaram, asya shabdasya anglabhashayam "gilhari" athavaa "gilhari" iti anuvaadah kartum shakyate, () iti vaakyasya lekhasya karanat, etat ekam gilhari eva bhavet. kriyapadaha. kamsabhasha sov-bhasha asti, tathaa cha kriyapadaha vyakti-sankhyaa-vishaya-vastoonaam cha aadhaaren vibhaktaah bhavanti. yathaa, vaakye (), vastu, (), kriyaapade () ityasya poorvam aagacchati. kamsasya kriyapadaha naa santi. shabdabhandaraha. dhegihaa-siovan-samuhat utpannebhyah anyajanajatinam sadrushaani anekaani shabdaani kamsabhashayam santi. nimnalikhitaah saaranee-soochayah kamsa-osage-bhashayoho sangyaanaam tulanam kurwantih bhashayaha punarujjeevanam. 2012 tamavarshaparyantam, kau-rashtram, kamsa-dwiteeyabhaashaabhaashinaam krute anlain-bhasha-shikshanm pradadaati. 2012 tame varshe dwiteeya-vaarshik-dhegihaa-samaadhe, bhasha-punarujjeevanasya sarwottamaprathaah sahasamvaadayitum kamsa, kvaapaav, osage, omaha, ponkaa-bhaashinah cha militavantah.

kansa mozhi conza enbathu oru kaalaththil oklahoma qaa makkal paesum degihan kuzhuvin seovan mozhiyaagum. thunaith thalaivar charles curtis kuzhandhaiyaaga irunththapoathu kansaavaip pattri paesinaar. kadaisi thaaimozhi paechchaalar, ralf milagu, juun 1982 ill iranthaar. vagaippaadu. kansa enbathu oru tekiha seovan mozhiyaagum, idhu gwaba, oomaha, bonca mattrum oosaaj poantra pira mozhigalaik konda oru parantha vagai. inththa mozhigalin kuzhu mississippi pallatthaakku seovan keezh varukirathu, idhu seovan mozhi kudumbaththin migapperiya pirivin keezh thogukkappattullathu. varalaaru. kaas makkal endru azhaikkappadum cons paesubavargal, tekiha seovan kuzhu endru azhaikkappadum oru aikkiya thaesaththil seovan paesubavargaludan ontraaka vaazhnththanar. inththa kuzhu muthalil oohiyoa aattrin vadakkae mattrum mississippi aattrin kizhakkae amainthullathu, pinnar oohiyoa aattrin maerkae nagarnthathu. inththa idampeyarvukkup piragu, tekiha seovan kuzhu ainthu thunaikkuzhukkal allathu pazhangkudigalaagap pirinthathu, avai boncas, oosaajas, oomaahaakkal, gwabas mattrum coves endru azhaikkappattana. pinnar mizori aattrin maerkae kudiyaeriya kaav, "thenn kaatrin makkal" endru azhaikkappattanar."ottrai tekiha kuzhuvilirundhu thoantriya 5 pazhangkudiyinarin mozhigal migavum othavai mattrum oruvarukkoruvar paechchuvazhakkugalaakak karudhappadugindrana. puviyiyal paravalakkam. inththa mozhi consosil mattumae paesappattathu, maelum paesubavargal anaivarum iranthuvittathaal inii ullnaattil paesappaduvathillai. pazhangkudiyina uruppinarkal ippoathu aangkilaththaip payanpaduththukiraarkal, aanaal silar mozhiyil sila sottrodargal allathu vaarththaigalaip purinthukolla mudigirathu. iruppinum, mozhi puththuir peruvatharkaana muyarchigal nadanthu varukintrana. uthaviththogai mattrum valangkal. munnoadi maanudaviyalaarum mozhiyiyalaalarumaana james ovan dorsey 1880 kazhil 604 kansa vaarththaigalai sekariththaar, maelum oru kansa-aangkila agaraathiyil sumar 25,000 ulleedugalaiyum seithaar, idhu orupoathum veliyidappadavillai. dorsey 24 puraanangkal, varalaattruk kurippugal mattrum onbathu kansa paechchaalarkalidamirunthu thanipatta kadidhangalaiyum sekariththaar. 1974 aam aandil, mozhiyiyalaalar robbert ell. rankin walder kegahbavai sandhiththaar (ii. 1979), ralf milagu (ii. 1982), mattrum mott makkaali rove (ii. 1977), kansaavaip paesubavargalil kadaisiyaaga uyir pizhaiththavargal. rankin inththa moontraiyum, kurippaaga rove, virivaana pathivukalaich seithaar, maelum aduththa 31 aandugalil avarathu panii mozhiyai aavanappaduththiyathu mattrum mozhi karral porutkalai uruvaakka kaav thaesaththirku uthaviyathu. oliyiyal. kansaavil 29 meyy mattrum 8 uyirezhuththukkal ullana. /ε/enbathu oliyiyal reethiyaaga thirantha-nadu, athae neraththil/o/enbathu oliyiyal reethiyaaga nerukkamaana-nadu. koodudhalaaga,/a/mattrum/o/muraiyae [Â] mattrum [u] endrum ucharikkappadalaam. ilakkanaviyal. peyarchchorkal. kansa enn allathu paalinaththirkaana peyarcchorkalaik kurikkaathu. oru kuripitta peyarchchollin ennikkaiyai vinaichchol, katturai allathu soozhalilirunthu theermaanikka mudiyum. eduththukkaattaaga, inththa vaarththaiyai aangkilaththil "anil" allathu "anil" endru molipeyarkkalaam, idhu soozhalaip porutthu, vaakkiyaththil, (), idhu katturaiyin kaaranamaaga ottrai anil aaga irukka vaendum. vinaichchorkal. kansa enbathu oru soav mozhi mattrum vinaichchorkal nabar mattrum avarkalin paadangkal mattrum porutkalin ennikkaiyin adippadaiyil ooduruvi ullana. eduththukkaattaaga, vaakkiyaththil (), porul, (), vinaichollukku () muun varukirathu. kansaavukku vinaichchorkal illai. sorkalanjchiyam. tekiha seovan kuzhuvilirundhu thoantriya mattra pazhangkudiyinaraip poalavae kansa mozhiyilum niraiya vaarththaigal ullana. pinvarum attavanai pattiyalkal consa mattrum oosaajil ulla arivaattralkalai oppidugindrana mozhip puththuir. 2012 aam aandu nilavarappadi, qanaa irandaavathu mozhi paesubavargalukku anline mozhi kattralai kaava thaesam valangkukirathu. 2012 aam aandil 2 vadhu varudaanthira tekiha koottam mozhi puththuir peruvathil sirantha nadaimuraigalaip pagirnthu kolla kansa, gwaba, oosaej, oomaha mattrum bonca paesubavargalai ontrinaiththathu.

consa bhasha consa anedi okappudu oklahoma yokka kaa prajalu matlade dhegihan samuuham yokka seovan bhasha. vais president charless curtis chinnatanamlo consanu matladevaru. chivari matrubhasha matlade ralf pepper, juun 1982loe maraninchaadu. vargeekarana. consa anedi oka dhigiha seovan bhasha, idhi kwapav, omaahaa, ponca mariyu osej vanti itara bhashalanu kaligi unna vistruta vargam. eee bhashala samuuham mississippi loya seovan krindaku vastundi, idhi seovan bhasha kutumbamlo atipedda vargamlo undhi. charitra. cava prajalu anie piluvabade consa matladevaru, seovan matladevarito kalisi, dhegiha seovan samuuham anie piluvabade aikya desamlo nivasinchaaru. eee samuuham modata ohiyo nadiki uttaraana mariyu mississippi nadiki thoorpuna undhi, taruvaata ohiyo nadiki paschimaana kadilindi. eee valasala taruvaata, dhegiha seovan samuuham aidu upa samuuhaalu ledhaa tegalagaa vidipoyindi, veetini poncas, osejes, omahas, kwapas mariyu cavs anie pilicheevaaru. taruvaata kaav misauri nadiki paschimaana valasa velli, vaarini "dakshina gaali prajalu" anie pilicheevaaru."oke dhegihaa samuuham nundi udbhavinchina 5 tegala bhashalu chaalaa pooli untaayi mariyu okadaanikokati mandalikaluga pariganinchabaddaayi. bhougolika pampinhee. eee bhasha consaslo matrame matladabadedi mariyu matlade vaarandaruu maraninchinanduna sthaanikamgaa matladabadadu. tega sabhyulu ippudu aanglaanni upayogistunnaru, conny kondaru bhaashalooni konni padabandhaalu ledhaa padaalanu ardham chesukogalugutaru. ayithe, bhasha punarujjeevana prayatnaalu konasagutunnayi. scholarship mariyu vanarulu. maargadarsaka maanava shaastravetta mariyu bhasha shaastravetta james oven dorsey 1880laloe 604 consa padaalanu sekarinchaaru mariyu consa-inglish nighantuvulo daadaapu 25,000 entreelu kooda chesaaru, idhi eppuduu prachurinchabadaledu. dorsey tommidi consa matladevari nundi 24 puraanaalu, chaaritraka vruttaamtaalu mariyu vyaktigata lekhalanu kooda sekarinchaadu. 1974loe, bhasha shaastravetta robbert ell. rankin walter kekahba (d. 1979), ralf pepper (d. 1982), mariyu moud makkali rove (d. 1977), kansa yokka chivari manugadalo unna sthaanika matladevaru. rankin eee moodinti gurinchi, mukhyamgaa rove gurinchi vistrutamaina recordinglu chesaadu, mariyu taruvaati 31 samvatsaraalalo athani pani bhashanu document chesindi mariyu bhasha abhyasa saamagrini abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki kaa deshaaniki sahaayapadindi. phonology. kamsamlo 29 hallulu mariyu 8 acchulu unnaayi. /ε/anedi dhwaniparamgaa open-mid, ayithe/o/anedi dhwaniparamgaa close-mid. adanamgaa,/a/mariyu/o/nuu varusaga [Â] mariyu [u] gaa kooda uchcharinchavachhu. vyaakaranam. namavachakalu. consa anedi sankhya ledhaa lingaaniki namavachakalanu gurtinchadu. oka nirdishta namavachakam yokka sankhyanu kriya, vyaasam ledhaa sandarbham nundi nirnayinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, vaakyamlo, sandarbhaanni batti, eee padaanni aanglamloki "uduta" ledhaa "udutalu" gaa anuvadinchavacchu, (), vyaasam kaaranamgaa idhi oke uduta ayi undaali. kriyalu. consa anedi oka sove bhasha mariyu kriyalu vyakti mariyu vaari subjectlu mariyu vastuvula sankhya aadhaaramgaa vibhajinchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, vaakyamlo (), vastuvu, (), kriya () kii mundu vastundi. kamsaaku kriya kaalalu undavu. padajaalam. kansa bhaashalo itara tegala maadirigaane chaalaa padaalu unnaayi, ivi dhegiha seovan samuuham nundi udbhavinchaayi. eee krindi pattika jaabitaalu consa mariyu osejlo kagnetlanu polchi chustai bhasha punaruddharana. 2012 natiki, kaas desham cassa rendava bhasha matladevariki online bhasha abhyasanni andistundi. 2012loe jarigina 2va vaarshika dhegihaa samavesam bhasha punarujjeevanamlo uttama paddhatulanu panchukoovadaaniki consa, kwapav, osej, omaahaa mariyu ponca matladevarini teesukuvacchindi.

kansa zabaan kansa dhagihan garwah kii eek sewan zabaan hay juu kabhi oklahooma kay kaao loag boltay thay. naib sadr charlis crits bachpan mein kaansa boltay thay. aakhri maadri zabaan bolnay waalay raalif merch kaa inteqal joone 1982 mein hawaa. darjah bundi. kansa eek dhagiha sewan zabaan hay juu eek wasee tarr zamrah hay jiss mein deegar zabanein jeesay kopao aumaha ponka aur ausaj shaamil haine. zabanon kaa yaha grop massipi veeli sewan kay tahat aataa hay juu sewan zabaan kay khaandaan kay sabb say baday zamray kay tahat grop kiyaa gayaa hay. tareekh. kaansa bolnay waalay jinhein kaao loag kahaa jaataa hay eek muthadah qoom mein sewan bolnay waalon kay saath rehtay thay jasay dhagiha sewan grop kahaa jaataa hay. yaha grop asl mein daryaae auhaiyo kay shamaal mein aur daryaae masisipi kay mashriq mein waaqa thaa aur phir daryaae auhaiyo kay neechey maghrab kii taraf badh gayaa. iss hijrat kay baad dhagiha sewan garwah paanch zeeli grohon yaa qabail mein taqsim how gayaa jinhein ponka ausaj aumaha kopa aur kaao kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa. baad mein kaao daryaae mesori kay maghrab mein hijrat kirr gayey aur inhein "janubi hawaa kay loag" kahaa jaataa thaa."waahid dhagiha grop say sharoo honay waalay 5 qabail kii zabanein intehayi mamasil haine aur inhein eek dosray kii boliyan samjha jaataa hay. geografiyayi taqsim. yaha zabaan sarf kansaas mein boli jaati thee aur abb maqami toor parr nahein boli jaati hay keunkah tamaam bolnay waalay marr chakay haine. qabeelay kay loag abb angrezi istemaal kartay haine leakin kachh loag zabaan mein kachh jamley yaa alfaz samajhne kay qaabil haine. tahim zabaan kii bahaali kii koshishein jaari haine. scholarship aur wasail. maahir bashriyaat aur maahir lasaniyat jaims aween dorsey nay 1880 kii dahayi mein 604 kaansa alfaz akthay kiye aur kaansa-angrezi laghat mein taqriba 25,000 andrajat bhee kiye juu kabhi shaye nahein hoay. dorsey nay 24 afsanay tarikhi bayanaat aur noow kansa bolnay waalon kay zaati khatut bhee jamaa kiye. 1974 mein maahir lasaniyat raabart eel. renkin nay walter kekahbah say mulaqat kii (daad. 1979)yee raalif merch (daad. 1982)yee aur moad mikawali ruu (daad. 1977)yee kansa kay aakhri zindah bach jaanay waalay maqami bolnay waalay. renkin nay teenon kii khaas toor parr ruu kii wasee recording kii aur aglay 31 saalon mein inn kay kaam nay zabaan kuu dastawezi shakal dee aur kaao qoom kuu zabaan seekhnay kaa mawaad tayaar karnay mein madad kii. phonology. kins mein 29 makhnas aur 8 sarr haine. /ε/suutee toor parr khilaa wast hay jabkah/o/suutee toor parr qareeb wast hay. iss kay alawah/a/aur/o/kuu baltarteeb [Â] aur [u] kay toor parr bhee talfaz kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. grimer. asm. kansa adad yaa jans kay liye asm kuu nashaan zad nahein kartaa hay. kasee khaas asm kii taadad kaa tayeen faal mazmun yaa seyaq woo sabaaq say kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. misaal kay toor parr lafz kaa angrezi mein tarjumah seyaq woo sabaaq kay lahaaz say "gulhari" yaa "gulhari" kay toor parr kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jamley mein ()yee mazmun kii wajah say yaha eek waahid gulhari hony chahiye. faal. kansa eek sawo zabaan hay aur faal shaqs aur inn kay mazamin aur ashyaa kii taadad kii bunyaad parr mutasir hotay haine. misaal kay toor parr jamley () mein object ()yee faal () say pehley aataa hay. kansa mein faal kay tanao nahein hotay. alfaz kaa majmuah. kansa zabaan mein behat say alfaz haine juu dosray qabail say miltay jaltay haine juu dhagiha sewan grop say sharoo hoay haine. mandarjah zeel jadool kii fehristein kansa aur ausaj mein elmi kaa mawaznah karti haine: zabaan kii bahaali. 2012 takk kaao qoom kaansa dosri zabaan bolnay waalon kay liye aann line zabaan seekhnay kii paishkash karti hay. 2012 mein dosray salanah dahigah ijtemaa nay zabaan kii bahaali mein behtareen tareeqon kuu baantnay kay liye kansaa copa ausaj aumaha aur ponka bolnay waalon kuu aktha kiyaa.

000632b3c4cc9778ea87a6d05176d55b002ffdcfe0d8d870260f350487201de7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=746

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan Country straddling West Asia and Eastern Europe in the Caucusus Azerbaijan ( , ; , ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia (Republic of Dagestan) to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. The region and seven surrounding districts are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, pending a solution to the status of Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE, although it became "de facto" independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994. Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the seven districts and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh were returned to Azerbaijani control. An Azerbaijani offensive in 2023 resulted in the Republic of Artsakh agreeing to dissolve itself and the flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians. Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic. It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Organization of Turkic States and the TÜRKSOY community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 182 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OSCE, and the NATO PfP program. It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the CIS, and the OPCW. Azerbaijan is also an observer state of the WTO. The vast majority of the country's population (97%) is nominally Muslim, but the constitution does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secular. Azerbaijan is a developing country and ranks 91st on the Human Development Index. It has a high rate of economic development and literacy, and a low rate of unemployment. However, the ruling New Azerbaijan Party, in power since 1993, has been accused of authoritarianism under president Heydar Aliyev and his son Ilham Aliyev, and deteriorating the country's human rights record, including increasing restrictions on civil liberties, particularly on press freedom and political repression. Etymology. According to a modern etymology, the term "Azerbaijan" derives from that of "Atropates", a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great. The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrianism. In the Avesta's "Frawardin Yasht" ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of , which literally translates from Avestan as "we worship the "fravashi" of the holy Atropatene". The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire". The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. Over the span of millennia, the name evolved to (Middle Persian), then to , , (New Persian) and present-day "Azerbaijan". The name "Azerbaijan" was first adopted for the area of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan by the government of Musavat in 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, when the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. Until then, the designation had been used exclusively to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran, while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as "Arran" and "Shirvan". On that basis Iran protested the newly adopted country name. During Soviet rule, the country was also spelled in Latin from the Russian transliteration as ' (Russian: ). The country's name was also spelled in Cyrillic script from 1940 to 1991 as '. History. Antiquity. The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azykh Cave. Early settlements included the Scythians during the 9th century BC. Following the Scythians, Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras river. The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 and 700 BC, which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC. The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism. From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period. The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252, while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century. Despite Sassanid rule, Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century, while fully subordinate to Sassanid Iran, and retained its monarchy. Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sasanian marzban (military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority. In the first half of the 7th century, Caucasian Albania, as a vassal of the Sasanians, came under nominal Muslim rule due to the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from the South Caucasus and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Javanshir was suppressed in 667. The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids, Sajids, and Shaddadids. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by the waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia, who adopted a Turkoman ethnonym at the time. The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuk Empire, which entered the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1067. The pre-Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijan spoke several Indo-European and Caucasian languages, among them Armenian and an Iranian language, Old Azeri, which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language, the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today. Some linguists have also stated that the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan, like those spoken by the Tats, are descended from Old Azeri. Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by Eldiguzids, technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans, but sometimes "de facto" rulers themselves. Under the Seljuks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur's empire and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. Following Timur's death, two independent and rival states emerged: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu. The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining for numerous centuries to come a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals as they had done since 861. In 1501, the Safavid dynasty of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs and gained its possessions. In the course of the next century, the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam, as they did with the population in what is modern-day Iran. The Safavids allowed the Shirvanshahs to remain in power, under Safavid suzerainty, until 1538, when Safavid king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) completely deposed them, and made the area into the Safavid province of Shirvan. The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy present-day Azerbaijan as a result of the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590; by the early 17th century, they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler Abbas I (r. 1588–1629). In the wake of the demise of the Safavid Empire, Baku and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723. Remainder of present Azerbaijan was occupied by the Ottomans from 1722 to 1736. Despite brief intermissions such as these by Safavid Iran's neighboring rivals, the land of what is today Azerbaijan remained under Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century. Modern history. After the Safavids, the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty. After the death of Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability. Numerous self-ruling khanates with various forms of autonomy emerged in the area. The rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah. The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West. Thereafter, the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian Zands and Qajars. From the late 18th century, Imperial Russia switched to a more aggressive geo-political stance towards its two neighbors and rivals to the south, namely Iran and the Ottoman Empire. Russia now actively tried to gain possession of the Caucasus region which was, for the most part, in the hands of Iran. In 1804, the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, sparking the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813. The militarily superior Russians ended the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 with a victory. Following Qajar Iran's loss in the 1804–1813 war, it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates, along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire, per the Treaty of Gulistan. The area to the north of the river Aras, amongst which territory lies the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, was Iranian territory until Russia occupied it in the 19th century. About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate. This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two, the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828. The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay, forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate, comprising the last parts of the soil of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that were still in Iranian hands. After the incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia, the new border between the two was set at the Aras River, which, upon the Soviet Union's disintegration, subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic. Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia in the 19th century, which thus included the territory of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic, while as a result of that cession, the Azerbaijani ethnic group is nowadays parted between two nations: Iran and Azerbaijan. Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja and Tiflis (Tbilisi, now Georgia). Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century. After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared, constituting the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. It was followed by the March Days massacres that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire. When the republic dissolved in May 1918, the leading Musavat party declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR), adopting the name of "Azerbaijan" for the new republic; a name that prior to the proclamation of the ADR was solely used to refer to the adjacent northwestern region of contemporary Iran. The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world. Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men. Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University, which was the first modern-type university founded in the Muslim East. By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack Baku. Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku's oil. Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it, establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh, Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest. Within the ensuing early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged. On 13 October 1921, the Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars. The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri (then known as Alexandropol). During World War II, Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the Soviet Union, with 80 percent of the Soviet Union's oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku. By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942, the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals. Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy (petroleum) dynamo of the USSR. A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945. Approximately 681,000 people with over 100,000 of them women, went to the front, while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time. Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front. More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijani Major-General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union. Independence. Following the politics of "glasnost", initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to an already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in the Black January events in Baku. Later in 1990, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the title, adopted the "Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic" and restored the flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag. As a consequence of the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence on 18 October 1991, which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991, while the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991. The country now celebrates its Independence Day on 18 October. The early years of independence were overshadowed by the First Nagorno-Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia. By the end of the hostilities in 1994, Armenians controlled up to 14–16 percent of Azerbaijani territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. During the war many atrocities and pogroms by both sides were committed including the massacres at Malibeyli and Gushchular, the Garadaghly massacre and the Khojaly massacres, along with the Baku pogrom, the Maraga massacre and the Kirovabad pogrom. Furthermore, an estimated 30,000 people have been killed and more than a million people have been displaced, more than 800,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000 Armenians. Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions (822, 853, 874, and 884) demand for "the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan." Many Russians and Armenians left and fled Azerbaijan as refugees during the 1990s. According to the 1970 census, there were 510,000 ethnic Russians and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan. Aliyev family rule, 1993–present. In 1993, democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. In 1994, Surat Huseynov, by that time the prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev, but he was arrested and charged with treason. A year later, in 1995, another coup was attempted against Aliyev, this time by the commander of the OMON special unit, Rovshan Javadov. The coup was averted, resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan's OMON units. At the same time, the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy. In October 1998, Aliyev was reelected for a second term. Ilham Aliyev, Heydar Aliyev's son, became chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as President of Azerbaijan when his father died in 2003. He was reelected to a third term as president in October 2013. In April 2018, President Ilham Aliyev secured his fourth consecutive term in the election that was boycotted by the main opposition parties as fraudulent. On 27 September 2020, new clashes in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resumed along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact. Both the armed forces of Azerbaijan and Armenia reported military and civilian casualties. The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement and the end of the six-week war between Azerbaijan and Armenia was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan, as they made significant territorial gains. Despite the much improved economy, particularly with the exploitation of the Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field, the Aliyev family rule has been criticized due to election fraud, high levels of economic inequality and domestic corruption. Geography. Geographically, Azerbaijan is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and longitudes 44° and 51° E. The total length of Azerbaijan's land borders is , of which are with Armenia, with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, with Russia and with Turkey. The coastline stretches for , and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is . The country has a landlocked exclave, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country's center. There are also three mountain ranges, the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, and the Talysh Mountains, together covering approximately 40% of the country. The highest peak of Azerbaijan is Mount Bazardüzü , while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea . Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan, these volcanoes were also among nominees for the New 7 Wonders of Nature. The main water sources are surface waters. Only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than in length. All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country. The largest lake is Sarysu , and the longest river is Kur , which is transboundary with Armenia. Azerbaijan has several islands along the Caspian sea, mostly located in the Baku Archipelago. Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, the Azerbaijani government has taken measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan. National protection of the environment accelerated after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. Within four years, protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country's territory. Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection. Landscape. Azerbaijan is home to a wide variety of landscapes. Over half of Azerbaijan's landmass consists of mountain ridges, crests, highlands, and plateaus which rise up to hypsometric levels of 400–1000 meters (including the Middle and Lower lowlands), in some places (Talis, Jeyranchol-Ajinohur and Langabiz-Alat foreranges) up to 100–120 meters, and others from 0–50 meters and up (Qobustan, Absheron). The rest of Azerbaijan's terrain consists of plains and lowlands. Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about −28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters (Bazardüzü peak). The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone, temperate air masses of Siberian anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone. Azerbaijan's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country. The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates. Nine out of eleven existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan. Both the absolute minimum temperature ( ) and the absolute maximum temperature were observed in Julfa and Ordubad – regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran () and the minimum in Absheron (). Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan, they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The country's water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human-introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan's water systems. In terms of water supply, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately per year of water per square kilometer. All big water reservoirs are built on Kur. The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin. The Kura and Aras are the major rivers in Azerbaijan. They run through the Kura-Aras Lowland. The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea, originate mainly from the north-eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur–Devechi and Lankaran lowlands. Yanar Dag, translated as "burning mountain", is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku, which itself is known as the "land of fire." Flames jet out into the air from a thin, porous sandstone layer. It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area. Biodiversity. The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks, and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century. There are 106 species of mammals, 97 species of fish, 363 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan. The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse, a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan. The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper, speed, elegance, and intelligence. It is one of the oldest breeds, with ancestry dating to the ancient world, but today the horse is an endangered species. Azerbaijan's flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants. Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus. 66 percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan. The country lies within four ecoregions: Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests, Caucasus mixed forests, Eastern Anatolian montane steppe, and Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe. Azerbaijan had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.55/10, ranking it 72nd globally out of 172 countries. Government and politics. Azerbaijan's government functions as an authoritarian regime in practice; although it regularly holds elections, these are marred by electoral fraud and other unfair election practices. Azerbaijan has been ruled by the Aliyev political family and the New Azerbaijan Party ("Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası", YAP) established by Heydar Aliyev continuously since 1993. It is categorised as "not free" by Freedom House, who ranked it 9/100 on Global Freedom Score in 2022, calling it a "consolidated authoritarian regime". The structural formation of Azerbaijan's political system was completed by the adoption of the new Constitution on 12 November 1995. According to Article 23 of the Constitution, the state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem. The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues, but international affairs are also limited by international agreements' provisions. The Constitution of Azerbaijan states that it is a presidential republic with three branches of power – Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The Parliament of Azerbaijan, called Milli Majlis, consists of 125 deputies elected based on majority vote, with a term of five years for each elected member. The elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. The Parliament is not responsible for the formation of the government, but the Constitution requires the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers by Milli Majlis. The New Azerbaijan Party, and independents loyal to the ruling government, currently hold almost all of the Parliament's 125 seats. During the 2010 Parliamentary election, the opposition parties, Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, failed to win a single seat. European observers found numerous irregularities in the run-up to the election and on election day. The executive power is held by the President, who is elected for a seven-year term by direct elections, and the Prime Minister. The president is authorized to form the Cabinet, a collective executive body accountable to both the President and the National Assembly. The Cabinet of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the prime minister, his deputies, and ministers. The 8th Government of Azerbaijan is the administration in its current formation. The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly but has the right to veto its decisions. To override the presidential veto, the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes. The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and the Economic Court. The president nominates the judges in these courts. Azerbaijan's system of governance nominally can be called two-tiered. The top or highest tier of the government is the Executive Power headed by President. The President appoints the Cabinet of Ministers and other high-ranking officials. The Local Executive Authority is merely a continuation of Executive Power. The Provision determines the legal status of local state administration in Azerbaijan on Local Executive Authority ("Yerli Icra Hakimiyati"), adopted 16 June 1999. In June 2012, the President approved the new Regulation, which granted additional powers to Local Executive Authorities, strengthening their dominant position in Azerbaijan's local affairs The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president, and he organizes it according to the Constitution. It was established on 10 April 1997. The administrative department is not a part of the president's office but manages the financial, technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office. Foreign relations. The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland. The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year. The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain, on 6 November 1996. Full diplomatic relations, including mutual exchanges of missions, were first established with Turkey, Pakistan, the United States, Iran and Israel. Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its "special relationship" with Turkey. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations. It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union. On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly. The term of office began on 19 June 2006. Azerbaijan was first elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2011 with the support of 155 countries. Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include, first of all, the restoration of its territorial integrity; elimination of the consequences of occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh; integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structure; contribution to international security; cooperation with international organizations; regional cooperation and bilateral relations; strengthening of defense capability; promotion of security by domestic policy means; strengthening of democracy; preservation of ethnic and religious tolerance; scientific, educational, and cultural policy and preservation of moral values; economic and social development; enhancing internal and border security; and migration, energy, and transportation security policy. Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism, and was one of the first countries to offer support after the September 11 attacks. The country is an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace program, contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Azerbaijan is also a member of the Council of Europe since 2001 and maintains good relations with the European Union. The country may eventually apply for EU membership. On 1 July 2021, the US Congress advanced legislation that will have an impact on the military aid that Washington has sent to Azerbaijan since 2012. This was due to the fact that the packages to Armenia, instead, are significantly smaller. Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home, a practice termed caviar diplomacy. The Azerbaijani laundromat money laundering operation involved the bribery of foreign politicians and journalists to serve the Azerbaijani government's public relations interests. Military. The history of the modern Azerbaijan army dates back to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 when the National Army of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918. When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991. The original date of the establishment of the short-lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day (26 June) in today's Azerbaijan. As of 2021, Azerbaijan had 126,000 active personnel in its armed forces. There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops and 330,00 reserve personnel. The armed forces have three branches: the Land Forces, the Air Forces and the Navy. Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed. These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service, which includes the Coast Guard as well. The Azerbaijan National Guard is a further paramilitary force. It operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service, an agency subordinate to the President. Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties. Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan/pfp and ipa. Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan. Azerbaijan spent $2.24 billion on its defence budget as of 2020[ [update]], which amounted to 5.4% of its total GDP, and some 12.7% of general government expenditure. Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms, artillery systems, tanks, armors and night vision devices, aviation bombs, UAV'S/unmanned aerial vehicle, various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters. Administrative divisions. Azerbaijan is administratively divided into 14 economic regions; 66 rayons (, singular ) and 11 cities (, singular ) under the direct authority of the republic. Moreover, Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic () of Nakhchivan. The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>* Baku Economic Region Economy. After gaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan, commercial banks, and non-banking credit organizations. The National (now Central) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank, an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR. The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan's central bank, empowered to issue the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, and to supervise all commercial banks. Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state-owned International Bank of Azerbaijan, run by Abbas Ibrahimov. Pushed up by spending and demand growth, the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16.6%. Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29% and 25% respectively against this figure, but price increases in the non-oil industry encouraged inflation. Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so-called "Dutch disease" because of its fast-growing energy sector, which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive. In the early 2000s, chronically high inflation was brought under control. This led to the launch of a new currency, the new Azerbaijani manat, on 1 January 2006, to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010–2011, above other CIS countries. By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from its 1995 level. Energy and natural resources. Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas. The history of the oil industry of Azerbaijan dates back to the ancient period. Arabian historian and traveler Ahmad Al-Baladhuri discussed the economy of the Absheron peninsula in antiquity, mentioning its oil in particular. There are many pipelines in Azerbaijan. The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce European Union's dependency on Russian gas. The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country's gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony. In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and 13 oil companies, among them Amoco, BP, ExxonMobil, Lukoil and Equinor. As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation, Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development. Meanwhile, the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure macroeconomic stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and safeguarding of resources for future generations. Access to biocapacity in Azerbaijan is less than world average. In 2016, Azerbaijan had 0.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, half the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016 Azerbaijan used 2.1 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Azerbaijan contains. As a result, Azerbaijan is running a biocapacity deficit. Azeriqaz, a sub-company of SOCAR, intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021. Azerbaijan is one of the sponsors of the east–west and north–south energy transport corridors. Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway line will connect the Caspian region with Turkey, which is expected to be completed in July 2017. The Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline (TANAP) and Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) will deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe. Azerbaijan extended the agreement on development of ACG until 2050 according to the amended PSA signed on 14 September 2017 by SOCAR and co-ventures (BP, Chevron, Inpex, Equinor, ExxonMobil, TP, ITOCHU and ONGC Videsh). Agriculture. Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land. At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area. In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3. Azerbaijan's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures, horticulture and subtropical crops, green vegetables, viticulture and wine-making, cotton growing and medicinal plants. In some areas it is profitable to grow grain, potatoes, sugar beets, cotton and tobacco. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga. In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships. Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally. Among them are Coca-Cola by Coca-Cola Bottlers LTD., beer by Baki-Kastel, parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan. Tourism. Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan. The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s. The fall of the Soviet Union, and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s, damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination. It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays. In recent years, Azerbaijan has also become a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism. During winter, the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities. The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination as a top priority. It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Azerbaijani economy. These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan. There are 63 countries which have a visa-free score. E-visa – for a visit of foreigners of visa-required countries to the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of the World Economic Forum, Azerbaijan holds 84th place. According to a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council, Azerbaijan was among the top ten countries showing the strongest growth in visitor exports between 2010 and 2016, In addition, Azerbaijan placed first (46.1%) among countries with the fastest-developing travel and tourism economies, with strong indicators for inbound international visitor spending last year. Transportation. The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the Silk Road and the south–north corridor, highlights the strategic importance of the transportation sector for the country's economy. The transport sector in the country includes roads, railways, aviation, and maritime transport. Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than through the territories of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets. The South Caucasus Pipeline, also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey, became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field. Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU-sponsored Silk Road Project. In 2002, the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions. In the same year, the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic. Priorities are upgrading the transport network and improving transportation services to better facilitate the development of other sectors of the economy. The 2012 construction of Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway was meant to improve transportation between Asia and Europe by connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east to the European railway system in the west via Turkey. In 2010 Broad-gauge railways and electrified railways stretched for and respectively. By 2010, there were 35 airports and one heliport. Science and technology. In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped improve the situation in Azerbaijan's science and technology sectors. The government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation. The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable to those from oil production. Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector, mostly uninfluenced by the financial crisis of 2007–2008; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years. Azerbaijan was ranked 89th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector. The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies (MCIT) and an operator through its role in Aztelekom are both policy-makers and regulators. Public payphones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. As of 2009[ [update]], there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines and 1,485,000 internet users. There are four GSM providers: Azercell, Bakcell, Azerfon (Nar Mobile), Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA. In the 21st century a number of prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists, inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others, designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake-resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service. The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit on 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46° East. The satellite covers Europe and a significant part of Asia and Africa and serves the transmission of TV and radio broadcasting as well as the Internet. The launching of a satellite into orbit is Azerbaijan's first step in realizing its goal of becoming a nation with its own space industry, capable of successfully implementing more projects in the future. Demographics. As of March 2022, 52.9% of Azerbaijan's total population of 10,164,464 is urban, with the remaining 47.1% being rural. In January 2019, the 50.1% of the total population was female. The sex ratio in the same year was 0.99 males per female. The 2011 population growth-rate was 0.85%, compared to 1.09% worldwide. A significant factor restricting population growth is a high level of migration. In 2011 Azerbaijan saw a migration of −1.14/1,000 people. The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan, including the German cultural society "Karelhaus", Slavic cultural center, Azerbaijani-Israeli community, Kurdish cultural center, International Talysh Association, Lezgin national center "Samur", Azerbaijani-Tatar community, Crimean Tatars society, etc. In total, Azerbaijan has 78 cities, 63 city districts, and one special legal status city. 261 urban-type settlements and 4248 villages follow these. <templatestyles src="Template:Largest_cities/styles.css" /> Ethnicity. Demographics of Azerbaijan <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Azerbaijanis (91.6%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Lezgins (2.02%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Russians (1.35%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Armenians (1.35%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Talyshs (1.26%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Avars (0.56%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Turks (0.43%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Tatars (0.29%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Tats (0.28%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Ukrainians (0.24%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Tsakhurs (0.14%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Udis (0.04%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Georgians (0.11%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Jews (0.1%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Kurds (0.07%)<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  Others (0.16%) The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census: 91.6% Azerbaijanis, 2.0% Lezgins, 1.4% Armenians (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh), 1.3% Russians, 1.3% Talysh, 0.6% Avars, 0.4% Turks, 0.3% Tatars, 0.3% Tats, 0.2% Ukrainians, 0.1% Tsakhurs, 0.1% Georgians, 0.1% Jews, 0.1% Kurds, other 0.2%. Languages. The official language is Azerbaijani, which is a Turkic language. Azerbaijani is spoken by approximately 92% of the population as a mother tongue. Russian and Armenian (only in Nagorno-Karabakh) are also spoken, and each are the mother tongue of around 1.5% of the population respectively. There are a dozen other minority languages spoken natively in the country. Avar, Budukh, Georgian, Juhuri, Khinalug, Kryts, Lezgin, Rutul, Talysh, Tat, Tsakhur, and Udi are all spoken by small minorities. Some of these language communities are very small and their numbers are decreasing. Armenian was the majority language in Nagorno-Karabakh with around 76% in 1989. After the first Nagorno-Karabakh war, the population is almost exclusively Armenian at around 95%. Religion. Azerbaijan is considered the most secular Muslim-majority country. Around 97% of the population are Muslims. Around 55–85% of Muslims are estimated to be Shia, while 15–45% of Muslims are Sunnis. Other faiths are practised by the country's various ethnic groups. Under article 48 of its Constitution, Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom. In a 2006–2008 Gallup poll, only 21% of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives. Of the nation's religious minorities, the estimated 280,000 Christians (3.1%) are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh). In 2003, there were 250 Roman Catholics. Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans, Baptists and Molokans. There is also a small Protestant community. Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a 2,000-year history; Jewish organizations estimate that 12,000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan, which is home to the only Jewish-majority town outside of Israel and the United States. Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Baháʼí, Hare Krishna and Jehovah's Witnesses communities, as well as adherents of the other religious communities. Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom. A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups, and many groups have difficulty registering with the agency who regulates religion, The State Committee on Religious Associations of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SCWRA). Education. A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education, most notably in scientific and technical subjects. In the Soviet era, literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point, despite two changes in the standard alphabet, from Perso-Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s. According to Soviet data, 100 percent of males and females (ages nine to forty-nine) were literate in 1970. According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009, the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99.5 percent. Since independence, one of the first laws that Azerbaijan's Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified-Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic. Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change. Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education (banned during the Soviet period) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content. In addition to elementary schools, the education institutions include thousands of preschools, general secondary schools, and vocational schools, including specialized secondary schools and technical schools. Education through the ninth grade is compulsory. Culture. The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences; that is why Azerbaijanis are, in many ways, bi-cultural. Today, national traditions are well preserved in the country despite Western influences, including globalized consumer culture. Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are: music, literature, folk dances and art, cuisine, architecture, cinematography and Novruz Bayram. The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism. Novruz is a family holiday. The profile of Azerbaijan's population consists, as stated above, of Azerbaijanis, as well as other nationalities or ethnic groups, compactly living in various areas of the country. Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi. There are radio broadcasts in Russian, Georgian, Kurdish, Lezgian and Talysh languages, which are financed from the state budget. Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat. In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian, Kurdish ("Dengi Kurd"), Lezgian ("Samur") and Talysh languages. Jewish society "Sokhnut" publishes the newspaper "Aziz". Music and folk dances. Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years. For centuries Azerbaijani music has evolved under the badge of monody, producing rhythmically diverse melodies. Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system, where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance. Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments, eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments. According to "The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", "in terms of ethnicity, culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey." Mugham, meykhana and ashiq art are among the many musical traditions of Azerbaijan. Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. When performing mugham, the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music. In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries, Azerbaijani mugham is more free-form and less rigid; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz. UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song, usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject. Ashiq combines poetry, storytelling, dance, and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture. It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz. This tradition has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples. Ashiqs' songs are semi-improvised around common bases. Azerbaijan's ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO on 30 September 2009. Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced Azerbaijani pop music, in its various forms, that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan, while genres such as rock and hip hop are widely produced and enjoyed. Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov, Rashid Behbudov, Vagif Mustafazadeh, Muslim Magomayev, Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova. Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest. Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. The country's entry gained third place in 2009 and fifth the following year. Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song "Running Scared", entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012, in Baku. They have qualified for every Grand Final up until the 2018 edition of the contest, entering with X My Heart by singer Aisel. There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances. They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the Chokha, which is well-preserved within the national dances. Most dances have a very fast rhythm. Literature. Among the medieval authors born within the territorial limits of modern Azerbaijani Republic was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami, called Ganjavi after his place of birth, Ganja, who was the author of the Khamsa ("The Quintuplet"), composed of five romantic poems, including "The Treasure of Mysteries", "Khosrow and Shīrīn", and "Leyli and Mejnūn". The earliest known figure in written Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoghlu, who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Azerbaijani ghazals. In Persian ghazals he used his pen-name, while his Azerbaijani ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu. Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan. Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin, Haqiqi (pen-name of Jahan Shah Qara Qoyunlu), and Habibi. The end of the 14th century was also the period of starting literary activity of Imadaddin Nasimi, one of the greatest Azerbaijani Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history, who also composed poetry in Persian and Arabic. The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasem-e Anvar, Fuzuli and Khatai (pen-name of Safavid Shah Ismail I). The "Book of Dede Korkut" consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century, and was not written earlier than the 15th century. It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads. The 16th-century poet, Muhammed Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical "Qazals" in Arabic, Persian, and Azerbaijani. Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment, and building upon the legacy of his predecessors, Fuzuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society. His major works include "The Divan of Ghazals" and "The Qasidas". In the same century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik () poetic genre of bards. During the same period, under the pen-name of Khatāī ( for "sinner") Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azerbaijani, which were later published as his "Divan". A unique literary style known as "qoshma" ( for "improvisation") was introduced in this period, and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor, Shah Tahmasp I. In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries, Fuzuli's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz, Shah Abbas Sani, Agha Mesih Shirvani, Nishat, Molla Vali Vidadi, Molla Panah Vagif, Amani, Zafar and others. Along with Turks, Turkmens and Uzbeks, Azerbaijanis also celebrate the Epic of Koroglu (from for "blind man's son"), a legendary folk hero. Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. Modern Azerbaijani literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one. The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, "Akinchi" was published in 1875. In the mid-19th century, it was taught in the schools of Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. Since 1845, it was also taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia. Folk art. Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture, a major part of which is decorative and applied art. This art form is represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as chasing, jeweling, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone, bone, carpet-making, lasing, pattern weaving and printing, and knitting and embroidery. Each of these types of decorative art, evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation, is very much in favor here. Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants, travelers, and diplomats who had visited these places at different times. The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes, with a dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface, whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan's many carpet-making regions. In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO. Azerbaijan has been since ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts. The archeological dig on the territory of Azerbaijan testifies to the well-developed agriculture, stock raising, metalworking, pottery, ceramics, and carpet-weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC. Archeological sites in Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts. Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups. Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Karimov, a prominent scientist and artist. It was his classification that related the four large groups of carpets with the four geographical zones of Azerbaijan, Guba-Shirvan, Ganja-Kazakh, Karabakh and Tabriz. Cuisine. The traditional cuisine is famous for an abundance of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes. Fresh herbs, including mint, cilantro (coriander), dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat (mainly mutton and beef), and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Saffron-rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage. Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass as they have very strong tea culture. Popular traditional dishes include bozbash (lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables), qutab (fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat) and dushbara (sort of dumplings of dough filled with ground meat and flavor). Architecture. Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West. Azerbaijani architecture has heavy influences from Persian architecture. Many ancient architectural treasures such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku survive in modern Azerbaijan. Entries submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku, Momine Khatun Mausoleum, Hirkan National Park, Binagadi asphalt lake, Lökbatan Mud Volcano, Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve, Baku Stage Mountain, Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions, Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans. Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan, Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar, a number of bridges spanning the Aras River, and several mausoleums. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, little monumental architecture was created, but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere. Among the most recent architectural monuments, the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor. The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Flame Towers, Baku Crystal Hall, Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity. Visual art. The Gamigaya Petroglyphs, which date back to the 1st to 4th millennium BC, are located in Azerbaijan's Ordubad District. They consist of some 1500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer, goats, bulls, dogs, snakes, birds, fantastic beings, and people, carriages, and various symbols were found on basalt rocks. Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD, took their boat building skills with them, and transmuted them into the Viking boats in Northern Europe. Over the centuries, Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes. Azerbaijani painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli, and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs. Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years, from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods, and through the Soviet and Baroque periods, the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan. Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Sattar Bahlulzade, Togrul Narimanbekov, Tahir Salahov, Alakbar Rezaguliyev, Mirza Gadim Iravani, Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade. Cinema. The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898. Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography, with the apparatus first showing up in Baku. In 1919, during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, a documentary "The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence" was filmed on the first anniversary of Azerbaijan's independence from Russia, 27 May, and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku. After the Soviet power was established in 1920, Nariman Narimanov, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan's cinema. This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation. In 1991, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union, the first Baku International Film Festival East-West was held in Baku. In December 2000, the former President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920. Once again, both choices of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker. Television. There are three state-owned television channels: AzTV, Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV. There is one public channel and 6 private channels: İctimai Television, Space TV, Lider TV, Azad Azerbaijan TV, Xazar TV, Real TV and ARB. Human rights. The Constitution of Azerbaijan claims to guarantee freedom of speech, but this is denied in practice. After several years of decline in press and media freedom, in 2014, the media environment in Azerbaijan deteriorated rapidly under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism, even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (May–November 2014). Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm. All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country. According to the 2013 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report, Azerbaijan's press freedom status is "not free", and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries. Christianity is officially recognized. All religious communities are required to register to be allowed to meet, under the risk of imprisonment. This registration is often denied. "Racial discrimination contributes to the country's lack of religious freedom, since many of the Christians are ethnic Armenian or Russian, rather than Azeri Muslim". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Voice of America are banned in Azerbaijan. Discrimination against LGBT people in Azerbaijan is widespread. During the last few years, three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations. Azerbaijan had the biggest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe in 2015, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, and is the 5th most censored country in the world, ahead of Iran and China. Some critical journalists have been arrested for their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan. A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October 2015 points to "...the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years. Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society." Amnesty's 2015/16 annual report on the country stated "... persecution of political dissent continued. Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work. At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year. Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad, while their family members also faced harassment and arrests. International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country. Reports of torture and other ill-treatment persisted." "The Guardian" reported in April 2017 that "Azerbaijan's ruling elite operated a secret $2.9bn (£2.2bn) scheme to pay prominent Europeans, buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies ... Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership, accused of serial human rights abuses, systemic corruption and rigging elections, made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014. Some of this money went to politicians and journalists, as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan's president, Ilham Aliyev, and to promote a positive image of his oil-rich country." There was no suggestion that all recipients were aware of the source of the money as it arrived via a disguised route. Sport. Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan's national sport, in which Azerbaijan won up to fourteen medals, including four golds since joining the International Olympic Committee. Currently, the most popular sports include football and wrestling. Football is the most popular sport in Azerbaijan, and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan with 9,122 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country. The national football team of Azerbaijan demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs. The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftçi, Qarabağ, and Gabala. In 2012, Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition, beating APOEL of Cyprus 4–2 on aggregate in the play-off round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. In 2014, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League. In 2017, after beating Copenhagen 2–2 (a) in the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League, Qarabağ became the first Azerbaijani club to reach the Group stage. Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship, while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009–10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013–14 UEFA Futsal Cup. Azerbaijan was the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid during seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, a partnership that the club described should 'promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world'. Azerbaijan is one of the traditional powerhouses of world chess, having hosted many international chess tournaments and competitions and became European Team Chess Championship winners in 2009, 2013 and 2017. Notable chess players from the country's chess schools that have made a great impact on the game include Teimour Radjabov, Shahriyar Mammadyarov, Vladimir Makogonov, Vugar Gashimov and former World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. As of 2014[ [update]], country's home of Shamkir Chess a category 22 event and one of the highest rated tournaments of all time. Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture. The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public. There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts. Azerbaijan Women's Volleyball Super League is one of the strongest women leagues in the world. Its women's national team came fourth at the 2005 European Championship. Over the last years, clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups. Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko, Oksana Parkhomenko, Inessa Korkmaz, Natalya Mammadova, and Alla Hasanova. Other Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev, Toghrul Asgarov, Rovshan Bayramov, Sharif Sharifov, Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling, Nazim Huseynov, Elnur Mammadli, Elkhan Mammadov and Rustam Orujov in judo, Rafael Aghayev in karate, Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing, Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting, Azad Asgarov in pankration, Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing, and K-1 fighter Zabit Samedov. Azerbaijan has a Formula One race-track, made in June 2012, and the country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix on 19 June 2016 and the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022. Other annual sporting events held in the country are the Baku Cup tennis tournament and the Tour d'Azerbaïdjan cycling race. Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions since the late 2000s, including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship, 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships, 2010 European Wrestling Championships, 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, 2014 European Taekwondo Championships, 2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, and 2016 World Chess Olympiad. On 8 December 2012, Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games, the first to be held in the competition's history. Baku also hosted the fourth Islamic Solidarity Games in 2017 and the 2019 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival, and it is also one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2020, which because of Covid-19 is being held in 2021. See also. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aajorbaijan arjorbaijan (,,,), anusthanikbhabe arjorbaijan gonorajyo, pubo euroop aaru poschim asier ximat owosthito ekhon antohmohadexiyo dex. ee dokhyin koo 'kasas oncholor etaa ongxo aaru pube caspian xagor, uttore rasiya (dejestan gonorajyo), uttor-poschime georgia, poschime armenia aaru turkey, aaru dokhyine iranere aabodho. baaku hoise rajdhani aaru brihottom sohor. 1918 sonot arjorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyoi trenscakesian gonotantrik federative republicor poraa swadhinota ghuxona korisil aaru prothom dhormoniropekhyo gonotantrik musolman xongkhyagoristho rajyo hisape porigonito hoisil. 1920 sonot dexkhon orjorbaijan ess. ess. aar. hisape sobhiyet xonghot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. aadhunik aajorbaijan gonorajyoi 1991 sonor 30 aagostot, xei bosorote sobhiyet union bhongo huwar kichu xomoyor purbe, nijor swadhinota ghuxona korisil. 1991 sonor septembor maahot nagornu-karabakh oncholor jatigoto armenian xongkhyagoristhota swoghuxito kolakh gonorajyo gothon korisil. onchol aaru iyar aaxe-paxe thoka xatkhon jilak aajorbaijanor ongxo hisape antohrastriyobhabe swikriti diya hoise, oh "esoir dwara xohojxadhyo koraa alusonar joriyote nagornu-korabakhor sthitir xomadhanor baabe baaki aase, jodiu 1994 sonot prothom nagornu-korabakh juddhor xomaptir xoite ee" prokrito "swadhin hoi porisil. 2020 sonot dwitiyo nagornu-korabakh juddhor pisot, xatkhon jilaa aaru nagornu-korabakhor kichu ongxo aajorbaijani niyontronoloi ghurai diya hoisil. aajorbaijan hoise ek ekatmok ordho-rastriyo gonorajyo. ee soikhon swadhin turkey rajyor bhitorot etaa aaru turkey rajyo aaru turkey xomprodayor xongothonor ek xokriyo xodosyo. aajorbaijanor 182khon dexor xoite kutnoitik xomporko aase aaru teu 38khon antohrastriyo xongothonor xodosyopod laabh korise, jaar bhitorot aase united nationals, euroop porixod, jute-nirpekhyo andulon, oh "sece aaru naatu pfp karzoxusi. ee guwam, sis aaru oh "pisidobliu-ror onyotomo protisthapok xodosyo. aajorbaijanou wutur ek porzobekhyok rajyo. dexor jonoxongkhyar brihot xongkhyagoristho (97 xotangxo) naam matrote musolman, kintu xongbidhane sorkari dhormo ghuxona nokore aaru dexor xokolu prodhan rajnoitik xokti dhormoniropekhyo. aajorbaijan ekhon unnoyonxil dex aaru manob unnoyon xusokot 91tomo sthanot aase. iyat orthonoitik unnoyonor haar uscho, xakhyorotar haar komm aaru bekarotwor haar komm. obosye, 1993 sonor poraa khyomotat thoka xaxok notun aajorbaijan dolor uporot heidar aliyev aaru teur putro ilham aliyev duyure netritwot swoirotontro netritwor obhijug utthapon koraa hoise, aaru nagorik swadhinotar uporot briddhi puwa nixedhagya, bixexkoi xongbad madhyomor swadhinota aaru rajnoitik domonor uporot dexor manob odhikaror obhilekhor owonoti ghotise. byutpotti. ek aadhunik byutpotir mote, "aajorbaijan" xobdotu "etro 'petch" ror poraa aahise, ji hoise accamenid xamrajyor odhinot thoka ek parchi xatrap, jaak pisoloi alekjendar dyo greator odhinot miriyar xatrap hisape punor sthapon koraa hoisil. ei naamor mool byutpotir mulbur exomoyot probhawxali jorustriyanbadot aase buli dharona koraa hoy. owester "frawardin yosto" ("obhibhawok dutxokolor baabe stutigit") too, etaa ullekh aase, jitu akhyorikbhabe owestanor poraa onubad koraa hoise "aami pobitro etro" petinor frabhaxik puja koru ". etro" petch "naamtuwei hoise etaa puroni iranianor greek lipyontoron, xombhobotoh modhyomiya," (pobitro) juir dwara xurokhito "baa" (pobitro) juir bhumi "orthor xoite jougik naam. greek naamtu diod "raas xikulax aaru strabur dwara ullekh koraa hoisil. haajar bosor dhori ei naamtu (modhyo parchi), taar pisot, (notun parchi) aaru bortomanor "aajorbaijan" loi bikoxito hoisil. 1918 sonot rasian xamrajyor potonor pisot, jetiya swadhin arjorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyo protistha hoisil, tetiya musawot sorkare bortomanor arjorbaijan gonorajyor oncholor baabe "arjorbaijan" naamtu prothombaror baabe grohon korisil. tetiyaloike, ei podobitu kewol xomoxamoyik uttor-poschim iranor xonglogno onchol sinakto koriboloi byobohar koraa hoisil, aanhate aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyor oncholok purbote "erenj" aaru "sirbhan" buli kuwa hoisil. xei bhittit irane notunkoi grohon koraa dexor naamtur birudhita korisil. sobhiyet xaxonor xomoyot, dexkhonor rasian lipyontoronor poraa letin bhaxatu '() "buli likha hoisil. 1940 sonor poraa 1991 sonoloike dexor naamtu sairilik lipito 'buli likha hoisil. itihax. prasin kaal. aajorbaijan oncholot manob boxoti sthaponor prasinotomo proman xiljugor xexor faale aaru aajhikh guhaar guruse xongoskritir xoite xomporkito. prarombhik boxotixomuhot khristopurbo 9moo xotikar skythianxokol ontorbhukto aasil. skythianxokolor pisot, iranian medixxokole aarax nodir dokhyinor oncholtut aadhipotyo bistar koriboloi aahisil. medixxokole khristopurbo 900ror poraa 700ror bhitorot ek bixal xamrajyo gothon korisil, jitu pray 550 khristopurbot ochemanid xamrajyot ekotrito hoisil. ei oncholtu ochemanidxokole joy korisil jaar folot jorustriyanijomor proxar ghotisil. sasaniyo xomoyor poraa safabhid xomoyoloike. sasanian xamrajyoi 252 sonot koo 'kesian albaniak ek xamonto rajyoloi rupantorit korisil, aanhate roja orneyare 4rtho xotikat anusthanikbhabe khristan dhormok rajyik dhormo hisape grohon korisil. sasanid xaxon thokar pisotu, 9moo xotikaloike albania ei oncholot ek xotta hoi aasil, aanhate sasanid iranor xompurno odhinostho aasil, aaru iyar rajtontro bojai rakhisil. sasanian xomrator mukhyo xamontoxokolor bhitorot ejon huwar swotweu, albanian rojar kewol kortritwor aabhax aasil, aaru sasanian marzban (xamorik rajyopal)-ror besibhag oxamorik, dhormiyo aaru xamorik kortritwo aasil. 7moo xotikar prothomardhot, persier musolman bijoyor baabe sasaniyanxokolor xamonto hisape koo 'kesian albania naamiyo musolman xaxonor odhinot aahisil. umaiya kholifai dokhyin koo 'kasasor poraa sasanian aaru byzantine duyutake proityakhyan korisil aaru 667 sonot roja jabhansiror netritwot khristan protirudh domon korar pisot koo' kasiya albaniak ek xamonto rajyoloi rupantorit korisil. abbasid kholifar potonor folot baaki thoka xunyosthan oxongkhyo sthaniyo rajbonxo jene sallarid, sajid aaru saddadidor dwara puron koraa hoisil. ekadox xotikar aarombhonite, oncholtu kromanwoye modhyo asier ughuj turkor dhouye dokhol korisil, jiye xei xomoyot etaa turkman nrigusthiyo naam grohon korisil. ei turkey rajbongxoxomuhor bhitorot prothomtu aasil cheljuk xamrajyo, ji 1067 sonor bhitorot etiya aajorbaijan naamere jonajat oncholtut prowex korisil. aadhunik aajorbaijanor oncholot baax koraa praak-turkeyo jonogusthiye keibatau indu-europiyo aaru koo 'kesian bhaxa koichil, taare bhitorot armenian aaru etaa iraniyo bhaxa, puroni aajori, ji kromanwoye ekhon turkeyo bhaxar dwara xoloni koraa hoisil, ji aajir aajorbaijani bhaxar prarombhik prarthi. kisuman bhaxabidoi eituu koiche je iranian aajorbaijan aaru aajorbaijan gonorajyor taati upobhaxa, tatxokole kuwar dore, puroni aajorir poraa aahise. sthaniyobhabe, poroborti cheljuk xamrajyor xompoti eldigujidxokole xaxon korisil, karikoribhabe cheljuk sultanxokolor xamontoxokol, kintu ketiyaba "prokrito" xaxokxokole nijei xaxon korisil. seljukxokolor odhinot, nijami gonjobi aaru khakanir dore sthaniyo kobixokole bortomanor aajorbaijanor oncholot parchi xahityor prosfutonor jonmo disil. xirowanswahor sthaniyo rajbongxotu taimuror xamrajyor ek xamonto rajyo hoi porisil aaru xunali doll tukhtamiswor xaxokor xoite teur juddhot xohay korisil. timuror mrityur pisot dutaa swadhin aaru protidondi rajyor udbhob hoisiloh kaara koyunolu aaru aak koyunolu. xirowanswahxokole ubhoti aahisil, bohu xotika dhori sthaniyo xaxok aaru xamonto hisape uscho porzayor swayotoxaxon bojai rakhisil jene teuluke 861 sonor poraa korisil. 1501 sonot, iranor safabhid rajbonxoi xirowanswahxokolok box korisil aaru iyar xompoti laabh korisil. poroborti xotikar xomoisuwat, safabhidxokole purbor sunni jonoxongkhyak swiya islamoloi rupantorit korisil, jenekoi teuluke aadhunik-dinor iranor jonoxongkhyar xoite korisil. safabhidxokole 1538 sonoloike, jetiya safabhid roja tahmaspo aai (ror) hoy, xirowanswahok safabhid xujarentir odhinot khyomotat thakiboloi onumoti disil. 1524-1576) teulukok xompurnorupe opodostho kori oncholtu xirowanor safabhid prodexot porinot korisil. xunni automanxokole 1578-1590 ror automan-safabhid juddhor pholsworupe bortomanor aajorbaijanor kichu ongxo dokhol koriboloi xamori loisil; 17 xotikar aarombhonite, teulukok safavidanian xaxok aabbas aai (aar. 1588-1629). safabhid xamrajyor potonor pisote, baaku aaru iyar poriwexxomuh rasiyanxokole 1722-1723 ror rusu-persian juddhor pholsworupe xongkhiptobhabe dokhol korisil. safabhid iranor suburiya protidondixokolor dwara ene xongkhipto biroti diyar swotweu, aajir aajorbaijanor bhumi safabhidxokolor prarombhik aagomonor poraa 19 xotikar xomoyoloike iranian xaxonor odhinot aasil. aadhunik itihax. safabhidxokolor pisot, oncholtu iranor afosworid rajbonxor dwara xaxito hoisil. naader swahor mrityur pisot (ror. 1736-1747), teur bohutu purbor projai osthirotar ogroxorkoronor uporot puji korisil. oncholtut bibhinno dhoronor swayotoxaxonor xoite oxongkhyo swo-xaxon koraa khanotor udbhob hoisil. ei khanotxomuhor xaxokxokol iranor xaxok rajbonxor xoite punpotiyakoi xomporkito aasil aaru iranor swahor xamonto aaru proja aasil. khanotxokole modhyo esiya aaru poschimor maajot antohrastriyo banijyo pothor joriyote teulukor bixoixomuhor uporot niyontron proyug korisil. taar pisot, oncholtu iranor jund aaru kojaror kromanwoye xaxonor odhinot aasil. 18 xotikar xexor poraa rasiyar xamrajyoi iyar dui suburiya aaru dokhyinor protidondi, iraan aaru automan xamrajyor proti odhik aakromonatmok bhu-rajnoitik sthitiloi xoloni hoisil. rasiyai etiya xokriyobhabe koo 'kasas onchol dokhol koriboloi chesta korisil, jitu besibhag ongxor baabe iranor haatot aasil. 1804 sonot rasiyanxokole iranor gaaja sohorot aakromon kori dhongxo korisil, jaar folot rusu-persian juddhor xusona hoisil. xamorikbhabe unnot rasiyanxokole rusu-persian juddhor xomapti ghotaisil. 1804-1813 juddhot kaajar iranor porajoyor pisot, gulistanor sukti onuxori, ee georgia aaru dejestanor logote besibhag khanator uporot rasian xamrajyor aadhipotyo swikar koriboloi badhyo hoisil. 19 xotikat rasiyai dokhol nokoraloike aara nodir uttor dixot thoka oncholtu, jaar bhitorot xomoxamoyik aajorbaijan gonorajyo owosthito, iranor onchol aasil. pray ek doxokor pisot, gulistan sukti ulonghon kori rasiyanxokole iranor irivan khanate aakromon korisil. iyar folot duyure maajot suranto xotrutar sristi hoisil, rusu-persian juddhor folot turkmensair suktir folot kaajar irane irivan khanate, nakhsibhan khanate aaru baaki thoka talix khanater uporot xarbobhoumotwo tyag koriboloi badhyo hoisil, zo 'too xomoxamoyik aajorbaijani gonorajyor maatir xex ongxo ontorbhukto aasil ji etiyau iranor haatot aasil. iranor poraa rasiyat xokolu koo 'kesian onchol ontorbhukto huwar pisot, duyure maajor notun xeema aaras nodit sthapon koraa hoisil, ji, sobhiyet unionor bischinno huwar pisot, poroborti xomoyot iraan aaru aajorbaijan gonorajyor maajor ximantor ongxo hoi porisil. 19 xotikat kaajar iranok iyar koo 'kesian oncholxomuh rasiyar haatot eriboloi badhyo koraa hoisil, zo' too enedore aadhunik oh 'jarbaijan gonorajyor bhukhondo ontorbhukto aasil, aanhate xei odhibexonor pholsworupe, oh' jarbaijani jatigoto guttu aajikali dutaa rastror maajot bibhokto hoiseh iraan aaru oh 'jarbaijan. rasiyar bijoyor pisotu, xomogro 19xo xotikar bhitorot, rasiyar odhinot thoka baaku, ganja aaru tiflix (tobilixi, bortoman georgia) sohorot iranor xongoskriti, xahityo aaru bhaxar xoite jorito hoi thoka swiya aaru sunni buddhijibixokolor maajot byapok hoi aasil. eke xotikar bhitorote, iraniyar uttor-rasiyar dokholot thoka pubo kokexiyat, 19 xotikar xexot ek aajorbaijani rastriyo porisoyor udbhob hoisil. prothom biswojudhor xomoyot rasian xamrajyor potonor pisot, bortomanor aajorbaijan, georgia aaru aarmeniyar gonorajyo gothon kori, swolposthayi trenscakesian gonotantrik federative republic ghuxona koraa hoisil. iyar pisote 1918 sonor 30 marchor poraa 2 aprilor bhitorot rasiyar rasiyar baaku sohor aaru iyar kaxor oncholxomuhot marchor dinor gonohoitya xonghotit hoisil. 1918 sonor mey "maahot jetiya gonorajyo bhongo hoisil, tetiya aagxarir musawot dole notun gonorajyor baabe" aajorbaijan "naamtu grohon kori aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyo (e. di. aar.) hisape swadhinota ghuxona korisil; e. di. aar. ghuxonar purbe kewol xomoxamoyik iranor xonglogno uttor-poschim oncholtuk bujaboloi byobohar koraa etaa naam. aar. di. aar aasil musolman biswor prothom aadhunik xongxodiyo gonorajyo. xongxodor guruttopurno xafolyoxomuhor bhitorot aasil mohilaxokolok bhutadhikaror xomproxaron, jaar folot aajorbaijanok puruxor xoite mohilaxokolok xoman rajnoitik odhikar prodan koraa prothom musolman rastro hisape gorhi tulaa hoisil. aar. di. aaror aan etaa guruttopurno xafolyo aasil baaku rajyik biswobidyaloy sthapon, ji aasil musolman pubot protistha koraa prothom aadhunik dhoronor biswobidyaloy. 1920 sonor march maahor bhitorot, eitu sposto aasil je sobhiyet rasiyai bakuloi aakromon koribo. vladimir lenine koichil je aakromontu nyayxongot aasil kiyonu sobhiyet rasiyai bakur tel obihone jiyai thakibo nuware. swadhin aajorbaijan maatro 23 maahhe solisil jetiyaloike bolsevik 11tomo sobhiyet ronga xenai iyak aakromon kori 1920 sonor 28 aprilot aajorbaijan ssr protistha korisil. jodiu notunkoi gothon koraa aajorbaijani xenar brihot ongxo karabakhot maatro bhangi juwa armenian bidruh domon korat niyujit aasil, ajorbaijanixokole teulukor xongkhipto swadhinota oti xunkale baa xohoje aatmoxomorpon koraa nasil. rasiyar punor bijoyor protirudh kori 20,000 arjorbaijani xoinyor mrityu hoisil. poroborti prarombhik sobhiyet xomoyor bhitorot owoxexot aajorbaijanir rastriyo porisoyor sristi hoisil. 1921 sonor 13 octoborot rasiya, armenia, aajorbaijan aaru georgier sobhiyet gonorajyoxomuhe tarkir xoite ek sukti swakhyor kore jaak carch sukti buli jonaa yaay. purbote swadhin aaras gonorajyo carch suktir dwara aajorbaijan ssror bhitorot nakhsibhan swayotoxaxito sobhiyet xomajbadi gonorajyotu porinot hoh 'bob. aanhate, aarmeniyak jangjejur onchol prodan koraa hoisil aaru turkey giyumri (tetiya alekjendro 'paal naamere jonajat) ghurai diboloi xonmot hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot, aajorbaijane sobhiyet unionor kouxologot xokti nitit ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil, zo 'too pubo dixot thoka sobhiyet unionor telor 80 xotangxo bakur dwara jugan dhora hoisil. 1942 sonor februaryt eu. ess. ess. aaror xorbuscho subhiyetor dikrir dwara, aajorbaijanor tel udyugor 500ru odhik sromik aaru kormosarir protisrutir baabe aadex aaru podok prodan koraa hoisil. ussror xokti (petro "liam) dainamu hisape iyar gurutwor baabe german wermaste bakuk lokhyo kori soluwa opareson edelweis. 1941 sonor poraa 1945 sonoloike dwitiyo biswojudhot juj diya xokolu aajorbaijanir ek ponchomangxo. pray 681,000 luk, jaar bhitorot 100,000tokoiu odhik mohila aasil, xonmukholoi goisil, aanhate xei xomoyot aajorbaijanor muth jonoxongkhya aasil 3.4 nijut. aajorbaijanor pray 250,000 luk xonmukhote nihot hoisil. 130ru odhik aajorbaijanixokolok sobhiyet unionor nayok hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. aajorbaijani mejor-general aaji aasolanubhok dubarkoi sobhiyet unionor nayok hisape xonmanito koraa hoisil. swadhinota. mikhail gurbasevor dwara aarombho koraa "glaxonsto" ror rajneetir pisot, sobhiyet unionor bibhinno oncholot nagornu-karabakhoke dhori nagornu-karabakh, aajorbaijan ess. ess. aaror ek swayotoxaxito oncholor logote nagoron osthirota aaru jatigoto xonghat briddhi paisil. itimodhye uttopto xonghator proti mosko 'ror udaxinotar protikriyat aajorbaijanor oxantir folot swadhinota aaru bischinnotar aahban jonuwa hoisil, jaar folot bakut januaryr koo' laa ghotonaxomuhor xomapti ghotisil. pisoloi 1990 sonot, aajorbaijan ess. ess. aaror xorbuscho porixode upadhir poraa "sobhiyet xomajbadi" xobdotu aatorai diye, "aajorbaijan gonorajyor xarbobhoumotwor ghuxona" grohon kore aaru aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyor potakak rajyik potaka hisape punoruddhar kore. moskut 1991 sonor xubhiyet obhyuthanor bifol prochestar pholsworupe, arjorbaijanor xorbuscho porixode 1991 sonor 18 octoborot swadhinotar ghuxona grohon korisil, jitu 1991 sonor disemborot dexjura gonobhutor dwara nischito koraa hoisil, aanhate 1991 sonor 26 disemborot anusthanikbhabe sobhiyet unionor ostitwo bondho hoi goisil. dexkhone etiya 18 octoborot iyar swadhinota dibox udjapon kore. swadhinotar prarombhik bosorbur prothom nagornu-karabakh juddhor dwara aarmeniyar xomorthonot nagornu-karabakhor jatigoto armenian xongkhyagoristhotar xoite sayajukto hoisil. 1994 sonot xotrutar xexoloike aarmeniyanxokole nagornu-karabakhoke dhori aajorbaijani oncholor 14-16 xotangxoloike niyontron korisil. juddhor xomoyot malibeli aaru gussularot gonohoitya, garadagoli gonohoitya aaru khujali gonohoitya, logote baaku gonohoitya, maraga gonohoitya aaru kiruwabad gonohoityake dhori duyu pokhyore bohutu otyasar aaru gonohoitya xonghotit hoisil. iyar uporiu, anumanik 30,000 luk nihot hoise aaru ek nijutoru odhik luk sthanchyut hoise, 800,000 ru odhik arbarbaijani aaru 300,000 armenian. sarita rastriyo nirapotta porixodor prostab (822,853,874, aaru 884)-e "aajorbaijanor xokolu odhikrito oncholor poraa xokolu armenian bahinir tatkhyonik protyaharor daabi jonaisil."1990-ror doxokot bohutu rasian aaru armenian xoronarthi hisape aajorbaijanor poraa polayon korisil. 1970 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, ajorbaijanot 510,000 john rasian aaru 484,000 aarmeniyo aasil. aliyev poriyalor xaxon, 1993-bortoman. 1993 sonot, gonotantrikbhabe nirbasito rastropoti abulfaz elsibik cornell surat huseinovor netritwot ek xamorik bidruhor dwara utkhat koraa hoisil, jaar folot sobhiyet aajorbaijanor prakton netaa heidar aliyebhor khyomota briddhi paisil. 1994 sonot xurat huseinov, xei xomoyoloike prodhanmontriye heidar aliyebhor biruddhe aan ek xamorik obhyuthanor chesta korisil, kintu teuk greptar koraa hoisil aaru rastruhor obhijug utthapon koraa hoisil. ebosoror pisot, 1995 sonot, aliyebhor biruddhe aan etaa obhyuthanor chesta koraa hoisil, eibar um 'noo bixex gutor xenapoti rubhxan jabhadove. ei obhyuthan protihot koraa hoisil, jaar folot pisorjonor mrityu hoisil aaru aajorbaijanor um 'noo gutxomuh bhongo hoisil. eke xomoyote, dexkhon xaxok aamulatontror byapok durneetir dwara kolonkito hoisil. 1998 sonor octobor maahot aliyev dwitiyo karzokalor baabe punor nirbasito hoisil. orthonitir jothesto unnoti huwar swotweu, bixexkoi aajeri-sirag-gunexoli tel khyetro aaru swaah deniz ges khyetror xuxonor xoite, xondehjukto nirbason jaliati, uscho porimanor orthonoitik boixomyo aaru ghoruwa durneetir baabe aliyebhor rastropoti podor xomaluchona koraa hoisil. 2003 sonot pitrir mrityur xomoyot heidar aliyebhor putro ilham aliyev notun aajorbaijan dolor odhyokhyo huwar logote aajorbaijanor xobhapoti hoisil. 2013 sonor octobor maahot teu tritiyobaror baabe rastropoti hisape punor nirbasito hoisil. 2018 sonor aprilot, rastropoti ilham aliyebhe nirbasonot teur ekerahe soturthobaror baabe nirbasito hoisil jaak mukhyo birudhi dolxomuhe protarona buli boykot korisil. 2020 sonor 27 septemborot nagornu-karabakh xomporko rekhar kaxot omimangxito nagornu-karabakh xonghator notun xonghorxo punor aarombho hoisil. aajorbaijan aaru aarmeniyar xoxostro bahini duyutai xamorik aaru oxamorik hotahotor khobor disil. nagornu-karabakh juddhobiroti sukti aaru aajorbaijan aaru aarmeniyar maajot choy xoptahor juddhor xomapti ajorbaijanot byapokbhabe udjapon koraa hoisil, kiyonu teuluke guruttopurno ancholik laabh korisil. bhugul. bhougulikbhabe, aajorbaijan urasier dokhyin koo 'kasas oncholot owosthito, ji poschim esiya aaru pubo europot bistrito hoi aase. ee 38° aaru 42°n okhyangxo aaru 44° aaru 51°e draghimangxor maajot owosthito. aajorbaijanor bhumi ximar muth doirghyo hoise, jaar bhitorot aarmeniyar xoite, iranor xoite, georgier xoite 480 kilometer, rasiyar xoite aaru tarkir xoite. upokulrekhatu bistrito, aaru caspian xagoror aajorbaijani ongxor bohol elekar doirghyo hoise. dexkhonor ekhon stholbestito exclave aase, jaar naam nakhsibhan swayotoxaxito gonorajyo. tinita bhoutik boixistyo ajorbaijanot aadhipotyo bistar koreh caspian xagor, jaar upokulrekha pubo dixot ek prakritik xeema gothon kore; uttor dixot brihot koo 'kasas porbotmala; aaru dexor kendrot bistrito xomotolbhumi. iyar uporiu tinita porbotmala aase, brihot aaru nimno koo 'kasas aaru talix porbotmala, ji ekeloge dexor pray 40 xotangxo aawori aase. aajorbaijanor xorbuscho sringo hoise mount bajorduju, aanhate ataitkoi nimno bindutu caspian xagorot owosthito. prithibir xokolu buka aagneyogirir pray aadha ajorbaijanot kendribhut, ei aagneyogiribur prokritir notun 7taa bismoyor baabe monunitxokolor bhitorot aasil. panir mukhyo utxo hoise pristhiyo paanee. 8, 350 khon nodir bhitorot maatro 24 khon nodir doirghyo besi. xokolu nodee dexor pubo dixot thoka caspian xagoroloi niskaxito hoy. ataitkoi dangor hrodtu hoise sarisu, aaru ataitkoi dighol nodee hoise kurr, ji aarmeniyar xoite antoximanto. aajorbaijanor caspian xagoror kaxot keibatau dip aase, besibhagei baaku dippunjot owosthito. 1991 sonot aajorbaijanor swadhinotar pisore poraa aajorbaijani sorkare aajorbaijanor poriwex xongrokhyonor baabe byowostha grohon korise. 2001 sonor pisot poriwexor rastriyo xurokhya tworanwito hoisil jetiya baaku-twilisi-sihan pipelineor dwara prodan koraa notun rajhor baabe rajyik budget briddhi paisil. chaari bosoror bhitorot, xurokhito onchol dugun hoi etiya dexor bhukhondor aath xotangxo hoi porise. 2001 sonor poraa sorkare xatota brihot bhandar sthapon korise aaru poriwex xurokhyar baabe rokha bajetor khondotu pray dugun korise. bhu-drishyo. aajorbaijan bibhinno dhoronor bhu-drishyor baxosthan. aajorbaijanor aadharu odhik bhukhondot porbotor paahar, sringo, uschobhumi aaru malbhumi aase ji 400-1000 mitter (modhyo aaru nimno nimnobhumike dhori) hypesometric storoloike, kisuman thait (talix, jeyaronchul-aajinuhur aaru langabij-aalot pho "ranges) 100-120 mitaroloike, aaru aanbur 0-50 mitter aaru uporor poraa (kubustan, abseron). aajorbaijanor baaki bhukhondo xomobhumi aaru nimnobhumire gothito. koo 'kasas oncholor bhitorot hypesometric sinhobur kespian xagoror paarot pray −28 mitaror poraa 4,466 mitter (bojarduju xikhor) loike hoy. ajorbaijanot jolobayur gothon bixexkoi scandinavian anticyclonor thanda aarktik bayur bhor, cyberian anticyclonor natixitusno bayur bhor aaru kendriyo asean anticyclonor dwara probhabito hoy. aajorbaijanor boisitryomoy bhudrisyoi bayur bhoriye dexot prowex korar upayxomuhok probhabito kore. brihotor koo 'kasase dexok uttoror poraa ohaa thanda bayur proityokhyo probhawor poraa rokhya kore. iyar folot dexor besibhag paharor paddexot aaru xomobhumit upo-krantiyo jolobayur sristi hoy. ifale, xomobhumi aaru paddexbur uscho xour bikironor haaror dwara sinhito koraa hoy. bidyoman egharkhon jolobayu oncholor bhitorot nokhon ajorbaijanot aase. nakhsibhan swayotoxaxito gonorajyor zulfa aaru ordubad oncholot nirdisto nunyotom tapmatra () aaru nirdisto xorbadhik tapmatra duyutai dekha goisil. xorbadhik barxik borxun langkoran () too aaru nimnotomo borxun abseron () too pore. nodee aaru hrodxomuh aajorbaijanor jolo pronalir prodhan ongxo, xeibur ek digholiya bhutatwik xomoyor ximar bhitorot gothon koraa hoisil aaru xei xomoisuwat jothesto poriworton hoisil. xomogro dexote puwa prasin nodixomuhor owoxistoxomuhor dwara iyar bixex proman puwa yaay. prakritik xokti aaru manob-proborton koraa oudyugik karzokolapor probhawot dexor jolo pronalibur nirontorbhabe xoloni hoi aase. kritrim nodee (khaal) aaru pukhurixomuh aajorbaijanor paanee byowosthar etaa ongxo. paanee juganor khetrot, aajorbaijan proti borgo kilumeterot pray proti bosore panir xoite biswor gorotkoi komm. xokolu dangor jolaxoy kuror uporot nirman koraa hoise. aajorbaijanor hydrography mulotoh caspian xagoriyo owobahikar ontorgoto. kuraa aaru aara hoise aajorbaijanor prodhan nodee. teuluke kuraa-aaras nimnobhumir maajere doure. proityokhyobhabe caspian xagoroloi boi juwa nodibur mulotoh mukhyo koo 'kasas aaru talix porbotor uttor-pubo dhaalor poraa utpotti hoy aaru xamur-debesi aaru langkoran nimnobhumir maajere boi yaay. jwolonxil porbot" hisape onubad koraa yanar daag hoise ek prakritik gesor jui ji bakur usoror caspian xagoror abseron upodipot etaa paharor uporot obirotbhabe jwole, jaak nijei "ognir bhumi" buli jonaa yaay."etaa paatol, xoru belepathar storor poraa juir xikha botahot ulai aahe. ee baaku onsololoi ohaa dorxonarthixokolor baabe ek porjotok aakorxon. joibo boisitryo. aajorbaijanor prani jiwanor xomridhi aaru boisitryor prothom protibedon pubo bhromonkarixokolor bhromonor tuka puwa yaay. sthapotyor smritixoudho, prasin xil aaru xilor uporot koraa jontur khudai bortoman xomoyoloike jiyai aase. 17 xotikat prakritik bigyanixokolor aajorbaijan bhromonor xomoyot aajorbaijanor udbhid aaru pranir uporot prothom tothyo xongroho koraa hoisil. iyat 106 projatir stonyopayi prani, 97 projatir maach, 363 projatir sorai, 10 projatir ubhosor, aaru 52 projatir xorixrip aase jibur ejarbaijanot lipibodho aaru shrenibodho koraa hoise. aajorbaijanor rastriyo jontu hoise karabakh ghura, ji ekhon porbot-step resing aaru aajorbaijanor sthaniyo ghura soluwa. karabakh ghurar bhaal mejaz, goti, komoniyota aaru buddhimottar baabe xunam aase. ee prasinotomo projatir bhitorot etaa, jaar bongxodhor prasin prithibir, kintu aaji ghuratu ek biponno projati. aajorbaijanor udbhidot 4,500tokoiu odhik uscho udbhidor projati aase. aajorbaijanor ononyo jolobayur baabe, udbhidxomuh dokhyin koo 'kasasor aan gonorajyoxomuhor udbhidor tulnat projatir xongkhyat odhik xomridho. xomogro koo 'kasasot briddhi puwa projatir 66 xotangxo ajorbaijanot puwa yaay. dexkhon sarita poriwex oncholor bhitorot owosthitoh kespian hiercanian misrito oronyo, koo 'kesas misrito oronyo, pubo anatolian monten step, aaru aajorbaijan gulmo morubhumi aaru step. aajorbaijanor 2018 sonor bonn bhu-drishyo okhondota xusokor gorh nombor 6.55/10 aasil, jiye iyak 172khon dexor bhitorot biswobyapi 72tomo sthan disil. sorkar aaru rajneeti. 1995 sonor 12 novemborot notun xongbidhan grohon kori aajorbaijanor rajnoitik byowosthar gathonigot gothon xompurno hoisil. xongbidhanor 23 nong onusched onuxori, aajorbaijan gonorajyor rajyik protikxomuh hoh 'lo potaka, ostror kutt aaru rastriyo xongit. ajorbaijanot rajyik khyomota kewol abhyontorin bixoyor baabe aainor dwara ximito, kintu antohrastriyo bixoixomuhou antohrastriyo suktir byowosthar dwara ximito. aajorbaijanor xongbidhane koy je ee ekhon rastropoti gonorajyo zo 'too khyomotar tinita xakha aase-karzobahi, bidhanik aaru nyayik. aain pronoyonor khyomota ek xodoni rastriyo bidhanxobha aaru nakhsibhan swayotoxaxito gonorajyor xorbuscho rastriyo bidhanxobhar haatot thaake. millie mojolix naamor aajorbaijanor xongxodot xongkhyagoristhotar bhittit nirbasito 125 john upo-xobhapoti thaake, protijon nirbasito xodosyor baabe paas bosoror karjokal thaake. proti paas bosoror mure mure novemboror prothom deubare nirbason onusthito hoy. sorkar gothonor baabe xongxod daybodho nohoy, kintu xongbidhanot millie mojolixor dwara montri porixodor onumudonor proyujon. notun aajorbaijan doll aaru xaxok sorkaror proti onugoto swotontroxokole bortoman xongxodor pray xokolu 125 khon aaxon dokhol korise. 2010 sonor xongxodiyo nirbasonor xomoyot birudhi doll, muxawot aaru aajorbaijani jonopriyo front dole etaa aaxonou laabh korat byortho hoisil. europiyo porzobekhyokxokole nirbasonor purbe aaru nirbasonor dinaa oxongkhyo oniyomot porikhya korisil. karzobahi khyomota rastropotir haatot thaake, ji proityokhyo nirbasonor dwara xaat bosoror karzokalor baabe nirbasito hoy, aaru prodhanmontri. rastropotigorakik rastropoti aaru rastriyo bidhanxobha duyure usorot daybodho ek xamuhik karzobahi xongstha, kebinet gothon koriboloi khyomota diya hoy. aajorbaijanor kebinetot prodhankoi prodhanmontri, teur upo-montri aaru montrixokol thaake. aajorbaijanor 8moo sorkar hoise iyar bortoman gothonor proxaxon. rastropotir rastriyo bidhanxobha bhongo korar odhikar naai jodiu iyar xiddhantoxomuhor bhetu diyar odhikar aase. rastropotir vetur uporot aadhori jaboloi xongxodot 95taa bhutor xongkhyagoristhota thakibo lagibo. nyayik khyomota xangbidhanik aadalot, uschotom nyayaloy aaru orthonoitik aadalotot nihito. rastropotiye ei aadalotxomuhot nyayadhixxokolok monunit kore. nyayor dokhyotar baabe europiyo aayugor (chi. ee. pi. ee. ji.) protibedonot notun nyayadhixor basonir uporot aajorbaijani nyay aarhik xorbosrestho onuxilon hisape ullekh koraa hoise, ji ek notun gonotontrot nyaypalikar swadhinota aaru mandondo nischito korar dixot bixex boixistyo aaru bikaxor gotipoth protipholito kore. aajorbaijanor xaxon byowosthatuk naammatrokoi dui-storor buli koo "bob paari. sorkaror xirxo baa xorbuscho stor hoise rastropotir netritwot karzobahi khyomota. rastropotiye montri aaru onyanyo uschopodstho bixoyaxokolor kebinet nijukti diye. sthaniyo karzobahi kortripokhyo kewol karzobahi khyomotar ek dharabahikota. ei byowosthatuwe sthaniyo karzobahi kortripokhyor ("yeroli ikra hakimiyati") sthaniyo rajyik proxaxonor aainee sthiti nirdharon kore, ji 16 june 1999-too grohon koraa hoisil. june 2012-too rastropotiye notun niyomawoli onumudon kore, ji sthaniyo karzobahi kortripokhyok otirikto khyomota prodan korisil, arjorbaijanor sthaniyo bixoyor uporot teulukor probhawxali sthiti xoktixali kori arjorbaijan gonorajyor xongbidhanor 9 nong odhyayot sthaniyo swo-sorkaror prodhan bixoixomuh jene pouroxobhar aainee sthiti, sthaniyo swo-sorkar xongsthar prokar, teulukor moulik khyomota aaru onyanyo sorkari xottar xoite xomporkor bixoye xombudhon kore. xaxonor aan naam maatror stortu hoh "lo pouroxobha (" bülʼdiyy "), aaru pouroxobhar xodosyoxokolok proti paas bosoror mure mure pour nirbasonot xadharon bhutor dwara nirbasito koraa hoy. bortoman xomogro dexote 1,607 khon pouroxobha aase. pour nirbasonor aain aaru pouroxobhar sthitir aain sthaniyo sorkaror khetrot prothome grohon koraa hoisil (2 july 1999). pour xewar aainkhone pour kormosarixokolor karzokolap, teulukor odhikar, kortobyo, sromikor owostha, aaru xamajik xubidhaxomuh niyontron kore aaru karzobahi xojulir gathoni aaru pour xewar xongothonor ruprekha prostut kore. pouroxobhar sthiti xomporkiyo aaine pouroxobhar xongsthar bhumika aaru gathoni niyontron kore aaru aainee aaru bittiyo swayotoxaxonor rajyik nischoyotar ruprekha prostut kore. xamajik xurokhya, xamajik aaru orthonoitik unnoyon, aaru sthaniyo poriwexor xoite xomporkito pour karzoxusi grohon aaru karzokori korar uporot aaine bixex gurutwo diye. nirapotta porixod hoise rastropotir odhinot thoka bibesonamulok xongstha, aaru teu xongbidhan onuxori iyak aayujon kore. 1997 sonor 10 aprilot iyak sthapon koraa hoisil. proxaxonik bibhagtu rastropotir karzaloyor ongxo nohoy kintu rastropoti aaru teur karzaloy duyure bittiyo, karikori aaru bittiyo karzokolap porisalona kore. aliyev rajnoitik poriyalor dirghosthayi probhab aaru hader aliyebhor dwara protistha koraa notun aajorbaijan doll ("iyeni aajorbaikan partiacy", iyar) baabe kisuman rajnoitik bigyaniye aajorbaijanor rajnoitik byowosthak swoirgiyo buli xongyayito korise. dexor tritiyogoraki rastropoti, heidar aliyev (1993 aaru 2003 sonor bhitorot karzaloyot; teu purbote 1969 aaru 1982 sonor bhitorot aajorbaijanor communist partyr prothom xosibo aasil, aaru 1982 aaru 1987 sonor bhitorot sobhiyet unionor prothom upo-prodhanmontri aasil) 2003 sonot teur putro, soturtho aaru bortomanor rastropoti ilham aliyebhor dwara xofol hoisil. jodiu aajorbaijane swadhinota punor laabh korar pisot oxongkhyo nirbason onusthito korise aaru gonotontror bohutu anusthanik protisthan aase, tothapiu iyak swadhinota grihor dwara "mukto nohoy" hisape shrenibodho koraa hoise, jiye iyak 2022 sonot biswo swadhinota sko "roto 9/100 ror sthan disil. xehotiya bosorburot, rastropoti aliyev aaru sorkari kortripokhyor xomaluchonar baabe brihot xongkhyok aajorbaijani xangbadik, blogger, odhibokta aaru manob odhikar kormik bondi koraa hoise aaru karagarot rokha hoise. 2015 sonor septembor maahot europiyo xongxodot grihit ek prostawot aajorbaijanok "bigoto doh bosorot xomogro urasiat gonotantrik xaxonor ataitkoi dangor owonotir xonmukhin huwa" buli bornona koraa hoisil, logote ullekh koraa hoisil je manob odhikaror uporot dexor xoite iyar xonglapoi "kunu guruttopurno ogrogoti laabh koraa naai."2016 sonor 17 marchot aajorbaijanor rastropotiye kisuman nagorike rajnoitik bondi hisape gonyo koraa ek dojonotkoiu odhik lukok khyoma korar ekhon dikri swakhyor korisil. ei decrick aamerika juktorastror rajyik bibhage ek itibasok podokhyep hisape aadoroni jonaisil. 2017 sonor 16 marchot aan etaa khyomar dikri swakhyorito hoisil, jaar folot rajnoitik bondi hisape gonyo koraa otirikto lukoxokolok mukoli koraa hoisil. bidexot iyar uddesyoxomuhor prosar koriboloi aaru ghorot iyar nirbasonok boidhota diboloi bidexi bixoya aaru kutnitibidxokolok utkuch diyar baabe aajorbaijanok kothurbhabe xomaluchona koraa hoise, jaak cavier kutniti buli kuwa hoy. obosye, 2017 sonor 6 marchot, europiyo kouxologot buddhimotta aaru xurokhya kendro asisk)-e "armenian xongzug" naamor ek protibedon prokax korisil, zo 'too ee manob odhikar eno. ji. oh'. aaru gowexona xongsthaxomuhok aakromon kori arjorbaijanot manob odhikar ulonghon aaru durneetir xomaluchona korisil. xei protibedonot esiske drirhotare koy je esiye bixodbhabe prokax koraa "cavier kutniti" protibedontuwe aajorbaijanor biruddhe rajnoitik juddhot jorito hoh 'bologiya mpsor network gothon koriboloi opobador uporot aadharito xondehor ek jolobayu sristi korar lokhyo rakhisil aaru ee networktu europian pms, armenian bixoyaxokol, aaru kisuman engio "(manob odhikar nirikhyon, manob odhikar xongsthar antohrastriyo," manob odhikar xongsthar foundation "," mukoli xonglap, europian sthirota udyug, aaru manob odhikaror baabe helxingki komiti) ror dwara bittiyo xahajyo koraa hoisil. robert kulson (readyo 'mukto euroop)-ror mote, jonoxadharonor motamot xoloni koriboloi front think tenkor byobohar xomproxaron korar baabe bakur lobbing prochestar etaa ongxo hoise asisk. swadhinota fileor bislexonatmok kendroi koichil je "protibedontu swoirotontro prosaror ataitkoi beyaa poromporat likha hoise". boidexik xomporko. ordhokalin aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyokhone soikhon dexor xoite kutnoitik xomporko sthapon korat xofol hoisil, jaar folot germany aaru finlandoloi kutnoitik protinidhi preron koraa hoisil. orjorbaijanor dhongxawoxex huwa sobhiyet unionor poraa swadhinotar antohrastriyo swikritir prokriya pray ebosor dhori solisil. 1996 sonor 6 novemborot aajorbaijanok swikriti diya ataitkoi xehotiya dex aasil bahrein. parosporik obhijanor binimoyoke dhori xompurno kutnoitik xomporko prothome turkey, pakistan, aamerika juktorastro, iraan aaru ijorailor xoite sthapon koraa hoisil. aajorbaijane tarkir xoite iyar "bixex xomporko" ror uporot bixex gurutwo aarup korise. aajorbaijanor etiyaloike 158khon dexor xoite kutnoitik xomporko aase aaru 38khon antohrastriyo xongothonor xodosyopod aase. ee jute-nirpekhyo andulon aaru biswo banijyo xongothonot porzobekhyokor morzada laabh korise aaru antohrastriyo durxongzug xonghor egoraki xongbaddata. 2006 sonor 9 mey 'too aajorbaijanok rastroxonghor xadharon xobhar dwara notunkoi protistha koraa manob odhikar porixodor xodosyopodor baabe nirbasito koraa hoisil. 2006 sonor 19 junot karjokal aarombho hoisil. arjorbaijan prothombaror baabe 155khon dexor xomorthonot 2011 sonot eu. eno. nirapotta porixodor osthayi xodosyo hisape nirbasito hoisil. aajorbaijanor boidexik nitir ogradhikarxomuhor bhitorot aase, prothomote, iyar ancholik okhondota punoruddhar koraa; nagoronu-karabakh aaru nagoronu-karabakhor sariufale thoka aajorbaijanor aan xatkhon oncholor dokholor porinamor bilup; europiyo aaru euru-aatlantik gathonir xoite ekotrikoron; antohrastriyo nirapottar orihona; antohrastriyo xongsthar xoite xohojugita; ancholik xohojugita aaru dipakhyik xomporko; protirokhyar xamorthyo xoktixali koraa; ghoruwa nitir joriyote nirapottar proxar; gonotontro xoktixali koraa; jatigoto aaru dhormiyo xohonxilotar xongrokhyon; boigyanik, xoikhyik, aaru xangoskritik niti aaru noitik mulyobudhor xongrokhyon; orthonoitik aaru xamajik unnoyon; aaru abhyontorin aaru ximanto xurokhya, xokti, aaru poribohon xurokhya niti briddhi koraa aajorbaijan antohrastriyo xontraxbador biruddhe juj diya antohrastriyo mitrotar ek xokriyo xodosyo, aaru 11 septemboror aakromonor pisot xomorthon aagborhuwa prothom dexxomuhor bhitorot ekhon aasil. dexkhon xanti karzoxusir baabe naatur ongxidaritwor ek xokriyo xodosyo, jiye kusubhu, afghanistan aaru irakot xanti rokhyar prochestat orihona jugay. arjorbaijan 2001 sonor poraa euroop porixodor xodosyo aaru europian unionor xoite bhaal xomporko bojai rakhise. dexkhone owoxexot eu xodosyopodor baabe aabedon koribo paare. 1 july 2021-too, aamerika juktorastror congresse 2012 sonor poraa waswingtone aajorbaijanok preron koraa xamorik xahajyor uporot probhab peluwa aain prostut korisil. iyar kaaron aasil je iyar poriworte aarmeniyar baabe packagebur jothesto xoru. xamorik bahini. aadhunik aajorbaijan xenar itihax 1918 sonot aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyor poraa aarombho hoy jetiya nobogothito aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyor rastriyo xena 1918 sonor 26 junot sristi koraa hoisil. jetiya orbaijane sobhiyet union bhongo huwar pisot swadhinota laabh korisil, tetiya 1991 sonor 9 octoboror xoxostro bahinir aain onuxori aajorbaijan gonorajyor xoxostro bahini sristi koraa hoisil. aajir ajorbaijanot swolpokalin rastriyo xena protisthar mool tarikhtu xena dibox (26 june) hisape paalon koraa hoy. 2021 sonoloike, aajorbaijanor xoxostro bahineet 126,000 xokriyo kormosari aasil. logote 17,000 ordhoxamorik bahini aaru 330,00 xongrokhito juwan aase. xoxostro bahinir tinita xakha aaseh sthol bahini, bayu xena aaru noubahini. iyar uporiu xoxostro bahiniye keibatau xamorik upo-gutok aalingon kore jibur proyujon hoh 'ley rajyik protirokhyat jorito hoh' bob paare. eibur hoise abhyontorin porikroma montraloyor abhyontorin xoinyo aaru rajyik ximanto xewa, zo 'too upokul rokhyi bahiniu ontorbhukto. aajorbaijan rastriyo rokhyi bahini hoise ek aaru ordhoxamorik bahini. ee rastropotir odhinostho xongstha bixex rajyik xurokhya xewar ek ordho-swadhin xotta hisape kaam kore. aajorbaijane europor poromporagot xoxostro bahinir sukti maani sole aaru xokolu guruttopurno antohrastriyo ostro-xostro sukti swakhyor korise. aajorbaijane xantir baabe ongxidaritwo aaru byoktigoto ongxidaritwo karjyo porikolpona/pi. ef. pi. aaru aai. pi. e.-ror dore karzoxusixomuhot naatur xoite ghonisthobhabe xohojugita kore. aajorbaijane iyar xanto rokhya bahinir 151 john irakot aaru aan 184 john afghanistane mutayen korise. aajorbaijane iyar protirokya bajetot 2.24 billion dollar byoy korisil, ji iyar muth jidipir 5.4% aasil, aaru xadharon sorkari byoyor kichu 12.7% aasil. aajorbaijanir protirokya udyuge xoru ostro, kaaman byowostha, tenk, ostro-xostro aaru nixar dristir xojuli, biman buma, uav/manobbihin aakax baahon, bibhinno xamorik baahon aaru xamorik biman aaru helicopter nirman kore. proxaxonik bibhagxomuh. aajorbaijanok proxaxonikbhabe 14taa orthonoitik oncholot bibhokto koraa hoise; 66khon rain (, ekboson) aaru 11khon sohor (, ekboson) rastriyo proityokhyo kortritwor odhinot. iyar uporiu, ajorbaijanot nakhsibhanor swayotoxaxito gonorajyo () ontorbhukto aase. aajorbaijanor rastropotiye ei gutxomuhor rajyopalxokolok nijukti diye, aanhate nakhsibhanor sorkar nakhsibhan swayotoxaxito gonorajyor xongxodor dwara nirbasito aaru onumudit hoy. orthoniti. 1991 sonot swadhinota laabh korar pisot, aajorbaijan antohrastriyo mudra puji, biswo benk, punorgothon aaru unnoyonor baabe europiyo benk, islamik unnoyon benk, aaru asean unnoyon bankor xodosyo hoisil. aajorbaijanor benking byowosthat aajorbaijanor kendriyo benk, banijyik benk aaru oh-benking rino xongothonxomuh aase. 1992 sonot aamerika juktorastror purbor rajyik xonchoy bankor xohojugi aajorbaijan rajyik xonchoy bankor uporot aadharito kori rastriyo (bortomanor kendriyo) benk gothon koraa hoisil. kendriyo bengke aajorbaijanor kendriyo benk hisape kaam kore, rastriyo mudra, aajorbaijani manat jaari koriboloi aaru xokolu banijyik bankor nirikhyon koriboloi khyomota prodan kore. dutaa prodhan banijyik benk hoh "lo unibank aaru aaru aaru rastriyo malikanadhin aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar aar byoy aaru sahida briddhir folot 2007 sonor prothom prokaror mudrasfitir haar 16.6%-too uponeet hoisil. ei xongkhyar biporite naammatro aay aaru mahili mojuri krome 29 xotangxo aaru 25 xotangxo briddhi paisil, kintu oh-tel udyugot mulyo briddhiye mudrasfitir khetrot utxah jugaisil. ejarbaijane iyar drutogotit briddhi puwa xokti khondor baabe tothakothito "dusch rug" ror kisuman lokhyon dekhuway, jaar folot mudrasfiti hoy aaru oh-xokti roptani odhik byoybohul hoy. 2000-ror doxokor aarombhonite, dirghokalin uscho mudrasfiti niyontronoloi onaa hoisil. iyar folot 2006 sonor 1 januaryt orthonoitik xongoskarok drirho koriboloi aaru ek osthir orthonitir sinhobur mosi peluwar baabe notun mudra, notun aajorbaijani manat mukoli koraa hoisil. 2010-2011 ror baabe biswor protijugitamulok protibedonot aajorbaijanu onyanyo chi. aai. ess. dexor uporot 57tomo sthanot aase. 2012 sonor bhitorot aajorbaijanor gdp 1995 sonor poraa 20 guno briddhi paisil. xokti aaru prakritik xompod. aajorbaijanor dui tritiyangxo tel aaru prakritik gesore xomridho. aajorbaijanor tel udyugor itihax prasin kaalor. arabian itihaxbid aaru bhromonkari aahmed aal-baladhuriye prasin kaalot abseron upodipor orthonitir bixoye alusona korisil, bixexkoi iyar telor kotha ullekh korisil. ajorbaijanot bohutu pipeline aase. aajorbaijanor bixal swaah deniz ges khetrok europor xoite xongzug koraa dokhyin ges corridoror lokhyo hoise europian unionor rasian gesor uporot nirbhorxilota hraax koraa. dexor besibhag xun, rupali, luha, taam, titanium, kromiyam, menganiz, cobalt, molybodenum, jotil aakor aaru antimonyr baabe lesar koo 'kasas oncholor ortho. 1994 sonor septembor maahot aajorbaijan republic (cho "kaar) ror rajyik tel company aaru 13taa tel companyr maajot 30 bosoriya sukti swakhyorito hoisil, jaar bhitorot aasil aamuku, bipi, exonmubil, lukuil aaru equinor. jihetu poschimiya tel companyxomuhe sobhiyet xuxonor dwara sporxo nuhuwakoi gobhir panir tel khetrobur tape koriboloi xokhyom, xeyehe aajorbaijanok tel onwexon aaru unnoyonor baabe biswor onyotomo guruttopurno sthan hisape gonyo koraa hoy. ifale, brihot orthonoitik sthirota, tel raajoh byowosthaponat swoschota aaru bhobisyot projonmor baabe xompod xurokhito koraa nischito koriboloi aajorbaijanor rajyik tel puji ek otirikto bajetor puji hisape sthapon koraa hoisil. ajorbaijanot joibik khyomotar prowexadhikar biswor gorotkoi komm. 2016 sonot, aajorbaijanor nijor bhukhondor bhitorot protijon byoktir baabe 0.8 biswobyapi hector joibo xokhyomota aasil, ji protijon byoktir baabe biswor gorh 1.6 biswo hectoror aadha aasil. 2016 sonot aajorbaijone protijon byoktir baabe 2.1 hector joibik khyomota byobohar korisil-teulukor poriwexgot byoboharor podosinho. iyar ortho hoise teuluke ajorbaijanot thokar tulnat odhik joibo khyomota byobohar kore. pholsworupe, aajorbaijane joibik khyomotar obhab solai aase. cho 'kaaror etaa upo-company aajerikaje 2021 sonor bhitorot dexkhonor xompurno gesikoron nischito korar issa rakhise. aajorbaijan hoise pubo-poschim aaru uttor-dokhyin xokti poribohon corridoror onyotomo pristhopuxok. baaku-twilisi-carch rey "lowe liney caspian oncholok tarkir xoite xongzug koribo, jitu july 2017 sonot xompurno hoh 'bob buli aaxa koraa hoise. trains-anatolian ges pipeline (tanap) aaru trains adriatic pipeline (tape) ejarbaijanor swaah deniz gesor poraa turkey aaru euroopoloi prakritik ges prodan koribo. orbajaijone 14 septembor 2017-too cho "kaar aaru ku-venchar (bipi, chebhron, inpex, equinor, exonmubil, tipi, itasu aaru oh" enjosi bidesh) ror dwara swakhyorito xongxudhito psa onuxori esijir unnoyonor sukti 2050 sonoloike xomproxarito korisil. krixi. aajorbaijanor ei oncholor xorbobrihot krixi owobahika aase. aajorbaijanor pray 54.9 xotangxo krixibhumi. 2007 sonor aarombhonite 4,755,100 hector byobohrito krixi khyetro aasil. eke bosorote muth kaathor xompodor xongkhya 136 nijut ghono mitter aasil. aajorbaijanor krixi boigyanik gowexona protisthanxomuhe ghahoni aaru soroniya pothar, udyanpalon aaru upo-krantiyo xosyo, xeujiya xaak-pasoli, viticolser aaru xura prostutkoron, kopah utpadon aaru ouxodhi udbhidor uporot gurutwo aarup korise. kisuman oncholot xosyo, aalu, senir beat, kopah aaru dhopat kheti koratu labhjonok. poxudhon, dugdhojat xamogri, aaru xura aaru spiritou guruttopurno krixijat xamogri. kespian maach dhora udyugtuwe starjon aaru belugar hraax puwa mojutor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. 2002 sonot aajorbaijani bonik xamudrikor 54 khon jahaj aasil. purbote bidexor poraa aamdani koraa kisuman xamogri sthaniyobhabe utpadon koraa aarombho hoise. iyar bhitorot aase kuka-kulaa botolor limitedor kuka-kulaa., boki-custelor dwara biyor, nehiror dwara parket aaru eupec paipor aaworon ejarbaijanor dwara telor pipe. porjoton. porjoton hoise aajorbaijanor orthonitir ek guruttopurno ongxo. 1980-ror doxokot dexkhon ek xuporisito porjotonstholi aasil. sobhiyet unionor poton aaru 1990-ror doxokot prothom nagornu-karabakh juddhor folot porjoton udyug aaru porjotonstholi hisape aajorbaijanor bhabomurti khyotigrosto hoisil. 2000 sonoloike porjoton udyugtu punoruddhar hoh "boloi aarombho koraa nasil, aaru tetiyar poraa dexkhone porjotokor bhromon aaru ratitu thokar xongkhyar uscho haaror bikaxor obhigyota laabh korise. xehotiya bosorburot, aajorbaijan dhormiyo, spaa, aaru swasthyo xewa porjotonor babeu ek jonopriyo gontobyosthan hoi porise. xitkalot, swahdag porbotmala regeorte otyadhunik xubidhar xoite skiing prodan kore. aajorbaijan sorkare aajorbaijanok ek obhijat porjotonstholi hisape unnoyonok xirxo ogradhikar hisape nirdharon korise. porjotonok ek prodhan rup diyar baabe ee ek rastriyo kouxol, jodi ekok xorbobrihot nohoy, tente aajorbaijani orthonitit orihona jugay. ei karzokolapxomuh aajorbaijanor xongoskriti aaru porjoton montraloyor dwara niyontrito koraa hoy. 63khon dex aase zo 'too bhisa-mukto sko "ror aase. ee-bhisa-bhisar proyujon thoka dexxomuhor bidexixokolor aajorbaijan gonorajyo bhromonor baabe. biswo orthonoitik monchor bhromon aaru porjoton protijugitamulok protibedon 2015 onuxori, aajorbaijanor sthan 84tomo. biswo bhromon aaru porjoton porixodor ek protibedon onuxori, 2010 aaru 2016 sonor bhitorot dorxonarthi roptanir ataitkoi xoktixali briddhi dekhuuwa xirxo dohkhon dexor bhitorot aajorbaijan aasil, iyar uporiu, goto bosor antohrastriyo bhromon aaru porjoton byoyor baabe xoktixali xusokor xoite, drutotom bikaxxil bhromon aaru porjoton orthoniti thoka dexxomuhor bhitorot aajorbaijane prothom (46.1%) sthan laabh korisil. poribohon. resom poth aaru dokhyin-uttor corridoror dore prodhan antohrastriyo zaan-jotor dhomonir crossroadot aajorbaijanor xubidhajonok owosthanoi dexor orthonitir baabe poribohon khondor kouxologot gurutwor uporot alukpat kore. dexor poribohon khondot poth, rey "lopoth, biman poribohon aaru xamudrik poribohon ontorbhukto. aajirbaijan hoise kesa xamogrir poribohonor ek guruttopurno orthonoitik kendro. baaku-twilisi-seihan pipeline (bi. ti. chi.) 2006 sonor mey 'maahot karjyokori hoisil aaru aajorbaijan, georgia aaru tarkir oncholor maajere odhik xomproxarito hoisil. bi. ti. chi.-koo bosori 50 nijut tonn oxudhito tel poribohon koriboloi aarhi koraa hoise aaru kespian xagoriyo tel khyetror poraa biswo bojaroloi tel korhiyai loi juwa hoy. dokhyin koo 'kasas pipeline, ji aajorbaijan, georgia aaru tarkir oncholor maajere bistrito hoi aase, 2006 sonor xexot karjyokori hoisil aaru swaah deniz ges khyetror poraa europor bojaroloi otirikto ges jugan dhore. swaah denize proti bosore 296 billion ghono mitter prakritik ges utpadon koribo buli aaxa koraa hoise. ijorbaijane eu-pristhopuxok resom poth prokolpotu ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon kore. 2002 sonot aajorbaijani sorkare bistrito niti aaru niyontrok karjyor xoite poribohon montraloy sthapon korisil. xei bosorote dexkhone poth zaan-baahonor uporot vienna xonmilonor xodosyo hoi porisil. ogradhikarxomuh hoh "lo poribohon networkor unnoyon aaru poribohon xewa unnot koraa jaate orthonitir onyanyo khondor unnoyon unnot hoy. 2012 sonot carch-twilisi-baaku rey "lopoth nirmanor uddesyo aasil pubor cheen aaru kajakhostanor rey" lopothok tarkir joriyote poschimor europiyo rey "lopoth byowosthar xoite xongzug kori esiya aaru europor maajot poribohon unnot koraa. 2010 sonot broad-gaze rey "lopoth aaru bidyutayito rey" lopoth krome aaru iyar baabe xomproxarito hoisil. 2010 sonoloike 35taa bimanbondor aaru etaa heliport aasil. bigyan aaru projukti. ekbingxo xotikat, ek notun tel aaru gesor bikaxe aajorbaijanor bigyan aaru projukti khondor poristhiti unnot korat xohay korisil. sorkare aadhunikikoron aaru udbhawonor lokhyore ek obhijan aarombho korisil. sorkare onuman korise je tothyo projukti aaru jugajug udyugor poraa laabh briddhi paab aaru tel utpadonor xoite tuloniyo hoh 'bob. aajorbaijanor ek brihot aaru kromanwoye briddhi puwa internet khondo aase, besibhagei 2007-2008 ror bittiyo xongkotor dwara probhabito nohoy; komeu aaru paas bosoror baabe drut bikaxor purbanuman koraa hoise. 2021 sonot arjorbaijan biswo udbhawon xusokot 80tomo sthanot aasil, 2019 sonot 84tomo sthanot aasil. dexkhone iyar telecom khondor unnoyonor khetrotu ogrogoti laabh kori aahise. jugajug aaru tothyo projukti montraloy (emsiti) aaru ajtelekmot iyar bhumikar joriyote etaa operator niti-nirdharok aaru niyontrok duyutai. sthaniyo kolor baabe rajohuwa pephun upolobdho aaru telephon excenge baa kisuman dukan aaru kiyoskor poraa tuken kroy korar proyujon hoy. tukene onirdistokalor kaalor onumoti diye. , taat 1,397,000 mukhyo telephon line aaru 1,485,000 internet byowoharkari aasil. sarita gsm prodankari aaseh agercel, ejarphon (naar mubail), nakhtel mubail network operator aaru etaa cdma. ekbingxo xotikat elsin khalilov aaru onyanyoxokolor moulik kaamor dwara onupranito hoi keibajonu bixisto aajorbaijani bhugotibidya aaru bhu-bhu-bhu-tatwik bigyaniye xo xo bhumikompo purbanuman kendro aaru bhumikompo-protirudhi ottalikaxomuhor aarhi prostut korisil jibur etiya bhumikompo xewar gonorajyor kendror brihot ongxo gothon kore. aajorbaijan rastriyo mohakax xongsthai 2013 sonor 7 februaryt france gayanar gayana mohakax kendror poraa 46° pubo kokhyot thoka kokhyopotholoi iyar prothomtu upogroho aajorset 1 utkhyepon korisil. ei upogrohtuwe euroop aaru esiya aaru africar ek guruttopurno ongxo xamori loiche aaru tibhi aaru readyo 'xomprosaror logote internetor xomprosar kore. kokhyopothot etaa upogroho utkhyepon koratu hoise nijor mohakax udyugor xoite ekhon rastro huwar lokhyo upolobdhi korar khetrot aajorbaijanor prothom podokhyep, ji bhobisyote xofolotare odhik prokolpo rupayan koriboloi xokhyom. jonogathoni. 2022 sonor march maholoike, aajorbaijanor muth jonoxongkhyar 52.9% hoise nogoriya, baaki 47.1% hoise gramyo. 2019 sonor januaryt muth jonoxongkhyar 50.1% mohila aasil. eke bosorote lingo onupat aasil proti mohilar baabe 0.99 purux. 2011 sonor jonoxongkhya briddhir haar aasil biswojuri 1.09% ror tulnat 0.85%. jonoxongkhya briddhito baadha diyar ek guruttopurno kaarok hoise uscho storor probrojon. 2011 sonot aajorbaijane − 1.14/1,000 lukor probrojon dekhisil. aajorbaijani probrojon 42 khon dexot puwa yaay aaru iyar pholsworupe aajorbaijanor bhitorot jatigoto xongkhyaloghuxokolor baabe bohutu kendro aase, jaar bhitorot aase german xangoskritik xomaj "carelhouse", slavic xangoskritik kendro, aajorbaijani-ijoraili xomproday, kurdis xangoskritik kendro, antohrastriyo taliswo xongstha, lejin rastriyo kendro "samur", aajorbaijani-taatar xomproday, crimean taator xomaj aadi. muth, ajorbaijanot 78 khon sohor, 63 khon sohor jilaa aaru ekhon bixex aainee morzada thoka sohor aase. 261 khon nogoriya dhoronor boxoti aaru 4248 khon gaau iyar onuxoron kore. jaatir. 2009 sonor lukpiyol onuxori jonoxongkhyar jatigoto gothonoh 91.6% aajorbaijani, 2% lejin, 1.4% armenian (pray xokolu armenian nagornu-karabakhor bischinno oncholot baax kore), 1.3% rasian, 1.3% talix, 0.6% aabhor, 0.40% turko, 0.3% taator, 0.3% taat, 0.20% ukrainian, 0.1% xokhor, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% ihudi, 0.1% coord, onyanyo 0.2%. bhaxaxomuh. sorkari bhaxa hoise aajorbaijani, jitu etaa turkey bhaxa. aajorbaijani bhaxa pray 92 xotangxo luke matrivaxa hisape koy. rasian aaru armenian bhaxa (kewol nagornu-karabakhot) kuwa hoy, aaru protitu bhaxa krome jonoxongkhyar pray 1.5% lukor matrivaxa. dexot sthaniyobhabe kuwa aan ek dozon xongkhyaloghu bhaxa aase. aabhar, budukh, georgian, juhuri, khinalog, critt, lejin, rutul, talix, taat, sokhur aaru udi xokolu xoru xongkhyaloghur dwara kuwa hoy. ei bhaxa xomprodayxomuhor kisuman oti xoru aaru teulukor xongkhya hraax paise. 1989 sonot nagornu-karabakhot pray 76 xotangxor xoite armenian xongkhyagoristho bhaxa aasil. prothom nagornu-karabakh juddhor pisot, jonoxongkhya pray 95 xotangxor xoite pray eksetiyabhabe armenian. dhormo. aajorbaijanok ataitkoi dhormoniropekhyo musolman xongkhyagoristho dex hisape gonyo koraa hoy. jonoxongkhyar pray 97 xotangxo musolman. pray 55-85% musolmanxokolor swiya buli onuman koraa hoy, aanhate 15-45% musolmanxokol xunni. dexor bibhinno nrigusthiyo gutor dwara onyanyo dhormor onuxilon koraa hoy. iyar xongbidhanor 48 nong onuschedor odhinot, aajorbaijan ek dhormoniropekhyo rajyo aaru ee dhormiyo swadhinota nischito kore. etaa 2006-2008 gallup poo 'loto, aajorbaijanor maatro 21 xotangxo uttordatai koichil je dhormo teulukor doinondin jiwanor ek guruttopurno ongxo. dexor dhormiyo xongkhyaloghuxokolor bhitorot anumanik 280,000 khristan (3.1%) besibhag rasian aaru georgian orthodox aaru armenian apostolic (pray xokolu armenian nagornu-karabakhor bischinno oncholot baax kore). 2003 sonot 250 john ruman ketholik aasil. 2002 sonoloike onyanyo khristan dhormor bhitorot aase lutheran, buptist aaru mulukan. iyat etaa xoru protibadkari xomprodayou aase. arjorbaijanor 2,000 bosoriya itihaxor xoite ek prasin ihudi jonoxongkhyau aase; ihudi xongothonxomuhe onuman kore je 12,000 ihudi aaru ijorail aaru aamerika juktorastror baahiror ekmatro ihudi xongkhyagoristho sohor orjorbaijanot aase. aajorbaijan bahai, haare krishno aaru jehubhar xakhyi xomprodayor xodosyoxokolor logote onyanyo dhormiyo xomprodayor onugamixokoloru baxosthan. kisuman dhormiyo xomprodayok dhormiyo swadhinotar poraa onanusthanikbhabe nixidho koraa hoise. e eu.ess. ei bixoyot rajyik bibhagor protibedonot kisuman musolman aaru khristan gutor xodosyok aatok korar kotha ullekh koraa hoise, aaru bohutu gutor dhormo niyontron koraa xongstha, rastriyo aajorbaijan (scaura) ror dhormiyo xongothonor rajyik xomitir xoite ponjiyon korat oxubidha hoise. xikhya. tulonamulokbhabe uscho xotangxo arjorbaijanixokole uscho xikhyar kunu etaa prokar laabh korise, bixexkoi boigyanik aaru karikori bixoixomuhot. sobhiyet jugot, xakhyorota aaru gorh xikhyar stor teulukor oti nimno aarombhoni bindur poraa natokiyobhabe briddhi paisil, maanok bornomalar dutaa poribortonor swotweu, 1920-ror doxokot parchu-aarabik lipir poraa letinoloi aaru 1930-ror doxokot rumanor poraa sairilikoloi. sobhiyet tothyo onuxori, 1970 sonot 100 xotangxo purux aaru mohila (nor poraa unotalis bosor) xikhyito aasil. 2009 sonor rastroxonghor unnoyon karzoxusir protibedon onuxori, aajorbaijanor xakhyorotar haar 99.5 xotangxo. swadhinotar pisot, aajorbaijanor xongxode sobhiyet unionor poraa nijoke bischinno koriboloi grihit koraa prothom aainburor bhitorot etaa aasil sairilikor xoloni etaa poribortito-letin bornomala grohon koraa. iyar baahire aajorbaijani byowosthatuwe xamanyo gathonigot poribortonor xonmukhin hoise. prarombhik poribortonxomuhor bhitorot dhormiyo xikhyar punor protistha (sobhiyet jugot nixidho) aaru pathyokromor poriworton ontorbhukto aase jiye aajorbaijani bhaxar byoboharor uporot punor gurutwo aarup korise aaru aadorxogot bixoybostu aatorai pelaise. prathomik bidyaloyor uporiu, xikhya protisthanxomuhot haajar haajar praak bidyaloy, xadharon madhyomik bidyaloy, aaru brittimulok bidyaloy ontorbhukto aase, jaar bhitorot aase bixex madhyomik bidyaloy aaru karikori bidyaloy. nowom shrenir poraa xikhya badhyotamulok. xongoskriti. aajorbaijanor xongoskriti bohu probhawor pholsworupe bikoxito hoise; xeyehe ajorbaijanixokol bohu dhorone dwi-xangoskritik. aaji, biswayito upobhukta xongoskritir logote poschimiya probhab thokar swotweu dexot rastriyo porompora bhaldore xongrokhyon koraa hoise. aajorbaijani xongoskritir kisuman mukhyo upadan hoh "loh xongit, xahityo, luknrityo aaru kolaa, rondhonxoili, sthapotyo, cinematugraphy aaru noboruj beram. pisortu prasin iranor jorostriyan dhormot notun bosoror poromporagot udjaponor poraa udbhob hoise. noboruj hoise ek poriyalor bondhor dinn. arjorbaijanor jonoxongkhyar profailot, uporot ullekh koraa onuxori, arjorbaijanir logote dexor bibhinno oncholot xoghonbhabe baax koraa onyanyo rastriyota baa jatigoto gutxomuhor ontorbhukto thaake. aajorbaijani rastriyo aaru poromporagot puchak hoise sukha aaru papakhi. rasian, georgian, kurdix, legian aaru talis bhaxaxomuhot readyo 'xomprosar aase, jibur rajyik bajetor poraa bittiyo xahajyo koraa hoy. balakan aaru khasmajor kisuman sthaniyo readyo 'stationor dwara obaar aaru taat xomprosaror aayujon koraa hoy. bakut keibakhonu baatori kakot rasian, kurdis ("dengi coord"), legian ("samur") aaru talis bhaxat prokaxito hoy. ihudi xomaj "xukhnot"-e "aajij" baatori kakotkhon prokax kore. xongit aaru luknrityo. aajorbaijanor xongite pray haajar bosor puroni luk poromporar uporot bhitti kore. bohu xotika dhori aajorbaijani xongit monudir byajor odhinot bikoxito hoise, jaar folot sondomoibhabe boisitryomoy xur utponno hoise. aajorbaijani xongitor etaa xakha mode pronali aase, zo 'too prodhan aaru xoru scalor kro' metaijesonor jothesto gurutwo aase. rastriyo badyojontroxomuhor bhitorot 14taa taar badyo, aathta taa badyo aaru soita bayu badyo aase. xongit aaru xongitogyoxokolor upobon obhidhan" ror mote, "jaati, xongoskriti aaru dhormor khetrot aajorbaijani xongitor khetrot tarkeetkoi iranor bohut usorot." mugam, mekhana aaru aaxik kolaa aajorbaijanor bohutu xongit poromporar bhitorot onyotomo. mugam xadharonote kobita aaru badyojontror ontoralor xoite etaa xuit. mugol poriwexon korute gayokxokole teulukor aabegok gaan aaru xongitoloi rupantorit koribo lagibo. modhyo asier dexxomuhor mugam poromporar biporite, aajorbaijani mugam odhik mukto aaru komm kothur; iyak praye jejor tatkhyonik khyetror xoite tulona koraa hoy. unescowe 2003 sonor 7 novemborot aajorbaijani mugam poromporak manobotar moukhik aaru odomyo oitijyor ek utkristo kriti hisape ghuxona korisil. meikhana hoise ek dhoronor poromporagot aajorbaijanir swotontro lukoxongit, jitu xadharonote etaa nirdisto bixoyot tatkhyonikbhabe kaam koraa keibajonu luke poriwexon kore. aasike kobita, kahini kuwa, nrityo, kontho aaru badyojontro xongitok ek poromporagot prodorxon kolat ekotrito kore ji aajorbaijani xongoskritir protik hisape thiyo diye. ee hoise ek rohosyomoy trabadur baa bhromon koraa bird ji geet gaay aaru saaj bojay. ei poromporar utpotti prasin turkey lukoxokolor xamanbadi biswaxor poraa hoise. aaxikor gitbur xadharon aadharburor aaxe-paxe ordho-unnot. 2009 sonor 30 septemborot unescore dwara aajorbaijanor aaxik kolak osporxoniyo xangoskritik oitijyor talikat ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. 1960-ror doxokor majbhagor poraa, poschimiya-probhabito aajorbaijani pop xongit, iyar bibhinno rupot, ji ajorbaijanot jonopriyota briddhi paise, aanhate rok aaru hipp hopor dore dharaxomuh byapokbhabe prostut koraa hoy aaru upobhug koraa hoy. aalim kasimov, rosid behbudubh, zunif mustafazadeh, musolman magumayev, swubhkat alakbarubha aaru rubaba muraduvar dore prodorxokor antohrastriyo jonopriyotar xoite aajorbaijani pop aaru aajorbaijani luk xongitor udbhob hoisil. aajirbaijan eurovision geet protijugitat egoraki utxahi ongxogrohonkari. 2008 sonor eurovision geet protijugitat aajorbaijane aatmoprokax korisil. 2009 sonot dexor prowex tritiyo sthan laabh korisil aaru pisor bosorot ponchom sthan laabh korisil. el aaru nikki 2011 sonor eurovision geet protijugitat prothom sthan laabh korisil, "running fired" gittur xoite, arjorbaijanok 2012 sonot bakut protijugitatu aayujon korar odhikar disil. protijugitar 2018 xongskoronoloike teuluke protitu grand finalor baabe jugyota orjon korise, gayok aaijelor dwara ex maai heartor xoite prowex korise. iyat dozon dozon aajorbaijani luknrityo aase. xeibur anusthanik udjaponot poriwexon koraa hoy aaru nrityokarixokole sukhar dore rastriyo kapur pindhe, jitu rastriyo nrityor bhitorot bhaldore xongrokhito. besibhag nrityore oti drut chondo thaake. xahityo. aadhunik aajorbaijani gonorajyor ancholik ximar bhitorot jonmogrohon koraa modhyojugiyo lekhokxokolor bhitorot aasil parchi kobi aaru darxonik nijami, jaak teur jonmo sthanor pisot ganjawi buli kuwa hoy, ganja, ji khamsa ("quintupolate") ror lekhok aasil, pasta romantik kobitare gothito, jaar bhitorot aase "rohosyor bhandar", "khusoru aaru shrin", aaru "leili aaru mejnun". likhito aajorbaijani xahityor ataitkoi puroni byokti aasil izzaddin hasanugolu, jiye parchi aaru aajorbaijani gojolore gothito etaa diwan rosona korisil. parchi gojolot teu nijor kolom naam byobohar korisil, aanhate teur aajorbaijani gojolxomuh teur nijor naam hasanuglur odhinot rosona koraa hoisil. 14 xotikat tabrij aaru xirobonor bibhinno prarombhik modhyojugor upobhaxar uporot aadharito kori aajorbaijanir xastriyo xahityo gothon koraa hoisil. ei xomoyor kobixokolor bhitorot aasil gaajee burhanaddin, hokiki (jaahan swaah kaara koyunolur sodmonam), aaru habibi. 14xo xotikar xexor faale 14xo xotikar xexor faale aaru 15xo xotikar aarombhonir onyotomo mohan aajorbaijani hurufi rohosyomoy kobi imadaddin nasimir xahityik karzokolap aarombho huwar xomoy aasil, aaru turkey xahityo itihaxor onyotomo bixisto prarombhik diban master, jiye parchi aaru aarobiyo bhaxat kobita rosona korisil. diwan aaru gojol xoilibur kobi kasem-ee unver, fujuli aaru khatai (safabhid swaah ismelor sodmonam) ror dwara aaru odhik bikoxito koraa hoisil. dide korkutor kitap" too xurox xotikat nokol koraa dutaa pandulipi aase, aaru 15xo xotikar aagote likha huwa nasil. ee ughuj jajaborir moukhik poromporak protipholito koraa 12taa kahinir xongroho. xurox xotikar kobi mohommod fujuliye teur kaljoyee darxonik aaru gitatwik "kajal" aarbi, parchi aaru aajorbaijani bhaxat prostut korisil. teur poriwexor xukhmo xahityik poromporar poraa jothesto upokrito hoi, aaru teur purboxurixokolor uttoradhikaror uporot bhitti kori, fujuliye teur xomajor aagxarir xahityik byoktitwo huwar baabe nirdharito aasil. teur prodhan kamxomuhor bhitorot aase "dibhan owo gojol" aaru "dyo kasidax". eke xotikat, aajorbaijani xahityo aaxik () kobita dharar bikaxor xoite odhik bikoxito hoisil. eke xomoisuwat, khaati ("paapi" ror baabe) swaah ismelor sodmonamor odhinot moi aajorbaijani bhaxat pray 1400 taa sloke likhisilu, jibur pisoloi teur "diban" hisape prokaxito hoisil. ei xomoisuwat "kushma" ("tatkhyonik rosona") naamere jonajat ek ononyo xahityik xoilir proborton koraa hoisil, aaru iyak swaah ismel aaru pisoloi teur putro aaru uttoradhikari swaah tahmaspo aai-e bikoxito korisil. 17xo aaru 18xo xotikar xomoisuwat, fujulir ononyo dharar logote obhijat kobitak bixisto kobi aaru lekhok jene tabrijor koo 'bhchi, swaah aabbax saanee, nixat, mulaa bhaali bidadi, mulaa panah zunif, aamani, jaafor aaru onyanyoxokole grohon korisil. turko, tarkman aaru ujbekor logote, aajorbaijanixokoleu kurugolur mohakabyo udjapon kore ("ondho manuhor putror" poraa), ejon kingbodonti luk nayok. kurugolu mohakabyor keibatau nothibhukto xongskoron aajorbaijanor rastriyo bigyan academyr pandulipir protisthanot aase. aajorbaijanor aadhunik aajorbaijani xahityo mulotoh xirowani upobhaxar uporot aadharito, aanhate iranot ee tabriji bhaxar uporot aadharito. aajorbaijanir prothom baatori kakot "aakinsi" 1875 sonot prokaxito hoisil. 19 xotikar majbhagot iyak baaku, ganja, swaki, twilisi aaru yerebhanor bidyaloixomuhot xikuwa hoisil. 1845 sonor poraa iyak rasiyar saint pietersberg biswobidyaloyotou xikuwa hoisil. luk kolaa. aajorbaijanir ek xomridho aaru swotontro xongoskriti aase, jaar ek prodhan ongxo hoise alongkarik aaru proyugik kolaa. ei kolar ruptuk hostoxilpor ek bistrito porixoror dwara protinidhitwo koraa hoy, jene khedi juwa, gohona, dhaatur khudit, kaath, xil, haar, carpet nirman, lesing, aarhi boyon aaru printing, aaru bunon aaru embroidary. ei prokaror protitu alongkarik kolaa, aajorbaijan rastror daanor proman, iyat bohut pokhyot. aajorbaijanor kolaa aaru hostoxilpor bikaxor xoite xomporkito bohutu aakorxoniyo tothyo oxongkhyo byowoxayi, bhromonkari aaru kutnitibidor dwara protibedon diya hoisil jixokole bibhinno xomoyot ei sthanxomuh bhromon korisil. aajorbaijani carpet hoise bibhinno aakaror ek poromporagot hostonirmito bostro, jaar ghono gothon aaru ek stup baa stupohin pristho thaake, jaar aarhixomuh aajorbaijanor bohutu carpet nirman oncholor boixistyo. 2010 sonor novembor maahot aajorbaijani carpetok unescore dwara ek odomyo oitijyor shrestho xilpo hisape ghuxona koraa hoisil. arjorbaijan prasin kaalor porai bibhinno dhoronor karuxilpor kendro hisape jonajat hoi aahise. aajorbaijanor bhukhondot puratatwik khononoi xu-bikoxito krixi, mojut rokhyonabekhyon, dhaatur kaam, mritxilpo, siramik aaru carpet-wavingor xakhyo diye ji khristopurbo 2yoy xohosrabdor xomoyor. bi. ti. chi. pipelineor poraa onabiskar huwa doswobulak, hasansu, jayamsai aaru tubhujsair puratatwik sthanxomuhe prarombhik louho jugor xilpokola prokax korise. aajorbaijani carpetxomuhok keibatau dangor gutt aaru bohutu upogusthir odhinot shrenibodho koribo paari. aajorbaijani carpetor boigyanik gowexona ejon bixisto bigyani aaru xilpi latif karimovor naamor xoite jorito. teur shrenibibhajonor folot sarita brihot carpetor gutor xoite sarita bhougulik onchol aajorbaijan, guba-xirowan, ganja-kajakh, karabakh aaru tabrijor xomporko aasil. rondhonxoili. poromporagot rondhonxoili khadyot ritugotovabe byobohar koraa xaak-pasoli aaru xeujiyar prosurotar baabe bikhyat. pudina, silantru (dhoniya), dill, tuloxi, parcholi, taragon, lick, sibh, thaim, marjoram, xeujiya piyaz aaru watercressoke dhori xotej bonouxodhibur oti jonopriyo aaru praye tableot thoka mukhyo byonjonor xoite thaake. jolobayur boisitryo aaru bhumir urborota rastriyo byonjonot protipholito hoy, jibur kespian xagoror maach, sthaniyo maangxo (mukhyotoh maaton aaru gumangxo), aaru prosur porimane ritubhittik xaak-pasoli aaru xeujiya xaak-pasolir uporot aadharito. geruwa-saulor plove hoise aajorbaijanor mukhyo khadyo aaru koo 'laa saah hoise rastriyo paniyo. ajorbaijanixokole praye poromporagot armudu (naxpator aakritir) gilas byobohar kore kiyonu teulukor bohut xoktixali saah xongoskriti aase. jonopriyo poromporagot byonjonxomuhor bhitorot aase bob 'jhobas (bibhinno xaak-pasolir xongzujonor xoite keibatau ancholik prokarot thoka merur mangxor rox), kutubo (xeujiya baa kotaa maangxo bhorai bhoja bikri) aaru duswora (maatir maangxo aaru xuwadore bhora aatar dumpling). sthapotyo. aajorbaijani sthapotyot xadharonote pubo aaru poschimor upadanxomuh ekotrito koraa hoy. aajorbaijani sthapotyor parchi sthapotyor poraa prosondo probhab aase. prasirere bhora baaku sohoror xirowanswahor prothom tawar aaru praxador dore bohutu prasin sthapotyo xompode aadhunik ajorbaijanot jiyai aase. unescore biswo oitijyor osthayi talikat daakhil koraa prowexxomuhor bhitorot aase bakur atexgah, moo 'maain khaatun xomadhi, hirkan rastriyo udyan, bingadi daamor hrod, lokbatan maatir aagneyogiri, xuxa rajyor oitihaxik aaru sthapotyo xongrokhito onchol, baaku porbot, caspian upokulor protirokhyamulok nirman, ordubad rastriyo xongrokhito onchol aaru xaki khaanor praxad. onyanyo sthapotyo xompoder bhitorot aase mordakanor soturbhuj durgo, jukhari sardagolaror porigola, aarax nodir uporot bistrito keibatau dolong aaru keibatau xomadhi. 19xo aaru 20xo xotikar aarombhonite, xoru xoru smritixoudho sthapotyor sristi koraa hoisil, kintu baaku aaru aan thait swotontro baxosthan nirman koraa hoisil. xehotiya sthapotyo smritixoudhoxomuhor bhitorot, baaku upopothbur teulukor bilaxbohul xojjar baabe bikhyat. aadhunik aajorbaijani sthapotyor kaam hoise aadhunik nandonikotar boisitryomoy proyug, ejon sthopotir nijor kolatmok xoilir xondhan aaru bidyoman oitihaxik-xangoskritik poriwexor ontorbhukti. hyder aliyev xangoskritik kendro, flame tawar, baaku christel holl, baaku swet sohor aaru cho 'kaar tawaror dore prodhan prokolpoxomuhe dexor akaxorekha xoloni korise aaru iyar xomoxamoyik porisoyor prosar korise. drishyo kolaa. khristopurbo 1morr poraa 4rtho xohosrabdoloike thoka gamigaya petro 'gliffs aajorbaijanor ordubad jilat owosthito. xeiburot horin, sagoli, xaar, kukur, xaap, sorai, asohuwa prani, manuh, gaari aaru bibhinno protikor sobir xoite pray 1500 khon bischinno aaru khudit xilor chitro aase jibur basalt xilot puwa goisil. norobeziyo nritatwik aaru duxahxik thor hairdal nischito aasil je oncholtur manuhe pray 100 edit scandinavialoi goisil, teulukor naau nirmanor dokhyota teulukor xoite loi goisil, aaru teulukok uttor europor viking nawoloi sthanantorito korisil. bohu xotika dhori aajorbaijani kolar xoiligot poriworton ghotise. aajorbaijani sitrokoronok poromporagotobhabe rong aaru puhoror usnotar dwara sinhito koraa hoy, jeneki aajim aajimjade aaru bahruj kangarolir kamxomuhot udahoron koraa hoise, aaru dhormiyo byoktitwo aaru xangoskritik mutifor xoite ek byostota. arjorbaijani sitrokolai xo xo bosor dhori koo 'kasasot pradhanyo laabh korisil, romanesk aaru automan xomoyor poraa, aaru sobhiyet aaru baruk xomoyor maajere, jaar pisor dutaa arjorbaijanot pholoproxu hoisil. ei xomoisuwat poraa aan ullekhjugyo xilpixokolor bhitorot aase sattar bahluljade, tugrul narimonbekubh, taahir salahov, alakbar rejaguliyev, mirza gadim irawani, mikayil abdulayev aaru boyukagha mirzazade. chinema. arjorbaijanor solositro udyug 1898 sonor. arjorbaijan cinematugraphyr xoite jorito prothom dexxomuhor bhitorot aasil, zo 'too prothome bakut ei xojuli prodorxon koraa hoisil. 1919 sonot, aajorbaijan gonotantrik gonorajyor xomoyot, 27 mey 'too rasiyar poraa aajorbaijanor swadhinotar prothom barxikit "aajorbaijani swadhinotar barxiki udjapon" naamor ekhon tothyositro sitrogrohon koraa hoisil aaru 1919 sonor june maahot bakut keibatau theaterot primiyar koraa hoisil. 1920 sonot sobhiyet xokti protistha huwar pisot, aajorbaijanor biplowi xomitir odhyokhyo narimon narimonove aajorbaijanor chinema rastriyokoronor ekhon dikri swakhyor korisil. ee aajorbaijani animationor sristir uporotu probhab pelaisil. 1991 sonot, orjorbaijane sobhiyet unionor poraa swadhinota laabh korar pisot, prothom baaku antohrastriyo solositro mohutxob pubo-poschim bakut onusthito hoisil. 2000 sonor disembor maahot aajorbaijanor prakton rastropoti heidar aliyebhe 2 aagostok aajorbaijanor solositro nirmataxokolor pesadari bondhor dinn buli ghuxona kori ekhon dikri swakhyor korisil. aaji aajorbaijanir solositro nirmataxokole punor 1920 sonot sobhiyet union protisthar purbe cinematographerxokole xonmukhin huwa xomosyar dore xomosyar xoite mukabila korise. aakou ebaar, bixoybostur posondo aaru solositror pristhopuxokota duyuta mulotoh solositro nirmatar podokhyepor uporot eri diya hoise. television. tinita rajyik malikanadhin television senel aaseh e. je. ti. bhi., idman tibhi aaru medaniate tibhi. iyat etaa rajohuwa senel aaru 6taa byoktigoto senel aaseh aitimai television, space tibhi, lider tibhi, aajad aajorbaijan tibhi, aaru arbo. manob odhikar. aajorbaijanor xongbidhane baak swadhinotar nischoyota diyar daabi kore, kintu iyak bastobot oswikar koraa hoy. xongbad madhyom aaru xongbad madhyomor swadhinotar keiba bosor dhori hraax puwar pisot, 2014 sonot, jikunu birudhi aaru xomaluchonak nirob korar baabe sorkari obhijanor odhinot aajorbaijanor xongbad madhyomor poriwex drutogotit owonoti hoisil, aanoki dexkhone euroop porixodor montri xomitir netritwo disil (mey '-novembor 2014). xangbadikxokolor biruddhe hingxatmok ghotonar khetrot bhuwa aainee obhijug aaru daymukti niyom hoiyei aase. dexot xokolu bidexi xomprosar nixidho koraa hoise. 2013 sonor press protibedonor swadhinota grihor protibedon onuxori, aajorbaijanor xongbad madhyomor swadhinotar morzada "mukto nohoy", aaru aajorbaijan 196khon dexor bhitorot 177tomo sthanot aase. khristan dhormo anusthanikbhabe swikrito. karabaxor bipodaxongkar odhinot xokolu dhormiyo xomprodayor luke xakhyat koriboloi onumoti diyar baabe ponjiyon koratu proyujoniyo. ei ponjiyon praye oswikar koraa hoy. "jatigoto boixomyoi dexkhonor dhormiyo swadhinotar obhabot orihona jugay, kiyonu bohutu khristan aajeri musolmanor poriworte jatigoto armenian baa rasian. readyo 'mukto euroop/readyo' swadhinota aaru aamerikar konthoswor ajorbaijanot nixidho koraa hoise. ajorbaijanot el. ji. bi. ti. lukoxokolor biruddhe boixomyo byapokbhabe aase. juwa keibosormanor bhitorot, tinijon xangbadikok hotya koraa hoisil aaru antohrastriyo manob odhikar xongothonxomuhe onyay buli bornona koraa bisarot keibajonur biruddhe gusor soluwa hoisil. xangbadikxokolok xurokhya diya xomitir mote, 2015 sonot europot bondi koraa xangbadikor bhitorot aajorbaijane ataitkoi besi xongkhyok xangbadikok bondi korisil, aaru iraan aaru seenor aagot biswor ponchom xorbadhik xenxor koraa dex. ajorbaijanot koo "vid-19 mohamarir bixoye prosar korar baabe kisuman guruttopurno xangbadikok greptar koraa hoise. 2015 sonor octobor maahot ejon antorjatik gowexokor ek protibedonot ullekh koraa hoise "...bigoto keibosormanor bhitorot aajorbaijanor manob odhikaror gurutor owonoti ghotise. dukhjonokbhabe aajorbaijanok obhutpurbo porzayor domonor xoite aatori jaboloi onumoti diya hoise aaru ei prokriyat iyar nagorik xomajok pray nischinho koraa hoise."dexor uporot khyomar 2015/16 barxik protibedonot ullekh koraa hoise... rajnoitik bhinnomotor nirzaton obyahot aasil. manob odhikar xongothonxomuhe teulukor kaam punor aarombho koriboloi okhyom hoi porisil. bosoror xexor faale komeu 18 john bibekor bondi aatok hoi aasil. swadhin xangbadik aaru kormixokolor biruddhe protixudh dex aaru bidexot obyahot aasil, aanhate teulukor poriyalor xodosyoxokoleu hoyrani aaru greptaror xonmukhin hoisil. antohrastriyo manob odhikar porzobekhyokxokolok nixidho kori dexor poraa bohiskar koraa hoisil. otyasar aaru onyanyo beyaa byoboharor protibedon obyahot aasil." "obhibhawoke" 2017 sonor aprilot prokax korisil je "aajorbaijanor xaxok obhijatxokole bixisto europianxokolok dhon porixudh koriboloi, bilaxbohul xamogri kroy koriboloi aaru oswoscho britis companyr networkor joriyote dhon londar koriboloi ek gupon $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) aasoni porisalona korisil... lick huwa tothyobure dekhuway je dharabahik manob odhikar ulonghon, pronalibodho durneeti aaru nirbasonot kormohinotar obhijugot obhijukto aajorbaijanir netritwot 2012 sonor poraa 2014 sonoloike 16,000 tokoiu odhik gupon dhon porixudh koraa hoisil. ei dhonor kichu ongxo rajneetibid aaru xangbadikxokolok goisil, ek antohrastriyo lobbing obhijanor ongxo hisape aajorbaijanor rastropoti ilham aliyebhor xomaluchonak bipothgami koriboloi aaru teur tel xomridho dexor ek itibasok bhabomurti prosar koriboloi."xokolu grahokoi dhonor utxor bixoye obogoto aasil buli kunu poramorxo nasil kiyonu ee sodmobexi pothore aahisil. krira. freestyle mollojujok poromporagotobhabe aajorbaijanor rastriyo khel hisape gonyo koraa hoy, zo 'too aajorbaijane antohrastriyo olympic xomitit jugdan korar pisot sarita swornoke dhori souddota podok laabh korisil. bortoman, ataitkoi jonopriyo krirar bhitorot aase football aaru mollojuj. football hoise aajorbaijanor ataitkoi jonopriyo khel, aaru 9,122 john ponjibhukto kheluoir xoite aajorbaijanor football federationor xongstha hoise dexor xorbobrihot krira xongstha. aajorbaijanor rastriyo football dole rastriyo football klabxomuhor tulnat antohrastriyo khetrot tulonamulokbhabe komm prodorxon prodorxon kore. ataitkoi xofol aajorbaijani football klabxomuh hoh 'lo neftchi, karaba aaru gabala. 2012 sonot, neftchi baaku europiyo protijugitar groop porzayoloi aagbarhi juwa prothom aajorbaijani doll hisape porigonito hoisil, ji 2012-13 uefa europa leegor play-off roundot muth 4-2 too cyprusor ep 'elok porasto korisil. 2014 sonot, karabau uefa europa leegor groop porzayoloi aagbarhi juwa dwitiyo aajorbaijani club hoi porisil. 2017 sonot, uefa champions leegor play-off roundot kuponhegonok 2-2 (e) porasto korar pisot, karaba groop porzayot uponeet huwa prothom aajorbaijani club hoi porisil. futsal hoise aajorbaijanor aan ek jonopriyo khel. 2010 sonor uefa futsal championswipot aajorbaijan rastriyo futsal doltuwe soturtho sthanot uponeet hoisil, aanhate ghoruwa club aaraj noxaibhane 2009-10 uefa futsal kaap aaru 2013-14 uefa futsal kaapot bronjor podok laabh korisil. ejorbaijan ritu 2013/2014 aaru 2014/2015-ror xomoyot spanis football club atletiku di medridor mukhyo pristhopuxok aasil, jitu ongxidaritwo klabkhone 'biswot aajorbaijanor bhabomurtir prosar koraa usit' buli bornona korisil. aajorbaijan hoise biswo dobar poromporagot xokti kendroxomuhor bhitorot etaa, jiye bohutu antohrastriyo dobaa protijugita aaru protijugita aayujon korisil aaru 2009,2013 aaru 2017 sonot europiyo dolor dobaa championswip bijoyi hoisil. dexor dobaa bidyaloixomuhor ullekhjugyo dobaa kheluoixokol jiye ei khelot ek mohan probhab pelaise taar bhitorot aase timmer radjabov, swahoriyar mamdiyarov, vladimir makugunuv, bhugar gaximov aaru prakton biswo dobaa champion geree kaxparov. dexor swamokir dobar ghor, 22 shrenir protijugita aaru xorbokalor xorbuscho rating protijugitar bhitorot etaa. bekgamone aajorbaijani xongoskritit ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon kore. ei khelkhon ajorbaijanot oti jonopriyo aaru sthaniyo jonoxadharonor maajot byapokbhabe khelaa hoy. aajorbaijani bixexogyoxokolor dwara bikoxito aaru bislexon koraa bekgamonor bibhinno boisitryou aase. aajorbaijan mohila bholibol supar leeg hoise biswor ataitkoi xoktixali mohila ligxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo. iyar mohila rastriyo doltuwe 2005 sonor europiyo championswipot soturtho sthan laabh korisil. juwa bosorburot rabita baaku aaru ageral bakur dore clubxomuhe europiyo kaapot jothesto xofolota laabh korisil. aajorbaijani bholibol kheluoixokolor bhitorot aase valeria kurutenku, uksana parkhomenku, inesa korkomaj, natalia mamaduva, aaru alla hasanubha. aan aajorbaijani kheluoixokol hoh "lo kustito naamig abdulayev, toghorul aasgarov, rubhsan bayramov, sworif sworifov, maria stadnik aaru farid mansurov, najim huseinov, elnur mamdoli, elkhan mamdov aaru judut rustom orujubh, karatet rafel oghayebh, megumedrasul majidov aaru boxingto oghaxi mamdov, olympic wetliftingot nijami poxebh, pancressionot aajad aaxgarov, kikboxito eduward mamdov, aaru key-1 jujaru jabito sameduv. 2012 sonor june maahot nirmito aajorbaijanor etaa formula waan res-trekk aase, aaru dexkhone iyar prothom formula waan grand prix 19 june 2016-too aaru 2017,2018,2019,2021 aaru 2022-too aajorbaijan grand prix aayujon korisil. dexot onusthito huwa onyanyo barxik krira onusthanxomuh hoh 'lo baaku kaap tenis protijugita aaru tyur di' aajorbaijan cycling res. 2000 sonor xexor poraa aajorbaijone keibatau guruttopurno krira protijugita aayujon korisil, jaar bhitorot aase 2013 sonor ef1 pawarbut biswo championswip, 2012 sonor fifa eu-17 mohila biswokap, 2011 sonor aaiba biswo boxing championswip, 2010 sonor europiyo mollojuj championswip, 2009 sonor rithomik jimnastik europiyo championswip, 2014 sonor europiyo taikuwandu championswip, 2014 sonor rithomik jimnastik europiyo championswip, aaru 2016 sonor biswo dobaa olympic. 2012 sonor 8 disemborot bakuk 2015 sonor europiyo khelxomuhor aayujon koriboloi nirbasito koraa hoisil, ji protijugitar itihaxot onusthito huwa prothomkhon khel aasil. bakuye 2017 sonot soturtho islamik xonghoti khel aaru 2019 sonor europiyo juwo grishmokalin olympic utxoworu aayujon korisil, aaru ee uefa euru 2020-ror ayujokxokolor bhitorot onyotomo, jitu koo "vid-19ror baabe 2021 sonot onusthito hoise.

azerbaijan azerbaijan (,,,), anusthanikbhabe azerbaijan projatontro, purbo europe ebong poschim assier seemante abosthito ekti antahmahadeshiya desh. etty dakkhin caucasus anchaler ekti ongsho ebong purbe caspian samudra, uttore rashiya (dagistan projatontro), uttor-poschime georgia, poschime armenia ebong turkey ebong dakkhine iran dwara beshtito. baku holl err rajdhani ebong brihottomo shohor. azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontro 1918 saale transkeshiya ganotantrik yuktarashtriya projatontro theke taar swadhinota ghoshana korey ebong prothom dhormoniropekkho ganotantrik muslim sankhyagarishtha rashtro hoye othe. 1920 saale, deshti soviet unione azerbaijan ssr hisabe antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. adhunik azerbaijan projatontro 1991 saaler 30shhey august, ekoi bochore soviet union venge yawar kichhu agey, taar swadhinota ghoshana korey. 1991 saaler septembore nagorno-karabakh anchaler jatigoto armenian sankhyagarishthata swaghoshito artsokh projatontro gathon korey. anchalti ebong parshoborti satti zela antorjatikbhabe azerbaijaner ongsho hisabe swikrito, oser dwara sahajtara alochonar madhyome nagorno-karabakher sthitir ekti samadhaner jonno multubi, jodio 1994 saale prothom nagorno-karabakh juddher samaptir saathe saathe etty "karjoto" swadhin hoye othe. 2020 saale dwitiya nagorno-karabakh juddher porey, satti zela ebong nagorno-karabakher ongshoguli azerbaijani niyantrane firey aase. azerbaijan ekti ekok adha-rashtrapati projatontro. etty chhoyti swadhin turkey rajyer modhye ekti ebong turkey rajyo oo turkey sampradayer sangathaner ekti sakriya sadasya. azerbaijaner 182tii desher sange kutnaitik somporko royeche ebong jatisangha, europe porishod, joat-niropekkho andolon, osec ebong natto pfp programa soho 38tii antorjatik sangosthar sadasyapada royeche. etty guam, sees ebong opsidablue-err onnotomo protisthata sadasya. azerbaijano dablu. tii. oo-rawr ekti porjobekkhok rashtro. desher jonosongkhar odhikangsho (97 shotangsho) nammatro musalman, kintu sangbidhan ekti sarkari dhormo ghoshana korey naa ebong desher samasta prodhan rajnaitik shakti dhormoniropekkho. azerbaijan ekti unnayanshil desh ebong manob unnayan suchke suchke sthane royeche. ekhane orthonoitik unnoyoner haar, sakkhorota ebong bekarotter haar qama. zaihok, 1993 saal theke khomotai thaka khamotasin notun azerbaijan party, haydar aliev ebong taar chhele ilham aliev ubhoyer netritte kartrittobadi netritter jonno abhijukto hoyeche, ebong nagrik swadhinotar upor kromobordhoman bidhinishedh, biseshoto sangbadpatrer swadhinota ebong rajnaitik nipidaner upor desher manobadhikar recorder abonoti ghotiyeche. byutpatti. ekti adhunik byutpatti onusare, "azerbaijan" shobdoti eseche "atropates" theke, jaa ockemenid samrajyer adhine ekti persian khotrop, jini porey alekjandar dya greta-err adhine medier khotrop hisabe punarbahal hohn. eyi naamer mool byutpattiti eksamoy-prodhan jorathustrobader modhye royeche boley money koraa hoy. avostar "frawardin iyasha" ("abhibhabok fereshtader jonno stob")-ayee, ekti ullekh royeche, jaa akkhorik orthe avistan theke anubad korey "amra pobitro atropatin-err fravasir upasona corry". atropates" namti nijei ekti purano irani bhasar greek lipyantaran, sombhoboto modhyoborti, jaar ortho "(pobitro) agun dwara surokkhito" baa "(pobitro) aguner bhumi". greek namti diodorus seculus ebong strabo dwara ullekh koraa hoyechilo. sahasrabder samaykale, namti (modhyo parosyo), tarpor, (notun parosyo) ebong bortoman "azerbaijan"-ayee bibortito hoy. 1918 saale russian samrajyer potoner porr, jokhon swadhin azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontro protisthito hoy, tokhon musabat sarkar dwara bortoman azerbaijan projatontrer anchaler jonno "azerbaijan" namti prothom grihito hoyechilo. totodin porjonto, eyi podobiti shudhumatra somosamoyik uttor-poschim iraner sanglagna anchal chinnito korar jonno byabohar koraa hoto, onnodike azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontrer anchaltike purbe "byabostha" ebong "shirvan" hisabe ullekh koraa hoto. seii vittite iran notun grihito desher naamer protibad korey. soviet shasonamole, deshtike russian lipyantaran theke lattin bhasay '()' hisabe banan koraa hoyechilo. 1940 theke 1991 saal porjonto desher namti cyrillic lipite 'hisabe lekha hoyechilo. itihas. prachinkal. azerbaijaner anchale manob bosotir prachintama proman prostor juger shesher dike ebong etty azikh guhar guruche sangaskritir saathe somporkito. khristopurbo 9maum shatabdir godar bosotigulite skythianra antarbhukta chhilo. saithiander anusaran korey, irani medira aras nadeer dakkhine anchale adhipatya bistar korte aase. medira 900 theke 700 khristopurbabder modhye ekti bishal samrajya gathon korechilo, jaa 550 khristopurbabder dike achemenid samrajye ekibhuto hoyechilo. eyi anchalti ochemenidder dwara joy koraa hoyechilo jaar foley jorathustrobad chhoriye porey. sasanian jug theke safvid jug porjonto. sasanian samrajya 252 khristabde caucasian albaniake ekti samanta rashtre porinoto korey, ebong raja ornair theke shotabdite anusthanikbhabe khristodhormoke rashtriya dhormo hisabe grohon corren. sasanian shasson sotteo, albania 9maum shatabdi porjonto eyi anchale ekti sotta chhilo, jodio sasanian iraner sampurna adhastan chhilo ebong taar rajtantra bojay rekhechilo. sasanian somrater prodhan samontoder ekjon haoya sotteo, albanian rajar cable kortritter ekti avas chhilo ebong sasanian marjan (samrik governor) beshirbhag nagrik, dharmiya ebong samrik kortritto dharon korten. 7maum shatabdir prothomardhe, cassian albania, sasanioder samanta hisabe, parosser muslim bijoyer karone nammatro muslim shasoner adhine aase. umaiya khilafat dakkhin caucasus theke sasanian ebong byzantine ubhaykei protihoto korey ebong 667 saale raja javanshir netritte khristan protirodh domon korar porey caucasian albaniake ekti samanta rashtre porinoto korey. abasi khalifar potoner foley aboshishto shunnotar poriman asankhya sthaniya rajbongsho jemon sallarid, sajid ebong shaddadider dwara purno hoyechilo. 11shha shatabdir shurute, anchalti dheere dheere modhyo asia theke oghuz turkey taranga dwara dokhol koraa hoyechilo, jaaraa seii somoye ekti turkey jatigoto naam grohon korechilo. eyi turkey rajbongshogulir modhye prothomti chhilo seljuk samrajya, jaa 1067 khristabder modhye azerbaijan naame porichito elaka probesh korey. adhunik azerbaijaner anchale bosobaskari praka-turkey janagosthi besh koyekti indo-europea ebong kakeshiya bhasay kotha boloto, taader modhye armenian ebong ekti iranian bhasha, purano azeri, jaa dheere dheere ekti turkey bhasha dwara protisthapito hoyechilo, jaa ajoker azerbaijani bhasar prathomik agraduta. kichhu bhasabid arow bolechen jey, irani azerbaijan ebong azerbaijan projatontrer taati upobhashaguli, jemon tatder dwara kothito, purano azeri theke eseche. sthaniyobhabe, poroborti seljuk samrajyer sampatti eldiguzid dwara shasito hoto, projuktigotobhabe seljuk sultander samanta, kintu kokhono kokhono "prokrito" shasokera nijerai shasson korten. seljukder adhine, sthaniya kobira jemon nizami ganjvi ebong khaqani bortoman azerbaijaner anchale parosyo sahityer bikash ghotiyechilen. shirobongshoder sthaniya rajbongsho timur samrajyer ekti samanta rashtro hoye othe ebong sonara doll tokhtamisher shasoker saathe juddhe taake sahayata korey. timur mrityur porr duti swadhin oo protidwondi rashtrer udbhab hayah carra koyunlu ebong aak koyunlu. shirobongshora firey esechilo, sthaniya shasok ebong samanta hisabe uchcho matrar swayattashasana bojay rekhechilo, jaa taaraa 861 saal theke korechilo. 1501 saale iraner safavid rajbongsho shirobongshoder domon korey ebong taar sampatti orjon korey. poroborti shotabdite, safvidra purboborti sunni jonogosthike shiya islame rupantarita korey, jemon taaraa adhunik iraner jonosongkhar saathe korechilo. safvidra 1538 saal porjonto, jokhon safvid raja tahmasp aaee (arr. 1524-1576) taader sampurnarupe podochyuto korey ebong eyi anchalke sirvaner safvid prodeshe porinoto korey. sunni automanra 1578-1590-err automan-safavid juddher foley bortoman azerbaijaner kichhu ongsho sangkhiptabhabe dokhol korte sokkhom hoyechilo; 17 shotoker godar dike, taaraa safavidaniya shasok abbas aaee (arr. 1588-1629). safavid samrajyer potoner poriprekkhite, baku ebong err poribeshguli rashiander dwara sangkhiptabhabe dokhol koraa hoyechilo, jaa chhilo rusho-parosyo juddher foll. safavid iraner protibeshi protidwondider dwara sangkhipto biroti sotteo, aaz jaa azerbaijan, seii jommy 19 shotoker prothom dick theke safavidder abirbhab porjonto irani shasoner adhine chhilo. adhunik itihas. safavidder porr, anchalti iraner afsharid rajbongsho dwara shasito hoyechilo. nader shaher mrityur porr (rawr. 1736-1747), taanr praktan prajader modhye onekei osthitishilotar agnyutpatke punji korechilen. eyi anchale swayattashasaner bivinno roop soho asankhya swa-shasito khanater abirbhab ghote. eyi khanater shasokra sarasari iraner shasok rajbongsher saathe somporkito chhilen ebong iraner shaher samanta oo praja chhilen. khanatra modhyo asia ebong poschimer modhye antorjatik banijya pother madhyome taader vishaygulir upor niyantran prayog koroto. erpor, anchalti irani johned ebong kajarer dharabahik shasoner adhine chhilo. 18 shotoker shesher dick theke, samrajyobadi rashiya taar dui protibeshi ebong dakkhiner protidwondi, iran ebong automan samrajyer proti arow akromonattok bhu-rajnaitik abosthaner dike jhunke porey. rashiya ekhon sokriyobhabe coccus anchal dokhol korar chesta korechilo jaa beshirbhag khettre iraner haate chhilo. 1804 khristabde, rashianra iraner ganja shohor akraman korey ebong lunthan korey, jaa rusho-parosyo juddher sutropat korey. samorikbhabe uchchotoro rashianra ekti bijoyer saathe rusho-parosyo juddher samapti ghotay. 1804-1813 juddhe kazar iraner porajoyer porr, gullistaner chukti onusare, georgia oo dagestan soho beshirbhag khanater upor adhipatya sweekar korte badhyo hoyechilo. 19shha shotabdite rashiya dokhol naa koraa porjonto aras nadeer uttorer anchalti iraner anchal chhilo, jaar modhye somosamoyik azerbaijan projatontro abosthito. pray eka doshok porey, gullistan chukti langghan korey, rashianra iraner irivan khanate akraman korey. err foley dujoner modhye chudanta shatruta shuru hoy, rusho-parosyo juddho, jaar falaswarup turkmencha chukti, kazar iranke irivan khanat, nakhchivan khanat ebong talish khanater aboshishto ongsher upor sarbobhoumotto chhede ditey badhyo korey, jaa somosamoyik azerbaijani projatontrer maatir shesh ongsho niye gothito chhilo jaa ekhono iraner haate chhilo. iran theke russia samasta kakeshiya anchal antarbhukta howar porey, dutir modhye notun seemana aras nodiite sthapon koraa hoyechilo, jaa soviet unioner bichchinnotar porey, porobortikale iran ebong azerbaijan projatontrer modhye seemanter ongsho hoye othe. 19 shotoke kazar iran taar kakeshiya anchalguli russier kachhe samarpan korte badhyo hoyechilo, jaar modhye adhunik diner azerbaijan projatontrer anchal antarbhukta chhilo, seii odhibeshoner foley, azerbaijani jatigoto gosthiti azkal duti jaatir modhye bivoktoh iran ebong azerbaijan. russian bijoy sotteo, somogro 19shha shatabdi judey, irani sangaskriti, sahitya ebong bhasha niye byastata russian-niyantrita shohor baku, ganja ebong tiffliser (tbilisi, ekhon georgia) shiya ebong sunni buddhijibider modhye byapokbhabe chhoriye porechilo. ekoi shatabdir modhye, 19 shotoker shesher dike iraner poroborti russian-niyantrita purbo kakeshiya ekti azerbaijani jatiya porichoy abirbhuto hoy. prothom bishwojuddher somoy russian samrajyer potoner porr, swalpasthayi transkeshiya ganotantrik yuktarashtriya projatontro ghoshana koraa hoy, jaa bortomaner azerbaijan, georgia ebong armenia projatontro gathon korey. err porey 1918 saaler 30shhey march theke 2raa apriler modhye baku shohor ebong russian samrajyer baku governorater sanglagna anchale marcher diner ganahatya onusthito hoy. 1918 saaler meey maase projatontroti venge gele, prodhan musabat party notun projatontrer jonno "azerbaijan" namti grohon korey azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontro (adr) hisabe swadhinota ghoshana korey; ekti naam jaa adr ghoshanar agey shudhumatra somosamoyik iraner sanglagna uttor-poschim anchalke bojhate byabohrito hoto. adro chhilo muslim bishwer prothom adhunik sangsadiya projatontro. sangsader guruttopurno safalyagulir modhye chhilo mohilader bhotadhikarer samprasaran, jaar foley azerbaijan prothom muslim desh hoye othe jaaraa mohilader purushder saathe soman rajnaitik adhikar pradan korey. adrer arekti guruttopurno safalya chhilo baku rajyo vishwavidyalaya protistha, jaa chhilo muslim prachye protisthito prothom adhunik dharaner vishwavidyalaya. 1920 saaler marcher modhye, etaa sposhto chhilo jey soviet rashiya baku akraman korbe. vladmir leniner motey, baku teela chhada soviet rashiya tike thakte parbe naa boley akramanti nyayasangata chhilo. swadhin azerbaijan matro 23 maas sthayi hoyechilo jotokkhon naa bolshevik bolshevik soviet laal senabahini etty akraman korey, 1920 saaler 28shhey april azerbaijan ssr protistha korey. jodio soddo gothito azerbaijani senabahinir beshirbhag ongsho ekti armenian bidrohoke domon korte nijukto chhilo jaa karabakhe sobematro venge porechilo, azerbaijanira taader sangkhipto swadhinota druto baa sahojei atmosomorpon koreni. karjokorbhabe russier punarbigraher birodhita korey pray 20,000 azerbaijani sainya maaraa yaay. poroborti soviet juger godar dike, azerbaijani jatiya porichoy abosheshe jaal koraa hoyechilo. 1921 saaler 13ee octobor rashiya, armenia, azerbaijan ebong georgier soviet prajatantraguli turkeyr saathe ekti chukti swakkhar korey jaa curser chukti naame porichito. purbe swadhin aras prajatantrao curser chuktir madhyome azerbaijan ssr-err modhye nakhchivan swayattashasita soviet samajtantrik projatontre porinoto hobey. onnodike, armeniake jangejur anchal pradan koraa hoy ebong turkey gumory (tokhon alekjandropol naame porichito) firiye ditey raji hoy. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy, azerbaijan soviet unioner kaushalgata shakti nitite guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilo, purbo fronte soviet unioner teler 80 shotangsho baku dwara sarbaraha koraa hoyechilo. 1942 saaler februaryte eu. esha. esha. arr-err sorbochcho sobhiyeter decree dwara, azerbaijaner teela shilper 500 jonero beshi shromik ebong kormocharider protishruti adesh ebong podok pradan koraa hoyechilo. eu. esha. arr-err shakti (petroleum) dynamo hisabe err gurutter karone german wehrmach dwara porichalito apareshana edelouis baku lakkhyabastu korey. 1941 theke 1945 saal porjonto dwitiya bishwojuddhe ladai koraa samasta azerbaijanider modhye panchamjan. pray 681,000 manush ebong taader modhye 100,000 ero beshi mohila, saamone giechilen, jokhon seii somoye azerbaijaner moat jonosongkha chhilo 34 lokkho. azerbaijaner pray 2,50,000 manush saamone nihoto hoyechilo. 130 jonero beshi azerbaijani soviet unioner nayak hisabe manoneet hoyechilo. azerbaijani mejor-general azie aslanovke duibar soviet unioner nayaker puraskar deoa hoyechilo. swadhinota. mikhail gorbachever dwara shuru haoya "glassonst"-err rajneetir porey, soviet unioner bivinno anchale nagrik osthirota ebong jatigoto dwandwa briddhi peyechilo, jaar modhye chhilo azerbaijan ssr-err ekti swayattashasita anchal nagorno-karabakh. itimadhye uttopto sanghater proti moscore udasinotar protikriyay azerbaijaner bishrinkhala, swadhinota oo bichchinnotar ahobaner falaswarup, jaa bakute kaalo januarir ghotonagulite shesh hoyechilo. porey 1990 saale, azerbaijan ssr-err supreme council upadhi theke "soviet samajtantrik" shobdoti baad deyo, "azerbaijan projatontrer sarbobhoumotter ghoshana" grohon korey ebong azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontrer potakatike rashtriya potaka hisabe punoruddhar korey. 1991 saale moscote soviet abhyutthan dii 'etater byartho prochestar falaswarup, azerbaijaner supreme council 1991 saaler 18ee octobor swadhinotar ghoshana grohon korey, jaa 1991 saaler decembere ekti deshbyapi ganabhot dwara nischito koraa hoyechilo, jokhon soviet unioner anusthanikbhabe 26shhey december 1991 saale astitto bondho hoye yaay. deshti ekhon 18ee octobor taar swadhinota dibos udjapon korey. swadhinotar prothom bochorguli armenier somorthito nagorno-karabakher jatigoto armenian sankhyagarishther saathe prothom nagorno-karabakher juddher dwara achchadito hoyechilo. 1994 saale shatrutar sheshe, armenianra nagorno-karabakh soho azerbaijani anchaler 14-16 shotangsho porjonto niyantran korechilo. juddher somoy malibeli oo gushchulare ganahatya, garadagli ganahatya oo khojali ganahatya, baku ganahatya, maraga ganahatya ebong kirobad ganahatya soho ubhoy pokkher onek nrishongsota oo ganahatya sanghatito hoyechilo. echhadao, anumanik 30,000 manush nihoto hoyeche ebong eka millionero beshi manush bastuchyuto hoyeche, 800,000 ero beshi azerbaijani ebong 300,000 armenian. charti jatisangha nirapatta porishder prostab (822,853,874 ebong 884) azerbaijaner samasta adhikrito anchal theke samasta armenian bahinike abilambe prottaharer daabi jaanaay."1990-err doshke onek rush oo armenian sharanarthi hisabe azerbaijan chhede paliye yaay. 1970 saaler jonogonona onusare, azerbaijane 5,10,000 john jatigoto rush ebong 484,000 john armenian chhilo. aliev paribarik shasson, 1993-bortoman. 1993 saale, ganotantrikbhabe nirbachito rashtrapati abulfaz elchibe cornell surat hussenver netritte ekti samrik bidroher dwara utkhato hohn, jaar foley soviet azerbaijaner praktan neta haydar aliyever khomota briddhi paay. 1994 saale, surat hussenov, seii somoyer prodhanmontri, haydar aliyever biruddhe arekti samrik abhyutthaner chesta korechilen, kintu taake greptar koraa hoy ebong rashtrodroher abhijoge abhijukto koraa hoy. eka bochor porr, 1995 saale, aliyever biruddhe arekti abhyutthaner chesta koraa hoy, ebar omon speshala uniter commander rovshan javadov dwara. abhyutthanti edano hoyechilo, jaar foley porerti nihoto hoyechilo ebong azerbaijaner omon unitguli venge deoa hoyechilo. ekoi somoye, deshti shasok amlatantrer byapok durnitite kolongkito hoyechilo. 1998 saaler octobore, aliev dwitiya meyader jonno punornirbachito hohn. arthaniti onek unnoto haoya sotteo, bishesh korey azeri-chirag-guneshli telkhetro ebong shaah deniz gaskhetrer shoshoner karone, sandehabhajan nirbachoni jaliati, uchcho matrar orthonoitik baisamma ebong abhyantarin durnitir karone aliyever presidencyr samalochana koraa hoyechilo. haydar aliyever chhele ilham aliev 2003 saale taanr baba maaraa gele notun azerbaijan partyr chairman howar pashapashi azerbaijaner sabhapati hohn. 2013 saaler octobore tini tritiya meyade rashtrapati hisabe punornirbachito hohn. 2018 saaler aprile, rashtrapati ilham aliev nirbachone taanr taanaa choturtho meyade joylav corren jaa prodhan birodhi dalguli protaronamulok boley boycot korechilo. 27shhey septembara 2020-ayee, nagorno-karabakh jogajoger line borabor amimangsito nagorno-karabakh sanghater notun sangharsha punra shuru hoy. azerbaijan ebong armenier soshostro bahini ubhayi samrik oo besamoric hotahoter khobor diyeche. nagorno-karabakh juddhobiroti chukti ebong azerbaijan oo armenier modhye chhoy saptaher juddher samapti azerbaijane byapokbhabe udjapito hoyechilo, kaaron taaraa ullekhjoggo anchalik laav korechilo. bhugol. bhougolikbhabe, azerbaijan poschim asia ebong purbo europe bistrito eurasier dakkhin caucasus anchale abosthito. etty okkhangsho 38° ebong 42°n ebong draghimangsho 44° ebong 51°e-err modhye abosthito. azerbaijaner stholsimar moat doirgho holl, jaar modhye armenia, iran, georgia, rashiya ebong turkey soho 480 kilometres. upokulrekhati bistrito ebong caspian samudrer azerbaijani bibhager proshostotomo anchaler doirgho holl. deshe ekti stholbeshtito exclave royeche, jaa nakhchivan swayattashasita projatontro. tinti bhouto baisishtya azerbaijane adhipatya bistar koreh caspian samudra, jaar upokulrekha purbe ekti prakritik seemana gathon korey; uttore brihottor coccus porbotshreni; ebong desher kendre bistrito samatalbhumi. echhadao tinti porbotshreni royeche, brihottor oo khudrotoro coccus ebong talish porboto, jaa desher pray 40 shotangsho judey royeche. azerbaijaner sorbochcho shringo holl mount bazarduzu, jekhane sorbonimno binduti caspian sagore abosthito. prithibir samasta kaadaa agneygirir pray ardhek azerbaijane kendribhuto, eyi agneygiriguli prokritir notun 7 ashchorjer jonno mononitder modhye chhilo. prodhan joler utso holl pristher joll. 8, 350tii nadeer modhye matro 24tii nadeer doirgho doirghyer cheye beshi. desher purbo dike samasta nodee caspian sagore potito hoy. brihottomo hrod holl sarisu ebong dirghotomo nodee holl koor, jaa armenier sange antoshimanto. azerbaijaner caspian samudra borabor besh koyekti dweep royeche, jaa beshirbhag baku dweeppunje abosthito. 1991 saale azerbaijaner swadhinotar porr theke azerbaijan sarkar azerbaijaner poribesh sanrakkhaner jonno byabostha niyeche. 2001 saaler porr baku-twilisi-sehan pipeline dwara prodotto notun rajaswer karone rashtriya budget briddhi peley poribesher jatiya surakkha twarannito hoy. chaar bochorer modhye, surokkhito anchalguli dwigun hoye yaay ebong ekhon desher aatt shotangsho elaka hoye othe. 2001 saal theke sarkar satti borh reserve sthapon koreche ebong poribesh surakkhar jonno baradda koraa bajeter khettroti pray dwigun koreche. prakritik drishya. azerbaijan bivinno dharaner prakritik drishyer abashsthol. azerbaijaner ardhekero beshi bhubhag porbotshreni, shikhar, uchchobhumi ebong malvumi niye gothito jaa 400-1000 mitter (modhyo oo nimno nimnabhumi soho) hypesometric stor porjonto, kichhu jaiga (talis, jairanchol-azinohur ebong langbaz-alat forarenz) 100-120 mitter porjonto ebong anyanyaguli 0-50 mitter ebong upore (kobustan, absheron). azerbaijaner bucky bhukhanda samabhumi ebong nimnabhumi niye gothito. coccus anchaler modhye hypesometric chinnoguli caspian samudra upokule pray −28 mitter theke 4,466 mitter (bazarduzu shikhar) porjonto poribortito hoy. azerbaijane jalbayu gathon biseshoto scandinavian anticyclone, cyberian anticyclone ebong kendriya eshiya anticyclone-err natishitoshna bayur bhor dwara probhabito hoy. azerbaijaner boichitromoy prakritik drishya bayu bhor deshe probesher upaygulike probhabito korey. brihottor caucasus uttor theke assa thhanda bataser sarasari prabhab theke deshke rakkha korey. jaa desher beshirbhag padadesh ebong somobhumite upokrantiyo jalbayu gathoner dike porichalito korey. edike, samabhumi ebong padadeshguli uchcho sour bikiran haar dwara chinnito koraa hoy. bortoman egaroti jalbayu anchaler modhye noyti azerbaijane abosthito. nakhchivan swayattashasita projatontrer zulfa ebong ordubad anchale porom nyuntama tapmatra () ebong porom sorbochcho tapmatra ubhayi lakkhya koraa geche. sorbadhik barshik brishtipat hoy lonkarane () ebong sorbonimno brishtipat hoy aberne (). nodee oo hradguli azerbaijaner joll byabosthar prodhan ongsho, eguli deergho bhutattik samayseemar modhye gothito hoyechilo ebong seii somoy judey ullekhjoggobhabe poribortito hoyechilo. saaraa deshe pawa prachin nadigulir aboshistangsho theke etty biseshbhabe promanito hoy. prakritik shakti ebong manusher dwara probortito shilp kriyakalaper probhabe desher joll byabostha kromagoto poribortito hachche. kritrim nodee (khaal) ebong pukurguli azerbaijaner joll byabosthar ekti ongsho. joll sorboraher khettre, azerbaijan proti borgokilometere pray proti bochor joler saathe bishwer gader niche. samasta borh joladhar kurer upor nirmito. azerbaijaner jolobidyut mulat caspian samudra abobahikar ontorgoto. kuraa oo aras holl azerbaijaner prodhan nodee. taaraa kuraa-aras nimnabhumir modhyo diye yaay. jey nadiguli sarasari caspian sagore probahito hoy, seguli prodhanoto prodhan coccus ebong talish porbotmalar uttor-purbo ddhaal theke utponno hoy ebong samur-devechi ebong lonkaran nimnabhumi borabor probahito hoy. ianara daag, jaa "jolonto porboto" hisabe anubad koraa hoyeche, ekti prakritik gasser agun jaa baku-rawr kachhe caspian samudrer aberon upodwiper ekti pahader upor kromagoto jolche, jaa nijei "aguner bhumi" hisabe porichito."ekti patla, chhidrojukto belepathorer stor theke aguner shikha batase beriye aase. etty baku anchale dorsonarthider kachhe ekti porjotok akarshan. jeebboichitro. azerbaijane prani jeeboner samriddhi oo boichitrer prothom protibedonguli purbo bhromonkarider bhromoner notgulite pawa yaay. sthapotto smritisoudho, prachin pathor ebong pathorer upor prani khodai bortoman somoy porjonto benche achhe. 17shha shotabdite azerbaijane prokritibidder poridorshoner somoy azerbaijaner udbhid oo pranijagata somporke prothom tothyo sangraha koraa hoyechilo. ekhane 106 projatir stanyapayi prani, 97 projatir machh, 363 projatir pakhi, 10 projatir uvchar prani ebong 52 projatir sarisrip royeche jaa azerbaijane nothibhukto ebong shreniboddho koraa hoyeche. azerbaijaner jatiya prani holl karabakh ghoda, jaa ekti porboto-stepa racing ebong azerbaijaner sthaniya ghoda. karabakh ghodar vall mejaz, goti, kamaniyata ebong buddhimattar jonno khyati royeche. etty prachintama jatgulir modhye ekti, jaar purbopurush prachin bishwer, kintu aaz ghodati ekti biponno prajati. azerbaijaner udbhid 4,500 tiro beshi projatir uchchotoro udbhid niye gothito. azerbaijaner ananya jalbayur karone, dakkhin kokasaser anyanno projatontrer udvidkuler tulna udvidkul projatir sankhyay onek beshi samriddha. somogro kokasase kromobordhoman projatir 66 shotangsho azerbaijane pawa yaay. deshti charti bastutantrer modhye abosthitoh caspian hiercanian mishra bonn, coccus mishra bonn, purbo anatolian montan stepa ebong azerbaijan gulm marubhumi ebong stepa. azerbaijaner 2018 saaler bonn prakritik drishyer akhandata suchoker garh score chhilo 6.55/10, jaa 172tii desher modhye bishwobyapi bishwobyapi sthane royeche. sarkar oo rajneeti. 1995 saaler 12ee navembar notun sangbidhan grohoner madhyome azerbaijaner rajnaitik byabosthar kathamogoto gathon somponno hoy. sangbidhaner 23 nong anuchched onusare, azerbaijan projatontrer rashtriya protikguli holl potaka, coat off arms ebong jatiya sangeet. azerbaijane rashtriya khomota shudhumatra abhyantarin vishaygulir jonno aain dwara seemaboddho, tobey antorjatik vishaygulio antorjatik chuktir bidhan dwara seemaboddho. azerbaijaner sangbidhane bolla hoyeche jey etty ekti rashtrapati projatontro jaar khomotar tinti shakha royeche-nirbahi, aain pranayankari ebong bitcher bibhagiya. aain pranayaner khomota eka sadoner jatiya porishod ebong nakhchivan swayattashasita projatontrer sorbochcho jatiya porishod dwara porichalito hoy. azerbaijaner sangsad, jaake millie majlis bolla hoy, sankhyagarishtha bhoter vittite nirbachito 125 john deputi niye gothito, protiti nirbachito sadasyer jonno panch bochorer meyad soho. proti panch bochor ontor novemborer prothom robibar nirbachan onusthito hoy. sarkar gathoner jonno sangsad dayee noy, tobey sangbidhaner jonno millie majliser dwara montrisobhar anumodan prayojan. notun azerbaijan doll ebong khamotasin sarkarer proti onugoto swatantrara bortomane sangsader 125tii asoner pray sabkatitei royeche. 2010 saaler sangsadiya nirbachoner somoy birodhi doll musabat ebong azerbaijaner janapriya front party ektio asson jitote byartho hoy. europea porjobekkhokra nirbachoner agey ebong nirbachoner deane asankhya aniyamer sandhan peyechen. nirbahi khomota rashtrapati ebong prodhanmontri dwara porichalito hoy, jini sarasari nirbachoner madhyome shaat bochorer meyader jonno nirbachito hohn. rashtrapati montrisobha gathoner jonno onumodito, jaa rashtrapati ebong jatiya porishod ubhoyer kachhei dayabaddha ekti joutho nirbahi sangostha. azerbaijaner montrisobha mulat prodhanmontri, taanr protinidhira ebong montrider niye gothito. azerbaijaner 8maum sarkar holl taar bortoman gathone proshashon. rashtropotir jatiya porishod venge deoar adhikar nei tobey taar siddhantagulite vetto deoar adhikar royeche. rashtropotir vetto batil korte holey sangsader sankhyagarishthata 95tii hotey hobey. bitcher bibhagiya khomota sangbidhanik adalat, supreme court ebong orthonoitik adaloter haate nyasto. rashtrapati eyi adalotgulite bicharokder manoneet corren. europea kamishana phara dya efficiency off justice (cepeje) reportti notun bicharokder nirbachoner upor azerbaijani nyaybichar modelke sarbottama anushilan hisabe ullekh korey, jaa ekti notun ganotantre bitcher bibhager swadhinota ebong gunoman nischito korar jonno nirdishto baisishtya ebong unnoyoner gotipothke protifolito korey. azerbaijaner shasson byabosthake nammatro dui-storjukto bolla jete paare. sarkarer sheersho baa sorbochcho stor holl rashtropotir netritte nirbahi khomota. rashtrapati mantrisabha ebong anyanno uchchopodostho kormokortader niyog corren. sthaniya nirbahi kortripokkho cable nirbahi khomotar ekti dharabahikata. bidhanti sthaniya nirbahi kortripokkher upor azerbaijane sthaniya rajyo proshashoner aini abostha nirdharan korey ("earley ikra hakimiyati"), 16 june 1999 saale grihito hoy. june 2012 saale rashtrapati notun probidhanti anumodan corren, jaa sthaniya nirbahi kortripokkhoke atirikto khomota pradan korey, azerbaijan projatontrer sangbidhaner 9 nong adhyayer azerbaijaner sthaniya bishoye taader prabhabshali abosthanke shaktishali korey, sthaniya swayattashasaner prodhan vishaygulike sambodhan korey, jemon pourosobhagulir aini abostha, sthaniya swayattashasita sangosthar prokar, taader moulik khomota ebong anyanno sarkari sottar saathe somporko. proshashoner onno nammatro stor holl pourosobha ("bjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj bortomane saaraa deshe 1,607tii pourosobha royeche. sthaniya sarkarer khettre pour nirbachan sangkranta aain ebong pourosobhagulir morjada sangkranta aain prothom grihito hoy (2 julai 1999). pour porishebar aain pour kormocharider karjokolap, taader adhikar, kortobbo, shromer abostha ebong samajik subidhaguli niyantran korey ebong nirbahi jontropati ebong pour porishebar sangathaner kathamor ruprekha deyo. pourosobhagulir abosthan somporkito aain pour sangosthagulir bhumika oo kathamo niyantran korey ebong aini oo arthik swayattashasaner rashtriya nischoyotar ruprekha toiri korey. samajik surakkha, samajik oo orthonoitik unnayan ebong sthaniya poribesh somporkito pour karmasuchi grohon oo bastobayoner proti aainti bishesh monojog deyo. nirapatta porishod holl rashtropotir adhine ekti bibechyo sangostha ebong tini sangbidhan anujayi etty sangathito corren. etty 10ee april 1997 saale protisthito hoy. proshashonik bibhagti rashtropotir karjaloyer ongsho noy, tobey rashtrapati ebong taanr karjaloy ubhoyer arthik, projuktigoto ebong arthik karjokrom porichalona korey. haydar aliev dwara protisthito aliev rajnaitik poribar ebong notun azerbaijan party (ienni azerbaycan partiacy, eap)-err dirghasthayi probhaber karone kichhu rajnaitik bigyani azerbaijaner rajnaitik byabosthake kartrittobadi hisabe sangyayita korechen. desher tritiya rashtrapati, haydar aliev (1993 theke 2003 saaler modhye office; tini purbe 1969 theke 1982 saaler modhye azerbaijaner communist partyr prothom sachib chhilen, ebong 1982 theke 1987 saaler modhye soviet unioner prothom upo-prodhanmontri chhilen) 2003 saale taanr putro, choturtho ebong bortoman rashtrapati ilham aliev dwara sofol hohn. jodio azerbaijan taar swadhinota punoruddhar korar porr theke asankhya nirbachan koreche ebong ganotantrer onek anusthanik protisthan royeche, tobey etty swadhinota house dwara "mukto noy" hisabe shreniboddho royeche, jini 2022 saale etike ekti "susonghoto swairachari shasson" boley abhihito korechen. samprotik bochorgulite, rashtrapati aliev ebong sarkari kortripokkher samalochana korar jonno bipul sankhyak azerbaijani sangbadik, blogger, aainjibi ebong manobadhikar karmider greptar koraa hoyeche ebong jele pathano hoyeche. 2015 saaler septembore europea sangsad kortrik grihito ekti prostab azerbaijanke "goto dosho bochore somogro eurasia ganotantrik shasoner sabcheye borh potoner sammukhin hoyeche" boley bornona korey, pashapashi ullekh korey jey manobadhikarer bishoye desher saathe taar sanglap "konao ullekhjoggo aggrogoti koreni."2016 saaler 17 march, azerbaijaner rashtrapati kichhu ngo dwara rajnaitik bondee hisabe bibechito eka dozonero beshi byaktike khama korar ekti decree swakkhar corren. eyi adeshke markin juktorashtrer rajyo bibhag ekti itibachak podokkhep hisabe swagoto janiyeche. 2017 saaler 16ee march arekti khama decree swakkhorito hoy, jaar foley rajnaitik bondee hisabe bibechito atirikto byaktider mukti deoa hoy. azerbaijan bideshe err uddeshya prochar korte ebong deshe err nirbachanke boidhota deoar jonno bideshi kormokorta ebong kutnitikder ghush deoar jonno kathorbhabe samalochito hoyeche, ekti onushilonke cavier kutniti bolla hoy. zaihok, 6 march 2017-ayee, europea kaushalgata goenda ebong nirapatta kendra asisk) "armenian sangjog" naame ekti protibedon prakash korey, jekhane etty manobadhikar ngo ebong gobeshona sangosthagulike akraman korey manobadhikar langghan ebong durnitir samalochana korey. asisk seii protibedone jore diye bolechilo jey esir dwara bishodbhabe bornito "cavier kutniti" protibedonti ajerboijaner biruddhe rajnaitik juddhe jorito emm. pii. esha-err ekti network gathoner jonno apobader upor vitti korey sandeher ekti poribesh toiri korar lakkhye ebong europea pii. emm. esha, armenian kormokortara ebong kichhu enn. zii. oo (manobadhikar porjobekkhon, amnesty international, manobadhikar house phaundeshana, "open dialogue, europea sthitishilota uddog ebong helsinki committy phara human rites) dwara gothito networkti soros phaundeshana dwara arthayan koraa hoyechilo. robbert colson (redio mukto europe)-err motey, asisk holl janamat poribortoner jonno front think tanker byabohar badanor jonno baku-err todobir prochestar ekti ongsho. friedom files analytical center boleche jey "protibedonti kartrittobadi procharer sabcheye kharap oitijhye lekha hoyeche". boideshik somporko. swalpasthayi azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontro chhoyti desher saathe kutnaitik somporko sthapone sofol hoy, germany ebong finlande kutnaitik protinidhi pathay. soviet unioner poton theke azerbaijaner swadhinotar antorjatik swikritir prokriya pray eka bochor sthayi hoyechilo. 1996 saaler 6ee navembar azerbaijanke swikriti deoa sabcheye samprotik desh chhilo bahrain. turosko, pakistan, markin juktorashtro, iran ebong israeler saathe parosporik missioner binimoy soho purno kutnaitik somporko prothom protisthito hoyechilo. azerbaijan turkeyr saathe taar "bishesh somporker" upor bishesh jore diyeche. azerbaijaner ekhono porjonto 158tii desher sange kutnaitik somporko royeche ebong 38tii antorjatik sangosthar sadasyapada royeche. etty joat-niropekkho andolon ebong bishwa banijya sangosthai porjobekkhoker morjada rakhe ebong antorjatik telijogajog unioner ekjon sangbaddata. 2006 saaler 9 meey azerbaijan jatisangher sadharan porishod kortrik soddo protisthito manobadhikar counciler sadasya nirbachito hohn. 19shhey june 2006-ayee eyi poder meyad shuru hoy. azerbaijan prothombar 155tii desher somorthone 2011 saale jatisangha nirapatta porishder asthayi sadasya hisabe nirbachito hohn. azerbaijaner boideshik nitir agradhikargulir modhye royeche, prothomoto, taar anchalik akhandata punoruddhar; nagorno-karabakh ebong nagorno-karabakher ashepasher azerbaijaner anyanno satti anchaler dokholer porinoti nirmul; europea oo euro-atlantik kathamote ekikaran; antorjatik nirapottai abodan; antorjatik sangosthagulir saathe sahojogita; anchalik sahojogita oo dwipokkhiyo somporko; protirokkha sokkhomota zordar koraa; abhyantarin nitir madhyome nirapatta prochar; ganotantroke shaktishali koraa; jatigoto oo dharmiya sahanshilata sanrakkhan; boigyanik, shikkhamulak ebong sangoskritik neeti ebong noitik mulyabodh sanrakkhan; orthonoitik oo samajik unnayan; abhyantarin oo seemanto nirapatta briddhi; ebong abhibasan, shakti ebong poribohon surakkha neeti. azerbaijan antorjatik santrasbader biruddhe ladai koraa antorjatik joter ekti sakriya sadasya ebong 11ee september humler porr samarthan prodankari prothom deshgulir modhye ekti chhilo. deshti kosovo, afghanistan ebong irake shantirokkha prochestai abodan rekhe shanti karmasuchir jonno natore angshidaritter ekti sakriya sadasya. azerbaijan 2001 saal theke europe counciler sadasya ebong europea unioner saathe vall somporko bojay rakhe. deshti shesh porjonto eu sadasyapader jonno abedon korte paare. 1 julai 2021-ayee, markin congress aainti unnoto korey jaa 2012 saal theke washington azerbaijane jey samrik sahayata pathiyeche taar upor prabhab felbe. err kaaron chhilo jey armenier pyakejguli, poriborte, ullekhjoggobhabe chhoto. samrik bahini. adhunik azerbaijan senabahinir itihas 1918 saale azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontrer samaykar, jokhon 1918 saaler 26shhey june nobogothito azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontrer jatiya senabahini gothito hoy. soviet unioner potoner porr jokhon azerbaijan swadhinota laav korey, tokhon azerbaijan projatontrer soshostro bahini 1991 saaler 9ee octobor soshostro bahinir aain anujayi toiri koraa hoy. swalpasthayi jatiya senabahini protisthar mool tarikhti ajoker azerbaijane seena dibos (26shhey june) hisabe palito hoy. 2021 saaler hisabe, azerbaijaner soshostro bahinite 126,000 sakriya karmi chhilo. echhadao 17,000 adhasamorik bahini ebong 330,00 sanrakkhito karmi royeche. soshostro bahinir tinti shakha royeche sthol bahini, biman bahini ebong naubahini. atiriktobhabe soshostro bahini besh koyekti samrik upo-gosthike antarbhukta korey jaa proyojone rashtriya protirokkhai jorito hotey paare. eguli abhyantarin vishayak montrok ebong rajyo seemanto porishebar abhyantarin sainya, jaar modhye upokul rakkhi bahinio royeche. azerbaijan jatiya rakkhi bahini holl arow ekti adhasamorik bahini. etty rashtropotir adhinastha ekti sangostha, bishesh rashtriya surakkha porishebar ekti adha-swadhin sotta hisabe kaaj korey. azerbaijan europer procholito soshostro bahinir chukti meney choley ebong samasta prodhan antorjatik ostro oo ostro chukti swakkhar koreche. azerbaijan shantir jonno angshidaritto ebong byaktigato angshidaritto kormo parikalpana/pfp ebong ipar moto kormosuchite natore saathe ghonisthobhabe sahojogita korey. azerbaijan irake taar shantirokkha bahinir 151tii ebong afghanistane arow 184tii bahini motayen koreche. azerbaijan taar protirokkha bajete 2.24 billion dollar byoy koreche, jaa taar moat gdp-rawr 5.4% ebong sadharan sarkari byer kichhu 12.7%. azerbaijaner protirokkha shilp chhoto ostro, kaman byabostha, tank, bormo ebong night vision device, biman chalna boma, uav/manheen biman, bivinno samrik janbahon ebong samrik biman ebong helicopter toiri korey. proshashonik bibhag. azerbaijan proshashonikbhabe 14tii orthonoitik anchale bivokto; projatontrer prottokkho kortritter adhine 66tii rayon (, ekbochon) ebong 11tii shohor (, ekbochon). uporontu, azerbaijaner modhye nakhchibhaner swayattashasita projatontro () antarbhukta. azerbaijaner rashtrapati eyi unitgulir governorder niyog corren, onnodike nakhchibhaner sarkar nakhchibhaner swayattashasita projatontrer sangsad dwara nirbachito ebong onumodito hoy. arthaniti. 1991 saale swadhinota orjoner porr azerbaijan antorjatik mudra tehbil, bishwa bank, punarnirman oo unnoyoner jonno europea bank, islami unnayan bank ebong eshiya unnayan byanker sadasya hohn. azerbaijaner banking byabostha azerbaijaner kendriya bank, banijyik bank ebong aaa-banking credit sangosthagulike niye gothito. jatiya (bortomane kendriya) bankti 1992 saale azerbaijan steta savings byanker upor vitti korey toiri koraa hoyechilo, jaa eu. esha. esha. arr-err praktan rajyo sanchaya byanker ekti adhibhukto. kendriya bank azerbaijaner kendriya bank hisabe kaaj korey, jatiya mudra, azerbaijani manat jaari korar ebong samasta banijyik byanker tadarki korar khomota rakhe. duti prodhan banijyik bank holl unibank ebong abba ibrahimov dwara porichalito azerbaijaner rashtriya malikanadhin antorjatik bank. byoy ebong chahida briddhir foley 2007 saaler prothom troimasiker mudrasfitir haar 16.6%-ayee poucheche. eyi sankhyar biporite nammatro aay ebong masik majuri jothakrome 29 shotangsho ebong 25 shotangsho briddhi peyeche, kintu aaa-teela shilpe mulyabriddhir foley mudrasfiti briddhi peyeche. azerbaijan taar druto bordhonshil shakti khettrer karone tothakothito "dutch roga"-err kichhu lakkhan dekhay, jaa mudrasfitir kaaron hoy ebong aaa-shakti roptanike arow byabahul korey toley. 2000-err doshoker godar dike, dirghasthayi uchcho mudrasfiti niyantrane aanaa hoyechilo. err foley 2006 saaler 1laa januari orthonoitik sangoskarke dridha korte ebong ekti asthitishil orthonitir chinnoguli muche feller jonno ekti notun mudra, notun azerbaijani manat chaalu koraa hoy. anyanno cis deshgulir upore, 2010-2011-err jonno baishwik protijogitamulok protibedone azerbaijan azerbaijan sthane royeche. 2012 saaler modhye azerbaijaner gdp 1995 saaler theke 20 guno briddhi peyechilo. shakti oo prakritik sompod. azerbaijaner dui-tritiyangsho teela oo prakritik gasse samriddha. azerbaijaner teela shilper itihas prachin cull theke shuru hoy. arob itihasbid ebong bhromonkari ahmed all-baladhuri prachinkale aberon upodwiper arthaniti niye alochona korechilen, bishesh korey err teler kotha ullekh korechilen. azerbaijane onek pipeline royeche. dakkhin gyasa corridor lakkhya, jaa azerbaijaner bishal shaah deniz gyasa khettroke europer saathe sangjukto korey, taa holl russian gasser upor europea unioner nirbhorota hrass koraa. desher beshirbhag soona, rupa, loha, taama, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobult, molybodenum, jotil akrik ebong antimony eyi khudro kokasaser anchale royeche. 1994 saaler septembore azerbaijan projatontrer rashtriya teela sangostha (soker) ebong 13tii teela sangosthar modhye ekti 30 bochorer chukti swakkhorito hoy, jaar modhye royeche amoko, bipi, exonmobil, lucoil ebong equinor. jehetu poschima teela sangosthaguli soviet shoshoner dwara osporshito govir joler telkhetroguli byabohar korte sokkhom, taai azerbaijanke teela anusandhan ebong unnoyoner jonno bishwer onnotomo guruttopurno sthan hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. edike, samostik orthonoitik sthitishilota, teela rajaswa byabosthaponay swachchota ebong bhabishyat projonmer jonno sompod surakkhar jonno ekti atirikto budget tehbil hisabe azerbaijaner rashtriya teela tehbil protisthito hoyechilo. azerbaijane joibo sokkhomotar prapyota bishwa gader cheye qama. 2016 saale, azerbaijaner proti byakti 0.8 hector joibo sokkhomota chhilo, jaa proti byakti 1.6 hector ardhek. 2016 saale azerbaijan proti byakti 2.1 hector joibo sokkhomota byabohar korechilo-taader poribeshgoto byaboharer podochinno. err ortho holl taaraa azerbaijaner cheye beshi joibo sokkhomota byabohar korey. falaswarup, azerbaijan joibo sokkhomotar ghatoti chalache. sokarer ekti upo-sangostha azericaz 2021 saaler modhye desher purno gyasikaran nischito korte chaay. azerbaijan purbo-poschim ebong uttor-dakkhin shakti poribohon corridor onnotomo pristhoposhok. baku-twilisi-curse railpothti caspian anchalke turkeyr saathe sangjukto korbe, jaa julai 2017 saale somponno hobey boley aasha koraa hachche. trance-anatolian gyasa pipeline (tanap) ebong trance adriatic pipeline (tyapa) azerbaijaner shaah deniz gyasa theke turkey ebong europe prakritik gyasa sarbaraha korbe. azerbaijan 14ee septembara 2017-ayee swakkhorito sangshodhito psa onusare acg-rawr unnoyoner chuktiti 2050 saal porjonto badiyeche (bipi, chevron, inpex, equinor, exonmobil, tipi, itochu ebong onogocy bidesh). krishi. azerbaijan eyi anchaler brihottomo krishi abobahika. azerbaijaner pray 54.9 shotangsho krishijami. 2007 saaler shurute 4,755,100 hector byabohrito krishi elaka chhilo. ekoi bochore moat kaather sompod 13.6 kotee ghono mitter. azerbaijaner krishi boigyanik gobeshona protisthanguli trinovumi oo charonbhumi, uddanpalan oo upokrantiyo fosol, sobuj shaksabji, viticulture oo wine toiri, tula utpadon ebong oushadhi gachpalar upor drishti niboddho korey. kichhu kichhu elaka shosyo, alu, chinir beat, tula ebong tamak chaash koraa lavjonok. gobadi poshu, dugdhojato ponno ebong wine oo spirito guruttopurno krishi ponno. caspian machh dhorar shilp sturgion ebong beluga-rawr hrassmann mojuter dike mononibesh korey. 2002 saale azerbaijani bonik naubahinir 54tii jahaz chhilo. purbe bidesh theke amdani koraa kichhu ponno sthaniyobhabe utpadon koraa shuru hoyeche. egulir modhye royeche coca-cola bottle ly.., bucky-custell dwara bear, nehir dwara perquet ebong eupec pipe aboron azerbaijan dwara teler pipe. porjoton. porjoton azerbaijaner orthonitir ekti guruttopurno ongsho. 1980-err doshke deshti ekti suporichito porjoton kendra chhilo. soviet unioner poton ebong 1990-err doshke prothom nagorno-karabakh juddho porjoton shilp ebong porjoton gontobbo hisabe azerbaijaner bhabmurtike khotigrosto korey. 2000-err doshok porjonto porjoton shilp punoruddhar korte shuru korey nee ebong tarpor theke deshti porjotokder poridorshon ebong ratarati thucker sankhyay uchcho haar briddhi peyeche. samprotik bochorgulite, azerbaijan dharmiya, spaa ebong swasthoseba porjotoner jonno ekti janapriya gontobbo hoye utheche. shitkale, shahdagh porboto resortti atyadhunik sujog-subidhar saathe skiing pradan korey. azerbaijan sarkar abhijato porjoton gontobbo hisabe azerbaijaner unnoyonke sorbochcho agradhikar diyeche. porjotonke ekti prodhan porjoton hisabe gadey tolar jonno etty ekti jatiya kaushal, ekok brihottomo naa holeo, azerbaijaner orthonitite abodankari. eyi karjokromguli azerbaijaner sangaskriti oo porjoton montrok dwara niyantrita hoy. 63tii desh royeche jaader visa-mukto score royeche. ee-visa-azerbaijan projatontre visa-prayojaniya deshgulir bideshider soforer jonno. bishwa orthonoitik forumer bhromon oo porjoton protijogitamulok protibedon 2015 onusare, azerbaijan saale sthane royeche. bishwa bhromon oo porjoton counciler ekti protibedon onusare, 2010 theke 2016 saaler modhye porjotok roptanir sabcheye shaktishali briddhi dekhanor sheersho dashti desher modhye azerbaijan chhilo, echhadao, goto bochor abhyantarin antorjatik porjotok byer jonno shaktishali suchak soho, drutotomo unnayanshil bhromon oo porjoton orthonitir deshgulir modhye azerbaijan prothom (46.1%) sthan peyeche. poribohon. resham sadak ebong dakkhin-uttor corridor moto prodhan antorjatik traphika dhamanir chaurastai azerbaijaner subidhajonok abosthan desher orthonitir jonno poribohon khaater kaushalgata guruttoke tuley dhorey. desher poribohon khettre sadak, railpoth, biman chalachal ebong samudrik poribohon antarbhukta royeche. azerbaijan kanchamal poribohoner khettreo ekti guruttopurno orthonoitik kendra. baku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline (bii. tii. shee) 2006 saaler meey maase chaalu hoy ebong azerbaijan, georgia ebong turkey anchaler cheye beshi prosarito hoy. bii. tii. shee-keey barshik 5 kotee tonn oporishodhito teela poribohoner jonno design koraa hoyeche ebong caspian samudrer telkhetro theke bishwa bajare teela bohon korey. dakkhin caucasus pipeline, jaa azerbaijan, georgia ebong turkey anchaler modhyo diye prosarito, 2006 saaler sheshe chaalu hoy ebong shaah deniz gyasa khettro theke europea bajare atirikto gyasa sarbaraha korey. shaah deniz proti bochor 296 billion cubic mitter prakritik gyasa utpadon korbe boley aasha koraa hachche. eu-sponsor koraa silk road prokolpeo azerbaijan ekti prodhan bhumika palon korey. 2002 saale, azerbaijani sarkar bistrito neeti ebong niyantrak karjaboli soho poribohon montrok protistha korey. ekoi bochore, deshti sadak trafficer upor vienna sommeloner sadasya hoye othe. agradhikarguli holl poribohon byabosthar manonnoyon ebong orthonitir anyanno khettrer unnoyoner jonno poribohon porishebar unnoti. 2012 saale curse-tbilisi-baku railpoth nirmaner uddeshya chhilo purber chean oo kazakhstaner railpothke turosker madhyome poschime europea rail byabosthar saathe sangjukto korey asia oo europer modhye poribohon unnoto koraa. 2010 saale broadgage railpoth ebong boidyutin railpoth jothakrome prosarito hoyechilo. 2010 saaler modhye 35tii bimanbandar ebong ekti heliporta chhilo. bigyan oo prajukti. ekbingsho shotabdite, ekti notun teela oo gasser utthan azerbaijaner bigyan oo prajukti khettre poristhitir unnotite sahayata korechilo. sarkar adhunikikaran oo udbhaboner lakkhye ekti procharona shuru koreche. sarkarer anuman, tothyo prajukti oo jogajog shilp theke laav briddhi paabe ebong taa teela utpadoner sange tuloniyo hoye uthbe. azerbaijaner ekti borh ebong kromagoto kromobordhoman internet sector royeche, jaa beshirbhagi 2007-2008-err arthik sankater dwara probhabito noy; kompokkhe arow panch bochorer jonno druto briddhir purbabhas deoa hoyeche. azerbaijan 2021 saale baishwik udbhaban suchke suchke sthane chhilo, jaa 2019 saale saale chhilo. deshti taar telecom khettrer unnoyoneo aggrogoti korche. jogajog oo tothyo prajukti montrok (emm. shee. aaee. tii) ebong aztelicome taar bhumikar madhyome ekti operator neeti-nirmata ebong niyantrak ubhayi. sthaniya koler jonno public pephone pawa yaay ebong telephone exchange baa kichhu dokan ebong kiosk theke ekti token kenara prayojan hoy. token anirdishtakaler jonno qala korar anumati deyo. sekhane chhilo 1,397,000 prodhan telephone line ebong 1,485,000 internet byaboharkari. charti zii. esha. emm prodankari royeche azarsel, azarfan (naar mobail), nakhtel mobail network operator ebong ekti cdma. ekbingsho shotabdite elchin khalilov ebong annannoder moulik kaaj dwara anupranito hoye besh koyekjon bishishto azerbaijani bhugatibidya ebong bhu-bhu-tattik bigyani shoto shoto bhumikampa purbabhas kendra ebong bhumikampa-protirodhi bhabangulir naksha korechilen jaa ekhon bhumikampa porishebar projatontrer kendrer borh ongsho gathon korey. azerbaijan jatiya mahakash sangostha taar prothom upogroho azersat 1-keey 7ee february 2013-ayee farasi gayanar gayana mahakash kendra theke 46° purbo kokkhopothe utkhepon korey. eyi upogrohoti europe ebong asia oo africar ekti ullekhjoggo ongsho judey royeche ebong television oo redio somprocharer pashapashi interneter porisheba pradan korey. kokkhopothe ekti upogroho utkhepon holl azerbaijaner nijaswa mahakash shilper saathe ekti jaati hoye othar lakkhya bastobayoner prothom podokkhep, jaa bhabishyate arow prokolpo safalbhabe bastobayito korte sokkhom. jonosongkha. 2022 saaler march porjonto, azerbaijaner moat jonosongkhar 10,164,464-err modhye 52.9% shahure, bucky 47.1% gramin. 2019 saaler januaryte, moat jonosongkhar 50.1% chhilo mohila. ekoi bochore ling anupat chhilo proti mohila 0.99 john purush. 2011 saaler jonosongkha briddhir haar chhilo bishwobyapi 1.09%-err tulna 0.85%. jonosongkha briddhike seemaboddho korar ekti ullekhjoggo kaaron holl uchcho storer abhibasan. 2011 saale azerbaijane − 1.14/1,000 manusher abhibasan dekha yaay. azerbaijani probasider 42tii deshe pawa yaay ebong err foley german sangoskritik samaj "carrelhouse", "slavic sangoskritik kendra", azerbaijani-israeli sampradai, kurdish sangoskritik kendra, antorjatik tallish association, legin jatiya kendra "samur", azerbaijani-tatar sampradai, crimean tatar samaj ityadi soho azerbaijaner abhyantare jatigoto sankhyalaghuder jonno onek kendra royeche. moat, azerbaijane 78tii shohor, 63tii shohor zela ebong ekti bishesh aini morjada somponno shohor royeche. 261tii shahure dharaner bosoti ebong 4248tii grama eguli anusaran korey. jatigotota. 2009 saaler jonogonona anujayi jonosongkhar jatigoto gathonoh 91.6% azerbaijani, 2% leginis, 1.4% armenian (pray samasta armenianra nagorno-karabakher bichchinno anchale baas korey), 1.3% russian, 1.3% tallish, 0.6% avers, 0.40% turkey, 0.3% tutter, 0.3% tutt, 0.20% eukranian, 0.1% jakhur, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% ihudi, 0.1% kurdi, anyanno 0.20%. bhasasomuho. sarkari bhasha holl azerbaijani, jaa ekti turkey bhasha. jonosongkhar pray 92 shotangsho matribhasha hisabe azerbaizani bhasay kotha boley. russian ebong armenian (shudhumatra nagorno-karabakhe) bhasao bolla hoy ebong protiti jothakrome jonosongkhar pray 1.5%-err matribhasha. deshe sthaniyobhabe kothito arow eka dozon sankhyalaghu bhasha royeche. avar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalog, crits, legin, rutul, talish, taat, sakhur ebong udie soboi chhoto sankhyalaghuder dwara kothito hoy. eyi bhasha sampradayer modhye kichhu khub chhoto ebong taader sankhya hrass pachche. 1989 saale nagorno-karabakhe pray 76 shotangsho soho armenian sankhyagarishtha bhasha chhilo. prothom nagorno-karabakh juddher porey, jonosongkha pray 95 shotangsher kachakachi chhilo. dhormo. azerbaijanke sabcheye dhormoniropekkho muslim sankhyagarishtha desh hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. jonosongkhar pray 97 shotangsho musalman. musalmander pray 55-85% shiya boley anuman koraa hoy, onnodike musalmander 15-45% sunni. desher bivinno jatigoto gosthi anyanno dhormo palon korey. sangbidhaner 48 nong anuchcheder adhine, azerbaijan ekti dhormoniropekkho rashtro ebong dharmiya swadhinota nischito korey. ekti 2006-2008 gallup joripe, azerbaijaner matro 21 shotangsho uttordata bolechen jey dhormo taader daeenandin jeeboner ekti guruttopurno ongsho. desher dharmiya sankhyalaghuder modhye anumanik 280,000 khristan (3.1%) beshirbhagi russian ebong georgian gonda ebong armenian prerito (pray samasta armenian nagorno-karabakher bichchinno anchale baas korey). 2003 saale 250 john roman catholic chhilen. 2002 saaler anyanno khristan sampradayer modhye royeche lutharan, baptismo grohonkari ebong molocan. ekti chhoto protestant sampradayo royeche. azerbaijaner 2,000 bochorer itihas soho ekti prachin ihudi jonosongkhao royeche; ihudi sangathanguli anuman korey jey 12,000 ihudi azerbaijane roye geche, jaa israel ebong markin juktorashtrer baire ekmatro ihudi-sankhyagarishtha shohorer abashsthol. azerbaijan bahai, horey krishna ebong jehover sakkhi sampradayer sadasyader pashapashi anyanno dharmiya sampradayer onugamidero abashsthol. kichhu dharmiya sampradayke dharmiya swadhinota theke ananusthanikbhabe seemaboddho koraa hoyeche. ekti eu.esha. eyi bishoye rajyo bibhager protibedone nirdishto kichhu muslim oo khristan gosthir sadasyader atoker kotha ullekh koraa hoyeche ebong onek gosthir dhormo niyantrankari sangostha, azerbaijan projatontrer dharmiya samiti somporkito rashtriya komitir (scra) saathe nibondhone asubidha royeche. shikkha. tulonamulokbhabe uchcho shotangsho azerbaijani uchcho shikkhar kichhu roop orjon koreche, biseshoto boigyanik ebong projuktigoto bishoye. soviet juge, sakkhorota ebong garh shikkhar matra taader khub nimno prarambhik bindu theke natokiyobhabe briddhi peyechilo, 1920-err doshke perso-arabic lippy theke lattin ebong 1930-err doshke roman theke cyrillic porjonto manok bornomalai duti poriborton sotteo. soviet tothyo anujayi, 1970 saale 100 shotangsho purush oo mohila (noy theke nobboi bochor vayasi) sakkhar chhilen. 2009 saaler jatisangher unnayan karmasuchir protibedon anujayi, azerbaijane sakkhorotar haar 99.5 shotangsho. swadhinotar porr theke, azerbaijaner sangsad soviet union theke nijeke bichchinno korar jonno jey prothom aain pusses korechilo taar modhye ekti chhilo sirilikke protisthaponer jonno ekti poribortito-lattin bornomala grohon koraa. taa chhada azerbaijani byabasthai samanno kathamogoto poriborton hoyeche. prathomik poribortongulir modhye royeche dharmiya shikkhar punoprotishtha (soviet amle nishiddho) ebong patthyokromer poriborton jaa azerbaijani bhasar byaboharer upor punra jore diyeche ebong adarshik vishayavastuke nirmul koreche. prathomik vidyalaya chharao, shikkha protisthangulir modhye royeche hazar hazar praka-vidyalaya, sadharan madhyomik vidyalaya ebong brittimulak vidyalaya, bishesh madhyomik vidyalaya ebong projuktigoto vidyalaya soho. nobom shreni porjonto shikkha badhyotamulok. sangaskriti. ajerboijaner sangaskriti onek probhaber foley bikoshito hoyeche; eyi karonei ajerboijanira onek upaye dwi-sangoskritik. vishwayita bhokta sangaskriti soho poschima prabhab sotteo aaz deshe jatiya oitijjoguli bhalbhabe sanrakkhito royeche. azerbaijani sangaskritir koyekti prodhan upadan holl sangeet, sahitya, loknritya oo shilp, randhanshaili, sthapotto, chalachchitrayan ebong navruz bairam. porerti prachin irani dhormo jorathustrobader notun bochorer oitijjobahi udjapon theke udbhuto hoyeche. nabaroj ekti paribarik chhuti. upore bornito hisabe, azerbaijaner jonosongkhar profilety azerbaijani, pashapashi anyanno jatiyata baa jatigoto gosthigulir samanwaye gothito, jaa desher bivinno anchale ghonovabe bosobas korey. azerbaijani jatiya ebong oitijjobahi poshak holl chokha ebong papakhi. russian, georgian, kurdish, legian ebong talish bhasay redio samprachar royeche, jaa rashtriya budget theke arthayan koraa hoy. balakan ebong khachmajer kichhu sthaniya redio steshana avar ebong taat somprocharer ayojan korey. bakute besh koyekti sangbadpatra russian, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), legian ("samur") ebong talish bhasay prokashito hoy. ihudi samaj "sokhnat" "aziz" sangbadpatra prakash korey. sangeet oo loknritya. azerbaijaner sangeet pray eka hazar bochor ager looka oitijhyer upor vitti korey toiri hoy. bohu shatabdi dhorey azerbaijani sangeet ekotar byaj-err adhine bikoshito hoyeche, jaa chhandamaybhabe boichitromoy soor toiri korey. azerbaijani sangiter ekti shakha mode byabostha royeche, jekhane prodhan ebong chhoto scaler chromatization atyanta guruttopurno. jatiya badyojontrer modhye 14tii string jontro, atti taal badyojontro ebong chhoyti bayu badyojontro royeche. grove dictionary off music anned musicars" onusare, jaati, sangaskriti ebong dhormer dick theke azerbaijani sangiter dick theke turosker tulna iraner onek kachakachi." mughal, mekhana ebong ashiq shilp ajerboijaner onek sangeet oitijhyer modhye royeche. mugam sadharonoto kobita ebong badyojontrer modhyoborti ekti suite. mughal poribeshon korar somoy, gayakder taader abegke gaan ebong sangeete rupantarita korte hoy. modhyo eshiya deshgulir mughal oitijhyer biporite, azerbaijani mughal arow mukto ebong qama anamaniya; etty prayashai jyajer tatkhonik khettrer saathe tulna koraa hoy. unesco 2003 saaler 7ee navembar azerbaijani mugam oitijjoke manobotar moukhik ebong adamya oitijhyer ekti masterpiece ghoshana korey. mekhana holl eka dharaner oitijjobahi azerbaijani swatantra loksangit, jaa sadharonoto ekti nirdishto bishoye tatkhonikbhabe kaaj koraa besh koyekjon looka poribeshon korey. ashiq kobita, golpo bolla, nutch ebong kanthaswar ebong jontrosongitke ekti oitijjobahi anusthan shilpe ekotrito korey jaa azerbaijani sangaskritir protik hisabe dandiye achhe. etty ekti rahasyamay trubdoor baa bhromonkari bard jini saaj gaay ebong bajay. eyi oitijhyer utpotti prachin turkey jonogoner shamanobadi biswas theke. ashiqder ganguli sadharan bhittir charpashe adha-unnoto. 30shhey septembara 2009-ayee unesco dwara azerbaijaner ashiq shilpoke adamya sangoskritik oitijhyer talika antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. 1960-err doshoker majhamajhi theke, poschima-probhabito azerbaijani popp sangeet, taar bivinno roope, jaa azerbaijane janapriyata briddhi pachche, onnodike rock ebong hipa hoper moto gharanar byapokbhabe utpadito ebong upobhog koraa hoy. alim kasimov, rasheed behobudov, vagif mustafazadeh, muslim magomayev, shovkat alakbarova ebong rubaba muradovar moto shilpider antorjatik janapriyatar saathe saathe azerbaijani popp ebong azerbaijani loksangiter udbhab hoyechilo. azerbaijan eurovision gaaner protijogitai ekjon utsahi ongshogrohonkari. azerbaijan 2008 saaler eurovision gaaner protijogitai taar prothom uposthiti toiri korey. 2009 saale desher probesh tritiya sthan orjon korey ebong porer bochor pancham sthan orjon korey. ell ebong nikki eurovision gaan protijogitai 2011 saale prothom sthan orjon korey "daudadoudi bhoy" ganti diye, jaar foley azerbaijan 2012 saale bakute eyi protijogitar ayojok howar jogyo hoye othe. taaraa protijogitar 2018 sanskaran porjonto protiti granned finaler jonno jogyata orjon koreche, gayak aizel dwara eksa maai heart diye probesh koreche. ekhane koyek dozon azerbaijani loknritya royeche. taaraa anusthanik udjapone poribeshito hoy ebong nrityoshilpira chokhar moto jatiya poshak poren, jaa jatiya nrityer modhye bhalbhabe sanrakkhito. beshirbhag nrityeri khub druto chhondo thaake. sahitya. adhunik azerbaijani projatontrer anchalik seamer modhye jonmogrohonkari madhyayugiya lekhokder modhye chhilen parosser cobby oo darshonik nizami, jaake taanr jonmosthaner naam onusare ganjvi bolla hoy, ganja, jini khamsa ("quintuplate")-err lekhok chhilen, panchti romantic kobita niye gothito, jaar modhye "rahasyer dhon", "khosro ebong sheen" ebong "leily ebong mejon" antarbhukta chhilo. likhito azerbaijani sahityer prachintama byaktitto chhilen izzuddin hasanoglu, jini parosyo ebong azerbaijani gojol niye gothito ekti diban rachona korechilen. farcy gojolgulite tini taanr chhaddanam byabohar korechilen, onnodike taanr azerbaijani gajalguli taanr nijer naam hasanoglute rachito hoyechilo. 14shha shotabdite tabriz oo shirvaner bivinno madhyayugiya upobhashar upor vitti korey azerbaijani shastriya sahitya gothito hoyechilo. eyi somoyer kobider modhye chhilen ghazi burhanaddin, hakiki (jahan shaah carra kayunlur chhaddanam) ebong habibi. 14shha shatabdir shesher dike imadaddin nasimi sahityik karjokolap shuru korechilen, jini 14shha shatabdir shesher dike ebong 15shha shatabdir godar dike sorboshrestho azerbaijani hurufi rahasyamay kobider modhye ekjon ebong turkey sahitya itihaser onnotomo bishishto prothom diker diban muster, jini farcy ebong arbi bhasay kobita rachona korechilen. diban ebong gojol shailiguli cobby kasem-ee unver, fuzuli ebong khatai (safvid shaah ismailer chhaddanam) dwara arow bikoshito hoyechilo. deede korkuter boi" 16shha shotabdite anulipi koraa duti pandulipi niye gothito ebong 15shha shatabdir agey lekha hoyney. etty oghuz jajaborder moukhik oitijjoke protifolito korey 12tii golper ekti sangraha. 16shha shatabdir cobby mahammad fuzuli taanr kaljoyee darshonik ebong gitattik "kajal" arbi, farcy ebong azerbaijani bhasay rachona korechilen. taanr poribesher sukkho sahityik oitijhyo theke prachur upokrito hoye ebong taanr purbosurider uttoradhikarer upor vitti korey, fuzuli taanr samajer shirshosthaniyo sahityik byaktitto hoye othar jonno nirdharito chhilen. taanr prodhan kajgulir modhye royeche "gojoler diban" ebong "kasidas". ekoi shotabdite, azerbaijani sahitya ashiq () kobitar dharar bikasher saathe arow bikoshito hoyechilo. ekoi somoye, khatai ("puppy") shaah ismailer chhoddonamer adhine aami azerbaijani bhasay pray 1400tii ayat likhechilam, jaa porey taanr "diban" hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. eyi somoye "koshma" ("tatkhonikkoron") naame porichito ekti ananya sahitya shaili chaalu koraa hoyechilo ebong shaah ismail ebong porey taanr putro oo uttarsuri shaah tahmasp aaee dwara bikoshito hoyechilo. 17shha oo 18shha shotabdite, tabrijer kovsi, shaah abbas sunny, nishat, molla vallie bidadi, molla panah yonif, amani, jaffar ebong annannoder moto bishishto cobby oo lekhokder dwara fuzulir ananya gharanar pashapashi ekoi dharaner kobita grohon koraa hoyechilo. turkey, turkey ebong ujbekder saathe, azerbaizanio ekjon kingbadanti looka nayak koroglu mahakabya ("ondho manusher putro" theke) udjapon korey. koroglu mohakabber besh koyekti nothibhukto sanskaran azerbaijaner jatiya bigyan academyr pandulipir jonno institute roye geche. azerbaijaner adhunik azerbaizani sahitya mulat shirvani upobhashar upor vitti korey, onnodike irane etty tabriji upobhashar upor vitti korey. azerbaijani bhasar prothom sangbadpatra, "akinchi" 1875 saale prokashito hoy. 19 shotoker majhamajhi somoye, etty baku, ganja, shaki, twilisi ebong ierevaner bidyaloygulite shekhano hoto. 1845 saal theke etty russier seenta pietersberg bishwobidyaloyeo porano hoy. lokshilpa. azerbaijanider ekti samriddha ebong swatantra sangaskriti royeche, jaar ekti prodhan ongsho holl alongkarik ebong proyogik shilp. eyi shilper protinidhitto korey bivinno dharaner hostoshilpo, jemon taadaa koraa, gohona toiri koraa, dhatob khodai koraa, kaatth, pathor, haad, carpet toiri koraa, lazing, pattern boyon oo mudran ebong bunon oo suchikarma. eyi dharaner protiti alongkarik shilp, azerbaijan jaatir daaner proman, ekhane khub beshi anukule royeche. azerbaijane shilp oo karushilper bikash somporkito onek akarshaniya tothyo asankhya bonik, bhromonkari ebong kutnitikder dwara report koraa hoyechilo jaaraa bivinno somoye eyi jaigaguli poridorshon korechilen. azerbaizani carpet holl bivinno akarer ekti oitijjobahi hostonirmito bostro, jaar ghono gathon ebong ekti stupo baa stupohin pristho royeche, jaar nidarshanguli azerbaijaner onek carpet toirir anchaler baisishtya. 2010 saaler novembore azerbaijani karpetke unesco dwara adamya oitijhyer ekti masterpiece ghoshana koraa hoyechilo. prachinkal thekei azerbaijan bivinno dharaner karushilper kendra hisabe porichito. azerbaijaner anchale protnotattik khonon shoo-unnoto krishi, mojud uttolan, dhatob kaaj, mritshilpo, syramic ebong carpet-bunon jey tarikhti khristopurbo khristopurbo sahasrabder ager boley proman korey. bii. tii. shee pipeline theke abishkrito dashbulack, hasansu, jayamchai ebong tovuzchaiyer protnotattik sthanguli prathomik louho juger nidarshanguli prakash koreche. azerbaijani karpetguli besh koyekti borh gosthi ebong bohu upogosthir adhine shreniboddho koraa jete paare. azerbaizani karpeter boigyanik gobeshona bishishto bigyani ebong shilpi latif korimover naamer saathe jukto. taanr shrenibibhagti chhilo karpeter charti borh gosthike azerbaijan, guba-shirvan, ganja-kajakh, karabakh ebong tabrijer charti bhougolik anchaler saathe somporkito korey. randhanshaili. oitijjobahi randhanshaili prachur porimane shaksabji ebong ritur upojogi sobuj khabarer jonno bikhyato. pudina, cylantro (dhone), dill, tulsi, persley, taragon, lick, chiv, thyme, marjoram, sobuj penyaz ebong watercress soho taza bheshojguli khub janapriya ebong prayashai tabiler prodhan khabarer saathe thaake. jalbayu boichitro ebong jomir urborota jatiya khabarer modhye protifolito hoy, jaa caspian samudrer machh, sthaniya mangs (prodhanoto mutton ebong gorur mangs) ebong prachur mousumi shaksabji ebong sobuj shaksabjir upor vitti korey. jaffran-dhaner plove azerbaijaner prodhan khaddo ebong kaalo chaa jatiya panian. azerbaijanira prayashai oitijjobahi armudu (nashpati-akritir) glasses byabohar korey kaaron taader khub shaktishali chaa sangaskriti royeche. janapriya oitijjobahi khabarer modhye royeche bojbash (vedar mangser supe jaa bivinno anchalik jaater sange bivinno shaksabji jog korey), qutub (sobuj baa chhoto mangs diye bhaja) ebong dushbara (moydar tukro tukro tukro korey gundo mangs ebong swad diye bhora). sthapotto. azerbaijani sthapotto sadharonoto purbo oo poschimer upadangulike ekotrito korey. azerbaijani sthapotter parosyo sthapotto theke bharee prabhab royeche. prachirobeshtito baku shohorer prothom minner ebong shirbhanshaher prasader moto onek prachin sthapotto sompod adhunik azerbaijane tike achhe. unesco bishwa oitijjobahi asthayi talika jomaa deoa entrigulir modhye royeche baku-rawr ateshgah, momin khatun samadhi, hirkan jatiya uddan, bingadi asfault hrod, lockbatan kaadaa agneygiri, shusha rajyer oitihasik oo sthapotto sanrakkhan, baku porbotmala, caspian upokul protirokkhamulok nirman, ardubad jatiya sanrakkhan ebong shaki khander prasad. anyanno sthapotto sompoder modhye royeche mordakaner chaturbhuj durgo, jukhari chardaglar parigla, aras nodiite bistrito besh koyekti setu ebong besh koyekti samadhi. 19shha ebong 20shha shatabdir godar dike, samanno smritisoudho sthapotto toiri koraa hoyechilo, tobey baku ebong onnotro swatantra basosthan nirmito hoyechilo. samprotiktomo sthapotto smritisoudhgulir modhye, baku subweguli taader bilasbahul sajjar jonno bikhyato. adhunik azerbaijani sthapotter kaaj holl adhunik nandonikotar boichitromoy prayog, ekjon sthopotir nijaswa shoilpik shailir sandhan ebong vidyaman oitihasik-sangoskritik poribesher antarbhukti. haydar aliev sangoskritik kendra, shikha tower, baku sphotik holl, baku saadaa shohor ebong soker tower moto prodhan prokolpoguli desher akashke rupantarita koreche ebong err somosamoyik porichoyke prochar koreche. visual art. gamigaya petroglyphe, jaa khristopurbo 1maum theke theke sahasrabder modhye, azerbaijaner ardubad jelaay abosthito. egulite horin, chhagol, shaand, kukur, sup, pakhi, adbhuto prani ebong manush, gaadi ebong bivinno protik soho pray 1500 tii bichchinno ebong khodai koraa sheela chitro royeche jaa basault pathorer upor pawa giechilo. norwegian nritattik ebong dushahosik thor hierdall nischito chhilen jey eyi anchaler lokera pray 100 khristabde scandinavia giechilen, taader nauka nirmaner dokkhota niye uttor europer viking nauka rupantarita korechilen. shatabdi dhorey, azerbaijani shilp onek shoiligoto poribortoner modhyo diye geche. azerbaizani chitrokormo oitijjogotobhabe rongo ebong alor ushnota dwara chinnito koraa hoy, jemonti azim azimzade ebong bahruz kangarlir kajgulite udahoronsorup, ebong dharmiya byaktitto ebong sangoskritik motifgulir saathe ekti byastata. azerbaijani chitrokormo roman oo automan jug theke shuru korey soviet oo barok juger modhyo diye shoto shoto bochor dhorey kakasase pradhanno laav korey, jaar modhye porer duti azerbaijane foll peyeche. eyi samaykale assa anyanno ullekhjoggo shilpider modhye royechen sottar bahlulzade, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakbar rezaguliev, mirza gadim iravani, mikail abdullaev ebong bayukagha mirzazade. cinema. azerbaijaner cholochchitro shilp 1898 saal theke shuru hoy. azerbaijan prothom deshgulir modhye chhilo jaa cinematography saathe jorito chhilo, ebong jontropatiti prothom bakute prodorshito hoyechilo. 1919 saale, azerbaijan ganotantrik projatontrer somoy, ekti tothyochitro "azerbaijaner swadhinotar barshiki udjapon" rashiya theke azerbaijaner swadhinotar prothom barshikite 27 meey chitrayit hoyechilo ebong 1919 saaler june maase bakute besh koyekti prekkhagrihe premiere hoyechilo. 1920 saale soviet shakti protisthito howar porr, azerbaijaner biplobi komitir chairman nariman narimanov azerbaijaner cholochitroke jatiyakaraner ekti decree swakkhar corren. etty azerbaijani animation toirikeo probhabito korechilo. 1991 saale, azerbaijan soviet union theke swadhinota laver porr, prothom baku antorjatik cholochchitro utsab purbo-poschime bakute onusthito hoy. 2000 saaler decembere, azerbaijaner praktan rashtrapati haydar aliev 2 augustoke azerbaijaner cholochchitro nirmatader peshadar chhuti ghoshana korey ekti decree swakkhar corren. aaz azerbaijani cholochchitro nirmatara abar 1920 saale soviet union protisthar agey cholochchitro nirmatader mukhomukhi haoya samasyagulir moto samasyaguli niye kaaj korchen. abaro, visayavastur pochondo ebong cholochchitrer sponsorship ubhayi mulat cholochchitro nirmatader uddoger upor chhede deoa hoyeche. television. tinti rashtriya malikanadhin television channel royeche aztivi, idman tibhi ebong medaniate tibhi. ekti public channel ebong 6tii besarkari channel royeche <unk>i, space tibhi, lider tibhi, azad azerbaijan tibhi ebong arob. manobadhikar. azerbaijaner sangbidhan bakoswadhinotar nischayata daabi korey, kintu bastobe etty aswikar koraa hoy. sangbadpatra oo ganomadhyomer swadhinotar besh koyek bochor potoner porr, 2014 saale, konao birodhi ebong somalochonake nirab korar jonno ekti sarkari procharer adhine azerbaijaner ganomadhyomer poribesh druto abonoti ghote, emonki deshti europe counciler montrider komitir netritto deyo (meey-navembar 2014). jaal aini abhijog ebong sangbadikder biruddhe sahingsatai daymukti niyam hisabe roye geche. deshe samasta bideshi samprachar nishiddho. 2013 saaler friedom house friedom off dya presha report onusare, azerbaijaner sangbadpatrer swadhinotar morjada "mukto noy" ebong azerbaijan 196tii desher modhye modhye sthane royeche. khristodhormo anusthanikbhabe swikrito. karabaser jhunkite samasta dharmiya sampradayke milit howar anumati deoar jonno nibondhon korte hobey. eyi nibondhokoron prayashai aswikar koraa hoy. "jatigoto baisamma desher dharmiya swadhinotar abhaber kaaron, kaaron onek khristan azeri musalmaner poriborte jatigoto armenian baa russian. betar mukto europe/betar swadhinota ebong americar kanthaswar azerbaijane nishiddho. azerbaijane ell. zii. bii. tii-rawr biruddhe baisamma byapok. goto koyek bochore, antorjatik manobadhikar sangosthaguli kortrik anyajya hisabe bornona koraa bichare tinjan sangbadikke hotya koraa hoyeche ebong besh koyekjonke bitcher koraa hoyeche. sangbadikder surakkhar komitir motey, 2015 saale europe sabcheye beshi sankhyak sangbadik kararuddho hoyechilo azerbaijan, ebong iran oo cheener cheye egiye bishwer 5maum sorbadhik censor koraa desh. azerbaijane covid-19 mahamari somporke khobor deoar jonno kichhu samalochanamulak sangbadikke greptar koraa hoyeche. 2015 saaler octobore ekjon antorjatik gobeshoker ekti protibedon ..goto koyek bochore azerbaijane manobadhikarer marattok abonoti hoyeche. dukkher vishay jey, azerbaijanke abhutopurbo matrar domon-peedan theke doore sorey yawar anumati deoa hoyeche ebong eyi prokriyay taar nagrik samajke pray nischinno korey deoa hoyeche."desher upor sadharan khama 2015/16 barshik protibedone bolla hoyeche... rajnaitik bhinnomoter upor nipidan abyahoto chhilo. manobadhikar sangosthaguli taader kaaj punra shuru korte akkham chhilo. bochorer sheshe ontoto 18 john bibeker bondee atok abosthai chhilo. swadhin sangbadik oo karmider biruddhe protishodh desh oo bideshe abyahoto chhilo, ebong taader poribarer sadasyadero hoyrani oo greptarer mukhomukhi hotey hoyechilo. antorjatik manobadhikar porjobekkhokder desh theke nishiddho oo bohishkar koraa hoyechilo. nirjaton ebong anyanno durbyoboharer khobor abyahoto chhilo." "abhibhabok" april 2017-ayee report korechilen jey "azerbaijaner shasok abhijatora bishishto europeoder ortho pradan, bilasbahul ponno croy ebong apardarshi british kompanigulir ekti networker madhyome ortho pacharer jonno ekti gopon $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) skim porichalona korechilo... faans haoya tothyo theke jaanaa yaay jey, dharabahik manobadhikar langghan, poddhotigoto durniti ebong nirbachone karchupi korar abhijoge abhijukto azerbaijani netritto 2012 theke 2014 saal porjonto 16,000-ero beshi gopon ortho pradan koreche. eyi orther kichhu ongsho rajnitibid ebong sangbadikder kachhe giechilo, azerbaijaner rashtrapati ilham aliyever somalochonake bibhranto korar jonno ebong taar teela samriddha desher ekti itibachak bhabmurti prochar korar jonno ekti antorjatik todobir abhijaner ongsho hisabe."konao prostab chhilo naa jey samasta prapok orther utso somporke sachetan chhilen kaaron etty chhoddobesher madhyome esechilo. kheladhula. freestyle kusti oitijjogotobhabe azerbaijaner jatiya khela hisabe bibechito hoy, jekhane azerbaijan antorjatik olympic komitite jogdaner porr theke charti swarna soho chouddoti podok jiteche. bortomane, sabcheye janapriya khela holl football ebong kusti. football azerbaijaner sabcheye janapriya khela, ebong 9,122 john nibondhito kheloader saathe azerbaijaner football federationer samiti holl desher brihottomo krida samiti. azerbaijaner jatiya football doll jatiya football clubgulir tulna antorjatik angane tulonamulokbhabe qama performance prodorshon korey. sabcheye sofol azerbaijani football clubguli holl nefti, karaba ebong gabala. 2012 saale, nefchi baku prothom azerbaijani doll hoye othe jaaraa ekti europea protijogitar group porbe agrasar hoy, ebong uefa europa liger play-off rounde cypruser apolke 4-2-ayee porajito korey. 2014 saale, karabagh uefa europa liger group porbe agrasar haoya dwitiya azerbaijani club hoye othe. 2017 saale, uefa champions liger play-off rounde koponheganke 2-2 (ayee) porajito korar porr, karabagh group porbe pouchanor jonno prothom azerbaijani club hoye othe. futsal azerbaijaner arekti janapriya khela. azerbaijan jatiya futsal doll 2010 uefa futsal championshipe choturtho sthane poucheche, onnodike deshiya club araz naxaivan 2009-10 uefa futsal cup ebong 2013-14 uefa futsal kaape bronz podok jiteche. azerbaijan chhilen spanish football club atletico dii madrider prodhan sponsor, jeti 2013/2014 ebong 2014/2015 morshume chhilo, jey angshidarittoti clubtir 'bishwe azerbaijaner bhabmurtir prochar koraa uchito' boley bornona koraa hoyechilo. azerbaijan bishwa dabar oitijjobahi shakti kendrogulir modhye ekti, jaa onek antorjatik daba turnament ebong protijogitar ayojan koreche ebong 2009,2013 ebong 2017 saale europea doll daba championship vijayi hoyeche. desher daba schoolgulir ullekhjoggo daba kheloader modhye royeche timore radzabov, shahria mamadiarov, vladmir makogonov, bhugar gashimov ebong praktan bishwa daba champion gyari kasparov. desher shamkir daba ekti ekti bibhager protijogita ebong sorbokaler sorbochcho retting prapto turnamentgulir modhye ekti. azerbaijani sangaskrititeo backgammon ekti prodhan bhumika palon korey. khelati azerbaijane khub janapriya ebong sthaniya jonogoner modhye byapokbhabe khela hoy. azerbaijani biseshoggoder dwara bikoshito ebong bishleshan koraa backgammoner bivinno boichitryao royeche. azerbaijan mohila volleybal super ligg bishwer onnotomo shaktishali mohila leeg. 2005 saaler europea championshipe err mohila jatiya doll choturtho sthane aase. goto bochorgulite, rabita baku ebong azerail baku-err moto clubguli europea kaape durdanto safalya orjon koreche. azerbaijani volleybal kheloader modhye royeche valeria corotenco, oksana parkhomenko, innes korkmaz, natalia mamadova ebong allah hasanova. anyanno azerbaijani kridavidra hollen kustite namig abdulayev, togrul asgarov, rovshan bairamov, sharif sharifov, maria stadnic ebong farid mansurov, kustite nazim hussenov, elnur mammadali, elkhan mammadov ebong judote rustam orozov, karate rafael agayev, boxingye magomedrasul majidov ebong aghasi mamdov, olympyke varottolone nizami pashayev, pancressione azad asgarov, kickboxingye eduard mamdov ebong keey-1 fighter jabito samedov. azerbaijaner ekti formula oyana reesa-track royeche, jaa june 2012 saale toiri hoyechilo ebong deshti 19 june 2016-ayee taar prothom formula oyana granned prix ebong 2017,2018,2019,2021 ebong 2022-ayee azerbaijan granned prixer ayojan korechilo. deshe onusthito anyanno barshik krida eventguli holl baku cup tennis turnament ebong tour dii 'azerbaijan cycling reesa. azerbaijan 2000-err doshoker shesher dick theke besh koyekti borh krida protijogitar ayojan koreche, jaar modhye royeche 2013 2013 powerboat bishwa championship, 2012 fifa anurdho-17 mohila vishwakap, 2011 aiba bishwa boxing championship, 2010 europea kusti championship, 2009 ridmik gymnastics europea championship, 2014 europea taikoando championship, 2014 ridmik gymnastics europea championship ebong 2016 bishwa daba olympiad. 8 december 2012-ayee, baku 2015 saaler europea games ayojoner jonno nirbachito hoyechilo, jaa protijogitar itihase prothom onusthito hoyechilo. baku 2017 saale choturtho islami sanghati games ebong 2019 europea jubo grissokalin olympic utsabero ayojan korechilo ebong etty uefa euro 2020-err onnotomo ayojok, jaa covid-19-err karone 2021 saale onusthito hachche.

azerbaijan azerbaijan (,,,), sattavaar reete azarbaijaannu prajasattak, purveey europe aneey pashchim aesheeyani sarhad parr stheet aek aantarkhandiy desh chhe. teey dakshin coccus pradeshno aek bhaag chhe aneey purvamaa kaspiyan samudra, uttarmaa russia (dejestannu prajasattak), uttarpashchimma georgia, pashchimma armeniya aneey turkey aneey dakshinma iranthi gheraayelu chhe. baaku tenee raajdhaani aneey sauthee motoo shaher chhe. azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattakae itihas transcocatian lokshaahi sangheey prajasattakthi tenee svatantrataa jaaher curry aneey pratham binsapradayik lokshaahi muslim bahumatee dharaavtu raajy banyu. fareethi, aaa desh soviyet sanghamaa azerbaijan ssr tareeke saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato. aee jaj varshe soviyet sanghnaa visarjanaa thodaa samay pahelaa, 30 august october roj azerbaijanna aadhunik prajasattakae tenee swatantrataani jaaherat curry hatee. september thaee, nagorno-karabakh pradeshnaa vansheey armeniyan bahumateeae swa-ghoshit prajasattak artsakhni rachnaa curry. aaa pradesh aneey tenee aaspasna saat jeellaaone aantarrashtriy stare azerbaijanna bhaag tareeke maanyata aapvama aavee chhe, jeey oo. aesa. see. dwara sulabh karaayelee vataghato dwara nagorno-karabakhni sthitino ukel baakee chhe, jooe keey teey september pratham nagorno-karabakh yuddhnaa anta saathe "vaastavik" swatantra banyu hatoo. hatoo beeja nagorno-karabakh yuddh pachhi, saat jeellaao aneey nagorno-karabakhna bhaago azarbaijani niyantranma parat faryaa hataa. azerbaijan aek ekatmak ardh-rashtrapati prajasattak chhe. teey chh swatantra turkey rajyomathi aek chhe aneey turkey raajyo aneey turkey samudaayni sansthaana sakreey sabhy chhe. azerbaijan 182 desho saathe rajdwari sambandho dharaave chhe aneey sanyukt raashtro, europeni parishad, biin-sanrekheet chalval, oo. aesa. see. aneey naato pii. aef. pii. kaarykram saheet 38 aantarrashtriy sansthaoma sabhyapad dharaave chhe. teey guam, sisa aneey opseedbluena sthaapak sabhyomaanu aek chhe. azerbaijan pann doubleu. tii. oo. nee nirikshak sthitee chhe. deshnee motabhagni vastee (97 takaa) nammatra muslim chhe, parantu bandhaaran sattavaar dharm jaaher karatu nathee aneey deshnee tamaam mukhya raajkeey shakteeo dharmnirpeksh chhe. azerbaijan aek vikasshil desh chhe aneey manav vikaas soochkankma soochkankma krame chhe. temaa aarthik vikasno uncho darr, saksharta aneey berojgaareeno neecho darr chhe. jooe keey, 1993 thee sattama rahela shaasak navaa azerbaijan paksh parr heydaar aliyev aneey temnaa putra ilham aliyev bannena netrutva hethal sarmukhtyarshahi netrutvano aarop mukvaamaa aavyo chhe, aneey nagrik svatantratao parr vadhata pratibandho, khaas kareene presnee svatantrataa aneey raajkeey daman saheet deshnaa manav adhikaaronaa recordne bagadvaano aarop mukvaamaa aavyo chhe. vyutpatti. aadhunik vyutpatti anusaar, "azerbaijan" shabd "atropates" parthee aavyo chhe, jeey acamenid saamrajya hethalno aek persian satrap hato, jene paachhalthi alexander dhaa greta hethal mediana satrap tareeke punsthapit karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa naamnee mool vyutpatti aek samaye prabal zorostrianvadma hovaanu manvama aave chhe. avastaanaa "fravordin yasht" ("vaalee dutone stotra") maan, teno ullekh chhe, jeno shaabdik anuvaad avestanmathi thaay chhe "aapane pavitra atropatinna frevani pujaa kareeae chhiae". atropates" naam pote jaj junaa iraniannu grick lipyantaran chhe, kadaach madhyasth, jeno arth "(pavitra) agnee dwara sanrakshit" athavaa "(pavitra) agnini bhoomi" thaay chhe. grick naamno ullekh diodorus seculus aneey strebo dwara karvaamaa aavyo hato. sahastraabdinaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, naam (madhya farsi), pachhi, (navaa farsi) aneey haalnaa "azerbaijan" maan vikaseet thayu. itihas russian samrajyna patan pachhi, jyaare swatantra azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattakni sthaapnaa thaee tyaare musavatni sarkaar dwara haalnaa azerbaijan prajasattakna vistaar maate "azerbaijan" naam pratham vakhat apnavvama aavyu hatoo. tyaan sudhee, aaa hoddaano upyog samkalin uttarpashchim irannaa najiknaa pradeshne odakhvaa maate karvaamaa aavto hato, jyaare azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattakna vistaarne agau "vyavastha" aneey "shiravan" tareeke odakhvaamaa aavto hato. teey aadhare iraane navaa apnavvama aavela deshnaa naamno veerodh karyo hato. soviyet shaasan darmiyan, aaa deshnee lakhaan pann russian lipyantaranmathi latinma '() tareeke lakhvaamaa aavee hatee. 1940 thee 1991 sudhee aaa deshnu naam pann cyrillic lipeemaa 'tareeke lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. itihas. praachinkaal. azerbaijanna pradeshmaa manav vasaahatno sauthee pahelo puraavo patthar yugnaa antamaa chhe aneey teey azikh gufani guruche sanskruti saathe sambandhit chhe. praarambhik vasahatoma isvision purve albania sadee darmiyan skytheansno samaavesh thato hato. skytheans pachhi, irani medis araas nadeena dakshinna vistaarmaa prabhutva jamavva aavyaa. medise 900 aneey 700 bii. see. nee vachche aek vishaal saamrajya banaavyu hatoo, jeey 550 bii. see. nee aaspaas acamenid samrajyma aekeekrut thayu hatoo. aaa vistaar parr achaemenids dwara vijay melvyo hato, jeey parsi dharmnaa felaavaa taraf doree gayo hato. saasaani kaalthee laeene safavid kaal sudhee. saasaani saamrajyae saamrajyae kakeshiyan albania aek jagirdar rajyamaa fervi didhu, jyaare raajaa ernaire chothee sadimaa sattavaar reete khristi dharmne raajy dharm tareeke apnaavyo. sassani shaasan hovaa chhataa, albania albania sadee sudhee aaa pradeshmaa aek astitva rahyu, jyaare keey sassanid iranne sampurnpane aadheen hatoo, aneey tenaa rajashahine jaalvi raakhyu hatoo. saasaani samraatnaa mukhya jagirdaro paikinaa aek hovaa chhataa, albanian raajaa paase maatra sattaani zalak hatee, aneey sasanian marzban (lashkari governor) paase sauthee vadhu nagrik, dhaarmik aneey lashkari sattaa hatee. hatee sadeena purvaardhmaa, kasian albania, sasaniona jagirdar tareeke, pertiana muslim vijayne kaarane najiva muslim shaasan hethal aavyu hatoo. umayyad khalifa dakshin kakasasmathi saasaanio aneey byzantine bannene khadedi deedhaa aneey aneey raajaa javansirni aagevani hethalnaa khristi pratikaarne dabaavi devaaya pachhi kakeshiyan albania jagirdar rajyamaa fervi didhu. abasid khalifashahina patanthi bachelee shunyavkashne asankhya sthaaneek rajvansho jaim keey sallarid, sajid aneey shaddadid dwara bharee devaamaa aavee hatee. bolshevik sadeeni sharuaatmaa, aaa pradesh dheeme dheeme madhya aesheeyana oghuz turkonaa mojaao dwara kabaje karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemane teey samaye turkian vansheey naam apnaavyu hatoo. aaa turkey rajvanshomathi pratham seljuk saamrajyni sthaapnaa thaee hatee, jeey 1067 sudhimaa azerbaijan tareeke odakhaata vistaarmaa praveshyu hatoo. aadhunik azerbaijanna pradeshmaa rahetee purv-turkey vastee ghanee indo-european aneey kakeshiyan bhashao bolatee hatee, jemaa armeniyan aneey irani bhaasha, juunii azeri, jeey dheeme dheeme turkey bhaasha dwara badalvama aavee hatee, jeey aajnee azarbaijani bhashana praarambhik purogami hatee. ketlaak bhashashastrioae aema pann janaavyu chhe keey irani azerbaijan aneey azerbaijan prajasattakni taatee boleeo, jaim keey tats dwara bolaati, juunii azerimathi utaree aavee chhe. sthaaneek reete, anugaamee seljuk saamrajyni sampatti parr aldiguzid dwara shaasan karvaamaa aavtu hatoo, takneeki reete seljuk sultaannaa jagirdaro, parantu ketalikvaar "vaastavik" shaasako pote. seljuk hethal, nizami ganjavi aneey khaakaani jevaa sthaaneek kaveeoae haalnaa azerbaijanna pradeshmaa farsi sahityanaa vikasne janm aapyo. shirvanshnaa sthaaneek rajvansh taimurnaa saamraajynu aek jagirdar raajy bunny gayoo aneey suvarn tolaanaa tokhtamishna shaasak saathena yuddhmaa tene madad curry. taimurnaa mrutyu pachhi, beey swatantra aneey harif raajyo ubharee aavyah kaaraa koyunlu aneey aka koyunlu. shirvansh paachha faryaa, sthaaneek shaasako aneey jagirdaro tareeke uchch starnee svaayattaa jaalvi raakhvaa maate ghanee sadeeo sudhee jaalvi raakhi, jaim keey teoae 861 thee karyoo hatoo. 1501 maan, irannaa safavid rajvanshe shirvanshne vash karyaa aneey tenee sampatti melvee. aagaami sadee darmiyan, safavidse agaauni sunni vasteene sheeya islamma rupantarit curry, jaim keey teoae aadhunik iranma vastee saathe karyoo hatoo. safavidoae 1538 sudhee, jyaare safavid raajaa tehmasp (aar. 1524-1576) temne sampurnpane padbhrasht karyaa, aneey aaa vistaarne shiravannaa safavid praantmaa fervi deedho. sunni ottomanoae 1578-1590 naa ottoman-safavid yuddhnaa parinaame haalnaa azerbaijanna bhagone toonk samay maate kabaje karvaamaa safalataa melvee; hatee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, temne irani shaasak abbas aaee (aar. 1588-1629). safavid samrajyna avsaannaa pagale, baaku aneey tenaa aaspasna vistaaro parr rasheeynoae 1722-1723 naa ruso-farsi yuddhnaa parinaame toonk samay maate kabajo jamaavyo hato. safavid irannaa padoshi harifo dwara aaa jevaa sankshipt antaraalo hovaa chhataa, aaje jeey azerbaijan chhe teey jameen chhe sadeena samaygaalaa sudhee safavidna praarambhik aagmanthi irani shaasan hethal rahee hatee. aadhunik itihas. safavid pachhi, aaa vistaar parr irani afsharid rajvanshnu shaasan hatoo. naadar shaahnaa mrutyu pachhi (aar. 1736-1747), temnaa ghanaa bhutpurv vishhayoae asthirtaanaa uadbhavno laabh uthaavyo. aaa vistaarmaa svayattaanaa viveedh swarupo saathe asankhya swa-shaasak khaanat ubharee aavyaa hataa. aaa khaanatona shaasako irannaa shaasak rajvansho saathe seedha sambandhit hataa aneey teo irani shaahnaa jagirdaro aneey prajaao hataa. madhya aesheeya aneey pashchim vachchena aantarrashtriy vepaar margo dwara khanatoae temnee baabto parr niyantran raakhyu hatoo. tyarbad, aaa vistaar irani zund aneey kajaarna krameek shaasan hethal hato. aneey sadeena antathi, shaahee russia tenaa beey padoshio aneey dakshinna harifo, iraan aneey ottoman saamrajya taraf vadhu aakramak bhoo-raajkeey valan taraf valyun. russia havey sakreey reete coccus pradeshno kabajo melavvaano prayaas karyo hato, jeey motaabhaage irannaa haathmaa hato. hato, rasheeynoae gaanjaana irani nagar parr aakraman karyoo aneey tene luntee leedhu, jenaathi ruso-farsi yuddhni sharuaat thaee. lashkari reete shreshth rasheeynoae vijay saathe ruso-farsi yuddhno anta aanyo. 1804-1813 yuddhmaa kajaar irannaa nuksan pachhi, tene gullistanni sandhee anusaar georgia aneey degestan saathe motabhagna khaanato parr russian saamraajyne aadhipatya sweekarvani faraj puddy hatee. chhe sadimaa russia tenaa parr kabajo karyo tyaan sudhee araas nadeeni uttareno vistaar, jemaa samkalin prajasattak azarbaijaanno pradesh aavelo hato, teey irani pradesh hato. lagbhag aek daaykaa pachhi, gullistan sandheenu ullanghan kareene, rasheeynoae irannaa irrivan khaanate parr aakraman karyoo. aanaathi banne vachche anteem dushmanavat sharoo thaee, ruso-farsi yuddh 1826-1828. parinaame turkmenchaini sandhee, kajaar iranne erivan khaanate, nakhchivan khaanate aneey baakini taalish khaanate parr saarvbhaumatva chhodva maate majboor curry, jemaa samkalin azarbaijani prajasattakni maatinaa chhella bhagono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey haju pann irani haathmaa hataa. iranthi russiama tamaam caucasian pradeshona samaavesh pachhi, banne vachcheni navee sarhad araas nadee parr gothavvama aavee hatee, jeey soviyet sanghnaa vighatan pachhi, iraan aneey azerbaijan prajasattak vachcheni sarhadno bhaag bunny hatee. chhe sadimaa kajaar iranne tenaa kakeshiyan pradeshone russiane sopavaani faraj puddy hatee, jemaa aaa reete aadhunik azerbaijan prajasattakno pradesh saamel hato, jyaare teey samarpanna parinaame, azarbaijani vansheey jooth aajkaal beey raashtro vachche vibhajit chheh iraan aneey azerbaijan. russian vijay chhataa, samagr chhe sadee darmiyan, russian kabaja hethalnaa shahero baaku, gaanja aneey tifflis (tbilisi, havey georgia) maan irani sanskruti, saahitya aneey bhaasha saathe vyastata sheeya aneey sunni bauddhikoma vyaapak rahee hatee. teey jaj sadimaa, chhe sadeena antamaa, iraan pachhinaa russiana kabaja hethalnaa purv caucasiama, aek azarbaijani raashtriy odakh ubharee aavee hatee. pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan russian samrajyna patan pachhi, alpajivi transcocatian lokshaahi sangheey prajasattak jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey haalnaa prajasattak azerbaijan, georgia aneey armeniyani rachnaa karey chhe. teey pachhi 30 march aneey 2 april 1918 nee vachche baaku shaherma aneey russian samrajyna baaku governoratena najiknaa vistaroma cooch divasnaa narsamhar thayaa hataa. jyaare meey itihas prajasattaknu visarjan thayu, tyaare agranee musawat pakshe navaa prajasattak maate "azerbaijan" naam apnaavtaa azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattak (aee. dii. aar.) tareeke svatantrataa jaaher curry; aee naam keey jeey aee. dii. aar. nee ghoshana pahelaa samkalin irannaa najiknaa uttarpashchim pradeshno sandarbh aapvaa maate jaj upyogmaa levaatu hatoo. muslim vishvamaa pratham aadhunik sansadeey prajasattak aee. dii. aar. hatoo. sansadni mahatvapurn seeddhio paikeeni aek hatee mahilaaone matadhikarnu vistaran, jeey azerbaijanne mahilaaone purusho saathe samaan raajkeey adheekaro aapnaar pratham muslim raashtra banaave chhe. aee. dii. aar. nee anya aek mahatvapurn seeddhi baaku raajy universityni sthaapnaa hatee, jeey muslim purvamaa sthaapit pratham aadhunik prakaarnee university hatee. march 1920 sudhimaa, teey spasht hatoo keey soviyet russia baaku parr humalo karashe. vladimir lenine kahyoo keey aakraman vaajbi hatoo kaaran keey soveeyat russia baakuna teela vinaa tucky shakyu naa hatoo. swatantra azerbaijan maatra 23 maheena sudhee chaalyu jyaan sudhee bolshevik bolshevik soviyet laal senaae tenaa parr aakraman karyoo, 28 april april roj azerbaijan ssrni sthaapnaa curry. jooe keey navaa rachaayela azarbaijani sainyano moto hisso aek armeniyan badvaane neeche utarvama rokaayelo hato jeey hamanaa jaj karabakhma faatee nikalyo hato, azerbaijanioae temnee sankshipt svatantrataa 1918-20 neey zadapthi athavaa saraltathi aatmasamarpan karyoo naa hatoo. asarkarak reete russian punahkvaayno pratikaar kartaa 20,000 jetla azarbaijani sainiko mrutyu pamya hataa. aagaami praarambhik soviyet samaygalama, azarbaijani raashtriy odakh aakhare banaavati bunny hatee. 13 october october roj, russia, armeniya, azerbaijan aneey georgiana soviyet prajasattakoae turkey saathe karaar parr hastakshar karyaa, jene kaarsnee sandhee tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. agaauna swatantra prajasattak araas pann kaarsnee sandhee dwara azerbaijan ssrni andar nakhchivan svaayatt soviyet samajvadi prajasattak bunny jashe. beejee taraf, armeniyane zangezurna pradeshno puraskar aapvama aavyo hato aneey turkey gumoury (jeey pachhi alexandropol tareeke odakhaatu hatoo) parat karvaa maate sammat thayu hatoo. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan, azerbaijane soviyet sanghnee vyuhaatmak urjaa niteema nirnayak bhoomika bhajvi hatee, jemaa purveey morchaa parr soviyet sanghnaa 80 takaa telno purvatho baaku dwara puuro padvama aavto hato. februari februari yuu. aesa. aesa. aar. naa sarvoch soviyetnaa hukamnaamaa dwara, azerbaijanna teela udhyognaa 500 thee vadhu kaamdaaro aneey karmcharioni pratibaddhtaane aadesho aneey chandrako enayat karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. yuu. aesa. aesa. aar. naa urjaa (petroliyama) dynamo tareeke tenaa mahatvane kaarane german veharmaach dwara haath dharvaamaa aavel operation edelweise baakune nishan banaavyu hatoo. 1941 thee 1945 sudhee beeja vishvyudhhma ladelaa tamaam azarbaijaniomathi paanchmo bhaag. andaje 681,000 loko, jemathi 100,000 thee vadhu maheelao hatee, teo aagad aavyaa hataa, jyaare teey samaye azarbaijanni coole vastee 3.4 laakh hatee. azerbaijanna lagbhag 250,000 loko saamethi maarya gayaa hataa. 130 thee vadhu azerbaijanione soviyet sanghnaa nayako tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. azarbaijani mejar-general azzie aslanovne beey vaar soveeyat unionnaa nayakno puraskar aapvama aavyo hato. svatantrataa. mikhail gorbachev dwara sharoo karaayel "glassnost" nee rajneetine pagale, soviyet sanghnaa viveedh pradeshomaa nagrik ashanti aneey vansheey sangharsho vadhyaa, jemaa azerbaijan ssrna svaayatt pradesh nagorno-karaabaakhno samaavesh thaay chhe. pahelethee jaj garam sangharsh pratye moskonee udasintana javabma azerbaijanma vikshep, svatantrataa aneey algataani haakalma parinamyo, jeey bakuma kaalaa januaryni ghatanaoma parakashthae pahonchyo. paachhalthi paachhalthi, azarbaijanni sarvoch parishade shirshakmathi "soviyet samajvadi" shabdone kaadhee nakhya, "azerbaijan prajasattakni saarvbhaumatvani ghoshana" apnaavi aneey azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattakna dhvajne rajyanaa dhvaj tareeke punsthapit karyo. moskomaa october soviyet badvaanaa nishfal prayaasnaa parinaame, azarbaijanni sarvoch parishade 18 october october roj swatantrataani ghoshana apnaavi hatee, jene december thaee rashtravyapi lokmat dwara samarthan aapvama aavyu hatoo, jyaare soviyet unionnun sattavaar reete 26 december october roj astitva bundh thaee gayoo hatoo. desh havey 18 octobernaa roj teno svatantrataa divas ujave chhe. aazadina praarambhik varsho armeniya dwara samartheet nagorno-karabakhna vansheey armeniyan bahumatee saathe pratham nagorno-karabakh yuddh dwara chhavayela hataa. september dushmanaavatnaa anta sudhimaa, armeniyanoae nagorno-karabakh saheet azarbaijani pradeshnaa 14-16 takaa sudhee niyantran karyoo hatoo. yuddh darmiyan banne paksho dwara malibeli aneey guschular khaatena narsamhar, garadagali hatyakand aneey khojali hatyakand, saathe saathe baaku hatyakand, maraga hatyakand aneey kirovaad narsamhar saheet ghanaa atyaachaaro aneey narsamhaaro karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. vadhumaa, andaje 30,000 loko maarya gayaa chhe aneey dass lakhthi vadhu loko visthapit thayaa chhe, 800,000 thee vadhu azarbaijanio aneey 300,000 armeniyan. sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishadna chaar tharaavo (822,853,874 aneey 884) aee azerbaijanna tamaam kabaja hethalnaa pradeshomathi tamaam armeniyan dalone taatkaalik paachha khenchavaani maang karey chhe."ghanaa rasheeyno aneey aarmeniyano aneey daaykaa darmiyan sharnaarthio tareeke azerbaijan chhodine bhaagi gayaa hataa. hataa vastee ganatari anusaar, azerbaijanma 510,000 vansheey rasheeyno aneey 484,000 armeniyan hataa. aliyev parivaar shaasan, 1993-vartmaan. 1993-vartmaan, lokshaahi reete chuntayela pramukh abulfaz alchibene curnell suraat hussenovni aagevani hethalnaa lashkari badvaa dwara uthalaavi devaamaa aavyaa hataa, jenaa parinaame soviyet azerbaijanna bhutpurv netaa heydaar aliyevni sattaa vadhee hatee. september, surat hussenoway, teey samay sudhimaa vadaa pradhaane, heydaar aliyev saame anya lashkari badvaano prayaas karyo hato, parantu tenee dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey tenaa parr rajdrohno aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato. aek varsh pachhi, pachhi, aliyev saame anya aek badvaano prayaas karvaamaa aavyo hato, aaa vakhate omon vishesh ekamnaa commander, rovshan javdov dwara. badvo taalee devaayo hato, jenaa parinaame baadmaanee hatyaa thaee hatee aneey azerbaijanna omon aekamone vikheree nakhvama aavyaa hataa. teey jaj samaye, desh shaasak amaldarshahima prachand bhrashtacharthi kalankeet hato. october october, aliyev beejee mudat maate fareethi chuntaya hataa. arthtantramaa ghano sudhaaro thayo hovaa chhataa, khaas kareene azeri-chirag-guneshali teela kshetra aneey shaah deniz gases kshetrana shoshan saathe, chuntani chhetarpindi, uchch starnee aarthik asamanta aneey sthaaneek bhrashtaachaarne kaarane aliyevni rashtrapatini teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. heydaar aliyevnaa putra ilham aliyev chhe) temnaa pitaanu avsaan thayu tyaare navaa azerbaijan pakshna adhyaksh temaj azerbaijanna pramukh banyaa hataa. teo october october rashtrapati tareeke triji mudat maate fareethi chuntaya hataa. april april, pramukh ilham aliyeve chuntanima satat chothee mudat melvee hatee, jeno mukhya vipakshi daloae chhetarpindi tareeke bahishkar karyo hato. 27 september yuro roj, nagorono-karabakh sampark rekhaa parr vanaukelaayela nagorno-karabakh sangharshma navee athadaamano pharii sharoo thaee. azerbaijan aneey armeniyana sashastr daloae lashkari aneey nagrik janhani jaana curry hatee. nagorno-karabakh yuddhviram samajooti aneey azerbaijan aneey armeniya vachchena chh saptaahnaa yuddhno anta azerbaijanma vyaapakpane ujavvama aavyo hato, kaaran keey teoae nondhpaatra praadeshik laabh melvyo hato. bhugol. bhaugolik reete, azerbaijan eurasiana dakshin coccus pradeshmaa stheet chhe, jeey pashchim aesheeya aneey purveey europema felaayelu chhe. teey akshansh 38° aneey 42°n aneey rekhansh 44° aneey 51°e vachche aavelu chhe. azarbaijanni jameen sarahadoni coole lambai armeniya saathe, iraan saathe, georgia saathe 480 kilometer, russia saathe aneey turkey saathe chhe. dariyakinaro vistaar maate vistare chhe, aneey kaspiyan samudranaa azarbaijani vibhagna sauthee paholaa vistaarni lambai chhe. deshmaa jameenthi gheraayelu acclave, nakhchivan svaayatt prajasattak chhe. trana bhauteek lakshaniktao azerbaijan parr prabhutva dharaave chheh kaspiyan samudra, jenee kinara purvamaa koodarti seema banaave chhe; uttarmaa motee coccus parvatmala; aneey deshnaa kendramaa vyaapak sapaat jameen. tyaan trana parvatmaalaao pann chhe, motaa aneey ochha coccus aneey taalish parvato, jeey deshnaa aashre 40 takaa bhagne aavari leey chhe. azarbaijaannu sauthee unchu shikhar mount buzzarduz chhe, jyaare sauthee neechu bindu kaspiyan samudramaa aavelu chhe. pruthvi parnaa tamaam kaadav jwalamukhimathi lagbhag adadhaa jwalamukhi azerbaijanma kendrit chhe, aaa jwalamukhio pann prakrutini navee 7 ajaybio maate namankit lokomaa saamel hataa. paaninaa mukhya stroto sapaati parnaa paanee chhe. 8, 350 nadiomathi maatra 24 nadioni lambai lambai karataa vadhaare chhe. tamaam nadeeo deshnee purvamaa kespiyan samudramaa vahe chhe. sauthee motoo talaav sarsu chhe, aneey sauthee laambi nadee koor chhe, jeey armeniya saathe aantarsima chhe. azerbaijanma kaspiyan samudrani saathe ghanaa taapuo chhe, jeey mote bhaage baaku dweepsamuhma stheet chhe. thaee azarbaijanni aazadi pachhi, azarbaijani sarkaare azerbaijanna paryavaranne jalava maate pagalaa leedhaa chhe. 2001 pachhi jyaare baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline dwara puurii padvama aaveli navee aavakne kaarane rajyanu budget vadhyu tyaare paryavarannu raashtriy rakshan zadpi banyu. chaar varshmaa, sanrakshit vistaaro bamnaa thaee gayaa aneey havey deshnaa aath takaa pradesho bunny gayaa chhe. azerbaijan sarkaare saat motaa bhandar sthaapit karyaa chhe aneey paryaavaraniy sanraxan maate falavvama aavela bajetnaa kshetrane lagbhag bamano curry deedho chhe. landscape. azerbaijan viveedh prakaarnaa landscapesnu ghar chhe. azerbaijanna adadhaathi vadhu bhubhagma parvatmaalaao, shikhar, uchchpradesho aneey pathaaro chhe jeey 400-1000 meater (madhya aneey neechala nichanvala pradesho saheet) naa hypesometric star sudhee vadhe chhe, ketlaak sthaloae (taalis, jairancol-ajinohur aneey langabiz-alaat forenge) 100-120 meater sudhee, aneey anya 0-50 meater aneey upar (kobustan, absheron) sudhee. azerbaijanna baakinaa bhupradeshma medaano aneey nichanvala pradeshono samaavesh thaay chhe. coccus pradeshmaa hypesometric nishan kespiyan dariyakinare lagbhag −28 meterthi 4,466 meater (buzzarduzu shikhar) sudhee badalaay chhe. azerbaijanma aabohvani rachnaa khaas kareene scandinavian anticyclone thandaa arctic havaana jaththa, cyberian anticyclone samshitoshna havaana jaththa aneey madhya aeshiyan anticyclonethi prabhaavit chhe. azarbaijaannu vaividhyasabhar landscape havaana loko deshmaa praveshvani reetone assar karey chhe. grater coccus uttarthi aavtaa thandaa havaana seedha prabhaavthi deshnu rakshan karey chhe. jeey deshnee motabhagni taletee aneey medaano parr uposhnkatibandhiy aabohvani rachnaa taraf doree jaay chhe. darmiyan, medaano aneey taleteemaa uchch saur vikeeran darr chhe. haalnaa ageeyar aabohva zonmathi nava azerbaijanma haajar chhe. akhchivan svaayatt prajasattakna zulfa aneey ordubad pradeshomaa sampoorn laghutam taapmaan () aneey sampoorn mahattam taapmaan banne jovaa malyaa hataa. mahattam vaarshik varsaad lankaran () maan aneey laghuttam varsaad absheron () maan padey chhe. nadeeo aneey sarovaro azarbaijanni jala pranaalino mukhya bhaag chhe, teo laambaa bhustarshastriy samaymaryadama rachaaya hataa aneey teey samaygaalaa darmiyan nondhpaatra reete badalaaya hataa. aaa khaas kareene samagr deshmaa jovaa malatee praachin nadeeona avshesho dwara puraava chhe. koodarti dado aneey manav-rajoo karelee audhyogik pravruttionaa prabhaav hethal deshnee jala pranaalio satat badalaati rahe chhe. krutrim nadeeo (nahero) aneey talaavo aee azarbaijanni jala pranaalino aek bhaag chhe. paanee purvathani drashtiae, azerbaijan vishvamaa sarerash karataa ochhu chhe, jemaa darr varshe choras kilometer deeth aashre paanee chhe. tamaam motaa jalashayo koor parr bandhvama aavyaa chhe. azarbaijanni jalalekhan mulbhoot reete kaspiyan dariyai tatpradeshni chhe. kuraa aneey aaras aee azarbaijanni mukhya nadeeo chhe. teo kuraa-aras nichanvali jameenmathi pasaar thaay chhe. jeey nadeeo seedha jaj kaspiyan samudramaa vahe chhe, teey mukhyatve mukhya coccus aneey taalish parvatona uttar-purveey dhholavmathi udbhave chhe aneey samoor-devechi aneey lankaran nichanvala vistaaro saathe vahe chhe. yanaar daag, jeno anuvaad "salagata parvat" tareeke thaay chhe, teey aek koodarti gases aag chhe jeey baaku najik kespiyan samudra parr absheron dweepkalp parr tekri parr satat salage chhe, jeey pote "agnini bhoomi" tareeke odakhaay chhe."aek paatala, chhidralu reteena pattharnaa starmathi havaamaa jwaalaao bahaar nikale chhe. teey baaku vistaarnaa mulaakaatio maate pravasi aakarshan chhe. jaivavividhta. azerbaijanma pranee jeevanni samruddhi aneey vividhataa parnaa pratham ahevaalo purveey pravasioni musafarini nondhomaa malee shake chhe. sthapatya smaarako, praachin khadako aneey pattharo parnee pranioni kotaraneeo vartmaan samay sudhee tucky rahee chhe. azarbaijanni vanaspati aneey pranisrushti parnee pratham maahitee hatee sadimaa prakrutivadioni azarbaijanni mulakat darmiyan aektrit karvaamaa aavee hatee. sastan pranioni 106 prajaatio, maachhalini 97 prajaatio, pakshioni 363 prajaatio, ubhayjivioni 10 prajaatio aneey sarisrupni 52 prajaatio chhe jeey azerbaijanma nondhvaamaa aavee chhe aneey vargikrut karvaamaa aavee chhe. azarbaijaannu raashtriy pranee karabakh ghodo chhe, jeey parvat-medanni spardhaa chhe aneey azerbaijan maate sthaaneek chhe. karabakh ghodo tenaa saaraa svabhaav, zadap, laavany aneey buddhi maate prakhyaat chhe. teey praachin vishwani sauthee juunii jatiomani aek chhe, parantu aaje ghodo luptpray prajaati chhe. azarbaijanni vanaspatimaa 4,500 thee vadhu prajationa uchch chhodno samaavesh thaay chhe. azerbaijanma ananya aabohvaane kaarane, dakshin cocksusnaa anya prajasattakni vanaspationi sarkhaamanimaa vanaspati prajationi sankhyama ghanee samruddh chhe. samagr cocksusma vadhati prajatiomathi 66 takaa prajaatio azerbaijanma malee shake chhe. desh chaar paryaavaraniy pradeshomaa aavelo chheh kespiyan hiercanian mishra jangalo, coccus mishra jangalo, purveey anatolian monten medaan aneey azerbaijan zadva rann aneey medaan. azarbaijaanno azarbaijaanno vana landscape akhanditataa soochkaank sarerash sqora 6.55/10 hato, jeey tene 172 deshomathi vaishvik stare stare krame mooke chhe. sarkaar aneey raajkaaran. azarbaijanni raajkeey vyavsthaani malkhakiy rachnaa 12 november tenaa roj navaa bandharanne apnaavaathi purn thaee hatee. bandharanna anuchchhed 23 anusaar, azerbaijan prajasattakna raajy prateeko dhvaj, shastrono qota aneey raashtragit chhe. azerbaijanma raajyani sattaa maatra aantarik muddaao maate kaayada dwara maryadit chhe, parantu aantarrashtriy baabto pann aantarrashtriy karaaroni jogvaaio dwara maryadit chhe. azarbaijaannu bandhaaran janaave chhe keey teey sattaani trana shaakhao-kaarobaari, kaayadaakiy aneey nyaayik saathe rashtrapati prajasattak chhe. kaayadaakiy sattaa eksadneey raashtriy vidhansabha aneey nakhchivan svaayatt prajasattakma sarvoch raashtriy vidhansabha dwara rakhvama aave chhe. azarbaijanni sansad, jene millie majlis kahevaay chhe, temaa bahumatee matnaa aadhare chuntayela 125 pratinidhiono samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa darek chuntayela sabhy maate paanch varshnee mudat hoya chhe. darr paanch varshe novembernaa pahelaa ravivaare chuntani yojaay chhe. sansad sarkaarni rachnaa maate jawabdar nathee, parantu bandhaaran maate mantrimandalni manjuri millie majlis dwara jaroori chhe. navaa azerbaijan paksh aneey shaasak sarkaar pratye vafaadaar apaksho haalmaa sansadni lagbhag tamaam 125 bethako dharaave chhe. chhe sansadeey chuntani darmiyan, vipakshi dado, musawat aneey azerbaijani lokpreey front party, aek pann bethak jitvama nishfal rahyaa hataa. european nirikshakoae chuntaninaa divase aneey chuntaninaa divase asankhya aneeyamitao shodhee kaadhee hatee. kaarykaari sattaa rashtrapati paase hoya chhe, jeo seedhi chuntanio dwara saat varshnaa kaarykaad maate chuntaay chhe aneey vadaa pradhaan paase hoya chhe. rashtrapatine mantrimandal rachvaa maate adheekrut karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey rashtrapati aneey raashtriy vidhansabha bannene jawabdar saamuhik kaarykaari sanstha chhe. azerbaijanna mantrimandalma mukhyatve vadaa pradhaan, temnaa pratinidhio aneey mantriono samaavesh thaay chhe. azarbaijanni azarbaijanni sarkaar tenee vartmaan rachnaamaa vahivatitantra chhe. rashtrapatine raashtriy vidhaansabhaane visarjan karvaano adhikaar nathee parantu tenaa nirnayone veeto karvaano adhikaar chhe. rashtrapatina vitone override karvaa maate, sansadne 95 matnee bahumatee hovi aavashyak chhe. nyaayik sattaa bandhaaraniy adalat, sarvoch adalat aneey aarthik adalatma niheet chhe. rashtrapati aaa adalatoma nyayadhishone namankit karey chhe. nyaynee karykshamta maate european commission (see. ee. pii. ee. jee.) ahewal navaa nyayadhishoni pasandagi parr azarbaijani nyaay modelne shreshth prathaa tareeke sandarbhit karey chhe, jeey chokkas lakshano aneey navee lokshaahimaa nyaytantrani svatantrataa aneey gunvattaani khaatari karvaa tarafnaa vikasna maargne pratibimbit karey chhe. azarbaijanni shaasannee vyavsthaane nammatra beey-stareey kahee shakaay. rashtrapatini aagevani hethalnee kaarykaari sattaa aee sarkaarnu tochnu athavaa sarvoch star chhe. rashtrapati mantrimandal aneey anya uchch hodda parnaa adhikarioni nimanook karey chhe. sthaaneek kaarobaari sattaa aee maatra kaarobaari sattaanu saataty chhe. aaa jogvai sthaaneek vahivati sattaa ("yearly ikra hakimiyaat") parr azerbaijanma sthaaneek raajy vahivatitantrani kaanuni sthitee nakki karey chhe, jene 16 juuna juuna roj apnavvama aavee hatee. juuna azerbaijanne, raashtrapatiae navaa niyamanne manjuri aapee hatee, jene sthaaneek kaarykaari adheekarione vadhaaraani sattao aapee hatee, azerbaijanna sthaaneek babtonaa bandharanna prakaran prakaran temnee prabal sthiteene majboot kareene azerbaijan prajasattak sthaaneek swa-sarkaarnaa mukhya muddaaone sambodhit karey chhe, jaim keey nagarpalikaoni kaanuni sthitee, sthaaneek swa-sarkari sansthaona prakaaro, temnee mulbhoot sattao aneey anya sattavaar sansthao saathena sambandho. shaasannu anya najeevu star nagarpalikao ("bjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj haalmaa, deshbharma 1,607 nagarpalikao chhe. sthaaneek sarkaarnaa kshetramaa saupratham nagarpalika chuntanio parno kaayado aneey nagarpalikaoni sthitee parno kaayado apnavvama aavyo hato (2 julai 1999). municiple sevaa parno kaayado municiple karmcharioni pravruttio, temnaa adheekaro, farajo, majurni sthitee aneey saamaajik laabhonu niyaman karey chhe aneey kaarykaari tantra aneey municiple sevani sansthaana maalkhaani ruprekha aape chhe. nagarpalikaoni sthitee parno kaayado nagarpalikaoni bhoomika aneey maalkhaane niyantrit karey chhe aneey kaanuni aneey nanakiy svaayattaani raajyani banydharini ruprekha aape chhe. kaayado saamaajik suraksha, saamaajik aneey aarthik vikaas aneey sthaaneek paryaavaran sambandhit municiple kaarykramone apnaavvaa aneey amalmaa mukavaa parr vishesh dhyaan aape chhe. suraksha parishad aee rashtrapati hethalnee vichaarsheel sanstha chhe, aneey teey bandhaaran anusaar tenu aayojan karey chhe. tenee sthaapnaa 10 april april roj karvaamaa aavee hatee. vahivati vibhag rashtrapatini kachereeno bhaag nathee parantu rashtrapati aneey temnaa kaaryalay banneni nanakiy, takneeki aneey aarthik pravruttionu sanchalan karey chhe. azarbaijanni raajkeey vyavsthaane ketlaak raajkeey vaignaniko dwara aliyev raajkeey parivaar aneey heydaar aliyev dwara sthaapit navaa azerbaijan paksh ("yenee azerbiken partiacy", yap) naa laambaa samay sudhee chaaltaa prabhaavne kaarane sarmukhtyarshahi tareeke vyakhyayit karvaamaa aavee chhe. deshnaa trija rashtrapati, heydaar aliyev (1993 aneey 2003 nee vachche karyalayma; teo agau 1969 aneey 1982 nee vachche azerbaijanna saamyavaadi pakshna pratham sacheev hataa, aneey 1982 aneey 1987 nee vachche soviyet unionnaa pratham nayab vadaa pradhaan hataa) temnaa putra, chothaa aneey vartmaan pramukh ilham aliyev dwara 2003 maan safal thayaa hataa. jooe keey azerbaijane tenee svatantrataa punahpraapt curry tyaarthi asankhya chuntanio yoji chhe aneey lokshaahini ghanee aupcharik sansthao chhe, teey svatantrataa gruh dwara "mukt nathee" tareeke vargikrut chhe, jemane tene 2022 maan vaishvik svatantrataa sqora parr "aekeekrut sarmukhtyarshahi shaasan" tareeke sthaan aapyu hatoo. taajetarnaa varshomaa, motee sankhyama azarbaijani patrakaaro, bloggers, vakeelo aneey manvadhikar kaarykartaaone rashtrapati aliyev aneey sarkari sattavalaoni teeka badal gheree levaamaa aavyaa chhe aneey jailma dhakeli devaamaa aavyaa chhe. september october european sansad dwara apnavvama aavela tharaavmaa azerbaijanne "chhella dass varshmaa samagr eurasiama lokshaahi shasanma sauthee moto ghataado sahan karyo chhe" tareeke varnavama aavyo hato, temaj nondhyu hatoo keey manav adheekaro parr desh saathe tenaa samvaade "koee nondhpaatra pragatee curry nathee."17 march march roj, azerbaijanna raashtrapatiae ketlaak enjeeo dwara raajkeey kedeeo tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa aek dozenthi vadhu lokone maafee aapvana hukamnaamaa parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. aaa hukamne us state department dwara sakaratmak pagla tareeke aavkarvama aavyo hato. 16 march september roj anya aek maafee hukamnaamaa parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jenaa kaarane raajkeey kedeeo tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa vadharana vyaktione mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. azarbaijanni videshma tenaa hetuone protsaahan aapvaa aneey tenee chuntanione kaydesar banaavvaa maate videshi adheekario aneey rajdvarione laanch aapvaa badal aakaree teeka karvaamaa aavee chhe, jene cavier mutsaddigiri tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. jooe keey, 6 march september roj, european vyuhaatmak goopt maahitee aneey suraksha kendra assisk) aee "armeniyan jodaan" naamno ahewal prakashit karyo, jemaa tene manvadhikar enjeeo aneey sanshodhan sansthao parr humalo karyo hato, jemaa azerbaijanma manvadhikarna ullanghan aneey bhrashtaachaarni teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey ahevaalmaa aesise bhaarpurvak janaavyu hatoo keey aesa. ee. see. dwara vistrut karvaamaa aavela "cavier mutsaddigiri" ahevaalno udesh azerbaijan saame raajkeey yuddhmaa jodaata aema. pii. aesa. noon network banaavvaa maate apaprachaar parr aadharit shankaanu vatavaran banaavvaano chhe aneey teey network, european pii. aema. aesa., armeniyan adheekario aneey ketlaak aena. jee. oo. (manvadhikar nirikshan, maafee aantarrashtriy, "manvadhikar gruh foundation", "khulla samvaad, european sthirtaa pahel aneey manav adheekaro maate helsinki sameeti) thee banelu chhe, jene soros foundation dwara naanaa puuraa padvama aavyaa hataa. roobert colson (rediyo mukt europe) anusaar, assisk aee baakuna lokmatnaa upyogne aagad vadhaarvaa maatena lokonaa abhiprayne badalvaa maatena lobbing prayaasono aek bhaag chhe. friedam files vishleshanatmak kendrae janaavyu hatoo keey "ahewal sarmukhtyarshahi prachaarni sauthee kharaab paramparaoma lakhvaamaa aavyo chhe". videshi sambandho. alpajivi azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattak chh desho saathe rajdwari sambandho sthaapit karvaamaa safal rahyu, germany aneey finlandma rajdwari pratinidhio mokalya. patan pamela soviyet sanghmathi azarbaijanni svatantrataane aantarrashtriy maanyata aapvani prakriyaa aashre aek varsh sudhee chaali hatee. azerbaijanne maanyata aapnaar sauthee taajetarno desh 6 november november roj bahreen hato. turkey, pakistan, united states, iraan aneey israel saathe missionnaa paraspar adanpradan saheet sampoorn rajdwari sambandho saupratham sthaapit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. azerbaijane turkey saathena tenaa "vishesh sambandh" parr khaas bhaar mookyo chhe. azerbaijan atyaar sudhimaa 158 desho saathe rajdwari sambandho dharaave chhe aneey 38 aantarrashtriy sansthaoma sabhyapad dharaave chhe. teey biin-sanrekheet chalval aneey vishva vepaar sansthama nirikshakno darajjo dharaave chhe aneey aantarrashtriy dursanchaar sanghamaa samvaddata chhe. 9 meey teey roj azerbaijanne sanyukt raashtrani saamanya sabhaa dwara navee sthaapit manvadhikar parishadma sabhyapad maate chuntavama aavyaa hataa. kaaryaalayno kaarykaad 19 juuna teey roj sharoo thayo hato. azerbaijanne 155 deshona samarthan saathe spardhaa pratham vakhat yuen suraksha parishadna asthaayi sabhy tareeke chuntavama aavyaa hataa. azarbaijanni videsh niteeni prathmiktaoma, sau pratham, tenee praadeshik akhanditataani punsthaapnaa; nagorno-karabakh aneey nagorno-karabakhni aaspasna azerbaijanna anya saat pradeshona kabajaana parinaamone nabud karvaa; european aneey yuro-atlantic malkhama ekikaran; aantarrashtriy surakshama yogdaan; aantarrashtriy sansthao saathe sahkaar; praadeshik sahkaar aneey dhvipakshi sambandho; sanraxan kshamataane majboot karvee; sthaaneek neetee dwara surakshaane protsaahan; lokshaaheene majboot karvee; vansheey aneey dhaarmik sahishnutani jaalvani; vaignanik, shaikshanik aneey saanskrutik neetee aneey naiteek moolyoni jaalvani; aarthik aneey saamaajik vikaas; aantarik aneey sarhad suraksha, urjaa aneey parivahan suraksha niteema vadhaaro. azerbaijan aantarrashtriy aatankvaad saame ladata aantarrashtriy gathbandhanno sakreey sabhy chhe aneey 11 septembernaa humla pachhi teko aapnaar pratham deshomaano aek hato. desh naatona shaanti kaarykram maate bhagidarino sakreey sabhy chhe, jeey kosovo, afaghanistan aneey iraqma shaanti jalavana prayasoma yogdaan aape chhe. azerbaijan azerbaijan europeni parishadna sabhy pann chhe aneey european union saathe saaraa sambandho jaalvi raakhe chhe. desh aakhare european unionnaa sabhyapad maate arji curry shake chhe. 1 julai julai roj, yuu. aesa. congress dwara taiyar karaayel kaayado keey jeey washington dwara dwara azerbaijanne mokalvaamaa aaveli lashkari sahaay parr assar karashe. aaa aee hakeekatne kaarane hatoo keey tenaa badale, armeniyana pekejo nondhpaatra reete naana chhe. lashkari. aadhunik azerbaijan senaano itihas itihas azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattakno chhe, jyaare 26 juuna juuna roj navaa rachaayela azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattakni raashtriy senaani rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. jyaare azerbaijane soviyet sanghnaa visarjan pachhi svatantrataa melvee tyaare azerbaijan prajasattakna sashastr daloni rachnaa 9 october october sashastr dalonaa kaayada anusaar karvaamaa aavee hatee. tunkaa gaadaani raashtriy senaani sthaapnani mool taarikh aajnaa azerbaijanma sainya divas (26 juuna) tareeke ujavvama aave chhe. 2021 sudhimaa, azerbaijanna sashastr dalomaa 126,000 sakreey karmchaareeo hataa. tyaan 17,000 ardhalashkari dado aneey 330,00 anaamat karmchaareeo pann chhe. sashastr daloni trana shaakhao chheh jameen dado, havaai dado aneey naukaadal. vadhumaa sashastr dado ketlaak lashkari petaa-juthone apnaave chhe jeey jyaare jaroor padey tyaare rajyanaa sanrakshanma saamel thaee shake chhe. aaa aantarik babtonaa mantralay aneey raajy sarhad sevani aantarik tukadio chhe, jemaa tatrakshak dada pann saamel chhe. azerbaijan national gaard aee vadhu ardhalashkari dada chhe. teey vishesh raajy sanraxan sevani ardh-swatantra sanstha tareeke kaama karey chhe, jeey rashtrapatini gaun agency chhe. azerbaijan europema paramparagat sashastr dado parnee sandheenu paalan karey chhe aneey tamaam mukhya aantarrashtriy shastro aneey shastro sandheeo parr hastakshar karyaa chhe. azerbaijan shaanti maate bhagidari aneey vyaktigat bhagidari kaary yojnaa/pii. aef. pii. aneey aaee. pii. aee. jevaa karykramoma naato saathe najikthi sahkaar aape chhe. azerbaijane tenaa shaanti jalavana dalonaa 151 iraqma aneey anya 184 afaghanistanma tainaat karyaa chhe. azerbaijane tenaa sanraxan budget parr 2.24 abaj dollar kharchya, jeey tenaa coole gdpna 5.4 takaa aneey saamanya sarkari kharchnaa ketlaak 12.7% hataa. azarbaijani sanraxan udhyog naana shastro, topkhaanaa pranaalio, taankeeo, bakhtar aneey raatri drashti upkarano, uddayan bomb, uav/manavrahit havaai vaahan, viveedh lashkari vaahano aneey lashkari vimaano aneey helikoptarnu utpaadan karey chhe. vahivati vibhago. azerbaijan vahivati reete 14 aarthik pradeshomaa vahenchaayelu chhe; prajasattakna seedha adhikaar hethal 66 rayon (, ekvachan) aneey 11 shahero (, ekvachan). vadhumaa, azerbaijanma nakhchivannu svaayatt prajasattak () noow samaavesh thaay chhe. azerbaijanna pramukh aaa aekamona rajyapaloni nimanook karey chhe, jyaare nakhchivanni sarkaar nakhchivan svaayatt prajasattakni sansad dwara chuntaay chhe aneey manjur thaay chhe. arthtantra. thaee svatantrataa praapt karyaa pachhi, azerbaijan aantarrashtriy nanakiy bhandol, vishva benk, punarnirmaan aneey vikaas maate european benk, islamik vikaas benk aneey aeshiyan vikaas banknaa sabhy banyaa. azarbaijanni banking pranaalimaa azarbaijanni kendreey benk, vyaapaari benko aneey biin-banking dhiraan sansthaaono samaavesh thaay chhe. raashtriy (havey kendreey) banknee rachnaa rachnaa azerbaijan raajy bachat benk parr aadharit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey yuu. aesa. aesa. aar. nee bhutpurv raajy bachat banknee sanlagn chhe. kendreey benk azarbaijanni kendreey benk tareeke kaama karey chhe, jeey raashtriy chalan, azarbaijani manat jaaree karvaa aneey tamaam vyaapaari bankoni dekhrekh raakhvaa maate sashakt chhe. beey mukhya vyaapaari benko unibank aneey azarbaijanni sarkari malikini aantarrashtriy benk chhe, jeey abbas ibrahimov dwara chalavvama aave chhe. kharch aneey maang vrudhdhine kaarane kaarane 2007noow fugaavaano darr <aaee. dii. 1> sudhee pahonchyo hato. aaa aankadani saame najivi aavak aneey maaseek vetan anukrame 29 takaa aneey 25 takaa vadhyu hatoo, parantu biin-teela udhogma bhaavmaa vadhaaraathi fugaavaane protsaahan malyun hatoo. azerbaijan tenaa zadapthi vikasta urjaa kshetrane kaarane kahevata "dutch rooga" naa ketlaak sanketo darshaave chhe, jeey fugavanu kaaran baney chhe aneey biin-urjaa nikasne vadhu monghi banaave chhe. azerbaijane daaykaani sharuaatmaa, laambaa samaythi unchaa fugaavaane niyantranma lavvama aavyo hato. aanaathi 1 january teey roj aarthik sudhaaraaone majboot karvaa aneey astheer arthtantranaa avsheshone bhunsi nakhva maate navaa chalan, navaa azarbaijani manatnee sharuaat thaee. azerbaijan anya cis desho karataa 2010-2011 maate vaishvik spardhatmakta ahevaalmaa ahevaalmaa krame chhe. 2012 sudhimaa azarbaijanni jee. dii. pii. tenaa tenaa starthi 20 ganee vadhee gaee hatee. urjaa aneey koodarti sansadhno. azarbaijaanno beey trutiyaansh hisso teela aneey koodarti gesathi samruddh chhe. azerbaijanna teela udhyogno itihas praachin kaalno chhe. arabi itihaaskaar aneey pravasi ahmed all-baldhuri praachin samayma absheron dweepkalpna arthtantrani charcha curry hatee, khaas kareene tenaa telno ullekh karyo hato. azerbaijanma ghanee pipeline chhe. dakshin gases corridorno dhyey, jeey azerbaijanma vishaal shaah deniz gases kshetrane europe saathe jode chhe, teey european unionni russian gases parnee nirbhartaane ghataadvaano chhe. deshnaa motabhagna sonaa, chaandi, lokhand, taambu, titanium, chromium, manganese, coobalt, molybdenum, jatil ayask aneey antimnee maate ochha cocksusnaa pradeshno hisso chhe. september september, azerbaijan prajasattak (sokaar) nee raajy teela kampani aneey 13 teela companyo vachche 30 varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa amoko, bii. pii., exonemobil, lukoil aneey equinor saamel chhe. pashchimi teela companyo soviyet shoshanthi achhoot undaa paaninaa teela kshetrono upyog karvaamaa saksham hovathi, azerbaijanne teela sanshodhan aneey vikaas maate vishvanaa sauthee mahatvapurn sthalomaanu aek manvama aave chhe. darmiyan, azerbaijanna raajy teela bhandolni sthaapnaa macroeconomic sthirtaa, telnee aavakna vyavsthaapanmaa pardarshita aneey bhaavi pedhheeo maate sansadhanoni suraksha sunishchit karvaa maate aek vadharana andajpatriy bhandol tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee. azerbaijanma jaivik kshamataani pahonch vishwani sarerash karataa ochhi chhe. hato, azerbaijanma tenaa pradeshmaa vyaktee deeth 0.8 vaishvik hector jaiv kshamata hatee, jeey vyaktee deeth 1.6 vaishvik hectorni vaishvik sareraashno adadho bhaag hato. hato azerbaijane vyaktee deeth 2.1 vaishvik hector jaiv kshamataano upyog karyo hato-jeey temnaa vapraashnaa paryaavaraniy padchinh chhe. aano arth aee chhe keey teo azerbaijanma samavisht karataa vadhu jaivik kshamataano upyog karey chhe. parinaame, azerbaijan jaivik kshamataani khot chalaavi rahyu chhe. sokaarnee petaa kampani azericas 2021 sudhimaa deshnu sampoorn gasification sunishchit karvaano irado dharaave chhe. azerbaijan purv-pashchim aneey uttar-dakshin urjaa parivahan corridorna prayojakomanu aek chhe. baaku-tbilisi-cars railway line kaspiyan pradeshne turkey saathe jodashe, jeey julai baakuae purn thavaani apeksha chhe. trans-anatolian gases pipeline (tanap) aneey trans adriatic pipeline (tape) azerbaijanna shaah deniz gesathi turkey aneey europema koodarti gases pahonchaadashe. azerbaijane 14 september september roj sokaar aneey saha-saahso (bii. pii., shevron, inpex, equinor, exonemobil, tii. pii., itochu aneey ongc videsh) dwara hastaksharit sudharela psa anusaar aesijeena vikaas parno karaar 2050 sudhee lambaavyo hato. khetee. azerbaijan aaa pradeshmaa sauthee moto krushee tatpradesh dharaave chhe. azarbaijaanno lagbhag 54.9 takaa hisso kheteeni jameen chhe. chhe sharuaatmaa upyog karaayel krushee vistaar 4,755,100 hector hato. teey jaj varshe coole lakadana sansadhanoni ganatari 13.6 carode ghanmeetar karvaamaa aavee hatee. azarbaijanni krushee vaignanik sanshodhan sansthao ghaasnaa medaano aneey gochar, bagayat aneey uposhnkatibandhiy paako, leela shakbhaji, viticulture aneey wine banaavvi, kapaas ugaadvo aneey aushhadheey chhod parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. ketlaak vistaroma anaaj, batata, khaandnaa beat, kapaas aneey tamaaku ugaadvu nafakarak chhe. pashudhan, darry utpaadno aneey wine aneey spirit pann mahatvapurn krushee utpaadno chhe. kespiyan machhimari udhyog sturgeon aneey belugana ghatata jaththa parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. chhe azarbaijani vepaari dariyai paase 54 jahajo hataa. agau videshthi aayaat karvaamaa aavela ketlaak utpaadno sthaaneek stare utpaadit thavaa laagya chhe. temaa kokaa-qolaa boatlers limited dwara kokaa-qolaa chhe., bucky-castell dwara bear, nehir dwara laakadu aneey upic pipe coating azerbaijan dwara telnee pipo. pravaasan. pravaasan aee azerbaijanna arthtantrano aek mahatvapurn bhaag chhe. chhe daykama aaa desh aek jaanitu pravaasan sthal hatoo. soviyet sanghnaa patan aneey aneey daaykaa darmiyan pratham nagorno-karabakh yuddhthi pravaasan udhyog aneey pravaasan sthal tareeke azarbaijanni chhabine nuksan thayu hatoo. azerbaijane daaykaa sudhee pravaasan udhogma sudhaaro thavaa laagyo naa hato aneey tyaarthi deshmaa pravasioni mulakat aneey ratorat rokaannee sankhyama uchch darno anoobhav thayo chhe. taajetarnaa varshomaa, azerbaijan dhaarmik, spaa aneey aarogya sambhaal pravaasan maate pann aek lokpreey sthal bunny gayoo chhe. sheeyala darmiyan, shahdag parvat resort atyadhunik suveedhao saathe skiingnii taka aape chhe. azarbaijanni sarkaare azerbaijanna vikasne uchch kakshana pravaasan sthal tareeke tochnee prathmikta aapee chhe. jooe ekmatra sauthee motoo nahee, too azarbaijani arthtantramaa pravasanne mukhya yogdaan aapnaar banaavvaani raashtriy vyooharachnaa chhe. aaa pravruttionu niyaman azerbaijanna sanskruti aneey pravaasan mantralay dwara karvaamaa aave chhe. aevaa 63 desho chhe keey jeo viza-mukt sqora dharaave chhe. ee-viza-viza-jaroori deshona videshioni azerbaijan prajasattakni mulakat maate. vishva aarthik manchana musafari aneey pravaasan spardhatmakta ahewal 2015 anusaar, azerbaijan 2019maan sthaane chhe. vishva musafari aneey pravaasan parishadna ahewal anusaar, azerbaijan 2010 aneey 2016 vachche mulakationi nikasma sauthee majboot vrudhdhi darshaavtaa tochnaa dass deshomaa saamel hatoo, vadhumaa, azerbaijan gayaa varshe inbound aantarrashtriy mulakati kharch maatena majboot soochkaanko saathe sauthee zadapthi vikasta musafari aneey pravaasan arthtantro dharaavtaa deshomaa pratham (46.1%) sthaane hatoo. parivahan. resham maarg aneey dakshin-uttar corridor jevee mukhya aantarrashtriy traphiqa dhamniona crossroad parr azarbaijaannu anookool sthaan, deshnaa arthtantra maate parivahan kshetrana vyuhaatmak mahatvane prakashit karey chhe. deshmaa parivahan kshetramaa rastaao, railway, uddayan aneey dariyai parivahanno samaavesh thaay chhe. azerbaijan kaacha maalnaa parivahanmaa pann aek mahatvapurn aarthik kendra chhe. baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline (btc) meey meey kaaryarat thaee hatee aneey azerbaijan, georgia aneey turkeena pradesho karataa vadhu vistare chhe. bii. tii. see. vaarshik 50 million tunn kaacha telanu parivahan karvaa maate rachaayel chhe aneey kespiyan dariyai teela kshetromathi vaishvik bajaroma teela vahan karey chhe. dakshin coccus pipeline, jeey azerbaijan, georgia aneey turkeyna pradeshmathi pann felaayelee chhe, teey teey antamaa kaaryarat thaee hatee aneey shaah deniz gases kshetramathi european bajaarmaa vadharano gases purvatho puuro paade chhe. shaah deniz darr varshe 296 abaj cubic meater koodarti gesanu utpaadan karey tevee apeksha chhe. azerbaijan pann eu-prayojit silka rooad projectmaa mukhya bhoomika bhajve chhe. chhe, azarbaijani sarkaare neetee aneey niyamankari kaaryoni vyaapak shrenee saathe parivahan mantralayni sthaapnaa curry. teey jaj varshe, desh maarg traphiqa parr viyanaa sammelanno sabhy banyo. arthtantranaa anya kshetrona vikasne vadhu saaree reete saral banaavvaa maate parivahan networkne upgraded karavu aneey parivahan sevaoma sudhaaro karvo aee prathmiktao chhe. azerbaijanne cars-tbilisi-baaku railwayna nirmanno hetu purvamaa chean aneey kazakhstanni railwayne turkey dwara pashchimma european railway system saathe jodeene aesheeya aneey europe vachche parivahanmaa sudhaaro karvaano hato. november broad-gej railway aneey electrified railway anukrame aneey maate vistarit hatee. 2010 sudhimaa, tyaan 35 hawaimathako aneey aek heliporta hataa. vigyaan aneey technology. aee sadimaa, teela aneey gesamaa navee tejiae azerbaijanna vigyaan aneey takneeki kshetroma paristhiti sudharvama madad curry. sarkaare aadhunikikaran aneey naveenta maate aek abhiyaan sharoo karyoo. sarkaarno andaaj chhe keey maahitee technology aneey sanchaar udhyogmathi nafo vadhashe aneey teela utpaadan saathe tulnaatmak banashe. azerbaijanma aek motoo aneey satat vikasta internet kshetra chhe, jeey motaabhaage 2007-2008 nee nanakiy katokatithi prabhaavit nathee; ochhama ochha paanch vadhu varsh maate zadpi vrudhdhini aagaahi karvaamaa aavee chhe. azerbaijan kaarane vaishvik navinikaran soochkankma soochkankma krame hatoo, jeey january 2019maan krame hatoo. desh tenaa telecom kshetrana vikasma pann pragatee curry rahyo chhe. sanchaar aneey maahitee technology mantralay (aema. see. aaee. tii.) aneey aztelcom tenee bhoomika dwara aek sanchaalak neetee nirmatao aneey niyamankaro banne chhe. jaaher pephone sthaaneek colls maate uplabdh chhe aneey telephone exchange athavaa ketalik dukaano aneey keeoskmathi tokannee khareedini jaroor padey chhe. tokana aneeshchit samaygalana collne manjuri aape chhe. tyaan 1,397,000 mukhya telephone lino aneey 1,485,000 internet vapraashkartaao hataa. chaar jee. aesa. aema. pradaatao chheh azercell, azerphone (naar mobile), nakhtel mobile network operatoro aneey aek see. dii. aema. aee... aee sadimaa elchin khalilov aneey anyanaa mulbhoot kaaryothi prereet sankhyaabandh agranee azarbaijani bhugatishastra aneey bhoo-vigyaan vaignanikoae senkado bhookamp aagaahi kendro aneey bhookamp pratirodhak imaaratoni rachnaa curry hatee, jeey havey bhookampani sevaana prajasattak kendrano moto hisso chhe. azerbaijan raashtriy aerospace agency 7 februari chhe roj french gayanama 46° purv kakshiy sthaano parr gayaana avkaash kendrathi teno pratham upgrah azerset 1 bhramankakshama prakshepit karyo hato. aaa upgrah europe aneey aesheeya aneey africana nondhpaatra bhagne aavari leey chhe aneey television aneey rediyo prasaaran temaj internetnaa prasaaranne sevaa aape chhe. upgrahne bhramankakshama prakshepit karvo aee tenaa potaana avkaash udhyog saathe raashtra banvaanaa tenaa dhyeyne sakaar karvaa maatenu azarbaijaannu pratham pagalu chhe, jeey bhavishyamaa vadhu projectno safaltapurvak amal karvaamaa saksham chhe. vastee vishhayak. march 2022 sudhimaa, azarbaijanni coole vastimathi 52.9% shaheri chhe, baakini 47.1% graameen chhe. january january coole vastimaa 50.1% maheela hatee. teey jaj varshe ling gunottar stree deeth 0.99 purusho hato. hato vastee vrudhdhi darr vishvbharma 1.09% nee sarkhaamanimaa 0.85% hato. vastee vrudhdhine maryadit karatu nondhpaatra pareebal uchch starnu sthalaantar chhe. spardhaa azerbaijanma − 1.14/1,000 lokonu sthalaantar thayu hatoo. azarbaijani diaspora 42 deshomaa jovaa maley chhe aneey badalaama azarbaijanni andar vansheey laghumateeo maate ghanaa kendro chhe, jemaa german saanskrutik samaaj "karelhaus", slavik saanskrutik kendra, azarbaijani-israeli samudaay, kurdish saanskrutik kendra, aantarrashtriy taalish sangathan, lezgin raashtriy kendra "samoor", azarbaijani-taatar samudaay, krimiyan taatar samaaj vagereno samaavesh thaay chhe. coole maleene, azerbaijanma 78 shahero, 63 shaher jeellaao aneey aek vishesh kaanuni darajjo dharaavtu shaher chhe. 261 shaheri prakaarnee vasaahato aneey 4248 gaamo aaney anusare chhe. vanshiyataa. vanshiyataa vastee ganatari anusaar vasteeni vansheey rachnaah 91.6% azarbaijani, 2% lezgines, 1.4% armeniyan (lagbhag tamaam armeniyan nagorno-karabakhna alag-alag vistaarmaa rahe chhe), 1.3% russian, 1.3% taalish, 0.6% avaar, 0.40% turk, 0.3% tatar, 0.3% taat, 0.20% ukrainian, 0.1% sakhur, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% yahudi, 0.1% coords, anya 0.2%. bhashao. sattavaar bhaasha azarbaijani chhe, jeey turkey bhaasha chhe. azarbaijani lagbhag 92 takaa vastee matrubhasha tareeke bolle chhe. russian aneey armeniyan (maatra nagorno-karabakhma) pann bolaay chhe, aneey darek anukrame lagbhag 1.5% vasteeni matrubhasha chhe. deshmaa anya aek dozen laghumati bhashao mool rupe bolaay chhe. avaar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalag, crits, lezgin, rutul, taalish, tata, sakhur aneey udee badhaa naana laghumateeo dwara bolaay chhe. aamaana ketlaak bhaasha samudaayo khoob jaj naana chhe aneey temnee sankhyaa ghatee rahee chhe. chhe nagorno-karabakhma armeniyan bhaasha bahumatee hatee, jeey lagbhag 76 takaa hatee. pratham nagorno-karabakh yuddh pachhi, vastee lagbhag 95 takaa maatra armeniyan hatee. dharm. azerbaijanne sauthee binsapradayik muslim bahumatee dharaavto desh manvama aave chhe. lagbhag 97 takaa vastee muslimo chhe. muslimoni aaspaas 55-85% sheeya hovaano andaaj chhe, jyaare 15-45% muslimo sunni chhe. deshnaa viveedh vansheey jutho dwara anya dharmono abhyaas karvaamaa aave chhe. tenaa bandharanna anuchchhed 48 hethal, azerbaijan aek binsapradayik raajy chhe aneey dhaarmik swatantrataani khaatari aape chhe. aek 2006-2008 gallup polmaa, azerbaijanna maatra 21 takaa uttardataoae janaavyu hatoo keey dharm temnaa rojinda jeevanno aek mahatvapurn bhaag chhe. raashtrana dhaarmik laghumatiomaa, andaje 280,000 kharistio (3.1%) mote bhaage russian aneey georgian rudhichust aneey armeniyan apostolic chhe (lagbhag tamaam armeniyan nagorno-karaabakhnaa alag thayela pradeshmaa rahe chhe). chhe) 250 rooman ketholik hataa. hataa anya khristi sampradayoma lutherance, baptists aneey molocansano samaavesh thaay chhe. tyaan aek naano protestant samudaay pann chhe. azerbaijanma 2,000 varshnaa itihas saathe praachin yahudi vastee pann chhe; yahudi sansthaaono andaaj chhe keey 12,000 yahudeeo azerbaijanma rahe chhe, jeey israel aneey united statesnee bahaarnaa ekmatra yahudi bahumatee nagarnu ghar chhe. azerbaijan aee baahaai, harey krushna aneey jehovana sakshi samudayona sabhyo temaj anya dhaarmik samudayona anuyaayionu ghar pann chhe. ketlaak dhaarmik samudaayone dhaarmik svatantratathi binsattavar reete pratibandhit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. aee yuu.aesa. aaa baabte raajy vibhagna ahevaalmaa amuk muslim aneey khristi juthonaa sabhyoni atkayatno ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe, aneey ghanaa juthone dharmnu niyaman karatee agency, azerbaijan prajasattak (skaraa) naa dhaarmik sangathno parnee raajy sameeti saathe nondhani karvaamaa mushkeli padey chhe. shikshan. azarbaijanioni pramanma unchee takaavaariae uchch shikshannu amuk swaroop melavyu chhe, khaas kareene vaignanik aneey takneeki vishhayoma. soviyet yugmaa, pramanbhut mulaksharma beey ferfaro chhataa, saksharta aneey sarerash shikshannu star temnaa khoob jaj neecha praarambhik binduthi natyatmak reete vadhyu hatoo, 1920 maan purse-arabic lipeethee latinma aneey 1930 maan romanthi sirilikma. soviyet detaa anusaar, anusaar 100 takaa purusho aneey streeo (navthi 49 varshnee vaya) sakshar hataa. sanyukt raashtra vikaas kaarykramna ahewal 2009 anusaar, azerbaijanma saksharta darr 99.5 takaa chhe. aazadi pachhi, azarbaijanni sansade soviyet sanghthi potaane alag karvaa maate pasaar karelaa pratham kayadaomano aek kaayado sirilikne badalvaa maate sanshodhit-lattin mulakshar apnaavvaano hato. teey sivaay azarbaijani pranaalimaa thodo malkhakiy ferfar thayo chhe. praarambhik ferfaaromaa dhaarmik shikshanni punsthaapnaa (soviyet samaygaalaa darmiyan pratibandhit) aneey abhyaskramma ferfaro saamel chhe jene azarbaijani bhashana upyog parr fareethi bhaar mookyo chhe aneey vaichaarik saamgreene door curry chhe. praathmeek shaalao upraant, shikshan sansthaoma hajaaro purvshaalaao, saamanya maadhyameek shaalao aneey vyaavsaayik shaalaaono samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa vishesh maadhyameek shaalao aneey takneeki shaalao saamel chhe. navmaa dhoran sudhinu shikshan farjiyat chhe. sanskruti. azarbaijanni sanskruti ghanaa prabhaavona parinaame vikaseet thaee chhe; tethee jaj azerbaijanis ghanee reete dhvee-saanskrutik chhe. vaishvik upbhoktaa sanskruti saheet pashchimi prabhaavo chhataa aaje deshmaa raashtriy paramparaao saaree reete sanrakshit chhe. azarbaijani sanskrutinaa ketlaak mukhya ghatako chheh sangeet, saahitya, loqa nrutyo aneey qalaa, randhankala, sthapatya, cinematography aneey novruz beyram. baadmaa parsi dharmnaa praachin irani dharmamaa navaa varshnee paramparagat ujavanimathi utaree aavyu chhe. navroz aek paarivaarik rajaa chhe. upar janaavya mujab, azarbaijanni vasteeni ruprekha, azarbaijanni temaj anya rashtriyataa athavaa vansheey juthoni chhe, jeey deshnaa viveedh vistaroma saghan reete rahe chhe. azerbaijani raashtriy aneey paramparagat vastro chokha aneey papakhi chhe. russian, georgian, kurdish, lezian aneey taalish bhashaoma rediyo prasaaran thaay chhe, jene rajyanaa bajetmathi naanaa puuraa padvama aave chhe. balakan aneey khachmajma ketlaak sthaaneek rediyo stationo avaar aneey taatmaa prasaarannu aayojan karey chhe. bakuma ghanaa akhbaaro russian, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), lezgian ("samoor") aneey taalish bhashaoma prakashit thaay chhe. yahudi samaaj "sokhnat" akhbaar "aziz" prakashit karey chhe. sangeet aneey loknrutya. azarbaijaannu sangeet lagbhag aek hajaar varsh juunii loqa paramparaao parr aadharit chhe. sadiothi azarbaijani sangeet monodinaa bej hethal vikaseet thayu chhe, jeey laybaddh reete vaividhyasabhar dhunanu nirmaan karey chhe. azarbaijani sangeetma shaakha mooad system chhe, jyaan mukhya aneey naana bhingadaaonu chromatisation khoob mahatvanu chhe. raashtriy sangeetna sadhanoma 14 taarnaa saadhno, aath taalvaadhyo aneey chh pavannaa saadhno chhe. dhaa grove dictionary off music anned musicars" anusaar, "vanshiyataa, sanskruti aneey dharmnee drashtiae azarbaijani sangeetni drashtiae turkey karataa iranni ghanee najik chhe." mugam, mekhaana aneey asheek qalaa aee azarbaijanni ghanee sangeet paramparaomani aek chhe. mugam saamanya reete kaveeta aneey vaadhyana aantarkhando saatheno aek samooh hoya chhe. mugamnu pradarshan karatee vakhate gaayakoae temnee laganione gaayan aneey sangeetma parivartit karvee padey chhe. madhya aesheeyana deshoni mugam paramparaothi vipareet, azarbaijani mugam vadhu mukt swaroop aneey ochhu kathor chhe; tenee sarkhaamani ghanivaar jaaznaa taatkaalik kshetra saathe karvaamaa aave chhe. unesco 7 november november roj azarbaijani mugamnee paramparaane manavtana maukheek aneey amoort vaarsaani shreshth krutee jaaher curry hatee. mekhaana aee aek prakaarnu paramparagat azarbaijani vishisht loqa geet chhe, jeey saamanya reete koee chokkas vishhay parr aashurachna kartaa ghanaa loko dwara rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. azirbaijani sanskrutinaa prateek tareeke ubhelee paramparagat pradarshan kalaama asheek kaveeta, vaarta kahevani shailee, nrutya aneey gaayak aneey vaadhya sangeetne jode chhe. teey aek rahasyamay traasdaayak athavaa musafari karnaar pakshee chhe jeey sajh gaay chhe aneey vagaade chhe. aaa paramparaanu mool praachin turkey lokonee shamanvadi manyataoma chhe. asheekna geeto saamanya payani aaspaas ardh-sudharela chhe. 30 september september roj unesco dwara azarbaijanni asheek kalaane amoort saanskrutik vaarsaani yaadimaa saamel karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee daykana madhyabhagthi, pashchimi-prabhaavit azarbaijani pope sangeet, tenaa viveedh svarupomaa, jeey azerbaijanma lokpreeytama vadhee rahyu chhe, jyaare roqa aneey hipa hoopa jevee shaileeo vyaapakpane utpann thaay chhe aneey teno aanand maane chhe. azarbaijani pope aneey azarbaijani loqa sangeet alim kasimov, rasheed behbudov, wagif mustafzadeh, muslim magomayev, shovkat alakbarova aneey rubaba muradova jevaa kalaakaaroni aantarrashtriy lokpriyataa saathe ubharee aavyu hatoo. azerbaijan eurovision geet spardhama utsaahi sahbhagi chhe. azerbaijane azerbaijane eurovision geet spardhama tenee pratham rajuaat curry hatee. hatee deshno pravesh trijo aneey teey pachhinaa varshe paanchmo thayo hato. aela aneey nikkiae eurovision geet spardhaa spardhaa pratham sthaan melavyu hatoo, jemaa "running dier" geet hatoo, jeey azerbaijanne azerbaijanne bakuma spardhaanu aayojan karvaa maate hakdaar banaavyu hatoo. teo spardhani spardhani aavrutti sudhee darek bhavya final maate laayak tharyaa chhe, gaayak essel dwara maaraa hraday saathe pravesh karyo chhe. tyaan dozneck azarbaijani loqa nrutyo chhe. teo aupcharik ujavanima rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe aneey nartako raashtriy nrutyomaa saaree reete sanrakshit aevaa chokha jevaa raashtriy kapadaa pahere chhe. motabhagna nrutyomaa khoob jaj zadpi lya hoya chhe. saahitya. aadhunik azarbaijani prajasattakni praadeshik maryadama janmela madhyayugin lekhakomaa farsi kavee aneey filosoof nizami hataa, jaimne temnaa janm sthal pachhi ganjavi kahevama aave chhe, gaanja, jeey khamsana lekhak hataa ("quintuplate"), jemaa "rahasyono khajaano", "khosro aneey sheen" aneey "leily aneey mejan" saheet paanch romentic kaveetao hatee. lekheet azarbaijani saheetyma sauthee juunii jaaniti vyaktee izaddin hassanoglu hatee, jemane farsi aneey azarbaijani gazalothi banelaa divanni rachnaa curry hatee. farsi gazaloma temane temnaa upnaamno upyog karyo hato, jyaare temnaa azarbaijani gazalo temnaa potaana naam hassanoglu hethal rachaaya hataa. azarbaijanima shaastriy saahityani rachnaa anta sadimaa madhya yugnee viveedh praarambhik boleeo tabriz aneey shiravan parr aadharit hatee. aaa samaygalana kaveeoma ghazi burhanaddin, hakeeki (jahaa shaah kaaraa koyunalunu upnaam) aneey habibi hataa. anta sadeeno anta anta sadeena antamaa aneey teey sadeeni sharuaatmaa sauthee mahaan azarbaijani hurufi rahasyamay kaviomathi aek aneey turkeena saahityik itihaasmaa sauthee agranee praarambhik diwan mastersmaanaa aek, jemane farsi aneey arabimaa pann kaveetao lakhee hatee, imadaddin nasimini saahityik pravrutee sharoo karvaano samaygaalo pann hato. diwan aneey gazal shaileeo kaveeo kasem-aee-anvar, fuzuli aneey khatai (safavid shaah ismel i noon upnaam) dwara vadhu vikasavvama aavee hatee. book off dede korkut" maan chhe sadimaa nakal karaayelee beey hastprato chhe, aneey teey teey sadeeni sharuaatmaa lakhvaamaa aavee naa hatee. teey oghuz vicharationi maukheek paramparaane pratibimbit karatee 12 vaartaaono sangrah chhe. chhe sadeena kavee, muhammad fuzuli temnaa kaalaatit daarshneek aneey bhavatmak "kazal" arabi, farsi aneey azerbaijanima rajoo karyaa hataa. temnaa paryavaranni sunder saahityik paramparaothi khoob jaj laabh melavtaa aneey temnaa purogaamionaa vaarsaane aadhare nirmaan kartaa, fuzuli temnaa samajna agranee saahityik vyaktee banvaanu nakki hatoo. temnee mukhya kruteeoma "gazalonu diwan" aneey "kasidas" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. teey jaj sadimaa, azarbaijani saahityano aasheek () kavyatmak shaileena vikaas saathe vadhu vikaas thayo. aaa jaj samaygaalaa darmiyan, 'khaatee' ('paapi' maate) shaah ismelnaa upnaam hethal meyn azarbaijanima lagbhag 1400 pankteeo lakhee hatee, jeey paachhalthi temnaa 'diwan' tareeke prakashit thaee hatee. koshma" ("improvisation" maate) tareeke odakhaati aek ananya saahityik shailee aaa samaygalama rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey shaah ismel dwara aneey pachhithi temnaa putra aneey uttaradhikari, shaah tehmasp dwara vikasavvama aavee hatee. hatee aneey aneey sadeena gaadaama, fuzulini ananya shaileeo temaj teey jaj prakaarnee kaveetaane tabrizna kavasee, shaah abbas saanee, nishaat, molaa vaalee vidaadi, molaa panaah yonif, amaani, zafar aneey anya jevaa agranee kaveeo aneey lekhako dwara apnavvama aavee hatee. turkey, turkey aneey uzbex saathe, azarbaijanio pann aek suprasiddh loqa naayak, coroglu ("andh maanasna putra" maate) naa mahakavyani ujavani karey chhe. coroglu mahakavyani ketalik dastaveji aavruttio azarbaijanni raashtriy vigyaan akaadameeni hastprato maateni sansthama rahe chhe. azerbaijanma aadhunik azarbaijani saahitya mukhyatve shirvani bollie parr aadharit chhe, jyaare iranma teey tabrizi bhaasha parr aadharit chhe. azarbaijaaninu pratham akhbaar, "akinchi" "akinchi" prakashit thayu hatoo. chhe sadeena madhyamaa, teey baaku, gaanja, shaakee, tbilisi aneey yerevanni shaalaoma bhanavvama aavtu hatoo. 1845 thee, teey russiama saint pietersberg universityma pann shikhvavama aavtu hatoo. loqa qalaa. azarbaijanio samruddh aneey vishisht sanskruti dharaave chhe, jeno mukhya bhaag sushobhan aneey laagu qalaa chhe. aaa kalaanu pratinidhitva hastkalani vishaal shrenee dwara thaay chhe, jaim keey pichho karvo, zaverat banaavvi, dhaatuma kotarani karvee, laakadu, patthar, haadkaan, carpet banaavvu, lessing, pattern vanaat aneey printing, aneey vanaat aneey bharatkaam. aaa prakaarnee darek sushobhan qalaa, azerbaijan raashtrana daanno puraavo, aheen khoob jaj tarfenma chhe. azerbaijanma kalaa aneey hastkalaanaa vikasne lagatee ghanee rasprad hakeekato asankhya vepaareeo, pravasio aneey rajdwario dwara nondhvaamaa aavee hatee jemane viveedh samaye aaa sthaloni mulakat leedhi hatee. azarbaijani carpet viveedh kadnaa paramparagat haaththee banaavela kaapad chhe, jemaa gaadh rachnaa aneey dhagla athavaa dhagla vinaanee sapaati chhe, jenee pattern azerbaijanna ghanaa carpet banaavtaa pradeshoni lakshanikta chhe. november november azarbaijani kaarpetne unesco dwara amoort vaarsaani shreshth krutee jaaher karvaamaa aavee hatee. azerbaijan praachin samaythi viveedh prakaarnee hastkalaanaa kendra tareeke jaanitu chhe. azerbaijanna pradesh parr puratatviy khodkaam saaree reete vikaseet krushee, stock uchher, dhaatuni kamgiri, matikam, syramics aneey carpet-vanaatni sakshi aape chhe jeey isvision purveni beejee sahastraabdini taarikh chhe. bii. tii. see. pipelinemathi bahaar padvama aavela dushbullack, hassansu, zayamchai aneey tovuzchaima puratatviy sthaloae praarambhik loah yugnee kalakrutio jaaher curry chhe. azarbaijani kaarpetne ghanaa motaa jutho aneey ghanaa petaa jutho hethal vargikrut curry shakaay chhe. azarbaijani kaarpetnu vaignanik sanshodhan agranee vaignanik aneey kalakar lateef karimovna naam saathe jodaayelu chhe. teey temnu vargikaran hatoo jeey kaarpetnaa chaar motaa juthone azerbaijan, guba-shiravan, gaanja-kazakh, karabakh aneey tabrizna chaar bhaugolik zoan saathe sambandhit hatoo. bhojan. paramparagat vaangeeo shakbhaji aneey shakbhajini vipulataa maate prakhyaat chhe, jeno upyog vaangiomaa mosamee reete thaay chhe. fudino, kothmir (dhaana), suvadana, tulsino chhod, sungadhi panwali aek vilayati vanaspati, targon, liqa, chieves, thyme, marjoram, lealy dungali aneey watercress saheetni taajee jadibuttio khoob jaj lokpreey chhe aneey ghanivaar table parr mukhya vaangeeo saathe hoya chhe. aabohvani vividhataa aneey jameenni faldrupataa raashtriy vaangiomaa pratibimbit thaay chhe, jeey kespiyan samudrani maachhali, sthaaneek maans (mukhyatve mutton aneey gomans) aneey mosamee shakbhaji aneey greensnee vipulataa parr aadharit chhe. kesara-chokha plove aee azerbaijanma mukhya khoraak chhe aneey kaalee chaa raashtriy pinun chhe. azarbaijanio ghanivaar paramparagat armudu (pier aakaarnaa) glassno upyog karey chhe kaaran keey temnee paase khoob jaj majboot chaa sanskruti chhe. lokpreey paramparagat vaangiomaa bosebash (ghetaanu soop jeey viveedh shakbhajina umera saathe ghanee praadeshik jaato saathe astitvamaa chhe), qutub (greens athavaa chhundela maans saathe talelu turnover) aneey dushbara (ground maans aneey swaadthi bharela kanaknee dumpling) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. sthapatya. azarbaijani sthapatya saamanya reete purv aneey pashchimna tatvone jode chhe. azarbaijani sthapatya parr farsi sthaapatyano bhaare prabhaav chhe. divalothi gheraayela baaku shaherma pratham tower aneey shirvanshaahnaa mahel jevaa ghanaa praachin sthapatya khajaana aadhunik azerbaijanma tucky rahyaa chhe. unesconi vishva dharoharni kaamchalaau yaadimaa dakhal karaayelee entriomaa baakuna ateshgaah, momeen khaatun makbaro, hirkan raashtriy udhyaan, bingadi dammer talaav, lakbatan kaadav jwalamukhi, shusha raajy aitihasik aneey sthapatya anaamat, baaku munch parvat, kespiyan kinara sanrakshanatmak baandhkaamo, ordubad raashtriy anaamat aneey shaakee khaanno mahel saamel chhe. anya sthapatya khajanama mardakanmaa chatushkoniy killo, yukhaari charadgalarma parigala, aras nadimaa felaayela sankhyaabandh pulo aneey ketlaak makbaro chhe. chhe aneey aneey sadeeni sharuaatmaa, naanee smaarak sthapatya rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu baaku aneey anyatra vishisht rahethaano bandhvama aavyaa hataa. sauthee taajetarnaa sthapatya smarakoma, baaku sabave temnaa bhavya sajavat maate jaanita chhe. aadhunik azarbaijani sthapatya maatenu kaary aadhunik saundarya shaastrano vaividhyasabhar upyog chhe, architectnee potaani kalaatmak shaileeni shodh aneey haalnaa aitihasik-saanskrutik vatavaranno samaavesh chhe. heydaar aliyev saanskrutik kendra, flame towers, baaku chrystal holl, baaku white ciity aneey sokaar tower jevee mukhya pariyojnaoae deshnee aakashrekha badalee chhe aneey tenee samkalin odakhne protsaahan aapyu chhe. drashya qalaa. gamigaya petroglyphes, jeey ee. saes. purve purve 1leethee sahastraabdini chhe, teey azerbaijanna ordubad jeellama stheet chhe. temaa harran, bakra, aakhalo, kootara, saap, paksheeo, adbhoot praaneeo aneey loko, gaadeeo aneey viveedh prateeko saathe lagbhag 1500 naksha karelaa aneey kotarela pattharnaa chitro basault khadako parr jovaa malyaa hataa. norwena vanshiyashaastri aneey saahseek thore hairdahlne khaatari thaee gaee hatee keey aaa vistaarnaa loko lagbhag 100 aedeema scandinavia gayaa hataa, temnee saathe temnee hoady banaavvaani kushalataa leedhi hatee aneey temne uttar europema wiking boatma parivartit karyaa hataa. sadiothi, azarbaijani qalaa ghanaa shailigat ferfaromathi pasaar thaee chhe. azarbaijani chitrakaam paramparagat reete rung aneey prakashni hoonf dwara vargikrut thayel chhe, jaim keey azim azimzade aneey bahruz kangarlina kaaryoma udaaharan tareeke, aneey dhaarmik vyakteeo aneey saanskrutik rupako saathe vyast chhe. azarbaijani paintingne senkado varsho sudhee, rooman aneey ottoman samaygaalaathi, aneey soviyet aneey barok samaygaalaa darmiyan, jemaana beey azerbaijanma falyaa hataa, cocksusma pradhanya malyun hatoo. aaa samaygalama aavtaa anya nondhpaatra kalakaroma sattaar bahulzade, togrul narimanbekov, taheer salahov, alakbar resaguliyev, mirza gadeem iravaani, mikayil abdullayev aneey boyukagha mirzazadeno samaavesh thaay chhe. cinema. azerbaijanma film udhyog udhyog chhe. azerbaijan cinematography saamel pratham deshomaano aek hato, jemaa upkaran pratham bakuma dekhaayu hatoo. juuna, azerbaijan lokshaahi prajasattak darmiyan, aek dastaveji film "azarbaijani swatantrataani varshgaanthni ujavani" russiathi azarbaijanni swatantrataani pratham varshgaanth parr 27 meey naa roj filmavvama aavee hatee aneey juuna juuna baakuna ghanaa theateroma tenu premiere thayu hatoo. fareethi soviyet sattaani sthaapnaa thayaa pachhi, azarbaijanni krantikari sameetina adhyaksh nariman narimanove azerbaijanna cinemaanu rashtriyakaran karvaanaa hukamnaamaa parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. aanaathi azarbaijani animationni rachnaa parr pann assar thaee. thaee, azerbaijane soviyet sanghthi svatantrataa melvyaa pachhi, pratham baaku aantarrashtriy film mahotsav purv-pashchimma bakuma yojaayo hato. december december, azerbaijanna bhutpurv pramukh, heydaar aliyeve, 2 augustne azerbaijanna film nirmataoni vyaavsaayik rajaa jaaher kartaa hukamnaamaa parr hastakshar karyaa. aaje azarbaijani film nirmatao fareethi fareethi soviyet unionni sthaapnaa pahelaa cinematographero jeey samsyaono saamno karyo hato teey jaj muddaao saathe vyavhaar curry rahyaa chhe. pharii aekvaar, saamagrini pasandagi aneey filmonee praayojaktaa banne mote bhaage film nirmatani pahel parr chhodi devaamaa aavee chhe. television. trana sarkari malikini television chenalo chheh aeztivi, ideman tivi aneey medaniate tivi. tyaan aek jaaher chenal aneey 6 khangi chenalo chheh <unk> television, spaces television, leader television, aazaad azerbaijan television aneey aarab. manav adhikaar. azarbaijaannu bandhaaran vaanee svatantryani banydhari aapvaano daavo karey chhe, parantu vyavhaarmaa aano incar karvaamaa aave chhe. presa aneey mediani svatantratama ghanaa varshonaa ghataada pachhi, 2014 maan, azerbaijanma midiyaanu vatavaran koipan veerodh aneey tikaane choop karvaanaa sarkari abhiyaan hethal zadapthi bagadyu, jyaare desh europe council (meey-november 2014) naa mantrioni sameetinu netrutva curry rahyo hato. patrakaaro saame hinsaamaa banaavati kaanuni aaropo aneey muktee dhoran rahee chhe. deshmaa tamaam videshi prasaaran parr pratibandh chhe. chhe friedam house friedam off dhaa presa report anusaar, azarbaijanni presa friedamno darajjo "mukt nathee", aneey azerbaijan 196 deshomathi deshomathi krame chhe. khristi dharmne sattavaar reete maanyata aapvama aavee chhe. tamaam dhaarmik samudaayoae jailnaa jokham hethal malvaa maate nondhani karaavvi jaroori chhe. aaa nondhani ghanivaar nakaari kadhvama aave chhe. "vansheey bhedbhaav deshnee dhaarmik svatantratana abhavma faalo aape chhe, kaaran keey ghanaa kharistio azeri muslimne badale vansheey armeniyan athavaa russian chhe". azerbaijanma rediyo free europe/rediyo liberty aneey voice off america parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo chhe. azerbaijanma lgbt loko saame bhedbhaav vyaapak chhe. chhella ketlaak varsho darmiyan, trana patrakaaroni hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aantarrashtriy manvadhikar sangathno dwara ayogya tareeke varnavama aavela parikshanoma ghanaa loko saame kaaryvaahi karvaamaa aavee hatee. patrakaaroni suraksha maateni sameeti anusaar, october europema sauthee vadhu sankhyama patrakaarone qeda karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey iraan aneey cheenthi aagad, teey vishvano vishvano sauthee vadhu censor karaayelo desh chhe. azerbaijanma covid-19 rogchalana coverage maate ketlaak gambhir patrakaaroni dharapkad karvaamaa aavee chhe. october october aek aantarrashtriy sanshodhak dwara jaaher karaayel aek ahewal "...chhella ketlaak varshomaa azerbaijanma manav adhikaaromaa gambhir bagaad thayo chhe. dukkhnee vaat aee chhe keey azerbaijanne abhutpurv starnaa damanthi door javaani manjuri aapvama aavee chhe aneey aaa prakriyaamaa tenaa nagrik samajno lagbhag safaayo thaee gayo chhe."desh parr maafeena 2015/16 vaarshik ahevaalmaa janavama aavyu chhe... raajkeey asammatino satamani chaalu rahee. manvadhikar sansthao temnu kaama pharii sharoo karvaamaa asamarth rahee. varshnaa ante ochhama ochha 18 antaratmana kedeeo atkayatma rahyaa hataa. swatantra patrakaaro aneey kaaryakaro saame desh aneey videshma badalo chaalu rahyo, jyaare temnaa parivaarnaa sabhyone pann satamani aneey dharapkadno saamno karvo padyo. aantarrashtriy manvadhikar nirikshakone pratibandhit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey deshmathi haankee kadhvama aavyaa hataa. yaatnaa aneey anya durvyavhaarnaa ahevaalo chaalu rahyaa." "vaaliae" april baakuae ahewal aapyo hato keey "azerbaijanna shaasak bhadra vargae agranee european lokone chukavani karvaa, vaibhavi chijavastuo khareedava aneey apaardarshak british companyona network dwara launder manee maate goopt $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojnaa chalaavi hatee... leak thayel maahitee darshaave chhe keey shrenibaddh manvadhikarna ullanghan, pranaligat bhrashtachar aneey chuntanioma dhandhalina aaropi azarbaijani netrutvae 2012 thee 2014 sudhee 16,000 thee vadhu goopt chukavani curry hatee. aaa nananmathi ketlaak rajkarnio aneey patrakaarone gayaa hataa, aantarrashtriy lobbing operationnaa bhagroope azerbaijanna pramukh, ilham aliyevni tikaane vichaleet karvaa aneey temnaa teela samruddh deshnee sakaratmak chhabine protsaahan aapvaa maate."aevu koee soochan nahotu keey tamaam praaptkartaao nananna strotthi wakef hataa kaaran keey teey aek veshamaa maarg dwara pahonchyu hatoo. ramatgamat. freestyle kusteene paramparagat reete azarbaijanni raashtriy ramat tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa azerbaijane aantarrashtriy olympic sameetima jodaya pachhi chaar suvarn saheet chaud chandrako jeetya hataa. haalmaa sauthee lokpreey ramatomaa football aneey kusteeno samaavesh thaay chhe. azerbaijanma football sauthee lokpreey ramat chhe, aneey 9,122 nondhaayela khelaadeeo saathe azerbaijanna football sanghonu sangathan, deshnu sauthee motoo ramatgamat sangathan chhe. azarbaijanni raashtriy football team raashtra football clubney sarkhaamanimaa aantarrashtriy kshetre pramanma ochhu pradarshan darshaave chhe. sauthee safal azarbaijani football club nefty, karaba aneey gabala chhe. 2012 maan, neftchi baaku european spardhana jooth tabakkama aagad vadhanaar pratham azarbaijani team bunny, jene 2012-13 uefa europa leegnaa play-off roundma saiprasna appolne 4-2 thee haraavi. 2014 maan, karaba uefa europa leegnaa jooth tabakkama aagad vadhati beejee azarbaijani club bunny hatee. 2017 maan, uefa champions leegnaa play-off roundma coppenhagenne 2-2 (aee) haraavya pachhi, karaba group stage parr pahonchnaar pratham azarbaijani club bunny hatee. azerbaijanma footsal aee anya aek lokpreey ramat chhe. azerbaijan raashtriy footsal team 2010 uefa footsal champiyanshipma chothaa sthaane pahonchi hatee, jyaare sthaaneek club aaraaz naksivaane 2009-10 uefa footsal cup aneey 2013-14 uefa footsal kapmaa kansya chandrako jeetya hataa. azerbaijan aee spanish football club atletico dii medridno mukhya praayojak hato, jeey season 2013/2014 aneey 2014/2015 darmiyan hato, jeey bhagidarinu varnan clubbe 'vishvamaa azarbaijanni chhabine protsaahan aapvu joiae'. azerbaijan vishva chesna paramparagat powerhouseasmaanu aek chhe, jene ghanee aantarrashtriy chases tournamento aneey spardhaaonu aayojan karyoo chhe aneey 2009,2013 aneey 2017 maan european team chases championship vijeta banyaa chhe. deshnee chases shaalaona nondhpaatra chases khelaadeeo keey jemane ramat parr motee assar curry chhe temaa timore radjabov, shahriyar mammadarov, vladimir makogonov, wooger gashimov aneey bhutpurv vishva chases champiyan geree kasparovno samaavesh thaay chhe. deshnaa shamkir chesanu ghar, aek shrenee 22 spardhaa aneey tamaam samaynee sauthee vadhu mulyankan dharaavati spardhaomani aek chhe. azarbaijani sanskrutima backgamon pann mukhya bhoomika bhajve chhe. aaa ramat azerbaijanma khoob jaj lokpreey chhe aneey sthaaneek lokomaa vyaapakpane ramaay chhe. azarbaijani nishnato dwara vikasavvama aneey vishleshan karvaamaa aavela backgamonni viveedh vividhtao pann chhe. azerbaijan maheela volleyball super leag vishwani sauthee majboot maheela leegmaanee aek chhe. tenee maheela raashtriy team team european champiyanshipma chothaa sthaane aavee hatee. chhella varshomaa, rabita baaku aneey azrel baaku jevee klaboae european kapmaa motee safalataa haansal curry hatee. azarbaijani volleyball khelaadiomaa valeriya corotenco, oksana parkhomenko, inessa corcomas, natalya mamadova aneey alaa hasanova jevaa khelaadiono samaavesh thaay chhe. anya azarbaijani ramatviromaa kusteema namig abdulayev, toghrul asgarov, rovshan byramov, sharif sharifov, maria stednik aneey fareed mansurov, kusteema nazim hussenav, elnur mamdali, elkhan mamdov aneey judomaa rustom orojov, karaatema rafael aghaayev, megomedrasul majidov aneey boxingma aghasi mamdov, olympic waitliftingma nizami pashaayev, pankreshanmaa aazaad asagarov, kickboxingma aduard mamdov aneey keey-1 fighter zabit samedov chhe. azerbaijan paase formula vana reesa-track chhe, jeey juuna 2012 maan banavvama aavyu hatoo, aneey deshe 19 juuna 2016 naa roj tenu pratham formula vana grand prix aneey 2017,2018,2019,2021 aneey 2022 maan azerbaijan grand preeksnu aayojan karyoo hatoo. deshmaa yojaati anya vaarshik ramatgamatni spardhaoma baaku cup tennis tournament aneey tour dii 'azerbaijan cycling reesa chhe. azerbaijane azerbaijane daykana antathi ghanee motee ramat spardhaaonu aayojan karyoo hatoo, jemaa 2013 2013 powerboat vishva championship, 2012 fifa yuu-17 maheela vishva cup, 2011 aee. aaee. bii. aee. vishva boxing championship, 2010 european kustee championship, 2009 laybaddh gymnastics european championship, 2014 european taikwondo championship, 2014 laybaddh gymnastics european championship aneey 2016 vishva chases olympiadno samaavesh thaay chhe. 8 december december roj, baakune baakune european ramatoni yajmani maate pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey spardhana itihaasmaa yojanari pratham spardhaa hatee. baakuae baakuae chothee islamik aektaa ramato aneey 2019 european yuvaa unaalu olympic utsavnu pann aayojan karyoo hatoo, aneey teey uefa yuro yuro yajmaanomaanu aek chhe, jeey jeey kaarane kaarane yojai rahyu chhe.

azerbaijan azerbaijan (,,), aadhikarik taur parr azerbaijan kaa ganarajya, purvi europe aur paschim asia kii seema parr sthit ack antarmahadvipiya desh haye. yeh dakshin coccus kshetra kaa ack hissa haye aur poorv mein caspian samudra, uttar mein roose (deseston ganarajya), uttar-paschim mein georgia, paschim mein armenia aur turkey aur dakshin mein iran seey ghiraa huaa haye. baaku isaki rajdhani aur sabse badaa shahar haye. azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya ney 1918 mein transcockatian loktaantrik sanghiya ganarajya seey apani swatantrata kii ghoshana kii aur pahala dharmnirpeksh loktaantrik muslim-bahul raajya bunn gayaa. 1920 mein, desh koo soviyat sangh mein azerbaijan ssr key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. azerbaijan key aadhunik ganarajya ney usee varsh soviyat sangh key vighatan seey kuchh samay pahale 30 agast 1991 koo apani swatantrata kii ghoshana kii. sitambar 1991 mein, nagorno-karabakh kshetra key jaatiya armeniyai bahumat ney swa-ghoshit kalakh ganarajya kaa gathan kiya. kshetra aur aspas key saat jilon koo antarrashtriya star parr azerbaijan key hisse key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye, joe ose dwara sugam vaartaon key madhyam seey nagorno-karabakh kii sthiti kaa samadhan lambit haye, halanki yeh 1994 mein pahale nagorno-karabakh yuddh key anta key saath "vaastavik" swatantra hoe gayaa. 2020 mein dusare nagorno-karabakh yuddh key baad, saat jilon aur nagorno-karabakh key hisson koo azerbaijani niyantran mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa. azerbaijan ack ekaatmak ardh-rashtrapati ganarajya haye. yeh chhah swatantra turkey raajyon mein seey ack haye aur turkey raajyon aur turkey samudaay key sangathan kaa ack sakriya sadasya haye. azerbaijan key 182 deshon key saath rajanyik sambandh hain aur sanyukt rashtra, europe kii parishad, gutnirpeksh andolan, osce aur naato pfp karyakram sahit 38 antarrashtriya sangathanon mein sadasyata rakhta haye. yeh guam, sis aur opseedblue key sansthaapak sadasyon mein seey ack haye. azerbaijan bhee doubleu. tii. oh. kii ack paryavekshak sthiti haye. desh kii aabaadi kaa vishal bahumat (97 pratishat) nammatra musalman haye, lekin samvidhaan ack aadhikarik dharm kii ghoshana naheen kartaa haye aur desh kii sabhi pramukh raajneetik taakaten dharmnirpeksh hain. azerbaijan ack vikaasheel desh haye aur maanav vikas soochkaank mein 91vein sthaan parr haye. isamen aarthik vikas kii uchch darr, saksharta aur berojgari kii cumm darr haye. haalaanki, 1993 seey satta mein sattaaroodh naee azerbaijan party parr heydar aliyev aur unake bete ilham aliyev donon key netritva mein sattawadi netritva kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa haye, aur nagrik swatantrata parr badhate pratibandhon, vishesh roop seey press kii swatantrata aur raajneetik daman sahit desh key manvadhikar record koo bigadane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa haye. vyutpatti. ack aadhunik vyutpatti key anusaar, "azerbaijan" shabd "atropates" seey nikla haye, joe acamenid samrajya key tahat ack farsi kshatrap thaa, jise baad mein alekjendar dha grate key tahat media key kshatrap key roop mein bahaal kiya gayaa thaa. maanaa jaataa haye kii iss naam kii mool vyutpatti kii jadein ack samay key pramukh parsi dharm mein hain. avasta key "fravourdin yasht" ("sanrakshak swargadooton key liye bhajan") mein, iska ullekh haye, jiska shaabdik anuvaad avastaan seey hotaa haye "humm pavitra atropatin key fraivashi kii pooja karate hain. atropates" naam hii ack puraane irani kaa yunani lipyantaran haye, shayed madhya, jiska arth haye "(pavitra) aag seey sanrakshit" yaa "(pavitra) aag kii bhoomi". yunani naam kaa ullekh diodorus siculus aur strabo dwara kiya gayaa thaa. sahasraabdiyon kii avadhi mein, naam (madhya farsi), phir, (nayaa farsi) aur vartamaan "azerbaijan" key roop mein vikasit huaa. 1918 mein russie samrajya key patan key baad, jaba swatantra azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya kii sthaapana hui thee, taba musawat kii sarkaar dwara vartamaan azerbaijan ganarajya key kshetra key liye pahali baar "azerbaijan" naam apanaaya gayaa thaa. taba taka, iss padnam kaa upayog vishesh roop seey samkaaleen uttar-paschimi iran key aasann kshetra kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya key kshetra koo pahale "vyavastha" aur "shirvan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa. usa aadhar parr iran ney nae apanaae gaye desh key naam kaa virodh kiya. soviyat shasson key dauran, desh koo russie lipyantaran seey lattin mein '() key roop mein bhee likhaa gayaa thaa. 1940 seey 1991 taka desh kaa naam bhee cyrillic lipi mein 'key roop mein likhaa gayaa thaa. itihas. pracheen kaal. azerbaijan key kshetra mein maanav basti kaa sabse pahala pramaan pashan yug key anta mein haye aur yeh azikh gufa kii guruche sanskriti seey sambandhit haye. praarambhik bastiyon mein eesaa poorv 9veen shatabdi key dauran skythian shamil they. saithiyanon key baad, irani medis araas nadee key dakshin mein kshetra parr haavi hoe gaye. medis ney 900 aur 700 eesaa poorv key beach ack vishal samrajya banaaya, jise 550 eesaa poorv key aspas acamenid samrajya mein ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. iss kshetra parr achemanids ney vijay praapt kii thee jisase parsi dharm kaa prasaar huaa thaa. sasani kaal seey laker safavid kaal taka. sasani samrajya ney 252 mein caucasian albania koo ack jagirdar raajya mein badal diyaa, jabaki raajaa ernair ney chauthi shatabdi mein aadhikarik taur parr isai dharm koo raajya dharm key roop mein apanaaya. sassani shasson key bavjood, albania 9veen shatabdi taka iss kshetra mein ack ikai banaa rhaa, jabaki poori tarah seey sassani iran key adheen thaa, aur apane rajshahi koo banaae rakhaa. sasani samrat key mukhya jagirdaron mein seey ack honey key bavjood, albanian raajaa key paas kewal adhikaar kii jhalak thee, aur sasani marzban (sainya governor) key paas adhikansh nagrik, dhaarmik aur sainya adhikaar they. 7veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein, kasian albania, sasaniyon key ack jagirdar key roop mein, farsi parr muslim vijay key kaaran nammatra key muslim shasson key tahat aaya. umayyad khalifa ney dakshin coccus seey sasanian aur byzantine donon koo khaded diyaa aur 667 mein raajaa javansir key netritva mein isai pratirodh koo dabaaye jaane key baad coccian albania koo ack jagirdar raajya mein badal diyaa. abasid khalifa key patan seey bachee shakti koo kaee sthaaniya rajvanshon jaise sallarid, sagid aur shaddadid dwara bharaa gayaa thaa. 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, iss kshetra parr dheere-dheere madhya asia seey oghuz turkon kii laharon ney kabja curr liya, jinhone usa samay ack turk nasl kaa naam apanaaya thaa. inn turkey rajvanshon mein seey pahala seljuk samrajya thaa, joe 1067 taka abb azerbaijan key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kshetra mein pravesh curr gayaa thaa. aadhunik azerbaijan key kshetra mein rahane vaali poorv-turkey aabaadi kaee indo-europeeya aur caucasian bhaashaaen bolati thee, jinamen seey armenian aur ack irani bhasha, purani azaria, jise dheere-dheere ack turkey bhasha dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe aaj kii azerbaijani bhasha kii praarambhik agradoot thee. kuchh bhashavidon ney yeh bhee kahaa haye kii irani azerbaijan aur azerbaijan ganarajya kii taati boliyaan, jaise kii taaton dwara bolly jaane vaali boliyaan, puraane azrai seey aaee hain. sthaaniya roop seey, baad key seljuk samrajya kii sampatti parr eldiguzid, takniki roop seey seljuk sultaanon key jagirdaron dwara shasson kiya jaataa thaa, lekin kabhi-kabhi swayam "vaastavik" shaasak. seljukon key adheen, sthaaniya kaviyon jaise nizami ganjavi aur khakani ney vartamaan azerbaijan key kshetra mein farsi saahitya key vikas koo janm diyaa. sirvanshon kaa sthaaniya rajvansh taimur key samrajya kaa ack jagirdar raajya bunn gayaa aur swarn dall tokhtamish key shaasak key saath yuddh mein usaki sahaayata kii. taimur kii mrityu key baad, dou swatantra aur pratidvandi raajya ubhareh kaaraa koyunlu aur aka koyunlu. sirvansh laut aae, kaee shataabdiyon taka sthaaniya shasakon aur jagirdaron key roop mein uchch star kii swaayatta banaae rakhee, jaisa kii unhone 861 seey kiya thaa. 1501 mein, iran key safavid rajvansh ney sirvanshon koo vash mein curr liya aur apani sampatti praapt kii. agali shatabdi key dauran, safaavidon ney poorv kii sunee aabaadi koo shiya islam mein parivartit curr diyaa, jaisa kii unhone aadhunik iran mein aabaadi key saath kiya thaa. safaavidon ney 1538 taka, jaba safavid raajaa tehmasp (aar. 1524-1576) ney unhein poori tarah seey apadasth curr diyaa, aur kshetra koo sirvan key safavid praant mein badal diyaa. sunni ottoman kuchh samay key liye vartamaan azerbaijan key kuchh hisson parr kabja karane mein kamyab rahey kyonki ottoman-safavid yuddh key parinamswarup 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, unhein iraqi shaasak abbas aaee (aar. 1588-1629). safaavid samrajya key patan key baad, baaku aur usake aspas key ilaakon parr rusiyon ney kuchh samay key liye kabja curr liya thaa kyonki roose-farsi yuddh key parinamswarup [ids1] key kaaran, safaavid iran key padosi pratidvandiyon dwara iss tarah key sankshipt antaral key bavjood, aaj azerbaijan kii bhoomi 19veen shatabdi key dauran safaavid key shuruati aagaman seey irani shasson key tahat bunny rahee. aadhunik itihas. safaavidon key baad, iss kshetra parr irani afsharid rajvansh kaa shasson thaa. naadar shaah kii mrityu key baad (aar. 1736-1747), unake kaee poorv vishayon ney asthirta key visfot kaa laabh uthaaya. iss kshetra mein swaayatta key vibhinn roopon key saath kaee swa-shaasit khaanat ubhare. inn khaanat key shaasak seedhe iran key shaasak rajvanshon seey sambandhit they aur irani shaah key jagirdar aur praja they. khaanat madhya asia aur paschim key beach antarrashtriya vyaapaar maargon key madhyam seey apane mamalon parr niyantran rakhate they. isake baad, yeh kshetra irani zand aur kajaar key kramik shasson key tahat thaa. 18veen shatabdi key anta seey, shaahi roose ney apane dou padosiyon aur dakshin key pratidvandiyon, iran aur ottoman samrajya key prati adhik aakramak bhoo-raajneetik rukh apanaaya. roose ney abb sakriya roop seey coccus kshetra parr kabja karane kii koshish kii, joe adhikansh bhaag key liye iran key haathon mein thaa. 1804 mein, rusiyon ney irani shahar ganja parr aakraman kiya aur usey loot liya, jisase russie-farsi yuddh shuru hoe gayaa. sainya roop seey behtar rusiyon ney russie-farsi yuddh koo jeet key saath samaapt curr diyaa. 1804-1813 yuddh mein kajaar iran key nuksan key baad, yeh gulistan kii sandhi key anusaar georgia aur degestan key saath adhikansh khaanat parr russie samrajya koo aadhipatya sweekaar karane key liye majboor thaa. araas nadee key uttar mein kshetra, jisake beach samkaaleen azerbaijan ganarajya kaa kshetra haye, 19veen shatabdi mein roose key kabje taka irani kshetra thaa. lagbhag ack dashak baad, gulistan sandhi key ullanghan mein, rusiyon ney iran key erivan khaanate parr aakraman kiya. isane donon key beach antim shatruta koo janm diyaa, turkey-farsi yuddh key parinamswarup turkmenchai kii sandhi ney kajaar iran koo irrivan khaanate, nakhchivan khaanate aur baaki talish khaanate parr samprabhuta chhodane key liye majboor curr diyaa, jisamen samkaaleen azerbaijani ganarajya kii mitty key antim bhaag shamil they joe abhee bhee irani haathon mein they. iran seey roose mein sabhi caucasian kshetron key samavesh key baad, donon key beach naee seema araas nadee parr sthaapit kii gaee thee, joe soviyat sangh key vighatan key baad, baad mein iran aur azerbaijan ganarajya key beach kii seema kaa hissa bunn gaee. kajaar iran koo 19veen shatabdi mein apane caucasian kshetron koo roose koo saunpane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen iss prakaar aadhunik azerbaijan ganarajya kaa kshetra shamil thaa, jabaki usa satra key parinamswarup, azerbaijani jaatiya samooh aajkal dou rashtron key beach vibhajit haih iran aur azerbaijan. russie vijay key bavjood, poori 19veen shatabdi mein, russie kabje vaale shaharon baaku, ganja aur tifflis (tbilisi, abb georgia) mein shiya aur sunee buddhijiviyon key beach irani sanskriti, saahitya aur bhasha key saath vyastata vyaapak rahee. usee shatabdi key bheetar, 19veen shatabdi key anta mein iran key baad key russie-niyantrit purvi caucasia mein, ack azerbaijani rashtriya pehchaan ubhari. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran russie samrajya key patan key baad, alpakaalik transcockatian loktaantrik sanghiya ganarajya ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, joe vartamaan mein azerbaijan, georgia aur armenia key ganrajyon kaa gathan kartaa haye. isake baad 30 march aur 2 aprail 1918 key beach baaku shahar aur russie samrajya key baaku praant key aspas key kshetron mein march key dinon mein narsamhar hue. jaba maee 1918 mein ganarajya bhang hoe gayaa, tou pramukh musawat party ney nae ganarajya key liye "azerbaijan" kaa naam apanaate hue azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya (aeye. dee. aar.) key roop mein swatantrata kii ghoshana kii; ack naam joe aeye. dee. aar. kii ghoshana seey pahale poori tarah seey samkaaleen iran key nikatvarti uttar-paschimi kshetra koo sandarbhit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa. edra muslim duniya mein pahala aadhunik sansadiya ganarajya thaa. sansad kii mahatvapurna uplabdhiyon mein mahilaaon koo matadhikar kaa vistaar thaa, jisase azerbaijan mahilaaon koo purushon key saath samaan raajneetik adhikaar dene vaalaa pahala muslim rashtra bunn gayaa. aeye. dee. aar. kii ack aur mahatvapurna upalabdhi baaku raajya vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana thee, joe muslim poorv mein sthaapit pahala aadhunik prakaar kaa vishvavidyalaya thaa. march 1920 taka, yeh spasht thaa kii soviyat roose baaku parr hamla karega. vladmir lenin ney kahaa kii aakraman uchit thaa kyonki soviyat roose baaku key tail key binaa jeevit naheen reh sakata thaa. swatantra azerbaijan kewal 23 maheene taka chalaa jaba taka kii bolshevik 11veen soviyat laal senaa ney 28 aprail 1920 koo azerbaijan ssr kii sthaapana karate hue usa parr aakraman naheen kiya. haalaanki navgathit azerbaijani senaa kaa badaa hissa ack armenian vidroh koo giraane mein lagaa huaa thaa joe abhee-abhee karabakh mein toot gayaa thaa, azarbaijaaniyon ney apani sankshipt swatantrata koo jaldi yaa aasaani seey aatmasamarpan naheen kiya. prabhaavi roop seey ack russie punah vijay kaa virodh karate hue 20,000 azerbaijani sanic maare gaye. agami praarambhik soviyat kaal key bheetar, azerbaijani rashtriya pehchaan antatah jaali bunn gaee. 13 octuber 1921 koo roose, armenia, azerbaijan aur georgia key soviyat ganrajyon ney turkey key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye jise cars kii sandhi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. araas kaa poorv swatantra ganarajya bhee cars kii sandhi dwara azerbaijan ssr key bheetar nakhchivan swaayatt soviyat samajwadi ganarajya bunn jaayega. doosari or, armenia koo zangezur key kshetra seey sammaanit kiya gayaa aur turkey gumery (taba alexandropol key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) koo vaapas karane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, azerbaijan ney soviyat sangh kii ranneetik oorjaa neeti mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, jisamen purvi morche parr soviyat sangh key tail kaa 80 pratishat baaku dwara aapoorti kiya jaataa thaa. farwari 1942 mein ussr key sarvocch soviyat key farman dwara, azerbaijan key tail udyog key 500 seey adhik shramikon aur karmchaariyon kii pratibaddhata koo adesh aur padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. operation edelweiss german wehrmatch dwara kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. kii oorjaa (petroleum) dynamo key roop mein isake mahatva key kaaran baaku koo lakshit kiya gayaa thaa. 1941 seey 1945 taka dusare vishva yuddh mein ladey gaye sabhi azarbaijaaniyon mein seey paanchvaan hissa. lagbhag 681,000 loga jinamen 100,000 seey adhik mahilaaen theen, saamane aae, jabaki azerbaijan kii kull aabaadi usa samay 3.4 laakh thee. azerbaijan key lagbhag 250,000 loga saamane seey maare gaye they. 130 seey adhik azarbaijaaniyon koo soviyat sangh key naayak naamit kiya gayaa thaa. azerbaijani mejar-general azii aslanov koo dou baar soviyat sangh key naayak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. swatantrata. mikhail gorbachev dwara shuru kii gaee "glassnost" kii rajneeti key baad, soviyat sangh key vibhinn kshetron mein nagrik ashanti aur jaatiya sangharsh badhe, jisamen nagarno-karabakh, azerbaijan ssr kaa ack swaayatt kshetra shamil thaa. pahale seey hii germ sangharsh key prati masco kii udasinta key jawab mein azerbaijan mein ashanti, swatantrata aur algaav key ahwan mein parinit hui, joe baaku mein kaali janwari kii ghatnaaon mein samaapt hui. baad mein 1990 mein, azerbaijan ssr kii sarvocch parishad ney sheershak seey "soviyat samajwadi" shabd hataa diye, "azerbaijan ganarajya kii samprabhuta kii ghoshana" koo apanaaya aur azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya key jhande koo raajya key jhande key roop mein bahaal kiya. masco mein 1991 key soviyat takhtapalat key asafal prayaas key parinamswarup, azerbaijan kii sarvocch parishad ney 18 octuber 1991 koo swatantrata kii ghoshana koo apanaaya, jisaki pushti disambar 1991 mein ack rashtravyapi janmat sangrah dwara kii gaee thee, jabaki soviyat sangh kaa aadhikarik roop seey 26 disambar 1991 koo astitva samaapt hoe gayaa thaa. desh abb 18 octuber koo apana swatantrata divas manaata haye. swatantrata key shuruati varshon mein pahale nagorno-karabakh yuddh ney nagorno-karabakh key jaatiya armeniyai bahumat key saath armenia dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. 1994 mein shatruta key anta taka, armeniyai logon ney nagarno-karabakh sahit azerbaijani kshetra key 14-16 pratishat taka koo niyantrit kiya. yuddh key dauran donon pakshon dwara kaee atyachar aur narsamhar kiye gaye they, jinamen malibeli aur gustualler mein narsamhar, garadagali narsamhar aur khojali narsamhar, baaku narsamhar, maraga narsamhar aur kirovad narsamhar shamil they. isake alawa, anumaanit 30,000 loga maare gaye hain aur duss laakh seey adhik loga visthaapit hue hain, 800,000 seey adhik azerbaijani aur 300,000 armeniyai. sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad key chaar prastaav (822,853,874 aur 884) azerbaijan key sabhi adhikrit kshetron seey sabhi armenian balon kii tatkaal vaapsee kii maang karate hain."kaee russie aur armeniyai 1990 key dashak key dauran sharanarthiyon key roop mein azerbaijan seey bhaag gaye. 1970 kii janganana key anusaar, azerbaijan mein 510,000 jaatiya russie aur 484,000 armeniyai they. aliyev parivaar shasson, 1993-vartamaan. 1993 mein, loktaantrik roop seey nirvaachit rashtrapati abulfaz alchibe koo curnell suraat hussainov key netritva mein ack sainya vidroh dwara ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup soviyat azerbaijan key poorv netaa, heydar aliyev kii satta mein vriddhi hui thee. 1994 mein, surat hussainov, usa samay taka pradhaan mantri ney heydar aliyev key khilaf ack aur sainya takhtapalat kaa prayaas kiya, lekin unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur deshdroh kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. ack saal baad, 1995 mein, aliyev key khilaf ack aur takhtapalat kaa prayaas kiya gayaa, iss baar omon vishesh ikai key commander, rovshan javdov dwara. takhtapalat koo taal diyaa gayaa, jisake parinamswarup baad vaale kii hatyaa hoe gaee aur azerbaijan kii omon ikaaiyon koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa. usee samay, desh shaasi naukarshahi mein badey paimaane parr bhrashtachar seey kalankit thaa. octuber 1998 mein, aliyev koo dusare karyakal key liye phir seey chunaa gayaa. bahut behtar arthavyavastha key bavjood, vishesh roop seey ezeri-chirag-guneshali tail kshetra aur shaah deniz gais kshetra key dohan key saath, sandigdh chunaav dhokhadhadi, uchch star kii aarthik asamaanta aur gharelu bhrashtachar key kaaran aliyev key rashtrapati pada kii aalochana kii gaee thee. heydar aliyev key bete ilham aliyev, 2003 mein apane pitaa kii mrityu key baad naee azerbaijan party key adhyaksh key saath-saath azerbaijan key adhyaksh bhee baney. unhein octuber 2013 mein rashtrapati key roop mein teesare karyakal key liye phir seey chunaa gayaa thaa. aprail 2018 mein, rashtrapati ilham aliyev ney chunaav mein apana lagaatar chautha karyakal hassil kiya, jiska mukhya vipakshi dalon dwara dhokhadhadi key roop mein bahishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. 27 sitambar 2020 koo, nagoro-karabakh sampark rekha key saath ansuljhe nagoro-karabakh sangharsh mein naee jhadapen phir seey shuru huin. azerbaijan aur armenia donon key sashastr balon ney sainya aur nagrik hatahaton kii soochana dee. nagorno-karabakh yuddhaviram samjhauta aur azerbaijan aur armenia key beach chhah saptah key yuddh kaa anta azerbaijan mein vyaapak roop seey manaaya gayaa, kyonki unhone mahatvapurna kshetriya laabh praapt kiye. bhugol. bhaugolik roop seey, azerbaijan paschimi asia aur purvi europe mein faile eurasia key dakshin coccus kshetra mein sthit haye. yeh akshansh 38° aur 42°n, aur deshantar 44° aur 51°e key beach sthit haye. azerbaijan kii bhoomi seemaon kii kull lambai haye, jinamen seey armenia key saath, iran key saath, georgia key saath 480 kilometres, roose key saath aur turkey key saath hain. tatrekha key liye faili hui haye, aur caspian samudra key azerbaijani khand key sabse chaude kshetra kii lambai haye. desh mein ack bhoo-aachchhaadit exclave haye, nakhchhivan swaayatt ganarajya. teen bhautik visheshataaen azerbaijan parr haavi hainh caspian samudra, jisaki tatrekha poorv mein ack praakritik seema banaati haye; uttar mein badee coccus parvat shrinkhala; aur desh key kendra mein vyaapak samtal bhoomi. teen parvat shrinkhalaaen bhee hain, badee aur chhoti coccus, aur talish pahaad, joe ack saath desh key lagbhag 40 pratishat hisse koo cover karate hain. azerbaijan kii sabse oonchi choti mount baazaarduzu haye, jabaki sabse nichala bindu caspian samudra mein sthit haye. prithvi parr sabhi mitty key jwalamukhi kaa lagbhag aadhaa azerbaijan mein kendrit haye, yeye jwalamukhi bhee prakriti key nae 7 ashcharyon key liye naamit kiye gaye they. jall key mukhya srot satah kaa jall haye. 8, 350 nadiyon mein seey kewal 24 nadiyon kii lambai lambai seey adhik haye. sabhi nadiyaan desh key poorv mein caspian samudra mein bahati hain. sabse badee jheel sarsu haye, aur sabse lambi nadee kurr haye, joe armenia key saath seema paar haye. azerbaijan mein caspian samudra key saath kaee dweep hain, joe jyaadaatar baaku dweepsamuh mein sthit hain. 1991 mein azerbaijan kii swatantrata key baad seey, azerbaijani sarkaar ney azerbaijan key paryaavaran koo sanrakshit karane key liye upaay kiye hain. 2001 key baad paryaavaran kii rashtriya suraksha mein teji aaee jaba baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline dwara pradaan kiye gaye nae rajaswa key kaaran raajya kaa bajat badhaa. chaar varshon key bheetar, sanrakshit kshetra dogune hoe gaye aur abb desh key kshetra kaa aathh pratishat hissa bunn gayaa haye. 2001 key baad seey sarkaar ney saat badey bhandar sthaapit kiye hain aur paryaavaran sanrakshan key liye nirdhaarit bajat key kshetra koo lagbhag doguna curr diyaa haye. paridrishya. azerbaijan vibhinn prakaar key paridrishyon kaa ghar haye. azerbaijan key aadhe seey adhik bhoobhaag mein parvat parvat, shikhar, uchch bhoomi aur pathaar hotey hain joe 400-1000 meater (madhya aur nichale nichale ilaakon sahit) key hypesometric star taka badhate hain, kuchh sthaanon parr (taaliyan, jairanchol-ajinohur aur langabiz-alat forerange) 100-120 meater taka, aur anya 0-50 meater aur oopar (kobustan, absheron) seey hotey hain. azerbaijan key baaki bhoobhaag mein maidani aur nichale ilaake shamil hain. coccus kshetra key bheetar hypesometric nishan caspian samudra tatrekha parr lagbhag −28 meater seey laker 4,466 meater (baazaaraduzu choti) taka bhinn hotey hain. azerbaijan mein jalavaayu kaa gathan vishesh roop seey scandinavian anticyclone key thhande archtic havaa dravyamaan, cyberian anticyclone key samshitoshna havaa dravyamaan aur kendriya asiai anticyclone seey prabhaavit haye. azerbaijan kaa vividh paridrishya desh mein vayu dravyamaan key pravesh key tarikon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. grater coccus desh koo uttar seey aaney vaali thhandi havaa key pratyaksh prabhaavon seey bachaata haye. isase desh kii adhikansh talhati aur maidani ilaakon mein uposhnakatibandhiya jalavaayu kaa nirmaan hotaa haye. iss beach, maidani ilaakon aur talhati mein uchch saur vikiran darein hain. maujooda gyaarah jalavaayu kshetron mein seey nau azerbaijan mein maujood hain. nakhchivan swaayatt ganarajya key zulfa aur ordubad kshetron mein poorna nyuntam tapman () aur poorna adhikatam tapman donon dekhe gaye. adhikatam vaarshik varsha lankaran () mein aur nyuntam absheron () mein hoti haye. nadiyaan aur jheelen azerbaijan kii jall pranaliyon kaa pramukh hissa hain, way ack lambi bhoovaigyaanik samay seema mein bunny theen aur usa avadhi key dauran kaafee badal gaee theen. iska vishesh roop seey poore desh mein paaee jaane vaali pracheen nadiyon key avasheshon seey pramaan milata haye. praakritik taakton aur maanav-shuru kii gaee audyogik gatividhiyon key prabhaav mein desh kii jall pranaaliyan lagaatar badal rahee hain. kritrim nadiyaan (naharen) aur talab azerbaijan kii jall pranaliyon kaa ack hissa hain. jall aapoorti key sandarbh mein, azerbaijan prati varg kilometres lagbhag prati varsh paani key saath duniya mein ausat seey cumm haye. sabhi badey jalaashay kurr parr baney hain. azerbaijan kii jall-rachana mool roop seey caspian samudri besin seey sambandhit haye. kuraa aur aaras azerbaijan kii pramukh nadiyaan hain. way kuraa-araas nichale ilaakon seey hocker gujarate hain. yeye nadiyaan joe seedhe caspian samudra mein bahati hain, mukhya roop seey pramukh coccus aur talish pahaadon key uttar-purvi dhalaan seey nikalati hain aur samur-devechi aur lankaran nichale ilaakon key saath chalati hain. yanar daag, jiska anuvaad "jalata huaa pahaad" key roop mein kiya gayaa haye, ack praakritik gais kii aag haye joe baaku key paas caspian samudra parr absheron praaydweep parr ack pahaadi parr lagaatar jalati rahati haye, jise khud "aag kii bhoomi" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."ack patali, chhidrapurna balua patthar kii parat seey havaa mein lapaten nikalati hain. yeh baaku kshetra mein aaney vaale agantukon key liye ack paryatak aakarshan haye. jaiv vividhata. azerbaijan mein pashu jeevan kii samriddhi aur vividhata parr pahali report purvi yaatriyon key yatra noton mein paaee jaa sakati haye. vastukala smarakon, pracheen chattanon aur pattharon parr pashu nakkashi vartamaan samay taka jeevit rahee. azerbaijan kii vanaspatiyon aur jeevon key baare mein pahali jaankaari 17veen shatabdi mein azerbaijan key prakritividon kii yaatraon key dauran ekatra kii gaee thee. standhaariyon kii 106 prajaatiyan, machhliyon kii 97 prajaatiyan, pakshiyon kii 363 prajaatiyan, ubhaycharon kii 10 prajaatiyan aur sarisripon kii 52 prajaatiyan hain jinhen azerbaijan mein darj aur vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. azerbaijan kaa rashtriya pashu karabakh ghodaa haye, joe ack pahaadi-maidan daud haye aur azerbaijan key liye sthaaniya haye. karabakh ghode kii apane achche swabhaav, gati, bhavyata aur buddhi key liye pratishtha haye. yeh prachintam naslon mein seey ack haye, jiska vansh pracheen duniya seey haye, lekin aaj ghodaa ack luptapray prajaati haye. azerbaijan kii vanaspatiyon mein 4,500 seey adhik uchch paudhon kii prajaatiyan hain. azerbaijan mein advitiya jalavaayu key kaaran, dakshin coccus key anya ganrajyon kii vanaspatiyon kii tulanaa mein vanaspatiyaan prajaatiyon kii sankhya mein bahut adhik samriddh hain. poore coccus mein ugane vaali prajaatiyon kaa 66 pratishat azerbaijan mein paaya jaa sakata haye. desh chaar paaristhitiki kshetron key bheetar sthit haih caspian hiercanian mishrit vann, coccus mishrit vann, purvi anatolian monten steppy, aur azerbaijan jhaadi registan aur steppy. azerbaijan kaa 2018 kaa vann paridrishya akhandata soochkaank ausat score 6.55/10 thaa, joe ise 172 deshon mein seey vaishvik star parr 72vein sthaan parr rakhta haye. sarkaar aur rajneeti. azerbaijan kii raajneetik pranali kaa sanrachanaatmak gathan 12 navambar 1995 koo nae samvidhaan koo apanaane seey puuraa huaa thaa. samvidhaan key anuchhed 23 key anusaar, azerbaijan ganarajya key raajya prateek dhwaj, hathiyaron kaa coat aur rashtragaan hain. azerbaijan mein raajya kii shakti kewal aantarik muddon key liye kaanoon dwara seemit haye, lekin antarrashtriya mamle bhee antarrashtriya samjhauton key praavdhaanon dwara seemit hain. azerbaijan key samvidhaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh ack rashtrapati ganarajya haye jisamen shakti kii teen shaakhaaen hain-karyakari, vidhaayi aur nyaayik. vidhaayi shakti ack sadaniya rashtriya sabhaa aur nakhchivan swaayatt ganarajya mein sarvocch rashtriya sabhaa key paas haye. azerbaijan kii sansad, jise millie majlis kahaa jaataa haye, mein bahumat key aadhar parr chune gaye 125 pratinidhi hotey hain, jinamen pratyek nirvaachit sadasya key liye paanch saal kaa karyakal hotaa haye. chunaav harr paanch saal mein navambar key pahale ravivaar koo aayojit kiye jaate hain. sarkaar key gathan key liye sansad jimmedaar naheen haye, lekin samvidhaan key liye millie majlis dwara mantriyon key mantrimandal kii manjuri kii aavashyakta hoti haye. naee azerbaijan party aur sattaaroodh sarkaar key prati wafadar nirdaliyon key paas vartamaan mein sansad kii lagbhag sabhi 125 seeten hain. 2010 key sansadiya chunaav key dauran, vipakshi dall, musawat aur azerbaijani lokpriya morcha, ack bhee seat jeetane mein whiffle rahey. europeeya paryavekshakon ney chunaav key dauran aur chunaav key dinn kaee aniyamitataaen paaee. karyakari shakti rashtrapati key paas hoti haye, joe pratyaksh chunaavon dwara saat saal key karyakal key liye chunaa jaataa haye, aur pradhaanmantri. rashtrapati koo mantrimandal banaane key liye adhikrit kiya jaataa haye, joe rashtrapati aur rashtriya vidhansabha donon key liye jawabdeh ack saamoohik karyakari nikaay haye. azerbaijan key mantrimandal mein mukhya roop seey pradhaanmantri, unake pratinidhi aur mantri shamil hotey hain. azerbaijan kii 8veen sarkaar apane vartamaan gathan mein prashaasan haye. rashtrapati koo rashtriya sabhaa koo bhang karane kaa adhikaar naheen haye, lekin usey apane nirnayon parr veeto karane kaa adhikaar haye. rashtrapati key veeto koo override karane key liye, sansad key paas 95 maton kaa bahumat honah chaahiye. nyaayik shakti samvaidhaanik nyayalaya, sarvocch nyayalaya aur aarthik nyayalaya mein nihit haye. rashtrapati inn adalaton mein nyayadhishon koo naamit kartaa haye. nyaay kii dakshata key liye europeeya aayog (see. ee. pee. ee. jey.) kii report nae nyayadhishon key chayan parr azerbaijani nyaay model koo sarvottam abhyaas key roop mein sandarbhit karati haye, joe ack nae loktantra mein nyaypalika kii swatantrata aur gunavatta sunishchit karane kii disha mein vishesh visheshtaon aur vikas key pathyakram koo darshaati haye. azerbaijan kii shasson pranali koo nammatra dou-stariya kahaa jaa sakata haye. sarkaar kaa sheersh yaa uchchatam star rashtrapati key netritva mein karyakari shakti haye. rashtrapati mantriyon key mantrimandal aur anya uchch padasth adhikaariyon kii niyukti kartaa haye. sthaaniya karyakari pradhikaran kewal karyakari shakti kii nirantarta haye. yeh praavdhaan sthaaniya karyakari pradhikaran ("yearly ikra hakimiyat") parr azerbaijan mein sthaaniya raajya prashaasan kii kanuni sthiti nirdhaarit kartaa haye, jise 16 juuna 1999 koo apanaaya gayaa thaa. juuna 2012 mein, rashtrapati ney nae viniyaman koo manjuri dee, jisane sthaaniya karyakari adhikaariyon koo atirikt shaktiyan pradaan keen, azerbaijan key sthaaniya mamalon mein unaki pramukh sthiti koo majboot karate hue azerbaijan ganarajya key samvidhaan key adhyaay 9 mein sthaaniya swa-sarkaar key pramukh muddon koo sambodhit kiya, jaise kii nagar paalikaon kii kanuni sthiti, sthaaniya swa-sarkaar nikaayon key prakaar, unaki buniyaadi shaktiyan aur anya aadhikarik sansthaon key saath sambandh. shasson kaa anya nammatra star nagarpaalikaaen ("bjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj vartamaan mein desh bhar mein 1,607 nagarpaalikaaen hain. nagarpalika chunaavon parr kaanoon aur nagarpalikaon kii sthiti parr kaanoon sthaaniya sarkaar key kshetra mein sabse pahale apanaaya gayaa thaa (2 julaai 1999). nagarpalika seva parr kaanoon nagarpalika karmchaariyon kii gatividhiyon, unake adhikaaron, kartavyon, shram sthitiyon aur samajik laabhon koo viniyamit kartaa haye aur karyakari tantra kii sanrachana aur nagarpalika seva key sangathan koo rekhaankit kartaa haye. nagarpalikaon kii sthiti parr kaanoon nagarpalika nikaayon kii bhoomika aur sanrachana koo viniyamit kartaa haye aur kanuni aur vittiya swaayatta kii raajya guaranti koo rekhaankit kartaa haye. kaanoon samajik suraksha, samajik aur aarthik vikas aur sthaaniya paryaavaran seey sambandhit nagarpalika karyakramon koo apanaane aur nishpaadit karane parr vishesh dhyaan detaa haye. suraksha parishad rashtrapati key adheen vichaarsheel nikaay haye, aur vaha ise samvidhaan key anusaar aayojit kartaa haye. isaki sthaapana 10 aprail 1997 koo hui thee. prashaasnik vibhaag rashtrapati key karyalaya kaa hissa naheen haye, balki rashtrapati aur unake karyalaya donon kii vittiya, takniki aur aarthik gatividhiyon kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. azerbaijan kii raajneetik pranali koo kuchh raajneetik vaigyaanikon dwara sattawadi key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, kyonki aliyev raajneetik parivaar aur naee azerbaijan party ("yeni azbacan partiasi", yaap) key lambe samay taka chalane vaale prabhaav key kaaran haidar aliyev dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. desh key teesare rashtrapati, heydar aliyev (1993 aur 2003 key beach karyalaya mein; vaha pahale 1969 aur 1982 key beach azerbaijan kii communist party key pahale sachiv they, aur 1982 aur 1987 key beach soviyat sangh key pahale upa pradhaan mantri they) key baad unake bete, chauthe aur vartamaan rashtrapati ilham aliyev ney 2003 mein padbhar sambhala thaa. haalaanki azerbaijan ney apani swatantrata koo phir seey praapt karane key baad seey kaee chunaav karaae hain aur loktantra key kaee aupchaarik sansthaan hain, lekin ise swatantrata grih dwara "swatantra naheen" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, jinhone ise 2022 mein vaishvik swatantrata score parr "ekikrit sattawadi shasson" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya haye. haal key varshon mein, badee sankhya mein azerbaijani patrakaron, bloggers, vakeelon aur manvadhikar kaaryakartaon koo rashtrapati aliyev aur sarkari adhikaariyon kii aalochana key liye gher liya gayaa haye aur jail bhej diyaa gayaa haye. sitambar 2015 mein europeeya sansad dwara apanaae gaye ack prastaav mein azerbaijan koo "pichhale duss varshon mein poore eurasia mein loktaantrik shasson mein sabse badee girawat kaa saamana karna padaa haye" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, saath hii yeh bhee dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii manvadhikaron parr desh key saath isaki baatchit ney "koee paryaapt pragati naheen kii haye."17 march 2016 koo, azerbaijan key rashtrapati ney kuchh gair-sarkari sangathanon dwara raajneetik kaidiyon key roop mein maane jaane vaale ack darjan seey adhik vyaktiyon koo maaf karane key adesh parr hastakshar kiye. iss adesh kaa americi raajya vibhaag dwara ack sakaratmak kadam key roop mein swaagat kiya gayaa thaa. 16 march 2017 koo ack aur kshama adesh parr hastakshar kiye gaye, jisake kaaran raajneetik kaidiyon key roop mein maane jaane vaale atirikt vyaktiyon koo riha curr diyaa gayaa. azerbaijan kii videshon mein apane karanon koo badhaava dene aur apane desh mein apane chunaavon koo vaidh banaane key liye videshi adhikaariyon aur rajnayikon koo rishwat dene key liye kadee aalochana kii gaee haye, ack pratha jise cavier kootneeti kahaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, 6 march 2017 koo, europeeya ranneetik khufiya aur suraksha kendra asisk) ney "dha armenian connection" naamak ack report prakaashit kii, jisamen isane manvadhikaron key sangathan aur azerbaijan mein manvadhikaron key ullanghan aur bhrashtachar kii aalochana karane vaale shodh sangathanon parr hamla kiya. usa report mein asisk ney jore dekar kahaa kii aiss. ee. see. dwara vistrit "cavier kootneeti" report kaa uddeshya apaprachaar key aadhar parr sandeh kaa mahaul banaana haye taaki azerbazzan key khilaf raajneetik yuddh mein sanlagn honey vaale aim. pee. aiss. kaa ack network banaaya jaa sakey aur yeh network, europeeya pee. aim. aiss., armenian adhikaariyon aur kuchh aine. jee. oh. (manvadhikar nigrani, amnesty international, manvadhikar house foundation, "open dylog, europeeya sthirata pahal, aur manvadhikaron key liye helsinki samiti) seey banaa thaa, jise soros foundation dwara vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa. robert colson (radio mukt europe) key anusaar, asisk baaku key lobbing prayason kaa ack hissa haye joe janmat koo badalane key liye front think tankon key upayog kaa vistaar kartaa haye. swatantrata file vishleshanatmak kendra ney kahaa kii "report sattawadi prachaar kii sabse kharaab paramparaon mein likhi gaee haye. videshi sambandh. alpakaalik azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya chhah deshon key saath rajanyik sambandh sthaapit karane mein safal rhaa, jisase germany aur finland mein rajanyik pratinidhi bheje gaye. soviyat sangh key patan seey azerbaijan kii swatantrata kii antarrashtriya maanyata kii prakriya lagbhag ack saal taka chully. azerbaijan koo maanyata dene vaalaa sabse halia desh bahreen thaa, 6 navambar 1996 koo. missions key aapsi adaan-pradaan sahit poorna rajanyik sambandh, pahali baar turkey, pakistan, sanyukt raajya america, iran aur israel key saath sthaapit kiye gaye they. azerbaijan ney turkey key saath apane "vishesh sambandh" parr vishesh jore diyaa haye. azerbaijan key abb taka 158 deshon key saath rajanyik sambandh hain aur vaha 38 antarrashtriya sangathanon mein sadasyata rakhta haye. yeh gutnirpeksh andolan aur vishva vyaapaar sangathan mein paryavekshak kaa darja rakhta haye aur antarrashtriya dursanchar sangh mein ack samvaadaata haye. 9 maee 2006 koo azerbaijan koo sanyukt rashtra mahasabha dwara nava sthaapit manvadhikar parishad kii sadasyata key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. karyalaya kaa karyakal 19 juuna 2006 koo shuru huaa. azerbaijan koo pahali baar 2011 mein 155 deshon key samarthan seey sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad key gair-sthaayi sadasya key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. azerbaijan kii videsh neeti kii prathmiktaon mein, sabse pahale, isaki kshetriya akhandata kii bahaali shamil haye; nagoro-karabakh aur nagoro-karabakh key aspas key azerbaijan key saat anya kshetron key kabje key parinamon kaa unmoolan; europeeya aur euro-atlantic sanrachana mein ekikaran; antarrashtriya suraksha mein yogdan; antarrashtriya sangathanon key saath sahyog; kshetriya sahyog aur dwipakshiya sambandh; raksha kshamata koo majboot karna; gharelu neeti key madhyam seey suraksha koo badhaava denaa; loktantra koo majboot karna; jaatiya aur dhaarmik sahishnuta kaa sanrakshan; vaigyaanik, shaikshik aur saanskritik neeti aur naitik moolyon kaa sanrakshan; aarthik aur samajik vikas; aantarik aur seema suraksha koo badhaana; aur pravaas, oorjaa aur parivahan suraksha neeti. azerbaijan antarrashtriya aatankvaad seey ladane vaale antarrashtriya gathbandhanon kaa ack sakriya sadasya haye, aur 11 sitambar key hamalon key baad samarthan dene vaale pahale deshon mein seey ack thaa. desh shaanti karyakram key liye naato kii saajhedaari kaa ack sakriya sadasya haye, joe kosovo, afghanistan aur iraq mein shaanti sthaapana key prayason mein yogdan detaa haye. azerbaijan 2001 seey europe kii parishad kaa sadasya bhee haye aur europeeya sangh key saath achche sambandh rakhta haye. desh antatah europeeya sangh kii sadasyata key liye aavedan curr sakata haye. 1 julaai 2021 koo, americi congress ney unnat kaanoon banaaya jiska prabhaav sainya sahaayata parr padegaa joe washington ney 2012 seey azerbaijan koo bheji haye. yeh iss tathya key kaaran thaa kii armenia key liye package, isake bajaay, kaafee chhote hain. sainya. aadhunik azerbaijan senaa kaa itihas 1918 mein azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya kaa haye jaba navgathit azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya kii rashtriya senaa 26 juuna 1918 koo banaai gaee thee. jaba azerbaijan ney soviyat sangh key vighatan key baad swatantrata praapt kii thee, taba azerbaijan ganarajya key sashastr balon koo 9 octuber 1991 key sashastr balon parr kaanoon key anusaar banaaya gayaa thaa. alpakaalik rashtriya senaa kii sthaapana kii mool tithi aaj key azerbaijan mein senaa divas (26 juuna) key roop mein manai jaati haye. 2021 taka, azerbaijan key sashastr balon mein 126,000 sakriya karmi they. 17, 000 ardhsainik bull aur 330,00 aarakshit karmi bhee hain. sashastr balon kii teen shaakhaaen hainh bhoomi bull, vayu senaa aur nausena. isake alawa sashastr balon mein kaee sainya upa-samooh shamil hain joe aavashyakta padane parr raajya raksha mein shamil hoe sakate hain. yeye aantarik mamalon key mantralaya aur raajya seema seva key aantarik sanic hain, jinamen tata rakshak bhee shamil hain. azerbaijan rashtriya rakshak ack aur ardhsainik bull haye. yeh vishesh raajya sanrakshan seva kii ack ardh-swatantra ikai key roop mein kaam karati haye, joe rashtrapati key adheenasth ack agency haye. azerbaijan europe mein paaramparik sashastr balon parr sandhi kaa paalan kartaa haye aur sabhi pramukh antarrashtriya hathiyaron aur hathiyaron kii sandhiyon parr hastakshar kiya haye. azerbaijan shaanti aur vyaktigat saajhedaari kaary yojana/pee. aff. pee. aur aaee. pee. aeye. jaise karyakramon mein naato key saath nikatata seey sahyog kartaa haye. azerbaijan ney apane shaanti senaa key 151 sainikon koo iraq mein aur 184 balon koo afghanistan mein tainaat kiya haye. azerbaijan ney apane raksha bajat parr 2.24 arab dollar kharch kiye, joe isake kull jee. dee. pee. kaa 5.4% thaa, aur samanya sarkari kharch kaa kuchh 12.7% thaa. azerbaijani raksha udyog chhote hathiyar, topkhaane kii pranali, tank, kavach aur raat kii drishti vaale upkaran, vimanan bumm, uav/maanav rahit havaai vaahan, vibhinn sainya vaahan aur sainya vimaan aur helicopters kaa nirmaan kartaa haye. prashaasnik prabhaag. azerbaijan prashaasnik roop seey 14 aarthik kshetron mein vibhajit haye; 66 rayon (, ekvachan) aur 11 shahar (, ekvachan) ganarajya key pratyaksh adhikaar key tahat. isake alawa, azerbaijan mein nakhchivan kaa swaayatt ganarajya () shamil haye. azerbaijan key rashtrapati inn ikaaiyon key rajyapalon kii niyukti karate hain, jabaki nakhchivan kii sarkaar nakhchivan swaayatt ganarajya kii sansad dwara chuni aur anumodit kii jaati haye. arthavyavastha. 1991 mein swatantrata praapt karane key baad, azerbaijan antarrashtriya maudrik kosh, vishva baink, punarnirmaan aur vikas key liye europeeya baink, islami vikas baink aur asiai vikas baink kaa sadasya bunn gayaa. azerbaijan kii banking pranali mein azerbaijan kaa kendriya baink, vaanijyik baink aur gair-banking credit sangathan shamil hain. rashtriya (abb kendriya) baink 1992 mein azerbaijan raajya bachat baink key aadhar parr banaaya gayaa thaa, joe ussr key poorv raajya bachat baink seey sambaddh haye. kendriya baink azerbaijan key kendriya baink key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, joe rashtriya mudra, azerbaijani manat jaari karane aur sabhi vaanijyik bainkon kii nigrani karane key liye sashakt haye. dou pramukh vaanijyik baink unibank aur azerbaijan kaa raajya key swaamitva vaalaa antarrashtriya baink hain, joe abbas ibrahimov dwara sanchaalit hain. kharch aur maang vriddhi key kaaran 2007 kii kyu1 mudrasfeeti darr aaee. dee. 1 taka pahunch gaee. iss aankade key mukabale nammatra kii aaya aur masik majdoori mein kramshah 29 pratishat aur 25 pratishat kii vriddhi hui, lekin gair-tail udyog mein moolya vriddhi ney mudrasfeeti koo protsaahit kiya. azerbaijan apane teji seey badhate oorjaa kshetra key kaaran tathaakathit "dutch roga" key kuchh sanket dikhaata haye, joe mudrasfeeti kaa kaaran banata haye aur gair-oorjaa niryaat koo adhik mahanga banaata haye. 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein, deerghakaalik roop seey uchch mudrasfeeti koo niyantran mein laaya gayaa thaa. isake kaaran 1 janwari 2006 koo ack naee mudra, naee azerbaijani manat kaa shubharambh huaa, taaki aarthik sudhaaron koo majboot kiya jaa sakey aur ack asthir arthavyavastha key avasheshon koo mitaaya jaa sakey. azerbaijan anya cis deshon seey oopar, 2010-2011 key liye vaishvik pratispardha report mein 57vein sthaan parr haye. 2012 taka azerbaijan kaa jee. dee. pee. 1995 key star seey 20 gunaa badh gayaa thaa. oorjaa aur praakritik sansaadhan. azerbaijan kaa dou-tihai hissa tail aur praakritik gais seey samriddh haye. azerbaijan key tail udyog kaa itihas pracheen kaal seey haye. arabi itihaaskaar aur yatri ahmed all-baladuri ney pracheen kaal mein absheron praaydweep kii arthavyavastha parr charcha kii, vishesh roop seey isake tail kaa ullekh kiya. azerbaijan mein kaee pipeline hain. dakshini gais galiyare kaa lakshya, joe azerbaijan mein vishal shaah deniz gais kshetra koo europe seey jodata haye, russie gais parr europeeya sangh kii nirbharta koo cumm karna haye. desh key adhikansh soney, chaandi, loha, tamba, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, jatil ayask aur antimony key liye cumm coccus kaa kshetra jimmedaar haye. sitambar 1994 mein, azerbaijan ganarajya (sokaar) kii raajya tail company aur 13 tail companiyon key beach 30 saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye gaye they, jinamen amoko, bee. pee., exonmobil, lukoil aur equinor shamil they. paschimi tail companiyan soviyat shoshan seey achhoote gahare paani key tail kshetron kaa upayog karane mein saksham hain, isaliye azerbaijan koo tail anveshan aur vikas key liye duniya key sabse mahatvapurna sthaanon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. iss beach, azerbaijan key raajya tail kosh koo ack atirikt-bajatiya kosh key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa taaki vrihat aarthik sthirata, tail rajaswa key prabandhan mein paardarshita aur bhavishya kii peedhiyon key liye sansadhanon kii suraksha sunishchit kii jaa sakey. azerbaijan mein jaiv kshamata taka pahunch vishva ausat seey cumm haye. 2016 mein, azerbaijan key kshetra mein prati vyakti 0.8 vaishvik hectare jaiv kshamata thee, joe prati vyakti 1.6 vaishvik hectare key vishva ausat kaa aadhaa thaa. 2016 mein azerbaijan ney prati vyakti 2.1 vaishvik hectare jaiv kshamata kaa upayog kiya-unaki paaristhitikiya khapat kaa padchinh. iska matlab haye kii way azerbaijan kii tulanaa mein adhik jaiv kshamata kaa upayog karate hain. natijatan, azerbaijan ack jaiv kshamata kii kamee chalaa rhaa haye. sokar kii ack upa-company, azarikaz, 2021 taka desh kaa poorna gaisikaran sunishchit karane kaa irada rakhti haye. azerbaijan poorv-paschim aur uttar-dakshin oorjaa parivahan galiyaron key prayojakon mein seey ack haye. baaku-tbilisi-cars railway line caspian kshetra koo turkey seey jodegi, jisake julaai 2017 mein puuraa honey kii ummeed haye. trance-anatolian gais pipeline (tanap) aur trance adriatic pipeline (tapp) azerbaijan key shaah deniz gais seey turkey aur europe taka praakritik gais pahunchaayegi. azerbaijan ney 14 sitambar 2017 koo sokaar aur saha-udyamon (bee. pee., chevron, inpex, equinor, exonmobil, tii. pee., itochu aur oh. aine. jee. see. videsh) dwara hastaaksharit sanshodhit pee. aiss. aeye. key anusaar acg. key vikas parr samjhaute koo 2050 taka badhaa diyaa. krishi. azerbaijan mein iss kshetra kaa sabse badaa krishi besin haye. azerbaijan kaa lagbhag 54.9 pratishat krishi bhoomi haye. 2007 kii shuruat mein upayog kiye gaye krishi kshetra kaa 4,755,100 hectare thaa. usee varsh kull lakadi key sansadhanon kii ginati 13.6 karod ghana meater kii hui. azerbaijan key krishi vaigyaanik anusandhaan sansthaan ghaas key maidanon aur charagahon, bagwani aur uposhnakatibandhiya fasalon, hurry sabjiyon, viticulture aur sharaab banaane, kapas ugaane aur aushadhiya paudhon parr kendrit hain. kuchh kshetron mein anaaj, aaloo, cheeni chukandar, kapas aur tambaku ugaana laabhdaayak haye. pashudhan, dugdh utpaad aur sharaab aur sharaab bhee mahatvapurna krishi utpaad hain. caspian machhali pakadane kaa udyog sturgeon aur beluga key ghatate stock parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. 2002 mein azerbaijani vyaapaari samudri key paas 54 jahaaj they. videshon seey pahale aayatit kuchh utpaadon kaa sthaaniya star parr utpaadan shuru hoe gayaa haye. unamen seey coca-colla bottler limitted dwara coca-colla hain., bucky-castell dwara bear, nehir dwara lakadi kaa tukada aur upec pipe coating azerbaijan dwara tail pipe. paryatan. paryatan azerbaijan kii arthavyavastha kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye. 1980 key dashak mein yeh desh ack prasiddh paryatan sthal thaa. soviyat sangh key patan aur 1990 key dashak key dauran pahale nagorno-karabakh yuddh ney paryatan udyog aur ack paryatan sthal key roop mein azerbaijan kii chhavi koo nuksan pahunchaaya. 2000 key dashak taka paryatan udyog mein sudhaar naheen huaa thaa aur taba seey desh mein paryatakon kii yaatraon aur ratonrat rahane kii sankhya mein uchch darr kaa anubhav huaa haye. haal key varshon mein, azerbaijan dhaarmik, spaa aur swaasthya dekhbhal paryatan key liye bhee ack lokpriya gantavya bunn gayaa haye. sardiyon key dauran, shahdag parvat resort atyaadhunik suvidhaon key saath skiing pradaan kartaa haye. azerbaijan kii sarkaar ney azerbaijan key vikas koo ack vishisht paryatan sthal key roop mein sarvocch prathamikta key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya haye. yeh paryatan koo ack pramukh banaane kii ack rashtriya ranneeti haye, yadi sabse badaa naheen, tou azerbaijani arthavyavastha mein yogdan karane vaalaa. inn gatividhiyon koo azerbaijan key sanskriti aur paryatan mantralaya dwara viniyamit kiya jaataa haye. 63 desh hain jinake paas veeja-mukt score haye. ee-veeja-azerbaijan ganarajya mein veeja-aavashyak deshon key videshiyon kii yatra key liye. vishva aarthik munch kii yatra aur paryatan pratispardha report 2015 key anusaar, azerbaijan 84vein sthaan parr haye. vishva yatra aur paryatan parishad kii ack report key anusaar, azerbaijan 2010 aur 2016 key beach agantuk niryaat mein sabse majboot vriddhi dikhaane vaale sheersh duss deshon mein seey ack thaa, isake alawa, azerbaijan ney pichhale saal antargami antarrashtriya agantuk kharch key liye majboot sanketkon key saath sabse teji seey vikaasheel yatra aur paryatan arthvyavasthaon vaale deshon mein pahale (46.1%) sthaan parr rakhaa. parivahan. resham sadak aur dakshin-uttar galiyara jaisi pramukh antarrashtriya yatayat dhamniyon key chauraha parr azerbaijan kaa suvidhajanak sthaan, desh kii arthavyavastha key liye parivahan kshetra key ranneetik mahatva koo ujagar kartaa haye. desh mein parivahan kshetra mein sadaken, railway, vimanan aur samudri parivahan shamil hain. azerbaijan kachche maal key parivahan mein bhee ack mahatvapurna aarthik kendra haye. baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline (bee. tii. see.) maee 2006 mein chaalu hoe gaee aur azerbaijan, georgia aur turkey key kshetron kii tulanaa mein adhik faili hui haye. bee. tii. see. koo salana 50 million tunn kachche tail key parivahan key liye design kiya gayaa haye aur yeh caspian samudri tail kshetron seey tail koo vaishvik baajaron mein leey jaataa haye. dakshin coccus pipeline, joe azerbaijan, georgia aur turkey key kshetra mein bhee faili hui haye, 2006 key anta mein chaalu hoe gaee aur shaah deniz gais kshetra seey europeeya bajar mein atirikt gais kii aapoorti pradaan karati haye. shaah deniz seey prati varsh 296 arab ghana meater praakritik gais kaa utpaadan honey kii ummeed haye. azerbaijan europeeya sangh dwara praayojit resham sadak pariyojana mein bhee ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaata haye. 2002 mein, azerbaijani sarkaar ney neeti aur niyaamak karyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key saath parivahan mantralaya kii sthaapana kii. usee varsh, desh sadak yatayat parr vienna sammelan kaa sadasya bunn gayaa. arthavyavastha key anya kshetron key vikas koo behtar banaane key liye parivahan network kaa unnayan aur parivahan sevaaon mein sudhaar karna prathmiktaon mein shamil haye. 2012 mein cars-tbilisi-baaku railway kaa nirmaan turkey key madhyam seey paschim mein europeeya railway pranali seey poorv mein chean aur kazakhstan key railway koo jodkar asia aur europe key beach parivahan mein sudhaar karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 2010 mein broad-gaze railway aur vidyuteekrit railway kramshah aur key liye vistaarit hue. 2010 taka, 35 havaai adde aur ack heliport thaa. vigyaan aur praudyogiki. 21veen sadee mein, ack nae tail aur gais uchhaal ney azerbaijan key vigyaan aur praudyogiki kshetron mein sthiti mein sudhaar karane mein madad kii. sarkaar ney aadhunikikaran aur navachar key uddeshya seey ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. sarkaar kaa anuman haye kii soochana praudyogiki aur sanchaar udyog seey laabh badhega aur tail utpaadan seey honey vaale laabhon kii tulanaa mein badhega. azerbaijan mein ack badaa aur lagaatar badhata huaa internet kshetra haye, joe jyaadaatar 2007-2008 key vittiya sankat seey aprabhaavit haye; cumm seey cumm paanch aur varshon key liye teji seey vikas kaa anuman haye. azerbaijan 2021 mein vaishvik navachar soochkaank mein 80vein sthaan parr thaa, joe 2019 mein 84vein sthaan parr thaa. desh apane dursanchar kshetra key vikas mein bhee pragati curr rhaa haye. sanchaar aur soochana praudyogiki mantralaya (aim. see. aaee. tii.) aur aztelecom mein apani bhoomika key madhyam seey ack sanchaalak neeti nirmaata aur niyaamak donon hain. saarvajanik bhugtan sthaaniya coll key liye upalabdh hain aur telephone exchange yaa kuchh dukaanon aur kiyosk seey tokan kii khareed kii aavashyakta hoti haye. tokan anishchit kaal key coll kii anumati dete hain. vahaan 1,397,000 mukhya telephone laainen aur 1,485,000 internet upayogkarta they. chaar jee. aiss. aim. pradaata hainh azercel, azerphone (naar mobile), nakhtel mobile network operator aur ack see. dee. aim. aeye. 21veen shatabdi mein kaee pramukh azerbaijani bhoo-gatiki aur bhoo-bhoo-bhoo-vigyaan vaigyaanikon ney, elchin khalilov aur anya key maulik karyon seey prerit hocker, saikadon bhookamp purvanuman stations aur bhookamp pratirodhi imaraton koo design kiya joe abb bhookamp seva key gantantra kendra kaa badaa hissa hain. azerbaijan rashtriya aerospace agency ney 7 farwari 2013 koo 46° poorv kii kakshiya sthiti mein french guyana mein guyana antariksh kendra seey apana pahala upgrah azersat 1 koo kaksha mein launch kiya. yeh upgrah europe aur asia aur africa key ack mahatvapurna hisse koo cover kartaa haye aur tv aur radio prasaran key saath-saath internet key prasaran kii seva pradaan kartaa haye. kaksha mein ack upgrah kaa prakshepan azerbaijan kaa apana antariksh udyog key saath ack rashtra banane key apane lakshya koo sakar karane kii disha mein pahala kadam haye, joe bhavishya mein aur adhik pariyojanaon koo safaltapurvak lagu karane mein saksham haye. jansankhyiki. march 2022 taka, azerbaijan kii kull jansankhya kaa 52.9% shahari haye, shesh 47.1% graameen haye. janwari 2019 mein, kull jansankhya kaa 50.1% mahila thee. usee varsh linganupat prati mahila 0.99 purush thaa. 2011 kii jansankhya vriddhi darr duniya bhar mein 1.09% kii tulanaa mein 0.85% thee. jansankhya vriddhi koo seemit karane vaalaa ack mahatvapurna kaarak uchch star kaa pravaas haye. 2011 mein azerbaijan mein-1.14/1,000 logon kaa pravaas dekhaa gayaa. azerbaijani pravaasi 42 deshon mein paae jaate hain aur badale mein azerbaijan key ander jaatiya alpsankhyakon key liye kaee kendra hain, jinamen german saanskritik samaaj "currelhoss", slavic saanskritik kendra, azerbaijani-israeli samudaay, kurdish saanskritik kendra, antarrashtriya talish sangh, lezgin rashtriya kendra "samur", azerbaijani-taataar samudaay, crimean taataar samaaj aadi shamil hain. kull milakar, azerbaijan mein 78 shahar, 63 shahar jile aur ack vishesh kanuni darja vaalaa shahar haye. 261 shahari-prakaar kii bastiyaan aur 4248 gaanv inca anusaran karate hain. jaatiyata. 2009 kii jansankhya janganana key anusaar jansankhya kii jaatiya sanrachanaah 91.6% azerbaijani, 2% lezzin, 1.4% armenian (lagbhag sabhi armenian nagorno-karabakh key alag-alag kshetra mein rahate hain), 1.3% russie, 1.3% talish, 0.6% awaar, 0.40% turk, 0.3% tatar, 0.3% taat, 0.20% ukraini, 0.1% sakhur, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% yahudi, 0.1% coords, anya 0.2%. bhaashaaen. aadhikarik bhasha azerbaijani haye, joe ack turkey bhasha haye. azerbaijani lagbhag 92 pratishat aabaadi dwara matribhasha key roop mein bolly jaati haye. russie aur armenian (kewal nagorno-karabakh mein) bhee bolly jaati hain, aur pratyek kramshah lagbhag 1.5% aabaadi kii matribhasha haye. desh mein ack darjan anya alpasankhyak bhaashaaen bhee bolly jaati hain. awaar, budukh, georgia, juhuri, khinalag, crite, lezgin, rutul, talish, tata, sakhur aur udee sabhi chhote alpsankhyakon dwara bolly jaati hain. inmein seey kuchh bhasha samudaay bahut chhote hain aur unaki sankhya cumm hoe rahee haye. 1989 mein lagbhag 76 pratishat key saath nagorno-karabakh mein armenian bhasha bahusankhyak thee. pahale nagorno-karabakh yuddh key baad, aabaadi lagbhag 95 pratishat key aspas vishesh roop seey armenian haye. dharm. azerbaijan koo sabse dharmnirpeksh muslim bahul desh maanaa jaataa haye. lagbhag 97 pratishat aabaadi musalman haye. musalmaanon key lagbhag 55-85% shiya honey kaa anuman haye, jabaki 15-45% musalman sunni hain. desh key vibhinn jaatiya samoohon dwara anya dharmon kaa paalan kiya jaataa haye. apane samvidhaan key anuchhed 48 key tahat, azerbaijan ack dharmnirpeksh raajya haye aur dhaarmik swatantrata sunishchit kartaa haye. ack 2006-2008 sarvekshan mein, azerbaijan key kewal 21 pratishat uttardaataon ney kahaa kii dharm unake dainik jeevan kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye. desh key dhaarmik alpsankhyakon mein seey, anumaanit 280,000 isai (3.1%) jyaadaatar russie aur georgia key roodhivaadi aur armenian apostolic hain (lagbhag sabhi armenian nagorno-karabakh key alag-alag kshetra mein rahate hain). 2003 mein 250 roman catholic they. 2002 taka anya isai sampradayon mein luther, baptist aur molocan shamil hain. ack chhota saa protestant samudaay bhee haye. azerbaijan mein 2,000 saal key itihas key saath ack pracheen yahudi aabaadi bhee haye; yahudi sangathanon kaa anuman haye kii 12,000 yahudi azerbaijan mein baney hue hain, joe israel aur sanyukt raajya america key baahar ekmatra yahudi-bahul shahar kaa ghar haye. azerbaijan mein bahaai, harey krishna aur jehovah key gawah samudaay key sadasyon key saath-saath anya dhaarmik samudaayon key anuyaayi bhee rahate hain. kuchh dhaarmik samudaayon koo dhaarmik swatantrata seey anaupchaarik roop seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye. aeye yuu.aiss. iss mamle parr raajya vibhaag kii report mein kuchh muslim aur isai samoohon key sadasyon kii hirasat kaa ullekh haye, aur kaee samoohon koo dharm koo niyantrit karane vaali agency, azerbaijan ganarajya (skaraa) key dhaarmik sanghon parr raajya samiti key saath panjikaran karane mein kathinaaee hoti haye. shiksha. azarbaijaaniyon key apekshaakrit uchch pratishat ney uchch shiksha key kuchh roop praapt kiye hain, vishesh roop seey vaigyaanik aur takniki vishayon mein. soviyat yug mein, saksharta aur ausat shiksha kaa star apane bahut hii nimn praarambhik bindu seey naatakiya roop seey badhaa, maanak varnamala mein dou parivartanon key bavjood, 1920 key dashak mein purse-arabic lipi seey lattin mein aur 1930 key dashak mein roman seey cyrillic mein. soviyat aankadon key anusaar, 1970 mein 100 pratishat purush aur mahilaaen (nau seey untalis varsh kii ayu) sakshar they. sanyukt rashtra vikas karyakram report 2009 key anusaar, azerbaijan mein saksharta darr 99.5 pratishat haye. swatantrata key baad seey, azerbaijan kii sansad ney soviyat sangh seey khud koo alag karane key liye paarit kiye gaye pahale kaanoonon mein seey ack cyrillic koo badalane key liye ack sanshodhit-lattin varnamala koo apnana thaa. isake alawa azerbaijani pranali mein bahut cumm sanrachanaatmak parivartan huaa haye. praarambhik parivartanon mein dhaarmik shiksha kii punah sthaapana (soviyat kaal key dauran pratibandhit) aur pathyakram parivartan shamil hain jinhone azerbaijani bhasha key upayog parr phir seey jore diyaa haye aur vaichaarik samagri koo samaapt curr diyaa haye. praathamik vidyaalayon key alawa, shiksha sansthanon mein hajaaron poorv vidyalaya, samanya maadhyamik vidyalaya aur vyaavsaayik vidyalaya shamil hain, jinamen vishesh maadhyamik vidyalaya aur takniki vidyalaya shamil hain. nauvin kaksha taka kii shiksha anivarya haye. sanskriti. azerbaijan kii sanskriti kaee prabhaavon key parinamswarup vikasit hui haye; yahee kaaran haye kii azerbaijan kaee mayanon mein dwi-saanskritik hain. aaj, vaishvik upabhokta sanskriti sahit paschimi prabhaavon key bavjood desh mein rashtriya paramparaaen achchi tarah seey sanrakshit hain. azerbaijani sanskriti key kuchh mukhya tatva hainh sangeet, saahitya, lock nritya aur kalaa, vyanjan, vastukala, chhayankan aur novruz beyram. uttaraardh parsi dharm key pracheen irani dharm mein nae varsh key paaramparik utsav seey liya gayaa haye. novruz ack parivarik avkash haye. jaisa kii oopar bataaya gayaa haye, azerbaijan kii aabaadi key profile mein azarbaijaaniyon key saath-saath anya rashtriyataon yaa jaatiya samoohon key loga shamil hain, joe desh key vibhinn kshetron mein saghan roop seey rahate hain. azerbaijani rashtriya aur paaramparik kapade chokha aur papakhi hain. russie, georgia, kurdish, lezgian aur talish bhaashaon mein radio prasaran hotey hain, jinhen raajya key bajat seey vittaposhit kiya jaataa haye. balakan aur khachamaaz mein kuchh sthaaniya radio station awaar aur tata mein prasaran kaa ayojan karate hain. baaku mein kaee samachar patra russie, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), lezgian ("samoor") aur talish bhaashaon mein prakaashit hotey hain. yahudi samaaj "sokhnat" samachar patra "aziz" prakaashit kartaa haye. sangeet aur lock nritya. azerbaijan kaa sangeet lagbhag ack hazaar saal purani lock paramparaon parr adharit haye. sadiyon seey azerbaijani sangeet acrus key baij key tahat vikasit huaa haye, joe layabaddh roop seey vividh dhunon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. azerbaijani sangeet mein ack shakha mode pranali haye, jahan pramukh aur chhote taraju kaa chromatisation bahut mahatvapurna haye. rashtriya sangeet vaadyayantron mein 14 taar vaadyayantra, aathh taal vaadyayantra aur chhah pawan vaadyayantra hain. sangeet aur sangeetkaron key grove shabdakosh" key anusaar, jaatiyata, sanskriti aur dharm key sandarbh mein azerbaijani turkey kii tulanaa mein sangeet kii drishti seey iran key bahut karib hain." mugal, mekhana aur ashik kalaa azerbaijan kii kaee sangeet paramparaon mein seey hain. mugam aamtaur parr kavita aur vaadyayantron key beach kaa ack samooh hotaa haye. mugam karate samay gayakon koo apani bhaavanaon koo gaayan aur sangeet mein badalana padata haye. madhya asiai deshon kii mugam paramparaon key vipareet, azerbaijani mugam adhik mukt roop aur cumm kathor haye; isaki tulanaa aksar jaiz key tatkalik kshetra seey kii jaati haye. unesco ney 7 navambar 2003 koo azerbaijani mugam parampara koo manavata kii maukhik aur amoort viraasat kii ack utkrisht kriti ghoshit kiya. mekhana ack prakaar kaa paaramparik azerbaijani vishisht lock geet haye, jise aamtaur parr kaee logon dwara ack vishesh vishay parr sudhaar karate hue prastut kiya jaataa haye. ashisht kavita, kahani kahane, nritya aur mukhar aur vaadya sangeet koo ack paaramparik pradarshan kalaa mein jodata haye joe azerbaijani sanskriti key prateek key roop mein khadaa haye. yeh ack rahasyamay pareshan yaa yatra karane vaalaa bard haye joe gaataa haye aur saaj bajaata haye. iss parampara kii utpatti pracheen turkey logon kii shamanwadi maanyataon mein hui haye. aashik key geet samanya aadharon key aspas ardh-unnat hain. azerbaijan kii ashik kalaa koo 30 sitambar 2009 koo unesco dwara amoort saanskritik viraasat kii soochi mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 1960 key dashak key madhya seey, paschimi-prabhaavit azerbaijani popp sangeet, apane vibhinn roopon mein, joe azerbaijan mein lokpriyata mein badh rhaa haye, jabaki rock aur hip hopp jaisi shailiyon kaa vyaapak roop seey utpaadan aur anand liya jaataa haye. azerbaijani popp aur azerbaijani lock sangeet alim kasimov, rashid behbudov, yonif mustafazadeh, muslim magomayev, showat alakbarova aur rubaba muradova jaise kalakaron kii antarrashtriya lokpriyata key saath ubhara. azerbaijan eurovision geet pratiyogita mein ack utsaahi pratibhaagi haye. azerbaijan ney 2008 kii eurovision geet pratiyogita mein apani pahali upasthiti darj karaai. desh kaa pravesh 2009 mein teesara sthaan aur agale varsh paanchvaan sthaan praapt kiya. ell aur nikki ney eurovision geet pratiyogita 2011 mein pahala sthaan jeetaa, jisamen "darr seey chala rhaa haye" geet key saath, azerbaijan koo 2012 mein baaku mein pratiyogita kii mejbani karane kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa. unhone pratiyogita key 2018 sanskaran taka harr bhavya final key liye arhata praapt kii haye, gaayak aaizel dwara merey dill seey pravesh kiya haye. darjanon azerbaijani lock nritya hain. way aupchaarik samarohon mein prastut kiye jaate hain aur nartakiyaan rashtriya vastron jaise chokha pahanati hain, joe rashtriya nrityon key bheetar achchi tarah seey sanrakshit haye. adhikansh nrityon mein bahut tej lay hoti haye. saahitya. aadhunik azerbaijani ganarajya kii kshetriya seemaon key bheetar paida hue madhyayugeen lekhakon mein farsi kavi aur daarshanik nizami they, jinhen unake janm sthaan key baad ganjavi kahaa jaataa thaa, ganja, joe khams ("dha quintuplate") key lekhak they, joe paanch romantic kavitaon seey bunny theen, jinamen "rahasyon kaa khajaana", "khosro aur shinn", aur "lealy aur mejan" shamil they. likhit azerbaijani saahitya mein sabse purani gyaat vyakti izzaddin hasanoglu they, jinhone farsi aur azerbaijani gazal seey milkar ack diwan kii rachana kii thee. farsi gazalon mein unhone apane kalam-naam kaa upayog kiya, jabaki unake azerbaijani gazalon kii rachana unake apane naam hasanoglu key tahat kii gaee thee. azerbaijani mein shaastriya saahitya kaa gathan 14veen shatabdi mein tabriz aur shirvan kii vibhinn praarambhik madhya yug kii boliyon parr adharit thaa. iss avadhi key kaviyon mein gaaji burhanaddin, hakiki (jahan shaah kaaraa koyunlu kaa upnaam) aur habibi they. 14veen shatabdi kaa anta imadaddin nasimi kii saahityik gatividhi shuru karane kii avadhi bhee thee, joe 14veen shatabdi key anta aur 15veen shatabdi kii shuruat key sabse mahaan azerbaijani hurufi rahasyamay kaviyon mein seey ack they aur turkey saahityik itihas key sabse pramukh praarambhik diwan guruon mein seey ack they, jinhone farsi aur arabi mein kavita kii rachana bhee kii thee. diwan aur gajal shailiyon koo aage kaviyon kasem-aeye-anwar, fuzuli aur khatai (safavid shaah ismel kaa kalam naam) dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. deede korkut kii pustak" mein 16veen shatabdi mein nakal kii gaee dou paandulipiyaan hain, aur 15veen shatabdi seey pahale naheen likhi gaee theen. yeh oghuz khanabadoshon kii maukhik parampara koo darshaane vaali 12 kahaaniyon kaa sangrah haye. 16veen shatabdi key kavi muhammad fuzuli ney arabi, farsi aur azerbaijani mein apane kaalaatit daarshanik aur geetaatmak "qazaal" kaa nirmaan kiya. apane paryaavaran kii behtareen saahityik paramparaon seey atyadhik labhanvit hocker, aur apane poorvavartiyon kii viraasat parr nirmaan karate hue, fuzuli apane samaaj kii agrani saahityik hasti banane key liye niyat they. unaki pramukh kritiyon mein "dha diwan off ghazzles" aur "dha kasidas" shamil hain. usee shatabdi mein, azerbaijani saahitya bard kii ashik () kavya shally key vikas key saath aur adhik falaa-phoola. usee avadhi key dauran, khatai ("paapi" key liye) shaah ismel key upnaam key tahat maine azerbaijani mein lagbhag 1400 chhand likhe, jinhen baad mein unake "diwan" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa. ack anoothi saahityik shally jise "qoshma" ("ashurachana" key liye) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, iss avadhi mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur shaah ismel dwara aur baad mein unake bete aur uttaradhikari, shaah tehmasp dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi key dauran, fazuli kii anoothi shailiyon key saath-saath dhaarmik kavitaon koo pramukh kaviyon aur lekhakon jaise kii tabriz key kavasi, shaah abbas saanee, nishaat, moll vallie vidadi, moll panaah yonif, amani, zafar aur anya ney apanaaya thaa. turk, turk aur uzbek key saath, azerbazzanis bhee ack prasiddh lock naayak coroglu ("andhe aadami key bete" key liye) key mahakavya kaa jashn manaate hain. coroglu mahakavya key kaee pralekhit sanskaran azerbaijan kii rashtriya vigyaan akadami kii pandulipiyon key liye sansthaan mein baney hue hain. azerbaijan mein aadhunik azerbaijani saahitya mukhya roop seey shirwani bolly parr adharit haye, jabaki iran mein yeh tabrizi bhasha parr adharit haye. azerbaijani mein pahala samachar patra, "akinchi" 1875 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein, ise baaku, ganja, shaaki, tbilisi aur yerevan key schools mein padhaaya jaataa thaa. 1845 seey, ise roose key sent pietersberg vishvavidyalaya mein bhee padhaaya jaataa thaa. lock kalaa. azarbaijaaniyon kii ack samriddh aur vishisht sanskriti haye, jiska ack pramukh hissa sajawati aur prayukt kalaa haye. iss kalaa kaa pratinidhitva hastshilp kii ack vistrit shrinkhala dwara kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii peechha karna, aabhushan banaana, dhaatu mein utkirnan, lakadi mein nakkashi, patthar, huddy, kaaleen banaana, lessing, pattern bunai aur mudran, aur bunai aur kadhaai. iss prakaar kii sajawati kalaa, azerbaijan rashtra key daan kaa pramaan, yahaan bahut adhik paksh mein haye. azerbaijan mein kalaa aur shilp key vikas seey sambandhit kaee dilchasp tathyon kii soochana kaee vyapariyon, yaatriyon aur rajnayikon dwara dee gaee thee jinhone alag-alag samay parr inn sthaanon kaa daura kiya thaa. azerbaijani kaaleen vibhinn aakaron kaa ack paaramparik hastanirmit kapada haye, jisamen ack ghanaa banaavat aur ack dher yaa dher-rahit satah haye, jisake pattern azerbaijan key kaee kaaleen banaane vaale kshetron kii visheshta hain. navambar 2010 mein azerbaijani kaaleen koo unesco dwara amoort viraasat kii ack utkrisht kriti ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. azerbaijan pracheen kaal seey hii shilp kii ack badee vividhata key kendra key roop mein jaanaa jaataa rhaa haye. azerbaijan key kshetra mein puraataatvik khudai achchi tarah seey vikasit krishi, stock badhaane, dhaatu key kaam, mitty key bartan, cheeni mitty key bartan aur kaaleen-bunai kii gawahi detee haye joe doosari sahasrabdi eesaa poorv taka kii tarikh haye. bee. tii. see. pipeline seey ujagar dashbulak, hasanasu, zaayamchaai aur tovuzchai mein puraataatvik sthalon ney praarambhik lauh yug kii kalakritiyon kaa khulasa kiya haye. azerbaijani kaalinon koo kaee badey samoohon aur upsamuhon kii ack bheed key tahat vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. azerbaijani kaaleen kaa vaigyaanik shodh ack pramukh vaigyaanik aur kalakar lateef karimov key naam seey judaa huaa haye. yeh unakaa vargeekaran thaa joe kaalinon key chaar badey samoohon koo azerbaijan, guba-shirvan, ganja-kazakh, karabakh aur tabriz key chaar bhaugolik kshetron seey sambandhit thaa. vyanjan. paaramparik vyanjan sabjiyon aur sabjiyon kii prachurta key liye prasiddh haye joe vyanjanon mein mausami roop seey upayog kiye jaate hain. taksal, cylintro (dhaniya), dill, tulsi, ajmod, taragon, leak, cheeves, azwine, marjoram, haraa pyaaj aur watercress sahit taaja jadee-bootiyaan bahut lokpriya hain aur aksar mez parr mukhya vyanjanon key saath hoti hain. jalavaayu vividhata aur bhoomi kii urvarta rashtriya vyanjanon mein parilakshit hoti haye, joe caspian samudra kii machhali, sthaaniya maans (mukhya roop seey mutton aur gomans) aur mausami sabjiyon aur saag kii prachurta parr adharit hain. kesar-chawal plove azerbaijan mein pramukh bhojan haye aur kaali chaay rashtriya peya haye. azerbaijani aksar paaramparik armadu (nashpati key aakar key) kaanch kaa upayog karate hain kyonki unaki chaay kii sanskriti bahut majboot hoti haye. lokpriya paaramparik vyanjanon mein bozbash (bhed key bachche kaa soop joe vibhinn sabjiyon key saath kaee kshetriya kismon mein maujood haye), qutub (saag yaa bareek kiye gaye maans key saath talaa huaa karobar) aur dushbara (bhunaa huaa maans aur swaad seey bharey aate kii pakaudi) shamil hain. vastukala. azerbaijani vastukala aamtaur parr poorv aur paschim key tatvon koo jodati haye. azerbaijani vastukala kaa farsi vastukala seey bhaari prabhaav haye. kaee pracheen vaastushilp khajaane jaise kii prachir seey ghire baaku shahar mein pahala meenar aur shirvansh kaa mahal aadhunik azerbaijan mein jeevit haye. unesco kii vishva dharohar kii sambhaavit soochi mein baaku kaa ateshgah, momeen khatun makbara, hirkan rashtriya udyaan, bingadi damar jheel, lakbatan mitty jwalamukhi, shusha raajya aitihaasik aur vaastushilp reserve, baaku stage parvat, caspian tata rakshaatmak nirmaan, ordubad rashtriya reserve aur shaaki khaanon kaa mahal shamil hain. anya vaastushilp khajaane mein mardakan mein chaturbhuj mahal, yukhari chardgler mein parigala, aras nadee mein faile kaee pull aur kaee makbare shamil hain. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, bahut cumm smaarkeeya vastukala banaai gaee thee, lekin baaku aur anya jagahon parr vishisht awas banaae gaye they. sabse haal key vaastushilp smarakon mein seey, baaku sabave apani bhavya sajawat key liye prasiddh hain. aadhunik azerbaijani vastukala key liye kaary aadhunik saundaryashastra kaa vividh anuprayog haye, ack vastukar kii apani kalaatmak shally kii khoj aur maujooda aitihaasik-saanskritik vatavaran kaa samavesh haye. heydar aliyev saanskritik kendra, jwala tower, baaku chrystal holl, baaku white city aur sokaar tower jaisi pramukh pariyojanaon ney desh kii kshitij koo badal diyaa haye aur isaki samkaaleen pehchaan koo badhaava diyaa haye. drishya kalaa. gamigaya petroglyphe, joe pahali seey chauthi sahasrabdi eesaa poorv taka key hain, azerbaijan key ordubad jile mein sthit hain. inmein hiran, bakariyon, bail, kutton, saampon, pakshiyon, shandar praniyon aur logon, gaadiyon aur vibhinn prateekon kii chhaviyon key saath lagbhag 1500 visthaapit aur nakkashidar chattan chitra shamil hain joe besault chattanon parr paae gaye they. norwey key naslashastri aur sahsi thore hairdahl koo vishvaas thaa kii kshetra key loga lagbhag 100 esvi mein scandinavia gaye, apane saath apani naav nirmaan kaushal leey gaye, aur unhein uttari europe mein wiking naukaaon mein parivartit curr diyaa. sadiyon seey, azerbaijani kalaa kaee shaileegat parivartanon seey gujri haye. azerbaijani chitrakala paaramparik roop seey rung aur prakaash kii garmajoshi kii visheshta haye, jaisa kii azeem azimzade aur baharooz kangarli key karyon mein udaaharan key roop mein, aur dhaarmik aakritiyon aur saanskritik rupankanon key saath ack vyastata haye. azerbaijani chitrakala koo saikadon varshon taka coccus mein, roman aur ottoman kaal seey, aur soviyat aur barok kaal key madhyam seey, pramukhta praapt hui, jinamen seey baad vaale dou ney azerbaijan mein phal dekhaa. inn avadhiyon key bheetar aaney vaale anya ullekhaniya kalakaron mein sattaar bahlulzade, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakbar rezaguliyev, mirza gadeem irwani, mikayil abdullah aur boyukagha mirzazade shamil hain. cinema. azerbaijan mein film udyog 1898 seey haye. azerbaijan cinematography mein shamil pahale deshon mein seey ack thaa, jisamen upkaran pahali baar baaku mein dikhaai diyaa thaa. 1919 mein, azerbaijan loktaantrik ganarajya key dauran, ack vrittachitra "azerbaijani swatantrata kii varshgaanth kaa utsav" roose seey azerbaijan kii swatantrata kii pahali varshgaanth, 27 maee koo filmaya gayaa thaa, aur juuna 1919 mein baaku key kaee cinemagharon mein iska premiere kiya gayaa thaa. 1920 mein soviyat shakti kii sthaapana key baad, azerbaijan kii krantikari samiti key adhyaksh nariman narimanov ney azerbaijan key cinema kaa rashtriyakaran karane key adesh parr hastakshar kiye. isane azerbaijani animation key nirmaan koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. 1991 mein, azerbaijan dwara soviyat sangh seey apani swatantrata praapt karane key baad, baaku mein pahala baaku antarrashtriya film mahotsav poorv-paschim mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. disambar 2000 mein, azerbaijan key poorv rashtrapati, heydar aliyev ney 2 agast koo azerbaijan key film nirmaataon key liye peshevar avkash ghoshit karane key liye ack farman parr hastakshar kiye. aaj azerbaijani film nirmaata phir seey 1920 mein soviyat sangh kii sthaapana seey pahale cinematographers dwara saamana kiye gaye muddon key samaan muddon seey nipat rahey hain. ack baar phir, samagri aur filmon key prayojan donon key vikalp kaafee hudd taka film nirmaata kii pahal parr chhod diye gaye hain. television. teen raajya key swaamitva vaale television channel hainh aztv, idman tv aur medeniyat tv. ack saarvajanik channel aur 6 niji channel hainh <unk>ctimai television, space tv, lider tv, aazad azerbaijan tv, aur arab. manvadhikar. azerbaijan kaa samvidhaan abhivyakti kii swatantrata kii guaranti dene kaa daavaa kartaa haye, lekin vyavhaar mein isase incar kiya jaataa haye. press aur media kii swatantrata mein kaee varshon kii girawat key baad, 2014 mein, azerbaijan mein media kaa vatavaran kissy bhee vipaksh aur aalochana koo chup karaane key sarkari abhiyaan key tahat teji seey bigad gayaa, jabaki desh ney europe kii parishad (maee-navambar 2014) key mantriyon kii samiti kaa netritva kiya. patrakaron key khilaf hinsa mein nakali kanuni aarop aur dund seey mukti samanya bunny hui haye. desh mein sabhi videshi prasaran pratibandhit hain. 2013 kii friedam house friedam off dha press report key anusaar, azerbaijan kii press swatantrata kii sthiti "swatantra naheen haye", aur azerbaijan 196 deshon mein seey 177vein sthaan parr haye. isai dharm koo aadhikarik roop seey maanyata dee gaee haye. sabhi dhaarmik samudaayon koo karawas key jokhim key tahat milane kii anumati dene key liye panjikaran karna aavashyak haye. iss panjikaran koo aksar aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye. "nasleeya bhedbhaav desh kii dhaarmik swatantrata kii kamee mein yogdan detaa haye, kyonki kaee isai ezeri musalman key bajaay jaatiya armenian yaa russie hain. azerbaijan mein radio mukt europe/radio swatantrata aur america kii aavaaz parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa haye. azerbaijan mein ell. jee. bee. tii. logon key khilaf bhedbhaav vyaapak haye. pichhale kuchh varshon key dauran, teen patrakaron kii hatyaa curr dee gaee aur kaee parr antarrashtriya manvadhikar sangathanon dwara anuchit key roop mein varnit mukdamon mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa. patrakaron kii suraksha key liye gathit samiti key anusaar, azerbaijan mein 2015 mein europe mein sabse adhik sankhya mein patrakaar kaid they aur iran aur chean seey aage duniya mein yeh 5vaan sabse adhik sensor kiya gayaa desh haye. azerbaijan mein covid-19 mahamari key coverage key liye kuchh mahatvapurna patrakaron koo giraftar kiya gayaa haye. octuber 2015 mein ack antarrashtriya shodhkarta dwara ack report mein kahaa gayaa haye...pichhale kuchh varshon mein azerbaijan mein manvadhikaron kaa gambhir patan. afsos kii baat haye kii azerbaijan koo abhootpoorv star key daman seey bachane kii anumati dee gaee haye aur iss prakriya mein apane nagrik samaaj kaa lagbhag safaya curr diyaa gayaa haye."desh parr maafi kii 2015/16 vaarshik report mein kahaa gayaa haye... raajneetik asahamati kaa utpeedan jaari rhaa. manvadhikar sangathan apana kaam phir seey shuru karane mein asamarth rahey. varsh key anta mein cumm seey cumm 18 vivek key kaidi hirasat mein rahey. swatantra patrakaron aur kaaryakartaon key khilaf pratishodh desh aur videsh donon mein jaari rhaa, jabaki unake parivaar key sadasyon koo bhee utpeedan aur giraftari kaa saamana karna padaa. antarrashtriya manvadhikar paryavekshakon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa aur desh seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. yaatana aur anya durvyavahar kii reportein bunny raheen." "abhibhaavak" ney aprail 2017 mein bataaya kii "azerbaijan key sattaaroodh abhijaat varg ney pramukh europeeya logon koo bhugtan karane, vilasita saman khareedane aur apaardarshi british companiyon key network key madhyam seey dhana shodhan key liye ack gupt $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojana sanchaalit kii... leak hue aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii azerbaijani netritva, jinn parr silsilevar manvadhikaron key hanan, pranaaleegat bhrashtachar aur chunaavon mein dhandhali kaa aarop haye, ney 2012 seey 2014 taka 16,000 seey adhik gupt bhugtan kiye. iss paise mein seey kuchh raajnetaon aur patrakaron koo gayaa, azerbaijan key rashtrapati, ilham aliyev kii aalochana koo hataane aur unake tail samriddh desh kii sakaratmak chhavi koo badhaava dene key liye ack antarrashtriya lobbing operation key hisse key roop mein."aisaa koee sujhaav naheen thaa kii sabhi praaptakartaon koo paise key srot key baare mein pataa thaa kyonki yeh ack prachhann maarg seey aaya thaa. khel. freestyle kushti koo paaramparik roop seey azerbaijan kaa rashtriya khel maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen azerbaijan ney antarrashtriya olympic samiti mein shamil honey key baad seey chaar swarn sahit chaudah padak jeete hain. vartamaan mein, sabse lokpriya khelon mein football aur kushti shamil hain. football azerbaijan mein sabse lokpriya khel haye, aur 9,122 panjikrit khilaadiyon key saath azerbaijan key football sanghon kaa sangh, desh kaa sabse badaa khel sangh haye. azerbaijan kii rashtriya football team rashtra football clubon kii tulanaa mein antarrashtriya kshetra mein apekshaakrit cumm pradarshan karati haye. sabse safal azerbaijani football club neftsey, qaaraabaag aur gabala hain. 2012 mein, neftchi baaku europeeya pratiyogita key samooh charan mein aage badhane vaali pahali azerbaijani team bunn gaee, jisane uefa europa leag key play-off daur mein cyprus key apole koo kull milakar 4-2 seey haraaya. 2014 mein, qaaraabaag yuu. ee. aff. aeye. europa leag key samooh charan mein aage badhane vaalaa doosara azerbaijani club bunn gayaa. 2017 mein, uefa champions leag key play-off daur mein coppenhagen koo 2-2 (aeye) seey haraane key baad, qaaraabaag samooh charan mein pahunchane vaalaa pahala azerbaijani club bunn gayaa. azerbaijan mein footsal ack aur lokpriya khel haye. azerbaijan rashtriya footsal team 2010 uefa footsal championship mein chauthe sthaan parr pahunch gaee, jabaki gharelu club araaz naxivan ney 2009-10 uefa footsal cup aur 2013-14 uefa footsal cup mein kansya padak jeete. azerbaijan season 2013/2014 aur 2014/2015 key dauran spanish football club atletico dee madrid kaa mukhya praayojak thaa, ack saajhedaari jiska varnan club koo 'duniya mein azerbaijan kii chhavi koo badhaava denaa chaahiye'. azerbaijan vishva shatranj key paaramparik powerhouse mein seey ack haye, jisane kaee antarrashtriya shatranj tournament aur pratiyogitaon kii mejbani kii haye aur 2009,2013 aur 2017 mein europeeya team shatranj championship vijeta bunn gayaa haye. desh key shatranj schools key ullekhaniya shatranj khilaadiyon mein teamor radjabov, shahriyar mammadarov, vladmir makogonov, wugger gashimov aur poorv vishva shatranj champion gairi kasparov shamil hain jinhone khel parr bahut prabhaav daala haye. desh mein shamkir shatranj kaa ghar ack shreni 22 pratiyogita haye aur yeh sabhi samay key uchchatam mulyankan vaale tournaments mein seey ack haye. azerbaijani sanskriti mein backgammen bhee ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh khel azerbaijan mein bahut lokpriya haye aur sthaaniya janata key beach vyaapak roop seey khela jaataa haye. azerbaijani visheshagyon dwara vikasit aur vishleshan kiye gaye backgammen key vibhinn prakaar bhee hain. azerbaijan mahila volleyball super leag duniya kii sabse majboot mahila leegon mein seey ack haye. isaki mahila rashtriya team 2005 kii europeeya championship mein chauthe sthaan parr aaee. pichhale varshon mein, rabita baaku aur azrel baaku jaise clubon ney europeeya cup mein badee safalata hassil kii. azerbaijani volleyball khilaadiyon mein valeria korotenko, oxana parkhomenko, inessa korkamaaz, natalya mammadova aur alaa hasanova shamil hain. anya azerbaijani athletes mein namig abdulayev, toghrul asgarov, rovshan byramov, shareef sharifov, maria studnick aur kushti mein fareed mansurov, nazeem hussainov, elnoor hammadali, elkhan mamadov aur judo mein rustom orozov, karaate mein raafel aghaayev, magomedrasul majidov aur mukkebaji mein aghasi mamadov, olympic bharottolan mein nizaami pashaayev, pancression mein azaami asgarov, kickboxing mein edward mamadov aur key-1 fighter zabit samedov shamil hain. azerbaijan kaa ack formula vann races-track haye, joe juuna 2012 mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur desh ney 19 juuna 2016 koo apana pahala formula vann grand prix aur 2017,2018,2019,2021 aur 2022 mein azerbaijan grand prix kii mejbani kii. desh mein aayojit anya vaarshik khel ayojan baaku cup tennis tournament aur tour dee 'azerbaijan cycling races hain. azerbaijan ney 2000 key dashak key anta seey kaee pramukh khel pratiyogitaon kii mejbani kii, jisamen 2013 aff1 powerboat vishva championship, 2012 feefa yuu-17 mahila vishva cup, 2011 aiba vishva mukkebaji championship, 2010 europeeya kushti championship, 2009 layabaddh gymnastic europeeya championship, 2014 europeeya taikwando championship, 2014 layabaddh gymnastic europeeya championship aur 2016 vishva shatranj olympiad shamil hain. 8 disambar 2012 koo, baaku koo 2015 key europeeya khelon kii mejbani key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, joe pratiyogita key itihas mein aayojit honey vaalaa pahala khel thaa. baaku ney 2017 mein chauthe islami ekjutata khelon aur 2019 europeeya yuva grishmakaaleen olympic utsav kii bhee mejbani kii, aur yeh uefa euro 2020 key mejbaanon mein seey ack haye, joe covid-19 key kaaran 2021 mein aayojit kiya jaa rhaa haye.

azerbaijan azarabaijan (,,,), adhikrutavaagi azarabaijan ganarajya, purva europe mattu paschima eshyaada gadiyalliruva ondu khandaantara deshavaagide. idu daksina caucasus pradeshada ondu bhagavagide mattu purvakke caspian samudra, uttarakke russia (doggeston ganarajya), vaayuvyakke georgia, paschimakke armenia mattu turkey mattu dakshinakke iraangalinda suttuvaridide. baaku idara rajadhani mattu atidodda nagaravagide. azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyavu 1918ralli transcoucatian prajasattatmaka samyukta ganaraajyadinda tanna svatantryavannu ghoshisitu mattu modala jatyatita prajasattatmaka muslim bahusankhyaata raajyavaayitu. 1920ralli, deshavannu soviyat okkootadalli azerbaijan ssr aagi serisalaayitu. aadhunika azerbaijan ganarajyavu adhe varshadalli soviyat okkootada visarjanege swalpa samayada modalu, 1991rahra august 30randu tanna svatantryavannu ghoshisitu. 1991rahra septembernalli, nagarno-karabakh pradeshada janangiya armeniyan bahusankhyaataru swayam ghoshita republic off artskhannu rachisidaru. ee pradesha mattu suttamuttalina elu jillegalannu antararashtriya mattadalli azerbaijan bhagavagi gurutisalaagide, idu 1994 ralli modala nagarno-karabakh yuddhada antyadondige "vaastavika" svatantravaagiddaroo, oseyinda sugamavaada matukategala moolaka nagarno-karabakh sthaanamanakke parihaaravannu baaki ide. 2020 ralli eradane nagarno-karabakh yuddhada nantara, elu jillegalu mattu nagarno-karabakh naa bhagagalannu azerbaijani niyantranakke hintirugisalaayitu. azerbaijan ondu ekaatmaka arey-adhyakshiya ganaraajyavaagide. idu aaru swatantra turkick rajyagalli ondaagide mattu turkick rajyagalu mattu turcoya samudaayada samstheya sakriya sadasyavagide. azerbaijan 182 deshagalondige rajatantrika sambandhagalannu hondide mattu united nations, council off europe, alipta chalavali, ose mattu nato pfp programme seridante 38 antararashtriya samsthegalalli sadasyatvavannu hondide. idu guwam, sis mattu opisidablyugala sthapaka sadasyaralli ondaagide. azarabaijan kooda doubleu. tii. oo. yaya vikshaka sthitiyaagide. deshada bahupalu janasankhyeyu (97 pratishata) naamamaatrada muslimaraagiddu, samvidhaanavu adhikruta dharmavannu ghoshisuvudilla mattu deshada ellah pramukha rajakiya shaktigalu jatyatitavagive. azerbaijan abhivruddhi honduttiruva deshavaagiddu, manava abhivruddhi soochyankadalli 91neey sthaanadallide. idu hecchina arthika abhivruddhi, saaksharate mattu kadime nirudyogada pramaanavannu hondide. aadaagyoo, 1993rinda adhikaaradallidda aadalitaaroodha hosa azerbaijan pakshavu, hyder aliev mattu avara maga ilham aliev ibbara naayakatvadalli sarvadhikari naayakatvavannu hondide mattu nagarika svatantryagala melina nirbandhagalannu hechchisuvudu, visheshavaagi patrika swatantrya mattu rajakiya dabbaalikeya mele deshada manava hakkugala daakhaleyannu hadagedisuttide endu aaropisalaagide. vyutpatti. aadhunika vyutpattiya prakara, "azerbaijan" emba padavu achemenid saamraajyada adiyalli pertian satrap aada "atropates" ninda bandide, nantara avarannu alexander dhii gratena adiyalli madhyamada satrap aagi marusthaapisalaayitu. ee hesarina moola vyutpattiyu ondu kaaladalli prabalavagidda jorastrian dharmadalli tanna berugalannu hondide endu bhaavisalaagide. avestaada "frawardin yash" ("raksaka devategalige stotra") dalli, adara ullekhavide, idu aksarashah avestanninda "naavu pavitra atropatein fraavaashiyannu poojisutteve" endu anuvaadisuttade. atropates" emba hesaru haleya iranian bhasheya greek lipyantaranavagide, bahushah madhyada, "(pavitra) benkiyinda rakshisalpattide" athawa "(pavitra) benkiya bhoomi" emba arthadondige samyojita hesaru. greek hesarannu diodorus seculus mattu strabo ullekhisiddaare. sahasramaanagala avadhiyalli, ee hesaru (madhya pertian), nantara, (hosa pertian) mattu indina "azerbaijan" endu vikasanagonditu. 1918ralli rashyaada saamraajyada patanada nantara, swatantra azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganaraajyavannu sthapisidaga, musawat sarkaaravu indina azerbaijan ganarajyada pradeshakke "azerbaijan" emba hesarannu modalu alavadisikonditu. alliyavarege, ee padanaamavannu samakaalina vayuvya iranna pakkada pradeshavannu gurutisalu pratyekavagi balasalaaguttittu, aadare azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyada pradeshavannu hinde "arrange" mattu "shirwan" endu ullekhisalaaguttittu. aaa aadhaarada mele iraan hosadaagi alavadisikonda deshada hesarannu pratibhatisitu. soviyat aalvikeya samayadalli, deshavannu lattin bhasheyalli rashyaada lipyantaradinda '() endu uchcharisalaaguttittu. 1940rinda 1991ravarege deshada hesarannu cyrillic lipiyalli 'endu uchcharisalaagittu. itihaasa. praachina kaala. azerbaijan pradeshadalli manava vasaahatugala arambhika puraavegalu shilayugada koneya kaalakke serive mattu idu ajakh guheya guruchay samskrutige sambandhiside. arambhika vasaahatugalalli cree. poo. 9neey shatamaanada skaithiyannaru seriddaru. skythiyannara nantara, iranina medegalu aras nadiya dakshinada pradeshadalli praabalya saadhisidaru. cree. poo. 900 mattu 700rahra naduve medegalu vishaalavaada saamraajyavannu rachisidaru, idu cree. poo. 550rahra sumaarige achemenid saamrajyadalli samyojisalpattitu. ee pradeshavannu akemenidgalu vashapadisikondiddu, idu jorastrian dharmavannu haradalu kaaranavaayitu. sassanid avadhiyinda safavid avadhiyavarege. sasanian saamraajyavu 252ralli caucasian albaniavannu saamantaraajyavannaagi parivartisitu, aadare raaja arnair 4neey shatamaanadalli christian dharmavannu adhikrutavaagi raajya dharmavagi alavadisikondanu. sussanid aalvikeya horataagiyoo, 9neey shatamaanadavaregu albania ee pradeshadalli ondu astitvavagi uliyitu, aadare sussanid irange sampoornavaagi adhinavagittu mattu tanna rajaprabhutvavannu ulisikonditu. sasanian chakravartiya mukhya saamantaralli obbanaagiddaroo, albanian rajanige kevala adhikaarada holike ittu, mattu sasanian marzban (military governor) hecchina nagarika, dharmika mattu military adhikaaravannu hondiddaru. 7neey shatamaanada modalaardhadalli, cassian albaniavu, sasaniannara saamantanaagi, parshiyaada muslim vijayadindagi naamamaatrada muslim aadalitada adiyalli banditu. 667ralli raaja javanshir netrutvada christian pratirodhavannu nigrahisida nantara, umayyad khalifawu dakshinada kakasasninda sasaniyannaru mattu byzantinegaleradannoo himmettisitu mattu caucasian albaniavannu saamanta raajyavaagi parivartisitu. abasid khalifeya avanatiyu bittuhoda nirvaatavannu sallaaridgalu, sajidgalu mattu shaddadidgalantaha halavaaru sthaliya rajavamshagalu tumbidavu. 11neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, ee pradeshavannu kramena madhya eshyaadinda banda oghuj turkgala alegalu vashapadisikondavu, avaru aaa samayadalli turcoman janangiya hesarannu alavadisikondaru. ee turkick rajavamshagalalli modalaneyadu seljuk saamraajyavaagiddu, idu 1067rahra velege eega azerbaijan endu kareyalpaduva pradeshavannu praveshisitu. aadhunika azarabaijan pradeshadalli vasisuttidda purva-turkick janasankhyeyu halavaaru indo-european mattu caucasian bhaashegalannu maatanaaduttittu, avugalalli armeniyan mattu iranian bhasheyada haleya ajariyu kramena turkick bhaasheyinda badalaayitu, idu indina azarabaijani bhasheya poorvasoochakavaagide. kelavu bhaashaashaastragnaru, iranna azerbaijan mattu azerbaijan ganarajyada taati upabhashegalu, tots matanaduvante, haleya azeri bhaasheyinda bandavu endu heliddaare. sthaliyavaagi, nantarada seljuk saamraajyada aastigalannu eldigujidgalu aalidaru, taantrikavaagi seljuk sultaanara saamantaru, aadare kelavomme swatah "vaastavika" aadalitagaararu. seljukgala adiyalli, sthaliya kavigalaada nizami ganjavi mattu khakaniyavaru indina azerbaijan pradeshadalli pertian saahityada pravardhamanakke bandaru. shirvamshagala sthaliya rajavamshavu timurina saamraajyada saamantara raajyavaayitu mattu suvarna samoohada tokhtamishna aadalitagaararondige yuddhadalli avanige sahaaya maaditu. timurina maranada nantara, eradu swatantra mattu pratispardhi rajyagalu horahommidavuh kaaraa kvoyunlu mattu akk kvoyunlu. shirvanshaharu hindirugidaru, sthaliya aadalitagaararu mattu saamantaraagi hecchina mattada svaayattateyannu padeyalu halavaaru shatamanagala kaala avaru 861 rinda maadidaru. 1501 ralli, iranna safavid rajavamshavu shirvanshaharannu nigrahisitu mattu adara aastiyannu galisitu. mundina shatamaanada avadhiyalli, safavidgalu hindina sunni janasankhyeyannu shiya islaange parivartisidaru, avaru aadhunika iranina janasankhyeyondige maadidante. safavidgalu 1538ralli safavid raaja tahmasp (aarr. 1524-1576) avarannu sampoornavaagi padachyutagolisi, aaa pradeshavannu shirwan safavid praantyavannaagi maaditu. ottoman-safavid yuddhada parinaamavaagi sunni ottomannaru indina azerbaijan bhagagalannu sankshiptavaagi aakramisuvalli yashasviyaadaru; 17neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, avarannu safavidan dore abbas aii (aarr. 1588-1629). safavid saamraajyada patanada hinneleyalli, baaku mattu adara suttamuttalina pradeshagalannu russo-pertian yuddhada parinaamavaagi rashyaadavaru sankshiptavaagi aakramisikondaru. safavid iranna nereya pratispardhigalu ee reetiya sankshipta madhyapraveshagala horataagiyoo, indina azerbaijan bhumiyu 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadindalu iranna aalvikeyalli uliyitu. aadhunika itihaasa. safavidgala nantara, ee pradeshavannu iranina afsharid rajavamshavu aalitu. nather shaa avara maranada nantara (aarr. 1736-1747), avana aneka hindina prajegalu asthirateya spotavannu labha maadikolluttiddaru. ee pradeshadalli vividha reetiya svaayattate hondiruva halavaaru swayam-aadalitada khanetgalu horahommidavu. ee khaanetgala aadalitagaararu neravagi iranna aadalita rajavamshagalondige sambandha hondiddaru mattu avaru iranna saamantaru mattu shaana prajegalaagiddaru. madhya eshyaa mattu pashchimada naduvina antaaraashtriya vyapara maargagala moolaka khaanetgalu tamma vevahaaragala mele niyantranavannu chalaayisidaru. nantara, ee pradeshavu iranina jhandgalu mattu kajargala satata aadalitada adiyallittu. 18neey shatamaanada antyadinda, saamraajyashahi russia tanna eradu nerehoreyavara mattu dakshinada pratispardhigalaada iraan mattu ottoman saamraajyada kadege hecchu akramanakari bhougolika-rajakiya niluvige badalaayitu. russia eega caucasus pradeshavannu swadhinapadisikollalu sakriyavagi prayatnisitu, idu bahupalu iranna kaiyallittu. 1804ralli, rashyannaru iranina ganjavannu aakramisi, looty maadidaru, idu russo-pertian yuddhavannu huttuhaakitu. military shreshtharu russo-pertian yuddhavaada aidi1 annu vijayadondige konegolisidaru. yuddhadalli kazar iranna nashtada nantara, gulistan oppandada prakara, georgia mattu dagestanada jotege hecchina khaanetgala mele rashyaada saamrajyakke aadhipatyavannu oppikollabekaayitu. 19neey shatamaanadalli russia adannu akramisikolluvavaregoo, samakaalina azerbaijan ganarajyavu iranna bhoopradeshavaagidda aras nadiya uttarada pradeshavu iranna pradeshavaagittu. sumaru ondu dashakada nantara, gulistan oppandavannu ullanghisi, rashyannaru iranna erivan khanet mele akramana maadidaru. idu ibbara naduvina antima yuddhavannu huttuhaakitu, russo-pertian yuddhada parinaamavaagi turkmencheya oppandavu, kajar iraannannu erivan khanet, nakhchiwan khanet mattu ulida tallish khanet mele saarvabhoumatvavannu bittukodalu ottaayisitu, idu samakaalina azerbaijani ganarajyada mannina koneya bhagagalannu olagondittu, adhu innoo iranina kaiyallittu. iraanninda russacke ellah caucasian pradeshagalannu serisida nantara, ibbara naduvina hosa gadiyannu aras nadiyalli sthaapisalaayitu, idu soviyat okkootada vighataneya nantara, taruvaaya iraan mattu azerbaijan ganarajyada naduvina gadiya bhaagavaayitu. 19neey shatamaanadalli kazar iraan tanna caucasian pradeshagalannu russacke bittukodabekaayitu, idu aadhunika azerbaijan ganarajyada pradeshavannu olagondittu, aadare aaa session parinaamavaagi, azerbaijani janangiya gumpu indu eradu rashtragala naduve berpattideh iraan mattu azerbaijan. rashyaada vijayada horataagiyoo, idee 19neey shatamaanaduddakku, rashyaada hiditadalliruva nagaragalaada baaku, ganja mattu tifflis (tblc, eega georgia) galalli shiya mattu sunni buddhijivigalalli iranina samskruti, sahitya mattu bhasheya bagge hecchina asakti ittu. adhe shatamaanadolage, rashyaada nantarada purva kakeshiyadalli, 19neey shatamaanada koneyalli azerbaijani rashtriya gurutu horahommitu. modalaneya mahayuddhada samayadalli rashyaada saamraajyada patanada nantara, alpavadhiya transcoucatian prajasattatmaka federative ganaraajyavannu ghooshisalaayitu, idu indina azerbaijan, georgia mattu armeniyaada ganaraajyagalannu roopisitu. idara nantara march 30 mattu april 2,1918 rahra naduve baaku nagara mattu rashyaada saamraajyada baaku praantyada pakkada pradeshagalalli nadeda saamuhika hatyakandagalu nadedavu. 1918rahra mayee tingalalli ganarajyavu visarjisalpattaga, pramukha musawat pakshavu svatantryavannu azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajya (aa. dii. aarr) endu ghoshisitu, hosa ganarajyakke "azerbaijan" emba hesarannu alavadisikonditu; idu aud. aarr. ghoshanege modalu samakaalina iranna pakkada vayuvya pradeshavannu ullekhisalu maatra balasalaaguttittu. aadr muslim jagattina modala aadhunika samsadeeya ganaraajyavaagittu. samsattina pramukha sadhanegalalli mahileyarige matadaanada hakkina vistaraneyoo serittu, idu azerbaijan annu purusharondige mahileyarige samaana rajakiya hakkugalannu needida modala muslim rashtravannagi maaditu. aadr naa mattondu pramukha saadhaneyendare baaku raajya vishvavidyaanilayada sthaapane, idu muslim poorvadalli sthaapisalaada modala aadhunika-reetiya vishvavidyaanilayavaagide. 1920rahra march velege, soviyat russia baaku mele daali maadalide embudu spashtavagittu. vladymyr lenin, akramanavu samarthaneeyavaagide endu helidaru, ekendare soviyat russia baaku tailavillade badukalu sadhyavilla. swatantra azerbaijan kevala 23 tingalugala kaala nadeyitu, bolshevik 11neey soviyat kempu seeneyu adara mele akramana maadi, april 28,1920 randu azerbaijan ssr annu sthaapisitu. hosadaagi rupugonda azerbaijani sainyada bahupalu janaru karaabaakhnalli bhugiledda armeniyan dangeyannu nigrahisuvalli nirataraagiddaroo, ajarbaijaanigalu tamma sankshipta swaatantryavaada aidi1 annu tvaritavagi athawa sulabhavaagi sharanagalilla. parinamakariyagi rashyaada maru vashapadisikolluvikeyannu virodhisuttaa 20,000 azarabaijani sainikaru saavannappidaru. nantarada soviyat avadhiya aarambhadalli, azarabaijani rashtriya gurutannu antimavagi roopisalaayitu. 1921rahra october 13randu russia, armenia, azerbaijan mattu georgia soviyat ganarajyagalu turkey jotegina oppandakke sahi haakidavu, idannu cars oppanda endu kareyalaaguttade. ee hinde svatantravagidda aras ganarajyavu, azarabaijan ssr adiyalli, cars oppandada moolaka nakhchiwan svaayatta soviyat samajavadi ganarajyavu aayitu. mattondede, armeniyage jhangejur pradeshavannu nidalaayitu mattu turkeyu gumriyannu (aaga alexandropol endu kareyalaaguttittu) hindirugisalu oppikonditu. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli, soviyat okkootada kaaryatantrada indhana nitiyalli azerbaijan nirnayaka patra vahisitu, purvada mumbhagadalli soviyat okkootada tailada 80 pratishatavannu baaku pooraisitu. 1942rahra phebravariyalli yuu. ess. ess. aarr. naa sarvochcha soviyat aadeshada moolaka, azarabaijan taila udyamada 500kkoo hecchu kaarmikaru mattu udyogigala baddhateyannu aadeshagalu mattu padakagalannu nidalaayitu. yuu. ess. ess. aarr. naa shakti (petroleum) dynamo aagi adara pramukhyateya kaaranadindaagi german wehrmact nadesida operation edelweiss bakuvannu guriyagisikonditu. 1941rinda 1945ravarege nadeda eradane mahayuddhadalli horadida ellah ajarbaijaanigala aidane ondu bhaaga. sumaru 681,000 janaru, avaralli 100,000kkoo hecchu mahileyaru, munde hodaru, aadare aaa samayadalli azerbaijan ottu janasankhyeyu 3.4 dashalakshavaagittu. azerbaijan sumaru 250,000 janaru mumbhagadalli kollalpattaru. 130kkoo hecchu ajarbaijaanigalannu soviyat okkootada nayakaru endu hesarisalaayitu. azerbaijani majer-general aji aslanov avarige eradu baari soviyat okkootada nayaka prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. swatantrya. mikhail gorbachev praarambhisida "glassnost" raajakeeyada nantara, nagarika ashanti mattu janangiya kalahagalu soviyat okkootada vividha pradeshagalalli beledavu, idaralli azarabaijan ssrn svaayatta pradeshavaada nagarno-karabakh kooda seride. eegaagale tivragonda sangharshakke maskovu udaaseenateyannu torisiddakke pratikriyeyagi ajarbaijaannallina galabhegalu swatantrya mattu pratyekateya karege kaaranavaadavu, idu bakuvinallina kappu janavariya ghatanegalli konegonditu. nantara 1990ralli, azarabaijan ssrn sarvochcha mandaliyu "soviyat samajavadi" emba padagalannu shirshikeyinda kaibittitu, "azarabaijan ganarajyada saarvabhoumatvada ghoshaneyannu" alavadisikonditu mattu azarabaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyada dhvajavannu rajyada dhvajavagi punahsthaapisitu. 1991rahra maskodalli viphalavaada soviyat dangeya parinaamavaagi, azarabaijan sarvochcha mandaliyu 1991rahra october 18randu swatantryada ghoshaneyannu angeekarisitu, idannu 1991rahra decembernalli rashtravyapi janabhipraya sangrahadinda drudhikarisalaayitu, aadare 1991rahra december 26randu soviyat okkootavu adhikrutavaagi astitvavannu kaledukonditu. deshavu eega october 18randu tanna swatantrya dinavannu aacharisuttade. swatantryada arambhika varshagalu modala nagarno-karabakh yuddhadinda maremachalpattavu, idaralli janangiya armeniyan bahusankhyaataraada nagarno-karabakh annu armeniyaada bembalavittu. 1994ralli yuddhada antyada velege, armeniyannaru nagarno-karabakh seridante azerbaijani pradeshada shekadaavaaru bhagavannu niyantrisidaru. yuddhada samayadalli malibeli mattu gushchularnalli nadeda saamuhika hatyakandagalu, garadagli hatyakanda mattu khojali hatyakandagalu, jotege baaku hatyakanda, maraga hatyakanda mattu kirovabad hatyakanda seridante eradoo kadeyavaru aneka daurjanyagalu mattu hatyaakaandagalannu nadesidaru. idallade, andaju 30,000 janaru savannappiddare mattu ondu dashalakshakku hecchu janaru sthalantaragondiddare, 800,000kkoo hecchu ajarbaijaanigalu mattu 300,000 armeniyannaru. naalku samyukta rashtragala bhadrata mandaliya nirnayagalu (822,853,874, mattu 884) "azerbaijan ellah aakramita pradeshagalinda ellah armeniyan padegalannu takshana hintegedukolluvante" ottayisuttave."aneka rashyannaru mattu armeniyannaru 1990rahra dasakadalli niraashritaraagi ajarbaijaanninda palayana maadidaru. 1970rahra janaganatiya prakara, ajarabaijaannalli 510,000 janangiya rashyannaru mattu 484,000 armeniyannariddaru. aliev kutumbada aadalita, 1993-indinavarege. 1993ralli, prajasattatmakavagi chunaayita adhyaksha abulfaz elchibiyannu curnell surat hussenov netrutvada military dangeyinda padachyutagolisalaayitu, idara parinaamavaagi soviyat azerbaijan maaji nayaka hather aliev adhikaarakke bandaru. 1994ralli, surat hussenov, aaa hottige pradhana mantriyu, hather aliev viruddha mattondu military dangeyannu prayatnisidanu, aadare avanannu bandhisalaayitu mattu deshadrohada aaropa horisalaayitu. ondu varshada nantara, 1995ralli, aliev viruddha mattondu dangeyannu prayatnisalaayitu, ee baari oman vishesha ghatakada commander rovshan javadov avaru. dangeyannu tappisalaayitu, idara parinaamavaagi nantaradavara hatye mattu azerbaijan oman ghatakagalannu visarjisalaayitu. adhe samayadalli, aadalita adhikaarashaahiyalli atirekada bhrashtacharadinda deshavu kalankitavagittu. october 1998ralli, aliev eradane avadhige maru aaykeyaadaru. aarthikateyu hecchu sudhaarisiddaru, visheshavaagi ajeri-chirag-guneshli taila kshetra mattu shaa deniz anila kshetravannu balasikondiddaroo, aliev avara adhyakshateyannu chunawana vanchane, hecchina mattada arthika asamanate mattu deshiya bhrashtaachaarada shankegalinda tikisalaayitu. hather aliev avara maga ilham aliev, 2003ralli avara tande nidhanaradaga hosa azerbaijan pakshada adhyaksharaadaru mattu azerbaijan adhyaksharaadaru. avaru october 2013ralli adhyaksharaagi moorane avadhige maru aaykeyaadaru. april 2018ralli, adhyaksha ilham aliev avaru chunavaneyalli satata nalkane avadhiyannu padedaru, idannu mukhya virodha pakshagalu mosadante bahishkarisidavu. 27 september 2020 randu, pariharisada nagarno-karabakh sangharshadalli hosa gharshanegalu nagarno-karabakh samparka rekheya uddakkoo punaraarambhavaayitu. azarabaijan mattu armeniyaada sashastra padegalu military mattu nagarika savunovugalannu varadi maadidavu. nagarno-karbakh kadana virama oppanda mattu azerbaijan mattu armeniyaada naduvina aaru vaaragala yuddhada antyavannu ajarbaijaannalli vyaapakavaagi aacharisalaayitu, ekendare avaru gamanarha praadeshika laabhagalannu galisidaru. bhougolika. bhougolikavagi, azarabaijan yureshiyaada daksina caucasus pradeshadalliddu, paschima eshyaa mattu purva europnalli haradide. idu akshaamsha 38° mattu 42° n, mattu rekhaamsha 44° mattu 51° e naduve ide. azerbaijan bhoo gadigala ottu uddavu armeniyaadondige, iraannondige, georgiadondige 480 kilometer, russia mattu tarkiyondige ide. karavaliyu caspian samudrada azerbaijani vibhagada agalavaada pradeshada uddavaagide. deshavu bhoopradeshavannu hondide, idu nakhchiwan svaayatta ganaraajyavaagide. mooru bhautika lakshanagalu azerbaijan mele praabalya hondiveh caspian samudra, idara tirarekheyu purvakke naisargika gadiyannu roopisuttade; uttarakke hecchina caucasus parvata shreni; mattu deshada kendradalli vyaapakavaada samathattaada pradeshagalu. mooru parvata shrenigalive, dodda mattu kadime caucasus, mattu tallish parvatagalu ottaagi deshada sumaru 40 pratishatavannu aavarisive. azerbaijan athi ettarada shikharavu mount bazarduzu agiddare, atyanta kelamattada binduvu caspian samudradallide. bhumiya melina ellah mannina jwaalaamukhigalalli ardhadashtu ajarbaijaannalli kendrikrutavagive, ee jwaalaamukhigalu prakrutiya hosa 7 adbhutagalige naamanirdeshitavaagive. melmai neeru mukhya neerina moolagalaagive. 8, 350 nadigalli kevala 24 nadigalu maatra uddakkinta doddadagive. ellah nadigalu deshada poorvadalliruva caspian samudrakke hariyuttave. atidodda sarovara sarisu, mattu athi uddada nadiyu kurr, idu armeniyaadondige gadiyannu daatide. azerbaijan caspian samudrada uddakkoo halavaaru dweepagalannu hondide, hechchaagi baaku dweepasamoohadallide. 1991ralli azerbaijan swatantrya padedagininda, azerbaijan sarkaaravu azerbaijan parisaravannu samrakshisalu kramagalannu kaigondide. baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline odagisida hosa aadaayadindagi rajyada budget hechchaada 2001rahra nantara parisarada rashtriya raksaneyu vegavannu padedukonditu. naalku varsagalalli, samrakshita pradeshagalu dvigunagondavu mattu eega deshada pradeshada entu pratishatadashtu bhagavannu hondive. 2001rinda sarkaaravu elu dodda misalugalannu sthaapiside mattu parisara samrakshanegaagi misalittiruva budgetna valayavannu sumaru dvigunagoliside. bhoodrushya. azerbaijan vividha bhoodrushyagalige neleyagide. azerbaijan ardhadashtu bhoobhaagavu parvata shrenigalu, shikharagalu, ettarada pradeshagalu mattu prasthabhoomigalannu olagondiddu, ivu 400-1000 meetargala (madhya mattu kela taggu pradeshagalu seridante) hypesometric mattadavarege, kelavu stalagalalli (talis, jairanchol-ajinohar mattu longabiz-alath foreirengus) 100-120 meetargalavarege, mattu itaravu 0-50 meetargalu mattu melininda (cobustan, abseran). azerbaijan ulida bhoopradeshavu bayalu mattu taggu pradeshagalannu olagondide. caucasus pradeshadolagina hypesometric gurutugalu caspian samudra tiradalli sumaru −28 meetargalinda 4,466 meater (bazarduzu sikhara) varege badalaaguttave. ajarbaijaannalli havaamaanada rachaneyu visheshavaagi scandinavian anticyclone tampaada arctic gaaliya dravyaraashigalu, cyberian anticyclone samashitoshna gaaliya dravyaraashigalu mattu madhya eshyaada anticyclonninda prabhaavitavaagide. azerbaijan vaividhyamaya bhoodrushyavu vaayu samoohavu deshavannu praveshisuva vidhaanagala mele parinama biruttade. grater caucasus uttaradinda baruva tampaada gaaliya nera prabhaavagalinda deshavannu rakshisuttade. idu deshada hecchina tappalugalu mattu bayalu pradeshagalalli upaushnavalayada havaamaanada ranchanege kaaranavaaguttade. etanmadhye, bayalu mattu tappalu pradeshagalu hecchina soura vikirana daragalinda niroopisalpattive. astitvadalliruva hannondu havamana valayagalli ombattu ajarbaijaannallive. nakhchiwan svaayatta ganarajyada pradeshagalaada zulfa mattu ardubadgalalli sampoorna kanishta taapamaana () mattu sampoorna garishta taapamaana eradannoo gamanisalaayitu. garishta varshika maleyu lankaran () mattu kanishta maleyu absheran () nalli beeluttade. nadigalu mattu sarovaragalu azerbaijan jala vyavasthegala pramukha bhagavagiddu, avu sudirgha bhoovaignaanika kaalamitiyalli roopugondavu mattu aaa avadhiya uddakkoo gamanarhavagi badalaadavu. deshadaadyanta kandubaruva praachina nadigala avasheshagalu idakke visheshavaagi saakshiyaagide. naisargika shaktigalu mattu manava-parichayisida kaigarika chatuvatikegala prabhaavadinda deshada jala vyavasthegalu nirantaravagi badalaaguttive. krutaka nadigalu (kaaluvegalu) mattu kolagalu azerbaijan jala vyavasthegala ondu bhagavagive. neerina puraikeya drashtiyinda, azarabaijan prati chadara kilometrige sarisumaaru varshakke nirinondige vishvada sarasariginta kadimeyagide. ellah dodda jalashayagalannu kurr mele nirmisalaagide. azerbaijan jalavijnaanavu moolatah caspian samudra jalanayana pradeshakke seride. kura mattu araasgalu azerbaijan pramukha nadigalaagive. avu kura-aras taggu pradeshada moolaka haaduhoguttave. caspian samudrakke neravagi hariyuva nadigalu, mukhyavaagi pramukha caucasus mattu tallish parvatagala eeshaanya ilijaarugalinda huttuttave mattu samoor-devechi mattu lankaran taggu pradeshagala uddakkoo hariyuttave. suduva parvata" endu anuvaadisalaada yanar daag, baaku baliya caspian samudrada absheran paryaya dveepada bettada mele nirantaravagi uriyuva naisargika anilada benkiyagide, idannu swatah "benkiya bhoomi" endu kareyalaaguttade."teluvaada, randhrayukta maralugallina padaradinda jwaalegalu gaaliyalli horabaruttave. idu baaku pradeshakke bheti needuva pravasigarige pravasi akarshaneyagide. jivavaividhyate. ajarbaijaannalli pranigala samruddhate mattu vaividhyateya kuritaada modala varadigalannu purvada prayanikara prayanada tippanigalalli kaanabahudu. vaastushilpada smarakagalu, praachina bandegalu mattu kallugala melina pranigala kettanegalu indinavaregu ulidukondive. azerbaijan sasya mattu pranigala bagge modala maahitiyannu 17neey shatamaanadalli prakrutishaastragnaru ajarbaijange bheti niididaaga sangrahisalaayitu. 106 sastani prabhedagalu, 97 jaatiya meenugalu, 363 prabhedada pakshigalu, 10 prabhedada ubhayacharagalu mattu 52 prabhedada sarisrupagalannu ajarbaijaannalli daakhalisalaagide mattu vargeekarisalaagide. azerbaijan rashtriya praniyendare karabakh kudure, idu parvata-hullugavalu racing mattu azerbaijan sthaliya kudure sawari. karabakh kudureyu tanna uttama svabhaava, vega, sobagu mattu buddhivantikege hesaruvaasiyaagide. idu praachina jagattina atyanta haleya taligalalli ondaagide, aadare indu kudureyu alivinanchinalliruva prabhedavagide. azerbaijan sasyavargavu 4,500kkoo hecchu jaatiya unnata sasyagalannu olagondide. ajarbaijaannallina vishishta havamanadindagi, daksina caucasus ganarajyada itara sasyavargagaliginta sasyavargavu jatigala sankhyeyalli hecchu shrimantavagide. idee kakasasnalli beleyuva 66 pratishata prabhedagalannu ajarbaijaannalli kaanabahudu. deshavu naalku parisara pradeshagalolage ideh caspian hiercanian mishra kadugalu, caucasus mishra kadugalu, purva anatolian montaine hullugavalu mattu azerbaijan podesasya marubhoomi mattu hullugavalu. azerbaijan 2018rahra aranya bhoodrushya samagrateya soochyankada sarasari score annu 6.55/10 hondittu, idu 172 deshagala paiki jagatikavagi 72neey sthaanadallide. sarkara mattu rajakiya. 1995rahra november 12randu hosa samvidhaanavannu alavadisikolluva moolaka azarabaijan rajakiya vevastheya rachanaatmaka rachaneyu poornagonditu. samvidhaanada 23neey vidhiya prakara, azarabaijan ganarajyada raajya chihnegalu dhwaja, laanchana mattu raashtrageeteyaagide. ajarbaijaannalli rajyada adhikaaravu aantarika vishayagalige maatra kaanoonininda simitavagide, aadare antararashtriya vyavahaaragalu saha antararashtriya oppandagala nibandhanegalinda simitavagive. azerbaijan samvidhaanavu idu karyanirvahaka, shasakanga mattu nyayanga-adhikaarada mooru shakhegalannu hondiruva adhyakshiya ganaraajyavaagide endu heluttade. shasakanga adhikaaravannu ekasabheya rashtriya sabhe mattu nakhchiwan svaayatta ganaraajyadalli sarvochcha rashtriya sabhe hondide. millie majlis endu kareyalaaguva azerbaijan samsattu, bahumatada matada aadhaarada mele aaykeyaada 125 niyogigalannu olagondiruttade, prati chunaayita sadasyarige aidu varshagala avadhiyiruttade. prati aidu varshagaligomme, november modala bhaanuvaaradandu chunavanegalu nadeyuttave. samsattu sarkaarada ranchanege javabdaranagiruvudilla, aadare samvidhaanakke millie majlisninda mantrigala samputada anumodaneya agatyaviruttade. hosa azerbaijan paksha mattu aadalita sarkaarakke nishtaraagiruva svatantraru prastuta samsattina 125 sthanagalalli bahuteka ellavannu hondiddaare. 2010rahra samsadeeya chunavaneya samayadalli, virodha pakshagalaada musawat mattu azerbaijani janapriya front pakshagalu onde ondu sthaanavannu gelluvalli viphalavaadavu. european vikshakaru chunavanege munna mattu chunavaneya dinadandu halavaaru akramagalannu kandukondaru. karyanirvahaka adhikaaravannu adhyaksharu hondiddaare, avaru elu varshagala avadhige nera chunavanegala moolaka chunayitaraguttare mattu pradhana mantriyaguttare. adhyaksharu mattu rashtriya sabhe eradakkoo javabdariyutavada saamuhika karyanirvahaka samstheyaada samputavannu rachisalu adhyaksharige adhikaaravide. azerbaijan samputavu prathamikavagi pradhana mantri, avara niyogigalu mattu mantrigalannu olagondiruttade. azerbaijan 8neey sarkaaravu adara prastuta rachaneyalli aadalitavaagide. adhyaksharige rashtriya sabheyannu visarjisuva hakkilla, aadare adara nirdhaaragalannu nirakarisuva hakkide. adhyakshiya veetovannu atikramisalu, samsattu 95 matagala bahumatavannu hondirabeku. nyayangada adhikaaravu saamvidhaanika nyayalaya, sarvochcha nyayalaya mattu arthika nyaayaalayadalli nihitavagide. adhyaksharu ee nyayalayagalalli nyayadhisharannu namanirdeshana maaduttaare. european commission phaar dhii efficiency off justice (cepej) varadiyu hosa nyayadhishara aykeya melina azerbaijani nyaya maadariyannu atyuttama abhyasavendu ullekhisuttade, idu hosa prajaprabhutvadalli nyayangada swatantrya mattu gunamattavannu khatripadisuva nittinalli nirdishta vaishishtyagalu mattu abhivruddhiya haadiyannu pratibimbisuttade. azerbaijan aadalita vyavastheyannu naamamaatravaagi eradu-hantada aadalita endu kareyabahudu. sarkaarada unnata athawa atyunnata shreniyu adhyaksara netrutvada karyanirvahaka adhikaaravaagide. rashtrapatigalu mantrigala samputa mattu itara unnata shreniya adhikaarigalannu nemisuttaare. sthaliya karyanirvahaka praadhikaaravu kevala karyanirvahaka adhikaarada munduvarikeyagide. ee nibandhaneyu sthaliya aadalitada sthaliya aadalitada kaanoonu sthitiyannu nirdharisuttade, sthaliya karyanirvahaka praadhikaarada mele ("yerley ikra hakimiyati"), zoon 16,1999 randu angeekarisalaayitu. zoon 2012 ralli, adhyaksharu hosa niyantranavannu anumodisidaru, idu sthaliya karyanirvahaka adhikaarigalige hechchuvari adhikaaragalannu needitu, azerbaijan sthaliya vevahaaragalalli avara prabala sthaanavannu balapadisitu, azerbaijan ganarajyada samvidhaanada 9 neey adhyayavu sthaliya swa-sarkaarada pramukha samasyegalannu pariharisuttade, udaaharanege purasabhegala kaanoonu sthanamaana, sthaliya swa-sarkari samsthegala prakaaragalu, avara moolabhoota adhikaragalu mattu itara adhikruta ghatakagalondige sambandhagalu. aadalitada itara naamamaatrada hantavendare purasabhegalu ("bülʼdiyy"), mattu purasabhegala sadasyarannu prati aidu varshagaligomme purasabheya chunavanegalalli saamaanya matadinda ayke maadalaaguttade. prastuta, deshadaadyanta 1,607 purasabhegalive. sthaliya sarkaaragala kshetradalli (2 julai 1999) purasabheya chunavanegala kaanoonu mattu purasabhegala sthaanamaanada kaanunugalannu modalu alavadisikollalaayitu. purasabheya seveya melina kaanoonu purasabheya udyogigala chatuvatikegalu, avara hakkugalu, kartavyagalu, kaarmika paristhitigalu mattu samajika prayojanagalannu niyantrisuttade mattu karyanirvahaka upakaranada rachane mattu purasabheya seveya sanghataneyannu roopisuttade. purasabhegala sthaanamaanada melina kaanoonu purasabhegala patra mattu rachaneyannu niyantrisuttade mattu kaanoonu mattu arthika svaayattateya raajya khatarigalannu roopisuttade. samajika raksane, samajika mattu arthika abhivruddhi mattu sthaliya parisarakke sambandhisida purasabheya kaaryakramagalannu alavadisikollalu mattu kaaryagatagolisalu kaanoonu vishesha gamanavannu niiduttade. bhadrata mandaliyu adhyaksara adiyalli uddeshapurvaka samstheyaagide mattu avaru adannu samvidhaanada prakara ayojisuttare. idannu 1997rahra april 10randu sthaapisalaayitu. aadalitaatmaka ilakheyu adhyaksara kacheria bhagavalla, aadare adhyaksharu mattu avara kacheria hanakasu, taantrika mattu arthika chatuvatikegalannu nirvahisuttade. aliev rajakiya kutumbada deerghakaalada prabhaava mattu haydar aliev sthaapisida hosa azerbaijan paksha (yeni azerbican partiasi, yap) dha kaaranadindaagi, azerbaijan rajakiya vyavastheyannu kelavu rajakiya vignaanigalu sarvadhikari endu vyakhyaanisiddaare. deshada moorane adhyaksharaada hather aliev (1993 mattu 2003rahra naduve adhikaaradallidda; avaru hinde 1969 mattu 1982rahra naduve azarabaijan communist pakshada modala karyadarshiyagiddaru, mattu 1982 mattu 1987rahra naduve soviyat okkootada modala upapradhaniyagiddaru) avara nantara 2003ralli nalkane mattu prastuta adhyaksha ilham aliev adhikara vahisikondaru. azarabaijan tanna svatantryavannu marali padeda nantara halavaaru chunavanegalannu nadesiddaroo mattu prajaprabhutvada aneka oupachaarika samsthegalannu hondiddaroo, adannu swatantrya bhavanavu "swatantravalla" endu vargeekariside, avaru adannu 2022ralli jagatika swatantryada ankadalli "ekikruta sarvadhikari aadalita" endu karedaru. ittichina varsagalalli, adhyaksha aliev mattu sarkari adhikaarigala teekege sambandhisidante hecchina sankhyeya azerbaijani patrakartaru, blagigaru, vakilaru mattu manava hakkugala kaaryakartarannu bandhisi jailige haakalaagide. 2015rahra septembernalli airopya samsattu angeekarisida nirnayavu azerbaijan annu "kaleda hattu varsagalalli yureshiyaada ellah bhagagalalli prajaprabhutvada aadalitadalli atidodda kusitavannu anubhaviside" endu vivariside, jotege manava hakkugala bagge deshadondigina adara matukateyu "yaavude gananeeya pragatiyannu sadhisilla" endu helide."2016rahra march 17randu, azerbaijan adhyaksharu kelavu engiogalinda rajakiya kaidigalendu pariganisalpatta ondu dajangoo hecchu vyaktigalige kshamadana needuva adeshakke sahi haakidaru. ee aadeshavannu americada raajya ilakheyu sakaaraatmaka hejje endu svaagatisitu. 2017rahra march 16randu mattondu kshamaadaanada adeshakke sahi haakalaayitu, idu rajakiya kaidigalendu pariganisalaada hechchuvari vyaktigala bidugadege kaaranavaayitu. videshadalli tanna uddeshagalannu uttejisalu mattu tanna swanta deshadalli tanna chunavanegalannu kaanunubaddhagolisalu videshi adhikaarigalu mattu rajatantrikarige lancha niididdakkaagi azerbaijan annu katuvagi tikisalagide, ee abhyasavannu cavier rajatantrikate endu kareyalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, 6 march 2017 randu, european strategic intelligence mattu security center esisk) "dhii armeniyan connection" emba varadiyannu prakatisitu, idaralli adhu manava hakkugala engiogalu mattu ajarbaijaannalli manava hakkugala ullanghane mattu bhrashtacharavannu tikisuva samshodhanaa samsthegala mele daali maaditu. aaa varadiyalli sec vivarisida "cavier rajatantrikate" varadiyu azerbaijan viruddha rajakiya yuddhadalli todaguva mps jaalavannu rupisalu apaprachaarada aadhaarada mele anumaanada vatavaranavannu srushtisuva guriyannu hondide mattu european pms, armeniyan adhikaarigalu mattu kelavu engiogalu (manava hakkugala watch, amnesty international, "manava hakkugala maney foundation", "open dialog, european stability initiative, mattu manava hakkugaligaagi helsinki samiti) olagondiruva jaalavannu soros foundation hanakasu odagiside endu pratipaadisitu. robbert colson (radeo mukta europe) prakara, saarvajanika abhiprayavannu badalaayisalu munchuni chintaka tankgala balakeyannu vistarisuva baaku lobby prayatnagala ondu bhagavagide. varadiyu sarvadhikari prachaarada ketta sampradaayagalalli bareyalpattide" endu swatantrya kadatagala vishleshanaatmaka kendravu helide. videshi sambandhagalu. alpavadhiya azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyavu aaru deshagalondige rajatantrika sambandhagalannu sthaapisuvalli yashasviyaayitu, germany mattu finlandge rajatantrika pratinidhigalannu kaluhisitu. patanagolluttidda soviyat okkootadinda azerbaijan svatantryavannu antaaraashtriyavaagi gurutisuva prakriyeyu sarisumaaru ondu varsha nadeyitu. 1996rahra november 6randu azerbaijan annu gurutisida atyanta ittichina desha bahren aagittu. turkey, pakistan, united states, iraan mattu isrelnondige paraspara niyogagala vinimaya seridante sampoorna rajatantrika sambandhagalannu modalu sthaapisalaayitu. azerbaijan tanna tarkiyondigina "vishesha sambandha" kke nirdishta ottu niidide. azerbaijan iduvarege 158 deshagalondige rajatantrika sambandhagalannu hondide mattu 38 antaaraashtriya samsthegalalli sadasyatvavannu hondide. idu alipta chalavali mattu vishwa vyapara samstheyalli vikshaka sthaanamaanavannu hondide mattu antararashtriya durasamparka okkootadalli varadigaaranaagide. 2006rahra mayee 9randu, azerbaijan avaru hosadaagi sthaapitavaada manava hakkugala mandaliya sadasyatvakke vishvasamstheya saamaanya sabheyinda aaykeyaadaru. adhikaravadhiyu zoon 19,2006 randu praarambhavaayitu. azerbaijan avaru 155 deshagala bembaladondige 2011 ralli un bhadrata mandaliya shaashvatavallada sadasyaraagi modala baarige aaykeyaadaru. azerbaijan videshanga neetiya aadyategalalli, modalaneyadaagi, adara praadeshika samagrateya punahsthapane; nagarno-karabakh mattu nagarno-karabakh suttamuttalina azerbaijan itara elu pradeshagala aakramanada parinaamagala nirmoolane; european mattu euro-atlantic ranchanege ekikarana; antararashtriya bhadratege koduge; antararashtriya samsthegalondige sahakara; praadeshika sahakara mattu dwipaksheeya sambandhagalu; raxana saamarthyavannu balapadisuvudu; deshiya neetiya moolaka bhadrateyannu uttejisuvudu; prajaprabhutvavannu balapadisuvudu; janangiya mattu dharmika sahishnuteya samrakshane; vaignaanika, shaikshanika mattu saamskrutika neeti mattu naitika moulyagala samrakshane; arthika mattu samajika abhivruddhi; aantarika mattu gadi bhadrateyannu hechchisuvudu; mattu valase, indhana mattu saarige bhadrata neeti. azarabaijan antaaraashtriya bhayotpadaneya viruddha horaaduva antaaraashtriya okkootagala sakriya sadasyanagiddu, september 11rahra daaliya nantara bembalavannu needida modala desagalalli ondaagide. deshavu shanti karyakramakkagi nyatoda paaludaarikeya sakriya sadasya raashtravaagiddu, kosovo, afghaanistaana mattu iraaknalli shantipalana prayatnagalige koduge niiduttade. azarabaijan 2001rinda european councilna sadasyaroo agiddare mattu european okkootadondige uttama sambandhavannu hondiddaare. deshavu antimavagi iyu sadasyatvakkagi arji sallisabahudu. julai 1,2021 randu, us congress munduvarida shaasanavu 2012 rinda washington azerbaijange kaluhisida military neravina mele parinama biruttade. idakke kaarana armeniyaada pyakejugalu, badalige, gamanarhavagi chikkadaagide. military. aadhunika azerbaijan seeneya itihaasavu 1918rahra zoon 26randu hosadaagi rupugonda azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyada rashtriya seeneyannu rachisidaaga, 1918rahra zoon 26randu azerbaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyada itihaasakke sambandhiside. soviyat okkootada visarjaneya nantara azerbaijan svatantryavannu padedaga, azerbaijan ganarajyada sashastra padegalannu 1991rahra october 9randu sashastra padegala kaanoonina prakara rachisalaayitu. alpavadhiya rashtriya seeneya sthapaneya moola dinankavannu indina ajarbaijaannalli seenaa dina (zoon 26) endu aacharisalaaguttade. 2021rahra velege, azerbaijan tanna sashastra padegalli 126,000 sakriya sibbandiyannu hondittu. 17, 000 aresainika padegalu mattu 330,00 meesalu sibbandigaloo iddaare. sashastra padegalu mooru shakhegalannu hondiveh bhoo padegalu, vayupadegalu mattu naukapade. hechchuvariyagi sashastra padegalu halavaaru military upa-gumpugalannu alavadisikolluttave, avu agatyaviddaaga rajyada raksaneyalli todagisikollabahudu. ivu aantarika vevahaaragala sachivaalayada aantarika padegalu mattu raajya gadi seveyagiddu, idaralli karavali kaavalu padeyoo seride. azerbaijan rashtriya kaavalu padeyu mattashtu aresainika padeyagide. idu vishesha raajya raxana seveya arey-swatantra ghatakavagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, idu adhyaksara adhinadalliruva ondu samstheyaagide. azerbaijan europina saampradaayika sashastra padegala oppandakke baddhavaagide mattu ellah pramukha antararashtriya shastrastra mattu shastrastra oppandagalige sahi haakide. azarabaijan shantigagi paaludaarike mattu vaiyaktika paaludaarike kriya yojane/pii. eff. pii mattu aii. pii. aa. yantaha karyakramagalalli nyatodondige nikatavagi sahakarisuttade. azerbaijan tanna shantipalana padegala paiki iraaknalli 151 mattu afghaanistaanadalli innoo 184 padegalannu niyojiside. azerbaijan tanna raxana bajetgaagi 2.24 shatakoti dollargalannu kharchu maadide, idu adara ottu gdp 5.4% rashtide mattu saamaanya sarkaarada vechchada kelavu 12.7% aagide. azerbaijani raxana udyamavu sanna shastraastragalu, firangi vyavasthegalu, tankgalu, shastraastragalu mattu ratri drashti sadhanagalu, vayuyana bambgalu, yuu. aa. vii. yaya/maanavarahita vaimanika vaahana, vividha military vaahanagalu mattu military vimaanagalu mattu helikaptargalannu tayaarisuttade. aadalitaatmaka vibhagagalu. azerbaijan annu aadalitaatmakavaagi 14 arthika pradeshagalaagi vingadisalaagide; ganarajyada nera adhikaarada adiyalli 66 reyangalu (, ekavachana) mattu 11 nagaragalu (, ekavachana). idallade, azerbaijan nakhchiwan svaayatta ganaraajyavannu () olagondide. azerbaijan adhyaksharu ee ghatakagala rajyapalarannu nemisuttaare, aadare nakhchiwan sarkaaravu nakhchiwan svaayatta ganarajyada samsattininda chunaayitaraagi anumodisalpaduttade. aarthikate. 1991ralli swatantrya padeda nantara, azarabaijan antaaraashtriya hanakasu nidhi, vishwa bank, punarnirmana mattu abhivraddhigaagi european bank, islaamik abhivruddhi bank mattu eshyaada abhivruddhi bankina sadasyaraadaru. azerbaijan banking vyavastheyu azerbaijan kendriya bank, vanijya byankugalu mattu byanketara saala samsthegalannu olagondide. rashtriya (eega kendra) bank annu 1992 ralli azerbaijan raajya ulitaaya bank annu aadharisi rachisalaayitu, idu ussrn hindina raajya ulitaaya bankina angasamstheyagide. kendra bank azerbaijan kendra bank aagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, rashtriya currency, azerbaijani manat annu vitarisalu mattu ellah vanijya byankugala melvichaaranege adhikara niiduttade. eradu pramukha vanijya byankugalendare unibank mattu abas ibrahimov nadesuttiruva azarabaijan sarkari svaamyada antararashtriya bank. kharchu mattu bedikeya belavanigeyinda hechchaada 2007rahra kyoo1 hanadubbarada daravu <aii. dii. 1> talupitu. ee anki amshada viruddha naamamaatrada aadaaya mattu maasika vetanagalu kramavagi shekada 29 mattu shekada 25rashtu airive, aadare tailavallada udyamadalli bele hechchalavu hanadubbaravannu uttejisitu. azarabaijan tanna vegavagi beleyuttiruva indhana valayadindaagi "dutch kaayile" endu kareyalpaduva kelavu chihnegalannu torisuttade, idu hanadubbarakke kaaranavaaguttade mattu shaktiyetara raftugalannu hecchu dubariyannagi maaduttade. 2000dha dashakada aarambhadalli, deerghakaaladavarege hecchina hanadubbaravannu niyantranakke taralaayitu. idu arthika sudhaaranegalannu bhadrapadisalu mattu asthira aarthikateya kuruhugalannu alisihakalu 2006rahra janavari 1randu hosa azerbaijani manath emba hosa karensiyannu prarambhisalu kaaranavaayitu. azarabaijan, itara sii. aii. ess. deshagaliginta melaagi, <aii. dii. 1> jagatika spardhaatmakateya varadiyalli 57neey sthaanadallide. 2012rahra hottige azerbaijan gdpu 1995rahra mattadinda 20 pattu hechchaagittu. indhana mattu naisargika sampanmoolagalu. azerbaijan moorane eradarashtu bhagavu taila mattu naisargika aniladinda samruddhavaagide. azerbaijan taila udyamada itihaasavu praachina kaalakke seride. arabian itihaasakaara mattu pravasi ahmed all-baladhuri praachina kaaladalli absheran paryaya dveepada aarthikateyannu charchisidaru, visheshavaagi adara tailavannu ullekhisidaru. ajarbaijaannalli aneka kolave maargagalive. ajarbaijaannalliruva daitya shaa deniz anila kshetravannu europige samparkisuva daksina anila carridarn guriyu, rashyaada anilada mele european okkootada avalambaneyannu kadime maaduvudu. deshada hecchina chinna, belli, kabbina, tamra, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, sankeerna adiru mattu antimanigalige kadime caucasus pradeshavu kaaranavaagide. 1994rahra septembernalli, azerbaijan ganarajyada (sokar) raajya taila kampani mattu 13 taila kampanigala naduve 30 varshagala oppandakke sahi haakalaayitu, avugalalli amoco, bipi, exanmobil, lukoil mattu equiner serive. soviyat shoshaneyinda muttada aalavaada neerina taila kshetragalannu pashchimatya taila kampanigalu balsikollalu samarthavaagiruvudarinda, azerbaijan annu taila parishodhane mattu abhivruddhige vishvada pramukha taanagalalli ondaagide. etanmadhye, sthula arthika sthirate, taila aadaayada nirvahaneyalli paaradarshakate mattu bhavishyada piligege sampanmoolagala raksaneyannu khachitapadisikollalu azarabaijan raajya taila nidhiyannu hechchuvari-budget nidhiyaagi sthaapisalaayitu. ajarbaijaannalli jaivika saamarthyada labhyateyu vishwa sarasariginta kadimeyagide. 2016ralli, azerbaijan tanna bhoopradeshadolage prati vyaktige 0.8 jagatika hectare jaivika saamarthyavannu hondittu, idu prati vyaktige 1.6 jagatika hektergala ardhadashtu jagatika sarasari. 2016ralli azerbaijan prati vyaktige 2.1 jagatika hectare jaivika saamarthyavannu balasikonditu-avugala parisara balakeya hejjegurutu. idarartha avaru azerbaijan hondiruva jaivika saamarthyakkinta hecchu jaivika saamarthyavannu balasuttaare. idara parinaamavaagi, azerbaijan jaivika saamarthyada korateyannu edurisuttide. sokar naa upa-kampaniyaada azericaz, 2021 rahra velege deshada sampoorna anilikaranavannu khachitapadisikollalu uddeshiside. azerbaijan purva-paschima mattu uttara-daksina indhana saarige kaaridaargala prayojakaralli ondaagide. baaku-tblc-cars railway maargavu caspian pradeshavannu tarkiyondige samparkisuttade, idu julai 2017 ralli poornagolluva niriksheyide. trans-anatolian anila pipeline (tanap) mattu trans adriatic pipeline (tapp) azerbaijan shaa deniz aniladinda turkey mattu europge naisargika anilavannu talupisuttade. sokar mattu saha-udyamagalu (bipi, chevron, inpex, equiner, exanmobil, tipi, itochu mattu ongisi videsha) 2017rahra september 14randu sahi haakida tiddupadi maadalaada psa prakara, azarabaijan acg abhivruddhiya oppandavannu 2050ravarege vistarisitu. krishi. azerbaijan ee pradeshada atidodda krishi jalanayana pradeshavannu hondide. azerbaijan sumaru 54.9% rashtu krishi bhoomiyaagide. 2007rahra aarambhadalli, upayogisida krishi pradeshavu 4,755,100 hectare aagittu. adhe varshadalli ottu marada sampanmoolagalu 136 dasalaksha ghana meetargalashtu enikegondavu. azerbaijan krishi vaignaanika samshodhanaa samsthegalu hullugaavalugalu mattu hullugaavalugalu, totagaarike mattu upaushnavalayada belegalu, hasiru tarakaarigalu, viticulture mattu wine tayaarike, hatti beleyuvike mattu aushadheeya sasyagala mele kendrikarisive. kelavu pradeshagalalli dhanya, alugadde, sakkare beetgedde, hatti mattu tambaaku beleyuvudu laabhadaayakavaagide. jaanuvaarugalu, dairi utpannagalu mattu wine mattu spiritgalu saha pramukha krishi utpannagalaagive. caspian meenugaarike udyamavu kshinisuttiruva sturgian mattu beluga daastaanugala mele kendrikarisuttade. 2002ralli azerbaijani vyapari naukapade 54 hadagugalannu hondittu. ee hinde videshadinda aamadu maadikondidda kelavu utpannagalannu sthaliyavaagi utpaadisalu praarambhisalaagide. avugalalli coca-cola batlargalu limited., baaki-castelninda bear, nehirninda parkwett mattu eupec pipe lepanada ajarbaijanninda taila kolavegalu. pravasodyama. pravasodyamavu azerbaijan aarthikateya pramukha bhagavagide. 1980rahra dasakadalli ee deshavu prasiddha pravasi taanavaagittu. soviyat okkootada patana mattu 1990rahra dashakada modala nagarno-karabakh yuddhavu pravasi udyama mattu pravasi taanavaagi azerbaijan chithranavannu haalumaaditu. 2000dha dashakadavaregu pravasodyamavu chetarisikollalu prarambhisalilla, mattu andininda deshavu pravasigara bheti mattu ratriya vaastavyada sankhyeyalli hecchina belavanigeyannu anubhaviside. ittichina varsagalalli, azarabaijan dharmika, spaa mattu aarogya pravasodyamakke janapriya taanavaagide. chaligaaladalli, shahdagh parvata resort atyaadhunika soulabhyagalondige skiing annu odagisuttade. azerbaijan sarkaaravu ajarbaijaannannu unnata pravasi taanavaagi abhivraddhipadisalu hecchina aadyateyannu niidide. azerbaijani aarthikatege pravasodyamavannu pramukhavaagisuva rashtriya kaaryatantravaagide, ekaika doddadalladiddaroo, koduge niiduttade. ee chatuvatikegalannu azerbaijan samskruti mattu pravasodyama sachivaalayavu niyantrisuttade. 63 deshagalu veesa-mukta ankagalannu hondive. ii-veesa-veesa agatyaviruva deshagala videshiyaru azerbaijan ganarajyakke bheti needalu. vishwa arthika vedikeya 2015rahra prayana mattu pravasodyama spardhaatmakateya varadiya prakara, azerbaijan 84neey sthaanavannu hondide. vishwa prayana mattu pravasodyama mandaliya varadiya prakara, 2010 mattu 2016rahra naduve pravasi raftugalalli prabala belavanigeyannu torisida agra hattu desagalalli azerbaijan kooda serittu, jotege, kaleda varsha olabaruva antaaraashtriya pravasi vechchada balavaada soochakagalondige, vegavagi abhivruddhi honduttiruva prayana mattu pravasodyama aarthikategalannu hondiruva desagalalli azerbaijan modala sthaanadallide (46.1%). saarige. reshme raste mattu daksina-uttara karidarnantaha pramukha antararashtriya sanchara apadhamanigala addadaariyalli azerbaijan anukulakara sthalavu deshada aarthikatege saarige valayada kaaryatantrada mahatvavannu etti torisuttade. deshada saarige valayavu rastegalu, railway, vayuyana mattu kadala sarigeyannu olagondide. azerbaijan kachcha vastugala saganeya pramukha arthika kendravagide. baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline (bii. tii. sii) mayee 2006 ralli karyarambha maaditu mattu azerbaijan, georgia mattu turkey pradeshagaliginta hecchu vistariside. vaarshikavaagi 50 dasalaksha tangalashtu kachcha tailavannu sagisalu mattu caspian samudra taila kshetragalinda tailavannu jagatika maarukattegalige sagisalu bii. tii. sii. yannu vinyaasagolisalaagide. azerbaijan, georgia mattu turkey pradeshagala moolakavoo vistarisiruva daksina caucasus pipeline 2006rahra koneyalli karyarambha maaditu mattu shaa deniz anila kshetradinda european maarukattege hechchuvari anila sarabarajannu odagisuttade. shaa deniz varshakke 296 shatakoti ghana meater naisargika anilavannu utpaadisuva niriksheyide. yuu-prayojita reshme raste yojaneyalli azerbaijan saha pramukha patra vahisuttade. 2002ralli, azerbaijani sarkaaravu vyapaka shreniya neeti mattu niyantraka kaaryagalondige saarige sachivaalayavannu sthaapisitu. adhe varshadalli, deshavu raste sanchaarada kuritaada vienna samaveshada sadasyavaayitu. aarthikateya itara valayagala abhivruddhige anukulavaguvante saarige jaalavannu meldarjegerisuvudu mattu saarige sevegalannu sudhaarisuvudu aadyateyaagide. 2012rahra cars-tblc-baaku railway nirmaanavu poorvadalli cheena mattu kajhakistanada railvegalannu turkey moolaka pashchimadalli european railway vyavasthege samparkisuva moolaka eshyaa mattu europe naduvina sarigeyannu sudhaarisuva uddeshavannu hondittu. 2010ralli broad-gaze railway mattu vidyuddikruta railvegalu kramavagi vistarisidavu. 2010rahra velege, 35 vimaana nildaanagalu mattu ondu heliport iddavu. vignaana mattu tantragyaana. 21neey shatamaanadalli, hosa taila mattu anilada utkarshavu azerbaijan vignaana mattu tantragyaana valayagalallina paristhitiyannu sudharisalu sahaaya maaditu. sarkaaravu aadhunikarana mattu naavinyateya guriyannu hondiruva abhiyaanavannu praarambhisitu. mahiti tantragyaana mattu samvahana udyamadinda baruva laabhagalu beleyuttave mattu taila utpaadaneyinda baruva laabhagalige hoolisabahudaagide endu sarkara andajiside. azerbaijan dodda mattu sthiravaagi beleyuttiruva antarjala valayavannu hondide, idu hechchaagi 2007-2008 naa arthika bikkattininda prabhavitavagilla; kanishta innoo aidu varshagalavarege tvarita belavanigeya munsuchane ide. azerbaijan 2021ralli jagatika naaveenyate soochyankadalli 80neey sthaanadallide, 2019ralli idu 84neey sthaanadallittu. deshavu tanna durasamparka valayavannu abhivraddhipadisuvalli pragatiyannu saadhisuttide. samvahana mattu mahiti tantragyaanagala sachivalaya (emm. sii. aii. tii) mattu ajtelekomnalli adara patrada moolaka nirvaahakaru neeti niroopakaru mattu niyantrakaraagiddaare. saarvajanika pephongalu sthaliya karegalige labhyavive mattu duravani vinimaya kendradinda athawa kelavu angadigalu mattu keoskgalinda tokan khareedisuva agatyaviruttade. tokangalu anirdishta avadhiya kareyannu anumatisuttave. allie 1,397,000 mukhya duravani maargagalu mattu 1,485,000 antarjala balakedaarariddaru. naalku gsm puraikedaarariddaareh azersel, azerfan (naar mobile), nakhtel mobile network aaparetargalu mattu ondu cdma. 21neey shatamaanadalli, elin khalilov mattu itarara moolabhoota krutigalinda sphurti padeda halavaaru pramukha azerbaijani bhubalavijnana mattu bhoo-bhoo-bhoo-kanavijnaanada vignaanigalu, nooraru bhookampa munsuchane kendragalu mattu bhookampa-nirodhaka kattadagalannu vinyaasagolisidaru, avu eega bhukampana seveya ganarajyada kendrada bahubhagavannu roopisuttave. azerbaijan rashtriya aerospace agencyu tanna modala upagrahavaada azersat 1 annu 7 phebravari 2013 randu french gayaanaadalliruva gayana bahyakasha kendradinda 46° purva kaksheya sthanagalalli kakshege udaavane maaditu. ee upagrahavu europe mattu eshyaa mattu aafrikaada gamanarha bhagavannu olagondide mattu duradarshana mattu radeo prasaarada jotege antarjaalada prasaaravannu odagisuttade. upagrahavannu kakshege udaavane maaduvudu azerbaijan tannade aada bahyakasha udyamadondige raashtravaaguva guriyannu saadhisuva modala hejjeyagide, bhavishyadalli hecchina yojanegalannu yashasviyagi anushthaanagolisuva saamarthyavannu hondide. janasankhyaashaastra. march 2022 rante, azerbaijan ottu jansankhyeya 10,164,464 nagaravagiddu, ulida 47.1% graminavagide. 2019rahra janavariyalli, ottu jansankhyeya <aii. dii. 1> mahileyaraagiddaru. adhe varshadalli linga anupaatavu prati mahilege 0.99 purusharu aagittu. 2011rahra jansankhyeya belavanigeya daravu vishvaadyantada 1.09% ge holisidare 0.85% aagittu. jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu nirbandhisuva ondu pramukha amshavendare hecchina mattada valaseyagide. 2011ralli azerbaijan-1.14/1,000 janara valaseyannu kanditu. azerbaijani valasigaru 42 desagalalli kandubaruttaare mattu german saamskrutika samaja "currelhouse", slavic saamskrutika kendra, azerbaijani-isreli samudaaya, kurdish saamskrutika kendra, antararashtriya tallish sangha, lezzin rashtriya kendra "samoor", azerbaijani-totter samudaaya, crimean totter samaja ityaadigalannu olagondante ajarbaijaannolage janangiya alpasankhyaatarige aneka kendragalive. ottu, azerbaijan 78 nagaragalu, 63 nagara jillegalu mattu ondu vishesha kaanoonu sthaanamaanada nagaravannu hondide. 261 nagara-reetiya vasaahatugalu mattu 4248 gramagalu ivugalannu anusarisuttave. janaangeeyate. 2009rahra janaganatiya prakara jansankhyeya janangiya samyojaneh 91.6% ajarabaijaanigalu, 2% lejjingalu, 1.4% armeniyannaru (bahuteka ellah armeniyannaru nagarno-karabakhna berpatta pradeshadalli vaasisuttaare), 1.3% rusiyannaru, 1.3% tallish, 0.6% avaargalu, 0.4% turks, 0.3% taataargalu, 0.3% tots, 0.2% ukreniyannaru, 0.1% sakhargalu, 0.1% georgiannaru, 0.1% yahoodigalu, 0.1% courds, itara 0.2%. bhashegalu. adhikruta bhasheyu azerbaijani, idu turkick bhasheyagide. azerbaijani bhasheyannu sumaru 92 pratishatadashtu janaru matrubhasheyagi maatanaaduttaare. russian mattu armeniyan bhaashegalannu (nagarno-karabakhnalli maatra) saha maatanaadalaaguttade mattu pratiyondoo kramavagi sumaru 1.5% jansankhyeya matrubhasheyagide. deshadalli sthaliyavaagi maatanaaduva itara hanneradu alpasankhyaata bhaashegalive. awar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalug, crites, lezzin, rutul, talish, taath, sakhur mattu udi ivellavannoo sanna alpasankhyaataru maatanaaduttaare. ee bhasha samudaayagalalli kelavu bahala chikkadaagiddu avugala sankhye kadimeyaguttive. 1989ralli sumaru 76 pratishatadashtu janasankhyeyondige nagarno-karaabaakhnalli armeniyan bahusankhyaata bhasheyagittu. modala nagarno-karabakh yuddhada nantara, janasankhyeyu bahutekavagi 95 pratishatadashtu pratyekavagi armeniyan aagide. dharma. azerbaijan annu atyanta jatyatita muslim bahusankhyaata deshavendu pariganisalaagide. jansankhyeya sumaru 97 pratishatadashtu janaru muslimaragiddare. sumaru <aii. dii. 2> muslimaru shiya endu andaajisalaagide, aadare <aii. dii. 1> muslimaru sunnigalagiddare. deshada vividha janangiya gumpugalu itara nambikegalannu aacharisuttave. adara samvidhaanada 48neey vidhiya adiyalli, azerbaijan ondu jatyatita raajyavaagide mattu dharmika svatantryavannu khatripadisuttade. ondu 2006-2008 gallup samiksheyalli, azarabaijan kevala 21 pratishatadashtu janaru maatra dharmavu tamma dainandina jeevanada pramukha bhagavagide endu heliddaare. raashtrada dharmika alpasankhyaataralli, andaju 280,000 krishchiyannaru (3.1%) hechchaagi russian mattu georgian saampradaayika mattu armeniyan apostolic (bahuteka ellah armeniyannaru nagarno-karabakh naa berpatta pradeshadalli vaasisuttaare). 2003ralli 250 roman catholicaru iddaru. 2002rante itara christian pangadagalli lutherannaru, byaptistaru mattu molokannaru seriddaare. ondu sanna pratibhatanaakaara samudaayavoo ide. azerbaijan 2,000 varshagala itihaasavannu hondiruva praachina yahoodi janasankhyeyannu saha hondide; yahoodi sanghatanegalu 12,000 yahoodigalu ajarbaijaannalli ulididdaare endu andajisive, idu isrel mattu united statesna horagina ekaika yahoodi-bahusankhyaata pattanavagide. azerbaijan, bahai, harey krishna mattu yehovana sakshi samudaayagala sadasyarige mattu itara dharmika samudaayagala anuyaayigalige neleyagide. kelavu dharmika samudaayagalannu dharmika swaatantryadinda anadhikrutavaagi nirbandhisalaagide. yuu.ess. ee vishayada bagge raajya ilaakheya varadiyu kelavu muslim mattu christian gumpugala sadasyarannu bandhisiruvudannu ullekhisuttade, mattu aneka gumpugalu dharmavannu niyantrisuva agencyada azerbaijan ganarajyada (scra) dharmika sanghagala raajya samitiyalli nondayisalu kashtapaduttave. sikshana. tulanaatmakavaagi hecchina shekadaavaaru ajarbaijaanigalu kelavu reetiya unnata shikshanavannu padediddaare, mukhyavaagi vaignaanika mattu taantrika vishayagalalli. soviyat yugadalli, saaksharate mattu sarasari shikshanada mattavu, pramanita varnamaleyalli eradu badalaavanegala horataagiyoo, 1920rahra dasakadalli perso-arabic lipiyinda lattinge mattu 1930rahra dasakadalli romanninda sirilikge, atyanta kadime arambhika hantadinda naatakiyavaagi airitu. soviyat dattaamshada prakara, 1970ralli 100 pratishata purusharu mattu mahileyaru (ombattarinda nalavattombattu varsha vayassinavaru) sakshararagiddaru. 2009rahra samyukta rashtragala abhivruddhi kaaryakramada varadiya prakara, ajarbaijaannalli saaksharateya pramanavu 99.5 pratishatavagide. swatantryada nantara, azarabaijan samsattu soviyat okkootadinda berpadisikollalu angeekarisida modala kaanunugalalli ondaada cyrillic annu badalisalu maarpadisida-lattin varnamaaleyannu alavadisikolluvudu. adallade, azerbaijani vyavastheyu swalpa rachanaatmaka badalaavanege olagaagide. arambhika badalaavanegalalli dharmika shikshanada marusthapane (soviyat avadhiyalli nisheedhisalaagide) mattu pathyakramada badalaavanegalu serive, idu azerbaijani bhasheya balakege maru ottu niidide mattu saiddhaantika vishayavannu tegeduhaakide. praathamika shalegala jotege, sikshana samsthegalalli saaviraaru purva shalegalu, saamaanya madhyamika shalegalu mattu vishesha madhyamika shalegalu mattu taantrika shalegalu seridante vruttipara shalegalu serive. ombattane taragatiyavarege shikshanavannu kaddaayagolisalaagide. samskruti. azerbaijanina samskrutiyu aneka prabhaavagala parinaamavaagi abhivraddhigondide; adakkagiye azerbaijaniyaru aneka reetiyalli dvi-samskratikaragiddare. jagatika grahaka samskruti seridante pashchimatya prabhaavagala horataagiyoo indu deshadalli rashtriya sampradaayagalu uttamavaagi samrakshisalpattive. azerbaijani samskrutiya kelavu pramukha amshagalendareh sangeeta, sahitya, jaanapada nrutyagalu mattu kale, pakapaddhati, vastushilpa, chayagrahana mattu navraj bayram. eradaneyadu praachina iranina dharmavaada jorastrian dharmadalli hosa varshada saampradaayika aacharaneyinda bandide. navraj ondu kautumbika rajaadinavaagide. mele tilisidante, azerbaijanina jansankhyeya profile, ajarbaijaaniyarannu olagondiruttade, jotege deshada vividha pradeshagalalli saandravaagi vasisuva itara rashtriyategalu athawa janangiya gumpugalannu olagondide. azerbaijani rashtriya mattu saampradaayika udupugalu chokha mattu papakhi. rashyaada, georgian, kurdish, lezgian mattu tallish bhasegalalli radeo prasaaragalive, ivugalige rajyada bajetninda hanakasu odagisalaaguttade. balakan mattu khachmaj nalliruva kelavu sthaliya radeo kendragalu awar mattu tatnalli prasaaravannu ayojisuttave. baaku bhasheyalli halavaaru patrikegalu russian, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), lezgian ("samoor") mattu talish bhasegalalli prakatavaguttave. yahoodi samaja "soknat" "aziz" patrikeyannu prakatisuttade. sangeeta mattu jaanapada nrutyagalu. azerbaijan sangeetavu sumaru savira varshagalashtu hindina jaanapada sampradaayagalannu aadhariside. shatamaanagalinda azerbaijani sangeetavu ekageeteya badge adiyalli vikasanagondide, layabaddhavaagi vaividhyamaya ragagalannu utpaadisuttade. azerbaijani sangeetavu branchi mode vyavastheyannu hondide, allie pramukha mattu sanna mapakagala chromatisation bahala mahatvaddagide. rashtriya sangeeta vaadyagalalli 14 tanti vaadyagalu, entu taalavaadyagalu mattu aaru gaali vaadyagalive. sangeeta mattu sangeetagaarara grove nighantina" prakara, janaangeeyate, samskruti mattu dharmada drashtiyinda azerbaijani sangeetavu turkige holisidare irange hecchu hattiravaagide." mogham, mekhana mattu ashiq kalegalu azerbaijan aneka sangeeta sampradaayagalalli serive. mugam samanyavagi kavite mattu vaadyagala madhyantaragalannu hondiruva ondu suit aagide. mugam maduvaga, gayakaru tamma bhavanegalannu haadugaarike mattu sangeetavaagi parivartisabekaguttade. madhya eshyaada deshagala mogham sampradaayagalige vyatiriktavagi, azerbaijani mogham hecchu mukta roopa mattu kadime kathinavaagide; idannu hechchaagi jaajh naa sudhaarita kshetrakke hoolisalaaguttade. yuneskovu 2003rahra november 7randu azerbaijani mugham sampradaayavannu manaviyateya moukhika mattu amoorta parampareya merukrutiyendu ghoshisitu. mekhana ondu reetiya saampradaayika azerbaijani vishishta jaanapada giteyagiddu, samanyavagi ondu nirdishta vishayada mele halavaaru janaru adannu haduttare. ashiq kavite, kathe heluvike, nrutya mattu gayana mattu vaadyasangeetavannu oggoodisi saampradaayika pradarshana kaleyagi samyojisuttade, idu azerbaijani samskrutiya sanketavagide. idu saz haaduva mattu nudisuva atindriya troubadour athawa travelling barred aagide. ee sampradaayavu praachina turkey janara shamanistic nambikegalalli tanna moolavannu hondide. ashikgala haadugalu saamaanya nelegala sutta arey-sudhaaritavaagive. azerbaijan ashiq kaleyannu unesco 30 september 2009 randu amoorta saamskrutika parampareya pattiyalli serisitu. 1960rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadinda, pashchimatya-prabhaavita azerbaijani pop sangeetavu, adara vividha rupagalalli, ajarbaijaannalli janapriyateyannu hechchisuttide, aadare rock mattu hip hapnantaha prakaaragalannu vyaapakavaagi utpaadisalaaguttade mattu anandisalaguttade. alim kasimov, rashid bebudov, wagif mustafazadeh, muslim magomyev, shovkat alakbarova mattu rubaba muradova avarantaha kalaavidara antararashtriya janapriyateyondige azarabaijani pop mattu azarabaijani jaanapada sangeetavu huttikonditu. azarabaijan avaru eurovision haadu spardheyalli utsaahabharitavaagi bhagavahisuttiddare. azarabaijan 2008rahra eurovision haadu spardheyalli tanna chocchala pradarshanavannu needitu. 2009ralli deshada praveshavu moorane sthana mattu mundina varsha aidane sthaanavannu galisitu. running feared" haadinondige eurovision haadu spardheyalli 2011ralli ell mattu nikki modala sthaanavannu geddaru, idu ajarabaijange 2012ralli bakunalli spardheyannu aayojisalu avakasha maadikottitu. avaru spardheya 2018rahra aavruttiyavarege prati grand finalge arhate padediddaare, gayaka aisel avaru nanna hrudayadinda praveshisiddare. dajangattale azerbaijani jaanapada nrutyagalive. avugalannu oupachaarika acharanegalalli pradarshisalaaguttade mattu nrutyagaararu rashtriya nrutyagalalli uttamavaagi samrakshisalpattiruva chokhadantaha rashtriya battegalannu dharisuttaare. hecchina nrutyagalu bahala vegada layavannu hondiruttave. sahitya. aadhunika azerbaijani ganarajyada praadeshika mitiyolage janisida madhyakaalina lekhakaralli pertian kavi mattu tatvagnaani nizami, tanna janmasthalada nantara ganjaviyendu kareyalpaduva ganja, khansa ("dhii quintuplet") naa lekhakaraagiddaru, avaru "rahasyagala nidhi", "khosro mattu shreen" mattu "lealy mattu meznoon" seridante aidu pranaya kavitegalannu rachisiddaare. likhita azarabaijani saahityadalli atyanta munchina vyakti izzeddin hasanoglu, avaru pertian mattu azarabaijani ghajhalgalannu olagonda divan annu rachisidaru. pertian ghajalgalalli aata tanna penn-hesarannu balasidare, avana azerbaijani ghajhalgalannu tannade aada hasanoghlu hesarinalli rachisalaagittu. 14neey shatamaanadalli, madhya yugada vividha upabhashegalaada tabriz mattu shirvaangalannu aadharisi, ajarabaijani shaastriya saahityavu roopugonditu. ee avadhiya kavigalalli ghazi burhanaddin, hakeeki (jahaan shaa kaaraa kwuyunlu avara kavyanama) mattu habibi iddaru. 14neey shatamaanada antyavu 14neey shatamaanada koneyalli mattu 15neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli shreshtha azerbaijani hurufi atindriya kavigalalli obbaraada imaddin nasimi avara saahityika chatuvatikeyannu praarambhisuva avadhiyoo aagittu mattu turkick sahitya itihaasada atyanta pramukha arambhika diwan gurugalalli obbaraagiddaru, avaru pertian mattu arabbi bhasegalalli kavitegalannu rachisidaru. diwan mattu gajal shailigalannu kavigalaada cassem-aa-anwar, fuzuli mattu khatai (safavid shaa ismail aii) avaru mattashtu abhivraddhipadisidaru. dide korkut pustaka" vu 16neey shatamaanadalli nakalu maadalaada eradu hastapratigalannu olagondide mattu 15neey shatamaanakkinta modalu bareyalpattilla. idu oghuj alemaarigala moukhika sampradaayavannu pratibimbisuva 12 kathegala sangrahavaagide. 16neey shatamaanada kavi mohammed fuzuli tanna kaalaatita tatvika mattu bhavagitatmaka "kajhal" galannu arabic, pertian mattu azarabaijani bhasegalalli rachisidanu. tanna parisarada uttama saahityika sampradaayagalinda apaara prayojana padeda mattu tanna purvajara parampareya mele nirmisida fuzuli tanna samajada pramukha saahityika vyaktiyagalu uddeshisalaagittu. avara pramukha krutigalalli "dhii diwan off ghajhal" mattu "dhii khasidas" serive. adhe shatamaanadalli, azerbaijani saahityavu ashiq () kaviya prakaarada bardsna abhivraddhiyondige mattashtu pravardhamanakke banditu. adhe avadhiyalli, khatai ("poppy" gaagi) shaa ismail emba kaavyanaamada adiyalli naanu azerbaijani bhasheyalli sumaru 1400 padyagalannu barediddene, nantara avugalannu avana "diwan" endu prakatisalaayitu. koshma" ("sudhaarane" gaagi) endu kareyalpaduva ondu vishishtavaada sahitya sailiyannu ee avadhiyalli parichayisalaayitu mattu idannu shaa ismail mattu nantara avara maga mattu uttaradhikariyada shaa tahmasp aii abhivraddhipadisidaru. 17 mattu 18neey shatamanagala avadhiyalli, fuzulia vishishta prakaaragalu mattu ahik kavitegalannu pramukha kavigalu mattu barahagararada tabriz, shaa abbas saani, nishat, molah wallie vidaadi, molah panaa wagif, amani, jaffar mattu itararu kaigettikondaru. turks, termens mattu ujbekgalondige, ajarbaijaanigalu prasiddha jaanapada naayakanaada koroglu ("kurudara maga" gaagi) mahaakaavyavannu saha acharisuttare. koroglu mahaakaavyada halavaaru daakhalita aavruttigalu azerbaijan rashtriya vignaana academy hastapratigala samstheyalli ulidive. ajarbaijaannalli aadhunika azerbaijani saahityavu mukhyavaagi shirwani upabhaasheyannu aadhariside, aadare iraannalli idu tabriji bhasheyannu aadhariside. azerbaijani modala patrike, "akinchi" 1875ralli prakatavaayitu. 19neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli, idannu baaku, ganja, shaaki, tblc mattu yerewan shalegalalli kalisalaaguttittu. 1845rinda, idannu rashyaada saint pietersburg vishvavidyaalayadalli kalisalaaguttittu. jaanapada kale. ajarbaijaanigalu srimanta mattu vishishta samskrutiyannu hondiddaare, idara pramukha bhagavendare alankaarika mattu anvayika kale. ee kaleya prakaaravannu bennattuvike, aabharanagalu, lohadalli kettane, marah, kallu, moole, corpet tayaarike, lacing, maadari neyge mattu mudrana, mattu henige mattu kasootiyantaha vyapaka shreniya karkushala vastugalinda pratinidhisalaaguttade. ee reetiya alankaarika kaleya pratiyondu, azerbaijan raashtrada dattigala puraavegalu, illi bahalavagi olavu toruttave. ajarbaijaannalli kale mattu karkushala vastugala belavanigege sambandhisida aneka asaktidayaka sangatigalannu vividha samayagalli ee sthalagalige bheti niididda halavaaru vyaapaarigalu, prayanikaru mattu rajatantrikaru varadi maadiddaare. azerbaijani corpet vividha gatragala saampradaayika kaiyinda tayaarisida javali, dattavaada rachane mattu raashi athawa raashi-rahita melmaiyannu hondide, idara maadarigalu azerbaijan aneka corpet tayarika pradeshagala lakshanagalaagive. 2010rahra novembernalli azerbaijani corpet annu unesco amoorta parampareya merukrutiyendu ghoshisitu. azerbaijan praachina kaaladindalu vividha karkushala vastugala kendravendu kareyalpaduttade. azerbaijan pradeshada puratatva utkhananavu cree. poo. 2neey sahasramaanadavaregu abhivruddhi hondida krishi, daastaanu belesuvudu, lohada kelasa, kumbarike, pingani mattu corpet-neigegege saakshiyaagide. dashbulock, hasansu, jhayamchai mattu tovujhchaigalallina puratatva taanagalu bii. tii. sii pipelininda patteyagive mattu kabbinada yugada praachina kalakrutigalannu bahirangapadisive. azerbaijani ratnagambaligalannu halavaaru dodda gumpugalu mattu bahusankyeya upagumpugala adiyalli vargeekarisabahudu. azerbaijani karpetna vaignaanika samshoodhaneyu pramukha vignaani mattu kalaavidaraada lateef karimov avara hesarinondige samparka hondide. avana vargeekaranavu naalku dodda kaarpetgala gumpugalannu azerbaijan, guba-shirwan, ganja-kajhakh, karabakh mattu tabriz emba naalku bhougolika valayagalondige sambandhiside. pakapaddhati. saampradaayika pakapaddhatiyu aharagalalli rtumaanakke anugunavagi balasuva tarakaarigalu mattu hasirugala samruddhatege hesaruvaasiyaagide. pudina, kottambari (kottambari), sabbasige, tulasi, parsley, tarragon, leaks, cheeves, thyme, marjoram, hasiru eerulli mattu watercress seridante taja gidamoolikegalu bahala janapriyavagive mattu samanyavagi mejina mele mukhya bhakshyagalondige iruttave. havaamaanada vaividhyate mattu bhumiya phalavattateyu caspian samudrada meenugalu, sthaliya maamsa (mukhyavaagi mutton mattu gomamsa) mattu rtumaanada tarakaarigalu mattu greensgala samruddhiyannu aadharisida rashtriya bhaksyagalalli pratiphalisuttade. kesaria-bhattada plove azerbaijan pramukha aahaaravaagide mattu kappu chahaavu rashtriya paniyavagide. ajarbaijaanigalu saampradaayika armudu (pier aakaarada) gaajannu balasuttaare ekendare avaru bahala balavaada chahaa samskrutiyannu hondiddaare. janapriya saampradaayika bhaksyagalalli bojbash (vividha tarakaarigala serpadeyondige halavaaru praadeshika prabhedagalalli iruva kurimari suup), qutub (greens athawa kochchida mamsavannu tumbuva hurida vahivaatu) mattu dushbara (pudimadida maamsa mattu parimaladinda tumbida hittina dumplingalu) serive. vastushilpa. azerbaijani vaastushilpavu samanyavagi purva mattu pashchimada amshagalannu samyojisuttade. azerbaijani vaastushilpavu pertian vaastushilpadinda bhaaree prabhaavavannu hondide. godeyulla baaku nagarada modala gopura mattu shirvanshagala aramaneyantaha aneka praachina vaastushilpada nidhigalu aadhunika ajarbaijaannalli ulidukondive. unesco vishwa parampareya taatkaalika pattiyalli sallisalaada namoodugalalli baaku ateshga, momine khatun samadhi, hirkan rashtriya udyana, binagadi dambaru sarovara, luckbotton mannina jwalamukhi, shusha rajyada aitihaasika mattu vastushilpa meesalu, baaku parvata, caspian tirada rakshanaatmaka nirmaanagalu, ardubad rashtriya meesalu mattu shaaki khangala aramane serive. itara vaastushilpada nidigalalli mardakaannalliruva chatushkona koteyu, yakhari chaardaglarnalliruva parigala, aras nadiya uddakkoo halavaaru setuvegalu mattu halavaaru samadhigalive. 19neey mattu 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, sanna smaaraka vaastushilpavannu rachisalaayitu, aadare baaku mattu itaredegalalli vishishtavaada nivaasagalannu nirmisalaayitu. ittichina vaastushilpada smarakagalalli, baaku surangamaargagalu tamma adduri alankaarakke hesaruvaasiyaagive. aadhunika azerbaijani vaastushilpada kaaryavu aadhunika soundaryashaastrada vaividhyamaya anvayavagide, vaastushilpiya swanta kalaatmaka sailiya hudukaata mattu astitvadalliruva aitihaasika-saamskrutika parisarada serpadeyagide. hyder aliev saamskrutika kendra, jwaaleya gopuragalu, baaku sphatika haal, baaku bili nagara mattu sokar gopuradantaha pramukha yojanegalu deshada skyline annu parivartisive mattu adara samakaalina gurutannu uttejisive. drashya kale. cree. poo. 1rinda 4neey sahasramaanadavaregina gamigaya petroglyphgalu azerbaijan ardubad jilleyallive. avu jinke, aadugalu, gooligalu, nayigalu, haavugalu, pakshigalu, adbhuta jivigalu mattu janaru, gaadigalu mattu vividha chihnegala chitragalannu hondiruva sumaru 1500 kettida mattu kettida shila varnachitragalannu basault bandegala mele olagondive. norwegian janaangeeyashaastragna mattu saahasi thore heyardaalge ee pradeshada janaru sumaru 100 AD yalli scandinaviakke hogi, tamma dooni nirmaana kaushalyagalannu tammondige tegedukondu uttara europina wiking doonigalige vargaayisidaru endu manavarikeyagittu. shatamaanagalinda, azerbaijani kaleyu aneka sailiya badalaavanegalannu kandide. azerbaijani varnachitravu sampradayikavagi banna mattu belakina ushnateyinda niroopisalpattide, idu azim azimzade mattu bahrooz kangarliya krutigalalli udaaharaneyaagide, mattu dharmika vyaktigalu mattu saamskrutika lakshanagalondige todagisikondide. azerbaijani varnachitravu nooraru varshagala kaala kakasasnalli, roman mattu ottoman avadhigalinda, mattu soviyat mattu barok avadhigala moolaka, praabalyavannu anubhavisitu, avugalalli eradaneyadu ajarbaijaannalli phalavannu kanditu. ee avadhigalalli baruva itara gamanarha kalaavidaralli sattar bahluljade, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakbar rejaguliyev, mirja gadim iravani, mikayil abdullayev mattu boyukagha mirjajade seriddaare. cinema. azarabaijan chalanachitrodyamavu 1898rahra hindinadu. ajarabaijaannu chayagrahanadalli todagisikonda modala desagalalli ondaagittu, ee upakaranavu modalu bakunalli kaanisikonditu. 1919ralli, azarabaijan prajasattatmaka ganarajyada samayadalli, "azarabaijani swatantryada vaarshikotsavada aacharane" emba sakshyachitravannu rashyaadinda azarabaijan swatantryada modala vaarshikotsavadandu, mayee 27randu chitrikarisalaayitu mattu zoon 1919ralli bakuvina halavaaru chitramandiragalalli prathama pradarshanagonditu. 1920ralli soviyat adhikaaravu sthaapaneyaada nantara, azarabaijan kraantikaari samitiya adhyaksharaada nariman narimanov, azarabaijan cinemavannu rashtrikaranagolisuva adeshakke sahi haakidaru. idu azerbaijani animation srushtigoo prabhaava beeritu. 1991ralli, azarabaijan soviyat okkootadinda swatantrya padeda nantara, modala baaku antaaraashtriya chalanachitrotsavavannu purva-pashchimadalli bakudalli nadesalaayitu. 2000rahra decembernalli, azerbaijan maaji adhyaksharaada hather aliev, august 2nnu azerbaijan chalanachitra nirmapakara vruttipara rajadinavendu ghooshisuva adeshakke sahi haakidaru. indu azerbaijani chalanachitra nirmapakaru 1920 ralli soviyat okkootada sthaapanege modalu chayagrahakaru edurisida samasyegalanteye matte vyavaharisuttiddaare. mattomme, vishayada aaykegalu mattu chalanachitragala prayojakatva eradannoo hechchaagi chalanachitra nirmapakara upakramakke bidalaagide. duradarshana. mooru sarkari svaamyada duradarshana vaahinigaliveh ajtvi, idman tv mattu medaniet tv. ondu saarvajanika channel mattu 6 khasagi chaanelgaliveh <unk> ctmy television, space tv, lider tv, azad azerbaijan tv, mattu arb. manava hakkugalu. azerbaijan samvidhaanavu vaak svatantryavannu khataripadisuttade, aadare idannu acharaneyalli niraakarisalaagide. patrika mattu madhyama swaatantryadalli halavaaru varshagala kusitada nantara, 2014 ralli, yaavude virodha mattu tikegalannu mounagolisuva sarkari abhiyaanada adiyalli ajarbaijaannalli madhyamada vatavaranavu vegavagi hadagettitu, deshavu europe councilna mantrigala samitiyannu munnadesitu (mayee-november 2014). sullu kaanoonu aaropagalu mattu patrakartara viruddhada himsaachaaradalli shiksheyinda vinayiti roodhiyaagiye ulidide. deshadalli ellah videshi prasaaragalannu nisheedhisalaagide. 2013rahra friedam house friedam off dhii press varadiya prakara, azerbaijan patrika swatantryada sthaanamaanavu "muktavagilla", mattu azerbaijan sthaanavu 196 deshagala paiki 177neey sthaanadallide. kraistadharmavannu adhikrutavaagi gurutisalaagide. ellah dharmika samudaayagalu bhetiyagalu, serevaasada apaayada adiyalli nondayisikollabekagutde. ee nondaniyannu aagaagge niraakarisalaaguttade. "janangiya taaratamyavu deshada dharmika swatantryada koratege kaaranavaaguttade, ekendare aneka krishchiyannaru ajeri muslimariginta hechchaagi janangiya armeniyan athawa russian agiddare". radeo free europe/radeo liberty mattu voyce off amerikavannu ajarbaijaannalli nisheedhisalaagide. ajarbaijaannalli ell. zii. bii. tii janara viruddha taratamya vyaapakavaagide. kaleda kelavu varsagalalli, moovaru patrakartarannu kollalaayitu mattu antararashtriya manava hakkugala samsthegalu anyayavendu vivarisida vichaaranegalalli halavaaru janara viruddha kaanoonu krama kaigollalaayitu. patrakartarannu rakshisuva samitiya prakara, 2015ralli europinalli athi hecchu sankhyeya patrakartarannu seremaneyallitta azerbaijan, iraan mattu chinakkinta munde vishvada 5neey athi hecchu sensor maadalaada deshavaagide. ajarbaijaannalli covid-19 saankraamika rogada bagge varadi madiddakkagi kelavu nirnayaka patrakartarannu bandhisalaagide. october 2015ralli antaaraashtriya samshoodhakarobbaru kshamadana needida varadiyu ee bagge soochisuttade...kaleda kelavu varshagalinda ajarbaijaannalli manava hakkugala teevra kusitavagide. dukkhakaravendare azerbaijange abhootapoorva mattada damanadinda duraviralu avakasha nidalaagide mattu ee prakriyeyalli adara nagarika samajavannu bahuteka alisihaakalaagide."deshada melina amnesty 2015/16 varshika varadiyu helide... rajakiya bhinnaabhipraayada melina kirukula munduvariyitu. manava hakkugala samsthegalu tamma kelasavannu punaraarambhisalu sadhyavagalilla. varshada koneyalli kanishta 18 atmasakshiya kaidigalu bandhanadalliddaru. swatantra patrakartaru mattu kaaryakartara viruddhada pratikaaragalu desha mattu videshagalalli munduvaredavu, aadare avara kutumba sadasyaru saha kirukula mattu bandhanagalannu edurisidaru. antaaraashtriya manava hakkugala melvichaarakarannu nirbandhisalaayitu mattu deshadinda horahaakalaayitu. chitrahimse mattu itara ketta vartaneya varadigalu munduvaredavu." "azerbaijan aadalitada ganyaru pramukha europeannarige pavatisalu, aisharami sarakugalannu khareedisalu mattu aparadarshaka british kampanigala jaalada moolaka hanavannu toleyalu rahasya $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojaneyannu nirvahisuttiddaru endu palakaru april 2017 ralli varadi maadidaru... sorikeyaada dattaamshavu, sarani manava hakkugala ullanghane, vyavasthita bhrashtachara mattu chunavanegalalli avyavahaarada aaropa hottiruva azerbaijani naayakatvavu 2012rinda 2014ravarege 16,000kkoo hecchu gupta pavatigalannu maadide endu torisuttade. ee hanadalli swalpa bhagavu raajakaaranigalu mattu patrakartarige hoyitu, azerbaijan adhyaksha ilham aliev avara tikeyannu tirugisalu mattu avara taila samruddha deshada sakaaraatmaka chithranavannu uttejisalu antararashtriya lobby karyacharaneya bhagavagi."hanada moolavu vesha dharisi bandiruvudarinda ellah svikarisuvavarige adara moola tilidittu emba yaavude suchaneyiralilla. creede. freestyle kustiyannu sampradayikavagi azerbaijan rashtriya krideyendu pariganisalaagide, idaralli azerbaijan antararashtriya olympic samitige seridaagininda naalku chinna seridante hadinaalku padakagalannu geddiddaare. prastuta, atyanta janapriya kridegalalli football mattu kusti serive. football ajarbaijaannalli atyanta janapriya krideyagide mattu 9,122 nondayita aatagararannu hondiruva azerbaijan football okkootagala sanghavu deshada atidodda creeda sanghavaagide. raashtrada football klabgalige holisidare azerbaijan rashtriya football tandavu antararashtriya rangadalli tulanaatmakavaagi kadime pradarshanavannu niiduttade. atyanta yashasvi azerbaijani football klabgalendare nefty, karaba mattu gabala. 2012ralli, neftchi baaku european spardheya gumpu hantakke munnadeyuva modala azerbaijani tandavaayitu, uefa europa leagna play-off suttinalli cypression apole annu 4-2 rinda solisitu. 2014ralli, uefa europa leagna gumpu hantakke munnadeyuttiruva eradane azerbaijani club emba heggalikege karaba patravayitu. 2017ralli, uefa champions leagna play-off suttinalli kopan haggen annu 2-2 (aa) solisida nantara, karaba group hantavannu talupida modala azerbaijani club aayitu. ajarabaijaannalli footsal mattondu janapriya krideyagide. azerbaijan rashtriya footsal tandavu 2010rahra uefa footsal champiyanshipnalli nalkane sthaanavannu talupitu, aadare deshiya club araj naxivan uefa footsal cup mattu uefa footsal kapnalli kanchina padakagalannu geddukonditu. azarabaijan, spanish football club atletico dii madridne mukhya prayojakaragiddaru, idu 2013/2014 mattu 2014/2015 rtugalalli, club" "jagattinalli azarabaijan chithranavannu uttejisabeku" "endu vivarisida paaludaarikeyaagide". azerbaijan vishwa chesna saampradaayika shakti kendragalalli ondaagide, idu aneka antararashtriya chess pandyavaligalu mattu spardhegalannu ayojiside mattu 2009,2013 mattu 2017 ralli european tandada chess championship vijetaraadaru. deshada chess shalegala gamanarha chess aatagaararalli teamore radjabov, shahariyar mammadyarov, vladymyr makonov, wugar gashimov mattu maaji vishwa chess champiyan gyaari kasparov seriddaare. deshada 22neey vargada spardheyaada shamkir chess, saarvakaalika athi hecchu rating padeda pandyavaligalalli ondaagide. azarabaijani samskrutiyalli backgammen saha pramukha patra vahisuttade. ee aatavu ajarbaijaannalli bahala janapriyavagide mattu sthaliya saarvajanikaralli vyaapakavaagi aadalaaguttade. azerbaijani tagnaru abhivraddhipadisida mattu vishleshisida backgammen vividha rupaantaragaloo ive. azerbaijan mahila walliball suuper leigh vishvada atyanta prabala mahila leeggalalli ondaagide. adara mahila rashtriya tandavu 2005rahra european champiyanshipnalli nalkane sthana galisitu. kaleda varsagalalli, rabita baaku mattu azerail bakugalantaha klabgalu european kapgalali uttama yashassannu saadhisidavu. azarabaijani walliball aatagaararalli valeria korotenko, oxana parcomenco, inessa korkmaj, natalya mammadova mattu allah hasanova muntaadavaru seriddaare. itara azerbaijani kridapatugalendare kustiyalli namig abdullayev, togrul asgarov, rovshan bayramov, shareef sharifov, maria stadnik mattu fareed mansurov, judodalli nazeem hussenov, elnoor mammadli, elkhan mamadov mattu rustom oruzov, karaateyalli rafale aghayev, baxingnalli magomedrasul mazidov mattu aghasi mamdov, olympic waitliftingnalli nizami pashayev, pancressionnalli azad asgarov, kickboxingnalli edward mamadov mattu keey-1 fighter jhabit samedov. azerbaijan zoon 2012 ralli tayaarisida farmula one rays-track annu hondide, mattu deshavu tanna modala farmula one grand prix annu zoon 19,2016 randu mattu 2017,2018,2019,2021 mattu 2022 ralli azerbaijan grand prix annu ayojisitu. deshadalli nadeyuva itara varshika creeda kaaryakramagalendare baaku cup tennis pandyavali mattu tour dii 'azerbaijan saikling rays. azerbaijan 2000dha dashakada antyadinda halavaaru pramukha creeda spardhegalannu ayojiside, idaralli 2013rahra eff1 powerboat vishwa championship, 2012rahra fifa yuu-17 mahila vishwakap, 2011rahra aibaa vishwa boxing championship, 2010rahra european kusti championship, 2009rahra layabaddha gymnastics european championship, 2014rahra european takewando championship, 2014rahra layabaddha gymnastics european championship mattu 2016rahra vishwa chess olympiad serive. 8 december 2012 randu, 2015 rahra european aatagalannu aayojisalu bakuvannu ayke maadalaayitu, idu spardheya itihaasadalli nadeda modala pandyavagide. baaku 2017ralli nalkane islaamik oggattina aatagalannu mattu 2019rahra european yuva besige olympic utsavavannu saha ayojisitu mattu idu uefa euro 2020rahra aatitheyaralli ondaagide, idu covid-19 kaaranadindaagi 2021ralli nadeyuttide.

azarbaijan kizhakkan europinteyum padinjaaran eshyayudeyum athirthiyil sthithi cheiyunna oru bhookhandaanthara rajyamaanu azarbaijan (,,,), audyogikamaayi azarbaijan republic. thekkan cocusus mekhalayude bhagamaaya ithu kizhakk caspian kadalum vadakku russia (republic oof dagestan) vadakkupadinjaaru georgia padinjaaru armenia turkey thekk iraanum kondu athirthi pankidunnu. thalasthaanavum ettavum valia nagaravumaan bakku. azarbaijan demookratik republic 1918-ll transcocatian demookratik federative republicil ninnu swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum aadyathe mathethara janaadhipathya muslim bhooripaksha rajyamaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1920ll raajyam soviyatt yooniyanil azarbaijan ssr aayi samyojippikkappettu. athe varsham soviyatt union pirichuvidunnathinu thottumunbu 1991 august 30 nuu aadhunika republic oof azarbaijan swaathanthryam prakhyaapichu. 1991 septambaril nagorno-karaabaakh mekhalayile vamseeya armeniyan bhooripaksham svayam prakhyapitha republic oof aartsakh roopeekarichu. 1994-leeii aadya nagorno-karaabaakh yudhathinte avasaanathode ithu "yadhaarthathil" swathanthramaayengilum, oass sugamamakkiya charchakaliloode nagorno-karaabaakkinte padavikku pariharam kaanathe eee pradeshavum chuttumulla ezhu jillakalum asarbaijaaninte bhaagamaayi anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappettittundu. 2020-leeii randaamathe nagorno-karaabaakh yudhathethudarnnu, nagorno-karaabaakhinte ezhu jillakaleyum bhaagangaleyum azarbaijani niyanthranathilekku thirike nalki. azarbaijan oru ekapaksheeyamaaya ardha-presidential republicaanu. aarr swatantra turkey samsthaanangalil onnaaya ithu turkey samsthaanangaludeyum turkoy samoohathinteyum samghadanayile sajeeva amgamaanu. 182 rajyangalumaayi nayatantra bandhamullah azarbaijan ikyaraashtrasabha, europe kaunsil, chericheraatha prasthaanam, oo. ezz. sii. iii, naatto pii. eph. pii prograam ennivayulppede 38 anthaaraashtra samghadanakalil amgamaanu. guwam, sis, oo. pii. sii. dablyu ennivayude sthaapaka amgangalil onnaanith. azarbaijan dablyu. tii. oyude oru nireekshaka samsthaanam koodiyaanu. raajyathe janasamkhyayude bahubhooripakshavum (97 sathamaanam) naamamaathramaayi musleengalaanu, ennaal bharanaghadana oru audyogika mathamaayi prakhyapikkunnilla, raajyathe ellah pradhana rashtreeya shakthikalum mathetharavaadikalaanu. maanava vikasana soochikayil 91-aamm sthaanathulla oru vikaswara rajyamaanu azarbaijan. uyarnna saambathika vikasana nirakk, saksharatha, kuranja thozhilillaayma nirakk ennivayundu. ennirunnaalum, 1993 muthal adhikaarathilirunna bharanakakshiyaya puthiya azarbaijan party, haider aliyevinteyum makan ilham aliyevinteyum neethrthwathil svechaadhipathya neethrthwathinu vidheyamaayennum pouraswaathanthryangalkk, prathyekichu pathraswaathanthryathinum rashtreeya adichamarthalinum mail vardhichuvarunna niyanthranangal ulppede raajyathinte manushyavakaasha record vashalaakkiyennum aaropikkappedunnu. padavyuthpathishaasthram. oru aadhunika padavyuthpatthi anusarichu, "azarbaijan" enna padam achemenid saamraajyathin keezhilulla pershyan sathrappaya "atropates" ennathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, pinneedu alexander dhii grettinte keezhil maadhyamangalude sathrapaayi punasthaapichu. eee perinte yadhaartha uthbhavathin oru kaalath prabalamaayirunna sorostriyanisathil verukalundennu karuthappedunnu. avesttayude "frarvidine yash" ("raksha maalaakhamaarkkulla sthuthigeethangal") ll, avestaanil ninnu aksharaarthatthil vivarthanam cheiyunna "njangal vishudha atropaatteente frashiye aaradhikkunnu" ennu oru paraamarshamund. atropates" enna peru thanne oru pazhaya iranian, orupakshe median, "(vishudha) theeyaal samrakshikkappedunnu" allengil "(vishudha) theeyude naadu" ennarthamulla samyuktha naamatthinte greak lipyantharanamaanu. diodorus sikulas straboyumaanu greak peru paraamarshichathu. sahasraabdangalude kaalayalavil, peru (madhya pershyan), pinneedu, (puthiya pershyan), innathe "azarbaijan" enningane parinamichu. 1918ll russian saamraajyathinte thakarchaykku sesham, swatantra azarbaijan janaadhipathya republic sthaapithamaayappol, innathe azarbaijan republicinte pradeshathinaayi musawat sarkkar "azarbaijan" enna peru aadyamaayi sweekarichu. athuvare, samakaalika vadakkupadinjaaran iraante sameepa pradeshathe thirichariyaan maathramaayi eee padavi upayogichirunnappol azarbaijan demookratik republicinte pradeshathe munbu "arren", "shirwan" ennu vilichirunnu. aaa adisthaanathil iraan puthuthayi sweekaricha raajyanaamathe ethirthu. soviyatt bharanakaalathu, russian lipyantharanathil ninnu laattin bhashayilum raajyam '()' ennu ucharikkappettirunnu. 1940 muthal 1991 vare cyrillic lipiyil 'ennaanu raajyathinte peru ezhuthiyirunnathu. charithram. purathanakaalam. azarbaijan pradeshathu manushyavaasam nadannathinte aadyakaala thelivukal shilaayugathinte avasaanathil ninnullathaanu, ithu asikh guhayile guruchaay samskaaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. bii. sii. onpathaam noottaandile sandhiyan vamshajar aadyakaala vaasasthalangalil ulppettirunnu. sithyanmaare pinthudarnnu, araz nadiyude thekk bhaagathulla pradeshathu iranian medikal aadhipathyam sthaapichu. bisi 900 num 700 num idayil medikal oru vishalamaaya saamrajyam roopeekarichu, athu bisi 550 oode achemenid saamraajyavumaayi samyojippikkappettu. accommenidukal eee pradesham keezhadakkiyathu sorostrian mathatthinte vyaapanathilekku nayichu. sassanid kaalam muthal safavid kaalam vare. 252ll sassanian saamrajyam kokkeshyan albania oru saamantharajyamaakki maattukayum naalam noottaandil urnayar rajaavu kristhumathatthe audyogikamaayi rashtramathamaayi sweekarikkukayum cheythu. sassanid bharanam undaayirunnittum, onpathaam noottaand vare albania eee mekhalayile oru asthithvamaayi thudarnnu, sassanid iraanu poornnamaayum keezhppettirikkukayum athinte rajavaazhcha nilanirthukayum cheythu. sassanian chakravartthiyude mukhya saamanthanmaaril oraalaayirunnenkilum, albanian rajaavinu adhikaarathinte oru saadrishyam maathrame undaayirunnulloo, sassanian marsban (sainika govarnor) mikka sivil, matha, sainika adikaarangalum kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. ezhaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil pershyayile musleem adhinivesham kaaranam sasaaniyakkaarude oru saamantanenna nilayil kakkeshyan albania naamamaathramaaya musleem bharanathin keezhil vannu. 667ll jawanshir raajaavinte neethrthwathilulla kristhyan cheruthunilppu adichamarthiyathinu sesham umayyad khilaafat thekkan cocusasil ninnulla sasanianmareyum baisaantainukaleyum pinthirippikkukayum kokkeshyan albania oru saamantharajyamaakki maattukayum cheythu. abbazid khilaafathinte thakarcha moolam avasheshichirunna adhikara shoonyatha sallaaridukal, saajidukal, shaddaadidukal thudangiya niravadhi praadeshika rajavamshangal nirachu. pathinonnam noottaandinte thudakkathil, madhya eshyayil ninnulla oghusu tarkkukalude thiramaalakal kramena eee pradesham pidichedutthu, avar akkaalat oru turkoman vamsheeyanaamam sweekarichu. 1067 aayappozhekkum azarbaijan ennariyappedunna pradeshathu praveshicha seljuk saamraajyamaayirunnu eee turkey rajavamshangalil aadyathethu. aadhunika azarbaijan pradeshathu jeevichirunna pree-turkeek janasamkhya niravadhi indo-europian, kakkeshyan bhashakal samsaarichirunnu, avayil armeniyan bhashayum iranian bhashayaaya pazhaya aseriyum ulppedunnu, kramena innathe azarbaijani bhaashayude aadyakaala munnodiyaaya oru turkeek bhasha ithu maatti. iranian azarbaijan, republic oof azarbaijan ennivayude taatti bhaashaabhedangal tattukal samsaarikkunnathupole pazhaya aseriyil ninnullavayaanennu chila bhaashaashaasthranjar prasthaavichittundu. praadeshikamaayi, thudarnnulla seljuk saamraajyathinte swathukkal bharichirunnathu saankethikamaayi seljuk sulthaanmaarude saamanthanmaaraaya eldigusidukalaayirunnu, ennaal chilappol "yadhaartha" bharanadhikaarikal thanne. seljukkukalude keezhil, nizami ganjavi, khakhaani thudangiya praadeshika kavikal innathe azarbaijan pradeshathu pershyan saahithyathinte thazhachuvalarchaykku kaaranamaayi. shirvanshaahukalude praadeshika rajavamsham thimoorinte saamraajyathinte oru saamantharaajyamaayi maarukayum suvarnna samghamaaya thokhthamishile bharanaadhikaariyumaayulla yudhathil addehathe sahayikkukayum cheythu. thimoorinte maranathethudarnnu, rund swathanthravum ethiraaliyumaaya rajyangal uyarnnuvannu khaaraa kwunlu, akku kwunlu. 861 muthal praadeshika bharanaadhikaarikalum saamanthanmaarum enna nilayil uyarnna svayambharanaavakaasham nilanirthikkondu niravadhi noottaandukalolam shirvanshaakal thirichetthi. 1501-ll iraanile safavid rajavamsham shirvanshaakale keezhppeduthukayum athinte swathukkal nedukayum cheythu. adutha noottaandil, aadhunika iraanile janasamkhyayeppole, muun sunni janataye safaavidukal shiah islaamilekku parivartthanam cheythu. 1538ll safavid rajaavaaya tahamasp I (r. 1524-1576) avare poornnamaayum sthaanabhrashtaraakkukayum eee pradeshathe safavid pravisyayaaya shirwan aakkukayum cheythu. ottoman-safavid yudhathinte falamaayi innathe asarbaijaaninte chila bhagangal kaivashappeduthaan sunni automanmaarkku hrasvamaayi kazhinju; pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, avare safavid iranian bharanadhikaari abbas onnaaman (aarr. 1588-1629). safavid saamraajyathinte pathanatthinte pashchaathalatthil, russo-pershyan yudhathinte anantharafalamaayi baakkuvum athinte chuttupaadukalum russiakkaar hrasvamaayi kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. safavid iraante ayal athiraalikal ithupolulla hrasvamaaya edavelakal nalkiyittum, innathe azarbaijan enna raajyam safaavidukalude aadyakaala varavu muthal pathonpathaam noottaandinte gathi vare iranian bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. aadhunika charithram. safaavidukalkku sesham eee pradesham bharichirunnathu iranian afsharid rajavamshamaanu. nather shaayude maranashesham (aarr. 1736-1747), addehathinte muun prajakalil palarum asthirathayude pottitheri muthaledutthu. vividha tharatthilulla svayambharanamulla niravadhi svayambharana khaanettukal eee pradeshathu uyarnnuvannu. eee khaanettukalile bharanadhikaarikal iraanile bharana raajavamshangalumaayi nerittu bandhappettirunnavarum iranian shaayude saamanthanmaarum prajakalumaayirunnu. madhya eshyaykkum padinjaarinum edayilulla anthaaraashtra vyapara maarggangaliloode khaanettukal avarude kaaryangalil niyanthranam chelutthi. athinusesham, eee pradesham iranian saandukaludeyum khajaarukaludeyum thudarchayaaya bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal, saamraajyathva russia athinte rund ayalkkarodum thekk athiraalikalaaya iraanodum automan saamraajyathodum kooduthal aakramanathmakamaaya bhouma-rashtreeya nilapaadilekku maari. iraante kaikalil bhooribhaagavum undaayirunna cocusus pradesham kaivashappeduthaan russia ippol sajeevamaayi shramichu. 1804ll russiakkaar iranian pattanamaya ganja akramikkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu, ithu russian-pershyan yudhathinu kaaranamaayi. sainikamaayi unnatharaaya russiakkaar russian-pershyan yudhamaaya aii. dii. 1 vijayathode avasaanippichu. aii. dii. 1 yudhathil khajaar iraan paraajayappettathinetthudar, gulistan udambadi prakaram jorjia, dagestan ennivaykkoppam mikka khaanettukaludeyum mail russian saamraajyathin aadhipathyam nalkaan athu nirbandhithamaayi. pathonpathaam noottaandil russia pidichadakkunnathuvare, samakaalika republic oof azarbaijan sthithicheyyunna aras nadiyude vadakkulla pradesham iranian pradeshamaayirunnu. ekadesham oru pathittaandinushesham, gulistan udambadi lamghichu russiakkaar iraanile erivan khaanett aakramichu. ithu iruvarum thammilulla avasana shathruthaykk kaaranamaayi, athaayath russo-pershyan yuddham, athinte falamaayundaaya thurkmenchey udambadi, iranian kaikalilaayirunna samakaalika azarbaijani republicinte manninte avasana bhagangal ulkkollunna erivan khaanett, nakhchivan khaanett, backie talish khaanett ennivayude paramadhikaaram vittukodukkaan khajaar iraane nirbandhithanaakki. iraanil ninnu russiayilekku ellah kakkeshyan pradeshangalum samyojippichathinushesham, iva randum thammilulla puthiya athirthi aras nadiyil sthaapichu, soviyatt yooniyante vighadanathethudarnnu ithu pinneedu iraanum azarbaijan republic thammilulla athirthiyude bhaagamaayi maari. pathonpathaam noottaandil kakkeshyan pradeshangal russiayk vittukodukkaan khajaar iraan nirbandhithanaayi, athil aadhunika azarbaijan republicinte pradesham ulppedunnu, athesamayam aaa vibhajanathinte falamaayi azarbaijan vamseeya vibhaagam innu rund raajyangalkkidayil vibhajikkappettirikkunnu iraanum azarbaijan. russian adhinivesham undaayirunnittum, pathonpathaam noottaandiludaneelam, russian niyanthranatthilulla bakku, ganja, tifflis (tbilisi, ippol jorjia) nagarangalile shiya, sunni budhijeevikalkkidayil iranian samskaaram, saahityam, bhasha ennivayumaayi bandhapetta tirakk vyaapakamaayirunnu. athe noottaandil, iranian-sheshamulla russian niyanthranatthilulla kizhakkan kokkeshyayil, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil oru azarbaijani deseeya swathuam uyarnnuvannu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu russian saamraajyathinte thakarchaykku sesham, innathe azarbaijan, jorjia, armenia ennee republicukal roopeekaricha hraswakaala transcocatian demookratik federative republicayi prakhyapikkappettu. 1918 march 30num epril 2num idayil bakku nagaratthilum russian saamraajyathile bakku govarnarettinte sameepa pradeshangalilum nadanna march dhina koottakkolakku sheshamaan ithu. 1918 meyy maasathil republic pirichuvittappol, pramukha musawat party azarbaijan demookratik republic (eiii. dii. aarr) aayi swaathanthryam prakhyaapichu, puthiya republicinu "azarbaijan" enna peru sweekarichu; aarr. dii. aarr. prakhyaapanathinu munbu samakaalika iraante sameepathulla vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshathe maathram soochippikkaan upayogichirunna oru peru. muslim lokathile aadyathe aadhunika paarlamentari republicaayirunnu aarr. dii. aarr. sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkunnathiloode sthreekalkku purushanmaarkk thulya rashtreeya avakashangal nalkunna aadya musleem rajyamaayi azarbaijan maari ennathaanu paarlamentinte pradhana nettangalil onnu. muslim kizhakk bhaagath sthaapithamaaya aadyathe aadhunika tharatthilulla sarvakalashaalayaaya bakku stettu yooniversitti sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu aarr. dii. aarinte mattoru pradhana nettam. 1920 maarchode soviyatt russia baakkuvine akramikkum ennu vyakthamaayirunnu. baakkuvinte ennayillaathe soviyatt russiayk athijeevikkaan kazhiyaathathinal adhinivesham nyaayeekarikkappettuvenna vladymyr lenin paranju. 1920 epril 28nuu bolshevik 11-aamm soviyatt redu armi akramikkukayum azarbaijan ssr sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare swatantra azarbaijan 23 maasam maathrame neenduninnulloo. puthuthayi roopeekaricha azarbaijani sainyathinte bhooribhaagavum karaabaakkil pottippurapetta oru armeniyan kalapam adichamarthunnathil earppettirunnuvenkilum, asarbaijaanikal avarude hrasvamaaya swaathanthryam 1918-20 vegathil allengil eluppathil keezhadakkiyilla. russian punarvijayatthe cherukkunnathil 20,000 azarbaijani sainikar kollappettu. thudarnnulla aadyakaala soviyatt kaalaghattatthil, azarbaijani deseeya swathuam oduvil vyaajamaayi. 1921 october 13nuu russia, armenia, azarbaijan, jorjia ennee soviyatt republicukal turkeyumaayi cars udambadi ennariyappedunna oru karaaril oppuvachu. munbu swathanthramaayirunna araz republic azarbaijan ssrinullile nakhchhivan svayambharana soviyatt soshyalist republicayi cars udambadiyiloode maarum. maruvashathu, armeniyaykk sangezur mekhala nalkukayum turkey gyumri (annu alexandropol ennariyappettirunnu) thirike nalkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, soviyatt yooniyante thanthraparamaaya oorjja nayathil azarbaijan nirnaayaka punk vahichu, soviyatt yooniyante kizhakkan munnaniyile ennayude 80 sathamaanavum baakkuvaan vitharanam cheythath. 1942 februvariyil yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte paramonnatha soviyattinte utharavanusarichu asarbaijaanile enna vyavasaayathile 500 ladhikam thozhilaallikaludeyum jeevanakkaarudeyum prathibaddhathaykku oordarukalum medalukalum nalki. yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte oorjja (petroleum) dynamo enna nilayil athinte praadhaanyam kaaranam jarmman vermact nadatthiya ooppareshan edelways baakkuvine lakshyamitirunnu. 1941 muthal 1945 vare randaam lokamahaayudhathil poraadiya asarbaijaanikalil anjilonnu. ekadesham 681,000 perr, avaril 100,000-thiladhikam sthreekal, munnilethi, athesamayam asarbaijaanile motham janasamkhya akkaalat 34 laksham aayirunnu. asarbaijaanil ninnulla ekadesham 250,000 perr munnirayil kollappettu. 130-ladhikam asarbaijaanikale soviyatt yooniyante naayakanmaraayi namakaranam cheythu. azarbaijani mejar general asii aslanovinu rund thavana soviyatt yooniyante naayakan puraskaaram labhichu. swaathanthryam. mikhaayil gorbachev aarambhicha "glassnost" raashtreeyathethudarnnu, azarbaijan ssrinte svayambharana pradeshamaaya nagorno-karaabaakh ulppede soviyatt yooniyante vividha pradeshangalil aabhyanthara aswasthathayum vamseeya kalahangalum valarnnu. ithinakam chooderiya samgharshathodulla moscoyude nissamgathaykku marupadiyaayi asarbaijaanile aswasthathakal swaathanthryathinum vighadanathinumulla aahvaanangalil kalaashichu, ithu baakkuvile black januvari sambhavangalil kalaashichu. pinneedu 1990-ll azarbaijan ezz. ezz. aarinte paramonnatha samiti "soviyatt soshyalist" enna vaakkukal thalakkettil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum "azarbaijan republicinte paramadhikaara prakhyapanam" sweekarikkukayum azarbaijan demookratik republicinte pathaaka samsthaana pathakayaayi punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1991leeii moscoyile soviyatt attimari shramathinte paraajayatthinte anantharafalamaayi, asarbaijaante paramonnatha samiti 1991 october 18nuu swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam amgeekarichu, athu 1991 desemberil raajyavyaapakamaayi nadanna hitaparisodhanayiloode sthireekarikkukayum 1991 desember 26nuu soviyatt union audyogikamaayi illaathaavukayum cheythu. raajyam ippol october 18nuu swaathanthryadinam aaghoshikkunnu. armeniyayude pinthunayulla nagorno-karaabaakkile vamseeya bhooripakshavumaayulla aadyathe nagorno-karaabaakh yuddham swaathanthryathinte aadya varshangal marachu. 1994-leeii shathruthayude avasaanathode, nagorno-karaabaakh ulppede azarbaijani pradeshatthinte 14-16 sathamaanam vare armeniyakkaar niyanthrichu. yudhakaalathu malibeyliyileyum guschularileyum koottakkolakal, garadagli koottakkola, khojaali koottakkolakal, bakku koottakkola, maraga koottakkola, kirovabad koottakkola ennivayulppede irupakshavum niravadhi athikramangalum koottakkolakalum nadatthi. koodaathe, ekadesham 30,000 perr kollappedukayum oru dashalakshathiladhikam aalukal kudiyozhippikkappeduka cheythu, 800,000-thiladhikam asarbaijaanikalum 300,000 armeniyakkaarum. naalu ikyaraashtra suraksha kaunsil prameyangal (822,853,874,884) "asarbaijaanile ellah adhinivesha pradeshangalil ninnum ellah armeniyan sena udan pinvalikkanamenn aavashyappedunnu."1990kalil niravadhi russiakkaarum armeniyakkaarum azarbaijan vittu abhayaarthikalaayi palayanam cheythu. 1970leeii sensus prakaram asarbaijaanil 510,000 vamseeya russiakkaarum 484,000 armeniyakkaarum undaayirunnu. aliyev kudumba bharanam, 1993-innuvare. 1993ll, janaadhipathyaparamaayi thiranjedukkappetta president abulfaz elchibi kenal suurath hussainovinte neethrthwathilulla sainika kalapam attimarichu, ithu soviyatt asarbaijaaninte muun nethaavaaya haider aliyevinte adhikaarathilerunnathinu kaaranamaayi. 1994ll surat hussainov, appozhekkum pradhaanamantri, haider aliyevinethire mattoru sainika attimarikk shramichuvenkilum addehathe arast cheyyukayum raajyadrohakkuttam chumathukayum cheythu. oru varshathinusesham, 1995-ll, aliyevinethire mattoru attimari sramam nadannu, ithavana oomoon special yoonittinte commander rovshan javadov. attimari ozhivaakkappettu, athinte falamaayi randaamathethu kollappedukayum asarbaijaaninte oomoon unitukal pirichuvidukayum cheythu. athesamayam, bharana udyogastharude vyapakamaaya azhimathi raajyathe kalankappeduthi. 1998 octoberil aliyev randaam thavanayum thiranjedukkappettu. sambadvyavastha valare mechappettuvenkilum, prathyekichu azeri-chirag-guneshli ennappaadavum shhaa denis vaathakappaadavum chooshanam cheythappol, thiranjeduppu vanchana, uyarnna thothilulla saambathika asamathvam, aabhyanthara azhimathi enniva kaaranam aliyevinte presidency vimarsikkappettu. haider aliyevinte makan ilham aliyev 2003ll pithaav marichappol puthiya azarbaijan party chairman azarbaijan presidentum aayi. 2013 octoberil addeham moonnaam thavana presidentaayi veendum thiranjedukkappettu. 2018 eprilil, pradhana prathipaksha partykal bahishkaricha thiranjeduppil president ilham aliyev thudarchayaaya naalam thavanayum vijayichu. 2020 septambar 27 nuu, pariharikkappedaatha nagorno-karaabaakh samgharshathil nagorno-karaabaakh line oof kondaakttil puthiya ettumuttalukal punaraarambhichu. azerbaijanileyum armeniyayileyum sayudha senakal sainika, sivilian naashanashtangal report cheythu. nagorno-karaabaakh vedinirthal karar azerbaijan armenia thammilulla aarr aazhchathe yudhathinte avasaanavum asarbaijaanil vyaapakamaayi aaghoshikkappettu, kaaranam avar ganyamaaya praadeshika nettangal nedi. bhoomishaasthram. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi, padinjaaran eshyayilum kizhakkan europilum vyaapichukidakkunna eurasiayile thekkan cocusus mekhalayilaanu azarbaijan sthithi cheiyunnathu. ithu 38° num 42° n akshamshangalkkum 44° num 51° e rekhaamshangalkkum idayilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. asarbaijaaninte karaa athirthikalude aake neelam armeniayumaayum iraanumaayum jorjiayumaayum russiayumaayum turkeyumaayum 480 kilometer aanu. theerapradesham vyaapichukidakkunnu, caspian kadalinte azarbaijani vibhaagathinte ettavum veethiyulla pradeshatthinte neelam. raajyathin karayal chuttapetta oru exclave undu, nakhchivan svayambharana republic. moonnu bhauthika savisheshathakal asarbaijaanil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu kizhakk swaabhaavika athirthi roopappeduthunna kadaltheeramaaya caspian kadal; vadakku valia cocusus parvathanirakal; raajyathinte madhyabhaagathulla vipulamaaya samathalapradeshangal. raajyathinte ekadesham 40 sathamaanam varunna valuthum cheruthumaaya cocusus, tallish parvathanirakal enningane moonnu parvathanirakalum ivideyundu. asarbaijaanile ettavum uyaram koodiya kodumudi basardoos parvathamaanu, athesamayam ettavum thaazhnna sthaanam caspian kadalilaanu. bhoomiyile cheli agniparvathangalil pakuthiyolam asarbaijaanilaanu kendreekarichirikkunnathu, eee agniparvvathangalum prakrithiyude puthiya 7 athbhuthangalkk naamanirddesham cheyyappettavayil ulppedunnu. uparithala jalamaan pradhana jalasrothassukal. 8, 350 nadikalil 24 ennathinu maathrame neelam kooduthalulloo. ellah nadikalum raajyathinte kizhakk caspian kadalilekku ozhukunnu. ettavum valia thadaakam sarisu aanu, ettavum neelam koodiya nadhi kurr aanu, ithu armeniyayumaayi athirthi pankidunnu. caspian kadalil niravadhi dveepukalulla asarbaijaanil kooduthalum bakku dveepasamoohathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1991ll azarbaijan swaathanthryam nediyathinushesham azarbaijan sarkkar asarbaijaante paristhithi samrakshikkaan nadapadikal sweekarichittundu. baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline nalkunna puthiya varumanam moolam samsthaana bajatt vardhicha 2001 nuu sesham paristhithi deseeya samrakshanam thwarithappeduthi. naalu varshathinullil, samrakshitha pradeshangal erattiyaayi, ippol raajyathinte pradeshatthinte ettu sathamaanamaanu. 2001 muthal sarkkar ezhu valia karuthal shekharangal sthaapikkukayum paristhithi samrakshanathinaayi neekkivacha bajattile mekhalaye ekadesham erattiyaayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu. bhooprakrithi. vaividhyamaarnna prakrithidrishyangalude aavasa kendramaanu azarbaijan. asarbaijaaninte bhoopradeshathinte pakuthiyiladhikam parvathanirakal, shikharangal, uyarnna pradeshangal, peedabhoomikal enniva ulkkollunnu, avaa 400-1000 meter (madhya, thaazhnna thaazhnna pradeshangal ulppede) vare uyarunnu, chila sthalangalil (thaalikal, jeranchol-ajinohur, langabis-alath forerenchukal) 100-120 meter vare, mattullava 0-50 meterum athinu mukalilum (kobustan, absheron). asarbaijaaninte backie bhoopradesam samathalangalum thaazhnna pradeshangalum ulkkollunnu. cocusus mekhalaykkullile hypesometric adayaalangal caspian kadaltheerathu ekadesham −28 meter muthal 4,466 meter (basarduzu kodumudi) vare vyathyaasappedunnu. asarbaijaanile kaalaavasthayude roopeekaranathe prathyekichu scandinavian aanti cycloninte thanutha artic vaayu pindangal, cyberian aanti cycloninte mitasheetoshna vaayu pindangal, madhya eshyan aanti saiklon enniva swaadheenikkunnu. asarbaijaaninte vaividhyamaarnna bhooprakrithi vaayusanjaarangal raajyathekku praveshikkunna reethiye badhikkunnu. vadakku ninnu varunna thanutha vaayuvinte nerittulla swaadheenathil ninnu grettar cocusus raajyathe samrakshikkunnu. ithu raajyathe mikka thaazhvarakalilum samathalangalilum uposhnamekhalaa kaalavastha roopappedunnathilekku nayikkunnu. athesamayam, samathalangalum thaazhvarakalum uyarnna sourorjja vikirana nirakkukalude savisheshathayaanu. nilavilulla pathinonnu kalavastha mekhalakalil onpathu ennavum asarbaijaanilaanu. nakhu chiwan svayambharana republicile julfa, oordubaad pradeshangalil samboornna minimum thapanilayum () samboornna paramavadhi thapanilayum nireekshikkappettu. ettavum kooduthal vaarshika mazha labhikkunnath lankaranilum ettavum kuranjathu absheronilumaanu. nadikalum thadaakangalum asarbaijaaninte jalasamvidaanangalude pradhana bhagamaanu, avaa oru neenda bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayaparidikkullil roopappedukayum aaa kaalaghattatthiludaneelam ganyamaayi maarukayum cheythu. raajyathudaneelam kaanapedunna purathana nadikalude avashishtangal ithinu prathyeka thelivu nalkunnu. prakrithishakthikaludeyum manushyar avatharippicha vyaavasaayika pravarthanangaludeyum swaadheenathil raajyathe jala samvidaanangal nirantharam maarikkondirikkukayaan. krithrima nadikalum (kanaalukalum) kulangalum asarbaijaaninte jalasamvidaanangalude bhagamaanu. jalavitharanathinte kaaryatthil, oru chathurashra kilometeril ekadesham prathivarsham jalamulla azarbaijan lokathile saraashariyekkaal thaazheyaan. ellah valia jalasambharanikalum kurr adisthaanamaakkiyaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. asarbaijaaninte jalashasthram adisthaanaparamaayi caspian kadaltheerathil pedunnu. asarbaijaanile pradhana nadikalaanu kura, araz enniva. avaa kuraa-aras thaazhnna pradeshathiloode kadannupokunnu. caspian kadalilekku nerittu ozhukunna nadikal pradhaanamaayum pradhana cocusus, talish parvathanirakalude vadakkukizhakkan charivil ninnu uthbhavich samur-devechi, lankaran thaazhnna pradeshangaliloode ozhukunnu. kathunna parvvatham" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunna yanar daag, bakkuvinaduthulla caspian kadalile absheron upadveepile oru kunnin mukalil thudarchayaayi kathunna prakrithivaathaka theeyaanu, athu "theeyude naadu" ennu ariyappedunnu."nertthathum sushirangalullathumaya manalkkall paaliyil ninnu theepidutthangal vaayuvilekku puratthekku ozhukunnu. bakku pradeshathe sandarshakarude vinodasanjaara aakarshanamaanith. jaivavaividhyam. asarbaijaanile mrugajeevithathinte sambannathayeyum vaividhyatheyum kurichulla aadya reportukal kizhakkan sanjaarikalude yatra kurippukalil kaanam. vasthuvidyaa smarakangal, purathana parakal, kallukal ennivayile mrugangalude kothupanikal innuvare nilaninnirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil prakrithishaasthranjar azarbaijan sandarshichappozhaanu asarbaijaanile sasyajanthujaalangalekkur aadya vivarangal shekharichathu. asarbaijaanil rekhappeduthukayum tharamthirikkukayum cheythirikkunna 106 inam sasthanikal, 97 inam malsyangal, 363 inam pakshikal, 10 inam ubhayajeevikal, 52 inam uragangal ennivayundu. asarbaijaaninte deseeya mrugamaanu karaabakh kuthira, ithu asarbaijaanil thaddesheeyamaaya oru parvatha-steppi racing kuthirasavaari aanu. nalla manobhaavam, vegatha, charutha, buddhi ennivaykku kaaraabaakh kuthiraykku prashasthiyund. purathana lokathil ninnulla vamshaparambarayulla ettavum pazhaya enangalilonnaanithu, ennaal innu kuthira vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru inamaanu. asarbaijaanile sasyajalangalil 4,500-ladhikam inam uyarnna sasyangalundu. asarbaijaanile savisheshamaaya kaalavastha kaaranam, thekkan kokkasasile mattu republicukalile sasyajaalangale apekshichu sasyajaalangal jeevivargangalude ennathil valare sambannamaanu. cocusasil muzhuvan valarunna enangalil 66 sathamaanavum asarbaijaanilaanu kaanappedunnath. caspian hiercanian mishrita vanangal, cocusus mishrita vanangal, kizhakkan anatolian montaine steppi, azarbaijan kuttichedi marubhoomi, steppi enningane naalu paristhithi mekhalakalilaanu raajyam sthithicheyyunnathu. azerbaijaaninu 2018 leeii phoorast landscape integrity soochika sharashari score 6.55/10 undaayirunnu, ithu 172 rajyangalil aagolathalathil 72-aamm sthaanathaanu. sarkkarum raashtreeyavum. 1995 november 12nuu puthiya bharanaghadana amgeekarichathode asarbaijaante rashtreeya samvidaanathinte gadanaaparamaaya roopeekaranam poortthiyaayi. bharanaghadanayude article 23 anusarichu, azarbaijan republicinte samsthaana chinnangal pathaaka, anki, deseeyagaanam ennivayaanu. asarbaijaanile samsthaana adikaaram aabhyanthara prashnangalkk maathram niyamathaal parimithappedutthiyirikku, ennaal anthaaraashtra kaaryangalum anthaaraashtra karaarukalude vyavasthakalaal parimithappedutthiyirikku. asarbaijaante bharanaghadana prakaram executive, legislative, judicial enningane adhikaarathinte moonnu shaakhakalulla oru presidential republicanithu. ekasabhayaaya deseeya assembly nakhchivan svayambharana republicile paramonnatha deseeya asambliyumaanu niyamanirmmaana adikaaram kaivashappeduthiyittullath. millie majlis ennu vilikkappedunna azarbaijan paarlamentil bhooripaksha vottinte adisthaanathil thiranjedukkappedunna 125 prathinidhikal adangiyirikkunnu, oro thiranjedukkappetta amgathinum anchu varshathe kaalaavadhiyund. anchu varshathilorikkal november aadya njaayarazhchayaanu thiranjeduppu nadakkunnathu. sarkkar roopeekaranathinu paarlamentinu utharavaadithamillengilum bharanaghadanaykku millie majlisinte manthrisabhayude amgeekaaram aavasyamaanu. puthiya azarbaijan party bharanasarkkaarinodu vishwastharaaya swathanthrarum nilavil paarlamentile 125 seettukalil mikkavarum ellah seettukalum kaivasham vaykkunnu. 2010leeii paarlamentari thiranjeduppil prathipaksha partykalaaya musawat, azarbaijani janakeeya munnaniye oru seett polum nedaan kazhinjilla. thiranjeduppinumumbumbum thiranjeduppu divasathilum niravadhi kramakkedukal europian nireekshakar kandethi. ezhu varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi nerittulla thiranjeduppiloode thiranjedukkappedunna presidentinteyum pradhaanamanthriyudeyum kaivashamaan executive adikaaram. presidentinteyum deseeya asambliyudeyum utharavaadithamulla oru koottaaya executive bodiyaaya manthrisabha roopeekarikkaan presidentinu adhikaaramund. azarbaijan manthrisabhayil praadhamikamaayi pradhaanamantri, addehathinte prathinidhikal, mantrimar ennivar ulppedunnu. asarbaijaaninte ettaamathe sarkkaaraan athinte nilavile roopeekaranathilulla bharanam. deseeya assembly pirichuvidaan presidentinu avakaashamillengilum athinte theerumaanangal veetto cheyyaan avakaashamund. presidential veetto marikadakkaan paarlamentinu 95 vottukalude bhooripaksham undaayirikkanam. bharanaghadanaa kodathi, supreme kodathi, saambathika kodathi ennivayil judicial adikaaram nikshipthamaanu. eee kodathikalile jadjimaare rashtrapathy naamanirddesham cheiyunnu. europian kammeeshan phoor efficiency oof justice (sii. iii. pii. iii. jii) report puthiya jadjimaare thiranjedukkunnathinekku azarbaijani neethinyaaya maathrkaye mikacha sambradaayamaayi paraamarsikkunnu, ithu oru puthiya janaadhipathyathil judeeshyariyude swaathanthryavum gunanilavaaravum urappakkunnathinulla prathyeka savisheshathakalum vikasanathinte gathiyum prathifalippikkunnu. asarbaijaaninte bharanasamvidhaanathe naamamaathramaayi dvithala ennu vilikkam. presidentinte neethrthwathilulla executive adikaaramaanu gavanmentinte ettavum uyarnna allengil uyarnna thalatthilulla adikaaram. manthrimaarudeyum mattu unnatha udyogastharudeyum manthrisabhaye rashtrapathy niyamikkunnu. praadeshika executive authority executive adhikaarathinte thudarcha maathramaan. 1999 juun 16 nuu amgeekaricha asarbaijaanile praadeshika executive athorittiyude (yerley ikra hakkimiyatti) niyamaparamaaya padavi eee vyavastha nirnnayikkunnu. 2012 juunil president puthiya niyanthranam amgeekarichu, ithu praadeshika executive adhikaarikalkk adhika adikaarangal nalki, azarbaijan republicinte bharanaghadanayude 9-aamm adhyaayathil asarbaijaante praadeshika kaaryangalil avarude aadhipathyam shakthippeduthi, munisippaalittikalude niyamaparamaaya padavi, praadeshika svayambharana sthaapanangalude tharangal, avarude adisthaana adikaarangal, mattu audyogika sthaapanangalumaayulla bandhangal thudangiya praadeshika svayambharanathinte pradhana prasnangal abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. bharanathinte mattoru naamamaathramaaya shreni munisippaalittikalaan ("bülÂdiyy"), munisippaalittikalile amgangale oro anchu varshathilum munisippal thiranjeduppukalil pothu vottiloodeyaanu thiranjedukkunnathu. nilavil raajyathudaneelam 1,607 munisippaalittikalund. munisippal thiranjeduppukalekkuri niyamavum munisippaalittikalude nilayekkurichulla niyamavumaanu thaddeshabharana mekhalayil aadyamaayi sweekarichathu (1999 juulai 2). munisippal sevanathekkurichulla niyamam munisippal jeevanakkaarude pravartthanangal, avarude avakashangal, kadamakal, thozhil saahacharyangal, saamoohika aanukoolyangal enniva niyanthrikkukayum executive upakaranathinteyum munisippal sevanathinte samghadanayudeyum ghadana roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. munisippaalittikalude nilayekkurichulla niyamam munisippal sthaapanangalude pankum ghadanayum niyanthrikkukayum niyamaparavum saambathikavumaaya svayambharanathinte samsthaana gyaarandikal roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. saamoohika samrakshanam, saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya vikasanam, praadeshika paristhithi ennivayumaayi bandhapetta munisippal paripaadikal sweekarikkunnathinum nadappilaakkunnathinum niyamam prathyeka shradha nalkunnu. presidentinte keezhilulla charchaa samithiyaan suraksha samiti, addeham athu bharanaghadana anusarichu samghadippikkunnu. 1997 epril 10 nuu sthaapithamaaya bharanavakupp presidentinte offeesinte bhagamalla, marichu presidentinteyum adhehathinteyum offeesinteyum saambathika, saankethika, saambathika pravartthanangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. aliyev rashtreeya kudumbatthinteyum haidar aliyev sthaapicha puthiya azarbaijan party (yeni azerbaikan partiasi, yapp) deerghakaala swaadheenam kaaranam asarbaijaante rashtreeya samvidaanathe chila rashtreeya shaasthranjar svechaadhipathyamaayi nirvachichittundu. raajyathe moonnaamathe presidentaaya haider aliyev (1993num 2003num idayil adhikaarathilirunna addeham munbu 1969num 1982num idayil azarbaijan communist party aadya secretory 1982num 1987num idayil soviyatt yooniyante aadya deputy premiyarumaayirunnu) 2003ll addehathinte makan naalaamathethum nilavilullathumaaya president ilham aliyev adhikaaramettu. azarbaijan swaathanthryam veendeduthathinushesham niravadhi thiranjeduppukal nadathiyittundengilum janaadhipathyathinte niravadhi aupachaarika sthaapanangalundu, swaathanthryabhavanam athine "swathanthramalla" ennu tharamthirickunnu, 2022ll aagola swaathanthrya skoril athine "ekeekritha svechaadhipathya bharanam" ennu visheshippichu. sameepa varshangalil, president alievineyum sarkkar adikaarikaleyum vimarshichathin dhaaraalam azarbaijani pathrapravartthakar, bloggermar, abhibhaashakar, manushyavakaasha pravartthakar ennivare arast cheyyukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythittundu. 2015 septambaril europian paarlament amgeekaricha oru prameyathil azerbaijane "kazhinja patthu varshathinide eurasiayiludaneelam janaadhipathya bharanathil ettavum valia idivu anubhavichathaayi" visheshippikkukayum manushyaavakaashangalekkuri rajyavumaayulla charcha "kaaryamaaya purogathi kaivarichittillennum paranju."2016 march 17 nuu azarbaijan president chila enn. jii. omaar rashtreeya thadavukaaraayi kanakkakkiya oru dasaniladhikam perkku mapp nalkunna oru utharavil oppuvachu. eee utharavine us stettu department oru nalla nadapadiyaayi swaagatham cheythu. 2017 march 16nuu mattoru mapp utharavu oppuvaykkukayum athu rashtreeya thadavukaaraayi kanakkaakkappedunna adhika vyakthikale mochippikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. videshathu thangalude aavasyangal pracharippikkunathinum swadeshathu thiranjeduppu niyamavidheyamaakkunnathinum videsha udyogastharkkum nayathanthranjarkkum kaikkooli nalkiyathinu azarbaijan kadutha vimarsanathinu vidheyanaayittundu, eee sanbradaayathe kaviar nayathanthram ennu vilikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2017 march 6 nuu, europian straattajik intelligence aandu security sentar essisk) "armeniyan kanakshan" enna peril oru report prasidheekarichu, athil asarbaijaanile manushyavakaasha lamghanangaleyum azhimathiyeyum vimarshikkunna manushyavakaasha samghadanakaleyum gaveshana samghadanakaleyum aakramichu. asarbaijaanethire rashtreeya yudhathil earppedunna emm. pii. esinte oru shringhala roopeekarikkunnathinaayi apavaadathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla samshayathinte anthareeksham srishtikkaan ezz. iii. sii vishadeekaricha "kaviar nayathanthram" report lakshyamidunnuvennum europian pii. emm. ezz, armeniyan udyogasthar, chila enn. jii. oo. kall (manushyavakaasha nireekshanam, pothumaapp anthaaraashtram, manushyavakaasha house foundeshan, thuranna sambhashanam, europian sthiratha samrambham, manushyaavakaashangalkkaayulla helsinghi kammitti) enniva ulkkollunna shringalaykku soros foundeshan dhanasahayam nalkiyathaayum aaa reportil ezz. iii. sii. urappichu paranju. roobert colson (radio free europe) parayunnathanusarichu, pothujanabhipraayam maattunnathinaayi frond think taankukalude upayogam vipuleekarikkunathinulla baakkuvinte lobying shramangalude bhagamaanu essisk. svechaadhipathya prachaaranatthinte ettavum mosham paarambaryatthilaanu report ezhuthiyirikkunnathu" ennu freedam fayalukalude vishakalana kendram paranju. videsha bandhangal. jarmmaniyilekkum finlandilekkum nayatantra prathinidhikale ayachukondu aarr rajyangalumaayi nayatantra bandham sthaapikkunnathil hraswakaala azarbaijan janaadhipathya republic vijayichu. takarnna soviyatt yooniyanil ninnu asarbaijaante swaathanthryathe anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram nalkunna prakriya ekadesham oru varsham neenduninnu. azerbaijane amgeekaricha ettavum puthiya raajyam 1996 november 6 nuu bahrainaayirunnu. douthyangalude paraspara kaimaattam ulppede samboornna nayatantra bandhangal aadyamaayi sthaapichathu turkey, paakistaan, america, iraan, israel ennivayumaayi aayirunnu. azarbaijan tarkkiyumaayulla "prathyeka bandhathinu" prathyeka oonnal nalkiyittundu. azerbaijaaninu ithuvare 158 rajyangalumaayi nayatantra bandhamund, koodaathe 38 anthaaraashtra samghadanakalil amgathvamundu. chericheraatha prasthaanatthilum loka vyapara samghadanayilum nireekshaka padavi vahikkunna ithu anthaaraashtra telecommunication unionile oru lekhakanaanu. 2006 meyy 9nuu aikyaraashtrasabhayude potusabha puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya manushyavakaasha kaunsilil amgamaayi azerbaijane thiranjedutthu. 2006 juun 19nuu adikaarakaalam aarambhichu. 155 raajyangalude pinthunayode 2011ll azarbaijan aadyamaayi yuu. enn. suraksha samithiyile sthiramallaatha amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu. asarbaijaaninte videshanayathinte mungananakalil onnamathaayi athinte praadeshika samagratha punasthaapikkuka; nagerno-karaabaakhinte adhiniveshathinte anantharafalangal illaathaakkuka; nagerno-karaabaakhin chuttumulla asarbaijaaninte mattu ezhu pradeshangal; europian, euro-atlaantik gadanayilekkulla samyojanam; anthaaraashtra surakshaykkulla sambhavana; anthaaraashtra samghadanakalumaayulla sahakaranm; praadeshika sahakaranavum ubhaykakshi bandhavum; prathirodha sheshi shakthippeduthuka; aabhyanthara nayatthiloode suraksha prolsaahippikkuka; janaadhipathyathe shakthippeduthuka; vamsheeyavum mathaparavumaya sahishnutha samrakshikkuka; shaasthreeyavum vidyaabhyaasaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya nayavum dhaarmika moolyangalude samrakshanavum; saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya vikasanam; aabhyantharavum athirthiyile suraksha vardhippikkuka; kudiyettam, oorjjam, gathagatha suraksha nayam enniva ulppedunnu. anthaaraashtra bheekaravaadathinethire pooraadunna anthaaraashtra sakhyangalil sajeeva amgamaaya azarbaijan septambar 11 aakramanathinu sesham pinthuna nalkia aadya raajyangalilonnaan. kosovo, afgaanisthaan, iraakh ennividangalile samadhanapalana shramangalkk sambhavana nalkunna naattoyude samadhana paripaadiyude sajeeva amgamaanu raajyam. 2001 muthal europe kaunsil amgamaaya azarbaijan europian unionumaayi nalla bandham nilanirthunnu. raajyam oduvil europian union amgathvathinu apekshichekkaam. 2021 juulai 1 nuu, us kongras 2012 muthal asarbaijaanilekku washington ayacha sainika sahaayathe badhikkunna niyamanirmmanam avatharippichu. pakaram armeniyayilekkulla paakkejukal ganyamaayi cheruthaanu ithinu kaaranam. pattalakkaar. aadhunika azarbaijan sainyathinte charithram 1918 juun 26 nuu puthuthayi roopeekaricha azarbaijan demookratik republicinte deseeya sainyam roopeekarikkappetta 1918 juun 26 muthal aarambikkunnu. soviyatt union pirichuvitta sesham azarbaijan swaathanthryam nediyappol, 1991 october 9 leeii sayudha senayude niyamamanusarichu azarbaijan republicinte sayudha senakal roopeekarikkappettu. hraswakaala deseeya sainyam sthaapichathinte yadhaartha theeyathi innathe asarbaijaanil sainika dinamaayi (juun 26) aaghoshikkunnu. 2021 leeii kanakkanusarichu asarbaijaanil 126,000 sajeeva udyogasthar sayudha senayil undaayirunnu. 17, 000 ardhasainika vibhaagangalum 330,00 reserve udyogastharum undu. karasena, vyomasena, naavikasena enningane sayudha senaykk moonnu shaakhakalundu. koodaathe, aavashyamullappol samsthaana prathirodhatthil earppedaan kazhiyunna niravadhi sainika upagrooppukal sayudha senayil ulppedunnu. koost gard ulppedunna aabhyanthara manthraalayathinteyum samsthaana athirthi sevanathinteyum aabhyanthara sainikaraan ivar. azarbaijan naashanal gaard mattoru ardhasainika vibhagamaanu. presidentinu keezhilulla ejansiyaaya special stettu protection sarveesinte ardha-swatantra sthaapanamaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu. azarbaijan europile parambaraagatha sayudha senayekkurichulla udambadi palikkukayum ellah pradhana anthaaraashtra aayudha, aayudha karaarukalilum oppuvaykkukayum cheythittundu. samaadhaanathinaayulla pankaalittham, vyakthigatha pankaalittha karmapadhathi/pii. eph. pii, aii. pii. eiii thudangiya paripaadikalil azarbaijan naattoyumaayi aduthu sahakarikkunnu. azarbaijan thangalude samadhana senayude 151 pere iraakhilum 184 pere afgaanisthaanilum vinyasichittund. azarbaijan athinte prathirodha bajattinayi 2.24 bilyan dollar chelavazhichu, ithu motham gdpyude 5.4 sathamaanavum pothu sarkkar chelavinte kurachu aidi1 umm aayirunnu. azarbaijani prathirodha vyavasaayam cheria aayudangal, peeranki samvidaanangal, taankukal, kavacham, ratri kazhcha upakaranangal, vyomayaana bombukal, yuve/alillah vyoma vahanam, vividha sainika vahanangal, sainika vimanangal, helikopttarukal enniva nirmmikkunnu. bharanaparamaya divisionukal. azerbaijane bharanaparamaayi 14 saambathika mekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu; republicinte nerittulla adhikaarathinu keezhil 66 rayonukalum (ekavachanam) 11 nagarangalum (ekavachanam). koodaathe, asarbaijaanil nakhchivaante svayambharana republic () ulppedunnu. azarbaijan president eee yoonittukalude gavarnarmaare niyamikkumbol nakhchivan sarkkaarine nakhchivan svayambharana republicinte paarlament thiranjedukkukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. sambadghadana. 1991ll swaathanthryam nediya sesham azarbaijan anthaaraashtra dhana nidhi, locabank, punarnirmmaanatthinum vikasanathinumulla europian baank, islaamik development baank, eshyan development baank ennivayil amgamaayi. asarbaijaaninte central baank, vaanijya baankukal, banking ithara credit oorganaiseshanukal enniva asarbaijaaninte banking samvidaanathil ulppedunnu. ussrinte muun stettu savings baankinte anubandha sthaapanamaaya azarbaijan stettu savings baankine adisthaanamaakkiyaanu 1992 ll deseeya (ippol central) baank roopeekarichathu. deseeya karansiyaaya azarbaijani manat puratthirakkaanum ellah vaanijya baankukaludeyum melnottam vahikkanum adikaaramulla central baank asarbaijaaninte central bankayi pravartthikkunnu. rund pradhana vaanijya baankukal unibiamk abbas ibrahimov nadathunna sarkkar udamasthathayilulla anthaaraashtra baank oof asarbaijaanumaanu. chelavukalum aavashya valarchayum kaaranam 2007leeii kyu1 panapperuppa nirakk <aii. dii1> ll ethi. naamamaathramaaya varumaanavum prathimasa vethanavum eee kanakkine apekshichu yathaakramam 29 sathamaanavum 25 sathamaanavum uyarnnuvenkilum enna ithara vyavasaayathile vilavardhanavu panapperuppatthe prothsaahippichu. panapperuppatthinu kaaranamaakukayum oorjja ithara kayattumathi kooduthal chelaveriyathaakkukayum cheiyunna athivegam valarunna oorjja mekhala kaaranam azarbaijan "dutch rogam" ennu vilikkappedunnathinte chila lakshanagal kaanikkunnu. 2000kalude thudakkathil, kaalaanusrithamaayi uyarnna panapperuppam niyanthranavidheyamaakki. ithu saambathika parishkaarangal urappikkunnathinum asthiramaaya sambadvyavasthayude adayaalangal maaychukalayunnathinumaayi 2006 januvari 1 nuu puthiya azarbaijani manat enna puthiya currency purathirakkunnathilekku nayichu. 2010-2011 enna aagola malsarakshamatha reportil azarbaijan mattu sii. aii. ezz rajyangalekkaal 57-aamm sthaanathaanu. 2012 aayappozhekkum asarbaijaaninte jii. dii. pii 1995 leeii nilavaaratthil ninnu 20 madangu vardhichu. oorjjavum prakrithi vibhavangalum. asarbaijaaninte moonnil rund bhaagavum ennayum prakrithivaathakavum kondu sambannamaanu. asarbaijaanile enna vyavasaayathinte charithram purathana kaalaghattatthilethaanu. arabian charitrakaaranum sanjaariyumaaya ahamed alle-baladhuri purathana kaalath absheron upadveepinte sambadvyavasthayekkurichu charcha cheyyukayum prathyekichu athinte ennayekkurichu paraamarsikkukayum cheythu. asarbaijaanil niravadhi pipe lainukalundu. asarbaijaanile bheeman shhaa denis vathaka kshethrathe europumaayi bandhippikkunna thekkan vathaka idanaazhiyude lakshyam europian union russian vaathakathe aashrayikkunnath kuraykkuka ennathaanu. raajyathe swarnam, velli, irumbu, chembu, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdinum, sankeernamaaya ayiru, aantimani ennivayude bhooribhaagavum lesser cocusus mekhalayilaanu. 1994 septambaril azarbaijan republicinte (socker) stettu oayil kambaniyum amoco, bipi, exonmobil, lucoyil, equiner ennivayulppede 13 enna kambanikalum thammil 30 varshathe karar oppuvachu. soviyatt chooshanathaal sparshikkappedaathe aazhathilulla ennappaadangal tapucheyyan paashchaathya enna kambanikalkku kazhiyunnathinaal, enna paryaveshanathinum vikasanathinum lokathile ettavum pradhanappetta sthalangalilonnaayi azarbaijan kanakkaakkappedunnu. athesamayam, macro economic sthiratha, enna varumaana maanejmentile suthaaryatha, bhaavi thalamurakalkulla vibhavangal samrakshikkal enniva urappakkunnathinaayi azarbaijan samsthaana enna fund oru adhika bajatt fandaayi sthaapichu. asarbaijaanile jaiva sheshiyilekkulla praveshanam loka saraashariyekkaal kuravaanu. 2016ll asarbaijaanil oro vyakthikkum 0.8 aagola hector jaiva sheshi undaayirunnu, ithu oraalkk 1.6 aagola hector enna aagola sharaashariyude pakuthiyaanu. 2016ll azarbaijan oraalkk 2.1 hector aagola jaiva sheshi upayogichu-avarude paaristhithika upabhogathinte kaalppaadukal. ithinartham asarbaijaanil adangiyirikkunnathinekkal kooduthal jaiva sheshi avar upayogikkunnu ennaanu. thalphalamaayi, azarbaijan jaiva sheshiyude kuravu neridunnu. 2021 oode raajyathinte poornnamaaya gasification urappakkaan sokkaarinte upakkambaniyaaya asericas uddeshikkunnu. kizhakk-padinjaaru, vadakku-thekk oorjja gathagatha edanaazhikalude sponsarmaaril oraalaan azarbaijan. baaku-tbilisi-cars railway line caspian mekhalaye turkeyumaayi bandhippikkum, ithu 2017 joolaiyil poortthiyaakumennu prathekshikkunnu. trans-anatolian gyaas pipeline (tanap), trans adriatic pipeline (tapp) enniva asarbaijaaninte shhaa denis vaathakathil ninnu turkeyilekkum europilekkum prakrithivaathakam ethikkum. socker aandu qoo-venjvezhsu (bipi, chevron, inpex, equiner, exonmobil, tipi, aittochu, ongisi videsh) 2017 septambar 14 nuu oppuvacha bhedagathi cheytha psa prakaram azarbaijan acgyude vikasanathinulla karar 2050 vare neetti. krishi. eee mekhalayile ettavum valia kaarshika thadamaanu azarbaijan. asarbaijaaninte 54.9 sathamaanavum kaarshikabhoomiyaanu. 2007-nte thudakkathil upayogikkappetta kaarshika mekhala <aii. dii. 1> hectoraayirunnu. athe varsham thanne motham thadi vibhavangal 136 dasalaksham chathurashra kilometer aayirunnu. asarbaijaaninte kaarshika shaasthra gaveshana sthaapanangal pulmedukalum mechilppurangalum, hortikalchar, uposhnamekhalaa vilakal, pachakkarikal, vittikkalchar, wine nirmmaanam, parutthi valarthal, aushadha sasyangal ennivayil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. chila pradeshangalil daanyangal, urulakkizhangu, panchasaara beatoot, parutthi, pukayila enniva krishi cheiyunnathu laabhakaramaan. kannukaalikal, ksheera uthppannangal, veenjum spirittum ennivayum pradhana kaarshika ulppannangalaanu. caspian malsyabandhana vyavasaayam kurayunna starjan, beluga ennivayude stokkilaanu shradha kendreekarikkunnathu. 2002ll azarbaijani vyapara naavikasenaykku 54 kappalukal undaayirunnu. munbu videshathu ninnu irakkumathi cheytha chila uthppannangal praadeshikamaayi ulppaadippikkaan thudangi. avayil kokka-koola boatlers limittad kokka-kolayum ulppedunnu., backie-kaastal bear, neheer paarkvett, eupec pipe coating azarbaijan oayil paippukal. vinodasanjaaram. asarbaijaaninte sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana bhagamaanu vinodasanjaaram. 1980kalil eee raajyam oru prashasthamaaya vinodasanjaara kendramaayirunnu. soviyatt yooniyante pathanavum 1990kalile aadyathe nagarno-karaabaakh yudhavum vinodasanjaara vyavasaayatheyum oru vinodasanjaara kendramenna nilayil asarbaijaaninte prathichaayayeyum nashippichu. 2000kall vare vinodasanjaara vyavasaayam veendedukkaan thudangiyathalla, athinusesham vinodasanjaara sandarshanangaludeyum rathrikaala thaamasangaludeyum ennathil raajyam uyarnna valarcha kaivarichu. sameepa varshangalil, azerbaijan mathaparamaya, spaa, aarogya samrakshana toorisathinte oru janapriya lakshyasthaanamaayi maari. shaithyakaalath, athyaadhunika soukaryangalulla skiing shahdagh parvatha resort vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. azarbaijan sarkkar oru unnatha vinodasanjaara kendramaayi azarbaijan vikasippikkunnathin munganana nalkiyittundu. azarbaijani sambadvyavasthaykku ettavum valia sambhavana nalkunna onnallengilum vinodasanchaarathe oru pradhana vinodasanchaaramaakki mattunnathinulla oru deseeya thanthramaanith. asarbaijaanile saamskaarika, vinodasanjaara manthraalayamaanu eee pravartthanangal niyanthrikkunnath. 63 raajyangalkk visa rahita score undu. iii-visa-azarbaijan republicilekkulla visa aavasyamulla raajyangalile videshikalude sandarshanathinaayi. waled economic foratthinte traval aandu tourism compatteetteevnes report 2015 prakaram azarbaijan 84-aamm sthaanathaanu. waled traval aandu tourism kaunsilinte oru report anusarichu, 2010num 2016num idayil sandarshaka kayattumathiyil ettavum sakthamaaya valarcha kaivaricha aadya patthu rajyangalil onnaanu azarbaijan, koodaathe, athivegam vikasichukondirikkunna yatra, tourism sambadvyavasthayulla rajyangalil azarbaijan onnaam sthaanathethi (46.1%), kazhinja varsham inbound anthaaraashtra sandarshaka chelavukalude sakthamaaya soochakangal. gathagatham. silk rooad, thekk-vadakku idanaazhi thudangiya pradhana anthaaraashtra gathagatha dhamanikalude crossroadil azarbaijan soukaryapradamaaya sthaanam raajyathinte sambadvyavasthayil gathagatha mekhalayude thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyam eduthukaanikkunnu. roadukal, railway, vyomayaanam, samudragathaagatham enniva raajyathe gathagatha mekhalayil ulppedunnu. asamskritha vasthukkalude gathaagathatthile oru pradhana saambathika kendram koodiyaanu azarbaijan. baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline (bii. tii. sii) 2006 meyy maasathil pravarthanakshamamaavukayum azarbaijan, jorjia, turkey ennee pradeshangalekkaal kooduthal vyaapippikkukayum cheythu. prathivarsham 50 dasalaksham tonn asamskritha enna athikkaanum caspian kadal ennappaadangalil ninnu aagola vipanikalilekku enna kondupokaanum roopakalppana cheythittullathaanu bii. tii. sii. azarbaijan, jorjia, turkey ennee pradeshangaliloode vyaapichukidakkunna southu cocusus pipeline 2006 avasaanathode pravarthanakshamamaavukayum shhaa denis vathaka mekhalayil ninnu europian vipaniyilekku adhika vathaka vitharanam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. shhaa denis prathivarsham 296 bilyan cubic meter prakrithivaathakam uthpaadippikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. europian union sponsor cheiyunna silk rooad padhathiyilum azarbaijan oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. 2002ll azarbaijani sarkkar vishalamaaya nayangalum niyanthrana pravarthanangalumaayi gathagatha mantraalayam sthaapichu. athe varsham thanne rooad gathaagathathekkurichulla vienna kanvenshanil raajyam amgamaayi. sambadvyavasthayude mattu mekhalakalude vikasanam mikachathaakkunnathinu gathagatha shringhala naveekarikkukayum gathagatha sevanangal mechappeduthukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu mungananakal. 2012-leeii cars-tbilisi-bakku reyilveyude nirmmaanam kizhakk chainayileyum kazakhstanileyum railway turkey vazhi padinjaaru europian railway samvidaanavumaayi bandhippichu eshyaykkum europinum edayilulla gathagatham mechappeduthunnathinnaani uddeshichathu. 2010ll broad gej railway vaidyutheekaricha railway yathaakramam vyapippichu. 2010 aayappozhekkum 35 vimaanathaavalangalum oru heliport undaayirunnu. shaasthravum saankethikavidyayum. 21-aamm noottaandil, oru puthiya enna, vathaka kuthichuchaattam asarbaijaaninte shaasthra, saankethika mekhalakalile sahacharyam mechappeduthaan sahayichu. aadunikavalkkaranavum naveekaranavum lakshyamit sarkkar oru pracharanam aarambhichu. vivarasaankethikavidya, ashayavinimaya vyavasaayam ennivayil ninnulla labham valarumennum enna ulppaadanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaamennum sarkkar kanakkakkunnu. asarbaijaanil valuthum kramanugathamaayi valarunnathumaya oru internettu mekhalayundu, kooduthalum aii. dii. 1-nte saambathika prathisandhi baadhikkaatha; kuranjathu anchu varshamenkilum athivega valarcha pravachikkappedunnu. 2019ll 84-aamm sthaanathaayirunna azarbaijan 2021ll aagola naveekarana soochikayil 80-aamm sthaanathaayirunnu. telecom mekhalayude vikasanathilum raajyam purogathi kaivarikkunnund. ashayavinimaya, vivarasaankethika manthraalayavum (emm. sii. aii. tii) astelecomile athinte pankiloode pravartthikkunna oru oopparettarum nayaroopeekaranakkaarum niyanthranakkaarum aanu. praadeshika kolukalkkaayi pothu payphoneukal labhyamaan, telephone ekschenchil ninno chila kadakalil ninno keoskukalil ninno oru tokkan vaangendathundu. anishchithakaalathekku oru kooll cheyyaan tokkanukal anuvadikkunnu. pradhana telephone lainukalum internettu upayokthaakkalum 1,397,000 aayirunnu. naalu jii. ezz. emm daathaakkalund azerzel, asserfone (naar mobail), nakhtel mobail network oopparettarmaar, oru sii. dii. emm. eiii. 21-aamm noottaandil elchin khaalilovinteyum mattullavarudeyum adisthaana pravarthanangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond niravadhi pramukha azarbaijani geodynamics, geotectonics shaasthranjar noorukanakkinu bhookamba pravachana kendrangalum bhookambathe prathirodhikkunna kettidangalum roopakalppana cheythu, avaa ippol republican bhookamba sevana kendratthinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu. azarbaijan deseeya aerospace ejansi athinte aadyathe upagrahamaaya asarsaatt 1 2013 februvari 7 nuu franch gayanayile gayana bahirakasha kendratthil ninnu 46° kizhakk bhramanapathathil vikshepichu. europilum eshyayudeyum aafrikkayudeyum oru pradhana bhaagathum ulkkollunna eee upagraham television, radio prakshepanavum internettum nalkunnu. bhaviyil kooduthal padhathikal vijayakaramaayi nadappakkaan kazhivulla swantham bahirakasha vyavasayamulla oru rajyamaayi maarukayenna lakshyam saakshaathkarikkunnathinu asarbaijaaninte aadyapadiyaanu oru upagrahathe bhramanapathathilekku vikshepikkunnathu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. 2022 march vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram asarbaijaanile motham janasamkhyayil 52.9% nagaravaasikalum backie 47.1% graameenarumaan. 2019 januvariyil motham janasamkhyayude <aii. dii. 1> vanithakalaayirunnu. athe varsham linganupatham sthreek 0.99 purushanmarayirunnu. lokamembaadumulla aii. dii. 1 neey apekshichu 2011leeii janasamkhyaa valarchaa nirakk aii. dii. 2 aayirunnu. janasamkhyayude valarchaye niyanthrikkunna oru pradhana ghadakam uyarnna thothilulla kudiyettamaanu. 2011ll azarbaijan-1.14/1,000 aalukalude kudiyettam kandu. azarbaijani pravaasikale 42 rajyangalil kaanapedunnu, jarmman saamskaarika samooham "karelhouse", slavik saamskaarika kendram, azarbaijani-israeli samooham, kurdish saamskaarika kendram, anthaaraashtra talish association, lesjin deseeya kendram "samur", azarbaijani-taattar samooham, crimean taattar samooham muthalaayava ulppede asarbaijaaninullil vamseeya nyoonapakshangalkkaayi niravadhi kendrangalundu. aake 78 nagarangalum 63 nagara jillakalum oru prathyeka niyamaparamaaya nagravum asarbaijaanilund. 261 nagara tharatthilulla vaasasthalangalum 4248 graamangalum iva pinthudarunnu. vamseeyatha. 2009leeii sensus prakaram janasamkhyayude vamseeya ghadana 91.6% asarbaijaanikal, 2% lesjinukal, 1.4% armeniyakkaar (mikkavarum ellah armeniyakkaarum nagerno-karaabaakh enna verpirinja pradeshathaanu thaamasikkunnath), 1.3% russiakkaar, 1.3% talish, 0.6% avarukal, 0.40% thurkkukal, 0.3% thaathaarukal, 0.3% tattukal, 0.20% ukreniyakkaar, 0.1% sakharukal, 0.1% jorjiyakkaar, 0.1% juthanmaar, 0.1% kurdukal, mattu 0.2%. bhashakal. turkey bhashayaaya azarbaijani aanu audyogika bhasha. janasamkhyayude ekadesham 92 sathamaanavum maathrbhaashayaayi azarbaijani samsaarikkunnu. russian, armeniyan bhaashakalum (nagorno-karaabaakkil maathram) samsaarikkappedunnu, oronnum yathaakramam janasamkhyayude 1.5 sathamaanathinte maathrbhaashayaanu. rajyath praadeshikamaayi samsaarikkunna oru dussen nyoonapaksha bhaashakalund. awar, budukh, georgian, juhuri, khinaalug, kraitts, lesjin, rutul, talish, taatt, sakhoor, udi ennivayellaam cheria nyoonapakshangalaanu samsaarikkunnath. eee bhasha samoohangalil chilath valare cheruthaanu, avayude ennam kurayukayaanu. 1989ll 76 shathamaanatholam amgangalulla armeniyan bhaashayaan nagorno-karaabaakkile bhooripaksha bhasha. aadya nagorno-karaabaakh yudhathinushesham janasamkhya eathaandu 95 shathamaanatholam mathramulla armeniyan aayirunnu. matham. ettavum mathethara muslim bhooripaksha rajyamaayi azarbaijan kanakkaakkappedunnu. janasamkhyayude 97 sathamaanavum musleengalaanu. ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> musleengal shiya aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, athesamayam <aii. dii. 2> musleengal sunnikalaanu. raajyathe vividha vamseeya vibhagangalaanu mattu vishwaasangal aacharikkunnath. bharanaghadanayude article 48 prakaram azarbaijan oru mathethara rajyamaanu, athu mathaswaathanthryam urappaakkunnu. oru gallup poolil, asarbaijaanil ninnulla 21 sathamaanam perr maathramaan matham avarude dainamdina jeevithathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaanenn abhipraayappettath. raajyathe mathanyoonapakshangalil 280,000 kristhyaanikal (3.1%) kooduthalum russian, georgian oorthadoox, armeniyan apostholikal (mikkavarum ellah armeniyakkaarum nagorno-karaabaakh enna verpirinja pradeshathaanu thaamasikkunnath). 2003ll 250 roman katholikkarundaayirunnu. 2002 leeii kanakkanusarichu lutheran, baapttistukal, molocans enniva mattu kristhyan vibhagangalil ulppedunnu. oru cheria protestant samoohavum undu. asarbaijaanil 2,000 varshathe charithramulla oru purathana jootha janasamkhyayundu; israelinum amerikkaykkum purathulla eaka jootha bhooripaksha pattanamaya asarbaijaanil 12,000 juthanmaar avasheshikkunnuvennu jootha samghadanakal kanakkakkunnu. bahaay, harey krishna, yehova saakshikalude samudaayangalile amgangal, mattu mathasamoohangalude anuyaayikal ennivarude vaasasthalamaanu azarbaijan. chila mathavibhagangalkk mathaswaathanthryathil ninnu anaudyogikamaayi niyanthranam earppeduthiyittundu. eiii yuu.ezz. eee vishayathekkurichulla stettu department reportil chila musleem, kristhyan grouppukalile amgangale thadankalil paarppichathaayi paraamarsikkunnu, koodaathe pala grouppukalkkum matham niyanthrikkunna ejansiyaaya republic oof azarbaijan (schwra) yude matha asosiyeshanukalkkaayulla stettu kammittiyil rajisttar cheyyaan budhimuttundu. vidyaabhyaasam. thaarathamyena uyarnna sathamaanam asarbaijaanikal eathenkilum tharatthilulla unnatha vidyaabhyaasam nediyittundu, prathyekichu shaasthra, saankethika vishayangalil. 1920kalil perzo-arabic lipiyil ninnu lattinilekkum 1930kalil roman lipiyil ninnu sirilikkilekkum staanderd aksharamalayile rund mattangal undaayirunnittum soviyatt kaalaghattatthil saaksharathayum sharashari vidyaabhyaasa nilavaravum valare thaazhnna prarambha ghattathil ninnu naadakeeyamaayi uyarnnu. soviyatt daatta anusarichu, 1970 ll 100 sathamaanam purushanmaarum sthreekalum (onpathu muthal naalppathonpathu vayass vare) saaksharathayullavaraayirunnu. aikyaraashtrasabhayude vikasana paripaadiyude 2009 leeii report anusarichu, asarbaijaanile saaksharata nirakk 99.5 sathamaanamaanu. swaathanthryaanantharam, soviyatt yooniyanil ninnu svayam verpeduthunnathinaayi azarbaijan paarlament pasakia aadyathe niyamangalilonnu sirilikkinu pakaram parishkaricha laattin aksharamala sweekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu. athallathe azarbaijani sanbradaayathil gadanaaparamaaya mattangal kuravaanu. mathavidyaabhyaasam punasthaapikkunnathum (soviyatt kaalaghattatthil nirodhicha) azarbaijani bhaashayude upayogathinu oonnal nalkukayum prathyayashaasthraparamaaya ulladakkam illaathaakkukayum cheytha paatyapadhathi maattangalum prarambha mattangalil ulppedunnu. praadhamika vidyaalayangalkku purame, aayirakkanakkin preschoolukal, general secondary schoolukal, prathyeka secondary schoolukalum saankethika schoolukalum ulppedeyulla thozhiladhishtitha schoolukal enniva vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalil ulppedunnu. onpathaam klaas vareyulla vidyaabhyaasam nirbandhamaanu. samskaaram. azerbaijaniyude samskaaram niravadhi swaadheenangalude falamaayi vikasichu; athukondaanu asarbaijaanikal pala tharatthil dvi-saamskaarikar. aagolavalkkarikkappetta upabhokthru samskaaram ulppedeyulla paashchaathya swaadheenangalkkidayilum innu deseeya paarambaryangal rajyath nannayi samrakshikkappedunnu. azarbaijani samskaarathinte chila pradhana gadakangal ivayaanu samgeetham, saahityam, naadodi nrithangalum kalayum, paachakareeti, vaasthuvidya, chhaayaagrahanam, novruz bairam. purathana iranian mathamaaya sorostriyanisathile puthuvarshatthinte parambaraagatha aaghoshathil ninnaan randaamathethu uruthirinjathu. kudumba avadhiyaan novruz. mukalil paranjathupole, asarbaijaanikaludeyum mattu desheeyathakaludeyo vamseeya vibhaagangaludeyo janasamkhyayude profile, raajyathinte vividha pradeshangalil othungi thamasikkunnavar ulppedunnu. chokha, papaakiyaan azarbaijani deseeyavum parambaraagathavumaaya vasthrangal. russian, georgian, kurdish, lesjian, talish bhashakalil radio prakshepanangal undu, avaa samsthaana bajattil ninnu dhanasahayam nalkunnu. balakkan, khachmaas ennividangalile chila praadeshika radio steshanukal awar, taatt ennivayil prakshepanam samghadippikkunnu. baakkuvil niravadhi pathrangal russian, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), lesjian ("samur"), talish bhashakalil prasidheekarikkappedunnu. joothasamoohamaaya "sokhnattu" "assis" enna pathram prasidheekarikkunnu. samgeethavum naadodi nrithangalum. asarbaijaaninte samgeetham ekadesham ayiram varsham pazhakkamulla naadodi paarambaryangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. noottaandukalaayi azarbaijani samgeetham ekathaanathayude badjinu keezhil parinamichu, thaalaparamaayi vaividhyamaarnna ganangal nirmmikkunnu. azarbaijani samgeethathinu oru branchi mooad samvidaanamundu, avide pradhana, cheria skeyilukalude chromatisation valare pradhaanamaan. deseeya sangeetha upakaranagalil 14 charaduvasthrangalum ettu thaalavaadyangalum aarr kaattuvasthrangalumund. samgeethathinteyum samgeethajnjarudeyum grove nighandu" anusarichu, vamseeyatha, samskaaram, matham ennivayude kaaryatthil azarbaijani samgeethaparamaayi thurkkiyekkaal iraanumaayi valare aduthaanu." mugam, meikhaana, aashikh kala enniva asarbaijaaninte niravadhi sangeetha paarambaryangalil onnaanu. mugam saadhaaranayaayi kavithakalum upakaranangalude edavelakalum ulla oru suitaanu. mugam avatharippikkumbol, gayakar avarude vikaarangale pattilekkum samgeethathilekkum parivartthanam cheyyanam. madhyeshyan raajyangalile mugam paarambaryangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, azarbaijani mugam kooduthal swathanthravum karkkashamallathathumaanu; ithu palappozhum jaassinte mechappetta mekhalayumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. 2003 november 7 nuu unesco azarbaijani mugam paarambaryatthe manushyaraashiyude vaakkaalullathum adrishyavumaaya paithrukathinte oru maastarpees aayi prakhyaapichu. oru prathyeka vishayathil mechappeduthunna niravadhi aalukal saadhaaranayaayi avatharippikkunna parambaraagatha azarbaijani vyathirikthamaya naadodi gaanamaan meikhaana. kavita, kathaparachil, nritham, shabda, upakarana samgeetham enniva samyojippichu azarbaijani samskaarathinte pratheekamaayi nilakollunna oru parambaraagatha prakadana kalayayi aashikh samyojippikkunnu. oru nigoodamaaya troubador allengil travelling bard aanu saas paadukayum vaayikkukayum cheiyunnathu. purathana turkey janathayude shamaanist vishwaasangalil ninnaan eee paarambaryatthinte uthbhavam. aashikkukalude ganangal pothuvaaya aditharaye chuttipattiyulla ardha-mechappeduthalaanu. asarbaijaaninte ashiq kalaye 2009 septambar 30nuu unesco adrishya saamskaarika paithrukathinte pattikayil ulppeduthi. 1960 kalude pakuthi muthal, paashchaathya swaadheenamulla azarbaijani poppu samgeetham, athinte vividha roopangalil, asarbaijaanil janapreeti vardhichukondirikkumbal, roock, hip hoopp thudangiya vibhagangal vyaapakamaayi nirmmikkukayum aaswadikkukayum cheiyunnu. alim khaasimov, rashid bebudov, wagif mustafazade, musleem magomayev, showkat alakbarova, rubaba muradova thudangiya kalakaaranmaarude anthaaraashtra janapreethiyodeyaanu azarbaijani poppu, azarbaijani naadodi samgeetham uyarnnuvannathu. eurovision gaanamalsarathil aaveshathode pankedukkunnayaalaanu azarbaijan. 2008leeii eurovision gaanamalsarathilaanu azarbaijan aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath. 2009ll moonnaam sthaanavum adutha varsham anchaam sthaanavum nedi. oodikkondu bhayappedunnu" enna gaanathode 2011 leeii eurovision gaana malsarathil ell, nikki ennivar onnaam sthaanam nedi, 2012 ll baakkuvil azerbaijane malsarathinu aathidheyathvam vahikkaan arhathappeduthi. 2018leeii pathipp vare ellah grand finalinum avar yogyatha nediyittundu, gayakanaaya aisal ex mye hartumaayi praveshichu. dussen kanakkinu azarbaijani naadodi nrithangalundu. aupachaarika aakhoshangalil avaa avatharippikkukayum narthakar deseeya nrithangalil nannayi samrakshikkappedunna chokha polulla deseeya vasthrangal dharikkukayum cheiyunnu. mikka nrithangalkkum valare vegathayeriya thaalamund. saahityam. aadhunika azarbaijani republicinte praadeshika paridhikalil janicha madhyakala ezhuthukaaril pershyan kaviyum thathwachinthakanum nizamiyum undaayirunnu, addehathinte janmasthalathinte peril ganchavi ennu vilikkappedunna gancha, khamsa (kvintuplettu) yude rachayithaavaayirunna gancha, "nigoodathakalude nidhi", "khosroyum shireen", "leyliyum mejn" ennivayulppede anchu romaantik kavithakal ulkkollunnu. pershyan, azarbaijani gazal adangiya oru diwan rachicha iseddin hasanoghlu aayirunnu likhitha azarbaijani saahithyathile ettavum aadyakaala vyakthi. pershyan gazalsil addeham thante thoolikaanaamam upayogichu, athesamayam addehathinte azarbaijani gazal hasanoghlu enna peril rachichu. 14-aamm noottaandil tabris, shirwan ennee madhyakaalakhattatthile vividha bhaashaabhedangale adisthaanamaakkiyaanu azarbaijani bhaashayile shaasthreeya saahityam roopappettathu. eee kaalaghattatthile kavikalil ghazi burhanaddin, hakeekhi (jahaan shhaa khaaraa kwiyunlu enna thoolikaanaamam), habibi ennivar ulppedunnu. pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathil, pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum ettavum mikacha azarbaijani hurufi nigooda kavikalil oralum pershyan, arabic bhashakalil kavithakal rachicha turkey saahitya charithratthile ettavum pramukha aadyakaala diwan maasttarukalil oralumaaya imadadin naseemiyude saahitya pravartthanam aarambhicha kaalamaayirunnu athu. kavimaraya khaasim-iii anwar, fusuli, khathai (safavid shhaa ismaayil I-nte thoolikaanaamam) ennivaraanu diwan, gazal shailikal kooduthal vikasippichath. pathinaram noottaandil pakartthiyathum pathinanjaam noottaandinu munbu ezhuthappedaathathumaaya rund kayyezhuthuprathikal ulkkollunnathaan "book oof dede korkut". oghusu naadodikalude vaakkalulla paarambaryatthe prathifalippikkunna 12 kadhakalude samaahaaramaanith. pathinaram noottaandile kavi mohammed fusuli arabic, pershyan, azarbaijani bhashakalil thante kaalatheethamaaya daarshanikavum gaanaparavumaya "khasaalukal" nirmmichu. thante paristhithiyile mikacha saahitya paarambaryangalil ninnu valareyadhikam prayojanam nedukayum thante mungaamikalude paarambaryatthe adisthaanamaakki kettippadukkukayum cheytha fusuli thante samoohathile pramukha saahitya vyakthiyayi marran vidhikkappettirunnu. addehathinte pradhana kruthikalil "gazal diwan", "khaasidaas" enniva ulppedunnu. athe noottaandil, ashiq () kavita vibhaagangalude vikasanathode azarbaijani saahityam kooduthal abhivridhippettu. athe kaalayalavil, khathai ("paapi" ennathinu) shhaa ismaayil enna thoolikaanaamathil njaan azarbaijani bhashayil ekadesham 1400 vaakyangal ezhuthi, avaa pinneedu addehathinte "diwan" aayi prasidheekarichu. eee kaalaghattatthil "koshma" ("mechappeduthal" ennathinu) ennariyappedunna oru savisheshamaaya saahitya shaili avatharippikkukayum shhaa ismaayilum pinneedu addehathinte makan pingaamiyumaaya shhaa tahamaspum vikasippikkukayum cheythu. 17, 18 noottaandukalude kaalayalavil, tabreesile kwosi, shhaa abbas saani, nishat, molla vaali vidadi, molla panaa wagif, aami, suffer thudangiya pramukha kavikalum ezhuthukaarum fusuliyude savishesha vibhaagangalum ashiq kavithakalum sweekarichu. turkukal, turkenmar, usbekkukal ennivarodoppam asarbaijaanikalum oru itihaasa naadodi nayakanaaya koroglu ("andhante makan" ennathil ninnu) enna ithihaasavum aaghoshikkunnu. koroglu ithihaasathinte niravadhi rekhappeduthiya pathippukal asarbaijaanile naashanal akkadami oof sayansasinte kaiyezhuthuprathikalkkayula instittyoottil avasheshikkunnu. asarbaijaanile aadhunika azarbaijani saahityam pradhaanamaayum shirwani bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athesamayam iraanil ithu tabrisi adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. azerbaijaniyile aadyathe pathramaya "akinchi" 1875-ll prasidheekarikkappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil ithu bakku, kanjaavu, shacky, tbilisi, yerevan ennividangalile skoolukalil padippikkappettu. 1845 muthal russiayile sent peettezhsburg sarvakalaashaalayilum ithu padippichirunnu. naadan kala. asarbaijaanikalkk sambannavum vyathirikthavumaya samskaaramund, athinte oru pradhana bhagam alankaaravum prayoga kalayumaanu. vettayaadal, aabharanangal, lohathil kothupani, maram, kallu, asthi, paravatani nirmmaanam, lacing, paatten neythum achadiyum, neythum embroidery ennivayum polulla vaividhyamaarnna karakaushala vasthukkal eee kalaaroopathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. azarbaijan raashtrathinte daanadharmmangalude thelivaaya itharathilulla alankaarakalakalil oronnum ivide valare anukoolamaanu. asarbaijaanile kalayudeyum karakaushalathinteyum vikasanavumayi bandhapetta niravadhi rasakaramaaya vasthuthakal vividha samayangalil eee sthalangal sandarshicha niravadhi vyaapaarikalum yaathrakkaarum nayathanthranjarum report cheythu. vividha valuppathilulla parambaraagatha kaikondu nirmmicha thunitharamaanu azarbaijani paravatani, idathoornna ghadanayum koombaaramo koombaaramillaatha uparithalavum ulla avayude paattenukal asarbaijaaninte niravadhi paravatani nirmmaana pradeshangalude savisheshathayaanu. 2010 novemberil azarbaijani paravatani unesco adrishya paithrukathinte oru maastarpees aayi prakhyaapichu. purathana kaalam muthal thanne azarbaijan vaividhyamaarnna karakaushalavasthukkalude kendramaayi ariyappedunnu. azarbaijan pradeshathe puraavastu khananam bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdam vare nannayi vikasicha krishi, stokku rising, lohappani, manpathrangal, seramics, paravatani neythu ennivaykku saakshyam vahikkunnu. bii. tii. sii pipelinil ninnu kandethiya dashbulack, hassanzu, sayamchaay, tovuchaay ennividangalile puraavastu kendrangal aadyakaala irumbu yugathile karakaushala vasthukkal velippeduthi. azarbaijani paravathaanikale niravadhi valia grouppukalaayum niravadhi upavibhagangalaayum tharamthirikkaam. azarbaijani paravathaaniyude shaasthreeya gaveshanam pramukha shaasthranjanum kalakaaranumaaya lateef karimovinte perumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. azarbaijan, guba-shirwan, gancha-kasaakh, karaabaakh, tabris ennee naalu bhoomishaasthra mekhalakalumaayi naalu valia paravathaanikalude grouppukale bandhappettirikkunnath addehathinte vargeekaranamaanu. paachakareeti. parambaraagatha paachakareeti vibhavangalil kaalaanusrithamaayi upayogikkunna pachakkarikalkkum pachakkarikalkkum prashasthamaan. pulichamasaala, veluthulli (malli), savaala, tulsi, parsley, taraagon, leak, cheeves, thaim, marjoram, pacha ulli, watercress ennivayulppedeyulla puthiya aushadhasasyangal valare janapriyamaan, avaa palappozhum meshappurathu pradhana vibhavangalkoppam varunnu. caspian kadalil ninnulla malsyam, praadeshika maamsam (pradhaanamaayum mattan, beef), dhaaraalam seasonal pachakkarikal, pachakkarikal enniva adisthaanamaakkiyulla deseeya vibhavangalil kaalavastha vaividhyavum bhoomiyude phalabhooyishtathayum prathifalikkunnu. asarbaijaanile pradhana bhakshanamaanu kunkumappoo-arrie plove, black tea deseeya paaneeyamaanu. valare sakthamaaya theyila samskaaramullathinaal asarbaijaanikal palappozhum parambaraagatha armudu (piyar aakruthiyilulla) glass upayogikkunnu. janapriya parambaraagatha vibhavangalil bosebash (vividha pachakkarikal cherthu niravadhi praadeshika enangalil nilanilkkunna attinkutty suupp), qutab (pachakkarikal allengil arinja maamsam nirachu varutha vittuvarav), dushbara (podicha mamsavum ruchiyum niracha maav) enniva ulppedunnu. vaasthuvidya. azarbaijani vaasthuvidya saadhaaranayaayi kizhakkum padinjaarum gadakangal samyojippikkunnu. azarbaijani vaasthuvidyaykku pershyan vaasthuvidyayil ninnu valia swaadheenamundu. mathilukalulla baaku nagaratthile kanni gopuravum shirvanshaahukalude kottaravum polulla niravadhi purathana vasthuvidyaa nidhikal aadhunika asarbaijaanil nilanilkkunnu. yuneskoyude loka paithruka thaalkkaalika pattikayil samarppicha entrikalil baakkuvile ateshga, momine khathun shavakudeeram, hirkan desheeyodyaanam, binagadi asphaalt thadaakam, lokbathan cheli agniparvvatham, shusha samsthaana charitraparavum vaasthuvidhyaaparavumaaya reserve, bakku steju parvatham, caspian theerathe prathirodha nirmmanangal, oordubaad deseeya reserve, shacky khaanukalude kottaram enniva ulppedunnu. mardakanile chatushkona kotta, yakhaari chardaglerile parigala, aras nadiyil vyaapichukidakkunna niravadhi paalangal, niravadhi shavakudeerangal ennivayaanu mattu vasthuvidyaa nidhikal. pathonpathaam noottaandilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum cheria smaaraka vaasthuvidya srishtikkappettuvenkilum baakkuvilum mattidangalilum savisheshamaaya vaasasthalangal nirmikkappettu. ettavum puthiya vasthuvidyaa smarakangalil, bakku subwakel avarude adambara alankaarathinu perukettathaanu. aadhunika azarbaijani vaasthuvidyayude chumatala aadhunika soundaryashaasthrathinte vaividhyamaarnna prayogam, oru vaasthushilpiyude swantham kalashailikkaayulla thirayal, nilavilulla charitra-saamskaarika anthareeksham ulppeduthal ennivayaanu. haidar aliyev saamskaarika kendram, flame towerukal, bakku kristtal haal, bakku vaitt sitti, socker tower thudangiya pradhana padhathikal raajyathinte aakaasharekhaye mattimarikkukayum athinte samakaalika swathuam prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. drishyakala. bisi 1 muthal 4 vare sahasraabdangalil nirmmicha gamigaya petroglyphukal asarbaijaanile oordubaad jillayilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. maan, aadukal, kaalakal, naaykkal, paambukal, pakshikal, athbhuthakaramaaya jeevikal, manushyar, vandikal, vividha chinnangal ennivayude chithrangalulla 1500 oolam kothupanikalulla paarachithrangal avayil adangiyirikkunnu. eiii. dii. 100ll eee pradeshathe aalukal scandinaviayilekku pooyi avarude boat nirmmaana vaidagdhyam avarodoppam kondupoyi vadakkan europile wiking bottukalilekku parivartthanam cheythuvennu norwegian ethnographer saahasikanumaya thore hairdallinu bodhyamaayi. noottaandukalaayi azarbaijani kala niravadhi shailiyilulla maattangaliloode kadannupoyittundu. asim asimsadeyudeyum bahroos kangarliyudeyum kruthikalil udaaharanamaayi kaanunnathupole, niratthinteyum prakaashatthinteyum ooshmalathayum mathaparamaya vyakthikalumaayum saamskaarika roopangalumaayum bandhapetta oru thirakkumullathaanu azarbaijani chithrakalayude parambaraagathamaayi savisheshatha. roman, automan kaalaghattangal muthal soviyatt, barok kaalaghattangaliloode noorukanakkinu varshakkalam azarbaijani chitrakala cocusasil praadhaanyam aasvadichu, avayil randaamathethu asarbaijaanil phalam kandu. sattar ballulzadeh, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakbar resaguliev, mirza gadim iravaani, mikaayil abdullahev, boyukaga mirzazadeh ennivaraanu eee kaalaghattatthil varunna mattu shradheya kalakaaranmaar. sinima. asarbaijaanile chalachithra vyavasaayam 1898 muthalullathaanu. azarbaijan chhaayaagrahanathil earppettirunna aadya rajyangalil onnaanu, eee upakaranam aadyamaayi baakkuvil prathyakshappettu. 1919 ll azarbaijan demookratik republicinte kaalath, russiayil ninnu azarbaijan swaathanthryam nediyathinte onnaam vaarshikathil meyy 27 nuu asarbaijaante swaathanthrya vaarshikam aaghoshikkunna oru documentary chithreekarikkukayum 1919 juunil baakkuvile niravadhi theaterukalil pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. 1920ll soviyatt adikaaram sthaapithamaayathinushesham asarbaijaante viplava samiti chairman nariman narimanov asarbaijaante sinima deshasaalkkarikkunna oru utharavil oppuvachu. azarbaijani aanimeshan srishtikkunnathineyum ithu swaadheenichu. 1991ll, azarbaijan soviyatt yooniyanil ninnu swaathanthryam nediya sesham, aadyathe bakku anthaaraashtra chalachithrotsavam kizhakk-padinjaaru baakkuvil nadannu. 2000 desemberil asarbaijaanile muun president haider aliyev august 2 asarbaijaanile chalachithra pravartthakarude professional avadhidinamaayi prakhyaapikkunna oru utharavil oppuvachu. 1920ll soviyatt union sthaapikkunnathinu munbu cinematographermaar abhimukeekarichathinu samanamaaya prasnangal innu azarbaijani chalachithra nirmmathaakkal veendum kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. orikkal koodi, ulladakkavum sinimakalude sponsarshippum thiranjedukkunnathu pradhaanamaayum chalachithra nirmmaathaavinte munkaiyilaanu. television. astivi, idman tivi, medeniot tivi enningane moonnu sarkkar udamasthathayilulla television chaanalukalund. oru pothu chanalum 6 swakaarya chaanalukalum undu <unk>ttimai television, space tivi, lider tivi, azad azarbaijan tivi, arb. manushyaavakashangal. asarbaijaante bharanaghadana abhipraaya swaathanthryam urappunalkunnuvennu avakaashappedunnundenkum praayogikamaayi ithu nishedhikkappedunnu. pathraswaathanthryathilum maadhyamaswaathanthryathil niravadhi varshathe thakarchaykku sesham, 2014-ll, asarbaijaanile maadyama anthareeksham athivegam vashalayi, eathu ethirppineyum vimarsanatheyum nishabdamaakkaanulla oru sarkkar prachaaranatthinu keezhil, raajyam europe kaunsilinte manthrimaarude samitiye nayichappol (meyy-november 2014). vyaja niyamaparamaaya kuttangalum maadhyamapravarthakarkkethira akramangalil shikshavidhi nilanilkkunnu. ellah videsha prakshepanangalum rajyath nirodhichirikkunnu. 2013leeii freedam house freedam oof dhii pras report anusarichu, asarbaijaaninte pathraswaathanthrya padavi "swathanthramalla", azarbaijan 196 rajyangalil 177-aamm sthaanathaanu. kristhumatham audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappettathaanu. thadavushikshayude apakadasaadhyathayil ellah mathavibhaagangalum kandumuttaan rajisttar cheyyendathundu. eee rajistreshan palappozhum nirasikkappedunnu. "vamseeya vivechanam raajyathinte mathaswaathanthryathinte abhaavathinu kaaranamaakunnu, kaaranam kristhyaanikal palarum azeri musleengalekkaal vamseeya armeniyan allengil russian vamshajaraanu". radio free europe/radio liberty, voys oof america enniva asarbaijaanil nirodhichirikkunnu. asarbaijaanile ell. jii. bii. tii janangalkkethiraya vivechanam vyaapakamaanu. kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi, anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha samghadanakal anyaayamenn visheshippicha vichaaranakalil moonnu maadhyamapravarthakar kollappedukayum niravadhi perkkethire kesedukkukayum cheythu. 2015ll europil ettavum kooduthal maadhyamapravarthakare jayililadacha azarbaijan, maadhyamapravarthakare samrakshikkunnathinulla samiti parayunnathanusarichu, iraneyum chaina marikadannu lokathile ettavum kooduthal sensor cheyyappetta anchaamathe rajyamaanu. asarbaijaanile covid-19 mahamariyekkurichu report cheythathinu chila vimarsanaathmaka pathrapravartthakare arast cheythittundu. 2015 octoberil oru anthaaraashtra gaveshakan nalkia pothumaapp report choondikkaanikkunnu...kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi asarbaijaanil manushyaavakashangal gurutharamaayi vashalaayikkondirikkukanu. nirbhagyavashaal, abhoothapoorvamaaya adichamarthalil ninnu rakshappedaanum eee prakriyayil athinte sivil samoohathe eathaandu thudachuneekkaanum azerbaijane anuvadichu."raajyathekkurichulla pothumaapp 2015/16 vaarshika reportil prasthaavichu... rashtreeya viyojippukalude peedanam thudarnnu. manushyavakaasha samghadanakalkku avarude pravartthanam punaraarambhikkaan kazhinjilla. varshavasaanam kuranjathu 18 manassaakshikkaaraaya thadavukaar thadankalil thudarnnu. swatantra pathrapravarthakarkkum pravarthakarkkumethiraaya prathikaarangal rajyath videshathum thudarnnu, athesamayam avarude kudumbamgangalum peedanavum arasttum nerittu. anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha nireekshakare vilakkukayum rajyath ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. peedanavum mattu mosham perumattavum sambandhicha reportukal thudarnnu." "asarbaijaaninte bharanavarggathile varenyavarggakkaar pramukha europianmaarkku panam nalkunnathinum adambara saadhanangal vaangunnathinum atharyamaaya britiish kambanikalude shringalayiloode panam kazhukunnathinum oru rahasya $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) padhathi nadathiyathaayi 2017 eprilil guardian report cheythu... chornna daatta kaanikkunnath, thudarchayaaya manushyavakaasha lamghanangal, vyavasthaapitha azhimathi, thiranjeduppu krithrimam ennivayil prathikalaaya azarbaijani neethrthwam 2012 muthal 2014 vare 16,000 ladhikam rahasya paymentukal nadathiyathaayi kaanikkunnu. asarbaijaante president ilham aliyevinethiraaya vimarshanathe vyathichalippikkunnathinum enna sambannamaaya addehathinte raajyathinte nalla prathichaaya prolsaahippikkunnathi oru anthaaraashtra lobying ooppareshante bhaagamaayi eee panatthil kurachu raashtreeyakkaarkkum pathrapravarthakarkkum pooyi."veshammari vanna vazhiyaan panatthinte uravidam ellah sweekarthaakkalkkum ariyamaayirunnathenna soochanayilla. kaayika. anthaaraashtra olimbiku kammittiyil chernnathinusesham naalu swarnam ulppede pathinaalu medalukal vare nediya asarbaijaante deseeya kaayika inamaayi parambaraagathamaayi freestail gusthi kanakkaakkappedunnu. nilavil ettavum janapriyamaaya kaayika enangal football gusthiyumaan. asarbaijaanile ettavum janapriya kaayika vinodamaanu football, koodaathe 9,122 rajisttar cheytha kalikkaarulla asarbaijaanile football federationukalude associationaanu raajyathe ettavum valia kaayika association. deseeya football klabbukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol azarbaijan deseeya football team anthaaraashtra thalatthil thaarathamyena kuranja prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnu. nephtti, kharaabaag, gabala ennivayaanu ettavum vijayakaramaya azarbaijani football clubbukal. 2012ll, nephtti bakku oru europian malsarathinte group ghattathilekku munnerunna aadyathe azarbaijani teamaayi maari, 2012-13 yuvefa europa leaginte play-oof roundil cypressinte appoyaline mothatthil 4-2 nuu paraajayappeduthi. 2014ll, uefa europa leaginte group ghattathilekku munnerunna randaamathe azarbaijani klabbai kharaabaag maari. 2017ll, yuvefa chaambyans leaginte play oof roundil copenhagene 2-2 (eiii) nuu paraajayappedutthiya sesham, group ghattathilethunna aadyathe azarbaijani klabbai kharaabaag maari. asarbaijaanile mattoru janapriya kaayika vinodamaanu footsal. azarbaijan deseeya footsal team 2010leeii yuvefa footsal chaambyanshippil naalam sthaanathethiyappol aabhyanthara club araz naxivan yuvefa footsal kapp, yuvefa footsal kapp ennivayil venkala medalukal nedi. 2013/2014,2014/2015 seasonukalil spanish football klabbaya atlettikko dii maadridinte pradhana sponsaraayirunnu azarbaijan, club vivaricha oru pankaalittham 'lokath asarbaijaante prathichaayaye prolsaahippikkanam'. niravadhi anthaaraashtra chess toornamentukalum malsarangalum samghadippikkukayum 2009,2013,2017 varshangalil europian team chess chaambyanshippu vijayikalaavukayum cheytha azarbaijan loka chessinte parambaraagatha shakthikendrangalilonna. raajyathe chess skoolukalil ninnulla sradheyamaaya chess kalikkaaril taymer radjabov, shahriar mammadarov, vladymyr makogonov, wugar gashimov, muun loka chess chaambyan gaari kasparov ennivar ulppedunnu. raajyathe shamkir chess oru kattagari 22 inavum ekkaalatheyum uyarnna rating toornamentukalilonnumaanu. azarbaijani samskaarathilum backgamon oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. asarbaijaanil valare janapriyamaaya eee geyim praadeshika pothujanagalkkidayil vyaapakamaayi kalikkunnu. azarbaijani vidagdhar vikasippikkukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheytha backgamoninte vyathyastha vyathiyaanangalum undu. azarbaijan vanita volleyball suuppar leag lokathile ettavum sakthamaaya vanita leegukalilonnaanu. 2005leeii europian chaambyanshippil avarude vanita deseeya team naalam sthaanathethi. kazhinja varshangalil raabita bakku, azarail bakku thudangiya clubbukal europian kappukalil valia vijayam nedi. valeria corotengo, oksaana parkhomengo, inessa corkmass, natalia mammadova, allah hasanova thudangiyavaraanu azarbaijani volleyball kalikkaar. gusthiyil namig abdullahev, togrul asgarov, rovtion bairamov, shareef sharifov, maria staadnik, fareed mansurov, judoyil nassim hussainov, elnoor mummedly, elkhaan mammadov, rustam orujovu, karatte rafale aghayevu, magomedrasul majidov, boxingle aghaasi mammadov, olimbiku bhaarodvahanathil nizami pashayev, paankraashanil azad asgarov, kick boxingle edward mamdov, keey-1 faittar sabit samedov ennivaraanu mattu azarbaijani athlattukal. 2012 juunil nirmmicha oru formula vann rays track asarbaijaanil undu, raajyam athinte aadya formula vann grand prixinu 2016 juun 19 num azarbaijan grand prixinu 2017,2018,2019,2021,2022 ennee varshangalilum aathidheyathvam vahichu. rajyath nadakkunna mattu vaarshika kaayika enangal bakku kapp tennies toornamentum touur dii azarbaijan saikling resumaanu. 2013 eph1 powerboat loka chaambyanshippu, 2012 fifa under 17 vanita lokakapp, 2011 aiba loka boxing chaambyanshippu, 2010 europian gusthi chaambyanshippu, 2009 rhythmic gymnastics europian chaambyanshippu, 2014 europian taikwondo chaambyanshippu, 2014 rhythmic gymnastics europian chaambyanshippu, 2016 loka chess olympiad ennivayulppede niravadhi pradhana kaayika malsarangalkku azarbaijan 2000 kalude avasaanam muthal aathidheyathvam vahichu. 2012 desember 8 nuu, 2015 leeii europian gamesinu aathidheyathvam vahikkaan baakkuvine thiranjedutthu, ithu malsarathinte charithratthil aadyamaayi nadannu. 2017ll nadanna naalaamathe islaamika aikyadaartyam gamesin 2019leeii europian yoothu summer olimbiku festivalinum bakku aathidheyathvam vahichu, koodaathe covid-19 kaaranam 2021ll nadakkunna yuvefa euro 2020nte aathidheyanmaaril oraalaan ithu.

azarbaijan azarbaijan (,,,), adhikrutpane azarbaijanche prajasattak, haah purv europe aanee paschim ashiyachya simevar sthit eka aantarkhandiy desh aahe. haah dakshin coccus pradeshacha eka bhag aahe aanee tyachya purvela caspian samudra, uttarela russia (degestanche prajasattak), vayvyes georgia, paschimela armeniya aanee turkey aanee dakshinela iranane vedhalela aahe. bakoo hii rajdhani aanee sarvat mothe shahar aahe. azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakane 1918 madhye transcockatian lokshahi sanghiy prajasattakapasun swatantrya ghoshit kele aanee pahile dharmnirpeksh lokshahi muslim-bahusankhya rajya banale. 1920 madhye, desh soviet unionmadhye azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. mhanoon samavisht karnyat aala. aadhunik azarbaijan prajasattakane tyach varshi soviet union visarjit honyachya kahee kaal aadhi, 30 august 1991 roji aapale swatantrya ghoshit kele. september 1991 madhye nagorno-karabakh pradeshatil bahusankhya armeniyan vanshikanni svayamghoshit artsakh prajasattak sthapan kele. 1994 madhye pahilya nagorno-karabakh yuddhachya samaptinantar jaree teey "vastavik" swatantra jhaale asale, taree oo. ess. see. neey sulabh kelelya vataghatidvare nagorno-karabakhchya sthitivar todga kadhanyachya pralambit asalelya yaa pradeshala aanee aaspaschya saat jilhyanna azarbaijancha bhag mhanoon aantarrashtriy staravar manyata denyat aalee aahe. 2020 madhye kalat nagorno-karabakh yuddhanantar, nagorno-karabakhche saat jilhe aanee kahee bhag azarbaijani niyantranat parat aale. azarbaijan heey eka ekatmik ardh-rashtrapati prajasattak aahe. heey sahaa swatantra turkey rajyanpaiki eka aahe aanee turkey rajye aanee turksoy samudayachya sanghataneche sakriy sadasya aahe. azarbaijanche 182 deshanshi rajnaitik sambandh aahet aanee sanyukt rashtra, europe parishad, alipta chalval, oo. ess. see. eae. aanee nato pii. eff. pii. karyakram yasah 38 aantarrashtriy sanghatananche sadasyatva aahe. teey guam, see. aay. ess. aanee oo. pii. see. doubleu. chya sansthapak sadasyanpaiki eka aahe. azarbaijan hii dekhil doubleu. tii. oo. chee nirikshak sthitee aahe. deshatil bahusankhya loksankhya (97 takke) nammatra muslim aahe, parantu rajyaghatanene adhikrut dharm ghoshit kelela nahee aanee deshatil serve pramukh rajkiy shakti dharmnirpeksh aahet. azarbaijan haah eka vikasansheel desh aahe aanee manav vikas nirdeshankat 91 vya kramankavar aahe. yethe aarthik vikasacha uchch darr, saksharta aanee berojgaricha qamee darr aahe. tathapi, 1993 pasoon sattet asalelya sattadhari naveen azarbaijan pakshavar heydar aliyev aanee tyacha mulga ilham aliyev yaa doghanchya netrutvakhali hukumshahi netrutva aanee nagri swatantryanvar, visheshtah vruttpatra swatantrya aanee rajkiy dadapshahivar nirbandh vadhavanyasah deshachi manavadhikaranchi nond bighadalyacha aarop karnyat aala aahe. vyutpatti. aadhunik vyutpattinusar, azarbaijan haah shabd achemanid samrajyachya akhtyarit asalelya 'atropates' yaa pertian kshatrapavarun aala aahe, jyala nantar alekzandar daad gretchya netrutvakhali madhyamancha kshatrap mhanoon punha bahal karnyat aale. yaa navachi mool vyutpatti ekekali prabal asalelya parasi dharmat aahe asey manale jaate. avestachya 'fravardin yash' ('snrakshak devdutansathiche stotra') madhye, eka ullekh aahe, jyacha shabdasha anuvad avestanmadhun assa hoto qee 'aamhi pavitra etropetinchya fravashichi pooja karato. atropates" heey naav swatach eka junya iraniche greek lipyantaran aahe, bahudha madhya, '(pavitra) agnidware sanrakshit' kinwa '(pavitra) agnichi bhoomi' yaa arthasah sanyukt naav. greek navacha ullekh diodorus seculus aanee strabo yanni keela hota. sahasrabdichya kalavadhit, heey naav (madhya pertian), nantar, (naveen pertian) aanee sadhyache "azarbaijan" asey vikasit jhaale. 1918 madhye russian samrajyachya patananantar, jevha swatantra azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakachi sthapana jhaali, tevha musawat sarkarne sadhyachya azarbaijan prajasattakachya bhagasathi 'azarbaijan' heey naav pahilyanda sweekarle. toparyant, heey padd keval samkalin vayavya iranchya lagatchya pradeshala olakhanyasathi vaparale jaat hote, tarr azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakachya kshetrala purvi 'arrange' aanee 'shirwan' mhanoon sambodhale jaat hote. tyaa aadharavar iranane navyane swikarlelya deshachya nawala virodh keela. soviet rajvatit, russian lipyantaranatun lattin bhashetahi deshache aksharlekhan '()' asey kele jaat asey. 1940 teey 1991 yaa kalat cyrillic lipit deshache naav 'asey lihile gele hote. itihas. prachinkal. azarbaijanchya pradeshat manvi vasahaticha sarvat juna purava pashanyugachya uttaradhat aahe aanee too azikh guhechya guruche sanskratishi sambandhit aahe. ii. sha. puu. asoonahi shatkatil suruvatichya vasahatinmadhye skythiyanancha samavesh hota. cythianschya pathopath, aras nadichya dakshinekadil bhagat irani meddy lokanche varchasva aale. meddy lokanni ii. sha. puu. 900 teey 700 darmyan eka vishal samrajya sthapan kele, jeey ii. sha. puu. 550 chya sumaras achemanid samrajyat villin jhaale. haah parisar achemenidsne jinkla hota jyamule parasi dharmacha prasar jhaala. sasini kalapasoon teey safavid kalaparyant. sasani samrajyane 252 madhye caucasian albania eka samant rajya mhanoon rupantar kele, tarr raja ernire yane chauthya shatkat khristi dharm haah rajya dharm mhanoon adhikrutpane swikarla. sassani rajvat asoonahi, asoonahi shatkaparyant albania yaa pradeshat eka astitva rahile, jaree teey purnapane sassani iranchya adheen rahile aanee aapali rajeshahi kayam thewali. sasani samratachya pramukh samantanpaiki eka asoonahi, albanian rajakade keval adhikarancha eka aabhas hota aanee sasani marzban (lashkari governor) kadey bahutek nagri, dharmik aanee lashkari adhikar hote. hote shatkachya purvardhat, persiaver muslimanni vijay midavalyamule, sasaniyancha eka jagirdar mhanoon caucasian albania nammatra muslim rajvatikhali aala. 667 madhye raja javanshirchya netrutvakhalil khrishchan pratikar dadpalyanantar umayyad khalifane dakshin kakasasmadhun sasani aanee byzantine yaa doghannahi mage takale aanee kakeshiyan albania eka samant rajya mhanoon rupantar kele. abbasid khalifachya patnane uraleli shaktichi pokali sallarid, sajid aanee shaddadid yasarkhya asankhya sthanik rajvanshandvare bharali gelee. bolshevik shatkachya suruvatila, madhya aashiyatil oghuz turkanchya latanni haloohaloo haah pradesh tabyat ghetala, jyanni tyaveli turkman vanshik naav sweekarle. yaa turk rajvanshanpaiki pahile seljuk samrajya hote, jeey 1067 paryant aata azarbaijan mhanoon olakhalya kelya bhagat pravesh kele. aadhunik azarbaijanchya pradeshat pradeshat purv-turkey loksankhya anek indo-european aanee caucasian bhasha bolayachi, tyapaiki armeniyan aanee eka irani bhasha, junie azeri, jee haloohaloo turkey bhashene badalali gelee, jee aajchya azarbaijani bhashechi purvavarti bhasha hotee. kahee bhashashastradnyanni asehi mhatale aahe qee, irani azarbaijan aanee azarbaijan prajasattakachya taatee bolibhasha, tatsdware bolalya kelya bolibhashanpramanech, junya azeripasoon aalelya aahet. sthanik patalivar, tyanantarchya seljuk samrajyachya malmattevar eldiguzids, tantrikdrushtya seljuk sulatananche samant, parantu kadhikadhi swatah "vastavik" shasak shasson karat asat. seljukanchya kalat, nijami ganjavi aanee khakani yansarkhya sthanik kavinni sadhyachya azarbaijanchya pradeshat pertian sahityachi bharbharat kelee. shirvanshanche sthanik rajvansh heey taimurchya samrajyache eka samanti rajya banale aanee tyanni suvarn tokhtamishchya shaskashi jhalelya yuddhat tyanna madat kelee. taimurchya mrutyunantar, kaara koyunlu aanee aka koyunlu hii done swatantra aanee pratispardhi rajye udayala aalee. sthanik shasak aanee samant mhanoon tyanni 861 pasoon keleli uchch patalichi svayatta kayam thevat anek shatake pudhe shirvansh paratale. 1501 madhye iranchya safavid rajvanshane shirvanshanna parabhoot kele aanee tyanchi malmatta midavali. pudhil shatkat, safavidanni purvichya sunni loksankhyeche sheeya islammadhye rupantar kele, jase tyanni aadhunik iranmadhil loksankhyeshi kele. 1538 madhye safavid raja tahmasp pahila (aar. 1524-1576) yanni tyanna purnapane padchyut kele aanee yaa bhagala shirvanchya safavid prantat rupantarit kele. sunni ottoman lokanni 1578-1590 chya ottoman-safavid yuddhachya parinami sadhyachya azarbaijanchya kahee bhaganvar kahee kaal kabja karnyat yash midavale; 17 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, tyanna safavid irani shasak abbas pahila (aar. 1588-1629). safavid samrajyachya samaptichya parshvabhumivar, bakoo aanee tyachya parisaravar russiananni 1722-1723 chya ruso-pertian yuddhacha parinam mhanoon kahee kaal kabja keela hota. safavid iranchya shejaril pratispardhyanni asha sankshipt viram asoonahi, aaj azarbaijan asaleli jameen 19 vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalaparyant safavidanchya suruvatichya aagmanapasun iranchya rajvatikhali rahili. aadhunik itihas. safavidannantar yaa bhagavar irani afshari rajvanshane rajya kele. nader shaah yanchya mrutyunantar (aar. 1736-1747), tyachya anek purvichya prajanni asthiratechya udrekacha fayda ghetala. svayattatechya vividh prakaransah asankhya swashasit khanate yaa bhagat udayas aale. yaa khanatanche shasak iranchya sattadhari rajvanshashi thet sambandhit hote aanee teey irani shahche samant aanee praja hote. madhya ashiya aanee paschim darmyanchya aantarrashtriy vyapar margandware khanatanni tyanchya vyavharanvar niyantran thewale. tyanantar, haah pradesh iranchya zand aanee kajaranchya salag rajvatikhali hota. aanee shatkachya uttaradhapasun, shahee rashiyache iran aanee ottoman samrajya yaa tyachya done shejari aanee dakshinekadil pratispardhyanprati adhik aakramak bhoo-rajkiy bhoomikekade valale. russiane aata coccus pradeshavar taba midvanyacha sakriy prayatna keela, joou bahutansh bhag iranchya hatat hota. 1804 madhye, russiananni iranchya ganja shaharavar aakraman kele aanee teey lutale, jyamule russia-pertian yuddhala chalana midali. lashkaridrushtya varishtha russiananni russia-pertian yuddhala vijay midvoon samapt kele. 1804-1813 yuddhat kajar iranchya parabhavanantar, gulistanchya tahanusar, georgia aanee dagestansah bahutek khanatevarche varchasva russian samrajyala swikaranyas bhag padale gele. aahet shatkat russiane tyavar kabja kareparyant aras nadichya uttarekadil bhag, jyamadhye samkalin azarbaijanche prajasattak aahe, haah irancha pradesh hota. sumare eka dashkanantar, gulistan kararache ullanghan karoon, russiananni iranchya erivan khantevar aakraman kele. yamule doghanmadhil antim shatrutvala suruvat jhaali, mhanje ruso-pertian yuddh, turkmenchecha parinami jhalela taha, kajar iranala erivan khanate, nakhchivan khanate aanee bakichya talish khantevar sarvbhaumatva sodanyas bhag padale, jyat samkalin azarbaijani prajasattakachya matiche shevatche bhag hote jeey ajunahi iranchya hatat hote. iranpasoon russiamadhye serve caucasian pradeshancha samavesh jhalyanantar, doghanmadhil naveen seema aras nadivar nishchit karnyat aalee, jee soviet sanghachya vighatananantar, nantar iran aanee azarbaijan prajasattak yanchyatil simecha bhag bunley. aahet shatkat kajar iranala aapale kakeshiyan pradesh russiala denyas bhag padale gele, jyamadhye asha prakare aadhunik kalatil azarbaijan prajasattakacha pradesh samavisht hota, tarr tyaa samarpanamule, azarbaijani vanshik gut aajkal done rashtranmadhye vibhagala gela aaheh iran aanee azarbaijan. russian vijay asoonahi, sampoorn 19 vya shatkat, russiachya tabyat asalelya bakoo, ganja aanee tifflis (tbilisi, aata georgia) yaa shaharanmadhil sheeya aanee sunni vicharvantanmadhye irani sanskruti, sahitya aanee bhasheshi nigadit vyapakata vyapak rahili. tyach shatkat, iranchya russiachya tabyat asalelya purv caucasiamadhye, aahet shatkachya akheris azarbaijani rashtriy olakh udayas aalee. pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan russian samrajyachya patananantar, alpakalin transcockatian lokshahi sangharajya prajasattak ghoshit karnyat aale, jyat aajche azarbaijan, georgia aanee armeniyache prajasattak tayar jhaale. tyanantar 30 march teey 2 april 1918 darmyan bakoo shaharat aanee russian samrajyachya bakoo governoratechya lagatchya bhagat marchchya divashi jhalelya hatyakandanni suruvat jhaali. meey 1918 madhye jevha prajasattak visarjit jhaale, tevha aaghadichya musawat pakshane azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattak (aii. dii. aar.) mhanoon swatantrya ghoshit kele, naveen prajasattakasathi 'azarbaijan' heey naav sweekarle; heey naav adarchya ghoshanepurvi keval samkalin iranchya shejarchya vayavya bhagacha sandarbh denyasathi vaparale jaat hote. aii. dii. aar. heey muslim jagatil pahile aadhunik sansadiy prajasattak hote. mahilanna matadhikar vadhavane, jyamule azarbaijan heey mahilanna purushanpramanech samaan rajkiy adhikar denare pahile muslim rashtra banale, heey sansadechya mahattvachya kamgiripaiki eka hote. aii. dii. aar. chee aanakhi eka mahattvachi kamgiri mhanje bakoo rajya vidyapithachi sthapana, jeey muslim purvet sthapan jhalele pahile aadhunik prakarche vidyapith hote. march 1920 paryant, soviet russia bakuvar hallah karel heey spasht hote. vladimir leninne sangitale qee heey aakraman nyayya hote kaaran soviet russia bakoochya telashivay tiku shakat nahee. bolshevik bolshevik soviet laal sainyane tyavar aakraman kareparyant swatantra azarbaijan keval 23 mahine tikala, 28 april 1920 roji azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. chee sthapana kelee. jaree navyane sthapan jhalelya azarbaijani sainyacha motha bhag karabakhmadhye nuktech suru jhalelya armeniyan bandala aala ghalanyat guntalela hota, taree azarbaijaninni tyanche sankshipt swatantrya lavkar kinwa sahajpane sodalele nahee. russian punaragamanala pratikar kartana sumare 20,000 azarbaijani sainik marle gele. tyanantarchya soviet kalatil suruvatichya kalat, azarbaijani rashtriy olakh shevati banavat bunley. 13 aktoobar 1921 roji russia, armeniya, azarbaijan aanee georgia yaa soviet prajasattakanni turkishi eka karar keela jyala carscha taha mhanatat. purviche swatantra aaras prajasattak dekhil carschya tahadvare azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. antargat nakhchivan swayatt soviet samajvadi prajasattak banel. dusarikade, armeniyala zangezurcha pradesh denyat aala aanee turkeyne gumri (tevha alexandropol mhanoon olakhale jaanare) parat karnyas sahmati darshavali. kalat mahayuddhachya kalat, azarbaijanne soviet sanghachya dhoranatmak urja dhoranat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali, jyat soviet unionchya purvekadil aaghaditil 80 takke teel bakukadoon puravale jaat hote. februwari 1942 madhye yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya sarvoch sovhietchya aadeshadvare, azarbaijanchya teel udhyogatil 500 hoon adhik kamgar aanee aanee vachanbaddhatela aadesh aanee padake denyat aalee. german veharmachtane kelelya operation edelweissne yuu. ess. ess. aar. chee urja (petroleum) dynamo mhanoon tyache mahatva asalyamule bakoola lakshya kele. 1941 teey 1945 yaa kalat kalat mahayuddhat ladhalelya serve azarbaijaninpaiki pachva eka. sumare 681,000 lock, jyat 100,000 hoon adhik mahila hotya, teey aaghadivar gele, tarr tyaa velee azarbaijanchi ekoon loksankhya 34 laakh hotee. azarbaijanmadhil sumare 2,50,000 lock samorun marle gele. 130 hoon adhik azarbaijani lokanna soviet unionche nayak mhanoon naav denyat aale. azarbaijani mejar-general azzie aslanov yanna donada soviet unioncha nayak mhanoon sanmanit karnyat aale. swatantrya. mikhail gorbachevne suru kelelya 'glasnost' chya rajkarananantar, azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. chaa swayatt pradesh nagorno-karabakhsah soviet sanghachya vividh pradeshanmadhye nagri ashantata aanee vanshik sangharsh vadhala. aadhich suru asalelya ugra sangharshaprati moscochya udasinatechya pratisadat azarbaijanmadhil ashantatemule swatantrya aanee futirpanachi haak lagali, jyachi parinati bakumadhil janevarichya kalya ghatananmadhye jhaali. nantar 1990 madhye, azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. chya sarvoch parishadene shirshakatoon 'soviet samajvadi' heey shabd kadhoon takale, 'azarbaijan prajasattakachya sarvbhaumatvachi ghoshana' sweekarli aanee azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakacha dhwaj rajya dhwaj mhanoon punarsanchayit keela. 1991 saalee moscomadhye jhalelya soviet uthav daad 'etatchya ayashasvi prayatnancha parinam mhanoon, azarbaijanchya sarvoch parishadene 18 aktoobar 1991 roji swatantryachi ghoshana sweekarli, jyala december 1991 madhye deshvyapi sarvmatane pushti midali, tarr 26 december 1991 roji soviet union adhikrutpane astitvat navhate. desh aata 18 aktoobar roji aapala swatantryadin sajra karato. swatantryachi suruvatichi varshe nagorno-karabakhchya vanshik armeniyan bahusankhyansah pahilya nagorno-karabakh yuddhane aachchhadali gelee hotee. 1994 madhye shatrutva sampeparyant, armeniyan lokanni nagorno-karabakhsah azarbaijani pradeshachya 14-16 takkyanparyant niyantran midavale. yuddhadarmyan donhi bajunni anek atyachar aanee narsamhar kele gele, jyat malibeli aanee gustular yetheel hatyakand, gardagali hatyakand aanee khojali hatyakand, tasech bakoo hatyakand, maraga hatyakand aanee kirovabad hatyakand yancha samavesh hota. yavyatirikt, andaje 30,000 lock marle gele aahet aanee daha lakhanhun adhik lock visthapit jhaale aahet, 800,000 hoon adhik azarbaijani aanee 300,000 armeniyan. sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadeche chaar tharav (822,853,874 aanee 884) azarbaijanchya serve vyapalelya pradeshanmadhun serve armeniyan sainya tatadine mage ghenyachi magani karatat."1990 chya dashakat anek russian aanee armeniyan nirvasit mhanoon azarbaijan sodoon paloon gele. 1970 chya jangananenusar, azarbaijanmadhye 5,10,000 vanshik russian aanee 4,84,000 armeniyan hote. aliyev kautumbik shasson, 1993-sadhya. 1993 madhye, curnell surat hussenov yanchya netrutvakhalil lashkari bandamule lokshahi paddhatine nivadoon aalele adhyaksh abulfaz elchibe hyanna padchyut karnyat aale, jyacha parinam mhanoon soviet azarbaijanche majee nete hyder aliyev yanchi satta udayas aalee. 1994 madhye, surat hussenovne, toparyant pantpradhananni hyder aliyevhaviruddha aanakhi eka lashkari uthav karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu tyala atak karnyat aalee aanee tyachyavar deshdrohacha aarop thevanyat aala. eka varshanantar, 1995 madhye, aliyevhaviruddha aanakhi eka uthav karnyacha prayatna karnyat aala, yaveli omon vishesh tukadicha commander, rovshan javadov yane. haah uthav talhanyat aala, parinami nantarche marle gele aanee azarbaijanchya omon tukadya visarjit jhalya. tyach velee, sattadhari nokarshahitil mothya pramanat jhalelya bhrashtacharamule desh kalankit jhaala hota. aktoobar 1998 madhye, aliyev aliyev punha nivadoon aale. arthvyavasthet khoop sudharana jhaali asali taree, visheshtah azeri-chirag-guneshali teel kshetra aanee shaah deniz vayoo kshetrachya shoshanamule, aliyevhachya adhyakshapadavar sanshayaspad nivadanuk fasavanuk, uchch patalivaril aarthik asamanata aanee deshantargat bhrashtacharamule teeka jhaali. heydar aliyevhacha mulga ilham aliyev, 2003 madhye tyachya vadilanche nidhan jhalyavar naveen azarbaijan pakshache adhyaksh tasech azarbaijanche adhyaksh jhaale. aktoobar 2013 madhye teey adhyaksh mhanoon mhanoon punha nivadoon aale. april 2018 madhye, adhyaksh ilham aliyev yanni nivadanukit tyanchi salag chauthi mudat surakshit kelee, jyavar mukhya virodhi pakshanni fasavanuk mhanoon bahishkar takala hota. 27 september 2020 roji, nagorno-karabakh sampark reshevar nirakaran naan jhalelya nagorno-karabakh sangharshatil naveen sangharsh punha suru jhaale. azarbaijan aanee armeniya yaa donhi sashastr dalanni lashkari aanee nagri jivitahanichi nond kelee. nagorno-karabakh yuddhabandi karar aanee azarbaijan aanee armeniya yanchyatil sahaa aathvadyanchya yuddhacha shevat, tyanni lakshaniy pradeshik laabh ghetalyamule azarbaijanmadhye mothya pramanat sajra karnyat aala. bhoogol. bhaugolikdrushtya, azarbaijan heey eurasiachya dakshin coccus pradeshat sthit aahe, jeey paschim ashiya aanee purv europemadhye pasarlele aahe. too akshansh 38° aanee 42°n aanee rekhansh 44° aanee 51°E darmyan aahe. azarbaijanchya bhusima ekoon lambichya aahet, jyapaiki armeniya, iran, georgia, russia aanee turkeys 480 kilometer aahet. kinarpatti vistarli aahe aanee caspian samudrachya azarbaijani vibhagachya sarvat rund kshetrachi lambi aahe. deshat nachhivan swayatt prajasattak heey bhoo-aachchhadit kshetra aahe. teen bhautik vaishishtye azarbaijanvar varchasva gajavatatah caspian samudra, jyachi kinarpatti purvela naisargik seema tayar karate; uttares mothee coccus parvat rang; aanee deshachya madhyabhagi vistrut sapat pradesh. teen parvatarangahi aahet, mothya aanee lahan coccus aanee talish parvat, jeey ektritpane deshachya sumare 40 takke bhag vyapatat. azarbaijanche sarvoch shikhar mount bazarduzu aahe, tarr sarvat khalcha bindu caspian samudrat aahe. pruthvivaril serve matichya jwalamukhinpaiki jawaljawal ardhe azarbaijanmadhye kendrit aahet, heey jwalamukhi dekhil nisargachya naveen 7 aashcharyansathi namankit hote. prushthbhagavaril paanee heey panyache mukhya srot aahet. 8, 350 paiki keval 24 nadya lambipeksha jaast aahet. serve nadya deshachya purvekadil caspian samudrat vahatat. sarasoo haah sarvat motha talav aahe aanee kurr hii sarvat lamb nadee aahe, jee armeniyachya simepalikade aahe. azarbaijanmadhye caspian samudrajaval anek bete aahet, jee bahutek bakoo dweepsamuhat aahet. 1991 madhye azarbaijanchya swatantryapasun, azarbaijan sarkarne azarbaijanchya paryavaranache jatan karnyasathi upayayojana kelya aahet. 2001 nantar jevha bakoo-tbilisi-sehan pipelinedware pradan kelelya naveen mahasulamule rajyachya arthsankalpat vaadh jhaali tevha paryavaranachya rashtriy sanrakshanala gatee midali. chaar varshant, sanrakshit kshetra duppat jhaale aanee aata deshachya ekoon bhoobhagachya aath takke bhagavar teey avalambun aahe. 2001 pasoon sarkarne saat mothe rakheev kshetra ubharale aahe aanee paryavaran sanrakshanasathi rakhoon thevalelya arthsankalpatil kshetrachi sankhya jawaljawal duppat kelee aahe. bhupradesh. azarbaijan heey vividh prakarchya bhupradeshanche ghar aahe. azarbaijanchya ardhya bhoobhagamadhye dongral utaar, shikhar, dongral pradesh aanee patharancha samavesh aahe jeey 400-1000 meterchya hypesometric pataliparyant (madhya aanee khalchya sakhal pradeshansah), kahee thikani (tavij, jeranchol-ajinohur aanee langabiz-alat agraresha) 100-120 meetarparyant aanee itar 0-50 meater aanee tyahoon varr (kobustan, absheron) paryant vadhatat. azarbaijanchya urvarit bhoobhagat maidani aanee sakhal pradeshancha samavesh aahe. coccus pradeshatil hypesometric khuna caspian samudrakinaryavar sumare −28 meater teey 4,466 meater (bajarduzu shikhar) paryant badaltat. azarbaijanmadhil havamanachya nirmitivar visheshtah scandinavian anticyclonechya thund arctic havechya vastuman, cyberian anticyclonechya samshitoshna havechya vastuman aanee madhya ashiyai anticyclonecha prabhav padato. azarbaijanchya vaividhyapurn bhupradeshacha, havechya vastunchya deshat pravesh karnyachya marganvar parinam hoto. uttarekadun kalkhandat thund havechya thet prabhavapasun grater coccus deshache sanrakshn karate. jyamule deshachya bahutek payathyashi aanee maidani bhagat uposhnakatibandhiy hawaman tayar hote. darmyan, maidani aanee payathyashi saur kiranotsargache praman jaast aahe. vidyaman akra hawaman kshetranpaiki nauu azarbaijanmadhye aahet. nakhchivan swayatt prajasattakachya zulfa aanee ordubad yaa pradeshanmadhye paripoorn kiman tapman () aanee paripoorn kamal tapman donhi disun aale. sarvadhik varshik parjanyaman lankaranmadhye () aanee kiman absheronmadhye () padate. nadya aanee talav heey azarbaijanchya jalvyavasthecha pramukh bhag aahet, teey dirgh bhaugolik kalmaryadet tayar jhaale aanee tyaa sampoorn kalat lakshaniy badal jhaale. deshbharat deshbharat pracheen nadyanche avashesh yacha vishesh purava aahet. naisargik shakti aanee manavane suru kelelya audhyogik upkramanchya prabhavakhali deshatil jaal pranali satat badalat aahet. krutrim nadya (kalve) aanee talav heey azarbaijanchya jalvyavasthecha eka bhag aahet. panipurvathyachya babatit, azarbaijan heey prati chauras kilometer andaje prati varsh panyasah jagatil sarasaripeksha qamee aahe. serve mothe jalashay kurvar bandhale gele aahet. azarbaijanchi jalalekhan moolatah caspian sagari sagari sambandhit aahe. kura aanee aaras yaa azarbaijanmadhil pramukh nadya aahet. teey kura-aras sakhal bhagatoon jaatat. caspian samudrat thet thet nadya pramukhyane pramukh coccus aanee tallish parvatanchya ishanya utaratoon ugam pavtat aanee samoor-devechi aanee lankaran sakhal bhagatoon vahatat. yanar daag, jyache bhashantar 'jalat asalela parvat' asey kele jaate, hii eka naisargik vayoo aag aahe jee bakukade caspian samudravaril absheron dweepkalpavaril tekadivar satat petate, jyala swatach 'agnichi bhoomi' mhanoon olakhale jaate."eka patal, sachchidra valukashma tharatoon jwala havet baher padatat. bakoo bhagatil paryatkansathi heey eka paryatak aakarshan aahe. jaivavividhata. azarbaijanmadhil prani jivanachi samruddhi aanee vividhatevaril pahile ahwal purvekadil pravashanchya pravasachya nondinmadhye aadhalu shakatat. sthapatyashastriy smarke, pracheen khadak aanee dagadanvaril pranyanchya koreev kamanche astitva aajahi tikoon aahe. azarbaijanchya vanaspati aanee pranyanvishayichi pahili mahitee 17 vya shatkat nisargshastradnyanchya azarbaijanchya bhetidarmyan gola karnyat aalee hotee. sastan pranyanchya 106 prajati, mashanchya 97 prajati, pakshyanchya 363 prajati, ubhaycharanchya 10 prajati aanee aanee pranyanchya 52 prajati aahet, jyaa azarbaijanmadhye nondavalya gelya aahet aanee vargikrut kelya gelya aahet. karabakh ghoda haah azarbaijancha rashtriy prani aahe, joou parvat-payathyashi sharyat aanee ghodyavar swar honyacha azarbaijancha sthanik prakar aahe. karabakh ghodyachi pratishtha tyachya changlya svabhavasathi, vegasathi, lavnyasathi aanee buddhimattesathi aahe. pracheen jagachya purvajansah hii sarvat junya jatinpaiki eka aahe, parantu aaj ghoda hii eka luptapray prajati aahe. azarbaijanchya vanaspatinmadhye uchch vanaspatinchya 4,500 hoon adhik prajati aahet. azarbaijanmadhil adviteey havamanamule, dakshin cocksuschya itar prajasattakanchya vanaspatinchya tulanet vanaspati prajatinchya sankhyet khoop samruddha aahet. sampoorn cocksusmadhye vegane 66 takke prajati azarbaijanmadhye aadhaltat. desh chaar paryavaraniy pradeshanmadhye aaheh caspian hircanian mishra jangale, coccus mishra jangale, purv anatolian parvatiy maidan aanee azarbaijan zudup valvant aanee maidan. azerbaijanla azerbaijanla vann bhupradesh akhandata nirdeshankatil sarasari gunank 6.55/10 hota, joou 172 deshanpaiki jaagtik staravar staravar kramankavar aahe. sarkar aanee rajkaran. azarbaijanchya rajkiy vyavasthechi sanrachanatmak rachana 12 november 1995 roji naveen rajyaghatnecha sweekar karoon purn jhaali. sanvidhanachya kalam 23 nusar, azarbaijan prajasattakachi rajya chinhe mhanje dhwaj, shastrancha coat aanee rashtragit. azarbaijanmadhil rajya adhikar keval antargat samasyansathi kayadyane maryadit aahet, parantu aantarrashtriy vyavhar dekhil aantarrashtriy kararanchya taratudindware maryadit aahet. azarbaijanchya sanvidhanat asey mhatale aahe qee heey karyakari, vidhimandal aanee nyayik yaa teen shakhansah rashtrapatinche prajasattak aahe. vidhimandalache adhikar eksadani rashtriy vidhansabha aanee nakhchivan swayatt prajasattakatil sarvoch rashtriy vidhansabha yanchyakade aahet. miilii majlis mhanoon olakhalya kelya azarbaijanchya sansadet bahumat matanchya aadhare nivadoon aalele 125 pratinidhi asatat, jyacha pratyek nivadoon aalelya sadasyacha karyakal paach varshancha asato. darr paach varshanni novemberchya pahilya ravivari nivadanuka ghetalya jaatat. sarkar sthapan karnyasathi sansad jababdar nahee, parantu rajyaghatanesathi miilii majlisdware mantryanchya mantrimandalachi manjuri aavashyak aahe. naveen azarbaijan paksh aanee sattadhari sarkarla nishthavan asalelya apkshankade sadhya sansadechya 125 paiki jawaljawal serve jaaga aahet. 2010 chya sansadiy nivadanukit musawat aanee azarbaijani lokpriy aaghadi paksh yaa virodhi pakshanna ekahi jaaga jinkata aalee nahee. european nirikshakanna nivadanukipurvi aanee nivadanukichya divashi asankhya aniyamitata aadhalalya. karyakari adhikar rashtrapatikade asatat, jeey thet nivadnukandware saat varshanchya karyakalasathi nivadle jaatat aanee pantpradhanakade asatat. rashtrapati aanee rashtriy vidhansabha yaa doghannahi jababdar asaleli samoohik karyakari sanstha, mantrimandal sthapan karnyasathi rashtrapati adhikrut aahet. azarbaijanchya mantrimandalat pramukhyane pantpradhan, tyanche pratinidhi aanee mantri asatat. azarbaijanche azarbaijanche sarkar heey tyachya sadhyachya rachneteel prashasana aahe. rashtrapatinna rashtriy vidhansabha visarjit karnyacha adhikar nahee, parantu tyanchya nirnayanna nakaradhikar denyacha adhikar aahe. rashtrapatinchya nakaradhikarala mage taknyasathi sansadekade 95 matanche bahumat asane aavashyak aahe. nyayik adhikar ghatanatmak nyayalay, sarvoch nyayalay aanee aarthik nyayalayat nihit aahet. rashtrapati yaa nyayalayanmadhil nyayadhishanchi niyukti karatat. european commission phaur daad efficiency auph justices (see. eae. pii. eae. jee.) chya ahavalat naveen nyayadhishanchya nivadivaril azarbaijani nyay modelcha sandarbh sarvottam pratha mhanoon deela aahe, joou naveen lokshahit nyaypalikeche swatantrya aanee gunavatta sunishchit karnyachya dishene vishisht vaishishtye aanee vikasacha marg pratibimbit karato. azarbaijanchya shasson pranalila nammatra dvistariy mhatale jaau shakate. rashtrapatinchya netrutvakhalil karyakari adhikar haah sarkarcha sarvoch kinwa sarvoch star asato. rashtrapati mantrimandalatlya mantryanchi aanee itar uchch padasth padasth niyukti karatat. sthanik karyakari pradhikaran heey keval karyakari adhikarache satatya aahe. hii tartud azarbaijanmadhil sthanik rajya prashasanachi kayadeshir sthitee sthanik karyakari pradhikaranavar ("yearly ikra hakimiyat") nirdharit karate, jee 16 juuna 1999 roji sweekarli gelee. juuna 2012 madhye, rashtrapatinni naveen niyamnas manyata dilee, jyane sthanik karyakari karyakari atirikt adhikar dile, azarbaijanchya sthanik vyavharanmadhye tyanche varchasva balkat kele, azarbaijan prajasattakachya ghatanechya 9 vya adhyayat nagarpalikanchi kayadeshir sthitee, sthanik swarajya sansthanche prakar, tyanche moolbhut adhikar aanee itar adhikrut sansthanshi asalele sambandh yasarkhya sthanik swarajya sansthanchya pramukh samasyanna sambodhit kele aahe. prashasanacha dusra nammatra star mhanje nagarpalika ("bülʼdiyy") aanee nagarpalikanche sadasya darr paach varshanni nagarpalika nivadnukanmadhye samanya matadvare nivadle jaatat. sadhya deshbharat 1,607 nagarpalika aahet. sthanik swarajya kshetrat (2 julai 1999) sarvapratham nagarpalika nivadanukanvaril kayada aanee nagarpalikanchya sthitivaril kayada swikarla gela. nagarpalika sevevareel kayada nagarpalika nagarpalika karya, tyanche adhikar, kartavye, kamgar paristhiti aanee samajik laabh yanche niyaman karato aanee karyakari yantranechi rachana aanee nagarpalika sevechya sanghatanechi ruparesha tayar karato. nagarpalikanchya sthitivaril kayada nagarpalika sansthanchi bhoomika aanee rachana niyantrit karato aanee kayadeshir aanee aarthik svayattatechya rajya hamichi ruparesha tayar karato. samajik sanrakshn, samajik aanee aarthik vikas aanee sthanik paryavaranasandarbhat nagarpalika karyakramancha avalamb aanee amalbajavani karnyavar kayada vishesh laksh deto. suraksha parishad hii rashtrapatinchya netrutvakhalil vicharshil sanstha aahe aanee teey sanvidhananusar tiche aayojan karatat. 10 april 1997 roji yachee sthapana jhaali. prashasakeey vibhag haah rashtrapati karyalayacha bhag nasoon rashtrapati aanee tyanchya karyalayachya aarthik, tantrik aanee aarthik kamanche vyavasthapan karato. aliyev rajkiy kutumbachya dirghakalin prabhavamule aanee hyder aliyev yanni sthapan kelelya naveen azarbaijan pakshachya (yenee azerbican partiacy, yapp) prabhavamule, kahee rajkiy shastradnyanni azarbaijanchya rajkiy vyavasthechi vyakhya hukumshahi mhanoon kelee aahe. deshache tisare adhyaksh, hyder aliyev (1993 teey 2003 darmyan padavar; teey purvi 1969 teey 1982 darmyan azarbaijanchya communist pakshache pahile sachiv hote aanee 1982 teey 1987 darmyan soviet unionche pahile upapantpradhan hote) 2003 madhye tyancha mulga, chautha aanee sadhyacha adhyaksh ilham aliyev yanni uttaradhikari mhanoon padbhar swikarla. jaree azarbaijanne swatantrya parat midvalyanantar anek nivadanuka ghetalya aahet aanee lokshahichya anek aupcharik sanstha aahet, tarihi swatantrya sabhagruhane tyache 'mukt nahee' asey vargikaran kele aahe, jyanni 2022 madhye jaagtik swatantrya scorever tyala 'id 1' asey sthan dile. alikadachya varshant, mothya sankhyene azarbaijani patrakar, blogger, vakeel aanee manavadhikar karyakartyanna rashtrapati aliyev aanee sarkari sarkari teeka kelyabaddal atak karnyat aalee aahe aanee turungat taknyat aale aahe. september 2015 madhye european sansadene swikarlelya tharavat azarbaijanche varnan kele aahe qee, "gelya daha varshant sampoorn eurasiamadhye lokshahi prashasanat sarvat mothee ghasaran jhaali aahe", tasech manvi hakkanvaril deshabarobarchya sanvadane "konatihi lakshaniy pragati keleli nahee"."17 march 2016 roji, azarbaijanchya rashtradhyakshanni kahee enjiodware rajkiy kaidi manalya kelya dozenhoon adhik vyaktinna maaf karnyachya aadeshavar swakshari kelee. amerikechya rajya vibhagane eka sakaratmak paul mhanoon yaa aadeshache swagat kele. 16 march 2017 roji aanakhi eka maafee aadeshavar kararavar karnyat aalya, jyamule rajkiy kaidi mhanoon ganalya kelya atirikt vyaktinchi sutka jhaali. paradeshat aaplya karanancha prachar karnyasathi aanee deshantargat nivadanuka vaidh tharvanyasathi paradeshi adhikari aanee mutsadyanna laach dilyabaddal azarbaijanvar kathor teeka kelee gelee aahe, yaa prathes cavier mutsaddegiri mhanatat. tathapi, 6 march 2017 roji, european dhoranatmak guptachar aanee suraksha kendra asisk) neey 'daad armeniyan connection' navacha eka ahwal prakashit keela, jyamadhye tyanni manavadhikar ngo aanee azarbaijanmadhil manavadhikaranche ullanghan aanee bhrashtacharavar teeka ghoshit sanshodhan sanghatananvar hallah keela. tyaa ahavalat esiskane thampane sangitale qee ess. eae. see. neey vistrut kelelya "cavier mutsaddegiri" ahavalacha uddesh aberbaijanviruddha rajkiy yuddhat sahbhagi vikasit emm. pii. ess. chey jaale tayar karnyasathi apapracharavar aadharit sanshayache vatavaran nirman karane aanee european pii. emm. ess., armeniyan adhikari aanee kahee aine. jee. oo. (manavadhikar nirikshan, maafee aantarrashtriy, manavadhikar gruh foundation, "khula sanvad, european sthirata upkram aanee manavadhikaransathi helsinki samitee) yancha samavesh asalele jaale soros foundationdware vittapuravatha kele gele hote. robbert colson (redio mukt europe) yanchya matey, asisk haah bakoochya janmat badalanyasathi aaghadichya vicharvantancha vapar vadhavanyachya lobbing prayatnancha eka bhag aahe. friedam fileschya vishleshanatmak kendrane mhatale aahe qee, "haah ahwal hukumshahi pracharanchya sarvat white paramparanmadhye lihila gela aahe". paradeshi sambandh. alpakalin azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattak germany aanee finlandmadhye rajnaitik pratinidhi pathavun sahaa deshanshi rajnaitik sambandh prasthapit karnyat yashasvi jhaale. jhaale soviet unionpasoon azarbaijanchya swatantryachi aantarrashtriy manyata denyachi prakriya andaje eka varsh chalali. azerbaijanla manyata denara sarvat alikadacha desh bahreen hota, 6 november 1996 roji. turkey, pakistan, america, iran aanee israelsobat missionschya paraspar aadanpradanasaha sampoorn rajnaitik sambandh pratham sthapit karnyat aale. azarbaijanne tarkibarobarchya tyachya "vishesh sambandhanvar" vishesh bharr deela aahe. azarbaijanche aataparyant 158 deshanshi rajnaitik sambandh aahet aanee 38 aantarrashtriy sanghatananche sadasyatva aahe. tyala alipta chalval aanee jaagtik vyapar sanghatanet nirikshakacha darja aahe aanee too aantarrashtriy dursanchar sanghamadhye pratinidhi aahe. 9 meey 2006 roji azarbaijan sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhene navyane sthapan kelelya manavadhikar parishadechya sadasyatvasathi nivadle gele. 19 juuna 2006 roji karyakal suru jhaala. azarbaijan pahilyanda 155 deshanchya pathimbyane 2011 madhye sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishadecha kayamswarupi sadasya mhanoon nivadala gela. azarbaijanchya pararashtra dhoranatil pradhanyanmadhye, sarvapratham, tyachya pradeshik akhandatechi punarsthapana karane; nagorno-karabakh aanee nagorno-karabakhchya aaspaschya azarbaijanchya itar saat pradeshanchya vyaparache parinam door karane; european aanee euro-atlantic sanrachanet ektrikaran; aantarrashtriy surakshesathi yogdan; aantarrashtriy sanghatananshi sahkarya; pradeshik sahkarya aanee dwipakshi sambandh; sanrakshn kshamata balkat karane; deshantargat dhoranadvare surakshela protsahan; lokshahi balkat karane; vanshik aanee dharmik sahishnuteche sanrakshn; vaidnyanik, shaikshanik aanee sanskrutik dhoran aanee naitik mulyanche sanrakshn; aarthik aanee samajik vikas; antargat aanee seema suraksha vadhavane; aanee sthalantar, urja aanee vahtook suraksha dhoran yancha samavesh aahe. azarbaijan haah aantarrashtriy dahashatvadashi dahashatvadashi aantarrashtriy aaghadicha sakriy sadasya aahe aanee 11 septemberchya hallyanantar pathimba pathimba pahilya deshanpaiki eka hota. kosovo, afghanistan aanee irakmadhil shantata rakhanyachya prayatnanmadhye yogdan dett, haah desh natochya shantata karyakramasathichya bhagidaricha sakriy sadasya aahe. azarbaijan 2001 pasoon europe parishadecha sadasya dekhil aahe aanee european unionshi changle sambandh thevato. desh akheris eae. yuu. chya sadasyatvasathi arj karoo shakato. 1 julai 2021 roji, american congressne kayada pudhe aanala jyacha parinam 2012 pasoon washingtonne azerbaijanla pathavalelya lashkari madativar hoil. heey tyaeivaji armeniyala dileli packages lakshaniyaritya lahan asalyamule hote. lashkari. aadhunik azarbaijan sainyacha itihas 1918 madhye azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakacha aahe, jevha 26 juuna 1918 roji navyane sthapan jhalelya azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakache rashtriy sainya tayar jhaale. jevha soviet union visarjit jhalyanantar azerbaijanla swatantrya midale, tevha azarbaijan prajasattakachya sashastr dalanchi nirmiti 9 aktoobar 1991 chya sashastr dalanvaril kayadyanusar karnyat aalee. alpakalin rashtriy sainyachya sthapanechi mool tarikh aajchya azarbaijanmadhye sainya deane (26 juuna) mhanoon sajari kelee jaate. 2021 paryant, azarbaijanchya sashastr dalanmadhye 1,26,000 sakriy karmchari hote. tethe 17,000 nimalashkari dall aanee 330,00 rakheev jawan dekhil aahet. sashastr dalanchya teen shakha aaheth bhudal, havai dall aanee naudal. yavyatirikt sashastr dalanmadhye anek lashkari up-gut samavisht asatat jeey garaj bhasalyas rajyachya sanrakshanat sahbhagi houu shakatat. heey antargat vyavhar mantralay aanee rajya seema seveche antargat sainya aahe, jyat tatarakshak dall dekhil samavisht aahe. azarbaijan national guard heey aanakhi eka nimalashkari dall aahe. tee vishesh rajya sanrakshn sevechi ardh-swatantra sanstha mhanoon kaam karate, jee rashtrapatinchya adhinastha sanstha aahe. azarbaijan europemadhil paramparik sashastr dalanvaril kararache palan karato aanee tyane serve pramukh aantarrashtriy shastre aanee shastrastra kararanvar kararavar kelya aahet. azarbaijan shantatesathi bhagidari aanee vaiyaktik bhagidari krutee yojana/pii. eff. pii. aanee aay. pii. aii. yasarkhya karyakramanmadhye natola jawalun sahkarya karate. azarbaijanne aapale shantirakshak dall irakmadhye aanee aanakhi 184 afaganistanmadhye tainat kele aahe. azarbaijanne aaplya sanrakshn arthsankalpavar 2.20 abj dollars kharch kele, jeey tyachya ekoon jee. dii. pii. chya 5.4% hote aanee samanya sarkari kharchachya kahee 12.7% hote. azarbaijani sanrakshn udyog lahan shastre, tofkhana pranali, takya, kavach aanee ratradrushti upkarane, vimanchalan bomb, yuu. aii. vhee. chey/manavarahit havai vahan, vividh lashkari vahane aanee lashkari vimane aanee helicopters tayar karato. prashasakeey vibhag. azarbaijan prashaskiyadrushtya 14 aarthik pradeshanmadhye vibhagale gele aahe; prajasattakchya thet adhikarakhali 66 rayon (ekvachan) aanee 11 shahare (ekvachan). shivay, azarbaijanmadhye nakhchivanche swayatt prajasattak () samavisht aahe. azarbaijanche adhyaksh yaa tukadyanche rajyapal niyukt karatat, tarr nakhchivanche sarkar nakhchivan swayatt prajasattakachya sansadedvare nivadle jaate aanee manjur kele jaate. arthvyavastha. 1991 madhye swatantrya midalyanantar azarbaijan aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhi, jaagtik banq, punarrachana aanee vikasasathi european banq, islamik vikas banq aanee ashiyai vikas bankecha sadasya banala. azarbaijanchya banking pranalimadhye azarbaijanchi madhyavarti banq, vyavsayik banka aanee bigger-banking patt sanstha yancha samavesh aahe. rashtriy (aata madhyavarti) bankechi sthapana 1992 madhye azarbaijan rajya bachat bankevar aadharit karnyat aalee, jee yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya purvichya rajya bachat bankeshi sanlagn aahe. madhyavarti banq azarbaijanchi madhyavarti banq mhanoon kaam karate, jee rashtriy chalan, azarbaijani manat jaaree karnyasathi aanee serve vyavsayik bankanvar dekhrekh thevanyache adhikar dete. done pramukh vyavsayik banka unibank aanee abbas ibrahimov chalvat asaleli azarbaijanchi sarkari malkichi aantarrashtriy banq aahet. kharch aanee maganichya vadhimule aahe pahilya timahit chalanvadhicha darr 16.6% varr pohochala. nammatra utpann aanee masik vetan yaa aakadyachya tulanet anukrame 29 takke aanee 25 takkyanni vadhale, parantu bigger-teel udhyogatil kimmati vadhalyane chalanvadhila chalana midali. azarbaijan tyachya vegane vegane urja kshetramule tathakathit 'dutch rog' chee kahee chinhe darshavite, jyamule chalanwadh hote aanee bigger-urja niryat adhik mahag hote. kele dashakachya suruvatila, dirghakalin uchch chalanvadhivar niyantran midavale gele. yamule aarthik sudharananna balkati denyasathi aanee asthir arthvyavasthechi khuna mitavanyasathi 1 janewari 2006 roji naveen azarbaijani manat heey chalan suru karnyat aale. azarbaijan haah 2010-2011 chya jaagtik spardhatmakata ahavalat itar cis deshanchya tulanet 57 vya kramankavar aahe. azarbaijancha jee. dii. pii. pii patalipeksha patalipeksha 20 patine vadhala hota. urja aanee naisargik sansadhane. azarbaijancha done trutiyansh bhag teel aanee naisargik vayoone samruddha aahe. azarbaijanchya teel udhyogacha itihas pracheen kalapasooncha aahe. arabi itihaskar aanee pravasi ahmed all-baladuri yanni pracheen kalat absheron dweepkalpachya arthvyavasthevar charcha kelee, visheshtah tyachya telacha ullekh keela. azarbaijanmadhye anek pipeline aahet. azarbaijanmadhil vishal shaah deniz vayoo kshetrala europashi europashi dakshini vayoo margikeche uddisht european unionche russian vayuvareel avalambitva qamee karane heey aahe. deshatil bahutansh sone, chandi, loh, tambe, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, jatil dhatoo aanee pratidravya heey qamee cocksuschya pradeshamadhye aahet. september 1994 madhye, azarbaijan prajasattakachi (sokar) sarkari teel company aanee 13 teel kampanya, tyapaiki amoko, bii. pii., exonmobil, lukoil aanee equinor yanchyat 30 varshanchya kararavar kararavar karnyat aalya. pashchatya teel kampanya soviet shoshanapasun achhootya khol panyachya telkshetrancha vapar karnyas saksham asalyane, azarbaijan heey teel shodh aanee vikasasathi jagatil sarvat mahattvachya thikananpaiki eka manale jaate. darmyan, sthool aarthik sthirata, teel mahasulachya vyavasthapanamadhye pardarshakta aanee bhavee pidhyansathi sansadhananche sanrakshn sunishchit karnyasathi atirikt arthsankalpiy nidhi mhanoon azarbaijancha rajya teel nidhi sthapan karnyat aala. azarbaijanmadhye jaiv kshamatechi upalabdhata jaagtik sarasaripeksha qamee aahe. 2016 madhye azarbaijanmadhye tyachya pradeshat prati vyakti 0.8 jaagtik hector jaivakshamta hotee, jee prati vyakti 1.6 jaagtik hectorchya jagachya sarasarichya nimmya hotee. 2016 madhye azarbaijanne prati vyakti 2.20 jaagtik hector jaiv kshamatecha vapar keela-tyanchya paryavaraniy vaparachya padchinhe. yacha arth teey azarbaijanmadhye asalelya kshamatepeksha adhik jaivakshamta vapartat. parinami, azarbaijanmadhye jaiv kshamatechi kamatarata aahe. azericaz yaa sokarchya up-companycha 2021 paryant deshache sampoorn gasification sunishchit karnyacha manas aahe. azarbaijan heey purv-paschim aanee uttar-dakshin urja vahtook margikanchya prayojakanpaiki eka aahe. bakoo-tbilisi-cars railway marg caspian pradeshala turkeyshey jodel, joou julai 2017 madhye purn hone apekshit aahe. trans-anatolian gass pipeline (tanap) aanee trans adriatic pipeline (tapp) azarbaijanchya shaah deniz gassmadhun turkey aanee europemadhye naisargik vayoo vitareet kartil. azarbaijanne aii. see. jee. chya vikasavaril kararala, 14 september 2017 roji sokar aanee saha-udhyoganni (bii. pii., shevron, inpex, equinor, exonmobil, tii. pii., itochu aanee oo. aine. jee. see. videsh) swakshari kelelya sudharit pii. ess. aii. nusar 2050 paryant mudatvadh dilee. shetee. azarbaijanmadhye yaa pradeshatil sarvat mothe krishi khore aahe. azarbaijanmadhil sumare 54.9 takke shetjamini aahe. aahe suruvatila 4,755,100 hector vaparale gelele krishi kshetra hote. tyach varshi ekoon 13.6 kotee ghanmeter lakud sansadhananchi ganana jhaali. azarbaijanchya krishi vaidnyanik sanshodhan sanstha kurane aanee kurane, phalotpadan aanee uposhnakatibandhiy pike, hiravya bhajya, viticulture aanee wine nirmiti, kapus lagwad aanee aushadhi vanaspati yavar kendrit aahet. kahee bhagat dhanya, batate, sakhar beat, kapus aanee tambakhuchi lagwad karane fayadeshir tharate. pashudhan, dugdhajanya utpadane aanee madya aanee madya hii dekhil mahattvachi krishi utpadane aahet. caspian masemari udyog sturgeon aanee belugachya ghatatya sathyavar laksh kendrit karato. 2002 madhye azarbaijani vyapari naukekade 54 jahaje hotee. yapurvi paradeshatoon aayat keleli kahee utpadane sthanik patalivar tayar houu lagali aahet. tyapaiki koka-koola bottlers limitedche koka-koola aahet., bucky-casteldware bear, nehirdware lakud aanee yu. pii. eae. see. pipe coating azarbaijandware teel pipe. paryatan. paryatan haah azarbaijanchya arthvyavasthecha eka mahattvacha bhag aahe. 1980 chya dashakat haah desh eka prasiddha paryatan sthal hota. soviet unionche patan aanee 1990 chya dashkatil pahilya nagorno-karabakh yuddhane paryatan udyog aanee paryatan sthal mhanoon azarbaijanchya pratimeche nuksan kele. kele dashkaparyant paryatan udhyogachi punarrachana houu shakali nahee aanee tevhapasoon deshat paryatakanchya bhetee aanee ratrabhar mukkam karnyachya sankhyet uchch darane vaadh jhaali aahe. alikadachya varshant, azarbaijan heey dharmik, spa aanee aarogya seva paryatanasathi dekhil eka lokpriy thikan banale aahe. hivalyat, shahdag parvatiy resortmadhye atyadhunik suvidhansah skiingchi soya aahe. azarbaijan sarkarne azarbaijanchya vikasala eka uchchabhru paryatan sthal mhanoon sarvoch pradhanya dile aahe. azarbaijani arthvyavasthet paryatanala eka pramukh, jaree sarvat mothe yogdan denare nasel, tarr teey eka rashtriy dhoran aahe. yaa upkramanche niyaman azarbaijanchya sanskruti aanee paryatan mantralayadvare kele jaate. 63 desh aahet jyancha visa-mukt gunank aahe. eae-visa-visa aavashyak asalelya deshanchya paradeshi lokanchya azarbaijan prajasattakala bhet denyasathi. jaagtik aarthik manchachya 2015 chya pravas aanee paryatan spardhatmakata ahavalanusar azarbaijan 84 vya sthanavar aahe. jaagtik pravas aanee paryatan parishadechya ahavalanusar, 2010 aanee 2016 darmyan abhyagatanchya niryatit sarvat jaast vaadh vaadh pahilya daha deshanmadhye azarbaijancha samavesh hota, yavyatirikt, gelya varshi antargami aantarrashtriy abhyagatanchya kharchache majboot nirdeshak asalelya, sarvat vegane vikasit vikasit pravas aanee paryatan arthvyavastha asalelya deshanmadhye azarbaijanne pratham (46.1%) sthan midavale. vahtook. resheem rasta aanee dakshin-uttar margika yasarkhya pramukh aantarrashtriy vahtook marganchya chauras margavar azarbaijanche soyiche sthan deshachya arthvyavasthesathi vahtook kshetrache dhoranatmak mahatva adhorekhit karate. deshatil vahtook kshetrat raste, railway, vimanchalan aanee sagari vahtook yancha samavesh aahe. azarbaijan heey kachchya malachya vahatukiche eka mahattvache aarthik kendra dekhil aahe. bakoo-tbilisi-sehan pipeline (bii. tii. see.) meey 2006 madhye karyanvit jhaali aanee azarbaijan, georgia aanee turkeechya pradeshanpeksha adhik vistarli aahe. darvarshi 5 kotee tunn kachchya telachi vahtook karnyasathi aanee caspian sagari telkshetratun jaagtik bajarpethet teel vahoon nenyasathi bii. tii. see. chee rachana karnyat aalee aahe. azarbaijan, georgia aanee turkey yaa pradeshatunahi pasarleli dakshin coccus pipeline 2006 chya akheris karyanvit jhaali aanee shaah deniz vayoo kshetratun european bajarpethela atirikt vayoo puravatha puravate. shaah deniz darvarshi 296 abj ghanmeter naisargik vayuche utpadan karel ashee apeksha aahe. european union-prayojit resheem rasta prakalpatahi azarbaijan pramukh bhoomika bajavate. 2002 madhye azarbaijani sarkarne dhoran aanee niyamak karyanchya vistrut shrenisah parivahan mantralayachi sthapana kelee. tyach varshi, desh raste vahatukivaril vienna parishadecha sadasya banala. arthvyavasthechya itar kshetrancha vikas adhik changlya prakare sulabh karnyasathi vahtook jaalyache aadhunikikaran karane aanee vahtook sevanmadhye sudharana karane heey pradhanyakram aahet. 2012 madhye cars-tbilisi-bakoo railwayche bandhkam heey purvekadil chean aanee kazakhstanchya railwella turkestanmarge pashchimetil european railway pranalishi jodoon ashiya aanee europemadhil vahtook sudharanyasathi hote. 2010 madhye broad gej railway aanee vidyutikrut railway anukrame vistarli gelee. 2010 paryant 35 vimantal aanee eka heliport hote. vidnyan aanee tantradnyan. 21 vya shatkat, teel aanee vayuchya naveen bharbharatamule azarbaijanchya vidnyan aanee tantradnyan kshetratil paristhiti sudharnyas madat jhaali. sarkarne aadhunikikaran aanee navkalpana karnyachya uddeshane moheem suru kelee. mahitee tantradnyan aanee dalanvalan udhyogatoon milanara napha vadhel aanee teel utpadanashi tyachi tulana karata yeil assa sarkarcha andaj aahe. azarbaijanmadhye eka mothe aanee satatyane vadhanare internet kshetra aahe, jeey bahutek 2007-2008 chya aarthik sankatane prabhavit nahee; aanakhi kiman paach varshe vegwan vadhicha andaj aahe. azarbaijan 2021 madhye jaagtik navonmesh nirdeshankat 80 vya kramankavar hota, joou 2019 madhye 84 vya kramankavar hota. desh aaplya dursanchar kshetrachya vikasatahi pragati karat aahe. dalanvalan aanee mahitee tantradnyan mantralay (emm. see. aay. tii.) aanee eztelecommadhil tyachya bhoomikedware eka sanchalak heey dhorankarte aanee niyamak doghehi aahet. sarvajanik pephone sthanik colsathi upalabdh aahet aanee tyasathi durdhvani exchange kinwa kahee dukane aanee keoskmadhun tokan kharedi karane aavashyak aahe. tokan anishchit kalavadhichya colla parvanagi detat. , tethe 1,397,000 mukhya durdhvani marg aanee 1,485,000 internet vaparkarte hote. chaar jee. ess. emm. puravathadar aaheth azercell, ezerphone (aine. aar. mobile), nakhtel mobile network operator aanee eka see. dii. emm. aii... 21 vya shatkat elchin khalilov aanee itaranchya moolbhut kamanmule prerit houn anek pramukh azarbaijani bhoogatiki aanee bhoo-bhoo-prakshepak shastradnyanni shekado bhookamp andaj kendre aanee bhookamp-pratirodhak imaratinchi rachana kelee jee aata bhookamp sevechya prajasattak kendracha motha bhag aahet. azarbaijan rashtriy aerospace agencyne aapala pahila upgrah azarsait 1 7 februwari 2013 roji french gayanamadhil gayana antaral kendratoon 46° purv kakshiy sthananvar kakshet prakshepit keela. yaa upgrahane europe aanee ashiya aanee aafrikecha eka mahattvacha bhag vyapala aahe aanee durdarshan aanee redio prasaran tasech internetche prasaran kele aahe. upgrahala kakshet prakshepit karane heey azarbaijanche swatache antaral udyog asalele rashtra bananyache uddisht sadhya karnyachya dishene pahile paul aahe, jeey bhavishyat adhik prakalp yashasviritya rabvinyas saksham aahe. loksankhyashastra. march 2022 paryant, azarbaijanchya ekoon loksankhyepaiki 52.9% shahari aahe, urvarit 47.1% grameen aahe. janewari 2019 madhye ekoon loksankhyepaiki 50.1% mahila hotya. tyach varshi ling gunottar prati stree 0.99 purush hote. 2011 chaa loksankhya vadhicha darr jagbharatil 1.09% chya tulanet 0.85% hota. loksankhyechya vadhivar nirbandh ghalanara eka mahattvacha ghatak mhanje uchch patalivaril sthalantar. 2011 madhye azarbaijanmadhye-1.14/1,000 lokanche sthalantar jhaale. azarbaijani diaspora 42 deshanmadhye aadhalato aanee tyaa badalyat azarbaijanmadhye vanshik alpasankhyakansathi anek kendre aahet, jyat german sanskrutik samaj "currelhoss", slavic sanskrutik kendra, azarbaijani-israyali samuday, kurdish sanskrutik kendra, aantarrashtriy talish sanghatana, lezgin rashtriy kendra "samoor", azarbaijani-tatar samuday, crimean tatar samaj ii. samavisht aahet. ekoon, azarbaijanmadhye 78 shahare, 63 shahar jilhe aanee eka vishesh kayadeshir darjache shahar aahe. 261 shahari vasahati aanee 4248 gave hyanche anusaran karatat. jaatiyata. 2009 chya jangananenusar loksankhyechi vanshik rachanah 91.6% azarbaijani, 2% lezzin, 1.4% armeniyan (jawaljawal serve armeniyan nagorno-karabakhchya vibhakt pradeshat rahatat), 1.3% russian, 1.3% talish, 0.6% awar, 0.40% turk, 0.3% tatar, 0.3% taat, 0.2% ukrainean, 0.1% sakhoor, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% jyoo, 0.1% coords, itar 0.20%. bhasha. azarbaijani hii adhikrut bhasha aahe, jee turkey bhasha aahe. azarbaijani hii sumare 92 takke loksankhya matrubhasha mhanoon bolate. russian aanee armeniyan (keval nagorno-karabakhmadhye) dekhil bolalya jaatat aanee pratyek bhasha anukrame sumare 1.5% loksankhyechi matrubhasha aahe. deshat itar dazanbhar alpasankhyak bhasha moolatah bolalya jaatat. awar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalag, crits, lezgin, rutul, talish, tatt, sakhoor aanee udee heey serve lahan alpasankhyak lock bolatat. yapaiki kahee bhasha samuday khoop lahan aahet aanee tyanchi sankhya qamee hott aahe. 1989 madhye sumare 76 takke loksankhya asaleli nagorno-karabakhmadhil armeniyan hii bahusankhya bhasha hotee. pahilya nagorno-karabakh yuddhanantar, loksankhya jawaljawal 95 takke itaki keval armeniyan hotee. dharm. azarbaijan haah sarvat dharmnirpeksh muslim bahusankhyak desh manla jaato. sumare 97 takke loksankhya muslim aahe. sumare 55-85% musalman sheeya asalyacha andaj aahe, tarr 15-45% musalman sunni aahet. deshatil vividh vanshik gut itar dharmanche palan karatat. tyachya sanvidhanachya kalam 48 antargat, azarbaijan heey eka dharmnirpeksh rajya aahe aanee dharmik swatantryachi hummy dete. dete chya sarvekshanat azarbaijanmadhil keval 21 takke pratisadkartyanni dharm haah tyanchya dainandin jivanacha eka mahattvacha bhag asalyache mhatale. deshatil dharmik alpasankhyakanpaiki, andaje 280,000 khrishchan (3.1%) heey bahutek russian aanee georgian orthodox aanee armeniyan apostolic aahet (jawaljawal serve armeniyan nagorno-karabakhchya vibhakt pradeshat rahatat). 2003 madhye 250 roman catholic hote. 2002 paryantchya itar khrishchan panthanmadhye lutheran, baptist aanee molocan yancha samavesh aahe. eka chhota protestant samuday dekhil aahe. azarbaijanmadhye 2,000 varshancha itihas asaleli pracheen jyoo loksankhya dekhil aahe; jyoo sanghatanancha andaj aahe qee 12,000 jyoo azarbaijanmadhye rahatat, jeey israyal aanee united stateschya baher ekmev jyoo-bahusankhya shahar aahe. azarbaijan heey bahee, harey krishna aanee jehovachya sakshidar samudayanche sadasya tasech itar dharmik samudayanche anuyayi yanchehi ghar aahe. kahee dharmik samudayanna dharmik swatantryapasun anadhikrutpane pratibandhit karnyat aale aahe. aaa yuu.ess. yaa prakaranavaril rajya vibhagachya ahavalat kahee muslim aanee khrishchan gatanchya sadasyanna tabyat ghenyacha ullekh aahe aanee anek gatanna dharmache niyaman ghoshit agency, azarbaijan prajasattakachya dharmik sanghatananvaril rajya samitimadhye (scra) nondani karnyat adchan yete. shikshan. azarbaijaninchya tulanene uchch takkevarine kahee prakarche uchch shikshan prapt kele aahe, visheshtah vaidnyanik aanee tantrik vishayanmadhye. 1920 chya dashakat person-arabic lipipasoon lattinmadhye aanee 1930 chya dashakat romanpasoon sirilikmadhye pramanit varnamalet done badal karoonahi, soviet yugat saksharta aanee sarasari shikshanachi patali tyanchya agadi khalchya suruvatichya bindupasoon natakiyaritya vadhali. soviet aakadevarinusar, 1970 madhye 100 takke purush aanee striya (nauu teey ekonatis varshe) sakshar hote. sanyukt rashtranchya vikas karyakramachya 2009 chya ahavalanusar, azarbaijanmadhil saksharateche praman 99.5 takke aahe. swatantryanantar, azarbaijanchya sansadene swatahla soviet unionpasoon vegale karnyasathi manjur kelelya pahilya kayadyanpaiki eka mhanje sirilikchya jaagi sudharit-lattin varnamala swikarane. yashivay azarbaijani pranalimadhye sanrachanatmak badal thode jhaale aahet. suruvatichya badalanmadhye dharmik shikshanachi punarsthapana (soviet kalat bandee ghalanyat aalee) aanee abhyaskramatil badalancha samavesh aahe, jyane azarbaijani bhashechya vaparavar punha bharr deela aahe aanee vaicharik aashay kadhoon takale aahet. prathamik shalanvyatirikt, shaikshanik sansthanmadhye hajaro purvashala, samanya madhyamik shaala aanee vyavsayik shaala, jyat vishesh madhyamik shaala aanee tantrik shalancha samavesh aahe, yancha samavesh aahe. navaviparyantche shikshan anivarya aahe. sanskruti. azarbaijanchi sanskruti anek prabhavanmule vikasit jhaali aahe; mhanunach azarbaijani anek prakare dvi-sanskrutik aahet. jagatikikrut grahak sanskratisaha pashchimatya prabhav asoonahi aaj deshat rashtriy parampara changlya prakare jatan kelya jaat aahet. azarbaijani sanskratiche kahee mukhya ghatak aaheth sangeet, sahitya, loknrutye aanee qalaa, pakakala, vastukala, chhayachitran aanee novruz byram. nantarche zorostrian dharmachya pracheen irani dharmatil naveen varshachya paramparik utsavatoon ghetale gele aahe. novruz hii kautumbik sutty asate. azarbaijanchya loksankhyechya aakrutimadhye, varr namood kelyapramane, azarbaijani tasech itar rashtriyatva kinwa vanshik gatancha samavesh aahe, jeey deshachya vividh bhagat ghattapane rahatat. azarbaijani rashtriy aanee paramparik poshakh mhanje chokha aanee papakhi. russian, georgian, kurdish, lezian aanee tallish bhashanmadhye redio prasaran kele jaate, jyanna rajyachya arthsankalpatun arthsahayya dile jaate. balkan aanee khachmajmadhil kahee sthanik redio kendre avarohan aanee tatmadhye prasaran aayojit karatat. bakumadhye russian, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), lezgian ("samoor") aanee tallish bhashanmadhye anek vruttapatre prakashit hotat. jyoo samaj 'sokhnat' 'aziz' heey vruttpatra prakashit karato. sangeet aanee loknrutye. azarbaijanche sangeet sumare eka hazar varshe junya lock paramparanvar aadharit aahe. shatkanushatke azarbaijani sangeet ekatmatechya baijkhali vikasit jhaale aahe, jyamule laybaddhapane vaividhyapurn ganee tayar jhaali aahet. azarbaijani sangeetat eka shakheey paddhatichi pranali aahe, jithe pramukh aanee kirkol scaleche chromatisation khoop mahatvache aahe. rashtriy sangeet vadyanmadhye 14 taar vadye, aath talvadye aanee sahaa pawan vadye aahet. daad grove dictionary auph music andd musicars' nusar, vanshikta, sanskruti aanee dharmachya drushtine azarbaijani heey turkipeksha iranachya sangitachya drushtine khoop jawal aahet." mugam, mekhana aanee ashiq qalaa yaa azarbaijanchya anek sangeet paramparanpaiki aahet. mugam haah sahasa kavita aanee vadyasangitatil madhyare asalela eka sanch asato. mugam sadar kartana gayakanna tyanchya bhavananche gayan aanee sangeetat rupantar karave lagate. madhya ashiyai deshanchya mugam paramparanchya ulat, azarbaijani mugam adhik mukt swarupacha aanee qamee kathor aahe; tyachi tulana anekada jazchya sudharit kshetrashi kelee jaate. unescone 7 november 2003 roji azarbaijani mugam paramparechi ghoshana kelee, jee manavatechya maukhik aanee amoort varshachi utkrusht krutee aahe. mekhana heey eka prakarche paramparik azarbaijani vishisht loksangeet aahe, jeey sahasa eka vishisht vishayavar sudharana karnare anek lock sadar karatat. azerbaijani sanskratiche prateek mhanoon ubhe asalelya paramparik sadarikaran kalemadhye, ashikmadhye kavita, kathakathan, nrutya aanee gayan aanee vadyasangit yancha samavesh hoto. haah eka goodh trasdayak kinwa pravasi pakshi aahe joou saz gato aanee vajavato. yaa paramparecha ugam pracheen turkey lokanchya shamanvadi vishvasanmadhye aahe. aashikanchi ganee samanya aadharambhovati ardh-sudharit aahet. azarbaijanchya aashik kalecha samavesh 30 september 2009 roji unescone amoort sanskrutik varshachya yadeet keela. 1960 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon, pashchimatya-prabhavit azarbaijani popp sangeet, tyachya vividh rupanmadhye, jeey azarbaijanmadhye lokpriy hott aahe, tarr rock aanee hiip hopp sarkhya shaili mothya pramanat tayar kelya jaatat aanee tyancha anand ghetala jaato. alim kasimov, rasheed behbudov, wazif mustafazadeh, muslim magomayev, shovkat alakbarova aanee rubaba muradova yansarkhya kalakaranchya aantarrashtriy lokpriyatemule azarbaijani popp aanee azarbaijani loksangeet udayas aale. azarbaijan haah eurovision ganyanchya spardhet utsahi sahbhagi aahe. azarbaijanne 2008 chya eurovision ganyanchya spardhet padarpan kele. 2009 madhye deshacha pravesh pravesh sthanavar aanee tyanantarchya varshi pachvya sthanavar pohochala. ell aanee nikki yanni eurovision geet spardha 2011 madhye "running feared" yaa ganyasah pratham sthan patkavale, jyamule azerbaijanla 2012 madhye bakoo yethe spardheche yajmanpad milanyacha haqq midala. teey spardhechya 2018 salaparyantchya pratyek grand finalsathi patra tharale aahet, gayak aayselane 'ex maay haart' neey pravesh keela aahe. dazanbhar azarbaijani loknrutye aahet. teey aupcharik utsavanmadhye sadar kele jaatat aanee nartak rashtriy nrutyanmadhye changlya prakare sanrakshit asalelya chokhasarkhe rashtriy kapade ghalatat. bahutek nrutyanmadhye atishay vegwan taal asato. sahitya. aadhunik azarbaijani prajasattakachya pradeshik maryadet janmalelya madhyayugeen lekhakanmadhye pertian kavee aanee tatvadnyani nijami, jyanna tyanchya janmasthalachya navavarun ganjavi mhanatat, ganja, jeey 'khamsa' ('daad quintuplate') chey lekhak hote, teey 'daad trager auph mysteries', 'khosro andd shireen' aanee 'leily andd mejanoon' yasah paach pranayramya kavitanni banalele hote. likhit azarbaijani sahityatil sarvat junie dnyat vyakti izzaddin hassanoglu hotee, jine pertian aanee azarbaijani gazalancha samavesh asalela diwan rachala. pertian gazalanmadhye tyane tyache topananav vaparale, tarr tyachya azarbaijani gazalanchi rachana tyachya swatachya hassanoglu yaa navane karnyat aalee hotee. azarbaijanimadhil shastriy sahityachi nirmiti 14 vya shatkat madhyayugatil vividh prarambhik bhashanmadhil tabriz aanee shirwan yaa bolibhashanvar aadharit jhaali. yaa kalatil kavinmadhye ghazi burhanaddin, hakkiki (jahaan shaah kaara koyunaluche topananav) aanee habibi hote. naseemi shatkachya akheris imadaddin naseemi, naseemi shatkachya uttaradhatil aanee aanee shatkachya suruvatichya kalatil mahan azarbaijani hurufi goodh kavinpaiki eka aanee turkey sahityik itihasatil sarvat pramukh suruvatichya diwan masterspacky eka, jyanni pertian aanee arabi bhashetahi kavita lihilya, tyanchya sahityik karyacha prarambh dekhil jhaala. diwan aanee gazal shaili pudhe kasem-aii-anvar, fuzuli aanee khatai (safavid shaah ismel I chey topananav) yaa kavinni vikasit kelya. dede korkutchya pustakat' 16 vya shatkat nakkal kelelya done hastalikhitancha samavesh aahe aanee 15 vya shatkapurvi lihilelya naheet. oghuz bhatkya lokanchi maukhik parampara pratibimbit karnara haah 12 kathancha sangrah aahe. aahe shatkatil kavee muhammad fuzuli yane arabi, pertian aanee azarbaijani bhashet tyachya kalatit tatvik aanee gitatmak 'kazalan' chee nirmiti kelee. tyachya vatavaranatil utkrusht sahityik paramparancha prachand laabh ghet aanee tyachya purvavartinchya varshavar aadhar ghet fuzuli tyachya samajatil aaghadichi sahityik vyakti bananyasathi niyat hota. tyachya pramukh kamanmadhye 'daad diwan auph gazals' aanee 'daad kasidas' yancha samavesh aahe. tyach shatkat, azarbaijani sahitya, aashik () kavya shailichya vikasasah aanakhi bharbharatila aale. yach kalat, 'khatee' ('papi' sathee) shaah ismel yaa topannamantargat mea azarbaijani bhashet sumare 1400 shlok lihile, jeey nantar tyanche 'diwan' mhanoon prakashit jhaale. yaa kalat 'koshma' ('aashurachana' sathee) mhanoon olakhali jaanari eka anokhi sahityik shaili suru karnyat aalee aanee shaah ismel aanee nantar tyacha mulga aanee uttaradhikari shaah tahmasp ii. yanni tee vikasit kelee. kelee aanee aanee shatkat, tabrizche kavvasi, shaah abbas saanee, nishat, molaa valee vidadi, molaa panah wagif, amani, jaffar aanee itaransarkhe pramukh kavee aanee lekhak fuzulichya adviteey shaili tasech ashiq kavita swikarat asat. turk, turk aanee uzbek lokansah, azarbaijani lokahi eka suprasiddha loknayak, coroglue (andh manasacha mulga) yaa mahakavyacha utsav sajra karatat. coroglue mahakavyachya anek dastaivajikaran kelelya aavrutya azarbaijanchya rashtriy vidnyan akadamichya hastalikhitansathichya sansthet shillak aahet. azarbaijanmadhil aadhunik azarbaijani sahitya pramukhyane shirwani bolivar aadharit aahe, tarr iranmadhye teey tabrizi bhashevar aadharit aahe. azarbaijanimadhil pahile vruttpatra, "akinchi" 1875 madhye prakashit jhaale. 19 vya shatkachya madhyat, teey bakoo, ganja, shakee, tbilisi aanee yerevanchya shalanmadhye shikavale jaat asey. 1845 pasoon, rashiyatil seent pietersberg vidyapithatahi heey shikavale jaat hote. lock qalaa. azarbaijaninchi eka samruddha aanee vishisht sanskruti aahe, jyacha eka pramukh bhag sajavatichi aanee upayojit qalaa aahe. yaa kaleche pratinidhitva, pathlag, dagine, dhatuche korivkam, lakud, dagad, hadey, galicha banavane, aavaran, namuna vinane aanee mudran aanee vinakam aanee bharatkam yasarkhya hastakalechya vistrut shrenidware kele jaate. yaa prakarchya sajavatichya kalepaiki pratyek, azarbaijan rashtrachya dengyancha purava, yethe khoop bajoone aahe. azarbaijanmadhil qalaa aanee hastakalechya vikasashi sambandhit anek manoranjak tathye asankhya vyapari, pravasi aanee mutsaddi yanni nondavali hotee jyanni vegvegalya velee yaa thikananna bhet dilee hotee. azarbaijani galicha haah vividh aakarancha paramparik hatane banavalela kapad aahe, jyacha ghandat pott aanee dheeg kinwa dheeg nasalela prushthbhag aahe, jyache namune azarbaijanchya anek galicha banavanyachya pradeshanche vaishishtya aahet. november 2010 madhye azarbaijani galicha yuneskodware amoort varshacha utkrusht namuna mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aala. azarbaijan heey pracheen kalapasoon vividh prakarchya hastakaleche kendra mhanoon olakhale jaate. azarbaijanchya pradeshatil puratatviy khodkam, ii. sha. puu. puu sahasrabdiparyantchya suvikasit shetee, satha vadhavane, dhatuche kaam, matichi bhandi, matichi bhandi aanee galicha vinakam yachee saksh dete. bii. tii. see. pipelinemadhun sapadalelya dashbulack, hassansu, zayamchai aanee tovuzchai yetheel puratatviy sthalanni lohyugachya suruvatichya kalakruti ughad kelya aahet. azarbaijani galiche anek mothya gatanmadhye aanee anek upasamuhanmadhye vargikrut kele jaau shakatat. azarbaijani galicheche vaidnyanik sanshodhan heey eka pramukh shastradnya aanee kalakar latif karimov yanchya navashi jodalele aahe. tyache vargikaranach galichyachya chaar mothya gatanna azarbaijan, guba-shirwan, ganja-kazakh, karabakh aanee tabriz yaa chaar bhaugolik kshetranshi sambandhit karate. pakakala. paramparik pakakala hii khadyapadarthanmadhye hangami vaparlya kelya bhajya aanee hirvyagar padarthanchya mubalkatesathi prasiddha aahe. pudina, kothimbir (dhane), budyshape, tulas, ajmoda, tyaragon, lick, cheeve, ajmoda, marjoram, hirwa kanda aanee watercress yasah tajya aushadhi vanaspati khoop lokpriy aahet aanee bahutekda tablavaril mukhya padarthansobat asatat. caspian samudratil maase, sthanik maans (pramukhyane mutton aanee gomans) aanee hangami bhajya aanee hirvyagar padarthanchya mubalaktevar aadharit asalelya rashtriy khadyapadarthanmadhye havamanachi vividhata aanee jaminichi supikata pratibimbit hote. kesar-tandalache plove heey azarbaijanmadhil pramukh ann aahe aanee kaala chaha heey rashtriy pey aahe. azarbaijani lock anekada paramparik armadu (nashpatichya aakaracha) kaach vapartat kaaran tyanchi chahachi sanskruti khoop majboot aahe. lokpriy paramparik padarthanmadhye bozbash (kokru suup jeey vividh bhajyanchya jodanisah anek pradeshik prakaranmadhye astitvat aahe), qutub (hiravya bhajya kinwa bareek chiralelya mansasah talalele utpadan) aanee dushbara (bareek chiralele maans aanee chavane bharalelya pithyache dumpling) yancha samavesh hoto. vastukala. azarbaijani vastukala samanyatah purv aanee paschim ghatakancha mell ghalate. azarbaijani vastukalecha pertian vastukalevar motha prabhav aahe. bhinti asalelya bakoo shaharatil pahila manora aanee shirvanshancha rajwada yasarkhe anek pracheen sthapatyashastriy khajina aadhunik azarbaijanmadhye tikoon aahet. unescochya jaagtik varsa tatpuratya yadeet dakhal kelelya nondinmadhye bakoocha ateshgah, momeen khatoon makbara, hirkan rashtriy udyan, binagadi dambar talav, lokbatan maticha jwalamukhi, shusha rajya aitihasik aanee sthapatya rakheev, bakoo stage parvat, caspian kinaryavaril sanrakshanatmak bandhkame, ordubad rashtriy rakheev aanee shakee khanancha rajwada yancha samavesh aahe. itar sthapatyashastriy khajinyanmadhye mardakanmadhil chatushkoniy killa, yukhari charadgalarmadhil parigala, aaras nadivar pasarlele anek pool aanee anek samadhi aahet. aahet aanee aanee shatkachya suruvatila, thodishi smarakeey vastukala tayar karnyat aalee hotee, parantu bakoo aanee itaratra vishisht nivassthane bandhali gelee hotee. sarvat alikadil sthapatya smarakanpaiki bakoo bhuyari marg tyanchya bhavya sajavatisathi prasiddha aahet. aadhunik azarbaijani vastukaleche kaam mhanje aadhunik saundaryacha vaividhyapurn vapar, vastuvishardanchya swatachya kalatmak shailicha shodh aanee vidyaman aitihasik-sanskrutik vatavaranacha samavesh. heydar aliyev sanskrutik kendra, flame towers, bakoo chrystal holl, bakoo white ciity aanee sokar tower yasarkhya pramukh prakalpanni deshachi kshitijarekha badalali aahe aanee tyachi samkalin olakh vadhavali aahe. drushya qalaa. ii. sha. puu. puu teey teey sahasrabdiparyantche gamigaya petroglyphes azarbaijanchya ordubad jeelhyat aahet. tyat harran, harran, bail, kutre, saap, pakshi, vilakshan prani aanee lock, dabe aanee vividh chinhe asha sumare 1500 vikhuralelya aanee koralelya dagadi chitrancha samavesh aahe, jyaa besaltchya khadkanvar aadhalalya hotya. norweche vanshikshastradnya aanee sahsi thore hairdhall yanna khatri patali hotee qee yaa bhagatil lock ii. sha. 100 chya sumaras scandinaviala gele, tyanchi nauka bandhani kaushalye tyanchyabarobar gheuun gele aanee tyanna uttar europemadhil wiking botinmadhye rupantarit kele. shatkanushatke, azarbaijani kalemadhye anek shailigat badal jhaale aahet. azarbaijani chitrakaleche vaishishtya mhanje rung aanee prakashachi ubdarta, yache udaharan azim azimzade aanee bahrooj kangarli yanchya karyat aahe aanee dharmik vyaktimatve aanee sanskrutik sankalpananmadhye vyagrata aahe. azarbaijani chitrakalene shekado varshe, roman aanee ottoman kalapasoon aanee soviet aanee barok kaladarmyan, cocksusmadhye pradhanya midavale, jyapaiki nantarchya done chitranni azarbaijanmadhye phal midavale. yaa kalkhandat kalkhandat itar ullekhaneey kalakaranmadhye sattar bahlulzade, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakbar resaguliev, mirza gadeem irwani, mikayil abdullayev aanee boyukagha mirzazade yancha samavesh aahe. chitrapat. azarbaijanmadhil chitrapat udyog 1898 salcha aahe. azarbaijan haah chitrapatsrushtit sahbhagi jhalelya pahilya deshanpaiki eka hota, jyache upkaran pratham bakumadhye disale. 1919 madhye, azarbaijan lokshahi prajasattakachya kalat, 27 meey roji azarbaijanchya rashiyapasoonchya swatantryachya pahilya vardhapandinanimitta 'azarbaijan swatantryachya vardhapan dinacha utsav' haah mahitipat chitrit karnyat aala aanee juuna 1919 madhye bakumadhil anek chitrapatgruhanmadhye tyacha pratham pradarshan karnyat aala. 1920 madhye soviet sattechi sthapana jhalyanantar, azarbaijanchya krantikari samitiche adhyaksh nariman narimanov yanni azarbaijanchya cinemache rashtriyikaran karnyachya aadeshavar swakshari kelee. yacha asser azarbaijani animationchya nirmitivarhi jhaala. 1991 madhye, azerbaijanla soviet unionpasoon swatantrya midalyanantar, bakoo yethe pahila bakoo aantarrashtriy chitrapat mahotsav purv-paschim yethe aayojit karnyat aala hota. december 2000 madhye, azarbaijanche majee adhyaksh hyder aliyev yanni 2 august hii azarbaijanchya chitrapat nirmatyanchi vyavsayik sutty mhanoon ghoshit ghoshit aadeshavar swakshari kelee. aaj azarbaijani chitrapat nirmate punha ekada 1920 madhye soviet unionchya sthapanepurvi chitrapat nirmatyanna nirmatyanna samasyanshi nigadit samasyanna samore jaat aahet. punha ekada, chitrapatanchya aashay aanee prayojakatv yaa donhi goshti mothya pramanat chitrapat nirmatyachya pudhakaravar sodalya aahet. durdarshan. teen sarkari malkichya durchitravani vahinya aaheth eztavi, idman tv aanee medeniyet tv. eka sarvajanik vahini aanee 6 khajgi vahinya aaheth ittimai durdarshan, antaral durdarshan, leader durdarshan, aazad azarbaijan durdarshan aanee arab. manvi haqq. azarbaijanchi rajyaghatna abhivyakti swatantryachi hummy denyacha dawa karate, parantu vyavharat heey nakarle jaate. anek varshe patrakarita aanee prasarmadhyamanchya swatantryat ghat jhalyanantar, 2014 madhye, azarbaijanmadhil prasarmadhyamanche vatavaran konatyahi virodh aanee tikela gup thevanyachya sarkari mohimeantargat vegane bighadale, jaree deshane europe parishadechya mantryanchya samitiche netrutva kele (meey-november 2014). banavat kayadeshir aarop aanee patrakaranvaril hinsacharatil shiksha hii sarvasamanya baab rahili aahe. deshat serve paradeshi prasarananvar bandee aahe. 2013 chya friedam haus friedam auph daad presachya ahavalanusar, azarbaijanchi patrakarita swatantryachi sthitee "mukt nahee" aanee azarbaijan 196 deshanpaiki 177 vya kramankavar aahe. khristi dharmala adhikrut manyata aahe. turungvasachya jokhmikhali, serve dharmik samudayanna bhetanyachi parvanagi milanyasathi nondani karane aavashyak aahe. hii nondani anekada nakarli jaate. "vanshik bhedbhavamule deshachya dharmik swatantryachya abhavat hatbhar lagato, kaaran anek khrishchan azari muslimaivaji vanshik armeniyan kinwa russian aahet". redio free europe/redio swatantrya aanee voice auph america yavar azarbaijanmadhye bandee aahe. azarbaijanmadhye ell. jee. bii. tii. lokanviruddhacha bhedbhav vyapak aahe. gelya kahee varshant, aantarrashtriy manavadhikar sanghatananni anyaykarak mhanoon varnan kelelya khatalyanmadhye teen patrakaranchi hatya karnyat aalee aanee anekanvar khatala chalavanyat aala. patrakaranchya sanrakshanasathichya samitichya mhananyanusar, 2015 madhye azarbaijanmadhye europemadhye sarvadhik patrakaranna turungat dambanyat aale hote aanee iran aanee chinpeksha pudhe, too jagatil pachva sarvadhik sensor kelela desh aahe. azarbaijanmadhil covid-19 mahamariche vartankan kelyabaddal kahee gambhir patrakaranna atak karnyat aalee aahe. aktoobar 2015 madhye eka maafee aantarrashtriy sanshodhakachya ahavalat asey mhatale aahe...gelya kahee varshant azarbaijanmadhye manavadhikaranchi tivra ghasaran jhaali aahe. durdaivane azerbaijanla abhootpurv patalivaril dadapshahitun baher padanyachi aanee yaa prakriyet tyacha nagri samaj jawaljawal nasht karanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee aahe."mafichya 2015/16 deshavaril varshik ahavalat mhatale aahe... rajkiy asahmaticha chhal suruch rahila. manavadhikar sanghatana tyanche kaam punha suru karnyat asamarth rahilya. varshakheris kiman 18 vivekyukt kaidi najarkaidet rahile. swatantra patrakar aanee karyakartyanvaril suud ugavane desh aanee paradeshat kayam rahile, tarr tyanchya kutumbatil sadasyannahi chhal aanee atakinna samore jaave lagale. aantarrashtriy manavadhikar nirikshakanna pratibandhit karnyat aale aanee deshatoon hakaloon denyat aale. chhal aanee itar gairvartanukichya batamya kayam rahilya." "daad guardian" neey april 2017 madhye nondavale qee "azarbaijanchya sattadhari abhijat vargane pramukh europeey lokanna paise denyasathi, lakzari vastoo kharedi karnyasathi aanee apardarshak british companyanchya jaalyachya madhyamatoon paise dhunyasathi gupt $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojana chalavali... galatee jhalelya aakadevarivarun asey disun yete qee, manavadhikaranche sakhali ullanghan, pranaligat bhrashtachar aanee nivadnukanmadhye dhandal kelyacha aarop asalelya azarbaijani netrutvane 2012 teey 2014 yaa kalavadhit 16,000 hoon adhik gupt deyake dilee. yapaiki kahee paise rajkarani aanee patrakaranna gele, aantarrashtriy lobbing operationcha bhag mhanoon azarbaijanche adhyaksh ilham aliyev yanchyavar teeka karnyasathi aanee tyachya teel samruddha deshachi sakaratmak pratima vadhavanyasathi."serve praptakartyanna paishachya strotachi mahitee hotee asey konatehi soochan navhate kaaran teey bhesal margane aale hote. khel. freestyle kusti haah paramparikpane azarbaijancha rashtriy khel manla jaato, jyamadhye azarbaijanne aantarrashtriy olympic samiteet sameel jhalyapasun chaar suvarnansah chauda padake jinkley aahet. sadhya football aanee kusti heey sarvat lokpriy khel aahet. football haah azarbaijanmadhil sarvat lokpriy khel aahe aanee 9,122 nondanikrut kheladunsah azarbaijanchya football mahasanghanchi sanghatana hii deshatil sarvat mothee creeda sanghatana aahe. azarbaijancha rashtriy football sangh rashtriy football clubchya tulanet aantarrashtriy staravar tulanene qamee kamgiri darshavito. neftsey, karaba aanee gabala heey azarbaijani footballche sarvat yashasvi sangh aahet. 2012 madhye, neftchi bakoo haah european spardhechya gut tappyat pravesh karnara pahila azarbaijani sangh tharala, jyane uefa europa leegchya play-auph fereet sayprasachya epolala 4-2 neey parabhoot kele. 2014 madhye, uefa europa leegchya gut tappyat pudhe jaanara karabagh haah dusra azarbaijani club banala. 2017 madhye, uefa champions leegchya play-auph fereet coppenhagenla 2-2 (aaa) neey haravalyanantar, karabagh haah gut tappyat pohochanara pahila azarbaijani club tharala. footsal haah azarbaijanmadhil aanakhi eka lokpriy khel aahe. azarbaijan rashtriy footsal sangh 2010 uefa footsal ajinkyapad spardhet chauthya sthanavar pohochala, tarr deshantargat club araj naksivanane uefa footsal cup aanee uefa footsal kapmadhye kansyapadake jinkley. azarbaijan haah 2013/2014 aanee 2014/2015 yaa hangamat spanish football club atletico dii madridcha mukhya prayojak hota, jyaa bhagidariche varnan clubney 'jagaat azarbaijanchya pratimes protsahan dile pahije' asey kele aahe. azarbaijan heey jaagtik buddhibalachya paramparik shakti kendranpaiki eka aahe, jyane anek aantarrashtriy buddhibal spardha aanee spardhanche aayojan kele aahe aanee 2009,2013 aanee 2017 madhye european sangh buddhibal ajinkyapad vijetepad patkavale aahe. deshachya buddhibal shalanmadhil ullekhaneey buddhibal kheladunni yaa khelavar motha prabhav padala aahe, jyat timore radjabov, shahariyar mammadarov, vladimir makogonov, wooger gashimov aanee majee jaagtik buddhibal vijeta garry kasparov yancha samavesh aahe. deshatil shamkir buddhibalache ghar, hii 22 vya shrenichi spardha aahe aanee sarvkaleen sarvoch manankan asalelya spardhanpaiki eka aahe. azarbaijani sanskratitahi backgammenchi mothee bhoomika aahe. haah khel azarbaijanmadhye khoop lokpriy aahe aanee sthanik lokanmadhye mothya pramanat khelala jaato. azarbaijani tadnyanni vikasit aanee vishleshan kelelya backgammenche vividh prakar dekhil aahet. azarbaijan mahila volleyball super leag hii jagatil sarvat majboot mahila leagpacky eka aahe. 2005 chya european ajinkyapad spardhet ticha mahila rashtriy sangh chauthya kramankavar aala. gelya kahee varshant, rabita bakoo aanee azrel bakoo sarkhya sanghanni european chashak spardhet mothe yash midavale. azarbaijani volleyball kheladunmadhye valeria korotenko, oksana parkhomenko, inessa corcomas, natalya mamdova aanee allah hasanova yancha samavesh aahe. kustimadhye namig abdullayev, togrul asgarov, rovshan byramov, sharif sharifov, maria stadnik aanee fareed mansurov, nazim hussenov, elnoor mamdali, elkhan mamdov aanee judomadhye rustam orujov, karatemadhye rafael aghayev, magomedrasul majidov aanee mushtiyuddhat aghasi mamdov, olympic wetliftingmadhye nijami pashayev, pancressionmadhe aazad asgarov, kickboxingmadhye edward mamdavov aanee keey-1 ladhau zabit samedov heey azarbaijani kheladu aahet. azarbaijanmadhye formula vann race-track aahe, joou juuna 2012 madhye tayar karnyat aala hota aanee deshane 19 juuna 2016 roji tyache pahile formula vann grand prix aanee 2017,2018,2019,2021 aanee 2022 madhye azarbaijan grand prixche aayojan kele. deshat aayojit itar varshik creeda spardha mhanje bakoo cup tennis spardha aanee tour dii 'azarbaijan cycling sharyat. azarbaijanne 2000 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun anek pramukh creeda spardhanche aayojan kele, jyat 2013 2013 powerboat jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha, 2012 fifa yuu-17 mahila vishvachashak, 2011 aiba jaagtik mushtiyuddha ajinkyapad spardha, 2010 european kusti ajinkyapad spardha, 2009 laybaddh gymnastic european ajinkyapad spardha, 2014 european tayakwando ajinkyapad spardha, 2014 laybaddh gymnastic european ajinkyapad spardha aanee 2016 jaagtik buddhibal olympiad yancha samavesh aahe. 8 december 2012 roji, 2015 chya european khelanchya yajmanpadasathi bakuchi nivad karnyat aalee, jeey spardhechya itihasat aayojit kele jaanare pahile hote. bakoone 2017 madhye chauthya islamik ekata khelanche aanee 2019 european yuva unhali olympic mahotsavachehi aayojan kele aanee covid-19 mule 2021 madhye aayojit kelya kelya uefa euro 2020 chya yajmananpaiki too eka aahe.

azerbaijan azerbaijan (,;,), adhikarik rupma ajarbaijanko ganatantra, purvi europe rar paschim asiako simama awasthit ek transcontinental desh how. yo dakshin cacasus kshetrako ek bhag how rar purvama caspian sagar, uttarma rasiya (ganatantra dagestan), uttarapashchimma georgia, paschimma armenia rar turkey rar dakshinma iranle gherieko chha. baku yasako rajdhani rar sabaibhanda thulo sahar how. azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrale sann 1918 maa transcacacian loktantrik sanghiya ganatantrabata afno swatantratako ghoshana गऱ्यो। rar pahilo dharmanirapeksha loktantrik muslim-bahul rajya banyo. sann 1920 maa, yo desh azerbaijan ssrko rupma sobhiyat sanghama samawesh bhaeko thiyo. adhunik ganatantra ajarbaijanle 30 august 1991 maa afno swatantratako ghoshana garyo, sohi warsha sobhiyat sangha wighatan hunubhanda kehi samaya aghi. september 1991 maa, nagorno-karabakh kshetrako jatiya armanian bahumatle swa-ghoshit ganatantra artsakhko gathan गऱ्यो।. yass khetra rar warparka saat jillaharulai antarrashtriya rupma ajarbaijanko bhagko rupma manyata diieko chha, osele sahaj banaeko wartako madhyambata nagorno-karabakhko sthitiko samadhan pardama chha, yadyapi yo 1994 maa pahilo nagorno-karabakh yuddhako antyasangai "wastawik" swatantra bhayo. 2020 maa dosro nagorno-karabakh yuddha pachhi, nagorno-karabakhka saat jillaharu rar bhagharu azerbaijani niyantranma firta gariyo. azerbaijan ekatmak ardha-rashtrapati ganatantra how. yo chha swatantra turkey rajyaharu madhye ek how rar turkey rajyaharu rar turksoya samudayako sangathanko sakriya sadasya how. ajarbaijanko 182 deshharusanga kutnitik sambandha chha rar sanyukta rashtra, yuropko parishad, gutnirapeksha andolan, osce rar neto pfp karyakram sahit 38 antarrashtriya sansthaharuma sadasyata chha. yo guam, sis rar opsidablyuka sansthapak sadasyaharu madhye ek how. azerbaijan pani wtoko paryawekshak rajya how. deshko janasankhyako vishal bahumat (97 pratishat) namamatra muslim how, tara sanwidhanle adhikarik dharma ghoshana gardaina rar deshka sabai pramukh rajnitik shaktiharu dharmanirapeksha chhan. azerbaijan euta vikasonmukh desh how rar manav vikas suchakankama 91 aun sthanma chha. yahan arthik vikas, saksharta rar berojgariko uccha darr chha. yadyapi, sann 1993 dekhi sattama raheko shasak nayan azerbaijan partyle hyder aliyebh rar unka chhora ilham aliyebh duwaiko netritwama adhinayakwadi netritwako arop lagaeko chha, rar nagarik swatantratama badhdo pratibandhaharu, vishesh gari press swatantrata rar rajnitik damanma deshko manav adhikar record bigrieko chha. wyutpatti. adhunik wyutpattianusar, "azerbaijan" shabda "atropates" batt aeko how, achemanid samrajyaantargat ek persian kshatrap, jaslai pachhi alekjander da greatko netritwama mediako kshatrapko rupma punahsthapita garieko thiyo. yass namko muel wyutpatti yasako jara ek patakko pramukh jarathustrawadma raheko manincha. awestako "frawardin yashta" ("sanrakshak swargadutharuko bhajan") maa, tyahan ullekha chha, june shabdik rupma awestanbata anuwad hunchha "hammy pawitra atropatinko frawashiko puja gardachaun. atropates" naam afai purano iraniko grick lipyantaran how, sambhawatah madhya, yaugik naam jasko artha "(pawitra) agodwara sanrakshit" wa "(pawitra) agoko bhumi" how. grick naam diodorus seculus rar strabodwara ullekha garieko thiyo. sahasrabdiko awadhima, naam (madhya farsi), tyasapachhi, (nayan farsi) rar wartaman "azerbaijan" maa wiksit bhayo. swatantra azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrako sthapana bhaepachi sann 1918 maa rusi samrajyako patanpachhi musawat sarkarle wartaman azerbaijan ganatantrako kshetraka lagi pahilo patak "azerbaijan" naam apanaeko thiyo. tyasabelasamma, yo padanam samakalin uttarpashchimi iranko chheuchhauko kshetralai pahichan garna vishesh rupma prayog garieko thiyo, jabki azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrako kshetralai pahile "aran" rar "sirwan" bhanera chininthyo. tyas adharma iranle nayan swikrit deshko namko virodh गऱ्यो।. sobhiyat shasanko samayama, deshko rusi lipyantaranbata latinma pani '() ko rupma hizze garieko thiyo. deshko naam sann 1940 dekhi 1991 samma cyrillic lipima 'bhanera pani hizze garieko thiyo. itihas. puratanta. ajarbaijanko kshetrama manav basobasko prarambhik praman patthari yugko antyatirko how rar yo ajikh gufako guruche sanskritisanga sambandhit chha. prarambhik bastiharuma isapurva 9 aun shatabdima saithiyanharu samawesh thie. saithiyanharu pachhi, irani medisharu aras nadiko dakshinma raheko kshetrama prabhutwa jamauna ae. medisharule 900 rar 700 isapurvako bichma ek vishal samrajya banae, june 550 isapurvako asapas achemanid samrajyama ekikrit bhaeko thiyo. yo khetra akemenidharule jiteka thie jasle parasi dharmako prasarlai nimtyayo. sassani kaldekhi safavid kalasamma. sassani samrajyale 252 maa kakeshian albanialai jagirdar rajyama parinat गऱ्यो।, jabki raja arnayarle chautho shatabdima adhikarik rupma isai dharmalai rajya dharmako rupma apanae. sassani shasanko bawajud, albania 9 aun shatabdisamma yass kshetrama ek astitwa rahyo, jabki sassani iranko purna rupma adhinastha thiyo, rar yasako rajtantra kayam rakhyo. sassani samratka pramukh jagirdarharu madhye ek bhae tapani, albaniali rajasanga adhikarko abhas matra thiyo, rar sassani marzban (sainya governer) sanga dherai nagarik, dharmik rar sainya adhikar thiyo. 7 aun shatabdiko purwardhama, kasian albania, sasaniyanharuko jagirdarko rupma, persiako muslim vijayaka karan namamatra muslim shasanko adhinma ayo. umayyad khalifale dakshin kakasasbata sasanian rar byzantinharu duwailai khasalyo rar raja jawansirko netritwama isai pratirodhlai sann 667 maa dabaepachhi kakasian albanialai jagirdar rajyama parinat गऱ्यो।. abbasid khalifako patanle chhodeko shakti shunyatalai salarid, sajid rar saddadid jasta dherai sthaniya rajwanshharule bharidie. 11 aun shatabdiko suruma, yo khetra bistarai madhya asiabata oghuj tarkiharuko chhalharule kabja gare, jasle tyas samayama tarkiko jatiya naam apanae. yee turkey rajwanshharu madhye pahilo seljuk samrajya thiyo, june 1067 sammama ab azerbaijan bhanera chinine kshetrama prawesh गऱ्यो।. adhunik ajarbaijanko kshetrama basne purva-turkey janasankhyale dherai indo-europeli rar kakeshian bhashaharu bolthe, jasmadhye armeniyali rar irani bhasha, purano ajeri, jaslai bistarai turkey bhashale pratisthapan गऱ्यो।, june ajko azerbaijani bhashako prarambhik agradut thiyo. kehi bhashawidharule irani azerbaijan rar azerbaijan ganatantraka tati boliharu, tatsdwara bolineharu jastai, purano azarelibata aeka hun bhani pani bataeka chhan. sthaniya rupma, tyasapachhiko seljuk samrajyako sampatti aldigujidharu, prawidhik rupma seljuk sultanharuka jagirdarharu, tara kahilekaahin "wastawik" shasakharudwara shasit thie. seljukharuko adhinma, nizami ganjavi rar khakani jasta sthaniya kawiharule wartaman ajarbaijanko kshetrama farsi sahityako prasfutanlai janma die. sirawanshahharuko sthaniya rajwansh timurko samrajyako ek jagirdar rajya banyo rar sunaulo bhid tokhtamishko shasaksanga unko yudhama sahayog गऱ्यो।. timurko mrityupachhi, dui swatantra rar pratidwandi rajyaharu dekha pareh cara koyunlu rar aka koyunlu. sirbhanshahharu farkie, sthaniya shasakharu rar jagirdarharuko rupma uccha starko swayattata kayam rakhdai dherai shatabdiharu ae june uniharule 861 dekhi gareka thie. 1501 maa, iranko safavid rajwanshle sirawanshahharulai vashama गऱ्यो। rar yasako sampatti prapta गऱ्यो।. arko shatabdiko awadhima, safawidharule pahileko sunni janasankhyalai siya islamma rupantaran gare, jasari uniharule adhunik iranko janasankhyama gare. safawidharule sirbhanshahharulai safavid adhirajyako adhinma sann 1538 samma sattama rahan anumati die, jab safavid raja tahmaspa I (r. 1524-1576) tiniharulai purna rupma apadastha gare, rar kshetralai sirwanko safavid prantama parinat gare. sunni otomanharule 1578-1590 ko ottoman-safavid yuddhako parinamswarup halko ajarbaijanka kehi bhagharu kabja garna safal bhae; 17 aun shatabdiko prarambhama, uniharulai safavid irani shasak abbas pratham (arr. 1588-1629). safavid samrajyako patanko prishthabhumima, baku rar yasako pariweshharu ruso-farsi yuddhako parinamko rupma rusiharule chhoto samayaka lagi kabja gareka thie. safavid iranka chhimeki pratidwandiharudwara yasta chhoto antaralharu bhae tapani, az ajarbaijanko bhumi safawidharuko prarambhik agamandekhi 19 aun shatabdiko pathyakramsama irani shasanko adhinma rahyo. adhunik itihas. safawidharu pachhi, yass kshetrama irani afsharid rajwanshko shasson thiyo. nadera shahko mrityupachhi (arr. 1736-1747), unka dherai purva prajaharule asthiratako wisfotlai punjikaran gare. yass kshetrama swayattaka vibhinna rupharu bhaeka dherai swashasit khanatharu dekha pare. yee khanatharuka shasakharu iranka shasak rajwanshharusanga pratyaksha rupma sambandhit thie rar irani shahka jagirdar rar praja thie. khanatharule madhya asea rar pashchimbichka antarrashtriya wyapar margharu marfat afno mamilama niyantran prayog gare. tyasapachhi, yo khetra irani johned rar kajarharuko kramik shasanma thiyo. 18 aun shatabdiko uttaradhadekhi, shahi rasiya afna dui chhimeki rar dakshinka pratidwandiharu, iran rar ottoman samrajyaprati badhi akramak bhu-rajnitik rukhma parinat bhayo. rusle ab sakriya rupma cacasus kshetrako kabja prapta garne prayas गऱ्यो। june adhikansh bhagka lagi iranko hatma thiyo. sann 1804 maa, rusiharule irani sahar ganjama akraman gare rar lute, jasle ruso-farsi yuddhalai trigger गऱ्यो।. sainya rupma uccha rusiharule ruso-farsi yuddhako antya gare. 1804-1813 yudhama kazar iranko harpachhi, yo gulistanko sandhi anusar georgia rar dagestansangai adhikansh khanatharumathi rusi samrajyalai adhipatya swikar garna badhya bhayo. 19 aun shatabdima rusle yasalai kabja nagaresamma aras nadiko uttarma raheko khetra, jasko bichma samakalin ganatantra azerbaijan awasthit thiyo, irani khetra thiyo. lagbhag ek dashakpachhi, gulistan sandhi ullanghan gardai, rusiharule iranko eribhan khanatema akraman gare. yasale dui bichko antim shatruta, ruso-farsi yuddhako 1826-1828 lai janma diyo. tarkimenchaiko parinamswarup bhaeko sandhi, kazar iranlai iribhan khanate, nakhachiwan khanate rar baanki talish khanatemathi sarwabhaumikata chhodna badhya banayo, jasma samakalin azerbaijani ganatantrako matoko antim bhagharu samawesh thie june ajhai pani irani hatma thie. iranbata rasiyama sabai kakeshian kshetraharu samawesh bhaepachi, dui bichko nayan sima aras nadima sett garieko thiyo, june sobhiyat sanghako wighatan pachhi, pachhi iran rar azerbaijan ganatantra bichko simanako hissa banyo. kazar iran 19 aun shatabdima afna kakeshian kshetraharu rasiyalai hastantaran garna badhya bhaeko thiyo, jasma yasari adhunik azerbaijan ganatantrako khetra samawesh thiyo, jabki tyo samarpanko parinamswarup, azerbaijani jatiya samuha ajkal dui rashtraharu bitch vibhajit chhah iran rar azerbaijan. rusi vijayako bawajud, sampurna 19 aun shatabdima, rusi-niyantrit saharharu baku, ganja rar tifflis (tbilisi, ahile georgia) maa siya rar sunni buddhijiwiharuma irani sanskriti, sahitya rar bhashama wyastata wyapak rahyo. sohi shatabdibhitra, iran-pachhiko rusi-niyantrit purvi kakeshiyama, 19 aun shatabdiko antyama azerbaijani rashtriya pahichan dekha paryo. pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama rusi samrajyako patan pachhi, alpakalin transcacacian loktantrik sanghiya ganatantra ghoshana gariyo, jasle wartaman ganatantra azerbaijan, georgia rar armaniaco gathan garyo. tyasapachhi 30 march rar 2 april 1918 ko bichma baku sahar rar rusi samrajyako baku prantako chheuchhauka kshetraharuma march dinko narasanhar bhayo. jab mey 1918 maa ganatantra wighatan bhayo, pramukh musawat partyle nayan ganatantraka lagi "azerbaijan" ko naam apanaundai azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantra (ae. dii. arr) ko rupma swatantrata ghoshana garyo; yo naam june ae. dii. arr. ko ghoshana garnu aghi samakalin iranko chheuchhauko uttarpashchimi kshetralai matra bujhauna prayog garinthyo. edra muslim sansarko pahilo adhunik sansadiya ganatantra thiyo. mahilaharulai matadhikarko wistar garnu sansadko mahatwapurna upalabdhiharu madhye ek thiyo, jasle ajarbaijanlai mahilaharulai purushharusanga saman rajnitik adhikar pradan garne pahilo muslim rashtra banayo. edrako arko mahatwapurna upalabdhi baku rajya wishwawidyalayako sthapana thiyo, june muslim purvama sthapit pahilo adhunik prakarko vishwavidyalaya thiyo. march 1920 samma, yo spashta thiyo kii sobhiyat rasiyale bakuma akraman garnechha. bhladimir leninle bhane kii akraman uchit thiyo kinbhane sobhiyat roos bakuko tel bina banchna sakdaina. swatantra azerbaijan 23 mahina matra chalyo jabasamma bolsevic 11 aun sobhiyat rato senale 28 april 1920 maa azerbaijan ssr sthapana garera akraman garena. yadyapi nawagathit azerbaijani senako thulo hissa karabakhma bharkharai failieko armanian vidrohalai daman garnama sanlagna thiyo, ajarbaijanisle chaandai wa sajilaisanga 1918-20 ko afno chhoto swatantrata atmasamarpan garenan. rusi punah vijayako pratirodh gardai 20,000 ajharbaijani sainikharu marie. agami prarambhik sobhiyat kalbhitra, azerbaijani rashtriya pahichan antatah nakkali banyo. 13 october 1921 maa, sobhiyat ganatantra roos, armenia, azerbaijan rar georgiale tarkisanga carsco sandhi bhanera chinine samjhautama hastakshar gare. pahile swatantra bhaeko aras ganatantra pani carsco sandhidwara azerbaijan ssrbhitra nakhachiwan swayatta sobhiyat samajwadi ganatantra banne thiyo. arkotarf, armanialai jangejurko khetra pradan gariyo rar turkey gyumri (tyasapachhi alekjandropol bhanera chininchha) firta garna sahamat bhayo. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama, ajarbaijanle sobhiyat sanghako rannitik urja nitima mahatwapurna bhumika kheleko thiyo, purvi morchama sobhiyat sanghako 80 pratishat tel bakule apurti gareko thiyo. february 1942 maa yuesesarko sarvochcha sobhiyatko adeshdwara, ajarbaijanko tel udyogka 500 bhanda badhi kamdar rar karmachariharuko pratibadhatalai adesh rar padak pradan gariyo. german wehermachtdwara sanchalit operation adelweisle bakulai laxit garyo kinbhane yasako mahatwa yuesesarko urja (petroleum) dynamoko rupma chha. sann 1941 dekhi 1945 samma dosro vishwayuddhama ladeka sabai ajarbaijaniharuko panchaun bhag. lagbhag 681,000 manisharu jasma 1,00,000 bhanda badhi mahila thie, agadi gae, jabki ajarbaijanko kull janasankhya tyas samayama 34 lakh thiyo. ajarbaijanka karib 2 lakh 50 hazar manisharu morchama marie. 130 bhanda badhi ajarbaijaniharulai sobhiyat sanghaka nayakharu naam diieko thiyo. azerbaijani mazer-general aji aslanobhlai dui patak sobhiyat sanghako nayakbata sammanit garieko thiyo. swatantrata. mikhail gorbachebhdwara suru garieko "glassnost" ko rajniti pachhi, azerbaijan ssrko swayatta khetra nagorno-karabakhsahit sobhiyat sanghaka vibhinna kshetraharuma nagarik ashanti rar jatiya kalaha badhyo. pahile nai tato dwandwaprati maskoko udasintako pratikriyama ajarbaijanma bhaeko ashantiko parinamswarup swatantrata rar alagawako awhan bhayo, june bakuma callo janawarika ghatanaharuma parinat bhayo. pachhi sann 1990 maa, azerbaijan ssrko sarvochcha parishadle shirshakbata "sobhiyat samajwadi" shabdaharu hatae, "azerbaijan ganatantrako sarwabhaumikatako ghoshana" apanae rar azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrako jhanda rajyako jhanda rupma punarsthapit gare. maskoma 1991 ko sobhiyat ku dee 'attot prayasko asafal parinamko rupma, ajarbaijanko sarvochcha parishadle 18 october 1991 maa swatantratako ghoshana apanaeko thiyo, june december 1991 maa rashtrawyapi janamatdwara pushti garieko thiyo, jabki sobhiyat sangha adhikarik rupma 26 december 1991 maa astitwama thiena. deshle ab 18 octoberma afno swatantrata diwas manaunchha. swatantratako prarambhik warshaharu armaniaco samarthanma nagorno-karabakhko jatiya armanian bahumatsanga bhaeko pahilo nagorno-karabakh yuddhale chhaeko thiyo. sann 1994 maa shatrutako antyasammama, armanialiharule nagorno-karabakhsahit azerbaijani kshetrako pratishatsamma niyantran gare. yuddhako samayama malibelli rar gushchularma narasanhar, garadagli narasanhar rar khojli narasanhar, baku narasanhar, maraga narasanhar rar kirowad narasanharsahit duwai pakshale dherai atyachar rar narasanhar gareka thie. yasabahek, anumanit 30,000 manis marieka chhan rar das lakhbhanda badhi manisharu wisthapit bhaeka chhan, 800,000 bhanda badhi azerbaijani rar 300,000 armanianharu. sanyukta rashtra suraksha parishadka chaar prastawharu (822,853,874, rar 884) ley "ajarbaijanka sabai kabja garieka kshetraharubata sabai armanian senaharu tatkal firta lyne mag gardacha."dherai rusi rar armanialiharu 1990 ko dashakma sharanarthika rupma ajarbaijanbata bhage. sann 1970 ko janaganaanusar ajarbaijanma 5,10,000 jatiya rusi rar 4,84,000 armanially thie. aliyebh pariwarik shasson, 1993-wartaman. sann 1993 maa, loktantrik rupma nirvachit rashtrapati abulfaz alchibelai kernel surat husenabhko netritwama bhaeko sainya vidrohale apadastha गऱ्यो।, jasko parinamswarup sobhiyat ajarbaijanka purva neta heydar aliyebhko sattama udaya bhayo. sann 1994 maa, surat husenabh, tyas samayasamma pradhanmantri, hyder aliyebh viruddha arko sainya vidrohako prayas gare, tara unlai giraftar gariyo rar deshdrohko arop lagaieko thiyo. ek warshapachhi, sann 1995 maa, aliyebh viruddha arko vidrohako prayas gariyo, yass patak omon vishesh ekaika commander robhsan jawadobhle. vidrohalai bewasta gariyo, jasko parinamswarup pachhilloko hatya bhayo rar ajarbaijanka omon ekaiharu wighatan bhayo. ekai samayama, desh shasak nokarshahima wyapak bhrashtacharle kalankit bhaeko thiyo. october 1998 maa, aliyebh dosro karyakalka lagi punah nirvachit bhae. dherai sudharieko arthatantrako bawajud, vishesh gari ajeri-chirag-gunesli tel khetra rar shah deniz gyas kshetrako dohanka sath, chunawi dhokhadhadi, uccha starko arthik asamanta rar gharelu bhrashtacharko karan aliyebhko rashtrapatiko alochana bhaeko thiyo. heydar aliyebhka chhora ilham aliyebh nayan azerbaijan partyka adhyaksha rar 2003 maa unka bubako mrityu bhaepachi ajarbaijanka adhyaksha bane. uni october 2013 maa rashtrapatiko rupma tesro karyakalka lagi punah nirvachit bhae. april 2018 maa, rashtrapati ilham aliyebhle chunawama lagatar chautho karyakal surakshit gare june mukhya vipakshi dalharule kapatpurna bhaeko bhandai bahishkar gareka thie. 27 september 2020 maa, nagoro-karabakh samparka rekhama samadhan nagarieko nagorno-karabakh dwandwama nayan jhadapharu punah suru bhayo. azerbaijan rar armaniaca sashastra sena duwaile sainya rar nagarik hatahat bhaeko report gare. nagorno-karabakh yuddhaviram samjhauta rar azerbaijan rar armaniabich chha haptako yuddhako antya ajarbaijanma wyapak rupma manaiyo, kinki tiniharule mahatwapurna khetriya labhharu prapta gare. bhugol. bhaugolik rupma, azerbaijan paschimi asea rar purvi europema failieko eurasiako dakshin cacasus kshetrama awasthit chha. yo akshansh 38° rar 42°n, rar deshantar 44° rar 51°e ko bichma awasthit chha. ajarbaijanko bhumi simanako kull lambai chha, jasmadhye armenia, iran, georgia, rasiya rar tarkisanga 480 kilometer chha. tatarekha failieko chha, rar caspian sagarko azerbaijani khandako chauda kshetrako lambai how. deshma euta bhu-abadha ekklebh chha, nakhachiwan swayatta ganatantra. tinn bhautik wisheshtaharule ajarbaijanlai prabhutwa dinchhah caspian sagar, jasko tatarekhale purvama prakritik sima banaunchha; uttarma thulo cacasus parwat shringkhala; rar deshko kendrama wyapak samatal bhumiharu. tyahan tinawata parwat shringkhalaharu pani chhan, thulo rar sano cacasus, rar talis parwatharu, milera deshko lagbhag 40 pratishat ogateko chha. ajarbaijanko sabaibhanda aglo shikhar mount bajarduju how, jabki sabaibhanda tallo bindu caspian sagarma awasthit chha. prithvima raheka sabai matoka jwalamukhiharu madhye lagbhag adha ajarbaijanma kendrit chhan, yee jwalamukhiharu pani prakritika nayan 7 ashcharyaharuka lagi manonit thie. paniko mukhya srota satahako pani how. 8, 350 wata nadimadhye 24 wata matra lambaibhanda thula chhan. sabai nadiharu deshko purvama raheko caspian sagarma bagchhan. sabaibhanda thulo taal sarisu how, rar sabaibhanda lamo nadi kurr how, june armaniasanga simapar chha. ajherbaijanma caspian sagarko chheuma dherai tapuharu chhan, prayaha baku dwipsamuhama awasthit chhan. sann 1991 maa ajarbaijanko swatantrata pachhi, azerbaijan sarkarle ajarbaijanko watawaran sanrakshan garna upayaharu gareko chha. baku-tbilisi-sehan pipelinedwara pradan garieko nayan rajaswaka karan rajyako budget badhepachhi sann 2001 pachhi watawaranko rashtriya sanrakshanma gati ayo. chaar warshabhitra sanrakshit kshetraharu dobbar bhae rar ahile deshko bhubhagko atha pratishat ogateka chhan. sann 2001 dekhi sarkarle satawata thulo bhandar sthapana gareko chha rar watawaran sanrakshanka lagi tokieko bajetko khetra lagbhag dobbar banaeko chha. paridrishya. azerbaijan vibhinna prakarka paridrishyaharuko ghar how. ajarbaijanko adhabhanda badhi bhubhagma pahadi parwatharu, shikharharu, uchchabhumiharu rar patharharu chhan june 400-1000 mitter (madhya rar tallo tallo bhumiharu sahit), kehi thaunharuma (talis, jeyaranchol-ajinohar rar langabij-alat forrangeharu) 100-120 mittersamma, rar anya 0-50 mitter rar mathika (kobustan, abasheron) samma uccha starsamma uthchan. ajarbaijanko baanki bhubhagma maidan rar tallo kshetraharu chhan. kakasas kshetrabhitraka hypesometric chinhaharu caspian samudri tatarekhama lagbhag −28 mitterdekhi 4,466 mitter (bajarduju shikhar) samma bhinna hunchhan. ajarbaijanma hawako gathan vishesh gari scandinavian anticycloneko chiso archtic hawako drawyaman, cyberian anticycloneko samashitoshna hawako drawyaman, rar madhya asealy anticyclonbata prabhawit chha. ajarbaijanko vividh paridrishyale hawako drawyaman deshma prawesh garne tarikalai asar garchha. greater kakasasle uttarbata aune chiso hawako pratyaksha prabhawabata deshko raksha gardacha. yasale deshka adhikansh fedma rar maidanharuma uposhnakatibandhiya jalawayu nirman gardacha. yasaibich, samatal rar fetiharu uccha saurya wikiran darharudwara visheshta chhan. vidyaman eghar jalawayu kshetraharu madhye nau ajarbaijanma awasthit chhan. nakhachiwan swayatta ganatantraka kshetraharu zulfa rar ordubadma nirapeksha nyunatam tapman () rar nirapeksha adhikatam tapman duwai awalokan garieko thiyo. adhikatam warshik warsha lankaran () maa rar nyunatam abasheron () maa parchha. nadi rar talharu ajarbaijanko jaal pranaliko pramukh bhag hun, tiniharu lamo bhugarbhiya samaya simama gathan bhaeka thie rar tyas awadhima ullekhaniya rupma pariwartan bhaeka thie. yo vishesh gari deshbhari paine prachin nadiharuka awasheshharubata pramanit hunchha. prakritik shakti rar manav-arambhit audyogik gatiwidhiharuko prabhawama deshko jaal pranali nirantar pariwartan hundai gairaheko chha. kritrim nadiharu (naharharu) rar pokhariharu ajarbaijanko jaal pranaliko ek bhag hun. paniko apurtiko sandarbhama, azerbaijan prati warga kilometer lagbhag prati warsha paniko sath wishwako ausat bhanda cum chha. sabai thula jalashayharu kurma baneka chhan. ajarbaijanko hydrography mulatah caspian samudri besinsanga sambandhit chha. kura rar aras ajarbaijanka pramukh nadiharu hun. tiniharu kura-aras tallo bhumibata bagchhan. caspian sagarma sidhai bagne nadiharu mukhyataya pramukh cacasus rar talis parwatharuko uttar-purvi dhalanbata utpanna hunchhan rar samur-devechi rar lankaran tallo bhumiharuma bagchhan. yanar dag, jaslai "jaliraheko pahad" bhanera anuwad garieko chha, ek prakritik gyaans ago how june baku najikai caspian samudrama abasheron prayadwipko pahadma nirantar chamkanchha, jaslai afai "agoko bhumi" bhaninchha."patlo, chhidrapurna balaute dhungako tahabata ago hawama niskanchha. yo baku kshetraka agantukharuka lagi paryatak akarshan how. jaivik vividhata. ajarbaijanma pashu jiwanko samridhi rar wiwidhatako barema pahilo reportharu purvi yatruharuko yatra noteharuma fela parne sakinchha. wastukla smarakharu, prachin chattanharu rar dhungaharuma pashu nakkashiharu wartaman samayasamma jiwit chhan. ajarbaijanko vanaspati rar jiwajantuko barema pahilo jankari 17 aun shatabdima prakritiwidharuko azerbaijan bhramanko samayama sankalan garieko thiyo. tyahan stanapayiharuko 106 prajati, machhaka 97 prajati, charaharuko 363 prajati, ubhayacharharuko 10 prajati, rar sarisripharuko 52 prajatiharu chhan jaslai ajarbaijanma record rar wargikrit garieko chha. ajarbaijanko rashtriya janawar karabakh ghoda how, june ajarbaijanko sthaniya pahadi-steppy daud rar ghoda sawari how. karabakh ghodako ramro swabhawa, gati, bhawyata rar buddhika lagi pratishtha chha. yo sabaibhanda purano prajatiharu madhye ek how, june prachin sansarko purkhaharusanga sambandhit chha, tara az ghoda ek luptapraya prajati how. ajarbaijanko vanaspatima uccha wanaspatiharuko 4,500 bhanda badhi prajatiharu chhan. ajarbaijanko adwitiya jalawayuka karan, vanaspati dakshin kakasaska anya ganatantraka wanaspatiharuko tulanama prajatiharuko sankhyama dherai dhani chha. sampurna kakasasma ubjani hune prajatiharuko 66 pratishat ajarbaijanma pauna sakinchha. yo desh chaar paristhitik kshetraharubhitra pardachhah caspian hirkanian mishrit wann, cacasus mishrit wann, purvi anatolian monten steppy, rar azerbaijan jhadi marubhumi rar steppy. ajarbaijanko sann 2018 ko wann paridrishya akhandata suchakanka ausat score 6.55/10 thiyo, jasle yasalai 172 deshharu madhye vishwawyapi rupma 72 aun sthanma rakheko chha. sarkar rar rajniti. ajarbaijanko rajnitik pranaliko sanrachanatmak gathan 12 november 1995 maa nayan sanvidhan apanaera sampanna bhaeko thiyo. sanwidhanko anucched 23 anusar azerbaijan ganatantrako rajya pratikharu jhanda, hatiyarko kote rar rashtragan hun. ajarbaijanma rajyako shakti antarik muddaharuka lagi kanundwara matra simit chha, tara antarrashtriya mamila pani antarrashtriya samjhautaharuko prawadhanharudwara simit chhan. ajarbaijanko sanwidhanle yo shaktika tinwata shakhaharu-karyakari, vidhayi rar nyayik bhaeko rashtrapati ganatantra bhaeko bataeko chha. vidhayi shakti eksadaniya rashtriya sabha rar nakhachiwan swayatta ganatantrako sarvochcha rashtriya sabhadwara rakhieko chha. millie majlis bhanine ajarbaijanko sansad, bahumat matko adharma nirvachit 125 zana pratinidhiharu milera baneko chha, pratyek nirvachit sadasyako lagi paanch warshako karyakal hunchha. pratyek paanch warshama novemberko pahilo aitbar nirvachan hunchha. sarkar gathanka lagi sansad jimmewar hundaina, tara sanwidhanle millie majlisdwara mantrimandalko swikriti awashyak chha. nayan azerbaijan party rar sattadhari sarkarprati wafadar swatantraharule hall sansadko lagbhag sabai 125 sitharu ogateka chhan. sann 2010 ko sansadiya chunawama vipakshi dall musawat rar azerbaijani lokpriya front partyle euta pani sitt jitna sakenan. europeli paryawekshakharule chunawako daudan rar chunawako dinma dherai aniyamittaharu fela parey. karyakari shakti rashtrapati, jo pratyaksha chunawadwara saat warshako karyakalka lagi nirvachit hunchhan, rar pradhanmantridwara rakhieko hunchha. rashtrapatilai mantriparishad gathan garna adhikrit garieko chha, rashtrapati rar rashtriya sabha duwaiprati jawafdeh samuhik karyakari nikaya. ajarbaijanko mantriparishadma mukhyataya pradhanmantri, unka pratinidhiharu rar mantriharu hunchhan. ajarbaijanko 8 aun sarkar yasako halko gathanma prashasana how. rashtrapatilai rashtriya sabha wighatan garne adhikar chhaina tara yasako nirnayalai bhito garne adhikar chha. rashtrapatiko bhitolai override garna, sansadsanga 95 matko bahumat hunuparchha. nyayik shakti sanwaidhanik adalat, sarvochcha adalat rar arthik adalatma nihit chha. rashtrapatile yee adalatharuma nyayadhishharu manonit garchhan. nyayako dakshataka lagi europeli ayog (sepage) pratiwedanle nayan loktantrama nyayapalikako swatantrata rar gunastar sunishchit garne dishama vishesh wisheshtaharu rar wikasko margalai pratibimbit gardai nayan nyayadhishharuko chayanma ajharbaijani nyaya modellai uttam abhyasko rupma sandarbha gardacha. ajarbaijanko shasson pranalilai namamatra dui-stariya bhanna sakinchha. sarkarko shirsha wa uchchatam star rashtrapatiko netritwama raheko karyakari shakti how. rashtrapatile mantrimandal rar anya uccha padastha adhikariharuko niyukti garchhan. sthaniya karyakari pradhikaran kewal karyakari shaktiko nirantarta how. yass prawadhanle sthaniya karyakari pradhikaran ("yearly ikra hakimiyati") maa ajarbaijanma sthaniya rajya prashasanko kanuni sthiti nirdharan gardacha, june 16 june 1999 maa apanaieko thiyo. june 2012 maa, rashtrapatile nayan niyamlai anumodan gare, jasle sthaniya karyakari adhikariharulai atirikta adhikar pradan garyo, ajarbaijanko sthaniya mamilama uniharuko pramukh sthiti baliyo banayo azerbaijan ganatantrako sanwidhanko adhyaya 9 ley sthaniya swa-sarkarka pramukh muddaharulai sambodhan gardacha, jastai nagarpalikaharuko kanuni sthiti, sthaniya swa-sarkar nikayaharuko prakar, tiniharuko adharbhut shaktiharu rar anya adhikarik sansthaharusangko sambandha. shasanko arko namamatra star nagarpalika ("bülÂdiyy") how, rar nagarpalikaka sadasyaharu pratyek paanch warshama nagarpalika chunawama samanya matadwara nirvachit hunchhan. hall deshbhar 1,607 wata nagarpalika chhan. nagarpalika nirvachansambandhi kanuna rar nagarpalikaharuko sthiti sambandhi kanuna sthaniya sarkarko kshetrama pahilo patak apanaieko thiyo (2 july 1999). nagarpalika sewako kanunle nagarpalika karmachariharuko gatiwidhi, uniharuko adhikar, kartawya, shram awastha rar samajik labhharu niyaman gardacha rar karyakari upkaranko sanrachana rar nagarpalika sewako sangathanko ruparekha banaunchha. nagarpalikaharuko sthiti sambandhi kanunle nagarpalika nikayaharuko bhumika rar sanrachanalai niyaman gardacha rar kanuni rar wittiya swayattatako rajyako guarantyko ruparekha banaunchha. samajik suraksha, samajik tatha arthik vikas tatha sthaniya watawaransanga sambandhit nagarpalika karyakramharu apanauna rar karyanwayan garna kanunle vishesh dhyan dinchha. suraksha parishad rashtrapatiko adhinma raheko vicharshil nikaya how rar unle yasalai sanwidhananusar wyawasthit garchhan. yasako sthapana 10 april 1997 maa bhaeko thiyo. prashasanik vibhag rashtrapatiko karyalayako hissa hoina tara rashtrapati rar unko karyalaya duwaiko wittiya, prawidhik rar arthik gatiwidhiharu wyawasthapan gardacha. hyder aliyebhdwara sthapit aliyebh rajnitik pariwar rar nayan azerbaijan party ("yenny azbaikan partiacy", yap) ko lamo samayasamma chalne prabhawka karan kehi rajnitik vaigyanikharule ajarbaijanko rajnitik pranalilai adhinayakwadiko rupma paribhashit gareka chhan. deshko tesro rashtrapati, heydar aliyebh (sann 1993 rar 2003 ko bichma karyalayama; uni pahile 1969 rar 1982 ko bichma ajarbaijanko communist partyko pahilo sachiva thie, rar sann 1982 rar 1987 ko bichma sobhiyat sanghako pahilo upapradhanmantri thie) unko chhora, chautho rar wartaman rashtrapati ilham aliyebhle sann 2003 maa uttaradhikari bane. yadyapi ajarbaijanle afno swatantrata punah prapta garepachhi dherai chunawaharu ayojana gareko chha rar loktantraka dherai aupacharik sansthaharu chhan, yasalai swatantrata ghardwara "swatantra chhaina" ko rupma wargikrit garieko chha, jasle yasalai 2022 maa vishwawyapi swatantrata scorema 9/100 shrenibadha gari yasalai "samekit adhinayakwadi shasson" bhaneko chha. halka warshaharuma, rashtrapati aliyebh rar sarkari adhikariharuko alochana garekoma thulo sankhyama azerbaijani patrakarharu, blagarharu, wakilharu rar manav adhikar karyakartaharulai pakrau gari jailma halieko chha. september 2015 maa europeli sansadle swikrit gareko prastawama ajarbaijanlai "vigat das warshama eurasiama loktantrik shasanma sabaibhanda thulo girawatko samana gareko" bhanera warnan garieko chha, sathai manav adhikarka lagi deshasangko wartale "kunai paryapta pragati gareko chhaina."17 march 2016 maa, ajarbaijanka rashtrapatile kehi engioharudwara rajnitik bandi manine ek darjanbhanda badhi wyaktiharulai maff garne adeshma hastakshar gare. yo adeshlai americi rajya vibhagle sakaratmak kadamko rupma swagat gareko thiyo. 16 march 2017 maa arko mafi adeshma hastakshar gariyo, jasle garda rajnitik bandi manine thap wyaktiharulai riha gariyo. ajarbaijanlai videshma afna uddeshyaharu prawardhan garna rar gharma yasako chunawalai vaidhanik banauna videshi adhikariharu rar kutnitigyaharulai ghusa diekoma kada alochana garieko chha, jaslai cavier kutniti bhaninchha. yadyapi, 6 march 2017 maa, europeli rannitik guptachar rar suraksha kendra asisk) ley "da armanian jadan" namak ek report prakashit garyo, jasma yasale manav adhikar enago rar anusandhan sansthaharulai ajarbaijanma manav adhikar ullanghan rar bhrashtacharko alochana gareko thiyo. usa reportma asiskle jode die kii esile wistar gareko "cavier kutniti" reportle azerbaijan wiruddhako rajnitik yudhama sanlagna hune mpsko sanjal banauna apashabdama adharit shankako watawaran sirjana garne uddeshya rakheko thiyo rar network, europeli pms, armanian adhikariharu, rar kehi engioharu (manav adhikar watch, amnesty international, "manav adhikar house foundation", "khula sanwad, europeli sthirata pahal, rar manav adhikarka lagi helsinki samiti) milera soros foundationle witta poshit gareko thiyo. robert colson (radio mukta europe) kaa anusar, asisk bakuko janamat pariwartan garna front think tankharuko prayog wistar garne lobbing prayasko ek bhag how. friedom file vishleshanatmak kendrale bhaneko chha, "yo pratiwedan adhinayakwadi pracharko sabaibhanda kharab paramparama lekhieko chha. videshi sambandha. alpakalin azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrale germany rar finlandma kutnitik pratinidhiharu pathaera chhawata deshharusanga kutnitik sambandha sthapana garna safal bhayo. patan bhairaheko sobhiyat sanghabata ajarbaijanko swatantratalai antarrashtriya manyata dine prakriya lagbhag ek warsha chalyo. ajharbaijanlai manyata dine sabaibhanda bharkharko desh bahrain thiyo, 6 november 1996 maa. missionharuko apsi adanpradan sahit purna kutnitik sambandhaharu turkey, pakistan, sanyukta rajya america, iran rar ijarayalsanga pahilo patak sthapit gariyo. ajarbaijanle tarkisanga afno "vishesh sambandha" maa vishesh jode dieko chha. ajarbaijanko ahilesamma 158 deshharusanga kutnitik sambandha chha rar 38 antarrashtriya sangathanharuma sadasyata chha. yasale gutnirapeksha andolan rar vishwa wyapar sangathanma paryawekshakko darja rakhchha rar antarrashtriya dursanchar sanghama sanwadadata how. 9 mey 2006 maa azerbaijan sanyukta rashtrasanghako mahasabhadwara nav sthapit manav adhikar parishadko sadasyataka lagi nirvachit bhae. 19 june 2006 maa karyakal suru bhayo. azerbaijan pahilo patak sann 2011 maa 155 deshharuko samarthanma sanyukta rashtra suraksha parishadko gaira-sthayi sadasyako rupma nirvachit bhaeko thiyo. ajarbaijanko videsh nitika prathamiktaharuma, sabaibhanda pahile, yasako khetriya akhandatako punarsthapana; nagorno-karabakh rar nagorno-karabakh warparka ajarbaijanka saat anya kshetraharuko kabjako natijako unmulan; europeli rar yuro-atlantic sanrachanama ekikaran; antarrashtriya surakshama yogdan; antarrashtriya sangathanharusanga sahayog; khetriya sahayog rar dwipakhiya sambandha; raksha kshamata sudridha; gharelu nitika madhyambata surakshako prawardhan; loktantrako sudridhikaran; jatiya rar dharmik sahishnutako sanrakshan; vaigyanik, shaikshik, rar sanskritik niti rar naitik mulyaharuko sanrakshan; arthik rar samajik vikas; antarik rar sima suraksha badhaunu; rar aprawasana, urja, rar yatayat suraksha niti. azerbaijan antarrashtriya atankawadsanga ladne antarrashtriya gathabandhanko sakriya sadasya how, rar september 11 ko akramanpachi samarthan dine pahilo deshharu madhye ek thiyo. yo desh kosobho, afghanistan rar irakma shanti sthapana prayasharuma yogdan puryaundai shanti karyakramka lagi netoko sajhedariko sakriya sadasya how. azerbaijan sann 2001 dekhi yuropko councilko sadasya pani hun rar europeli sanghasanga ramro sambandha rakhchhan. deshle antatah europeli sanghako sadasyataka lagi avedan dina sakchha. 1 july 2021 maa, americi congressle kanunlai agadi badhae jasle wassingtonle 2012 dekhi ajarbaijanlai pathaeko sainya sahayatama prabhawa parnecha. yo tathyako karan thiyo kii armeniaca lagi packageharu, yasako satta, ullekhaniya rupma sanah chhan. sena. adhunik azerbaijan senako itihas sann 1918 maa azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrako how jab 26 june 1918 maa nawagathit azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrako rashtriya sena sirjana bhaeko thiyo. jab ajarbaijanle sobhiyat sanghako wighatan pachhi swatantrata prapta गऱ्यो।, azerbaijan ganatantrako sashastra senaharu 9 october 1991 ko sashastra balharuko kanuna anusar sirjana garieko thiyo. alpakalin rashtriya senako sthapanako muel miti ajko ajarbaijanma sena diwas (26 june) ko rupma manaincha. sann 2021 samma, ajarbaijanko sashastra senama 1,26,000 sakriya karmachariharu thie. tyahan 17 hazar ardhasainik ball rar 3,30,00 arakshit karmiharu pani chhan. sashastra balka tinawata shakha chhanh bhumi sena, wayu sena rar nausena. thap rupma sashastra senaharule dherai sainya upa-samuhaharulai angalchhan june awashyak hunda rajya rakshama sanlagna huna sakchhan. yee antarik mamila mantralaya rar rajya sima sewako antarik senaharu hun, jasma tatarakshak pani samawesh chha. azerbaijan national gard arko ardhasainik ball how. yasale rashtrapatiko adhinastha agency vishesh rajya suraksha sewako ardha-swatantra sansthako rupma sanchalan gardacha. ajarbaijanle europema paramparagat sashastra balharumathi bhaeko sandhi palan gardacha rar sabai pramukh antarrashtriya hatiyar rar hatiyar sandhiharuma hastakshar gareko chha. ajarbaijanle shanti rar wyaktigat sajhedari karya yojana/pfp rar ipa jasta karyakramharuma netosanga najikbata sahayog gardacha. ajarbaijanle afno shantirakshak balka 15 saya 15 zana irakma rar anya 184 zana afaganistanma tainath gareko chha. ajarbaijanle afno raksha budgetma 2 arba 24 karod dollar kharcha gareko chha, june yasako kull gdpko 5.4 pratishat rar samanya sarkari kharchako kehi 12.7% how. azerbaijani raksha udyogle sanah hatiyar, topkhana pranali, tanky, kawach rar raat drishti upkaranharu, uddayan bumm, yuevi/manav rahit hawai wahn, vibhinna sainya sawari sadhanharu rar sainya wimanharu rar helicopterharu nirman gardacha. prashasanik vibhagharu. azerbaijan prashasanik rupma 14 arthik kshetraharuma vibhajit chha; 66 reyon (, ekwachan) rar 11 saharharu (, ekwachan) ganatantrako pratyaksha adhikar antargat. yasabahek, ajarbaijanma nakhachibhanko swayatta ganatantra () samawesh chha. ajarbaijanka rashtrapatile yee ekaiharuka gabharnarharu niyukta garchhan, jabki nakhachiwanko sarkar nakhachiwan swayatta ganatantrako sansadwara nirvachit rar anumodit hunchha. arthatantra. sann 1991 maa swatantrata prapta garepachhi, azerbaijan antarrashtriya maudrik kosh, vishwa bank, punarnirman rar vikaska lagi europeli bank, islamic vikas bank rar asealy vikas bankko sadasya bane. ajarbaijanko banking pranalima ajarbaijanko kendriya bank, wyawasayik bankharu rar gaira-banking credit sangathanharu samawesh chhan. rashtriya (ahile kendriya) bank sann 1992 maa azerbaijan rajya bachat bankma adharit thiyo, june yuesesarko purva rajya bachat bankko sambadha how. kendriya bankley ajarbaijanko kendriya bankko rupma kaam gardacha, rashtriya mudra, azerbaijani manat jaari garna rar sabai wyawasayik bankharuko nirikshan garna sashakta chha. dui pramukh wyawasayik bankharu unibank rar abbas ibrahimobhdwara sanchalit ajarbaijanko rajyako swamitwama raheko antarrashtriya bank hun. kharcha rar mag wriddhile garda sann 2007 ko pahilo traimasikma mudrasfiti darr 16.6% maa pugyo. yass ankadabhanda namamatrako aya rar massic jyala kramashah 29 pratishat rar 25 pratishat badhyo, tara gaira-tel udyogma mulya wriddhile mudrasfitilai protsahit गऱ्यो।. ajharbaijanle yasako druta gatima badhdo urja kshetrako karan tathakathit "douch rog" kaa kehi sanketharu dekhaunchha, jasle mudrasfiti nimtyaunchha rar gaira-urja niryatlai mahango banaunchha. sann 2000 ko dashakko prarambhama, dirghakalin rupma uccha mudrasfiti niyantranma lyaieko thiyo. yasale arthik sudharlai sudridha parne rar asthira arthatantraka awasheshharu metauna 1 janawari 2006 maa nayan mudra, nayan azerbaijani manatko suruwat bhayo. azerbaijan pani anya sis deshharu bhanda mathi 2010-2011 kaa lagi vishwawyapi pratispardhatmakata reportma 57 aun sthanma chha. sann 2012 sammama ajarbaijanko gdp sann 1995 ko starbata 20 guna badheko thiyo. urja rar prakritik srotharu. ajarbaijanko dui tihai tel rar prakritik gasle samridha chha. ajarbaijanko tel udyogko itihas prachin kaldekhi suru hunchha. arabi itihaskar rar yatri ahmed all-baladurile puratan kalma abasheron prayadwipko arthatantrako barema chhalfal gare, vishesh gari yasako telko ullekha gare. ajarbaijanma dherai pipelineharu chhan. ajarbaijanko vishal shah deniz gyas kshetralai yuropsanga jodne dakshini gyas corridorko lakshya europeli sanghako rusi gasma nirbharta ghataunu how. lesser kakasasko kshetrale deshko adhikansh suna, chaandi, falam, tama, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, jatil ayaska rar antimonyko lagi khata banaunchha. september 1994 maa, azerbaijan ganatantra (sokar) ko rajya tel company rar 13 wata tel companyharu, jasmadhye amoko, bipi, exonmobil, lukoil rar equinerbich 30 warshako samjhautama hastakshar garieko thiyo. paschimi tel companyharule sobhiyat shoshanbata achhuto gahiro paniko tel kshetraharu tapp garna saksham bhaekale, ajarbaijanlai tel anweshan rar vikaska lagi wishwako sabaibhanda mahatwapurna sthanharu madhye ek manincha. yasaibich, wrihat arthik sthirata, tel rajaswako prabandhanma paradarshita rar bhawi pustaka lagi srotharuko suraksha sunishchit garna atirikta-bajatiya koshko rupma ajarbaijanko rajya tel kosh sthapana garieko thiyo. ajarbaijanma jaivik kshamatama pahunch vishwa ausatbhanda cum chha. sann 2016 maa, ajarbaijanko afno khetrabhitra prati wyakti 0.8 vishwawyapi hector jaivik kshamata thiyo, june prati wyakti 1.6 waishwik hectorko wishwako ausatko adha how. sann 2016 maa ajarbaijanle prati wyakti 2.1 hector vishwawyapi jaivik kshamata prayog garyo-uniharuko upabhogko paristhitik padachinha. yasako artha tiniharule ajarbaijanle samawesh gareko bhanda badhi jaivik kshamata prayog garchhan. falaswarup, ajarbaijanle jaivik kshamatako ghatalai chalaundai chha. sokarko upa-company, ajerikajle sann 2021 sammama deshko purna gyasikaran sunishchit garne lakshya rakheko chha. azerbaijan purva-paschim rar uttar-dakshin urja yatayat corridorko prayojakharu madhye ek how. baku-tbilisi-cars railway linele caspian kshetralai tarkisanga jodnechha, june july 2017 maa pura hune apeksha garieko chha. trans-anatolian gyas pipeline (tanap) rar trans adriatic pipeline (tapp) ley ajarbaijanko shah deniz gasbata turkey rar europema prakritik gyas deliver garnechha. ajarbaijanle 14 september 2017 maa sakar rar saha-udyamharu (bipi, sebharon, inpex, equinor, exonmobil, tipi, itochu rar ongsi videsh) dwara hastakshar garieko sanshodhit psa anusar acgko wikasko samjhauta 2050 samma wistar garyo. krishi. ajarbaijanma yass kshetrako sabaibhanda thulo krishi besin chha. ajarbaijanko lagbhag 54.9 pratishat krishi bhumi how. sann 2007 ko suruma tyahan 4,755,100 hector prayog garieko krishi khetra thiyo. sohi warsha kull kath srotharu 13.6 karod ghanmeter ganana gariyo. ajarbaijanka krishi vaigyanik anusandhan sansthanharu ghaanse maidan rar chara, bagwani rar uposhnakatibandhiya baliharu, hariyo tarkariharu, viticulture rar wine banaune, kapas utpadan rar aushadhiya botabiruwaharuma kendrit chhan. kehi kshetrama anna, alu, chiniko chukander, kapas rar surtijanya kheti labhadayak hunchha. gaiwastu, dugdhajanya utpadanharu, rar raksi rar spirit pani mahatwapurna krishi utpadanharu hun. caspian machha marney udyogle sturgeon rar belugako ghatdo bhandarma dhyan kendrit gardacha. sann 2002 maa azerbaijani wyapari samudrisanga 54 wata jahajharu thie. yasaghi bharatbata ayat garieka kehi utpadanharu sthaniya rupma utpadan huna thaleka chhan. timadhye koka-kola botalharu limitedwara banaieka koka-kola chhan., bucky-casteldwara bear, nehirdwara parkett rar yupek pipe coating ajarbaijandwara tel paipharu. paryatan. paryatan ajarbaijanko arthatantrako euta mahatwapurna anga how. sann 1980 ko dashakma yo desh euta prasidha paryatakiya sthal thiyo. sobhiyat sanghako patan rar 1990 ko dashakma bhaeko pahilo nagorno-karabakh yuddhale paryatan udyog rar paryatan gantawyako rupma ajarbaijanko chhawima kshati puyaeko thiyo. sann 2000 ko dashaksamma paryatan udyog punahprapta huna thaleko thiena, rar tyasapachhi deshle paryatak bhraman rar ratarat basne sankhyama uccha darko wriddhi anubhav gareko chha. halka warshaharuma, azerbaijan dharmik, spa, rar swasthya herchah paryatanka lagi pani lokpriya gantawya baneko chha. jadoma, shahdag parwat resortle atyadhunik suwidhaharusahit skiing pradan gardacha. azerbaijan sarkarle ajarbaijanko vikaslai uccha paryatakiya gantawyako rupma sarvochcha prathamiktako rupma rakheko chha. paryatanlai pramukh banaune yo rashtriya ranniti how, yadi ekal hoina bhane sabaibhanda thulo, azerbaijani arthawyawasthama yogadankarta. yee gatiwidhiharu ajarbaijanko sanskriti tatha paryatan mantralayadwara winiyamit chhan. tyahan 63 wata deshharu chhan jasko bhisa-mukta score chha. eae-bhisa-azerbaijan ganatantrama bhisa-awashyak deshharuka wideshiharuko bhramanka lagi. vishwa arthik manchako yatra rar paryatan pratispardhatmakata pratiwedan 2015 anusar azerbaijan 84 aun sthanma chha. vishwa yatra rar paryatan parishadko ek reportanusar, azerbaijan sann 2010 rar 2016 ko bichma agantuk niryatma sabaibhanda baliyo wriddhi dekhaune shirsha das deshharu madhye ek thiyo, yasabahek, azerbaijan gata warsha inbound antarrashtriya agantuk kharchaka lagi baliyo suchakharusahit sabaibhanda chhito vikas bhairaheko yatra rar paryatan arthatantra bhaeka deshharuma pahilo (46.1%) sthanma thiyo. yatayat. resham sadak rar dakshin-uttar corridor jasta pramukh antarrashtriya trafic dhamaniharuko chaurahama ajarbaijanko suwidhajanak sthanle deshko arthatantraka lagi yatayat kshetrako rannitik mahatwalai ujagar gardacha. deshko yatayat kshetrama sadak, railway, uddayan rar samudri yatayat samawesh chha. azerbaijan kachcha malko yatayatma pani ek mahatwapurna arthik kendra how. baku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline (btc) maee 2006 maa sanchalanma ayo rar azerbaijan, georgia rar tarkika kshetraharu bhanda badhi wistar bhayo. btc warshik 5 karod tunn kachcha tel dhuwani garna design garieko chha rar caspian samudri tel kshetraharubata tel vishwawyapi bajarma bokchha. dakshin kakasas pipeline, ajharbaijan, georgia rar tarkiko khetra hundai failieko chha, sann 2006 ko antyama sanchalanma ayo rar saah deniz gyas kshetrabata europeli bajarma thap gyas apurti pradan gardacha. shah denizle prati warsha 296 billion cubic mitter prakritik gyas utpadan garne apeksha garieko chha. ajarbaijanle european uniondwara prayojit silk road pariyojanama pani pramukh bhumika khelchha. sann 2002 maa, azerbaijani sarkarle niti rar niyamak karyaharuko wistrit shringkhalaka sath yatayat mantralayako sthapana garyo. sohi warsha, desh sadak yatayatma bhiyana sammelanko sadasya banyo. arthatantraka anya kshetraharuko vikaslai ajha ramro banauna yatayat sanjalko unnayan rar yatayat sewaharu sudhar garnu prathamiktaharu hun. 2012 maa cars-tbilisi-baku railwayko nirman turkey hundai paschimma europeli railway pranalisanga purvama chean rar kajakistanko railwaylai joddai asea rar europbich yatayat sudhar garne uddeshyale garieko thiyo. sann 2010 maa broad-gaze railway rar vidyutikrit railway kramashah wistar gariyo. sann 2010 sammama 35 wata vimansthal rar euta heliport thiyo. vigyan rar prawidhi. 21 aun shatabdima, nayan tel rar gyaansko uchhalle ajarbaijanko vigyan rar prawidhi kshetraharuma sthiti sudhar garna maddat garyo. sarkarle adhunikikaran rar nawaprawartanko uddeshyale abhiyan suru gareko chha. suchana prawidhi rar sanchar udyogbata hune nafa badhne rar tel utpadansanga tulana garine sarkarko anuman chha. ajarbaijanko thulo rar nirantar badhdai gaeko internet khetra chha, prayaha 2007-2008 ko wittiya sankatbata prabhawit chhaina; kamtima thap paanch warshasamma druta wridhiko purvanuman garieko chha. azerbaijan sann 2021 maa vishwawyapi nawaprawartan suchakankama 80 aun sthanma thiyo, june sann 2019 maa 84 aun sthanma thiyo. deshle afno dursanchar kshetrako vikasma pani pragati gariraheko chha. sanchar tatha suchana prawidhi mantralaya (emsiti) rar aztelecomma afno bhumikaka madhyambata sanchalan garne duwai niti nirmata rar niyamakharu hun. sarvajanik pephonharu sthaniya kalharuka lagi upalabdha chhan rar telephone exchange wa kehi pasalharu rar kiyoskharubata tokan kharid garna awashyak chha. tokanharule anishchit awadhiko kalalai anumati dinchha. tyahan 1,397,000 mukhya telephone lineharu rar 1,485,000 internet prayogkartaharu thie. tyahan chaar zee. ess. emm. pradayakharu chhanh azercel, azerphone (narr mobile), nakhatel mobile network aparetarharu rar ek sii. dii. emm. ae. 21 aun shatabdima elchin khalilobh rar anyako maulik karyaharubata prerit thuprai pramukh azerbaijani geodynamics rar geotectonics vaigyanikharule sayaun bhukampa purvanuman kendraharu rar bhukampa pratirodhi bhawanharu design gare june ahile bhukampa sewako ganatantra kendrako thulo hissa how. azerbaijan rashtriya aerospace agencyle afno pahilo upagraha azersat 1 lai 7 february 2013 maa francelli gayanako guyana antariksha kendrabata 46° purva kakhiya sthanma kakshama prakshepan garyo. upagrahale europe rar asea rar africako ek mahatwapurna bhaglai sametchha rar tivi rar radio prasaranka sathai internetko prasaranko sewa gardacha. kakshama upagrahako prakshepan bhavishyama thap pariyojanaharu safalatapurwak karyanwayan garna saksham afnai antariksha udyog bhaeko rashtra banne afno lakshyalai sakar garnetarfa ajarbaijanko pahilo kadam how. janasankhyiki. march 2022 samma, ajarbaijanko kull janasankhyako 10,164,464 ko 52.9% sahari chha, baanki 47.1% gramin chha. janawari 2019 maa, kull janasankhyako 50.1% mahila thie. sohi warsha ling anupata prati mahila 0.99 purush thiyo. sann 2011 ko janasankhya wriddhi darr vishwawyapi 1.09% ko tulanama 0.85% thiyo. janasankhya wriddhilai simit garne euta mahatwapurna karak uccha starko aprawasana how. sann 2011 maa ajarbaijanle-1.14/1,000 manisharuko basain sarai dekheko thiyo. azerbaijani diaspora 42 deshharuma painchha rar yasako falaswarup ajarbaijanbhitra jatiya alpasankhyakharuka lagi dherai kendraharu chhan, jasma german sanskritik samaj "carelhouse", slevik sanskritik kendra, azerbaijani-israeli samudaya, kurdish sanskritik kendra, antarrashtriya tallish sangha, lezgin rashtriya kendra "samur", azerbaijani-tatara samudaya, crimean tatara samaj, adi samawesh chhan. kull milaera, ajarbaijanma 78 saharharu, 63 sahar jillaharu, rar euta vishesh kanuni darja bhaeko sahar chha. 261 sahari-prakarka bastiharu rar 4248 gaaunharu yee pachhyaunchan. jatiyata. sann 2009 ko janaganaanusar janasankhyako jatiya sanrachanaha 91.6% azerbaijani, 2% lezzin, 1.4% armanially (lagbhag sabai armanially nagorno-karabakhko vibhajit kshetrama baschhan), 1.3% rusi, 1.3% talis, 0.6% awar, 0.40% turkey, 0.3% tatar, 0.3% tatt, 0.2% ukrainey, 0.1% sakhur, 0.1% georgially, 0.1% yahudi, 0.1% coords, anya 0.20%. bhashaharu. adhikarik bhasha azerbaijani how, june turkey bhasha how. ajerbaijani lagbhag 92 pratishat janasankhyale matribhashako rupma bolchhan. rusi rar armanian (nagorno-karabakhma matra) pani bolinchha, rar pratyek kramashah lagbhag 1.5% janasankhyako matribhasha how. deshma muel rupma boline ek darjan anya alpasankhyak bhashaharu chhan. awar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalug, crits, legin, rutul, talish, taat, sakhur rar udi sabai sanah alpasankhyakharudwara bolinchhan. yimadhye kehi bhasha samudayharu dherai sanah chhan rar tiniharuko sankhya ghatdai gairaheko chha. sann 1989 maa lagbhag 76 pratishatko sath nagorno-karabakhma armanian bahusankhyak bhasha thiyo. pahilo nagorno-karabakh yuddha pachhi, janasankhya lagbhag 95 pratishatma lagbhag vishesh rupma armanian chha. dharma. ajarbaijanlai sabaibhanda dharmanirapeksha muslim bahul desh manincha. janasankhyako lagbhag 97 pratishat muslim chhan. lagbhag 55-85% muslimharu siya hune anuman garieko chha, jabki 15-45% muslimharu sunniharu hun. anya dharmaharu deshka vibhinna jatiya samuhaharudwara abhyas garinchha. yasako sanwidhanko dhara 48 antargat, azerbaijan ek dharmanirapeksha rajya how rar yasale dharmik swatantrata sunishchit gardacha. ek 2006-2008 gallup polma, ajarbaijanka kewal 21 pratishat uttaradataharule dharma uniharuko dainik jiwanko mahatwapurna hissa bhaeko batae. rashtraka dharmik alpasankhyakharu madhye, anumanit 280,000 isaiharu (3.1%) prayaha rusi rar georgially rudhiwadi rar armanian apostolic chhan (lagbhag sabai armanianharu nagorno-karabakhko vibhajit kshetrama baschhan). sann 2003 maa 250 zana roman catholic thie. sann 2002 samma anya isai sampradayharuma lutheran, baptista rar molokanharu samawesh chhan. tyahan euta sano protestant samudaya pani chha. ajarbaijanko 2,000 warshako itihas bhaeko prachin yahudi janasankhya pani chha; yahudi sangathanharule anuman gareka chhan kii 12,000 yahudiharu ajarbaijanma chhan, june israel rar sanyukta rajya america bahirko ek matra yahudi-bahul saharko ghar how. ajarbaijanma bahai, hare krishna rar prabhuka sakshi samudayaka sadasyaharu, sathai anya dharmik samudayaka anuyayiharu pani baschhan. kehi dharmik samudayharulai dharmik swatantratabata anaupacharik rupma pratibandhit garieko chha. ae yu.ess. yass vishayama rajya vibhagko reportle kehi muslim rar isai samuhaka sadasyaharulai nazarband gareko ullekha gardacha, rar dherai samuhaharulai dharmalai niyaman garne agency, azerbaijan ganatantrako dharmik sanghaharu (scra) maa darta garna gahro hunchha. shiksha. ajharbaijanisharuko apekshakrit uccha pratishatle uccha shikshako kunai naha kunai roop prapta gareko chha, vishesh gari vaigyanik rar prawidhik vishayaharuma. sobhiyat yugma, saksharta rar ausat shikshako star uniharuko dherai cum suruwat bindubata natakiya rupma badhyo, manak warnamalama dui pariwartan bhae tapani, 1920 ko dashakma person-arabi lipibata latinma rar 1930 ko dashakma romanbata sirilikma. sobhiyat tathyankaanusar sann 1970 maa 100 pratishat purush rar mahila (naudekhi 49 warsha umerka) sakshar thie. sanyukta rashtrasanghiya vikas karyakram pratiwedan 2009 anusar ajarbaijanma saksharta darr 99.5 pratishat chha. swatantrata pachhi, ajarbaijanko sansadle sobhiyat sanghabata afulai alag garna parit gareko pahilo kanunharu madhye ek siriliklai pratisthapan garna parimarjit-lattin warnamala apanaunu thiyo. yasabahek azerbaijani pranalima thorai sanrachanatmak pariwartan bhaeko chha. prarambhik pariwartanharuma dharmik shikshako punah sthapana (sobhiyat kalma pratibandhit) rar pathyakram pariwartanharu samawesh chhan jasle azerbaijani bhashako prayogma punah jode dieko chha rar vaicharik samagrilai hataeko chha. prathamik vidyalayaharuka atirikta, shaikshik sansthaharuma hajaraun purva vidyalayaharu, samanya madhyamik vidyalayaharu, rar wyawasayik vidyalayaharu samawesh chhan, vishesh madhyamik vidyalayaharu rar prawidhik vidyalayaharu sahit. nawaun kakshasammako shiksha aniwarya chha. sanskriti. ajarbaijanko sanskriti dherai prabhawharuko parinamko rupma wiksit bhaeko chha; tyasaile ajarbaijanisharu dherai tarikama dwi-sanskritik chhan. az, vishwawyapi upabhokta sanskriti sahit paschimi prabhawka bawajud rashtriya paramparaharu deshma ramrosanga sanrakshit chhan. azerbaijani sanskritika kehi mukhya tatwaharu hunh sangit, sahitya, lock nritya rar kala, khana, wastukla, chalchitra rar nobhruj byram. pachhillo parasi dharmako prachin irani dharmama nayan warshako paramparagat utsabbata liieko how. noveraj euta pariwarik chhutti how. ajharbaijanko janasankhyako profilema, mathi bhanieko rupma, ajharbaijanis, sathai anya rashtriyata wa jatiya samuhaharu, deshka vibhinna kshetraharuma saghan rupma basobas garne samawesh chha. azerbaijani rashtriya rar paramparagat pahiranharu chokha rar papakhi hun. tyahan rusi, georgian, kurdish, lezzian rar talish bhashaharuma radio prasaranharu chhan, jaslai rajyako budgetbata wittaposhit garinchha. balkan rar khachamajka kehi sthaniya radio stationharule awar rar tatma prasaranharu ayojana garchhan. bakuma dherai samacharpatraharu rusi, kurdish ("dengi kurda"), lezzian ("samur") rar talish bhashaharuma prakashit hunchhan. yahudi samaj "sokhnat" ley "aziz" akhbar prakashit gardacha. sangit rar lokanritya. ajarbaijanko sangitle lagbhag ek hazar warsha purano lock paramparaharuma nirman gardacha. shatabdiyaundekhi azerbaijani sangit ekarasko byajantargat wiksit bhaeko chha, jasle layabadha rupma vividh dhunharu utpadan gardacha. azerbaijani sangitma shakha mode pranali chha, jahaan pramukh rar sanah scaleharuko chromatisation thulo mahatwako chha. rashtriya sangit wadyayantraharumadhye 14 wata taar wadyayantra, athawata talwadya rar chhawata wayu wadyayantraharu chhan. grobh dictionary aff music anned musician" kaa anusar, jatiyata, sanskriti rar dharmako sandarbhama ajarbaijaniharu tarkiko tulanama sangitko hisable iranko dherai najik chhan." mughal, mekhana rar asik kala ajarbaijanka dherai sangit paramparaharu madhye ek hun. mugam samanyataya kawita rar wadyayantrako antaral bhaeko euta suite how. mughal pradarshan garda gayakharule afno bhawanalai gayan rar sangitma rupantaran garnuparchha. madhya asealy deshharuko mugam paramparaharuko viparit, azerbaijani mugam adhik swatantra rar cum kathora chha; yasalai prayaha jyajko improvised kshetrasang tulana garinchha. unescole 7 november 2003 maa azerbaijani mugam paramparalai manawatako maukhik rar amurta sampadako utkrishta kriti ghoshana garyo. mekhana ek prakarko paramparagat azerbaijani wishishta lock sangat geet how, samanyataya kunai vishesh vishayama sudhar garne dherai manisharule prastut garchhan. asikle kawita, katha kathan, nritya, rar swar rar wadya sangitlai paramparagat pradarshan kalama sanyojan gardacha june azerbaijani sanskritiko pratikko rupma khada hunchha. yo ek rahasyamaya trass wa yatra bard how jasle saz gaunchha rar bajaunchha. yo paramparako utpatti prachin turkey manisharuko shamnist vishwasma bhaeko chha. asikaka githaru sajha adharharuko waripari ardha-sudhar garieka chhan. ajarbaijanko ashik kalalai 30 september 2009 maa yuneskodwara amurta sanskritik sampadako suchima samawesh garieko thiyo. sann 1960 ko dashakko madhyadekhi, paschimi-prabhawit azerbaijani pup sangit, yasako vibhinna rupharuma, ajarbaijanma lokapriyatama badhdai gaeko chha, jabki ruck rar hipp hup jasta vidhaharu wyapak rupma utpadan rar ramailo garinchha. azerbaijani pup rar azerbaijani lock sangitko udaya alim kasimobh, rasid behbudobh, wagif mustafazadeh, muslim magomayebh, sobhakat alakbarobha rar rubaba muradobha jasta kalakarharuko antarrashtriya lokapriyatabata bhayo. azerbaijan eurovision geet pratiyogitama utsahi sahabhagi hun. ajarbaijanle sann 2008 ko eurovision geet pratiyogitama afno pahilo upasthiti diyo. deshko prawesh sann 2009 maa tesro sthan rar arko warsha panchaun sthanma pugyo. ell rar nikkile eurovision geet pratiyogita 2011 maa pahilo sthan jiteka thie jasma "daud darr" gitle ajarbaijanlai 2012 maa bakuma pratiyogita ayojana garne huck diyo. uniharule pratiyogitako 2018 sanskaransamma pratyek grand finalka lagi yogya bhaeka chhan, gayak eseldwara ex mai hartka sath prawesh gardai. tyahan darjanaun azerbaijani lock nrityaharu chhan. tiniharu aupacharik utsabharuma pradarshan garinchha rar nartakharule rashtriya nrityaharubhitra ramrosanga sanrakshit chokha jasta rashtriya luga lagaunchhan. dheraijaso nrityaharuma dherai chhito taal hunchha. sahitya. adhunik azerbaijani ganatantrako khetriya simabhitra janmeka madhyayugin lekhakharu madhye farsi kawi rar darshanik nizami thie, jaslai unko janma sthanko nambata ganjavi bhaninchha, ganja, jo khamsa ("quintuplate") kaa lekhak thie, jasma "rahasyaharuko khajana", "khosro rar sirin", rar "leily rar mejnun" sahit panchwata romantic kawitaharu thie. likhit azerbaijani sahityama sabaibhanda purano gyat wyaktitwa izzaddin hasanoglu thie, jasle persian rar azerbaijani gajalharu milera diwan rachana gare. farsi gajalharuma unle afno kalam naam prayog gare, jabki unka azerbaijani gajalharu unko afnai naam hasanogluma rachana garieko thiyo. ajarbaijanima shastriya sahitya 14 aun shatabdima tabriz rar sirwanka vibhinna prarambhik madhya yugka boliharuma adharit thiyo. yass kalka kawiharu madhye ghazi burhanaddin, hakkiki (jahaan shah cara koyunluko chhadma naam) rar habibi thie. 14 aun shatabdiko antyama imadaddin nasimiko sahityik gatiwidhi suru garne awadhi pani thiyo, 14 aun shatabdiko uttarardha rar 15 aun shatabdiko prarambhaka sabaibhanda mahan azerbaijani hurufi rahasyamaya kawiharu madhye ek rar turkey sahityik itihaska sabaibhanda pramukh prarambhik diwan guruharu madhye ek, jasle farsi rar arabima pani kawita rachana gare. diwan rar gajal shailiharu kawi kasem-ae anwar, fuzuli rar khatai (safavid shah ismelko kalam naam) dwara thap wiksit garieko thiyo. deade korkutko pustak" maa 16 aun shatabdima pratilipi garieka duiwata pandulipiharu chhan, rar 15 aun shatabdi bhanda pahile lekhieko thiena. yo oghuj khanabadoshharuko maukhik paramparalai pratibimbit garne 12 kathaharuko sangraha how. 16 aun shatabdika kawi muhammad fujulile arabi, persian rar ajarbaijanima afno kalatit darshanik rar bhawatmak "kajal" nirman gare. afno watawaranko utkrishta sahityik paramparaharubata atyadhik labh uthaundai, rar afna purwawartiharuko virasatma nirman gardai, fuzuli afno samajko agrani sahityik wyaktitwa banne niyat thiyo. unka pramukh kritiharuma "da diwan aff gajal" rar "da kasidas" samawesh chhan. sohi shatabdima, azerbaijani sahitya bardko ashik () kawya widhako wikassangai ajha fastaeko thiyo. sohi awadhima, khati ("papi" kaa lagi) shah ismelko chhadmanamma maile ajarbaijanima lagbhag 1400 padaharu lekhen, june pachhi unko "diwan" ko rupma prakashit bhayo. yass awadhima "kosma" ("improvisation" kaa lagi) bhanera chinine ek adwitiya sahityik shaili prastut garieko thiyo, rar shah ismel rar pachhi unka chhora rar uttaradhikari shah tahamaspadwara wiksit garieko thiyo. 17aun rar 18aun shatabdiko awadhima, fujuliko adwitiya vidhaharu sathai sahayak kawitaharu pramukh kawi rar lekhakharu jastai tabrijko kovsi, shah abbas sanie, nisat, mola walli vidadi, mola panaha wagif, amani, zafar rar anyadwara liiyo. turkey, turkmen rar ujbekharusangai, ajarbaijanisle ek pauranik lock nayak koroglu ("andho manisko chhora" kaa lagi) ko mahakawya pani manaunchhan. koroglu mahakawyaka dherai dastawej sanskaranharu ajarbaijanko rashtriya vigyan akadamiko pandulipiharuka lagi sansthanma baanki chhan. ajarbaijanma adhunik azerbaijani sahitya mukhyataya sirwani bolima adharit chha, jabki iranma yo tabarijima adharit chha. ajarbaijaniko pahilo samacharpatra, "akinchi" sann 1875 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. 19 aun shatabdiko madhyama, yo baku, ganja, saki, tbilisi rar yerewanka vidyalayaharuma padhainthyo. sann 1845 dekhi, yo rusko cent pietersberg vishwavidyalayama pani padhainthyo. lock kala. ajarbaijanisasanga samridha rar wishishta sanskriti chha, jasko ek pramukh bhag sajawati rar lagu kala how. yass kalako ruplai hastashilpako wistrit shringkhalale pratinidhitwa gardacha, jastai pachhyaunu, gahana, dhatuma utkirnan, kath, dhunga, haddi, carpet banaune, lessing, dhancha bunai rar mudran, rar bunai rar kadhai. yass prakarka sajawati kala, azerbaijan rashtrako danko praman, yahan dherai pakshama chha. ajarbaijanma kala rar shilpako wikassanga sambandhit dherai rochak tathyaharu dherai wyapariharu, yatruharu rar kutnitigyaharudwara report garieko thiyo jasle vibhinna samayama yee sthanharu bhraman gareka thie. azerbaijani galaincha vibhinna akarko paramparagat hastanirmit kapada how, ghana banawat rar dhera wa dhera-cum satahako sath, jasko dhancha ajarbaijanko dherai kaleen banaune kshetraharuko visheshta how. november 2010 maa azerbaijani carpetlai unescole amurta sampadako utkrishta kriti ghoshana gareko thiyo. azerbaijan prachin kaldekhi nai shilpako thulo wiwidhatako kendrako rupma chininchha. ajarbaijanko kshetrama puratatwik utkhananle suwiksit krishi, stock uthaune, dhatuko kaam, matoka bhanda, cyremic rar carpet bunaiko praman dinchha june dosro sahasrabdi isa purwako how. btc pipelinebata patta lageko dasbulack, hasansu, jayamchai rar tobhujchaika puratatwik sthalharule prarambhik falam yugka kalakritiharu khulasa gareka chhan. azerbaijani carpetharulai dherai thula samuhaharu rar upasamuhharuko bhid antargat wargikrit garna sakinchha. azerbaijani carpetko vaigyanik anusandhan ek pramukh vaigyanik rar kalakar latif karimobhko naamsanga jodieko chha. unko wargikaranle nai carpetka chaar thula samuhaharulai azerbaijan, guba-sirwan, ganja-kajhakha, karabakh rar tabrijka chaar bhaugolik kshetraharusanga sambandhit गऱ्यो।. khana. paramparagat khana tarkari rar tarkariharuko prashastataka lagi prasidha chha june parikarharuma mausami rupma prayog garinchha. pudina, cylantro (dhaniyan), dill, tulsi, ajmod, taragon, lick, chibhsa, azwine, marjoram, hariyo pyaj rar watercress lagayat taja jadibutiharu dherai lokpriya chhan rar prayaha tablema mukhya parikarharusanga hunchhan. caspian sagarko machha, sthaniya masu (mukhyataya masu rar gomans), rar mausami tarkari rar sagari tarkariharuko prashastatama adharit rashtriya parikarharuma jalawayu vividhata rar bhumiko urwarta pratibimbit hunchha. kesar-dhaan plobh ajarbaijanko pramukh khana how rar callo chiya rashtriya peya how. ajarbaijanisharule prayaha paramparagat armudu (nashapati akarko) gillas prayog garchhan kinbhane tiniharusanga dherai baliyo chiya sanskriti chha. lokpriya paramparagat parikarharuma bojbas (bhedako supe june vibhinna tarkariharu thapne dherai khetriya prajatiharuma awasthit chha), qutub (hariyo wa pisaieko masuko bharieko sath talaeko carobar) rar dusbara (bhuieko masu rar swadle bharieko pithoko dumpling) samawesh chha. wastukla. azerbaijani wastuklale samanyataya purva rar pashchimka tatwaharulai milaunchha. azerbaijani wastuklale persiali wastuklako bhari prabhawa parchha. prachirayukta baku saharma raheko sirabhanshahharuko pahilo tower rar darbar jasta dherai prachin wastukla khajana adhunik ajarbaijanma jiwit chhan. yuneskoko vishwa sampada asthayi suchima paces garieka prawishtiharuma bakuko atesgah, momeen khatuna makbara, hirkan rashtriya nikunj, binagadi dammer taal, lokbatan mato jwalamukhi, susa rajya aitihasik rar wastukla araksha, baku stage parwat, caspian tata rakshatmak nirman, ordubad rashtriya araksha rar shaki khanharuko darbar samawesh chhan. anya wastuklaka khajanaharumadhe mardakanko chaturbhuj mahal, yukhari charadgalarko parigala, aras nadima failieko dherai pulharu rar dherai makbara chhan. 19 aun rar prarambhik 20 aun shatabdima, sano smarak wastukla sirjana garieko thiyo, tara baku rar anya thaunma wishishta niwasharu nirman garieko thiyo. sabaibhanda bharkharka wastukla smarakharu madhye, baku sabaweharu tiniharuko bhawya sajawatka lagi prakhyat chhan. adhunik azerbaijani wastuklako karya adhunik saundaryashastrako vividh anuprayog, wastukarko afnai kalatmak shailiko khoji rar awasthit aitihasik-sanskritik watawaranko samawesh how. heydar aliyebh sanskritik kendra, flame tower, baku crystal hull, baku white city rar sakar tower jasta pramukh pariyojanaharule deshko kshitijlai pariwartan gareka chhan rar yasako samakalin pahichanlai badhawa dieka chhan. drishya kala. 1 dekhi 4 aun sahasrabdi isa purwako mitima raheko gamigaya petroglyphharu ajarbaijanko ordubad jillama awasthit chhan. yasama mrig, bakhra, saandhe, kukur, sarpa, chara, adbhut prani rar manisharu, gadiharu rar besalt chattanharuma vibhinna pratikharu fela pareka chhawiharu bhaeka lagbhag 1500 wisthapit rar kundieka chattan chitraharu chhan. nervegian ethnographer rar sahasi thore hairdallai yass kshetraka manisharu lagbhag 100 iswima scandinavia gaeka thie, uniharuko dunga nirman kaushal liera uttari yuropko bhiking dungaharuma rupantaran gareka thie bhanne vishwas thiyo. shatabdiyaundekhi, azerbaijani kala dherai shailigat pariwartanharubata gujriraheko chha. ajerbaijani chitraklalai paramparagat rupma rung rar prakashko nyanota dwara visheshta diieko chha, june azim ajimjade rar baharuj kangarliko kritiharuma udaharan how, rar dharmik wyaktitwa rar sanskritik ruparekhaharuma wyasta chha. azerbaijani chitraklale sayaun warshasamma kakasasma, romansk rar ottoman kaldekhi, rar sobhiyat rar barok kalma, jasko pachhillo duile ajarbaijanma fall dekhyo, pramukhta prapta गऱ्यो।. yee awadhibhitra aune anya ullekhaniya kalakarharuma sattar bahalulzade, togrul narimanbekov, tahira salahobh, alakbar rejaguliyebh, mirza gadim iravani, mikail abdullayebh rar boyukagha mirzazade parchhan. cinema. ajarbaijanko film udyog sann 1898 ko how. azerbaijan cinematographyma sanlagna pahilo deshharu madhye ek thiyo, upkaran pahilo bakuma dekha paryo. sann 1919 maa, azerbaijan loktantrik ganatantrako samayama, ek writtachitra "azerbaijani swatantratako warshikotsawko utsava" rusbata ajarbaijanko swatantratako pahilo warshikotsawa, 27 mema filmaieko thiyo, rar june 1919 maa bakuka dherai thietarharuma premiere garieko thiyo. sann 1920 maa sobhiyat shakti sthapit bhaepachi ajarbaijanko krantikari samitika adhyaksha nariman narimanobhle ajarbaijanko cinemako rashtriyakaran garne adeshma hastakshar gare. yasale azerbaijani animationko sirjanalai pani prabhawa pareko thiyo. sann 1991 maa, ajarbaijanle sobhiyat sanghabata swatantrata prapta garepachhi, pahilo baku antarrashtriya chalchitra mahotsava purva-paschim bakuma ayojit bhaeko thiyo. december 2000 maa, ajarbaijanka purva rashtrapati, hyder aliyebhle 2 augustlai ajarbaijanka film nirmataharuko wyawasayik bidako rupma ghoshana garne adeshma hastakshar gare. az azerbaijani film nirmataharule feri 1920 maa sobhiyat sanghako sthapana hunuaghi cinematographerharule samana gareka samasyaharusanga wyawahar gariraheka chhan. feri ekpatak, samagriko chhanauta rar chalchitraharuko prayojan duwai dherai hadasamma film nirmatako pahalma chhodiyo. television. tyahan tinawata rajyako swamitwama raheka television channelharu chhanh ajtabhi, edman tivi rar medeniyet tivi. tyahan euta sarvajanik channel rar 6 niji channelharu chhanh <unk>itimi television, space tivi, leader tivi, azad azerbaijan tivi, rar arab. manav adhikar. ajarbaijanko sanwidhanle abhiwyakti swatantratako guarantee garne dabi gareko chha, tara yasalai wyawaharma aswikar garieko chha. press rar mediako swatantratama dherai warshako girawatpachhi, sann 2014 maa, kunai pani virodh rar alochanalai chup lagaune sarkari abhiyan antargat ajarbaijanma mediako watawaran druta gatima bigrieko thiyo, jabki deshle yuropko parishadko mantriharuko samitiko netritwa गऱ्यो। (maee-november 2014). nakkali kanuni arop rar patrakarharu wiruddhako hinsama dandabata muktata samanya raheko chha. deshma sabai videshi prasaranharu pratibandhit chhan. sann 2013 ko friedom house friedom aff da press reportanusar ajarbaijanko press swatantratako sthiti "swatantra chhaina", rar azerbaijan 196 deshharu madhye 177 aun sthanma chha. isai dharmalai adhikarik rupma manyata diieko chha. jailko jokhimma sabai dharmik samudayharule bhetna anumati dina darta garna awashyak chha. yo darta prayaha aswikar garinchha. "jatiya bhedbhawle deshko dharmik swatantratako kamima yogdan puryaunchha, kinki dherai isaiharu ajeri muslimko satta jatiya armanian wa rusi hun. ajarbaijanma radio mukta europe/radio swatantrata rar americako awaz pratibandhit chha. ajarbaijanma lgbt manisharu wiruddhako bhedbhawa wyapak chha. pachhilla kehi warshaharuma, antarrashtriya manav adhikar sangathanharule anuchit bhaeko bhandai tinjana patrakarko hatya gareka chhan rar dherailai mudda chalaieka chhan. patrakarharuko suraksha garne samitianusar, ajarbaijanle sann 2015 maa europema sabaibhanda dherai patrakarharulai kaid gareko thiyo, rar iran rar chinbhanda agadi wishwako panchaun sabaibhanda censor garieko desh how. ajarbaijanma covid-19 mahamariko kabharej gareko aropma kehi alochanatmak patrakarharulai pakrau garieko chha. october 2015 maa ek amnesty antarrashtriya anusandhankartako pratiwedanle "aunlyaunchha...vigat kehi warshadekhi ajarbaijanma manav adhikarko gambhir girawat aeko chha. dukhako kura key chha bhane ajarbaijanlai abhutpurva starko damanbata bachna rar yass prakriyama yasako nagarik samajlai lagbhag mitauna anumati diieko chha."mafiko 2015/16 deshko warshik pratiwedanle bhanyo... rajnitik asahamatiko utpidan jaari rahyo. manav adhikar sangathanharule afno kaam punah suru garna sakenan. warshako antyama kamtima 18 zana antaskaranka kaidiharu najarbandama rahe. swatantra patrakar rar karyakartaharu wiruddhako pratishodh desh rar videshma jaari rahyo, jabki uniharuka pariwarka sadasyaharule pani utpidan rar giraftariko samana garnupareko thiyo. antarrashtriya manav adhikar paryawekshakharulai pratibandha lagaieko thiyo rar deshbata nishkasana garieko thiyo. yatana rar anya durwyawaharko reportharu jaari rahe." "abhibhawak" ley april 2017 maa report gare kii "ajarbaijanko shasak abhijat wargale pramukh yuropeliharulai bhuktan garna, lakjari samanharu kinna rar apardarshi britis companyharuko sanjal marfat luga dhune paisa tirna gopya $2.9bn (aaa 2.2bn) yojana sanchalan गऱ्यो।... chuhawata bhaeko tathyankale dekhaunchha kii azerbaijani netritwa, shringkhalabadha manav adhikar ullanghan, pranaligat bhrashtachar rar chunawama dhandhaliko arop lagaieko chha, 2012 dekhi 2014 samma 16,000 bhanda badhi gopya bhuktaniharu gareko chha. yo paisa kehi rajnitigyaharu rar patrakarharulai gayo, ajarbaijanka rashtrapati ilham aliyebhko alochanalai wichlit garna rar unko tel dhani deshko sakaratmak chhawi prawardhan garna antarrashtriya lobbing aparesanko ek bhagko rupma."sabai praptakartaharulai paisako srotabare thaha thiyo bhanne kunai sujhawa thiena kinbhane yo chhadma margabata aipugeko thiyo. khelkud. freestyle kustilai paramparagat rupma ajarbaijanko rashtriya khelko rupma manincha, jasma ajarbaijanle antarrashtriya olympic kamitima samel bhaedekhi chaar swarnasahit chaudha padak jiteka chhan. hall, sabaibhanda lokpriya khelharuma football rar kusti samawesh chhan. football ajarbaijanko sabaibhanda lokpriya khel how, rar ajarbaijanko football mahasanghako 9,122 darta bhaeka kheladiharuko sangha, deshko sabaibhanda thulo khelkud sangha how. ajarbaijanko rashtriya football tolile rashtra football clubharuko tulanama antarrashtriya kshetrama apekshakrit cum pradarshan pradarshan gardacha. sabaibhanda safal azerbaijani football clubharu neftcy, karabagh rar gabala hun. sann 2012 maa, neftchi baku european pratiyogitako samuha charanma agadi badhne pahilo azerbaijani tolly banyo, 2012-13 uefa europa ligko play-aff roundma saiprasko epollai 4-2 ley kull milaera parajit garyo. sann 2014 maa, karabagh uefa europa ligko samuha charanma agadi badhne dosro azerbaijani club banyo. sann 2017 maa uefa champions ligko play-aff charanma kopanheganlai 2-2 (ae) ley haraepachhi, karabagh samuha charanma pugne pahilo azerbaijani club bane. footsal ajarbaijanko arko lokpriya khel how. azerbaijan rashtriya footsal tolly 2010 uefa footsal championshipma chautho sthanma pugyo, jabki gharelu club araj naksaiwanle 2009-10 uefa footsal cup rar 2013-14 uefa footsal kapma kansya padak jityo. azerbaijan sijan 2013/2014 rar 2014/2015 maa spainy football club atletiko day madridko mukhya prayojak thie, ek sajhedari june cluble warnan gareko chha 'vishwama ajarbaijanko chhawi prawardhan garnuparchha'. ajherbaijan vishwa chesko paramparagat pawarhausharu madhye ek how, jasle dherai antarrashtriya chases pratiyogita rar pratiyogitaharu ayojana gareko chha rar 2009,2013 rar 2017 maa europeli tolly chases championship vijeta baneko chha. deshka chases schoolharuka ullekhaniya chases kheladiharule khelma thulo prabhawa pareko chha jasma timore radjabobh, sahariyar mammadarobh, bhladimir makogonobh, wooger gasimobh rar purva vishwa chases champion gyari kasparobh samawesh chhan. , deshko shamkir chesko ghar ek koti 22 pratiyogita rar sabai samayako uchchatam mulyankan garieko pratiyogita madhye ek how. azerbaijani sanskritima backgamonle pani pramukh bhumika khelchha. yo khel ajarbaijanma dherai lokpriya chha rar sthaniya janatama wyapak rupma khelinchha. azerbaijani visheshagyaharudwara wiksit rar vishleshan garieka backgammenka vibhinna bhinnataharu pani chhan. azerbaijan mahila bhalibal super ligg wishwako sabaibhanda baliyo mahila ligharu madhye ek how. yasako mahila rashtriya tolly sann 2005 ko europeli championshipma chautho sthanma thiyo. pachhilla warshaharuma, rabita baku rar azrel baku jasta clubharule europeli kapma thulo safalta hasil gare. azerbaijani bhalibal kheladiharuma bhaleria korotenko, oksana parkhomenko, inessa korkamaj, natalya mamadobha rar alah hasanobha jasta kheladiharu samawesh chhan. anya azerbaijani kheladiharu kustima namig abdullayebh, togrul asagarobh, robhsan byramov, sarif sarifobh, maria stadnik rar fareed mansurobh, judoma nazim husenobh, elnur mammadli, elkhan mamdobh rar rustam orujobh, karatema rafael aghayebh, buxingma magomedrasul majidobh rar aghasi mamdobh, olympic bharottolanma nizami pashayebh, pancressionma azad asagarobh, kickboxingma edward mamdobh rar key-1 fighter jabit samedobh hun. ajarbaijanko june 2012 maa baneko farmula wann race-track chha, rar deshle 19 june 2016 maa yasako pahilo farmula wann grand prix rar 2017,2018,2019,2021 rar 2022 maa azerbaijan grand priksko ayojana garyo. deshma ayojit anya warshik khelkud karyakramharu baku cup tennis pratiyogita rar tour dee azerbaijan cycling race hun. ajarbaijanle sann 2000 ko dashakko uttaradhadekhi dherai pramukh khel pratiyogitaharu ayojana gare, jasma 2013 ef1 pawarbota vishwa championship, 2012 fifa yu-17 mahila vishwa cup, 2011 aiba vishwa buxing championship, 2010 europeli kusti championship, 2009 layabadha gymnastic europeli championship, 2014 europeli tykwando championship, 2014 layabadha gymnastic europeli championship, rar 2016 vishwa chases olympic samawesh chhan. 8 december 2012 maa, baku 2015 europeli khelharu ayojana garna chayan garieko thiyo, pratiyogitako itihasma ayojit hune pahilo. bakule 2017 maa chautho islamic ekta khelharu rar 2019 europeli yuwa grishmakalin olympic mahotsavko pani ayojana garyo, rar yo uefa yuro 2020 ko ayojakharu madhye ek how, june covid-19 kaa karan 2021 maa ayojit bhairaheko chha.

aajerabaijana aajerabaijana (,,,), sarkari bhabe aajerabaijana ganarajya, purba europe ebong paschima acr seemaare abasthita eka aantahmahadesheeja desh. ehaa dakhina cacasus anchalara eka ansha ebong purbare caspian samudra, uttarare rushia (desestan ganarajya), uttara-paschimare georgia, paschimare armenia ebong turkey ebong dakhinare iran dwara seemabaddha . baaku heuchhi ehara rajdhani ebong sarbabruhata sahara. 1918 masihare aajarabaijana ganatantrika ganarajya transcocacian ganatantrika sangheeah ganarajyaru nijara swadheenata ghoshana karithila ebong pratham dharmanirapekhya ganatantrika musalman-sankhyagaristha rastrare parinata hoithila. 1920 masihare, ehi deshaku sobhieta sanghare azerbaijan ess. ess. aarr. bhabe samil karajaithila. adhunika aajerabaijana ganarajya 1991 august 30 ray, sehi barsha sobhieta unionara bhanga hebara kichhi samai purbaru, ehara swadheenata ghoshana karithila. 1991 masiha september maasare nagarno-karabakh anchalara armenian jatigata sankhyagaristha lock swa-ghoshita artsakh ganarajya gathan karithile. ehi anchala ebong ehara akhpakhar satati zillah antarjatija starare aajaarabaijaanara anshabisesha bhabe sweekrutiprapta, ose dwara sugama hoithiba alochana madhyamare nagarno-karabakhar sthitira samadhan apekhyare rahichhi, jadio 1994 masihare pratham nagarno-karabakh juddhara samapti sahita ehaa "prakrutare" swadheena hoigala. 2020 masihare dwiteeja nagarno-karabakh juddha parey, satati zillah ebong nagarno-karabakhar kichhi ansha azarbaijani nijantranaku ferasta karajaithila. aajerabaijana eka ekaka ardha-rastrapati ganatantra. ehaa chhaati swadheena turkey rajya madhyaru gotie ebong turkey rajya ebong turkey sampradayara sangathanara eka sakriya sadasya . aajerabaijanara 182tii desh sahita kootanaitika samparka rahichhi ebong shay 38tii antarjatija sangathanare sadasyata hassel karichanti, jeunthire milita jatisangha, europe parishad, anah-ment andolana, ose ebong nato pfp karjyakram antarbhukta. ehaa guam, sis ebong oh. pii. sii. dablyu. rahr pratisthata sadasyamananka madhyaru anyatama. aajerabaijana madhya wotora eka parjyabekhyaka abastha. deshar janasankhyara adhikansha (97 pratishata) namamatra musalman, kintu sambidhana eka sarkari dharma ghoshana kare naahin ebong deshar samasta pramukh rajanaitika shakti dharmanirapekhya . aajerabaijana eka bikashashila desh ebong manab bikash suchakankare 91tama sthanare rahichhi. ethaare arthika bikashar haara adhika, sakhyarata haara adhika ebong bekari haara comm rahichhi. tebe, 1993 masiharu khyamatare thiba shasaka nooa aajerabaijana dala upare ubhaja heidara alijebha ebong taanka pua ilham alijebhanka netrutware ekachhatrabadee netrutwa ebong nagarika swadheenata upare brudhi pauthiba pratibandhaka, bisesh curry press swadheenata ebong rajanaitika daman sameth deshar manabadhikara rekardaku kharap kariba abhijoga hoichhi. byutpatti. eka adhunika byutpatti anusare, "aajerabaijana" shabdati "atropates" ru aasichhi, jaahaa accamenid samrajya adheenare eka parcy khyatrapa, jie parey alekjandar mahananka adheenare ganamadhyamara khyatrapa bhabare punahsthapita hoithile. ehi namara moola byutpatti eka samajare prabhabasali jorostreejabadare moola bolly biswasa karajae . aabhestanka "frawardin yasta" ("abhibhabaka dootamananka paain bhajan") ray, eka ullekha achhi, jaahaa aakhyarika bhabare aabhestanaru anubada kare "aame pabitra atropatinra phrabhaseenku pooja karu" . atropates" namati heuchhi jane puruna iranian, sambhabatah madhyama, jougika namara greek lipyantarana jahara artha "(pabitra) agni dwara surakhita" kimba "(pabitra) agnira bhumi" . greek namati diodores seculus ebong strabo dwara ullekha karajaithila . sahasrabdi madhyare, namati (madhya parasya), taa 'parey, (nutan parasya) ebong barttamanara "aajerabaijana" ku bikashita hoithila. 1918 masihare rushiah samrajyara patana parey, jetebele swadheena aajerabaijana ganatantrika ganarajya pratistha karajaithila, setebele musabhat sarkar dwara barttamanara aajerabaijana ganarajyara anchala paain "aajerabaijana" naama prathame grahan karajaithila. separjyanta, ehi padabeeti kebala samasamajika uttara-paschima iranara sanlagna anchalaku chinhat kariba paain byabahruta heuthila, jetebele kii azerbaijan ganatantrika ganarajyara anchalaku purbaru "arran" ebong "shirbhan" bhabare ullekha karajauthila . sehi aadhaarare iran nutan bhabe grahan karajaithiba deshar naamaku birodha karithila. sobhieta shasson samajare, rushiah lipyantaranaru laatinare madhya deshaku '()' bhabare lekhajaithila. 1940 ru 1991 parjyanta deshar naama cyrillic lipire 'bhabare lekhajaithila. itihas. pracheen kaala. aajerabaijana anchalare manab basati sthapanara prarambhika pramana prastara jugara shesh bhagaru aasichhi ebong ehaa ajikh gumphar guruche sanskruti sahita jadita . prarambhika basatigudikare khreestapoorba 9maha shatabdire saithianamane antarbhukta thile. saithianamananka parey, iranara medismane aras nadira dakhinare thiba anchalare adhipatya bistara karithile. medimane khreestapoorba 900 ru 700 madhyare eka bishala samrajya gathan karithile, jaahaa praiah khreestapoorba 550 ray achemanid samrajyare ekeekruta hoithila . ehi anchalaku akemenidmane jitithile jaahaa jorostrijabadara bistaraku nei jaithila. sasanid kalaru arambha curry safabid kaala parjyanta. sassanian samrajya 252 masihare kakesian albaniaaku eka samanta rastrare parinata karithila, jetebele kii raja urnair chaturtha shatabdire khristian dharmaku sarkari dharma bhabare grahan karithile. sassanid shasson satwe, albania 9maha shatabdi parjyanta ehi anchalare eka satta hoi rahithila, jetebele kii sassanid iranara sampurna adhinastha thila, ebong ehara rajatantra bajaiah rakhithila . sassanian samratanka mukhya samantamananka madhyaru jane heba satwe, albaniar rajankara kebala eka prabhed thila, ebong sassanian margeban (samarika gabharnara) adhikansha nagarika, dharmika ebong samarika kartrutwa dhaaran karuthile. 7maha shatabdir prathamardhare, cassian albania, sasanijamananka eka samanta bhabare, parasya upare musalman bijai hetu namamatra musalman shasson adheenare asithila . umayad khalifa dakhina kakasasaru ubhaja sassanian ebong baijantinamananku pratyakhyana karithile ebong 667 masihare raja jabhanshiranka netrutware khristian pratirodhaku daman karajiba parey cacasia albaniaaku eka samanta rastrare parinata karithile. abaseed khaliphanka patana dwara chhadi jaithiba shakti shunyasthana aneka sthaniah rajabansha dwara purana hoithila jepariki salarid, sajid ebong shadadid. ekadash shatabdir prarambhare, ehi anchala dheere dheere kendriah acr oghuj turkimananka taranga dwara adhikruta hoithila, jeunmane sehi samajare eka turkeah jatinam grahan karithile. ehi turkeah rajabangshagudika madhyaru prathamati thila seljuk samrajya, jaahaa 1067 masiha suddha bartamana aajarabaijana naamare janashuna anchalare prabesha karithila. adhunika aajerabaijana anchalare basabasa karuthiba prack-turkeah janasankhya aneka indo-europeah ebong kakesian bhasha kahuthile, sethimadhyaru armenian ebong eka iranian bhasha, puruna azeri, jaahaa dheere dheere eka turkey bhasha dwara pratisthapita hoithila, jaahaa aajira aajerabaijani bhasara prarambhika agradoota . keteka bhasabit ehaa madhya kahichanti je iranara aajerabaijana ebong aajerabaijana ganarajyara taati upabhasha, tatmananka dwara kuhajauthiba upabhasha bhali, puruna aajereeru aasichhi. sthaniah bhabe, parabarti seljuk samrajyara sampatti eldigujidmananka dwara shasita heuthila, jeunmane baishajika bhabe seljuk sultananka samanta thile, kintu belebele nije "prakruta" shasaka thile. seljukamananka adheenare, nizami ganjabhi ebong khakaninka bhali sthaniah kabimane barttamanara aajerabaijana anchalare parasya sahityara bikash ghataithile. shirabanshamanankara sthaniah rajabansha timuranka samrajyara eka samanta rastrare parinata hoithila ebong subarna dala tokhtamisnka shasakanka saha juddhare tanku sahajya karithila. taimuranka mrutyu parey, duiti swadheena ebong pratidwandee rajya ubha helah kaaraa kojunalu ebong akk kojunalu. shirabanashahamane pratyabartana karithile, sthaniah shasaka ebong samanta bhabare uccha starar swajattata bajaiah rakhithile, jaahaa semane 861 masiharu karithile. 1501 masihare, iranara safabid rajabansha shirabanashahamananku parasta karithile ebong ehara sampatti hassel karithile. parabarti shatabdire, safabidmane purbatana sunni janasankhyaku shia isalamare rupantarita karithile, jepari semane adhunika iranara janasankhya sahita karithile. safabidmane 1538 masiha parjyanta, safabid raja tahmasp-1maha (rahr. 1524-1576) semananku sampurna bhabe padachyuta karithile, ebong ehi anchalaku sirbhan rahr safabid pradeshare parinata karithile. sunni automanmane swalpa samai paain barttamanara aajerabaijaanara kichhi ansha dakhal karibare saphala hoithile, jaahaa automan-safavid juddhara parinam swaroopa hoithila; 17shaa shatabdir prarambha suddha, semananku safavid iranian shasaka abbas I (r. 1588-1629). safavid samrajyara patana parey, russo-parasya juddhara parinam swaroopa baaku ebong ehara paribeshaku rushijamane alpa samai paain adhikruta karithile. safavid iranara padoshi pratidwandimananka dwara ehipari sankhipta birati satwe, aaji jaahaa aajerabaijana bhumi, taaha 19shaa shatabdir pathyakrama parjyanta safavidmananka prarambhika agman thaaru iran shasson adheenare rahithila. adhunika itihas. safabidmananka parey, ehi anchala iranara afsharid rajabansha dwara shasita hoithila. nader shahanka mrutyu parey (aarr. 1736-1747), tankara aneka purbatana praja asthiratara udgeeranaku binijoga karithile. ehi anchalare bibhinna prakarara swajattata sahita aneka swajatta shasanakari khanat ubha hoithile. ehi khanatagudikara shasakamane sidhasalakha iranara shasaka rajabansha sahita jadita thile ebong iranian shahanka samanta ebong praja thile. madhya acia ebong paschima madhyare antarjatija banijya marga madhyamare khanatamane semananka byapara upare nijantrana prajoga karithile. ehaa parey, ehi anchala iranara jaanda ebong kajaranka kramagata shasson adheenare thila. astadasha shatabdir sheshabhagaru, samrajyabadi rushia ehara dui padoshi ebong dakhinara pratidwandee, jathaa iran ebong automan samrajya prati adhika aakramanatmaka bhu-rajanaitika aabhimukhyaku badalaithila. rushia ebe sakriya bhabe coccus anchalaku adhikara karibaku chesta karithila, jaahaa adhikansha samajare iran haatare thila. 1804 masihare, rushijamane iranara ganja sahara upare aakraman curry ehaaku dhwansa karithile, jaahaa russo-parasya juddhara sutrapata karithila. samarika drustiru shrestha rushijamane eka bijai sahita russo-parasya judhaku samapta karithile. 1804-1813 juddhare kazar iranara parajaya parey, ehaa gulistan chukti anujai georgia ebong dagestan sahita adhikansha khanat upare rushiah samrajyaku adhipatya sweekara karibaku badhya hoithila. aaras nadira uttarare thiba anchala, jaahaa madhyare samasamajika azerbaijan ganarajya abasthita, unabinsha shatabdire rushia ehaaku dakhal kariba parjyanta iranara anchala thila . praiah eka dashandhi parey, gulistan chuktira ullanghana curry, rushijamane iranara eribhana khanet upare aakraman karithile. ehaa ubhajanka madhyare shatrutara chudanta mukabilaku twaranwita karithila, russo-parcy juddha, jaahaa phalare turkmenchai chukti hoithila, jaahaa kazar iranaku iribhan khanet, nakhachibhan khanet ebong abasista talish khanet upare sarbabhoumatwa samarpana karibaku badhya karithila, jaahaa samasamajika aajarbaijani ganarajyara matira shesh anshaku nei gathita, jaahaa eparjyanta iran haatare thila . iranaru rushia parjyanta samasta kakesian anchalaku antarbhukta kariba parey, ubhajanka madhyare nutan seema aras nadeere sthira karajaithila, jaahaa sobhiet unionara bighatana parey iran ebong azerbaijan ganatantra madhyare seemar anshabisesha hoithila . 19shaa shatabdire kazar iran nijara kakesian anchala rushiaaku samarpana karibaku badhya hoithila, jeunthire adhunika azerbaijan ganarajyara anchala antarbhukta thila, jetebele kii sehi samarpanara phalaswaroopa, aajerabaijani jatigata gosthi ajikali duiti rastra madhyare bibhakta hoichhih iran ebong azerbaijan. rush bijai satwe, samagra 19shaa shatabdire, iranara sanskruti, sahitya ebong bhasha prati agraha rusher adheen baaku, ganja ebong tifflis (tibilisi, bartamana georgia) saharare shia ebong sunni budhijeebeenka madhyare byapaka rahithila. sehi shatabdi madhyare, iran-parabarti rushiah-adhikruta purba kakeshiaare, 19shaa shatabdir sheshare eka aajarbaijanee jatiah parichai ubha hoithila. pratham biswajudha samajare rushiah samrajyara patana parey, swalpakaleena transcasian ganatantrika sangheeah ganarajya ghoshana karajaithila, jaahaa barttamanara aajerabaijana, georgia ebong armenia ganatantra gathan karithila . ehaa parey march 30 ru april 2,1918 madhyare baaku sahara ebong rushiah samrajyara baaku governorator sanlagna anchalare march dinara ganahatya ghatithila. 1918 masiha meey maasare jetebele ehi ganarajya bhanga helah, setebele agrani musabhat dala swadheenata ghoshana curry aajerabaijana ganatantrika ganarajya (aii. dii. aarr.) bhabe ghoshana kallah, ebong nutan ganarajya paain "aajerabaijana" naama grahan kallah; eka naama jaahaa aaa. dii. aarr. ghoshana purbaru kebala samasamajika iranara nikatabartee uttara-paschima anchalaku ullekha kariba paain byabahruta heuthila. adra musalman biswara pratham adhunika sansadeeah ganarajya thila. sansadara gurutwapurna saphalata madhyare mahilamananku matadhikarara samprasarana thila, jaahaa aajerabaijanaku pratham musalman rastrare parinata karithila jaahaa mahilamananku purushanka sahita samaana rajanaitika adhikara pradan karithila. aii. dii. aara. rahr anya eka gurutwapurna saphalata thila baaku rajya biswabidyalaja pratistha, jaahaa musalman purbare sthapita pratham adhunika prakarara biswabidyalaja thila . 1920 masiha march maasa suddha, ehaa spust thila je sobhieta rushia baaku upare aakraman kariba. bhladimir lenin kahithile je ehi aakraman jathartha kaaran sobhiet rushia bakur taila bina banchipariba naahin. swadheena aajerabaijana maatra 23 maasa parjyanta chalithila, jeparjyanta bolsevic 11tama sobhieta laal sena ehaa upare aakraman curry, 28 april 1920 ray aajerabaijana ess. ess. aarr. pratistha kallah. jadio nabagathita aajerabaijani senara adhikansha ansha karabakhare nikatare arambha hoithiba eka armenia bidrohaku daman karibare nijojita thila, aajerabaijanimane semanankara sankhipta swadheenata <aai. dii. 1> ku shighra kimba sahajare atmasamarpana karinathile. rushiah punah bijajaku pratirodha curry praiah 20,000 aajarbaijanee sainika prana haraithile. parabarti prarambhika sobhieta kaala madhyare, aajarbaijanee jatiah parichai sheshare nakali hoithila . 1921 masiha october 13 tarikhare rush, armenia, aajerabaijana ebong georgier sobhieta ganarajya turkey sahita eka rajinama swakhyara karithile, jaahaaku cars chukti kuhajae. purbaru swadheena aras ganarajya madhya cars chukti dwara azerbaijan ssr madhyare nakhachibhan swajangsasita sobhiet samajabadi ganarajyare parinata heba . anyapakhyare, aarmeniaaku jangejura anchala pradan karajaithila ebong turkey gyumri (setebele alekjandropol bhabare janashuna) ferai debaku raaji hoithila. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare, aajerabaijana sobhieta sanghara rananaitika shakti neetire eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithile, jeunthire purba parsware sobhieta sanghara 80 pratishata taila baaku dwara jogai diajauthila. 1942 masiha februari maasare jayu. ess. ess. aarr. rahr sarbocha sobhiet adesh dwara, azerbaijan rahr taila silpara 500 ru adhika sramika ebong karmacharinka pratibaddhataku adesh ebong padaka pradan karajaithila. jayu. ess. ess. aarr. rahr shakti (petroleum) dynamo bhabare ehara gurutwa hetu german wehermact dwara karajaithiba operation edelwess baaku lakhya karithila . 1941 ru 1945 parjyanta dwiteeja biswajuddhare samasta aajarbaijaneenka madhyaru eka panchamansha ladhithile. praiah 681,000 lock semananka madhyaru 100,000 ru adhika mahila sahita sammukhaku jaithile, jetebele kii sehi samajare aajarbaijanara mote janasankhya 34 lakhya thila . aajarabaijanara praiah 2,50,000 lock sammukhabhagare nihata hoithile. 130ru adhika aajarbaijaneenku sobhieta sanghara najaka bhabe namit karajaithila. aajerabaijani mejara-general aji aslanovanku duithara sobhieta sanghara najaka bhabe sammanita karajaithila. swadheenata. mikhail gorbachevnka dwara arambha hoithiba "glasnost" rajneeti parey, sobhiet sanghara bibhinna anchalare nagarika asthirata ebong jatigata sangharsha brudhi paithila, jeunthire azerbaijan ess. ess. aarr. rahr eka swajangsasita anchala nagarno-caraback antarbhukta . purbaru uttapta sangharsha prati muscore udasinatara pratikrijare, aajerabaijanare bishrunkhala, swadheenata ebong bichinnata paain aahwana karithila, jaahaa bakur kalaa januari ghatana ray samapta hoithila . parey 1990 masihare, azerbaijan ess. ess. aarr. rahr sarbocha parishad shirshakaru "sobhiet samajabadi" shabdaku hataideithila, "azerbaijan ganarajyara sarbabhoumatwa ghoshana" ku grahan karithila ebong azerbaijan ganatantrika ganarajyara patakaku rajya pataka bhabare punaruddhara karithila. maskore 1991 sobhieta abhyutthana prajasara biphalatara parinam swaroopa, aajerabaijanara sarbocha parishad 18 october 1991 ray swadheenatara ghoshana grahan karithila, jaahaa december 1991 ray eka deshabyapee janmat dwara nischita hoithila, jetebele sobhieta unionara aanusthanika bhabare 26 december 1991 ray astitwa samapta hoithila. desh bartamana 18 octoberre ehara swadheenata dibasa palana kare . swadheenatara prarambhika barshagudika armenia dwara samarthita nagarno-karabakhar jatigata armenian sankhyagarishthanka sahita pratham nagarno-caraback juddha dwara chhajabruta hoithila . 1994 masihare shatruta shesh heba belaku aarmeneejamane nagarno-karabakh sameth aajerabaijani anchalara% ku nijantrana karithile. juddha samajare ubhaja pakhyanka dwara aneka atyachara ebong narasanghara karajaithila, jeunthire malibeli ebong gushchularare ganahatya, garadagli ganahatya ebong khojali ganahatya, baaku ganahatya, maraga ganahatya ebong kirobada ganahatya antarbhukta thila. ehaa byatita, aanumanika 30,000 lock prana haraichhanti ebong eka nijutaru adhika lock bisthapita hoichhanti, 800,000 ru adhika azarbaijani ebong 300,000 armenian. milita jatisanghara surakhya parisadara charoti sankalpa (822,853,874, ebong 884) "aajerabaijaanara samasta adhikruta anchalaru samasta armenian bahineeku turanta pratyahara karibaku daabi karichhi."aneka rushiah ebong armenian 1990 dashakare sharanarthi bhabare azerbaijan chhadi palajana karithile. 1970 janganana anujai, aajerabaijanare 5,10,000 roosh ebong 484,000 armenian thile. alijebh paribarika shasson, 1993-bartamana. 1993 masihare, ganatantrika bhabare nirbachita rastrapati abulfaz elchibe cornell surat husenovnka netrutware eka samarika bidroha dwara khyamatachyuta hoithile, jahara phalaswaroopa sobhietara purbatana neta heidara alijebh khyamata bistara karithile. 1994 masihare, surat hussenov, sehi samajare pradhanamantri, hydar alijebhnka birodhare aau eka samarika abhyutthana udyama karithile, kintu tanku girapha karajaithila ebong deshdroha abhijogare abhijukta karajaithila. eka barsha parey, 1995 ray, alijebhnka birodhare aau eka abhyutthana chesta karajaithila, ether oman swatantra unitra commander rovson jabhadovnka dwara . ehi abhyutthanaku edai diajaithila, jahara phalaswaroopa parabarteetira hatya karajaithila ebong aajerabaijananka omon junitagudiku bhangi diajaithila. ethi sahita, shasaka amalatantrare byapaka durneeti dwara desh kalankita hoithila. october 1998 ray, alijebh dwiteeja karjyakala paain punarbara nirbachita hoithile. arthabyabasthare bahuta unnati satwe, bisesh curry azeri-chirag-gunesli taila khetra ebong shaah deniz gas khetrara shoshan sahita, sandigdha nirbachana thakei, uccha starar arthika asamanata ebong gharoi durneeti hetu alijebhanka rastrapati padaku samalochana karajaithila. heidara alijebhanka pua ilham alijebha nutan aajerabaijana partyra adhyakhya heba sahita 2003 ray taanka pitanka mrutyu parey aajerabaijanara sabhapati hoithile. october 2013 ray shay rastrapati bhabare truteeja thara paain punarbara nirbachita hoithile. april 2018 ray, rastrapati ilham alijebha nirbachanare tankara kramagata chaturtha karjyakala surakhita karithile jaahaa mukhya birodhi dala dwara barjit hoithila. 27 september 2020 ray, nagarno-karabakh jogajoga rekha sahita amimansita nagarno-karabakh sangharshare nutan sangharsha punarbara arambha hoithila. ubhaja aajerabaijana ebong armanier sashastra bahini samarika ebong besamarika hatahatanka suchana deithile. nagarno-karabakh judhabirati rajinama ebong azerbaijan ebong armenia madhyare chhaa saptahara juddhara samapti aajerabaijanare byapaka bhabare palana karajaithila, kaaran semane gurutwapurna anchalika laabh karithile . bhugol. bhougolika drustiru, aajerabaijana paschima acia ebong purba juropare byapta uresiara dakhina cacasus anchalare abasthita . ehaa akhyansha 38° ebong 42°n ebong draghimansha 44° ebong 51°e madhyare abasthita. aajerabaijanra mote sthalaseemara dairghya heuchhi, jeunthiru armenia, iran, georgia, rushia ebong turkey sahita 480 kilometer. ehi upakoolati caspian sagarara aajarbaijani bibhagara sarbadhika prasasta khetrara dairghya paain byapta . deshare eka bhu-aabadha exclave achhi, jaahaa heuchhi nakhachibhan swajangsasita ganarajya. tinoti bhautika baisistya aajerabaijanare pradhanya bistara kareh caspian samudra, jahara upakula purbare eka prakrutika seema gathan kare; uttarare bruhattara cacasus parbatasrenee; ebong deshar kendrare bistruta samatala bhumi . ethaare tinoti parbatasrenee madhya rahichhi, jathah bruhata ebong khudratama cacasus ebong talis parbata, jaahaa deshar pakhapakhi 40 pratishata anchalaku aachadita karichhi. aajerabaijanara sarbocha shrunga heuchhi mount bazarduzu, jetebele kii sarbanimna bindu caspian sagarare abasthita . pruthibira samasta kadua agnejagirira praiah adhaa aajerabaijanare kendribhuta, ehi agnejagiri madhya prakrutira nutan 7tii ashcharjya paain manoneet hoithile. ehara mukhya jala utsa heuchhi bhuprustha jala. 8, 350tii nadee madhyaru maatra 24tii nadee dairghya thaaru adhika. samasta nadee deshar purbare thiba caspian sagarare mishithae . sarbabruhata hrada heuchhi sarisu, ebong dirghatama nadee heuchhi kurr, jaahaa armenia sahita seema atikrama karichhi . aajerabaijanra caspian samudra koolare aneka dwepa achhi, jaahaa mukhyatah baaku dwepapunjare abasthita . 1991 masihare aajerabaijanara swadheenata paratharu, aajerabaijana sarkar aajerabaijanara paribesha sanrakhyana paain padakhyepa neichanti. 2001 masiha parey jetebele baaku-twilisi-sehan pipeline dwara pradan karajaithiba nutan rajaswa karanaru rajya budget brudhi paithila, setebele paribeshara jatiah surakhya twaranwita hoithila. chaari barsha madhyare, sanrakhita anchala dwigunita hoichhi ebong bartamana deshar mote khetrara aatha pratishata atte. 2001 masiharu sarkar satati bruhata bhandara pratistha karichanti ebong paribesha surakhya paain bajetare nirdharita khetraku praiah dwigunita karichanti. bhudrushya. aajerabaijana bibhinna prakarara prakrutika drushyara abasasthali. aajerabaijanara adhaaru adhika bhubhagare parbatamalara shikhar, shikhar, uchchabhumi ebong malabhumi rahichhi, jaahaa 400-1000 mitter (madhya ebong nimna taliaa bhumi sameth), keteka sthanare (taali, giranchol-azinohur ebong langabij-alat agrabhumi) 100-120 mitter parjyanta, ebong anyagudika 0-50 mitter ebong taa 'thaaru upara (cobustan, abasheran) parjyanta hypesometric stara parjyanta uthithae. aajerabaijanara abasista bhubhaga samatala ebong taliaa anchalaku nei gathita. coccus anchala madhyare hypesometric chinha caspian samudra koolare praiah −28 mitararu 4,466 mitter (bajaraduju shikhar) parjyanta bhinna bhinna hoithae . aajerabaijanare jalabaju gathan bisesh curry skandinevian anticyclone rahr thanda archtic baaju pind, cyberian anticyclone rahr samashitoshna baaju pind ebong kendriah asiah anticyclone dwara prabhabita . aajerabaijanara bibidha prakrutika drushya baaju samooha deshare prabesha karibara upajaku prabhabita kare . bruhattara cacasus deshaku uttara digaru asuthiba thanda bayur sidhasalakha prabhabaru rakhya kare . jaahaa deshar adhikansha padadesha ebong samatala anchalare upakranteeja jalabaju srusti karithae. iti madhyare, samatala ebong padadeshara pahadagudika uccha saura bikirana haara dwara chinhita. barttamanara egarati jalabaju john madhyaru nauty aajerabaijanare achhi . ubhaja purna sarbanimna tapmatra () ebong nirapekhya sarbadhika tapmatra zulfa ebong ordubada-nakhachivana swajangsasita ganarajyara anchalare parilakhita hoithila . sarbadhika barshika brustipata lankarana (<unk>) ray ebong sarbanimna absheron (<unk>) ray pade . nadee ebong hradagudika aajerabaijanara jala byabasthara pramukh ansha gathan karanti, segudika eka dirgha bhutatwika samai seema madhyare gathita hoithila ebong sehi samai madhyare ullekhaneeah paribartana hoithila . saaraa deshare miluthiba pracheen nadigudikara abasistangsharu ehaa bisesh bhabe pramanita hoithae. prakrutika shakti ebong manab-prabartita shilpa karjyakalapara prabhabare deshar jala byabastha kramagata bhabare badaluchhi. krutrima nadee (kenal) ebong pokhareegudika aajerabaijanara jala byabasthara eka anshabisesha. jala jogaana drustiru, aajarabaijana biswara harahari tulanare comm, ebong prati berg kilometre pakhapakhi barshika jala upalabdha heuchhi. samasta budd budd jalabhandara kurr upare nirmita. aajerabaijanara jalabigyana mukhyatah caspian samudra ababahikara antargata. kura ebong aras heuchhi aajerabaijanara pramukh nadee. semane kura-aaras taliaa anchala dei gati karanti . jeun nadeegudika sidhasalakha caspian sagaraku prabahita hoithae, segudika mukhyatah pramukh cacasus ebong talish parbatagudikara uttara-purba dhaluru utpanna hoithae ebong samur-debhechi ebong lankaran taliaa anchala sahita prabahita hoithae. jalanta parbata" bhabe anubadita yanara daaga heuchhi eka prakrutika gas niaan, jaahaa baaku nikatabartee caspian samudrare abasheran upadweepare eka pahad parsware kramagata bhabare jalijae, jaahaa nije "agni bhumi" bhabare janashuna ."eka patala, chhidrajukta baluka pathara stararu nianra shikha bajure baharithae . baaku anchalaku asuthiba parjyatakanka paain ehaa eka parjyatan akarshana. jaiba bibidhata. aajerabaijanare prani jeebner samruddhi ebong bibidhata upare pratham report purba parjyatakanka bhraman notare milipariba . sthapatya smaraki, pracheen pathara ebong pathara upare pashu khodita karjya bartamana samai parjyanta banchi rahichhi. 17shaa shatabdire prakrutibitmananka aajarabaijana gasta samajare aajarabaijanara udbhida ebong pranijagata bishajare pratham suchana sangraha karajaithila. ethaare 106 prajatira stanyapajee prani, 97 prajatira maacha, 363 prajatira pakhi, 10 prajatira uvachara prani ebong 52 prajatira sarisrupa achanti jaahaa record karajaichi ebong aajerabaijanare bargeekruta hoichhi . aajerabaijanara jatiah pashu heuchhi karabakh ghoda, eka parbata-stepa resing ebong aajerabaijanara sthaniah ghoda chalana . karabakh ghodara nijara uttam manobal, bega, saundarjya ebong buddhi paain sunam rahichhi. ehaa prachinatama prajati madhyaru gotie, jahara purbapurusha pracheen biswara, kintu aaji ghoda eka bipanna prajati. aajerabaijanara udbhidare 4,500 ru adhika prajatira uccha udbhida rahichhi. aajerabaijanara ananya jalabaju karanaru, dakhina kakasasra anya ganarajyara udbhida tulanare udbhida prajati sankhyare adhika samruddha . samagra kakasasare badhuthiba 66 pratishata prajati aajerabaijanare dekhibaku milithae. deshati charoti paribesha anchala madhyare abasthitah caspian hiercanian mishrit jangala, cacasus mishrit jangala, purba anatolian mountain step, ebong azerbaijan jhadi marubhumi ebong step . aajerabaijanara 2018 jangala bhudrushya akhandata suchakankara harahari score 6.55/10 thila, jaahaa ehaaku 172 tii desh madhyaru biswa starare 72 tama sthanare rakhichhi. sarkar ebong rajneeti. 1995 masiha navember 12 tarikhare nutan sambidhanaku grahan curry aajerabaijanra rajanaitika byabasthara dhanchagata gathan sampurna hoithila. sambidhanara anuchheda 23 anujai, azerbaijan ganarajyara rajya pratika heuchhi pataka, astrasastrara coat ebong jatiah sangeeta . aajerabaijanare rajya khyamata kebala aabhyantareen prasanga paain ine dwara seemita, kintu antarjatija byapara madhya antarjatija rajinamara byabastha dwara seemita . aajerabaijanra sambidhanare kuhajaichhi je ehaa eka rastrapati ganarajya jahara khyamatara tinoti shakha rahichhi-karjyanirbahee, ine pranajanakaree ebong nyajika. ine pranajan khyamata ekasadani jatiah bidhanasabha ebong nakhachibhana swajangsasita ganarajyare sarbocha jatiah bidhanasabha dwara dhaaran karajaithae. millie majlis namaka aajerabaijanara sansada, sankhyagarishthata bhota aadhaarare nirbachita 125 john deputinku nei gathita, pratyeka nirbachita sadasyanka paain pancha barshar karjyakala sahita . prati pancha barshare navember masser pratham rabibara deane nirbachana anusthita hoithae. sarkar gathan paain sansada daie nuhen, kintu sambidhana millie majlis dwara mantrimandalara anumodana aabasyaka kare . nutan azerbaijan party ebong shasaka sarakaranka prati biswasta swadheenamane bartamana sansadara praiah samasta 125 tii aasana dhaaran karichanti. 2010 sansadeeah nirbachana samajare, birodhi dala, musabhat ebong aajarbaijanee lokpriya front party gotie bii aasana jitibare biphal hoithile. europeah parjyabekhyakamane nirbachana purbaru ebong nirbachana dinare aneka anijamitata paithile. karjyanirbahee khyamata rastrapatinka pakhare thaae, jieki pratyakhya nirbachana dwara saata barshar karjyakala paain nirbachita huanti, ebong pradhanamantri. rastrapati ubhaja rastrapati ebong jatiah bidhanasabha paain uttaradajee eka samuhika karjyanirbahee sanstha, cabinet gathan karibaku adhikruta . aajerabaijanra cabinet mukhyatah pradhanamantri, taanka deputi ebong mantrimananku nei gathita . aajerabaijanara 8maha sarkar heuchhi ehara barttamanara gathanare prashasana . jatiah bidhanasabha bhanga karibara adhikara rastrapatinkara naahin, kintu taanka nishpattiku bheto karibara adhikara rahichhi. rastrapatinka bheto upare adhipatya bistara kariba paain, sansadara 95tii bhotra sankhyagarishthata rahiba aabasyaka. nyajika khyamata sambidhanika nyajalaja, sarbocha nyajalaja ebong arthanaitika nyajalajare nihita. rastrapati ehi nyajalajagudikare bicharapatimananku manoneet karanti. europeah commission pharr dee efficiency off justices (cepej) report nutan bicharapatinka chayan upare aajarbaijanee nyaaja madelaku sarbottama abhyasa bhabare ullekha kare, jaahaa eka nutan ganatantre nyajapalikara swadheenata ebong gunabatta sunishchita kariba digare nirdista baisistya ebong bikashar gatipathaku pratiphalita kare . aajerabaijananka shasson byabasthaku namamatra bhabe dui-stariah kuhajaipare. rastrapatinka netrutware karjyanirbahee khyamata heuchhi sarakaranka sarbocha kimba sarbocha stara. rastrapati mantrimandala ebong anya uccha padastha adhikarimananku nijukti dianti. sthaniah karjyanirbahee kartrupakhya kebala karjyanirbahee khyamatara eka dharabahikata. ehi byabastha sthaniah karjyanirbahee kartrupakhya ("yearly ikra hakimiyati") nka upare aajerabaijanare sthaniah rajya prashasanara aaingata sthiti nirdharana kare, jaahaa 16 june 1999 ray gruheeta hoithila. june 2012 ray, rastrapati nutan nijamabaliku anumodana karithile, jaahaa sthaniah karjyanirbahee kartupakhyanku atirikta khyamata pradan karithila, azerbaijan sadharanatantrara sambidhanara adhyaja 9 ray azerbaijan sthaniah byaparare semanankara prabhabasali sthitiku majboot karithila, sthaniah swajatta shasner pramukh prasangaku sambodhita kare, jepariki pourapalikara aaingata sthiti, sthaniah swajatta shasson sansthara prakara, semanankara moulika khyamata ebong anya sarkari sanstha sahita samparka . prashasanara anya namamatra stara heuchhi pourapalika ("bülÂdiyy"), ebong pourapalikara sadasyamane prati pancha barshare poura nirbachanare sadharana bhot dwara nirbachita huanti . bartamana saaraa deshare 1,607tii pourapalika rahichhi. sthaniah sarkar khetrare poura nirbachana sambandheeah ine ebong pourapalikara sthiti sambandheeah ine prathame grahan karajaithila (2 july 1999). poura seba sambandheeah ine poura karmacharinka karjyakalapa, semananka adhikara, karttabya, shrama abastha ebong samajika labhaku nijantrana kare ebong karjyanirbahee upkaranara dhancha ebong poura sebara sangathanaku ruparekha deithae. pourapalikara sthiti upare ine pourapalika sansthagudikara bhumika ebong dhanchaku nijantrana kare ebong aaingata ebong arthika swajattatara rajya guaranti ruparekha prastuta kare . samajika surakhya, samajika ebong arthanaitika bikash ebong sthaniah paribesha sambandheeah poura karjyakram grahan ebong karjyakaree kariba upare ine swatantra dhyana deithae. surakhya parishad heuchhi rastrapatinka adheenare bichara-bimarshakaree sanstha, ebong shay ehaaku sambidhana anujai ayojan karanti . ehaa 10 april 1997 ray sthapita hoithila. prashasanika bibhaga rastrapatinka karjyalajara eka ansha nuhen barang ubhaja rastrapati ebong taanka karjyalajara arthika, baishajika ebong arthika karjyakalapa parichalana kare . alijebha rajanaitika paribara ebong heidara alijebhanka dwara pratisthita nutan aajerabaijana party ("yeni ajwerabaikana partiacy", jaapa) rahr dirghasthaji prabhaba hetu, kichhi rajanaitika baigyanikanka dwara aajerabaijananka rajanaitika byabasthaku adhinajabadi bhabare byakhya karajaichi. deshar truteeja rastrapati, hydar alijebha (1993 ebong 2003 madhyare karjyakala; shay purbaru 1969 ebong 1982 madhyare aajerabaijanra communist partyra pratham sachiba thile, ebong 1982 ebong 1987 madhyare sobhieta sanghara pratham upa-pradhanamantri thile) 2003 ray taanka pua, chaturtha ebong barttamanara rastrapati ilham alijebhanka dwara uttaradhikari hoithile. jadio azerbaijan ehara swadheenata punaruddhara kariba paratharu aneka nirbachana karichhi ebong ganatantrar aneka aanusthanika anusthana achhi, ehaa swadheenata gruha dwara "mukta nuhen" bhabare bargeekruta hoichhi, jie ehaaku 2022 ray biswa swadheenata skorare 9/100 manyata deichhanti, ehaaku eka "ekeekruta adhinajabadi shasson" bolly kahichanti. nikata ateetare, rastrapati alijebha ebong sarkari kartupakhyanka samalochana paain bahu sankhyaka aajarbaijanee sambadika, blogger, okil ebong manabadhikara karmeenku girapha karajai jail pathajaichi. september 2015 ray europeah sansada dwara gruheeta eka prastaba aajerabaijanaku "gata dasha barsha madhyare samagra juresiaare ganatantrika shasanare sabutharu budd abakhyai bhoguthiba" bhabare barnana karichhi, ehaa madhya ullekha karichhi je manabadhikara upare desh sahita ehara bartalapa "kaunasi gurutwapurna agragati karinahin."17 march 2016 ray, aajaarabaijaanara rastrapati eka dikreere swakhyara karithile jaahaa kichhi enn. jii. oh. dwara rajanaitika bandi bhabare bibechita eka dajanaru adhika byaktinku khyama karithila. ehi aadeshaku americara rajya bibhaga eka sakaratmaka padakhyepa bhabare swagata karithila. 16 march 2017 ray anya eka khyama decree swakhyarita hoithila, jaahaa rajanaitika bandi bhabare bibechita atirikta byaktinku mukta karithila . bideshare ehara uddeshyaku prostahita kariba ebong deshare ehara nirbachanaku baidhata deba paain bideshi adhikari ebong kootaneetigyanku lanch deithibaru ajerabaijananku kathore samalochana karajaichi, jaahaaku kyabhijara kootaneeti kuhajae . tebe, 6 march 2017 ray, europeah strategic intelligence ebong security centre (ess. ee. ess. sii. sii.) "armenian sanjoga" namaka eka report prakash karithila, jeunthire ehaa manabadhikara enn. jii. oh. ebong gabeshana sangathana upare aakraman karithila ebong aajaarabaijaanare manabadhikara ullanghana ebong durneeti samalochana karithila. esiske sehi reportare drudhokti prakash karithile je esisira dwara bistruta "kyabhijara kootaneeti" reporti upbad upare aadharita eka sandehar batabarana srusti kariba uddeshyare emm. pii. ess. rahr eka netawarka gathan karithila jaahaa aajerabaijananka biruddhare eka rajanaitika juddhare jadita heba ebong europeah pii. emm. ess, armenia adhikari ebong kichhi enn. jii. oh. (manabadhikara watch, amnesty international, human rights houses foundation, "open dylog, europeah sthirata padakhyepa, ebong helasinki kamiti pharr human rights) nka dwara gathita netawarka soros foundation dwara arthajana karajaithila. robert colson (redio mukta europe) nka anujai, esiska heuchhi bakur labing prajasara eka ansha jaahaa janmat paribartana kariba paain front thinka tyanka byabaharaku bistara kare . friedom files analytical centre' kahichhi je "ehi reporti adhinajabadi pracharara sabutharu kharap paramparare lekhajaichhi". baideshika samparka. swalpakaleena azerbaijan ganatantrika ganarajya germany ebong phinalyandaku kootanaitika pratinidhi pathaiba sahita chhaati desh sahita kootanaitika samparka sthapana karibare saphala hoithila. dhwansasheela sobhieta sangharu aajerabaijananka swadheenataku antarjatija swekruti prakriya praiah eka barsha dhari chalithila . 1996 masiha navember 6 tarikhare, aajarabaijanaku swekruti pradan karithiba sabutharu sampratika desh thila bahren. turkey, pakistan, america, iran ebong israela sahita missioner parasparika binimai sameth sampurna kootanaitika samparka prathame sthapita hoithila. aajerabaijana turkey sahita ehara "swatantra samparka" upare eka nirdista gurutwa deichi. aajerabaijanara eparjyanta 158tii desh sahita kootanaitika samparka rahichhi ebong 38tii antarjatija sangathanare sadasyata rahichhi. ehaa anah-ment andolana ebong biswa banijya sangathanare parjyabekhyaka manyata dhaaran karichhi ebong antarjatija telecom junianare jane sambadadata . 2006 masiha meey 9 tarikhare, milita jatisanghara sadharana sabha dwara nabagathita manabadhikara parisadara sadasyata paain aajerabaijana nirbachita hoithile. ehi karjyakala 19 june 2006 ray arambha hoithila. aajerabaijana pratham thara paain 155 tii deshar samarthanare 2011 ray jayu. enn. surakhya parisadara asthajee sadasya bhabare nirbachita hoithile. sarbaprathame, aajaarabaijaanara baideshika nitira prathamikata madhyare rahichhi ehara anchalika akhandatara punaruddhara; nagarno-karabakh ebong nagarno-karabakh aakhapaakhare thiba aajaarabaijaanara anya satati anchala dakhlar parinamara bilopa; europeah ebong yuro-atlantic dhanchare ekikarana; antarjatija surakhyare yogdan; antarjatija sangathana sahita sahjog; anchalika sahjog ebong dwipakhika samparka; pratirakhya samarthyaku sudrudha kariba; gharoi neeti dwara surakhyaku prostahita kariba; ganatantraku sudrudha kariba; jatigata ebong dharmika sahanasheelataku sanrakhyana kariba; baigyanika, sikhyagata ebong sanskrutika neeti ebong naitika mulyabodha sanrakhyana; arthika ebong samajika bikash; aabhyantareen ebong seema surakhya brudhi; ebong sthanantarana, shakti ebong paribahana surakhya neeti. azarbaijan heuchhi antarjatija aatankabada birodhare ladhuthiba antarjatija mentagudikara eka sakriya sadasya, ebong september 11 aakraman parey samarthan pradan karithiba pratham deshamananka madhyaru anyatama . kosobho, afghanistan ebong iraakare shanti rakhya prajasare yogdan curry, deshati shanti karjyakram paain natore bhagidarira eka sakriya sadasya . aajerabaijana madhya 2001 masiharu europeah parisadara sadasya ebong europeah sangha sahita bhal samparka bajaiah rakhichhanti. desh sheshare europeah sanghara sadasyata paain abedan karipare. 1 july 2021 ray, jayu. ess. congress aainaku aagaku badhaithila jaahaa 2012 ru washington aajarbaijanaku pathaithiba samarika sahajata upare prabhaba pakaiba. ehaa ehi karanaru thila je aarmeniaaku package, ehaa paribarte, yathesta chhot . samarika. adhunika aajerabaijana senara itihas 1918 masihare aajerabaijana ganatantrika ganarajya kalaru arambha hoithila, jetebele 26 june 1918ray nabagathita aajerabaijana ganatantrika ganarajyara jatiah sena gathan karajaithila. jetebele sobhieta unionara bighatana parey aajerabaijana swadheenata hassel karithila, setebele 9 october 1991rahr sashastra bahini upare ine anujai aajerabaijana ganatantrar sashastra bahini srusti karajaithila. swalpakaleena jatiah sena pratisthara moola tarikh aajira aajerabaijanare sena dibasa (26 june) bhabare palana karajae. 2021 masiha suddha, aajerabaijanara sashastra baahineere 1,26,000 sakriya karmachari thile. ethaare 17,000 ardhasamarika bahini ebong 330,000 rijarbha karmachari madhya achanti. sashastra bahineera tinoti shakha rahichhih sthalasena, bayusena ebong nausena. ehaa byatita sashastra bahini aneka samarika upa-gostheeku antarbhukta kare jaahaa aabasyaka samajare rajya pratirakhyare jadita hoipariba . egudika heuchhi aabhyantareen byapara mantranalaja ebong rajya seema sebara aabhyantareen sainya, jeunthire tatarakhi bahini madhya antarbhukta. aajerabaijana national gard heuchhi eka atirikta ardhasamarika bahini. ehaa rastrapatinka adhinastha eka agency swatantra rajya surakhya sebara eka ardha-swadheena sanstha bhabare karjya kare . aajerabaijana yuropara paramparika sashastra bahini upare hoithiba chuktiku palana karanti ebong samasta pramukh antarjatija astrashastra ebong astrashastra chukti swakhyara karichanti. aajerabaijana shanti paain bhagidari ebong byaktigata bhagidari karjya yojana/pfp ebong ipa bhali karjyakramare nato sahita ghanistha sahjog karithae. azerbaijan nijara shantirakhya bahineera 151 john iraakre ebong aau 184 john afaganistanare nijojita karichanti. azarbaijan ehara pratirakhya bajetare $2.24 billion kharcha karithila, jaahaa ehara mote gdpira 5.4% ebong sadharana sarkari kharchara kichhi <aai. dii. 1> thila. aajerabaijani pratirakhya shilpa chhot astrashastra, artilary system, tyank, armer ebong night bhijan device, biman chalachala boma, juebhi/manababihina aakash yaana, bibhinna samarika yaana ebong samarika biman ebong helicopter utpadana kare . prashasanika bibhaga. aajarabaijana prashasanika bhabe 14tii arthanaitika anchalare bibhakta; ganatantrar pratyakhya khyamata adheenare 66tii rayon (ekbachan) ebong 11tii sahara (ekbachan) rahichhi. ehaa byatita, aajerabaijanare nakhachibhan rahr swajangsasita ganarajya () antarbhukta . aajerabaijaanara rastrapati ehi junitgudikara rajyapalamananku nijukta karanti, jetebele kii nakhachivana sarkar nakhachibhana swajangsasita ganarajyara sansada dwara nirbachita ebong anumodita . arthabyabastha. 1991ray swadheenata hassel kariba parey, aajerabaijana antarjatija mudra panthi, biswa byanka, europeah byanka pharr reconstruction anded development, islamic development byanka ebong asiah bikash byankara sadasya hoithile. aajerabaijanara byankinga byabastha aajerabaijanara kendriah byanka, banijyika byanka ebong anah-byankinga credit sangathanaku nei gathita . jatiah (bartamana kendriah) byanka 1992 ray azerbaijan rajya sanchai byanka upare aadharita thila, jaahaa jayu. ess. ess. aarr. rahr purbatana rajya sanchai byankara eka anubandhita . kendriah byanka aajerabaijaanara kendriah byanka bhabare karjya kare, jatiah mudra, aajerabaijanee manath jaari karibaku ebong samasta banijyika byankara tadarakh karibaku khyamataprapta . duiti pramukh banijyika byanka heuchhi junibyanka ebong abrab ibrahimovanka dwara parichalita rastrajatta antarjatija byanka off azerbaijan. byaja ebong chahida brudhi dwara prerita hoi, 2007rahr pratham traimasikare mudrasfeeti haara <aai. dii. 1> ray pahanchithila. ehi sankhya tulanare namamatra aaja ebong masika majuri jathakrame 29 pratishata ebong 25 pratishata brudhi paichi, kintu anah-taila shilpare mulya brudhi mudrasfeeti brudhi karichhi. aajerabaijana ehara druta abhibruddhishila shakti khetra hetu tathakathita "douch roga" rahr kichhi lakhyan darshae, jaahaa mudrasfeeti srusti kare ebong anah-shakti raptaniku adhika byajabahula kare . 2000 dashkar prarambhare, deerghakaleena uccha mudrasfeeti nijantranaku anajaithila. ehaa dwara arthika sanskaraku sudrudha kariba ebong eka asthira arthabyabasthara chinhagudiku hataiba paain 2006 masiha januari 1 tarikhare eka nutan mudra, nooa aajerabaijani manat, prachalan karajaithila. anya sii. aai. ess. desagudika tulanare, 'aai. dii. 1'. paain baiswika pratidwandita reportare aajerabaijana 57tama sthanare rahichhi. 2012 suddha aajerabaijanara jii. dii. pii. 1995 stararu 20 guna brudhi paithila. shakti ebong prakrutika sambala. aajerabaijaanara dui trutijansha taila ebong prakrutika gyasare samruddha. aajerabaijanara taila silpara itihas pracheen kalaru arambha hoichhi. arab itihasagya tatha parjyataka ahammed all-baladhuri pracheen kaalare abasheran upadweepara arthabyabastha bishajare alochana karithile, bisesh curry ehara taila bishajare ullekha karithile. aajerabaijanare aneka pipeline achhi . dakhina gas corrider lakhya, jaahaa aajerabaijaanara bishala shaah deniz gas khetraku europe sahita sanjoga kare, taaha heuchhi rushiah gas upare europeah sanghara nirbharasheelataku hrass kariba. deshar adhikansha suna, rupa, luha, tamba, titanium, chromium, manganij, cobalt, molybodenum, jatila dhataba ebong antimony paain khudra cacasus anchala daie . 1994 masiha september maasare, aajerabaijana ganarajyara (sokara) sarkari taila company ebong 13tii taila company madhyare eka 30 barshar chukti swakhyarita hoithila, sethi madhyaru amoco, bipi, exonmobil, lukoil ebong equinera antarbhukta. jehetu paschatya taila companymane sobhiet shoshan dwara asprushya gabhira jala taila khetraku tapp karibaku sakhyama, tenu azerbaijan taila anusandhana ebong bikash paain biswara anyatama gurutwapurna sthana bhabare bibechana karajae . iti madhyare, bruhata arthika sthirata, taila rajaswa parichalanare swachata ebong bhabisyata pidhi paain sambalara surakhya sunishchita kariba paain eka atirikta budget panthi bhabare aajerabaijaanara rajya taila panthi pratistha karajaithila. aajerabaijanare jaiba samarthya hassel kariba biswara harahari tulanare comm. 2016 masihare, aajerabaijanara niz anchalare prati byakti pichha 0.8 biswa hector jaiba khyamata thila, jaahaa biswara harahari 1.6 hector prati byakti tulanare adhaa thila. 2016 masihare aajerabaijana byakti pichha 2.1 hector jaiba-khyamata byabahara karithila-jaahaa heuchhi semanankara paribesagata byabaharara padachinha. ehara artha semane aajerabaijana tulanare adhika jaiba khyamata byabahara karanti . phalaswaroopa, aajerabaijana jaiba samarthya abhabare gati karuchhi. sakaara' rahr eka upa-company 'azericas' 2021 suddha deshar sampurna gyasikarana sunishchita karibaku lakhya rakhichhi. aajerabaijana heuchhi purba-paschima ebong uttara-dakhina shakti paribahana corrider anyatama prajojaka. baaku-twilisi-cars rela line caspian anchalaku turkey sahita sanjoga kariba, jaahaa july 2017 ray samapta heba bolly aasha karajauchhi. trans-anatolian gas pipeline (tanap) ebong trans adriatic pipeline (tapp) aajerabaijaanara shaah deniz gas ru turkey ebong juropaku prakrutika gas bitarana kariba . azarbaijan 14 september 2017 ray soker ebong coe-ventures (bipi, shevaran, inpex, equinera, exonmobil, tipi, itochu ebong ongc bidesh) dwara swakhyarita sanshodhita psa anujai acgr bikash upare rajinama 2050 parjyanta brudhi karithila. krushi. aajerabaijanare ehi anchalara sarbabruhata krushi ababahika rahichhi. aajerabaijaanara praiah 54.9 pratishata krushi jami. 2007 masiha prarambhare, byabahruta krushi khetrara <aai. dii. 1> hector thila. sehi barsha mote kaath sambala 136 nijuta ghana mitter thila. aajerabaijaanara krushi baigyanika gabeshana pratisthanagudika trinabhumi ebong charanbhumi, udyan krushi ebong upakranteeja fasal, sabuja panipariba, viticalture ebong wine utpadana, kapaa utpadana ebong oushadheeja udbhida upare dhyana kendrit karichanti. keteka anchalare shasya, aalu, chini bitt, kapaa ebong tamakhu chaash kariba labhadajaka. pashupalana, dugdhajata drabya, ebong mudd ebong spirit madhya gurutwapurna krushi utpada. caspian machadhara shilpa sturgeon ebong belugara hrass pauthiba stock upare dhyana deithae . 2002 masihare aajerabaijani banika samudrikanka pakhare 54tii jahaz thila. purbaru bidesharu amdani karajaithiba keteka utpada sthaniah starare utpadana arambha hoichhi. segudika madhyare coca-cola buttler limited dwara prastuta coca-cola rahichhi., bucky-castell dwara biara, nehira dwara parkett ebong jupeka pipe lepon aajerabaijana dwara taila pipe . parjyatan. parjyatan heuchhi aajerabaijaanara arthabyabasthara eka gurutwapurna ansha. 1980 dashakare ehi desh eka prasidha parjyatan sthalee thila. sobhieta sanghara patana ebong 1990 dashakare pratham nagarno-karabakh juddha parjyatan shilpa ebong eka parjyatan sthalee bhabare aajerabaijanra bhabamurtiku khyatigrasta karithila. 2000 dashaka parjyanta parjyatan shilpa punaruddhara arambha karinathila, ebong ehaa paratharu desh parjyataka paridarshan ebong ratarati rahani sankhyare uccha harror abhibruddhi anubhaba karichhi. nikata ateetare, dharmika, spa ebong swasthyaseba parjyatan paain aajerabaijana madhya eka lokpriya gantabya sthalare parinata hoichhi. sheeta ruture, shahdag parbata researtre atyadhunika subidha sahita skiing subidha pradan karajaithae. azerbaijan sarkar azerbaijan ku eka abhijata parjyatan sthalee bhabe bikashita kariba paain sarbocha prathamikata deichhanti. parjyatanaku eka pramukh, jadi ekaka sarbabruhata nuhen, tebe aajerabaijanee arthabyabasthare jogadanakari kariba eka jatiah ranneeti . ehi karjyakalapagudika aajerabaijaanara sanskruti ebong parjyatan mantranalaja dwara nijantrita hoithae. 63tii desh rahichhi jeunmanankara bhisa-mukta score rahichhi. ee-bhisa-bhisa aabasyaka karuthiba desagudikara bidesheemananka aajarabaijana ganarajya gasta paain. biswa arthanaitika former bhraman ebong parjyatan pratidwandita report 2015 anujai, aajerabaijana 84 tama sthanare rahichhi. biswa bhraman ebong parjyatan parisadara eka report anujai, 2010 ebong 2016 madhyare parjyataka raptanire sabutharu adhika abhibruddhi dekhaithiba shirsha dashati desh madhyare aajerabaijana thila, ehaa byatita, gata barsha antargami antarjatija parjyataka kharcha paain drudha suchaka sahita, druta bikashashila bhraman ebong parjyatan arthabyabastha thiba desh madhyare aajerabaijana pratham (46.1%) sthanare rahithila. paribahana. resham rasta ebong dakhina-uttara corrider bhali pramukh antarjatija traphika dhamanigudikara sanjoga pathare aajerabaijanra subidhajanaka abasthana deshar arthaneeti paain paribahana khetrara rananaitika gurutwaku darshauchhi. deshar paribahana khetrare sadaka, rela, biman chalachala ebong samudrika paribahana antarbhukta. kanchamal paribahana khetrare aajerabaijana madhya eka gurutwapurna arthanaitika kendra. baaku-twilisi-sehan pipeline (bii. tii. sii.) meey 2006 ray karjyakhyama hoithila ebong azerbaijan, georgia ebong turkey anchala tulanare adhika prasarita hoithila. barshika 50 nijuta tone ashodhita taila paribahana kariba paain bii. tii. sii. rahr parikalpana karajaichi ebong ehaa caspian samudrika taila khetraru biswa bajaraku taila paribahana karithae. dakhina cacasus pipeline, jaahaa aajerabaijana, georgia ebong turkey anchala madhya dei byapichhi, 2006 masiha sheshare karjyakhyama hoithila ebong shaah deniz gas khetraru europeah bajaraku atirikta gas jogaana pradan kare . shaah deniz pratibarsha 296 billion cubic mitter prakrutika gas utpadana kariba bolly aasha karajauchhi. europeah sangha-prajojita resham sadaka prakalpare madhya aajerabaijana eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithae. 2002 masihare, aajerabaijani sarkar byapaka neeti ebong nijamaka karjya sahita paribahana mantranalaja pratistha karithile. sehi barsha, desh sadaka traphika upare bhiena sammilanira sadasya hoithila . arthabyabasthara anya khetragudikara bikashaku adhika sugama kariba paain paribahana netawarkara unnatikarana ebong paribahana sebare unnati aaniba heuchhi prathamikata. 2012 masihare cars-twilisi-baaku relpath nirmanara uddeshya thila purbare chean ebong kazakhstanara relapathaku turkey dei paschimare europeah rela byabastha sahita sanjoga curry acia ebong europe madhyare paribahanare unnati aaniba. 2010 masihare broadgage relpath ebong bidyutakruta relpath jathakrame ebong ethipain samprasarita hoithila. 2010 masiha suddha 35tii bimanbandar ebong gotie heliport thila. bigyana ebong prajukti. ekabingsha shatabdire, eka nutan taila ebong gasser brudhi aajerabaijaanara bigyana ebong prajukti khetrare paristhitiku unnat karibare sahajya karithila. sarkar adhunikeekarana ebong nabasrujana uddeshyare eka abhijana arambha karithile. sarakaranka akalana anujai, suchana prajukti ebong jogajoga udyogaru laabh brudhi paiba ebong taila utpadana sahita tulana karajaipariba. aajerabaijanare eka bruhata ebong kramagata bhabare brudhi pauthiba internet khetra achhi, jaahaa prajatah 2007-2008 rahr arthika sankata dwara prabhabita nuhen; ati kamare ahuri pancha barsha paain druta abhibruddhi purbanumana karajaichi . 2021 masihare biswa nabasrujana suchakankare aajerabaijana 80tama sthanare rahithila, jaahaa 2019ray 84tama sthanare thila. desh nijara telecom khetrara bikash digare madhya pragati karuchhi. jogajoga ebong suchana prajukti mantranalaja (emm. sii. aai. tii.) ebong aajtelekamare ehara bhumika madhyamare eka operator ubhaja neeti nirdharaka ebong nijamaka atanti. sthaniah cull paain sarbajaneena pephone upalabdha ebong telephone exchanges kimba kichhi dokan ebong kioskaru eka token kraiah karibaku padiba . tokengudika anirdista kaalara cull karibaku anumathi deithae. sethare 1,397,000 mukhya telephone line ebong 1,485,000 internet byabaharakaree thile. charoti jii. ess. emm. pradanakari achantih azercel, azarfan (enn. aarr. mobile), nakhatel mobile netawarka operator ebong jane cdma. ekabingsha shatabdire elchin khalilov ebong anyamananka moulika karjya dwara anupranita hoi aneka bisista aajarbaijani bhugatika bigyana ebong bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-gatika bigyana ebong bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-bhu-gatika bigyana baigyanikamane shaha shaha shaha bhukampa purbanumana kendra ebong bhukampa-pratirodhaka attalika gudikar parikalpana prastuta karithile, jaahaa bartamana bhukampa seba kendratira adhikansha ansha gathan kare. aajerabaijana jatiah aerospace agency ehara pratham upgraha azersat 1 ku 7 februari 2013 ray 46° purba kakhyapathare thiba french gajanara gayana mahakash kendraru kakhyapathare utakhyepana karithila. ehi upgraha europe ebong acia ebong africar eka gurutwapurna anshaku antarbhukta kare ebong tibhi ebong redio prasarana sahita internetra prasarana seba pradan kare . kakhyapathare eka upgraha utakhyepana heuchhi nijara mahakash udyoga sahita eka rastra hebara lakhyaku sakara kariba digare aajerabaijananka pratham padakhyepa, jaahaa bhabishyatare saphalatara saha adhika prakalpa karjyakaree karibare sakhyama . janasankhyika. march 2022 suddha, aajaarabaijaanara mote janasankhyara 52.9% heuchhi saharanchal, abasista 47.1% heuchhi gramanchala. januari 2019 ray, mote janasankhyara 50.1% mahila thile. sehi barsha linga anupata thila mahila pichha 0.99 purush. biswabyapee 'id2' tulanare 2011 masihar janasankhya brudhi haara 'id1' thila. janasankhya brudhiku seemita karuthiba eka gurutwapurna kaaran heuchhi uccha starar sthanantarana. 2011 masihare aajerabaijanare-1.14/1,000 lock sthanantarita hoithile. aajarbaijanee prabasi 42tii deshare dekhibaku milithae ebong phalaswaroopa azerbaijan bhitare jatigata sankhyalaghunka paain aneka kendra rahichhi, jeunthire german sanskrutika samaj "carelhus", slebhik sanskrutika kendra, aajarbaijanee-israela sampradai, kurdish sanskrutika kendra, antarjatija talish sangha, lezzin jatiah kendra "samur", aajarbaijanee-tatara sampradai, crimean tatara samaj ityadi antarbhukta. mote, aajerabaijanare 78tii sahara, 63tii sahara zillah ebong gotie swatantra aaingata manyata prapta sahara rahichhi. 261tii saharanchal-prakarara janabasati ebong 4248tii gramm egudiku anusarana karanti. jatibheda. 2009 janganana anusare janasankhyara jatigata gathanah 91.6% azarbaijani, 2% lezzin, 1.4% armenian (praiah samasta armenian nagarno-karabakhar bichhinna anchalare ruhanti), 1.3% rusie, 1.3% talish, 0.6% aabhar, 0.40% turkey, 0.3% tattar, 0.3% taat, 0.2% yukreneeah, 0.1% sakhar, 0.1% georgian, 0.01% ihudi, 0.1% kurd, anya 0.2%. bhasha. sarkari bhasha heuchhi aajerabaijani, jaahaa eka turkeah bhasha. aajarbaijani bhasha janasankhyara praiah 92 pratishata lock matrubhasha bhabe byabahara karithanti. rushiah ebong armenian (kebala nagarno-karabakhare) madhya kuhajae, ebong pratyeka jathakrame janasankhyara praiah 1.5% rahr matrubhasha . deshare sthaniah bhabe kuhajauthiba eka dajanaru adhika anya sankhyalaghu bhasha rahichhi. aabhar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalug, creat, lezzin, rutul, talish, taat, sakhar ebong udi samaste khudra sankhyalaghunka dwara kuhajanti . ehi bhasha sampradajagudika madhyaru keteka bahuta chhot ebong semananka sankhya hrass pauchhi. 1989 masihare nagarno-karabakhare armenian bhasha sankhyagaristha bhasha thila, jahara 76 pratishata thila. pratham nagarno-caraback juddha parey, janasankhya praiah 95 pratishata thila, jaahaa kebala armenian thila. dharma. aajerabaijanaku sabutharu dharmanirapekhya musalman bahula desh bhabe bibechana karajae. mote janasankhyara praiah 97 pratishata heuchhanti musalman. musalamanamananka madhyaru praiah 55-85% shia hoithiba akalana karajaithiba bele musalamanamananka madhyaru 15-45% sunni atanti. deshar bibhinna jatigata gosthi dwara anya dharma palana karajae . ehara sambidhanara dhaara 48 anujai, aajerabaijana eka dharmanirapekhya rastra ebong dharmika swadheenata sunishchita kare . eka 'id1' gallup polare, aajerabaijaanara maatra 21 pratishata uttaradata kahithile je dharma semananka dainandina jeebner eka gurutwapurna ansha. deshar dharmika sankhyalaghunka madhyaru, aanumanika 280,000 khristian (3.1%) mukhyatah rushiah ebong georgian orthodox ebong armenian apostolic (praiah samasta armenian nagarno-karabakhar bichhinna anchalare ruhanti) . 2003 masihare 250 john roman catholic thile. 2002 masiha suddha anya khristian sampradai madhyare lutheran, baptist ebong molocan antarbhukta. ethaare eka chhot protestant sampradai madhya rahichhi. aajerabaijanara eka pracheen ihudi janasankhya madhya achhi jahara 2000 barshar itihas achhi; ihudi sangathanagudikara akalana anujai 12,000 ihudi aajerabaijanare rahichanti, jaahaa israela ebong america bahare ekamatra ihudi-sankhyagaristha sahara . aajerabaijanare bahai, harey krishna ebong jehobanka sakhi sampradayara sadasya tatha anya dharmika sampradayara anugamimane madhya baasa karanti. keteka dharmika sampradajaku dharmika swadheenataru anaanusthanika bhabe pratibandhita karajaichi. aii jayu.ess. ehi prasangare rajya bibhagara reportare keteka musalman ebong khristian gosthira sadasyanku ataka rakhajaithiba ullekha rahichhi, ebong aneka gosthi dharmaku nijantrana karuthiba agency, azarbaijan ganarajyara dharmika sangha upare rajya kamiti (swra) ray panjikarana karibare asubidha anubhaba karuchanti. sikhya. apekhyakruta adhika pratishata aajarbaijaneemane kaunasi naa kaunasi prakarara uccha sikhya hassel karichanti, bisesh curry baigyanika ebong baishajika bishajagudikare. sobhieta jugare, sakhyarata ebong harahari sikhya stara semanankara nimna prarambhika binduru natakiah bhabare brudhi paithila, manaka barnamalare duiti paribartana satwe, 1920 dashakare parso-arabic lipiru latinku ebong 1930 dashakare romanaru cyrillic ku . sobhiet tathya anujai, 1970 masihare 100 pratishata purush ebong mahila (naaru untalish barsha) sakhyara thile. milita jatisanghara bikash karjyakram report 2009 anujai, aajerabaijanare sakhyarata haara 99.5 pratishata. swadheenata paratharu, aajerabaijananka sansada nijaku sobhieta sangharu alga kariba paain parita karithiba pratham ine madhyaru gotie thila cyrillic badalare eka sanshodhita-lattin barnamala grahan kariba. ehaa byatita aajerabaijani byabasthare samanya dhanchagata paribartana ghatichhi. prarambhika paribartanagudika madhyare dharmika sikhyara punahpratishtha (sobhieta shasson kaalare nishidha) ebong pathyakrama paribartana antarbhukta jaahaa aajerabaijani bhasara byabahara upare punarbara gurutwa deichi ebong aadarsagata bishajabastuku samapta karichhi. prathamika bidyalaja byatita, shikhyanushthanagudikare hazar hazar prack bidyalaja, sadharana madhyamika bidyalaja ebong bruttigata bidyalaja antarbhukta, jeunthire swatantra madhyamika bidyalaja ebong baishajika bidyalaja antarbhukta . nabam shreni parjyanta sikhya badhyatamoolaka. sanskruti. aneka prabhaba jogun aajerabaijanara sanskruti bikashita hoichhi; sethipain aajerabaijaniramane aneka drustiru, dui-sanskrutika atanti. aaji, jagatikruta upabhokta sanskruti sameth paschatya prabhaba satwe deshare jatiah parampra bhal bhabare sanrakhita hoichhi. aajerabaijani sanskrutira keteka mukhya upadan heuchhih sangeeta, sahitya, lokanrutya ebong kalaa, randhan pranali, sthapatya, cinematography ebong novruj bairam . parabarteeti pracheen iranian dharma jorostreejabadare nutan barshar paramparika utsabaru utpanna hoichhi . novraj eka paribarika chutidina. upare ullekha karajaithiba anujai, aajerabaijanara janasankhyara profilere, deshar bibhinna anchalare basabasa karuthiba aajerabaijanis, tatha anyanya jatijata kimba jatigata gosthi antarbhukta . aajerabaijani jatiah ebong paramparika poshaka heuchhi chokha ebong papakhi . rushiah, georgian, kurdish, lezzian ebong talish bhasare redio prasarana achhi, jaahaa rajya bajetaru arthajana karajae . balakan ebong khachmajra keteka sthaniah redio station aabhar ebong taat ray prasarana ayojan karanti . bakur aneka khabarkagaj rushiah, kurdish ("dengi kurd"), lezzian ("samur") ebong talish bhasare prakashita hue . ihudi samaj "sokhnat" "aziz" sambadapatra prakash kare . sangeeta ebong lokanrutya. aajerabaijanara sangeeta lock parampra upare aadharita, jaahaa praiah eka hazar barsha puruna. shaha shaha barsha dhari aajarbaijanee sangeeta ekatara byaja adheenare bikashita hoichhi, chandabaddha bhabare bibidha sura srusti karichhi . aajerabaijani sangeetara eka shakha mode system achhi, jeunthare pramukh ebong chhot scaler chromatisation atyanta gurutwapurna . jatiah badyajantra madhyare 14tii taara badyajantra, athati talabadya ebong chhaati pabana badyajantra rahichhi. grobh dicksonary off music anded museasian" anujai, jaati, sanskruti ebong dharma drustiru aajarbaijanee turkey apekhya sangeeta drustiru iranara bahuta nikatatar ." mogal, mekhana ebong aashika kalaa aajerabaijanara aneka sangeeta parampra madhyare rahichhi. mugam sadharanatah kabita ebong badyajantrara antaralare eka suite . mogal paribeshana kariba samajare gajakamananku niz bhabanaku geeta ebong sangeetare parinata karibaku padithae. kendriah asiah desagudikara mugam parampra tulanare, aajarbaijani mugam adhika mukta ebong comm kathore; ehaaku prajatah jaz rahr improvise khetra sahita tulana karajae . yunesko 7 navember 2003 ray aajerabaijani mugam paramparaku manabatara moukhika ebong adrushya aitihyara eka shrestha kruti bhabare ghoshana karithila. mekhana heuchhi eka prakarara paramparika aajerabaijani swatantra lock sangata geeta, jaahaa sadharanatah eka nirdista bishai upare improvise karuthiba aneka lokanka dwara paribeshana karajae . aashik kabita, kahani kahiba, nrutya, ebong kantha ebong jantra sangeetaku eka paramparika pradarshan kalaare mishran kare jaahaa aajerabaijani sanskrutira pratika bhabare chhida hoichhi . ehaa eka rahasyamai trobador kimba bhraman bard jie saz gaana karanti ebong bajanti . ehi paramparar utpatti pracheen turkey lokanka shamanabadi biswasaru hoichhi . ashikanka gitagudika sadharana aadhaaraku nei ardha-unnat . 30 september 2009 ray yunesko dwara aajerabaijananka aashik kalaku asprushya sanskrutika aitihya talikare antarbhukta karajaithila. 1960 dashkar madhyabhagaru, paschatya-prabhabita aajerabaijani pop sangeeta, ehara bibhinna roopare, jaahaa aajerabaijanare lokaprijata brudhi pauchhi, jetebele kii rock ebong hip hup pari sailee byapaka bhabare utpadita ebong upavoga karajae . alim kasimov, raseed bebudov, wazif mustafazadeh, musalman magomajev, sobhkat alakwarobha ebong rubaba muradovanka pari kalakaranka antarjatija lokaprijata sahita aajarbaijani pop ebong aajarbaijani lock sangeeta utpanna hoithila . aajerabaijana yurobhijan geeta pratijogitare jane utsahi anshagrahanakaree . 2008 yurobhijan geeta pratijogitare azerbaijan ehara pratham upasthiti karithile . 2009ray deshar prabesha truteeja sthana hassel karithila ebong taa 'para barsha pancham sthanare pahanchithila. ell ebong nikki yurobhijan geeta pratijogita 2011 ray pratham sthana jitithile, "running dari" geeta sahita, 2012 ray bakur ehi pratijogitara ayojan karibaku aajarbaijanku adhikara deithile. semane pratijogitara 2018 sanskarana parjyanta pratyeka grand final paain jogyata arjan karichanti, gajaka aaijelanka dwara x maai hart sahita prabesha karichanti . ethaare dozen dozen aajarbaijanee lokanrutya rahichhi. segudika aanusthanika utsabare paribeshana karajaithae ebong nrutyashilpeemane jatiah poshaka pindhithanti, jepariki chokha, jaahaa jatiah nrutya madhyare bhal bhabe sanrakhita. adhikansha nrutyare ati druta taala thaae. sahitya. adhunika aajerabaijani ganarajyara anchalika seema madhyare janmita madhyajugeeja lekhakamananka madhyare parasya kabi ebong darshanika nizami thile, jieki taanka janmasthana anusare ganjabhi kuhajauthile, ganja, jieki 'khamsa' ('quintuplate') rahr lekhaka thile, panchti romantic kabitaku nei gathita, jeunthire 'rahasyara bhandara', 'khosro ebong shrin', ebong 'leili ebong mejnun' antarbhukta. likhita aajerabaijani sahityara sarbapracheena janashuna byakti thile izzeddin hasanoghlu, jie parasya ebong aajerabaijani gajalaku nei eka diban rachna karithile. parcy gajalare shay taanka chadmanam byabahara karithile, jetebele kii tankara aajerabaijanee gajal taanka niz naamare hasanoghlu rachna karajaithila . 14shaa shatabdire, tabriz ebong shirbhan aadi madhyajugara bibhinna upabhashagudika upare aadharita, aajarbaijanee bhasare shastriya sahityara gathan hoithila. ehi samaira kabimananka madhyare ghazi burhanaddin, hakiki (jahann shaah kaaraa kojunalunka chadmanam) ebong habibi thile. 14shaa shatabdir sheshabhagare imadaddin nasiminka sahityika karjyakalapa arambha hebara samai thila, jieki 14shaa shatabdir seshabhaga ebong 15shaa shatabdir prarambhare sarbashrestha aajarbaijani hurufi rahasyabadee kabimananka madhyaru jane ebong turkey sahitya itihasara anyatama pramukh prarambhika diban guru, jieki parcy ebong arabi bhasare kabita rachna karithile. kabi kasem-aii anbar, fuzuli ebong khatai (safabid shaah ismel-1 rahr chadmanam) nka dwara diban ebong gajal sailee ahuri bikashita hoithila . dede korkut pustaka" ray 16shaa shatabdire nakal hoithiba duiti pandulipi rahichhi, ebong ehaa 15shaa shatabdi purbaru lekhajai nathila. ehaa oghuj jajabaramananka moukhika paramparaku pratiphalita karuthiba 12tii kahanira eka sangraha. 16shaa shatabdir kabi mahammad fuzuli arabi, parcy ebong aajerabaijani bhasare tankara kalateeta darshanika ebong geetikara "kazal" prastuta karithile. niz paribeshara sunder sahityika parampararu byapaka bhabe upakruta hoi ebong purbapurushanka parampra aadhaarare, fuzuli taanka samajara agrani sahityika byaktitwa heba paain bhagyabana thile. tankara pramukh rachanagudika madhyare rahichhi "dee diban off gajal" ebong "dee kasidas". sehi shatabdire, aajharabaijani sahitya aashika () kabya saileera bikash sahita ahuri bikashita hoithila. sehi samajare, 'khaatee' ('pappy' paain) shaah ismel chadmanamare mun aajarbaijanee bhasare praiah 1400 pada lekhithili, jaahaa parey taanka 'diban' bhabare prakashita hoithila. ehi samajare 'kushma' ('improvisation' paain) naamare eka ananya sahitya sailee prabartana karajaithila, ebong shaha ismel ebong parey taanka pua tatha uttaradhikari shaah tahmasp I dwara bikashita hoithila. 17shaa ebong 18shaa shatabdire, fuzulira ananya sailee tatha asik kabita pramukh kabi ebong lekhakanka dwara grahan karajaithila jepariki tabrijara kobhasi, shaah abbas shaani, nishat, molah bhali bidadi, molah panah wazif, aami, jaffer ebong anyanya. turkey, turkman ebong ujwekmananka sahita, aajerabaijanimane madhya jane kimbadanti lock najaka koroglu ("andha byaktinka pua" paain) rahr mahakabya palana karanti . koroglu mahakabyara aneka documented sanskarana aajerabaijanara jatiah bigyana ekademira pandulipi paain anusthanare rahichhi . aajerabaijanare adhunika aajerabaijani sahitya mukhyatah shirbani upabhasha upare aadharita hoithibabele iranare ehaa tabriji bhasha upare aadharita. aajerabaijani bhasara pratham sambadapatra, "aakinchi" 1875 masihare prakashita hoithila. unabinsha shatabdir madhyabhagare, ehaaku baaku, ganja, shaaki, twilisi ebong yerebhan bidyalajare padhajauthila. 1845 masiharu, ehaa rushiaara cent pietersberg biswabidyalajare madhya padhajauthila. lock kalaa. aajerabaijanimanankara eka samruddha ebong swatantra sanskruti rahichhi, jahara eka pramukh ansha heuchhi alankarika ebong prajogika kalaa . ehi kalaara pratinidhitwa bibhinna prakarara hastasilpa dwara hoithae, jepariki pichha kariba, alankara, dhature khodita, kaath, pathara, asthi, carpet tiari, lesing, dhancha bunaiba ebong mudrana, ebong buniba ebong embroidery . ehi prakarara pratyeka alankarika kalaa, aajerabaijana rastrara danara pramana, ethaare bahuta sapakhyare achhi . bibhinna samajare ehi sthanagudiku paridarshan karithiba aneka byabasajee, parjyataka ebong kootaneetigyanka dwara aajerabaijanare kalaa ebong hastashilpara bikash sambandheeah aneka aakarshaneeah tathya report karajaithila. aajerabaijani carpet heuchhi bibhinna akarara eka paramparika hastnirmit boyne, eka ghana texture ebong eka pail kimba pail-comm prustha sahita, jahara dhancha aajerabaijanara aneka carpet tiari anchalara baisistya . navember 2010 ray, aajarbaijanee karpetaku yunesko dwara eka adrushya aitihyara shrestha kruti bhabare ghoshana karajaithila. pracheen kalaru aajerabaijana bibhinna prakarara silpara kendra bhabe janashuna. aajerabaijana anchalare pratnatatwika khanan suu-bikashita krushi, stock uthaiba, dhaatu karjya, mrupatra, syramic ebong carpet-bunibara pramana deuchhi jaahaa khreestapoorba 2jaiah sahasrabdi parjyanta thila . bii. tii. sii. pipeline ru aabiskruta hoithiba dasbulac, hassansu, jajamachai ebong tovujachaira pratnatatwika sthanagudika prarambhika lauha jugara kalakruti prakash karichanti. aajerabaijani karpetaku aneka budd gosthi ebong bahu upagostheere bargeekruta karajaipare . aajerabaijani carpetra baigyanika gabeshana jane bisista baigyanika ebong kalakara latif karimovnka naama sahita jadita . tankara bargikarana hinn charoti bruhata carpet samoohaku charoti bhougolika anchala jathaa-aajerabaijana, guba-shirban, ganja-kazakh, karabakh ebong tabrij sahita jodithila. khadya. paramparika khadya prachur parimanare panipariba ebong khadyare rutukaleena bhabare byabahruta sabuja paain prasidha . pudina, lanka (dhania), suji, tulasi, parcelay, tarragon, lick, chivsa, ajaiba, marjoram, sabuja piaz ebong watercress sameth taza oushadheeja brukhyagudika bahuta lokpriya ebong prajatah tebulare mukhya khadya sahita . jalabaju bibidhata ebong jamira urbarata jatiah khadyare pratiphalita hue, jaahaa caspian samudrara maacha, sthaniah maansa (mukhyatah mutton ebong gomansa), ebong prachur parimanara rutukaleena panipariba ebong sabuja upare aadharita . kesara-chaula plobh heuchhi aajerabaijanara pramukh khadya ebong kalaa chaa 'heuchhi jatiah paniah . aajerabaijanimane prajatah paramparika armudu (nashapati akarara) catch byabahara karanti kaaran semanankara bahuta shaktishali chaa 'sanskruti achhi . lokpriya paramparika khadya madhyare rahichhi bojbash (bibhinna prakarara panipariba sahita aneka anchalika prakarara meshashabakara supe), qutub (sabuja kimba kataa maansa sahita bhaji hoithiba karbar) ebong dushabara (bhunaithiba maansa ebong swadare bhartti ataa dumpling). sthapatya. aajerabaijani sthapatya sadharanatah purba ebong paschimara upadanagudiku ekatra karithae. aajerabaijani sthapatyara parasya sthapatyaru byapaka prabhaba rahichhi. prachira ghera baaku saharare thiba pratham tawara ebong shirabanasahamanankara prasad bhali aneka pracheen sthapatya bhandara adhunika aajerabaijanare tisthi rahichhi. yunesko biswa aitihya asthajee talikare dakhal hoithiba prabeshagudika madhyare bakur atashgah, momin khatun samadhi, hirkan jatiah udyan, binagadi dammer hrada, lokwatan kadua agnejagiri, shusha rajya aitihasika ebong sthapatya sanrakhyana, baaku stage parbata, caspian upakula pratirakhya nirmana, ordubada jatiah sanrakhyana ebong shaaki khannka prasad antarbhukta . anyanya sthapatya bhandara madhyare rahichhi mardakanare chatushkona durga, jukari charadagalarare parigala, aras nadeere byapta aneka setu ebong aneka samadhi. unabinsha ebong binsha shatabdir prarambhare, alpa smaraki sthapatya srusti karajaithila, kintu baaku ebong anyanya sthanare swatantra abas nirmana karajaithila . sampratikatama sthapatya smarakeegudika madhyare, baaku sabawegudika semanankara bilasapurna sajja paain prasidha . adhunika aajerabaijani sthapatyara karjya heuchhi adhunika soundarjyara bibidha prajoga, jane sthapatinka nijaswa kalatmaka saileera sandhan ebong bidyamana aitihasika-sanskrutika paribeshara antarbhukta . heidara alijebha sanskrutika kendra, flame tawara, baaku christal hull, baaku white city ebong soker tawara bhali pramukh prakalpa deshar aakasharekhaku paribartana karichhi ebong ehara samasamajika parichajaku prostahita karichhi. drushya kalaa. bisi 1maru 4rtha sahasrabdi samaira gamigaya petroglyphus aajerabaijanara ordubada jillare abasthita. segudikare harina, chheli, shandha, kukur, saapa, pakhi, chamatkara prani ebong lock, gaadi ebong bibhinna pratika sahita praiah 1500tii sthanachyuta ebong khodita shaila chitra rahichhi, jaahaa basalt pathara upare dekhibaku milithila. narawejara nrutwabit ebong duhsahasika tharr hairdall nischita thile je ehi anchalara lokamane praiah 100 khreestabdare skandinevia jaithile, semananka danga nirmana kaushala nei uttara yuropara bhaiking dangare semananku rupantarita karithile. shatabdi shatabdi dhari, aajarbaijanee kalaa aneka saileegata paribartana dei gati karichhi . aajerabaijani chitrakala paramparika bhabe ranga ebong alokar ushmata dwara chinhita, jaahaa azim azimzade ebong bahruz kangarlinka karjyare udaharana swaroopa, ebong dharmika byaktitwa ebong sanskrutika motif sahita eka byastata . aajarabaijani chitrakala shaha shaha barsha dhari kakasasare pradhanya upavoga karithila, romansk ebong automan samajaru, ebong sobhieta ebong barok samai madhyare, jaahaa dwiteeja duiti aajarabaijanare phalaprad hoithila . ehi samai madhyare asuthiba anya ullekhaneeah kalakaramananka madhyare sattara bahulzade, togrul narimanabekova, tahira salahov, alakwara rejagulijebha, mirza gadim iravani, mikail abadulajebha ebong bajukagha mirzazade antarbhukta . cinema. aajaarabaijaanra chalachitra shilpa 1898 masihar atte. cinematography sahita jadita pratham deshamananka madhyare azarbaijan thile, jeunthire upakarana prathame bakurare dekhajaithila . 1919 masihare, aajerabaijana ganatantrika ganarajya samajare, eka documentary "aajerabaijana swadheenatara barshiki palana" rushiaaru aajerabaijananka swadheenatara pratham barshikire meey 27 tarikhare suting karajaithila, ebong juna 1919ray bakur aneka thietarare ehara premiyara karajaithila. 1920 masihare sobhieta shakti pratistha heba parey, aajerabaijanra biplabee kamitira adhyakhya nariman narimanova aajerabaijanra chalachitrara jatijakarana paain eka dikreere swakhyara karithile. ehaa aajerabaijani animation srusti upare madhya prabhaba pakaithila. 1991 masihare, sobhieta sangharu azerbaijan swadheenata hassel kariba parey, pratham baaku antarjatija chalachitra mahostaba purba-paschima bakure anusthita hoithila. december 2000 ray, aajerabaijanara purbatana rastrapati, heidara alijebh, august 2 ku aajerabaijanara chalachitra nirmatamananka bruttigata chhuti deane bhabare ghoshana curry eka dikreere swakhyara karithile. aaji aajarbaijanee chalachitra nirmatamane punithare 1920 ray sobhieta union pratistha purbaru cinematographermananka sammukheen hoithiba samasya sahita samaana bhabare mukabila karuchanti. puni thare, ubhaja bishajabastu ebong chalachitrara prajojakata mukhyatah chalachitra nirmatanka padakhyepa upare chhadi diajaichhi . television. tinoti rastrajatta television channell rahichhih aajtibi, idman tibhi ebong medenijeta tibhi. gotie sarbajaneena channell ebong 6tii gharoi channell rahichhih <unk>itimi television, spaces tibhi, lider tibhi, azad aajerabaijana tibhi, ebong arab. manabadhikara. aajerabaijaanara sambidhana bakaswadheenatara guaranti daabi kare, kintu ehaaku abhyasare asweekara karajae . press ebong midia swadheenatare aneka barsha dhari abanati parey, 2014 ray, kaunasi birodhi ebong samalochanaku neerab karibaku eka sarkari abhijana adheenare aajerabaijanare midia paribesha druta gatire kharap hoijaithila, jadio desh europe parisadara mantri kamitira netrutwa neithila (meey-navember 2014) . nakali aaingata abhijoga ebong sambadikamananka birodhare hinsaru mukti sadharana kathaa hoi rahichhi. deshare samasta bideshi prasarana upare pratibandhaka lagajaichi. 2013 friedom houses friedom off dee press report anujai, aajerabaijanka press swadheenata sthiti "mukta nuhen", ebong azerbaijan 196 tii desh madhyaru 177 tama sthanare achhi . khristian dharmaku aanusthanika bhabe swekruti milichi. carabas aashanka madhyare, sakhyata karibaku anumathi deba paain samasta dharmika sampradai panjikarana kariba aabasyaka . ehi panjeekaranaku aneka samajare pratyakhyana karajaithae. "jatigata vedabhaba deshar dharmika swadheenatara abhabaku abdan kare, kaaran aneka khristian azeri musalman paribarte jatigata armenian kimba rushiah atanti . redio mukta europe/redio swadheenata ebong americara swara aajerabaijanare nishidha . aajerabaijanare ell. jii. bii. tii. lokanka prati vedabhaba byapaka. gata kichhi barsha madhyare, tini john sambadikanku hatya karajaithila ebong antarjatija manabadhikara sangathana dwara anyaya bolly barnana karajaithiba bichara anekanka birodhare mamla ruju karajaithila. sambadikamananku surakhya deba paain gathita kamiti anujai, 2015 masihare, aajerabaijanare sabutharu adhika sankhyaka sambadika bandi thile, ebong iran ebong chean thaaru aagare, ehaa biswara pancham sarbadhika censor hoithiba desh. aajaarabaijaanare kovida-19 mahamari bishajare kabharej karithibaru kichhi gurutwapurna sambadikanku girapha karajaichi. october 2015 ray jane amnesty antarjatija gabeshakanka eka report suchaithae.....gata kichhi barsha madhyare aajarabaijanare manabadhikarara gurutara abanati ghatichhi. duhkhara bishai je aajerabaijanaku abhutapurba starar damanaru rakhya paibaku anumathi diajaichhi ebong ehi prakrijare ehara nagarika samajaku praiah nischinha karidiajaechi."desh upare amnesty 'rahr 2015/16 barshika report darshaichhi..... rajanaitika vinnamatara nirjyatana jaari rahithila. manabadhikara sangathanagudika semananka karjya puni arambha karibare asamartha rahithile. barsha sheshare ati kamare 18 john bibeka bandi ataka rahithile. swadheena sambadika ebong karjyakartanka birodhare pratisodha ubhaja desh ebong bideshare jaari rahithila, jetebele kii semananka paribara sadasyamane madhya nirjyatana ebong giraphadareera sammukheen hoithile. antarjatija manabadhikara parjyabekhyakamananku desharu barana karajaithila ebong bahishkara karajaithila. nirjyatana ebong anyanya durbyabaharara report jaari rahithila ." "abhibhabaka" april 2017 ray report karithile je "aajerabaijanara shasaka abhijata berg pramukh juropeejamananku deiah deba, bilasapurna samagri kiniba ebong aparadarshi british companygudikara eka netawarka madhyamare money lunder kariba paain eka gupta $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojana parichalana karithile..... lick hoithiba tathya darshae je kramagata manabadhikara ullanghana, byabasthita durneeti ebong nirbachanare herfer abhijogare abhijukta aajerabaijanee netrutwa 2012 ru 2014 parjyanta 16,000 ru adhika gupta deiah deithila. ehi arthara kichhi ansha rajneta ebong sambadikamananku jaithila, eka antarjatija labing aparesanara ansha bhabare azerbaijan rastrapati ilham alijebhnka samalochanara digaku bibhranta kariba ebong taanka taila samruddha deshar eka sakaratmaka bhabamurtiku prostahita kariba paain ."kaunasi prastaba nathila je samasta praptakartta arthara utsa bishajare abgat thile kaaran ehaa eka chhadma maargare pahanchithila. krida. freestyle kustiku paramparika bhabare aajerabaijanra jatiah khela bhabare bibechana karajae, jeunthire azerbaijan antarjatija alympic kamitire jogadeba paratharu chaari swarna sameth chaud padaka jitithile . bartamana, sabutharu lokpriya khela madhyare football ebong kusti antarbhukta . football heuchhi aajerabaijanara sabutharu lokpriya khela, ebong 9,122 john panjikruta khelalinka sahita aajerabaijanara football federation sangha heuchhi deshar sarbabruhata creeda sangha . aajerabaijanara jatiah football dala jatiah football club tulanare antarjatija khetrare apekhyakruta comm pradarshan pradarshan kare . sabutharu saphala aajerabaijani football klabagudika heuchhi neftsy, karabagh ebong gabala . 2012 ray, neftchi baaku pratham aajerabaijani dala bhabare europeah pratijogitara group parjyajaku agrasara hoithile, 2012-13 uefa europa ligra play-off roundre saiprasra aapolnku 4-2 ray samagrika bhabare parasta karithile. 2014 ray, karabagh dwiteeja aajarbaijani club bhabare uefa europa ligra group parjyajaku agrasara hoithile. 2017 ray, uefa champions ligra play-off roundre kopenahagenaku 2-2 (aii) ray parasta kariba parey, karabagh group parjyajare pahanchibare pratham aajerabaijani club hoithile. footsal heuchhi aajerabaijanara anya eka lokpriya khela. 2010 uefa footsal champianasipare aajerabaijana jatiah footsal dala chaturtha sthanare pahanchithiba bele gharoi club araj naxaibhana uefa footsal cop ebong uefa footsal kapre bronz padaka jitithile. aajerabaijana' rutu 2013/2014 ebong 2014/2015 samajare spanian football club atletico dii madrider mukhya prajojaka thile, eka bhagidari jaahaa club barnana karithila 'bisware aajerabaijananka bhabamurtiku prostahita kariba'. aajerabaijana heuchhi biswa chesra eka paramparika shakti kendra, jie aneka antarjatija chases turnament ebong pratijogita ayojan karichhi ebong 2009,2013 ebong 2017 ray europeah dala chases championship bijeta hoichhi. deshar chases schooler ullekhaneeah chases khelalimane jeunmane ehi khela upare eka budd prabhaba pakaichanti semananka madhyare achanti teimore radjabov, shahriara mamdarov, vladimira makogonov, bhugar gashimov ebong purbatana biswa chases champion gaari kasparov . deshar shamkir chases eka berg 22 event ebong sarbakaleena sarbocha reting turnament madhyaru gotie . azarbaijani sanskrutire madhya backgammon eka pramukh bhumika grahan kare . ehi khela aajerabaijanare bahuta lokpriya ebong sthaniah janasadharananka madhyare byapaka bhabare khelajae . aajerabaijani bisheshagyamananka dwara bikashita ebong bisleshana karajaithiba backgamonera bibhinna prakara madhya achhi . aajerabaijana mahila bhalibal super ligg heuchhi biswara sabutharu shaktishali mahila ligg madhyaru gotie . ehara mahila jatiah dala 2005 europeah champianasipare chaturtha sthana adhikara karithila. gata kichhi barsha madhyare rabita baaku ebong azerel baaku bhali club europeah kapre besh saphalata hassel karichanti. aajerabaijani bhalibal khelalimananka madhyare bhaleria korotenko, oksana parkhomenko, inessa korkmaz, natalia mamadova ebong allah hasanova antarbhukta . anya aajarbaijanee kreedabitamane hele kustire namig abadulajebh, togrul asagarov, robhsan bajaramov, sarif sarifov, maria stadnik ebong farid manasurov, judore nazim hussenov, elnur mammadli, elkhan mamdov ebong rustom orujov, karatere rafale agajebh, baksingre magomedrasul majidov ebong aghasi mamdov, alympic bharottolanare nizami pashajebh, pyankresanare azad asagarov, kikwaksingare edward mamdov ebong kee-1 fighter jabit samedov. aajerabaijanara eka farmula waan rays-track rahichhi, jaahaa june 2012ray prastuta hoithila, ebong desh ehara pratham farmula waan grand priksaku june 19,2016ray ebong aajerabaijana grand priksaku 2017,2018,2019,2021 ebong 2022ray ayojan karithila. deshare ajojita anya barshika krida karjyakramagudika heuchhi baaku cop tennis turnament ebong tour dii 'aajerabaijana saikling rays. 2000 dashkar sheshabhagaru aajerabaijana aneka pramukh krida pratijogita ayojan karichhi, jeunthire 2013 aif1 pawarabot biswa championship, 2012 fifa under-17 mahila biswakap, 2011 aiba biswa buxing championship, 2010 europeah kusti championship, 2009 rhythmic gymnastics europeah championship, 2014 europeah tykwando championship, 2014 rhythmic gymnastics europeah championship ebong 2016 biswa chases olympiad antarbhukta . 8 december 2012 ray, baaku 2015 europeah khela ayojan karibaku manoneet hoithile, pratijogitara itihasare pratham anusthita . baaku 2017 ray chaturtha islamiah ekataa khela ebong 2019 europeah juba grishma olympics mahostabara ayojan karithila, ebong ehaa uefa yuro 2020 rahr aajojaka madhya atte, jaahaa kovida-19 karanaru 2021 ray anusthita heuchhi .

azerbaijan azerbaijan (,,), adhikarak taur utte azerbaijan daa ganraj, purbi yoorap atey pachmi eshia dee sarhadd utte sathit ikk antar-mahandeepi desh haii. ih dakkhni caucasus khetar daa ikk hissa haii atey purab witch caspian saagar, uttar witch roos (dejestan ganraj), uttar-pachham witch georgia, pachham witch armenia atey turki atey dakkhan witch iraan naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii. baku iss dee rajdhani atey sabh toon vadda shehar haii. azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj neey 1918 witch transcocatian jamhuri sanghi ganraj toon aapni aazadi daa ailaan keeta atey pahila dharam nirpakh jamhuri muslim bahuginti vaala raaj bann giaa. 1920 witch, desh noon soviat union witch azerbaijan aiss. aiss. aar. vajon shamal keeta giaa see. azerbaijan dey aadhunik ganraj neey 30 agast 1991 noon aapni aazadi daa ailaan keeta, use saal soviat union dey bhang honn toon thodhi dair pahilan. satambar 1991 witch, nagorno-karabakh khetar dey nasli armenian bahuginti neey sway-ghoshit gantantar artsakh daa gathan keeta. iss khetar atey aale-duaale dey satt zilhiaan noon antarashtari paddhar 'teey azerbaijan dey hisse vajon maanta ditti gaee haii, ou. aiss. aiss. ee. duaara sahulat ditti gaee gallbat raahin nagorno-karabakh dee sathiti daa hall lambit haii, halanki ih 1994 witch pahile nagorno-karabakh yuddh dey ant naal "vastav witch" sutantar hoow giaa see. 2020 witch dooje nagorno-karabakh yuddh toon baad, nagorno-karabakh dey satt zilhiaan atey hissiaan noon azerbaijani niyantaran witch waps qarr ditta giaa see. azerbaijan ikk ikatmak aradh-rashtarpati ganraj haii. ih chhe sutantar turki raajan vicchon ikk haii atey turki raajan dey sangathan atey turkoi bhaichare daa ikk sargaram member haii. azerbaijan dey 182 deshan naal kootnitak sambandh hunn atey sanyukat rashter, yoorap dee consul, gutt nirlep lahir, ou. aiss. see. ee. atey naato pee. eff. pee. program samet 38 antarashtari sangathanan witch membership rakkhda haii. ih guam, cis atey opcw dey sansthapak memberan vicchon ikk haii. azerbaijan vee w. tii. ou. dee ikk nirikhak avastha haii. desh dee aabadi daa vadda hissa (97 pratishat) namatar musalman haii, parr sanvidhan ikk adhikarat dharam daa ailaan naheen karda atey desh deeaan saariaan pramukh rajneetik taktan dharam nirpakh hunn. azerbaijan ikk vikashsheel desh haii atey manukkhi vikas soochkank witch witch sathaan utte haii. iss witch aarthik vikas dee ucch darr, sakharta atey beruzgari dee ghatt darr haii. halanki, satta witch 1993 toon satta witch aaee sattadhari naveen azerbaijan party utte haidar aliev atey uss dey puttar ilham aliev dovan dee agvai witch tanashahi agvai atey desh dey manukkhi adhikaran dey ricard noon kharaab curran daa dosh lagaiaa giaa haii, jiss witch nagrik aazadiaan, khaas karke presses dee aazadi atey rajneetik daman utte vadhdiaan pabandiaan shamal hunn. shabdawali. ikk aadhunik shabdawali dey anusar, "azerbaijan" shabad "atropates" toon baniaa haii, joe kii achemanid samraj dey adheen ikk farcy ktrap see, jiss noon baad witch alegzander mahaan dey adheen media dey ktrap vajon bahaal keeta giaa see. iss naam dee mool shabdawali dee jadahn ikk samein dey pramukh zoroastrianwad witch manniaan jandiaan hunn. avesta dey "ferwardin yashat" ("sarprast dootan laee bhajan") witch, ikk zikar haii, jisda shabdik anuvad avastan toon hunda haii jiven kii "aseen pavittar atropatin dey farvashi dee pooja karde haan". atropates" naam aapne aap witch ikk purane irani daa yunani lipyantaran haii, shayed maddh, mishrat naam daa arth haii "(pavittar) agg duaara surakhiat" jaan "(pavittar) agg dee dharti". yunani naam daa zikar diodors sikulas atey strabo duaara keeta giaa see. hazaran saalan dey arse witch, ih naam (maddh farcy), firr, (navaan farcy) atey varatman "azerbaijan" witch vikast hoiaa. azerbaijan" naam pahili vaar 1918 witch musawat dee sarkaar duaara azerbaijan dey maujuda ganraj dey khetar laee apnaiaa giaa see, jadon russie samraj dey patan toon baad, jadon sutantar azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj dee sathapana keeti gaee see. udon takk, ih ahuda vishesh taur utte samkali uttar-pachmi iraan dey naal laggde khetar dee pachanh curran laee vartiaa jaanda see, jadon kii azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj dey khetar noon pahilan "arrange" atey "shirvan" kiha jaanda see. iss adhaar utte iraan neey navein apnaiaa desh dey naam daa virodh keeta. soviat shasan dauran, desh noon russie lipyantaran toon latini witch '()' vajon vee likhiaa giaa see. desh daa naam 1940 toon 1991 takk cyrillic lippy witch 'vajon vee likhiaa giaa see. itihaas. puratanta. azerbaijan dey khetar witch manukkhi basti daa sabh toon purana saboot patthar yugg dey akheer witch haii atey ih azikh gufa dey guruche sabheyachar naal sabandhat haii. albania sadee bee. see. dauran mudhliaan bastiaan witch sithian shamal sunn. saithianan dey baad, irani mades neey araas nadee dey dakkhan vaale khetar utte dabdaba banaiaa. meddys neey 900 atey 700 ee. poo. dey vichkaar ikk vishal samraj banaiaa, joe kii 550 ee. poo. dey aas paas achemanid samraj witch ekikrit keeta giaa see. iss khetar noon achemanids duaara jitt liaa giaa see jiss naal zoroastrianwad daa prasaar hoiaa see. sasanid qaal toon lae keey safavid qaal takk. sasinian samraj neey 252 witch caucasian albania noon ikk jagirdar raaj witch badal ditta, jadon kii raaja urnair neey chauthi sadee witch isai dharam noon adhikarat taur 'teey raaj dharam vajon apnaiaa. sussanid shasan dey bavjood, albania albania sadee takk iss khetar witch ikk ikai bnee rahee, jadon kii puurii tarahan sussanid iraan dey adheen see, atey aapni rajtantar noon barkarar rakkhiaa. sasini samrat dey mukkh samanan vicchon ikk honn dey bavjood, albani raaja cole adhikar dee siraf ikk jhalak see, atey sasinian merzban (fauji governor) cole ziaadaatar nagrik, dharmik atey fauji adhikar sunn. sunn। sadee dey pahile addh witch, cassian albania, sassan dey ikk jagirdar vajon, faaras utte musalman jitt dey caarn namatar musalman shasan dey adheen aaa giaa. umaiad khalifa neey dakkhni caucasus toon sasanian atey byzantine dovan noon khaded ditta atey 667 witch raaja javanshir dee agvai witch isai virodh noon dabaun toon baad caucasian albania noon ikk jagirdar raaj witch badal ditta. abasid khalifa dey patan naal bachi shakti dee khalaa noon kaee sathanak rajvanshan jiven kii slarids, sajid atey shaddadid duaara bharr ditta giaa see. bolshevik sadee dee shuruat witch, iss khetar utte hauli-hauli maddh eshia toon oghuz turkan deeaan lahiran neey kabza qarr liaa see, jinhan neey uss samein ikk turkoman nasli naam apnaiaa see. inhan turki rajvanshan vicchon pahila sathapat seljuk samraj see, joe 1067 takk iss khetar witch dakhal hoiaa jiss noon hunn azerbaijan vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. aadhunik azerbaijan dey khetar witch rahinn vaali purav-turki aabadi kaee indo-european atey caucasian bhashavan boldi see, jinhan witch armenian atey ikk irani bhasha, purani aziri, jiss noon hauli-hauli ikk turki bhasha duaara badliaa giaa see, joe ajj dee azerbaijani bhasha dee shuruati puravgami see. kujh bhasha vigiaaniaan neey ih vee kiha haii kii irani azerbaijan atey azerbaijan ganraj deeaan totty upbhashavan, jiven kii tots duaara boliaan jandiaan hunn, purani azrai toon aaiaan hunn. sathanak taur utte, baad dey seljuk samraj dee sampati utte aldiguzids duaara shasan keeta jaanda see, takniki taur utte seljuk sultanan dey jagirdar, parr kaee vaar "asal" shask khud hunde sunn. sailjookan dey adheen, sathanak kaviaan jiven kii nizami ganjvi atey khaqani neey varatman azerbaijan dey khetar witch farcy saahit dey vikas noon janam ditta. shirvanshahan daa sathanak rajvansh taimur dey samraj daa ikk jagirdar raaj bann giaa atey sone dee bheed dey tokhtamish dey shask naal uss dey yuddh witch uss dee sahaita keeti. taimur dee maut toon baad, doou sutantar atey virodhi raaj ubbhrea qaaraa koyunlu atey akk koyunlu. shirvanshah waps aaa gaye, aaunn valiaan kaee sadiaan takk sathanak shaskan atey jagirdaran vajon ucch padhri khudmukhtiaari banayi rakkhi jiven kii unhan neey 861 toon keeta see. 1501 witch, iraan dey safavid rajvansh neey shirvanshahan noon kabu qarr liaa atey aapni jaidad prapat keeti. agli sadee dey dauran, safavidan neey pahilan dee sunni aabadi noon shiaa islam witch badal ditta, jiven kii unhan neey aadhunik iraan dee aabadi naal keeta see. safavidan neey 1538 takk, jadon safavid raaja tehmasap I (r. 1524-1576) neey unhan noon puurii tarahan apadasth qarr ditta, atey iss khetar noon sharvan dey safavid soobe witch badal ditta. sunni ottoman neey sankhep roop witch ottoman-safavid yuddh dey natije vajon maujuda azerbaijan dey kujh hissiaan utte kabza curran witch safalta prapat keeti; 17 veen sadee dey arambh takk, uhanan noon safavid irani shask abas I (r. 1588-1629). safavid samraj dee maut dey maddenazar, baku atey iss dey aale-duaale dey khetran utte roos dey lokan neey kujh samein laee kabza qarr liaa see, kiunki ih roos-farcy yuddh dey natije vajon hoiaa see. safavid iraan dey guandhi virodhiaan duaara sankhep rukawatan dey bavjood, ajj azerbaijan dee dharti safavidan dey shuruati aagman toon lae keey hunn। sadee dey course takk irani shasan adheen rahee. aadhunik itihaas. safavidan toon baad, iss khetar utte irani afshari rajvansh daa shasan see. naadar shaah dee maut toon baad (aar. 1736-1747), uss dey bahut saare sabka vishiaan neey asthirta dey fatann daa faida uthaiaa. iss khetar witch khudmukhtiaari dey vakkh-vakkh roopan dey naal kaee sway-shasan curran vaale khaanat ubbhare. inhan khantan dey shask siddhe taur utte iraan dey sattadhari rajvanshan naal sabandhat sunn atey irani shaah dey jagirdar atey prajavan sunn. khantan neey maddh eshia atey pachham dey vichkaar antarashtari vaparak maargan raahin aapne mamlian utte controll rakkhiaa. iss toon baad, ih khetar irani zaind atey kajaran dey lagatar shasan adheen see. atey sadee dey akheer toon, shaahi roos neey aapne doou guaandhiaan atey dakkhan dey virodhiaan, iraan atey ottoman samraj pratee vadhere hamlawar bhuu-rajneetik rukh apnaiaa. roos neey hunn sargarmi naal caucasus khetar utte kabza curran dee koshish keeti joe ziaadaatar hisse laee iraan dey hatthan witch see. 1804 witch, roos dey lokan neey irani shehar ganja utte hamla keeta atey uss noon tabah qarr ditta, jiss naal roos-farcy yuddh shuru hoow giaa. fauji taur utte uttam roos dey lokan neey roos-farcy yuddh noon ikk jitt naal khatam qarr ditta. 1804-1813 yuddh witch kajar iraan dey haaran toon baad, iss noon gulistan dee sandhi anusar georgia atey dagistan dey naal-naal ziaadaatar khantan utte russie samraj noon prabhusatta savikar curran laee majbur keeta giaa see. araas nadee dey uttar daa khetar, jiss witch azerbaijan daa samkali ganraj sathit haii, hunn। sadee witch roos dey iss utte kabza curran takk irani khetar see. lagbhag ikk dahake baad, gulistan sandhi dee ulanghna kardiaan, roos neey iraan dey erivan khaante utte hamla qarr ditta. iss neey dovan darmiaan antim ladai noon janam ditta, turkmenchai dee sandhi dey natije vajon kajar iraan noon erivan khaante, nakhchivan khaante atey baaki talish khaante utte prabhusatta chaddan laee majbur keeta, jiss witch samkali azerbaijani ganraj dee mitty dey aakhri hisse shamal sunn joe ajey vee irani hatthan witch sunn. iraan toon roos witch saare caucasian khetran noon shamal curran toon baad, dovan darmiaan naveen sarhadd araas nadee utte nirdharat keeti gaee see, joe soviat union dey tuttan toon baad, baad witch iraan atey azerbaijan ganraj darmiaan sarhadd daa hissa bann gaee. kajaar iraan noon hunn। sadee witch aapne kakeshiaai khetran noon roos noon saunpan laee majbur keeta giaa see, jiss witch iss tarahan aadhunik azerbaijan ganraj daa khetar shamal see, jadon kii uss vandd dey natije vajon, azerbaijani nasli samooh ajj-kallh doou deshan witch vandiaa hoiaa haiyav iraan atey azerbaijan. roos dee jitt dey bavjood, puurii hunn। sadee dauran, russie kabze vaale shahiran baku, ganja atey tifflis (tabilsi, hunn georgia) witch shiaa atey sunni budhijiviaan witch irani sabheyachar, saahit atey bhasha naal rujheven viaapak rahey. isey sadee dey ander, hunn। sadee dey ant witch, iraan dey baad dey russie-kabze vaale purbi kaukeshia witch, ikk azerbaijani rashtari pachanh ubbhari. pahile vishav yuddh dauran russie samraj dey dheh jaanh toon baad, thodeh samein laee transcocatian jamhuri sanghi ganraj daa ailaan keeta giaa see, jiss witch azerbaijan, georgia atey armenia dey maujuda ganrajan daa gathan keeta giaa see. iss toon baad march dey dinan witch 30 march atey 2 aprail 1918 dey vichkaar baku shehar atey russie samraj dey baku governorate dey naal laggde khetran witch hoye katal hoye. jadon maee 1918 witch gantantar bhang hoow giaa, taan pramukh musawat party neey azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj (aii. dee. aar.) dey roop witch aazadi daa ailaan keeta, navein ganraj laee "azerbaijan" daa naam apnaiaa; ikk ajiha naam joe ader dey ailaan toon pahilan siraf samkali iraan dey naal laggde uttar-pachmi khetar noon darsaun laee vartiaa jaanda see. aii. dee. aar. muslim sansar daa pahila aadhunik sansadi ganraj see. sansad deeaan mahattavpuran prapatiaan vicchon ikk aurtan noon vott daa adhikar denna see, jiss naal azerbaijan aurtan noon mardan dey barabar rajneetik adhikar denh vaala pahila muslim rashter bann giaa. aii. dee. aar. dee ikk horr mahattavpuran prapati baku state university dee sathapana see, joe kii muslim purab witch sathapit keeti gaee pahili aadhunik kisam dee university see. march 1920 takk, ih spasht see kii soviat roos baku utte hamla karega. valadimir lanin neey kiha kii hamla jaaiz see kiunki soviat roos baku dey tail toon binan naheen rahi sakda see. aazaad azerbaijan siraf 23 mahiniaan takk challiaa jadon takk bolshevik bolshevik soviat laal saina neey iss utte hamla naheen keeta, 28 aprail 1920 noon azerbaijan aiss. aiss. aar. dee sathapana keeti. halanki naveen bnee azerbaijani fauj daa vadda hissa armenian vidroh noon khatam curran witch rujhiaa hoiaa see joe kii haal hii witch karabakh witch bhadak giaa see, azerbaijaniaan neey aapni sankhep aazadi noon jaldi jaan asani naal samarpan naheen keeta. roos dee mudd jitt daa virodh karde hoye 20,000 dey karib azerbaijani sipahi maare gaye. soviat yugg dey arambh witch, azerbaijani rashtari pachanh ant witch jaali bann gaee. 13 aktubar 1921 noon, roos, armenia, azerbaijan atey georgia dey soviat ganrajan neey turki naal ikk samjhaute 'teey dastkhat keete jiss noon cars dee sandhi vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. araas daa pahilan daa sutantar ganraj vee cars dee sandhi duaara azerbaijan aiss. aiss. aar. dey ander nakhchivan khudmukhtiaar soviat samajwadi ganraj bann javega. dooje paase, armenia noon zangezur dey khetar naal sanmanit keeta giaa see atey turkey gumery (uss vele alegzendropol vajon janhiaa jaanda see) noon waps curran laee sehmat hoow giaa see. dooje vishav yuddh dauran, azerbaijan neey soviat union dee rannitak oorja neeti witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai, jiss witch purbi morche utte soviat union daa 80 pratishat tail baku duaara saplai keeta jaanda see. farvari 1942 witch yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. dey surbouch soviat dey ferman duaara, azerbaijan dey tail udyog dey 500 toon vaddh mazdooran atey karamchariaan dee pratibadhta noon adesh atey maddle ditte gaye sunn. german veharmachat duaara keeta giaa appression edelweiss neey yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. dee energy (petroleum) dynamo dey roop witch iss dee mahatta dey caarn baku noon nishana banaiaa. 1941 toon 1945 takk dooje vishav yuddh witch ladey gaye saare azerbaijaniaan vicchon panjwan hissa. lagbhag 681,000 lock jinhan witch 100,000 toon vaddh aurtan sunn, sahmane aae, jadon kii azerbaijan dee kull aabadi uss samein 34 lakkh see. azerbaijan dey lagbhag 250,000 lock sahmane maare gaye sunn. 130 toon vaddh azerbaijaniaan noon soviat union dey naaik namzad keeta giaa see. azerbaijani mejar-general azii aslanov noon doou vaar soviat union dey naaik naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. sutantarta. mikhail gorbachev duaara shuru keeti gaee "glassnost" dee rajneeti toon baad, soviat union dey vakkh-vakkh khetran witch nagrik ashanti atey nasli takraa vadhiaa, jiss witch azerbaijan ssr dey ikk khudmukhtiaar khetar nagorno-karabakh vee shamal see. pahilan hii garam hoye sanghrash pratee masco dee udasinta dey jawab witch azerbaijan witch gadbadi dey natije vajon aazadi atey vakkh honn dee mung keeti gaee, jiss dee sitte vajon baku witch janwari deeaan ghatnavan vapariaan. baad witch 1990 witch, azerbaijan aiss. aiss. aar. dee surbouch consul neey sirlekh toon "soviat samajwadi" shabad hataa ditte, "azerbaijan ganraj dee prabhusatta dee ghoshna" noon apnaiaa atey azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj dey jhande noon raaj dey jhande vajon bahaal keeta. masco witch 1991 dey soviat takhtapalt dee asfal koshish dey natije vajon, azerbaijan dee surbouch consul neey 18 aktubar 1991 noon aazadi daa ailaan apnaiaa, jiss dee pushti dasambar 1991 witch ikk rashtarviaapi janmat duaara keeti gaee see, jadon kii soviat union adhikarat taur 'teey 26 dasambar 1991 noon khatam hoow gaee see. desh hunn 18 aktubar noon aapna sutantarta divas manaunda haii. aazadi dey shuruati saal pahile nagorno-karabakh yuddh duaara chhaiaa hoye sunn jiss witch nagorno-karabakh dee nasli bahuginti neey armenia duaara samarthan prapat keeta see. 1994 witch yuddh dey ant takk, armenianan neey azerbaijani khetar dey% takk noon niyantrit qarr liaa, jiss witch khud nagorno-karabakh vee shamal see. yuddh dauran doven dhiran duaara bahut saare attiachar atey nasalkushiaan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn jinhan witch malibeili atey guschular vikhe hoye katal, garadagali katal atey khojli katal, baku katal, maraga katal atey kirovad katal shamal sunn. iss toon ilava, andazan 30,000 lock maare gaye hunn atey 10 lakkh toon vaddh lock beghar hoow gaye hunn, 800,000 toon vaddh azerbaijani atey 300,000 armenian. sanyukat rashter surakhiaa parishad dey chaar matey (822,853,874 atey 884) azerbaijan dey saare kabze vaale khetran toon saariaan armeniaai faujan dee turant vaapsee dee mung karde hunn."bahut saare russie atey armenian 1990 dey dahake dauran sharnarthi vajon azerbaijan chhadd keey bhajj gaye. 1970 dee mardamshumari dey anusar, azerbaijan witch 510,000 nasli russie atey 484,000 armenian sunn. aliev parivaar daa shasan, 1993-varatman. sann 1993 witch, jamhuri taur utte chunhe gaye rashtarpati abulfaz lchb noon karnal suraat hussainov dee agvai witch ikk fauji vidroh duaara ukhaad suttiaa giaa see, jiss dey natije vajon soviat azerbaijan dey sabka neta hether aliev dee satta witch vaadha hoiaa see. 1994 witch, surat hussainov, uss samein takk pardhan mantri neey haidar aliev dey virudh ikk horr fauji takhtapalt dee koshish keeti, parr uss noon griftar qarr liaa giaa atey deshdhroh daa dosh lagaiaa giaa. ikk saal baad, 1995 witch, aliev dey virudh ikk horr takhtapalt dee koshish keeti gaee, iss vaar omon vishesh ikai dey commander, rovashan javdov duaara. takhtapalt noon taal ditta giaa, jiss dey natije vajon baad vaale dee hattiaa hoow gaee atey azerbaijan deeaan omon ikaiaan bhang hoow gaeeaan. iss dey naal hii, desh shasankari naukarshahi witch vadde paddhar utte bhrishtachar naal daagi hoow giaa see. aktubar 1998 witch, aliyev noon duji vaar chunhiaa giaa. bahut sudhri arthvivastha dey bavjood, khaas taur utte aziri-chirag-guneshli tail khetar atey shaah daniz gais khetar dey shoshan dey naal, aliyev dee rashtarpati dee chonh dhokhadhadi, ucch padhri aarthik asmanta atey gharelu bhrishtachar dey shakki paddhar caarn alochna keeti gaee see. hether aliyev daa puttar ilham aliyev naveen azerbaijan party daa chairman atey naal hii azerbaijan daa pardhan bann giaa jadon uss dey pitaa dee 2003 witch maut hoow gaee see. uh aktubar 2013 witch rashtarpati vajon tiji vaar chunhiaa giaa see. aprail 2018 witch, rashtarpati ilham aliyev neey chonh witch aapna lagatar chautha karajkal haasal keeta jiss daa mukkh virodhi partiaan neey dhokhadhadi vajon bicot keeta see. 27 satambar 2020 noon, ngorno-karabakh samparak rekha dey naal ansuljhe nagorno-karabakh sanghrash witch naviaan jhadpan dubara shuru hoiaan. azerbaijan atey armenia dovan deeaan hathiaarband faujan neey fauji atey nagrik jaani nuksan dee report keeti. nagarno-karabakh jangbandi samjhauta atey azerbaijan atey armenia darmiaan chhe haftiaan dee jung dey ant noon azerbaijan witch viaapak taur 'teey manaiaa giaa see, kiunki unhan neey mahattavpuran khetri laabh haasal keete sunn. bhugol. bhugolik taur utte, azerbaijan eurasia dey dakkhni caucasus khetar witch sathit haii, joe pachmi eshia atey purbi yoorap witch failiaa hoiaa haii. ih akshansh 38° atey 42°N atey lambkar 44° atey 51°E dey vichkaar sathit haii. azerbaijan deeaan zamini sarhaddan dee kull lambai haii, jiss vicchon armenia, iraan, georgia, roos atey turki naal 480 kilometer hunn. samundari kandhe takk failiaa hoiaa haii, atey caspian saagar dey azerbaijani bhaag dey sabh toon chaude khetar dee lambai haii. desh witch ikk bhumigat exclave haii, akhchivan khudmukhtiaar ganraj. tinn bhautik visheshtavan azerbaijan utte haavi hann caspian samunder, jiss dee samundari kandhe dee rekha purab vall ikk kudrati seema banaundi haii; uttar vall vaddi caucasus pahadi luddy; atey desh dey kendra witch viaapak samtal bhumi. itthe tinn parbat ladiwar vee hunn, vadde atey chhote coxus atey talish pahaad, joe kii desh dey lagbhag 40 pratishat hisse noon cover karde hunn. azerbaijan dee sabh toon ucchi choti mount bazarduzu haii, jadon kii sabh toon neevan bindu caspian saagar witch haii. dharti utte mitty dey saare jualamukhiaan vicchon lagbhag addhe azerbaijan witch kendrit hunn, ih jualamukhi kudrat dey navein 7 ajubiaan laee namzad keete gaye sunn. paanee dey mukkh sarot satahi paanee hunn. 8, 350 nadiaan vicchon siraf 24 nadiaan dee lambai lambai naalon vaddh haii. saariaan nadiaan desh dey purab witch caspian saagar witch mildiaan hunn. sabh toon vaddi jheel sarsu haii, atey sabh toon lambi nadee kurr haii, joe armenia naal laggdi haii. azerbaijan witch caspian saagar dey naal kaee tapu hunn, joe ziaadaatar baku tapu samooh witch sathit hunn. 1991 witch azerbaijan dee aazadi toon baad, azerbaijani sarkaar neey azerbaijan dey vatavaran noon surakhiat rakkhan laee kadam chukke hunn. vatavaran dee rashtari surakhiaa witch 2001 toon baad tezi aaee jadon baku-tabilsi-seehan pipeline duaara pardan keete gaye navein maaliye caarn raaj daa buzzet vadhiaa. chaar saalan dey ander, surakhiat khetar duggane hoow gaye atey hunn desh dey khetar daa atth pratishat hissa bann giaa haii. 2001 toon lae keey hunn takk sarkaar neey satt vadde bhandar sathapat keete hunn atey vatavaran surakhiaa laee nirdharat buzzet dey khetar noon lagbhag duggna qarr ditta haii. landscape. azerbaijan witch kaee tarahan dey landscape hunn. azerbaijan dey addhe toon vaddh zamini hisse witch pahadi pahadiaan, sikhar, ucchiaan zaminan atey pathaar shamal hunn joe 400-1000 meeter (maddh atey hethle hethle ilakiaan samet) dey hypesometric paddhar takk uthade hunn, kujh thaavan (taliaan, gerancol-ajinohar atey langabiz-alaat forerange) 100-120 meeter takk, atey horr 0-50 meeter atey iss toon uppar (cobustan, absheron) takk. azerbaijan dey baaki hissiaan witch maidani atey neevin zameen shamal haii. coxus khetar dey ander hypesometric nishan caspian samundari kandhe utte lagbhag −28 meeter toon lae keey 4,466 meeter (bazarduzu choti) takk hunde hunn. azerbaijan witch jalvayu daa gathan vishesh taur utte scandinavian anticyclone dey thande archtic havaa punj, cyberian anticyclone dey tapshil havaa punj atey kendri aci anticyclone toon prabhavit hunda haii. azerbaijan daa vibhinn landscape havaa dey punj desh witch dakhal honn dey tarikiaan noon prabhavat karda haii. greater caucasus desh noon uttar toon aaunn vaali thandi havaa dey siddhe prabhav toon bachaunda haii. iss naal desh deeaan ziaadaatar talhati atey maidani ilakiaan witch upp-khandi jalvayu daa nirman hunda haii. iss dauran, maidani atey talhati ucch surji radiation daraan duaara darsaiaan jandiaan hunn. maujuda giaaran jalvayu khetran vicchon naun azerbaijan witch maujood hunn. akhchivan khudmukhtiaar ganraj dey khetran-zulfa atey aurdubad witch sampuran ghatto ghatt tapman () atey sampuran vaddh toon vaddh tapman doven vekhe gaye sunn. vaddh toon vaddh salana varkha lankaran () witch atey ghatto ghatt absheron () witch hundi haii. nadiaan atey jheelan azerbaijan deeaan jall pranaliaan daa pramukh hissa hunn, uh ikk lambe bhuu-vigiaanak samein dee seema witch baniaan sunn atey uss poore samein dauran mahattavpuran roop witch badal gaeeaan sunn. ih vishesh taur utte desh bharr witch paaiaan jaanh valiaan prachin nadiaan dey avsheshan toon saabat hunda haii. desh deeaan jall pranaliaan kudrati taktan atey manukh duaara pesh keetiaan gaeeaan udyogik gatividhiaan dey prabhav heth nirantar badal rahiaan hunn. nakli nadiaan (nahiran) atey talaab azerbaijan deeaan jall pranaliaan daa ikk hissa hunn. paanee dee saplai dey mamle witch, azerbaijan pratee varag kilometer lagbhag pratee saal paanee dey naal dunia witch ausat toon ghatt haii. saare vadde jall bhandar kurr utte baney hunn. azerbaijan dee hydrography mool roop witch caspian samundari besin naal sabandhat haii. kuraa atey aars azerbaijan dey pramukh dariaa hunn. uh kuraa-aras neevin dharti vicchon langhde hunn. ih nadiaan joe siddhe taur utte caspian saagar witch vahindiaan hunn, mukkh taur utte pramukh caucasus atey talish pahadan dee uttar-purbi dhalaan toon nikaldiaan hunn atey samoor-devechi atey lankaran niviaan zaminan dey naal langhdiaan hunn. yanar daag, jiss daa anuvad "balda pahaad" vajon keeta giaa haii, ikk kudrati gais dee agg haii joe baku dey nede caspian saagar utte absheron praideep utte ikk pahadi utte nirantar baldi rahindi haii, jiss noon aapne aap witch "agg dee dharti" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii."ikk patli, poras retley patthar dee parat toon havaa witch agg deeaan laptan nikaldiaan hunn. ih baku khetar dey sailaniaan laee ikk sailani aakarshan haii. jaiv vibhinnta. azerbaijan witch janwaran dey jeevan dee amiri atey vibhinnta baare pahiliaan reportan purbi yatrian dey yaatra notes witch mill sakdiaan hunn. architectural smarkan, prachin chattanan atey pathran utte janwaran deeaan nakkashiaan ajj takk kaaim hunn. azerbaijan dey banaspati atey jeev-jantuaan baare pahili jankari see। sadee witch kudrat vigiaaniaan dey azerbaijan dey dauriaan dauran ikkathi keeti gaee see. thandhari janwaran deeaan 106 kisman, machhiaan deeaan 97 kisman, panchhiaan deeaan 363 kisman, jall-jeev deeaan 10 kisman atey sappan deeaan 52 kisman hunn jinhan noon azerbaijan witch daraj atey shrenibadh keeta giaa haii. azerbaijan daa rashtari janwar karabakh ghoda haii, joe kii ikk pahadi-steppy racing haii atey azerbaijan daa sathanak ghoda haii. karabakh ghode noon aapne change subhaa, gatee, sundarta atey buddhi laee prasidhi prapat haii. ih sabh toon puraniaan naslan vicchon ikk haii, jiss dey vansh prachin sansar dey hunn, parr ajj ghoda ikk khatre vaali prajati haii. azerbaijan dey banaspati witch ucch paudiaan deeaan 4,500 toon vaddh kisman hunn. azerbaijan witch vilakkhan jalvayu dey caarn, banaspati dakkhni caucasus dey horr ganrajan dey banaspatiaan dee tulna witch prajatiaan dee ginti witch bahut ameer haii. samuche coxus witch uggan valiaan 66 pratishat prajatiaan azerbaijan witch mill sakdiaan hunn. desh chaar vatavaran khetran dey ander sathit haiyav caspian hirkenian mishrat jangal, caucasus mishrat jangal, purbi anatolian monten steppy, atey azerbaijan jhaadi maruthal atey steppy. azerbaijan daa 2018 daa janglat landscape akhandta soochkank ausat ank 6.55/10 see, joe iss noon 172 deshan vicchon vishav paddhar 'teey 'teey sathaan' teey rakkhda haii. sarkaar atey rajneeti. azerbaijan dee rajneetak pranali daa dhanchagat gathan 12 navambar 1995 noon navein sanvidhan noon apna keey poora keeta giaa see. sanvidhan dee dhaara 23 dey anusar, azerbaijan ganraj dey raaj chinnh jhanda, coat aaf arms atey rashtari geet hunn. azerbaijan witch raaj dee shakti siraf andruni muddiaan laee kanoon duaara seemat haii, parr antarashtari mamle vee antarashtari samjhotiaan dey parbandhan duaara seemat hunn. azerbaijan daa sanvidhan kahinda haii kii ih ikk rashtarpati ganraj haii jiss deeaan shaktiaan deeaan tinn shakhavan hunn-karajkari, vidhanak atey niaanik. vidhanak shakti ikk sadni rashtari assembly atey nakhchivan khudmukhtiaar ganraj witch surbouch rashtari assembly cole haii. azerbaijan dee sansad, jiss noon millie majlis kiha jaanda haii, witch 125 dipty hunde hunn joe bahumat dey adhaar 'teey chunhe jaande hunn, jiss witch harek chunhe hoye member laee panj saal dee miaad hundi haii. chonhan harr panj saal baad, navambar dey pahile aitwar noon hundiaan hunn. sansad sarkaar dey gathan laee zimmevar naheen haii, parr sanvidhan laee milli majlis duaara mantri mandal dee manzuri dee load hundi haii. naveen azerbaijan party atey sattadhari sarkaar pratee vafadar aazadan cole iss vele sansad deeaan lagbhag saariaan 125 seetan hunn. 2010 deeaan sansadi chonhan dauran virodhi partiaan musawat atey azerbaijani prasidh front party ikk vee seet jittan witch asfal rahiaan sunn. european nirikhakan neey chonhan toon pahilan atey chonhan dey dinn kaee beniyamiaan paaiaan. karajkari shakti rashtarpati cole hundi haii, joe siddhiaan chonhan duaara satt saal dey karajkal laee chunhiaa jaanda haii, atey pardhan mantri. rashtarpati noon mantri mandal banaun daa adhikar haii, joe kii rashtarpati atey rashtari assembly dovan laee jawabdeh ikk samoohak karajkari sanstha haii. azerbaijan dey mantri mandal witch mukkh taur utte pardhan mantri, uss dey dipty atey mantri shamal hunde hunn. azerbaijan dee dee sarkaar iss dey maujuda gathan witch parshasana haii. rashtarpati noon national assembly noon bhang curran daa adhikar naheen haii parr uss noon aapne faisliaan noon vito curran daa adhikar haii. rashtarpati dey vito noon overroid curran laee, sansad cole 95 votan daa bahumat honaa chahida haii. niaanik shakti sanvidhanak adalat, superim court atey aarthik adalat witch nihit haii. rashtarpati inhan adalatan witch jajjan noon namzad karda haii. european commission phaar dha efficiency aaf justice (see. ee. pee. ee. jee.) dee report navein jajjan dee chonh baare azerbaijani niaan maadal noon sarbottam abhiaas vajon darsaundi haii, joe vishesh visheshtavan atey navein loktantar witch niaanpalika dee sutantarta atey gunwatta noon yakini banaun vall vikas dey raste noon darsaundi haii. azerbaijan dee shasan pranali noon namatar taur utte doou-padhri kiha jaa sakda haii. sarkaar daa ucch jaan ucch padhri karajpalika shakti rashtarpati dee agvai witch hundi haii. rashtarpati mantriaan atey horr ucch padhri adhikariaan dee niyukti karda haii. sathanak karajkari adhikar siraf karajkari shakti dee nirantarta haii. ih parbandh sathanak karajkari atharty ("yerli ikra hakimiati") utte azerbaijan witch sathanak raaj parshasana dee kanunni sathiti noon nirdharat karda haii, jiss noon 16 juun 1999 noon apnaiaa giaa see. juun 2012 witch, rashtarpati neey navein niyam noon manzuri ditti, jiss neey sathanak karajkari adhikariaan noon vadhu shaktiaan dittiaan, azerbaijan dey sathanak mamlian witch unhan dee pramukh sathiti noon mazboot keeta, azerbaijan ganraj dey sanvidhan dey adhiaai 9 dey adhiaai witch sathanak sway-sarkaar dey pramukh muddiaan noon sambodhan keeta giaa, jiven kii mioonspeltiaan dee kanunni sathiti, sathanak sway-sarkaar sansthavan deeaan kisman, unhan deeaan buniaadi shaktiaan atey horr sarkari sansthavan naal sabndh. shasan daa dooja namatar paddhar mioonspeltiaan ("bjljd") haii, atey mioonspeltiaan dey member harr panj saalan witch mioonspal chonhan witch aam vott duaara chunhe jaande hunn. iss vele desh bharr witch 1,607 nagar palikavan hunn. mioonspal chonhan baare kanoon atey mioonspeltiaan dee sathiti baare kanoon sathanak sarkaar dey khetar witch sabh toon pahilan apnaiaa giaa see (2 julai 1999). mioonspal seva baare kanoon mioonspal karamchariaan deeaan gatividhiaan, unhan dey adhikaran, kartavvan, mazdoori deeaan sathitiaan atey smajik laabhan noon niyantrit karda haii atey karajkari upkaran dey dhanche atey mioonspal seva dey sangathan dee roop rekha dinda haii. mioonspeltiaan dee sathiti baare kanoon mioonspal sansthavan dee bhumika atey dhanche noon niyantrit karda haii atey kanunni atey vitti khudmukhtiaari deeaan raaj garantiaan dee roop rekha dinda haii. kanoon smajik surakhiaa, smajik atey aarthik vikas atey sathanak vatavaran naal sabandhat mioonspal programan noon apnaun atey lagu curran vall vishesh dhiaan dinda haii. surakhiaa parishad rashtarpati dey adheen vichaar-vatandre vaali sanstha haii, atey uh iss noon sanvidhan anusar aayojit karda haii. iss dee sathapana 10 aprail 1997 noon keeti gaee see. parshaski vibhag rashtarpati dey daftar daa hissa naheen haii balki rashtarpati atey unhan dey daftar dovan deeaan vitti, takniki atey aarthik gatividhiaan daa parbandhan karda haii. azerbaijan dee rajneetak pranali noon kujh rajneetak vigiaaniaan duaara tanashahi vajon paribhashit keeta giaa haii, kiunki aliev rajneetik parivaar atey hether aliev duaara sathapat naveen azerbaijan party ("yeni azerbican partiasi", yaap) dey lambe samein takk challan vaale prabhav caarn. desh dey teeje rashtarpati, hether aliyev (1993 atey 2003 dey vichkaar daftar witch; uh pahilan 1969 atey 1982 dey vichkaar azerbaijan dee communist party dey pahile sakattar sunn, atey 1982 atey 1987 dey vichkaar soviat union dey pahile upp pardhan mantri sunn) dee thaan unhan dey puttar, chauthe atey maujuda rashtarpati ilham aliyev neey 2003 witch laee see. halanki azerbaijan neey aapni aazadi noon mudd prapat curran toon baad kaee chonhan karvaiaan hunn atey ikk loktantar deeaan bahut saariaan rasmi sansthavan hunn, parr iss noon sutantarta gharr duaara "sutantar naheen" vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa haii, jiss neey iss noon 2022 witch vishav sutantarta score 'teey 9/100 darja ditta see, jiss neey iss noon ikk "ekikrit tanashahi shasan" kiha see. haal hii dey saalan witch, vaddi ginti witch azerbaijani pattarkaran, bloggran, vakilan atey manukkhi adhikar karkunan noon rashtarpati aliev atey sarkari adhikariaan dee alochna laee griftar keeta giaa haii atey jailh witch paa ditta giaa haii. satambar 2015 witch european sansad duaara apnaiaa giaa ikk mataa azerbaijan noon "pichle dass saalan witch saare eurasia witch jamhuri shasan witch sabh toon vaddi girawat daa sahmana karna piaa" dassda haii, ih vee nott karda haii kii manukkhi adhikaran baare desh naal iss dee gallbat neey "koee mahattavpuran pragati naheen keeti haii."17 march 2016 noon, azerbaijan dey rashtarpati neey ikk ferman utte dastkhat keete jiss witch ikk darjan toon vaddh viaktiaan noon muaf qarr ditta giaa jinhan noon kujh gair-sarkari sangathanan duaara rajneetik kaidi manniaa jaanda haii. iss ferman daa amriki raaj vibhag duaara ikk skaratmak kadam vajon swagat keeta giaa see. 16 march 2017 noon ikk horr muafi dey ferman utte hastakhar keete gaye, jiss naal rajneetik kaidi manne jaanh vaale vadhu viaktiaan noon rihaa qarr ditta giaa. azerbaijan dee videshi adhikariaan atey diplomatan noon rishwat denh laee sakhat alochna keeti gaee haii taan joe videshan witch iss dey kaarnan noon utshahit keeta jaa sake atey gharelu chonhan noon jaaiz thahiraiaa jaa sake, ikk abhiaas noon kaviar kootniti kiha jaanda haii. halanki, 6 march 2017 noon, european rannitak khufia atey surakhiaa kendra assisk) neey "armenian connection" namak ikk report prakashit keeti, jiss witch iss neey manukkhi adhikaran dey ngo atey khoj sangathanan utte hamla keeta atey azerbaijan witch manukkhi adhikaran dee ulanghna atey bhrishtachar dee alochna keeti. uss report witch assisk neey zor dey keey kiha kii aisai duaara vistrit "cavier kootniti" report daa udesh apbad dey adhaar 'teey shakk daa mahaul paida karna haii taan joe mps daa ikk network banaiaa jaa sake joe azerbaijan dey virudh ikk rajneetik yuddh witch shamal hovega atey ih network, european pms, armenian adhikariaan atey kujh ngo (manukkhi adhikar vaach, aam muafi antarashtari, manukkhi adhikar haaoos foundation, khullhi gallbat, european sathirta pahil, atey manukkhi adhikaran laee helsinki kameti) naal baniaa see. robbert colson (radio mukat yoorap) dey anusar, assisk baku dey lobbing yatnan daa ikk hissa haii joe jantak raae noon badlan laee front think tainkan dee varton noon vadhaunda haii. friedom faeelan vishleshan kendra neey kiha kii "report tanashahi prachar deeaan sabh toon bhaidiaan parampravan witch likhi gaee haii. videshi sabndh. thodeh samein laee azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj chhe deshan naal kootnitak sabndh sathapat curran witch safal riha, jiss naal germany atey finland witch kootnitak numainde bheje gaye. soviat sangh dey tuttan toon baad azerbaijan dee aazadi noon antarashtari maanta denh dee prakiriaa lagbhag ikk saal takk challi. 6 navambar 1996 noon, azerbaijan noon maanta denh vaala sabh toon taaza desh bahreen see. missionan dey aapsi adaan-pardan samet poore kootnitak sabndh, pahili vaar turki, pakistan, sanyukat raaj amrica, iraan atey israeel naal sathapat keete gaye sunn. azerbaijan neey turki naal aapne "vishesh sabandhan" utte vishesh zor ditta haii. azerbaijan dey hunn takk 158 deshan naal kootnitak sabndh hunn atey uh 38 antarashtari sangathanan dee membership rakkhda haii. ih gutt-nirlep andolan atey vishav vapaar sangathan witch nirikhak daa darja rakkhda haii atey antarashtari dursanchar union witch ikk pattarkar haii. 9 maee 2006 noon azerbaijan noon sanyukat rashter general assembly duaara naveen sathapat manukkhi adhikar consul dee membership laee chunhiaa giaa see. iss daa karajkal 19 juun 2006 noon shuru hoiaa see. azerbaijan noon pahili vaar sanyukat rashter surakhiaa parishad dey gair-sathayi member vajon 2011 witch 155 deshan dey samarthan naal chunhiaa giaa see. azerbaijan dee videsh neeti deeaan tarjihan witch, sabh toon pahilan, aapni khetri akhandta dee bahali; nagorno-karabakh atey nagorno-karabakh dey aale duaale dey azerbaijan dey satt horr khetran dey kabze dey natijiaan daa khatma; european atey euro-atlantic dhanche witch ekikaran; antarashtari surakhiaa witch yogdan; antarashtari sangathanan naal sahiyog; khetri sahiyog atey duvalle sabndh; rakkhiaa samratha noon mazboot karna; gharelu neeti duaara surakhiaa noon utshahit karna; loktantar noon mazboot karna; nasli atey dharmik sehansheelta dee sambhal; vigiaanak, vidiak atey sabheyacharak neeti atey naitik kadran-keematan dee sambhal; aarthik atey smajik vikas; andruni atey sarhaddi surakhiaa noon vadhauna; atey parvas, oorja atey aavajai surakhiaa neeti shamal hunn. azerbaijan antarashtari dehshatgardi naal ludd rahey antarashtari gathjod daa ikk sargaram member haii atey 11 satambar dey hamliaan toon baad sahaita dee peshkash curran vaale pahile deshan vicchon ikk see. ih desh naato dey shanti program laee bhaiwali daa ikk sargaram member haii, joe cosovo, afghanistan atey iraak witch shanti rakkhan dey yatnan witch yogdan paunda haii. azerbaijan 2001 toon yoorap dee consul daa member vee haii atey european union naal change sabndh kaaim rakkhda haii. desh aakharkar yurapi sangh dee membership laee arzi dey sakda haii. 1 julai 2021 noon, us congress neey kanoon noon agge vadhaiaa jiss daa prabhav fauji sahaita utte pavega joe washington neey 2012 toon azerbaijan noon bheji haii. ih iss tatth dey caarn see kii armenia noon package, iss dee bajaae, kaafi chhote hunn. fauji. aadhunik azerbaijan fauj daa itihaas 1918 witch azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj daa haii jadon 26 juun 1918 noon navein baney azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj dee rashtari fauj dee sathapana keeti gaee see. jadon azerbaijan neey soviat union dey bhang honn toon baad aazadi prapat keeti see, taan azerbaijan ganraj deeaan hathiaarband faujan 9 aktubar 1991 dey hathiaarband balaan dey kanoon anusar banaiaan gaeeaan sunn. ajj dey azerbaijan witch thodeh samein laee rashtari fauj dee sathapana dee asal mitee noon fauj divas (26 juun) vajon manaiaa jaanda haii. 2021 takk, azerbaijan dey hathiaarband balaan witch 126,000 sargaram karamchari sunn. itthe 17,000 aradh sainik atey 330,00 reserve karamchari vee hunn. hathiaarband balaan deeaan tinn shakhavan hann zamini sainavan, havaai sainavan atey jall saina. iss toon ilava hathiaarband balaan witch kaee fauji upp-samooh shamal hunde hunn joe load painn 'teey raaj dee rakkhiaa witch shamal hoow sakde hunn. ih andruni mamlian dey mantrale atey raaj sarhaddi seva dey andruni sainik hunn, jinhan witch tatt rakkhiak vee shamal haii. azerbaijan national gaard ikk horr aradh sainik bull haii. ih vishesh raaj surakhiaa seva dee ikk aradh-sutantar ikai dey roop witch kamm kardi haii, joe rashtarpati dey adheen ikk agency haii. azerbaijan yoorap witch ravaiti hathiaarband balaan baare sandhi dee palna karda haii atey usne saariaan pramukh antarashtari hathiaaran atey hathiaaran deeaan sandhiaan 'teey dastkhat keete hunn. azerbaijan shanti laee bhaiwali atey viaktigat bhaiwali kaaraj yojna/pee. eff. pee. atey aaee. pee. aii. varge programan witch naato naal nediyon sahiyog karda haii. azerbaijan neey aapne shanti rakkhiaa balaan vicchon 151 noon iraak witch atey horr 184 noon afghanistan witch tayinat keeta haii. azerbaijan neey aapne rakkhiaa buzzet utte 2.24 billion dallar kharach keete, joe kii iss dey kull jee. dee. pee. daa 5.4% atey aam sarkari kharche daa kujh 12.7% haii. azerbaijani rakkhiaa udyog chhote hathiaar, topkhane pranaliaan, taink, kavach atey raat drishti upkaran, havabazi bumb, yuu. aii. vee./manukh rahit havaai vaahan, vakkh-vakkh fauji vaahan atey fauji jahaz atey helicopter banaunda haii. parshaski vibhag. azerbaijan noon parshaski taur utte 14 aarthik khetran witch vandiaa giaa haii; gantantar dey siddhe adhikar adheen 66 reone (, ikkvachan) atey 11 shehar (, ikkvachan). iss toon ilava, azerbaijan witch nakhchivan daa khudmukhtiaar ganraj () shamal haii. azerbaijan daa rashtarpati inhan ikaiaan dey governoran dee niyukti karda haii, jadon kii nakhchivan dee sarkaar noon nakhchivan khudmukhtiaar ganraj dee sansad duaara chunhiaa atey manzuri ditti jaandi haii. arthvivastha. 1991 witch aazadi prapat curran toon baad, azerbaijan antarashtari mudra fund, vishav baink, punar nirman atey vikas laee european baink, islami vikas baink atey aci vikas baink daa member bann giaa. azerbaijan dee banking pranali witch azerbaijan daa kendri baink, vaparak baink atey gair-banking credit sangathan shamal hunn. rashtari (hunn kendri) baink dee sathapana 1992 witch azerbaijan state savings baink dey adhaar utte keeti gaee see, joe yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. dey sabka raaj bacchat baink naal sabandhat haii. kendri baink azerbaijan dey kendri baink vajon kamm karda haii, jiss noon rashtari mudra, azerbaijani manat jaari curran atey saare vaparak bainkan dee nigrani curran daa adhikar haii. doou pramukh vaparak baink unibank atey azerbaijan daa sarkari malkiat vaala antarashtari baink hunn, joe abas ibrahimov duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii. kharach atey mung dey vaadhe naal, 2007 dee pahili timahi witch mahingai darr 16.6% takk pahunch gaee. namatar aamdan atey mahinavar ujartan iss ankade dey mukabale kramvaar 29 pratishat atey 25 pratishat vadhiaan, parr gair-tail udyog witch keematan witch vaadhe neey mahingai noon utshahit keeta. azerbaijan aapne tezi naal vadh rahey oorja khetar dey caarn akhauti "dutch bimari" dey kujh sanket darsaunda haii, joe mahingai daa caarn banada haii atey gair-oorja niryaat noon vadhere mahinga banaunda haii. 2000 dey dahake dey arambh witch, ucch mahingai noon kabu witch liaa giaa see. iss naal 1 janwari 2006 noon aarthik sudharan noon mazboot curran atey asthir arthvivastha dey nishaniaan noon mitaun laee ikk naveen mudra, naveen azerbaijani manat dee shuruat hoee. azerbaijan noon horr cis deshan toon uppar, 2010-2011 laee vishwaviaapi mukabalebazi report witch witch sathaan vee prapat haii. 2012 takk azerbaijan daa jee. dee. pee. 1995 dey paddhar toon 20 gunna vadh giaa see. kudrati sarot atey bijli. azerbaijan daa doou tihai hissa tail atey kudrati gais naal bharpur haii. azerbaijan dey tail udyog daa itihaas prachin qaal daa haii. arabi itihaskar atey yaatari ahmed all-baladuri neey prachin qaal witch absheron praideep dee arthvivastha baare charcha keeti, khaas taur 'teey iss dey tail daa zikar keeta. azerbaijan witch bahut saariaan pipeline hunn. dakkhni gais corridor daa teecha, joe kii azerbaijan witch vishal shaah daniz gais khetar noon yoorap naal jodada haii, european union dee russie gais utte nirbharta noon ghatauna haii. desh dey ziaadaatar sone, chaandi, lohe, tambe, titanium, chromium, magneys, cobalt, molybdenum, gunjhaldar dhatu atey antimony laee chhote coxus daa khetar banada haii. satambar 1994 witch, azerbaijan ganraj (sokaar) dee sarkari tail company atey 13 tail companyan, jinhan witch amoco, bee. pee., exonmobil, lucoil atey equiner shamal hunn, darmiaan ikk 30 saal dey ikrarname utte hastakhar keete gaye sunn. jiven kii pachmi tail companyan soviat shoshan toon binan dunghe paanee dey tail khetran dee varton curran dey yog hunn, azerbaijan noon tail dee khoj atey vikas laee dunia dey sabh toon mahattavpuran sathanan vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda haii. iss dauran, azerbaijan dey raaj tail fund dee sathapana ikk vadhu buzzet fund vajon keeti gaee see taan joe viaapak aarthik sathirta, tail maaliye dey parbandhan witch pardarshta atey aaunn valiaan peedhiaan laee sarotan dee surakhiaa noon yakini banaiaa jaa sake. azerbaijan witch jaivik samratha takk pahunch vishav ausat toon ghatt haii. saal 2016 witch, azerbaijan dey khetar witch pratee viakati 0.8 vishav hectare jaivik samratha see, joe kii pratee viakati 1.6 vishav ausat haii. 2016 witch azerbaijan neey pratee viakati 2.20 vishav hectare biocapacity dee varton keeti-khapat dey uhanan dey vatavarnak padchinh. iss daa matlab haii kii uh azerbaijan naalon vadhere biocapacity dee varton karde hunn. natije vajon, azerbaijan ikk jaivik samratha dee ghaat chalaa riha haii. azricas, joe kii sokaar dee ikk upp-company haii, daa irada 2021 takk desh daa poora gassikaran yakini banauna haii. azerbaijan purab-pachham atey uttar-dakkhan energy transport corridor dey spanceran vicchon ikk haii. baku-tabilsi-cars railway line caspian khetar noon turkey naal jodegi, jiss dey julai 2017 witch poora honn dee umeed haii. trance-anatolian gais pipeline (tanap) atey trance adriatic pipeline (tapp) azerbaijan dey shaah danies gais toon turki atey yoorap takk kudrati gais pahunchayegi. azerbaijan neey 14 satambar 2017 noon sokaar atey sahi-uddman (bee. pee., shavron, inpex, equiner, exonmobil, tii. pee., itochu atey ou. ainn. jee. see. desh) duaara hastakhar keete gaye sodhe hoye pee. aiss. aii. anusar aii. see. jee. dey vikas baare samjhaute noon 2050 takk vadha ditta. khetibadi. azerbaijan witch iss khetar daa sabh toon vadda khetibadi besin haii. azerbaijan daa lagbhag 54.9 pratishat khetibadi vaali zameen haii. 2007 dee shuruat witch itthe 4,755,100 hectare khetibadi khetar vartiaa giaa see. use saal kull lakkad dey sarotan dee ginti 13.6 croad varag meeter see. azerbaijan dey khetibadi vigiaanak khoj sansthan ghaah dey maidanan atey charagahan, baghbani atey upp-khandi faslan, hariaan sabziaan, anguran dee kaashat atey wine banaun, kapaah ugaun atey aushadhi paudiaan 'teey kendrat hunn. kujh khetran witch anaaj, aaloo, khand dey chukander, kapaah atey tambaku ugauna labhdaik haii. pashudhan, dayeri utpaad atey wine atey spirt vee mahattavpuran khetibadi utpaad hunn. caspian machhi fadan daa udyog sturgeon atey beluga dey ghatde bhandaran 'teey dhiaan kendrat karda haii. sann 2002 witch azerbaijani vapari samundari jahaz cole 54 jahaz sunn. pahilan videshan toon daramad keete gaye kujh utpadan daa sathanak taur 'teey utpadan shuru hoow giaa haii. inhan witch coca-colla boatlers limted duaara coca-colla shamal hunn., bucky-castle duaara beear, nahir duaara parquet atey europac pipe coating azerbaijan duaara tail deeaan pipes. sair-spata. sair-spata azerbaijan dee arthvivastha daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa haii. ih desh 1980 dey dahake witch ikk prasidh sair-spata sathaan see. soviat union dey patan atey 1990 dey dahake dauran pahile nagorno-karabakh yuddh neey sair-spata udyog atey ikk sair-spata sathaan dey roop witch azerbaijan dey akas noon nuksan pahunchiaa. ih 2000 dey dahake takk naheen see kii sair-spata udyog neey sudhar karna shuru keeta, atey udon toon desh neey sailaniaan dey daure atey raat bharr rahinn dee ginti witch ucch darr daa anubhav keeta haii. haal hii dey saalan witch, azerbaijan dharmik, spaa atey sihat dekhbhal sair-spaate laee ikk prasidh manzil vee bann giaa haii. sardiaan dey dauran, shahdagh pahadi resort atie aadhunik sahulatan naal skiing dee peshkash karda haii. azerbaijan dee sarkaar neey azerbaijan dey vikas noon ikk ucch padhri sair-spata sathaan vajon tarjih ditti haii. ih sair-spaate noon ikk pramukh banaun laee ikk rashtari ranniti haii, jey ikk sabh toon vadda naheen, taan azerbaijani arthvivastha witch yogdan paunh vaala haii. ih gatividhiaan azerbaijan dey sabheyachar atey sair-spata mantrale duaara niyantrit keetiaan jandiaan hunn. 63 desh hunn jinhan daa veeza-mukat ank haii. ee-veeza-azerbaijan ganraj dey veeza-lodinde deshan dey videshiaan dee yaatra laee. vishav aarthik munch dee yaatra atey sair-spata mukabalebazi report 2015 dey anusar, azerbaijan witch sathaan 'teey haii. vishav yaatra atey sair-spata parishad dee ikk report dey anusar, azerbaijan 2010 atey 2016 dey vichkaar visitor niryaat witch sabh toon mazboot vaadha darsaun vaale choti dey dass deshan witch shamal see, iss toon ilava, azerbaijan neey pichle saal andruni antarashtari visitor kharach dey mazboot sanketan dey naal sabh toon tezi naal vikashsheel yaatra atey sair-spata arthvivasthavan vaale deshan witch pahila (46.1%) sathaan prapat keeta. aavajai. pramukh antarashtari traephik dhamniaan, jiven kii resham sadak atey dakkhan-uttri galiaare dey chaurahe 'teey azerbaijan dee suvidhajanak sathiti, desh dee arthvivastha laee aavajai khetar dey rannitak mahattav noon ujagar kardi haii. desh witch aavajai khetar witch sadkan, railway, havabazi atey samundari aavajai shamal hunn. kacche maal dee dhoa-dhuaai witch azerbaijan ikk mahattavpuran aarthik kendra vee haii. baku-tabilsi-seehan pipeline (bee. tii. see.) maee 2006 witch karajsheel hoow gaee atey azerbaijan, georgia atey turki dey khetran naalon vaddh faili hoee haii. bee. tii. see. noon salana 5 croad tunn kaccha tail lijaan laee tiaar keeta giaa haii atey ih caspian samundari tail khetran toon tail noon vishav bazaran witch lae jaanda haii. dakkhni caucasus pipeline, joe kii azerbaijan, georgia atey turki dey khetar witch vee faili hoee haii, 2006 dey ant witch karajsheel hoow gaee atey shaah danies gais feeled toon european markeet noon vadhu gais saplai dee peshkash kardi haii. shaah daniz toon pratee saal 296 billion kioobik meeter kudrati gais daa utpadan curran dee umeed haii. azerbaijan european union duaara spancer keete resham sadak project witch vee ikk pramukh bhumika nibhaunda haii. 2002 witch, azerbaijani sarkaar neey neeti atey regulatory kaarjan dee ikk viaapak shreni dey naal aavajai mantrale dee sathapana keeti. use saal, desh sadak aavajai baare vienna sammelan daa member bann giaa. arthvivastha dey horr khetran dey vikas noon bihtar banaun laee transport network noon upgraded karna atey aavajai sevavan witch sudhar karna tarjihan hunn. 2012 witch cars-tabilsi-baku railway daa nirman eshia atey yoorap dey vichkaar aavajai witch sudhar curran laee keeta giaa see joe purab witch cheen atey kazakhstan dey railway noon turki raahin pachham witch european railway pranali naal jodada haii. 2010 witch broad-gej railway atey bijlikaran railway kramvaar atey laee khiche gaye sunn. 2010 takk, itthe 35 havaai adde atey ikk heliport see. vigiaan atey technology. aii। sadee witch, ikk navein tail atey gais dey uchhal neey azerbaijan dey vigiaan atey technology khetran witch sathiti noon bihtar banaun witch sahaita keeti. sarkaar neey aadhunikikaran atey navinata dey udesh naal ikk muhim shuru keeti. sarkaar daa andaza haii kii soochna technology atey sanchar udyog toon laabh vadhega atey tail utpadan naal tulnatmak bann javega. azerbaijan witch ikk vadda atey nirantar vadh riha internet khetar haii, joe ziaadaatar 2007-2008 dey vitti sankat toon prabhavit naheen haii; ghatto ghatt panj horr saalan laee tez vikas dee bhavikhbani keeti gaee haii. azerbaijan noon 2021 witch vishav navinata soochkank witch witch sathaan miliaa see, joe 2019 witch witch sathaan toon uppar see. desh aapne dursanchar khetar dey vikas witch vee pragati qarr riha haii. sanchar atey soochna technology mantrala (aimm. see. aaee. tii.) atey aztelecom witch aapni bhumika raahin ikk sanchalak neeti-nirmata atey regulator doven hunn. jantak pephone sathanak kaalan laee upalbadh hunn atey telephone exchange jaan kujh dukanan atey kyosk toon tokan kharidan dee zaroorat hundi haii. tokan anmithe samein dee qaal dee aagiaa dinde hunn. , mukkh telephone lines atey internet upbhogta sunn. chaar jee. aiss. aimm. pradata hann azercell, azerphone (naar mobile), naktel mobile network appretor atey ikk see. dee. aimm. aii. aii। sadee witch alchin khalilov atey horaan dey buniaadi kamman toon prerit kaee pramukh azerbaijani bhuu-gatee vigiaan atey bhuu-kann vigiaan vigiaaniaan neey sainkade bhuchal bhavikhbani stationan atey bhuchal-rodhak imaratan noon design keeta joe hunn bhuchal seva dey gantantar kendra daa vadda hissa hunn. azerbaijan national aerospace agency neey aapna pahila upgrah azerset 1 noon 7 farvari 2013 noon franch guiana dey guiana pulad kendra toon 46° purab dee chakkar vaali sathiti witch chakkar witch lanch keeta. ih upgrah yoorap atey eshia atey africa dey ikk mahattavpuran hisse noon cover karda haii atey television atey radio prasaran dey naal-naal internet dey prasaran dee seva karda haii. chakkar witch ikk upgrah dee shuruat azerbaijan daa aapna pulad udyog vaala rashter bannan dey aapne teeche noon sakar curran dee disha witch pahila kadam haii, joe bhavikh witch horr projectan noon safaltapurvak lagu curran dey samrath haii. jansankhiaa. march 2022 takk, azerbaijan dee kull aabadi daa 52.9% shahiri haii, baaki 47.1% pendu haii. janwari 2019 witch kull aabadi daa 50.1% aurtan sunn. use saal ling anupat pratee aurat 0.99 purash see. dunia bharr witch 2011 dee aabadi vaadhe dee darr 1.09% dee tulna witch 0.85% see. aabadi dey vaadhe noon seemat curran vaala ikk mahattavpuran kaarak ucch padhri parvas haii. 2011 witch azerbaijan witch − 1.14/1,000 lokan daa parvas hoiaa. azerbaijani diaspora 42 deshan witch paaiaa jaanda haii atey badle witch azerbaijan dey ander nasli ghatt gintiaan laee bahut saare kendra hunn, jinhan witch german sabheyacharak samaaj "crailhoss", slavic sabheyacharak kendra, azerbaijani-israeli bhaichara, kurdish sabheyacharak kendra, antarashtari talish association, lezgin rashtari kendra "samoor", azerbaijani-tatar bhaichara, crimean tatar suciety aadi shamal hunn. kull milaa keey, azerbaijan witch 78 shehar, 63 shehar zilhe atey ikk vishesh kanunni darja vaala shehar haii. inhan vicchon 261 shahiri kisam deeaan bastiaan atey 4248 pind hunn. jaati. 2009 dee aabadi dee mardamshumari dey anusar aabadi dee nasli bantarao 91.6% azerbaijani, 2% lezgin, 1.4% armenian (lagbhag saare armenian nagorno-karabakh dey vakkh-vakkh khetar witch rahinde hunn), 1.3% russie, 1.3% talish, 0.6% avaar, 0.40% turak, 0.3% tatar, 0.3% tott, 0.2% ukraini, 0.1% sakhur, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% yahudi, 0.1% kurad, horr 0.20%. bhashavan. sarkari bhasha azerbaijani haii, joe kii ikk turki bhasha haii. azerbaijani lagbhag 92 pratishat aabadi duaara maat bhasha vajon bollie jaandi haii. russie atey armeniaai (siraf nagorno-karabakh witch) vee boliaan jandiaan hunn, atey harek kramvaar lagbhag 1.5% aabadi dee maan bollie haii. desh witch ikk darjan horr ghatt ginti bhashavan vee boliaan jandiaan hunn. avaar, budukh, georgian, juhuri, khinalag, crites, lezgin, rutul, talish, tatt, sakhur atey udee saare chhotiaan ghatt gintiaan duaara boliaan jandiaan hunn. inhan vicchon kujh bhasha bhaichare bahut chhote hunn atey unhan dee ginti ghatt hoow rahee haii. nagorno-karabakh witch armenian bahuginti bhasha see joe 1989 witch lagbhag 76 pratishat see. pahile nagorno-karabakh yuddh toon baad, aabadi lagbhag 95 pratishat dey naal lagbhag vishesh taur 'teey armenian haii. dharam. azerbaijan noon sabh toon dharam nirpakh musalman bahuginti vaala desh manniaa jaanda haii. 97 feesdi aabadi musalmanan dee haii. musalmanan vicchon lagbhag 55-85% shiaa honn daa andaza haii, jadon kii 15-45% musalman sunni hunn. desh dey vakkh-vakkh nasli samoohan duaara horr dharman daa paalan keeta jaanda haii. iss dey sanvidhan dee dhaara 48 dey tehat, azerbaijan ikk dharam nirpakh raaj haii atey dharmik aazadi noon yakini banaunda haii. ikk 2006-2008 gallup pole witch, azerbaijan dey siraf 21 pratishat uttardatavan neey kiha kii dharam unhan dee rozana zindagi daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa haii. desh deeaan dharmik ghatt gintiaan vicchon, andazan 280,000 isai (3.1%) ziaadaatar russie atey georgian orthodox atey armenian apostolic hunn (lagbhag saare armenian nagorno-karabakh dey vakkh hoye khetar witch rahinde hunn). 2003 witch 250 roman catholic sunn. 2002 takk horr isai sampardavan witch luthern, baptist atey molocan shamal hunn. itthe ikk chhota protestant bhaichara vee haii. azerbaijan witch 2,000 saal dey itihaas dey naal ikk prachin yahudi aabadi vee haii; yahudi sangathanan daa andaza haii kii 12,000 yahudi azerbaijan witch rahinde hunn, joe kii israeel atey sanyukat raaj toon bahr iklauta yahudi bahuginti vaala shehar haii. azerbaijan witch bahai, harey krishan atey yahovah dey gawah bhaichariaan dey naal-naal horr dharmik bhaichariaan dey parocar vee rahinde hunn. kujh dharmik bhaichariaan noon gair-rasmi taur utte dharmik aazadi toon roque ditta giaa haii. aii yuu.aiss. iss mamle 'teey raaj vibhag dee report witch kujh musalman atey isai samoohan dey memberan dee nazarbandi daa zikar keeta giaa haii, atey bahut saare samoohan noon dharam noon niyantrit curran vaali agency, azerbaijan ganraj (sakwara) deeaan dharmik associationan baare raaj kameti naal register curran witch mushkal aaundi haii. sikkhiaa. azerbaijaniaan dee ikk mukabaltan ucch pratishatata neey kise naa kise roop witch ucch sikkhiaa prapat keeti haii, khaas karke vigiaanak atey takniki vishiaan witch. soviat yugg witch, sakharta atey ausat sikkhiaa dey paddhar aapne bahut hii hethle shuruati bindu toon nataki dhang naal vadhe, standard varanmala witch doou tabdiliaan dey bavjood, 1920 dey dahake witch perso-arabik lippy toon lattin witch atey 1930 dey dahake witch roman toon cyrillic witch. soviat ankadiaan anusar, 1970 witch 100 pratishat marad atey aurtan (naun toon 49 saal dee umar) padhe likhe sunn. sanyukat rashter vikas program report 2009 dey anusar, azerbaijan witch sakharta darr 99.5 pratishat haii. aazadi toon baad, azerbaijan dee sansad neey aapne aap noon soviat union toon vakkh curran laee paas keete pahile kanoonan vicchon ikk cyrillic dee thaan lainn laee ikk sodhi hoee-lattin varanmala noon apnauna see. iss toon ilava azerbaijani pranali witch bahut ghatt dhanchagat tabdili aaee haii. shuruati tabdiliaan witch dharmik sikkhiaa (soviat qaal dauran pabandishuda) dee mudd sathapana atey pathkram witch tabdiliaan shamal hunn jinhan neey azerbaijani bhasha dee varton utte mudd zor ditta haii atey vichardharak samaggari noon khatam qarr ditta haii. elementary schoolan toon ilava, sikkhiaa sansthavan witch hazaran pree-school, general secondary school atey kittamukhi school shamal hunn, jinhan witch vishesh secondary school atey takniki school shamal hunn. nauvin jamaat takk dee sikkhiaa lazmi haii. sabheyachar. azerbaijan daa sabheyachar bahut saare prabhavan dey natije vajon vikast hoiaa haii; isey laee azerbaijani, kaee tarikiaan naal, doou-sabheyacharak hunn. ajj, almikaran khaptkar sabheyachar samet pachmi prabhav dey bavjood desh witch rashtari parampravan noon changi tarahan surakhiat rakkhiaa giaa haii. azerbaijani sabheyachar dey kujh mukkh tatt hann sangeet, saahit, lock naach atey qalaa, pakwan, architecture, cinematography atey novruz bearam. baad vaala zoroastrianwad dey prachin irani dharam witch navein saal dey ravaiti jashan toon liaa giaa haii. novers ikk parivarak chhutti haii. azerbaijan dee aabadi dey profile witch, jiven kii uppar dassiaa giaa haii, azerbaijaniaan dey naal-naal horr rashtariata jaan nasli samooh shamal hunn, joe desh dey vakkh-vakkh khetran witch rahinde hunn. azerbaijani rashtari atey ravaiti kappde chokha atey papakhi hunn. russie, georgian, kurdish, lezian atey talish bhashavan witch radio prasaran hunde hunn, jinhan noon raaj dey buzzet toon vitt poshan keeta jaanda haii. balkan atey khachmaz dey kujh sathanak radio station 'avar' atey 'tatt' witch prasaran daa parbandh karde hunn. baku witch kaee akhbar russie, kurdish ("dengi kurad"), lezian ("samoor") atey talish bhashavan witch prakashit hunde hunn. yahudi samaaj "sokhnat" akhbar "aziz" prakashit karda haii. sangeet atey lock naach. azerbaijan daa sangeet lock parampravan utte adharat haii joe lagbhag ikk hazaar saal puraniaan hunn. sadiaan toon azerbaijani sangeet ikk-munn dey baij heth vikast hoiaa haii, joe kii taal dey roop witch vibhinn dhunan paida karda haii. azerbaijani sangeet witch ikk shakha mode pranali haii, jitthe pramukh atey chhote skelan daa chromaticarn bahut mahattavpuran haii. rashtari sangeet yantran witch 14 taar yantar, atth taal yantar atey chhe havaa yantar hunn. sangeet atey sangeetkaran dey grove dictionary dey anusar, jaati, sabheyachar atey dharam dey mamle witch azerbaijani sangeet dey taur utte turki naalon iraan dey bahut nede hunn." mugal, mekhana atey aashik qalaa azerbaijan deeaan bahut saariaan sangeetak parampravan vicchon ikk hunn. mugam aam taur utte kavita atey saaz dey antralan vaala ikk samooh hunda haii. mugam karde samein, gaikan noon aapniaan bhavnavan noon gaaun atey sangeet witch badalna painda haii. maddh aci deshan deeaan mugal parampravan dey ulat, azerbaijani mugal vadhere sutantar roop atey ghatt sakhat haii; iss dee tulna aksar jaiz dey sudhar khetar naal keeti jaandi haii. unesco neey 7 navambar 2003 noon azerbaijani mugam parampra noon manukhta dee zubani atey amurat virasat dee ikk masterpiece ghoshit keeta. meikhana ikk kisam daa ravaiti azerbaijani vilakkhan lock geet haii, joe aam taur utte kise vishesh vishe utte sudhar curran vaale kaee lokan duaara pesh keeta jaanda haii. aashik kavita, kahani sunaun, naach atey vocal atey saaz sangeet noon ikk ravaiti pardarshan qalaa witch jodada haii joe azerbaijani sabheyachar dey prateek vajon khadah haii. ih ikk rahassmai musibat jaan yaatra curran vaala baard haii joe geet gaunda haii atey vajaunda haii. iss parampra dee shuruat prachin turki lokan dey shamanvadi vishvasan witch hoee haii. aashik dey geet aam adharan dey duaale aradh-sudhare gaye hunn. 30 satambar 2009 noon unesco duaara azerbaijan dee aashik qalaa noon attal sabheyacharak virasat dee suchi witch shamal keeta giaa see. 1960 dey dahake dey maddh toon, pachmi-prabhavit azerbaijani popp sangeet, aapne vakkh-vakkh roopan witch, joe kii azerbaijan witch prasidhi witch vadh riha haii, jadon kii raak atey hipp hopp vargiaan shailiaan viaapak taur 'teey tiaar keetiaan jandiaan hunn atey anand liaundiyan hunn. azerbaijani popp atey azerbaijani lock sangeet aleem kasimov, rasheed behbudov, wagif mustafazadeh, muslim magomayev, shovkat alkabrova atey rubaba muradova varge kalakaran dee antarashtari prasidhi naal ubbhariaa. azerbaijan eurovision geet mukabale witch ikk utshahit bhagidar haii. azerbaijan neey 2008 dey eurovision geet mukabale witch aapni shuruat keeti. desh dee pravesh sann 2009 witch teeja sathaan haasal keeta atey agle saal panjwan sathaan haasal keeta. ail atey nikki neey eurovision geet mukabale 2011 witch pahila sathaan jittiaa, jiss witch geet "darde hoye chall riha haii", jiss neey azerbaijan noon 2012 witch baku witch mukabale dee mezbani curran daa huck ditta. uhanan neey mukabale dey 2018 edition takk harr grand final laee qualify keeta haii, gaeek aisel duaara x merey dill naal dakhal hoiaa haii. itthe darjanan azerbaijani lock naach hunn. uh rasmi jashnan witch pesh keete jaande hunn atey nritak chokha varge rashtari kappde pahinade hunn, joe rashtari naachan witch changi tarahan surakhiat haii. ziaadaatar naachan dee ikk bahut tez taal hundi haii. saahit. aadhunik azerbaijani ganraj deeaan khetri seemavan dey ander paida hoye madhkali lekhakan witch farcy kavee atey darshnik nizami sunn, jinhan noon unhan dey janam sathaan dey naam utte ganjvi kiha jaanda see, ganja, joe khansa ("quintuplate") daa lekhak see, panj romantic kavitavan naal baniaa see, jiss witch "rahassan daa khazana", "khosro atey shareen" atey "leili atey mejnoon" shamal sunn. likhat azerbaijani saahit witch sabh toon purani jaanhi jaandi shakhsiat izdeen hasnoglu see, jiss neey farcy atey azerbaijani ghazlan naal baniaa ikk diwan tiaar keeta see. farcy ghazlan witch uss neey aapna kalmi naam vartiaa, jadon kii uss deeaan azerbaijani ghazlan uss dey aapne naam hasnoglu dey tehat banaiaan gaeeaan sunn. azerbaijani witch shastari saahit joe sadee witch tabriz atey shirvan deeaan vakkh-vakkh shuruati maddh yugg deeaan upbhashavan dey adhaar utte banaiaa giaa see. iss samein dey kaviaan witch gaazi burhanaddin, hakiki (jahaan shaah qaaraa koyunlu daa kalmi naam) atey habibi shamal sunn. joe sadee daa ant imaddin nasimi dee sahitak gatividhi shuru curran daa samaan vee see, joe joe sadee dey akheer atey ih sadee dey arambh witch sabh toon mahaan azerbaijani hurufi rahassmai kaviaan vicchon ikk see atey turki sahitak itihaas dey sabh toon pramukh shuruati diwan masteran vicchon ikk see, jiss neey farcy atey arabi witch vee kavita likhi see. diwan atey ghazlan deeaan shailiaan noon kaviaan kasim-aii-anwar, fuzuli atey khatai (safavid shaah ismile I daa kalmi naam) duaara horr vikast keeta giaa see. dede korkut dee pustak" witch haii। sadee witch nakal keetiaan gaeeaan doou hatth-likhtan shamal hunn, atey ih ih sadee toon pahilan naheen likhiaan gaeeaan sunn. ih 12 kahaniaan daa sangrah haii joe oghuz khanabdoshan dee maukhik parampra noon darsaunda haii. haii। sadee dey kavee mohammad fuzuli neey arabi, farcy atey azerbaijani witch aapne sadivi darshnik atey geetan dey "kazal" tiaar keete. aapne vatavaran deeaan vadhiaa sahitak parampravan toon bahut laabh uthaunde hoye, atey aapne purvajan dee virasat utte nirman karde hoye, fuzuli aapne samaaj dee pramukh sahitak shakhsiat banna chahunda see. uss deeaan pramukh rachnavan witch "ghazlan daa diwan" atey "kasidas" shamal hunn. use sadee witch, azerbaijani saahit ashik () kavee shaili dey vikas naal horr prafullat hoiaa. isey arse dauran, main khaati ("paapi" laee) shaah ismel dey kalmi naam heth azerbaijani witch lagbhag 1400 aaitan likhiaan, joe baad witch uhanan dey "diwan" vajon prakashit hoiaan. iss samein dauran 'kaushma' ('sudhar' laee) vajon jaanhi jaandi ikk vilakkhan sahitak shaili pesh keeti gaee see, atey shaah ismel atey baad witch uss dey puttar atey uttradhikari, shaah tehmasap I duaara vikast keeti gaee see. see। atey atey sadee dey arse witch, fuzuli deeaan vilakkhan shailiaan dey naal-naal aashik kavita noon pramukh kaviaan atey lekhakan jiven kii tabriz dey kovsi, shaah abbas saanee, nishaat, molla vaali vidadi, molla panaah wagif, amani, zafar atey horaan duaara apnaiaa giaa see. turkan, turki atey uzbeks dey naal, azerbaijani vee ikk prasidh lock naaik coroglu ("anneh aadmi dey puttar" laee) dey mahankavi daa jashan manaunde hunn. coroglu mahankavi dey kaee dastavezi sanskaran azerbaijan dee national academy aaf sciences dee hatth-likhtan laee sanstha witch baney hoye hunn. azerbaijan witch aadhunik azerbaijani saahit mukkh taur utte shirwani bollie utte adharat haii, jadon kii iraan witch ih tabrizi utte adharat haii. azerbaijani daa pahila akhbar, "akinchi" 1875 witch prakashit hoiaa see. hunn। sadee dey maddh witch, iss noon baku, ganja, shaaki, tabilsi atey yerevan dey schoolan witch padaiaa jaanda see. 1845 toon, ih roos witch cent pietersburg university witch vee padaiaa jaanda see. lock qalaa. azerbaijaniaan daa ikk ameer atey vilakkhan sabheyachar haii, jiss daa ikk vadda hissa sajawati atey lagu qalaa haii. iss qalaa dey roop noon hatth-shilp dee ikk vishal shreni duaara darsaiaa jaanda haii, jiven kii pichha karna, gahina, dhaat witch ukkari, lakkad, patthar, haddi, corpet banauna, lessing, pattern bunayi atey printing, atey bunayi atey kadhayi. iss kisam dee sajawati qalaa, azerbaijan rashter dey daan daa saboot, itthe bahut huck witch haii. azerbaijan witch qalaa atey shilpkari dey vikas naal sabandhat bahut saare dilchsap tatthan noon kaee vapariaan, yatrian atey diplomatan duaara report keeta giaa see jinhan neey vakkh-vakkh samiaan witch inhan sathanan daa daura keeta see. azerbaijani corpet vakkh-vakkh akaar daa ikk ravaiti hatth naal baniaa kappda haii, jiss witch ikk sanghani banatar atey ikk dher jaan dher-ghatt satah haii, jiss dey pattern azerbaijan dey bahut saare corpet banaun vaale khetran dee visheshta hunn. navambar 2010 witch azerbaijani corpet noon unesco duaara amurat virasat dee ikk masterpiece ghoshit keeta giaa see. azerbaijan prachin qaal toon hii vakkh-vakkh tarahan deeaan shilpkari dey kendra vajon janhiaa jaanda riha haii. azerbaijan dey khetar witch puratattav khudai changi tarahan vikast khetibadi, stock vadhaun, dhatu dey kamm, mitty dey bartan, vasraviks atey corpet-bunayi dee gawahi dindi haii joe kii duji hazaar saal bee. see. takk dee mitee haii. btc pipeline toon labbhiaan gaeeaan dushbulock, hasansu, zayamchai atey tovuzchai witch puratattav sathanan neey lohe dey yugg deeaan mudhliaan kalakritiaan daa khulasa keeta haii. azerbaijani carpetan noon kaee vadde samoohan atey upp samoohan dee ikk bheed dey tehat shrenibadh keeta jaa sakda haii. azerbaijani corpet dee vigiaanak khoj ikk pramukh vigiaani atey kalakar lateef karimov dey naam naal judee hoee haii. ih uhanan daa vargikaran see joe carpetan dey chaar vadde samoohan noon chaar bhugolik khetran azerbaijan, guba-shirwan, ganja-kazakh, karabakh atey tabriz naal jodada see. khaana. ravaiti pakwan pakwanan witch mausami taur 'teey vartiaan jaanh valiaan sabziaan atey hariaan sabziaan dee bharpurta laee mashur haii. taaza jadee-bootiaan, jinhan witch pudina, cilentro (dhania), dill, tulsi, ajmod, terragon, leak, cheeves, ajvayan, marjoram, haraa pyaaj atey watercress shamal hunn, bahut prasidh hunn atey aksar mez utte mukkh pakwanan dey naal hundiaan hunn. jalvayu vibhinnta atey zameen dee upjaoo shakti rashtari pakwanan witch pratibimbat hundi haii, joe kii caspian samunder dee machhi, sathanak meat (mukkh taur 'teey mutton atey beef), atey mausami sabziaan atey hariaan sabziaan dee bharpurta' teey adharat hunn. kesar-chawal daa plov azerbaijan daa pramukh bhojan haii atey kaali chaah rashtari peenn vaala padarath haii. azerbaijani aksar ravaiti armudu (naspati dey aakaar dey) shishe dee varton karde hunn kiunki unhan daa chaah daa sabheyachar bahut mazboot hunda haii. prasidh ravaiti pakwanan witch bojbash (lamb soop joe kii vakkh-vakkh sabziaan dey naal kaee khetri kisman witch maujood haii), qutub (harey jaan katte hoye meat noon bharan dey naal taley hoye carobar) atey dushbara (aate dey dumpling dee kisam joe kii mitthe meat atey suaad naal bharee hoee haii) shamal hunn. architecture. azerbaijani architecture aam taur utte purab atey pachham dey tattan noon jodada haii. azerbaijani architecture daa farcy architecture toon bhaari prabhav haii. bahut saare prachin architectural khazane jiven kii baku dey kandh vaale shehar witch shirvanshahan daa pahila buraj atey mahil aadhunik azerbaijan witch maujood haii. unesco dee vishav virasat dee asthai suchi witch jamhan keetiaan gaeeaan aintriaan witch baku daa atashgah, momeen khatoon makbara, hirkan national park, binagadi asfault jheel, lakbatan chikkad daa jualamukhi, shusha raaj itihasak atey architectural reserve, baku stage pahaad, caspian kinare rakhiaatmak nirman, ordubad national reserve atey shaaki khaanan daa mahil shamal hunn. horr architectural khazaniaan witch mardakan witch chaturbhuj kilha, yukhari chardgler witch parigala, aras nadee witch faile kaee pull atey kaee makbare shamal hunn. hunn। atey atey sadee dey arambh witch, bahut ghatt smark architecture banaiaa giaa see, parr baku atey horr thaavan witch vilakkhan rihaishan banaiaan gaeeaan sunn. sabh toon taaza architectural smarkan vicchon, baku subway aapni shandar sajawat laee jaane jaande hunn. aadhunik azerbaijani architecture daa kamm aadhunik suhaj shastar dee vibhinn varton, ikk architect dee aapni kalatmak shaili dee khoj atey maujuda itihasak-sabheyacharak vatavaran noon shamal karna haii. hether aliev sabheyacharak kendra, flame tower, baku chrystal haal, baku white city atey soker tower varge pramukh projectan neey desh dee asman rekha noon badal ditta haii atey iss dee samkali pachanh noon utshahit keeta haii. visual aart. gamigya petroglyphus, joe kii pahili toon chauthi hazaar saal bee. see. takk dey hunn, azerbaijan dey ordubad zilhe witch sathit hunn. inhan witch hirnan, bakkariaan, baldan, kuttiaan, sappan, panchhiaan, shandar praniaan atey lokan deeaan tasviran dey naal lagbhag 1500 ujadiaan gaeeaan atey ukkariaan gaeeaan chattanan deeaan pentingan shamal hunn, atey besault chattanan utte vakkh-vakkh chinnh paae gaye sunn. norwegian nasli vigiaani atey saahsi thore hairdall noon yakeen hoow giaa see kii iss khetar dey lock lagbhag 100 eesvi witch scandinavia gaye sunn, aapne kishti nirman dey hunar noon aapne naal lae gaye sunn, atey unhan noon uttri yoorap witch wiking kishtiaan witch tabdil qarr ditta see. sadiaan toon, azerbaijani qalaa bahut saariaan shailigat tabdiliaan vicchon langhi haii. azerbaijani painting noon ravaiti taur utte rung atey roshni dee niggh duaara darsaiaa giaa haii, jiven kii azim azimzade atey bahrooz kangarli dey kamman witch darsaiaa giaa haii, atey dharmik shakhsiatan atey sabheyacharak roopan witch rujhiaa hoiaa haii. azerbaijani painting noon roman atey ottoman period toon lae keey soviat atey barok period takk, sainkade saalan takk caucasus witch pramukhta prapat hoee, jinhan vicchon baad vaale doou neey azerbaijan witch fall dekhiaa. inhan samein dey ander aaunn vaale horr prasidh kalakaran witch sattar bahilulzade, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakkabar resaguliev, mirza gadeem irwani, mikail abdullayev atey boyukagha mirzazade shamal hunn. cinema. azerbaijan witch film udyog 1898 daa haii. azerbaijan cinematography witch shamal pahile deshan vicchon ikk see, jiss witch upkaran pahili vaar baku witch dikhai ditta see. 1919 witch, azerbaijan jamhuri ganraj dey dauran, ikk dastavezi film "azerbaijani aazadi dee varehgandh daa jashan" roos toon azerbaijan dee aazadi dee pahili varehgandh, 27 maee noon filmaiaa giaa see, atey juun 1919 witch baku dey kaee theatre witch premiere keeta giaa see. 1920 witch soviat satta dee sathapana toon baad, azerbaijan dee inqalabi kameti dey chairman nariman narimanov neey azerbaijan dey cinema noon rashtarikaran curran dey ferman utte dastkhat keete. iss neey azerbaijani animation dee sirjana noon vee prabhavat keeta. 1991 witch, azerbaijan neey soviat union toon aapni aazadi prapat curran toon baad, pahila baku antarashtari film festival purab-pachham baku witch aayojit keeta giaa see. dasambar 2000 witch, azerbaijan dey sabka rashtarpati, haidar aliev neey ikk ferman utte dastkhat keete jiss witch 2 agast noon azerbaijan dey film nirmatavan dee peshevar chhutti ghoshit keeti gaee see. ajj azerbaijani film nirmata firr toon 1920 witch soviat union dee sathapana toon pahilan cinematographeran duaara darpesh samaan muddiaan naal najith rahey hunn. ikk vaar firr, samaggari atey filman dee sponsorship dovan deeaan chonhan noon vadde paddhar 'teey film nirmata dee pahil' teey chhadd ditta giaa haii. television. tinn sarkari malki vaale television channel hann aztavi, idmain television atey medaniate television. itthe ikk jantak channel atey 6 private channel hann <unk>ctimai television, space television, lider television, azaad azerbaijan television, atey arab. manukkhi adhikar. azerbaijan daa sanvidhan bolann dee aazadi dee grunty denh daa daava karda haii, parr abhiaas witch iss toon inkaar keeta jaanda haii. presses atey media dee aazadi witch kaee saalan dee girawat toon baad, 2014 witch, azerbaijan witch media daa mahaul kise vee virodh atey alochna noon chupp curran laee ikk sarkari muhim dey tehat tezi naal vigad giaa, bhaven kii desh neey yoorap consul (maee-navambar 2014) dey mantriaan dee kameti dee agvai keeti. pattarkaran virudh hinsa witch jhoothe kanunni dosh atey sazaa toon chhot aam gall bnee hoee haii. desh witch saare videshi prasarnan utte pabandi haii. presses dee sutantarta dee report dey anusar, azerbaijan dee presses aazadi daa darja "sutantar naheen" haii, atey azerbaijan 196 deshan vicchon vicchon sathaan utte haii. isai dharam noon adhikarat taur utte maanta ditti gaee haii. jailh dey jokham dey tehat, milann dee aagiaa denh laee saare dharmik bhaichariaan noon register karna zaruri haii. iss registration noon aksar inkaar qarr ditta jaanda haii. "nasli vitkara desh dee dharmik aazadi dee ghaat witch yogdan paunda haii, kiunki bahut saare isai aziri musalman dee bajaae nasli armenian jaan russie hunn. radio mukat yoorap/radio aazadi atey amrica dee aavaaz utte azerbaijan witch pabandi haii. azerbaijan witch ail. jee. bee. tii. lokan naal vitkara viaapak haii. pichle kujh saalan dauran, tinn pattarkaran dee hattiaa qarr ditti gaee atey kaeeaan utte mukaddama chalaiaa giaa jiss noon antarashtari manukkhi adhikar sangathanan duaara annuchit dassiaa giaa. pattarkaran dee surakhiaa laee banayi gaee kameti dey anusar, 2015 witch yoorap witch sabh toon vaddh pattarkaran noon qaid keeta giaa see atey iraan atey cheen toon agge dunia daa daa sabh toon vaddh censor keeta giaa desh haii. kujh nazuk pattarkaran noon azerbaijan witch covid-19 mahamari dee coverage laee griftar keeta giaa haii. aktubar 2015 witch ikk aam muafi antarashtari khojkarta dee ikk report vall ishara kardi haii...pichle kujh saalan witch azerbaijan witch manukkhi adhikaran daa gambhir patan hoiaa haii. afsos dee gall haii kii azerbaijan noon ankiaase paddhar dey daman toon bachann dee aagiaa ditti gaee haii atey iss prakiriaa witch iss dey nagrik samaaj daa lagbhag safaiaa qarr ditta giaa haii."desh baare aam muafi dee 2015/16 salana report witch kiha giaa haii... rajneetak asehmati daa zulam jaari riha. manukkhi adhikar sangathan aapna kamm dubara shuru curran witch asamrath rahey. saal dey ant witch ghatto-ghatt 18 zamir dey kaidi nazarband rahey. desh atey videsh witch sutantar pattarkaran atey karkunan virudh badla laina jaari riha, jadon kii unhan dey parivaar dey memberan noon vee tang preshan keeta giaa atey griftariaan daa sahmana karna piaa. antarashtari manukkhi adhikaran dey nirikhakan noon desh toon bahr kaddh ditta giaa see. tashadad atey horr maade vivhaar deeaan reportan jaari rahiaan." "sarprast" neey aprail 2017 witch report ditti see kii "azerbaijan dey sattadhari kuleen varag neey pramukh european lokan noon bhugtan curran, lagzari vastan kharidan atey apardarshi british companyan dey network raahin dhann dhonn laee ikk gupat $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojna chalai see... leak hoye ankade darsaunde hunn kii azerbaijani leadership, jiss utte ladiwar manukkhi adhikaran dee ulanghna, pranaligat bhrishtachar atey chonhan witch dhandli dey dosh hunn, neey 2012 toon 2014 takk 16,000 toon vaddh gupat bhugtan keete. iss vicchon kujh paisa siaasatdanan atey pattarkaran noon giaa, ikk antarashtari lobbing muhim dey hisse vajon azerbaijan dey rashtarpati ilham aliev dee alochna noon bhatkaun atey uss dey tail naal bharpur desh dey skaratmak akas noon utshahit curran laee."iss gall daa koee sujhaa naheen see kii saare prapatkarta paise dey sarot toon jaanhu sunn kiunki ih ikk bhes witch raste raahin pahunchiaa see. khedan. freestyle kushti noon ravaiti taur utte azerbaijan dee rashtari khed manniaa jaanda haii, jiss witch azerbaijan neey antarashtari olympic kameti witch shamal honn toon baad chaar soone tagmiaan samet chaudan tagme jitte hunn. varatman witch, sabh toon prasidh khedan witch football atey kushti shamal hunn. azerbaijan witch football sabh toon prasidh khed haii, atey 9,122 registered khidariaan dey naal azerbaijan dey football federationan dee association, desh dee sabh toon vaddi khed association haii. azerbaijan dee rashtari football team rashtari football kalabban dee tulna witch antarashtari khetar witch mukabaltan ghatt pardarshan kardi haii. sabh toon safal azerbaijani football club neftici, karaba atey gabala hunn. 2012 witch, neftchi baku ikk european mukabale dey group padaa witch agge vadhan vaali pahili azerbaijani team bann gaee, jiss neey uefa europa leeg dey play-aaf daur witch kull milaa keey cyprus dey apoel noon 4-2 naal haraiaa. 2014 witch, karaba uefa europa leeg dey group padaa witch agge vadhan vaala dooja azerbaijani club bann giaa. saal 2017 witch, yuu. ee. eff. aii. champions leeg dey playf daur witch copenhagen noon 2-2 (aii) naal haraun toon baad, karaba group padaa witch pahunchan vaala pahila azerbaijani club bann giaa. azerbaijan witch footsal ikk horr prasidh khed haii. azerbaijan rashtari footsal team 2010 uefa footsal championship witch chauthe sathaan 'teey pahunch gaee, jadon kii gharelu club araaz naksivan neey uefa footsal kapp atey uefa footsal kapp witch kaansi dey tagme jitte. azerbaijan season 2013/2014 atey 2014/2015 dauran spanish football club atletico dee medrid daa mukkh spancer see, ikk bhaiwali jiss daa varnan club noon 'dunia witch azerbaijan dey akas noon utshahit karna chahida haii'. azerbaijan vishav shatranj dey ravaiti shakti gharan vicchon ikk haii, jiss neey bahut saare antarashtari shatranj tournamentan atey pratiyogtavan dee mezbani keeti haii atey 2009,2013 atey 2017 witch european team shatranj championship jetu bann giaa haii. desh dey shatranj schoolan dey prasidh shatranj khidariaan jinhan neey khed utte bahut prabhav paaiaa haii, unhan witch teamor rajabov, shahriaar mamdarov, valadimir makogonov, wugar gashimov atey sabka vishav shatranj champion gairi kasparov shamal hunn. desh daa shamkir shatranj daa gharr, ikk shreni 22 daa event atey hunn takk dey sabh toon ucche darje dey tournamentan vicchon ikk haii. azerbaijani sabheyachar witch backgammen vee ikk pramukh bhumika nibhaunda haii. ih khed azerbaijan witch bahut prasidh haii atey sathanak janata witch viaapak taur utte khedi jaandi haii. azerbaijani maaharan duaara vikast atey vishleshan keete backgammen deeaan vakkh-vakkh bhinntavan vee hunn. azerbaijan mahila valibal super leeg dunia deeaan sabh toon mazboot mahila leegan vicchon ikk haii. iss dee mahila rashtari team 2005 dee european championship witch chauthe sathaan utte rahee see. pichle saalan witch, rabita baku atey azairel baku varge kalabban neey european kappan witch bahut safalta prapat keeti. azerbaijani valibal khidariaan witch valeria corotenco, oksana parkhomenko, inesa corcomas, natalia mamdova atey alaa hasanova shamal hunn. kushti witch namig abdullayev, togrul asgarov, rovashan bayaramov, sharif sharifov, maria stadnic atey fareed mansurov, judo witch nazeem hussainov, elnoor mamadali, ailkhan mamdov atey rustam orujov, karate witch rafael aghayev, megomedrasul majidov atey aghasi mamdov, olympic waitlifting witch nizami pashayev, pancression witch azaad asgarov, kickboxing witch edward mamdov atey keey-1 ladaku zabit samdov horr azerbaijani athleet hunn. azerbaijan daa ikk farmula vann races-track haii, joe juun 2012 witch banaiaa giaa see, atey desh neey 19 juun 2016 noon aapna pahila farmula vann grand prix atey 2017,2018,2019,2021 atey 2022 witch azerbaijan grand prix dee mezbani keeti see. desh witch aayojit horr salana khed program baku kapp tennis tournament atey tour dee 'azerbision cycling races hunn. azerbaijan neey 2000 dey dahake dey akheer toon kaee pramukh khed mukabaliaan dee mezbani keeti, jiss witch 2013 2013 powerboat vishav championship, 2012 feefa under-17 mahila vishav kapp, 2011 aiba vishav mukkebaazi championship, 2010 european kushti championship, 2009 ridmik gymnastic european championship, 2014 european taikwando championship, 2014 ridmik gymnastic european championship atey 2016 vishav shatranj olympiad shamal hunn. 8 dasambar 2012 noon, baku noon 2015 deeaan european khedan dee mezbani laee chunhiaa giaa see, joe mukabale dey itihaas witch aayojit honn vaali pahili khed see. baku neey 2017 witch chauthi islami ekta khedan atey 2019 european youth summer olympic festival dee mezbani vee keeti, atey ih uefa euro 2020 dey mezbanan vicchon ikk haii, joe covid-19 caarn 2021 witch aayojit keeta jaa riha haii.

azerbaijan azerbaijanah (,,), aadhikaarikaroopen azerbaijan-ganaraajyam, poorveeya-europe-pashchim-asia-deshasya simayam sthitah ekaha antaramahaadweepeeyah deshah asti. dakshina-caucasus-pradeshasya bhaagah asti, poorvadishi caspian-sagarha, uttardishi russia (degestan-ganaraajyam), vaayavyadishi georgia, paschimadishi armenia, turkey, dakshinadishi iraan cha cha iti simaya parimitaa asti. baaku iti rajadhani bruhattamam nagaram cha asti. azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyam 1918 tame varshe transcocasian-lokataantrik-sangha-ganarajyat swaatantryam ghoshayat, prathamam dharmanirapeksha-lokataantrik-muslima-bahusankhyakm raajyam cha abhavat. 1920 tame varshe, deshah soviyat-sanghe azerbaijan-ess. ess. aar. iti rupena nigruheetah. aadhunik-ajarbaijaana-ganarajyam 1991 august 30 dinaanke, tasmin eva varshe soviyat-sanghasya vighatanasya kinchitkaalapoorvam, swaswatantrataam ghoshayat. 1991 september-maase naagorno-karabakh-pradeshasya armenia-deshasya bahusankhyakaah jatiyajanaha swaghoshita-artsakh-ganarajyam niramaat. ayam pradesha, tasya paritah sapta mandalaani cha azarabaijaanasy bhagarupena antarashtriya-manyata praaptaani santi, o. ess. ee. dwara sulabheekrutaih vaartaayaah madhyamena naagorno-karabakh ityasya sthityaah samadhanam avalambya, yadyapi 1994 tame varshe prathamasya naagorno-karabakh-yuddhasya samaptya "vaastavikatayaa" swatantram abhavat. 2020 tame varshe dwiteeyasya naagorno-karabakh-yuddhasya anantaram, naagorno-karabakh ityasya sapta mandalaani, bhagaha cha azerbaijani-niyantrane pratyaawartitaah. azerbaijan-deshah ekaatmakah ardha-raashtrapati-ganaraajyah asti. eshah shut swatantra-turkee-raajyeshu anyatamah asti, turkee-rajyanam sanghatanasy, turkee-samudaayasy cha sakriyah sadasyah asti. azarabaijaanasy 182 deshaihi saha kootaneetik-sambandhah asti, tathaa cha samyuktaraashtrasanghah, europe-parishad, gutanirapeksh-andolanam, o. ess. see., naato-pee. ef. pee. kaaryakramah ityadini 38 antarashtriya-sanghataneshu sadasyatvam dhaarayati. ayam guaam, sis, o. pi. sii. doubleu. ityetayoho samsthaapak-sadasyeshu anyatamah asti. azerbaijanah api doubleu. tea. o. ityasya paryavekshakah asti. deshasya janasankhyaayaah bahusankhyakaah (97 pratishatam) naamnah muslim-janaah santi, parantu samvidhaanam adhikarikam matam naa ghoshayati, deshasya sarvaani pramukhah raajanaitikashaktayah dharmanirapekshatah santi. azerbaijanah ekaha vikaasasheelah deshah asti, manavavikasasuchake 91 tame sthaane asti. asya aarthikavikaasasya ucchah daraha, saksharata, berojagaareeh cha nyoonah cha asti. parantu 1993 tamaat varshaat sattayam vidyamaanah shaasakah nootanah azerbaijanapakshah heyadar aliyev tathaa tasya putrasya ilhaam aliyev ityetayoho netrutve sarwaadhikaarinah netrutvam akarot iti aaropah krutah asti, tathaa cha deshasya maanav-adhikaar-abhilekhasya kshayah cha abhavat, nagarika-swaatantrye, visheshatah patrikaa-swaatantrye, raajanaitik-damane cha vardhita-pratibandhaah cha. vyutpattih. aadhunikasy vyutpatti-anusaaram "azerbaijan" iti padam acamenid-samrajyasya adhinasya pertian-kshatrapasya "atropets" ityatah vyutpannam asti, yah pashchat aleksaandar-da-gret ityasya adheene madhyamanam kshatrapatvena punah sthaapitah. asya naamnah mulasya vyutpattih ekadaa prabalah zoroastrian-matasya moolah iti manyate. avestaa ityasya "fravordin yaasht" ("rakshak-dutanam krute stutigeetam") ityasmin ullekhah asti, yasya shaabdikam anuvaadah avestaan ityatah bhavati "vayam pavitrasya atropetin ityasya frevaaseem pujamaha" iti. atropets" iti naam eva prachinasya iraani-deshasya greek-lipyantaranm asti, sambhawatah madhyika, "(pavitram) agnyaa rakshitaa" athavaa "(pavitram) agnibhoomih" iti arthayuktaa yaugika-naam. greek-naam diodorus seculus tathaa strabo ityetaih ullikhitam. sahasrabdikalantare, naam (madhya-parshiyan), tatah, (nootan-parshiyan), vartamaanasya "azerbaijan" iti cha abhavat. 1918 tame varshe, russian-samrajyasya patananantaram, yadaa swatantra-azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyasya sthapana abhavat, tadaa musaavat-sarvakaarena, vartamaan-azerbaijan-ganarajyasya kshetrasya krute "azerbaijan" iti naam prathamavaaram sweekrutam. tatah param, asya padanaamasy upayogah kevalam samakaaleenasy vaayavya-iraan-deshasya samipasthasya pradeshasya parichaye eva krutah aasit, yadaa kii azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyasya kshetram poorvam "arem", "shiravaan" iti cha nirdishyat. tadanusrutya iraan-deshah nava-sveekruta-deshasya naamnah virodham krutavaan. soviyat-shasanakale, deshasya lattin-bhashayam, russian-lipyantaranaat '() iti api vartanee aasit. 1940 taha 1991 paryantam deshasya naam cyrillic-lipyaam 'iti api likhitam aasit. itihaasah. prachinatam. azerbaijan-pradeshe maanav-nivaasasya praarambhik-pramaanaani shilaayuh-ante eva santi, api cha azikh-guhaayaam guruche-samskrutehe saha sambadhaah santi. praarambhikanivaaseshu saa. sha. poo. 9 shataabdyaam scathian-janaah aasan. sythian-janaanaam anantaram, iraani-medee-janaah aras-nadyaah dakshinadishi sthite kshetre adhipatyam sthaapayitum aagataah. medee-janaah saa. sha. poo. 900 taha 700 paryantam vishaalam samrajyam nirmitavantah, yat saa. sha. poo. 550 madhye acamenid-samrajye ekeekrutam aasit. ayam pradesha acamenid-janaihi parajitah, yena zorastrian-matasya prasaarah abhavat. sasaanid-kalat safaavid-kaalaparyantam. sasanian-samrajyam 252 tame varshe kaakesiyan-albania-desham saamantaraajyaroopen parivartayat, tathaa cha raja arnair-varyaha chaturthashataabdyaam aadhikaarikaroopen christian-matam raajyadharmaroopen sveekrutavaan. sussanid-shasanam satsu api, albania-deshah 9 shataabdyaam yaavat asmin pradeshe ekatvam eva aasit, yadyapi sussanid-iraan-deshasya purnataya adheenah aasit, swasya rajatantram cha avalambayat. sasanian-samraat ityasya mukhya-saamantreshu anyatamah satsu api, albanian-raajnah kevalam adhikarasya saadrushyah aasit, sasanian-marzban (sainya-rajyapalaha) ityeshah adhikaamshaah nagarika-dhaarmik-sainya-adhikaran cha dhaarayat. 7 shataabdyaah poorvaardhe, cassian-albania-pradesha, sasanian-jananam saamantaroopen, persia-deshasya muslim-vijayasya karanat namamatrasya muslim-shasanasya adheene aagatah. 667 tame varshe raja javanshir ityasya netrutve christian-pratirodhasya damananantaram, umayyad-khalifa-samrajyam dakshina-cacasus-pradeshaat sasanian-baijaantins-ityetayoho pratyarpanam krutvaa kakasian-albania-pradesham samanti-raajyaroopen parivartayat. abbaasid-khalifa-samrajyasya patanaat avashishtam shaktti-shoonyam sallarids, sazids, shaddaadids ityadinam anekebhihi sthaniya-raajavamshena pooritam. 11 shataabdyaah aarambhe, madhya-asia-deshasya oghuj-turks-janaanaam taramgaih kramena ayam pradesha gruheetah, ye tasmin samaye turkoman-jaatiyanaamam angeekrutavantah. eteshu turkee-raajavamsheshu prathamah seljuk-saamraajyah sthaapitah, yah 1067 tame varshe adhunaa azerbaijan iti namna prasidhah pradesha pravishtavaan. aadhunik-azerbaijan-pradeshe nivasantah poorva-turkee-janaah anekaah indo-european-kakeshiyan-bhaashaasu bhaashante sma, teshu armeniyan-bhasha, iraani-bhasha, puraatan-ajeri-bhasha cha antarbhavanti, yaa kramena turkik-bhashaya pratisthapitaa, adyatve azerbaijani-bhashayaha poorvavartee. kechan bhashavidaha api avadat yat iranian-azarabaijaanasy, azerbaijan-ganarajyasya cha taatee-upabhaashaah, yathaa taat-bhaashakaih bhaashyante, taani api puratanena ajeri-bhashayaha vamshajaaha santi iti. sthaniyaihi, anantaram seljuk-samrajyasya sampattih aldiguzid-janaihi shaasitaah aasan, yaihi seljuk-sultananam taantrik-saamantraah aasan, parantu kadaachit "vaastavikah" shaasakaah cha aasan. seljuk-jananam adheene, nijami-ganjavee, khakani ityaadayah sthaniya-kavayah vartamaan-azerbaijan-pradeshe farasi-saahityasya pravardhamaanam krutavantah. shirvanshaah-ityeteshaam sthaaneeyavamshah taimoor-samrajyasya samantra raajyam abhavat, suvarnasamoohasy tokhtamish-ityasya shasakena saha yuddhe tasya sahayyam krutavaan. taimoor ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, swatantram pratidwandwee cha raajyadwayam udabhavitam-kaaraa koyunalu, akk koyunalu cha. shivaanshah-janaah pratyaagatya, agamishu bahushu shataabdaubhyah sthaniyashasakarupena, saamantaroopen cha uccha-svayattatam dhaarayan, yathaa te 861 tamaat varshaat akurvan. 1501 tame varshe iraan-deshasya safaavid-vamshaha shivaanshah-janaan vasheekrutavaan, swasampattim cha praptavan. agrime shatake safavid-janaah poorvasya sunnee-janaan shiya-islaam-matam angeekrutavantah, yathaa aadhunik-iraan-deshasya janaan prati krutavantah. suffweed-janaah 1538 tamavarshaparyantam, suffweed-aadhipatye, shiravamshaan sattayam tishtitum anumanyanta, yadaa suffweed-raja tahamaasp-1 (raw. 1524-1576) taan purnataya apadastham krutvaa, kshetram safaavid-prantasya shirvan-rupena nirmitavaan. sunnee-otoman-janaah, 1578-1590 ityasya ottoman-safaavid-yuddhasya parinaamen, vartamaanasya azerbaijan-pradeshasya bhagan alpakalam yaavat aakramayitum samarthah abhavan; 17 shataabdyaah aarambhe, safavid-iranian-shaasakah abbas-1 (r. 1588-1629). safaavid-samrajyasya patanasya anantaram, baaku-pradesha, tasya parisarah cha russo-parshiyan-yuddhasya parinaamaroopen rus-deshaihi alpakalam yaavat akramitaha aasan. safaavid-iranasya sameepasthaih pratidwandweebhih etaadrushaah laghutaraah viraamah satsu api, adyatve ajarbaijaana-deshah, safavid-jananam praarambhik-agamanat 19 shataabdyaah kaalaparyantam iranasya shasanasya adheene aasit. aadhunikah itihaasah. suffweed-janaanaam anantaram ayam pradesha iranasya afsharid-vamshena shaasitah aasit. naderashahasya mrutyoho anantaram (raw. 1736-1747), tasya poorva-prajaasu aneke asthirataa-udrekasya laabham gruheetavantah. asmin kshetre swaayatataayaah vividharoopaih saha aneke swashaasita-khaanet ityete udabhavitaah. eteshu khaanet-shaasakaah iraan-deshasya shaasak-vamshaihi saha pratyakshataya sambadhaah aasan, iraani-shaah-ityasya samantaha prajaah cha aasan. madhya-asia-pashchimayoh madhye antarashtriya-vyaapaar-maargaih khaan-deshe-janaah swakaaryeshu niyantranam praavartant. tatah param ayam pradesha iraani-zands tathaa kazars ityetayoho kramikashaasanasy adheene aasit. 18 shataabdyaah ante, samrajyika-russia-deshah dakshinadishi sthitayoho iraan-ottoman-samrajyasya pratidwandweeyoh prati adhika-akramanatmaka-bhoo-raajanaitik-sthitim anvavartayat. idaaneem russia-deshah sakriyaroopen cacasus-pradeshasya adhipatyam praaptum prayatat, yat adhikaamshatah iraan-deshasya haste aasit. 1804 tame varshe, ruseeyaah iranasya ganja-nagaram aakramy dhvamsam akurvan, yena ruso-pertian-yuddham praarabdham. sainyadrushtyaa shreshtaah ruseeyaah ruso-pertian-yuddham vijayena samaapyan. 1804-1813 yuddhe kajar-iranasya paraajayam anantaram, gulistan-sandhihi, georgia, dagestan ityetaih saha adhikamshanam khaanet-deshanam upari adhipatyam sweekartum baadhyah abhavat. aras-nadyaah uttardishi sthitah pradesha, yasmin pradesheshu samakaaleenah azerbaijan-ganaraajyah asti, 19 shataabdyaam yaavat rashyaa-deshah tatt naa aakramayat, taavat irani-pradesha aasit. praayah dashakanantaram, gulistan-sandhehe ullanghanena, rasyiya-janaah iraan-deshasya irivaan-khaanet-pradesham aakramayan. anena dwayoh madhye antimayuddham praarabdham, yat ruso-pertian-yuddham iti, 1826-1828 iti. tatphalatah turkmenchai ityasya sandhihi, kajaar-iraan-desham irivan-khaanet, nakhchivan-khaanet, shesh-talish-khaanet ityetayoho upari saarvabhoumatvam daatum baadhyam abhavat, yasmin samakaaleenasy azerbaijani-ganarajyasya mruttikaayaah antimabhaagaah aasan, ye adyaapi iraani-hasteshu aasan. iraan-deshaat rashyaa-deshebhyah sarvanam kaakesiyan-pradeshanam samaveshananantaram, dwayoh madhye nutanasima araas-nadyaah upari sthaapitah, yaa soviyat-sanghasya vighatanaanantaram, tadanantaram iraan-deshasya azerbaijan-ganarajyasya cha simayam bhaagam abhavat. 19 shataabdyaam kajaar-iraan-deshah swasya kaakesiyan-pradeshaan rashyaa-deshaay samarpayitum baadhyah abhavat, yasmin aadhunik-azerbaijan-ganarajyasya pradesha antarbhavati sma, tasmin samarpanasya parinaamen azerbaijani-jatiyasamuhaha adyatve iraan-azerbaijan-rashtrayoho madhye vibhaktah asti. russian-vijayasya avasare api, sampoorne 19 shataabdyaam, iraani-samskrutihi, sahityam, bhasha cha ityetaih saha vyastataa, russian-adhikrutanagareshu bakoo, ganja, tifflis (tbilisee, adhunaa georgia) ityeteshu shiya-sunnee-buddhijeevinaam cha madhye vyaapakaroopen aasit. tasmin eva shataabdyaam, uttar-iranian-russian-niyantrita-poorva-kakeshiyadeshe, 19 shataabdyaah ante azerbaijani-rashtriya-parichayah udabhavat. prathamavishvayuddhe russian-samrajyasya patananantaram alpakaalikam transcocasian-lokataantrik-sangharajya-ganaraajyam iti ghoshitam, yena vartamaanasya azerbaijan, georgia, armenia-ganarajyani nirmeeyante. tadanantaram 1918 maarch 30 taha april 2 paryantam bakoo-nagare, tathaa cha russian-samrajyasya bakoo-prantasya sameepastheshu kshetreshu maarch-divasayoho narasamhaarah abhavat. 1918 mey-maase yadaa ganarajyam vighatitam, tadaa pramukhah musaavat-pakshah swatantrataam azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganaraajyam (e. dii. aar.) iti ghoshayat, nootan-ganarajyasya krute "azerbaijan" iti naam sveekrutavaan; yat naam adder-ghoshanaayaah poorvam kevalam samakaaleen-iranasya sameepastham vaayavya-pradesham nirdeshayitum upayujyate sma. e. dii. aar. muslim-vishvasya prathamah aadhunik-samsadeeya-ganaraajyah aasit. samsadena praaptaasu mahattvapoornaasu upalabdheshu mahilanam matadhikarasya vistaarah aasit, yena azerbaijanah prathamah muslim-raashtrah abhavat yah mahilanam purushaanaam samaanam raajanaitik-adhikaaram pradadat. e. dii. aar. ityasya anyat mahattvapoornam saafalyam baaku-rajya-vishvavidyaalayasya sthapana aasit, yat muslim-poorvadishi sthaapitam prathamam aadhunik-prakaar-vishvavidyaalayam aasit. 1920 maarch-maasaparyantam, soviyat-russia-deshah baaku-desham aakramayishyati iti spashtam aasit. vladimir lenin ityeshah avadat yat akramanam nyaayyam aasit yatah soviyat-russia-deshah bakoo-deshasya tailam vinaa naa tishtitum shaknoti iti. swatantrah azerbaijanah kevalam 23 maasaparyantam eva tishtata yaavat bolshevik-11 tamah soviyat-raktasenaa tasya upari akramanam krutvaa 1920 april 28 dinaanke azerbaijan-ess. ess. aar. ityasya sthapanam akarot. yadyapi navagathitasya azerbaijani-senayaha adhikaamshah bhaagah karabakh-nagare sadyah eva praavartitasya armenian-vidrohasya damanasya kaarye samlagnah aasit, tathaapi azerbaijani-janaah sheeghram athavaa sahajataya cha swasya sankshiptam swaatantryam naa samarpayan. 20, 000 yaavat azerbaijani-sainikaah, parinaamatah russian-punahvijayasya pratirodham kurvan mrutaah. agami-soviyat-kaalasy aarambhe, azerbaijani-rashtriya-parichayah antatah nirmitah. 1921 october 13 dinaanke, rashyaa, armenia, azerbaijan, georgia ityetayoho soviyat-ganaraajyaih turkey-deshaihi saha cars-sandhihi iti namna jnaataa ekam sandhihi hastaksharita. poorvam swatantram araas-ganarajyam api cars-sandhinaa azarabaijaanasy ess. ess. aar. ityasya antah nakhchivan-swaayattam soviyat-samajavadi-ganarajyam bhavishyati. aparam, armenia-deshah zangezoor-pradesham praapnot, turkey-deshah cha gyumri-pradesham (tadaa alexandropol iti namna prasidhah) pratyarpayitum sahamatah abhavat. dviteeyavishvayuddhe, azerbaijanah soviyat-sanghasya saamarik-oorjaa-neetau mahattvapoornam paatram niravahat, poorvadishi soviyat-sanghasya 80 pratishatam tailam bakoo ityanena pooritam aasit. 1942 februvari-maase yoo ess ess aar-ityasya sarvoccha-soviyat-deshasya adeshena, azarabaijaanasy taila-udyogasya 500 taha adhikaah karmacharinam karmacharinam cha pratibadhataam adeshan, padakam cha pradattaah. german-vehramaacht ityanena krutasya edelwees-ityasya shalyakriya, yoo. ess. ess. aar. ityasya oorjaa (petroleum) dainaamo iti mahattvasya karanat bakoo-nagaram lakshyeekarot. 1941 taha 1945 paryantam dviteeyavishvayuddhe sarvanam azerbaijani-jananam panchamam bhaagah yuddham akarot. praayah 681,000 janaah, teshu 1,00,000 taha adhikaah mahilaah aasan, sammukhabhage agacchan, tasmin samaye azarabaijaanasy kulajanasankhya 34 laksham aasit. ajarbaijaanasy praayah 250,000 janaah sammukhabhage maaritaah abhavan. 130 taha adhikaah azerbaijani-janaah soviyat-sanghasya veeraani iti naamaankitaah aasan. azerbaijani-measure-general azie aslaanov ityeshah soviyat-sanghasya nayakatvena dvivaaram puraskrutah. swaatantryam. mikhel gorbaachev ityanena aarabhy "glassnost" ityasya rajanityaha anantaram, soviyat-sanghasya vibhinneshu pradesheshu nagarika-ashaantihi, jaateey-kalah cha vardhata, yatra azarabaijaanasy ess. ess. aar. ityasya svaayatta-pradesha naagorno-karabakh api antarbhavati. poorvamev uttaptasya dwandwasya vishaye maasko-deshasya udasinatayaha pratikriyaaroopen azerbaijan-deshe ashaantihi abhavat, yasya parinaamen swaatantryam, pruthakkaranam cha aahvaanam abhavat, yasya paryavasaanam bakoo-nagare janavaree-masasya krushna-karyakrameshu abhavat. pashchat 1990 tame varshe, azarabaijaanasy ess. ess. aar. ityasya sarvoccha-parishadah "soviyat-samajavadi" iti padaan sheershakebhyah nishkaasayat, "azerbaijan-ganarajyasya saarvabhoumatvasya ghoshanaa" iteedam sveekrutavaan, azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyasya dhwajam raajyadhvajam rupena punah sthapitavan. maasko-nagare 1991 tame varshe soviyat-vidrohasya asafalasya prayatnasya parinaamaroopen, azarabaijaanasy sarvoccha-parishadah 1991 october 18 dinaanke swaatantrya-ghoshanaam sveekrutavatee, yat 1991 december-maase rashtravyapi-janamatadwara drudheekrutam, yadaa soviyat-sanghasya aadhikaarikaroopen 1991 december-masasya 26 dinaanke antah abhavat. deshah adhunaa october-masasya 18 dinaanke swaswatantrataa-divasam aacharati. swaatantryasya praarambhikavarshaani prathamena naagorno-karabakh-yuddhen aacchaaditaah aasan, yatra naagorno-karabakh-pradeshasya armenia-samarthanam praaptam armenia-jaateey-bahusankhyakm jaatam aasit. 1994 tame varshe shatrutayaha antaparyantam armeniyan-janaah azerbaijani-pradeshasya pratishatam yaavat niyantreetawantah, naagorno-karabakh api. yuddhakaale malibeli-gushchular-nagareshu narasamhaarah, garadagli-narasamhaarah, khojali-narasamhaarah, baaku-narasamhaarah, maraga-narasamhaarah, kirovaabaad-narasamhaarah ityadini anekaani atyacharani, narasamhaaraah cha ubhayapakshaih krutaani aasan. api cha, praayah 30,000 janaah mrutaah, dashalakshat adhikaah janaah visthaapitaah, 800,000 taha adhikaah azerbaijani, 300,000 armenian ityete cha santi. samyuktaraashtrasanghasya surakshaa-parishadasya chatwaarah prastaawaah (822,853,874,884) "azarabaijaanasy sarvaani adhikrutapradeshaah sarvaan armenian-senaam tatkshanameva pratyaharam" iti aagrahayanti."1990 tame dashake bahavah ruseeyaah armenian-janaah cha sharanarthi-rupena azerbaijan-desham parityaajyanta. 1970 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram azerbaijanadeshe 5,10,000 janajatiyaha ruseeyaah, 484,000 armeniyan-janaah cha aasan. aliyev-parivaar-shasanam, 1993-vartamaanam. 1993 tame varshe, janatantraroopen nirwaachitah rashtrapatihi abulfaz elchibe carnell soorat hussenov ityasya netrutve sainya-vidrohena padachyutah, yasya parinaamen soviyat-azarabaijaanasy poorva-netaa headar aliyev ityasya sattaa vardhitaa. 1994 tame varshe, soorat hussenov ityeshah, tatpurvam pradhaanamantri, heydar aliyev ityasya viruddham anyat sainya-vidroham akarot, parantu saha bandhitah, deshadrohasya aaropah cha krutah. ekavarshaanantaram 1995 tame varshe aliyev ityasya viruddham anyat vidrohasya prayaasah krutah, asmin samaye oman-vishesha-ghatakasy senapatina rovshan jaavadov ityanena. vidrohah nivaaritah, yasya parinaamen uttaradasyasy vadhah abhavat, ajarbaijaanasy omon-ghatakanam vighatanam cha abhavat. tasmin eva samaye, deshah shasaki-adhikarashale vyaapakaroopen bhrashtaachaaren malinah abhavat. 1998 october-maase, aliyev ityeshah dwiteeya-kaaryakaalasy krute punah nirwaachitah. arthavyavasthaa bahusudharita satsu api, visheshatah ajeri-chiraag-guneshli-tailakshetrasy, shaah deniz-anilakshetrasy cha dohanasya karanat, nirvaachan-vanchanaa, uccha-starasya aarthik-asamanata, gruha-bhrashtacharaha cha iti shankayaa aliyev ityasya rashtrapatipadasya nindaam krutam. heydar aliyev ityasya putrah ilhaam aliyev 2003 tame varshe yadaa tasya pituhu mrutyuhu abhavat tadaa saha nutanasya azerbaijan-pakshasya adhyakshah tathaa azerbaijan-pakshasya adhyakshah abhavat. 2013 tame varshe october-maase saha punah adhyakshatvena nirwaachitah abhavat. 2018 tame varshe april-maase, rashtrapatihi ilhaam aliyev, nirvaachane swasya chaturtham karyakalam praptavan, yat mukhyaih vipakshaih kapatapoornam iti nirdayata. 2020 september 27 dinaanke, naagorno-karabakh samparkarekhayam anuttarita-naagorno-karabakh-sangharshasya nootanaani sangharshaani punah praarabdhaani. azarabaijaanasy armenia-deshasya cha sashastrasainikaah sainyasya nagarikasya cha mrutaanaam vivaranam dattavantah. naagorno-karabakh yuddhaviraama-sandhihi, azerbaijan-armenia-deshayoho madhye shut saptahanam yuddhasya samaaptih cha azerbaijan-deshe vyaapakaroopen aacharyat, yatah te mahattvapoornaan pradeshikan labhan praaptavantah. bhoogolah. bhaugolikadrushtyaa, azerbaijan-pradesha pashchim-asia-poorva-europe-desheshu vyaapishtah, eurasia-deshasya dakshina-cacasus-pradeshe sthitah asti. ayam 38° tathaa 42°N akshaamshayoho, 44° tathaa 51°E rekhaamshayoho madhye sthitah asti. azarabaijaanasy bhooseemaasah kulah dirghata asti, yeshu armenia-deshah, iraan-deshah, georgia-deshah, rashyaa-deshah, turkey-deshah cha 480 kilometer-mitam yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat yaavat 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adhipatyam vartate-caspian-samudrah, yasya tatarekha poorvadishi prakrutikasima nirmeeyate; uttardishi bruhattarah cacasus-parvatashrunkhalaa; deshasya kendre vistrutah samatalabhoomih cha. atra trayah parwatarangaah api santi, bruhad-laghutaram cacasus, taalis-parwataah cha, ye militvaa deshasya praayah 40 pratishatam bhaagam aacchaadayanti. azarabaijaanasy sarvochcham shikharam maunt bazarduzu iti asti, nyunatamam sthaanam caspian-samudre asti. pruthivyaam sthitanam mruttikaa-jwalamukhinam praayah ardhabhaagah azerbaijan-nagare kendreekrutah asti, ete jwaalaamukheeh api prakrutyaah nootan-7-adbhutanam krute naamaankitau aasan. jalasya mukhyasrotaah prushtajalam santi. 8, 350 nadyah madhye kevalam 24 nadyah eva dirghatayaha apekshayaa bruhattamaah santi. sarve nadyah deshasya poorvadishi caspian-samudre pravishanti. bruhattamah sarovaram sarisu iti, deerghatamah nadee cha kurr iti, yaa armenia-deshantarena saha asti. azarabaijaanasy caspian-samudrasya paarshve anekaah dweepaah santi, ye adhikatayaa baaku-dweepasamoohe santi. 1991 tame varshe azarabaijaanasy svatantryat aarabhy azarabaijaanasy sarwakaarah azarabaijaanasy paryaavaranasya samrakshanaartham upayan akarot. 2001 tame varshe, baaku-tbilisee-sihan-paipalainadwara pradattasy nootan-raajaswasya karanat rajyasya aayavyayikasya vruddhehe anantaram paryaavaranasya rashtriya-samrakshanasya gatihi drutagatyaa abhavat. chaturshu varsheshu samrakshitakshetraani dwigunitaani abhavan, adhunaa deshasya bhoobhaagasy ashta pratishatam bhaagam bhavati. 2001 tamaat varshaat aarabhy sarvakaarena sapta bruhat-bhandaar-kshetraani sthaapitaah, paryaawaran-samrakshanaartham nirneetasy aayavyayik-kshetrasya praayah dwigunitam cha krutam. bhoodrushyam. azerbaijan-nagare vividhaah praakrutikadrushyaani santi. azarabaijaanasy ardhaat adhike bhubhage parvatashikharaani, shikharani, ucchabhoomihi, pathaaraani cha santi ye 400-1000 meater yaavat (madhya-nimna-bhoomisau), keshuchit sthaaneshu (taalis, jairaanchol-ajinohar, langaabij-alaat forranges) 100-120 meater yaavat, anye cha 0-50 meater yaavat (cobustan, abasheraan) yaavat cha unnataah santi. azarabaijaanasy sheshapradeshe samatalapradeshah, nimnabhoomih cha santi. cacasus-pradeshe hapsometric-chihnaani caspian-samudratatarekhe praayah −28 meater-taha 4,466 meater-yaavat (bajaarduzu-shikharam) yaavat bhinnani bhavanti. azerbaijan-deshe vaayuvegah visheshatah scandinavian-pratiskalon ityasya sheetal-arctic-vaayu-dravyamaanaih, sabirian-pratiskalon ityasya samasheetoshn-vaayu-dravyamaanaih, madhya-asean-pratiskalon ityanena cha prabhaawitah asti. azarabaijaanasy vividhah paridrushyah vaayu-dravyaraashih deshe praveshtum margan prabhaavayati. bruhattar-cacasus-pradesha uttaratah agatyamananam sheetal-vaayu-dravyamananam pratyakshaprabhavat deshasya rakshanm karoti. anena deshasya adhikaamsha-parvata-paadadeshe, samatalakshetre cha uposhnakatibandheey-vaayugunasya nirmanam bhavati. etasmin samaye, samatalapradeshaah, paadapradeshaah cha uccha-saura-vikirana-daraihi vishishtaah santi. vidyamaaneshu ekaadasha-madhye nava-jalavaayu-kshetraani azerbaijan-deshe santi. nakhchivan-svaayatta-ganarajyasya kshetreshu zulfa-ordubad-pradeshayoho parama-nyoonatam-taapamaanam () tathaa parama-adhikatam-taapamaanam cha drushtam. adhikatamm vaarshikavrushtihi lankaran (<unk>) madhye, nyunatamam cha abasheran (<unk>) madhye bhavati. nadayah, sarovaraah cha azarabaijaanasy jalavyavasthaayaah pramukhah bhaagah santi, te deergha-bhoovaidnyaanik-kaalaparidhim yaavat nirmitaani, sampoorne kaale cha mahattvapoornaroopena parivartitaani aasan. sampoorne deshe praptanam prachina-nadyah avashishtaih asya pramaanam visheshatayaa drushyate. praakrutikashaktinaam, maanav-pravartitaanaam audyogikakriyakalapanam cha prabhaawen deshasya jalavyavasthaam nirantaram parivartante. krutrimanadyah (jalamaarga), jalashayaha cha azarabaijaanasy jalavyavasthaayaah angau stah. jalasya aapoorteh drushtyaa, azerbaijan-pradesha vishvasya madhyat nyoonah asti, yatra prativarsham praayah prativargakilomeetar jalam bhavati. sarve bruhad jalashayaha kurr-ityatra nirmeeyante. azarabaijaanasy jala-chitranam moolatah caspian-samudra-tatasya antargatam asti. kuraa, aaras cha ajarbaijaanasy pramukhah nadyah santi. te kuraaras-nimnabhoomih margena pravahanti. ye nadyah pratyakshataya caspian-samudre pravahanti, taani mukhyataya pramukha-cacasus-taalissh-parvatanam cha eeshaany-dhalat udbhootaah, samoor-devechee-lankaran-nimnabhoomau cha pravahanti. yanar daagah, "jwaalayantee parwatah" iti anuvadita, praakrutika-vaayu-agnihi asti, yaa baaku-nagarasya sameepe caspian-samudre abasheraan-dweepakalpe parvatasya upari nirantaram prajwaleeyate, yat swayam "agnibhoomih" iti namna prasidhah asti."drushtaa, chhidrayuktaa vaalukaashilaayaah starena jwaalaah vaayum prasaranti. baaku-kshetrasya agantukanam krute etat paryatak-aakarshanam asti. jaivavividhataa. azerbaijan-deshe pashu-jeevanasya samruddhehe vividhataayaah cha vishaye prathamam vivaranam poorva-yatrikanam yatra-tippanyaashu drashtum shakyate. vastushilpa-smaarakeshu, prachineshu shilaasu, shilaasu cha pashunam nakkaashaah adyaawadhih jeevant. ajarbaijaanasy vanaspatayah jeevajantuh cha vishaye prathamasuchana 17 shataabdyaam prakrutivid-janebhyah ajarbaijaanasy bhramanakaale sangruheeta. atra 106 sastana-prajaatayah, 97 matsya-prajaatayah, 363 pakshipaksha-prajaatayah, 10 ubhayachar-prajaatayah, 52 sareesrupa-prajaatayah cha santi, ye ajarbaijaana-deshe abhilekhitaani vargeekrutaah cha santi. azarabaijaanasy raashtriyah pashuhu karabakh-ashwah asti, yah parvata-stepa-spardhayam, azarabaijaanasy sthaanikah ashwaarohanah cha asti. karabakh-ashvasya uttama-svabhaavaha, gatihi, bhavyataa, buddhihi cha iti khyaatih asti. prachinatama-jaatau etat anyatam asti, yasya poorvajah prachina-jagatah asti, parantu adya ashwah viluptapraay-jaatih asti. azarabaijaanasy vanaspatishu 4,500 taha adhikaah uccha-vanaspati-jaateeh santi. ajarbaijaanasy vishishta-vaayugunasya karanat, dakshina-cacasus-deshasya anyaganarajyanam vanaspatayah apekshayaa ete vanaspatayah prajatisankhyayam bahu samruddhaah santi. sampoorne cacasus-pradeshe vardhamana 66 pratishatam prajaatayah azerbaijan-pradeshe drushyante. deshah chaturnam paryaavaranapradesheshu sthitah asti-caspian-hairkaniyan-mishritavanaani, cacasus-mishritavanaani, poorveeya-anatolian-parvata-stepah, azerbaijan-zaadee-marubhoomih, stepah cha. azarabaijaanasy 2018 tame varshe vana-paridrushya-akhandata-soochakaankasy madhya-ankah 6.55/10 aasit, yena saha 172 desheshu vaishvikaroopena 72 tame sthaane aasit. shasanam tathaa rajanitihi. 1995 tame varshe november-masasya 12 dinaanke nootanasamvidhaanasya angeekaaren azarabaijaanasy raajanaitikavyavasthaayaah samrachanaatmakanirmaanam poornam abhavat. samvidhaanasya anucchedah 23 ityasya anusaaram azerbaijan-ganarajyasya raajyachinhaah dhwajah, shastra-kotah, rashtraganam cha santi. azerbaijan-deshe raajyashaktihi kevalam aantarik-vishayanam krute vidhyaa seemitah asti, parantu antarashtriya-vyavahaaraah api antarashtriya-kararanam upavidhaanaih seemitaah santi. azarabaijaanasy samvidhaane etat raashtrapati-ganaraajyam asti, yasya adhikarasya trayah shaakhaah santi-karyapalika, vidhayika, nyayapalika cha. vidhaayeeshaktih ekasadaneey-rashtriyasabhaya, sarvoccha-rashtriyasabhaya cha nakhchivan-svaayatta-ganarajyasya asti. millie majlis iti namna khyaate azarabaijaanasy samsade 125 pratinidhayah santi ye bahumata-matasya aadhaaren nirwaachitaah bhavanti, pratyekasya nirvaachitasya sadasyasy karyakalaha panchawarshah bhavati. prativarsham panchavarshe, november-masasya prathamadivase nirvaachanam bhavati. sarvakaarasya nirmanartham samsadah naa uttaradaayi, parantu samvidhaane millie-majalis ityanena mantrimandalena anumodanam apekshitam asti. nootanah azerbaijanapakshah, shaasakasarvakaarasy nishtaavaan swatantrajanaah cha samprati samsade 125 sthanani praayah sarveshaam dhaarayanti. 2010 tame varshe samsadeeyanirvaachane musaavat tathaa azerbaijani-lokapriy-sammukhapakshah iti vipaksha-dalaani ekam sthaanam api praaptum asaphalau abhavan. europiya-nireekshakaah nirvaachanasya poorvam tathaa nirvaachanadine cha anekaani aniyamitatah drushtavantah. kaaryakaareeshaktih rashtrapatina asti, yah pratyakshanirvaachanena saptavarshasya kaaryakaalasy krute nirwaachitah, pradhaanamantri cha. rashtrapatihi, rashtrapatina rashtriyasabhayai cha uttaradaayeesy saamuhikakaaryakaari-nikayasya, mantrimandalasy nirmanam kartum adhikrutah asti. azarabaijaanasy mantrimandale mukhyataya pradhaanamantri, tasya pratinidhihi, mantrinah cha santi. ajarbaijaanasy 8 tamah sarwakaarah vartamaanasya shasanasya cha asti. raashtrapateh rashtriyasabham vighatayitum naa adhikaarah asti, parantu tasya nirnayanam veeto-adhikaarah asti. raashtrapati-veeto ityasya upari chaalayitum samsade 95 matanam bahumatam avashyam bhavet. nyaayavyavasthaadhikaarah samvaidhaanika-nyayalaye, sarvoccha-nyayalaye, aarthik-nyayalaye cha nihitah asti. rashtrapatihi eteshu nyayalayeshu nyayadhishan naamaankayati. europiya-nyaya-dakshataayaah ayogasya (sepage) prativedanam nootan-nyayadhishanam chayanasy vishaye azerbaijani-nyaya-pratimaanam sarvottamaprathaa iti nirdishyate, yat nootan-lokatantrasya nyayapalikayaha swaatantryam gunavattaam cha sunishchitam kartum visheshavisheshaan vikaasasya cha maargam pratibimbitavatee. azarabaijaanasy shasanavyavastham namakam dwistareeyam iti kathyate. sarvakaarasya sarwochchah vaa ucchatamah vaa starah rashtrapatina netrutve kaaryapaalakashaktih asti. rashtrapatihi mantrimandalam, anye cha uccha padasthan adhikaarinah cha niyuktavaan. sthaniyakaryakari-praadhikaranam kevalam kaaryapaalak-shaktteh anantaram eva asti. 16 joon 1999 tame dine sveekrutasya, sthaniyakaryakari-praadhikaranasy ("yearley ikraa hakimiyatim") aadhaaren azerbaijan-deshasya sthaniya-rajya-prashasanasya vidhi-sthitihi upabandha nirdhaarayati. 2012 joon maase rashtrapatihi nootan-viniyamanasya anumodanam krutavaan, yena sthaniya-kaaryapaalak-adhikarinam krute atirikta-adhikaarah pradattah, azerbaijan-ganarajyasya samvidhaanasya adhyaay 9 adhyaye azerbaijan-sthaniya-kaaryeshu teshaam prabal-sthaanam sudrudham krutvaa, sthaniya-swashaasanasya pramukhaan vishayaan yathaa nagarapalikanam vidhi-sthitihi, sthaniya-swashaasana-nikayanam prakaraha, teshaam mool-adhikaran, anyaih aadhikaarik-samsthanam prati sambandhaan cha sambodhayati. shasanasya anyah namamatrastaraha nagarapalikaha ("bülÂdiyy") asti, prati panchavarshe nagarapalika-nirvaachaneshu samanya-matadwara nagarapalika-sadasyaah nirwaachitaah bhavanti. samprati deshe 1,607 nagarapalikaha santi. nagarapalika-nirvaachanasya vidhihi, nagarapalika-sthityaah vidhihi cha sthaniyashasanasya kshetre prathamam sveekrutaani aasan (2 julai 1999). nagarapalika-sevaa-vishaye vidhihi nagarapalika-karmacharinam karyani, teshaam adhikaran, kartavyaan, shrama-sthitim, samajika-labhan cha niyanturya, karyakari-upakaranasy samrachanaa, nagarapalika-sevaa-samsthaayaah cha ruparekha nirdishati. nagarapalikanam sthitim prati vidhihi nagarapalika-nikayanam bhumikam samrachanaam cha niyanturayati, tathaa cha vidhisambaddhasya vitteeyasya swaayatataayaah cha rajyasya pratibhootih nirdishati. samajikasamrakshanam, samajikam arthikam cha vikaasam, sthaaneeyaparivahanam cha sambadhaanaam nagarapalika-karyakramanam sweekaranam nishpaadanam cha vidhihi vishesham dhyanam dadati. surakshaa-parishad raashtrapateh adheene vichaarasheelasamstha asti, saha samvidhaanaanusaaram tatt aayojayati. 1997 april 10 dinaanke asya sthapana abhavat. prashaasanikavibhaagah raashtrapati-karyalayasya bhaagah naa asti, apitu raashtrapati-karyalayayoho vitteey-praawidhik-aarthik-karyani cha nirvahati. aliyev-raajanaitikaparivaarasy deerghakaaleenaprabhaavasy karanat, heydar aliyev ityanena sthaapitasya nutanasya azerbaijaan-pakshasya (yenee azerbaykan partiacy, yaap) prabhaavasya karanat, kechan raajanaitikavidnyaani ajarbaijaan-ityasya raajanaitikavyavastham sarvadhikarina iti vyaakhyaam krutavantah. deshasya truteeyah rashtrapatihi, hyder aliyev (1993 taha 2003 paryantam karyakale; saha poorvam 1969 taha 1982 paryantam azarabaijaanasy communist-pakshasya prathamasachivah aasit, 1982 taha 1987 paryantam soviyat-sanghasya prathamah upapradhanah cha aasit) 2003 tame varshe tasya putrah, chaturthah vartamaanah rashtrapatihi ilhaam aliyev ityeshah uttaraadhikaari abhavat. yadyapi azerbaijan-deshah swaatantryam punah praaptam krutvaa anekaani nirvaachanaani akarot, lokatantrasya anekaani aupachaarikasamsthah cha santi, tathaapi swaatantrya-gruhena "swatantrah naasti" iti vargeekaritam asti, yah 2022 tame varshe vaishvika-swatantrataayaah ankasya aadhaaren tam "ekeekruta-adhinayakavadi-shasanam" iti ucchaarohat. sadyah varsheshu raashtrapati-aliyev-varyasya sarvakaareey-adhikarinam cha nindayaha karanat, aneke ajarbaijaani-patrakaraha, blaggigers, vakeelaah, maanav-adhikaar-karyakartaraha cha bandhitaah, kaaraavaase cha nyastaah. 2015 september-maase europiya-samsadena sveekrutasya prastaavasya anusaaram azerbaijan-deshah "vigatadashavarsheshu sampoorne eurasia-deshe lokatantrikashasanasya sarvaadhikam kshayam praapnot" iti varnayat, api cha maanav-adhikaaravishaye deshena saha tasya samvaadaha "naa tu paryaaptam pragatim akarot iti avadat."2016 maarch 17 dinaanke, azarabaijaanasy rashtrapatihi katipayeshu enn. jii. o.-janaihi raajanaitik-bandinah iti manyante, teshaam dajanaat adhikaan janaan kshamyamaanah aadeshe hastaaksharam krutavaan. asya aadeshasy swaagatam amerikaadeshasy rajyavibhagena sakaaraatmakaprastaavaroopen krutam. 2017 maarch 16 dinaanke aparah kshama-adeshah hastaaksharitah, yena raajanaitik-bandee iti manyate te atirikta-vyaktayah mukttaah abhavan. videsheshu swasya karyasya pracharartham, swadeshe nirvaachanam vaidham kartum cha videsheey-adhikarinam kootaneetigyaanaam cha krute azarabaijaanasy kathoram nindaam krutam asti, yat keviar-kootaneetih iti namna khyaatam. parantu, 6 maarch 2017 dinaanke, europiya-vyoohaatmak-gupta-suchana tathaa surakshaa-kendram (ess. aii. ess. sii. sii.) "da armenian-connection" iti prativedanam prakashitavan, yasmin saha azerbaijan-deshe maanav-adhikaar-enn. jii. o. tathaa cha anusandhaana-samsthanam, maanav-adhikaar-ullamghanasya bhrashtaachaarasy cha vimarshanam krutavaan. essie-ityanena vistrutam "cavier-kootaneetih" prativedanam, e. ess. aii. ityanena vistrutam krutvaa, ezerbaijaanasya viruddham rajanaitikayuddhe samlagnataam emm. pi. ess.-samuhasya nirmanartham apaprachaarasy aadhaaren sandehasya vaataavaranam kalpayitum uddeshitam iti, tathaa cha european-pi. emm. ess., armenian-adhikaribhih, tathaa keshaanchan enn. jii. o.-ityanena (human rats-vaach, amnesty-international, human rats-house-foundation, "open-dialog, european-stability-initiative, helsinki-kamitee faar human rats) yukttam jaalam, soros-foundation ityanena vittaposhitam iti, tasmin prativedanam avadat. rabert colson (radio-mukta-europe) ityasya mate, asisk iti bakoo-ityasya janamatasy parivartanaartham agra-chintaka-tyaank-ityasya upayogasya vistaarasya labing-prayasasya bhaagah asti. prativedanam sarvaadhikaari-pracharasya nikrushtatama-paramparasu likhitam asti" iti freedam-fails-vishleshanaatmak-kendram avadat. videshasambandhaan. alpakaalikam azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyam shut deshaihi saha kootaneetik-sambandham sthaapayitum safalam abhavat, germany-deshaan finn-lyand-deshaan cha kootaneetik-pratinidhim preshitavaan. patanashilat soviyat-sanghaat azarabaijaanasy swatantrataayaah antarashtriya-manyatayaha prakriya praayah ekavarsham yaavat anwawartat. 1996 tame varshe november-masasya 6 dinaanke, azerbaijaan-desham bahrain-deshe abhavat, yatra turkee-pakistana-samyuktarajyamerika-iraan-isrel-deshaihi saha paarasparik-mission-adanapradanam api aasit. azerbaijanah turkee-deshena saha swasya "visheshasambandhe" visheshotsaaham adadat. ajarbaijaanasy adyaavadhim yaavat 158 deshaihi saha kootaneetik-sambandhah asti, 38 antarashtriya-sanghatanana sadasyatvam cha asti. gutanirapeksh-aandolane vishva-vyaapaar-sanghe cha nireekshakapadaveem dhaaranam karoti, antarashtriya-doorasanchaar-sanghe cha samvadakarta asti. 2006 mey 9 dinaanke azerbaijanah samyuktaraashtrasanghasya samanyasabhaya navapratishtaayaam maanav-adhikaar-parishadasya sadasyatvena nirwaachitah. 2006 joon 19 dinaanke asya karyakalaha aarabhat. azerbaijanah prathamavaaram 2011 tame varshe 155 deshanam samarthanena samyuktaraashtrasanghasya surakshaa-parishadasya asthayisadasyatvena nirwaachitah. azarabaijaanasy videshaneeti-prathamikatasu, sarvaprathamam, tasya praadeshika-akhandataayaah punarsthaapanam, naagorno-karabakh ityasya tathaa naagorno-karabakh ityasya paritah azarabaijaanasy anya sapta pradeshanam adhiniveshasya parinamanam unmoolanam, europiya-yooro-atlaantik-samrachanaayaam ekeekaranam, antaaraashtriyasurakshayaah yogadam, antarashtriya-sanghatanaih saha sahayogah, kshetriya-sahayogah, dwaipaakshika-sambandhah, raksha-kshamataayaah sudrudeekaranam, aantarik-neetyaa surakshayaha samvardhanam, lokatantrasya sudrudeekaranam, jaateey-dhaarmik-sahishnutayaha samrakshanam, vaidnyaanik-shaikshik-saamskrutika-neetih, naitika-mulyanam samrakshanam, aarthik-samajika-vikaasah, aantarik-sima-surakshayaha vruddhihi, pravaasa-oorjaa-parivahana-surakshaa-neetih cha antarbhavanti. azerbaijanah antarashtriya-aatankavaadasy viruddham yuddham kurvataam antarashtriya-sanghatanayaha sakriyah sadasyah asti, tathaa cha september-masasya 11 dinaanke akramananantaram samarthanam pradadat prathameshu desheshu anyatamah aasit. kosovo, afghanistan, iraak ityeteshu shantirakshayaha prayatneshu yogadam kurvan naato-deshasya shaanti-karyakramasya sahabhagitayaha sakriyah sadasyah asti. azerbaijanah 2001 tamaat varshaat europe-parishadasya sadasyah api asti, europe-sanghena saha cha uttamm sambandham nirvahati. antatah deshah yooropeeyasanghasy sadasyataayaah krute aavedanam kartum shaknoti. 2021 julai 1 dinaanke, yoo. ess. kaangres-pakshah, 2012 tamavarshaat aarabhy washington-deshasya azerbaijan-deshaay preshitasya sainyasahaayasy upari prabhaavam janayantah vidhanan agre neetavat, tasya karanam, armenia-deshaay sanchayaani, tadapekshaya, atyantam nyoonaani santi iti aasit. sainike. aadhunik-azerbaijan-senayaha itihaasah 1918 tame varshe azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyasya kalat arabhyate, yadaa 1918 joon 26 dinaanke navagathitasya azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyasya rashtriya-senayaha nirmanam krutam. soviyat-sanghasya vighatanaanantaram yadaa azerbaijan-ganarajyasya swaatantryam praaptam, tadaa azerbaijan-ganarajyasya sashastra-senayaha nirmanam 1991 october 9 dinaanke sashastra-senayaha niyamasya anusaaram krutam. alpakaalikasy rashtriya-senayaha sthapanasya muladinankaha adyatanasy azerbaijan-nagare senaa-diwasah (joon 26) iti aacharyate. 2021 tamavarshaparyantam, azarabaijaanasy sashastrasenayam 1,26,000 sakriya-karmachaarinah aasan. atra 17,000 ardhasainikasenaah, 330,000 aarakshitasenaah cha santi. sashastrasenaayaah trayah shaakhaah santi-bhoosenaah, vaayusenaah, nausenaa cha. tadatiriktam sashastrasainikaah anekeshaam sainya-upasamuhan api samaaveshayanti ye aavashyakataa samaye rajyarakshayam bhaagam graheetum shaknuvanti. ete aantarikakaaryamantraal, raajyaseemaasarwiseh cha antarikasenaha santi, yeshu tatarakshakadalah api antarbhavati. azerbaijan-rashtriya-rakshaka aparah ardhasainika-balah asti. eshah raashtrapateh adhinasthasya vishesharaajya-samrakshana-sewaayaah ardha-swatantra-samsthaaroopen karyam karoti. azerbaijanah europe-deshe paaramparika-sashastra-balanam sandhim avalambati, sarvaasu pramukheshu antarashtriya-shastranam shastranam cha sandhishu hastaaksharam cha krutavaan. azerbaijanah shaanteh krute sahabhagitayaha vyaktigata-sahabhagitayaha karyayojana/pee. ef. pee. tathaa aaee. pee. e. ityaadishu karyakrameshu naato-deshena saha nikatayaa sahakarishyati. azerbaijan-deshah iraak-deshe swasya shaantirakshakadalasy 151, afghanistan-deshe 184 cha niyojayat. azerbaijan-deshah swasya raksha-aayavyayikaartham $2.24 billion vyayata, yat tasya kulasya jee. dee. pee. ityasya 5.4%, samanyasarvakariyavyasya kinchitkalam <aii. dee. 1> cha aasit. azerbaijani-raksha-udyogah laghushastraani, topakhaanaapranaalih, tyaank-yantraani, kavachaani, raatri-drushti-upakaranani, vimanayana-bumb-yantraani, yoo. e. vee.-manavarahita-vaayuyaanaani, vividhaah sainya-yaanaani, sainya-vimaanaani, helicopter cha nirmeeyate. prashaasanikavibhaagaah. azerbaijan-raajyam prashasanikadrushtya 14 aarthikakshetreshu vibhaktam asti; 66 reyan (ekavachanam), 11 nagaraani (ekavachanam) cha ganarajyasya pratyaksha-adhikarasya adheene santi. api cha, azerbaijan-deshe nakhchivan-svaayatta-ganarajyam () antarbhavati. azarabaijaanasy rashtrapatihi etaan ghatakaan rajyapalan niyuktavaan, nakhchivan-sarwakaarah nakhchivan-svaayatta-ganarajyasya samsadena nirwaachitah anumoditah cha bhavati. arthavyavasthaa. 1991 tame varshe swaatantryam praapya azerbaijanah antarashtriya-mudraa-koshasya, vishva-vittakoshasya, punarnirmaan-vikasa-europiya-vittakoshasya, islaamik-vikasa-vittakoshasya, asia-vikasa-vittakoshasya cha sadasyah abhavat. azarabaijaanasy banking-vyavasthaayaam azarabaijaanasy kendriya-baink, vaanijya-baink, byaanking-itara-runasamsthaah cha santi. 1992 tame varshe, yoo. ess. ess. aar. ityasya poorvasya rajya-sanchaya-byaank ityasya sambaddhasy azerbaijan-rajya-sanchaya-byaank ityasya aadhaaren rashtriya-(adhunaa kendriya-byaank) ityasya nirmanam krutam. kendriya-vittakoshah azarabaijaanasy kendriya-vittakosharoopen karyam karoti, rashtriya-mudraa azerbaijani-manaat ityasya nirgamane, sarwaah vaanijya-vittakoshaanaam paryavekshanaartham cha adhikaaritah asti. pramukhau vaanijya-vittakoshadvayam asti unibyaank, tathaa cha abbas ibraahimov ityanena sanchaalitam azerbaijan-deshasya rajya-svaamitva-antarashtriya-vittakoshah cha. vyayasya, aagrahasy cha vruddhehe karanat 2007 tame varshe prathama-traimasikasya mudraasfeeti-daraha 16.6% paryantam praapnot. namakam aayam maasikam vetanam cha asya apekshayaa kramashah 29 pratishatam 25 pratishatam cha vardhata, parantu taila-itara-udyameshu moolyavruddhihi mudraasfeetim protsaahayat. azerbaijan-deshe drutagatyaa vardhamaanasya oorjaakshetrasy karanat "dutch-rogah" iti namna khyatasya keshaanchan lakshanani drushyante, yena mudraasfeeti bhavati, tathaa cha oorjaa-nirayaatah adhikah vyayah bhavati. 2000 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, deerghakaaleenaroopen uccha-mudraasfeeti niyantritaa. anena 2006 janavaree 1 dinaanke arthikasudharan drudham kartum, asthira-arthavyavasthaayaah chihnaan cha nirmulanartham, nootan-mudraa, nootane azerbaijani-manaat ityasya aarambhah abhavat. azerbaijanah api anyeshu sii. aii. ess-deshanam apekshayaa, <aii. dii. 1> ityasya vaishvika-pratispardhatmakata-prativedanasya 57 tamam sthaanam praptavan. 2012 tamavarshaparyantam azarabaijaanasy jee. dee. pee. 1995 tamavarshaat 20 gunitam vardhata. oorjaa tathaa praakrutikam samsaadhanam cha. ajarbaijaanasy truteeyaamshadwayam bhaagah taila-praakrutika-vayuna samruddhah asti. azarabaijaanasy taila-udyogasya itihaasah prachinakalat arabhyate. arabian-itihaasadnyah, yaatrikah ahamad all-baladhuri ityeshah prachinakale abasheran-dweepakalpasya arthavyavasthaayaah vishaye charchaam akarot, visheshatah tasya tailasya vishaye cha. azerbaijan-deshe bahavah pipelance santi. dakshina-vaayu-margasya lakshyam, yat azerbaijan-nagarasya vishaalam shaah deniz-vaayu-kshetram europe-deshaat yojayati, europe-sanghasya russian-vaayu-upari avalambanam nyooneekartum asti. deshasya suvarnasya, rajatasya, lohasya, tamrasya, tatanium-ityasya, chromium-ityasya, myanganees-ityasya, cobalt-ityasya, maalibdinam-ityasya, jatil-dhaatunah, pratimanasya cha adhikaamshasya krute lesar-caucasus-ityasya pradesha asti. 1994 september-maase, azerbaijan-ganarajyasya (sokaar) rajya-taila-kampenee-samsthaayaah 13 taila-kampanee-ityeteshaam madhye 30 varshaanaam anubandhah abhavat, teshu amoko, bee. pee., exanmobil, lukoyil, equiner cha santi. paashchaty-taila-kampenee-samsthah soviyat-shoshanaat asprushitaah gabhirajal-tailakshetraani upayoktum shaknuvanti, ataha azerbaijan-pradesha taila-anveshanasya vikaasasya cha krute vishvasya mahattvapoorna-sthaaneshu anyatamah iti manyate. etadatirichya, azarabaijaanasy rajya-taila-koshah, sthool-aarthik-sthirataam, taila-raajaswa-prabandhanasy paradarshakatam, bhaavee-peedibhyah samsadhananam rakshanm cha sunishchitum, atirikta-bajateey-kosharupena sthaapitah. azerbaijan-deshe jaivika-kshamataayaah praaptih vishva-madhyat nyoonah asti. 2016 tame varshe, azarabaijaanasy kshetre prativyakti 0.8 vaishvika-hector-jaiva-kshamata aasit, yaa vishva-madhyasya 1.6 vaishvika-hector-prativyakti-ityasya ardham aasit. 2016 tame varshe azerbaijan-deshah prativyakti 2.1 vaishvika-hector-bhoomau jaivika-kshamataayaah upayogam krutavaan-teshaam upabhogasya paaristhitik-padachihnam. arthaat te ajarbaijaan ityasya apekshayaa adhikaam jaivika-kshamatam upayunjanti. parinaamatah azerbaijan-deshe jaivika-kshamataayaah nyunata vartate. sokaar ityasya upa-kampanee, azericaz, 2021 tamavarshaparyantam deshasya poorna-gaiseekaranam sunishchitum icchati. azerbaijanah poorva-pashchim-uttar-dakshina-oorjaa-parivahana-marganam praayojakeshu anyatamah asti. baaku-tbilisee-cars rail-maargah caspian-pradesham turkee-ityanena saha yojayishyati, yat 2017 julai-maase poornam bhavishyati iti apekshitam asti. trans-anatolian-gyaas-paplane (tanap) tathaa trans-adriatic-paplane (tyap) cha azarabaijaanasy shaa-deniz-gyaas-dwara turkee-europe-deshaan praakrutika-gyaas-draavanam karishyati. azerbaijanah e. see. jee. ityasya vikaasavishaye sunn 2017 september 14 dinaanke sokar tathaa saha-udyamaih (bee. pee., shevron, inpex, equiner, exonmobil, tea. pee., itochu tathaa o. enn. jee. see. videsh) hastaksharitasya samshodhitasya pee. ess. e. ityasya anusaaram 2050 paryantam sandhim avartayat. krushihi. azerbaijan-pradeshe bruhattamam krushi-jala-kshetram asti. ajarbaijaanasy praayah 54.9 pratishatam krushibhoomih asti. 2007 tamavarshasya aarambhe hector-parimiteshu kshetreshu 4,755,100 krushipradhaanaani kshetraani aasan. tasmin eva varshe kula-kaashta-samsaadhanaani 13.6 koti ghana kii. mee. yaavat ganitaah aasan. azarabaijaanasy krushi-vaidnyaanik-anusandhaana-samsthah trunabhoomishu, chaaranabhoomau, udyaanikee-uposhnakatibandheey-sasyeshu, harita-shaak-dhaanyeshu, viticulture-vain-nirmaana-kshetre, karpasa-utpaadane, aushadheeya-sasyeshu cha kendreekrutaani santi. keshuchit kshetreshu dhaanyam, aalookah, shakkar-beat-dhaanyam, karpasa-tamaaku-sasyam cha phalapradam bhavati. pashu-palanam, dugdhotpadanam, madyam, spirit cha api mahattvapoornaani krushi-utpaadaani santi. caspian-matsya-udyogah sturgeon-belugaa-ityetayoho kshinamananam stack-ityetayoho upari kendreekrutah asti. 2002 tame varshe azerbaijani-vyaapaari-nausainike 54 naukaah aasan. poorvatah videshaat ayatitaha kechan utpaadah sthaaneeyaah utpaadayitum aarabhant. teshu kokaa-cola-battler-limited ityasya kokaa-cola-iti asti., bucky-castel dwara bear, nehir dwara parkett, upec paip lepan ajarbaijaana dwara tela-pipe. paryatanam. paryatanam azarabaijaanasy arthavyavasthaayaah mahattwapoornah bhaagah asti. 1980 tame dashake ayam deshah prasidhah paryatansthalah aasit. soviyat-sanghasya patanam, 1990 tame dashake prathamam naagorno-karabakh-yuddham cha, paryatan-udyogasya, paryatan-sthalarupena azarabaijaanasy cha pratichaayaayaah kshatim akarot. 2000 tamam dashakaparyantam paryatan-udyogah punah praaptum aarabdhah, tatah param deshe paryatak-bhramananam ratrikal-nivaasaanaam cha sankhyayam uccha-vruddhihi abhavat. sadyah eva varsheshu azerbaijan-nagaram dhaarmik-spaa-swaasthya-paryatanasy krute api lokapriyam gantavyam abhavat. shitakale, shahadaag parvata-vihaarasthaanam atyaadhunika-saukaryaabhihi saha skeeying-kreedaayaah suvidhaah pradadaati. azarabaijaanasy sarvakaarena azarabaijaanasy vikaasah abhijata-paryatanasthalaroopen sarvocchapraathamikatayaa nirdhaaritah asti. paryatanam pramukham kartum raashtriyaneetih asti, yadi ekam bruhattamam naa bhavati tarhi ajarbaijaani-arthavyavasthaayaam yogadam karoti. etaani karyani azarabaijaanasy samskruti-paryatan-mantraalayen niyantritaah santi. 63 deshaah santi yeshu veesaa-mukta-ankah asti. ee-veesaa-veesaa-avashyakadeshanam videshiyanam azerbaijan-ganarajyasya bhramanartham. vishva-aarthik-manchasya yatra-paryatan-pratispardhatmakata-prativedanam 2015 ityasya anusaaram azerbaijan-nagaram 84 tamam sthaanam praapnot. vishva-yatra-paryatan-parishadasya prativedanasya anusaaram, 2010 taha 2016 paryantam paryatak-niryaate prabalavruddhim darshayantah agradasheshu desheshu azerbaijanah aasit, tadatiriktam, azerbaijanah drutagatyaa vikaasam kurvateeshu yatra-paryatan-arthavyavasthaasu desheshu prathamastham (46.1%) praapnot, yatra gatavarshe antargaami-antarashtriya-paryatak-vyayasya drudha-soochakaah aasan. parivahanam. reshamamargah, dakshina-uttar-maargah ityadinam pramukhanam antarashtriyanam yatayata-dhamanyanam chaurastayam azarabaijaanasy suvidhaajanakam sthaanam deshasya arthavyavasthaayaah krute parivahanakshetrasya saamarikam mahattvam prakaashayati. deshasya parivahanakshetre maargaah, rail-maargaah, vimaanayaanaani, samudriya-parivahanam cha antarbhavanti. ajarbaijaana-nagaram, kacchaa-padarthasya parivahanasya mahattvapoornam arthikakendram api asti. bakoo-tbilisee-sihan-pipeline (bee. tea. see.) 2006 mey-maase kaaryaanvitam abhavat, ajarbaijaana, georgia, turkey ityetebhyah pradeshaanaam apekshayaa adhikam vistrutaa cha. bee. tea. see. prativarsham 50 dashalax-tunn-yaavat aparishkruta-tailam parivahanaartham parikalpitam asti, tathaa cha caspian-samudra-tailam kshetraat tailam vaishvikavipanani prati chaalayati. dakshina-cacasus-jalamaarga, ajarbaijaana, georgia, turkey ityeteshu pradesheshu api vistaaritah, 2006 tamasya varshasya ante kaaryaanwitah abhavat, tathaa cha yuropiyavipanyam shaah deniz-vayuprakshetrat atirikta-vaayupravaaham pradadaati. shaah deniz prativarsham 296 billion cubic meater yaavat praakrutika-vaayum utpaadayati iti apekshitam asti. europiya-sangha-prayojita-reshama-maarga-pariyojanaayaam api azarabaijaanasy pramukhah bhaagah asti. 2002 tame varshe azerbaijani-sarvakaarena neeti-viniyaamak-karyanam vistruta-shrenyaah parivahana-mantraalayasy sthapana abhavat. tasmin eva varshe deshah maarga-yaataayaatasy vishaye viyannaa-sammelane sadasyah abhavat. arthavyavasthaayaah anyakshetranam vikaasasya uttamaay parivahana-jaalasy unnateekaranam, parivahana-sevaanaam cha sudhaarah cha pradhanye stah. 2012 tame varshe cars-tbilisee-baaku-relamaargasy nirmanam poorvadishi cheena-kajakhstan-deshayoho railmargan turkyaa-margena paschimadishi europiya-relavyavasthayaa saha yojayitvaa asia-europe-deshayoho madhye parivahanasya unnatehe krute krutam aasit. 2010 tame varshe brad-gaze-rail-maargah, vidyudeekruta-rail-maargah cha kramashah vistaaritaah. 2010 tame varshe 35 vimaanasthaanakaani, ekam heliport cha aasit. vidnyaanam tathaa tantrajnaanam cha. 21 shataabdyaam, nootanam taila-vaatakam cha vardhamaanam ajarbaijaanasy vijnaana-praudyogikee-kshetreshu sthitim sudhaarayitum sahayyam krutam. sarvakaarena aadhunikeekaranasy navakalpanaayaah cha uddeshyena abhiyanam aarabhat. suchana-praudyogikee-sampreshana-udyogaat cha labha vardhate, taila-utpadanasya laabhaih tulyate cha iti sarwakaarah anumaanayati. azarabaijaanasy vishaalam tathaa cha nirantaram vardhamaanam antarjaalakshetram vartate, yat praayah 2007-2008 ityasya vitteeyasankaten aprabhaavitam asti; nyunataya panchavarshaani yaavat drutagatyaa vruddhihi bhavishyat. 2021 tame varshe vaishvika-navaanveshana-suchakanke azerbaijanah 80 tamasthaane aasit, yat 2019 tame varshe 84 tamasthanat adhikam aasit. deshah swasya doorasanchaarakshetrasy vikaase api pragatim akarot. sanchaar-suchana-praudyogikee-mantraalayah (emm. sii. aii. tii.) tathaa cha aztelicom ityasmin bhumikayaha madhyamena ekaha prachaalakah nitinirmata, niyantrakaah cha santi. saarwajanik-pey-phone-visheshaah sthaniya-kaal-krute upalabhyante, tathaa cha doorabhaash-vinimaya-kendraat athavaa keshaanchan aapanaih kiosk-ityetaih cha tokan-krayanm aavashyakam bhavati. tokens ityete anirdishtakaalasy kaal-kartum anumanyante. tatra 1,397,000 mukhya-doorabhaash-maargaah, 1,485,000 antarjaala-upayoktaarah cha aasan. atra chatwaarah jee. ess. emm. pradaataarah santi-azercel, azerfan (naar mobail), nakhtel mobail network operator, ekaha see. dee. emm. e. cha. 21 shataabdyaam elchin khalilov ityakhyasya anyaih cha moolabhootakaaryaih preritaah anekaah pramukhah azerbaijani-bhoogatikavidnyaanah, bhoo-bhoo-bhoo-vidnyaanavidah cha shatashah bhukampa-poorvaanumaan-kendraani, bhukampa-pratirodha-bhavanaani cha parikalpayan, ye adhunaa bhukampa-sewaayaah ganarajya-kendrasya adhikaamsham bhaagam nirmeeyante. ajarbaijaana-rashtriya-aerospace-samsthaa, swasya prathamam upagraham azersat-1 iti, 2013 februvari 7 dinaanke, french-gayana-nagarasya gayana-antarikshakendrat 46° poorva-kakshiyasthanat kakshayam prakshepayt. upagrah europe-desham, asia-africa-deshayoho mahattvapoornam bhaagam cha vyaapayati, tathaa cha dooradarshanasy, radio-prasaranasya tathaa antarjaalasy cha prasaaranam karoti. kakshayam upagrahasya prakshepanam, bhavishye adhikaprakalpan safalatayaa kaaryaanvayayitum samarthah, swakeeya-antariksha-udyogena yuktah raashtrah bhavitum lakshyam praaptum azarabaijaanasy prathamam sopaanam asti. janasaamkhyikee. 2022 maarch-maasaparyantam, azarabaijaanasy kulajanasankhyayaha 10,164,464 madhye 52.9% nagaravaasinah santi, sheshaah 47.1% graaminah santi. 2019 janavaree-maase, kulajanasankhyayaha 50.1% mahilaa aasit. tasmin eva varshe linganupataha pratimahilaa 0.99 purushaah aasit. 2011 tame varshe janasankhyaa-vruddhi-daraha 0.85% aasit, yat vishvavyaapeeroopena 1.09% ityasya apekshayaa aasit. janasankhyaa-vruddhim pratibandhayitum mahattvapoornam kaarakam uccha-starasya pravaasaha asti. 2011 tame varshe azerbaijan-deshe-1.14/1,000 janaah pravaasam krutavantah. azerbaijani-pravaasinah 42 desheshu drushyante, tathaa cha azarabaijaanasy antah jaateey-alpasankhyakanam krute anekaani kendraani santi, yeshu german-saamskrutika-samaajah "karelhaus", slaavik-saamskrutika-kendram, azerbaijani-isreli-samudayah, kurdish-saamskrutika-kendram, antarashtriya-talish-sanghah, lezgin-rashtriya-kendram "samoor", azerbaijani-totter-samudayah, crimean-taataar-samaajah ityaadayah santi. aahaty, azerbaijan-nagare 78 nagaraani, 63 nagaramandalah, ekam vishesha-vaidhaanik-sthiti-nagaram cha asti. 261 nagar-prakaar-nivasasthanani, 4248 gramani cha ete anusaranti. jatiyata. 2009 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram janasankhyaayaah jaateey-samrachanaah-91.6% azerbaijani, 2% lezzins, 1.4% armenian (praayah sarve armenian naagorno-karabakh-ityasya viccheditakshetre nivasanti), 1.3% rusee, 1.3% talish, 0.6% avaar, 0.40% turks, 0.3% taataar, 0.3% tots, 0.2% eukranian, 0.1% sakhoor, 0.1% georgian, 0.1% jyoo, 0.1% coords, anye 0.20%. bhaashaasu. asya rajabhasha azerbaijani asti, yaa turki-bhasha asti. azerbaijani bhasha praayah 92 pratishatam janaah maatrubhaashaaroopen bhaashante. rusee-armenian-bhaashaasu (kevalam naagorno-karabakh-bhashayam) api bhaashante, pratyekam kramashah praayah 1.5 pratishatasya janasankhyaayaah matrubhasha asti. deshe anyatra dozen-adhikaani alpasankhyakabhaashaah santi, yaa sthaaneeyaah bhaashyante. avaar, budukh, georgian, juhuree, khinalug, crits, lezzin, rutul, taalish, taat, sakhoor, udi ityete sarve laghumatee-janaah bhaashante. eteshu kechan bhasha-samudayah atyalpaah santi, teshaam sankhyaa api nyooneebhavati. 1989 tame varshe naagorno-karabakh-pradeshe armenian-bhasha 76 pratishatam yaavat bahusankhyak-bhasha aasit. prathama-naagorno-karabakh-yuddhanantaram, praayah 95 pratishatam yaavat janasankhyaa praayah visheshatayaa armenian-bhasha aasit. dharmah. azerbaijan-deshah sarvaadhikam dharmanirapekshah muslim-bahusankhyakah deshah iti manyate. praayah 97 pratishatam janasankhyaa muslima-janaah santi. praayah 55-85% muslim-janaah shiya iti anumitam asti, muslim-janaah 15-45% sunnee iti cha. deshasya vibhinnaah jatiyasamuhaha anyaan mataan aacharanti. samvidhaanasya anucchedasya 48 anucchede azerbaijan-raajyam dharmanirapeksham raajyam asti, dharmikaswatantryam cha sunishchitam karoti. 2006-2008 gallup pole ityasmin, azarabaijaanasy kevalam 21 pratishatam uttaradaatrunah matam teshaam dainandinajeevanasya mahattwapoornah bhaagah asti iti avadat. rashtrasya dhaarmik-alpasankhyakeshu, 280,000 kraistajanaah (3.1%) adhikatayaa russian-georgian-roodichusta-armenian-apostolic-janaah santi (praayah sarve armenian-janaah naagorno-karabakh-ityasya vicchedita-pradeshe nivasanti). 2003 tame varshe 250 roman-catholic-janaah aasan. 2002 tamavarshaparyantam anyeshu christian-sampradayeshu lutheran-janaah, baptist-janaah, molocan-janaah cha santi. ekaha laghuvyaapaaraprasthaanikasah api asti. azarabaijaanasy 2000 varshebhyah itihaasayuktah prachinaha yahoodee-janasankhyaa api asti; yahoodee-samsthah anumaanayanti yat 12,000 yahoodee-janaah azerbaijan-deshe eva santi, yat isrel-samyuktarajyamerika-deshayoho bahihi ekamaatram yahoodee-bahusankhyaayuktam nagaram vartate. ajarbaijaana-nagare bahaayi-sadasyanam, hare-krushnasya, tathaa cha prabhoho sakshisamudayanam, tathaa cha anyaanaam dhaarmik-samudayanam anuyayinam nivaasasthaanam asti. kechan dhaarmik-samudayaha anaupachaarikaroopena dhaarmik-swatantrataayaah krute pratibandhitaah santi. a yoo.ess. asmin vishaye rajyavibhagasya prativedanam katipayanam muslim-christian-samuhanam sadasyanam nirodhasya ullekham karoti, tathaa cha anekeshu samuhanam, azerbaijan-ganarajyasya (scra) dhaarmik-sanghaanaam rajya-samityaam, dharmasya viniyamana-samsthaayaam panjeekaranam kartum kashtam anubhavati. shikshate. azerbaijani-jananam apekshaakrutam uccha-pratishatam ucchashikshaayaah kimapi roopam praaptavantah, visheshatah vaidnyaanik-takaniki-wishayayoh. soviyat-yugasya saksharata, madhyashikshayaha cha starah, 1920 tame dashake persio-arabic-lipihi lattin-lipihi, 1930 tame dashake roman-lipihi cyrillic-lipihi iti maanak-varnamaalaayaam dwayoh parivartanayoho satsu api, atyalpa-aarambh-binduvinaa naatakeeyaroopen vardhata. soviyat-deshasya dattamshanusaram 1970 tame varshe 100 pratishatam purushaah, mahilaah (navatah 49 varshaani yaavat) saaksharau aasan. samyuktaraashtrasanghasya vikaasakaaryakramasy 2009 tame varshe prakashitasya prativedanasya anusaaram azerbaijan-deshasya saksharata-daraha 99.5 pratishatam asti. svatantryat aarabhy, azarabaijaanasy samsadah soviyat-sanghaat pruthak bhavitum yah prathamah vidhihi sveekrutavaan, tasmin ekaha, cyrillic ityasya sthaane, parivartitam-lattin-varnamaalaam sweekarotu iti aasit. tadatiriktam azerbaijani-vyavasthaayaam samrachanaatmakaparivartanam alpam abhavat. prarambhikaparivartanani dharmikashikshayaha punahsthaapanam (soviyat-kaalakhande nishiddham), paathyakramaparivartanaani cha santi, ye azerbaijani-bhashayaha upayogasya punah mahattvam dattavantah, vaichaarik-vishayavastuh cha samaaptavantah. praathamikavidyaalayaan atirichya, shikshanasamsthaasu sahasrashah poorvavidyaalayaah, samanya-maadhyamik-vidyaalayaah, vyaavasaayik-vidyaalayaah cha santi, yeshu vishesha-maadhyamik-vidyaalayaah, takaniki-vidyaalayaah cha santi. navamavargaparyantam shikshanm anivaaryam asti. samskrutihi. ajarbaijaanasy samskrutihi anekanam prabhaawaih vikasitaa asti; ata eva ajarbaijaaninah anekavidhaih dwi-saamskrutika-janaah santi. adyatve, paashchatyaprabhaavaanaam, vaishvikeekruta-upabhoktru-samskrutehe api, deshe rashtriya-paramparaah samyak samrakshitaah santi. azerbaijani-samskrutehe kechan mukhyaani tattvaani santi-sangeetam, sahityam, lokanrutyam, kalaa, pakashaili, vastukala, chaayaagrahanam, novruz bayraam cha. uttaratah, prachina-iraani-dharmasya zoroastrian-matasya nootanavarshasya paaramparika-utsavena nishpannam asti. novruz iti paarivaarik-viraamadinam asti. ajarbaijaanasy janasankhyaayaah varnachitre, yathaa upari ullikhitam, ajarbaijaani-janaah, tathaiva deshasya vibhinneshu kshetreshu samhatatayaa nivasantah anyarashtriyatayaha vaa jatiyasamuhanam vaa santi. azerbaijani-rashtriyam paaramparikam cha vastraani chokhaa, papakhi cha santi. russian, georgian, kurdish, lezzian, talish bhaashaasu radio-prasaaranam bhavati, yaan rajyasya aayavyayikaat vittaposhanam bhavati. balakan tathaa khachmaaz ityeteshu kechan sthaniyani radio-kendraani avaar tathaa taat ityasmin prasaaranam aayojayanti. baaku-deshe aneke vruttapatreshu rusee-bhashayam, kurdish-bhashayam ("dengi kurd"), lezzian-bhashayam ("samoor"), talleesh-bhashayam cha prakashitaha santi. jyoo-samaajah "sokhnaat" iti "aziz" iti vruttapatram prakaashayati. sangeetam lokanrutyam cha. azarabaijaanasy sangeetam praayah sahasravarshapoorvasya lokaparamparaabhih nirmitam asti. shatabdan yaavat azerbaijani-sangeetam ekaswarasya mudraayaah adhah vikasat, layabaddharoopen vividhasvaraan utpadyata. azerbaijani-sangeetasy shakha-krama-pranaali asti, yatra pramukhanam laghu-shrenyanam cha chromataisation-ityasya mahatee mahatta asti. rashtriya-sangeeta-vaadakeshu 14 taar-vaadakaah, ashta-taala-vaadakaah, shut vaayuvidyaha cha santi. da grove dikshnari aaf music and music-eds" ityasya matena, jaati-samskruti-dharma-drushtyaa azerbaijani-janaah turkee-deshasya apekshayaa sangeetadrushtyaa iraan-deshasya bahu sameepe santi." mugam, mekhana, aashik kalaa cha azarabaijaanasy anekasangeetaparampareshu antarbhavanti. mugam iti samanyataya kaavyaih vaadyaih cha yuktah samoohah asti. mugam-pradarshanm kurwantah gaayakaah svabhaavanaaha gaayan-sangeete cha parivartayanti. madhya-asiadeshanam mugam-paramparanam vipareetam, azerbaijani mugam adhika-mukta-roopam, nyoon-kathoram cha asti; praayah jaz-ityasya taatkaalik-kshetren saha asya tulanam bhavati. yunesko-samsthaa 2003 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 7 dinaanke azerbaijani-mugam-paramparaam manavatayaha maukhika-amurta-paramparayaha utkrushta-krutihi iti ghoshayat. maikhana iti ekam paaramparika-azerbaijani-vishishtam lock-sangeetam geetam asti, yat praayah kasmin vishishtavishaye ashurachanam kurwantah aneke janaah pradarshanti. aashik-varyaha kaavyasya, kathaa kathanasya, nrutyasya, gayanasya, vaadyasya cha sangeetasy cha samyojanam paaramparika-pradarshanakalaaroopen karoti, yaa azerbaijani-samskrutyaah prateekaroopen pratishtaapyate. saha ekaha rahasyavaadee-traasah athavaa bhraman-bard asti yah saaz iti gaayati, vaayati cha. asya paramparayaha utpattih prachina-turkee-jananam shamanavaadee-vishvaaseshu asti. aashik-geetaani samanya-adharan paritah ardha-sudharitaha santi. azarabaijaanasy aashik-kalaa 30 september 2009 dinaanke yoonesko-samsthayaa amurta-saamskrutika-paramparayaha suchyam antarbhavati sma. 1960 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhagat aarabhy, paashchaty-prabhaawit-azerbaijani-paap-sangeetam, vividharoopeshu, yat azerbaijan-deshe lokapriyatayam vardhamaanam asti, yadaa raak, hip-haap ityadini prakarani vyaapakaroopen nirmitaani, asvaditani cha santi. alim kaasimov, rasheed bebudov, wagif mustafaazaadeh, muslim maagomayev, shovkat alakbarovaa, rubaba muradova ityadinam kalakaranam antarashtriya-lokapriyataya saha azerbaijani-paap, azerbaijani-lokasangeetasy cha udayah. eurovision-geeta-spardhayam azerbaijanah utsahapurnaha pratibhagi asti. azerbaijanah 2008 tame varshe eurovision-gitaspardhayam prathamavaaram upasthitah abhavat. 2009 tame varshe deshasya praveshah truteeyam sthaanam, tadanantaram varshe panchamam cha praapnot. ell tathaa nikkee cha eurovision gitaspardhayam 2011 tame varshe "ranning deared" iti geetena prathamastham praaptavantah, yena azerbaijanah 2012 tame varshe baaku-nagare spardhayaha aatitheyatvam kartum yogyah abhavat. te spardhayaha 2018 samskaranaparyantam pratyekam grand-fainal-krute arhati, gaayakah aisel ityanena eksa-mai-haart ityanena saha pravishanti. atra dozen-adhikaani azerbaijani-lokanrutyaani santi. te aupachaarika-utsaveshu pradarshitaah bhavanti, nartakaah rashtriya-nrutyeshu susamrakshitam chokhaa-sadrusham raashtriyavastram dharanti. adhikaamsheshu nrutyeshu ativegam layah bhavati. sahityam. aadhunik-azerbaijani-ganarajyasya pradeshikasimayaha antah janmitaah madhyayugeen-lekhakeshu pertian-kavihi daarshanikah cha nijami aasit, yah swasya janmasthaanasy aadhaaren ganjavee iti namna prasidhah, ganjaa iti, yah khamsaa ("da quintuplate") ityasya lekhakah aasit, pancha pranayaramy-kavitaih saha "rahasyanam nidhihi", "khosro-shreen", "lailee-mejanoon" cha iti. likhita-azerbaijani-saahitye praacheenatamah dnyaatah vyaktihi izzaddin hasanoghlu aasit, yah farasi-azerbaijani-gazal-yukttam divaan-grantham rachayat. farasi-gazal-bhaashaasu saha swasya upanamam prayuktavaan, tasya azerbaijani-gazal-bhaashaasu tasya swanamna hasanoghlu iti rachanaa krutaa. 14 shataabdyaam, tabreej-shirvan-bhashayoho vividhaanaam praarambhik-madhyayugeshu upabhashanam aadhaaren, azerbaijani-bhashayam shastriyasahityasya nirmanam jaatam. asya kaalasy kavayeshu gazi burhanaddin, hakiki (jahaan shaah kaaraa koyunalu ityasya upanamna), habibi cha aasan. 14 shataabdyaah ante 14 shataabdyaah ante 15 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha mahaan azerbaijani hurufi-rahasyavaadee-kavayitreshu anyatamah, turki-saahitya-itihasasya pramukhah praarambhik-divaan-gurushu anyatamah, yah farasi-arabee-bhaashaasu api kaavyaani rachitavaan, imaddin nasimi ityasya saahityik-kriyaakalaapasy aarambhah api aasit. kavibhihi kasema-e-anwar, foozulee, khatai (safaavid-shaah ismail-1 ityasya upanamna) ityetebhyah divaan-gajal-shailyaah vikaasah abhavat. dede korkat-pustakam" ityasmin 16 shataabdyaam pratilipim krutau paandulipau stah, 15 shataabdyah poorvam naa likhitam. ayam oghuz-yayabaranam maukhikaparamparaam pratibimbayati 12 kathanam sangrahah asti. 16 shataabdyaah kavihi muhammad-foozulee ityeshah arabik, farasi, azerbaijani bhaashaasu swasya kalatitam daarshanikam gitatmakam "qazal" iteedam nirmitavaan. swasya paryaavaranasya uttama-saahityik-paramparayaha atyadhikam laabham praapya, poorvavartinaam uttaradhikarasya aadhaaren, fuzuli swasya samajasya pramukha-saahityik-vyaktihi bhavitum niyatah aasit. tasya pramukheshu krutishu "da divaan aaf gajals", "da kasidas" cha antarbhavanti. tasmin eva shatake azerbaijani-sahityam, aashik () kaavyaprakaarasy vikasena saha, itoapi vardhata. tasmin eva kaale, khatai ("paapee" ityasya krute) shaah ismail iti upanamna aham ajarbaijaani-bhashayam praayah 1400 shlokaani alikham, ye pashchat tasya "divaan" iti namna prakashitaha. asmin kaale "koshmaa" ("ashurachana") iti namna khyaatah ekaha vishishtah saahityikashailo pravartitah, shaah ismail ityanena, pashchat tasya putrena uttaraadhikaari cha shaah tahamaasp-1 ityanena cha vikasitah. 17 tathaa 18 shataabdayoh kaalakhande, fuzuli ityasya vishishta-shaileeh tathaa cha asik-kaavyaani pramukha-kavayah, lekhakaah cha yathaa tabriz-nagarasya kavasee, shaah abbas saanee, nishaat, molaa vaalee vidaadee, molaa panaah wazief, amani, zafar ityaadibhih sveekrutaani. turks, turkens, uzbex ityetaih saha azerbaijanis ityete api prasiddhasy lokanayakasya koroglu-ityasya ("andhasya putrasya" krute) mahaakaavyam aacharanti. koroglu-mahaakaavyasya aneke abhilekhitasamskaaraah azarabaijaanasy rashtriya-vijnaana-akadami ityasya pandulipinam samsthaayaam santi. azerbaijan-bhashayaha aadhunik-azerbaijani-sahityam mukhyataya shirvaanee-upabhashayam aadhaaritam asti, iraan-deshe tabrizi-bhashayam aadhaaritam asti. azerbaijani-bhashayaha prathamam vruttapatram "akinchi" 1875 tame varshe prakaashitam aasit. 19 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage, baaku, ganja, shaakee, tbilisee, yerevan ityeteshu vidyaalayeshu idam shikshitam aasit. 1845 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, rashiyaadeshasy sent pietersberg-vishvavidyaalaye api etat shikshitam. lokakalaam. azerbaijani-jananam samruddhah vishishtah cha samskrutihi asti, yasya pramukhah bhaagah sajaawateeh, upayoktreeh cha kalaa asti. asya kalaaroopasy pratinidhitvam hastashilpasya vistruta-shrenyaa bhavati, yathaa-anudhaavanam, ratnaani, dhaatu-utkeernanam, kaashtasya, shilayaha, asthihi, carpet-nirmaanam, lessing, namuna-vanaatanam, mudranam, vanaatanam, embroidery cha. etaasu pratyekasmin prakarasya alankaranakalaayaah, ajarbaijaan-rashtrasya danasya pramaanam, atra bahu anukoolam asti. ajarbaijaana-deshe kalanam shilpanam cha vikaasasambaddhaah anekaah rochakani tathyaani, bhinna-bhinna-samaye etaan sthanan abhyaagantaih anekebhihi vyaapaaribhih, yaatrikaih, kootaneetidnyaih cha niveditaani. azerbaijani carpet iti vividha-akaranam paaramparikam hastanirmitam vastram asti, yasya ghana-vinyaasah, stoopah athavaa stoopa-rahita-prushtabhaagah cha asti, yasya pratiroopaani azarabaijaanasy aneke carpet-nirmanakshetranam lakshanani santi. 2010 tame varshe november-maase azerbaijani carpet iteedam yoonesko-samsthayaa amurta-paramparayaha utkrushta-krutihi iti ghoshitam. ajarbaijaana-nagaram prachinakalat eva vividha-shilpakalanam kendram iti prasidhah asti. azerbaijan-pradeshasya puraatatveeya-utkhananm suvikasitakrushihi, pashu-bhandaar-vruddhihi, dhaatu-kaaryam, mrunmaya-mrunmaya-shilpam, mrunmaya-shilpam, carpet-vanaatanam cha saa. sha. poo. dwiteeya sahasraabdi-kalat poorvam iti sakshyam dadati. bee. tea. see.-paplane-dwara anaavrutaani dashbulak, hasansu, zayaamchai, tovuzchai cha puraatatva-sthalaani praarambhik-lohayug-kalaakrutayah prakatayanti. azerbaijani carpets ityete anekeshu bruhadaguleshu, anekeshu upaguleshu cha vargeekartum shakyante. azerbaijani carpet ityasya vaidnyaanik-anusandhaanah pramukha-vaidnyaanikasya kalakarasya cha lateef-karimov ityasya namna sambadhah asti. tasya vargikaranena cha carpet-ityasya chaturnam bruhatsargaanaam sambandhah ajarbaijaan, guba-shirvaan, ganjaa-kazaakh, karabakh, tabreej iti chaturnam bhaugolikakshetraih saha abhavat. pakashaili. paaramparikam pakashaili, pakashailishu rutumaanaroopena upayujyamananam shakasasyanam, shakasasyanam cha prachurya prasiddha asti. pudina, cylantro (dhaniya), suvarnaa, tulasee, ajavaain, taragon, leaks, cheeves, thaim, maarjoram, green-pyaajah, watercress ityadini taja-vanaushadhaani ateeva lokapriyaani santi, praayah mukhya-vyanjanaihi saha mejaayaam bhavanti. caspian-samudrasya matsyeshu, sthaniyamaseshu (mukhyataya matanam, gomaamsam), rutumaanasya shakasabjishu, shakasabjishu cha prachuryena cha adharitanam rashtriya-vyanjaneshu, vayuguna-vividhataa, bhoomyaah urvarataa cha pratibimbitaani bhavanti. kesar-tandula-plove-khadyapadarthaha azarabaijaanasy pramukhah aharaha asti, krushna-chaayah rashtriya-peyapadartha asti. azarabaijaani-janaah praayah paaramparikam aarmudu (nashapatuka-aakaarasy) kaacham upayunjanti yatah teshaam chaayasamskrutih ateeva prabalah asti. lokapriy-paaramparika-vyanjaneshu bojbash (bhedanasya soop, yat vividha-shakanam samyojanena saha aneka-praadeshika-prakaareshu vidyamaanam asti), kutub (shaak-dhaanyaih vaa kshaura-maamsena vaa puritena bhajita-vyapaaren), dushbaraa (bhushita-maamsena swaadena cha puritena pishtena yuktasya dumpling-prakaarah) cha antarbhavanti. vastukala. azerbaijani-vastukala samanyataya poorva-pashchim-amshayoho samyojanam karoti. azerbaijani-vaastukalaayaah parasi-vaastukalaayaah mahatee prabhaawah asti. prachinatantreshu baaku-nagare sthitasya prathamagopuram, shirvanshaah-prasadaha ityadini anekaani prachinani vastushilpa-khajaanaani aadhunik-azerbaijan-deshe vidyamaanaani santi. yoonesko-vishva-dharoharasya asthayisuchyam prastutah pravishtishu baaku-nagarasya ateshgaa, momain-khatun-samaadhih, hirkan-rashtriya-udyaanam, binagadi-dammer-sarovarah, lokbaatan-mruttikaa-jwalamukhi, shushaa-rajyasya aitihaasika-vastushilpa-samrakshana-kshetram, baaku-charana-parvatam, caspian-tatasya rakshaatmak-nirmaanaani, ordubad-rashtriya-samrakshana-kshetram, shaakee-khaan-prasadaha cha santi. anyeshu vastushilpa-sampadeshu mardakan-nagarasya chatushkoneey-durgah, yukhaaree-chaaradaglar-nagarasya parigalaa, aras-nadyaah vistaaritaah anekaah setuhu, anekaah samaadhih cha santi. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha 20 shataabdyaam alpaani smaarakaah vaastukalaani nirmitaani, parantu baaku-nagare anyatra cha vishishtaani nivasasthanani nirmitaani. atyantam nootanaasu vastushilpa-smaarakeshu, baaku-sabwe-kshetraani teshaam bhavya-alankaranaartham prasidhaah santi. aadhunik-azerbaijani-vaastukalaayaah kaaryam aadhunik-saundaryashaastrasya vividha-prayogah, vastukarasya swakeeya-kalaatmakashailyaah anveshanam, vidyamaanasya aitihaasika-saamskrutika-vaataavaranasya samaaveshanam cha asti. heydar aliyev saamskrutikakendram, flame-gopuraani, baaku chrystal-haal, baaku vait-city, sokar-gopuram ityadini pramukhah prakalpaah deshasya akasharekham parivartayan, tasya samakaaleen-parichayam cha pravardhayanti. drushyakalaa. gamigayaa-petroglyphes, ye saa. sha. poo. 1 taha 4 sahasraabdaparyantam poorvatanaani santi, te azarabaijaanasy ordubad-mandale santi. teshu praayah 1500 apasrutaani utkeernaani shilaachitraani santi, yeshu mrugaani, bakaraah, vrushabhaani, shwaataah, sarpah, pakshina, adbhutajeevinah, janaah, vaahanaah, besault-shilaasu vividhaani prateekaah cha drushyante sma. norwegian-nruvamshashaastradnyah saahasikah thore hairdall ityeshah nishchitah aasit yat asya pradeshasya janaah praayah saa. sha. 100 tame varshe scandinavia-desham gatvaa, teshaam naukaanirmaan-kaushalaan swaih saha agruhya, uttar-europe-deshasya vaiking-naukaasu parivartayan iti. shataabdashah yaavat azerbaijani-kalaa anekaani shailee-parivartanaani praapnot. azerbaijani-chitram paaramparikaroopen varnasya prakashasya cha ushnatayaha lakshanam asti, yathaa ajeem ajimzade tathaa bahrooz kaangarli ityetayoho krutishu, dhaarmik-vyaktitvaihi saamskrutika-roopaih cha vyagrataa cha. azerbaijani-chitrakarmeshu romanesk-ottoman-kaalayoh, soviyat-barok-kaalayoh, shatashah varshaani yaavat cacasus-madhye pramukhataa praaptam, yeshu uttaradwayam azerbaijan-deshe phalam avaapnot. eteshu kaaleshu sthaanam avaapnot anyeshu ullekhaneey-kalakareshu sattaar-bahuljaade, togrul-naarimanbekov, taahir-saalaahov, alakbar-resaaguliyev, mirzaa-gaadim-iravaani, mikaayil-abdullaayev, boyukagha-mirzazade cha santi. chalacchitram. azerbaijan-deshasya chalacchitra-udyogah 1898 tamavarshaat aarabhy asti. azerbaijan-nagaram chalacchitra-nirmaana-kshetre sanlagnataasu prathameshu desheshu anyatam aasit, yatra prathamam upakaranm baaku-nagare drushyate sma. 1919 tame varshe, azerbaijan-lokataantrik-ganarajyasya kaale, "azerbaijan-swatantrataayaah vaarshikotsavasya utsavah" iti vruttachitram, mey 27 dinaanke, roosa-deshaat azerbaijan-swaatantryasya prathamavaarshikasya dine chitritam, 1919 tame varshe joon-maase bakoo-nagarasya anekeshu prekshaagruheshu prathamapradarshitam cha abhavat. 1920 tame varshe soviyat-shaktteh sthapananantaram, azarabaijaanasy krantikari-samityaah adhyakshah nariman naarimaanov, azarabaijaanasy chalacchitrasya rashtriyakaranasya aadeshe hastaaksharam krutavaan. anena azerbaijani-animation-ityasya nirmaanam api prabhaavitam. 1991 tame varshe, azerbaijan-deshah soviyat-sanghaat swaatantryam praapya, prathamah baaku-antarashtriya-chalacchitra-mahotsavah poorva-paschimadishi baaku-nagare abhavat. 2000 december-maase, azarabaijaanasy poorvaraashtrapatih heydar aliyev ityeshah, azarabaijaanasy chalacchitra nirmatrunam vyaavasaayik-viraamadinam august-masasya 2 dinaanke iti ghoshayan, ekaa aadeshapatre hastaaksharam krutavaan. adya azerbaijani-chalacchitranirmaataarah punah 1920 tame varshe soviyat-sanghasya sthapanat poorvam chalachchitrakaaraih sammukhikrutanam samasyanam vishayeshu vichaaram kurvanti. punah ekadaa, vishayavastoonaam cha praayojakatvasya cha vikalpah chalacchitranirmaataarah eva eva sweekaroti. dooradarshanam. atra trayah sarakaari-svaamitva-dooradarshan-vaahinyah santi-aztivi, eedman-teavy, medeniyet-teavy cha. ekaha saarwajanik-vaahikaah, 6 nijee-vaahikaah cha santi-ittimai-dooradarshanam, space-dooradarshanam, ladder-dooradarshanam, azaad-azerbaijan-dooradarshanam, arbaha cha. maanav-adhikaarah. azarabaijaanasy samvidhaane vaak-swaatantryam sunishchitam iti pratipaaditam asti, parantu vyavahaare etat niraakrutam bhavati. patrikaa-maadhyam-swaatantrye cha anekavarshanam kshatehe anantaram, 2014 tame varshe, kasyaapi virodham, vimarsham cha nishshabdam kartum sarvakaareey-abhiyanasya antargatam azerbaijan-deshe prasaramadhyamanam vaataavaranasya sheeghram kshayah abhavat, yadyapi deshah europe-parishadasya mantree-samityaah netrutvam krutavaan (mey-november 2014). mithyaa-vidhisambandhi-aaropah, patrakaranam viruddham himsaayaah dandamuktih cha saamaanyaroopen eva asti. deshe sarvaani videsheey-prasaaranam nishedhitaani santi. 2013 tame varshe freedam-house-freedam-aaf-da-press-ityasya prativedanasya anusaaram, azarabaijaanasy patrikaa-swaatantryam "naa swatantram" iti sthitihi asti, azerbaijanah 196 desheshu 177 tame sthaane asti. kraistadharmah aadhikaarikaroopen maanyah asti. sarwaih dhaarmik-samudaayaih, kaaraavaasasy apayasya antargatam, militum anumatim praaptum panjeekaranam aavashyakam asti. etat panjeekaranam praayah niraakaroti. "jaateeyavivechanam deshasya dhaarmikaswaatantryasy abhaavam janayati, yatah bahavah kraistajanaah azeri-muslima-ityasya apekshayaa armenian-jaateeyah vaa rusee-jaateeyah vaa santi. radio-mukta-europe/radio-swaatantryam tathaa vaays-aaf-america cha azerbaijanadeshe nishedhitaah santi. azerbaijan-deshe ell. jee. bee. tea. jananam viruddham bhedabhaawah vyaapakah asti. antimeshu katipayeshu varsheshu, antarashtriya-maanav-adhikaar-sanghatanen anuchitah iti varniteshu parikshaneshu trayah patrakaraha maaritaah, anekaah abhiyojitaah cha abhavan. patrakaranam rakshan-samityaah mataanugunam 2015 tame varshe europe-deshe azerbaijaana-deshe patrakaranam sarvadhikasankhya karavarodhita aasit, iraan-cheena-deshaan agruhnan vishvasya panchamah sarvaadhika-censor-deshah asti. ajarbaijaan-deshe covid-19 mahamaryaha vaartaalaapasy karanat kechan vimarshakaah patrakaraha gruheetaah santi. 2015 october-maase amnesty-antarashtriya-samshodhakena pradattah prativedanah "iti soochayati...vigata-katipayeshu varsheshu azerbaijanadeshe maanav-adhikaranam ghoraha kshayah abhavat. duhkhakaram asti yat azerbaijanah abhootapoorva-starasya damanaat muktah bhavitum anumanyata, tathaa cha asmin prakriyayam tasya nagarikasamajaha praayah nishcheshtah abhavat."amnesty ityasya deshasya vishaye vaarshikam prativedanam 2015/16 iti avadat... raajanaitik-asahamatyaah utpeedanam anwawartat. maanav-adhikaar-samsthah swakaaryam punah aarabhy asamarthah abhavat. varshasya ante nyunatinyoonam 18 manassaakshinah bandinah nirodhe aasan. deshe videsheshu cha swatantra-patrakaranam karyakartrunam cha viruddham pratishodha nirantaram prachalati sma, teshaam parivaarasya sadasyaah api utpidanan, bandhanam cha sammukheekrutaah. antarashtriya-maanav-adhikaar-nireekshakaah deshaat vilambitaah, nishkaasitaah cha abhavan. yatana, anyaih durvyavahaarasya cha soochanaah avirataani aasan." "da guardian" iti 2017 april-maase soochitam yat "azarabaijaanasy shaasak-abhijaatavargah pramukha-european-jananam vetanam daatum, vilasa-vastubhyah krayanm kartum, aparadarshi-british-kampanee-ityeteshaam jaalasy madhyamena dhanashodhanartham cha guptam $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) yojanaa sanchalayat... prasphutitam dattaamsham darshayati yat, shrunkhalaabaddha-maanav-adhikaar-hanan-, vyavasthaatmak-bhrashtachara-, tathaa cha nirvaachan-karacharanam-ityetayoho aaropitah azerbaijani-netrutwah 2012 taha 2014 paryantam 16,000 taha adhikaani gupta-deyaani dattavaan iti. asya dhanasya kechan bhaagah raajanetrubhyah, patrakaranam cha krute, azarabaijaanasy rashtrapatihi ilhaam aliyev ityasya nindaam vyatigatum, tasya taila-samruddhasya deshasya sakaratmaka-praticchayaam pravardhayitum cha antarashtriya-labing-abhiyanasya bhagarupena, jaatam."svapraveshamaargena dhanasya srotasya vishaye sarve praptakartaraha dnyaataah iti kimapi soochanam naasti. kreedaam. freestail-kustee paramparaagataroopen azarabaijaanasy rashtriyakrida iti manyate, yasmin azerbaijanah antarashtriya-olympic-samityaam sammilanat aarabhy chaturnam suvarnapadakaih saha chaturdashah padakam praapnot. samprati, sarvaadhika-lokapriy-kreedaasu football, mallayuddham cha antarbhavanti. football-creedaa azerbaijan-deshe sarvaadhikam lokapriyam asti, azerbaijan-deshasya football-sanghasya 9,122 panjeekruta-kreedakaih saha sanghah deshasya bruhattamah creedaa-sanghah asti. azarabaijaanasy rashtriya-football-dalah rashtra-football-club-ityeteshaam apekshayaa antarashtriyakshetre apekshaakrutam nyoonam pradarshanm pradarshayati. neftasy, karaabaag, gabala cha azerbaijani-football-club ityete saphalatamah asti. 2012 tame varshe, neftchee baaku ityayam prathamah azerbaijani-dalah abhavat yah europiya-pratiyogitaayaah samooh-charanam prati agacchat, yoo. ee. e. e. europa-leag-ityasya play-aaf-charane saipras-kreedaayaah apol-ityenam 4-2 ityanena militvaa parajayata. 2014 tame varshe, karabagh ityayam yoo. ee. e. e. europa leag ityasya samooh-charanam prati agre gacchatah dwiteeyah azerbaijani-club abhavat. 2017 tame varshe, yoo. ee. e. e. champions leag ityasya play-aaf-raund madhye kopanahegan-nagaram 2-2 (e) ityanena parajitya, karaba-varyaha samooh-charanam praapya prathamah azerbaijani-club abhavat. footsal iteedam azerbaijan-deshasya anyatama lokapriyakrida asti. 2010 tame varshe yoo. ee. e. ef. e. footsal-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam azerbaijan-rashtriya-footsal-dalah chaturthasthanam praapnot, tathaa cha deshiya-club-araaj-naksivan-ityanena yoo. ee. e. ef. e. footsal-cup tathaa yoo. ee. e. ef. e. footsal-cup-kreedaasu kaamsyapadake praaptaani. azerbaijanah spanish-football-club-etaletiko dee madrid-ityasya mukhyah praayojakah aasit, yat 2013/2014 tathaa 2014/2015 rutushu aasit, yat sahabhaagitvam club-ityanena varnitam yat 'jagate azarabaijaanasy praticchayaam pravardhayet' iti. ajarbaijaanah vishva-chaturanga-kreedaayaah paaramparika-shaktisaudheshu anyatamah asti, yah anekeshaam antarashtriya-chaturanga-pratiyogitanam pratiyogitanam cha ayojanam krutvaa 2009,2013 tathaa 2017 tame varsheshu europiya-dalasya chaturanga-chaampiyanship-vijetaarah abhavat. deshasya chaturanga-vidyaalayaanaam ullekhaneey-chaturanga-kreedakaah ye kridaayaam mahatee prabhaavam akurvan teshu teamore radjabov, shahariar mammadayarov, vladimir makogonov, wugar gashimov, poorvavishva-chaturanga-chaampiyan gairee kaasparov cha santi. deshasya shamkir-chess-kreedaayaah gruham, varga-22 spardhaa, sarvakaalika-ucchatama-rated-pratiyogitaasu anyatam cha asti. azerbaijani-samskrutehe api byakgyaman-ityasya pramukhah bhaagah asti. ajarbaijaanadeshe eshaa creedaa ateeva lokapriyam asti, sthaniyajananam madhye cha vyaapakaroopen kreedyate. azerbaijani-visheshadnyaih vikasitaani vishleshanaani cha krutaani bhinnabhinnani byaakgaiman-jaataani santi. azerbaijan-mahilaa-walibal-soopar-leag iteedam vishvasya prabalaasu mahilaa-leag-madhye anyatam asti. 2005 tame varshe europe-championship-kridaayaam tasyaah mahilaa-rashtriya-dalah chaturtham sthaanam avaapnot. antimeshu varsheshu rabitaa baaku, ajarel baaku ityaadayah club ityete europe cup-kreedaasu mahatim saafalyam praaptavantah. azerbaijani-walibal-kreedakeshu valeria korotenko, oksana paarkahomenko, inesaa korkamaaz, natalya mammadovaa, allaa hasanovaa cha santi. anyeshu azerbaijani-kreedakaah santi-kustee-kridaayaam naamig abdullaayev, togrul asgaarov, rovshan bayraamov, shareef sharifov, maria stadnik, fareed mansurov, joodo-kridaayaam nazeem hussenov, elnoor mammadli, elkhaan mamadov, rustom orujov, karaate-kridaayaam raafel aghaayev, baxing-kridaayaam magomedrasul majidov, aghasi mamadov, olympic-bhaarottolane nijami pashayev, pyaankreshan-kridaayaam azaad asgaarov, kick-baxing-kridaayaam edward mamadov, key-1 faitar jaabit saamedov cha. azarabaijaanasy 2012 joon-maase nirmitam farmula-vann-res-track asti, deshe 19 joon 2016 dinaanke prathamam farmula-vann-grand-pricks, 2017,2018,2019,2021,2022 cha varshe azerbaijan grand-pricks ityetaani aayojitaani aasan. deshe aayojitaah anyaani vaarshik-creedaa-spardhaah santi baaku cup-tennis-pratiyogitaa, tour-dii 'azerbaijan-sackling-spardhaa cha. azerbaijan-deshah 2000 tamasya dashakasy antebhyah anekaani pramukhaani creedaa-pratiyogitaani aayojayat, yeshu 2013 ef1 powerboat-vishva-pratiyogitaa, 2012 feefaa-17-mahilaa-vishvakap, 2011 aibaa-vishva-baxing-pratiyogitaa, 2010 europiya-kustee-pratiyogitaa, 2009 rhythmic-gymnastics-europiya-pratiyogitaa, 2014 europiya-tekwaando-pratiyogitaa, 2014 rhythmic-gymnastics-europiya-pratiyogitaa, 2016 vishva-chaturanga-olympiad cha antarbhavanti. 8 december 2012 dinaanke, 2015 tame varshe europiya-kridaanaam aatitheyatvam kartum baaku-nagaram chitam, yat pratiyogitaayaah itihaase prathamam ayojanam aasit. baaku-deshe 2017 tame varshe chaturthasya islaamik-ekataa-kreedaayaah, 2019 tame varshe europiya-yuva-greeshmakaaleen-olympic-utsavasya cha ayojanam abhavat, tathaa cha 2021 tame varshe covid-19 ityasya karanat aayojite yoo. ee. ef. e. yooro 2020 ityasya api atitheya-samsthaayaam anyatam asti.

ajarbaijan azerbaijan (azerbaizan), athikaarappoorvamaaga azerbaijan kudiyarasu, kilakku iropa mattrum maerku aasiyaavin ellaiyil amainthulla oru kandam vittu kandam paayum naadu aagum. idhu therku caucasus piraanthiyaththin oru paguthiyaagum, maelum kizhakkae caspian kadal, vadakkae russia (dagestan kudiyarasu), vadamaerkae georgia, maerkae armenia mattrum turki mattrum therkae eeraan aagiyavattraal soozhappattullathu. paagu idhan thalaynagaramum migapperiya nagaramum aagum. ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasu 1918 aam aandil transcockasia jananaayaga koottaatchi kudiyarasilirundhu thanathu suthanthiraththai ariviththathu mattrum muthal mathachchaarpattra jananaayaga musleem perumbaanmai maanilamaaga maariyathu. 1920 aam aandil, naadu soviyath unionil ajarbaijan ssr aaga inaikkappattathu. naveena ajarbaijan kudiyarasu, athae aandil soviyath ontriyam kalaikkappaduvadharku sattru munbu, august 30,1991 andru thanathu suthanthiraththai ariviththathu. 1991 septambaril, nagorno-karabagh piraanthiyaththin perumbaanmaiyaana armeeniya inaththavargal suyamaaga pirakadanappaduthappatta kalaik kudiyarasai uruvaakkinar. 1994 aam aandil muthal nagorno-karabagh poarin mudivudan "nadaimurai" suthanthiramaaga maariya poathilum, piraanthiyamum athaich suttriyulla aezhu maavattangkalum sarvadesa alavil ajarbaijaan oru paguthiyaaga angkeekarikkappattullana, idhu 1994 aam aandil muthal nagorno-karabagh poarin mudivudan "nadaimurai" suthanthiramaaga maariyathu. 2020 aam aandil irandaavathu nagorno-karabagh poaraith thodarnthu, aezhu maavattangkal mattrum nagorno-karaabaakkin pakuthikal ajarbaijaan kattuppaattirkuth tiruppith tharapattana. ajarbaijan oru ottraiyaatchi arai janathipathi kudiyarasu aagum. idhu aaru suyaatheena turkiya maanilangkalil ontraakum mattrum turkiya maanilangkal mattrum turuco samoogaththin amaippin seyalil ulla uruppinar aagum. ajarbaijan 182 naadugaludan raajathanthira uravugalaik kondullathu mattrum aikkiya naadugal sabai, iropa council, anisera iyakkam, osec mattrum nato pfp thittam ullitta 38 sarvadesa amaippugalil uruppinargalaip pettrullathu. idhu kuwam, chis mattrum opsidablue aagiyavattrin niruvana uruppinargalil ontraakum. ajarbaijan enbathu doublue. dii. ooo-vinn oru paarvaiyaalar nilaiyaagum. naattin makkalthogaiyil perumbaanmaiyaanavargal (97 sathaveetham) peyaralavil muslimgal, aanaal arasiyalamaippu oru athikaarappoorva mathaththai arivikkavillai mattrum naattin anaitthu mukiya arasiyal sakthigalum mathachaarpinmai kondavai. ajarbaijan oru valarum naadu mattrum manitha maempaattu kuriyeettil 91 vadhu idaththil ullathu. idhu adhiga porulaathaara valarchi vigitham, kalviyarivu mattrum kuraindha vaelaiyinmai vigithaththaik kondullathu. iruppinum, 1993 muthal aatchiyil irukkum puthiya ajarbaijan katchi, haithar aliyev mattrum avarathu magan ilham aliyev aagiya iruvarin thalaimaiyin keezh sarvadhigarath thalaimaiyin keezh kuttram saattappattullathu, maelum naattin manitha urimaigal pathivai moasamaakkiyathu, idhil sivil suthanthirangal meethaana kattuppaadugal, kurippaaga paththirigai suthanthiram mattrum arasiyal adakkumurai meethaana kattuppaadugal aagiyavai adangkum. sorpirappiyal. oru naveena sorpirappiyal puddy, "ajarbaijan" endra soll "adropates" enbathilirunthu perappattathu, idhu agaemenit paerarasin keezh oru persiya suttrop aagum, pinnar alexander thii cratin keezh uudakangkalin suttrop aaga meendum nilainirutthappattaar. inththa peyarin asal sorpirappiyal oru kaalaththil aathikkam seluththiya sorastrianisaththil adhan vaerkalaik kondiruppadhaaga karudhappadugiradhu. avestavin "frawardin yash" ("paathukaavalar thevathootharkalukku paadal") ill, oru kurippu ullathu, idhu avestonil irunthu "naam punitha adropatteen fravashi vanangkukiroam" endru mozhipeyarkkappattullathu. adropates" endra peyar oru pazhaiya eeraaniyanin kiraekka libyandaranamaagum, anegamaaga naduththara, "(punitha) neruppaal paathukaakkappadukirathu" allathu "(punitha) neruppin nilam" endra porulaik konda koottu peyar. kiraekka peyar diotorus zigulus mattrum strabo moolam kurippidappattathu. millinian kaalappagudhiyil, peyar (naduththara persian), pinnar, (puthiya persian) mattrum intraiya "ajarbaijan" endru uruvaanathu. 1918 aam aandil russiab paerarasin sarivukkup piragu, sudhanthira ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasu niruvappattapoathu, intraiya ajarbaijan kudiyarasin pakuthikku "ajarbaijan" endra peyar muthanmuthalil musawat arasaangkaththaal aetrtrukkollappattathu. adhuvarai, samagaala vadamaerku eeraanin arugilulla paguthiyai adaiyaalam kaana piraththiyaegamaaga inththa peyar payanpaduththappattathu, athae neraththil ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasin pakuthi munbu "aerpaadu" mattrum "shirwan" endru kurippidappattathu. adhan adippadaiyil eeraan puthithaaga aetrtrukkollappatta naattin peyarai ethirththathu. soviyath aatchiyin poathu, inththa naadu latheen mozhiyil russia libyandarippilirundhu '()' endrum ucharikkappattathu. 1940 muthal 1991 varai naattin peyar sirilik ezhuththukkalil 'endru ucharikkappattathu. varalaaru. pazhangkaala. ajarbaijan piraanthiyaththil manitha kudiyaettraththin aarambagaala saandrugal pirpaguthiyil karkaalaththirku munthaiyavai mattrum ajik kugaiyin guruche kalaachchaaraththudan thodarpudaiyavai. kimu 9aam noottraandin aarambagaala kudiyaettranggalil skaithiyarkalum adangkuvar. skithiyarkalaith thodarnthu, eeraaniya medies aaras aattrin therkae ulla paguthiyil aathikkam seluththa vanthanar. kimu 900 mattrum 700 kku idaiyil medis oru parantha paerarasai uruvaakkinar, idhu kimu 550 ill agaemenit paerarasudan orunginaikkappattathu. inththa pakuthi agaemenitkalaal kaippattrappattathu, idhu jorastrianism paravuvatharku vazhivaguththathu. sassanit kaalam muthal safavit kaalam varai. saasaaniyap paerarasu 252ill kaakkaesiya albaniavai oru adimai maanilamaaga maattriyathu, athae neraththil mannar arnayar 4aam noottraandil kiristhuvaththai athikaarappoorvamaaga maanila mathamaaga aetrtrukkondaar. sassanit aatchi irunththapoathilum, albania 9 aam noottraandu varai ippaguthiyil oru niruvanamaaga irunththathu, athae neraththil sassanit eeraanukku muzhumaiyaaga adipanindhu, adhan mudiyatchiyaith thakka vaitthuk kondadhu. sasanian beararasarin thalaimai saamraajyangkalil oruvaraaga irunththapoathilum, albanian mannaruku athikaaraththin oru thoattram mattumae irunththathu, maelum sasanian marsban (iraanuva aalunar) perumpaalaana sivil, madha mattrum iraanuva athikaaraththai vaiththirunthaar. 7aam noottraandin muthal paathiyil, kaasiyan albania, saasaaniyarkalin oru adimaip beararasaaga, persiavai muslimgal kaippattriyathaal peyaralavilaana musleem aatchiyin keezh vanthathu. umayyath kaliba therku caugusus paguthiyilirunthu saasaaniyargalaiyum paisaandaingalaiyum virattiyadiththu, 667ill mannar javanshir thalaimaiyilaana christhava ethirppu odukkapatta piragu kaagasiyan albaniavai oru adimai maanilamaaga maattriyathu. abazit kalipattin veelchchiyaal enjchiyiruntha vetrtridam salladi, sajit mattrum shuddit poantra aeraalamaana ulloor vamsangkalaal nirappappattathu. 11 aam noottraandin thodakkaththil, inththa pirathaesam padippadiyaaga matthiya aasiyaavilirunthu ookus thurukkiyarkalin alaikalaanaal kaippattrappattathu, avarkal antha neraththil oru turkiya inap peyarai aetrtrukkondanar. inththa turkiya vamsangkalil muthal seljuk paerarasu niruvappattathu, idhu 1067 aam aandil ajarbaijan endru azhaikkappadum pakuthikkul nuzhainthathu. naveena ajarbaijan piraanthiyaththil vaalnththa muun-turkiya makkal pala inthoa-iroappiya mattrum kaakaesiya mozhigalaip paesinar, avattril armeeniya mattrum oru eeraaniya mozhi, pazhaiya ajeri, padippadiyaaga oru turkiya mozhiyaal maattrappattathu, idhu intraiya ajarbaijani mozhiyin aarambagaala munnoadiyaagum. sila mozhiyiyalaalargal eeraaniya ajarbaijan mattrum ajarbaijan kudiyarasin totty paechchuvazhakkugal, tots paesuvathaip poalavae, pazhaiya ajaeriyilirunthu vanthavai endrum kooriyullanar. ullooril, aduthaduththa seljuk paerarasin udaimaigal eldigusitkalaal aalappattana, thozhilnutpa reethiyaaga seljuk sulthaangalin saamantharkal, aanaal sila nerangalil "unmaiyana" aatchiyaalarkalthaan. seljukkugalin keezh, nisami kanjavi mattrum kakkani poantra ulloor kavignargal intraiya ajarbaijan piraanthiyaththil paaraseeka ilakkiyaththin malarvukku vazhivaguththanar. shirvanshaakkalin ulloor vamsam timurin paerarasin oru saamantha maanilamaaga maariyathu mattrum thangak koottaththin aatchiyaalaraana thokthamishudan avarathu poaril avarukku uthaviyathu. timurin maranatthaith thodarnthu, irandu suthanthiramaana mattrum poattiyaalaraana maanilangkal thoantrina kaaraa koylun mattrum akk koilun. shirvaanshaakkal thirumbi vandhu, aeraalamaana noottraandugalaaga ulloor aatchiyaalarkal mattrum adimaiththanavaathigalaaga uyar matta suyaatchiyaip paraamariththanar, avarkal 861 muthal seithathaip poala. 1501 ill, eeraanin safavit vamsam shirvanshaakkalai adakki adhan udaimaigalaip pettrathu. aduththa noottraandin poakkil, safaavitkal munbu sunni makkalthogaiyai shiya islaam aaga maattrinar, avarkal naveena eeraanil ulla makkalthogaiyudan seithathaip poalavae. safavit mannar tahamaasp aii (aarr. 1538 varai, safavit maelaathikkaththin keezh, shirvaanshaakkal athikaaraththil irukka safaavithkkal anumathiththanar. 1524-1576) avarkalai muttrilumaaka padhavi neekkam seithu, anthap paguthiyai shirwan safavit maagaanamaaga maattriyathu. ottoman-safavit poarin vilaivaaga sunni ottoamangal intraiya ajarbaijaan sila pakuthikalai surukkamaaga aakiramikka mudinthathu; 17 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, avarkal eeraaniya aatchiyaalar abas aii (aarr. 1588-1629). safavit paerarasin maraivai aduththu, paagu mattrum adhan suttruppurangal ruzzo-persian poarin vilaivaaga rashyarkalaal surukkamaaga aakiramikkappattana. safavit eeraanin andai poattiyaalargalaal idhu poantra surukkamaana idaimaraikal irunththapoathilum, intru ajarbaijan endra nilam 19 aam noottraandin poakkil safavitzin aarambagaala varugai muthal eeraaniya aatchiyin keezh irunththathu. naveena varalaaru. safaavitkalukkup piragu, ippaguthi eeraaniya afshorid vamsaththaal aalappattathu. nather shaavin maranaththirkup piragu (aarr. 1736-1747), avarathu munnaal kudimakkal palar sthiraminmai vedippaip payanpaduththik kondanar. palvaeru vagaiyaana suyaatchigaludan aeraalamaana suya-aalum kaanaettukal ippaguthiyil thoantrina. inththa kaanaettukalin aatchiyaalarkal eeraanin aalum vamsangkaludan neradiyaaga thodarpudaiyavargal mattrum eeraaniya shaavin adimaigal mattrum kudimakkal aavar. matthiya aasiyaavirkum maerkukkum idaiyilaana sarvadesa varththaga vazhigal vazhiyaaga kaanaettukal thangal vivagaarangkalin meethu kattuppaattaip payanpaduththinar. athanpiragu, ippaguthi eeraaniya junds mattrum kajarkalin thodarchchiyaana aatchiyin keezh irunththathu. 18 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil irunthu, aekaathipaththiya russia adhan irandu andai naadugal mattrum therkil ulla eeraan mattrum oottoamaan paerarasu aagiya poattiyaalargalai noakki migavum aakroashamaana puvi-arasiyal nilaippaattirku maariyathu. russia ippoathu caucasus piraanthiyaththai kaippattra theeviramaaga muyantrathu, idhu perumpaalum eeraanin kaikalil irunththathu. 1804ill, rashyargal eeraaniya nagaramaana kanja meethu padaiyeduththu sooraiyaadinar, idhu ruzzo-persiya poaraith thoondiyathu. iraanuva reethiyaaga uyarnththa rashyargal 1804-1813 inn ruzzo-persiyap poarai oru vetrtriyudan mudivukkuk konduvandhanar. 1804-1813 poaril kajar eeraan thoalviyadainthathaith thodarnthu, kulistan oppanththaththin puddy, georgia mattrum dagesthaanudan perumpaalaana kaanaettukal meethu russiab beararasukku maelaathikkaththai oppuk kolla vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. 19 aam noottraandil russia adhai aakkiramiththa varai, aaraas aattrin vadakkae ulla pakuthi, idhil samagaala ajarbaijan kudiyarasu ullathu, eeraaniya pirathaesamaaka irunththathu. sumar oru thasaapthaththirkup piragu, kulistan oppanthaththai meeri, rashyargal eeraanin erivan connet meethu padaiyeduththanar. idhu iruvarukkum idaiyilaana iruthip poar, ruzzo-persian poar, athaavathu aii. dii. 1. idhan vilaivaaga aerpatta turkmensoy oppantham, kajar eeraanai erivan connet, nakiwan connet mattrum talish connettin meethamulla pakuthikalai iraiyaanmaiyai vittukkodukka kattaayappaduththiyathu, idhu samagaala ajarbaijani kudiyarasin mannin kadaisi pakuthikalai ulladakkiyathu, avai innum eeraaniya kaikalil irunththana. eeraanil irunthu russiavukkul anaitthu kaakkaesiya piraanthiyangkalum inaikappatta piragu, iruvarukkum idaiyilaana puthiya ellai aaraas nadhiyil amaikkappattathu, idhu soviyath ontriyaththin sithaivin pinnar, pinnar eeraanukkum ajarbaijan kudiyarasukkum idaiyilaana ellaiyin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu. kajar eeraan 19 aam noottraandil thanathu caucasian pirathaesangkalai russiavukku oppadaikka vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, ithanaal naveenakaala ajarbaijan kudiyarasin pirathaesamum idhil adangkum, athae neraththil antha pirivin vilaivaaga, ajarbaijani inak kuzhu ippoathellaam irandu naadugalukku idaiyil prindullathuh eeraan mattrum ajarbaijan. russia vettri irunththapoathilum, 19 aam noottraandu muzhuvathum, eeraaniya kalacharam, ilakkiyam mattrum mozhi aagiyavattril eedupaadu russiavin kattuppaattil ulla paagu, kanja mattrum diflis (tibilisi, ippoathu georgia) nagarangalil shiya mattrum sunni arivujeevigalidaiyae paravalaaka irunththathu. athae noottraandukkul, eeraaniyaththirkup pinththaiya russia kattuppaattil irunththa kilakku kaakkesiyaavil, 19 aam noottraandin iruthiyil oru ajarbaijani thaesiya adaiyaalam uruvaanathu. muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu russiab paerarasu veezhchchiyadaintha piragu, kurugiya kaala transcockasian jananaayaga koottaatchi kudiyarasu arivikkappattathu, idhu intraiya ajarbaijan, georgia mattrum armenia kudiyarasaaga amainthathu. idhaith thodarnthu maarch 30 muthal aepral 2,1918 varai paagu nagaraththilum, russiab paerarasin paagu aalunaragaththin arugilulla pakuthikalilum anivaguppu naatkal vegujanap padukolaikal nadaipettrana. 1918 mae maatham kudiyarasu kalaikkappattapoathu, munnani musawat katchi suthanthiraththai ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasu (aee. dii. aarr) endru ariviththathu, puthiya kudiyarasukku "ajarbaijan" endra peyarai aetrtrukkondathu; aee. dii. aarr pirakadanaththirku munbu samagaala eeraanin arugilulla vadamaerku piraanthiyaththai mattumae kurikka payanpaduththappattathu. musleem ulagin muthal naveena naadaalumandra kudiyarasu adder aagum. naadaalumandraththin mukiya saathanaigalil ondru penkalukku vaakkurimaiyai virivupaduththiyathu, idhu ajarbaijanai aangaludan penkalukku samamaana arasiyal urimaigalai valangkiya muthal musleem thaesamaaga maattriyathu. aathrin mattroru mukkiyamaana saathanai paagu maanila palkalaikkazhagaththai niruviyathu, idhu musleem kilakkil niruvapatta muthal naveena vagai palkalaikkazhagamaagum. 1920 maarch maathaththirkul, soviyath russia paakuvaith thaakkum enbathu thelivaagath therinthirunthathu. paakuvin ennei illaamal soviyath russia uyirvaazha mudiyaathu enbathaal padaiyeduppu niyaayappaduththappattathaaka vladhimir lenin koorinaar. bolshivik 11vadhu soviyath sivappu iraanuvam adhan meethu padaiyeduththu, aepral 28,1920 andru ajarbaijan ssr niruvum varai sudhanthira ajarbaijan 23 maathangkal mattumae neediththathu. puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta ajarbaijan iraanuvaththin perumbaguthi karaabakkil vediththa oru armeeniya kilarcchiyai adakkuvathil eedupattirunththaalum, ajarbaijanis thangal surukkamaana suthanthiraththai viraivagavoa allathu elithaagavoa saranadaiyavillai. russiavin maruu vetrtriyai ethirkkum vagaiyil 20,000 ajarbaijan veerargal iranththanar. aduthaduththa aarambagaala soviyath kaalaththirkul, ajarbaijaniyin thaesiya adaiyaalam iruthiyaaka poaliyaanathu. october 13,1921 andru, russia, armenia, ajarbaijan mattrum georgia aagiya soviyath kudiyarasugal thurukkiyudan cars oppantham endru azhaikkappadum oru oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittana. munbu suthanthiramaaga irunththa aaraas kudiyarasu, cars oppanththaththin moolam ajarbaijan ssr-kkul naksivan thannatchi pettra soviyath sosalisa kudiyarasaaga maarum. marupuram, armeeniyaavukku jangesur pakuthi vazhangkappattathu mattrum vaankozhi kayumri (pinnar alexandropol endru azhaikkappattathu) tiruppith thara oppukkondathu. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu, soviyath ontriyaththin mooloabaaya erisakthi kolgaiyil ajarbaijan mukiya pangku vagiththaar, kilakku munnaniyil ulla soviyath ontriyaththin enneyil 80 sathaveetham paakuvaal vazhangkappattathu. pipravari 1942 ill yuu. ess. ess. aarr inn uchcha soviyath aanaiyin moolam, ajarbaijaan ennei thozhilthuraiyin 500 kkum maerpatta thozhilaazhargal mattrum oozhiyargalin arppanippu uththaravugal mattrum pathakkangkal vazhangkappattana. yuu. ess. ess. aarin aattral (petrooliyam) dynamovaaga adhan mukkiyathuvam kaaranamaaga jerman vermact nadaththiya aaparaeshan edelvis paakuvai ilakkaakak kondadhu. 1941 muthal 1945 varai irandaam ulagap poaril poaraadiya anaitthu ajarbaijaaniyargalil ainththil oru paguthiyinar. sumar 681,000 paer avarkalil 100,000 kkum maerpatta penkaludan, munnaniyil sendranar, athae neraththil ajarbaijaan moththa makkal thogai antha neraththil 3.4 milliyanaaga irunththathu. ajarbaijanaich saerntha sumar 250,000 paer munpuraththil kollappattanar. 130kkum maerpatta ajarbaijaanigal soviyath ontriyaththin naayagargal endru peyaridappattanar. ajarbaijani mejar general assie aslanov irandu murai soviyath ontriyaththin naayaganaaga viruthu pettraar. suthanthiram. michael gorbachev thodangiya "classnost" arasiyalaith thodarnthu, ajarbaijan ssrn thannatchi piraanthiyamaana nagarno-karabagh udpada soviyath ontriyaththin palvaeru pakuthikalil ullnaattu amaithiyinmai mattrum ina moathalkal valarnththana. aerkanavae soodaana moathalil maskovin alatchiyaththirku pathilalikkum vagaiyil ajarbaijaanil aerpatta idaiyoorugal, suthanthiram mattrum privinaikkaana azhaippugalil vilainthathu, idhu paakuvil nadantha karuppu janavari nigazhvugalil uchakkattaththai adainthathu. pinnar 1990ill, ajarbaijan ssr-inn uchcha sabai "soviyath sosalisa" endra vaarththaigalai thalaippilirunthu kaivittathu, "ajarbaijan kudiyarasin iraiyaanmai pirakadanaththai" aetrtrukkondathu mattrum ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasin kodiyai maanilak kodiyaaga meetteduththathu. 1991 aam aandu mascovil thoalviyadaintha soviyath aatchi kavilppu muyarchiyin vilaivaaga, ajarbaijaan uchcha sabai october 18,1991 andru suthanthirap pirakadanaththai aetrtrukkondathu, idhu disambar 1991 ill naadu thaluviya vaakkeduppaal urudhippaduththappattathu, athae neraththil soviyath union athikaarappoorvamaaga disambar 26,1991 andru irunththathu. naadu ippoathu october 18 andru adhan sudhanthira thinatthaik kondaadugiradhu. suthanthiraththin aaramba aandugal armeniyaavin aatharavudan nagorno-karaabaakkin ina perumbaanmaiyinarudan muthal nagorno-karabagh poarinaal maraikappattana. 1994ill poar mudivukku vanthapoathu, armaeniyargal nagarno-karabagh udpada ajarbaijan piraanthiyaththin 14-16 sathaveetham varai kattuppaduththinar. poarin poathu molybaily mattrum kushsular padukolaikal, karadhakli padukolai mattrum gojali padukolaikal, paagu padukolaikal, marakha padukolai mattrum growabad padukolaikal udpada iru tharappinarum pala attoozhiyangkal mattrum padukolaikal seithaarkal. maelum, 30,000 paer kollappattathaagavum, oru milliyanukkum athigamaana makkal idampeyarnththathaagavum mathippidappattullathu, 800,000 kkum maerpatta ajarbaijaanigal mattrum 300,000 aarmeeniyargal ullanar. aikkiya naadugalin paathukaappu councilin naanku theermaanangkal (822,853,874 mattrum 884) "ajarbaijaan aakiramikkappatta anaitthu piraanthiyangkalilirunthum anaitthu armeeniya padaikalaiyum udanadiyaaga thirumbap pera vaendum" endru koorugindrana."pala rashyargalum aarmeeniyargalum 1990 kazhil agathigalaaka ajarbaijanai vittu veliyaerinar. 1970 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, ajarbaijaanil 510,000 ina rashyargalum 484,000 aarmeeniyargalum irunththanar. aliyev kudumba aatchi, 1993-tharpoothu varai. 1993 aam aandil, jananaayaga reethiyaaga thernthedukkappatta janathipathi abulbaz elsibi curnell surad husainov thalaimaiyilaana iraanuva kilarchiyaal kavilkkappattaar, idhan vilaivaaga soviyath ajarbaijaan munnaal thalaivar haithar aliyev aatchikku vanthaar. 1994 aam aandil, soorath husainov, antha neraththil pirathamar, haithar aliyevukku ethiraaga mattroru iraanuva sathiththittatthai muyarchitthaar, aanaal avar kaithu seiyappattu thaesaththuroaga kuttrachchaattil kuttram saattappattaar. oru varudam kaliththu, 1995 aam aandil, aliyevukku ethiraaga mattroru aatchi kavilppu muyarchi seiyappattathu, inththa murai oomaan sirappu pirivin thalapathi rovshan javadov. aatchi kavilppu thavirkkappattathu, idhan vilaivaaga pinthaiyavar kollapattaar mattrum ajarbaijaan oomaan pirivugal kalaikkappattana. athae neraththil, aalum athikaaraththuvaththil nilaviya perunthottru uuzhalaal naadu kazhangappattathu. october 1998 ill, aliyev irandaavathu muraiyaaga meendum thernthedukkappattaar. porulaathaaram migavum maempatta poathilum, kurippaaga azeri-sirak-kuneshli ennei vayal mattrum shaa tennis erivaayu vayal surandappattathaal, aliyevin janathipathi padhavi thaerthal moasadi, adhiga alavilaana porulaathaara samathuvaminmai mattrum ullnaattu oozhal kaaranamaaga vimarsikkappattathu. haithar aliyevin magan ilham aliyev, 2003 aam aandil avarathu thanthai iranththapoathu puthiya ajarbaijan katchiyin thalaivaraagavum, ajarbaijaan thalaivaraagavum aanaar. avar october 2013 ill moontraavathu muraiyaaga janaathipathiyaaga meendum thernthedukkappattaar. aepral 2018 ill, janathipathi ilham aliyev therthalil thanathu thodarchchiyaana naankaavathu pathavikkaalaththaip pettraar, idhu mukiya edhirkkatchigalaal moasadi endru purakkanikkappattathu. septumber 27,2020 andru, theerkkappadaatha nagorno-karabagh moathalil puthiya moathalkal nagorno-karabagh thodarbuth thodaril meendum thodangkina. ajarbaijan mattrum armeeniyaavin aayuthap padaikal irandum iraanuva mattrum podhumakkal uyirizhappugalai ariviththana. nagarno-karabagh poarniruththa oppantham mattrum ajarbaijan mattrum armeeniyaavukku idaiyilaana aaru vaara poarin mudivu aagiyavai kurippidatthakka piraanthiya aathaayangkalai adainthathaal ajarbaijaanil paravalaaka kondaadappattana. puviyiyal. puviyiyal reethiyaaga, azerbaijan eurasiavin therku caucasus piraanthiyaththil amainthullathu, idhu maerku asea mattrum kilakku iroappaavai paraviyullathu. idhu 38° mattrum 42°n atcharaekaikalukkum, 44° mattrum 51°e theerkkaraekaigalukkum idaiyil amainthullathu. ajarbaijaan nila ellaikalin moththa neelam, avattril aarmeeniyaavudan, eeraanudan, georgiavudan 480 kilometer, russiavudan mattrum vaankoazhiyudan ullana. kadarkarai neendullathu, maelum caspian kadalin ajarbaijani pirivin agalamaana paguthiyin neelam. naattirku oru nilatthaal soolappatta velippuram ullathu, idhu naksivan thannatchi kudiyarasu aagum. moontru iyarpiyal amsangkal ajarbaijaanil aathikkam seluththugindrana caspian kadal, adhan kadarkarai kilakku noakki oru iyarkaiyaana ellaiyai uruvaakkukirathu; vadakkae periya caugusus malaiththodar; mattrum naattin maiyaththil virivaana thattaiyaana nilapparappugal. moontru malaiththodargalum ullana, periya mattrum siriya caugusus mattrum dollish malaikal, ontraaka naattin sumar 40 sathaveethaththai ulladakkiyathu. ajarbaijaan miga uyarnththa sigaram passardusu malai, athae neraththil migak kuraindha pulli caspian kadalil ullathu. poomiyil ulla anaitthu mann erimalaikalilum kittatthatta paathi azerbaijaanil kuvindhullana, inththa erimalaikal iyarkaiyin puthiya 7 athisayangkalukku parinthuraikkappattavattra adangkum. mukiya neer aathaarangkal maerparappu neer aagum. 8, 350 aarukalil 24 aarukal mattumae neelaththai vida athigamaaga ullana. anaitthu aarukalum naattin kilakkil ulla caspian kadalil kalakkindrana. migapperiya aeri sarizu aagum, maelum miga neelamaana nadhi kurr aagum, idhu aarmeeniyaavudan ellai thaandiyullathu. ajarbaijan caspian kadalil pala theevugalaik kondullathu, perumpaalum paagu theevukkoottaththil amainthullathu. 1991ill ajarbaijan suthanthiram petrtrathilirunthu, ajarbaijan arasaangkam ajarbaijaan suttruchchoozhalaip paathukaakka nadavadikkai eduththullathu. 2001 aam aandukkup piragu paagu-tibilisi-seehan kuzhaai moolam valangkappatta puthiya varuvaai kaaranamaaga maanila budjet athikariththapoathu suttruchchoozhalin thaesiya paathukaappu thurithappaduththappattathu. naanku aandugalukkul, paathukaakkappatta pakuthikal irattippaagiyathu, ippoathu naattin piraanthiyaththil ettu sathaveethamaaga ullathu. 2001 muthal arasaangkam aezhu periya iruppukkalai amaiththullathu mattrum suttruchchoozhal paathukaappirkaaka odhukkappatta varavu selavuth thittaththin thuraiyai kittatthatta irattippaakkiyullathu. nilaparappu. ajarbaijan palvaeru vagaiyaana nilapparappugalin thaayagamaagum. ajarbaijaan nilapparappil paathikkum maerpatta pakuthi malai mugadugal, mugadugal, malaippaguthigal mattrum peedabhoomigalaik kondullathu, avai 400-1000 meettar (naduththara mattrum thaazhnilangkal udpada) hypesometric nilaigal varai uyarum, sila idangkalil (talis, jairanjol-ajinohur mattrum langabis-alath forenchugal) 100-120 meettar varai, mattrum mattravai 0-50 meettar mattrum maelae (gopustan, abseron). ajarbaijaan meethamulla nilaparappu samaveligal mattrum thaazhnilanggalaik kondullathu. caucasus piraanthiyaththirkul hypesometric adaiyaalangkal caspian kadal kadarkaraiyil sumar −28 meettar muthal 4,466 meettar (bajardusu sigaram) varai vaerupadugindrana. ajarbaijaanil kaalanilai uruvaakkam kurippaaga scandinavian andicyclone kulirntha arctic kaattru vegujanangkal, cyperian andicyclone mithaveppa kaattru vegujanangkal mattrum matthiya aasiya andicyclone aagiyavattraal paathikkappadukirathu. ajarbaijaan maarupatta nilaparappu kaattru vegujanangkal naattirkul nuzhiyum vazhigalai paathikkirathu. vadakkil irunthu varum kulirntha kaatrin neradi thaakkangalilirunthu crater caucasus naattaip paathukaakkirathu. idhu naattin perumpaalaana adivaarangkal mattrum samaveligalil mithaveppa mandala kaalanilai uruvaaga vazhivagukkirathu. idharkidaiyil, samaveligal mattrum adivaarangkal adhiga sooriya kathirveechchu vigithangkalaal vagaippaduththappadugindrana. tharpoothulla pathinoru kaalanilai mandalangkalil onbathu aasarbaijaanil ullana. naksivan thannatchi kudiyarasin julba mattrum ardubad pakuthikalil muzhumaiyaana kurainthapatcha veppanilai () mattrum muzhumaiyaana adhigapatcha veppanilai aagiya irandum kaanappattana. adhigapatcha varudaanthira mazhaippozhivu lankaranil () mattrum kurainthapatcha mazhaippozhivu apseronil () vizhugirathu. aarukal mattrum aerikal ajarbaijaan neer amaippugalin mukiya paguthiyaagum, avai neenda puviyiyal kaalakkattaththil uruvaagi, anthak kaalakattathil kurippidatthakka vagaiyil maattramadainththana. idhu kurippaaga naadu muzhuvathum kaanappadum pandaiya aarukalin echchangkalaal saantralikkappadukirathu. iyarkai sakthigal mattrum manitharkalaal arimugappaduththappatta thozhilthurai nadavadikkaigalin thaakkaththin keezh naattin neer amaippugal thodarnthu maari varukintrana. seyarkai aarukal (kaalvaaigal) mattrum kulangkal ajarbaijaan neer amaippugalin oru paguthiyaagum. neer viniyoagaththaip porutthavarai, ajarbaijan oru sathura kilometerukku sumar oru varudaththirku thanneerudan ulagin saraasariyai vidak kuraivaaga ullathu. anaitthu periya neer theekkangkalum kurr meethu kattappattullana. ajarbaijaan hydrography adippadaiyil caspian kadal padugaiyil ullathu. kuraa mattrum aaraas aagiyavai ajarbaijaanil ulla mukiya aarukalaakum. avai kuraa-aras thaazhnilaththin vazhiyaaga oodugindrana. caspian kadalil neradiyaaga paayum aarukal, mukkiyamaaga mukiya caucasus mattrum dollish malaikalin vadakizhakku saaivil irunthu uruvaagi, samoor-devechi mattrum lankaran thaazhnilangalil oodugindrana. eriyum malai" endru molipeyarkkappatta yanar tock, oru iyarkai erivaayu neruppaagum, idhu paagu arugae caspian kadalil ulla abseron theepakarpaththil oru malaiyil thodarnthu erikirathu, idhu "neruppin nilam" endru azhaikkappadukirathu."oru melliya, nunniya manarkal adukkilirunthu theeppizhambugal kaattril parakkindrana. idhu paagu pakuthikku varum paarvaiyaalarkalukku oru suttrulaath thalamaagum. palluir perukkam. ajarbaijaanil ulla vilangkugalin sezhumai mattrum panmugaththanmai kuriththa muthal arikkaikalai kilakku payanigalin payanak kurippugalil kanalaam. kattidakkalai ninaivuchchinnangal, pandaiya paaraikal mattrum karkalil vilangkugalin sirpangal tharpoothaiya kaalam varai uyirvaazhgindrana. ajarbaijaan thaavarangal mattrum vilangkinangkal pattriya muthal thagavalkal 17 aam noottraandil iyarkaiyiyalaalargal ajarbaijaanukku vijayam seithapoathu sekarikkappattana. 106 vagaiyaana paaloottikal, 97 vagaiyaana meengal, 363 vagaiyaana paravaikal, 10 vagaiyaana neernilavaazh uyirinangkal mattrum 52 vagaiyaana uurvana ullana, avai ajarbaijaanil pathivu seiyappattu vagaippaduththappattulana. ajarbaijaan thaesiya vilangku karabagh kudhirai aagum, idhu oru malai-pulveli pandhayam mattrum ajarbaijaanukku ulloor kudhirai sawari aagum. karabagh kudhirai adhan nalla mananilai, vaegam, nerththiththanmai mattrum puththisaaliththanaththirkaaka narpeyaraik kondullathu. idhu pazhangkaala ulagaththaich saerntha vamsaavaliyaich saerntha migap palamaiyaana inangkalil ontraakum, aanaal intru kudhirai oru aabaththaana inamaagum. ajarbaijaan thaavarangal 4,500 kkum maerpatta uyar thaavara inangkalaik kondullana. ajarbaijaanil ulla thaniththuvamaana kaalanilai kaaranamaaga, thaavarangal therku caucassin mattra kudiyarasugalin thaavarangalai vida inangkalin ennikkaiyil migavum valamaanavai. muzhu kaakasasilum valarum inangkalil 66 sathaveetham ajarbaijaanil kaanappadugindrana. inththa naadu naanku suttruchchoozhal pakuthikalukkul amaindullathuh caspian hairganiya kalappu kaadugal, caucasus kalappu kaadugal, kilakku anatolian montane pulveli mattrum ajarbaijan puthar palaivanam mattrum pulveli. ajarbaijan 2018 vana nilaparappu orumaipaattu kuriyeettin sarasari mathippen 6.55/10 aik kondirundhadhu, idhu 172 naadugalil ulagalavil 72 vadhu idaththil ullathu. arasum arasiyalum. ajarbaijaan arasiyal amaippin kattamaippu uruvaakkam navambar 12,1995 andru puthiya arasiyalamaippai aetrtrukkolvathan moolam niraivadainthathu. arasiyalamaippin 23 vadhu pirivinpadi, ajarbaijan kudiyarasin maanila chinnangal kodi, code off arms mattrum thaesiya keetham aagum. ajarbaijaanil maanila athikaaram ull pirachchanaikalukku mattumae sattaththaal varaiyarukkappattullathu, aanaal sarvadesa vivakaarangkalum sarvadesa oppanththangkalin vithigalaal varaiyarukkappattullana. ajarbaijaan arasiyalamaippu, adhu nirvaaga, sattamandra mattrum neethiththurai aagiya moontru athikaarap pirivugalaik konda oru janathipathi kudiyarasu endru koorukirathu. sattamandra athikaaram oru avaiyin thaesiya sattamandram mattrum naksivan thannatchi kudiyarasil ulla uchcha thaesiya sattamandraththaal nadaththappadukirathu. millie majlis endru azhaikkappadum ajarbaijaan naadaalumandram, perumbaanmai vaakkugalin adippadaiyil thernthedukkappatta 125 pirathinithigalaik kondullathu, ovvoru thernthedukkappatta uruppinarukkum ainthu aandu kaala avakaasam ullathu. ovvoru ainthu varudangkalukkum navambar muthal nyaayittrukkizhamai thaerthal nadaththappadukirathu. arasaangkam amaippatharku naadaalumandram porupalla, aanaal arasiyalamaippirku millie majlis amaicharavaiyin opputhal thaevaippadukirathu. puthiya ajarbaijan katchiyum, aalum arasaangkaththirku visuvaasamaaga ulla suyaechchaigalum tharpoothu naadaalumandraththin 125 idangkalai kittatthatta vaithullanar. 2010 naadaalumandrath therthalin poathu, ethirkkatchigalaana musawat mattrum ajarbaijan makkal munnanik katchi oru aasanaththaiyum vellath thavarivittana. iroappiya paarvaiyaalarkal thaerthalukku munnum, thaerthal naalilum aeraalamaana muraikaedugalaik kandarindhanar. nirvaaga athikaaram janaathipathiyaal nadaththappadukirathu, avar neradi thaerthalkalaal aezhu aandu kaalaththirku thaernthedukkappadukiraar, maelum pirathamar. janathipathi mattrum thaesiya sattamandram aagiya iruvarukkum porupaana oru koottu nirvaaga amaipaana amaicharavaiyai uruvaakka janaathipathikku athikaaram ullathu. ajarbaijaan amaicharavaiyil muthanmaiyaaga pirathamar, avarathu pirathinithikal mattrum amaichcharkal ullanar. ajarbaijaan 8vadhu arasaangkam adhan tharpoothaiya amaippil nirvaagamaagum. thaesiya sattamandraththaik kalaikkum urimai janaathipathikku illai, aanaal adhan mudivugalai veettoa seiyum urimai avarukku ullathu. janathipathi veettoavai meeruvatharku, paaraalumantraththirku 95 vaakkugal perumbaanmai irukka vaendum. neethiththurai athikaaram arasiyalamaippu neethimandram, uchcha neethimandram mattrum porulaathaara neethimandraththil ullathu. inththa neethimandranggalil neethipathigalai janathipathi niyamikiraar. neethiyin seyalthiranukkaana iroappiya aanaiyam (CEPEJ) arikkai puthiya neethipathigalaith thaerntheduppathu kuriththa ajarbaijani neethi maathiriyai sirantha nadaimuraiyaaga kurippidugiradhu, idhu oru puthiya jananayagaththil neethiththuraiyin suthanthiram mattrum tharatthai uruthi seivatharkaana kuripitta amsangkalaiyum valarchchiyin poakkaip pirathipalikkirathu. ajarbaijaan aatchi muraiyai peyaralavil iru adukku endru alaikkalaam. arasaangkaththin uyar allathu miga uyarnththa adukku janathipathi thalaimaiyilaana nirvaaga athikaaramaagum. amaichcharkal mattrum pira uyar pathavikalil ulla athikaarigalai janathipathi niyamikiraar. ulloor nirvaaga athikaaram enbathu nirvaaga athikaaraththin thodarchchiye. inththa vidhi ulloor nirvaaga athikaaraththin meethu ajarbaijaanil ulla ulloor maanila nirvaagaththin satta anthasthai theermaanikkirathu ("yerley igra hakkimiyatti"), juun 16,1999 andru aetrtrukkollappattathu. juun 2012 ill, janathipathi puthiya olungkumuraikku opputhal aliththaar, idhu ulloor nirvaaga athikaarigalukku koodudhal athikaarangkalai valangkiyathu, ajarbaijaan ulloor vivagaarangkalil avarkalin maelaathikka nilaiyai valuppaduththiyathu, ajarbaijan kudiyarasin arasiyalamaippin 9 aam aththiyayam nagaraatchigalin satta anthasthu, ulloor suyaatchi amaippugalin vagaikal, avattrin adippadai athikaarangkal mattrum pira athikaarappoorva niruvanangaludanaana uravugal poantra ulloor suyaatchi mukiya pirachchanaikalai uraiyaattrukirathu. mattra peyaralavilaana nirvaaga nilai nagaraatchigal ("bjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj tharpoothu, naadu muzhuvathum 1,607 nagaraatchigal ullana. nagaraatchi thaerthalkal kuriththa sattam mattrum nagaraatchigalin nilai kuriththa sattam aagiyavai ullaatchi thuraiyil muthalil aetrtrukkollappattana (juulai 2,1999). nagaraatchi oozhiyargalin seyalpaadugal, avarkalin urimaigal, kadamaigal, thozhilaazhar nilaimaigal mattrum samooga nanmaigalai nagaraatchi saevai kuriththa sattam ozhungkupaduththukirathu mattrum nirvaaga iyanththiraththin amaippu mattrum nagaraatchi sevaiyin amaippai koadittuk kaattukirathu. nagaraatchigalin nilai kuriththa sattam nagaraatchi amaippugalin pangku mattrum kattamaippai ozhungkupaduththukirathu mattrum satta mattrum nidhi suyaatchikkaana maanila uththaravaathangkalai koadittuk kaattukirathu. samoogap paathukaappu, samooga mattrum porulaathaara maempaadu mattrum ulloor soozhal thodarpaana nagaraatchi thittangalai aetrtrukkolvatharkum seyalpaduththuvatharkum sattam sirappu kavanam seluththukirathu. paathukaappuk kuzhu enbathu janaathipathiyin keezh ulla vivaathak kuzhu, maelum avar adhai arasiyalamaippin puddy ozhungamaikkiraar. idhu aepral 10,1997 andru niruvappattathu. nirvaagath thurai janathipathi aluvalagaththin oru paguthiyaaga illai, aanaal janathipathi mattrum avarathu aluvalagaththin nidhi, thozhilnutpa mattrum nidhi nadavadikkaigalai nirvagikkirathu. aliyev arasiyal kudumbaththin neendakaala selvaakku mattrum haithar aliyev niruviya puthiya ajarbaijan katchi (yeni ajarbegaon partiasi, yaap) kaaranamaaga ajarbaijaan arasiyal amaippu sila arasiyal vinjnaanigalaal sarvaathikaaramaaga varaiyarukkappattullathu. naattin moontraavathu janaathipathiyaaga irunththa haithar aliyev (1993 mattrum 2003 kku idaiyil pathaviyil irunthaar; avar munbu 1969 mattrum 1982 kku idaiyil ajarbaijaan communist katchiyin muthal seyalaalaraagavum, 1982 mattrum 1987 kku idaiyil soviyath ontriyaththin muthal thunaip pirathamaraagavum irunthaar) 2003 aam aandil avarathu maganaana naankaavathu mattrum tharpoothaiya janaathipathiyaaga irunththa ilham aliyev enbavaraal vettri pettraar. ajarbaijan adhan suthanthiraththai meetteduththathilirunthu aeraalamaana thaerthalkalai nadaththiyirunthaalum, oru jananayagaththin pala muraiyaana niruvanangalaik kondullathu, adhu sudhanthira illatthaal "suthanthiramattrathu" endru vagaippaduththappattullathu, avar adhai 2022 aam aandil ulagalaaviya sudhanthira mathippennil "orunginaintha sarvaathikaara aatchi" endru alaiththaar. sameepathiya aandugalil, janathipathi aliyev mattrum arasaangka athikaarigalai vimarsiththatharkaaga aeraalamaana ajarbaijani paththirigaiyaalarkal, pathivarkal, vazhakkarinyarkal mattrum manitha urimai aarvalargal suttri valaikappattu siraiyil adaikkappattullanar. 2015 septambaril iroappiya naadaalumandraththaal aetrtrukkollappatta oru theermaanam, ajarbaijanai "kadantha paththu aandugalil eurasia muzhuvathilum jananaayaga nirvaagaththil migapperiya sarivaich santhiththathaaga" vivariththathu, manitha urimaigal kuriththa naattudanaana adhan uraiyaadal "endha kanisamaana munnaettraththaiyum aerpaduththavillai" endrum kurippittathu."17 maarch 2016 andru, ajarbaijaan janathipathi sila naagarigangalaal arasiyal kaithigalaaga karudhappatta oru dajanukkum athigamaana nabarkalukku mannippu vazhangkum aanaiyil kaiyeluththittaar. inththa aanaiyai america maanilath thurai oru saathagamaana nadavadikkaiyaaga varavaettrathu. maarch 16,2017 andru mattroru mannippu aanai kaiyezhuththaanathu, idhu arasiyal kaithigalaaga karudhappadum koodudhal nabarkalai viduvikka vazhivaguththathu. velinaadugalil adhan kaaranangalai ookkuvikkavum, ullnaattil adhan thaerthalkalai sattappoorvamaakkavum velinaattu athikaarikal mattrum raajathanththirigalukku lanjam koduththatharkaaga ajarbaijan kadumaiyaaga vimarsikkappattaar, idhu cavier raajathanththiram endru azhaikkappadukirathu. iruppinum, maarch 6,2017 andru, iroappiya mooloabaaya ulavuththurai mattrum paathukaappu maiyam essisk) "armeeniya inaippu" endra arikkaiyai veliyittathu, athil adhu manitha urimaigal mattrum aaraaichi amaippugalaith thaakkiyathu, idhu ajarbaijaanil manitha urimaigal meeralgal mattrum uuzhalai vimarsiththathu. essisk antha arikaiyil, esiyal virivaaga vivarikkapatta "cavier raajathanththiram" arikkai, ajarbaijaanukku ethiraana arasiyal poaril eedupadum emm. pii. ess netvorkkai uruvaakkuvatharku avathooru adippadaiyaagak konda santhegaththin soozhalai uruvaakkuvathai nokkamaagak kondadhu endrum, network, iroappiya pii. emm. ess, armeeniya athikaarikal mattrum sila enn. jii. ookkal (manitha urimaigal kankaanippu, podhu mannippu sarvadesam, manitha urimaigal illam arakkattalai, "thirantha uraiyaadal, iroappiya sthiraththanmai munmuyarchi mattrum manitha urimaigalukkaana helsingi kuzhu) aagiyavattraik kondullathu endrum valiyuruththiyathu. robbert colson (radio free iropa) puddy, essisk enbathu podhuk karutthai maattruvatharku munnani sinthanaik kuzhukkalaip payanpaduththuvathai virivupaduththuvatharkaana paakuvin parapurai muyarchigalin oru paguthiyaagum. suthanthirak kooppugal pakuppaaivu maiyam "inththa arikkai sarvaathikaara prachchaaraththin moasamaana marabukalil ezhuthappattullathu" endru kooriyadhu. velinaattu uravugal. kurugiya kaala ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasu aaru naadugaludan raajathanthira uravugalai aerpaduththuvathil vettri pettrathu, jermani mattrum finlandrgu raajathanthira pirathinithikalai anuppiyathu. veezhchchiyadaintha soviyath unionil irunthu ajarbaijaan suthanthiraththai sarvadesa angkeekaaram seiyum seyalmurai sumar oru varudam neediththathu. ajarbaijanai angkeekariththa miga sameepathiya naadu bahrain aagum, navambar 6,1996 andru. turki, bagistan, america, eeraan mattrum israeludan paraspara thootharagap parimaattrangkal udpada muzhu raajathanthira uravugalum muthalil niruvapattana. azerbaijan vaankoazhiyudan adhan "sirappu uravukku" oru kuripitta mukkiyatthuvaththai valangkiyullathu. ajarbaijan idhuvarai 158 naadugaludan raajathanthira uravugalaik kondullathu mattrum 38 sarvadesa amaippugalil uruppinargalaip pettrullathu. anisera iyakkam mattrum ulaga varththaga amaippil idhu paarvaiyaalar anthasthaik kondullathu mattrum sarvadesa tholaiththodarpu ontriyaththil oru nirubar aavaar. 9 mae 2006 andru ajarbaijan aikkiya naadugal sabaiyin podhuchchabaiyaal puthithaaga niruvapatta manitha urimaigal paeravaiyil uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. juun 19,2006 andru pathaviyaerpu thodangiyathu. ajarbaijan muthanmuthalil 155 naadugalin aatharavudan 2011 aam aandil aikkiya naadugal paathukaappuk kuzhuvin nirantharamattra uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. ajarbaijaan veliyuravuk kolgaiyin munnurimaigalil, muthalaavathaaka, adhan piraanthiya orumaippaattai meetteduppathu; nagorno-karabagh mattrum nagorno-karaabaakkaich suttriyulla ajarbaijaan aezhu pira pakuthikalin aakiramippin vilaivugalai agattruvathu; iroappiya mattrum euro-adlandic kattamaippil orunginaiththal; sarvadesa paathukaappukku pankalippu; sarvadesa amaippugaludan oththulaippu; piraanthiya oththulaippu mattrum irutharappu uravugal; paathukaapputh thiranai valuppaduththuthal; ullnaattu kolgai moolam paathukaappu ookkuviththal; jananayagaththai valuppaduththuthal; ina mattrum madha sagippuththanmaiyaip paathukaaththal; ariviyal, kalvi mattrum kalaachaarak kolgai mattrum thaarmeega mathippukalaip paathukaaththal; porulaathaara mattrum samooga maempaadu; ull mattrum ellai paathukaappai maempaduththuthal, erisakthi mattrum poakkuvaraththu paathukaappuk kolgai. sarvadesa bayangaravaathaththai ethirththup poaraadum sarvadesa koottanigalil ajarbaijan oru seyalil ulla uruppinaraaga ullaar, maelum septumber 11 thaakkuthalkalukkup piragu aatharavai valangkiya muthal naadugalil idhuvum ontraakum. kosovo, afghanistan mattrum eeraakkil amaithi kaakkum muyarchigalukku pankalikkum amaithi thittaththirkaana natovin koottaanmaiyil inththa naadu oru seyalil uruppinaraaga ullathu. ajarbaijan 2001 muthal iropa councilil uruppinaraaga ullaar mattrum iroappiya ontriyaththudan nalla uravugalaip paraamarikkiraar. iruthiyil iroappiya ontriyaththil saera naadu vinnapikkalaam. juulai 1,2021 andru, america congress 2012 muthal washington ajarbaijaanukku anuppiya iraanuva udhaviyil thaakkatthai aerpaduththum sattaththai munvaiththathu. idharku pathilaaka, aarmeeniyaavukkaana thoguppukal kanisamaaga siriyavai endra unmai kaaranamaagum. raanuvam. naveena ajarbaijan iraanuvaththin varalaaru 1918 aam aandil ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasin thaesiya iraanuvam 26 juun 1918 andru uruvaakkappattathu. soviyath union kalaikappatta piragu ajarbaijan suthanthiram petrtrapoathu, ajarbaijan kudiyarasin aayuthap padaikal october 9,1991 andru aayuthap padaikalin sattaththinpadi uruvaakkappattana. kurugiya kaala thaesiya iraanuvaththai niruviya asal thaethi intraiya ajarbaijaanil iraanuva thinamaaga (26 juun) kondaadappadugiradhu. 2021 aam aandu nilavarappadi, ajarbaijan adhan aayuthap padaikalil 126,000 seyalil ulla paniyaalarkalaik kondirundhadhu. 17, 000 thunai raanuvap padaikalum 330,00 paathukaappup paniyaalarkalum ullanar. aayuthappadaigalukku moontru kilaigal ullanah nilap padaikal, vimaanap padaikal mattrum kadarpadai. koodudhalaaga aayuthap padaikal pala iraanuva thunaik kuzhukkalaith thazhuvugindrana, avai thaevaippadumpoathu maanila paathukaappil eedupadalaam. ivai ull vivagaara amaichchagaththin ull thuruppukkal mattrum maanila ellai saevai, idhil kadaloara kaavalpadaiyum adangkum. ajarbaijan thaesiya kaavalpadai maelum oru thunai raanuvap padaiyaagum. idhu sirappu maanila paathukaappu sevaiyin arai-suyaatheena niruvanamaaga seyalpadugirathu, idhu janaathipathikku keezhaana oru niruvanamaagum. iroappaavil valakkamaana aayuthap padaikal meethaana oppanthaththai ajarbaijan pinpattrukirathu mattrum anaitthu mukiya sarvadesa aayuthangkal mattrum aayutha oppanthangkalilum kaiyezhuththittullathu. amaithikkaana koottaanmai mattrum thanipatta koottaanmai seyal thittam/pii. eff. pii mattrum aii. pii. aee poantra thittangalil azerbaijan naettoavudan nerukkamaaga oththulaikkirathu. ajarbaijan thanathu amaithi kaakkum padaikalil irunthu eeraakkil 151 paeraiyum, aapgaanisthaanil maelum 184 paeraiyum niruththiyullathu. ajarbaijan thanathu paathukaappu varavuselavuth thittaththirkaaga 2.24 billion dollarkalai selavittathu, idhu adhan moththa jidibi-yill 5.4 sathaveethamaagum, maelum podhu arasaangka selavinangalil sila 12.7% aagum. ajarbaijaan paathukaapputh thozhil siriya aayuthangkal, beerangi amaippugal, daangkigal, kavasangal mattrum iravu paarvai saathanangal, vimaana kundugal, uav/alilla vaanvali vaaganam, palvaeru iraanuva vaaganangkal mattrum iraanuva vimaanangkal mattrum helikaaptarkalai urpaththi seikirathu. nirvaagap pirivugal. ajarbaijan nirvaaga reethiyaaga 14 porulaathaarap paguthigalaagap pirikkappattullathu; kudiyarasin neradi athikaaraththin keezh 66 raeyangal (, orumaippaadu) mattrum 11 nagarangal (, orumaippaadu) ullana. maelum, ajarbaijan thannatchi kudiyarasin () naksivanai ulladakkiyathu. ajarbaijaan thalaivar inththa alagugalin aalunargalai niyamikiraar, athae neraththil nachivaanin arasaangkam nachivaanin thannatchi kudiyarasin naadaalumandraththaal thernthedukkappattu angkeekarikkappadukirathu. porulaathaaram. 1991ill suthanthiram pettra piragu, ajarbaijan sarvadesa nanaya nidhiyam, ulaga vangki, punaramaippu mattrum maempaattukkaana iroappiya vangki, islaamiya maempaattu vangki mattrum aasiya maempaattu vangkiyil uruppinaraaga aanaar. ajarbaijaan vangki muraiyaanathu ajarbaijaan matthiya vangki, vaniga vangkigal mattrum vangki saaraa cuddon amaippugalaik kondullathu. thaesiya (ippoathu matthiya) vangki 1992 aam aandil uruvaakkappattathu, idhu ajarbaijan maanila saemippu vangkiyai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, idhu munnaal maanila saemippu vangkiyin yuu. ess. ess. aarr. inn inaippaagum. matthiya vangki ajarbaijaan matthiya vangkiyaaga seyalpadugirathu, thaesiya naanayamana ajarbaijani manatthai veliyidavum, anaitthu vaniga vangkigalaiyum maerpaarvaiyidavum athikaaram alikkirathu. irandu mukiya vaniga vangkigal unifunk mattrum abas ibrahimov nadaththum ajarbaijaan arasukkuch sonthamaana sarvadesa vangki aagum. selavu mattrum thaevai valarchchiyaal thallapatta 2007aam aandin muthal-kuvippu panaveekka vigitham 16.6% aii ettiyathu. peyaralavilaana varumaanangkalum maathaanthira uuthiyangkalum inththa ennikkaiyai vida muraiyae 29 sathaveetham mattrum 25 sathaveetham uyarnththana, aanaal ennei allaatha thozhilthuraiyil vilai athikarippu panaveekkatthai ookkuviththathu. ajarbaijan adhan vaekamaaka valarnthu varum erisakthith thurai kaaranamaaga "duchu noai" endru azhaikkappaduvatharkaana sila arikurigalaik kaattukirathu, idhu panaveekkatthai aerpaduththukirathu mattrum aattral allaatha aetrtrumathiyai migavum vilaiyuyarnththathaaka aakkukirathu. 2000kalin murpaguthiyil, kaalavaraiyaraiyinpadi adhiga panaveekkam kattuppaattukkul konduvarappattathu. idhu porulaathaara seerthiruththangalai urudhippaduththuvatharkum, nilaiyattra porulaathaaraththin adaiyaalangkalai azhikkavum, janavari 1,2006 andru puthiya ajarbaijani manath endra puthiya naanayatthai arimugappaduththa vazhivaguththathu. 2010-2011 kkaana ulagalaaviya poattiththiran arikaiyil ajarbaijan mattra chis naadugalai vida 57 vadhu idaththil ullathu. 2012aam aandukkul ajarbaijaan jii. dii. pii adhan 1995aam aandilirunthu 20 madangku athikariththullathu. aattral mattrum iyarkai valangkal. ajarbaijaanil moontril irandu pangku ennei mattrum iyarkai erivaayu nirainthullathu. ajarbaijaan ennei thozhirthuraiyin varalaaru pandaiya kaalatthaich saernthathu. araebiya varalaattraasiriyarum payaniyumaana ahmat all-baladuri, pazhangkaalaththil abseron theepakarpaththin porulaathaaraththaip pattri vivaathiththaar, kurippaaga adhan enneyaik kurippidugiraar. ajarbaijaanil pala kuzhaaigal ullana. ajarbaijaanil ulla maaperum shaa tennis erivaayu vayalai iroappaavudan inaikkum therku erivaayu vazhiththadaththin kurikkoal, iroappiya ontriyaththin russia erivaayuvaich saarnthiruppathaik kuraippathaagum. naattin perumpaalaana thangam, velli, irumbu, taamiram, titanium, chromium, manganese, gopault, molyptinum, sikkalaana thaathukkal mattrum antimani aagiyavai siriya kagasasin paguthigalaakum. septumber 1994 ill, ajarbaijan kudiyarasin (sogaar) arasu ennei niruvanaththirkum, amogo, pipi, exonmobil, lukoil mattrum eekvinaar ullitta 13 ennei niruvanangalukkum idaiyae 30 aandu oppantham kaiyezhuththaanathu. merkaththiya ennei niruvanangal soviyath surandalaal paathikkappadaatha aazhkadal ennei vayalgalaith thatta mudiyum enbathaal, ajarbaijan ennei aaivu mattrum maempaattirkaana ulagin miga mukkiyamaana idangkalil ontraaka karudhappadugiradhu. idharkidaiyil, ajarabhaijan maanila ennei nidhi oru koodudhal budjet nithiyaaga niruvappattathu, idhu macro porulaathaara sthiraththanmai, ennei varuvaayai nirvagippathil velippadaiththanmai mattrum ethirkaala santhathiyinarukkaana valangkalaip paathukaappathai uruthi seikirathu. ajarbaijaanil uyiriyal thiran anugal ulaga saraasariyai vida kuraivaaga ullathu. 2016 aam aandil, ajarbaijan adhan piraanthiyaththirkul oru nabarukku 0.8 ulagalaaviya hectare uyiri thiran irunththathu, idhu oru nabarukku 1.6 ulagalaaviya hectare endra ulaga saraasariyil paathi aagum. 2016 aam aandil ajarbaijan oru nabarukku 2.1 ulagalaaviya hectare uyir thiran payanpaduththiyathu-avattrin suttruchchoozhal nugarvu thadam. idhan porul avarkal ajarbaijan kondiruppathai vida adhiga uyiriyalbu thiranaip payanpaduththukiraarkal. idhan vilaivaaga, ajarbaijan oru uyiriyal thiran pattraakkuraiyai nadaththi varukirathu. sogaarin thunai niruvanamaana azericas, 2021 aam aandukkul naattin muzhu erivaayumayamaakkalai uruthi seiya virumbukirathu. kilakku-maerku mattrum vadakku-therku erisakthi poakkuvaraththu thaazhvaaranggalin spaancharkalil azerbaijaanum ontraakum. paagu-tibilisi-cars rayil paathai caspian piraanthiyaththai vaankoazhiyudan inaikkum, idhu juulai 2017 ill niraivadaiyum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. trans-anatolian erivaayu kuzhaai (danab) mattrum trans adriatic kuzhaai (kuzhaai) ajarbaijaan shaa tennis vaayuvilirunthu vaankozhi mattrum iroappaavukku iyarkai erivaayuvai vazhangkum. sokkar mattrum inai niruvanangalaal (pipi, sevron, infex, eekvinaar, exonmobil, dibi, idochchu mattrum onjisi videsh) septumber 14,2017 andru kaiyeluththidappatta thirutthappatta psa puddy, azerbaijan acg valarchi kuriththa oppanthaththai 2050 varai neettitthaar. vivasaayam. ajarbaijan ippaguthiyil migapperiya vivasaayap padugai ullathu. ajarbaijaanil sumar 54.9 sathaveetham vivasaaya nilamaagum. 2007 aam aandin thodakkaththil payanpaduththappatta vivasaayap pakuthi 4,755,100 hectare aagum. athae aandil moththa maraa valangkal 136 million sathura kii. mee. aaga irunththana. ajarbaijaan vivasaaya ariviyal aaraaichi niruvanangal pulveligal mattrum meichchal nilangkal, thottakkalai mattrum thunai veppamandala payirkal, pacchai kaaikarigal, vithaikkaai sagupadi mattrum oyin thayaariththal, paruththi valarppu mattrum maruththuva thaavarangal aagiyavattril kavanam seluththugindrana. sila pakuthikalil thaaniyangkal, urulaikkizhangku, sarkkarai beatruit, paruththi mattrum pugaiyilai aagiyavattrai valarppathu laapakaramaanathu. kaalnadaigal, paal porutkal mattrum madhu mattrum aavikal mukkiyamaana pannaip porutkalaakum. caspian meenpidi thozhil sturgeon mattrum beluga aagiyavattrin kuraindhu varum iruppugalil kavanam seluththukirathu. 2002 aam aandil ajarbaijani vaniga kadarpadaiyil 54 kappalkal irunththana. munbu velinaadugalil irunthu irakkumathi seiyappatta sila porutkal ullnaattil urpaththi seiyath thodangiyullana. avattril kookaa-koolaa paattil littarkal moolam kookaa-koolaa ullana., pakki-castle moolam peer, nehir moolam barkett mattrum ubec kuzhaai poochchu ajerbaijan moolam ennei kuzhaaigal. suttrulaa. ajarbaijaan porulaathaaraththil suttrulaath thurai oru mukiya paguthiyaagum. 1980kazhil inththa naadu nanku ariyapatta suttrulaath thalamaaga irunththathu. soviyath ontriyaththin veezhchchiyum, 1990kazhil nadantha muthal nagarno-karabagh poarum suttrulaath thuraiyaiyum, oru suttrulaath thalamaaga ajarbaijaan uruvaththaiyum sethappaduththiyathu. 2000kall varai suttrulaath thurai meendu varath thodangavillai, adhan piragu naadu suttrulaap payanigalin varugai mattrum oray eravil thangkuvatharkaana ennikkaiyil adhiga valarchchiyai anubaviththullathu. sameepathiya aandugalil, ajarbaijan madha, spaa mattrum sugaathaara paramarippu suttrulaavirkum oru pirabalamaana idamaaga maariyullathu. kulirkaalaththil, shahtack malai resord athinaveena vasathigaludan panicharukku vilayaattai valangkukirathu. ajarbaijan arasaangkam ajarbaijanai oru uyaradukku suttrulaath thalamaaga maempaduththuvatharku munnurimai aliththullathu. ajarbaijan porulaathaaraththirku suttrulaavai oru periya bangalippaalaraaga maattruvathu oru thaesiya mooloabaayamaagum. inththa nadavadikkaikal ajarbaijaan kalacharam mattrum suttrulaa amaichagaththaal kattuppaduththappadugindra. 63 naadugal visa illaatha mathippen pettrullana. ii-visa-ajarbaijan kudiyarasukku visa thaevaippadum naadugalin velinaattinarin varugaikku. ulaga porulaathaara mandraththin payana mattrum suttrulaa poattiththiran arikkai 2015 inn puddy, ajarbaijan 84 vadhu idaththaip pidiththullathu. ulagap payana mattrum suttrulaak kuzhuvin arikkaiyinpadi, 2010 mattrum 2016 kku idaiyil paarvaiyaalar aetrtrumathiyil valuvaana valarcchiyaik kaattum muthal paththu naadugalil ajarbaijan ontraakum, koodudhalaaga, ajarbaijan kadantha aandu sarvadesa paarvaiyaalarkalukkaana valuvaana kuriyeedugaludan vaekamaaka valarnthu varum payana mattrum suttrulaa porulaathaarangkalaik konda naadugalil muthalidaththil (46.1%) irunththathu. poakkuvaraththu. pattuch saalai mattrum therku-vadakku nadaipaathai poantra mukiya sarvadesa pokkuvaraththuth thamanigalin kurukkuvettil ajarbaijaan vasathiyaana idam, naattin porulaathaaraththirku pokkuvaraththuth thuraiyin mooloabaaya mukkiyatthuvaththai eduththukkaattukirathu. naattin pokkuvaraththuth thuraiyil saalaigal, rayilway, vimaanap poakkuvaraththu mattrum kadalsaar poakkuvaraththu aagiyavai adangkum. moolapporutkalin poakkuvaraththil ajarbaijan oru mukkiyamaana porulaathaara maiyamaagavum ullathu. paagu-tibilisi-seehan kuzhaai (pii. dii. chii) mae 2006 ill seyalpaattirku vanthathu mattrum ajarbaijan, georgia mattrum turki aagiya pakuthikalai vida athigamaaga virivadaigirathu. aanduthoarum 50 million dunn kacha enneyai kondu sellum vagaiyil pii. dii. chii vadivamaikkappattullathu mattrum caspian kadal ennei vayalkalilirunthu ulaga santhaigalukku enneyaik kondu selkirathu. therku caucasus kuzhaai, ajarbaijan, georgia mattrum vaankozhi aagiyavattrin pakuthikalilum neendullathu, idhu 2006 aam aandin iruthiyil seyalpaattirku vanthathu mattrum shaa tennis erivaayu violil irunthu iroappiya santhaikku koodudhal erivaayu viniyoagaththai valangkukirathu. shaa tennis aandukku 296 billion kana meettar iyarkai erivaayuvai urpaththi seiyum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. iroappiya ontriyaththaal nidhiyudhavi alikkapatta pattuch saalai thittaththilum ajarbaijan mukiya pangku vagikkirathu. 2002 aam aandil, ajarbaijan arasaangkam parantha alavilaana kolgai mattrum ozhungkumurai seyalpaadugaludan poakkuvaraththu amaichagaththai niruviyathu. athae aandil, saalai poakkuvaraththu kuriththa vienna maanaatil naadu uruppinaraaga maariyathu. porulaathaaraththin pira thuraikalin valarchchiyai sirappaaga elithaakkuvatharkaaka poakkuvaraththu valaiyamaippai maempaduththuvathum, poakkuvaraththu sevaigalai maempaduththuvathum munnurimaigalaaka ullana. 2012 aam aandu cars-tibilisi-paagu rayilway kattumanam asea mattrum iroappaavukku idaiyilaana poakkuvaraththai maempaduththuvatharkaaka kilakkil cheena mattrum kajagastan railway maerkil ulla iroappiya rayilway amaippudan turki vazhiyaaga inaikkum vagaiyil irunththathu. 2010 aam aandil agala rayil paathai mattrum minmayamakkappatta rayilway muraiyae neettikkappattathu. 2010aam aandukkul, 35 vimaana nilaiyangalum oru helipoardum irunththana. ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpam. 21aam noottraandil, oru puthiya ennei mattrum erivaayu aetrtram ajarbaijaan ariviyal mattrum tholilnutpath thuraikalil nilaimaiyai maempaduththa uthaviyathu. naveenamayamakkal mattrum pudhumaigalai nokkamaagak konda oru prachchaaraththai arasaangkam thodangiyathu. thagaval thozhilnutpam mattrum thagaval thodarbu thozhilthuraiyin ilaapangkal valarnthu ennei urpaththiyudan oppidaththakkathaaga maarum endru arasaangkam mathippidukirathu. ajarbaijan oru periya mattrum seeraaga valarnthu varum inaiyath thuraiyaik kondullathu, perumpaalum 2007-2008 inn nidhi nerukkadiyaal paathikkappadavillai; viraivaana valarchi kurainthathu innum ainthu aandugalukku kanikkappattullathu. 2021 aam aandil ulagalaaviya kandupidippu kuriyeettil ajarbaijan 80 vadhu idaththil irunththathu, idhu 2019 aam aandil 84 vadhu idaththil irunththathu. tholaiththodarpu thuraiyai maempaduththuvathilum naadu munnaettram adainthu varukirathu. thagaval thodarbu mattrum thagaval thozhilnutpa amaichagam (emcidi) mattrum astelecomil adhan pangku moolam oru auperator aagiya iruvarum kolgai vaguppaalargal mattrum kattuppaattaalargal aavar. ulloor azhaippugalukku podhu kattanangal kidaikkindrana, maelum tholaipaesi parimaattram allathu sila kadaigal mattrum kyoaskalilirunthu oru tokkanai vaangka vaendum. tokkankal kaalavaraiyattra kaala azhaippai anumathikkintrana. angku 1,397,000 pirathaana tholaipaesi inaippugal mattrum 1,485,000 inaiya payanarkal irunththanar. naanku jii. ess. emm vazhangkunargal ullanar azersel, azerfone (naar mobile), nuctell mobile network aaparaettarkal mattrum oru cdma. 21 aam noottraandil elsin kalilov mattrum pirarin adippadai padaippugalaal eerkkappatta pala mukiya ajarbaijani puvi iyakkaviyal mattrum puvisaar nunn vinjnaanigal, noottrukkanakkaana poogamba kanippu nilaiyangkal mattrum poogamba ethirppu kattidangalai vadivamaiththanar, avai ippoathu kudiyarasu nila athirvu maiyaththin perumbaguthiyai uruvaakkukintrana. ajarbaijan thaesiya vinveli niruvanam thanathu muthal seyarkaikkoal ajersat 1 aii 7 pipravari 2013 andru pirenchu kayaanaavil ulla kayana vinveli maiyaththilirunthu 46° kilakkil suttruppaathaiyil seluththiyathu. inththa seyarkaikkoal iropa mattrum asea mattrum aaprikkaavin kurippidatthakka paguthiyai ulladakkiyathu mattrum tholaikaatchi mattrum vanoli oliparappu mattrum inaiyatthai valangkukirathu. oru seyarkaikkoalai suttruppaathaiyil seluththuvathu enbathu ajarbaijaan muthal padiyaagum, idhu adhan sontha vinvelith thozhilthuraiyudan oru thaesamaaga maaruvatharkaana ilakkai unarnthu, ethirkaalaththil maelum pala thittangalai vetrtrikaramaaka seyalpaduththum thiran kondadhu. makkal thogai. maarch 2022 nilavarappadi, ajarbaijaan moththa makkal thogaiyil 52.9% nagarppuraththil ullathu, meethamulla 47.1% kiraamappurangalil ullathu. janavari 2019 ill, moththa makkal thogaiyil 50.1% penn. athae aandil paalina vigitham oru pennukku 0.99 aangalaaka irunththathu. 2011aam aandin makkal thogai valarchi vigitham ulagalaaviya 1.09% udan oppidugaiyil 0.85% aaga irunththathu. makkal thogai valarcchiyaik kattuppadutthum oru kurippidatthakka kaarani adhiga alavilaana idampeyarvu aagum. 2011 aam aandil ajarbaijan-1.14/1,000 makkal idampeyarvathaik kandadhu. ajarbaijani pulampeyarnthoar 42 naadugalil kaanappadugindrana, maelum ajarbaijaanukkul ina sirupaanmaiyinarukkaana pala maiyangkal ullana, idhil jerman kalaachaara samoogam "karalhas", slavik kalaachaara maiyam, ajarbaijani-israeliya samoogam, gurdish kalaachaara maiyam, sarvadesa talish sangam, lejin thaesiya maiyam "saamoor", ajarbaijani-thaathaara samoogam, grimmon thaathaarkal samoogam poantravai adangkum. moththam, ajarbaijaanil 78 nagarangal, 63 nagara maavattangkal mattrum oru sirappu satta anthasthu konda nagaram ullana. 261 nagarppura vagai kudiyaettranggalum 4248 kiraamangalum idhaip pinpattrukintrana. inaveri. 2009 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi makkal thogaiyin ina amaippu 91.6% ajarbaijanis, 2% lejingal, 1.4% aarmeeniyargal (kittatthatta anaitthu aarmeeniyargalum nagorno-karaabaakkin pirintha paguthiyil vaazhkiraargal), 1.3% rashyargal, 1.3% talis, 0.6% avaarkal, 0.40% thurukkiyarkal, 0.3% daadarkal, 0.3% tots, 0.20% ukraeniyargal, 0.1% thaagoorgal, 0.1% georgiergal, 0.1% yootharkal, 0.1% gurds, pira 0.2%. mozhigal. athikaarappoorva mozhi azerbaijani aagum, idhu oru turkiya mozhiyaagum. ajarbaijani mozhi makkal thogaiyil sumar 92 sathaveetham paer thaaimozhiyaaga paesukintranar. russia mattrum armeeniya mozhigalum (nagarno-karaabaakkil mattumae) paesappadugindrana, maelum ovvondrum muraiyae sumar 1.5% makkal thogaiyin thaaimozhiyaagum. naattil pira sirupaanmai mozhigal oru dajan ullana, avai ullnaattil paesappadugindrana. awar, pudook, georgian, juhuri, kinaalak, crites, lejin, rudul, talish, thaath, sagur mattrum udi anaiththum siriya sirupaanmaiyinaraal paesappadugindrana. inththa mozhi samoogangalil sila migavum siriyavai mattrum avattrin ennikkai kuraindhu varukirathu. 1989ill nagorno-karaabaakkil 76 sathaveetham paer armeeniya mozhiyai mattumae paesukintranar. muthal nagorno-karabagh poarukkup piragu, makkal thogai kittatthatta piraththiyaegamaaga 95 sathaveetham paer aarmeeniyargalaaka ullanar. madham. ajarbaijan migavum mathachchaarpattra musleem perumbaanmai naadaaga karudhappadugiradhu. makkal thogaiyil 97 sathaveetham paer muslimgal aavar. muslimgalil 55-85% paer shiya endru mathippidappattullathu, athae neraththil 15-45% muslimgal sunnigal. naattin palvaeru inakkuzhukkalaal pira mathangkal pinpattrappadugindrana. adhan arasiyalamaippin 48 vadhu pirivin keezh, ajarbaijan oru mathachchaarpattra maanilamaagum, maelum madha suthanthiraththai uruthi seikirathu. oru 2006-2008 kaalap karutthukkanippil, ajarbaijanaich saerntha pathilaliththavarkalil 21 sathaveetham paer mattumae madham thangal andraada vaazhkkaiyil oru mukiya paguthiyaagum endru koorinar. naattin madha sirupaanmaiyinaril, 280,000 kiristhavarkal (3.1%) perumpaalum russia mattrum jaarjiya marabuvazhi mattrum armeeniya appoasthalikkarkal (kittatthatta anaitthu aarmeeniyargalum nagorno-karaabaakkin pirintha piraanthiyaththil vaazhkintranar). 2003ill 250 roaman catholickergal irunththanar. 2002aam aandin pira christhava pirivugalil lootharaangal, gnanasnanam pettravarkal mattrum moaloagangal adangkuvar. oru siriya protestant samoogamum ullathu. ajarbaijan 2,000 aandu varalaattraik konda oru pandaiya yootha makkalthogaiyaiyum kondullathu; yootha amaippugal 12,000 yootharkal ajarbaijaanil iruppathaaka mathippidugindrana, idhu israel mattrum amerikkaavirku veliyae ulla oray yootha perumbaanmai nagaraththin thaayagamaagum. bahaai, harae krishna mattrum yegovavin saatchigal samoogangalin uruppinarkalukkum, mattra madha samoogangalin aatharavaalarkalukkum ajarbaijan thaayagamaaga ullathu. sila madha samoogangal athikaarappoorvamattra muraiyil madha suthanthiraththilirunthu kattuppadutthappattullana. oru yuu.ess. inththa vishayathil maanilath thuraiyin arikaiyil sila musleem mattrum christhava kuzhukkalin uruppinargalai thadutthu vaiththiruppathaik kurippidugiradhu, maelum pala kuzhukkal mathaththai olungkupaduththum agencyudan pathivu seivathil siramam ullana, idhu ajarbaijan kudiyarasin madha sangangal kuriththa maanilak kuzhu (scuva). kalvi. oppeettalavil adhiga sathaveetha ajarbaijaanigal sila vagaiyaana uyar kalviyaip pettrullanar, kurippaaga ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpa paadangkalil. soviyath sagaapthaththil, kalviyarivu mattrum sarasari kalvi nilaigal avattrin migak kuraindha thodakka pulliyil irunthu viyaththagu muraiyil uyarnththana, nilaiyaana ezhuththukkalil irandu maattrangkal irunththapoathilum, 1920 kazhil perso-arabic scriptilirunthu latheen mattrum 1930 kazhil roamanil irunthu sirilik varai. soviyath tharavukalinpadi, 1970 aam aandil 100 sathaveetha aangal mattrum penkal (onbathu muthal naarpaththonpathu vayathu varai) kalviyarivu pettravarkal. aikkiya naadugalin maempaattuth thitta arikkai 2009 inn puddy, ajarbaijaanil kalviyarivu vigitham 99.5 sathaveethamaagum. suthanthiraththirkup piragu, ajarbaijaan naadaalumandram soviyath yooniyanilirunthu thannaith thanimaippaduththik kolla niraivettrappatta muthal sattangalil ondru, sirilikkirku pathilaaka maattriyamaikkappatta-latheen ezhuththukkalai aetrtrukkolvathu. idhaith thavira ajarbaijani amaippu siriya kattamaippu maattrangkalukku utpattullathu. aarambagaala maattrangkalil madhak kalviyai meendum niruvuthal (soviyath kaalaththil thadaiseiyappattathu) mattrum paadaththitta maattrangkal aagiyavai adangkum, avai ajarbaijani mozhiyin payanpaattai meendum valiyuruththiyullana mattrum karutthiyal ulladakkaththai agattriyullana. thodakkappalligaludan koodudhalaaga, kalvi niruvanangalil aayirakkanakkaana paalar palligal, podhu maelnilaip palligal mattrum sirappu maelnilaip palligal mattrum tholilnutpap palligal udpada thozhirpalligal adangkum. onbathaam vaguppu varai kalvi karpathu kattaayamaagum. kalacharam. ajarbaijaan kalacharam pala thaakkangkalin vilaivaaga valarnththullathu; athanaalthaan ajarbaijaanigal pala vazhigalil iru kalacharam kondavargal. ulakamayamaakkappatta nugarvoar kalacharam udpada merkaththiya thaakkangkal irunththapoathilum, intru thaesiya paarambariyangkal naattil nanku paathukaakkappattullana. isaiyin mukiya amsangkal, ilakkiyam, naattuppura nadanangkal mattrum kalai, unavu, kattidakkalai, olippathivu mattrum navruz paeyraam aagiyavai ajarbaijan kalaachaaraththin mukiya koorugalaagum. pinthaiyathu pandaiya eeraaniya mathamaana jorastrianisathil putthaandu paarambariya kondaattathilirunthu perappattathu. navruz oru kudumba vidumurai. maelae kuripittullapadi, ajarbaijaan makkal thogaiyin vivarakkurippu, ajarbaijaanigal mattrum naattin palvaeru pakuthikalil surukkamaaga vasikkum pira thaesiya inangkal allathu inakkuzhukkalaik kondullathu. ajarbaijani thaesiya mattrum paarambariya aadaikal sokka mattrum babaki aagum. russia, georgian, gurdish, lejian mattrum talish mozhigalil vanoli oliparappukal ullana, avai maanila varavu selavuth thittaththilirunthu nidhiyalikkappadugindrana. balagaon mattrum kachmaasil ulla sila ulloor vanoli nilaiyangkal awar mattrum tott aagiyavattril oliparappukalai aerpaadu seigindrana. paakuvil pala seithiththaalgal russia, gurdish ("tenkie gurd"), lejian ("saamoor") mattrum talish mozhigalil veliyidappadugindrana. yootha samoogam "soknat" "ajees" endra seithiththaalai veliyidugirathu. isai mattrum naattuppura nadanangkal. ajarbaijaan isai kittatthatta aayiram aandugalukku munththaiya naattuppura marabukalai uruvaakkukirathu. pala noottraandugalaaga ajarbaijani isai monodeyin badgin keezh uruvaagiyullathu, idhu thaala reethiyaaga maarupatta paadalkalai uruvaakkukirathu. ajarbaijani isai oru kilai murai amaippaik kondullathu, angku periya mattrum siriya sethilgalin niramaattramaanathu migavum mukkiyamaanathu. thaesiya isaikkaruvigalil 14 saram karuvigal, ettu thaalak karuvigal mattrum aaru kaattruk karuvigal ullana. isai mattrum isaikkalainarkalin thoappu agaraathiyin" puddy, inam, kalacharam mattrum madhaththin adippadaiyil ajarbaijani isai reethiyaaga vaankoazhiyai vida eeraanukku migavum nerukkamaaga ullanar." mugam, meegana mattrum ashiq kalai aagiyavai ajarbaijaan pala isai marabukalil adangkum. mugam enbathu podhuvaaga kavidhai mattrum karuvi idaippatta oru thoguppaagum. mugam paadum poathu, paatakarkal thangal unarchchigalai paaduvatharkum isaikkum maattra vaendum. matthiya aasiya naadugalin mugaam marabukalukku maaraaga, ajarbaijani mugaam migavum suthanthiramaana mattrum kuraivaana kadinamaanadhaagum; idhu perumpaalum jaas inn maempatta thuraiyudan oppidappadukirathu. unesco, ajarbaijani mugaam bhaarambariyaththai manithagulaththin vaaivazhi mattrum aruvamaana bhaarambariyaththin thalaisirantha padaippaaga 7 navambar 2003 andru ariviththathu. meigana enbathu oru vagaiyaana paarambariya ajarbaijani thaniththuvamaana naattuppura paadalaagum, idhu podhuvaaga oru kuripitta vishayathil palaraal maempaduththappadukirathu. ashiq kavidhai, kathaisollal, nadanam mattrum kural mattrum karuvi isaiyai oru paarambariya seyalthiran kalaiyaaga orunginaikkirathu, idhu ajarbaijani kalaachaaraththin adaiyaalamaaga nirkirathu. idhu oru mayamaana thontharavu allathu payana paardu aavaar, avar paadugiraar mattrum chaas vaasikkiraar. inththa paarambariyam pandaiya turkiya makkalin shamanistic nambikkaikalil adhan thoattraththaik kondullathu. aashikkukalin paadalkal podhuvaana thazhangalaich suttri arai maempaduththappattullana. azerbaijan ashiq kalai septumber 30,2009 andru uneskowal aruvamaana kalaachaara bhaarambariyaththin pattiyalil serkkappattathu. 1960 kalin naduppaguthiyil irunthu, merkaththiya selvaakku pettra ajarbaijani paap isai, adhan palvaeru vadivangkalil, ajarbaijaanil pirabalamadainthu varukirathu, athae neraththil raak mattrum hiip haap poantra vagaikal paravalaaka thayaarikkappattu rasikkappadugindrana. alim kasimov, rashit pebudov, wagif mustabasade, musleem magomayev, shovgat alakparova mattrum rupaba muradova poantra kalaignargalin sarvadesa pirabalaththudan ajarbaijani paap mattrum ajarbaijani naattuppura isai ezhunththathu. eurovision paadal poattiyil ajarbaijan oru urchaakamaana pankerpaalar aavaar. 2008 eurovision paadal poattiyil ajarbaijan arimugamaanaar. 2009 aam aandil naattin nuzhaivu moontraavathu idaththaiyum, aduththa aandu ainthaavathu idaththaiyum pettrathu. eurovision paadal poattiyil 2011 ill ell mattrum nikki muthal idaththaip pidiththanar, "oodum payam" endra paadaludan, 2012 aam aandil paakuvil poattiyai nadaththa ajarbaijaanukku urimai aliththathu. avarkal poattiyin 2018 pathippu varai ovvoru grand finalukkum thaguthi pettrullanar, paadagar aisal x enn idhayaththudan nuzhaigiraar. dajan kanakkaana ajarbaijani naattuppura nadanangkal ullana. avai muraiyaana kondaattangalil nigazhththappadugindrana mattrum nadanak kalaignargal thaesiya nadanangalukkul nanku paathukaakkappadum sokka poantra thaesiya aadaikalai anigiraargal. perumpaalaana nadanangkal miga vaekamaana thaalaththaik kondullana. ilakkiyam. naveena ajarbaijani kudiyarasin piraanthiya ellaikalukkul pirantha idaikkaala ezhuththaalargalil persiya kavignarum thaththuvagnaaniyumaana nizami, thanathu pirantha idaththin pinnar kanjavi endru alaikkappattaar, kanja, avar kamsa ("quindublet") inn aasiriyaraaga irunthaar, idhil ainthu kaathal kavidhaigal ullana, idhil "marmangkalin pokkisham", "cosro mattrum shireen", mattrum "lealy mattrum mejnun" aagiyavai adangkum. ezhuthappatta ajarbaijani ilakkiyaththil ariyapatta aarambagaala nabar ijdeen hasanogu aavaar, avar persian mattrum ajarbaijani kajalkalaik konda oru thivanai iyatrtrinaar. paaraseeka kajalkalil avar thanathu paenaa peyaraip payanpaduththinaar, athae neraththil avarathu ajarbaijani kajalkal avarathu sontha peyaraana hasanogu endra peyaril iyatrtrappattana. 14 aam noottraandil tabris mattrum shirwan palvaeru aarambagaala idaikkaala paechchuvazhakkukalai adippadaiyaagak kondu ajarbaijaaniyil paarambariya ilakkiyam uruvaakkappattathu. inthak kaalaththin kavignargalil kaasi burhanadeen, hakkeeki (jahaan shaa kaaraa koylu enbavarin paenaa peyar) mattrum habeebi aagiyoar adangkuvar. 14 aam noottraandin iruthiyil 14 aam noottraandin pirpaguthi mattrum 15 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil migap periya ajarbaijani hurufi maayak kavignargalil oruvaraana imaathaatheen nassimi ilakkiya nadavadikkaiyaith thodangiya kaalamaagavum irunththathu, maelum turkiya ilakkiya varalaattril miga mukkiyamaana aarambagaala thivan ejamaanargalil oruvaraagavum irunthaar, avar persian mattrum arabu mozhigalilum kavidhaigalai iyatrtrinaar. diwan mattrum kasal paanigal kavignargalaana kasem-ii anwar, fusuli mattrum kaathaai (safavit shaa ismail i inn paenaa peyar) aakiyoaraal maelum uruvaakkappattana. ttay gorgat puththagam" 16 aam noottraandil nagaledukkappatta irandu kaiyezhuththup pirathikalaik kondullathu, maelum idhu 15 aam noottraandukku munbu ezhuthappadavillai. idhu ookus naadoadigalin vaaivazhi bhaarambariyaththai pirathipalikkum 12 kadhaigalin thoguppaagum. 16 aam noottraandin kavignar muhamathu fusuli thanathu kaalamattra thaththuva mattrum paadal "kajalkalai" arabu, persian mattrum ajarbaijani mozhigalil thayaaritthaar. thanathu soozhalin sirantha ilakkiya marabukalilirunthu perithum payanadaintha fusuli, thanathu munnoadigalin bhaarambariyaththai kattiyezhuppuvadhan moolam thanathu samoogaththin munnani ilakkiya nabaraaga maara vithikkappattaar. avarathu mukiya padaippugalil "kajalkalin thivan" mattrum "kasidas" aagiyavai adangkum. athae noottraandil, azerbaijani ilakkiyam ashiq () kavidhai vagaiyin valarchchiyudan maelum sezhiththathu. athae kaalakattathil, kadaai ("paavi") shaa ismeil endra punaippeyarin keezh naan ajarbaijaaniyil sumar 1400 vasanangkalai ezhuthinaen, avai pinnar avarathu "diwan" endru veliyidappattana. inthak kaalakattathil "kosma" ("maempaadu") endru azhaikkappadum oru thaniththuvamaana ilakkiya paani arimugappaduththappattathu, maelum shaa ismail mattrum pinnar avarathu maganum vaarisumaana shaa tahamaasp aii aakiyoaraal uruvaakkappattathu. 17 mattrum 18 aam noottraandugalin kaalakattathil, fujuliyin thaniththuvamaana vagaikalum, abik kavidhaigalum tabrizin kovsi, shaa abas saani, nishad, molah vaali vidhaathi, molah panaa wagif, amani, jaabar mattrum pira mukiya kavignargal mattrum ezhuththaalargalaal edukkappattana. thurukkiyarkal, turkens mattrum uspekkugaludan, ajarbaijanis oru pugazhpettra naattuppura heeroavaana coroclu ("kurudanin magan" enbathilirunthu) kaaviyaththaiyum kondaadugiraar. coroclu kaaviyaththin pala aavanappaduthappatta pathippukal ajarbaijaan thaesiya ariviyal akaadamiyin kaiyezhuththup pirathikalukkaana niruvanaththil ullana. ajarbaijaanil naveena ajarbaijani ilakkiyam mukkiyamaaga shirwani paechchuvalakkai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, athae neraththil eeraanil idhu tabrisi mozhiyai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. ajarbaijaaniyil muthal seithiththaal, "aginji" 1875 aam aandil veliyidappattathu. 19 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil, idhu paagu, kanja, shahki, tibilisi mattrum yerevan palligalil karpikkappattathu. 1845 muthal, idhu russiavil ulla saint beatersburg palkalaikkazhagaththilum karpikkappattathu. naattuppurak kalai. ajarbaijaanigal oru valamaana mattrum thaniththuvamaana kalaachaaraththaik kondullanar, idhan oru mukiya pakuthi alangaara mattrum payanpaattu kalai aagum. inththa kalai vadivam thuraththal, nagaikal, uloagaththil poriththal, maram, cull, elumbu, taraivirippu, lazing, vadiva nesavu mattrum achchiduthal mattrum pinnal mattrum emproidery poantra parantha alavilaana kaivinaip porutkalaal pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. inththa vagaiyaana alangaarak kalai, ajarbaijan dhesaththin arakkattalaikalin saandrugal, ingku migavum aatharavaaka ullana. ajarbaijaanil kalaigal mattrum kaivinaip porutkalin valarchi thodarpaana pala suvarasyamaana unmaigal palvaeru nerangalil inththa idangkalukku varugai thantha aeraalamaana vanikarkal, payanigal mattrum raajathanththirigalaal therivikkappattana. ajarbaijani kambalam enbathu palvaeru alavugalil kaiththozhil seiyappatta paarambariya javuliyaagum, idhu adarththiyaana amaippu mattrum kuviyal allathu kuviyal illaatha maerparappaik kondullathu, idhan vadivangkal ajarbaijaan pala taraivirippu uruvaakkum pakuthikalin sirappiyalpugalaagum. navambar 2010 ill ajarbaijani taraivirippu uneskowal aruvamaana bhaarambariyaththin thalaisirantha padaippaaga arivikkappattathu. pandaiya kaalangalilirunthu ajarbaijan palvaeru vagaiyaana kaivinaip porutkalin maiyamaaga ariyappadugirathu. ajarbaijan piraanthiyaththil tholporul thoanduthal nanku valarntha vivasaayam, pangku valarppu, uloaga vaelaippaadugal, matpaandangkal, matpaandangkal mattrum kambala nesavu aagiyavattrai kimu 2 aam noottraandu varai saantralikkirathu. tashbulock, hasansu, jayamsai mattrum thovusaai aagiya tholliyal thazhangal pii. dii. chii kuzhaaiththittaththilirundhiru kandupidikappatta aarambagaala irumbuk kaala kalaipporutkalai velippaduththiyullana. ajarbaijani tharaivirippukalai pala periya kuzhukkal mattrum pala thunaikkuzhukkalin keezh vagaippaduththalaam. ajarbaijani tharaivirippin ariviyal aaraaichi oru mukiya vinjnaani mattrum kalaignaraana latheef karimovin peyarudan inaikkappattullathu. avarathu vagaippaadae naanku periya tharaivirippukalin kuzhukkalai azerbaijan, kuba-shirwan, kanja-kasakh, karabagh mattrum tabris aagiya naanku puviyiyal mandalangkaludan thodarpupaduththiyathu. unavu. paarambariya unavu vagaikal aeraalamaana kaaikarigal mattrum unavugalil paruvagaalamaaga payanpaduththappadum pasumaigalukku pirabalamaanathu. pudhinaa, kothamalli (kothamalli), venthayam, tulasi, vocose, daragon, leaks, seaves, thaim, marjoram, pacchai vengkaayangkal mattrum watergrass ullitta puthiya mooligaigal migavum pirabalamaaga ullana, maelum perumpaalum mejaiyil mukiya unavugaludan varukintrana. nilaththin kaalanilai panmugaththanmai mattrum valam aagiyavai thaesiya unavugalil pirathipalikkintrana, avai caspian kadalil irunthu varum meengal, ulloor iraichchi (mukkiyamaaga aattiraichi mattrum maattiraichi) mattrum paruvagaala kaaikarigal mattrum pasumaigalin miguthiyai adippadaiyaagak kondavai. kungumappoo-arisi blove ajarbaijaan muthanmai unavaagum, karuppu theyilai thaesiya paanamaagum. ajarbaijaanigal perumpaalum paarambariya armudu (piyar vadiva) kannaadiyaip payanpaduththukiraarkal, aenenil avarkal migavum valuvaana theyilai kalaachaaraththaik kondullanar. pirabalamaana paarambariya unavugalil bosbash (palvaeru kaaikarigalaich saerkkum pala piraanthiya vagaikalil irukkum aattukutty suup), kudaap (pacchai allathu thundaakkappatta iraichchiyai nirappuvathan moolam varuththa vitrtrumuthal) mattrum dushbara (tharaiyil iraichchi mattrum suvai niraintha maavin dumblings) aagiyavai adangkum. kattidakkalai. ajarbaijani kattidakkalai podhuvaaga kilakku mattrum maerkin koorugalai orunginaikkirathu. ajarbaijani kattidakkalai paaraseeka kattidakkalaiyilirundhu perum thaakkangalaik kondullathu. suvar niraintha nagaramaana paakuvil ulla shirvaanshaakkalin muthal koopuram mattrum aranmanai poantra pala pandaiya kattidakkalai pokkishangkal naveena ajarbaijaanil ullana. unesco ulaga paarambariya thartkaalika pattiyalil samarpikkappatta ulleedugalil paakuvin adeshka, momine kathun kallarai, hirgaon thaesiya poongaa, pinagadi nilakkeel aeri, lakpaadan mann erimalai, shusha maanila varalaattru mattrum kattidakkalai kaappagam, paagu nilai malai, caspian kadarkarai tharkaappu kattumaanangal, ardubad thaesiya kaappagam mattrum shahki kaangalin aranmanai aagiyavai adangkum. mattra kattidakkalai pokkishangkalil maarthaganil ulla naarkara koattai, yugari chaarthaklaril ulla parikala, aaras nadhiyil paraviyulla pala paalangkal mattrum pala kallaraigal adangkum. 19aam mattrum 20aam noottraandugalin murpaguthiyil, siriya ninaivuchinna kattidakkalai uruvaakkappattathu, aanaal paagu mattrum pira idangkalil thaniththuvamaana kudiyiruppugal kattappattana. miga sameepathiya kattidakkalai ninaivuchchinnangalil, paagu surangappaathaigal avattrin aadambaramaana alangaaraththirkaaga ariyappadugindrana. naveena ajarbaijani kattidakkalaiyin panii naveena azhagiyalin maarupatta payanpaadu, oru kattidak kalaignarin sontha kalai paaniyaith thaeduthal mattrum tharpoothulla varalaattru-kalaachaara soozhalai ulladakkiyathu. haithar aliyev kalaachaara maiyam, flame dovers, paagu padiga mandapam, paagu vellai nagaram mattrum sogaar koopuram poantra mukiya thittangal naattin vanalai maattriyullana mattrum adhan samagaala adaiyaalaththai ookkuvikkintrana. kaatchi kalai. kimu 1 muthal 4 aam millinium varai ulla kamikaya petroclifgal ajarbaijaan ardubad maavattaththil amainthullana. avai maan, aadugal, kaalaigal, naaikal, paambugal, paravaikal, arputhamaana uyirinangkal mattrum makkal, vanddigal mattrum palvaeru chinnangal aagiyavattraik konda sumar 1500 sithaintha mattrum sethukkappatta paarai oviyangkalaik kondullana. norwejian inaviyalaalarum saagasakkaararumaana thoar hairdall, sumar 100 AD ill appaguthiyaich saerntha makkal scandinaviavukkuch sendru, thangal padagu kattum thirankalai avarkaludan eduththuch sendru, avarkalai vadakku iroappaavil ulla wiking padagugalil maattrinar endru nambinaar. pala noottraandugalaaga, ajarbaijani kalai pala paaniyiyal maattrangkalaich santhiththullathu. ajarbaijani ooviyam paarambariyamaaga niram mattrum oliyin aravanaippaal vagaippaduththappadukirathu, idhu asim ajimset mattrum bahroos gangarli aagiyoarin padaippugalil eduththukkaattappadukirathu, maelum madha piramugargal mattrum kalaachaara maiyakkaruththukkalil oru eedupaadu. ajarbaijani ooviyam noottrukkanakkaana aandugalaaka, romanian mattrum oottoamaan kaalakattangalilirundhum, soviyath mattrum barok kaalakattangalilirundhum, kaakasasil munnurimai pettrathu, avattril pinththaiya irandum ajarbaijaanil palanaliththathu. inththa kaalakattangalukkul varum pira kurippidatthakka kalaignargalil satthaar bahlulsade, tokhrul narimanpekov, tahir salahov, alakbar resaculiave, mirsa kaathim iravaani, mikaayil abdullayev mattrum bayugaga mirsajade aagiyoar adangkuvar. chinima. azerbaijaanil thiraippadath thurai 1898 aam aandaich saernthathu. azerbaijan olippathivil eedupatta muthal naadugalil ontraakum, inththa karuvi muthalil paakuvil kaattappattathu. 1919 aam aandil, ajarbaijan jananaayaga kudiyarasin poathu, oru aavanappadam "ajarbaijan suthanthiraththin aandu vizhaa kondaattam" rashyaavilirunthu ajarbaijan suthanthiram pettra muthal aandu vizhaavil, mae 27 andru padamaakkappattathu, maelum juun 1919 ill paakuvil ulla pala thiraiyarangukalil thiraiyidappattathu. 1920ill soviyath athikaaram niruvapatta piragu, ajarbaijaan puratchikarak kuzhuvin thalaivaraana nariman narimanov, ajarbaijaan chinimavai thaesiyamayamaakkum aanaiyil kaiyeluththittaar. idhu ajarbaijani animation uruvaakkaththaiyum paathiththathu. 1991 aam aandil, ajarbaijan soviyath yooniyanidamirunthu suthanthiram pettra piragu, muthal paagu sarvadesa thiraippada vizhaa kilakku-maerku paagu nagaril nadaipettrathu. disambar 2000 ill, ajarbaijaan munnaal janathipathi haithar aliyev, august 2 aam thaethi ajarbaijaan thiraippadath thayaarippaalarkalin thozhilmurai vidumuraiyaaga arivikka oru aanaiyil kaiyeluththittaar. intru ajarbaijani thiraippadath thayaarippaalarkal meendum 1920 ill soviyath union niruvappaduvatharku munbu olippathivaalargal ethirkondathaip poantra pirachchanaikalaik kaiyaalgindranar. meendum, ulladakkaththin thaervugal mattrum thiraippatankalin spancership aagiya irandum perumpaalum thiraippadath thayaarippaalarin munmuyarchikku vidappadugindrana. tholaikaatchi. moontru arasukkuch sonthamaana tholaikaatchi saenalgal ullanah austivy, ideman divi mattrum medaniet divi. oru podhu saenal mattrum 6 thaniyar saenalgal ullanah ittimai tholaikaatchi, vinveli tholaikaatchi, lider tholaikaatchi, aasad ajarbaijan tholaikaatchi, mattrum aarp. manitha urimaigal. ajarbaijaan arasiyalamaippu paechchu suthanthiraththirku uththaravaatham alikkirathu, aanaal idhu nadaimuraiyil marukkappadukirathu. pala aandugalaaka paththirigai mattrum uudaga suthanthiram veezhchchiyadaintha piragu, 2014 aam aandil, iropa councilin amaichcharkalin kuzhuvai naadu vazhinadaththiyapoathu (mae-navambar 2014), endhavoru ethirppaiyum vimarsanaththaiyum mazhungkadikkum arasaangka prachchaaraththin keezh ajarbaijaanil uudaga soozhal vaekamaaka moasamadainthathu. poali sattak kuttrachchaattugal mattrum paththirikaiyaalarkalukku ethiraana vanmuraiyil thandanaiyattra thanmai aagiyavai vazhakkamaaga ullana. anaitthu velinaattu oliparappukalum naattil thadai seiyappattullana. 2013 sudhanthira illaththin paththirigai sudhanthira arikkaiyinpadi, ajarbaijaan paththirigai sudhanthira anthasthu "suthanthiramaaga illai", maelum ajarbaijan 196 naadugalil 177 vadhu idaththil ullathu. christhuva madham athikaarappoorvamaaga angkeekarikkappattullathu. siraivaasam aerpadum abaayaththin keezh, anaitthu madha samoogangalum santhikka anumathikkappaduvatharku pathivu seiya vaendum. inththa pathivu perumpaalum marukkappadukirathu. "pala kiristhavarkal asseri musleemgalai vida, armeniya allathu russia inaththaich saernthavargal enbathaal, inap paagupaadu naattin madha suthanthiraththin pattraakkuraikku pankalikkirathu". iropa/radio suthanthiram mattrum americavin kural aagiyavai ajarbaijaanil thadai seiyappattullana. ajarbaijaanil ell. jii. pii. dii makalukku ethiraana paagupaadu paravalaaka ullathu. kadantha sila aandugalil, moontru paththirigaiyaalarkal kollappattanar mattrum sarvadesa manitha urimai amaippugalaal niyaayamattrathu endru vivarikkapatta soathanaigalil pala vazhakkuth thodarappattana. paththirikaiyaalarkalaip paathukaakkum kuzhuvin koottruppadi, 2015 aam aandil iroappaavil adhiga ennikkaiyilaana paththirigaiyaalarkal siraiyil adaikkappattanar, maelum eeraan mattrum seenaavai vida ulagin 5 vadhu adhiga thanikkai seiyappatta naadu idhu. ajarbaijaanil koovit-19 thottrunoayaip pattriya seithigalai veliyittatharkaaka sila mukkiyamaana paththirigaiyaalarkal kaithu seiyappattullanar. october 2015 ill oru sarvadesa podhu mannippu aaraaychchiyaalarin arikkai suttikkaattukirathu...kadantha sila aandugalaaka ajarbaijaanil manitha urimaigal kadumaiyaaga moasamadainththullana. thurathirshtavasamaaga ajarbaijan munneppoathum illaatha alavilaana adakkumuraiyudan vilagich sella anumathikkappattullar, maelum inththa seyalpaattil adhan sivil samoogaththai kittatthatta thudaitthuvittaar."naadu kuriththa podhu mannippu 2015/16 varudaanthira arikkai kooriyadhu"... arasiyal karutthu vaerupaadugalin thunburuththal thodarnthathu. manitha urimai amaippugalaal thangal paniyai meendum thodanga mudiyavillai. inththa aandin iruthiyil kurainthathu 18 manasaatchip kaithigal kavalil vaikappattanar. suyaatheena paththirigaiyaalarkal mattrum aarvalargalukku ethiraana pazhivaangkum nadavadikkaikal naattilum velinaattilum thodarnthana, athae neraththil avarkalin kudumba uruppinargalum thunburuththal mattrum kaithugalai ethirkondanar. sarvadesa manitha urimaigal kankaanippaalargal thadaiseiyappattu naattilirunthu veliyaettrappattanar. siththiravathai mattrum pira thavaraana nadaththai pattriya arikkaikal thodarnthana." "paathukaavalar" aepral 2017 ill "ajarbaijaan aalum uyaradukku mukiya iroappiyarkalukku panam seluththuvatharkum, aadambara porutkalai vaangkuvatharkum, olibuka british niruvanangalin network moolam panamoasadi panaththaiyum vazhangkuvatharkum oru ragasiya $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) thittatthai iyakkiyathu endru therivitthaar... kasindha tharavu, thodar manitha urimai meeralgal, muraiyaana oozhal mattrum thaerthalkalil moasadi seithathaaga kuttram saattappatta ajarbaijan thalaimai, 2012 muthal 2014 varai 16,000 kkum maerpatta maraimuga koduppanavugalaich seithathaaga kaattukirathu. inththa panaththil sila arasiyalvaathigal mattrum paththirikaiyaalarkalukkuch sentrana, idhu ajarbaijaan janathipathi ilham aliyevai vimarsikkum sarvadesa parapurai nadavadikkaiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu, maelum avarathu ennei valam niraintha naattin nermaraiyaana pimpaththai ookkuvikkavum."panaththin aathaaram oru maaruvaedam vazhiyaaga vanthathaal, anaitthu perunarkalum adhai arinthirunthanar endra karutthu ethuvum illai. vilayaattu. freestyle malyuththam paarambariyamaaga ajarbaijaan thaesiya vilaiyaattaaka karudhappadugiradhu, idhil ajarbaijan sarvadesa olympic kuzhuvil saernthathilirunthu naanku thangam udpada pathinaanku pathakkangkalai ventraar. tharpoothu, migavum pirabalamaana vilaiyaattukalil kaalpandhu mattrum malyuththam adangkum. kaalpandhu enbathu ajarbaijaanil migavum pirabalamaana vilaiyaattaakum, maelum 9,122 pathivu seiyappatta veerargalaik konda ajarbaijaan kaalpandhu koottamaippugalin sangam, naattin migapperiya vilayaattu sangamaagum. thaesiya kaalpandhu kilappugaludan oppidumpoathu sarvadesa arangkil oppeettalavil kuraindha seyalthiranai ajarbaijaan thaesiya kaalpandhu anii velippaduththukirathu. neftchi, karabagh mattrum kabala aagiyavai migavum vetrtrikaramaana ajarbaijani kaalpandhu kilapkal aagum. 2012 aam aandil, neftchi paagu oru iroappiya poattiyin kuzhu kattaththirku munnaeriya muthal ajarbaijani aniyaaga aanaar, 2012-13 uefa euroba leakin pilae-off suttril ottumoththamaaga cypressine abolai 4-2 endra cole kanakkil thoarkadiththaar. 2014 aam aandil, uefa euroba leakin kuzhu kattaththirku munnaerum irandaavathu ajarbaijani kilappaaga karaba maariyathu. 2017 aam aandil, uefa sampions leakin pilae-off suttril gobanheganai 2-2 (aee) thoarkadiththa piragu, karabagh kuzhu kattaththai ettiya muthal ajarbaijani kilappaaga aanaar. futsal enbathu ajarbaijaanil mattroru pirabalamaana vilaiyaattaakum. ajarbaijan thaesiya footsal anii 2010 uefa footsal saambiyanshippil naankaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu, athae neraththil ullnaattu kilap aras naksivan 2009-10 uefa footsal kooppai mattrum 2013-14 uefa footsal kooppaiyil venkalap pathakkangkalai ventraar. 2013/2014 mattrum 2014/2015 paruvangkalil spanish kaalpandhu kilap atletico dii matritin mukiya spaancharaaga ajarbaijan irunthaar, idhu" "ulagil ajarbaijaan pimpaththai ookkuvikka vaendum" "endru kilap vivarikkirathu". azerbaijan ulaga sathurangaththin paarambariya sakthivaaintha idangkalil ontraakum, idhu pala sarvadesa sathuranga poattikal mattrum poattikalai nadaththiyathu mattrum 2009,2013 mattrum 2017 aam aandugalil iroappiya anii sathuranga saambiyanship vetrtriyaalargalaaka maariyathu. naattin sathurangap palligalaich saerntha kurippidatthakka sathuranga veerargalil demore radajabov, shahriyar mammadarov, vladimir magoganov, wugar kashimov mattrum munnaal ulaga sathuranga saambiyanaana kaarii kasparov aagiyoar vilaiyaattil perum thaakkatthai aerpaduththiyullanar. naattin shamkir sathurangaththin thaayagam, oru vagai 22 nigazhvu mattrum ellah kaalaththilum miga uyarnththa mathippidappatta poattikalil ontraakum. ajarbaijani kalaachchaaraththilum backamman mukiya pangku vagikkirathu. inththa vilayaattu ajarbaijaanil migavum pirabalamaaga ullathu mattrum ulloor makkalidaiyae paravalaaka vilaiyaadappadukirathu. ajarbaijani nipunarkalaal uruvaakkappatta mattrum pakuppaaivu seiyappatta backamman vevvaeru maarupaadugal ullana. ajarbaijan magalir kaippandhu suuppar leak ulagin valuvaana magalir leekkugalil ontraakum. adhan magalir thaesiya anii 2005 iroappiya saambiyanshippil naankaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu. kadantha aandugalil, rabida paagu mattrum azerel paagu poantra kilappugal iroappiya kooppaikalil perum vetrtriyaip petrtrana. ajarbaijani kaippandhu veerargalil valeria corodenco, oksana barkhomenco, inessa corkmass, nadalia mammadova mattrum allah hasanova poantravarkal adangkuvar. mattra ajarbaijan vilayaattu veerargal naamik abdullayev, tokhrul askarov, rovshan pairamov, sharif sharifov, maria statnik mattrum malyuththaththil forrit mansurov, nasim husainov, elnoor mamdley, elgaon maamdoavum judovil rustom orujovum, karaaththaevil rafael agaayaev, macometrasul majidav mattrum kuththuchandaiyil akasi mamdav, olympic paluthookkuthalil nizami bashayev, baankraeshanil aasad askarov, kick baxingle edward mamdavov mattrum kae-1 fiter jabit samedov aavar. ajarbaijan juun 2012 ill uruvaakkappatta oru farmula onn rays-trackaik kondullathu, maelum naadu adhan muthal farmula onn grand brixai juun 19,2016 andru nadaththiyathu mattrum 2017,2018,2019,2021 mattrum 2022 aam aandugalil ajarbaijan grand brics. naattil nadaiperum pira varudaanthira vilayaattu nigazhvugal paagu kooppai dennis poatti mattrum door dii 'ajarbaijan cycle oottam aagum. azerbaijan 2000 kalin pirpaguthiyil irunthu pala mukiya vilayaattu poattikalai nadaththiyathu, idhil 2013 eff 1 powerpoat ulaga saambiyanship, 2012 fifa yuu-17 magalir ulagak kooppai, 2011 ayba ulaga kuththuchandai saambiyanship, 2010 iroappiya malyuththa saambiyanship, 2009 thaala gymnastics iroappiya saambiyanship, 2014 iroappiya takewando saambiyanship, 2014 thaala gymnastics iroappiya saambiyanship mattrum 2016 ulaga sathuranga olympiat aagiyavai adangkum. disambar 8,2012 andru, 2015 iroappiya vilaiyaattukalai nadaththa paagu thernthedukkappattaar, idhu poattiyin varalaattril nadaipettra muthal poattiyaagum. 2017 aam aandil naankaavathu islaamiya ottrumai vilaiyaattukal mattrum 2019 iroappiya ilaignar koadai olympic thiruvizhaavaiyum paagu nadaththiyathu, maelum idhu uefa euro 2020 inn thoguppaalargalil ontraakum, idhu koovit-19 kaaranamaaga 2021 ill nadaiperukirathu.

azerbaijan azerbaijan (,,), adhikarikamga azerbaijan ganatantram, thoorpu airopa mariyu paschima asea sarihaddulo unna oka khandantara desham. idhi dakshina caucasus praantamloo oka bhaagam mariyu thoorpuna caspian samudram, uttaraana russia (dagestan republic), vaayuvyamlo georgia, paschimaana armenia mariyu turkey mariyu dakshinaana iraan sarihaddulugaa undhi. baaku rajadhani mariyu atipedda nagaram. azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantram 1918loe transcacasian prajaasvaamya samakhya ganatantram nundi swaatantryam prakatinchi, modati loukika prajaasvaamya muslim-majority rashtramgaa maarindi. 1920loe, desham soviet unionlo azerbaijan ssrga vileenam cheyabadindi. aadhunika azerbaijan ganatantram 1991 augustu 30naa, adhe samvatsaramlo soviet union raddu kaavadaaniki kontakaalam mundu, thana swaatantryaanni prakatinchindi. 1991 septembarulo, nagorno-karabakh praantamlooni armenian jaathi majority swayam prakatita republic off artsakhnu erpaatu chesindi. eee praantam mariyu chuttupakkala unna edu jillaalu antarjaateeyamgaa azerbaijaanlo bhaagamgaa gurtinchabaddaayi, 1994loe modati nagorno-karabakh yuddham mugiyadamtho "vaastavamgaa" swatantramgaa marinappatiki, oessee dwara sulabhataram cheyabadina charchala dwara nagorno-karabakh sthithiki parishkaram pendinglo undhi. 2020loe rendava nagorno-karabakh yuddham taruvaata, edu jillaalu mariyu nagorno-karabakh yokka bhagalu azerbaijani niyantranaku tirigi vachayi. azerbaijan oka ekikruta pakshika-adhyaksha ganatantram. idhi aaru swatantra turkic rashtraalalo okati mariyu turkic rashtraalu mariyu turkoy samajam yokka samsthalo churukaina sabhyuralu. azerbaijanku 182 deshaalatho dautya sambandhaalu unnaayi mariyu united nations, council off eurup, aleena udyamam, oessee, naato pfp prograamtho sahaa 38 antarjaateeya samsthalalo sabhyatvaanni kaligi undhi. idhi gwam, sis mariyu opisidableu vyavasthaapaka sabhyulalo okati. azerbaijan kooda doublutio yokka pariseelakudi sthithi. dhesha janabhalo atyadhikulu (97 saatam) namamatramga muslimlu, conny rajyangam adhikaarika mataanni prakatinchaledu mariyu desamloni anni pradhana raajakeeya saktulu loukikavaadulu. azerbaijan abhivruddhi chendutunna desham mariyu maanava abhivruddhi soochikalo 91va sthaanamlo undhi. idhi adhika aardhika abhivruddhi, aksharaasyata mariyu takkuva nirudyogita retunu kaligi undhi. ayithe, 1993 nundi adhikaaramlo unna kotta azerbaijan party, haydar aliyev mariyu athani kumarudu ilham aliyev naayakatvamlo niyantrutva naayakatvaanni kaligi undani, poura swechchalapai, mukhyamgaa patrika swechcha mariyu raajakeeya anachivetapai perugutunna aankshalato sahaa dhesha maanava hakkula rikaardunu digajaarchindani aaropinchabadindi. vyutpatti. aadhunika vyutpatti prakaram, "azerbaijan" anae padam "atropates" nundi vachindi, idhi acamenid saamrajyam krinda oka pertian satrap, taruvaata alegzander dhi grate aadhvaryamlo media yokka satrapga punaruddharinchabadindi. eee paeru yokka asalu vyutpatti daani muulaalanu okappudu prabalamaina jorastrianismlo kaligi undani bhaavistunnaaru. avesta yokka "fravardin yash" ("samrakshaka devatalaku shlokam") loe, oka prastaavana undhi, idhi aksharala avestan nundi "memu pavitra atropatin yokka fraavaashini poojistaamu" anie anuvadistundi. atropates" anae paeru oka paatha iranian yokka greeku lipyantareekarana, bahusha madhyastha, "(pavitra) agni dwara rakshinchabadina" ledhaa "(pavitra) agni bhoomi" anae ardhamtho sammelanam cheyabadina paeru. greeku paerunu diodorus seculus mariyu strabo prastaavinchaaru. sahasraabdula kaalamlo, paeru (madhya pertian), taruvaata, (kotta pertian) mariyu prastuta "azerbaijan" gaa maarindi. 1918loe russian saamrajyam patanam taruvaata, swatantra azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantram sthaapinchabadinappudu, musawat prabhutvam prastuta azerbaijan ganatantra praantaaniki "azerbaijan" anae paerunu modatisaarigaa sweekarinchindi. appati varaku, eee hodha samakaaleena vaayuvya iraan prakkane unna praantaanni gurtinchadaaniki pratyaekamgaa upayoginchabadindi, ayithe azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantra praantaanni gatamlo "arrange" mariyu "shirwan" anie pilicheevaaru. aaa praatipadikana iraan kottagaa sweekarinchina dhesha paerunu vyatirekinchindi. soviet paalanalo, eee desham kooda russian lipyantareekarana nundi laatinlo '()' gaa vraayabadindi. 1940 nundi 1991 varaku desham paerunu syrillic lipilo 'anie kooda vraayabadindi. charitra. praacheena kaalam. azerbaijan bhoobhaagamlo maanava sthaavaraaniki sambandhinchina mottamodati aadharalu raathi yugam chivari nativi mariyu ajaik guha yokka guruche samskrutiki sambandhinchinavi. cree. puu. 9va sataabdamloo prarambha sthaavaraalalo skythiyanlu undevaaru. skythianla taruvaata, iranian medes aras nadiki dakshinaana unna praantamloo aadhipatyam chelaayinchadaaniki vacchaaru. kristupurvam 900 mariyu 700 madhya medes vistaaramaina saamrajyaanni yerparacharu, idhi kristupurvam 550 chuttoo acamenid saamrajyamlo vileenam cheyabadindi. eee praantaanni acamenids swaadheenam chesukuni zoroastrianism vyaaptiki daariteesindi. sassanid kaalam nundi safavid kaalam varaku. sasanian saamrajyam 252loe caucassian albania saamanta raajyamgaa maarchindi, ayithe raaju arnair 4va sataabdamloo kraistava mataanni adhikarikamga rashtra matamgaa sweekarinchaadu. sussanid paalana unnappatikee, 9va sataabdam varaku albania eee praantamloo oka samsthagaa undipoyindi, ayithe sussanid iraanku puurtigaa adheenamlo undi, daani racharikanni nilupukundi. sasanian chakravarthy yokka pradhana saamantulalo okarigaa unnappatikee, albanian rajuku adhikaram yokka poolika matrame undedi, mariyu sasanian marzban (sainika governor) chaalaa poura, mataparamaina mariyu sainika adhikaranni kaligi undevaaru. 7va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo, cassian albania, sasanianla saamantulugaa, pertia muslimla vijayam kaaranamgaa naamamaatrapu muslim paalanaloki vachindi. 667loe javanshir raaju netrutvamloni kraistava pratighatana anachiveyabadina taruvaata, umayyad khalifa dakshina caucasus nundi sasanianlu mariyu byzantinelu iddarinee tippikotti, caucassian albania saamanta raajyamgaa maarchindi. abasid khalifa ksheenata dwara migilipoyina shoonyata valla sallarids, sajidlu mariyu shaddadids vanti aneka sthaanika raajavamsaalu nimpabaddayi. 11va sataabdam praarambhamlo, eee bhoobhaganni kramamga madhya asea nundi oghuj turkla alalu swaadheenam chesukunnayi, vaaru aaa samayamlo oka turcoman jaathi namanni sweekarinchaaru. eee turkic raajavamsaalalo modatidi seljuk saamrajyam, idhi 1067 natiki ippudu azerbaijan anie piluvabade praantamloki pravesinchindi. aadhunika azerbaijan bhoobhaagamlo nivasinchina puurva-turkic janabha aneka indo-european mariyu caucassian bhashalanu matladevaru, vaatilo armenian mariyu oka iranian bhasha, paatha ajeri, kramamga turkic bhaashatho bharti cheyabadindi, idhi neti azerbaijani bhashaku puurvagaami. kontamandi bhaashaavettalu kooda iranian azerbaijan mariyu azerbaijan republic yokka totty maandalikaalu, tots matlade vaati maadirigaane, paatha ajeri nundi vachayani paerkonnaaru. sthaanikamgaa, tadupari seljuk saamrajyam yokka aastulanu eldiguzids, saanketikamgaa seljuk sultanla saamantulu paripaalinchaaru, conny konnisaarlu "vaastava" paalakulu kooda paalinchaaru. seljukla aadhvaryamlo, nizami ganjavi mariyu khakani vanti sthaanika kavulu prastuta azerbaijan bhoobhaagamlo pertian saahityam vikasinchadaaniki daariteesaaru. shirvanshala sthaanika raajavamsam taimur saamrajyam yokka saamanta raajyamgaa maarindi mariyu bangaaru gumpu tokhtamish paalakuditho athani yuddhamlo ataniki sahayam chesindi. taimur maranam taruvaata, rendu swatantra mariyu pratyarthi rashtraalu udbhavinchaayih kaaraa koyunlu mariyu akk koyunalu. shirwanshalu tirigi vacchi, aneka sataabdaala paatu sthaanika paalakulu mariyu saamantulugaa adhika sthaayi svayampratipattini konasaaginchaaru, vaaru 861 nundi chesinatlugaa. 1501loe, iraan yokka safavid raajavamsam shirvaanshaalanu longadeesukuni daani aastulanu pondindi. taruvaati sataabdamloo, safavidlu gatamlo unna sunni janabhanu shiya islanga marcharu, vaaru aadhunika iraanlooni janaabhaato chesinatlugaa. safavidlu 1538 varaku, safavid raaju tahmasp (r. 1524-1576) vaarini puurtigaa tolaginchi, aaa praantaanni safavid provins off shirwanga marcharu. ottoman-safavid yuddham phalitamgaa sunni ottomanlu prastuta ajarbaijaanloni konni bhaagaalanu kluptamgaa aakraminchagaligaaru; 17va sataabdam praarambhamlo, vaarini safavidan palakudu abbas I (r. 1588-1629). safavid saamrajyam patanam nepathyamlo, baaku mariyu daani parisaraalanu russia-pertian yuddham phalitamgaa russia prajalu kluptamgaa aakramincharu. safavid iraan yokka porugu pratyarthulu vanti kluptamgaa madhyavartitvam unnappatikee, nedu azerbaijan bhoomi 19va sataabdam varaku safavidla prarambham nundi iranian paalanalo undipoyindi. aadhunika charitra. safavidla taruvaata, eee praantaanni iranian afsharid raajavamsam paalinchindi. nather shaa maranam taruvaata (aarr. 1736-1747), athani puurva prajalalo chaalaa mandhi asthirata visphotanaanni pettubadiga teesukunnaru. eee praantamloo vividha rakaala swayampratipatti kaligina aneka swayam-paalaka khanetlu udbhavinchaayi. eee khanatla paalakulu iraan paalaka raajavamsaalaku neerugaa sambandhinchinavaaru mariyu iranian shaaku saamantulu mariyu pourulu. madhya asea mariyu paschima praantaala madhya antarjaateeya vaanijya maargaala dwara khanetlu tama vyavaharalapai niyantrananu pradarsinchaaru. aaa taruvaata, eee praantam iranian jands mariyu kajarla varusa paalanalo undedi. 18va sataabdam chivari nundi, saamraajya russia thana rendu poruguvaaru mariyu dakshinaana prathyarthulaina iraan mariyu ottoman saamrajyam vaipu marinta dookudugaa bhougolika-raajakeeya vaikhariki maarindi. russia ippudu chaalaa varaku iraan chetilo unna caucasus praantaanni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki churukuga prayatninchindi. 1804loe, rashyanlu iranian pattanam ganja meeda daadi chesi, daanini dhvamsam chesi, russia-pertian yuddhaaniki naandi palikaru. sainikaparamgaa unnatamaina rashyanlu russia-pertian yuddhamaina idi1nuu vijayamtho muginchaaru. 1804-1813 yuddhamlo kazar iraan otami taruvaata, gulistan oppandam prakaram, georgia mariyu dagestantho paatu chaalaa khanetlapai aadhipatyaanni russian saamraajyaaniki appaginchaalsi vachindi. 19va sataabdamloo russia aakraminche varaku, aras nadiki uttaraana unna praantam, veetilo samakaaleena azerbaijan ganatantram bhuubhaagam, iranian bhoobhagamgaa undedi. sumaru oka dasaabdam taruvaata, gulistan oppandaanni ullanghinchi, rashyanlu iraan yokka erivan khanet meeda daadi chesaaru. idhi iddari madhya chivari satrutvaaniki daariteesindi, ruso-pertian yuddham, phalitamgaa turkmenchai oppandam, kazar iranunu erivan khanet, nakhchivan khanet mariyu migilina talish khanet meeda saarvabhoumaadhikaaraanni vadulukovalasi vachindi, samakaaleena azerbaijani republic yokka naela yokka chivari bhagalu ippatikee iranian chetullo unnaayi. iraan nundi rashyaaloki anni caucassian bhuubhaagaalanu vileenam chesina taruvaata, rendinti madhya kotta sarihaddu aras nadhi vadda erpaatu cheyabadindi, idhi soviet union vichchinnam ayina taruvaata, iraan mariyu azerbaijan republic madhya sarihaddulo bhaagamaindi. 19va sataabdamloo kazar iraan thana caucassian bhuubhaagaalanu russiaku appaginchavalasi vachindi, dheenilo aadhunika azerbaijan republic bhuubhaagam kooda undhi, ayithe aaa session phalitamgaa, azerbaijani jaathi samuuham eee rojullo rendu deshaala madhya vidipoyindih iraan mariyu azerbaijan. 19va sataabdam antataa, russia swaadheenam unnappatikee, irani samskruti, saahityam mariyu bhaashatho nimagnamai, russia aadheenamlo unna nagaralaina baaku, ganja mariyu tifflis (tbilisi, ippudu georgia) looni shiya mariyu sunni medhaavulalo vistrutamgaa undipoyindi. adhe sataabdamloo, iranian anantara russia aadheenamlo unna thoorpu kakasialo, 19va sataabdam chivarilo azerbaijani jaateeya gurtimpu udbhavinchindi. modati prapancha yuddhamlo russian saamrajyam patanam taruvaata, swalpakaalika transcoccasian prajaasvaamya samakhya ganatantram prakatinchabadindi, idhi prastuta azerbaijan, georgia mariyu armeniyaala ganatantraalanu yerparustundi. dheeni taruvaata 1918 marchi 30 mariyu april 2 madhya baaku nagaramlo mariyu russian saamrajyam yokka baaku governorate prakkane unna praantaalalo marchi rojula saamuuhika hatyalu jarigaayi. 1918 maeloe ganatantram raddu ayinappudu, pramukha musawat party kotta ganatantram kosam "azerbaijan" paerunu sweekarinchi, azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantram (adr) gaa swaatantryam prakatinchindi; adr prakatanaku mundu samakaaleena iraan yokka prakkane unna vaayuvya praantaanni suuchimchadaaniki matrame eee paerunu upayoginchaaru. muslim prapanchamlo modati aadhunika parliamentary republic aadr. paarlamentu saadhinchina mukhyamaina vijayalalo mahilalaku ootu hakkunu podiginchadam, purushulatho samaana raajakeeya hakkulanu mahilalaku manjuru chesina modati muslim desamgaa azerbaijan nilichindi. aadr yokka maroka mukhyamaina saaphalyam baaku rashtra vishwavidyaalayam sthaapana, idhi muslim thoorpuna sthaapinchabadina modati aadhunika-rakam vishwavidyaalayam. 1920 marchi natiki soviet russia bakupai daadi chestundani spashtamaindi. soviet russia baaku chamuru lekunda manugada saaginchalekapovadamto dandayaatra samarthinchabadindani vladimir lenin annaru. bolshevik 11va soviet erra sainyam daanipai daadi chesi, 1920 april 28naa azerbaijan ssrnu sthaapinche varaku swatantra azerbaijan 23 nelalu matrame konasaagindi. kottagaa erpadina azerbaijani sainyamlo ekkuva bhaagam karaabakhlo appude chelaregina armenian tirugubaatunu anichivesenduku nimagnamainappatiki, azerbaijanis tama sankshipta swaatantryam ayina idi1nii twaragaa ledhaa sulabhamgaa longadeesukoledu. 20, 000 mandhi azerbaijani sainikulu samarthavantamgaa russian punah vijayamnu pratighatistuu maraninchaaru. taruvaati prarambha soviet kaalamlo, azerbaijani jaateeya gurtimpu chivaraku nakilee cheyabadindi. 1921 aktobaru 13naa russia, armenia, azerbaijan mariyu georgia soviet republics turkeytho cars oppandam anie piluvabade oppandampai santakam chesaayi. gatamlo swatantramgaa unna aras ganatantram kooda curse oppandam dwara azerbaijan ssr paridhiloo nakhchivan swayampratipatti kaligina soviet saamyavaada ganatantramgaa maarindi. marovaipu, armeniyaaku jangejur praantam labhinchindi mariyu turkey gumreeni (appudu alegzandropol anie piluvabade) tirigi ivvadaaniki angeekarinchindi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, soviet union yokka vyuuhaatmaka indhana vidhaanamlo azerbaijan keelaka paatra pooshinchindi, thoorpu frontlo soviet union yokka chamurulo 80 saatam baaku dwara sarafara cheyabadindi. 1942 fibravarilo yuu. ess. ess. aarr yokka sarvonnata soviet decree dwara, azerbaijan yokka chamuru parisramaku chendina 500 mandiki paiga kaarmikulu mariyu udyogula nibaddhataku aadesaalu mariyu patakaalu pradaanam cheyabaddaayi. ussr yokka shakti (petrolium) dynamoga daani praamukhyata kaaranamgaa german vehrmacht lakshyamgaa pettukunna operation edelvis baakunu nirvahinchindi. 1941 nundi 1945 varaku rendava prapancha yuddhamlo pooraadina mottam ajarbaijaanilalo aidava vanthu. sumaru 681,000 mandhi mahilalu, vaarilo 100,000 mandiki paiga mahilalu, mundu bhaagaaniki vellaaru, ayithe aaa samayamlo azerbaijan mottam janabha 3.4 millionlu. azerbaijanku chendina sumaru 250,000 mandhi prajalu mundu bhaagamlo champabaddaru. 130 kante ekkuva mandhi ajarbaijaanilanu soviet union nayakulu anie pilicharu. azerbaijani majer-general ajii aslanov rendusaarlu soviet union yokka heero avaardu andukunnaru. swaatantryam. mikhail gorbachev praarambhinchina "glassnost" rajakeeyaala taruvaata, soviet unionloni vividha praantaalalo poura ashanti mariyu jaathi kalahalu perigayi, veetilo azerbaijan ssr yokka swayampratipatti kaligina praantamaina nagorno-karabakh kooda undhi. appatike teevramaina sangharshana patla masco yokka udaaseenataku pratispandanagaa azerbaijaanlo allarlu, swaatantryam mariyu vaerpaatuku pilupulaku daariteesaayi, idhi baakulo block janavari sanghatanalalo mugisindi. taruvaata 1990loe, azerbaijan ssr yokka atyunnata mandali "soviet socialist" anae padaalanu sheershika nundi tolaginchindi, "azerbaijan republic yokka saarvabhoumatva prakatana" nuu sweekarinchindi mariyu azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantra jendaanu rashtra jendaga punaruddharinchindi. mascolo 1991 soviet tirugubaatu viphalamaina phalitamgaa, azerbaijan yokka atyunnata mandali 1991 aktobaru 18naa swaatantrya prakatnanu aamodinchindi, idhi 1991 decemberulo desavyaaptamgaa prajabhipraya sekarana dwara dhruvikarinchabadindi, ayithe soviet union adhikarikamga 1991 decemberu 26naa unikilo ledhu. desham ippudu october 18naa thana swaatantrya dinotsavaanni jarupukuntundi. swaatantryam vacchina prarambha samvatsaraalu armeniyaatho maddatu unna armenian majority nagorno-karabakh jaatito jarigina modati nagorno-karabakh yuddham valla kappiveyabaddaayi. 1994loe satrutvam mugise samayaniki, armeniyanlu nagorno-karabakh thoo sahaa azerbaijani bhoobhaagamlo 14-16 saatam varaku niyantrinchaaru. yuddha samayamlo molybaily mariyu gushchular vadda saamuuhika hatyakandalu, garadaghli oochakotha mariyu khojali saamuuhika hatyakandalu, baaku maranahomam, maraga oochakotha mariyu kirovabad maranahomam vanti aneka duraagataalaku, maaranahomamlaku irupakshaalu palpaddayi. inca, 30,000 mandhi prajalu champabaddaarani mariyu oka million kante ekkuva mandhi prajalu sthaanabhramsham chendaaru, 800,000 mandiki paiga ajarbaijaanilu mariyu 300,000 mandhi armeniyanlu. naalugu aikyaraajyasamiti bhadrata mandali teermaanaalu (822,853,874 mariyu 884) "azerbaijan yokka anni aakramita bhuubhaagaala nundi anni armenian dalaalanu takshaname upasamharinchukovaalani demand chesaayi."1990laloe chaalaa mandhi rashyanlu mariyu armeniyanlu saranaarthulugaa azerbaijan nundi paaripoyaaru. 1970 janabha lekkala prakaram, azerbaijaanlo 510,000 mandhi jaathi rashyanlu mariyu 484,000 mandhi armeniyanlu unnaaru. aliyev kutumba paalana, 1993-prastutam. 1993loe, prajasvaamyayutamgaa ennikaina adhyakshudu abulfaz elchibe kalnal surat hussenov netrutvamloni sainika tirugubaatu dwara padagottabaddadu, dheeni phalitamgaa soviet azerbaijan maajee nayakudu hether aliyev adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. 1994loe, suurat hussenov, aaa samayaniki pradhana mantri, hether aliyevku vyatiraekamgaa maroka sainika tirugubaatuku prayatninchaadu, kaani atanni arrestu chesi rajadroham abhiyogaalu moparu. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, 1995loe, aliyevku vyatiraekamgaa maroka tirugubaatu prayatnam jarigindi, esaari oman pratyeka vibhagam commander rovshan javadov chae cheyabadindi. tirugubaatu nivaarinchabadindi, phalitamgaa rendodi champabadindi mariyu azerbaijan yokka omon unitlu raddu cheyabaddaayi. adhe samayamlo, paalaka adhikara yantraamgamlo prabalamaina avineeti valla desham kalankitamaindi. october 1998loe, aliyev rendava saari tirigi ennikayyaaru. aardhika vyavastha chaalaa merugupadinappatiki, mukhyamgaa ajeri-chirag-guneshli chamuru kshetram mariyu shaa deniz gyaas feeled dopideetho, ennikala mosam, adhika sthaayi aardhika asamaanata mariyu desheeya avineeti kaaranamgaa aliyev adhyaksha padavi vimarsinchabadindi. hether aliyev kumarudu ilham aliyev, 2003loe thana tandri maraninchinappudu kotta azerbaijan paarteeki chairmanga, alaage azerbaijan adhyakshudiga ayyadu. athanu october 2013loe adhyakshudiga moodava saari tirigi ennikayyaadu. april 2018loe, adhyakshudu ilham aliyev pradhana pratipakshaalu bahishkarinchina ennikalaloo varusaga naalugosaari mosapurita ennikalanu saadhinchaadu. 27 september 2020naa, parishkarinchani nagorno-karabakh sangharshanhalo kotta gharshanalu nagorno-karabakh line off contact venta tirigi prarambhamayyayi. azerbaijan mariyu armeniyaaloni saayudha dalaalu rendoo sainika mariyu poura praananastaanni nivedinchaayi. nagorno-karabakh kaalpula viramana oppandam mariyu azerbaijan mariyu armeniyaala madhya aaru vaaraala yuddham mugimpu azerbaijaanlo vistrutamgaa jarupukunnaru, endukante avi gananeeyamaina praadaesika laabhaalanu saadhinchaayi. bhougolikam. bhougolikamgaa, azerbaijan eurasialoni dakshina caucasus praantamloo undhi, idhi paschima asea mariyu thoorpu airopalo vistarinchi undhi. idhi akshaamsaalu 38° mariyu 42° n, mariyu rekhaamsaalu 44° mariyu 51° e madhya untundi. azerbaijan yokka bhuu sarihaddula mottam podavu, veetilo armeniyaatho, iranto, georgiatho 480 kilometres, rashyaatho mariyu turkeytho unnaayi. teerapraantam vistarinchi undhi, mariyu caspian samudramloni azerbaijani vibhagam yokka vedalpu praantam yokka podavu. desamlo bhoopariveshtita exclave, nakhchivan swayampratipatti kaligina ganatantram undhi. moodu bhouthika lakshanaalu azerbaijaanlo aadhipatyam chelayistayih caspian samudram, dheeni teeram thoorpuna sahaja sarihaddunu yerparustundi; uttaraana ekkuva caucasus parvata shreni; mariyu desham madhyalo vistrutamaina chadunaina bhoomulu. moodu parvata shrenulu kooda unnaayi, pedda mariyu takkuva caucasus, mariyu tollish parvataalu, kalisi desamlo sumaru 40 saatam vistarinchi unnaayi. azerbaijan yokka ettaina sikharam mount bazarduzu, ayithe atyalpa sthaanam caspian samudramlo undhi. bhoomipai unna matti agniparvataalalo daadaapu sagam azerbaijaanlo kendrikrutamai unnaayi, eee agniparvataalu kooda prakruti yokka kotta 7 adbhutaalaku naamineelalo unnaayi. pradhana neeti vanarulu uparitala jalaalu. 8, 350 nadulalo 24 matrame podavu kante ekkuva. anni nadulu deshaaniki thoorpuna unna caspian samudramloki pravahistaayi. atipedda sarassu sarassu, mariyu athi podavaina nadhi kurr, idhi armeniyaatho sarihaddu daati untundi. azerbaijaanlo caspian samudram vembadi aneka dveepaalu unnaayi, ivi ekkuvagaa baaku dveepasamoohamlo unnaayi. 1991loe azerbaijan swaatantryam vachinappati nundi, azerbaijan prabhutvam azerbaijan paryaavaranaanni parirakshinchadaaniki charyalu teesukundi. baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline andinchina kotta aadaayaala kaaranamgaa rashtra budget perigina 2001 taruvaata paryaavarana jaateeya rakshana vegavantamaindi. naalugu samvatsaraalalo, rakshita praantaalu rettimpu ayyayi mariyu ippudu dhesha bhoobhaagamlo enimidi saatam unnaayi. 2001 nundi prabhutvam edu pedda nilvalanu erpaatu chesindi mariyu paryaavarana parirakshana kosam ketaayinchina budget rangaanni daadaapu rettimpu chesindi. prakruti drushyam. azerbaijan aneka rakaala prakruti drushyaalaku nilayam. azerbaijan bhoobhaagamlo sagaaniki paiga parvata sikharaalu, sikharaalu, ettaina praantaalu mariyu peethabhoomulu unnaayi, ivi 400-1000 meterla (madhya mariyu diguva lothattu praantaalatoo sahaa) hypesometric sthaayila varaku, konni pradaesaalaloo (talis, jeyranchol-ajinohar mariyu langabiz-alath forenges) 100-120 meterla varaku, mariyu itarulu 0-50 meterla nundi mariyu paiki (cobustan, abseran) varaku untaayi. azerbaijan yokka migilina bhuubhaagam maidaanaalu mariyu lothattu praantaalanu kaligi undhi. caucasus praantamloo hypesometric gurtulu caspian samudra teeram vadda −28 meterla nundi 4,466 meterla (bazarduzu sikharam) varaku maarutuu untaayi. azerbaijaanlo vaataavaranam erpadatam mukhyamgaa scandinavian anticyclone yokka challani arctic gaali dravyarashi, cyberian anticyclone yokka samasheetoshna gaali dravyarashi mariyu central asean anticyclone dwara prabhaavitamavutundi. azerbaijan yokka vaividhyamaina prakruti drushyam vaayu dravyarashi desamloki pravesinche maargaalanu prabhaavitam chestundi. grater caucasus uttara nundi vachhe challani gaali dravyarashi yokka pratyaksha prabhaavaala nundi deshaanni rakshistundi. idhi desamloni chaalaa parvataalu mariyu maidaanaalalo upaushnamandala vaataavaranam erpadataaniki daariteestundi. intalo, maidaanaalu mariyu parvataalu adhika soura vikiranam raetlu kaligi untaayi. ippatike unna padakondu vaataavarana mandalaalo tommidi azerbaijaanlo unnaayi. nakhchivan swayampratipatti kaligina ganatantramloni zulfa mariyu ardubad praantaalalo sampoorna kaneesa ushnograta () mariyu sampoorna garishta ushnograta rendoo gamaninchabaddaayi. garishta vaarshika varshapaatam lankaran () loe mariyu kaneesa varshapaatam absheran () loe vastundi. nadulu mariyu sarassulu azerbaijan yokka neeti vyavasthalalo pradhana bhaagamgaa unnaayi, avi sudeergha bhougolika kaalaparimitilo erpaddaayi mariyu aaa kaalamlo gananeeyamgaa marai. idhi mukhyamgaa desavyaaptamgaa kanipinche puraatana nadula avasheshaala dwara rujuvu cheyabadindi. sahaja saktulu mariyu maanava-pravesapettina paarisraamika karyakalapala prabhaavamtho dhesha neeti vyavasthalu nirantaram maarutunnaayi. krutrima nadulu (kaaluvalu) mariyu cheruvulu azerbaijan neeti vyavasthalalo oka bhaagam. neeti sarafara paramgaa, azerbaijan chadarapu kilometeruku sumaru samvatsaraaniki neeti sagatu kante takkuvagaa undhi. anni pedda neeti jalaasayaalu kurr meeda nirminchabaddaayi. azerbaijan yokka hydrography praathamikamgaa caspian samudra pareevaahaka praantaaniki chendinadi. kuraa mariyu aras ajarbaijaanloni pradhana nadulu. vaaru kuraa-aras lothattu praantam gundaa nadustaaru. caspian samudramloki neerugaa pravahinche nadulu, pradhanamgaa pradhana caucasus mariyu talish parvataala eshaanya vaalu nundi udbhavinchi, samoor-devechi mariyu lankaran lothattu praantaala venta pravahistaayi. mandutunna parvatam" gaa anuvadinchabadina yanar daag, baaku sameepamloni caspian samudramloni absheran dveepakalpamloni kondapai nirantaram mantalu chelarege sahaja vayuvu agni, dheenini "agni bhoomi" anie pilustaaru."oka sannani, randhraala isukaraayi pora nundi gaaliloki mantalu jett avtayi. idhi baaku praantaaniki sandarsakulaku paryataka aakarshana. jeevavaividhyam. azerbaijaanlo janthu jeevitam yokka goppatanaanni mariyu vaividhyaanni gurinchina modati nivedikalanu thoorpu prayaanikula prayaana gamanikalalo chudavachu. nirmaana smaaraka chihnalu, puraatana raallu mariyu raallapai jantuvula chekkadalu prastuta kaalam varaku manugada saaginchaayi. azerbaijan yokka vrukshajaalam mariyu jantujaalampai modati samacharam 17va sataabdamloo prakruti saastravettalu azerbaijan sandarsana samayamlo sekarinchabadindi. 106 jaatula ksheeradaalu, 97 jaatula chepalu, 363 jaatula pakshulu, 10 jaatula ubhayacharaalu mariyu 52 jaatula sareesrupaalu unnaayi, ivi azerbaijaanlo namodu cheyabaddaayi mariyu vargeekarinchabaddaayi. azerbaijan jaateeya jantuvu karabakh gurram, idhi parvata-gaddi pandem mariyu azerbaijanku sthaanikamaina gurrapu swarry. karabakh gurram daani manchi swabhaavam, vegam, chakkadanam mariyu telivitaetalaku prasiddhi chendindi. idhi puraatana jaatulalo okati, puraatana prapanchaaniki chendina puurveekulu, conny nedu gurram antarinchipothunna jaathi. azerbaijan vrukshajaalamlo 4,500 kante ekkuva jaatula unnata mokkalu unnaayi. ajarbaijaanloni pratyaekamaina vaataavaranam kaaranamgaa, dakshina caucasus looni itara ganatantraala vrukshajaalam kante eee vrukshajaalam jaatula sankhyalo chaalaa samruddhiga undhi. mottam kaakasaslo perugutunna jaatulalo 66 saatam azerbaijaanlo kanipistaayi. desham naalugu paryaavarana praantaalalo undih caspian hierconian mishrama adavulu, caucasus mishrama adavulu, thoorpu anatolian montaine gaddi neelalu mariyu azerbaijan podha edaari mariyu gaddi neelalu. azerbaijan 2018 atavee prakruti drushya samagrata suuchika sagatu skoru 6.55/10 kaligi undhi, idhi 172 deshaalalo prapanchavyaaptamgaa 72va sthaanamlo undhi. prabhutvam mariyu rajakeeyaalu. 1995 november 12naa kotta raajyaamgaanni aamodinchadam dwara azerbaijan raajakeeya vyavastha yokka nirmaanaatmaka nirmaanam puurtayimdi. raajyaangamlooni artical 23 prakaram, azerbaijan republic yokka rashtra chihnalu genda, kotu off arms mariyu jaateeya geetam. azerbaijaanlo rashtra adhikaram antargata samasyalaku matrame chattam dwara parimitam cheyabadindi, conny antarjaateeya vyavaharalu kooda antarjaateeya oppandaala nibandhanala dwara parimitam cheyabaddaayi. azerbaijan rajyangam idhi karyanirvahaka, saasana mariyu nyaya-adhikaaramlooni moodu shaakhalatho kuudina adhyaksha ganatantram anie perkondi. saasana adhikaram ekasabha jaateeya assembly mariyu nakhchivan swayampratipatti ganatantramlo atyunnata jaateeya assembleaki undhi. millie majlis anie piluvabade azerbaijan paarlamentulo majority ootu aadhaaramgaa ennikaina 125 mandhi pratinidhulu untaaru, prati ennikaina sabhyuniki aidella padaveekaalam untundi. prati aidellaku okasari, november modati aadivaaram naadu ennikalu jarugutaayi. prabhutvam erpaatuku paarlamentu baadhyata vahinchadu, conny raajyaamgaaniki millie majlis dwara mantrula mantrivargam aamodam avasaram. kotta azerbaijan party, mariyu paalaka prabhutvaaniki vidheyata kaligina swatantrulu, prastutam paarlamentu yokka 125 seetlalo daadaapu annintinee kaligi unnaaru. 2010 parliamentary ennikala samayamlo, pratipaksha paarteelu, musawat mariyu azerbaijani pramukha front party okka seetunu kooda geluchukovadamlo viphalamayyayi. european pariseelakulu ennikalaku mundu mariyu ennikala rojuna aneka avakatavakalu kanugonnaru. karyanirvahaka adhikaram adhyakshudu chetha nirvahinchabadutundi, athanu pratyaksha ennikala dwara edu samvatsaraala kaalaaniki ennikavutaaru, mariyu pradhana mantri. adhyakshudu, jaateeya assembly rendintikee javaabudaareegaa unde saamuuhika karyanirvahaka samstha ayina cabinetnu erpaatu cheyadaaniki adhyakshudiki adhikaram undhi. azerbaijan mantrivargamlo pradhanamgaa pradhana mantri, athani sahayakulu mariyu mantrulu untaaru. azerbaijan yokka 8va prabhutvam daani prastuta erpaatulo paripalana. jaateeya assembleeni raddu chese hakku adhyakshudiki ledhu, conny daani nirnayaalanu raddu chese hakku undhi. adhyaksha veetoni adhigaminchadaaniki, paarlamentuku 95 otla majority undaali. nyaya adhikaram rajyanga nyayasthaanam, sarvonnata nyayasthaanam mariyu aardhika nyaayasthaanamlo undhi. eee nyaayasthaanaalalo rashtrapati nyaayamuurtulanu nominate chestaaru. european commission pharr dhi efficiency off justice (cepeg) nivedika kotta nyaayamuurtula empikapai azerbaijani nyaya namuunaanu uttama abhyasamga suuchistumdi, idhi kotta prajaswamyamlo nyaayavyavastha yokka swaatantryam mariyu naanhyatanu nirdhaarinche disagaa pratyeka lakshanaalanu mariyu abhivruddhini pratibimbistumdi. azerbaijan yokka paripalana vyavasthanu namamatramga rendu anchela paalana anie pilustaaru. prabhutvamloni atyunnata ledhaa atyunnata sthaayi adhyakshudu netrutvamloni karyanirvahaka adhikaram. rashtrapati mantrula mantrivargaanni mariyu itara unnata sthaayi adhikaarulanu niyamistaaru. sthaanika karyanirvahaka adhikaram kevalam karyanirvahaka adhikaram yokka konasagimpu matrame. sthaanika karyanirvahaka adhikaram (yerley ikra hakimiyati) paie azerbaijaanlo sthaanika rashtra paripalana yokka chattaparamaina sthithini eee nibandhana nirnayistundi, dheenini 16 juun 1999naa sweekarinchaaru. juun 2012loe, adhyakshudu kotta niyantrananu aamodinchaaru, idhi sthaanika karyanirvahaka adhikaarulaku adanapu adhikaaraalanu manjuru chesindi, azerbaijan yokka sthaanika vyavaharalalo vaari aadhipatya sthaanaanni balopetam chesindi, azerbaijan republic raajyaangamlooni 9va adhyayam sthaanika swayam-prabhutvamloni pradhana samasyalanu parishkaristundi, veetilo purapalaka sanghaala chattaparamaina sthithi, sthaanika swayam-prabhutva samsthala rakalu, vaari praathamika adhikaralu mariyu itara adhikaarika samsthalatho sambandhaalu vantivi unnaayi. paripalana yokka itara naamamaatrapu shreni munisipaalitiilu ("bjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj prastutam desavyaaptamgaa 1,607 purapalaka sanghaalu unnaayi. sthaanika prabhutva rangamlo purapalaka ennikala chattam mariyu purapalaka samsthala hodapai chattam modata aamodinchabaddaayi (2 juulai 1999). purapalaka sevapai chattam purapalaka udyogula karyakalapalu, vaari hakkulu, vidhulu, kaarmika paristhitulu mariyu saamaajika prayojanaalanu niyantristundi mariyu karyanirvahaka yantraangam yokka nirmaanam mariyu purapalaka seva yokka samsthanu vivaristundi. purapalaka sanghaala hodapai chattam purapalaka sanghaala paatra mariyu nirmaanaanni niyantristundi mariyu chattaparamaina mariyu aardhika swayampratipatti yokka rashtra haameelanu vivaristundi. saamaajika rakshana, saamaajika mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi mariyu sthaanika paryaavaranaaniki sambandhinchina purapalaka kaaryakramaala sweekarana mariyu amalupai chattam pratyeka shraddha chooputundi. bhadrata mandali anedi rashtrapati aadhvaryamlo charchinche samstha, mariyu athanu daanini rajyangam prakaram nirvahistaadu. idhi 10 april 1997naa sthaapinchabadindi. paripalana vibhagam rashtrapati karyalayamlo bhaagam kaadu, conny adhyakshudu mariyu athani karyalayam rendinti aardhika, saanketika mariyu aardhika karyakalapalanu nirvahistundi. aliyev raajakeeya kutumbam mariyu haydar aliyev sthaapinchina kotta azerbaijan party ("yenee azerbicon partiasi", yap) yokka deerghakaalika prabhavam kaaranamgaa, kontamandi raajakeeya saastravettalu azerbaijan raajakeeya vyavasthanu niyantrutvamgaa nirvachinchaaru. desham yokka moodava adhyakshudu, hether aliyev (1993 mariyu 2003 madhya padaviloe; athanu gatamlo 1969 mariyu 1982 madhya azerbaijan communist party modati karyadarshi, mariyu 1982 mariyu 1987 madhya soviet union yokka modati deputy premiere) athani kumarudu, nalgava mariyu prastuta adhyakshudu ilham aliyev, 2003loe vijayam saadhinchaadu. azerbaijan thana swaatantryam tirigi pondinappati nundi aneka ennikalanu nirvahinchinappatikii, prajaasvaamyamloni aneka adhikaarika samsthalanu kaligi unnappatikee, idhi 2022loe prapancha swechcha skorpai "uchitam kaadu" gaa vargeekarinchabadindi, athanu daanini "ekikruta nirankusa paalana" gaa paerkonnaadu. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, adhyakshudu aliyev mariyu prabhutva adhikaarulapai vimarsala kaaranamgaa pedda sankhyalo azerbaijani journalistlu, blaggerlu, nyaayavaadulu mariyu maanava hakkula kaaryakartalu bandhinchabaddaaru mariyu jailuku pampabaddaaru. 2015 septembarulo european paarlamentu aamodinchina oka teermaanam ajarbaijaannu "gatha padeellaloo eurasia antataa prajaasvaamya paalanalo atipedda ksheenatanu chavichusindi" anie varninchindi, alaage maanava hakkulapai deshamtho daani charchalu "gananeeyamaina purogati saadhinchaledu" anie perkondi."2016 marchi 17naa, azerbaijan adhyakshudu kontamandi engiolu raajakeeya khaideelugaa pariganinchina dozenuku paiga vyaktulanu kshamistuu oka decreepy santakam chesaaru. eee decreeni america rashtra vibhagam saanukuula charyaga swaagatinchindi. 2017 marchi 16naa maroka kshamabhiksha uttarvu santakam cheyabadindi, idhi raajakeeya khaideelugaa pariganinchabade adanapu vyaktulanu vidudala cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. videshaalalo daani kaaranaalanu prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu swadesamlo daani ennikalanu chattabaddham cheyadaaniki videshee adhikarulu mariyu doutyavettalaku lancham icchinanduku azerbaijan teevramgaa vimarsinchabadindi, eee paddhatini cavier dautyam anie pilustaaru. ayithe, 6 marchi 2017naa, european vyuuhaatmaka nigha mariyu bhadrata kendram (sesc) "dhi armenian connection" anae nivedikanu prachurinchindi, dheenilo idhi maanava hakkula engiolu mariyu azerbaijaanlo maanava hakkula ullanghanalu mariyu avineetini vimarsinche parisoedhanaa samsthalapai daadi chesindi. aaa nivedikalo esisi vivarinchina "cavier dautyam" nivedika azerbaijanku vyatiraekamgaa raajakeeya yuddhamlo palgone empla netvarknu roopondinchadaaniki apavaadu aadhaaramgaa anumaana vaataavaranaanni srushtinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundani, european pms, armenian adhikarulu mariyu konni engiolu (maanava hakkula watch, amnesty international, "human raits house foundation", "open dialog, european stability initiative, mariyu helsinki kamitee pharr human raits) thoo kuudina network soros foundation dwara nidhulu samakuurchabadindani nokki chepparu. robbert colson (radeo free europe) prakaram, prajala abhiprayanni maarchadaaniki front think tankula vadakanni vistarinchadaaniki baaku yokka lobbying prayatnaalalo esisk oka bhaagam. friedam files vislaeshanhaatmaka kendram "eee nivedika nirankusa pracharam yokka chettha sampradayalalo vraayabadindi" anie telipindi. videshee sambandhaalu. swalpakaalika azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantram aaru deshaalatho dautya sambandhaalanu yerparachukovadamlo vijayam saadhinchindi, germany mariyu finlandku dautya pratinidhulanu pampindi. kuppakuulina soviet union nundi azerbaijan swaatantryaaniki antarjaateeya gurtimpu prakriya sumaru oka samvatsaram paatu konasaagindi. 1996 november 6naa azerbaijanku gurtimpu icchina atyanta iteevali desham bahrain. turkey, pakistan, united states, iraan mariyu izrael latho paraspara missionla maarpiditoe sahaa puurti dautya sambandhaalu modata sthaapinchabaddaayi. azerbaijan turkeytho thana "pratyeka sambandhaaniki" pratyeka praadhaanyata ichindi. azerbaijan ippativaraku 158 deshaalatho dautya sambandhaalu kaligi undhi mariyu 38 antarjaateeya samsthalalo sabhyatvaanni kaligi undhi. idhi aleena udyamam mariyu prapancha vaanijya samsthalo pariseelakudi hodaanu kaligi undhi mariyu antarjaateeya telecommunication unionlo karaspandentga undhi. 9 mae 2006naa azerbaijan aikyaraajyasamiti sarvasabhya samavesam dwara kottagaa sthaapinchabadina maanava hakkula mandalilo sabhyatvaaniki ennikayyaaru. padaveekaalam 19 juun 2006naa praarambhamaindi. 155 deshaala maddatutoe 2011loe azerbaijan modatisaarigaa aikyaraajyasamiti bhadrata mandalilo shaashwata sabhyudiga ennikayyaaru. azerbaijan yokka videsanga vidhana praadhaanyatalalo, modatagaa, daani praadaesika samagratanu punaruddharinchadam; nagorno-karabakh mariyu nagorno-karabakh chuttoo unna azerbaijan yokka edu itara praantaala aakramana yokka parinaamaalanu tolaginchadam; european mariyu euro-atlantic nirmaanamloo ekikarana; antarjaateeya bhadrataku sahakaram; antarjaateeya samsthalatho sahakaram; praantiiya sahakaram mariyu dwaipaakshika sambandhaalu; rakshana saamarthyaanni balopetam cheyadam; desheeya vidhana maargaala dwara bhadratanu prothsahinchadam; prajaswaamyaanni balopetam cheyadam; jaathi mariyu matha sahanam parirakshinchadam; shaastreeya, vidya, saamskrutika vidhanam mariyu naitika viluvala parirakshana; aardhika mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhi; antargata mariyu sarihaddu bhadratanu penchadam; mariyu valasa, shakti mariyu ravana bhadrata vidhanam. antarjaateeya ugravaadampai poraadutunna antarjaateeya sankiirnaalaloo azerbaijan churukaina sabhyuralu, september 11 daadula taruvaata maddatu icchina modati deshaalalo idhi okati. kosovo, afghanistan mariyu iraaklalo shanti parirakshana prayatnaalaku dohadam chestu, shanti karyakramam kosam naato bhaagaswaamyamlo desham churukaina sabhyadaesamgaa undhi. azerbaijan 2001 nundi europe council loe kooda sabhyudu mariyu european uniontho manchi sambandhaalanu konasagistunnaru. desham chivariki iyu sabhyatvam kosam darakhaastu chesukovacchu. 1 juulai 2021naa, us congress 2012 nundi azerbaijanku pampina sainika sahayampai prabhavam choope chattanni munduku tecchindi. dheeniki badulugaa, armeniyaaku packagelu gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa undatam dheeniki kaaranam. sainyam. aadhunika azerbaijan sainyam yokka charitra 1918loe kottagaa erpadina azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantram yokka jaateeya sainyam 26 juun 1918naa srushtinchabadinappudu, soviet union raddu tarvaata azerbaijan swaatantryam pondinappudu, azerbaijan ganatantram yokka saayudha dalaalu 9 october 1991 naati saayudha dalaala chattam prakaram srushtinchabaddaayi. swalpakaalika jaateeya sainyam sthaapana yokka asalu teedeeni neti azerbaijaanlo armi day (26 juun) gaa jarupukuntaaru. 2021 natiki, azerbaijan thana saayudha dalaalalo 126,000 mandhi kriyaaseela sibbandini kaligi undhi. 17, 000 mandhi paramilitary dalaalu mariyu 330,00 mandhi reserve sibbandi kooda unnaaru. saayudha dalaalaku moodu saakhalu unnaih bhuu dalaalu, vaimanika dalaalu mariyu naavikaadalam. adanamgaa saayudha dalaalu avasaramainappudu rashtra rakshanalo palgonagala aneka sainika upa samuuhaalanu kaligi untaayi. ivi antargata vyavahaaraala mantritva saakha mariyu rashtra sarihaddu seva yokka antargata dalaalu, veetilo coast gaard kooda untundi. azerbaijan national gaard anedi maroe paramilitary dalam. idhi pratyeka rashtra rakshana seva yokka pakshika-swatantra samsthagaa panichestundi, idhi adhyakshudiki adheenamlo unna agency. azerbaijan airopalo sampradaaya saayudha dalaalapai oppandaaniki kattubadi undhi mariyu anni pradhana antarjaateeya aayudhalu mariyu aayudha oppandaalapai santakam chesindi. shanti kosam bhagaswamyam mariyu vyaktigata bhaagaswaamya kaaryaacharana pranaalika/pii. eff. pii mariyu ii. pii. eah vanti karyakramalalo azerbaijan natoku sannihitamgaa sahakaristundi. azerbaijan thana shanti pariraksaka dalaalalo 151 mandini iraaklo, maroe 184 mandini aafghanistaanlo moharinchindi. azerbaijan thana rakshana budget kosam 2.24 billion dollarlu kharchu chesindi, idhi daani mottam gdp loe 5.4%, mariyu saadhaarana prabhutva vyayamlo kontha 12.7%. azerbaijani rakshana parisrama chinna aayudhalu, phirangi vyavasthalu, tankulu, kavachalu mariyu raatri drushti parikaraalu, vimanayana bambulu, yuevi/maanavarahita vaimanika vahanam, vividha sainika vahanalu mariyu sainika vimanalu mariyu helicopterlanu tayaaru chestundi. paripalana vibhagalu. azerbaijan paripalanaparamga 14 aardhika praantalugaa vibhajinchabadindi; 66 rayons (, ekavachanam) mariyu 11 nagaralu (, ekavachanam) ganatantram yokka pratyaksha adhikaram krinda unnaayi. antekakunda, azerbaijaanlo nakhchivan swayampratipatti kaligina ganatantram () kooda undhi. azerbaijan adhyakshudu eee unitla governorlu niyamistaaru, ayithe nakhchiwan prabhutvam nakhchiwan swayampratipatti ganatantra paarlamentuche ennukobadi aamodinchabadutundi. aardhika vyavastha. 1991loe swaatantryam pondina taruvaata, azerbaijan antarjaateeya dravya nidhi, prapancha byaanku, punarnirmaanam mariyu abhivruddhi kosam european byaanku, islaamik abhivruddhi byaanku mariyu asea abhivruddhi byaankulo sabhyatvam pondindi. azerbaijan yokka banking vyavasthalo azerbaijan yokka kendra byaanku, vaanijya byaankulu mariyu byaankaetara runa samsthalu untaayi. ussr yokka maajee rashtra podupu byaanku anubandha samstha ayina azerbaijan state savings byaank aadhaaramgaa 1992loe jaateeya (ippudu kendra) byaanku srushtinchabadindi. kendra byaanku azerbaijan yokka kendra byankuga panichestundi, jaateeya currency, azerbaijani manaatnu jaarii cheyadaaniki mariyu anni vaanijya byaankulanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki adhikaram kaligi undhi. rendu pradhana vaanijya byaankulu unibank mariyu abas ibrahimov naduputunna azerbaijan prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni antarjaateeya byaanku. kharchu mariyu demand vruddhi kaaranamgaa 2007 kyuu1 dravyolbana raetu 16.6% kii cherukundi. naamamaatrapu aadaayaalu mariyu nelawari vaetanaalu eee sankhyaku vyatiraekamgaa varusaga 29 saatam mariyu 25 saatam perigayi, conny chamuruyetara parisramalo dharala perugudala dravyolbanaanni prothsahinchindi. azerbaijan daani vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna indhana rangam kaaranamgaa "dutch vyaadhi" anie pilavabade konni sankethaalanu choopistundi, idhi dravyolbananiki kaaranamavutundi mariyu shakti kaani egumatulanu marinta khareedainadigaa chestundi. 2000la praarambhamlo, deerghakaalikamgaa adhika dravyolbanam niyantranaloki vachindi. idhi aardhika samskaranalanu susthiram cheyadaaniki mariyu asthira aardhika vyavastha yokka chihnalanu cheripiveyadaaniki, janavari 1,2006naa kotta azerbaijani manat anae kotta karenseeni praarambhinchadaaniki daariteesindi. itara cis deshaala kante, 2010-2011 kosam prapancha potitatva nivedikalo azerbaijan 57va sthaanamlo undhi. 2012 natiki azerbaijan yokka jidipilu 1995 sthaayi nundi 20 retlu perigayi. shakti mariyu sahaja vanarulu. azerbaijaanlo moodinta rendu vantula mandhi chamuru mariyu sahaja vaayuvutho samruddhiga unnaaru. azerbaijan chamuru parisrama charitra puraatana kaalam naatidi. arabic charitrakaarudu mariyu yaatrikudu ahmed all-baladhuri puraatana kaalamlo absheran dveepakalpam yokka aardhika vyavastha gurinchi charchinchaaru, mukhyamgaa daani chamuru gurinchi prastaavinchaaru. azerbaijaanlo aneka pipelinelu unnaayi. ajarbaijaanloni bhaarii shaa deniz gyaas feeldnu airopaku anusandhaaninche dakshina gyaas carridar yokka lakshyam, russian gaspie european union yokka aadharapadataanni tagginchadam. desamloni bangaaram, vendi, inumu, raagi, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, malibdinum, sanklishta dhaatuvu mariyu antimonylo ekkuva bhaagam takkuva caucasus praantam. septembaru 1994loe, azerbaijan republic (sokar) yokka rashtra chamuru company mariyu 13 chamuru companyla madhya 30 samvatsaraala oppandam kudirindi, vaatilo amoco, bipi, exanmobil, lucoil mariyu equinor unnaayi. paaschaatya chamuru companylu soviet dopidi dwara taakabadani lothaina neeti chamuru kshetraalanu upayoginchagaliginanduna, azerbaijan chamuru anveshana mariyu abhivruddhiki prapanchamlooni atyanta mukhyamaina pradaesaalaloo okatigaa pariganinchabadutundi. intalo, sthuula aardhika sthirathvam, chamuru aadaaya nirvahanalo paaradarsakata mariyu bhavishyat taraala kosam vanarulanu parirakshinchadaaniki azerbaijan rashtra chamuru nidhini adanapu budget nidhiga sthaapinchaaru. azerbaijaanlo jeeva saamardhyaaniki praapyata prapancha sagatu kante takkuvagaa undhi. 2016loe, azerbaijan thana bhoobhaagamlo prati vyaktiki 0.8 prapancha hectorla jeeva saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi, idhi prapancha sagatu prati vyaktiki 1.6 prapancha hectorla kante sagam. 2016loe azerbaijan prati vyaktiki 2.1 hectorla jeeva saamarthyaanni upayoginchindi-vaari paryaavarana viniyogam yokka adugujaadalanu. antey vaaru azerbaijan kaligi unna daanikante ekkuva jeeva saamarthyaanni upayogistaaru. phalitamgaa, azerbaijan jeeva saamarthya lotunu naduputondi. sokar yokka upa-samstha ayina azericaz, 2021 natiki desham yokka puurti gasification nuu nirdhaarinchaalani bhavistondi. thoorpu-padmara mariyu uttara-dakshina indhana ravana carridarla spaansarlalo azerbaijan okati. baaku-tbilisi-cars railway line caspian praantaanni turkeytho kaluputundi, idhi juulai 2017loe puurtavutumdani bhaavistunnaaru. trans-anatolian gyaas pipeline (tanap) mariyu trans adriatic pipeline (tapp) azerbaijan yokka shaa deniz gyaas nundi turkey mariyu airopaku sahaja vaayuvunu pampinhee chestundi. sokar mariyu koo-ventures (bipi, chevron, inpex, equinor, exconmobil, tipi, itochu mariyu oengc videsh) 2017 september 14naa santakam chesina savarinchina psa prakaram azerbaijan acg abhivruddhipai oppandaanni 2050 varaku podiginchindi. vyavasayam. azerbaijan eee praantamloo atipedda vyavasaya pareevaahaka praantaanni kaligi undhi. azerbaijaanlo 54.9 saatam vyavasaya bhoomi. 2007 praarambhamlo upayoginchina vyavasaya praantam 4,755,100 hectorlu. adhe samvatsaramlo mottam kalapa vanarulu 136 million cubic meterlu lekkinchabaddaayi. azerbaijan yokka vyavasaya shaastreeya parisoedhanaa samsthalu pacchika bayallu mariyu pacchika bayallu, udyaanavana mariyu upaushnamandala pantalu, aakupaccha kuuragaayalu, viticulture mariyu wine tayari, patthi saagu mariyu aushadha mokkalapai drushti saarinchaayi. konni praantaallo dhanyam, bangaalaadumpalu, chakkera dumpalu, patthi mariyu pogaakunu pandinchadam labhadayakamga untundi. pasuvulu, paala utpattulu, wine mariyu spiritlu kooda mukhyamaina vyavasaya utpattulu. caspian matsya parisrama ksheenistunna sturgian mariyu beluugaa stacklapy drushti pedutundi. 2002loe azerbaijani vyapari samudramlo 54 noukalu undevi. gatamlo vidaesaala nundi digumati chesukunna konni utpattulu sthaanikamgaa utpatti kavadam praarambhinchaayi. vaatilo coca-cola bottler limited dwara tayaaru cheyabadina coca-cola unnaayi., biir bye bucky-castell, parket bye nehir mariyu ayil pipes bye eupec pipe coating azerbaijan. paryatakam. azerbaijan aardhika vyavasthalo paryatakam oka mukhyamaina bhaagam. 1980laloe eee desham oka prasiddha paryataka pradaesamgaa undedi. soviet union patanam, 1990laloe jarigina modati nagorno-karabakh yuddham paryataka parisramanu, paryataka gamyasthanamgaa azerbaijan pratishtanu debbateesaayi. 2000la varaku paryataka parisrama kolukovadam praarambhinchaledu, appati nundi desham paryataka sandarsanala mariyu ratriputa basa chesevari sankhyalo adhika vruddhini saadhinchindi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, azerbaijan mataparamaina, spaa mariyu aarogya samrakshana paryaatakaaniki kooda oka prasiddha gamyasthanamgaa maarindi. sheethaakaalamlo, shahdagh parvata resort atyaadhunika soukaryaalato skiingnu andistundi. azerbaijan prabhutvam ajarbaijaannu unnata paryataka gamyasthanamgaa abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki adhika praadhaanyata ichindi. azerbaijani aardhika vyavasthaku paryatakanni atipeddadi kakapoyina, atipeddadigaa marchadam jaateeya vyuuham. eee karyakalapalanu azerbaijan samskruti mariyu paryataka mantritva saakha niyantristundi. veesa rahita skoru kaligina 63 deshaalu unnaayi. ii-veesa-azerbaijan ganatantraaniki veesa-avasaramaina deshaala vidaeseeyula sandarsana kosam. prapancha aardhika vedika yokka travel und tourism competitiveness report 2015 prakaram, azerbaijan 84va sthaanamlo undhi. prapancha prayaana mariyu paryataka mandali nivedika prakaram, 2010 mariyu 2016 madhya sandarsakula egumatulalo balamaina vruddhini chuupina modati padhi deshaalalo azerbaijan okati, adanamgaa, gatha samvatsaram antarjaateeya sandarsakula kharchuku balamaina suuchikalatoe, vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna prayaana mariyu paryataka aardhika vyavasthalatho kuudina deshaalalo azerbaijan modati (46.1%) sthaanamlo nilichindi. ravana. pattu rahadari mariyu dakshina-uttara carridar vanti pradhana antarjaateeya traaphik dhamanula koodali meeda azerbaijan yokka anukuulamaina sthaanam, dhesha aardhika vyavasthaku ravana rangam yokka vyuuhaatmaka praamukhyatanu highlight chestundi. desamlo ravana rangamlo roadlu, railvelu, vimanayanam mariyu samudra ravana unnaayi. mudi padaarthaala ravaanaalo azerbaijan kooda oka mukhyamaina aardhika kendram. baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline (bii. tii. sii) mae 2006loe panichesindi mariyu azerbaijan, georgia mariyu turkey bhuubhaagaala kante ekkuva vistarinchi undhi. etaa 50 million tannula mudi chamurunu ravana cheyadaaniki mariyu caspian samudra chamuru kshetraala nundi prapancha marketlaku chamurunu ravana cheyadaaniki bii. tii. sii. roopondinchabadindi. azerbaijan, georgia mariyu turkey bhuubhaagam gundaa vistarinchi unna dakshina caucasus pipeline 2006 chivarilo panichesindi mariyu shaa deniz gyaas feeled nundi european marketku adanapu gyaas sarafaraalanu andistundi. shaa deniz samvatsaraaniki 296 billion cubic meterla sahaja vaayuvunu utpatti chestundani bhaavistunnaaru. eeyuu-praayojita silk road prajectulo azerbaijan kooda pradhana paatra poeshistumdi. 2002loe, azerbaijani prabhutvam vistruta shreni vidhanalu mariyu niyantrana vidhulatho ravana mantritva saakhanu sthaapinchindi. adhe samvatsaramlo, desham roddu ravaanaapai vienna sadassulo sabhyatvam pondindi. aardhika vyavasthalooni itara rangaala abhivruddhini marinta merugga sulabhataram cheyadaaniki ravana vyavasthanu meruguparachadam mariyu ravana sevalanu meruguparachadam praadhaanyatalu. 2012loe cars-tbilisi-baaku railway nirmaanam thoorpu chaina mariyu kazakhstan railvelanu turkey dwara paschimaana european railway vyavasthaku anusandhaaninchadam dwara asea mariyu eurup madhya ravaanaanu meruguparachadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. 2010loe broad-gaze railway mariyu vidyudeekarinchina railway varusaga vistarinchaayi. 2010 natiki 35 vimaanaasrayaalu mariyu oka heliport unnaayi. sains und technology. 21va sataabdamloo, kotta chamuru mariyu gyaas vijrumbhana azerbaijan yokka vignaana mariyu saanketika rangaalalo paristhitini meruguparachadaaniki sahaayapadindi. prabhutvam aadhuneekarana mariyu aavishkaranalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni oka pracharanni praarambhinchindi. samachara saanketika parignaanam mariyu samachara parisrama nundi vachhe labhalu perugutaayani mariyu chamuru utpatti nundi vachhe laabhaalato polchadaginavigaa marutayani prabhutvam anchanaa vesindi. azerbaijan pedda mariyu sthiramgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna internet rangaanni kaligi undhi, ekkuvagaa 2007-2008 aardhika sankshobham valla prabhaavitam kaaledu; kaneesam maroe aidu samvatsaraalaku vegavantamaina vruddhi anchanaa veyabadindi. azerbaijan 2021loe prapancha aavishkaranala soochikalo 80va sthaanamlo undhi, 2019loe idhi 84va sthaanamlo undhi. desham thana telecom rangaanni abhivruddhi cheyadamlo kooda purogati saadhistoemdi. communications & information technologies mantritva saakha (emsiti) mariyu aztelecomlo daani paatra dwara operator vidhana roopakartalu mariyu niyantrakaalu iddaroo. public payphonelu sthaanika calls kosam andubaatulo untaayi mariyu telephone exchange ledhaa konni shaapulu mariyu keoskla nundi token konugolu avasaram. tokenlu niravadhika kaalaaniki coll cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. akkada 1,397,000 pradhana telephone linelu mariyu 1,485,000 internet viniyogadaarulu unnaaru. naalugu gsm providerlu unnaru azersel, azerfan (naar mobile), nakhtel mobile network operatorlu mariyu oka cdma. 21va sataabdamloo elchin khalilov mariyu itarula praathamika rachanala nundi prerana pondina aneka mandhi pramukha azerbaijani geodynamics mariyu geotectonics saastravettalu, vandalaadi bhookampa anchanaa kendraalu mariyu bhookampa-nirodhaka bhavanalanu roopondinchaaru, ivi ippudu bhookampa seva yokka ganatantra kendramlo ekkuva bhaagam. azerbaijan jaateeya antariksha samstha thana modati upagraham azersat 1 nuu 7 fibravari 2013naa french gayanaloni gayana antariksha kendram nundi 46° thoorpu kakshya sthaanaalalo kakshyaloki prayoginchindi. eee upagraham airopa mariyu asea mariyu aafrikaaloni gananeeyamaina bhaganni cover chestundi mariyu tv mariyu radeo prasaaramtho paatu internet prasaaraaniki sevalu andistundi. bhavishyattulo marinni prajectulanu vijayavantamgaa amalu cheyagala saamarthyam unna thana sonta antariksha parisramatho desamgaa maaraalane lakshyanni sakaram chesukovadamlo azerbaijan upagrahanni kakshyaloki prayoginchadam modati adugu. janabha. marchi 2022 natiki, azerbaijan mottam janabhalo 10,164,464 pattana janabha, migilina 47.1% graameena janabha. 2019 janavarilo mottam janabhalo 50.1% mahilale unnaaru. adhe samvatsaramlo linga nishpatti streeki 0.99 mandhi purushulu. prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna 1.09% thoo poliste 2011 janabha vruddhi raetu 0.85% gaa undhi. janabha perugudalanu parimitam chese mukhyamaina amsam adhika sthaayi valasalu. 2011loe azerbaijan-1.14/1,000 mandhi valasa vellaaru. azerbaijani pravaasulu 42 deshaalalo kanipistaaru mariyu german saamskrutika samajam "currelhouse", slavic saamskrutika kendram, azerbaijani-izrael samajam, kurdish saamskrutika kendram, antarjaateeya talish association, lezzin jaateeya kendram "samoor", azerbaijani-totter samajam, crimean tatarla samajam modalaina vaatitho sahaa azerbaijan lopala jaathi minoritylaku aneka kendraalu unnaayi. mottam meeda, azerbaijaanlo 78 nagaralu, 63 nagara jillaalu mariyu oka pratyeka chattaparamaina hodha kaligina nagaram unnaayi. 261 pattana taraha sthaavaraalu mariyu 4248 gramalu veetini anusaristaayi. jaathi. 2009 janabha lekkala prakaram janabha jaathi kuurpuh 91.6% azerbaijanis, 2% lejjinlu, 1.4% armeniyanlu (daadaapu anni armeniyanlu nagorno-karabakh yokka vidipoyina praantamloo nivasistunnaaru), 1.3% rashyanlu, 1.3% talis, 0.6% awars, 0.40% turks, 0.3% tatars, 0.3% tots, 0.20% ukreniyanlu, 0.1% sakhars, 0.1% georgianlu, 0.1% yoodulu, 0.1% courds, itara 0.2%. bhashalu. adhikaarika bhasha azerbaijani, idhi turkic bhasha. ajarbaijaaneeni janabhalo sumaru 92 saatam mandhi matrubhashaga matladataru. russian mariyu armenian (nagorno-karaabakhlo matrame) kooda matladataru, mariyu prati okkati janabhalo 1.5% mandhi matrubhasha. desamlo sthaanikamgaa matlade dozenu itara minority bhashalu unnaayi. awar, budukh, georgian, zuhuri, khinalug, crites, lezzin, rutul, talish, taath, sakhur mariyu udi annee chinna minoritylu matladataru. eee bhasha sanghaalalo konni chaalaa chinnavi mariyu vaati sankhya taggutondi. 1989loe 76 saatamtoe nagorno-karaabakhlo armenian bhasha adhika sankhyaaka bhashaga undedi. modati nagorno-karabakh yuddham taruvaata, janabha daadaapu 95 saatamtoe pratyaekamgaa armeniyanga undhi. matam. azerbaijan atyanta loukika muslim-majority desamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. janabhalo 97 saatam mandhi muslimlu unnaaru. muslimlalo sumaruga 55-85% shiya anie anchanaa veyabadindi, ayithe 15-45% muslimlu sunneelu. desamloni vividha jaathi samuuhaalu itara vishwaasaalanu aacharistaayi. daani raajyaangamlooni artical 48 prakaram, azerbaijan oka loukika rashtram mariyu matha swechhanu nirdhaaristundi. oka 2006-2008 gallup pole loe, azerbaijan nundi vacchina prativaadulalo kevalam 21 saatam mandhi matrame matam vaari rojuvaaree jeevitamlo mukhyamaina bhagamani paerkonnaaru. desamloni mataparamaina alpasankhyaakulalo, 280,000 mandhi kraistavulu (3.1%) ekkuvagaa russian mariyu georgian orthodox mariyu armenian apostolic (daadaapu anni armeniyanlu nagorno-karabakh yokka vidipoyina praantamloo nivasistunnaaru). 2003loe 250 mandhi roman kaathalikkulu unnaaru. 2002 natiki itara kraistava tegalalo lutheranlu, baptistulu mariyu molokanlu unnaaru. oka chinna protestant community kooda undhi. azerbaijanku 2,000 samvatsaraala charitra kaligina puraatana yoodula janabha kooda undhi; yoodula samsthalu 12,000 mandhi yoodulu azerbaijaanlo unnaarani anchanaa vaestunnaayi, idhi izrael mariyu united states velupala unna ekaika yoodula-majority pattanaaniki nilayam. azerbaijan bahai, harey krishna mariyu yehovah saakshula sanghaala sabhyulaku, alaage itara mataparamaina sanghaala anucharulaku kooda nivasamga undhi. konni mataparamaina sanghaalu matha swechcha nundi anadhikarikamga parimitam cheyabaddaayi. oka yuu.ess. eee amsampai rashtra saakha nivedikalo konni muslim mariyu kraistava samuuhaala sabhyulanu nirbandhinchinatlu prastaavinchabadindi, mariyu aneka samuuhaalu mataanni niyantrinche agency, republic off azerbaijan (scra) yokka matha sanghaalapai rashtra kamiteetho namodu chesukovadamlo ibbandi kaligi unnaayi. vidya. saapekshamgaa adhika saatam ajarbaijaanilu edho oka rakamaina unnata vidyanu pondaaru, mukhyamgaa shaastreeya mariyu saanketika vishayaalalo. soviet yugamlo, praamaanika varnamaalalo rendu maarpulu unnappatikee, aksharaasyata mariyu sagatu vidya sthaayilu chaalaa takkuva prarambha sthaanam nundi natakeeyamgaa perigayi, 1920laloe perso-arabic lipi nundi laatinku mariyu 1930laloe roman nundi syrillic varaku. soviet dayta prakaram, 1970loe 100 saatam purushulu mariyu mahilalu (tommidi nundi nalabhai tommidi samvatsaraala vayassu) aksharaasyulu. aikyaraajyasamiti abhivruddhi karyakramam nivedika 2009 prakaram, azerbaijaanlo aksharaasyata raetu 99.5 saatam. swaatantryam vachinappati nundi, soviet union nundi tananu taanu vaeru chesukovadaniki azerbaijan paarlamentu aamodinchina modati chattaalalo okati syrillic sthaanamlo savarinchina-latin varnamaalanu avalambinchadam. adhi kakunda azerbaijani vyavasthalo nirmaanaatmaka maarpulu chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi. prarambha maarpulalo matha vidyanu tirigi sthaapinchadam (soviet kaalamlo nishedhinchabadindi) mariyu azerbaijani bhasha vadakanni nokkicheppina mariyu saiddhaantika vishayalanu tolaginchina paatyapranaalika maarpulu unnaayi. praathamika paatasaalalato paatu, vidya samsthalalo vaelaadi preschools, general secondary paatasaalalu mariyu pratyeka madhyamika paatasaalalu mariyu saanketika paatasaalalato sahaa vrutti paatasaalalu unnaayi. tommidava taragati varaku vidya tappanisari. samskruti. azerbaijan samskruti aneka prabhaavaala phalitamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi; anduke ajarbaijaanilu aneka vidhaluga dvi-saamskrutikamgaa unnaaru. nedu, prapancheekarana viniyogadaarula samskrutitoe sahaa paaschaatya prabhavalu unnappatikee jaateeya sampradaayaalu desamlo baga samrakshinchabaddaayi. azerbaijani samskruti yokka konni pradhana amsaalu sangeetam, saahityam, jaanapada nrutyaalu mariyu kala, vantakaalu, vaastusilpam, cinematography mariyu novruz bayram. rendodi puraatana iranian matam zoroastrianism loe kotta samvatsaram yokka saampradaaya veduka nundi udbhavinchindi. navruz anedi kutumba selavudinam. azerbaijan janabha yokka profile, paina perkonna vidhamgaa, ajarbaijaanilato paatu desamloni vividha praantaalalo sthiramgaa nivasinche itara jaateeyatalu ledhaa jaathi samuuhaalu untaayi. azerbaijani jaateeya mariyu saampradaaya dustulu chokha mariyu papakhi. russian, georgian, kurdish, lezgian mariyu talish bhaashalalo radeo prasaralu unnaayi, ivi rashtra budget nundi nidhulu samakuurustaayi. balacon mariyu khachmajloni konni sthaanika radeo stationlu awar mariyu tott loe prasaralanu nirvahistaayi. baakulo aneka vaartaapatrikalu russian, kurdish ("dengue kurd"), lezgian ("samoor") mariyu talish bhaashalalo prachurinchabadataayi. yoodu samajam "soknat" "aziz" anae vaartaapatrikanu prachuristundi. sangeetam mariyu jaanapada nrutyaalu. azerbaijan sangeetam daadaapu veyyi samvatsaraala naati jaanapada sampradaayaalapai aadharapadi untundi. satabdaalugaa azerbaijani sangeetam layabaddhamgaa vibhina sraavyamaina paatalanu utpatti chestu, monody badge kinda abhivruddhi chendindi. azerbaijani sangeetamlo branchi mode vyavastha undhi, ikkada pradhana mariyu chinna pramaanaala chromatisation goppa praamukhyata kaligi untundi. jaateeya sangeeta vaayidyaalalo 14 theega vaayidyaalu, enimidi taala vaayidyaalu mariyu aaru gaali vaayidyaalu unnaayi. sangeetam mariyu sangeetakaarula grav nighantuvu" prakaram, jaathi, samskruti mariyu matam paramgaa azerbaijaaneelu turkey kante sangeetaparamgaa iraanku chaalaa daggaragaa unnaaru." mogham, mekhana mariyu ashiq kalalu azerbaijan yokka aneka sangeeta sampradayalalo unnaayi. mugam saadhaaranamgaa kavitvam mariyu vaayidyaala madhyavartitvamtho kuudina suut. mugam chesetappudu, gayakulu tama bhavodvegalanu padatam mariyu sangeetamgaa marchukovali. madhya asea deshaala mugham sampradaayaalaku viruddhamgaa, azerbaijani mugham marinta svaechchaayutamaina mariyu takkuva drudamainadi; dheenini tarachugaa jaz yokka merugaina rangamtho poolchutaaru. unesco 2003 november 7naa azerbaijani mugham sampradaayaanni maanavatvam yokka moukhika mariyu kanipinchani vaarasatvaaniki oka kalakhandamga prakatinchindi. mekhana anedi oka rakamaina saampradaaya azerbaijani vilakshanhamaina jaanapada paata, saadhaaranamgaa oka nirdishta amsampai meruguparuchukune aneka mandhi vyaktulu dheenini pradarsistaaru. ashiq kavitvam, katha cheppadam, nrutyam mariyu swara mariyu vaayidya sangeetaanni saampradaaya pradarsana kalagaa militam chestundi, idhi azerbaijani samskrutiki chihnamgaa nilustundi. idhi oka aadhyaatmika ibbandi ledhaa prayaaninchae barred, athanu saz paadataadu mariyu vaayistaadu. eee sampradaayam puraatana turkic prajala shamanistic nammakaalalo udbhavinchindi. ashiq paatalu saadhaarana sthaavaraala chuttoo paakshikamgaa meruguparachabaddayi. azerbaijan yokka ashiq kalanu unesco 30 september 2009naa kanipinchani saamskrutika vaarasatva jaabitaalo cherchindi. 1960la madhyakaalam nundi, paaschaatya-prabhaavita azerbaijani pop sangeetam, daani vividha roopaallo, azerbaijaanlo prajaadarana pondutondi, ayithe rock mariyu hip haap vanti kalaa prakriyalu vistrutamgaa utpatti cheyabaddaayi mariyu aasvaadinchabaddaayi. alim kasimov, rasheed bebudov, wagif mustafazadeh, muslim magomayev, shovkat alakbarova mariyu rubaba muradova vanti pradarsakula antarjaateeya prajaadaranhatho azerbaijani pop mariyu azerbaijani jaanapada sangeetam udbhavinchaayi. azerbaijan eurovision paata pootiiloo utsaahamgaa palgone vyakti. 2008 eurovision paata pootiiloo azerbaijan tolisaarigaa kanipinchindi. 2009loe desham pravesam moodava sthaanam mariyu aaa taruvaati samvatsaram aidava sthaanaanni pondindi. eurovision paata pootii 2011loe ell mariyu nikki modati sthaanaanni geluchukunnaru, "running feared" paatatho, azerbaijanku 2012loe baakulo pootiini host cheyadaaniki arhata kalpinchaaru. vaaru pootii yokka 2018 edition varaku prati grand finalku arhata saadhinchaaru, gayakudu icel dwara x naa hrudayamtho pravesinchaaru. dozenla koddi azerbaijani jaanapada nrutyaalu unnaayi. vaaru adhikaarika vedukalalo pradarsinchabadataaru mariyu nrutyakaarulu jaateeya nrutyaalalo baga samrakshinchabadina chokha vanti jaateeya dustulanu dharistaaru. chaalaa nrutyaalu chaalaa vegavantamaina layanu kaligi untaayi. saahityam. aadhunika azerbaijani ganatantram yokka praadaesika parimitulalo janminchina madhyayuga rachayithalalo pertian kavi mariyu tatwavetta nizami, thana janmasthalam taruvaata ganjavi anie piluvabade ganja, khansa ("dhi quintoplate") rachayita, aidu srungaara kavitalatoe koodi, "rahasyaala nidhi", "khosro mariyu shrin" mariyu "lealy mariyu meznoon". vraatapuurvaka azerbaijani saahityamlo mottamodati vyakti izzeddin hasanoghlu, athanu pertian mariyu azerbaijani gajallatho kuudina divaannu rachinchaadu. pertian gajallo ayana thana kalam paerunu upayoginchaaru, ayithe ayana azerbaijani gajallu thana sonta paeru hasanoghlu kinda rachinchabaddaayi. 14va sataabdamloo tabriz mariyu shirwan yokka vividha prarambha madhya yuga maandalikaala aadhaaramgaa azerbaijanilo shaastreeya saahityam erpadindi. eee kaalapu kavulalo ghazi burhanaddin, hakiki (jahaan shaa kaaraa kwoyunlu yokka kalam paeru) mariyu habibi unnaaru. 14va sataabdam chivaralo 14va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 15va sataabdam praarambhamlo goppa azerbaijani hurufi aadhyaatmika kavulalo okaraina imaddin nasimi yokka saahitya karyakalapalanu praarambhinchae kaalam kooda undhi, mariyu turkic saahitya charitralo atyanta pramukha prarambha diwan masterlalo okaru, veeru pertian mariyu arabic bhaashalalo kavitvaanni kooda rachinchaaru. kavulu khasem-eah-anwar, fuzuli mariyu khatai (safavid shaa ismail i yokka kalam paeru) diwan mariyu gajal sailulanu marinta abhivruddhi chesaaru. diday korkut pustakam" loe 16va sataabdamloo coppy cheyabadina rendu manuscripts unnaayi, mariyu 15va sataabdam kante mundu vraayabadaledu. idhi oghuj sanchaarula moukhika sampradaayaanni pratibimbimchae 12 kathala samaharam. 16va sataabdapu kavi, mohammed fuzuli thana kaalaatiita taatvika mariyu geetaatmaka "kajal" lanu arabic, pertian mariyu azerbaijani bhaashalalo roopondinchaadu. thana paryaavaranamlooni chakkani saahitya sampradaayaala nundi apaaramaina prayojanam pondhi, thana puurveekula vaarasatvaanni nirminchukuni, fuzuli thana samaajamlo pramukha saahitya vyaktigaa maaradaaniki uddesinchabadindi. ayana pradhana rachanalalo "dhi diwan off gajals" mariyu "dhi khasidas" unnaayi. adhe sataabdamloo, azerbaijani saahityam ashiq () kavita shaili abhivruddhitho marinta abhivruddhi chendindi. adhe kaalamlo, khatai ("paapi" kosam) shaa ismail anae kalam paerutoe neenu azerbaijanilo sumaru 1400 shlokaalu raasaanu, avi taruvaata athani "diwan" gaa prachurinchabaddaayi. koshma" ("merugudala" kosam) anie piluvabade oka pratyaekamaina saahitya sailini eee kaalamlo pravesapettaaru, mariyu shaa ismail mariyu taruvaata athani kumarudu mariyu varasudu shaa tahmasp ii abhivruddhi chesaaru. 17va mariyu 18va sataabdaala kaalamlo, fuzuli yokka pratyaekamaina sailulu alaage ahik kavitvaanni tabriz yokka kwowsi, shaa abbas saani, nishat, molaa vaali vidaadi, molaa panaa yonif, amani, jaffar mariyu itarulu vanti pramukha kavulu mariyu rachayitalu teesukunnaru. turks, turmens mariyu ujbeklatho paatu, azerbaijanis kooda oka puraana jaanapada heero ayina koroglu ("andhuni kumarudu" nundi) yokka itihaasaanni jarupukuntaaru. koroglu itihaasam yokka aneka document chesina samskaranalu azerbaijan yokka national academy off sciences yokka manuscripts kosam institute loe unnaayi. azerbaijaanlo aadhunika azerbaijani saahityam pradhanamgaa shirwani mandalikam meeda aadharapadi undagaa, iraanlo idhi tabriji bhashapai aadharapadi untundi. azerbaijanilo modati vaartaapatrika, "akinchi" 1875loe prachurinchabadindi. 19va sataabdam madhyalo, idhi baaku, ganja, shaaki, tbilisi mariyu yerevan paatasaalallo bodhinchabadindi. 1845 nundi, idhi rashyaalooni seyint pietersburg vishwavidhyaalayamlo kooda bodhinchabadindi. jaanapada kala. ajarbaijaanilu goppa mariyu vilakshanhamaina samskrutini kaligi unnaaru, indulo pradhana bhaagam alankaara mariyu anuvartita kala. eee kalarupanni vembadinchadam, aabharanaalu chekkadam, lohamlo chekkadam, kalapa, raayi, emuka, tiwachi tayari, lacing, namuunaa netha mariyu mudrana, alladam mariyu embroidery vanti vistruta shreni hastakalalu suuchistaayi. eee rakamaina alankaara kalalalo prati okkati, azerbaijan desham yokka viraalaalaku sakshyam, ikkada chaalaa anukuulamgaa undhi. azerbaijaanlo kalalu mariyu chetipanula abhivruddhiki sambandhinchina aneka aasaktikaramaina vaastavaalanu vividha samayaallo eee pradaesaalanu sandarsinchina aneka mandhi vyaapaarulu, prayaanikulu mariyu doutyavettalu nivedinchaaru. azerbaijani tiwachi anedi vividha parimaanaala saampradaaya chethitho tayaaru chesina vastramu, dattamaina aakruti mariyu kuppa ledhaa kuppa laeni uparitalam, dheeni namuunaalu azerbaijan yokka aneka tiwachi tayari praantaalaku vilakshanhamainavi. november 2010loe azerbaijani kaarpetnu unesco oka kalakhandamga prakatinchindi. azerbaijan puraatana kaalam nundi aneka rakaala chetipanula kendramgaa prasiddhi chendindi. azerbaijan bhoobhaagamlo puraavastu travvakam baga abhivruddhi chendina vyavasayam, nilva penchadam, lohapu pani, kundalu, syramics mariyu corpet-netaku sakshyam istundi, idhi cree. puu. 2 va sahasraabdi naatidi. bii. tii. sii. pipeline nundi kanugonabadina dashbulock, hasansu, jaayamchai mariyu thovujchailoni puraavastu pradaesaalu prarambha inupa yugapu kalakhandalanu velladinchaayi. azerbaijani tivaacheelanu aneka pedda samuuhaalu mariyu aneka upa samuuhaala krinda vargeekarinchavachhu. azerbaijani corpet yokka shaastreeya parisoedhana pramukha shaastravetta mariyu kalakarudu latif karimov paerutoe mudipadi undhi. ayana vargeekarana naalugu pedda tivaacheela samuuhaalanu azerbaijan, guba-shirwan, ganja-kajakh, karabakh mariyu tabriz anae naalugu bhougolika mandalaalatho anusandhaaninchindi. vantakaalu. saampradaaya vantakaalu kuuragaayalu mariyu kuuragaayala samruddhiga, vantakaalalo kalanugunamga upayoginche aakukuuralaku prasiddhi chendaayi. pudiinaa, kottimeera (kottimeera), pacchimirchi, tulasi, parsley, taragan, leaks, cheeves, thyme, marjoram, aakupaccha ullipaayalu mariyu watercress vanti taja moolikalu chaalaa prachuryam pondaayi mariyu tarachugaa table meeda pradhana vantakaalato paatu untaayi. caspian samudram nundi chepalu, sthaanika maamsam (pradhanamgaa mutton mariyu goddu maamsam), mariyu kaalaanuguna kuuragaayalu mariyu aakukuurala samruddhi aadhaaramgaa jaateeya vantakaalalo vaataavarana vaividhyam mariyu bhoomi yokka santanotpatti pratibimbistaayi. azerbaijaanlo kunkumapuvvu-vari plove pradhana aaharam mariyu nalla tii jaateeya paaneeyam. ajarbaijaanilu chaalaa balamaina tii samskrutini kaligi unnanduna tarachugaa saampradaaya armudu (pier aakaaramlo) gaajunu upayogistaaru. pramukha saampradaaya vantakaalalo bojbash (vividha kuuragaayalatoe paatu aneka praantiiya rakaalalo unde gorre suup), qutub (aakukuuralu ledhaa mukkalu chesina maamsamto veyinchina turnover) mariyu dushbara (ground maamsam mariyu ruchitho nindina pindi yokka dumplings) unnaayi. vaastusilpam. azerbaijani vaastusilpam saadhaaranamgaa thoorpu mariyu paschima amsaala kalayika. azerbaijani vaastusilpam pertian vaastusilpam nundi bhaarii prabhavalanu kaligi undhi. baaku godala nagaramloni shirwanshala yokka toli gopuram mariyu rajabhavanam vanti aneka puraatana nirmaana sampadalu aadhunika azerbaijaanlo manugada saagistunnaayi. unesco prapancha vaarasatva taatkaalika jaabitaalo samarpinchina entriilaloo baaku yokka ateshga, momine khatun samadhi, hirkan jaateeya udyaanavanam, binagadi taaru sarassu, lockbatton matti agniparvatam, shusha rashtra chaaritraka mariyu nirmaana reserve, baaku stage parvatam, caspian theera rakshana nirmaanaalu, ardubad jaateeya reserve mariyu shaaki khans rajabhavanam unnaayi. itara nirmaana sampadallo mardakan looni chatushkona koota, yukhari chardagler looni parigalaa, aras nadipai vistarinchi unna aneka vantenalu mariyu aneka samadhulu unnaayi. 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala praarambhamlo, chinna smaaraka vaastusilpam srushtinchabadindi, conny baaku mariyu itara praantaalalo vilakshanhamaina nivaasaalu nirminchabaddaayi. iteevali nirmaana smaaraka chihnalalo, baaku sabvelu vaati vilaasavantamaina alankaranaku prasiddhi chendaayi. aadhunika azerbaijani vaastusilpam kosam pani aadhunika soundaryam yokka vaividhyamaina anuvartanam, vaastusilpi yokka swantha kalaatmaka shaili kosam anveshana mariyu prastuta chaaritraka-saamskrutika vaataavaranaanni cherchadam. hether aliyev saamskrutika kendram, jwaala towerlu, baaku christal haall, baaku white city mariyu sokar tower vanti pradhana prajectulu desham yokka aakaasarekhanu marchivesi daani samakaaleena gurtimpunu prothsahinchaayi. drushya kala. kristupurvam 1va nundi 4va sahasraabdi varaku unna gamigaya petroglyphes azerbaijan ardubad jillaalo unnaayi. vaatilo jinkalu, mekalu, eddulu, kukkalu, pamulu, pakshulu, adbhutamaina jeevulu mariyu prajalu, carriagelu mariyu vividha chihnalu basault raallapai kanipinche chitraalato sumaru 1500 tolaginchabadina mariyu chekkina raathi chitraalu unnaayi. norwegian ethnographer mariyu sahasikudu thore heyardal eee praantam nundi prajalu sumaru 100 AD loe scandinaviaku vellaarani, vaari padava nirmaana naipunhyaalanu vaaritho teesukellaarani, mariyu uttara airopaloni wiking padavalaloki vaarini badilee chesaarani oppinchaaru. satabdaalugaa, azerbaijani kala aneka shaililo maarpulanu chavichusindi. azerbaijani painting saampradayakamgaa rangu mariyu kaanti yokka vecchadanam kaligi untundi, idhi azim azimzade mariyu bahrooz kangarli rachanalalo udaaharanagaa cheppavacchu, mariyu mataparamaina vyaktulu mariyu saamskrutika muulaamsaalatoe nimagnamai untundi. azerbaijani painting vandala samvatsaraala paatu kaakasaslo, roman mariyu ottoman kaalaala nundi, mariyu soviet mariyu barok kaalaala dwara, agrasthanaanni pondindi, veetilo rendodi azerbaijaanlo phalinchindi. eee kalalalo vachhe itara pramukha kalakarulalo sattar bahulzade, togrul narimanbekov, tahir salahov, alakbar rejaguliyev, mirja gadim iravani, mikayil abdullayev mariyu boyukagha mirzazade unnaaru. cinema. ajarbaijaanloni chalanachitra parisrama 1898 naatidi. azerbaijan cinematography palgonna modati deshaalalo okati, eee upakaranam modata baakulo kanipinchindi. 1919loe, azerbaijan prajaasvaamya ganatantram samayamlo, "azerbaijan swaatantryam yokka vaarshikotsavam veduka" anae documentary russia nundi azerbaijan swaatantryam yokka modati vaarshikotsavam sandarbhamgaa, mae 27naa chithreekarinchabadindi mariyu juun 1919loe baakulooni aneka theatres pradarsinchabadindi. 1920loe soviet shakti sthaapinchabadina taruvaata, azerbaijan viplava kamitee chhairman nariman narimanov, azerbaijan cinema jaateeyeekarana decreepy santakam chesaaru. idhi azerbaijani animation srushtini kooda prabhaavitam chesindi. 1991loe, azerbaijan soviet union nundi swaatantryam pondina taruvaata, modati baaku antarjaateeya chalanachitrotsavam thoorpu-padmara baaku loe jarigindi. 2000 decemberulo, azerbaijan maajee adhyakshudu, hether aliyev, augustu 2nii azerbaijan chithranirmaathalaku vruttiparamaina selavudinamgaa prakatistuu oka decreepy santakam chesaaru. nedu azerbaijani chitranirmaatalu 1920loe soviet union sthaapanaku mundu cinematographerlu edurkonna samasyalatho samaanamaina samasyalanu mallii edurkontunnaru. marosari, content mariyu chitraala sponsorship rendinti empikalu ekkuvagaa chitranirmaata choravapaine migilipoyayi. television. moodu prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni television chaanallu unnaih aztive, idman television mariyu medaniet television. oka public chhaanel mariyu 6 private chaanellu unnaih <unk> television, space television, lider television, azad azerbaijan television, mariyu arb. maanava hakkulu. azerbaijan rajyangam vaak swaatantyraaniki haamii istundani perkondi, conny aacharanalo idhi tiraskarinchabadindi. patrika mariyu media swechhalo aneka samvatsaraala ksheenata taruvaata, 2014loe, yea pratipakshaanni mariyu vimarsalanu nissabdam cheyadaaniki prabhutva pracharam kinda azerbaijaanlo media vaataavaranam vaegamgaa ksheeninchindi, ayithe desham europe council (mae-november 2014) mantrula kamiteeki naayakatvam vahinchindi. jarnalistulapai akrama chattaparamaina aaropanalu, himsalo siksha nundi vimukti anedi pramaanamgaa migilipoyayi. desamlo anni videshee prasaralu nishedhinchabaddaayi. 2013 friedam house friedam off dhi press report prakaram, azerbaijan yokka patrika swechcha hodha "uchitam kaadu", mariyu azerbaijan 196 deshaalalo 177va sthaanamlo undhi. kraistava matam adhikarikamga gurtinchabadindi. jailu pramaadam unnanduna, kalavadaniki anumatinchadaaniki anni mataparamaina sanghaalu namodu chesukovali. eee namodu tarachugaa tiraskarinchabadutundi. "jaathi vivaksha desham yokka matha swechcha lekapovataniki dohadam chestundi, endukante chaalaa mandhi kraistavulu ajeri muslim kante jaathi armenian ledhaa russian. radeo free eurup/radeo liberty mariyu vois off america azerbaijaanlo nishedhinchabaddaayi. azerbaijaanlo elgibity prajalapai vivaksha vistrutamgaa undhi. gatha konni samvatsaraalalo, mugguru paatrikeyulu champabaddaru mariyu antarjaateeya maanava hakkula samsthalu anyayamgaa abhivarninchina vichaaranalalo aneka mandhi vichaaranaku gurayyaru. jarnalistulanu rakshinche kamitee prakaram, 2015loe airopalo atyadhika sankhyalo jarnalistulanu khaidu chesina desham azerbaijan, mariyu iraan mariyu chaina kante mundu prapanchamlone 5va atyadhika sensor cheyabadina desham. azerbaijaanlo covid-19 mahammarini cover chesinanduku kontamandi klishtamaina paatrikeyulanu arrestu chesaaru. october 2015loe oka antarjaateeya parisoedhakudu chesina nivedika "anie suuchistumdi...gatha konni samvatsaraalugaa azerbaijaanlo maanava hakkula teevra ksheenata. duradrushtavasaattu azerbaijan apuurvamaina sthaayilo anachivethatho bayatapadataaniki anumatinchabadindi mariyu eee prakriyaloo daani poura samajanni daadaapu tudichivesindi."desampai amnesty yokka 2015/16 vaarshika nivedika perkondi... raajakeeya asammatipai himsa konasaagindi. maanava hakkula samsthalu tama panini tirigi praarambhinchalekapoyaayi. samvatsaram chivarilo kaneesam 18 mandhi manassakshi khaideelu nirbandhamlo unnaaru. swatantra paatrikeyulu, kaaryakartalapai prateekaaraalu desamlo, videshaalalo konasagayi, vaari kutumba sabhyulu kooda vaedhimpulu, arrestlanu edurkonnaru. antarjaateeya maanava hakkula pariseelakulanu nishedhinchi desham nundi bahishkarinchaaru. himsa mariyu itara durviniyoga nivedikalanu konasaaginchaaru." "azerbaijan paalaka unnatavargam pramukha europeanlaku chellinchadaaniki, vilaasavantamaina vastuvulanu konugolu cheyadaaniki mariyu apaaradarsaka british companyla network dwara dabbu laundering cheyadaaniki $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) pathakaanni nirvahinchindani" guardian april 2017loe nivedinchaaru... varusa maanava hakkula ullanghanalu, vyavasthaagata avineeti mariyu ennikalaloo rigging aaropanalu edurkontunna azerbaijani naayakatvam 2012 nundi 2014 varaku 16,000 kante ekkuva rahasya chellimpulu chesindani leak ayina dayta choopistundi. eee dabbulo kontha bhaagam raajakeeya nayakulu mariyu paatrikeyulaku vellindi, azerbaijan adhyakshudu ilham aliyev vimarsalanu tippikottadaaniki mariyu athani chamuru sampanna desham yokka saanukuula imagenu prothsahinchadaaniki antarjaateeya lobbying operationlo bhaagamgaa."dabbu maaruveshamlo vachinanduna graheetalandarikee dabbu muulam gurinchi telusani etuvanti suuchana ledhu. kreedalu. freestyle kusti saampradayakamgaa azerbaijan jaateeya kreedagaa pariganinchabadutundi, indulo azerbaijan antarjaateeya olympic kamiteelo cherinappati nundi naalugu swarnaalatoe sahaa padnaalugu patakaalu geluchukundi. prastutam, atyanta prajaadarana pondina creedalalo football mariyu kusti unnaayi. azerbaijaanlo football atyanta prajaadarana pondina creeda, mariyu 9,122 mandhi namodaina aatagaallato azerbaijan football samakhyala sangham, desamlo atipedda creeda sangham. azerbaijan jaateeya football jattu jaateeya football clublatho poliste antarjaateeya rangamlo saapekshamgaa takkuva paniteerunu pradarsistundi. atyanta vijayavantamaina azerbaijani football clublu nefty, karaba mariyu gabala. 2012loe, neftchi baaku european pootii yokka group dasaku munduku saagina modati azerbaijani jattugaa nilichindi, 2012-13 uefa europa leag yokka play-off roundloo cyprus yokka apolnu 4-2thoo odinchindi. 2014loe, uefa europa leag group dasaku cherukunna rendava azerbaijani clubga karaba maarindi. 2017loe, uefa champions leag yokka play-off roundloo copenhagen 2-2 (eah) nuu oodinchina taruvaata, karaba group dasaku cherukunna modati azerbaijani clubga nilichindi. azerbaijaanlo footsal maroka prasiddha creeda. azerbaijan jaateeya footsal jattu 2010 uefa footsal chhampiyanshiplo naalugo sthaanaaniki cherukundi, ayithe desheeya club araj naxivan 2009-10 uefa footsal cup mariyu 2013-14 uefa footsal kaplo kaamsya patakaalu geluchukundi. seasonlalo azarabaijan spanish football club atletico dii modrid yokka pradhana spaansar, idhi 'prapanchamlo azarabaijan yokka pratishtanu prothsahinchaalani' club vivarinchina bhagaswamyam. azerbaijan prapancha chess yokka saampradaaya saktivantamaina samsthalalo okati, idhi aneka antarjaateeya chess tornamentlu mariyu pootiilaku aatidhyam ichindi mariyu 2009,2013 mariyu 2017 loe european jattu chess championship vijaetalagaa maarindi. desamloni chess paatasaalalaku chendina pramukha chess aatagaallu aatapai goppa prabhavam chuupaaru, veetilo teamore radajabov, shahriyar mammadarov, vladymyr makonov, wugar gashimov mariyu maajee prapancha chess chhampian gyaarii kasparov unnaaru. desamloni shankir chess 22va vargam eevent mariyu anni kalalalo atyadhika rating pondina tornamentlalo okati. azerbaijani samskrutilo backgammen kooda pradhana paatra poeshistumdi. eee aata azerbaijaanlo chaalaa prachuryam pondindi mariyu sthaanika prajalalo vistrutamgaa aadabadutundi. azerbaijani nipunulache abhivruddhi cheyabadina mariyu vislaeshimchabadina backgammen yokka vividha vaividhyaalu kooda unnaayi. azerbaijan mahilala wallyball suupar leag prapanchamlooni balamaina mahilaa leaglalo okati. 2005 european chhampiyanshiplo daani mahilala jaateeya jattu naalugo sthaanamlo nilichindi. gatha samvatsaraallo, rabita baaku mariyu azerail baaku vanti clubbulu european kaplalo goppa vijayanni saadhinchaayi. azerbaijani wallyball aatagaallalo valeria korotenko, oksana parkhomenko, inessa korkmaj, natalya mammadova mariyu allah hasanova vanti vaaru unnaaru. itara azerbaijani athletlu namig abdullayev, togrul asgarov, rovshan bayramov, sharif sharifov, maria stadnik mariyu kusteelo fareed mansurov, nazeem hussenov, elnoor mammadli, elkhan mamadov mariyu judolo rustom oruzov, karaatelo rafale aghayev, baxinglo magomedrasul majidov mariyu aghasi mamadov, olympic weit liftinglo nizami pashayev, paankreshanlo azad asgarov, kickboxinglo edward mamadov mariyu keey-1 faitar jabit samedov. azerbaijan juun 2012loe tayaaru chesina formula vann rays-track kaligi undhi, mariyu desham thana modati formula vann grand prixnu juun 19,2016naa mariyu azerbaijan grand prixnu 2017,2018,2019,2021 mariyu 2022loe nirvahinchindi. desamlo jarige itara vaarshika creeda karyakramalu baaku cup tennis tornament mariyu tour dii 'azerbaijan saikling rays. azerbaijan 2000la chivari nundi aneka pradhana creeda pootiilaku aatidhyam ichindi, veetilo 2013 eff1 powerboat prapancha championship, 2012 fifa yuu-17 mahilala prapancha cup, 2011 aiba prapancha baxing champiyanshiplu, 2010 european restling champiyanshiplu, 2009 rhythmic gymnastics european champiyanshiplu, 2014 european taikwando champiyanshiplu, 2014 rhythmic gymnastics european champiyanshiplu mariyu 2016 prapancha chess olympiad unnaayi. 8 december 2012naa, 2015 european kreedalaku aatidhyam ivvadaaniki baaku empika cheyabadindi, idhi pootii charitralo jarigina modatidi. baaku 2017loe naalugo islaamik sangheebhaava kreedalaku mariyu 2019 european yooth summer olympic festivalku kooda aatidhyam ichindi, mariyu idhi 2021loe covid-19 kaaranamgaa jarugutunna uefa euro 2020kii kooda aatidhyam istundi.

aazarbaijan aazarbaijan (<unk>,,)yee sarkaari toor parr jamhuria aazarbaijan eek beenn albarazmi milk hay juu mashriqi europ aur maghrabi aishya kii sarhad parr waaqa hay. yaha janubi coxus kay elaqay kaa eek hasah hay aur iss kay mashriq mein bahirah cospin shamaal mein roos (jamhuria ddajistan)yee shamaal maghrab mein jarjiya maghrab mein arminiah aur tarki aur janub mein airaan say gharaa hawaa hay. baako iss kaa darulhukumat aur sabb say badaa shehar hay. aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria nay 1918 mein transcocation jamhuri wafaqi jamhuria say apnee aazadi kaa aalaan kiyaa aur pehli secular jamhuri muslim aksariyati riyasat bunn gayee. 1920 mein milk kuu soweet union mein aazarbaijan aiss aiss aar kay toor parr shaamil kiyaa gayaa. jadeed jamhuria aazarbaijan nay 30 agast 1991 kuu apnee aazadi kaa aalaan kiyaa asee saal soweet union kay tehlil honay say kachh arsah pehley. satambar 1991 mein nagarno karabikh kay elaqay kii nasli arminiyayi aksariyat nay khood saakhta jamhuria aartsakh tashkil dee. khatay aur aas paas kay saat azlaa kuu beenn alaqwami satah parr aazarbaijan kay hasay kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa hay awo aiss see kay zariye sahulat farahim kardah mazakirat kay zariye nagarno-karabikh kii haisiyat kaa hall zeer altawa hay halankah yaha 1994 mein pehli nagarno-karabikh jung kay ikhtatam kay saath "ddee facto" aazaad how gayaa. 2020 mein dosri nagarno-karabikh jung kay baad nagarno-karabikh kay saat azlaa aur kachh hasoon kuu aazarbaijan kay qabze mein waps kirr diyaa gayaa. aazarbaijan eek yakk jehti neem sadarati jamhuria hay. yaha chh aazaad turk riyasaton mein say eek hay aur turk riyasaton kii tanzim aur turkisoye baradari kaa eek faal rakan hay. aazarbaijan kay 182 mamalik kay saath sfarti taluqat haine aur wah 38 beenn alaqwami tanzimon kii rakniyat rakhta hay jinn mein aqwam muthadah europ kii konsal ghair waabistah tehreek awo aiss see ayee aur neeto pee aif pee prograam shaamil haine. yaha gawaam see aayee aiss aur awo pee see dabliyo kay baanee arakeen mein say eek hay. aazarbaijan bhee dabliyo tye awo kii eek mubsir riyasat hay. milk kii aabadi kii aksariyat (97 vovo) baraye naam musliman hay leakin aayeen sarkaari mazhab kaa aalaan nahein kartaa hay aur milk kii tamaam bury seyasi quwatein secular haine. aazarbaijan eek tarqi pazeer milk hay aur insani tarqi kay asharia mein 91 wein number parr hay. iss mein iqtesadi tarqi kii sharah khwandagi aur bay rozgaari kii sharah kumm hay. tahim 1993 say iqtedar mein mojud hukmaran nayee aazarbaijan paarti parr haidar alaif aur inn kay betay alhaam alaif donon kii qayadat mein aamranah qayadat aur milk kay insani haqoq kay record kuu kharaab karnay kaa alzaam lagaya gayaa hay jiss mein shehri aazadiyon khaas toor parr prais kii aazadi aur seyasi jabar parr badhti hoyee pabandiyan shaamil haine. siftiyat. eek jadeed astalah kay mutabiq "aazarbaijan" kii astalah "atropts" say makhuz hay juu kahh acmend sultanat kay tahat eek faarsi satraap thaa jasay baad mein alegzender dee great kay tahat mediya kay satraap kay toor parr bahaal kiyaa gayaa thaa. khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh iss naam kii asl mushtaq kii jadein eek zamanay mein ghalib zoroastriyanism mein haine. avesta kay "frewarden yaasht" ("sarparast farishton kay liye geeth") mein iss kaa zakar hay jiss kaa lafzi tarjumah avestin say hotaa hay "humm muqadas atropatin kay fariwashi kii poja kartay haine". atropates" naam khood eek paraaney airani kaa yunani nql tarjumah hay shayed medine markab naam jiss kaa matlab hay "(muqadas) aag say mahfuz" yaa "(muqadas) aag kii sarzamin". yunani naam kaa zakar deudors seculus aur strabo nay kiyaa thaa. hazaaron saalon kay doraan yaha naam (wastee faarsi)yee pahar (neeya faarsi) aur maujudah door kay "aazarbaijan" mein tabdil hawaa. aazarbaijan" kaa naam pehli baar 1918 mein masawat kii hukumat nay maujudah jamhuria aazarbaijan kay elaqay kay liye apnaya thaa jabb rosee sultanat kay khaatime kay baad jabb aazaad aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria qayem hoyee thee. iss waqat takk yaha ahdah khususi toor parr asree shamaal maghrabi airaan kay malhaqah elaqay kii shanakhat kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jabkah aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria kay elaqay kuu pehley "tartib" aur "sherwan" kahaa jaataa thaa. iss bunyaad parr airaan nay nayey apnaye gayey milk kay naam parr ahtajaj kiyaa. soweet hukmarani kay doraan milk kii hajay laatini mein rosee nql makaani say '() kay toor parr bhee kii gayee thee. milk kaa naam 1940 say 1991 takk cerelic rasm alkhat mein bhee 'kay toor parr likhaa gayaa thaa. tareekh. qadeem. aazarbaijan kay elaqay mein insani aabaad kaaree kaa qadeem tareen sabut pathar kay door kay aakhir mein milta hay aur iss kaa taaluq azkh ghaar kii grochay saqafat say hay. ibtadayi bastiyon mein 9 wein sadee qabal maseeh kay doraan sakithi shaamil thay. sakithi baashindon kay baad airani meady daryaae ars kay janub mein waaqa elaqay parr ghalbah haasil karnay lagay. medon nay 900 aur 700 qabal maseeh kay darmiyan eek wasee sultanat banayi juu 550 qabal maseeh kay aas paas acmenade sultanat mein zam how gayee. iss elaqay kuu achemenades nay fatah kirr liyaa thaa jiss kii wajah say zorostariyayi azm phail gayaa. saasaani door say lay kirr safwi door takk. saasaani sultanat nay 252 mein kakishiyayi albaniah kuu eek jagirdar riyasat mein tabdil kirr diyaa jabkah baadshah arnair nay chothi sadee mein eisaiyat kuu sarkaari toor parr riyasati mazhab kay toor parr apnaya. saasaani hukmarani kay bawajood albaniah 9 wein sadee takk khatay mein eek wajood rehaa jabkah makmal toor parr saasaani airaan kay maatehat rehaa aur apnee baadshahat kuu barqarar rakhaa. saasaani shahanshah kay aham jagirdaron mein say eek honay kay bawajood albaniah kay baadshah kay paas sarf akhtiyar kii eek jhalak thee aur saasaani marzban (foji governor) kay paas ziyadah tarr shehri mazhabi aur foji akhtiyar thaa. saatwein sadee kay pehley nasf mein kakishiyayi albaniah saasniyon kay eek jagirdar kay toor parr faars parr muslim fatah kii wajah say baraye naam muslim hukmarani kay tahat aayaa. amayed khalafat nay janubi coxus say saasaani aur buzenteen donon kuu paspa kirr diyaa aur 667 mein baadshah jovensher kii qayadat mein eisayi mazahimat kuu dabanay kay baad kakishiyayi albaniah kuu eek jagirdar riyasat mein tabdil kirr diyaa. abaasi khalafat kay zawal say chhodi gayee taaqat kii khalaa kuu mutadid maqami khandanon jeesay kahh slaredz saajid aur shadadon nay bhar diyaa. 11 wein sadee kay aaghaz mein iss elaqay parr aahista aahista wastee aishya say aughaz turkon kii lehron nay qabzah kirr liyaa jinhon nay iss waqat eek turk nasal kaa naam apnaya thaa. inn turk khandanon mein say pehla qayem honay waala seljok sultanat thaa juu 1067 takk iss elaqay mein daakhil hawaa jasay abb aazarbaijan kahaa jaataa hay. jadeed aazarbaijan kay elaqay mein rehney waali qabal az tarki aabadi kayee hund-europi aur kakishiyayi zabanein bolti thee jinn mein arminiyayi aur eek airani zabaan praani aaziri shaamil thee jiss kii jagah batadreej eek turk zabaan nay lay lie juu aaj kii aazarbaijani zabaan kii ibtadayi paish khaimah thee. kachh mahireen lasaniyat nay yaha bhee kahaa hay kahh airani aazarbaijan aur jamhuria aazarbaijan kii taati boliyan jaisa kahh taatis boltay haine praani aaziri say nikli haine. maqami toor parr baad kii seljok sultanat kay maaliyat parr aldegozed hukumat kartay thay takniki toor parr seljok sultanon kay jagirdar leakin baaz auqaat khood "ddee facto" hukmaran. sailjokon kay door mein maqami shayeron jeesay nijami ganjawi aur khaakaani nay maujudah aazarbaijan kay elaqay mein faarsi adab kay arooj kuu janam diyaa. sherwanshaon kaa maqami khaandaan timur kii sultanat kii eek jagirdar riyasat bunn gayaa aur sunhari hujum kay hukmaran taukhtamish kay saath iss kii jung mein iss kii madad kii. timur kii moth kay baad duu aazaad aur hareef riyasatein ubhri: qaira quweenlo aur akk quweenlo. shirwansha waps aayey aaney waali mutadid sadiyon takk maqami hukmaranon aur jagirdaron kii haisiyat say aalee darjay kii khood mukhtari barqarar rakhee jaisa kahh inhon nay 861 say kiyaa thaa. 1501 mein airaan kay safwi khaandaan nay sherwanshaon kuu zeer kiyaa aur apnay maal haasil kiye. agli sadee kay doraan safviyon nay sabqah sunee aabadi kuu sheyah islaam mein tabdil kirr diyaa jaisa kahh inhon nay jadeed door kay airaan kii aabadi kay saath kiyaa. safviyon nay sherwanshahon kuu 1538 takk jabb safwi baadshah tehmasip awal (rar. 1524-1576) nay inhein makmal toor parr mazul kirr diyaa aur iss elaqay kuu safayed subah sharwan banaa diyaa. sunee usmani 1578-1590 kii usmani-safwi jung kay natijay mein maujudah aazarbaijan kay kachh hasoon parr mukhtasir toor parr qabzah karnay mein kamiyab rahay. 17 wein sadee kay awail takk inhein safwi airani hukmaran abaas awal (rar. 1588-1629). safwi sultanat kay khaatime kay tanazar mein baako aur iss kay maahul parr rosiyon nay mukhtasir toor parr qabzah kirr liyaa thaa jiss kaa natijah roos-faarsi jung kay natijay mein thaa. safwi airaan kay padosi harifon kay zariah iss tarah kay mukhtasir waqfon kay bawajood aaj juu aazarbaijan hay wah sarzamin safviyon kii ibtadayi aamad say lay kirr 19 wein sadee kay doraan takk airani hukmarani kay tahat rahee. jadeed tareekh. safviyon kay baad iss elaqay parr airani afshari khaandaan kii hukumat thee. naadir shaah kii moth kay baad (rar. 1736-1747)yee inn kay behat say saabiq riaya nay adam istehkaam kay phatnay kaa fayedah uthaya. iss elaqay mein khood mukhtari kii mukhtalif shaklon kay saath mutadid khood mukhtar khaanat ubhray. inn khaanat kay hukmaranon kaa braah raast taaluq airaan kay hukmaran khandanon say thaa aur wah airani shaah kay jagirdar aur riaya thay. khaanat nay wastee aishya aur maghrab kay darmiyan beenn alaqwami tajarti raaston kay zariye apnay muamilat parr control kaa istemaal kiyaa. iss kay baad yaha elaqah airani zindon aur qajiron kii lagatar hukmarani kay tahat thaa. 18 wein sadee kay aakhir say shaahi roos nay apnay duu parosiyon aur janub kay hareefon yauni airaan aur sultanat usmaniah kay tayein ziyadah jarhana geografiyayi seyasi moqaf akhtiyar kiyaa. roos nay abb faal toor parr coxus kay elaqay parr qabzah karnay kii koshish kii juu ziyadah tarr hasah airaan kay haath mein thaa. 1804 mein rosiyon nay airani qasbey gaanja parr hamlah kiyaa aur asay tabaah kirr diyaa jiss say roos-faarsi jung sharoo how gayee. foji toor parr aalee rosiyon nay roos-faarsi jung kuu fatah kay saath khatam kirr diyaa. 1804-1813 jung mein qajar airaan kay haarnay kay baad asay muahidah gulistan kay mutabiq jarjiya aur ddajistan kay saath saath ziyadah tarr khaanat parr rosee sultanat kay qabze mein jaanay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. daryaae ars kay shamaal mein waaqa alaqah jiss kay darmiyan asree jamhuria aazarbaijan waaqa hay 19 wein sadee mein roos kay iss parr qabzah karnay takk airani elaqah thaa. taqriba eek dahayi baad gulistan muahide kii khalaaf warzi kartay huay rosiyon nay airaan kay airiwan khaantey parr hamlah kirr diyaa. iss say donon kay darmiyan dushmani kaa aakhri muqabilah sharoo hawaa roos-faarsi jung 1826-1828. turkmanchi kay natijay mein honay waalay muahide nay qajar airaan kuu airiwan khaantay nakhchiwan khaantey aur talish khaantey kay baqiyah hasay parr khudmukhtari chhodnay parr majbur kirr diyaa juu asree aazarbaijan jamhuria kii mutty kay aakhri hasoon parr mushtamil thaa juu abb bhee airani haathon mein thay. airaan say roos mein tamaam kakishiyayi elaqon kuu shaamil karnay kay baad donon kay darmiyan nayee sarhad daryaae ars parr muqarar kii gayee juu soweet union kay bikhar jaanay kay baad baad mein airaan aur aazarbaijan jamhuria kay darmiyan sarhad kaa hasah bunn gayee. qajar airaan kuu 19 wein sadee mein apnay kakishiyayi elaqay roos kay hawalay karnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa jiss mein iss tarah jadeed door kii aazarbaijan jamhuria kaa elaqah shaamil thaa jabkah iss hawalgi kay natijay mein aazarbaijan nasli garwah aaj kill duu qomon mein taqsim hay: airaan aur aazarbaijan. rosee fatah kay bawajood poori 19 wein sadee mein rosee zeer qabzah shehron baako gaanja aur tiflees (abb jarjiya) mein sheyah aur sunee danishwaron mein airani saqafat adab aur zabaan kay saath mashghuliyat wasee paimanay parr barqarar rahee. asee sadee kay andar airaan kay baad kay rosee zeer qabzah mashriqi kakishiya mein 19 wein sadee kay aakhir mein eek aazarbaijan kii qomi shanakhat ubhri. pehli jung azeem kay doraan rosee sultanat kay khaatime kay baad qaleel madti transcocation jamhuri wafaqi jamhuria kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa jiss mein maujudah door kii jamhuria aazarbaijan jarjiya aur arminiah tashkil dee gayee. iss kay baad maarch kay dunon mein 30 maarch aur 2 apreel 1918 kay darmiyan baako shehar aur rosee sultanat kay baako governarate kay malhaqah elaqon mein qatal aam hoay. jabb mayee 1918 mein jamhuria tehlil hoyee tuu sarkardah masawat paarti nay aazadi kaa aalaan aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria (aey ddee aar) kay toor parr kiyaa nayee jamhuria kay liye "aazarbaijan" kaa naam apnaya. yaha naam juu aey ddee aar kay aalaan say pehley sarf asree airaan kay malhaqah shamaal maghrabi elaqay kaa hawalah deenay kay liye istemaal hotaa thaa. aey ddee aar muslim duniya kii pehli jadeed parlimani jamhuria thee. parliament kii aham kamyabiyon mein khwatin kuu haqh raaye dahee mein tausia thee jiss say aazarbaijan pehla muslim milk bunn gayaa jiss nay khwatin kuu mardon kay baraabar seyasi haqoq diye. aey ddee aar kii eek aur aham kamiyabi baako steat university kaa qayaam thaa juu kahh mashriq muslim mein qayem honay waali pehli jadeed qasm kii university thee. maarch 1920 takk yaha waazah thaa kahh soweet roos baako parr hamlah karay gaa. walaadi meer lenan nay kahaa kahh yaha hamlah jayez thaa keunkah soweet roos baako kay teel kay baghair zindah nahein rahh saktaa thaa. aazaad aazarbaijan sarf 23 maah takk jaari rehaa jabb takk kahh bolshivek 11 wein soweet reed aarmi nay iss parr hamlah nahein kiyaa 28 apreel 1920 kuu aazarbaijan aiss aiss aar qayem kiyaa. agarcha noow tashkil shadah aazarbaijan kii foj kaa badaa hasah eek arminiyayi baghawat kuu khatam karnay mein masruf thaa juu ubhee karabikh mein phut padee thee aazarbaijaniyon nay apnee mukhtasir aazadi kuu jaldi yaa aasani say hathiyar nahein daala. 20, 000 kay qareeb aazarbaijan kay foji iss mazahimat mein maaray gayey juu moasir tareeqe say eek rosee dobarah fatah thee. aaney waalay ibtadayi soweet door mein aazarbaijan kii qomi shanakhat balaakhir jaali bunn gayee. 13 aktobar 1921 kuu soweet jamhuria roos arminiah aazarbaijan aur jarjiya nay tarki kay saath eek muahide parr dastakhat kiye jasay trick kaa muahidah kahaa jaataa hay. pehley say aazaad jamhuria araas bhee cars kay muahide kay zariye aazarbaijan aiss aiss aar kay andar nakhchiwan khood mukhtar soweet ishteraki jamhuria bunn jaaye gee. dosri taraf arminiah kuu zonjor kay elaqay say nawaza gayaa aur tarki nay gumery (iss waqat alegzenderpol kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa) waps karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa. dosri jung azeem kay doraan aazarbaijan nay soweet union kii strategic tawanayi kii palisi mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa jiss mein mashriqi muhaz parr soweet union kaa 80 faisad teel baako kay zariye farahim kiyaa jaataa thaa. faroori 1942 mein yuu aiss aiss aar kay suprem soweet kay farmaan kay zariye aazarbaijan kii teel kii sanaat kay 500 say ziyadah karkanon aur mulazimin kay azam kuu arder aur tamghe say nawaza gayaa. operation edelwees juu german veermakhat nay kiyaa thaa iss nay yuu aiss aiss aar kay tawanayi (patroleem) dynamo kay toor parr iss kii ahmiyat kii wajah say baako kuu nishanah banaya. 1941 say 1945 takk dosri jung azeem mein ladnay waalay tamaam aazarbaijaniyon mein say panchwan hasah. taqriba 681,000 loag jinn mein 100,000 say ziyadah khwatin thein muhaz parr gayey jabkah iss waqat aazarbaijan kii kill aabadi 34 laakh thee. aazarbaijan kay taqriba 250,000 loag muhaz parr maaray gayey. 130 say ziyadah aazarbaijaniyon kuu soweet union kay herow namzad kiyaa gayaa. aazarbaijan kay meejar general azee islanof kuu duu baar soweet union kay herow say nawaza gayaa. aazadi. maikhail gorbachof kay zariye sharoo kii gayee "glassnost" kii seyasat kay baad soweet union kay mukhtalif elaqon mein shehri badamani aur nasli jhagday badhay jinn mein nagorno karabikh bhee shaamil hay juu aazarbaijan aiss aiss aar kaa eek khood mukhtar elaqah hay. pehley say hyee garma garm tanazah kay tayein maasko kii bay hasee kay jawaab mein aazarbaijan mein hungamah aarayi aazadi aur alaihadgi kay mutalibat kaa baais bunny jiss kaa ikhtatam baako mein januri kay seeyah waaqiaat mein hawaa. baad mein 1990 mein aazarbaijan aiss aiss aar kii suprem konsal nay anwaan say "soweet socialist" kay alfaz kuu hataa diyaa "aazarbaijan jamhuria kii khudmukhtari kaa aalaan" apnaya aur aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria kay parcham kuu riyasati parcham kay toor parr bahaal kiyaa. maasko mein 1991 kii soweet baghawat kii nakaam koshish kay natijay mein aazarbaijan kii aalee konsal nay 18 aktobar 1991 kuu aazadi kaa aalaan manzoor kiyaa jiss kii tasdiq dasambar 1991 mein milk gair referendum kay zariye kii gayee jabkah soweet union kaa bazabtah toor parr 26 dasambar 1991 kuu wajood khatam how gayaa. abb milk 18 aktobar kuu apnaa youm aazadi manata hay. aazadi kay ibtadayi saalon kuu nagarno-karabikh kii nasli arminiyayi aksariyat kay saath pehli nagarno-karabikh jung nay chhaya diyaa thaa jasay arminiyayi himayat haasil thee. 1994 mein dushmani kay ikhtatam takk arminiyayi baashindon nay aazarbaijan kay elaqay kay 14-16 faisad takk parr qabzah kirr liyaa jiss mein khood nagono-karabikh bhee shaamil thaa. jung kay doraan donon fareeqon kii taraf say behat say mazalim aur qatal aam kiye gayey jinn mein molibili aur gashcholar mein qatal aam girdagili qatal aam aur khojli qatal aam kay saath saath baako qatal aam maraga qatal aam aur karwabad qatal aam shaamil haine. mazeed baraan eek andazay kay mutabiq 30,000 afraad halaak aur duss laakh say ziyadah afraad bay gahar how chakay haine 800,000 say ziyadah aazarbaijan aur 300,000 arminiyayi. aqwam muthadah kii salamati konsal kii chaar qarardadein (822yee 853yee 874yee aur 884) aazarbaijan kay tamaam zeer qabzah elaqon say tamaam arminiyayi afwaj kay fouri ankhala kaa mutalibah karti haine."behat say rosee aur arminiyayi 1990 kii dahayi kay doraan panah gazinon kay toor parr aazarbaijan say bhaag gayey. 1970 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq aazarbaijan mein 510,000 nasli rosee aur 484,000 arminiyayi thay. alaif khaandaani hukmarani 1993-maujudah. 1993 mein jamhuri toor parr muntakhib sadr abualfaz alcheebi kaa takhtah alt diyaa gayaa jiss kii qayadat karnal suurat hasinof nay kii thee jiss kay natijay mein soweet aazarbaijan kay saabiq rehnuma haidar alaif kaa iqtedar arooj hawaa. 1994 mein suurat hasinof iss waqat takk wazeer aazam nay haidar alaif kay khalaaf eek aur foji baghawat kii koshish kii leakin inhein giraftar kirr kay ghadari kaa alzaam aayed kirr diyaa gayaa. eek saal baad 1995 mein alaif kay khalaaf eek aur baghawat kii koshish kii gayee iss baar auman special yount kay commander roshan jawadoof nay. baghawat kuu taal diyaa gayaa jiss kay natijay mein moakhar alzikar kaa qatal aur aazarbaijan kii auman units kuu tehlil kirr diyaa gayaa. saath hyee milk hukumat karnay waali beurocracy mein bay tahashah badanwani say daghdar thaa. aktobar 1998 mein alaif dosri madat kay liye dobarah muntakhib hoay. behat behatar maeshat kay bawajood khaas toor parr aaziri-cheerg-ganeshli aayel feld aur shaah denies gees feld kay istehsaal kay saath alaif kii sadarat kuu mushtabah intekhabi dhokah dahee aalee satah kii maashi adam masawaat aur gharilo badanwani kii wajah say tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya gayaa. haidar alaif kay betay alhaam alaif 2003 mein apnay waalid kay inteqal parr nayee aazarbaijan paarti kay chairmeen honay kay saath saath aazarbaijan kay sadr bhee banay. aktobar 2013 mein wah teesri baar sadr muntakhib hoay. apreel 2018 mein sadr alhaam alaif nay iss intekhaab mein apnee muslisil chothi madat haasil kii jiss kaa markazi opposition jamaaton nay dhokah dahee kay toor parr bicot kiyaa thaa. 27 satambar 2020 kuu nagarno-karabikh line aaf contact kay saath nagarno-karabikh tanazah mein nayee jhadpein dobarah sharoo hoyein. aazarbaijan aur arminiah donon kii maslah afwaj nay foji aur shehri halakaton kii atlaa dee. nagarno karabikh jung bundi kaa muahidah aur aazarbaijan aur arminiah kay darmiyan chh hafton kii jung kay khaatime kuu aazarbaijan mein baday paimanay parr manaya gayaa keunkah inhon nay numayan elaqayi fawaid haasil kiye thay. geografiya. geografiyayi toor parr aazarbaijan eurasia kay janubi coxus elaqay mein waaqa hay juu maghrabi aishya aur mashriqi europ mein phaila hawaa hay. yaha araz albald 38° aur 42° aine aur tool albald 44° aur 51° ayee kay darmiyan waaqa hay. aazarbaijan kii zamini sarhadon kii kill lambayi hay jinn mein say arminiah kay saath airaan kay saath jarjiya kay saath 480 chlometer roos kay saath aur tarki kay saath haine. saahili putty kay liye phaila hawaa hay aur cospin samandar kay aazarbaijani hasay kay wasee tareen elaqay kii lambayi hay. milk mein eek lend locked exclue hay nakhchiwan khood mukhtar jamhuria. teen jasmani khususiyat aazarbaijan parr haawi haine: cospin samandar jiss kaa saahil mashriq mein eek qadarti sarhad banata hay vovo shamaal mein badaa coxus pahaadi silsilah vovo aur milk kay markaz mein wasee hamwaar elaqay. yahaan teen pahaadi silsilay bhee haine baday aur chhotay coxus aur talish pahaad juu mill kirr milk kay taqriba 40 faisad hasay parr maheet haine. aazarbaijan kii sabb say oonchi chooti mount bazardzo hay jabkah sabb say nichla maqaam cospin samandar mein waaqa hay. zameen parr mojud mutty kay tamaam aatish fashaan mein say taqriba nasf aazarbaijan mein martakaz haine yaha aatish fashaan bhee fitrat kay nayey 7 ajaibat kay liye namzad kiye gayey thay. paani kay aham zaraye sathi paani haine. 8, 350 driyaon mein say sarf 24 daryaa lambayi say baday haine. tamaam daryaa milk kay mashriq mein bahirah cospin mein girtay haine. sabb say bury jheel sariso hay aur sabb say taweel daryaa coor hay juu arminiah kay saath sarhad paar hay. aazarbaijan mein bahirah cospin kay saath kayee jazeeray haine juu ziyadah tarr baako jazair mein waaqa haine. 1991 mein aazarbaijan kii aazadi kay baad say aazarbaijan kii hukumat nay aazarbaijan kay maahul kay tahfuz kay liye iqdamat kiye haine. 2001 kay baad mahuliyat kay qomi tahfuz mein teezi aayee jabb baako-tbalisi-seehan pipe line kay zariah farahim kardah nayee aamadni kii wajah say riyasati bujjet mein izafah hawaa. chaar saalon mein mahfuz elaqay dogna how gayey aur abb milk kay elaqay kaa aath faisad hasah bunn gayey haine. 2001 say hukumat nay saat baday zakhayer qayem kiye haine aur mahuliyati tahfuz kay liye mukhtas bujjet kay shobay kuu taqriba dogna kirr diyaa hay. zameen kii tazyeen. aazarbaijan mukhtalif qasm kay munazir kaa gahar hay. aazarbaijan kay nasf say ziyadah zamini hasay mein pahaadi pahaadi pahaad chootiyan pahaadi elaqay aur satah martafa shaamil haine juu 400-1000 metter (bashmol darmiyani aur nichley nasheebi elaqon) kii hypesmetric satah takk kachh jighon parr (taali jairanchol-ajinohar aur langaabaz-alaat forranges) 100-120 metter takk aur deegar 0-50 metter aur iss say oopar (kobistan absharon) takk uthtay haine. aazarbaijan kaa baaqi elaqah medani aur nasheebi elaqon parr mushtamil hay. coxus kay elaqay mein hyposometric nishanaat cospin samandari saahil parr taqriba −28 metter say lay kirr 4,466 metter (bazardzo chooti) takk mukhtalif hotay haine. aazarbaijan mein aab woo hawaa kii tashkil khaas toor parr scandinivin ainti cyclone kii thandi archtic hawaa kii kameet cyberian ainti cyclone kii muatadil hawaa kii kameet aur wastee aishiyayi ainti cyclone say mutasir hay. aazarbaijan kaa matnua manzar naamah hawaa kay milk mein daakhil honay kay tareeqon kuu mutasir kartaa hay. greater coxus milk kuu shamaal say aaney waali thandi hawaa kay braah raast asraat say bachata hay. iss say milk kay beshtar daaman aur medani elaqon mein neem garm aab woo hawaa kii tashkil hoti hay. darein asnaa medani elaqon aur daaman mein shamsi tabkari kii sharah ziyadah hoti hay. maujudah gayarah mein say noow aab woo hawaa kay zoon aazarbaijan mein mojud haine. nakhchiwan khood mukhtar jamhuria kay alaaqon jalfa aur aurdubad mein mutliq kumm az kumm darjah hararat () aur mutliq ziyadah say ziyadah darjah hararat donon kaa mashahidah kiyaa gayaa. ziyadah say ziyadah salanah baarish lankraan () mein aur kumm say kumm absharon () mein hoti hay. daryaa aur jhelein aazarbaijan kay aabi nazaam kaa bunyadi hasah haine wah eek taweel arziyati waqat kay doraan tashkil paaye thay aur iss puray arsey mein numayan toor parr tabdil hoay thay. iss kaa khaas toor parr milk bhar mein paaye jaanay waalay qadeem driyaon kii baqiyat say sabut milta hay. qadarti quwaton aur insani mutaarif kardah sanaati sargarmiyon kay zeer asar milk kay aabi nazaam muslisil tabdil how rahay haine. masnuyi daryaa (nehrein) aur talaab aazarbaijan kay aabi nazaam kaa hasah haine. paani kii farahami kay lahaaz say aazarbaijan taqriba harr saal phee marbaa chlometer paani kay saath duniya mein ausat say kumm hay. paani kay tamaam baday zakhayer coor parr banaye gayey haine. aazarbaijan kii hydrography bunyadi toor parr cospin samandari taas say taaluq rakhti hay. koraa aur ars aazarbaijan kay baday daryaa haine. wah koraa-aars nasheebi elaqay say guzartay haine. wah daryaa juu braah raast cospin samandar mein behtay haine bunyadi toor parr baday coxus aur talish pahaadon kii shamaal mashriqi dhalwan say nikaltay haine aur samor-devchi aur lankraan nasheebi elaqon kay saath behtay haine. yanaar dagg jiss kaa tarjumah "jaltaa hawaa pahaad" kay toor parr kiyaa jaataa hay eek qadarti gees kii aag hay juu baako kay qareeb cospin samandar parr jazirah namaa absharon parr eek pahaadi parr muslisil jalti rehti hay jasay khood "aag kii sarzamin" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay."sholay eek patli surakh daar reet kay pathar kii parat say hawaa mein nikaltay haine. yaha baako kay elaqay mein aaney waalay seyahon kay liye eek seyahati maqaam hay. hayatiyati tanoo. aazarbaijan mein janwaron kii zindagi kii dolat aur tanoo say mutaliq pehli reportain mashriqi musafiron kay safri noton mein mill sakti haine. tamirati yaadgaaron qadeem pathron aur pathron parr janwaron kii nqashi maujudah door takk barqarar hay. aazarbaijan kay nabatat aur haiwanat kay baaray mein pehli malumat 17 wein sadee mein mahireen fitrat kay aazarbaijan kay dooron kay doraan jamaa kii gayee thein. mamaliyah janwaron kii 106 aqsaam machliyon kii 97 aqsaam parindon kii 363 aqsaam aabi hayaat kii 10 aqsaam aur rengnay waalay janwaron kii 52 aqsaam haine jinhein aazarbaijan mein darj aur darjah bund kiyaa gayaa hay. aazarbaijan kaa qomi janwar karabikh ghoda hay juu eek pahaadi medaan kii dodh hay aur aazarbaijan kaa maqami ghoda hay. karabikh ghoda apnay achhay mazaaj raftar khubsurati aur zahanat kay liye mashhur hay. yaha qadeem tareen naslon mein say eek hay jiss kay nasb qadeem duniya say haine leakin aaj ghoda eek khatray say dochaar nooa hay. aazarbaijan kay nabatat aalee podon kii 4,500 say ziyadah aqsaam parr mushtamil haine. aazarbaijan mein manfard aab woo hawaa kii wajah say yaha nabatat janubi coxus kay deegar jamhuria kay nabatat kay muqabilay mein anwaa kii taadad mein behat ziyadah ameer hay. puray coxus mein agnay waali 66 faisad anwaa aazarbaijan mein payee jaa sakti haine. milk chaar mahuliyati khaton mein waaqa hay: cospin harkiniyayi makhlut janglaat coxus makhlut janglaat mashriqi anatoliyayi pahaadi medaan aur aazarbaijan jhaadi kay sahra aur medaan. aazarbaijan kaa 2018 kaa farest lend scape integraty index ausat score 6.55/10 thaa juu asay 172 mamalik mein say aalimi satah parr 72 wein number parr rakhta hay. hukumat aur seyasat. aazarbaijan kay seyasi nazaam kii saakhti tashkil 12 nomber 1995 kuu nayey aayeen kuu apnanay say makmal hoyee. aayeen kay artical 23 kay mutabiq aazarbaijan jamhuria kii riyasati alamatein parcham coat aaf aarmz aur qomi taranah haine. aazarbaijan mein riyasati taaqat sarf androni masail kay liye qanoon kay zariye mahdud hay leakin beenn alaqwami muamilat bhee beenn alaqwami muahidon kii dafaat kay zariye mahdud haine. aazarbaijan kay aayeen mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh yaha eek sadarati jamhuria hay jiss mein iqtedar kii teen shakhein haine-intezami qanoon saaz aur adalati. qanoon saazi kaa akhtiyar nakhchiwan khood mukhtar jamhuria mein yakk aiwan qomi assembly aur suprem qomi assembly kay paas hay. aazarbaijan kii parliament jasay milly majlis kahaa jaataa hay 125 naibeen parr mushtamil hoti hay juu aksariyat kay woat kii bunyaad parr muntakhib hotay haine jiss kii madat harr muntakhib rakan kay liye paanch saal hoti hay. intekhabat harr paanch saal baad nomber kay pehley atwaar kuu hotay haine. parliament hukumat kii tashkil kii zamah daar nahein hay leakin aayeen kay liye milly majlis kay zariye wuzraa kii kabinah kii manzori darkaar hoti hay. nayee aazarbaijan party aur hukmaran hukumat kay wafadar aazaad amidwar phee alhaal parliament kii taqriba tamaam 125 nashaston parr qaabiz haine. 2010 kay parlimani intekhabat kay doraan hazb ikhtelaaf kii jamaatein masawat aur aazarbaijan kii maqbool muhaz party eek bhee nashast jeetnay mein nakaam rahein. europi mubsareen nay intekhabat say qabal aur intekhabat kay dunn mutadid bay zabitgiyan payee. intezami akhtiyar sadr kay paas hotaa hay juu braah raast intekhabat kay zariye saat saal kii madat kay liye muntakhib hotaa hay aur wazeer aizam. sadr kuu kabinah bananay kaa akhtiyar haasil hay juu eek ijtemayi intezami idaarah hay juu sadr aur qomi assembly donon kay liye jawabdah hay. aazarbaijan kii kabinah bunyadi toor parr wazeer aazam inn kay naibeen aur wuzraa parr mushtamil hoti hay. aazarbaijan kii 8 wein hukumat iss kii maujudah tashkil mein intezamiya hay. sadr kuu qomi assembly kuu tehlil karnay kaa haqh nahein hay leakin asay apnay faisalon kuu veto karnay kaa haqh hay. sadarati veto kuu khatam karnay kay liye parliament kuu 95 woton kii aksariyat haasil hony chahiye. adalati taaqat aayeeni adaalat suprem court aur iqtesadi adaalat mein hay. sadr inn adalaton mein jajon kuu namzad kartaa hay. europi commission baraye insaaf kii karkardgi (sepage) kii report mein nayey jajon kay intekhaab say mutaliq aazarbaijan kay insaaf kay maadal kuu behtareen amal kay toor parr hawalah diyaa gayaa hay juu eek nayee jamhuriyat mein adliah kii aazadi aur mayaar kuu yaqeeni bananay kii taraf makhsus khususiyat aur tarqi kay raastay kii akaasi kartaa hay. aazarbaijan kay nazaam hukmarani kuu baraye naam duu darjay kaa kahaa jaa saktaa hay. hukumat kaa aalee yaa aalee tareen darjah sadr kii sarbarahi mein intezami taaqat hay. sadr wuzra kii kabinah aur deegar aalee ahday daaron kaa taqrar kartaa hay. maqami intezami akhtiyar mahaz intezami akhtiyar kaa taslasal hay. yaha shaq maqami intezami atharti ("yearli aikra hakmiti") parr aazarbaijan mein maqami riyasati intezamiya kii qanuni haisiyat kaa tayeen karti hay jasay 16 joone 1999 kuu apnaya gayaa. joone 2012 mein sadr nay nayey zabtay kii manzori dee jiss nay maqami intezami hakaam kuu izaafi akhtiyarat ataa kiyay aazarbaijan kay maqami amoor mein inn kii ghalib position kuu mazboot kiyaa. aazarbaijan jamhuria kay aayeen kay baab 9 mein maqami khood hukumat kay baday masaail jeesay baldiyaat kii qanuni haisiyat maqami khood mukhtar idaaron kii aqsaam inn kay bunyadi akhtiyarat aur deegar sarkaari idaaron say taluqat kuu hall kiyaa gayaa hay. hukmarani kaa dosra baraye naam darjah baldiyaat ("bülÂdiyy") hay aur baldiyaat kay arakeen harr paanch saal baad baldiyati intekhabat mein aam woat kay zariye muntakhib kiye jaatay haine. iss waqat milk bhar mein 1,607 baldiyaat haine. baldiyati intekhabat say mutaliq qanoon aur municipalityon kii haisiyat say mutaliq qanoon maqami hukumat kay medaan mein sabb say pehley apnaya gayaa (2 jolayi 1999). municiple saros say mutaliq qanoon municiple mulazimin kii sargarmiyon inn kay haqoq faraiz mazdoori kay halaat aur samaji fawaid kuu manzam kartaa hay aur execto apprates kay dahanchay aur municiple saros kii tanzim kaa khaakah paish kartaa hay. municipalityon kii haisiyat say mutaliq qanoon municiple idaaron kay kirdaar aur dahanchay kuu manzam kartaa hay aur qanuni aur maali khood mukhtari kii riyasati zamanaton kaa khaakah paish kartaa hay. qanoon samaji tahfuz samaji aur iqtesadi tarqi aur maqami maahul say mutaliq municiple programon kuu apnanay aur inn parr amal daraamad parr khususi taujah deeta hay. salamati konsal sadr kay tahat ghoor woo fakar kaa idaarah hay aur wah asay aayeen kay mutabiq manzam kartaa hay. yaha 10 apreel 1997 kuu qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. intezami mohkamah sadr kay daftar kaa hasah nahein hay balkah sadr aur inn kay daftar donon kii maalee takniki aur maali sargarmiyon kaa intezam kartaa hay. alizarbaijan kay seyasi nazaam kuu kachh seyasi sciencedanon nay alyuf seyasi khaandaan aur haidar alyuf kay qayem kardah nayee alizarbaijan paarti ("yeeni azarbikan paarti"yee yaap) kay derpa asar woo rasokh kii wajah say aamranah qaraar diyaa hay. milk kay teesre sadr haidar alaif (1993 aur 2003 kay darmiyan ahday parr vovo wah pehley 1969 aur 1982 kay darmiyan aazarbaijan kii communist paarti kay pehley secertry thay aur 1982 aur 1987 kay darmiyan soweet union kay pehley naib wazeer aizam thay) kay baad inn kay betay choothay aur maujudah sadr alhaam alaif nay 2003 mein iqtedar sanbhala. agarcha aazarbaijan nay apnee aazadi kuu dobarah haasil karnay kay baad say mutadid intekhabat karaye haine aur jamhuriyat kay behat say rasmi idaarey haine leakin asay fredam house nay "aazaad nahein" kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa hay jiss nay asay 2022 mein aalimi aazadi kay score parr "aayee ddee 1" darjah diyaa aur asay "mustahkam aamranah hukumat" qaraar diyaa. haaliyah barson mein sadr alaif aur sarkaari hakaam parr tanqeed karnay parr bury taadad mein aazarbaijan kay sahafiyon bloggers waklaa aur insani haqoq kay karkanon kuu giraftar kirr kay jail bhej diyaa gayaa hay. satambar 2015 mein europi parliament kii taraf say manzoor kardah eek qarardad mein aazarbaijan kuu "pachlay duss saalon mein puray eurasia mein jamhuri hukmarani mein sabb say bury kamee kaa saamna karnaa padaa hay"yee yaha bhee nott kartay hoay kahh insani haqoq say mutaliq milk kay saath iss kii baath cheet nay "koyee khaatir khwah paish raft nahein kii hay."17 maarch 2016 cow aazarbaijan kay sadr nay eek farmaan parr dastakhat kiye jiss mein eek darjan say ziyadah afraad kuu maaf kirr diyaa gayaa jinhein kachh aine jee auz nay seyasi qaidi samjha thaa. iss farmaan kaa americi mohkamah khaarjah nay eek masbat qadm kay toor parr khair muqadam kiyaa. 16 maarch 2017 kuu eek aur maafi kay hakam naamay parr dastakhat kiye gayey jiss kii wajah say seyasi qaidi samjhay jaanay waalay izaafi afraad kuu rehaa kiyaa gayaa. aazarbaijan kuu berun milk apnay maqasid kuu farogh deenay aur apnay andron milk apnay intekhabat kuu jayez bananay kay liye ghair milki hakaam aur sifarat kaaron kuu rashwat deenay parr sakht tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya gayaa hay jasay cavier diplomacy kahaa jaataa hay. tahim 6 maarch 2017 cow europi strategic intelli jans aind security center aisisk) nay "dee arminiyayi concussion" kay naam say eek report shaye kii jiss mein iss nay insani haqoq kay aine jee auz aur tehqiqi tanzimon parr hamlah kiyaa aur aazarbaijan mein insani haqoq kii khalaaf warziyon aur badanwani parr tanqeed kii. iss report mein aisisk nay zoor day kirr kahaa kahh aissi kii taraf say tafsili "cavier diplomacy" report kaa maqsad ayem pee aiss kaa eek neet wark bananay kay liye badgumani parr mubni shakok woo shabhaat kaa maahul paida karnaa hay juu aazarbaijan kay khalaaf seyasi jung mein malus hoga aur yaha kahh neet wark juu europi pee ayem aiss arminiyayi hakaam aur kachh aine jee auz (human rights waach amnesty international human rights house foundation "open dialog europi stability aneshi aito aur helsonki committy faar human rights) parr mushtamil hay kuu soros foundation nay maali aanat farahim kii thee. raabart colson (redio free europ) kay mutabiq aisisk raaye aamah kuu tabdil karnay kay liye frunt thank tanks kay istemaal kuu badhanay kay liye baako kii laabing kii koshishon kaa eek hasah hay. fredam failon kay tajziyati markaz nay kahaa kahh "yaha report aamranah propaigande kii badtareen rawayaat mein likhee gayee hay". ghair milki taluqat. qaleel madti aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria chh mamalik kay saath sfarti taluqat qayem karnay mein kamiyab rahee jiss say germani aur funn lend mein sfarti numayende bhejay gayey. zawal pazeer soweet union say aazarbaijan kii aazadi kuu beenn alaqwami satah parr tasleem karnay kaa amal taqriba eek saal takk jaari rehaa. aazarbaijan kuu tasleem karnay waala sabb say haaliyah milk 6 nomber 1996 kuu bahreen thaa. makmal sfarti taluqat bashmol mashnon kay bahami tabadle sabb say pehley tarki pakistan america airaan aur israel kay saath qayem kiye gayey thay. aazarbaijan nay tarki kay saath apnay "khususi taluqat" parr khaas zoor diyaa hay. aazarbaijan kay abb takk 158 mamalik kay saath sfarti taluqat haine aur wah 38 beenn alaqwami tanzimon kii rakniyat rakhta hay. yaha ghair waabistah tehreek aur aalimi tajarti tanzim mein mubsir kaa darjah rakhta hay aur beenn alaqwami teeli communication union mein naamah nigaar hay. 9 mayee 2006 kuu aazarbaijan kuu aqwam muthadah kii general assembly nay nayee qayem kardah insani haqoq konsal kii rakniyat kay liye muntakhib kiyaa. iss ahday kii madat 19 joone 2006 kuu sharoo hoyee. aazarbaijan kuu pehli baar 2011 mein 155 mamalik kii himayat say aqwam muthadah kii salamati konsal kay ghair mustaqil rakan kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. aazarbaijan kii khaarjah palisi kii tarjihaat mein sabb say pehley iss kii elaqayi salmiyat kii bahaali vovo nagarno karabikh kay aas paas nagarno karabikh aur aazarbaijan kay saat deegar elaqon kay qabze kay nataij kaa khaatima vovo europi aur yuro atlantik dahanchay mein inzamam vovo beenn alaqwami salamati mein sharakat vovo beenn alaqwami tanzimon kay saath taawan vovo elaqayi taawan aur duu tarfah taluqat vovo dafayi salahiyat kuu mazboot banana vovo gharilo palisi kay zaraye say salamati kaa farogh vovo jamhuriyat kuu mazboot banana vovo nasli aur mazhabi rawadari kaa tahfuz vovo sciency taleemi aur saqafati palisi aur akhlaqi aqdaar kaa tahfuz vovo maashi aur samaji tarqi vovo androni aur sarhadi salamati mein izafah vovo aur hajrat tawanayi aur nql woo hamal kii salamati kii palisi shaamil haine. aazarbaijan beenn alaqwami dehshat girdi say ladnay waalay beenn alaqwami itehadon kaa eek faal rakan hay aur 11 satambar kay hamlon kay baad himayat kii paishkash karnay waalay pehley mamalik mein say eek thaa. yaha milk neeto kay aman prograam kay liye sharakat daari kaa eek faal rakan hay juu kosoo afghanistan aur iraaq mein aman kii koshishon mein hasah daalta hay. aazarbaijan 2001 say europ kii konsal kaa rakan bhee hay aur europi union kay saath achhay taluqat barqarar rakhta hay. milk balaakhir europi union kii rakniyat kay liye darkhwast day saktaa hay. yakam jolayi 2021 cow americi congress nay qanoon saazi kuu aagay badhaya jiss kaa asar iss foji amdaad parr paray gaa juu washington nay 2012 say aazarbaijan kuu bheji hay. iss kii wajah yaha thee kahh arminiah kuu packages iss kay bajaye numayan toor parr chhotay haine. foji. jadeed aazarbaijan kii foj kii tareekh 1918 mein aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria say milti hay jabb 26 joone 1918 kuu noow tashkil shadah aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria kii qomi foj tashkil dee gayee thee. jabb aazarbaijan nay soweet union kay tehlil honay kay baad aazadi haasil kii tuu jamhuria aazarbaijan kii maslah afwaj 9 aktobar 1991 kay maslah afwaj kay qanoon kay mutabiq tashkil dee gayein. aaj kay aazarbaijan mein qaleel madti qomi foj kay qayaam kii asl tareekh youm foj (26 joone) kay toor parr manayi jaati hay. 2021 takk aazarbaijan kii maslah afwaj mein 126,000 faal ahalkaar thay. yahaan 17,000 neem foji dastay aur 330,00 reserve ahalkaar bhee haine. maslah afwaj kii teen shakhein haine: zamini afwaj fazayi afwaj aur bahriyah. iss kay elawah maslah afwaj mein kayee foji zeeli garwah shaamil haine juu zarurat padnay parr riyasati dafaa mein shaamil how saktay haine. yaha wazaarat daakhlah aur riyasati sarhadi saros kay androni foji haine jinn mein coast gaard bhee shaamil hay. aazarbaijan national gaard eek mazeed neem foji dastah hay. yaha khususi riyasati tahfuz saros kay neem aazaad idaarey kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay juu sadr kay maatehat eek agency hay. aazarbaijan europ mein rawayati maslah afwaj say mutaliq muahide parr amal piraa hay aur iss nay tamaam baday beenn alaqwami hathiyaron aur hathiyaron kay muahidon parr dastakhat kiye haine. aazarbaijan neeto kay saath aman kay liye sharakat daari aur infiradi sharakat daari action plaan/pee aif pee aur aayee pee aey jeesay programon mein qareebi taawan kartaa hay. aazarbaijan nay apnee aman foj kay 151 arkaan kuu iraaq mein aur mazeed 184 kuu afghanistan mein tayinaat kiyaa hay. aazarbaijan nay apnay dafayi bujjet parr 2.24 arb ddaalar kharch kiyay juu iss kay kill jee ddee pee kaa 4.4 faisad aur aam hukumati ikhrajat kaa kachh 12.7% thaa. aazarbaijan kii dafayi sanaat chhotay hathiyar toop khaaney kay nazaam tenk aarmarz aur night vision devices aiwi aishan bumm yuu aey wee/baghair pilot waali fazayi gaadee mukhtalif foji gaadiyan aur foji tayaray aur haili copter tayaar karti hay. intezami taqsim. aazarbaijan intezami toor parr 14 iqtesadi elaqon mein manqasam hay vovo jamhuria kay braah raast akhtiyar kay tahat 66 reun (yee waahid) aur 11 shehar (yee waahid). iss kay alawah aazarbaijan mein nakhchiwan kii khood mukhtar jamhuria () shaamil hay. aazarbaijan kaa sadr inn akayiyon kay governaron kaa taqrar kartaa hay jabkah nakhchiwan kii hukumat nakhchiwan khood mukhtar jamhuria kii parliament kay zariye muntakhib aur manzoor kii jaati hay. maeshat. 1991 mein aazadi haasil karnay kay baad aazarbaijan beenn alaqwami maaliyaati fund aalimi benak europi benak baraye tameer noow aur tarqi islaami tarqiyati benak aur aishiyayi tarqiyati benak kaa rakan bunn gayaa. aazarbaijan kaa banking nazaam aazarbaijan kay markazi benak tajarti benkon aur ghair banking creadt tanzimon parr mushtamil hay. qomi (abb markazi) benak 1992 mein aazarbaijan steat seeving benak kii bunyaad parr banaya gayaa thaa juu yuu aiss aiss aar kay saabiq steat seeving benak say waabistah hay. markazi benak aazarbaijan kay markazi benak kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay jasay qomi currency aazarbaijan maanaat jaari karnay aur tamaam tajarti benkon kii nigrani karnay kaa akhtiyar haasil hay. duu baday tajarti benak yuni benak aur sarkaari malkiyat kaa beenn alaqwami benak aaf aazarbaijan haine juu abaas ibrahimof kay zeer intezam hay. ikhrajat aur talab mein izaafe kii wajah say 2007 kii pehli sah maahi mein afraat zarr kii sharah 16.6% takk pahunch gayee. iss aidaad woo shamaar kay muqabilay baraye naam aamadni aur mahanah ajrat mein baltarteeb 29 faisad aur 25 faisad izafah hawaa leakin ghair teel kii sanaat mein qeematon mein izaafe nay afraat zarr kuu farogh diyaa. aazarbaijan apnay teezi say badhtay hoay tawanayi kay shobay kii wajah say naam nahaad "dich bemari" kii kachh elamaat zahir kartaa hay juu afraat zarr kaa sabab bantaa hay aur ghair tawanayi kii baraamadaat kuu ziyadah mahunga banata hay. 2000 kii dahayi kay awail mein taweel arsey say buland afraat zarr kuu qaabu mein laaya gayaa. iss kii wajah say 1 januri 2006 kuu eek nayee currency nayee aazarbaijan maanaat kaa aaghaz hawaa taakah maashi aslahaat kuu mustahkam kiyaa jaa sakay aur ghair mustahkam maeshat kii nishaniyan mitt jayein. aazarbaijan kuu deegar see aayee aiss mamalik say oopar 2010-2011 kay liye aalimi musabiqat kii report mein bhee 57 waan maqaam haasil hay. 2012 takk aazarbaijan kii jee ddee pee mein 1995 kii satah say 20 ganaa izafah hawaa thaa. tawanayi aur qadarti wasail. aazarbaijan kaa duu tahayi hasah teel aur qadarti gees say maalaa maal hay. aazarbaijan kii teel kii sanaat kii tareekh qadeem door say milti hay. arab kay morakh aur musafir ahmad albaladhuri nay qadeem zamanay mein jazirah namaa absharon kii maeshat parr tabadlah khayaal kiyaa khaas toor parr iss kay teel kaa zakar kiyaa. aazarbaijan mein behat see pipe lines haine. janubi gees coredor kaa maqsad juu aazarbaijan kay devhikal shaah denies gees feld kuu europ say jodta hay europi union kay rosee gees parr inhasaar kuu kumm karnaa hay. milk kaa ziyadah tarr sonaa chaandi lohaa taanbah titanium chromium manganage cobalt molibdenum paichidah aisak aur ainti manee lasar coxus kay elaqay mein hay. satambar 1994 mein aazarbaijan jamhuria (sokaar) kii sarkaari teel company aur 13 teel companiyon kay darmiyan 30 saalah muahide parr dastakhat kiye gayey jinn mein amko bee pee exone mobal locoil aur aconor shaamil haine. chonkah maghrabi teel companiyan soweet istehsaal say achutey gehrey paani kay teel kay medanon kuu istemaal karnay kay qaabil haine iss liye aazarbaijan kuu teel kii talaash aur tarqi kay liye duniya kay sabb say aham maqamat mein say eek samjha jaataa hay. darein asnaa aazarbaijan kaa riyasati teel fund eek izaafi bujjet fund kay toor parr qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa taakah baday iqtesadi istehkaam teel kii aamadni kay intezam mein shafafiyat aur aaney waali naslon kay liye wasail kay tahfuz kuu yaqeeni banaya jaa sakay. aazarbaijan mein hayatiyati salahiyat takk rasayi aalimi ausat say kumm hay. 2016 mein aazarbaijan kay elaqay mein phee shaqs 0.8 aalimi hector hayatiyati salahiyat thee juu phee shaqs 1.6 aalimi hector kii aalimi ausat kaa nasf hay. 2016 mein aazarbaijan nay phee shaqs 2.1 aalimi hector hayatiyati salahiyat kaa istemaal kiyaa-inn kii mahuliyati khipat kaa nashaan. iss kaa matlab hay kahh wah aazarbaijan say ziyadah hayatiyati salahiyat kaa istemaal kartay haine. iss kay natijay mein aazarbaijan hayatiyati salahiyat kaa faqdan chalaa rehaa hay. sokaar kii zeeli company azriqaz 2021 takk milk kii makmal gees kaaree kuu yaqeeni bananay kaa aradah rakhti hay. aazarbaijan mashriq-maghrab aur shamaal-janub tawanayi nql woo hamal kay raaston kay sponsors mein say eek hay. baako-tbalisi-cars railway line cospin kay elaqay kuu tarki say joday gee jiss kay jolayi 2017 mein makmal honay kii toqaa hay. trans-anatoliyayi gees pipe line (tanaap) aur trans adriotic pipe line (taip) aazarbaijan kay shaah denies gees say tarki aur europ takk qadarti gees pahunchaye gee. aazarbaijan nay 14 satambar 2017 kuu sokar aur shareek mansubon (bee pee sheoron inpex aconor exonmoble tye pee attocho aur oongsi wadesh) kay zariah dastakhat shadah tarmim shadah pee aiss aey kay mutabiq aey see jee kii tarqi say mutaliq muahide mein 2050 takk tausia kardi. zaraat. aazarbaijan mein khatay kaa sabb say badaa zarayi taas hay. aazarbaijan kaa taqriba 54.9 faisad zarayi zameen hay. 2007 kay aaghaz mein istemaal shadah zarayi raqbah 4,755,100 hector thaa. asee saal lakdi kay kill wasail kii ganti 13.6 karod marbaa metter thee. aazarbaijan kay zarayi sciency tehqiqi idaarey charagahon aur charagahon baghbani aur zeeli madarini faslon sabz sabziyon watee culture aur sharaab saazi kapaas kii kaasht aur adviyati podon parr markoz haine. kachh elaqon mein anaaj aalu cheeni kay chaqandar kapaas aur tambako agaana munafa bakhash hay. maveshi parori dodh kii masnuaat aur sharaab aur spirt bhee aham zarayi masnuaat haine. cospin maahi geeri kii sanaat sturgeon aur belga kay ghattay hoay zakhayer parr taujah markoz karti hay. 2002 mein aazarbaijan kay tajarti mirian kay paas 54 jehaaz thay. pehley berun milk say daraamad kii jaanay waali kachh masnuaat maqami toor parr tayaar honaa sharoo how gayee haine. inn mein kokaa kolaa bottlers lameted kay zariah kokaa kolaa shaamil haine.yee bayer bayee baaki castle parket bayee naheer aur aayel pipe bayee upec pipe coating aazarbaijan. seyahat. seyahat aazarbaijan kii maeshat kaa eek aham hasah hay. yaha milk 1980 kii dahayi mein eek mashhur seyahati maqaam thaa. soweet union kay zawal aur 1990 kii dahayi kay doraan pehli nagarno karbakh jung nay seyahati sanaat aur batoor seyahati maqaam aazarbaijan kay ameej kuu nqsan pahunchaya. yaha 2000 kii dahayi takk nahein thaa kahh seyahat kii sanaat bahaal honay lagee aur iss kay baad say milk nay seyahon kay dooron aur raaton raat qayaam kii taadad mein aalee sharah namo kaa tajarbah kiyaa hay. haaliyah barson mein aazarbaijan mazhabi spaa aur sehat kii deekh bhaal kii seyahat kay liye bhee eek maqbool maqaam bunn gayaa hay. sardiyon kay doraan shaah digg pahaadi resort jadeed tareen sahuliyaat kay saath skiing kii paishkash kartaa hay. aazarbaijan kii hukumat nay aazarbaijan kii tarqi kuu eek ashrafiya seyahati maqaam kay toor parr aulin tarjih kay toor parr muqarar kiyaa hay. yaha seyahat kuu eek aham agar waahid sabb say badaa nahein tuu aazarbaijan kii maeshat mein maawan bananay kii eek qomi hakmat emli hay. inn sargarmiyon kuu wazaarat saqafat woo seyahat aazarbaijan kay zariye manzam kiyaa jaataa hay. 63 mamalik aisey haine jinn kaa veza free score hay. ayee-veza-jamhuria aazarbaijan kay veza kay matlub mamalik kay ghair malkiyon kay doray kay liye. world aknamik forum kii travel aind torazam competituness report 2015 kay mutabiq aazarbaijan 84 wein number parr hay. world travel aind torazam konsal kii eek report kay mutabiq aazarbaijan 2010 aur 2016 kay darmiyan zaireen kii baraamadaat mein sabb say ziyadah tarqi zahir karnay waalay sarfehrist duss mamalik mein shaamil thaa iss kay alawah aazarbaijan nay guzashta saal beenn alaqwami zaireen kay ikhrajat kay mazboot asharay kay saath sabb say teezi say tarqi pazeer safri aur seyahati maeshaton waalay mamalik mein pehley (46.1%) maqaam haasil kiyaa. nql woo hamal. bury beenn alaqwami trafic sharyanon jeesay resham road aur janub-shamali coredor kay sangam parr aazarbaijan kaa aasaan maqaam milki maeshat kay liye nql woo hamal kay shobay kii strategic ahmiyat kuu ajagar kartaa hay. milk mein nql woo hamal kay shobay mein sadkein railway hawaa baazi aur samandari nql woo hamal shaamil haine. aazarbaijan khaam maal kii nql woo hamal mein bhee eek aham iqtesadi markaz hay. baako-tbalisi-seehan pipe line (bee tye see) mayee 2006 mein kaam karnay lagee aur aazarbaijan jarjiya aur tarki kay elaqon say ziyadah phaili hoyee hay. bee tye see kuu salanah 5 karod tunn khaam teel kii nql woo hamal kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay aur yaha caspin samandari teel kay shoabon say teel kuu aalimi mandiyon takk lay jaataa hay. janubi coxus pipe line juu aazarbaijan jarjiya aur tarki kay elaqay say bhee phaili hoyee hay 2006 kay aakhir mein faal how gayee aur shaah denies gees feld say europi market mein izaafi gees kii farahami paish karti hay. shaah denies say harr saal 296 blain cubic metter qadarti gees paida honay kii toqaa hay. aazarbaijan europi union kay zeer ahtamam resham road project mein bhee aham kirdaar adaa kartaa hay. 2002 mein aazarbaijan kii hukumat nay palisi aur regulatory afaal kii eek wasee renj kay saath wazaarat nql woo hamal qayem kii. asee saal milk sadak trafic say mutaliq wayana convention kaa rakan bunn gayaa. tarjihaat transport neet wark kuu app grade karnaa aur transport khidmaat kuu behatar banana hay taakah maeshat kay deegar shoabon kii tarqi kuu behatar banaya jaa sakay. 2012 mein cars-tbalisi-baako railway kii tameer kaa maqsad mashriq mein cheen aur qazqistan kay railway kuu tarki kay raastay maghrab mein europi railway nazaam say joad kirr aishya aur europ kay darmiyan nql woo hamal kuu behatar banana thaa. 2010 mein braad geej railway aur barqi railway baltarteeb aur tausia shadah. 2010 takk 35 hawai aday aur eek haili port thay. science aur technology. akiswein sadee mein teel aur gees kay eek nayey arooj nay aazarbaijan kay science aur technology kay shoabon mein surathaal kuu behatar bananay mein madad kii. hukumat nay jadeed kaaree aur akhtaraa kay maqsad say eek muham sharoo kii. hukumat kaa andazah hay kahh information technology aur mawasilati sanaat say honay waalay munafa mein izafah hoga aur teel kii paidawar say honay waalay munafa kay muqabilay mein badhay gaa. aazarbaijan mein internet kaa eek badaa aur muslisil badhta hawaa shobah hay juu ziyadah tarr 2007-2008 kay maali behraan say ghair mutasir hay vovo kumm az kumm mazeed paanch saalon kay liye teez raftaar tarqi kii paish goyee kii gayee hay. aazarbaijan 2021 mein aalimi akhtarayi asharia mein 80 wein number parr thaa juu 2019 mein 84 wein number parr thaa. milk apnay teeli kaam sector kii tarqi mein bhee paish raft kirr rehaa hay. wazaarat mawasilat aur information technologyz (ayem see aayee tye) aur eztelecom mein apnay kirdaar kay zariye eek operator palisi saaz aur regulator donon haine. awami pay phone maqami kaalon kay liye dastiyaab haine aur inhein teeli phone exchange yaa kachh dukanon aur cusic say tokan khareedne kii zarurat hoti hay. tokan ghair mayinah madat kii kaal kii ajazat deetay haine. wahaan 1,397,000 markazi teeli phone linein aur 1,485,000 internet saarfin thay. chaar jee aiss ayem farahim kanandgan haine: aizarsil aizarfon (naar mobile)yee nakhtal mobile neet wark operators aur eek see ddee ayem aey. akiswein sadee mein mutadid mamtaz aazarbaijani geodenamics aur geotectonics kay sciencedanon ney elchan khalilof aur deegar kay bunyadi kaamon say mutasir how kirr sainkadon zalzalay kii paish goyee kay stationon aur zalzalay say mazahim emaraton kaa design banaya juu abb zalzalay kii khadmat kay jamhuria markaz kaa badaa hasah haine. aazarbaijan kii qomi airo spees agency nay apnaa pehla satellite auserst 1 7 faroori 2013 kuu francisi gayana kay gayana khalayi markaz say 46° mashriq mein madaar mein laanch kiyaa. yaha satellite europ aur aishya aur afriqah kay eek aham hasay kaa ahatah kartaa hay aur tye wee aur redio nashriyaat kay saath saath internet kii nashriyaat kii khadmat kartaa hay. madaar mein satellite kaa laanch karnaa aazarbaijan kaa apnaa khalayi sanaat waala milk bannay kay apnay maqsad kuu haasil karnay kii taraf pehla qadm hay juu mustaqabil mein mazeed mansubon kuu kamiyabi kay saath naafiz karnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay. aabadi. maarch 2022 takk aazarbaijan kii kill aabadi kaa 52.9% shehri hay baaqi 47.1% deehi hay. januri 2019 mein kill aabadi kaa 50.1% khwatin thee. asee saal jansi tanasib 0.99 mard phee aurat thaa. 2011 kii aabadi mein izaafe kii sharah 0.85% thee juu kahh duniya bhar mein 1.09% kay muqabilay mein thee. aabadi mein izaafe kuu mahdud karnay waala eek aham ansar aalee satah kii hijrat hay. 2011 mein aazarbaijan mein − 1.14/1,000 afraad kii hijrat dekhi gayee. aazarbaijan kay tarkeen watan 42 mamalik mein paaye jaatay haine aur iss kay natijay mein aazarbaijan kay andar nasli aqliyaton kay behat say marakaz haine jinn mein german saqafati muashirah "kareel house"yee salvo saqafati markaz aazarbaijan-israeli baradari kardash saqafati markaz beenn alaqwami talish aisosi aishan lezgan qomi markaz "samor"yee aazarbaijan-tataar baradari creamin tataar society waghairah shaamil haine. majmuyi toor parr aazarbaijan mein 78 shehar 63 shehri azlaa aur eek khususi qanuni haisiyat waala shehar hay. inn kii peervi 261 shehri qasm kii bastiyan aur 4248 gaaon kartay haine. nasal parasti. 2009 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq aabadi kii nasli saakhat: 91.6% aazarbaijani 2.1 vovo lezjin 1.4 vovo arminiyayi (taqriba tamaam arminiyayi nagarno karabikh kay alg alg elaqay mein rehtay haine)yee 1.3 vovo rosee 1.3 vovo talish 0.0 vovo aur 0.4 vovo tarak 3.3 vovo tataar 3.3 vovo taat 0.2 vovo ukarini 0.1 vovo sikhar 0.1 vovo jarjiyayi 0.1 vovo yahudi 0.1 vovo curd deegar 0.2 vovo. zabanein. sarkaari zabaan aazarbaijani hay juu eek turk zabaan hay. aazarbaijan taqriba 92 faisad aabadi maadri zabaan kay toor parr bolti hay. rosee aur arminiyayi (sarf nagoran-karabikh mein) bhee boli jaati haine aur harr eek baltarteeb taqriba 1.5 faisad aabadi kii maadri zabaan hay. milk mein eek darjan deegar aqliyati zabanein bhee maqami toor parr boli jaati haine. awaar badakh jarjiyayi johri khanalog creats lezgan rotal talish taat sakhur aur addee sabhi chhoti aqliyatein bolti haine. inn mein say kachh lasaani baradariyan behat chhoti haine aur inn kii taadad kumm how rahee hay. 1989 mein nagorno karabikh mein arminiyayi zabaan aksariyat kii zabaan thee jiss kii aabadi taqriba 76 faisad thee. pehli nagorno karabikh jung kay baad aabadi taqriba 95 faisad kay qareeb taqriba khususi toor parr arminiyayi hay. mazhab. aazarbaijan kuu sabb say ziyadah secular muslim aksariyati milk samjha jaataa hay. taqriba 97 faisad aabadi musliman hay. andazay kay mutabiq taqriba 55-85% muslimanon mein sheyah haine jabkah 15-45% muslimanon mein sunee haine. milk kay mukhtalif nasli garwah dosray aqayed parr amal piraa haine. apnay aayeen kay artical 48 kay tahat aazarbaijan eek secular riyasat hay aur mazhabi aazadi kuu yaqeeni banaati hay. eek 2006-2008 gallup poul mein aazarbaijan say taaluq rakhnay waalay sarf 21 faisad jawaab dehandgan nay kahaa kahh mazhab inn kii rozmarah kii zindagi kaa eek aham hasah hay. milk kii mazhabi aqliyaton mein say takhmina 280,000 eisayi (3.1 vovo) ziyadah tarr rosee aur jarjiyayi orthodocs aur arminiyayi rasooli haine (taqriba tamaam arminiyayi nagorno-karabikh kay alg alg elaqay mein rehtay haine). 2003 mein 250 roman catholic thay. 2002 takk deegar eisayi farqon mein lothrain baptasmah deenay waalay aur molukin shaamil haine. eek chhoti see protestant community bhee hay. aazarbaijan kii eek qadeem yahudi aabadi bhee hay jiss kii 2,000 saalah tareekh hay. yahudi tanzimon kaa andazah hay kahh 12,000 yahudi aazarbaijan mein baaqi haine juu israel aur america say baahir waahid yahudi aksariyati shehar kaa gahar hay. aazarbaijan bahayi haray krishna aur yahuwah kay gawahon kii baradariyon kay saath saath deegar mazhabi baradariyon kay pirokaron kaa bhee gahar hay. kachh mazhabi baradariyon kuu ghair sarkaari toor parr mazhabi aazadi say rook diyaa gayaa hay. aey yuu.aiss. iss muamile parr mohkamah khaarjah kii report mein baaz muslim aur eisayi grohon kay arkaan kii haraasat kaa zakar kiyaa gayaa hay aur behat say grohon kuu mazhab kuu manzam karnay waali agency jamhuria aazarbaijan kii mazhabi anjumanon say mutaliq riyasati committy (scora) kay saath andraj karnay mein dushwari hoti hay. taleem. aazarbaijaniyon kii nasbata ziyadah faisad nay kasee naha kasee tarah kii aalee taleem haasil kii hay khaas toor parr sciency aur takniki mazamin mein. soweet door mein mayari haroof tehji mein duu tabdiliyon kay bawajood khwandagi aur ausat taleem kii satah apnay behat hyee nichley naqtah aaghaz say dramayi toor parr badh gayee 1920 kii dahayi mein faarsi-arbee rasm alkhat say laatini mein aur 1930 kii dahayi mein roman say cerelic mein. soweet aidaad woo shamaar kay mutabiq 1970 mein 100 faisad mard aur khwatin (noow say intalis saal kii amar) khwandah thay. aqwam muthadah kay tarqiyati prograam kii report 2009 kay mutabiq aazarbaijan mein sharah khwandagi 99.5 faisad hay. aazadi kay baad say aazarbaijan kii parliament nay khood kuu soweet union say alg karnay kay liye manzoor kiye gayey pehley qawanin mein say eek cerelic kii jagah eek tarmim shadah laatini haroof tehji kuu apnana thaa. iss kay elawah aazarbaijan kay nazaam mein behat kumm saakhti tabdili aayee hay. ibtadayi tabdiliyon mein mazhabi taleem kaa dobarah qayaam (soweet door mein mamnua) aur nisaab mein tabdiliyan shaamil haine jinn mein aazarbaijani zabaan kay istemaal parr dobarah zoor diyaa gayaa hay aur nazaryati mawaad kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa hay. ibtadayi schoolon kay alawah taleemi idaaron mein hazaaron paree school general secondry school aur paishah waranah school shaamil haine jinn mein khususi saanvi school aur takniki school shaamil haine. nawein jamaat takk kii taleem lazmi hay. saqafat. aazarbaijan kii saqafat behat say asraat kay natijay mein tayaar hoyee hay. asee wajah say aazarbaijaniyon kuu kayee tareeqon say duu saqafati haine. aaj aalimi satah parr saarfin kii saqafat sameet maghrabi asraat kay bawajood milk mein qomi rawayaat achhi tarah say mahfuz haine. aazarbaijan kii saqafat kay kachh aham anaasir yaha haine: mausiqi adab lock raqs aur funn khaana funn tameer cinematography aur noroz berum. moakhar alzikar qadeem airani mazhab zarostarezam mein nayey saal kay rawayati jashan say makhuz hay. noroz eek khaandaani chhatti hay. aazarbaijan kii aabadi kaa khaakah jaisa kahh oopar biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay aazarbaijaniyon kay saath saath deegar qomiyaton yaa nasli grohon parr mushtamil hay juu milk kay mukhtalif elaqon mein mustaqil toor parr rehtay haine. aazarbaijani qomi aur rawayati labaas chokha aur papakhi haine. rosee jarjiyayi kardash lezjiyayi aur talish zabanon mein redio nashriyaat hoti haine jinn kii maali aanat riyasati bujjet say kii jaati hay. balakin aur khichmaz kay kachh maqami redio station aur taat mein nashriyaat kaa ahtamam kartay haine. baako mein kayee akhbaraat rosee kardash ("dengi kard")yee lezgian ("samor") aur talish zabanon mein shaye hotay haine. yahudi society "sokhont" akhbaar "azeez" shaye karti hay. mausiqi aur lock raqs. aazarbaijan kii mausiqi taqriba eek hazaar saal praani lock rawayaat parr mubni hay. sadiyon say aazarbaijan kii mausiqi yaksaniyat kay beej kay tahat tayaar hoyee hay juu taal kay lahaaz say matnua dhanein tayaar karti hay. aazarbaijani mausiqi mein eek shaakh daar moad system hay jehaan baday aur chhotay paimanay kii chromatisation behat ahmiyat kii haamil hay. qomi mausiqi kay aalat mein 14 taar waalay aalaat aath takranay waalay aalat aur chh hawaa kay aalat haine. dee grove dictionery aaf music aind musicars" kay mutabiq nasal saqafat aur mazhab kay lahaaz say aazarbaijan mausiqi kay lahaaz say tarki kay muqabilay airaan kay behat qareeb haine." mughal maikhana aur aashiq aart aazarbaijan kii behat see mausiqi kii rawayaat mein say haine. mughal aam toor parr shayeri aur saazon kay waqfon kay saath eek majmuah hotaa hay. mughal kartay waqat gulukaron kuu apnay jazbaat kuu gaaney aur mausiqi mein tabdil karnaa padta hay. wastee aishiyayi mamalik kii mughal rawayaat kay barakas aazarbaijan mughal ziyadah aazaad shakal aur kumm sakht hay vovo iss kaa mawaznah aksar jaaz kay behatar shobay say kiyaa jaataa hay. unisco nay 7 nomber 2003 kuu aazarbaijan mughal rawayat kuu insaniyat kay zabani aur ghair mahsus warsay kaa shahkar qaraar diyaa. mikhana eek qasm kaa rawayati aazarbaijan kaa makhsus lock gaana hay jasay aam toor parr kayee loag kasee khaas mozua parr aslaah kartay hoay paish kartay haine. aashiq shayeri kahaani sunaney raqs aur suutee aur saaz mausiqi kuu eek rawayati performans aart mein jodta hay juu aazarbaijan kii saqafat kii alaamat kay toor parr khadaa hay. yaha eek sufiyana preshani yaa traveling baard hay juu saaz gaataa aur bajata hay. iss rawayat kii ibtada qadeem turk logon kay shamaniyat pasand aqayed say hoyee hay. aashiqon kay gaaney aam aday kay ard gird neem behatar banaye jaatay haine. aazarbaijan kay aashiq funn kuu 30 satambar 2009 kuu unisco nay ghair mahsus saqafati warsay kii fehrist mein shaamil kiyaa thaa. 1960 kii dahayi kay wast say maghrabi asar say bharpur aazarbaijani paap mausiqi apnee mukhtalif shaklon mein juu aazarbaijan mein maqboliyat mein badh rahee hay jabkah raak aur hipp hopp jaisi anwaa baday paimanay parr tayaar aur lataf andoz hoti haine. aazarbaijan paap aur aazarbaijan lock mausiqi aalim qasmof rasheed bahbudoof wageef mustafi zaadah muslim megomife showakt alkabrowa aur rababa maraduva jeesay funkaron kii beenn alaqwami maqboliyat kay saath ubhri. aazarbaijan yuro vision gaaney kay muqabilay mein eek parjosh shareek hay. aazarbaijan nay 2008 kay yuro vision gaaney kay muqabilay mein apnee pehli paishi kii. milk kaa daakhlah 2009 mein teesra aur aglay saal panchwan maqaam haasil kiyaa. eel aur nakee nay yuro vision gaaney kay muqabilay 2011 mein pehli position haasil kii jiss mein gaaney "runang diard" kay saath aazarbaijan kuu 2012 mein baako mein muqabilay kii mezbani karnay kaa haqh haasil hawaa. inhon nay muqabilay kay 2018 edition takk harr grend final kay liye kawalifai kiyaa hay gulukaar aizal kay zariye x miray dall say daakhil hoay haine. darjanon aazarbaijani lock raqs haine. wah rasmi taqribaat mein paish kiye jaatay haine aur raqaas chokha jeesay qomi labaas pehantey haine juu qomi raqs mein achhi tarah say mahfuz hay. ziyadah tarr raqs behat teez taal rakhtay haine. adab. jadeed aazarbaijan jamhuria kii elaqayi hadood mein paida honay waalay qaroon wastee kay masnafeen mein faarsi shayer aur falsafi nijami thay jinhein inn kii jaaye paidaish kay baad ganjawi kahaa jaataa thaa gunj juu khamsa ("quentopult") kay masnaf thay paanch romanvi nazmon parr mushtamil thay jinn mein "israar kaa khazanah"yee "khasru aur shareen"yee aur "leeli aur magenon" shaamil haine. tehriri aazarbaijan adab kii qadeem tareen shaqsiyat azz aldeen hasnoglo thee jiss nay faarsi aur aazarbaijan ghazlon parr mushtamil eek dewan tashkil diyaa. faarsi ghazlon mein inhon nay apnaa qalam naam istemaal kiyaa jabkah inn kii aazarbaijani ghazlen inn kay apnay naam hasnoglo kay tahat likhee gayee thein. aazarbaijani mein classici adab 14 wein sadee mein tabriz aur sharwan kii qaroon wastee kii mukhtalif boliyon parr mubni thaa. iss door kay shayeron mein ghaazi barhaan aldeen haqh (jehaan shaah qaira quweenlo kaa qalam naam)yee aur habeebi shaamil thay. 14 wein sadee kaa ikhtatam 14 wein sadee kay aakhir aur 15 wein sadee kay awail kay azeem tareen aazarbaijani haroofi sufiyana shayeron mein say eek aur turk adbi tareekh kay sabb say numayan ibtadayi dewan masters mein say aike jinhon nay faarsi aur arbee mein shayeri bhee kii emaad aldeen naaseemi kii adbi srgarmi kay aaghaz kaa door bhee thaa. dewan aur ghazal kay andaaz kuu mazeed shayeron qaasim anwar fozooli aur khatayi (safwi shaah ismayil kaa qalam naam) nay tayaar kiyaa. kitaab dday korkot" duu makhtutat parr mushtamil hay juu 16 wein sadee mein nql kiye gayey thay aur 15 wein sadee say pehley nahein likhay gayey thay. yaha 12 kahaniyon kaa majmuah hay juu aughaz khaanah badosh kii zabani rawayat kii akaasi kartaa hay. 16 wein sadee kay shayer mohammad fozooli nay arbee faarsi aur aazarbaijani mein apnee lazwal falsafiyana aur geeton parr mubni "qozal" tayaar kein. apnay maahul kii emdah adbi rawayaat say bay panah fayedah uthatay huay aur apnay paishroon kii miraas parr mubni fozooli kaa apnay muashiray kii sarkardah adbi shaqsiyat bunna tay thaa. inn kay baday kaamon mein "dee dewan aaf ghazlen" aur "dee qaasim" shaamil haine. asee sadee mein aazarbaijani adab bardz kii aashiq () shayerana sanaf kii tarqi kay saath mazeed parwaan chadhaa. asee arsey kay doraan khaati ("gunahgaar" kay liye) shaah ismayil kay qalam naam kay tahat mein nay aazarbaijan mein taqriba 1400 aayaat likhein juu baad mein inn kay "dewan" kay toor parr shaye hoyein. eek manfard adbi andaaz jasay "koshmah" ("aslaah" kay liye) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay iss door mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa aur asay shaah ismayil aur baad mein inn kay betay aur jansheen shaah tasp nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. 17 wein aur 18 wein sadee kay arsey mein fozooli kii manfard anwaa kay saath saath aasheek shayeri kuu mamtaz shayeron aur masnafeen jeesay kahh qabriz kay quwi shaah abaas sanee nashat molaa walee wadeedi molaa paanah wageef amnee zafar aur deegar nay apnaya. turkon turkon aur azbeekon kay saath aazarbaijani bhee eek afsanvi lock herow croglo ("nabina aadmi kay betay" kay liye) kay mahakawi kuu manatay haine. coroglo mahakawi kay kayee dastawezi warzan aazarbaijan kii national academy aaf sciences kay naskhon kay idaarey mein baaqi haine. aazarbaijan mein jadeed aazarbaijan adab bunyadi toor parr sarwani boli parr mubni hay jabkah airaan mein yaha tabri zabaan parr mubni hay. aazarbaijan kaa pehla akhbaar "akeenchi" 1875 mein shaye hawaa. 19 wein sadee kay wast mein asay baako gaanja shaaki tbalisi aur yariwan kay schoolon mein padhaya jaataa thaa. 1845 say yaha roos mein sent pattersburg university mein bhee padhaya jaataa thaa. lock funn. aazarbaijaniyon kii eek bharpur aur makhsus saqafat hay jiss kaa eek badaa hasah aaraishi aur itlaaqi funn hay. iss funn kii shakal kii numaindagi dastkari kii eek wasee renj say hoti hay jeesay peecha karnaa zewaraat banaana dhaat mein kandah kaaree lakadi pathar huddi qaleen banaana leaser pattern banayi aur printing aur banayi aur kadhayi. iss qasm kay aaraishi funn mein say harr aike aazarbaijan qoom kay atyaat kaa sabut yahaan behat ziyadah haqh mein hay. aazarbaijan mein fanoon latifah aur dastkari kii tarqi say mutaliq behat say dilchasp hqaiq mutadid tajiron musafiron aur sifarat kaaron nay report kiye thay jinhon nay mukhtalif auqaat mein inn maqamat kaa dorah kiyaa thaa. aazarbaijani qaleen mukhtalif size kaa eek rawayati haath say banaa hawaa kapda hay jiss kii saakhat gahnay aur daheer yaa daheer say kumm satah hay jiss kay namunay aazarbaijan kay behat say qaleen bananay waalay elaqon kii khususiyat haine. nomber 2010 mein aazarbaijan kay qaleen kuu unisco nay ghair mahsus warsay kaa shahkar qaraar diyaa. aazarbaijan qadeem zamanay say dastkari kii eek bury qasm kay markaz kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay. aazarbaijan kay elaqay parr aasaar qadimah kii khidayi achhi tarah say tarqi yaaftah zaraat zakhirah andozi dhaat kaaree mutty kay bartan mutty kay bartan aur qaleen kii banayi kii gawahi deeti hay juu dosri sadee qabal maseeh takk hay. deshbolk hasnaso zayemchai aur towazchai mein aasaar qadimah kay maqamat juu bee tye see pipe line say bay nqab hoay haine nay lohay kay door kay ibtadayi namunon kaa inkshaf kiyaa hay. aazarbaijani qalinon kuu kayee baday grohon aur zeeli grohon kii eek bury taadad kay tahat darjah bund kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. aazarbaijan kay qaleen kii sciency tehqeeq eek mamtaz sciencedan aur fankaar lateef karimof kay naam say jadee hoyee hay. yaha inn kii darjah bundi thee jiss nay qalinon kay chaar baday grohon kuu chaar geografiyayi zonz aazarbaijan goba-sherwan gaanja-qaazakh karabikh aur tabriz say mansalk kiyaa. khaana. rawayati khaana sabziyon aur sabziyon kii kasrat kay liye mashhur hay juu pakwanon mein mosami toor parr istemaal hotay haine. taazah jadee bootiyan jinn mein podinah marghi (dhanya)yee marghi talsi ajmuda taargan leek chaiyoz thayam marjoram sabz pyaaz aur waater karees shaamil haine behat maqbool haine aur aksar meez parr aham pakwanon kay saath hoti haine. aab woo hawaa kay tanoo aur zameen kii zarkhezi qomi pakwanon mein zahir hoti hay juu cospin samandar kii machliyon maqami gosht (bunyadi toor parr mutton aur gaaye kaa gosht)yee aur mosami sabziyon aur sabziyon kii kasrat parr mubni haine. zafran chawal kaa plow aazarbaijan kaa aham khaana hay aur kaali chaye qomi mashrub hay. aazarbaijani aksar rawayati armodo (nashpati kii shakal) kaa shishah istemaal kartay haine keunkah inn mein chaye kii behat mazboot saqafat hay. maqbool rawayati pakwanon mein bozbash (bhed kaa soop juu mukhtalif sabziyon kay izaafe kay saath kayee elaqayi aqsaam mein mojud hay)yee qatab (sabziyon yaa katay hoay gosht kuu bharnay kay saath talee hoyee tajarat) aur dashbara (paisay hoay gosht aur zaiqah say bharay aatay kii dimpling kii qasm) shaamil haine. funn tameer. aazarbaijani funn tameer aam toor parr mashriq aur maghrab kay anaasir kuu yakja kartaa hay. aazarbaijani funn tameer kaa faarsi funn tameer say bhaari asar hay. behat say qadeem tamirati khazanay jeesay dewaron say dahkay shehar baako mein sherwan shahon kaa pehla minaar aur mahal jadeed aazarbaijan mein mojud haine. unisco kay aalimi saqafati warsay kii aarizi fehrist mein jamaa karayee gayee andrajat mein baako kii ateshgah momeen khatoon maqbarah harkan national paark bangdi sfault jheel lakbatan mutty kaa aatish fashaan shosha riyasat kaa tarikhi aur tamirati rezro baako stage pahaad cospin saahil kii dafayi tamirat aurdubad national reserve aur shaaki khaanon kaa mahal shaamil haine. deegar tamirati khazanon mein mardkan mein chothayi qalah yukari chardagler mein pregala daryaae ars parr phailay kayee pull aur kayee maqbaray shaamil haine. 19 wein aur 20 wein sadee kay awail mein behat kumm yaadgaar funn tameer banaya gayaa thaa leakin baako aur dosri jighon parr makhsus rehaish gaahein tameer kii gayein. jadeed tareen tamirati yaadgaaron mein say baako sabb way apnee shandar sajawat kay liye mashhur haine. jadeed aazarbaijani funn tameer kaa kaam jadeed jamaliyat kaa matnua atlaaq mamaar kay apnay fankarana andaaz kii talaash aur maujudah tarikhi woo saqafati maahul kii shamoliyat hay. haidar alaif saqafati markaz sholah towers baako cristal haall baako waait stee aur sokar tower jeesay baday mansubon nay milk kii iskayi line kuu tabdil kirr diyaa hay aur iss kii asree shanakhat kuu farogh diyaa hay. basri funn. gamigia patroglaphs juu pehli say chothi sadee qabal maseeh kay haine aazarbaijan kay aardubad zalaa mein waaqa haine. wah taqriba 1500 bay gahar aur khady hoyee chataan kii pentings parr mushtamil haine jinn mein hern bakriyan bail katay saanp parinday shandar makhluq aur loag carriages aur mukhtalif alamatein bisalt chatanon parr payee gayein. naarway kay nasal nigaar aur muham juu thoor hairdhal kuu yaqeen thaa kahh iss elaqay kay loag taqriba 100 eiswi mein scandinivia gayey apnee kashti saazi kii maharat kuu apnay saath lay gayey aur inhein shamali europ mein waiking kashtiyon mein muntaqil kirr diyaa. sadiyon kay doraan aazarbaijani funn behat see tarz kii tabdiliyon say guzra hay. aazarbaijani penting rawayati toor parr rung aur roshni kii garm joshi kii khususiyat rakhti hay jaisa kahh azeem azeem zaadey aur behroz behroz kay kaamon mein misaal hay aur mazhabi shaqsiyat aur saqafati naqshon mein masruf hay. aazarbaijan kii masuri kuu sainkadon saalon takk roman aur usmani adwaar say aur soweet aur barok adwaar kay doraan coxus mein bartari haasil rahee jinn mein say moakhar alzikar duu nay aazarbaijan mein phal paatay hoay dekha. inn adwaar mein aaney waalay deegar qaabil zakar funkaron mein sataar bahlolazade togral narimanbekof taheer salahof alkar razagliyo marza gadam arawani mikeel abdalaiyo aur boyokagha marza zaadey shaamil haine. cinema. aazarbaijan mein film industry 1898 kii hay. aazarbaijan cinematography mein shaamil pehley mamalik mein say eek thaa jiss kaa saamaan sabb say pehley baako mein dikhaya gayaa thaa. 1919 mein aazarbaijan jamhuri jamhuria kay doraan eek dastawezi film "aazarbaijan kii aazadi kii salgrah kaa jashan" 27 mayee kuu roos say aazarbaijan kii aazadi kii pehli salgrah kay moqaa parr filmaya gayaa thaa aur joone 1919 mein baako kay kayee theaters mein iss kaa premier hawaa thaa. 1920 mein soweet taaqat kay qayaam kay baad aazarbaijan kii inqilabi committy kay chairmeen nariman narimanof nay aazarbaijan kay cinema kuu qomi bananay kay farmaan parr dastakhat kiye. iss nay aazarbaijani animation kii takhliq kuu bhee mutasir kiyaa. 1991 mein aazarbaijan kay soweet union say aazadi haasil karnay kay baad pehla baako beenn alaqwami filmi melah mashriq-maghrab mein baako mein munaqid hawaa. dasambar 2000 mein aazarbaijan kay saabiq sadr haidar alaif nay eek farmaan parr dastakhat kiye jiss mein 2 agast kuu aazarbaijan kay film saazon kii paishah waranah chhatti qaraar diyaa gayaa. aaj aazarbaijan kay film saaz eek baar phir aisey hyee masail say nimat rahay haine jinn kaa saamna sunn 1920 mein soweet union kay qayaam say pehley cinematographers kuu karnaa padaa thaa. eek baar pahar mawaad kay intekhaab aur filmon kii kafalat donon kuu bury hadd takk film saaz kay aqdaam parr chhod diyaa gayaa hay. teeli vision. teen sarkaari teeli vision chinal haine: aiz tye wee admin tye wee aur mediniyat tye wee. eek awami chinal aur 6 najee chinal haine: <unk>ctimai teeli vision khalayi teeli vision lyder teeli vision aazaad aazarbaijan teeli vision aur arab. insani haqoq. aazarbaijan kaa aayeen izhaar raaye kii aazadi kii zamanat deenay kaa daawi kartaa hay leakin emli toor parr iss kii tardid kii jaati hay. prais aur mediya kii aazadi mein kayee saalon kii kamee kay baad 2014 mein aazarbaijan mein mediya kaa maahul kasee bhee hazb ikhtelaaf aur tanqeed kuu khamush karnay kii hukumati muham kay tahat teezi say kharaab hawaa yahaan takk kahh jabb milk nay europ kii konsal (mayee-nomber 2014) kay wuzraa kii committy kii qayadat kii. jaali qanuni alzamaat aur sahafiyon kay khalaaf tashdad mein astasni mamul banaa hawaa hay. milk mein tamaam ghair milki nashriyaat parr pabandi hay. 2013 kii fredam house fredam aaf dee prais report kay mutabiq aazarbaijan kii prais kii aazadi kii haisiyat "aazaad nahein hay"yee aur aazarbaijan 196 mamalik mein say 177 wein number parr hay. eisaiyat kuu sarkaari toor parr tasleem kiyaa jaataa hay. tamaam mazhabi baradariyon kuu jail kay khatray kay tahat milnay kii ajazat kay liye andraj karnaa zaruri hay. iss registration kuu aksar mustarid kirr diyaa jaataa hay. "nasli imtiyaz milk kii mazhabi aazadi kii kamee mein maawan hay keunkah behat say eisayi ajri musliman kay bajaye nasli arminiyayi yaa rosee haine. aazarbaijan mein redio free europ/redio liberti aur waais aaf america parr pabandi hay. aazarbaijan mein eel jee bee tye logon kay khalaaf imtiyazi salok wasee paimanay parr hay. guzashta chand saalon kay doraan teen sahafiyon kuu qatal kiyaa gayaa aur kayee parr beenn alaqwami insani haqoq kii tanzimon kii taraf say ghair munsifana qaraar diye gayey muqadmaat mein moqhadhima chalaya gayaa. sahafiyon kay tahfuz kii committy kay mutabiq 2015 mein europ mein qaid sahafiyon kii sabb say bury taadad aazarbaijan mein thee aur airaan aur cheen say aagay duniya kaa 5 waan sabb say ziyadah sansar shadah milk hay. aazarbaijan mein coved-19 wabayi marz kii courage karnay parr kachh aham sahafiyon kuu giraftar kiyaa gayaa hay. aktobar 2015 mein eek beenn alaqwami mohqaq kii eek report mein "" kii taraf asharah kiyaa gayaa hay...guzashta chand saalon mein aazarbaijan mein insani haqoq kii shadeed kharaabi. afsoos kii baath hay kahh aazarbaijan kuu bay misaal satah kay jabar say bachnay kii ajazat dee gayee hay aur iss amal mein iss kay soul society kaa taqriba khaatima kirr diyaa gayaa hay."milk kay baaray mein aam maafi kii 2015/16 salanah report mein kahaa gayaa hay... seyasi ikhtelaaf raaye parr zulam woo satam jaari rehaa. insani haqoq kii tanzimein apnaa kaam dobarah sharoo karnay say qaasir rahein. saal kay aakhir takk kumm az kumm 18 zameer kay qaidi haraasat mein rahay. aazaad sahafiyon aur karkanon kay khalaaf inteqami karwaiyan milk aur berun milk donon jagah jaari rahein jabkah inn kay ahal khaanah kuu bhee haraasaan karnay aur giraftariyon kaa saamna karnaa padaa. insani haqoq kay beenn alaqwami mubsareen kuu milk say rook kirr nikaal diyaa gayaa. tashdad aur deegar badsaloki kii itlaat barqarar rahein." "dee guardine" nay apreel 2017 mein atlaa dee kahh "aazarbaijan kay hukmaran ashrafiya nay mamtaz europiyon kuu adayegi karnay eish woo aaraam kaa saamaan khareedne aur ghair waazah bartanvi companiyon kay neet wark kay zariye manee launder karnay kay liye eek khafiya $2.9bn (£ 2.2bn) schem chalayi... leek honay waalay aidaad woo shamaar say patah chalta hay kahh aazarbaijan kii qayadat jiss parr insani haqoq kii silsilah waar khalaaf warziyon nizamati badanwani aur intekhabat mein dhandli kaa alzaam hay nay 2012 say 2014 takk 16,000 say ziyadah khafiya adayegiyan kein. iss raqam mein say kachh seyasat daanon aur sahafiyon kuu gayee beenn alaqwami laabing operation kay hasay kay toor parr aazarbaijan kay sadr alhaam alaif kii tanqeed kuu hatanay aur apnay teel say maalaa maal milk kay masbat ameej kuu farogh deenay kay liye."iss baath kii koyee tajweez nahein thee kahh tamaam wasool kanandgan kuu raqam kay manbaa kaa alam thaa keunkah yaha bhees kay raastay say pahunchi thee. kheel. free style kashti kuu rawayati toor parr aazarbaijan kaa qomi kheel samjha jaataa hay jiss mein aazarbaijan nay beenn alaqwami olympic committy mein shaamil honay kay baad say chaar talayi tamaghon sameet chodah tamghe jeetay haine. phee alhaal sabb say ziyadah maqbool kheelon mein fitt baal aur kashti shaamil haine. fitt baal aazarbaijan kaa sabb say maqbool kheel hay aur 9,122 registard khiladiyon kay saath aazarbaijan kii fitt baal federations kii aisosi aishan milk kii sabb say bury kheelon kii aisosi aishan hay. aazarbaijan kii qomi fitt baal team qomi fitt baal kalbon kay muqabilay mein beenn alaqwami medaan mein nasbata kumm karkardgi kaa mazahirah karti hay. sabb say kamiyab aazarbaijan fitt baal kalb neifty qaraq aur gabala haine. 2012 mein nefty baako europi muqabilay kay grop marhalay mein aagay badhnay waali pehli aazarbaijan team bunn gayee jiss nay 2012-13 yuu ayee aif aey europa leeg kay play aaf round mein majmuyi toor parr cypers kay apol kuu 4-2 say shakast dee. 2014 mein qaraqba yuu ayee aif aey europa leeg kay grop marhalay mein aagay badhnay waala dosra aazarbaijan kalb bunn gayaa. 2017 mein yuu ayee aif aey champines leeg kay play aaf round mein kopan haggen kuu 2-2 (aey) say shakast deenay kay baad qaraqab grop marhalay mein pahunchnay waala pehla aazarbaijani kalb bunn gayaa. fatsal aazarbaijan kaa eek aur maqbool kheel hay. aazarbaijan kii qomi fatsal team 2010 kii yuifa fatsal champine ship mein choothay maqaam parr pahunch gayee jabkah domestic kalb aaraaz nexiwan nay 2009-10 yuifa fatsal cup aur 2013-14 yuifa fatsal cup mein kaansi kay tamghe jeetay. aazarbaijan seezan 2013/2014 aur 2014/2015 kay doraan hispanvi fitt baal kalb atleto ddee medrade kaa markazi kafeel thaa eek sharakat daari jasay kalb nay biyaan kiyaa hay kahh asay 'duniya mein aazarbaijan kii shabiha kuu farogh deena chahiye'. aazarbaijan shatranj kay aalimi rawayati pawar houses mein say eek hay jiss nay behat say beenn alaqwami shatranj tornaments aur muqabilon kii mezbani kii hay aur 2009yee 2013 aur 2017 mein europi team shatranj champine ship kay faatah bunn gayey haine. milk kay shatranj schoolon kay qaabil zakar shatranj khiladiyon jinhon nay kheel parr behat badaa asar daala hay inn mein timur rajbabu shahriyar madariof waladimeer makugonof wogar gashimof aur saabiq aalimi shatranj champine geeri casparof shaamil haine. milk mein shamkar shatranj kaa gahar zamrah 22 kaa eek avent aur abb takk kay sabb say ziyadah darjah bundi waalay tornaments mein say eek hay. backgamen bhee aazarbaijan kii saqafat mein aham kirdaar adaa kartaa hay. yaha kheel aazarbaijan mein behat maqbool hay aur maqami awaam kay darmiyan baday paimanay parr kheela jaataa hay. aazarbaijan kay mahireen kay zariah tayaar aur tajziya kardah backgamen kii mukhtalif taghiraat bhee haine. aazarbaijan weemanz waali baal spir leeg duniya kii mazboot tareen khwatin leegon mein say eek hay. iss kii khwatin kii qomi team 2005 kii europi champine ship mein choothay number parr aayee. pachlay saalon mein rabita baako aur azrareel baako jeesay kalbon nay europi cup mein bury kamiyabi haasil kii. aazarbaijan waali baal kay khiladiyon mein veleria crotenco oksana paark homanco aneesa korkamaz nataliya mamadowa aur alaa hasanova shaamil haine. deegar aazarbaijani khilaadi haine kashti mein nameeg abdalayo togharal sgroff roshan beramof shareef shareef maariyah stadnik aur freed mansorof jodo mein naazim hasinof alnor mumdli ailkhan mamdoof aur rustom aurjoof karaatay mein rafayal aghiof baaksing mein megmodarsal majdoof aur agaasi mamdoof olympic weat lifting mein nijami peshaif pancression mein aazaad sgroff kick baaksing mein edward mamdoof aur kay-1 fighter zabiyat samidof. aazarbaijan kaa farmola winn rees track hay juu joone 2012 mein banaya gayaa thaa aur milk nay 19 joone 2016 kuu apnaa pehla farmola winn grend perks aur 2017yee 2018yee 2019yee 2021 aur 2022 mein aazarbaijan grend perks kii mezbani kii. milk mein munaqid honay waalay deegar salanah kheelon kay muqabilon mein baako cup tense tornament aur torr ddee auserbiden cycling rees shaamil haine. aazarbaijan nay 2000 kii dahayi kay aakhir say kayee baday kheelon kay muqabilon kii mezbani kii jinn mein 2013 aif 1 pawar boat world champine ship 2012 faifa inder 17 weemanz world cup 2011 aaiba world baaksing champine ship 2010 europi resling champine ship 2009 taalaati gymnastic europi champine ship 2014 europi taikwando champine ship 2014 taalaati gymnastic europi champine ship aur 2016 world shatranj olympiad shaamil haine. 8 dasambar 2012 cow baako kuu 2015 kay europi kheelon kii mezbani kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa juu muqabilay kii tareekh mein munaqid honay waala pehla muqabilah thaa. baako nay 2017 mein choothay islaami yakjehti kheelon aur 2019 kay europi youth summer olympic festival kii bhee mezbani kii aur yaha yuu ayee aif aey yuro 2020 kay mezbanon mein say eek hay juu coved-19 kii wajah say 2021 mein munaqid how rehaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41068115

Vladigerov Passage

Vladigerov Passage Passage in the Biscoe Islands, Antarctica Vladigerov Passage (, ‘Vladigerov Protok’ \vla-di-'ge-rov 'pro-tok\) is a passage in the Biscoe Islands, Antarctica between Lavoisier Island on the east and Krogh Island on the west. It is 5.8 km long in the southwest-northeast direction and 1.05 km wide. The eponymous "Vladigerov Island", 420 m long in southwest-northeast direction and 150 m wide, is lying in the narrowest part of the passage centred at , formed as a result of the retreat of the ice cap of Lavoisier Island in the early 21st century. The passage is named after the Bulgarian composer Pancho Vladigerov (1899-1978). Location. Vladigerov Passage is centred at . British mapping in 1976. External links. "This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission."

vladigerov uttorangxo vladigerov poth (, 'vladigerov protuk' \vla-ti-'ge-rov' pru-tuk\) hoise dokhyin-poschim-uttor-pubo dixot 5.8 kilometer dighol aaru bisku dippunjot 1.05 kilometer bohol, pubor labhusiyer dip aaru poschime kro 'go dipor maajot thoka entarctika. ekbingxo xotikar aarombhonite labhusiyer dipor borphor aaworonor pich pori juwar pholsworupe gothon huwa dokhyin-poschim-uttor-pubo dixot 420 mitter dighol aaru 150 mitter bohol "vladigerov dip" kendriyo pothor ataitkoi thek ongxot owosthito. ei khondotur naamkoron bulgarian xurkar panchu vladigervor (1899-1978) naamere koraa hoise. owosthan. vladigerov poth kendribhut. 1976 sonot britis mapping.

vladigerov maarg vladigerov maarg (, 'vladigerov protoko' \vla-ti-'jee-rove' proo-toqa) aee dakshin-pashchim-uttarpurv dishaamaa 5.8 kimee laambo maarg chhe aneey bisco tapuoma 1.05 kimee paholo chhe, purvamaa lavoisier taapu aneey pashchimma crogg taapu vachcheno entarctica chhe. chhe sadeeni sharuaatmaa lavoisier taapuna barafnaa dhaglana pichhehathnaa parinaame rachaayel, dakshin-pashchim-uttarpurv dishaamaa 420 meater laambo aneey 150 meater paholo, "vladigerov taapu", kendramaa aavela maargnaa sauthee saankada bhagma aavelo chhe. aaa maargnu naam bulgarian sangeetkaar paancho vladigerov (1899-1978) naa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. sthaan. vladigerov maarg aheen kendrit chhe. chhe british mapping.

vladigerov maarg vladigerov maarg (, 'vladigerov protok' \vla-Di-'jee-rove' pro-toke) dakshin-paschim-uttar poorv disha mein 5.8 kimmy lamba aur bisco dweepon mein 1.05 kimmy chauda maarg haye, joe poorv mein lavoiseer dweep aur paschim mein krogg dweep key beach antarctica haye. dakshin-paschim-uttar-poorv disha mein 420 meater lamba aur 150 meater chauda "vladigerov dweep", 21veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein lavosier dweep kii burf kii topi key peechhe hatane key parinamswarup banaa, maarg key sabse sankeern hisse mein sthit haye. iss maarg kaa naam bulgarian sangeetkaar pancho vladigerov (1899-1978) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. sthaan. vladigerov maarg parr kendrit haye. 1976 mein british maanchitran.

vladigerov maarga vladigerov maargavu (, 'vladigerov protok' \vla-ti-'zii-rove' pro-toke) nairtya-eeshaanya dikkinalli 5.8 kii. mea. uddada maargavaagide mattu bisco dweepagalalli 1.05 kii. mea. agalavide, poorvadalli lavosier dweepa mattu pashchimadalli crogg dveepada naduvina antarctica. nairtya-eeshaanya dikkinalli 420 meater udda mattu 150 meater agalada "vladigerov dweepa" emba hesarina ee dweepawu 21neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli lavosier dveepada manjugaddeya himmettuvikeya parinaamavaagi rupugonda maargada kiridaada bhagadalli kendrikrutavagide. ee maargakke bulgarian samyojaka pancho vladigerov (1899-1978) avara hesarannu idalaagide. sthala. vladigerov maargavu illi kendrikrutavagide. 1976ralli british mapping.

vladigerov paas thekkupadinjaaran-vadakkukizhakkan dishayil 5.8 kilometerum bisco dveepukalil 1.05 kilometerum veethiyullathum kizhakk lavosier dveepin padinjaaru crogg dveepin edayilulla antaarttikkayaan vladigerov paas (, 'vladigerov protock' \vla-Di-'ge-rov' proo-toock\). 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil lavosier dveepinte aise cap pinvaangiyathinte falamaayi roopappetta thekkupadinjaaran-vadakkukizhakkan dishayil 420 meter neelavum 150 meter veethiyumulla "vladigerov dweep", kendramaakki ettavum idungiya bhagathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. bulgarian samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya pancho vladigerovinte (1899-1978) peraanu eee bhaagathinu nalkiyirikkunnath. sthalam. vladigerov paatha kendreekarichirikkunnu. 1976-leeii britiish mapping.

vladigerov marg vladigerov marg (, 'vladigerov protoko' \vla-Di-'jee-rove' pro-toke) haah nairutya-ishanya dishene 5.8 kiimii lamb aanee bisco betanmadhye 1.05 kiimii rund, purvela lavoisier bett aanee paschimela krogg bett yanchyatil antarctica aahe. nairutya-ishanya dishene 420 meater lamb aanee 150 meater rund asalele 'vladigerov bett' heey naav naav shatkachya suruvatila lavosier betachya barfachya aachchhadachya magharmule tayar jhalelya margachya sarvat arund bhagat aahe. yaa parichhedache naav bulgarian sangitkar pancho vladigerov (1899-1978) yanchya navavarun thevanyat aale aahe. thikan. vladigerov marg yethe kendrit aahe. 1976 madhye british mapping.

bhladigerobh marga bhladigerobh marga (, 'bhladigerobh protok' \vla-Di-'ge-rov' pro-toke) dakshinapashchim-uttarpurva dishama 5.8 kilometer lamo rar bisko tapuharuma 1.05 kilometer chauda marga how, purvama labhoisiyar tapu rar paschimma krogg tapu bichko antarctica. 21 aun shatabdiko suruma labhoisiyar tapuko barafko topiko pachhi hatne parinamko rupma baneko, dakshinapashchim-uttarpurva dishama 420 mitter lamo rar 150 mitter chauda, "bhladigerobh tapu", margako sabaibhanda sanghuro bhagma awasthit chha. margako naam bulgariali sangitkar pancho bhladigerobh (1899-1978) ko nambata rakhieko how. sthan. bhladigerobh marga kendrit chha. sann 1976 maa britis mapping.

vladigerov marga vladigerov passage (βλADigerov protok '\vla-Di-' ge-rov 'pro-toke') heuchhi dakhina-paschima-uttara-purba digare 5.8 kilometer ebong bisco dwepapunjare 1.05 kilometer chauda, purbare labhoisiyar dwepa ebong paschimare crogg dwepa madhyare antarctica. ekabingsha shatabdir prarambhare labhoisiyar dwepara baraf aachadana pachaku hatiba karanaru gathita, dakhina-paschima-uttara-purba digare 420 mitter lumb ebong 150 mitter chauda, ehi namara "vladigerov dwepa", ehi pathara sankirnatama bhagare abasthita. ehi anshati bulgaria sangeetakara pancho vladigerov (1899-1978) nka naamare namit hoichhi. sthana. vladigerov margati ethaare kendrit hoichhi. 1976 masihare british manachitra.

vladigrov lamma rasta vladigrov maarag (, 'vladigrov protoco' \vla-Di-'jee-rove' pro-toke\) dakkhan-pachham-uttar-purab disha witch 5.8 kilometer lamba atey bisco tapuan witch 1.05 kilometer chauda haii, joe purab witch lavoisier tapu atey pachham witch crogg tapu dey vichkaar antarctica haii. dakkhan-pachham-uttar-purab disha witch 420 meeter lamba atey 150 meeter chauda "vladigrov tapu", kendrit raste dey sabh toon tang hisse witch piaa haii, joe joe sadee dey arambh witch lavoisier tapu dee baraf dee topi dey pichhe hutton dey natije vajon baniaa see. iss paase daa naam bulgarian sangeetkar pancho vladigrov (1899-1978) dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. sathaan. vladigrov maarag kendrit haii. 1976 witch british mapping.

vladigerov maargah vladigerov-maargah (, 'vladigerov protok' \vla-Di-'jee-rove' pro-toke\) dakshinapashchim-eeshanyadishayam 5.8 kii. mee. deerghah, bisco-dweepeshu 1.05 kii. mee. vistrutah, poorvadishi lavosier-dweepe, paschimadishi crogg-dweepe cha antarkatika-pradesha asti. nairutya-eeshanyadishayam 420 meater deergham 150 meater vistrutam cha "vladigerov-dweepah" iti namakam, 21 shataabdyaah aarambhe lavosier-dweepe himacchadasya pashchaadagamanasy parinaamen nirmitasya kendrasya margasya sankirnatamabhage sthitam asti. asya khandasya naam bulgarian-sangeeta-rachanakarasya pancho vladigerov (1899-1978) ityasya namna asti. sthaanam. vladigerov-maargah atra kendreekrutah asti. 1976 tame varshe british-manachitranam krutam.

vladijerov paththi vladijerov paathai (, 'vladijerov protok' \vla-ti-'jee-rove' puroa-toke) enbathu thenmaerku-vadakizhakku thisaiyil 5.8 kimee neelamum, bisco theevugalil 1.05 kimee agalamum, kilakkil lavoisier theevukkum maerkil crock theevukkum idaiyilaana andaardigaavaagum. thenmaerku-vadakizhakku thisaiyil 420 meettar neelamum, 150 meettar agalamum konda "vladigerov theevu", 21 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil lavoisier theevin panii moodu binwangalin vilaivaaga uruvaana paathaiyin kurugiya paguthiyil amainthullathu. inththa paththi palkeriya isaiyamaippaalar panjoa vladigarov (1899-1978) peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu. idam. vladijerov paathai maiyamaaga ullathu. ullathu british mapping.

vladigerov maargam vladigerov maargam (, 'vladigerov protok' \vla-ti-'ge-rov' proo-toke) nairuti-eshaanya disalo 5.8 kimmy podavaina maargam mariyu bisco dheevulalo 1.05 kimmy vedalpu, thoorpuna lavosier dveepam mariyu paschimaana crogg dveepam madhya antarcitica. nairuti-eshaanya disalo 420 meterla podavu mariyu 150 meterla vedalpu gala "vladigerov dveepam", 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo lavosier dveepam yokka manchu kappunu tirogamanam phalitamgaa erpadina, eee maargamlo atyanta irukaina bhaagamlo undhi. eee bhaagaaniki bulgarian swarakarta paancho vladigerov (1899-1978) paeru pettaru. sthaanam. vladigerov maargam ikkada kendrikrutamai undhi. 1976loe british mapping.

waladigirof kaa guzargah waladigirof guzargah (yee 'waladigirof protok' \vla-ti-'ge-rov' pru-took) janub maghrabi-shamaal mashriqi samat mein 5.8 chlometer taweel aur sisko jazair mein 1.05 chlometer chodaa guzargah hay mashriq mein lovisier jazeeray aur maghrab mein karog jazeeray kay darmiyan intarctka. asee naam kaa "waladigirof jazirah"yee juu janub maghrabi-shamaal mashriqi samat mein 420 metter lamba aur 150 metter chodaa hay markaz kay raastay kay tung tareen hasay mein padaa hawaa hay juu 21 wein sadee kay awail mein levoiser jazeeray kii barf kii tupi kay peeche hatnay kay natijay mein tashkil paaya thaa. iss guzargah kaa naam balghari mausiqar pancho waladigrof (1899-1978) kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. maqaam. waladigirof kaa raastah markaz mein hay. 1976 mein bartanvi nqsha saazi.

000638c9b1cb7d2bf344b9a125e8696a89c8178c2248e6c174273254529b1a4d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69503768

Fleur-de-Lis Platform railway station

Fleur-de-Lis Platform railway station Disused railway station in Fleur-de-lis, Caerphilly Fleur-de-Lis Platform railway station served the village of Fleur-de-lis, in the historical county of Glamorganshire, Wales, from 1926 to 1962 on the Rumney Railway. History. The station was opened on 29 March 1926 by the Great Western Railway. It closed on 31 December 1962. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

fluor-dey-lix platform rail steson fleur-di-lix platform rey "lowe statione 1926 sonor poraa 1962 sonoloike welsor glemorganswayaror oitihaxik countyt thoka fleur-di-lix gaont ramni rey" lowe "too xewa aagborhaisil. itihax. 1926 sonor 29 marchot mohan poschim rey "lowe ei stationtu mukoli korisil. 1962 sonor 31 disemborot ee bondho hoi yaay.

fluor-deey-liss platform railway steshana 1926 theke 1962 saal porjonto wellser glamorganshire oitihasik kauntite fluor-dii-liss grame ramni railpothe fluor-dii-liss platform rail stationti kaaj korey. itihas. 1926 saaler 29shhey march greta western railway dwara stationti khola hoy. 1962 saaler 31shhey december etty bondho hoye yaay.

fluor-dii-lisa platform railway station fleure-dii-lisa platform railway station 1926 thee 1962 sudhee ramnee railway parr glamorganshire, velsanaa aitihasik kaauntimaa flear-dii-lisa gaammaan sevaa aaptu hatoo. itihas. aaa station 29 march march roj greta westarn railway dwara kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey 31 december december roj bundh thaee gayoo.

fleure-dee-liss platform railway station fleure-dee-liss platform railway station ney 1926 seey 1962 taka ramani railway parr glammergenshire, wells key aitihaasik county mein fleure-dee-liss gaanv kii seva kii. itihas. station koo 29 march 1926 koo mahaan paschimi railway dwara khola gayaa thaa. yeh 31 disambar 1962 koo bund hoe gayaa.

fleer-dii-liss platform railway nildaana fleer-dii-liss platform railway nildaanavu nildaanavu 1926rinda walesna aitihaasika kountiyaada glammergenshirenalliruve fleer-dii-liss gramakke rumney railveyalli seve sallisitu. itihaasa. 1926rahra march march grate western railway ee nildaanavannu tereyitu. idu 1962rahra december december muchchalpattitu.

fluor-dii-liss platform railway sthanak fluor-dii-liss platform railway sthanakane 1926 teey 1962 yaa kalat velsachya glammerganshire aitihasik countymadhil fluor-dii-liss gawala ramani railwaver seva dilee. itihas. 29 march 1926 roji gret western railwayne heey sthanak ughadale. 31 december 1962 roji too bund jhaala.

fluor-day-liss platform railway station fler-day-liss platform railway stationle sann 1926 dekhi 1962 samma ramani railwayma welsko glyamorgansayarko aitihasik countyma fler-day-liss gaunlai sewa diyo. itihas. yo station 29 march 1926 maa great western railwaydwara kholieko thiyo. yo 31 december 1962 maa banda bhayo.

fluor-dii-liss platform rela station fluor-dii-liss platform rela station 1926 ru 1962 parjyanta welsra aitihasika county glamarganashajarara fluor-dii-liss graamare ramni relapathare seba pradan karithila. itihas. 1926 masiha march 29 tarikhare great westarna railway dwara ehi station kholajaithila. ehaa 31 december 1962 ray banda hoithila.

faloor-dee-liss platform railway station faloor-dee-liss platform railway station neey 1926 toon 1962 takk ramni railway utte, wells dey glammergenshire dee itihasak county witch, faloor-dee-liss pind dee seva keeti. itihaas. iss station noon 29 march 1926 noon mahaan pachmi railway duaara kholhiaa giaa see. ih 31 dasambar 1962 noon bnd hoow giaa.

fluor-dey-liss platform relasthanakam fler-dey-liss platform relasthanakam 1926 taha 1962 paryantam walls-nagarasya aitihaasika-glaamorganshair-kauntyaam fler-dey-liss-gramasya rammee-railmarge sevaam akarot. itihaasah. 1926 maarch 29 dinaanke gret-western-rail-dwara asya sthanakasya udghaatanam abhavat. 1962 december 31 dinaanke tatt samapta.

fluor-dii-liss iyangkuthalam rayil nilaiyam fluor-dii-liss iyangkuthalam rayil nilaiyam 1926 muthal 1962 varai ramni rayilveyil wales, clamercanshire varalaattru kavundiyil ulla fluor-dii-liss kiraamaththirku saevai seithathu. varalaaru. inththa nilaiyam 1926 maarch 29 andru grade western rayilway moolam thirakkappattathu. idhu disambar 31,1962 andru moodappattathu.

fleer-dii-liss platfam railway station fleer-dii-liss platfam railway station 1926 nundi 1962 varaku rumney railwaylo wales looni chaaritraka county ayina glamorganshireloni fleer-dii-liss graamaaniki sevalu andinchindi. charitra. 1926 marchi 29naa grate westran railway dwara eee stationnu praarambhinchaaru. idhi 1962 december 31naa moosiveyabadindi.

flavor-ddee-lees plait faarm railway station flavor-ddee-lees plait faarm railway station nay 1926 say 1962 takk ramni railway parr wells kay tarikhi county gleemargan shayer kay gaaon flavor-ddee-lees kii khadmat kii. tareekh. iss station kaa iftatah 29 maarch 1926 kuu great western railway nay kiyaa thaa. yaha 31 dasambar 1962 kuu bund hawaa.

000641f7bd5ef34d877840e36bb4bc651bd6d64159f3d7fadf35266c2e80020c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210136

Princess Claire of Belgium

Princess Claire of Belgium Princess Claire of Belgium (Claire Louise Coombs; born 18 January 1974) is a British-Belgian land surveyor. She has been married to Prince Laurent since 2003 and is the sister-in-law of King Philippe of Belgium. Early life. She is the daughter of Nicholas John Coombs (Bath, 14 April 1938), a British-born businessman, and his Belgian wife, Nicole Eva Gabrielle Thérèse Mertens (Ixelles, 20 June 1951). She has an elder sister, Joanna, and a younger brother, Matthew. In 1977, when she was three years old, her family relocated to Dion-le-Val near Brussels in francophone Wallonia. Marriage and children. On 12 April 2003, she married Prince Laurent of Belgium, the second son and youngest child of the King Albert II of Belgium and Queen Paola of Belgium. The civil ceremony was held at Brussels Town Hall, and the religious ceremony at the Cathedral of Saints Michael and Gudula. The couple have three children: The family live in "Villa Clementine", in Tervuren. Public life. Unlike Queen Mathilde and Princess Astrid, Princess Claire has no defined official role. She occasionally appears in public accompanying her husband, generally in support of environmental causes or animal charities. She is also a leading patron of the Brussels Choral Society, which sang at the religious part of her marriage ceremony. She is also active in organisations related to the United Kingdom in Belgium. She is a member of the Board of Trustees at the British School of Brussels and actively attends charitable and commemorative events hosted by the British Ambassador to Belgium. Titles and styles. Coombs received the title "Princess of Belgium" from the King ten days before her marriage, by Royal Decree of 1 April 2003 (effective as of the date of the wedding, on 12 April 2003). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

beljiyamor rajkumari clair beljiyamor rajkumari clair (clair luiz kumbos; jonmo 18 january 1974) egoraki britis-beljiyamor bhumi joripkari. 2003 sonor poraa teu rajkumar lorentor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoise aaru beljiyamor roja phillipor xohuririr. prarombhik jiwan. tekhet britis bongxudbhut byowoxayi nikulax john kumbos (baath, 14 april 1938) aaru teur beljian potni nikul ibha gabriel theres martensor (ixels, 20 june 1951) konya. tekhetor egoraki dangor bhoniyek aase, juwana, aaru ejon xoru bhatri aase, methiu. 1977 sonot teur poriyaltu frankufun wallonier brachelsor usoror diane-ley-bhaloloi sthanantorito hoisil. xeyehe taai tini bosor boyoxor porai beljiyat baax kori aahise. bibah aaru xontan. 2003 sonor 12 aprilot teu beljiyamor roja dwitiyo elbert aaru beljiyamor rani paular dwitiyo putro aaru xoru xontan beljiyamor rajkumar lorentok biyaa koray. ei oxamorik onusthan brachels taaun holot onusthito hoisil, aaru xadhuxokolor cathedral michael aaru gudulat dhormiyo onusthan onusthito hoisil. dompotihalor tinita xontan aaseh poriyaltu tervurenor "bhila clementin" too baax kore. rajohuwa jiwan. rani mathilde aaru rajkumari astridor biporite, rajkumari clairor kunu nirdisto sorkari bhumika naai. xadharonote poriwexjonito kaaron baa poxu datobyo xongsthaxomuhor xomorthonot teu maaje maaje teur swamir xoite rajohuwa sthanot uposthito hoy. teu brachels kurel cho "saitiru egoraki aagxarir pristhopuxok, jiye teur bibah onusthanor dhormiyo ongxot gaisil. teu beljiyamor juktorajyor xoite xomporkito xongothonxomuhotu xokriyo. teu britis skool owo brachelsor porixodor xodosyo aaru beljiyamor britis rastrodutor dwara ayujit datobyo aaru smarok onusthanot xokriyobhabe ongxogrohon kore. 2020 sonor march maahot, brihot porimanor koo "vid-19ror pradurbhawor maajot, anusthanikbhabe ghuxona koraa hoisil je rajkumari kleyare xongkramok rugor baabe positive porikhya korisil, jitu charch-koo" bho-2 naamor koo "runabhairasor folot hoy. xirunam aaru xoili. kumbose 2003 sonor 1 aprilor rajokiyo aadexor dwara (bibahor tarikhor poraa karzokori, 2003 sonor 12 april) bibahor doh dinn aagote rojar poraa "beljiyamor rajkumari" upadhi laabh korisil.

belgiumer rajkumari clair princess clair off belgium (clair lui coombs; jonmo 18 januari 1974) ekjon british-belgian bhumi joripkari. tini 2003 saal theke prince laurenter saathe bibahobondhone aboddho hoyechen ebong belgiumer raja philliper shyalika. prathomik jeebon. tini british bongshodbhuto byabasayi nicolas john coombs (baath, 14 april 1938) ebong taanr belgian stree nicole eva gabrielle theres martenser (ixels, 20 june 1951) konna. taar ekti borh boone, joanna ebong ekti chhoto bhai, matheau royeche. 1977 saale, taar poribar francophone oyaloniyara braselser kachhe dion-leey-bhaale sthanantorito hoy. taai tinn bochor boyce theke tini belgiume bosobas korchen. biye ebong santan. 2003 saaler 12ee april tini belgiumer raja dwitiya albert ebong belgiumer runny paolar dwitiya putro oo konistho santan prince laurentke biye corren. nagrik anusthanti brassels town holey ebong cents michael oo gudular cathedrale dharmiya anusthan onusthito hoyechilo. eyi dampatir tinti santan royeche poribarti turvuraner "villa clementine" baas korey. jonojibon. runny mathielde ebong rajkumari astrider moto noy, rajkumari clair konao nirdishto sarkari bhumika nei. tini majhe majhe taar swamir saathe prokashye uposthito hohn, sadharonoto poribeshgoto kaaron baa prani datobbo sangosthar somorthone. tini brassels coral societyr ekjon shirshosthaniyo pristhoposhok, jaa taar bibah anusthaner dharmiya ongshe gaan geyechilo. tini belgiume juktorajyo somporkito sangosthaguliteo sakriya. tini british school off braselser trusty boarder sadasya ebong belgiume british rashtroduter dwara ayojit datobbo oo smarok anusthane sokriyobhabe uposthito thaken. 2020 saaler march maase, covid-19-err borh akarer pradurbhaber modhye, anusthanikbhabe ghoshana koraa hoyechilo jey princess clair sangkramak roger jonno itibachak porikkha korechen, jaa sarsa-cove-2 namok ekti coronviruses dwara srishto. shironam ebong shaili. coombs taar biyer dosho deane agey 2003 saaler 1laa april rajakiya adesh dwara (biyer tarikh theke karjokor, 2003 saaler 12ee april) rajar kachh theke "belgiumer rajkumari" upadhi peyechilen.

belgiumni rajkumari clayer princess clayer off belgium (clayer luis combs; janm 18 january 1974) british-belgian jameen sarvekshak chhe. teneeae 2003 thee prince laurent saathe lagna karyaa chhe aneey teey belgiumnaa raajaa phillipni saalee chhe. praarambhik jeevan. teey britishma janmela udhyogpati nicolaus john combus (baath, 14 april 1938) aneey temnee belgian patnee, nikol iva gabriel theres mairtens (ixels, 20 juuna 1951) nee putri chhe. teneene aek motee bahen, joanna aneey aek naano bhaai, methyu chhe. 1977maan, temno parivaar francophone valoniyama braseels najik dione-leey-vaalmaa sthalaantarit thayo. tethee teey trana varshnee hatee tyaarthi belgium rahe chhe. lagna aneey baadako. 12 april 2003naa roj, temane belgiumnaa rajkumar laurent saathe lagna karyaa, jeey belgiumnaa raajaa albert dhviteey aneey belgiumni raanee paolana beeja putra aneey sauthee naana santaan hataa. nagrik samarambh braseels taaun holamaa yojaayo hato, aneey santo michael aneey gudulaanaa cathedralma dhaarmik samaroh yojaayo hato. aaa dampatine trana baadako chheh aaa parivaar turvewrainmaa "veela clementin" maan rahe chhe. jaaher jeevan. raanee mathilde aneey rajkumari astridthi vipareet, rajkumari clairni koee nirdharit sattavaar bhoomika nathee. saamanya reete paryaavaraniy kaarano athavaa pashu sakhaavati sansthaona samarthanma, teey kyarek kyarek tenaa patee saathe jaaherma dekhaay chhe. teo braseels coral societyna agranee aashraydata pann chhe, jeey temnaa lagna samarambhna dhaarmik bhagma gaataa hataa. teo belgium united kingdom saathe sambandhit sansthaoma pann sakreey chhe. teo british school off braselsnaa trusty mandalnaan sabhy chhe aneey belgium british rajdoot dwara aayojit sakhaavati aneey smaarak karykramoma sakriyapane haajari aape chhe. march 2020maan, covid-19naa motaa paaye faatee nikalvaanaa kaarane, sattavaar reete jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey rajkumari clairne saars-cove-2 naamnaa coronavirusne kaarane thataa chepee rooga maate sakaratmak parikshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sheershako aneey shaileeo. 1 april 2003naa shaahee hukamnaamaa dwara (lagnani taarikhthi 12 april 2003naa roj asarkarak) combsne tenaa lagnana dass divas pahelaa raajaa pasethi "belgiumni rajkumari" noon birud malyun hatoo.

belgium kii rajkumari clair belgium kii rajkumari clair (clair luis combs; janm 18 janwari 1974) ack british-belgium bhoomi sarvekshankarta hain. unhone 2003 seey prince laurent seey shaadi kii haye aur way belgium key raajaa phillip kii saali hain. praarambhik jeevan. vaha nicolaus johnn combs (baath, 14 aprail 1938), ack british-janme vyavasaayi, aur unaki belgium patni, nikol eeva gabriel theres mertense (ixels, 20 juuna 1951) kii betty hain. unaki ack badee bahan, joanna aur ack chhota bhaai, maithyu haye. 1977 mein, unakaa parivaar francophone valonia mein brussels key paas diane-leey-wall mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. isaliye vaha teen saal kii umr seey belgium mein reh rahee haye. shaadi aur bachche. 12 aprail 2003 koo, unhone belgium key rajkumar laurent seey shaadi kii, joe belgium key raajaa albert dwiteeya aur belgium kii raani paola key dusare bete aur sabse chhote bachche they. nagrik samaroh brussels town holl mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur sant michael aur gudula key cathedral mein dhaarmik samaroh aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. dampati key teen bachche hainh parivaar tervuren mein "vilaa clementin" mein rahata haye. saarvajanik jeevan. raani mathilde aur rajkumari astrid key vipareet, rajkumari clair kii koee paribhaashit aadhikarik bhoomika naheen haye. vaha kabhi-kabhi apane pati key saath saarvajanik roop seey dikhaai detee haye, aam taur parr paryavaraniya karanon yaa pashu daan key samarthan mein. vaha brussels coral society kii ack pramukh sanrakshak bhee hain, joe unake vivaah samaroh key dhaarmik bhaag mein gaati thee. vaha belgium mein united kingdam seey sambandhit sangathanon mein bhee sakriya haye. vaha british school off brussels mein nyasi mandal kii sadasya hain aur belgium mein british rajdoot dwara aayojit dharmarth aur smaarak karyakramon mein sakriya roop seey bhaag letee hain. march 2020 mein, covid-19 key badey paimaane parr prakop key beach, aadhikarik taur parr yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii rajkumari clair ney sankraamak bimari key liye sakaratmak pareekshan kiya thaa, joe saars-cove-2 naamak coronavirus key kaaran hotaa haye. sheershak aur shailiyaan. combs koo unaki shaadi seey duss dinn pahale 1 aprail 2003 key shaahi farman (shaadi kii tarikh seey prabhaavi, 12 aprail 2003 koo) dwara raajaa seey "belgium kii rajkumari" kii upaadhi millie thee.

belgiumna rajakumari clyer belgiumna rajakumari clyer (clyer louis combs; janana 18 janavari 1974) british-belgium bhoo surveyor agiddare. aake 2003rinda rajakumara laurent avarannu vivahavaagiddaare mattu belgiumna raaja phillip avara attige. arambhika jeevana. aake british moolada udyami nicolus zaan combs (baath, 14 april 1938) mattu avara belgian patni nikol iva gabrielle theres mertens (ixelles, 20 zoon 1951) avara putri. aakege jovanna emba hiriya sahodari mattu mathue emba kiriya sahodaraniddaane. 1977ralli, aakeya kutumbavu francophone vaaloniyaadalliruva brasels baliya deone-leey-vyaalge sthalaantaragonditu. aaddarinda aake mooru varshadavalaagiddaagininda belgiumnalli vaasisuttaale. maduve mattu makkalu. 2003rahra april 12randu, avaru belgiumna raaja eradane albert mattu belgiumna raani pavolara eradane maga mattu kiriya maganaada belgiumna rajakumara laurent avarannu vivaahavaadaru. nagarika samaarambhavannu brasels town haalnalli mattu dharmika samaarambhavannu saints micheal mattu gudulaada cathedralnalli nadesalaayitu. ee dampatige moovaru makkaliddaareh ee kutumbavu tervurennalliruva "villa clementin" nalli vaasisuttade. saarvajanika jeevana. raani mathilde mattu rajakumari aastridginta bhinnavagi, rajakumari klairge yaavude nirdishtavaada adhikruta patravilla. aake kelavomme saarvajanikavaagi tanna patiyondige kanisikolluttale, samanyavagi parisarada karanagaligagi athawa pranigala datti samsthegalannu bembalisuttaale. aake brasels coral society pramukha poshakaroo agiddare, idu aakeya vivaha samaarambhada dharmika bhagadalli haaditu. aake belgiumna united kingdange sambandhisida samsthegalalliyu sakriyaragiddare. aake british school off braselsna trusty mandaliya sadasyaragiddare mattu belgiumna british rayabhari ayojisidda datti mattu smaranartha karyakramagalalli sakriyavagi bhagavahisuttare. march 2020 ralli, covid-19 rahra dodda pramanada ekaaeki, princess clyer avaru saars-cove-2 emba coronavirusninda untaaguva saankraamika rogakke dhanaatmaka parikshe maadiddaare endu adhikrutavaagi ghooshisalaayitu. shirshikegalu mattu shailigalu. 2003rahra april 1rahra raajaagneya moolaka (maduveya dinankada prakara, 2003rahra april 12randu jaarige bandante), tanna maduvege hattu dinagala modalu rajaninda "belgiumna rajakumari" emba birudannu combs padedaru.

belgiumchi rajkumari clair princess clair auph belgium (clair louis combs; janm 18 janewari 1974) hii eka british-belgian jameen sarvekshak aahe. tine 2003 pasoon prince laurentshee lagn kele aahe aanee tee belgiumcha raja philipachi mehuni aahe. prarambhik jeevan. tee british vanshachya vyavsayik nicolaus johnn combus (baath, 14 april 1938) aanee tyachi belgian patni, nikol iva gabriel theres mertons (ixels, 20 juuna 1951) yanchi mulgi aahe. teela joanna navachi eka mothee baheen aanee mathyu navacha eka dhakata bhau aahe. 1977 madhye, tiche kutumb francophone voloniatil braselsajavalachya dion-leey-wall yethe sthalantarit jhaale. tyamule tee teen varshanchi asalyapasun belgiummadhye rahat aahe. vivah aanee mule. 12 april 2003 roji tine belgiumcha raja albert dusra aanee belgiumchi ranee paola yancha dusra mulga aanee sarvat lahan mulga prince laurent auph belgiumshi vivah keela. nagri samarambh braseels tauun hallmadhye aanee dharmik samarambh seent michael aanee gudula yanchya cathedralmadhye aayojit karnyat aala hota. yaa jodpyala teen mule aaheth heey kutumb terviewrenmadhil 'villa clementine' madhye rahate. sarvajanik jeevan. ranee mathilde aanee rajkumari astrid yanchya vipareet, rajkumari clairchi konatihi paribhashit adhikrut bhoomika nahee. samanyatah paryavaraniy karanansathi kinwa prani dharmaday sansthanchya samarthanarth tee adhunmadhun tichya patisobat sarvajanik thikani disate. tee braseels samooh mandalichi pramukh aashraydate dekhil aahe, jee tichya vivah sohalyachya dharmik bhagat gayali jaate. tee beljiyammadhil united kingdamshi sambandhit sansthanmadhyehi sakriy aahe. tyaa british school auph braselsachya vishvast mandalachya sadasya aahet aanee beljiyammadhil british rajdootane aayojit kelelya dharmaday aanee smaranarth karyakramanna sakriyapane upasthit rahatat. march 2020 madhye, covid-19 chya mothya pramanavar udrekadarmyan, rajkumari clairne sars-cove-2 navachya coronavirusamule honanya sansargjanya rogasathi sakaratmak chachani kelee asalyache adhikrutpane ghoshit karnyat aale. shirshake aanee shaili. 1 april 2003 chya shahee aadeshadvare (lagnachya tarkhepasun, 12 april 2003 roji prabhavi) tichya lagnachya daha divas aadhi combsla rajakadoon 'princess auph belgium' hii padvi midali.

belgiumki rajkumari clair belgiumki rajkumari clair (clair luis combs; janma 18 janawari 1974) ek britis-belgium bhumi sarwekshankarta hun. unle sann 2003 dekhi rajkumar lawrentsanga vivaha gareki chhin rar belgiumka raja philipki bahini hun. prarambhik jiwan. uni nicolus john kumbs (bath, 14 april 1938), ek britis-janmeka wyapari, rar unaki belgiumki shrimati, nikol ibha gabriel theres mertens (excels, 20 june 1951) key chhori hun. unko aut jethi bahini joanna rar ek kanchho bhai mathyu chhan. sann 1977 maa unko pariwar francophone waloniako brasels najikaiko dion-ley-walma basain sareko thiyo. tyasaile uni tinn warshako umerdekhi belgiumma basdai aeki chhin. vivaha rar santan. 12 april 2003 maa, unle belgiumka raja albert dwitiya rar belgiumki rani paolaka dosro chhora rar kanchho santan, belgiumka rajkumar lawrentsanga vivaha garin. nagarik samaroha brasels tauna halma ayojit garieko thiyo, rar cent micheal rar gudulako cathedralma dharmik samaroha bhaeko thiyo. dampatika tinn santan chhanh pariwar turbhurenko "bhila clementin" maa baschha. sarvajanik jiwan. rani mathilde rar rajkumari astridko viparit, rajkumari clairko kunai paribhashit adhikarik bhumika chhaina. uni kahilekaahin afna patisanga sarvajanik rupma dekha parchhin, samanyataya watawarniya karanharu wa pashu paropkarko samarthanma. uni brasels coral societyki pramukh sanrakshak pani hun, jasle unko vivaha samarohako dharmik bhagma gaeki thiin. uni belgiumma sanyukta adhirajyasanga sambandhit sansthaharuma pani sakriya chhin. uni britis schol aff braselsko board aff trustiky sadasya hun rar belgiumka lagi britis rajdutdwara ayojit paropkari rar smarak karyakramharuma sakriya rupma bhag linchhin. march 2020 maa, covid-19 ko thulo matrama prakopko bichma, rajkumari clairle sars-kobh-2 namak corona bhairasabata hune sankramak rogka lagi sakaratmak parikshan gareko adhikarik rupma ghoshana garieko thiyo. shirshak rar shailiharu. 1 april 2003 ko shahi adeshdwara (wiwahako mitianusar, 12 april 2003 maa prabhawkari) kumbasle afno wiwahako das dina aghi rajabata "belgiumko rajkumari" ko upadhi prapta garin.

belgiumer rajkumari clair rajkumari clair off belgium (clair luiz kumbs; janma 18 januari 1974) jane british-belgia jami sarbekhyanakaree. shay 2003 masiharu prince larentanku bibaha karichanti ebong belgiumer raja philipanka bhinoi atanti. prarambhika zeeban. shay heuchhanti nicolas zohn kumbs (bath, 14 april 1938), jane british-janmita byabasajee, ebong taanka belgion patni, nicole ibha gabriel theres mertons (ixels, 20 june 1951) nka jhia. tankara jane budd bhaunee achanti, joanna, ebong jane saana bhai achanti, mathyu. 1977 masihare, taanka paribara phrancophone waloniare brasels nikatare thiba dian-leey-bhalku sthanantarita hoithile. tenu shay tini barsha bajasaru belajijamare rahuchanti. bibaha ebong santan. 2003 masiha april 12 tarikhare shay belgiumer rajkumar larentanku bibaha karithile, jie belgiumer raja albert-2jaiah ebong belgiumer raanee paolanka dwiteeja putra ebong kanistha santan thile. brasels tauna halre ehi nagarika samaroha ebong cent michael ebong gudulanka cathedralare dharmika samaroha anusthita hoithila. ehi dampattinkara tinoti santan achantih paribarati terbhurenara "bhila clementin" ray ruhanti. sarbajaneena zeeban. raanee mathilde ebong rajkumari aastridnka pari, rajkumari klejarankara kaunasi nirdista sarkari bhumika naahin . shay belebele sarbasadharanare taanka swameenka saha, sadharanatah paribesagata kaaran kimba pashu databya sansthagudikara samarthanare upasthita huanti . shay brasels coral societyra jane pramukh prusthaposhaka madhya, jaahaa taanka bibaha samarohara dharmika bhagare geeta gaithila . shay belajijamare juktarajya sahita jadita sangathanagudikare madhya sakriya achanti. shay british skula off braselsara trusty boarder sadasya ebong belajijamare british rastradootanka dwara ajojita databya ebong smaraki karjyakramare sakriya bhabare joga dianti . march 2020 ray, kovida-19 rahr bruhata starare pradurbhaba madhyare, ehaa aanusthanika bhabare ghoshana karajaithila je rajkumari clair sankramaka roga paain sakaratmaka parikhya karithile, jaahaa sars-kov-2 namaka eka coronviruses dwara srusti hoichhi . shirshaka ebong sailee. kumbs taanka bibahara dasha deane purbaru, 1 april 2003 rahr rajkiah decree dwara (bibaha tarikh thaaru, 12 april 2003 ray karjyakaree) rajankatharu "belgiumer rajkumari" upadhi paithile.

belgium dee rajkumari clair rajkumari clair aaf belgium (clair luis combus; janam 18 janwari 1974) ikk british-belgian lend surveyor haii. uss daa viaah 2003 toon prince laurent naal hoiaa haii atey uh belgium dey raaja philippe dee bharjai haii. mudhla jeevan. uh nicholls jauhan combus (baath, 14 aprail 1938), ikk british-jamme vapari, atey uss dee belgian patni, nikol eeva gabrill therace mertense (ixels, 20 juun 1951) dee dhee haii. uss dee ikk vaddi bhainn, joanna atey ikk chhota bharaa, maithyu haii. sann 1977 witch, uss daa parivaar francophone valinia witch brasals dey nede deone-leey-vaal witch tabdil hoow giaa. iss laee uh tinn saal dee umar toon belgium witch rahi rahee haii. viaah atey bacche. 12 aprail 2003 noon, uss neey belgium dey rajkumar laurent naal viaah karwa liaa, joe belgium dey raaja albert II atey belgium dee raanee paola dey dooje puttar atey sabh toon chhote bacche sunn. sival samaroh brasals taoon haal witch aayojit keeta giaa see, atey santan dey girjaghar michael atey gudula witch dharmik samaroh aayojit keeta giaa see. iss jode dey tinn bacche hann parivaar tervuran witch "vilaa clementin" witch rahinda haii. jantak jeevan. raanee mathilday atey rajkumari astrid dey ulat, rajkumari clair dee koee paribhashit adhikarat bhumika naheen haii. uh kadey-kadey aapne patee dey naal jantak taur 'teey dikhai dindi haii, aam taur' teey vatavaran dey kaarnan jaan janwaran dey charity dey samarthan witch. uh brasals coral suciety dee ikk pramukh sarprast vee haii, jiss neey uss dey viaah samaroh dey dharmik hisse witch gaaiaa see. uh belgium witch united kingdom naal sabandhat sangathanan witch vee sargaram haii. uh british school aaf brasals witch trusty board dee member haii atey belgium witch british rajdoot duaara aayojit daani atey yadgari programan witch sargarmi naal hissa laindi haii. march 2020 witch, covid-19 dey vadde paddhar dey prakop dey vichkaar, ih adhikarat taur 'teey ailaan keeta giaa see kii rajkumari clair neey sankarmit bimari laee skaratmak test keeta see, joe kii saaras-cove-2 namak ikk coronviruses caarn hunda haii. sirlekh atey shailiaan kumbs noon uss dey viaah toon dass dinn pahilan, 1 aprail 2003 dey shaahi ferman duaara (viaah dee mitee toon 12 aprail 2003 noon prabhavi) raaja toon "belgium dee rajkumari" daa khitaab miliaa see.

belgium-deshasya rajakumari clair princess clair aaf belgium (clair louis combs; janma 18 janavaree 1974) ekaa british-belgian-bhoomi-sarwekshakah asti. saa 2003 tamavarshaat rajakumarena laurent ityanena saha parineetavatee, belgium-rajyasya raajnah phillip ityasya bhaginee asti. praarambhikajeevanam. saa nicolas jaan combus (baat, 14 april 1938), british-janitah vyavasaayi, tasya belgian-patnee nikol eevaa gabriel theres mertons (ixels, 20 joon 1951) ityetayoho putree asti. tasyaah jyeshtasahotree jovanna, kanishtah bhrata cha myathyoo iti asti. 1977 tame varshe tasyaah parivaarah francophone-valonia-nagarasya brasals-nagarasya sameepe dion-leey-wall-nagaram prati sthanantaritaha. ataha saa yadaa trishatakm aasit tadaa taha belgium-nagare nivasati sma. vivaahah, baalakaah cha. 2003 april 12 dinaanke, saa belgium-rajyasya rajakumaram laurent ityetam parineetavatee, yaa belgium-rajyasya raajnah albert-dwiteeyah, belgium-raajnee paola ityasyaah cha dwiteeyah putrah kanishtah cha putrah aasit. brasals-nagar-sabhaagruhe nagarika-samarohah, tathaa cha sents-mckell-gudulanam kethedral-madhye dhaarmik-samarohah cha abhavat. dampatee trayah putraah santi. parivaarah turveurane-nagarasya "villaa clementin" ityatra nivasati. saarvajanikajeevanam. raajnee mathilde tathaa rajakumari astrid ityetayoho vipareetam, rajakumari clair ityasyaah kimapi paribhaashitam adhikarikam paatram naasti. saa kadaachit swapatnah saha saarvajanikaroopena drushyate, samanyataya paryaavaranakaarakaaryeshu athavaa pashu-daana-samsthaasu vaa samarthane. saa brasals-samuhasya pramukha-ashrayadata api asti, yaa tasyaah vivaahasya dhaarmik-bhaage geetam avadat. saa belgium-nagare unated-kingdam-sambaddh-samsthaasu api sakriyaa asti. saa british-school-aaf-brasals ityasya nyasi-mandalyaah sadasyaa asti, belgium-nagare british-rajadutena aayojiteshu paropakaar-smaraki-karyakrameshu cha sakriyatayaa bhaagam vahati. 2020 maarch-maase, covid-19 ityasya bruhad-vyaapteh madhye, rajakumari clair ityeshaa saars-cove-2 iti caronavairus ityanena janite sankraamak-rogasya krute sakaratmakam parikshitavati iti aadhikaarikaroopen ghoshitam. sheershakaah tathaa shaileeh. combs ityeshaa 2003 april 1 dinaanke (vivaahasya dinaankaat 2003 april 12 dinaankaparyantam prabhaawitah) rajajnaya, svavivaahaat dashadinani poorvam raajnah "belgium-rajakumari" iti upaadhim praapnot.

beljiathin ilavarasi clyer beljiathin ilavarasi clyer (clyer luis comps; prappu janavari 18,1974) oru british-beljiya nila surveyor aavaar. avar 2003 muthal ilavarasar laurentai mananthaar mattrum beljiathin mannar pilippin maiththunar aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. ivar nikkalas john coomps (paath, 14 aepral 1938), oru british-pirantha thozhilathibar mattrum avarathu beljiya manaivi, nikol eevaa capriel therus mertons (iccellus, 20 juun 1951) aagiyoarin magal aavaar. avarukku joanaa endra mooththa sagoathariyum, methev endra ilaiya cakoothararum ullanar. 1977 aam aandil, avarathu kudumbam francobone valloaniyaavil ulla pressels arugae diane-leeii-vaalukku idampeyarnthathu. enavae avar thanathu moontru vayathilirunthae beljiyaththil vasiththu varukiraar. tirumanam mattrum kuzhandhaigal. 2003 aepral 12 andru, beljiathin ilavarasar laurent, beljiathin mannar irandaam albert mattrum beljiathin raani pavolavin irandaavathu maganum ilaiya kuzhandhaiyum aavaar. sivil vizhaa pressels down haalil nadaipettrathu, maelum punitharkal michael mattrum kudulaavin katheetralil madha vizhaa nadaipettrathu. inththa thambathikku moontru kuzhandhaigal ullanar inththa kudumbam tervurenil ulla "villa clementinil" vasikkirathu. podhu vaazhkkai. raani mathilde mattrum ilavarasi austrit poalallaamal, ilavarasi kilaerukku varaiyarukappatta athikaarappoorva pangku illai. podhuvaaga suttruchchoozhal kaaranangal allathu vilangku thondu niruvanangalukku aatharavaaka avar eppoathaavathu thanathu kanavarudan podhuveliyil thoandrugiraar. avar thanathu thirumana vizhaavin madhap paguthiyil paadiya pressels kural samoogaththin munnani puravalaraagavum ullaar. beljiyaththil ulla aikkiya raachchiyam thodarpaana amaippugalilum avar theeviramaaga ullaar. avar british school off presselsil arangkaavalar kuzhuvil uruppinaraaga ullaar, maelum beljiyaththirkaana british thoothar nadaththum thondu mattrum ninaivu nigazhvugalil theeviramaaga kalandhu kolgiraar. maarch 2020 ill, koovit-19 inn periya alavilaana vedippukku matthiyil, ilavarasi clyer thottru noaikku saathagamaaga soathanai seithathaaga athikaarappoorvamaaga arivikkappattathu, idhu chaars-gove-2 endra caronaviruses kaaranamaaga aerpadukirathu. thalaippukal mattrum paanigal. coomps thanathu thirumanaththirku paththu naatkalukku munbu, aepral 1,2003 aam aandu arasa aanai moolam (thirumana thaethi muthal aepral 12,2003 andru nadaimuraikku vanthathu) raajaavidamirunthu "beljiathin ilavarasi" endra pattaththaip pettraar.

belgium yuvarani clyer belgium yuvarani clyer (clyer luis combs; jananam 18 janavari 1974) oka british-belgian land surveyor. aame 2003 nundi prins laurentnu vivaham chesukundi mariyu belgium raaju phillip yokka baavamaridi. prarambha jeevitam. aame british-janminchina vyaapaaravaetta nicolus zaan combs (baath, 14 april 1938) mariyu athani belgian bhaarya nikol iva gabriel therace mertens (ixelles, 20 juun 1951) kumarte. aameku joyanna anae akka, mathue anae tammudu unnaaru. 1977loe, aame kutumbam francophone valonialoni brassels sameepamloni deone-leey-vaalku makaam maarchindi. anduvalla aame moodu samvatsaraala vayassu nundi belgiumlo nivasistondi. vivaham mariyu pillalu. 2003 april 12naa, aame belgium raaju rendava albert mariyu belgium raani pavola yokka rendava kumarudu mariyu chinna santaanam ayina belgium yuvaraju laurentnu vivaham chesukundi. poura veduka brassels town haallo jarigindi, mariyu mataparamaina veduka saints maikhel mariyu gudula cathedrallo jarigindi. eee jantaku mugguru pillalu unnaru eee kutumbam tervurenloni "villa clementin" loe nivasistundi. praja jeevitam. raani mathilde mariyu yuvarani austrid maadirigaa kakunda, yuvarani clyreku nirvachinchina adhikaarika paatra ledhu. saadhaaranamgaa paryaavarana kaaranaalaku ledhaa janthu swachchanda samsthalaku maddatugaa aame appudappudu thana bhartatho kalisi bahirangamgaa kanipistundi. aame thana vivaha vedukalo mataparamaina bhaagamlo paadina brassels brundaaniki kooda pramukha poeshakuraalu. aame belgiumlo united kingdamku sambandhinchina samsthalalo kooda churukuga undhi. aame british school off brasselslo dharmakartala mandalilo sabhyuralu mariyu belgiumlo british rayabari nirvahinchina swachchanda mariyu smaaraka kaaryakramaalaku churukuga haajaravutaaru. marchi 2020loe, covid-19 pedda ettuna vyaapti chendutunna samayamlo, yuvarani clyer saars-cove-2 anae coronavirus valla kalige antu vyaadhiki positive anie pareekshinchinatlu adhikarikamga prakatinchaaru. sheershikalu mariyu sailulu. 2003 april 1 naati raajaagna dwara (2003 april 12naa vivaham thedhee nundi amaluloki vacchina) aame vivaahaaniki padhi rojula mundu raaju nundi "belgium yuvarani" anae birudunu combs andukunnaru.

belgium kii shahzadi clair belgium kii shahzadi clair (clair lois combus vovo paidaish 18 januri 1974) eek bartanvi-belgium lend sarwer hay. iss kii shaadi 2003 say prince laurent say hoyee hay aur wah belgium kay baadshah flip kii behnuyi hay. ibtadayi zindagi. wah nakolas jaan combus (baath 14 apreel 1938)yee juu eek bartanvi nazaad taajir haine aur inn kii belgium kii bewi nakol aiwa gabriel therees meertanz (accels 20 joone 1951) kii betty haine. iss kii eek bury behan jawana aur eek chhota bhayee methio hay. 1977 mein iss kaa khaandaan francofon waloniya mein barsalz kay qareeb ddion-lee-waal muntaqil how gayaa. iss liye wah teen saal kii amar say belgium mein rahh rahee hay. shaadi aur bachay. 12 apreel 2003 cow iss nay belgium kay shahzadah laurent say shaadi kii juu belgium kay baadshah albert dom aur belgium kii malkah paola kay dosray betay aur sabb say chhotay bachay thay. soul taqrib barsalz town haal mein munaqid hoyee aur mazhabi taqrib sent michael aur gadola kay girja gahar mein munaqid hoyee. iss joday kay teen bachay haine: yaha khaandaan trovern mein "walaa clementin" mein rehta hay. awami zindagi. malkah mathelde aur shahzadi estrade kay barakas shahzadi clair kaa koyee mutayin sarkaari kirdaar nahein hay. wah kabhi kabhaar apnay shohar kay saath awami toor parr zahir hoti hay aam toor parr mahuliyati wajuhaat yaa janwaron kay khairati idaaron kii himayat mein. wah barsalz koral society kii eek aham sarparast bhee haine juu iss kii shaadi kii taqrib kay mazhabi hasay mein gaati thee. wah belgium mein bartaniah say mutaliq tanzimon mein bhee srgarm haine. wah british school aaf barsalz mein board aaf trusteez kii rakan haine aur belgium mein bartanvi safeer kay zeer ahtamam khairati aur yaadgaari taqribaat mein faal toor parr sharkat karti haine. maarch 2020 mein coved-19 kay baday paimanay parr failnay kay darmiyan bazabtah toor parr yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh shahzadi clair nay mutaadi bemari kay liye masbat tajarbah kiyaa hay juu saars-cove-2 naami eek korona wires kii wajah say hay. enwanat aur andaaz. combus kuu iss kii shaadi say duss dunn pehley 1 apreel 2003 kay shaahi farmaan kay zariye (shaadi kii tareekh say 12 apreel 2003 kuu mosar) baadshah say "belgium kii shahzadi" kaa khataab milaa.

00064aaa138a251148c35f8d904ae0bbc10e44a4b7495e890afcb83a6830e7c1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9480530

South Florida Blade

South Florida Blade The South Florida Blade, formerly "The Express Gay News", was a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) newspaper in the southern Florida area. The "Express" was a member of the National Gay Newspaper Guild. The "Express" was founded in 2000. In 2003, it was acquired by Window Media, the largest publisher of gay/lesbian weekly newspapers in the United States. On August 28, 2008, "Express Gay News" underwent a drastic rebranding effort, changing format and name. The newer version of the paper, called "The South Florida Blade", was edited by Dan Renzi. According to Window Media, its circulation was approximately 20,000. In 2009 Window Media shut down and shortly thereafter the paper was re-organized with most of the same staff by Mark Haines as "The Florida Agenda". In 2010 the original publisher and founder of "The Express Gay News", Norm Kent, launched a new newspaper and website "South Florida Gay News." Financial woes. Avalon Equity Fund, an investment fund that owns several gay media outlets including "Washington Blade", "South Florida Blade", "411 Magazine", "David Atlanta", "Southern Voice" (SOVO) and "Genre" magazine were found to be in a condition the Small Business Administration (SBA) refers to as capital impairment. This means that Avalon did not maintain the necessary outside investments required under the terms of loans borrowed from the SBA totaling $38M. A lawsuit filed by SBA revealed Avalon had little or no outside capital left due to divestiture by investors, losses in revenue or asset values or a combination of the three. Avalon Equity Fund is in receivership with SBA, which will allow SBA to sell off its assets to satisfy the loans. In November 2009, the paper was shut down because of the financial status of its parent company, Window Media and its majority stockholder, Avalon Equity Partners. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dokhyin fluorida blade dokhyin fluorida blade, purbote "di express ge niuj", dokhyin fluorida oncholor ekhon lesbian, ge, bicexual aaru trensgender (el. ji. bi. ti) baatori kakot aasil. express" rastriyo xomokami baatori kakotor gildor xodosyo aasil. express" 2000 sonot protistha koraa hoisil. 2003 sonot, iyak windu miriyai odhigrohon korisil, ji aamerika juktorastror xomokami/lesbian xaptahik baatori kakotor xorbobrihot prokaxok. 2008 sonor 28 aagostot "express ge niuj"-e formate aaru naam xoloni kori ek kothur punor brending prochestar xonmukhin hoisil. dyo sauth flo" rida blade "naamor kagojkhonor notun xongoskorontu dane renjiye xompadona korisil. wind 'miriyar mote, iyar prosar pray 20,000 aasil. 2009 sonot wind 'miriya bondho hoi pore aaru taar kichu xomoyor pisote "dyo flo" rida agenda "hisape mark heinsor dwara eke kormosarir besibhagor xoite kakotkhon punor xongothito koraa hoisil. 2010 sonot mool prokaxok aaru "dyo express ge niuj" ror protisthapok normo kente ekhon notun baatori kakot aaru website "sauth fluorida ge niuj" mukoli kore." aarthik xomosya. waswington blade", "sauth flo" rida blade "," 411 alusoni "," david atlanta "," southern bhois "(cho" bhu) aaru "jenori" alusonike dhori keibatau xomokami xongbad madhyomor malikotwo thoka evalon equity fund naamor ek biniyug puji ene ek owosthat thoka dekha goisil jaak khyudro byoboxai proxaxone (ess. bi. e.) muldhonor khyoti buli ullekh kore. iyar ortho hoise je ebhalone sbar poraa luwa rinor sortor odhinot proyujoniyo bahyik biniyugxomuh rokhya koraa nasil, muth 38 million dollar. ess. bi. e.-ror dwara daakhil koraa ekhon gusorot prokax paisil je biniyugkarixokolor dwara bitoron, raajoh baa xompotir mulyot lukchan baa tiniutar xongmisronor baabe ebhalonor baahiror muldhon komm baa eku baaki nasil. evalon equity fund sbar xoite risibharswipot aase, jiye sba-koo rino xontusto koriboloi iyar xompoti bikri koriboloi onumoti dibo. 2009 sonor novembor maahot iyar mool company, windu miriya aaru iyar xongkhyagoristho stokdhari, evalon equity ongxidarxokolor bittiyo owosthar baabe kakotkhon bondho kori diya hoisil.

dakkhin florida blade dakkhin florida blade, purbe "eksapresa geey newz", dakkhin florida anchaler ekti lesbian, geey, uvokami ebong transgender (lgbt) sangbadpatra chhilo. eksapresa" jatiya samakami sangbadpatrer gilder sadasya chhilo. eksapresa" 2000 saale protisthito hoyechilo. 2003 saale, etty windo midia dwara adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo, jaa markin juktorashtrer samakami/samakami saptahik sangbadpatrer brihottomo prokashok. 2008 saaler 28shhey august, "eksapresa geey newz"-err punohnamkoroner jonno kathor prochesta chalano hoy, jaar foley binnas ebong naam poriborton koraa hoy. dya south florida blade" naame kagojer notun sangaskaranti dyana renzi sampadana korechilen. windo midia onusare, err procholon chhilo pray 20,000. 2009 saale windo midia bondho hoye yaay ebong err porpori marqa heins dwara "florida agenda" hisabe ekoi karmider beshirbhag niye kagajti punra sangathito koraa hoy. 2010 saale mool prokashok ebong "eksapresa geey newz"-err protisthata, normo kent, ekti notun sangbadpatra ebong website "south florida geey newz" chaalu corren." arthik samasya. avalon equity funned, ekti biniyog tehbil jaa "washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 magazine", "david atlanta", "soudern voice" (sovo) ebong "gharanar" magazine soho besh koyekti samakami midia outleter malik, emon ekti abosthai pawa geche jaa chhoto byabosa proshashon (sba) muldhan khoti hisabe ullekh korey. err ortho holl jey, avalon sba theke moat 38 million dollar riner shortabolir adhine prayojaniya bohiragoto biniyog bojay rakheni. sba-rawr dayer koraa ekti mamla jaanaa geche jey biniyogkarider dwara bichchinnakaran, rajaswa baa sompoder mulye loksan baa eyi tintir sangmishraner karone avaloner khub qama baa konao bahyik muldhan aboshishto chhilo naa. avalon equity tehbil sba-rawr sange receivershipe royeche, jaa sba-keey rino metanor jonno taar sompod bikri korar anumati debe. 2009 saaler novembore, potrikati taar mool sangostha, windo midia ebong err sankhyagarishtha shareholder, avalon equity angshidarder arthik abosthar karone bondho hoye yaay.

dakshin florida blade south florida blade, agau "express geey news", dakshin florida vistaarmaa lesbian, geey, bisexual aneey transgender (lgbt) akhbaar hatoo. express" raashtriy geey akhbaar sanghnaa sabhy hataa. express" nee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee, tene vindo media dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey united statesma geey/lesbian saaptaahik akhbaaronaa sauthee motaa prakashak chhe. 28 august, august roj, "express geey news" noon swaroop aneey naam badalvaa maate sakhat rebranding prayaas karvaamaa aavyo hato. dhaa south florida blade" tareeke odakhaata papernu navoo sanskaran, dayne renzi dwara sampadit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. vindo media anusaar, tenu paribhraman aashre 20,000 hatoo. november vindo media bundh thaee gayoo aneey tyarbad toonk samayma jaj marqa hens dwara "florida agenda" tareeke motabhagna samaan karmchaareeo saathe papernu punargathan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo "dhaa express geey news" naa mool prakashak aneey sthaapak, norm kente, aek navoo akhbaar aneey website "south florida geey news" sharoo curry." aarthik mushkeleeo. avalon equity fund, aek rokaan bhandol keey jeey "washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 magazine", "david atlanta", "sadharn voice" (sovo) aneey "shailee" magazine saheet anek geey media outletsnee maliki dharaave chhe, teey aevee sthitima hovaanu jaanvaa malyun hatoo keey naana vyavsaay vaheevat (aesa. bii. aee.) moody kshatee tareeke ullekh karey chhe. aano arth aee thayo keey aevalone aesa. bii. aee. maanthi coole 38 million dollarni lonanee sharato hethal jaroori baahy rokaano jaalvi rakhyaa naa hataa. aesa. bii. aee. dwara dakhal karvaamaa aavela mukadmama bahaar aavyu hatoo keey rokaankaaro dwara vinivesh, aavak athavaa sampattinaa mulyomaa nuksan athavaa traneynaa sanyojanne kaarane avalon paase bahoo ochhi athavaa koee baahy moody baakee rahee nathee. avalon equity fund aesa. bii. aee. saathe praptikaranma chhe, jeey aesa. bii. aee. neey lonane santoshva maate tenee askayamato vechavaani manjuri aapshe. november november, tenee mool kampani, vindo media aneey tenaa bahumatee sherdhaarak, avalon equity bhagidaroni nanakiy sthiteene kaarane papper bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

dakshin florida blade dakshin florida blade, joe pahale "express gey news" thaa, dakshini florida kshetra mein ack samlaingik, samlaingik, ubhayalingi aur transgender (lgbt) samachar patra thaa. express" rashtriya samlaingik samachar patra sangh kaa sadasya thaa. express" kii sthaapana 2000 mein kii gaee thee. 2003 mein, ise sanyukt raajya america mein samlaingik/samlaingik saptahik samachar patron key sabse badey prakaashak, vindo media dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa. 28 agast, 2008 koo, "express gey news" koo praarup aur naam badalane key liye ack kathor rebranding prayaas seey gujarna padaa. dha south florida blade" naamak kagaj kaa nayaa sanskaran danne renzi dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. vindo media key anusaar, iska prasaar lagbhag 20,000 thaa. 2009 mein vindo media bund hoe gayaa aur usake turant baad pepper koo maark hans dwara "florida agenda" key roop mein usee karmchaariyon key saath phir seey vyavasthit kiya gayaa. 2010 mein mool prakaashak aur "express gey news" key sansthaapak, norm kent ney ack nayaa samachar patra aur website "south florida gey news" launch kii." vittiya sankat. avalone equity fund, ack nivesh kosh joe "washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 patrika", "david atlanta", "dakshini aavaaj" (sovo) aur "shally" patrika sahit kaee samlaingik media outlet kaa malik haye, ack aisee sthiti mein paaya gayaa thaa jise chhote vyavasaay prashaasan (aiss. bee. aeye.) ney poonji haani key roop mein sandarbhit kiya haye. iska matlab haye kii avalone ney aiss. bee. aeye. seey kull 38 million dollar key rinn kii sharton key tahat aavashyak baahari nivesh koo banaae naheen rakhaa. aiss. bee. aeye. dwara daayar ack mukadame seey pataa chalaa kii niveshakon dwara vinivesh, rajaswa yaa parisampatti moolyon mein nuksan yaa teenon key sanyojan key kaaran avalon key paas bahut cumm yaa koee baahari poonji naheen bachee thee. avalone equity fund aiss. bee. aeye. key saath receivership mein haye, joe aiss. bee. aeye. koo rinon koo santusht karane key liye apani parisampattiyon koo bechane kii anumati dega. navambar 2009 mein, apani mool company, vindo media aur isake bahusankhyak sharedharak, avalan equity bhagidaron kii vittiya sthiti key kaaran pepper koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

daksina florida blade daksina florida blade, hinde "express gay nyus", daksina florida pradeshada salingakami, salingakami, ubhayalingi mattu transgender (elgbt) patrikeyagittu. express" rashtriya salingakami vrattapatrike okkootada sadasyaraagiddaru. express" annu 2000 ralli sthaapisalaayitu. 2003 ralli, idannu vindo media swadhinapadisikonditu, idu united statesnalli salingakami/salingakami saaptaahika patrikegala atidodda prakashakaragiddare. august 28,2008 randu, "express gay nyus" svaroopa mattu hesarannu badalaayisuva moolaka teevra marubranding prayatnakke olagaayitu. dhii south florida blade" endu kareyalaaguva patrikeya hosa aavruttiyannu daan renzi sampaadisidaru. vindo meediyaada prakara, adara prasaranavu sumaru 20,000 aagittu. 2009ralli vindo madhyamavu sthagitagonditu mattu swalpa samayada nantara patrikeyannu adhe sibbandiyondige maark heins avaru "florida kaaryasuchi" yante maru-sanghatisidaru. 2010ralli moola prakashaka mattu "express gay nyus" naa samsthaapaka, norma kent, hosa patrike mattu jaalataana "south florida gay nyus" annu praarambhisidaru." arthika sankashtagalu. washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 niyatakaalike", "david atlanta", "sadarn voyce" (sovo) mattu "prakara" niyatakaalikegalu seridante halavaaru salingakami madhyamagalannu hondiruva hoodike nidhiyaada avalan eekviti fund, sanna vyapara aadalita (sba) bandavaala durbalate endu ullekhisuva sthitiyallide endu kandubandide. idarartha, sbayinda ottu $38 million saala padeda saalada niyamagala adiyalli agatyavaada horagina hoodikegalannu avalan nirvahisilla. hoodikedaarara bandavaala hintegeta, aadaaya athawa aasti moulyagalallina nashta athawa ee moorara samyojaneyindaagi avalaange kadime athawa yaavude horagina bandavaala ulidilla endu sba sallisida mokaddameyu bahirangapadisitu. avalan eekviti fund esbeaeyondige receivership nallide, idu saalagalannu truptipadisalu sbag tanna svattugalannu marata maadalu anuvu maadikoduttade. 2009rahra novembernalli, adara moola kampani, vindo media mattu adara bahupalu sherudaararu, avalan eekviti paludarara arthika sthitiya kaarana patrikeyannu muchchalaayitu.

southu florida blade munbu "express geey nyoos" ennariyappettirunna southu florida blade thekkan florida pradeshathe oru lesbian, geey, baisekchwal, transgender (ell. jii. bii. tii) pathramaayirunnu. express" deseeya swavarganuraga pathra samghathile amgamaayirunnu. 2000-ll sthaapithamaaya "express", 2003-ll amerikkayile swavarganuraga/lesbian prathivaara pathrangalude ettavum valia prasadhakanaaya vindo media etteduthu. 2008 august 28 nuu, "express geey nyoos" enna vaarthayude formaattum perum maattikkond punarnaamakaranam cheyyaanulla kadinamaaya sramathinu vidheyamaayi. southu florida blade" ennu vilikkunna pepparinte puthiya pathipp edittu cheythath daan rensiyaanu. vindo meediyayude kanakkanusarichu, athinte vitharanam ekadesham 20,000 aayirunnu. 2009ll vindo media adachupoottukayum taamasiyaathe maarkk heins "florida ajanda" enna athe staafumaayi paper punakrameekarikkukayum cheythu. 2010-ll "express geey nyoos"-nte yadhaartha prasadhakanum sthaapakanumaaya norm kent oru puthiya pathravum websaittum "southu florida geey nyoos" aarambhichu." saambathika prasnangal. washington blade", "southu florida blade", "411 magazin", "david atlaanta", "sathen voys" (sovo), "jenar" magazin ennivayulppede niravadhi swavarganuraga maadhyamangalude udamasthathayilulla nikshepa fandaaya avalon ikvitti fund cherukida bisinus administration (sba) mooladhana vaikalyamayi paraamarsikkunna avasthayilaanennu kandethi. ithinartham ezz. bii. ayil ninnu motham 38 milyan dollar kadam vangiya vaaypakalude nibandhanakalkku keezhil aavashyamaaya baahya nikshepangal avalon nilanirtthiyilla ennaanu. nikshepakarude ohari vittazhikkal, varumaanathilo aasthi moolyangalilo ulla nashtam allengil moonninteyum samyojanam enniva kaaranam avalonin puram mooladhanam kuravo illayo ennu ezz. bii. eiii. phayal cheytha oru cases velippeduthi. avalon ikvitti fund sbaude reseavershippilaanu, ithu vaaypakal thripthippeduthunnathina sba athinte asthikal wilkan anuvadikkum. 2009 novemberil, athinte maathru kambaniyudeyum vindo mediayudeyum bhooripaksham ohari udamakaludeyum avalon ikvitti pankaalikaludeyum saambathika nila kaaranam pathram adachupootti.

dakshin florida blade daad south florida blade, purvi 'daad express geey news' heey dakshin florida bhagatil eka lesbian, geey, bisexual aanee transgender (ell. jee. bii. tii.) vruttpatra hote. express' haah rashtriy samalingi vruttpatra gildcha sadasya hota. express' chee sthapana 2000 saalee jhaali. 2003 saalee, united statesmadhil samalingi/lesbian saptahik vruttapatranche sarvat mothe prakashak asalelya vindo mediane tee vikat ghetali. 28 august 2008 roji, 'express geey news' chey swaroop aanee naav badaloon, tyache punarnamkaran karnyacha kathor prayatna karnyat aala. daad south florida blade' navachya kagadachya naveen aavruttiche sampadan danne renzi yanni kele hote. vindo medianusar, tyachi prasarani andaje 20,000 hotee. 2009 madhye vindo media bund jhaali aanee tyanantar lagechach marqa heins yanni 'florida ajenda' mhanoon tyach karmcharyansah peparchi punarrachana kelee. 2010 madhye mool prakashak aanee 'daad express geey news' chey sansthapak, norm kent yanni eka naveen vruttpatra aanee sanketsthal 'south florida geey news' suru kele." aarthik adachani. washington blade', 'south florida blade', '411 masik', 'david atalanta', 'sadarn voice' (sovo) aanee 'shaili' masik yasah anek samalingi madhyamanchya malkicha avalon equity fund haah guntavanuk nidhi asha sthiteet aadhalala, jyala laghu vyavasay prashasana (ess. bii. aii.) bhandavalatil bighad mhanoon sambodhate. yacha arth assa qee evalonne ess. bii. aii. kadoon ekoon $38 dashalaksh karj ghetalelya karjachya atinnusar aavashyak bahya guntavanuk rakhali nahee. ess. bii. aii. neey dakhal kelelya khatalyat asey ughad jhaale qee guntavanukdaranchya viniveshamule, mahasool kinwa malmatta mulyanmadhil tota kinwa yaa tighanchya sanyogamule avalonkade thode kinwa konatehi bahya bhandwal shillak rahile nahee. avalon equity fund ess. bii. aii. sobat praptikarat aahe, jyamule ess. bii. aii. laa karjachi purtata karnyasathi tyachi malmatta vikanyachi parvanagi milel. november 2009 madhye, hii vruttpatra tyachi mool company, vindo media aanee tyache bahusankhya bhagdharak, avalon sambhag bhagidaranchya aarthik sthitimule bund karnyat aale.

south florida blade south florida blade, pahile "express ge news", dakshini florida kshetrako ek lesbian, ge, bisexual rar transgender (lgbt) akhbar thiyo. express" rashtriya samalingi samacharpatra gildko sadasya thiyo. express" sann 2000 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo. sann 2003 maa, yasalai windo mediale adhigrahan gareko thiyo, june sanyukta rajya americama samalingi/lesbian saptahik samacharpatraharuko sabaibhanda thulo prakashak how. august 28,2008 maa, "express ge news" ley dhancha rar naam pariwartan gardai kada rebranding prayas gareko thiyo. da south florida blade" bhanine peparko nayan sanskaran, daan renjidwara sampadan garieko thiyo. windo mediaka anusar yasako prachalan lagbhag 20,000 thiyo. sann 2009 maa windo midia banda bhayo rar tyasko kehi samayapachi mark hensdwara "florida agenda" kaa rupma dheraijaso eutai karmachariharusanga peparlai punah wyawasthit gariyo. sann 2010 maa muel prakashak rar "express ge news" kaa sansthapak, narma kentle nayan akhbar rar website "south florida ge news" suru gare." arthik sankat. wassington blade", "south florida blade", "411 patrika", "devid atlanta", "saudarna bhwaisa" (sowo) rar "vidha" patrika sahit dherai samalingi midia autletharuko swamitwa raheko lagani kosh ebhalon equity fund sanah wyapar prashasana (sba) ley punji kamajoriko rupma ullekha gareko awasthama fela pareko thiyo. yasako artha ebhalonle esabiebata kull $38 million udharo lieko rinko sartaharu antargat awashyak bahiri laganiharu kayam rakheko chhaina. sbale dayar gareko muddale laganikartaharudwara vinivesh, rajaswa wa sampatti mulyama ghata wa tinko sanyojanka karan awalonsanga thorai wa kunai bahiri punji baanki nabhaeko khulasa garyo. ebhalon equity kosh esbiesanga praptikaranma chha, jasle esabalai rina santushta parne afno sampatti bechna anumati dinechha. november 2009 maa, yasako muel company, windo midia rar yasako bahumat stockholder, ebhalon equity sajhedarharuko wittiya sthitiko karan paper banda bhaeko thiyo.

dakhina florida blade dakhina florida blade, purbaru "express gey nyuj", dakhina florida anchalara eka lesbian, gey, ubhakamee ebong transgender (ell. jii. bii. tii) khabarkagaj thila . express" jatiah samalingi sambadapatra gildra sadasya thile. express" 2000 masihare sthapita hoithila. 2003 masihare, ehaaku windo midia dwara adhigrahan karajaithila, jaahaa juktarastrare samalingi/lesbian saptahika khabarkagajar sarbabruhata prakashaka . august 28,2008 ray, "express gey nyuj" eka kathore rebranding prajasara sammukheen hoithila, formatt ebong naama paribartana karithila . daa south florida blade" namaka ehi khabarkagajar nutan sanskaranaku daan renji sampadana karithile. windo midia anujai, ehara prasarana praiah 20,000 thila. 2009 ray windo midia banda hoijaithila ebong ehara kichhi samai parey marck hensnka dwara "florida agenda" bhabare adhikansha samaana karmacharinka sahita kagajaku punah sangathita karajaithila . 2010 ray moola prakashaka ebong "express gey nyuj" rahr pratisthata, narma kent, eka nutan khabarkagaj ebong website "south florida gey nyuj" arambha karithile." arthika sankata. abhalan equity fund, eka nibesh panthi jaahaa "washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 patrika", "devida atlanta", "saudarn bhaes" (sobho) ebong "jener" patrika sameth aneka samalingi midia outlet rahr malika . khudra byabasai prashasana (ess. bii. aii) punji durbalata bhabare ullekha karuthiba sthitire dekhibaku milithila . ehara artha heuchhi je abhalan ess. bii. aii. ru mote $38 nijuta runara sartabali anujai aabasyaka bahya nibesh bajaiah rakhinathila. ess. bii. aii. dwara dakhal karajaithiba eka makaddama prakash paithila je nibeshakanka dwara bibhajan, rajaswa kimba sampatti moolyare khyati kimba tinitira mishran hetu avalon pakhare comm kimba kaunasi bahya punji abasista nathila. abhalan equity fund ess. bii. aii. sahita receivership ray achhi, jaahaa ess. bii. aii. ku runa santusta kariba paain ehara sampatti bikri karibaku anumathi deba . navember 2009 ray, ehara moola company, windo midia ebong ehara sankhyagaristha stockholder, abhalan equity ansheedaranka arthika sthiti hetu kagaja banda hoijaithila .

dakkhni florida blade dakkhni florida blade, pahilan "express geya news", dakkhni florida khetar witch ikk lesbian, geya, bisexual atey transgender (ail. jee. bee. tii.) akhbar see. express" rashtari samlingi akhbar group daa member see. express" dee sathapana 2000 witch keeti gaee see. 2003 witch, iss noon vindo media duaara prapat keeta giaa see, joe sanyukat raaj witch samlingi/lesbian haftavari akhbaran daa sabh toon vadda parkashak haii. 28 agast, 2008 noon, "express geya news" noon format atey naam badlan dey naal-naal rebranding dey sakhat yatan toon guzarna piaa. paper daa navaan sanskaran, jiss noon "dakkhni florida blade" kiha jaanda haii, daena renzi duaara sampadit keeta giaa see. vindo media dey anusar, iss daa prasaar lagbhag 20,000 see. 2009 witch vindo media bnd hoow giaa atey iss toon turant baad maarak hannes duaara "florida ejanda" vajon use staff dey naal paper noon mudd sangathit keeta giaa. sann 2010 witch mool parkashak atey "express geya news" dey sansthapak, nauram cant neey ikk navaan akhbar atey website "south florida geya news" lanch keeti." vitti sankat. avlon equity fund, ikk nivesh fund joe kii kaee gey media outletan daa maalak haii jiss witch "washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 magazine", "david atlanta", "dakkhni aavaaz" (sovo) atey "shaili" magazine shamal hunn, ikk ajihi sathiti witch paae gaye sunn jiss noon chhote carobar parshasana (aiss. bee. aii.) poonji dee kamzori vajon darsaunda haii. iss daa matlab haii kii avalone neey kull 38 million dallar dey aiss. bee. aii. toon udhaar lae gaye karziaan deeaan shartan tehat lodinde baahari niveshan noon kaaim naheen rakkhiaa. aiss. bee. aii. duaara daair ikk mukkadme witch khulasa hoiaa kii niveshakan duaara vinivesh, maaliye jaan sampati mullan witch nuksan jaan tinnan dey sumel caarn avalone cole bahut ghatt jaan koee baahari poonji naheen bachi see. avlon equity fund aiss. bee. aii. naal receivership witch haii, joe aiss. bee. aii. noon karziaan noon santusht curran laee aapniaan sampatiaan vechan dee aagiaa devega. navambar 2009 witch, paper noon iss dee mool company, vindo media atey iss dey bahuginti stock dhaarak, avlon equity bhaiwalan dee vitti sathiti caarn bnd qarr ditta giaa see.

dakshina florida blade dakshina-florida-blade, poorvam "da express ge-nyoos" iti, dakshina-florida-pradeshasya lesbian, ge, bassexual, transgender (ell. jee. bee. tea.) iti vruttapatram aasit. da express" iti rashtriya-samalingi-vruttapatra-sanghasya sadasyah aasit. da-express" 2000 tame varshe sthaapitam aasit. 2003 tame varshe, samyuktarajyamerikadesha samalingi/lesbian saptahikapatranam bruhattama-prakashakena vindo-midiyadwara etat adhigrahitam. 2008 august 28 dinaanke "xpress ge nyoos" iti naam punah mudranam kartum teevraprayatnen, swaroopam naam cha parivartayat. da sauth florida blade" iti namna khyatasya patrasya nootanam samskaranam daan renzi ityanena sampaaditam. vindo-meediyayah anusaaram asya prasaarah praayah 20,000 aasit. 2009 tame varshe vindo-media-samsthaa sthagitaa, tatah kinchitkalanantaram "florida-karyasuchyam" rupena maark-heins ityanena samaanaih adhikaamshaih karmachaareebhih saha peparam punah sangathitam. 2010 tame varshe "da express ge nyoos" ityasya mool-prakaashakah samsthaapakah cha naarm kent naamakah "saut florida ge nyoos" iti nootanam vruttapatram jalaputam cha prarabhata." aarthik-sankatah. evalon-equity-fund iti nivesha-koshah, yasya "washington-blade", "sauth-florida-blade", "411 patrikaa", "david-atlanta", "sautharn-vaays" (sovo), "shailee" iti patrikaa ityadinam anekeshu samalingi-maadhyam-samsthanam svaamitvam vartate, small-bisiness-administration (ess. bee. e.) ityanena poonjee-durbalataam iti nirdishyamaanasy sthitau drushyate. asya arthah asti yat evalon-samsthaa ess. bee. e.-samsthaayaah runasya niyameshu aavashyakaani baahyaniveshaani naa niroodavatee, yat aahaty $38 million yaavat aasit. ess. bee. e. ityanena daakhilasy daavaayaah aadhaaren, niveshakaih viniveshasya, raajaswasya athavaa sampatti-mulyasya hanyaha athavaa trayanam samyojanasya karanat evalon-ityasya baahya-poonjeeh alpaa vaa naa vaa avashishtah iti prakaashitam. evalon-equity-nidhihi ess. bee. e. ityanena saha praaptau asti, yena ess. bee. e. runaan truptim kartum swasampattayah vikriyeta. 2009 tame varshe november-maase, tasya mool-kampenee, vindo-media, tasya bahusankhyak-stack-holder, evalon-ikviti-partner ityetayoho vitteey-sthityaa karanat patram sthagitam.

therku plorida plade therku plorida plade, munbu "express kae news", therku plorida paguthiyil ulla oru lespian, kae, irupaalar mattrum thirunangaikal (ell. jii. pii. dii) seithiththaal aagum. express" thaesiya orinachchaerkkai seithiththaal sangaththin uruppinaraaga irunthaar. express" 2000 aam aandil niruvappattathu. 2003 aam aandil, idhu americavil orinachchaerkkai/lespian vaaraanthira seithiththaalgalin migapperiya veliyeettaalaraana vindo mediawal vaangkappattathu. august 28,2008 andru, "express kae news" oru kadumaiyaana marupeyariduthal muyarchikku udpattathu, vadivaththaiyum peyaraiyum maattriyathu. therku plorida plade" endru azhaikkappadum kaakithaththin puthiya pathippu, dawn renciol thiruththappattathu. saalara uudakangkalin koottruppadi, adhan puzhakkam sumar 20,000 aaga irunththathu. 2009 aam aandil saalara uudakangkal moodappattana, athanpiragu viraivil paththirigai maark heins moolam "plorida nigazhchchi niral" yena athae oozhiyargalil perumpaaloarudan maruseeramaikkappattathu. 2010 aam aandil asal veliyeettaalarum "express kae news" inn niruvanarumaana norm kent, oru puthiya seithiththaal mattrum valaiththalamaana "savuth plorida kae news" aith thodangkinaar." nidhi nerukkadigal. washington plade", "savuth plorida plade", "411 idhazh", "davit adlanda", "therku kural" (sovo) mattrum "vagai" idhazh ullitta pala orinachchaerkkai uudakangkalai vaiththirukkum muthaleettu nidhiyaana avalon eekvitti fund, siru vaniga nirvaagam (ess. pii. aee) moolathana kuraipaadu endru kurippidum nilaiyil iruppathu kandariyappattathu. idhan porul ennaventraal, ess. pii. aee-will irunthu moththamaaga $38 million cuddon vaangkiya kadangalin vithimuraigalin keezh thevaiyaana veli muthaleedugalai avalon paraamarikkavillai. muthaleettaalargalin pankukal vilagal, varuvaai allathu soththu mathippukalil aerpadum izhappugal allathu moontrin kalavaiyal avaloanukku veliyae moolathanam kuraivaagavoa allathu ethuvum illai allathu illai endru ess. pii. aee thaakkal seitha oru vazhakku velippaduththiyathu. avalon pangku nidhi ess. pii. aee udan peruthalil ullathu, idhu kadangalaith thirupthippaduththa ess. pii. aee thanathu sothukkalai virka anumathikkum. navambar 2009 ill, adhan thaai niruvanam, saalara uudagam mattrum adhan perumbaanmaiyaana pangkuthaararkal, avalon pangku pangkuthaararkalin nidhi nilai kaaranamaaga inththa idhazh moodappattathu.

dakshina florida blade gatamlo "express gay nyuus" gaa piluvabade south florida blade, dakshina florida praantamlooni lesbian, gay, bisexual mariyu transgender (elgibity) vaartaapatrika. express" jaateeya swalinga samparkula vaartaapatrika sanghamlo sabhyudu. express" 2000loe sthaapinchabadindi. 2003loe, dheenini united stateslo swalinga/lesbian vaarapatrikalu prachurinche atipedda prachuranakarta ayina vindo media konugolu chesindi. aagashtu 28,2008naa, "express gay nyuus" anae padam, aakruti mariyu paerunu marchadam dwara, rebranding cheyadaaniki teevramaina prayatnaaniki guraindi. dhi south florida blade" anie piluvabade kaagitam yokka kotta samskarananu daan renji savarinchaaru. vindo media prakaram, daani prasarana sumaru 20,000. 2009loe vindo media moosiveyabadindi, aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike patrikanu adhe sibbandito maark heins "dhi florida agenda" gaa tirigi vyavastheekarinchaaru. 2010loe asalu prachuranakarta mariyu "express gay nyuus" vyavasthaapakudu, norm kent, oka kotta vaartaapatrika mariyu website "south florida gay nyuus" nuu praarambhinchaaru." aardhika ibbandulunnaayi. washington blade", "south florida blade", "411 magazine", "david atlanta", "sadaran vois" (sovo) mariyu "gener" magazine vanti aneka gay media avutletlanu kaligi unna pettubadi nidhi avalone equity fund, chinna vyapara paripalana (sba) muuladhana balaheenatagaa soochinche paristhitiloo unnatlu kanugonabadindi. antey mottam $38 millionla sba nundi teesukunna runaala nibandhanala prakaram avasaramaina bayati pettubadulanu avalone nirvahinchaledu. pettubadidaarula upasamharana, aadaayam ledhaa aasti viluvalalo nashtalu ledhaa eee moodinti kalayika kaaranamgaa avalan kuu chaalaa takkuva ledhaa bayati muuladhanam migili ledani sba daakhalu chesina daavaa velladinchindi. avalone equity fund sbatho receiver ship loe undhi, idhi runaalanu santrupti parachadaniki sba thana aastulanu vikrayinchadaaniki anumatistundi. 2009 navambarulo, daani maatru samstha, vindo media mariyu daani majority stock holder, avalan equity bhaagaswaamula aardhika sthithi kaaranamgaa patrika moosiveyabadindi.

janubi fluoreda blade saoth fluoreda blead juu pehley "express gee newz" thaa janubi fluoreda kay elaqay mein eek humm jans parsat humm jans parsat abilangi aur transgender (eel jee bee tye) akhbaar thaa. express" qomi humm jans parsat akhbaar kay garwah kaa rakan thaa. express" kii bunyaad 2000 mein rakhee gayee thee. 2003 mein asay wando mediya nay haasil kiyaa juu riyasathaye muthadah mein humm jans parsat/humm jans parsat haftah waar akhbaraat kaa sabb say badaa publisher hay. 28 agast 2008 cow "express gee newz" kuu shakal aur naam badaltay huay dobarah branding kii sakht koshish say guzarna padaa. kaghiz kaa neeya version jasay "saoth fluoreda blade" kahaa jaataa hay deane renzi nay tarmim kiyaa thaa. wando mediya kay mutabiq iss kii gardash taqriba 20,000 thee. 2009 mein wando mediya bund how gayaa aur iss kay foraa baad maark heinz kay zariah "fluoreda agenda" kay toor parr ziyadah tarr asee amley kay saath akhbaar kuu dobarah manzam kiyaa gayaa. 2010 mein asl naashir aur "express gee newz" kay baanee naarm kent nay eek neeya akhbaar aur waib saait "saoth fluoreda gee newz" sharoo kii." maali preshaniyan. avalon acvity fund eek investment fund juu kayee humm jans parsat mediya aaot leets kaa maalik hay jinn mein "washington blade"yee "saoth fluoreda blade"yee "411 megzin"yee "dude atlanta"yee "saotharan waais" (sowo) aur "genry" megzin shaamil haine iss haalat mein paaye gayey jinn kaa hawalah chhotay karobari intezamiya (aiss bee aey) sarmayah kii kharaabi kay toor parr deeti hay. iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh avalon nay aiss bee aey say qarzay kii sharaet kay tahat darkaar beruni sarmayah kaaree kuu barqarar nahein rakhaa juu kill 38 millin ddaalar thee. aiss bee aey kii taraf say dayer moqhadhime mein inkshaf hawaa kahh sarmayah kaaron kii taraf say taqseem aamadni yaa asaason kii qeematon mein nqsan yaa teenon kay imtazaaj kii wajah say avalon kay paas behat kumm yaa koyee beruni sarmayah baaqi nahein bachaa thaa. avalon acvity fund aiss bee aey kay saath wasool kanandah hay juu aiss bee aey kuu qarzon kuu poraa karnay kay liye apnay asaase farokhat karnay kii ajazat day gaa. nomber 2009 mein akhbaar kuu iss kii bunyadi company wando mediya aur iss kay aksariyati stock holder avalon acvity partners kii maali haisiyat kii wajah say bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa.

00064c77e4eabb429dedc501563e7b2fea1e0c55eb2dfc49ad2a219541d8dad6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=568666

The Stranger (1967 film)

The Stranger (1967 film) 1967 film directed by Luchino Visconti The Stranger () is a 1967 film by Italian film director Luchino Visconti, based on Albert Camus's 1942 novel "The Stranger", with Marcello Mastroianni. Plot. Arthur Mersault's friend Raymond beats his girlfriend and is sued by her. In court, Mersault testifies to his friend's advantage. Raymond is off the hook, but now his girlfriend's male relatives stalk Mersault. He shoots one of them and ends up in prison. Production. Alain Delon originally was announced for the lead. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dyo stranger (1967 sonor solositro) dyo stranger () hoise 1967 sonot italy solositro porisalok luchinu viscontir ekhon solositro, ji marchelu mastruanir xoite elbert kamasor 1942 sonor uponyax "dyo stranger" ror uporot aadharito. plot. aarthar mercholtor bondhu remonde teur premikak pitay aaru taair dwara gusor ruju koraa hoy. aadalotot mercholte teur bondhur xubidhar xakhyo diye. remonde muk dhori rakhise, kintu etiya teur premikar purux atmiyoxokole merchaltor proti aakorxito hoise. teu teulukor ejonok guliyai xex kore aaru karagarot bondi hoy. utpadon. prothomote mukhyo bhumikar baabe elen delonok ghuxona koraa hoisil.

dya stranger (1967-err cholochchitro) dya stranger () 1967 saale italiya cholochchitro porichalok luchino viscontir ekti cholochchitro, jaa albert kamaser 1942 saaler uponyas "dya stranger" abolambane nirmito, ebong marcello mastroani. plot. arthar marcelter bondhu raymond taar bandhobike mardhar korey ebong taar biruddhe mamla korey. adalte, mersult taar bandhur subidhar sakkhyo deyo. remonder monn kharap, kintu ekhon taar bandhobir purush atmiyara mersultke anusaran korey. seey taader ekjonke gully korey ebong shesh porjonto karagare yaay. utpadon. allen delonke mulat prodhan choritre ghoshana koraa hoyechilo.

dhaa stranger (1967 film) dhaa stranger () aee italian film nirdeshak lchino wisconteeni 1967nee film chhe, jeey albert kemusnee 1942nee navalkathaa "dhaa stranger" parr aadharit chhe, jemaa marcello mastroaeni chhe. plooat. arther mersoltno mitra raymond tenee gerlfriendne maare chhe aneey tenaa parr daavo karey chhe. courtma, mairsault tenaa mitranaa laabhnee sakshi aape chhe. raymond bundh chhe, parantu havey tenee gerlfriendnaa purush sambandhio mersoltno pichho karey chhe. teey temathi aekne golee maare chhe aneey jailma jaay chhe. utpaadan. mukhya bhoomika maate mool rupe elen delonni jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee.

dha stranger (1967 film) dha stranger () italvi film nirdeshak luchino visconti kii 1967 kii film haye, joe albert camus key 1942 key upanyaas "dha stranger" parr adharit haye, jisamen marcello mastroiani hain. plot. arther mersault kaa dost raymond apani premika koo maartaa haye aur usake dwara mukadama daayar kiya jaataa haye. adalat mein, mersout apane dost key faayade kii gawahi detaa haye. raymond bund haye, lekin abb usaki premika key purush rishtedaar mersault kaa peechha karate hain. vaha unamen seey ack koo goli maar detaa haye aur jail mein bund hoe jaataa haye. utpaadan. mukhya bhoomika key liye mool roop seey elen delon kii ghoshana kii gaee thee.

dhii stranger (1967rahra chalanachitra) dhii stranger () embudu 1967ralli italian chalanachitra nirdeshaka luchino viskontiyavara chalanachitravagiddu, idu albert camasna 1942rahra kadambari "dhii stranger" annu aadhariside, idu marcello mastroyanni jotegudi bandide. plat. orther mersault naa sneehita raymond tanna gelatiyannu hodeyuttaane mattu aakeyinda mokaddameyannu hooduttaane. nyaayaalayadalli, mersault tanna sneehitana anukulakke sakshiyaguttane. raymond hukninda horagulididdaane, aadare eega avana gelatiya purusha sambandhikaru mersault annu himbalisuttare. aata avaralli obbanannu gundikki kolluttaane mattu antimavagi jailige hoguttaane. utpaadane. moolatah mukhya patrakkagi aline delan avarannu ghooshisalaayitu.

dhii strencher (1967 chalachithram) marcello mastroyanniyodoppam albert kaamasinte 1942 leeii novalaaya "dhii strencher" adisthaanamaakki itaaliyan chalachithra samvidaayakanaaya luchino visconti 1967 ll samvidaanam cheytha chithramaanu dhii strencher (). plott. arther mersoltinte suhruthu reymond thante kamukiye marddikkukayum avalkkethire kesedukkukayum cheiyunnu. kodathiyil, mersolt thante suhruthinte nettatthinu saakshyam vahikkunnu. reymond vazhangaathe pookunnu, pakshe ippol kaamukiyude purusha bandhukkal mersoltine pinthudarunnu. avan avaril oraale vedivachu kollukayum jayilil kazhiyukayum cheiyunnu. uthppaadanam. alan delon aadyam naayakanayi prakhyaapichirunnu.

daad stranger (1967 chitrapat) daad stranger () haah 1967 saalee pradarshit jhalela italian chitrapat digdarshak luchino viskonticha chitrapat aahe, joou albert camuschya 1942 madheel kadambari 'daad stranger' varr aadharit aahe, jyamadhye marcello mastroeni aahe. plot. arther mersaultcha mitra raymond tyachya preyaseela marhan karato aanee tichyavar khatala dakhal karato. nyayalayat, mersault tyachya mitrachya fayadhyachi saksh deto. remandla tras hott nahee, pann aata tyachya preyasiche purush natevaik tyacha chhal karatat. too tyanchyapaiki ekala golya ghalato aanee shevati turungat jaato. utpadan. mukhya bhoomikesathi allen delonchi ghoshana karnyat aalee hotee.

da stranger (1967 chalchitra) da stranger () sann 1967 maa italian film nirdeshak luchino wiscontyko film how, june albert camusko 1942 ko upanyas "da stranger" maa adharit chha, jasma marcelo mastroiani chhan. plut. arther merceltka sathi remondle afnie premikalai pitchhan rar unidwara mudda chalainchha. adalatma, mersaultle afno sathiko faidako gawahi dinchha. remond hookbata bahira chha, tara ab usako premikako purush afantaharule mersaultlai stack garchhan. usale tiniharu madhye eklai goli hanchha rar jailma samapta hunchha. utpadan. allen delonlai suruma mukhya bhumikaka lagi ghoshana garieko thiyo.

daa stranger (1967 chalachitra) daa stranger () heuchhi italiah chalachitra nirdeshaka luchino viskontinka 1967 chalachitra, jaahaa albert kamasnka 1942 upenyas "daa stranger" upare aadharita, marcelo mastroijaninka saha . plut. arther mersaltanka bandhu raymond taanka garlaphrendanku pitithae ebong taanka dwara makaddama dair karajae . kortare, mercelt taanka bandhunka faida paain sakshya dianti . remandanka manaru kichhi naahin, kintu ebe taanka garlafrendanka purush samparkeejamane tanku dharuchanti. shay semananka madhyaru jananku guli curry shesh parjyanta jelre pakai dianti. utpadana. prathame mukhya charitra paain allen delannku ghoshana karajaithila.

ajnabi (1967 film) dha stranger () italvi film nirdeshak luchino visconti dee 1967 dee film haii, joe albert cams dey 1942 dey nawal 'dha stranger' 'teey adharat haii, jiss witch marcello mastroioni haii. plaat. arther mersault daa dosat raymond aapni premika noon kuttda haii atey uss duaara mukaddama chalaiaa jaanda haii. adalat witch, mersault aapne dosat dey faide dee gawahi dinda haii. raymond iss toon bahr haii, parr hunn uss dee premika dey marad rishtedaar mersault daa pichha karde hunn. uh unhan vicchon ikk noon goli maar dinda haii atey jailh witch chalaa jaanda haii. utpadan. elen delon noon asal witch mukkh bhumika laee ailaniaa giaa see.

da stranger (1967 chalacchitram) da stranger () iti italian-chalacchitra-nirdeshakasya luchino viscontee ityasya 1967 tame varshe nirmitam chalacchitram asti, yat albert kaamas ityasya 1942 tame varshe rachitasya "da stranger" iti upanyaasasy aadhaaren marcello mastroyani ityanena saha nirmitam asti. plut. aarthar mersault ityasya mitrah remond swamitreem praharam karoti, tasyaah viruddham vaadaha cha karoti. nyayalaye, mersault swamitrasya laabhaay sakshyam dadati. remond ityeshah apakramitah asti, parantu idaaneem tasya preyaseeh purusha-sambadhaah mersault ityetam prati aakrushtaah bhavanti. saha teshu ekam shoot krutvaa ante karagare nyavedayati. utpaadanam. elen delon ityasya naam moolatah mukhyapaatrasya krute ghoshitam aasit.

thii stranger (1967 thiraippadam) thii stranger () enbathu 1967 aam aandu itaaliya thiraippada iyakkunar luchino visconti iyakkiya thiraippatamaagum, idhu albert camezine 1942 navalaana "thii stranger" aii adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, idhil marcello mastroyanni naditthaar. sathi. aarthar mersaultin nanbar raymond thanathu kaathaliyai adiththu avalaal vazhakkuth thodarappadukiraar. neethimandraththil, mersault thanathu nanbarin nanmaikku saatchiyamalikkiraar. raymond kattukkul illai, aanaal ippoathu avarathu kaathaliyin aann uravinargal mersault adiththuk kolgiraargal. avar avarkalil oruvaraich suttuk kondruvittu siraiyil adaikkiraar. urpaththi. muthalil munnani kathaapaaththiraththirkaaga alain delon arivikkappattaar.

dhi stranger (1967 chitram) dhi stranger () anedi 1967loe italian chitra darsakudu luchino visconti roopondinchina chitram, idhi albert commus yokka 1942 navala "dhi stranger" aadhaaramgaa, marcello mastroyanni thoo kalisi roopondinchabadindi. plaat. orther mersault snehitudu raymond thana priyuraalini kottadu mariyu aame atanipai daavaa vestundi. kortulo, mersault thana snehitudi prayojanaaniki sakshyam istaadu. raymond badhapadadu, conny ippudu athani priyuralu maga bandhuvulu mersaultnu kottukuntaaru. athanu vaarilo okarini kalchi champi jailuku veltaadu. utpatti. modata pradhana paatra kosam aline delon prakatinchabaddaadu.

dee stranger (1967 film) dee stranger () 1967 kii atalvi film director lochino wisconty kii film hay juu albert cames kay 1942 kay naawal "dee stranger" parr mubni hay jiss mein marcelo mastervini haine. plaat. aarthar mercelt kaa dost remond apnee garal friend kuu maarta hay aur iss kay zariye iss parr moqhadhima chalaya jaataa hay. adaalat mein mercelt apnay dost kay fayede kii gawahi deeta hay. remond iss say door hay leakin abb iss kii garal friend kay mard rishtah daar mercelt kaa taaqib kartay haine. wah inn mein say eek kuu golee maar deeta hay aur jail mein jaa pahunchta hay. paidawar. eline delon kaa asl mein markazi kirdaar kay liye aalaan kiyaa gayaa thaa.

00064d85351107756215b5397f164c34b2f5b9aa0e9948ed77fb86d2cdd6700c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8090238

Weddings in India

Weddings in India Weddings in India vary according to the region, the religion, the community and the personal preferences of the bride and groom. They are festive occasions in India, and in most cases celebrated with extensive decorations, colour, dresses, music, dance, costumes and rituals that depend on the community, region and religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences. India celebrates about 10 million weddings per year, of which about 80% are Hindu weddings. Ceremonies in Hinduism. While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, "vivaah" (wedding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life. Typical Hindu families spend significant effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals and process of a Hindu wedding vary depending on region of India, local adaptations, resources of the family and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevertheless, there are a few key rituals common in Hindu weddings – "Kanyadaan", "Panigrahana", and "Saptapadi"; these are respectively, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. After the seventh step and vows of "Saptapadi", the couple is legally husband and wife. Jain and Buddhist weddings in India, share many themes, but are centered around their respective religious ideas and texts. Other religions. Indian Sikh marriages are through a ceremony called Anand Karaj. The couple walk around the holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib four times, and then do an Ardaas, a traditional Sikh prayer. Indian Muslims celebrate a traditional Islamic wedding, with rituals including "Nikah", payment of financial dower called "Mahr" by the groom to the bride, signing of marriage contract, and a reception. Indian Christian weddings followings traditional Christian marriage customs. Among Protestants in India, the betrothal rite celebrates the engagement of a couple, with prayers being offered for a couple and engagement rings being blessed by a pastor. A day before the wedding, the Haldi/Ubtan/Mayun ceremony (as it is known in northern India) or the Roce ceremony (as it is known in the Goa area of India) is held, in which "haldi or turmeric paste is applied on North Indian Christians and coconut paste is applied on South Indian Christians." After some time, Indian Christians are married in a church wedding, during which, the couple meet in the presence of a minister, often in a church or place of worship. Readings from the Bible take place. The bride and groom take their marriage vows. The bride and groom often exchange rings symbolising their endless love. Interfaith marriages in India, especially between Hindus and Muslims, have been the subject of legal constraints in some states, vigilante harassment, and fears of violence. Marriage age. In the past, the age of marriage was young. The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, according to the 2011 Census of India. In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age of 18. Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family members. Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages. Fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) have also increased vastly, particularly in the urban areas of India such as Mumbai and Delhi. Wedding industry. Weddings are a major business in India. According to a report by KPMG in 2017, the Indian wedding industry is estimated to be around $40–50 billion in size. It is the second largest wedding market after the United States, which is at $70 billion. While the industry is very unorganised with small and medium scale businesses, there are also corporates who are trying to tap this industry. The prime factors for growth in the industry are the rise of middle class in India, an overall booming economy and use of social media. It is estimated that the cost of an Indian wedding ranges between ₹500,000 and ₹50 million (from US$6,747.14 to US$674,743.50, respectively). An Indian is likely to spend one-fifth of his total lifetime wealth on a wedding. Destination weddings. Many Indian celebrities choose destination weddings, and Indians take inspiration from them. Both domestic and international destinations are popular for weddings in India. The destination wedding industry in India is estimated to cross ₹450 billion in 2020. Wedding photography. Pre-wedding shoots along with wedding photography are also having a big stake in Indian weddings. Average wedding shoots can cost ranging from ₹15,000 to ₹100,000 per day. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bharotot bibah bharotot bibahxomuh onchol, dhormo, xomproday aaru bornu-kokair byoktigoto posondo onuxori beleg beleg hoy. xeibur bharotot utxowor onusthan, aaru besibhag khetrote byapok xojja, rong, puchak, xongit, nrityo, puchak aaru reeti-nitir xoite udjapon koraa hoy ji koina aaru borur xomproday, onchol aaru dhormor uporot nirbhor kore, logote teulukor posondor uporotu nirbhor kore. bharotot proti bosore pray 1 kuti bibah udjapon koraa hoy, jaar bhitorot pray 80 xotangxo hindu bibah. hindu dhormot onusthanxomuh. hindu dhormot bohutu utxob-xomporkiyo reeti-niti thokar biporite, "bibah" (bibah) hoise ejon praptoboyosko hinduwe teur jiwanat koraa ataitkoi bistrito byoktigoto reeti-niti. xadharon hindu poriyale bibahor prostuti aaru udjaponor baabe guruttopurno prochesta aaru bittiyo xompod byoy kore. hindu bibahor reeti-niti aaru prokriya bharotor onchol, sthaniyo obhijujon, poriyalor xompod aaru koina aaru borur posondor uporot nirbhor kori beleg beleg hoy. tothapiu, hindu bibahot keitaman mool reeti-niti xadharon-"konyadan", "panigrohon", aaru "xoptopodi"; eibur hoise, pitrir dwara konyak upohar diya, swessai aaxonno milonor ingito diboloi juir usorot haat dhora, aaru parosporik protisrutir ek xonghoti xoho protitu podokhyepere ognir aagote xatota khuj luwa. xoptom podokhyep aaru "xoptopodi" ror protisrutir pisot, dompotihal aaineebhabe swami-potni hoy. bharotot joino aaru boudho bibahor bohutu bixoybostu aase, kintu teulukor niz niz dhormiyo dharona aaru gronthor uporot kendribhut. onyo dhormoxomuh. bharotiyo xikh bibah aanondo koraj naamor ek onusthanor joriyote hoy. dompotihale pobitro grontho guru grontho sahibor saribar sariufale ghuri fure, aaru taar pisot poromporagot xikh prarthona ordax kore. bharotiyo musolmanxokole "nikah", boror dwara konyaxokolok "maahor" naamor bittiyo dhon porixudh, bibah sukti swakhyor aaru ek obhyorthonake dhori reeti-nitire ek poromporagot islamik bibah udjapon kore. bharotiyo khristan bibahbure poromporagot khristan bibahor reeti-niti onuxoron kore. bharotor protestantxokolor maajot, bibah-bischedor reeti-nitire dompotihalor bagdan udjapon koraa hoy, zo "too dompotihalor baabe prarthona koraa hoy aaru bagdanor aanguti ejon porisworor dwara axirbad diya hoy. bibahor edin aagote, holodi/ubotan/moyun onusthan (jaak uttor bharotot jonaa yaay) baa roch onusthan (jaak bharotor guwa oncholot jonaa yaay) onusthito hoy, zo 'too "holodi baa halodhir pest uttor bharotiyo khristanxokolor uporot aaru narikol pest dokhyin bharotiyo khristanxokolor uporot proyug koraa hoy."kichu xomoyor pisot, bharotiyo khristanxokole girjar bibahot biyaa hoy, jaar xomoyot, dompotihal ejon montrir xonmukhot log hoy, praye girja baa upaxonastholit. bibleor poraa paath koraa hoy. boruwa-kokai teulukor bibahor protisruti loy. koina aaru boruwe praye teulukor ontohin premor protik hisape aanguthi binimoy kore. bharotot antohdhormiyo bibah, bixexkoi hindu aaru musolmanxokolor maajot, kisuman rajyot aainee baadha, xotorkotapurno hoyrani aaru hingxar bhoyor bixoy hoi aahise. bibahor boyox. purbote bibahor boyox komm aasil. bharotor 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori bharotot mohilaxokolor bibahor gorh boyox 21 bosoroloi briddhi paise. 2009 sonot pray 7 xotangxo mohilai 18 bosor boyoxor aagotei biyaa koraisil. bharotiyo xomajot dirghodin dhori byowosthaprapto bibahor niyom hoi aahise. aajiu, besibhag bharotiyoi teulukor pitri-maatri aaru poriyalor onyanyo xonmaniyo xodosyoxokolor dwara teulukor bibahor porikolpona kore. xehotiya odhyoyonxomuhe poramorxo diye je bharotiyo xongoskriti poromporagot byobohar koraa bibahor poraa aatori aase. komm xongkhyok bibah xompurnorupe xonmoti obihone aayujon koraa hoy aaru joreep koraa bharotiyo bibahor besibhagei xonmotire aayujon koraa hoy. swo-byobohrito bibahor xotangxo (bharotot prem bibah buli kuwa hoy), bixexkoi mumbai aaru dillir dore bharotor nogoriya oncholxomuhot jothesto briddhi paise. bibah udyug. bibah bharotot ek prodhan byoboxai. 2017 sonot key. pi. em. ji.-ror ek protibedon onuxori, bharotiyo bibah udyugor aakar pray 1 billion dollar buli onuman koraa hoise. ee aamerika juktorastror pisot dwitiyo xorbobrihot bibahor bojar, jaar mulyo 70 billion dollar. udyugtu khyudro aaru mojoliya byowoxayor xoite oti oxongothito huwar biporite, korpo "retburu aase jiye ei udyugtuk laabh koriboloi chesta kori aase. udyugtur bikaxor mool karokxomuh hoh "lo bharotot modhyobitto shrenir utthan, xamogrikbhabe udiyoman orthoniti aaru cho" siyel miriyar byobohar. onuman koraa hoise je etaa bharotiyo bibahor byoy 500,000 aaru 50 nijut tokar bhitorot hoy (aamar poraa 6 dollar, 747.14 ror poraa aamar poraa 674 dollar, 743.50, krome). ejon bharotiyoi teur jiwankalor muth xompodor ek-ponchomangxo bibahot byoy korar xombhawona aase. gontobyo bibah. bohutu bharotiyo xelibritiye gontobyo bibah basoni kore, aaru bharotixokole teulukor poraa onuprerona loy. ghoruwa aaru antohrastriyo duyuta gontobyosthan bharotot bibahor baabe jonopriyo. bharotot gontobyo bibah udyugtuwe 2020 sonot 450 billion tokaa otikrom koribo buli onuman koraa hoise. bibahor photu. bibahor photographyr logote bibahor purbor swutingoru bharotiyo bibahot ek dangor ongxidaritwo aase. bibahor gorh swutor mulyo protidine 15,000 tokar poraa 100,000 tokaloike hoh "bob paare.

bharte bibah bharte bibah anchal, dhormo, sampradai ebong borr-koner byaktigato pochondo anujayi poribortito hoy. eguli bharte utsaber anusthan, ebong beshirbhag khettrei byapok sajja, rongo, poshak, sangeet, nrityo, poshak ebong achar-anusthaner saathe udjapito hoy jaa nobobodhu oo borer sampradai, anchal ebong dhormer pashapashi taader pochonder upor nirbhar korey. bharte proti bochor pray 1 kotee biye hoy, jaar modhye pray 80 shotangshoi hindu biye. hindudharme anusthan. hindudharme utsab-somporkito onek achar-anusthan thakleo, "bibah" (bibah) holl ekjon praptoboyosko hindu taar jeebone grohon koraa sabcheye bistrito byaktigato anusthan. sadharan hindu poribarguli bibaher prostuti ebong udjaponer jonno ullekhjoggo prochesta ebong arthik sompod byoy korey. hindu bibaher achar-anusthan ebong prokriya bharoter anchal, sthaniya abhijojon, poribarer sompod ebong borr oo koner pochonder upor nirbhar korey poribortito hoy. taa sotteo, hindu bibahogulite koyekti mool achar procholito royeche-"kanyadan", "panigrahan" ebong "saptapadi"; eguli jothakrome, babar konnake upohar deoa, asonno millonke bojhate swechchai aguner kachhe haat dhora ebong parosporik angikar soho protiti podokkhepe aguner agey shaat dhap egiye neoa. saptam dhap ebong "saptapadi"-rawr shopother porr, eyi dampati ainoto swami-stree hohn. bharte joino ebong bouddho bibaher onek visayavastu royeche, tobey taader niz niz dharmiya dharona ebong gronthoke kendra korey. anyanno dhormo. ananda karaj naame ekti anusthaner madhyome bharatiya shikhder bibah hoy. eyi dampati pobitro grontho, guru grontho saheber charbar ghure bedaay ebong tarpor ekti oitijjobahi shikh prarthona, ardas korey. bharatiya musalmanra ekti oitijjobahi islami bibah udjapon korey, jaar modhye royeche "nikah", borr dwara koner kachhe "mohor" naame arthik anudan pradan, bibaher chukti swakkhar ebong ekti abhyarthana. bharatiya khristan bibah oitijjobahi khristan bibaher ritiniti anusaran korey. bharte protestantder modhye, bagdaner anusthanti eka dampatir baghdan udjapon korey, eka dampatir jonno prarthona koraa hoy ebong bagdaner angtiguli ekjon jajok dwara ashirbad koraa hoy. biyer ekdin agey, haldi/ubtan/mayun anusthan (jaa uttor bharte porichito) baa ross anusthan (jaa bharoter goa anchale porichito) onusthito hoy, jekhane "uttor bharatiya khristander upor holud baa holud pesta prayog koraa hoy ebong dakkhin bharatiya khristander upor narkel pesta prayog koraa hoy."kichhu somoy porey, bharatiya khristanra ekti girjar biyete biye korey, jey somoy, dampati prayashai ekti girja baa upasonar jaiga ekjon montrir uposthitite dekha korey. baibel theke paatth koraa hoy. borr-koney taader biyer shopoth neyo. borr-koney prayashai taader antahin bhalobasar protik hisabe angti binimoy korey. bharte antahdharmiya bibah, bishesh korey hindu oo musalmander modhye, kichhu rajye aini badha, sotorko hoyrani ebong sahingsatar bhoyer vishay hoye dandiyeche. biyer boyce. atite biyer boyce qama chhilo. bharoter 2011 saaler jonogonona anujayi, bharte mohilader biyer garh boyce bede 21 bochor hoyeche. 2009 saale, pray 7 shotangsho mohila 18 bochor boyoser agei biye korechilen. bharatiya somaje byabostha bibah dirghakal dhorey procholito. aajo, beshirbhag bharatiya taader bibaher parikalpana korey taader baba-maa ebong poribarer anyanno sommanito sadasyader dwara. samprotik gobeshonai dekha geche jey, bharatiya sangaskriti oitijjobahi sajano bibah theke doore sorey jachche. qama sankhyak bibah sampurnarupe sammati chharai sajano hoy ebong jorip koraa beshirbhag bharatiya bibah sammati diye sajano hoy. bishesh korey mumbai oo dillir moto bharoter shaharanchale swa-byabostha bibaher (bharte jaake prem bibah bolla hoy) shotangshoo byapokbhabe briddhi peyeche. bibah shilp. bharte bibah ekti prodhan byabosa. 2017 saale keey. pii. emm. zii-err ekti protibedon anujayi, bharatiya bibah shilper ayton pray $<aaee. dii. 1> billion. etty markin juktorashtrer porey dwitiya brihottomo bibaher bazar, jaar mulya 70 billion dollar. eyi shilpoti jekhane khudro oo majhari akarer byabosar sange atyanta asangathito, sekhane corporatorao royeche jaaraa eyi shilpoke kaaje laganor chesta korche. eyi shilper bikasher prodhan karonguli holl bharte modhyobitto shrenir utthan, samogrikbhabe kromobordhoman arthaniti ebong samajik madhyomer byabohar. anuman koraa hoy jey, ekti bharatiya biyer kharach 500,000 theke 5 kotee tucker modhye (amader theke jothakrome 6 markin dollar, 747.14 theke 674 markin dollar, 743.50). ekjon bharatiya taar jeeboner moat sompoder eka-ponchomangsho biyete byoy korte paare. gontobbo bibah. onek bharatiya celebrity gontobbo bibah beche nene ebong bharatiyara taader theke anuprerana nene. bharte bibaher jonno deshiya ebong antorjatik ubhoy gontobboi janapriya. 2020 saale bharte gontobbo bibah shilp 450 billion taaka atikram korbe boley anuman koraa hoy. biyer chhobi. bibaher photographyr pashapashi praka-bibaher shyutgulio bharatiya bibahogulite ekti borh angshidaritto royeche. biyer shyuter garh kharach protidin 15,000 theke 1,00,000 taaka porjonto hotey paare.

bharatma lagna bharatma lagna pradesh, dharm, samudaay aneey varrajani vyaktigat pasandgio anusaar badalaay chhe. teey bharatma tahevaarnaa prasango chhe, aneey motabhagna kissaaomaa vyaapak sajavat, rung, vastro, sangeet, nrutya, veshbhusha aneey dhaarmik vidheeo saathe ujavvama aave chhe jeey kanyaa aneey varrajana samudaay, pradesh aneey dharm temaj temnee pasandgio parr aadharit hoya chhe. bharatma darr varshe aashre 1 carode lagno ujavvama aave chhe, jemathi lagbhag 80 takaa hindu lagno chhe. hindu dharmamaa samarambho. hindu dharmamaa tahevaar sambandhit ghanee vidheeo chhe, jyaare "vivaah" (lagna) aee pukht hindu tenaa athavaa teneena jeevanma haath dharato sauthee vyaapak vyaktigat vidhee chhe. saamanya hindu parivaaro lagnani taiyari aneey ujavani maate nondhpaatra prayatno aneey nanakiy sansadhno kharch karey chhe. hindu lagnani vidheeo aneey prakriyaa bhaaratnaa pradesh, sthaaneek anukoolan, parivaarnaa sansadhno aneey kanyaa aneey varrajani pasandgiona aadhare badalaay chhe. tema chhataa, hindu lagnomaa ketalik mukhya vidheeo saamanya chhe-"kanyadan", "panigrahan" aneey "saptapadi"; aaa anukrame chhe, pitaa dwara putrine bhet aapvi, svechchhae aagnee najik haath pakadavo jeey nikatvarti jodanne soochave chhe, aneey darek pagla saathe aag pahelaa saat pagalaa levaa jemaa paraspar pratigyaono samooh saamel chhe. saatmu pagalu aneey "saptapadi" nee pratigya pachhi, dampati kaydesar reete patee aneey patnee chhe. bharatma jaine aneey bauddh lagno ghanaa vishhayo dharaave chhe, parantu teey temnaa sambandhit dhaarmik vichaaro aneey granthoni aaspaas kendrit chhe. anya dharmo. bhaartiy sheekh lagna aanand karaj naamnaa samarambh dwara thaay chhe. aaa dampati pavitra granth, guru granth saahebnee chaar vakhat fartaa hoya chhe aneey pachhi paramparagat sheekh praathnaa, ardas karey chhe. bhaartiy muslimo paramparagat islamik lagnani ujavani karey chhe, jemaa "nikah", varraja dwara kanyaane "mahar" tareeke odakhaata nanakiy dandnee chukavani, lagna karaar parr hastakshar aneey swaagat saheet dhaarmik vidheeo thaay chhe. bhaartiy khristi lagno paramparagat khristi lagna rivaajonu paalan karey chhe. bharatma protestantomaa, lagna samarambhni vidhee dampatini sagaaini ujavani karey chhe, jemaa dampati maate praathnaa karvaamaa aave chhe aneey paadari dwara sagaaini vinteeo aashirvadit karvaamaa aave chhe. lagnana aek divas pahelaa, haladee/ubatan/mayun samarambh (jeey uttar bharatma jaanitu chhe) athavaa gulab samarambh (jeey bhaaratnaa govaa vistaarmaa jaanitu chhe) yojaay chhe, jemaa "uttar bhaartiy kharistio parr haladee athavaa haldarni paste laagu karvaamaa aave chhe aneey dakshin bhaartiy kharistio parr naliyerni paste laagu karvaamaa aave chhe."thodaa samay pachhi, bhaartiy kharistio churchma lagna karey chhe, jeey darmiyan, dampati mantrini hajarima maley chhe, ghanivaar church athavaa pujaanaa sthale. biblemathi vaanchan thaay chhe. varraja aneey kanyaa temnaa lagnani pratigya leey chhe. varraja aneey kanyaa ghanivaar temnaa anant premnu prateek vinteeonu adanpradan karey chhe. bharatma aantardharmiy lagno, khaas kareene hinduo aneey muslimo vachchena, ketlaak rajyoma kaanuni avrodho, savchetipurvak satamani aneey hinsaanaa bhayno vishhay rahyaa chhe. lagnani ummar. bhutkaalmaa lagnani ummar naanee hatee. bhaaratni 2011nee vastee ganatari anusaar bharatma maheelaoni lagnani sarerash ummar vadheene 21 varsh thaee gaee chhe. varsh 2009maan aashre 7 takaa mahilaaoae 18 varshnee ummar pahelaa lagna curry leedha hataa. bhaartiy samajma laambaa samaythi gothvaayelaa lagna saamanya chhe. aaje pann motabhagna bhartiyo temnaa lagna temnaa maataa-pitaa aneey parivaarnaa anya aadarneey sabhyo dwara aayojit karey chhe. taajetarnaa abhyaso soochave chhe keey bhaartiy sanskruti paramparagat gothvaayelaa lagnothi door jaee rahee chhe. ochha lagno sampurnpane sammatee vinaa gothavvama aave chhe aneey sarvekshan karaayela motabhagna bhaartiy lagno sammatee saathe gothavvama aave chhe. swa-gothvaayelaa lagno (bharatma prem lagna tareeke odakhaata) nee takavarima pann ghano vadhaaro thayo chhe, khaas kareene bhaaratnaa shaheri vistaaro jaim keey mumbai aneey dilhi. lagna udhyog. bharatma lagna aee aek moto vyavsaay chhe. 2017maan keey. pii. aema. jee. naa aek ahewal anusaar, bhaartiy lagna udhyognu qada aashre $40-50 abaj hovaano andaaj chhe. teey united states pachhi beeja kramnu sauthee motoo lagna bajaar chhe, jeey $70 abaj chhe. jyaare udhyog naana aneey madhyam kadnaa vyavasaayo saathe khoob jaj asangathit chhe, tyaare aevaa corporates pann chhe jeey aaa udhyogne laabh aapvaano prayaas curry rahyaa chhe. udhogma vrudhdhi maatena mukhya pareebalo bharatma madhyam vargno uday, ekandare tejimay arthtantra aneey soshiyal mediano upyog chhe. aevo andaaj chhe keey bhaartiy lagnano kharch ₹500,000 aneey ₹50 million (amara $6,747.14 thee amara $674,743.50, anukrame) nee vachche hoya chhe. bhaartiy vyaktee tenaa jivankalni coole sampattinaa paanchmaa bhagno kharch lagnamaa karey tevee shakyata chhe. gantavya lagno. ghanaa bhaartiy hasteeo gantavya lagno pasand karey chhe, aneey bhartiyo temnee pasethi prernaa leey chhe. bharatma sthaaneek aneey aantarrashtriy banne sthalo lagno maate lokpreey chhe. bharatma destination marage udhyog 2020maan ₹450 abajne paar karvaano andaaj chhe. lagnano photo. lagna pahelana shootingni saathe saathe lagnani photography pann bhaartiy lagnomaa moto hisso dharaave chhe. sarerash lagnana shootno kharch darroj ₹15,000 thee ₹100,000 sudheeno hoi shake chhe.

bhaarat mein shaadiyan bhaarat mein shaadiyan kshetra, dharm, samudaay aur dulhan aur doolhe kii vyaktigat prathmiktaon key anusaar bhinn hoti hain. way bhaarat mein utsav key avsar hain, aur adhikansh mamalon mein vyaapak sajawat, rung, kapade, sangeet, nritya, veshbhusha aur anushthaanon key saath manaaya jaataa haye joe samudaay, kshetra aur dulhan aur doolhe key dharm key saath-saath unaki prathmiktaon parr nirbhar karate hain. bhaarat mein prati varsh lagbhag 1 karod shaadiyan hoti hain, jinamen seey lagbhag 80 pratishat hindu shaadiyan hoti hain. hindu dharm mein samaroh. jabaki hindu dharm mein kaee tyohaaron seey sambandhit anushthaan hain, "vivaah" (shaadi) ack vayask hindu apane jeevan mein sabse vyaapak vyaktigat anushthaan haye. vishisht hindu parivaar shadiyon kii taiyari aur jashn manaane key liye mahatvapurna prayaas aur vittiya sansaadhan kharch karate hain. hindu vivaah key anushthaan aur prakriya bhaarat key kshetra, sthaaniya anukoolan, parivaar key sansadhanon aur dulhan aur doolhe kii prathmiktaon key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye. phir bhee, hindu shadiyon mein kuchh pramukh anushthaan aam hain-"kanyadan", "paanigrahan" aur "saptapadi"; yeye kramshah hain, pitaa dwara betty koo upahaar mein denaa, swechha seey aasann millen koo darshaane key liye aag key paas haath pakadana, aur pratyek kadam key saath aag lagaane seey pahale saat kadam uthaana, jisamen aapsi pratigyaon kaa ack sett bhee shamil haye. saatven kadam aur "saptapadi" kii pratigya key baad, dampati kanuni roop seey pati aur patni hain. bhaarat mein jaine aur bauddh shadiyon key kaee vishay hain, lekin way apane-apane dhaarmik vichaaron aur granthon key ird-gird kendrit hain. anya dharm. bhaaratiya sikh vivaah anand raaj naamak ack samaroh key madhyam seey hotey hain. dampati pavitra pustak, guru granth saahab key chaaron or chaar baar ghoomate hain, aur phir ack paaramparik sikh prarthana, ardas karate hain. bhaaratiya musalman ack paaramparik islami shaadi kaa jashn manaate hain, jisamen "nikah", doolhe dwara dulhan koo "mahar" naamak vittiya dhana kaa bhugtan, vivaah anubandh parr hastakshar aur ack swaagat shamil hain. bhaaratiya isai shaadiyan paaramparik isai vivaah reeti-rivaajon kaa paalan karati hain. bhaarat mein virodhiyon key beach, vivaah-bandhan kaa sanskar ack jode kii sagaai kaa jashn manaata haye, jisamen ack jode key liye prarthana kii jaati haye aur ack paadari dwara sagaai kii angoothiyon kaa aashirvaad diyaa jaataa haye. shaadi seey ack dinn pahale, haldi/ubatan/mayoon samaroh (jaisa kii ise uttari bhaarat mein jaanaa jaataa haye) yaa rosse samaroh (jaisa kii ise bhaarat key gova kshetra mein jaanaa jaataa haye) aayojit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen "haldi yaa haldi kaa pest uttar bhaaratiya isaaiyon parr lagaaya jaataa haye aur narial kaa pest dakshin bhaaratiya isaaiyon parr lagaaya jaataa haye."kuchh samay baad, bhaaratiya isai ack church kii shaadi mein shaadi karate hain, jisake dauran, dampati ack mantri kii upasthiti mein milate hain, aksar ack church yaa pooja key sthaan parr. bible seey pathan hotaa haye. dulha aur dulhan apani shaadi kii shapath lete hain. dulha aur dulhan aksar apane antaheen pyaar kaa prateek hotey hue angoothiyon kaa adaan-pradaan karate hain. bhaarat mein antardhaarmik vivaah, vishesh roop seey hinduon aur musalmaanon key beach, kuchh raajyon mein kanuni baadhaon, satarkata utpeedan aur hinsa key darr kaa vishay rahey hain. shaadi kii umr. ateet mein, shaadi kii umr chhoti thee. bhaarat kii 2011 kii janganana key anusaar, bhaarat mein mahilaaon key liye vivaah kii ausat ayu badhkar 21 varsh hoe gaee haye. 2009 mein, lagbhag 7 pratishat mahilaaon ney 18 varsh kii ayu seey pahale shaadi curr lii. bhaaratiya samaaj mein arrange marriage lambe samay seey aam baat rahee haye. aaj bhee, adhikansh bhaaratiya apane maataa-pitaa aur parivaar key anya sammaanit sadasyon dwara apane vivaah kii yojana banaate hain. haal key adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii bhaaratiya sanskriti paaramparik vyavasthit vivahon seey door jaa rahee haye. cumm vivaah vishuddh roop seey sahamati key binaa vyavasthit kiye jaate hain aur sarvekshan kiye gaye adhikansh bhaaratiya vivaah sahamati seey vyavasthit kiye jaate hain. swa-vyavasthit vivahon (jinhen bhaarat mein prem vivaah kahaa jaataa haye) kaa pratishat bhee bahut badh gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey bhaarat key shahari kshetron jaise mumbai aur dilli mein. shaadi udyog. bhaarat mein shaadiyan ack pramukh vyavasaay hain. 2017 mein key. pee. aim. jee. kii ack report key anusaar, bhaaratiya vivaah udyog kaa aakar lagbhag $40-50 billion honey kaa anuman haye. yeh sanyukt raajya america key baad doosara sabse badaa shaadi kaa bajar haye, joe $70 billion haye. jahaan udyog bahut asangathit haye aur chhote aur madhyam paimaane key vyavasaay hain, vaheen aise corporate bhee hain joe iss udyog kaa laabh uthaane kii koshish curr rahey hain. udyog mein vikas key pramukh kaarak bhaarat mein madhyam varg kaa uday, samagr roop seey teji seey badhati arthavyavastha aur soshal media kaa upayog hain. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii ack bhaaratiya shaadi kii laagat ₹500,000 aur ₹50 million key beach haye (humm seey $6,747.14 seey laker hamein $674,743.50, kramshah). ack bhaaratiya key apane kull jivankal kii sampatti kaa paanchvaan hissa shaadi parr kharch karane kii sambhavana haye. gantavya shaadiyan. kaee bhaaratiya hastiyaan gantavya shadiyon koo chunati hain, aur bhaaratiya unase prerana lete hain. bhaarat mein gharelu aur antarrashtriya donon gantavya shadiyon key liye lokpriya hain. bhaarat mein destination wading industry 2020 mein ₹450 billion koo paar karane kaa anuman haye. shaadi kii tasveer. shaadi seey pahale kii shooting key saath-saath shaadi kii photography bhee bhaaratiya shadiyon mein ack badee hissedari haye. ausat shaadi kii shooting kii laagat prati dinn ₹15,000 seey ₹100,000 taka hoe sakati haye.

bhaaratadalli maduvegalu bhaaratadalli maduvegalu pradesha, dharma, samudaaya mattu vadhu-varana vaiyaktika aadyategalige anugunavagi badalaaguttave. ivu bhaaratadalli habbada sandarbhagalaagive, mattu hecchina sandarbhagalalli vyaapakavaada alankaaragalu, banna, udupugalu, sangeeta, nrutya, veshabhushanagalu mattu vadhuvina mattu varana samudaaya, pradesha mattu dharmavannu avalambisiruva acharanegalu mattu avara aadyategalondige aacharisalaaguttade. bhaaratadalli varshakke sumaru 1 koti maduvegalannu aacharisalaaguttade, adaralli sumaru 80 pratishata hindoo vivaahagalaagive. hindoo dharmadalli samaarambhagalu. hindoo dharmadalli aneka habba-sambandhita acharanegaliveyadaru, "vivaha" (maduve) vu obba vayaska hindoo tanna jeevanadalli kaigolluva atyanta vyaapakavaada vaiyaktika acharaneyagide. vishishta hindoo kutumbagalu maduvegalannu siddhapadisalu mattu acharisalu gamanarha prayatna mattu arthika sampanmoolagalannu kharchu maaduttave. hindoo vivaahada acharanegalu mattu prakriyeyu bhaaratada pradesha, sthaliya roopaantaragalu, kutumbada sampanmoolagalu mattu vadhu mattu varana aadyategalannu avalambisi badalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, hindoo vivahagalalli kelavu pramukha acharanegalu saamaanyavaagive-"kanyadana", "panigrahana" mattu "saptapadee"; ivu kramavagi, tandeyinda magalannu udugoreyagi niiduvudu, mumbaruva samyogavannu soochisalu svayampreraneyinda benkiya bully kaii hidiyuvudu mattu paraspara pratijnegala gumpannu olagondante prati hejjeyondige benkiya modalu elu hejje iduvudu. elane hejje mattu "saptapadiya" pratijnegala nantara, dampatigalu kaanunubaddhavaagi ganda mattu hendatiyaaguttaare. bhaaratadalli jaina mattu bouddha vivaahagalu aneka vishayagalannu hanchikolluttave, aadare avu ayaa dharmika vichaaragalu mattu pathyagala mele kendrikrutavagive. itara dharmagalu. bhaaratiya sikh vivaahagalu anandakraj emba samaarambhada moolaka nadeyuttave. ee dampatigalu pavitra granthavaada guru grantha sahib suttaloo naalku baari nadeyuttaare mattu nantara saampradaayika sikh praarthaneyaada ardas maaduttaare. bhaaratiya muslimaru saampradaayika islaamik vivaahavannu acharisuttare, idaralli "nikah", varaninda vadhuvige "mahar" endu kareyalpaduva arthika paavatiya pavati, vivaha oppandakke sahi haakuvudu mattu svaagata samaarambhagalu serive. bhaaratiya christian vivaahagalu saampradaayika christian vivaha paddhatigalannu anusarisuttave. bhaaratadalli protestantgalalli, nishchitaarthada acharaneyu dampatigala nishchitaarthavannu aacharisuttade, dampatigaligaagi prarthanegalannu sallisalaaguttade mattu nishchitaarthada unguragalannu padriyobbaru aashirvadisuttaare. maduvege ondu dina modalu, haldie/ubtan/mayoon samarambha (idannu uttara bhaaratadalli kareyalaaguttade) athawa rose samarambha (idannu bhaaratada gova pradeshadalli kareyalaaguttade) nadeyuttade, idaralli "uttara bhaaratiya krishchiyannarige haldie athawa arishinada payst annu anvayisalaaguttade mattu daksina bhaaratiya krishchiyannarige tengina payst annu anvayisalaaguttade."swalpa samayada nantara, bhaaratiya kraistarannu church vivaahadalli maduveyaguttare, aaa samayadalli, dampatigalu mantriya sammukhadalli, aagaagge church athawa pooja sthaladalli bhetiyaguttare. bybalna oduvikegalu nadeyuttave. vadhu mattu vara tamma maduveya pratigneyannu tegedukolluttaare. vadhu mattu vara tamma antyavillada preetiya sanketavagi aagaagge unguragalannu vinimaya madikolluttare. bhaaratadalli, visheshavaagi hindoogalu mattu muslimara naduvina antaradharmeeya vivaahagalu kelavu rajyagalli kaanoonu nirbandhagalu, jagarukateya kirukula mattu himsaachaarada bhayada vishayavaagive. maduveya vayassu. hinde, maduveya vayassu chikkadaagittu. 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara, bhaaratadalli mahileyara sarasari vivaahada vayassu 21 varshagalige airide. 2009ralli, sumaru 7 pratishata mahileyaru 18 varshakkinta modale vivaahavaadaru. bhaaratiya samajadalli vyavasthita vivaahagalu bahala hindinindaloo roodhiyaagive. indigoo saha, bahupalu bhaaratiyaru tamma vivaahagalannu tamma poshakaru mattu itara gouravaanvita kutumba sadasyaru yojisuttaare. ittichina adhyayanagalu bhaaratiya samskrutiyu saampradaayika vyavasthita vivaahagalinda doora sariyuttide endu soochisuttave. kadime maduvegalannu sampoornavaagi oppigeyillade airpadisalaaguttade mattu samiksheyalli bhagavahisida bahupalu bhaaratiya maduvegalannu oppigeyondige aayojisalaaguttade. swayam-vyavasthita vivaahagala shekadaavaaru pramanavu (bhaaratadalli prema vivaahagalu endu kareyalpaduttade) saha gananeeyavaagi hechchaagide, visheshavaagi bhaaratada nagara pradeshagalaada mumbai mattu dehaliyalli. maduve udyama. bhaaratadalli maduvegalu pramukha vyavahaaragalaagive. 2017ralli keey. pii. emm. zii. yaya varadiya prakara, bhaaratiya vivaha udyamavu sumaru $<aii. dii. 1> shatakoti gatradallide endu andaajisalaagide. idu americada nantara eradane atidodda vivaha maarukatteyaagiddu, idu $70 shatakoti aagide. sanna mattu madhyama pramanada udyamagalondige udyamavu bahala asanghatitavagiddaroo, ee udyamavannu balsikollalu prayatnisuttiruva kaarporetgaloo ive. udyamadalli belavanigege pramukha amshagalendare bhaaratadalli madhyama vargada belavanige, ottare airuttiruva aarthikate mattu samajika madhyamada balake. bhaaratiya vivaahada vechchavu ₹500,000 mattu ₹50 dashalakshada naduve iruttade endu andaajisalaagide (yuu. ess. $6, <aii. dii. 1> ninda yuu. ess. $674, <aii. dii. 2> varege). obba bhaaratiyanu tanna jeevitaavadhiya ottu sampattina aidane ondu bhagavannu maduvege kharchu maaduva saadhyateyide. gamyasthaanada maduvegalu. aneka bhaaratiya celebritigalu gamyasthaanada maduvegalannu ayke maaduttaare mattu bhaaratiyaru avarinda sphurti padeyuttaare. bhaaratadalli maduvegalige deshiya mattu antararashtriya taanagalu janapriyavagive. 2020ralli bhaaratada gamyasthana vivaha udyamavu ₹450 shatakotiyannu daatalide endu andaajisalaagide. maduveya chayachitra. vivaahada purva chitrikaranagalu mattu vivaahada chayagrahanavu saha bhaaratiya vivahagalalli dodda palannu hondive. sarasari maduve chigurina vechchavu dinakke ₹15,000 rinda ₹100,000 varege irabahudu.

indiayile vivahangal indiayile vivahangal pradesham, matham, samooham, vadhuvinteyum varanteyum vyakthiparamaaya mungananakal enniva anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. avaa indiayile utsava avasarangalaanu, mikka kesukalilum vadhuvinteyum varanteyum samooham, pradesham, matham, avarude mungananakal ennivaye aasrayichulla vipulamaaya alankaarangal, niram, vasthrangal, samgeetham, nritham, vasthrangal, achaarangal ennivayode aaghoshikkunnu. indiayil prathivarsham ekadesham 10 dasalaksham vivahangal aaghoshikkunnu, athil 80 sathamaanavum hindu vivaahangalaanu. hindu mathatthile chadangukal. hindu mathathil utsavavumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi achaarangal undengilum, oru muthirnna hindu thante jeevithathil ettedukkunna ettavum vipulamaaya vyakthiparamaaya aachaaramaan vivaha (vivaham). saadhaarana hindu kudumbangal vivahangal thayyarakkanum aaghoshikkaanum ganyamaaya parisramavum saambathika vibhavangalum chelavazhikkunnu. oru hindu vivaahathinte aachaarangalum prakriyakalum indiayude pradesham, praadeshika poruthappedutthalukal, kudumbatthinte vibhavangal, vadhuvinteyum varanteyum mungananakal ennivaye aashrayich vyathyaasappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, hindu vivahangalil chila pradhana achaarangal saadhaaranamaanu-"kanyadan", "panigrahana", "saptapathy"; iva yathaakramam, pithaav makale sammaanich, varaanirikkunna aikyathe soochippikkunnathinaayi swamedhayaa theeykku sameepam kaii pidichu, oro chuvadilum paraspara prathinjakal ulppede ezhu chuvadukal vekkunnu. ezhaam ghattathinum "saptapathy" yude prathijnjakalkkum sesham, dambathikal niyamaparamaayi bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaaranu. indiayile jaina, budhamatha vivahangal niravadhi prameyangal pankidunnundenkilum avaa athath matha ashayangaleyum grandhangaleyum kendreekarichullathaanu. mattu mathangal. anand karaj enna chadangiloodeyaanu indian sikh vivahangal nadakkunnathu. dambathikal vishudha grandhamaaya guru grandh sahibinu chuttum naalu thavana nadakkukayum thudarnnu parambaraagatha sikh praarthanayaaya ardas nadathukayum cheiyunnu. nikkah", vadhuvinu varan "mahar" ennu vilikkunna saambathika sahayam nalkal, vivaha karar oppidal, sweekaranam ennivayulppedeyulla aachaarangalode indian muslimkal parambaraagatha islaamika vivaham aaghoshikkunnu. indian kristhyan vivahangal parambaraagatha kristhyan vivaha reethikal pinthudarunnu. indiayile protestantmaarkkilkilk, vivaahanischaya chadangu oru dambathikalude vivaahanischayam aaghoshikkunnu, dambathikalkkaayi praarthanakal nadathukayum vivaahanischaya mothirangal oru paasttar anugrahikkukayum cheiyunnu. vivaahathin oru divasam munbu, huldy/ubtan/mayoon chadangu (utharenthyayil ariyappedunnathupole) allengil rooss chadangu (indiayile gova pradeshathu ariyappedunnathupole) nadakkunnu, athil "vadakke indian kristhyaanikalkk haldy allengil manjal pesttu purattukayum dakshinenthyan kristhyaanikalkk thenga pesttu purattukayum cheiyunnu."kurachu samayathinu sesham, indian kristhyaanikal oru palli vivaahathil vivaahitharaakunnu, eee samayat, dambathikal oru manthriyude saannidhyathil kandumuttunnu, palappozhum oru palliyilo aaraadhanaalayathilo. bybilil ninnulla vaayanakal nadakkunnu. vadhuvum varan avarude vivaha prathinjakal edukkunnu. vadhuvum varan palappozhum avarude ananthamaaya snehathinte pratheekamaaya mothirangal kaimarunnu. indiayile antharvishwaasa vivahangal, prathyekichu hindukkalum musleengalum thammilulla vivahangal, chila samsthaanangalil niyamaparamaaya parimithikalkkum jaagrathayodeyulla peedanatthinum akramathe bhayappedunnathinum vidheyamaan. vivaha praayam. munkaalangalil vivaha praayam cheruthaayirunnu. cheruthaayirunnu sensus prakaram indiayile sthreekalude sharashari vivaha praayam 21 aayi uyarnnu. 2009ll ekadesham 7 sathamaanam sthreekalum 18 vayassinu munbu vivaham kazhichu. indian samoohathil krameekaricha vivahangal valarekkaalamaayi pathivaanu. innum, bhooribhaagam indiakkaarum avarude vivahangal avarude maathaapithaakkalum mattu aadaraneeyamaaya kudumbamgangalum aasoothranam cheiyunnu. indian samskaaram parambaraagatha vivahangalil ninnu akannupokukayaanennu sameepakaala padanangal soochippikkunnu. kuranja vivahangal maathramaan poornnamaayum sammathamillaathe krameekarikkappedunnath, koodaathe sarveyil pankeduttha bhooribhaagam indian vivaahangalum sammathathodeyaanu krameekarichirikkunnathu. svayam krameekaricha vivaahangalude (indiayil pranaya vivahangal ennu vilikkappedunna) sathamaanavum valareyadhikam vardhichu, prathyekichu indiayile nagarapradesangalaaya mumbai, dalhi ennividangalil. vivaha vyavasaayam. vivahangal indiayile oru pradhana bisinessaanu. 2017-leeii keey. pii. emm. jii. yude oru report anusarichu, indian vivaha vyavasaayathinte valippam ekadesham $<aii. dii. 1> bilyan aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. 70 bilyan dollar varunna america kazhinjaal randaamathe valia vivaha vipaniyaanith. cherukida, idatharam bisinasukalulla vyavasaayam valare asamghadithamaanenkilum, eee vyavasaayam prayojanappedutthaan sramikkunna korpparettukalum undu. indiayile madhyavargathinte valarcha, mothatthil kuthichuyarunna sambadvyavastha, soshyal meediyayude upayogam ennivayaanu vyavasaayathinte valarchayude pradhana gadakangal. oru indian vivaahathinte chelavu 500,000 muthal 50 dasalaksham roopa vareyaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu (yathaakramam njangalkk 6 dollar muthal, 747.14 muthal njangalkk 674 dollar vare, 743.50 vare). oru indiakkaaran thante jeevitakaala sambathinte anjilonnu oru vivaahathinaayi chelavazhikkaan saadhyathayund. lakshyasthana vivahangal. niravadhi indian celebrittikal lakshyasthana vivahangal thiranjedukkunnu, indiakkaar avaril ninnu prachodanam ulkkollunnu. aabhyanthara, anthardesheeya lakshyasthaanangal indiayil vivaahangalkk janapriyamaan. indiayile lakshyasthana vivaha vyavasaayam 2020ll 450 bilyan roopa kadakkumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. vivaha foto. vivaahathin munbulla shoottukalkkum vivaha photographic indian vivahangalil valia pankundu. sharashari vivaha shoottukalkk prathidinam 15,000 muthal 100,000 roopa vare chilavaakum.

bharatatil vivah bharatatil vivah pradesh, dharm, samuday aanee vadhoo aanee varachya vaiyaktik pasantinusar badaltat. teey bharatatil sananche prasang aahet aanee bahutek prakarananmadhye vadhoo aanee varachya samudayavar, pradeshavar aanee dharmavar tasech tyanchya pradhanyanvar avalambun asalelya vyapak sajavat, rung, poshakh, sangeet, nrutya, veshbhusha aanee vidhee karoon sajare kele jaatat. bharatat darvarshi sumare 1 kotee vivah sajare kele jaatat, jyapaiki sumare 80 takke hindu vivah aahet. hindu dharmatil samarambh. hindu dharmat sananshi sambandhit anek vidhee asale taree, vivah (vivah) haah praudh hindu tyachya kinwa tichya aayushyat haatee ghenara sarvat vyapak vaiyaktik vidhee aahe. vishisht hindu kutumbe vivahsohala tayar karnyasathi aanee sajra karnyasathi lakshaniy prayatna aanee aarthik sansadhane kharch karatat. hindu lagnache vidhee aanee prakriya bharatachya pradeshanusar, sthanik rupantar, kutumbachi sansadhane aanee vadhoo aanee varachya pasantinusar badaltat. tarisuddha, hindu vivahanmadhye kahee pramukh vidhee samanya aahet-'kanyadan', 'panigrahan' aanee 'saptapadi'; heey anukrame, vadilanni muleela bhetvastu dene, aagami sanyog darshavinyasathi swechhene agnijaval haat dharane aanee parasparanchya pratidnyanchya sanchasah pratyek pavlasah agnipurvi saat pavale uchalane. satvya payarinantar aanee 'saptapadi' chya pratidnyenantar, heey jodape kayadeshiraritya patee-patni aahe. bharatatil jaine aanee bauddha vivah anek sankalpana samayik karatat, parantu tyanchya sambandhit dharmik kalpana aanee granthanvar kendrit asatat. itar dharm. bharatiy sheekh vivah anandkaraj navachya samarambhadvare hotat. heey jodape pavitra grunth, guru grunth sahibbhovati chaar vela firatat aanee nantar paramparik sheekh prathna, ardas karatat. bharatiy muslim paramparik islami vivah sajare karatat, jyat 'nikah', varane vadhula 'mahar' navachya aarthik pavtyache paise dene, vivah kararavar swakshari karane aanee swagat samarambh yasah vidhee asatat. bharatiy khrishchan vivah paramparik khrishchan vivah paddhatinche palan karatat. bharatatil protestant lokanmadhye, vivahanishchay vidhee eka jodpyachya sakharpudyacha utsav sajra karato, jyat jodpyasathi prathna kelee jaate aanee eka padaridvare sakharpudyachya angathicha aashirvad deela jaato. lagnachya eka divas aadhi, halad/ubatan/mayoon samarambh (uttar bharatat too olakhala jaato) kinwa gulab samarambh (bharatachya gova bhagat too olakhala jaato) aayojit keela jaato, jyamadhye uttar bharatiy khrishchananvar halad kinwa haladichi pest lavali jaate aanee dakshin bharatiy khrishchananvar naralachi pest lavali jaate."kahee kalanantar, bharatiy khrishchananche lagn charchchya lagnat hote, jyaa darmyan, heey jodape eka mantryachya upasthitit, anekada charchmadhye kinwa prathanasthalavar bhetate. baybalmadhun vachan kele jaate. vadhoo aanee varr tyanchya lagnachi shapath ghetat. vadhoo aanee varr anekada tyanchya antaheen premache prateek asalelya angathichi devanghevan karatat. bharatatil aantardharmiy vivah, visheshtah hindu aanee muslim yanchyatil vivah, kahee rajyanmadhye kayadeshir nirbandh, satark chhal aanee hinsacharachya bhiticha vishay rahile aahet. lagnache vay. purvi vivahache vay lahan hote. 2011 chya bharatiy jangananenusar, bharatatil mahilanche lagnache sarasari vay 21 varshanparyant vadhale aahe. 2009 saalee sumare 7 takke mahilanni vayachya vayachya varshapurvi lagn kele. bharatiy samajat arrange marage heey heey kalapasoonche sarvasamanya niyam aahet. aajahi bahusankhya bharatiy tyanchya lagnache niyojan tyanche palak aanee kutumbatil itar aadaraniy sadasyankadun karatat. alikadil abhyas asey suchavatat qee bharatiy sanskruti paramparik vyavasthapit vivahanpasun door jaat aahe. qamee vivah purnapane sammatishivay aayojit kele jaatat aanee sarvekshan kelelya bahutansh bharatiy vivahanchi vyavastha sammatine kelee jaate. visheshtah mumbai aanee dillisarkhya bharatatil shahari bhagat swayam-vyavasthapit vivahanchya (jyanna bharatat premvivah mhanatat) takkevarit dekhil mothya pramanat vaadh jhaali aahe. vivah udyog. vivah haah bharatat eka pramukh vyavasay aahe. 2017 madheel keey. pii. emm. jee. chya ahavalanusar, bharatiy vivah udyog andaje $40-50 abj itka motha aahe. 70 abj dollarschee asaleli hii amerikenantarchi dusari sarvat mothee vivah bajarpeth aahe. haah udyog agadi asanghatit asoon tyat lahan aanee madhyam udyog aahet, tarr asha kahee corporate kampanya dekhil aahet jyaa yaa udhyogacha laabh ghenyacha prayatna karat aahet. bharatatil madhyam vargacha uday, ekoon bharbharatichi arthvyavastha aanee samajik madhyamancha vapar heey udhyogatil vadhiche pramukh ghatak aahet. assa andaj aahe qee bharatiy lagnacha kharch ₹500,000 teey ₹50 dashalaksh (aamchya $6,747.14 teey aamchya $674,743.50 paryant) darmyan aahe. bharatiy vyakti tyachya aayushyatil ekoon sampattipaiki eka panchmansh vivahasathi kharch karanyachi shakyata asate. gantavya vivah. anek bharatiy celebrity gantavya vivah nivadatat aanee bharatiy lock tyanchyakadun prerana ghetat. bharatat vivahansathi deshantargat aanee aantarrashtriy ashee donhi thikane lokpriy aahet. bharatatil gantavya vivah udyog 2020 madhye ₹450 abjanchya varr jaanyacha andaj aahe. lagnache chhayachitran. bharatiy vivahanmadhye lagnachya purv chitrikaranasaha lagnachya chhayachitranacha dekhil motha vaataa aahe. lagnachya sarasari chitrikaranasathi darroj 15,000 teey 100,000 rupaye kharch yeu shakatat.

bharatma vivaha bharatma vivaha khetra, dharma, samudaya rar dulaha rar dulahiko wyaktigat prathamiktaharu anusar farak-farak hunchha. tiniharu bharatma chadaparvaka awasarharu hun, rar dherai jaso awasthama wyapak sajawat, rung, luga, sangit, nritya, veshbhusha rar anushthanharusanga manaincha june dulaha rar dulahiko samudaya, khetra rar dharma, sathai uniharuko prathamiktaharuma nirbhar gardacha. bharatma prati warsha lagbhag 1 karod vivahaharu manaincha, jasmadhye lagbhag 80 pratishat hindu vivahaharu hun. hindu dharmama samarohharu. hindu dharmama chadaparwasanga sambandhit dherai anushthanharu bhae tapani, vivaha (vivaha) euta wayaska hindule afno jiwanma garne sabaibhanda wyapak wyaktigat anushthan how. wishishta hindu pariwarharule wiwahako tayari rar utsava manauna mahatwapurna prayas rar wittiya srotharu kharcha garchhan. hindu wiwahako anushthan rar prakriya bharatko khetra, sthaniya anukulan, pariwarko srota rar dulaha rar dulahiko prathamiktaharuanusar farak hunchha. jey hose, hindu vivahaharuma kehi pramukh anushthanharu samanya chhan-"kanyadan", "panigrahan" rar "saptapadi"; yee kramashah, bubale chhorilai upahar dinu, swechchhale agoko chheuma haat samatnu asanna milanlai sanket garna, rar apsi pratigyaharuko sett sahit pratyek kadamka sath ago aghi saat kadam chalnu. sataun charan rar "saptapadi" ko wratapachhi, dampati kanuni rupma pati rar patni hun. bharatma jaina rar baudha vivahaharu dherai vishayavastuharu sajha garchhan, tara tiniharu aaa-afno dharmik vichar rar granthaharuma kendrit chhan. anya dharmaharu. bharatiya sikh vivaha ananda karaj bhanine samarohako madhyambata hunchha. dampati pawitra pustak, guru grantha sahebko waripari chaar patak ghumchhan, rar tyasapachhi paramparagat sikh prarthana, ardas garchhan. bharatiya muslimharule paramparagat islamic vivaha manaunchhan, jasma "nikah", dulhale dulahilai "mahar" bhanine arthik datako bhuktani, vivaha samjhautama hastakshar rar swagat garne jasta anushthanharu hunchhan. bharatiya isai vivahaharu paramparagat isai vivaha paramparaharu pachhyaunchan. bharatma protestantharu bitch, vivaha-vivaha sanskarle dampatiko sagaiko utsava manaunchha, dampatika lagi prarthana garinchha rar ek pasterdwara vivaha-wiwahako aunthilai ashirwad diinchha. wiwahako ek dina aghi, haldi/ubtan/mayun samaroha (jaslai uttari bharatma chininchha) wa rus samaroha (jaslai bharatko gowa kshetrama chininchha) ayojit garinchha, jasma "haldi wa besarko paste uttar bharatiya isaiharuma lagainchha rar nariwalko paste dakshin bharatiya isaiharuma lagainchha."kehi samayapachi, bharatiya isaiharu charchako vivahama vivaha hunchhan, jasma dampati prayaha church wa pujasthalma mantriko upasthitima bhetchhan. biblebata pathanharu hunchhan. dulaha rar dulahile afno wiwahako wacha linchhan. dulaha rar dulahile prayaha afno ananta premko pratikka rupma aunthiharu adanpradan garchhan. bharatma antardharmi vivahaharu, vishesh gari hindu rar muslimharu bitch, kehi rajyaharuma kanuni pratibandha, satarkata utpidan rar hinsako darko vishaya baneko chha. wiwahako umera. vigatma wiwahako umera sano thiyo. bharatko sann 2011 ko janaganaanusar bharatma mahilaharuko wiwahako ausat umera badhera 21 warsha pugeko chha. sann 2009 maa karib 7 pratishat mahilaharule 18 warshako umerbhanda pahile vivaha gareka thie. bharatiya samajma wyawasthit vivaha lamo samayadekhi samanya raheko chha. az pani, adhikansh bharatiyaharule afna amababu rar pariwarka anya sammanit sadasyaharule wiwahako yojana banaeka chhan. halaika adhyayanharule bharatiya sanskriti paramparagat wyawasthit vivahaharubata tadha jhareko sujhawa dinchha. cum vivahaharu vishudha rupma sahamati bina wyawasthit hunchhan rar sarwekshan garieka adhikansh bharatiya vivahaharu sahamatima wyawasthit hunchhan. swa-wyawasthit wiwahako pratishat (bharatma prem vivaha bhaninchha) pani vishesh gari bharatko sahari kshetraharu jastai mumbai rar delhima dherai badheko chha. vivaha udyog. vivaha bharatma euta pramukh wyawasaya how. sann 2017 maa kpmgko euta reportanusar bharatiya vivaha udyogko akar lagbhag $40-50 billion raheko anuman garieko chha. yo sanyukta rajya america pachhi dosro thulo vivaha bazar how, june $70 billion how. udyog sanah rar madhyam starka wyawasayharusita dherai asangathit chha, tyahan karporetharu pani chhan jasle yass udyoglai dohan garne prayas gariraheka chhan. udyogma wriddhika lagi pramukh karakharu bharatma madhyam wargako udaya, samagrama badhdo arthawyawastha rar samajik mediako prayog hun. yo anuman garieko chha kii bharatiya wiwahako lagat ₹500,000 rar ₹50 million (hamibata $6,747.14 dekhi kramashah $674,743.50 samma) ko bichma hunchha. ek bharatiyale afno jiwankalko kull sampattiko panchaun bhag vivahama kharcha garne sambhawana hunchha. gantawya vivahaharu. dherai bharatiya celebratiharule gantawya vivahaharu chhanauta garchhan, rar bharatiyaharule tiniharubata prerana linchhan. bharatma vivahaka lagi gharelu rar antarrashtriya gantawyaharu duwai lokpriya chhan. bharatma gantawya vivaha udyogle sann 2020 maa ₹450 billion nagheko anuman garieko chha. wiwahako foto. vivahapurva sutingka sathai vivaha photographyle pani bharatiya vivahaharuma thulo hissa ogateko chha. ausat vivaha sutharu prati dina aaa 15,000 dekhi aaa 100,000 samma kharcha huna sakchha.

bharatare bibaha bharatare bibaha anchala, dharma, sampradai ebong barr-kanyanka byaktigata pasanda anujai bhinna bhinna hoithae. segudika bharatare utsabara absar, ebong adhikansha khetrare byapaka sajasajja, ranga, poshaka, sangeeta, nrutya, poshaka ebong reetineeti sahita palana karajae jaahaa barr ebong baranka sampradai, anchala ebong dharma, tatha semanankara pasanda upare nirbhara kare . bharatare pratibarsha praiah 1 koti bibaha palana karajae, jeunthiru praiah 80 pratishata hindu bibaha . hindu dharmare utsaba. hindu dharmare aneka parba-sambandheeah reetineeti thibabele, "bibaha" (bibaha) heuchhi jane bayaska hindu taanka jeebanare karuthiba sabutharu byapaka byaktigata reetineeti . sadharana hindu paribara bibaha prastuti ebong palana kariba paain gurutwapurna prayasa ebong arthika sambala kharcha karanti . hindu bibahara reetineeti ebong prakriya bharatara anchala, sthaniah abhijojana, paribarara sambala ebong barr ebong kanyanka pasanda upare nirbhara kare . tathapi, hindu bibaahare keteka pramukh reetineeti sadharana-"kanyadan", "panigrahana" ebong "saptapadi"; egudika jathakrame, pitanka dwara jhiaku upahara deba, asanna sanjogaku suchita kariba paain swechakruta bhabare niaan nikatare haata dhariba, ebong paraspara shapath sahita pratyeka padakhyepa sahita agni purbaru saata paada neba . saptama padakhyepa ebong "saptapadi" rahr shapath parey, dampati aaingata bhabare swamee ebong stree atanti . bharatare jaina ebong baudha bibaha aneka bishajabastu anshidara kare, kintu semanankara samprukta dharmika bichara ebong pathyaku kendra curry . anya dharma. bharatiah shikh bibaha ananda karaj namaka eka samaroha madhyamare hoithae. ehi dampati pabitra pustaka guru granth sahebanka charithara buliba parey eka paramparika shikh prarthana, 'ardas' karanti. bharatiah musalamanamane eka paramparika islamiah bibaha palana karanti, jeunthire "nikah", barr dwara kanyanku "mahar" namaka arthika anudan pradan, bibaha chuktinama swakhyara ebong eka swagata sameth reetineeti antarbhukta . bharatiah khristian bibaha paramparika khristian bibaha reetineeti anusarana kare . bharatare protestantmananka madhyare, nirbandha reetineeti eka dampatinka nirbandhaku palana kare, eka dampatinka paain prarthana karajae ebong nirbandhara mudi jane padrinka dwara ashirbada karajae . bibahara gotie deane purbaru, haladi/ubtan/mayun samaroha (jaahaa uttara bharatare janashuna) kimba roses samaroha (jaahaa bharatara goa anchalare janashuna) anusthita hue, jeunthire "uttara bharatiah khreestiananka upare haldi kimba haldi pest prajoga karajae ebong dakhina bharatiah khreestiananka upare nadia pest prajoga karajae ."kichhi samai parey, bharatiah khreestianamane eka church bibaahare bibaha karanti, jeun samajare, dampati jane mantreenka upasthitire, prajatah eka church kimba pooja sthanare bhetithanti . baibalaru pathman hue . barr oh kanya semananka bibahara shapath grahan karanti. barr ebong kanya prajatah semananka antahina premer pratika bhabare mudi binimai karanti . bharatare antahdharmeeja bibaha, bisesh curry hindu ebong musalamanamananka madhyare, keteka rajyare aaingata pratibandhaka, satarka nirjyatana ebong hinsara bhajara bishai hoichhi. bibahara bayasa. ateetare bibahara bayasa comm thila. 2011 masihar janganana anujai, bharatare mahilamananka bibahara harahari bayasa 21 barshaku brudhi paichi. 2009 masihare, pakhapakhi 7 pratishata mahila 18 barsha bayasa purbaru bibaha karithile. bharatiah samajare dirgha deane dhari byabastha bibaha eka sadharana kathaa hoi rahichhi. aaji madhya, adhikansha bharatiah semananka bibahara yojana semananka pitamata ebong paribarara anya sammanita sadasyanka dwara karithanti. sampratika adhyajanaru janapadichhi je bharatiah sanskruti paramparika bibahatharu doorei jauchhi. comm bibaha sampurna bhabe bina anumatire ayojan karajaithae ebong sarbekhyana karajaithiba adhikansha bharatiah bibaha sahamati sahita ayojan karajaithae. swa-byabastha bibahara pratishata (bharatare prem bibaha kuhajae) madhya byapaka bhabare brudhi paichi, bisesh curry mumbai ebong dilli pari bharatara saharanchalare . bibaha shilpa. bharatare bibaha eka pramukh byabasai. 2017ray kee. pii. emm. jii. rahr eka report anujai, bharatiah bibaha udyogara aakaar pakhapakhi $<aai. dii. 1> billion heba bolly akalana karajaichi. america parey ehaa dwiteeja sarbabruhata bibaha bajaara, jahara mulya $70 billion. ehi udyogati khudra ebong madhyama dharanara byabasai sahita atyanta asangathita hoithibabele, corporate madhya achanti jeunmane ehi udyogaku upajoga karibaku chesta karuchanti. shilpa khetrare abhibruddhi paain pramukh kaaran heuchhi bharatare madhyabitta shrenira utthana, samagrika bhabe eka udiyamana arthaneeti ebong samajika ganamadhyamara byabahara. anumana karajae je eka bharatiah bibahara mulya 500,000 ru 50 nijuta tanka madhyare (jathakrame $6,747.14 ru $674,743.50 parjyanta). jane bharatiah taanka jeebanakaalare thiba sampattira eka panchamansha bibaahare kharcha karibara sambhabana rahichhi. gantabya bibaha. aneka bharatiah celebrity gantabya bibahaku pasanda karanti, ebong bharateejamane semanankatharu prerana nianti . bharatare bibaha paain ubhaja gharoi ebong antarjatija gantabyastala lokpriya . 2020 masihare bharatare gantabya bibaha udyoga 450 billion tanka atikrama kariba bolly akalana karajaichi. bibaha phato. bibahara photography sahita bibaha purbara suting madhya bharatiah bibaahare eka budd ansha grahan karuchhi . bibahara harahari sutingra mulya dainika 15,000 ru 100,000 tanka parjyanta hoipare .

bharat witch viaah bharat witch viaah khetar, dharam, bhaichare atey laade atey laadi deeaan nijji tarjihan dey anusar vakkhre hunde hunn. ih bharat witch tiuharan dey mauke hunn, atey ziaadaatar mamlian witch viaapak sajawat, rung, kappde, sangeet, naach, pushakan atey rasman naal manaae jaande hunn joe laadi atey laade dey bhaichare, khetar atey dharam dey naal-naal unhan deeaan tarjihan 'teey nirbhar karde hunn. bharat witch harr saal lagbhag 1 croad viaah manaae jaande hunn, jinhan vicchon lagbhag 80 pratishat hindu viaah hunde hunn. hindu dharam witch samaroh. jadon kii hindu dharam witch tiuharan naal sabandhat bahut saariaan rasman hunn, "viaah" (viaah) ikk baalag hindu aapne jeevan witch sabh toon viaapak nijji rasam haii. aam hindu parivaar viaahan dee tiaari atey jashan manaun laee mahattavpuran yatan atey vitti sarot kharach karde hunn. hindu viaah deeaan rasman atey prakiriaavan bharat dey khetar, sathanak anukultavan, parivaar dey sarotan atey laadi atey laade deeaan tarjihan dey adhaar teey vakkhariaan hundiaan hunn. firr vee, hindu viaahan witch kujh pramukh rasman aam hunn-"kanyadan", "panigrah" atey "sapatpadi"; ih kramvaar hunn, pitaa duaara dhee noon tohfe witch denna, aaunn vaale sambandh noon darsaun laee swaiichha naal agg dey nede hatth fadna, atey aapsi sahunaan dey samooh samet harr kadam naal agg toon pahilan satt kadam chukkna. sattven kadam atey "sapatpadi" dee sahun toon baad, jodda kanunni taur 'teey patee-patni haii. bharat witch jaine atey bodhi viaahan dey bahut saare vishe sanjhe hunn, parr ih uhanan dey sabandhat dharmik vicharan atey granthan dey duaale kendrit hunn. horr dharam. bharti sikkh viaah anand karaaj namak ikk rasam raahin hunde hunn. ih jodda pavittar granth guru granth sahib dey duaale chaar vaar ghumda haii atey firr ikk ravaiti sikkh prarthna ardas karda haii. bharti musalman ikk ravaiti islami viaah manaunde hunn, jiss witch "viaah", laade duaara laadi noon "mahr" namak vitti bhugtan, viaah dey ikrarname 'teey hastakhar atey ikk reception shamal hunn. bharti isai viaah ravaiti isai viaah reeti-rivajan dee palna karde hunn. bharat witch protestantan witch, mangani daa rasam ikk jode dee mangani daa jashan manaundi haii, jiss witch ikk jode laee prarthna keeti jaandi haii atey ikk padri duaara mangani dey ring daa ashirvaad ditta jaanda haii. viaah toon ikk dinn pahilan, haldi/ubtan/mayoon samaroh (jiven kii ih uttri bharat witch janhiaa jaanda haii) jaan ross samaroh (jiven kii ih bharat dey goa khetar witch janhiaa jaanda haii) aayojit keeta jaanda haii, jiss witch "haldi jaan haldi daa pest uttri bharti isaiaan utte lagaiaa jaanda haii atey narial daa pest dakkhni bharti isaiaan utte lagaiaa jaanda haii."kujh samein baad, bharti isaiaan daa viaah ikk church dey viaah witch hunda haii, jiss dauran, jodda ikk mantri dee hazri witch milda haii, aksar kise church jaan pooja sathaan witch. bible toon padhe jaande hunn. laada atey laadi aapne viaah dee sahun khaande hunn. laada atey laadi aksar aapne beant piaar dey prateek vajon anguthiaan daa adaan-pardan karde hunn. bharat witch antar-dharmi viaah, khaas karke hinduaan atey musalmanan darmiaan, kujh raajan witch kanunni rukawatan, chocks tashadad atey hinsa dey darr daa visha rahey hunn. viaah dee umar. pahilan viaah dee umar chhoti see. bharat dee 2011 dee mardamshumari anusar bharat witch aurtan dee viaah dee ausat umar vadh keey 21 saal hoow gaee haii. saal 2009 witch lagbhag 7 pratishat aurtan neey 18 saal dee umar toon pahilan viaah karwa lae sunn. bharti samaaj witch arrange marriage lambe samein toon aam gall rahee haii. ajj vee, bahuginti bharti aapne viaah aapne maapiaan atey parivaar dey horr satikarat memberan duaara yojnabadh karde hunn. haal hii dey adhiaenan toon pataa chalda haii kii bharti sabheyachar ravaiti arranged viaahan toon door jaa riha haii. ghatt viaah binan sehmati dey keete jaande hunn atey sarvekhan keete gaye ziaadaatar bharti viaah sehmati naal keete jaande hunn. sway-parbandhit viaahan (bharat witch prem viaah kiha jaanda haii) dee pratishatata witch vee bahut vaadha hoiaa haii, khaas karke bharat dey shahiri khetran jiven kii mumbai atey dilli witch. viaah udyog. viaah bharat witch ikk pramukh carobar haii. saal 2017 witch keey. pee. aimm. jee. dee ikk report dey anusar, bharti viaah udyog daa aakaar lagbhag $40-50 billion honn daa anuman haii. ih sanyukat raaj toon baad viaah daa dooja sabh toon vadda baazaar haii, joe kii 70 billion dallar haii. jitthe udyog bahut hii asangathit haii atey chhote atey darmiaane paddhar dey carobar hunn, utthe hii corporate vee hunn joe iss udyog noon apnaun dee koshish qarr rahey hunn. udyog witch vikas dey pramukh kaarak bharat witch maddh varag daa ubhaar, samucchi arthvivastha witch tezi atey soshal media dee varton hunn. ih andaza lagaiaa giaa haii kii ikk bharti viaah dee laagat 500,000 atey 5 croad rupaye (kramvaar saade $6, <ID2 toon $674,743.50 takk) dey vichkaar haii. ikk bharti aapne jeevan qaal dee kull daulat daa panjwan hissa viaah utte kharach qarr sakda haii. manzil viaah. bahut saariaan bharti hastiaan manzil dey viaahan dee chonh kardiaan hunn, atey bharti unhan toon prerna lainde hunn. gharelu atey antarashtari doven manzilan bharat witch viaahan laee prasidh hunn. bharat witch manzil viaah udyog 2020 witch 450 billion rupaye noon paar curran daa anuman haii. viaah dee foto. viaah toon pahilan deeaan shootingan dey naal-naal viaah dee photography daa vee bharti viaahan witch vadda hissa haii. viaah deeaan shootan dee ausat keemat pratee dinn 15,000 toon 100,000 rupaye takk hoow sakadi haii.

bhaarate vivaahah. bhaarate vivaahah kshetranusaram, matanusaram, samudayanusaram, vara-vadhoonaam vyaktigata-icchaanusaaram cha bhinnah bhavati. te bhaarate utsava-avasaraani santi, adhikaamsheshu kshetreshu vistruta-alankaranaih, varnaihi, vastraihi, sangeeten, nrutyena, veshabhooshaih, acharaihi cha aacharyante ye vadhoho varasya samudaayasy, pradeshasya, matasya cha, teshaam cha pradhanyatam ashritya bhavanti. bhaarate prativarsham praayah 1 koti-vivaahah aacharyante, yeshu praayah 80 pratishatam hindu-vivaahah asti. hindudharmasya anushtaanaani. yadyapi hindudharme anekaani utsavasambaddhaani anushtaanaani santi, tathaapi "vivaahah" (vivaahah) ekaha vayaskah hinduhu swajeebane aacharati, eshah sarwaadhikah vyaapakah vyaktigatah anushtaanah asti. vishishtaah hindu-parivaaraah vivaahasya tayaareem, utsavam cha aacharitum mahattvapoornam prayatam, vitteeyam samsaadhanam cha vyayati. bharatasya pradeshanusaram, sthaniya-anukoolanaani, kutumbasya samsaadhanaani, vara-vadhooh cha pradhanyam ityetaani cha aadhrutya hindu-vivaahasya aachaar-vidhaanaani prakriya cha bhinnani bhavanti. tathaapi, hindu-vivaaheshu kechan pramukhah aachaar-vidhaanaah samanyaha santi-"kanyaadaan", "paanigrahanah", "saptapadee" cha; etaani kramashah, pituhu putreem upahaararoopen dattaani, asanna-samyogasya soochakam swaicchayaa agni-sameepe hastam dharanti, tathaa cha paraspar-pratijnaanaam samucchayena saha pratyeka-charanena agni-poorvam sapta-sopanani sweekaroti. saptadashapadasya, saptapadee ityasya cha pratijnaayaah anantaram, dampatee vaidhaanikaroopen bharya-patihi bhavati. bhaarate jaina-bauddha-vivahayoho anekaani vishayaani santi, parantu te swasyaah dhaarmik-vicharan, granthaan cha kendrayanti. anyamatm. bhaarateey-sikh-vivaahah anandakaraja iti namna acharitasya samarohasya madhyamena bhavati. dampatee gurugranthasaahib iti pavitragranthe chaturvaaram parikramati, tatah paaramparikam sikh-prarthana, aradasam cha karoti. bharatiyamuslimajanaha paaramparikam islamiyam vivaaham aacharanti, yatra "nikaah", varadvaaraa vadhuvaay "mahar" iti vitteey-dhanapradaanam, vivaah-anubandhasya hastaaksharah, sweekaranam ityadini anushtaanaani santi. bhaarateey-christian-vivaahah paaramparika-christian-vivaah-reetiniyamaan anusaranti. bhaarate proteston-janaanaam madhye, vivaah-vidhihi dampatyoho vivaah-nishchaym aacharati, dampatyoho krute praarthanaah kriyate, vivaah-mandapaani paadren aasheervaditaah bhavanti cha. vivaahaat ekadivasarapoorvam, haladi/ubtaan/mayoon-samarohah (uttarabhaarate etat prasidhah) athavaa rose-samarohah (bharatasya govaa-pradeshe etat dnyaatah) bhavati, yasmin "haladi athavaa haladi-lepaha uttarabharatiya-kraistaanaam krute, narikel-lepaha dakshinabhaarateey-kraistaanaam krute cha prayuktah bhavati."kinchitkalanantaram, bhaarateey-kraista-janaah charch-vivaahadvaaraa vivaahitaah bhavanti, yasmin dampatee praayah charch-madhye athavaa poojaa-sthaane vaa, mantrinah samaksham militum shaknuvanti. bable-granthasya patanaani bhavanti. vara-vadhooh svavivaahasya pratijnaam kurvanti. vara-vadhooh praayah swasyaah anantapremam prateeyantah angushtaah vinimayayanti. bhaarate, visheshatah hindunam muslim-janaanaam madhye, antardhaarmikavivaah keshuchit raajyeshu vidhi-pratibandhanam, jagarukatayaha utpidanayaha, himsaayaah bhayasy cha vishayah asti. vivaahasya aayuh. poorvam vivaahasya aayuh alpavayaskah aasit. 2011 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram bhaarate mahilanam vivaahasya madhyayuhu 21 varshaani yaavat vardhitaa asti. 2009 tame varshe praayah 7 pratishatam mahilaah 18 varshaat poorvam vivaahitaah. bharatiyasamaje vyavasthaa-vivaahah dirghakaalaat samanyaha asti. adyapi, bahusankhyakaah bharatiyaha svavivaahasya yojanaa swapitrubhih, anyaih sammaanitaih parivaarasya sadasyaih cha kurvanti. sadyah eva adhyayanaani soochayanti yat bhaarateeyasamskrutih paaramparika-vyavasthita-vivaahaat doore pravahati iti. nyoonawiwaahaah vishuddharoopen sammatam vinaa vyavasthaapitaani bhavanti, sarveshu sarveshu adhikaamshaani bhaarateeyavivaahaani sammatyaa vyavasthitaah bhavanti. swa-vyavasthaapita-vivaahaanaam pratishatam (bhaarate premawiwaah iti kathyate) api bahu vardhate, visheshatah bharatasya mumbai-dillee-nagarkshetreshu. vivaah-udyogah. bhaarate vivaahah pramukhah vyavasaayah asti. 2017 tame varshe key. pee. emm. jee. ityasya prativedanasya anusaaram bhaarateey-vivaah-udyogah praayah $40-50 shatakoti-parimanasya asti iti anumaanitam asti. samyuktarajyamerikadesha anantaram idam dwiteeyam bruhattamam vivaahavipanyam asti, yasya moolyam $70 billion asti. laghu-madhyam-vyavasaayaih saha udyogah ateeva asangathitah asti, tathaapi corporate-samsthah api santi ye asya udyogasya upayogartham prayatante. bhaarate madhyamavargasya vruddhihi, samagram vardhamaanam arthavyavasthaa, samajikamadhyamanam upayogah cha udyogasya vruddhehe pramukhaani kaarakaani santi. bharatiyavivahaha ₹500,000 taha ₹50 million paryantam (asmaabhih $6,747.14 taha asmaabhih $674,743.50 paryantam) vyayah bhavati iti anumaanitam asti. bharatiyaha swasya jeevanakaalasy sampatteh panchamam bhaagam vivaahaartham vyayam kartum shaknoti. gantavya-vivaahah. bahavah bhaarateey-khyatanamajanaha gantavya-vivaahaan chinoti, bharatiyaha cha taan prerayanti. bhaarate vivaahaartham desheeyaah antarashtriyani cha gantavyasthaanaani lokapriyaah santi. bhaarate destination-vivaah-udyogah 2020 tame varshe ₹450 billion atikramayet iti anumaanitam asti. vivaahasya chaayaachitranam. vivaahaporvasya chitragrahanasya, vivaahasya chaayaachitranasya cha bhaarateey-vivaaheshu mahatee hissedaaree asti. vivaahasya samanyasya ankuraanaam moolyam pratidinam ₹15,000 taha ₹100,000 paryantam bhavet.

inthiyaavil thirumanangal inthiyaavil thirumanangal piraanthiyam, madham, samoogam mattrum manamagan mattrum manamagan thanipatta viruppangkalaip porutthu maarupadum. avai inthiyaavil pandigai nigazhvugalaagum, maelum perumpaalaana santharppangalil manamagan mattrum manamagan samoogam, piraanthiyam mattrum madham mattrum avarkalin viruppangkalaip porutthu virivaana alangkaarangkal, niram, aadaikal, isai, nadanam, aadaikal mattrum sadangugaludan kondaadappadugindrana. inthiyaavil aandukku sumar 10 million thirumanangal kondaadappadugindrana, avattril sumar 80 sathaveetham indhu thirumanangal aagum. indhu mathaththil vizhaakkal. indhu mathaththil thiruvilaa thodarpaana pala sadangugal irunththaalum, "vivaaham" (tirumanam) enbathu oru vayathu vantha indhuvin vaazhkkaiyil maerkollappadum miga virivaana thanipatta sadangaagum. valakkamaana indhu kudumbangal thirumanangalaith thayaarikkavum kondaadavum kurippidatthakka muyarchiyaiyum nidhi aathaarangkalaiyum selavidugindrana. indhu thirumanaththin sadangugal mattrum seyalmurai inthiyaavin piraanthiyam, ulloor thazhuvalkal, kudumbaththin valangkal mattrum manamagan mattrum manamagan viruppangkalaip porutthu maarupadum. iruppinum, indhu thirumanangalil sila mukiya sadangugal podhuvaanavai-"kanyadan", "banigrahana" mattrum "sapthapathy"-ivai muraiyae, thanthaiyaal magalai parisalippathu, varavirukkum inaippaik kurikka thaanaaga munvanthu neruppukku arugil kaiyaip pidippathu, ovvoru adiyilum neruppukku muun aezhu padigal eduppathu, paraspara sabathangalin thoguppu udpada. aezhaavathu puddy mattrum "sapthapathy" sabathaththirkup piragu, thambathiyinar sattappoorvamaaga kanavan-manaivi aavar. inthiyaavil ulla samana mattrum bowththa thirumanangal pala karupporulgalaip pagirnthu kolgindrana, aanaal anthantha madhak karuththukkal mattrum noolgalai maiyamaagak kondavai. pira mathangkal. inthiya seekkiya thirumanangal anand karaj endra sadangkin moolam nadaiperugindrana. inththa thambathiyinar punitha noolaana kuru kiranth saahib-aii naanku murai suttri varukintranar, pinnar paarambariya seekkiya praarththanaiyaana ardas seikiraargal. inthiya muslimgal oru paarambariya islaamiya thirumanatthai kondaadugiraargal, idhil "nikka", manamaganaal manamagalukku "mahr" endru azhaikkappadum nidhi koduppanavu, thirumana oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththidudhal mattrum varavaerpu ullitta sadangugal ullana. inthiya christhuva thirumanangal paarambariya christhava thirumana pazhakkavazhakkangkalaip pinpattrukintrana. inthiyaavil ulla protestantugalidaiyae, nichayathaarththa sadangu oru thambathiyinarin nichchayathaarthaththaik kondaadugiradhu, oru thambathikku piraarththanaigal seiyappadugindrana mattrum nichayathaarththa moathirangkal oru poathakaraal aaseervathikkappadugindrana. thirumanaththirku oru naall munbu, halthi/uptan/mayoon vizhaa (vada inthiyaavil idhu ariyappadugirathu) allathu roas vizhaa (inthiyaavin gova paguthiyil idhu ariyappadugirathu) nadaththappadukirathu, idhil "hulty allathu manjal basted vada inthiya kiristhavarkal meethu payanpaduththappadukirathu mattrum thennai basted thenninthiya kiristhavarkal meethu payanpaduththappadukirathu."sirithu kaalaththirkup piragu, inthiya kiristhavarkal oru devalaya thirumanaththil tirumanam seithu kolgiraargal, idhan poathu, thambathiyinar oru mandhiri munnilaiyil, perumpaalum oru devalayam allathu vazhipaattuth thalaththil santhikkiraarkal. paipililirunthu vaachippukal nadaiperugindrana. manamaganum manamaganum thangal thirumana uruthimozhigalai edukkiraargal. manamaganum manamaganum perumpaalum thangal mudivattra anbai kurikkum moathirangkalaip parimaarikkolkiraarkal. inthiyaavil, kurippaaga inthukkalukkum muslimgalukkum idaiyilaana mathangkalukku idaiyaeyaana thirumanangal, sila maanilangkalil satta kattuppaadugal, vizhippudan thunburuththal mattrum vanmurai payam aagiyavattrirku utpattullana. thirumana vayathu. munbu, thirumana vayathu ilamaiyaaka irunththathu. 2011 inthiya makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, inthiyaavil penkalin sarasari thirumana vayathu 21 aaga athikariththullathu. 2009aam aandil, sumar 7 sathaveetha penkal 18 vayathirku munbae tirumanam seithu kondanar. aerpaadu seiyappatta thirumanangal neenda kaalamaaga inthiya samoogaththil vazhakkamaaga ullana. intrum kooda, perumpaalaana inththiyargal thangal thirumanangalai thangal pettroar mattrum pira mariyaathaikkuriya kudumba uruppinargalaal thittamidugiraargal. inthiya kalacharam paarambariya aerpaadu seiyappatta thirumanangalilirunthu vilagich selkirathu endru sameepathiya aaivugal therivikkindrana. kuraivaana thirumanangal mattumae muttrilum opputhal illaamal aerpaadu seiyappadugindrana, maelum kanakkedukkappatta inthiya thirumanangalil perumbaalaanavai opputhaludan aerpaadu seiyappadugindrana. suyamaaga aerpaadu seiyappatta thirumanangalin sathaveethamum (inthiyaavil kaathal thirumanangal endru azhaikkappadukirathu) kanisamaaga athikariththullathu, kurippaaga inthiyaavin nagarppurangalaana mumbai mattrum delly poantra pakuthikalil. tirumanath thozhil. inthiyaavil thirumanangal oru mukiya vanigamaagum. 2017 aam aandil kae. pii. emm. jii. yinn arikkaiyinpadi, inthiya tirumanath thozhil sumar $40-50 billion alavu endru mathippidappattullathu. idhu amerikkaavirku aduththapadiyaaga irandaavathu periya thirumana santhaiyaagum, idhu $70 billion aagum. siru mattrum naduththara alavilaana vanigangkaludan inthath thozhil migavum amaipusara nilaiyil irukkumpoathu, inthath thozhirthuraiyaip payanpaduththa muyarchikkum peruniruvanangkalum ullana. inthiyaavil naduththara varkkaththin ezhuchchi, ottumoththamaaga valarnthu varum porulaathaaram mattrum samooga uudakangkalin payanpaadu aagiyavai thozhilthuraiyin valarcchikku mukiya kaaranigalaaga ullana. oru inthiya thirumanaththin selavu 500,000 muthal 50 million roopaai varai irukkum endru mathippidappattullathu (engkalukku $6,747.14 muthal muraiyae engkalukku $674,743.50 varai). oru inthiyan thanathu moththa vaazhnaal selvaththil ainththil oru pangai thirumanaththirkaaga selavida vaaippullathu. ilakku thirumanangal. pala inthiya pirabalangkal ilakku thirumanangalaith thaervu seikiraargal, maelum inththiyargal avarkalidamirunthu uthvaegam perukiraarkal. ullnaattu mattrum sarvadesa idangkal inthiyaavil thirumanangalukku pirabalamaaga ullana. inthiyaavil ilakku tirumanath thozhil 2020 aam aandil 450 billion roopaayaith thaandum endru mathippidappattullathu. thirumana pugaippadam. thirumanaththirku munththaiya padappidippugaludan thirumana pugaippadangkalum inthiya thirumanangalil periya pangaik kondullana. sarasari thirumana padappidippugalukku oru naalaikku 15,000 muthal 100,000 roopaai varai selavaagum.

bhaaratadesamlo vivahalu bhaaratadesamlo vivahalu praantam, matam, samajam mariyu vaduvu mariyu varudi vyaktigata praadhaanyatalanu batti maarutuu untaayi. avi bhaaratadesamlo panduga sandarbhaalu, mariyu chaalaa sandarbhaallo vistrutamaina alankaranalu, rangu, dustulu, sangeetam, nrutyam, dustulu mariyu vaduvu mariyu varudi samajam, praantam mariyu matam, alaage vaari praadhaanyatalapai aadharapadi unde aachaaraalato jarupukuntaaru. bhaaratadesamlo samvatsaraaniki sumaru 1 kooti vivahalu jarugutaayi, veetilo 80 saatam hinduu vivahalu. hinduu matamlo vedukalu. hinduu matamlo aneka panduga sambandhita acharalu unnappatikee, "vivaha" (vivaham) anedi oka vayojana hinduu thana jeevitamlo chepatte atyanta vistrutamaina vyaktigata aacharam. saadhaarana hinduu kutumbaalu vivahala tayaareeki, vedukalaku gananeeyamaina krushi, aardhika vanarulanu kharchu chestaayi. hinduu vivaha acharalu mariyu prakriya bharatadesamloni praantam, sthaanika anusaranalu, kutumba vanarulu mariyu vaduvu mariyu varudi praadhaanyatalanu batti maarutuu untaayi. edemaina, hinduu vivahalalo konni mukhya acharalu saadhaaranam-"kanyadan", "paanigrahana" mariyu "saptapadee"; ivi varusaga, tandri kumartenu bahumatigaa ivvadam, raboye kalayikanu suuchimchadaaniki swachchandamgaa agni daggara chetini pattukovadam mariyu paraspara pratignalato sahaa prati adugutho agni mundu edu adugulu veyadam. edava adugu mariyu "saptapadee" pratignala taruvaata, eee janta chattabaddhamgaa bharyaabhartalugaa untaaru. bhaaratadesamlo jaina mariyu bouddha vivahalu aneka itivruttaalanu panchukuntaayi, conny vaati sambandhita mataparamaina aalochanalu mariyu grandhaala chuttoo kendrikrutamai untaayi. itara mataalu. bharatiya sikku vivahalu anand karaj anae veduka dwara jarugutaayi. eee janta pavitra grandham guru grunth sahib chuttoo naalugu saarlu tirugutuu, aapai saampradaaya sikku praarthana ayina ardas chestaaru. bharatiya muslimlu saampradaaya islaamik vivahanni "nikah", vadhuvuku varudu "mahar" anie piluvabade aardhika sahayam chellinchadam, vivaha oppandampai santakam cheyadam mariyu sweekarana vanti aachaaraalato jarupukuntaaru. bharatiya kraistava vivahalu saampradaaya kraistava vivaha aacharalanu anusaristaayi. bharatadesamloni protestantlalo, nischitaartham aacharam oka janta nischitaarthaanni jarupukuntundi, oka janta kosam praarthanalu cheyabadataayi mariyu nischitaartham ungaraalanu oka paster aasiirvadistaaru. pelliki oka roeju mundu, haladi/ubtan/mayoon veduka (dheenini uttara bhaaratadesamlo pilustaaru) ledhaa rose veduka (dheenini bharatadesamloni gova praantamloo pilustaaru) jarugutundi, dheenilo "uttara bhaarata kraistavulapai pasupu ledhaa pasupu payst mariyu dakshina bhaarata kraistavulapai kobbari payst vartinchabadutundi."kontakaalam tarvaata, bharatiya kraistavulu charchi vivaahamlo vivaham chesukuntaru, eee samayamlo, eee janta oka mantri samakshamlo, tarachugaa oka charchi ledhaa praarthanaa sthalamlo kalustaaru. baibil nundi pathanaalu jarugutaayi. vaduvu mariyu varudu tama vivaha pramaanaalu chestaaru. vaduvu mariyu varudu tarachugaa vaari antuleni premanu soochinche ungaraalanu marpidi chesukuntaru. bhaaratadesamlo, mukhyamgaa hinduvulu mariyu muslimla madhya jarige mataantara vivahalu konni rashtraallo chattaparamaina parimitulu, apramattamaina vaedhimpulu mariyu himsa bhayalaku sambandhinchinavi. vivaha vayassu. gatamlo, vivaha vayassu chinnadi. 2011 bhaarata janabha lekkala prakaram bhaaratadesamlo mahilala sagatu vivaha vayassu 21 samvatsaraalaku perigindi. 2009loe, sumaru 7 saatam mandhi mahilalu 18 yella lopu vivaham chesukunnaru. bharatiya samaajamlo erpaatu chesukunna vivahalu chaalaa kaalamgaa saadhaaranam. netikee, ekkuva mandhi bhaaratheeyulu tama vivahalanu vaari tallidandrulu mariyu itara gauravaneeya kutumba sabhyulachae pranaalika chestaaru. iteevali adhyayanalu bharatiya samskruti saampradaaya erpaatu vivahalaku dhooramgaa pravahistondani suuchistunnaayi. takkuva vivahalu puurtigaa sammati lekunda erpaatu cheyabadataayi mariyu survey chesina bharatiya vivahalalo ekkuva bhaagam sammatitoe erpaatu cheyabadataayi. sweeya-erpaatu vivahala saatam (bhaaratadesamlo prema vivahalu anie pilustaaru) kooda chaalaa perigindi, mukhyamgaa mumbai mariyu dhhillee vanti bharatadesamloni pattana praantaalalo. vivaha parisrama. bhaaratadesamlo vivahalu oka pradhana vyaparam. 2017loe kpmg nivedika prakaram, bharatiya vivaha parisrama parimaanam sumaru $40-50 biliyanlugaa anchanaa veyabadindi. idhi america taruvaata rendava atipedda vivaha market, idhi $70 biliyanlu. chinna, madhya taraha vyaapaaraalato parisrama chaalaa asanghatitamgaa unnappatikee, eee parisramanu upayoginchukovadaaniki prayatnistunna corporate samsthalu kooda unnaayi. parisramalo vruddhiki pradhana karakalu bhaaratadesamlo madhyataragati edugudala, mottam meeda abhivruddhi chendutunna aardhika vyavastha mariyu soshal media vadakam. oka bharatiya vivaahaaniki ayye kharchu ₹500,000 mariyu ₹50 millionla madhya untundani anchanaa veyabadindi (maa nundi $6,747.14 nundi maaku $674,743.50 varaku). oka bhaaratheeyudu thana jeevitakaala sampadalo aidava vanthu vivaahaaniki kharchu chese avakaasam undhi. gamya vivahalu. chaalaa mandhi bharatiya pramukhulu gamya vivahalanu enchukuntaaru, bhaaratheeyulu vaati nundi prerana pondutaaru. desheeya mariyu antarjaateeya gamyasthanalu rendoo bhaaratadesamlo vivahalaku prasiddhi chendaayi. bhaaratadesamlo gamya vivaha parisrama 2020loe 450 billion dollarlanu daatutundani anchanaa. vivaha photography. vivaahaaniki mundu shoot luu, vivaha photography kooda bharatiya vivahalalo pedda vatanu kaligi unnaayi. sagatu vivaha shoots rojuku ₹15,000 nundi ₹100,000 varaku kharchu kaavacchu.

hindustan mein shadiyan hindustan mein shadiyan khatay mazhab baradari aur dolhay aur dulhan kii zaati tarjihaat kay mutabiq mukhtalif hoti haine. wah hindustan mein tehwaar kay mawaqa haine aur ziyadah tarr muamilat mein wasee sajawat rung labaas mausiqi raqs malbusaat aur rasumaat kay saath manaye jaatay haine juu dulhan aur dolhay kii baradari elaqay aur mazhab kay saath saath inn kii tarjihaat parr munhasir hotay haine. hindustan mein harr saal taqriba 1 karod shadiyan manayi jaati haine jinn mein say taqriba 80 faisad hindo shadiyan haine. hindo mutt mein taqribaat. agarcha hindo mutt mein tehwaar say mutaliq behat see rasumaat haine "shaadi" (shaadi) sabb say wasee zaati rasm hay juu eek baaligh hindo apnee zindagi mein anjaam deeta hay. aam hindo khaandaan shadiyon kii tayari aur jashan mananay kay liye aham koshish aur maali wasail kharch kartay haine. hindo shaadi kii rasumaat aur amal hindustan kay alaqay maqami mawafiqat khaandaan kay wasail aur dulhan aur dolhay kii tarjihaat kay lahaaz say mukhtalif hotay haine. iss kay bawajood hindo shadiyon mein kachh kaleedi rasumaat aam haine-"kunyadan"yee "paani girhan"yee aur "saptapadi" vovo yaha baltarteeb haine waalid kii taraf say betty kuu tahfay mein deenaa razakarana toor parr aag kay qareeb haath pakadna taakah aaney waalay itehad kii nishandahi how aur harr qadm kay saath aag say pehley saat qadm uthana jiss mein bahami ahed kaa eek majmuah bhee shaamil hay. saatwein qadm aur "saptapadi" kay ahed kay baad jodaa qanuni toor parr shohar aur bewi hay. hindustan mein jaine aur badh mutt kii shadiyan behat say mozuaat parr mubni haine leakin inn kaa markaz inn kay mutaliqah mazhabi khayalat aur matun haine. dosray mazahib. hindustani sikh shadiyan aanand karaaj naami eek taqrib kay zariye hoti haine. yaha jodaa muqadas kitaab grow garanth saahib kay gird chaar baar ghomta hay aur phir eek rawayati sikh duaa ardaas kartaa hay. hindustani musliman rawayati islaami shaadi manatay haine jiss mein "shaadi"yee dolhay kii taraf say dulhan kuu "maher" kahalanay waali maali dever kii adayegi shaadi kay muahide parr dastakhat aur isteqbaliya sameet rasumaat shaamil haine. hindustani eisayi shadiyan rawayati eisayi shaadi kay rawaj parr amal karti haine. hindustan mein protistanton mein mangani kii rasm eek joday kii mangani kaa jashan manaati hay jiss mein eek joday kay liye duayein kii jaati haine aur mangani kii angothiyan eek paadri kay zariye barkat dee jaati haine. shaadi say eek dunn pehley haldi/abtan/mevon kii taqrib (jaisa kahh asay shamali hindustan mein jaana jaataa hay) yaa russ kii taqrib (jaisa kahh asay hindustan kay gawaa kay elaqay mein jaana jaataa hay) munaqid kii jaati hay jiss mein "haldi yaa haldi kaa paist shamali hindustani eisaiyon parr lagaya jaataa hay aur naril kaa paist janubi hindustani eisaiyon parr lagaya jaataa hay."kachh waqat baad hindustani eisaiyon kii shaadi charch kii shaadi mein hoti hay jiss kay doraan joday kii mulaqat eek wazeer kii maujudgi mein hoti hay aksar charch yaa ibadat gaah mein. bible say padhnay kii jagah hoti hay. dolha aur dulhan apnee shaadi kii qasm khaatay haine. dulhan aur dolha aksar apnee naha khatam honay waali mohabat kii alaamat kay toor parr angothiyon kaa tabadlah kartay haine. hindustan mein beenn almazabita shadiyan khaas toor parr hinduon aur muslimanon kay darmiyan kachh riyasaton mein qanuni rukawaton choksi say haraasaan karnay aur tashdad kay khoof kaa mozua rahee haine. shaadi kii amar. maazi mein shaadi kii amar chhoti thee. hindustan kii 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq hindustan mein khwatin kii shaadi kii ausat amar badh kirr 21 saal how gayee hay. 2009 mein taqriba 7 faisad khwatin kii shaadi 18 saal kii amar say pehley how gayee. tay shadah shadiyan taweel arsey say hindustani muashiray mein mamul rahee haine. aaj bhee hindustaniyon kii aksariyat apnee shadiyon kaa mansubah apnay waldeen aur khaandaan kay deegar muaziz afraad kay zariye banaati hay. haaliyah mutaliat say patah chalta hay kahh hindustani saqafat rawayati tay shadah shadiyon say door how rahee hay. kumm shadiyan khalista razamandi kay baghair tay kii jaati haine aur yaha kahh sarway kii gayee hindustani shadiyon kii aksariyat razamandi say tay kii jaati hay. khood tay shadah shadiyon (jasay hindustan mein mohabat kii shadiyan kahaa jaataa hay) kaa faisad bhee behat badh gayaa hay khaas toor parr hindustan kay shehri elaqon jeesay mumbayi aur dehli mein. shaadi kii sanaat. hindustan mein shadiyan eek badaa karobar hay. 2017 mein kay pee ayem jee kii eek report kay mutabiq hindustani shaadi kii sanaat kaa takhmina taqriba $1 blain ddaalar hay. yaha america kay baad shaadi kii dosri sabb say bury mundy hay jiss kii qeemat 70 arb ddaalar hay. jehaan sanaat behat ghair manzam hay jehaan chhotay aur darmiyane darjay kay karobar haine wahein corporate bhee haine juu iss sanaat say fayedah uthanay kii koshish kirr rahay haine. sanaat mein tarqi kay aham awamil hindustan mein matusat tabqe kaa arooj majmuyi toor parr arooj pazeer maeshat aur soshal mediya kaa istemaal haine. eek andazay kay mutabiq hindustani shaadi kii laagat 500,000 rupay aur 5 karod rupay kay darmiyan hoti hay (humm say 6 daalar 747.14 say lay kirr 674 daalar 743.50yee baltarteeb). eek hindustani apnee kill zindagi kii dolat kaa panchwan hasah shaadi parr kharch kirr saktaa hay. manzal kii shadiyan. behat see hindustani mashhur shaqsiyat manzal kii shadiyon kaa intekhaab karti haine aur hindustani inn say tehreek leetay haine. hindustan mein shadiyon kay liye milki aur beenn alaqwami donon maqamat maqbool haine. hindustan mein manzal kii shaadi kii sanaat kaa takhmina 2020 mein 450 arb rupay say tajawaz karnay kaa hay. shaadi kii foto girafi. shaadi say pehley kii shoting kay saath saath shaadi kii foto girafi kaa bhee hindustani shadiyon mein badaa hasah hay. shaadi kii shoat kii ausat qeemat 15,000 rupay say lay kirr 100,000 rupay yumiah takk how sakti hay.

000651c975621b26355614f9e56b7d3f6a8cabecb4b0fe18823000ebfafd17eb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3336078

Vancouver City (provincial electoral district)

Vancouver City (provincial electoral district) Vancouver City was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It was a multiple member riding based in the newly created city of Vancouver. It did not appear on the hustings until the 1890 election - the city only having been chartered and named in the year of the previous election when the locality was a small polling area of the New Westminster (provincial electoral district) riding. It is a sign of Vancouver's rapid growth that by 1890 there were over 300 electors, by 1900 there were 15,000, by 1903 over 25,000 votes cast; prior to 1885 the population of the waterside village of Granville, B.I. (Burrard Inlet, a postal address shared by Moodyville, New Brighton and Barnet) had been in the range of 300. When the riding was created it was a two-member riding but because of population increase was made a three-member riding in 1890 and in 1903 a five-member seat. Under the Block Voting system in use, each voter had right to cast as many votes as there were seats to fill. By 1920 Vancouver having grown to 200,000 inhabitants, the district became a six-member seat with about 40,000 voting, and over 200,000 votes cast. When it was broken up after the 1928 election, it was redistributed into four ridings, three with two members (Vancouver-Burrard, Vancouver Centre and Vancouver East) and one with three members (Vancouver-Point Grey). Political geography and history. Vancouver City was a multi seat district, electing from two to six MLAs, before being dismantled in 1928. Each voter could cast as many votes as there were seats to fill in the district. In most of the elections from 1903, when party labels were first used formally, to 1920, the Block Voting system in use meant that one party took all of the city's seats. But in most cases, that one party took less than half the votes. From 1903 to 1912, the Conservative party took all of the Vancouver City seats each time, with the most popular Conservative candidate taking less than 11 percent of votes cast. In 1916 and 1920, the Liberal party took five of Vancouver City's six seats, with a Conservatives taking one seat. In 1924, the Liberal party took five of Vancouver City's six seats, with a "Provincial Party" candidate taking one seat. In 1928, the Conservative party took all six of Vancouver City's seats. Following the 1928 election, Vancouver City was converted into four new districts, electing a total of 9 MLAs. Electoral history. "Note: winners in each election in" bold. 1909 election. Vancouver City last appeared in the 1928 election. For the 1933 general election Vancouver City was redistributed into: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

venkuvar sohor (pradexik nirbasoni jilaa) bhankyubhar sohor britis columbier kanadian prodexor ekhon pradexik nirbasoni jilaa aasil. ee notunkoi sristi huwa venkuvar sohorot owosthito ek ekadhik xodosyor riding aasil. 1890 sonor nirbasonoloike ee hostingot dekha diya nasil-sohorkhon kewol purbor nirbasonor bosorot chartered aaru naamkoron koraa hoisil jetiya oncholtu notun westminster (pradexik nirbasoni jilaa) ror xarih korar ek xoru bhutdan onchol aasil. eitu venkuvaror drut bikaxor etaa lokhyon je 1890 sonor bhitorot bhitorot odhik nirbasok aasil, 1900 sonor bhitorot 15,000 aasil, 1903 sonor bhitorot bhitorot odhik bhut diya hoisil; 1885 sonor aagote granville, bi. ror panir kaxor gaukhonor jonoxongkhya aasil.moi. (barrard inlet, mudiville, niu bryton aaru barnetor dwara bhag koraa etaa daak thikona) 300ror porixorot aasil. jetiya riding sristi koraa hoisil tetiya ee dujon xodosyor riding aasil kintu jonoxongkhya briddhir baabe 1890 sonot tinijoniya riding koraa hoisil aaru 1903 sonot pasjoniya aaxon koraa hoisil. byobohrito block bhutdan byowosthar odhinot, protijon bhutdatar aaxon puron koriboloi jiman bhut diya hoisil ximan bhut diyar odhikar aasil. 1920 sonor bhitorot venkuvaror jonoxongkhya jonoxongkhya briddhi huwar loge loge, pray 40,000 bhutdan aaru aaru odhik bhut diyar xoite jilakhon soijoniya aaxon hoi porisil. 1928 sonor nirbasonor pisot iyak bibhajon korar pisot iyak sarita ridingto punor bitoron koraa hoisil, tinijon xodosyor xoite tinijon (venkuvar-barrard, venkuvar center aaru venkuvar isto) aaru tinijon xodosyor xoite etaa (venkuvar-point gre). rajnoitik bhugul aaru itihax. 1928 sonot dhongxo huwar aagote venkuvar sohorkhon ekhon bohu aaxonor jilaa aasil, ji duir poraa soijon bidhayok nirbasito korisil. protijon bhutdatai jilakhon puron koriboloi aaxon thokar dore bhut dibo parisil. 1903 sonor poraa 1920 sonoloike besibhag nirbasonot jetiya dolor label prothombaror baabe anusthanikbhabe byobohar koraa hoisil, byobohrito block bhutdan byowosthar ortho aasil je ekhon dole sohoror xokolu aaxon dokhol korisil. kintu besibhag khetrote xei etaa dole aadhatkoi komm bhut laabh korisil. 1903 sonor poraa 1912 sonoloike, rokhyonxil dole protibare venkuvar sohoror xokolu aaxon dokhol korisil, ataitkoi jonopriyo rokhyonxil prarthiye 11 xotangxotkoi komm bhut laabh korisil. 1916 aaru 1920 sonot loberal dole venkuvar sohoror soikhon aaxonor bhitorot pasta aaxon laabh korisil, zo "too ejon rokhyonxil luke etaa aaxon laabh korisil. 1924 sonot loberal dole venkuvar sohoror soikhon aaxonor bhitorot pasta aaxon laabh korisil, zo "too ejon" pradexik doll "ror prarthiye etaa aaxon laabh korisil. 1928 sonot rokhyonxil dole venkuvar sohoror xokolu soikhon aaxon dokhol korisil. 1928 sonor nirbasonor pisot, bhankubhar sohorok sarita notun jilaloi rupantorit koraa hoisil, zo "too muth 9 john bidhayok nirbasito hoisil. nirbasoni itihax. "tukah protitu nirbasonot bijoyixokol" "bould" "too. !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".3, 113 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 7.1 !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 7.2 !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 7.3 !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".8, 127 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".10, 636 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".30, 173 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 7.ei belotut 6taa garnet baanan koraa hoise, aan bosorburot garnet. 1909 sonor nirbason. !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".51, 316 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".46, 285 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".189, 728 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth boidho bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".180, 209 !xongrokhyon = "xu".100.00% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.muth nakoch koraa bhut !xongrokhyon = "xu".425 !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu" kulon = 3.bhutdan !xongrokhyon = "xu".% !xongrokhyon = "xu". !xongrokhyon = "xu". 1928 sonor nirbasonot bhankyubhar sohor xexbaror baabe dekha goisil. 1933 sonor xadharon nirbasonor baabe venkuvar sohorok punor bitoron koraa hoisiloh

vancouver shohor (pradeshik nirbachoni zela) vancouver shohor british columbier kanadian prodesher ekti pradeshik nirbachoni zela chhilo. etty soddo nirmito vancouver shohor vittik ekti ekadhik sadasyer riding chhilo. 1890 saaler nirbachoner agey porjonto etty hostingse uposthito hoyney-shaharti cable purboborti nirbachoner bochore chartered ebong namkaran koraa hoyechilo jokhon elakati notun westminster (pradeshik nirbachoni zela)-err ekti chhoto bhot elaka chhilo. etty vancouver druto briddhir ekti lakkhan jey 1890 saaler modhye 300-ero beshi bhotar chhilen, 1900 saaler modhye 15,000,1903 saaler modhye 25,000-ero beshi bhot porechilo; 1885 saaler agey granviller jolashoy gramer jonosongkha chhilo.aaee. (barrard inlet, moodiville, neu bryton ebong burnett dwara bhag koraa ekti duck thhikana) 300 err modhye chhilo. jokhon riding toiri koraa hoyechilo tokhon etty dui sadasyer riding chhilo tobey jonosongkha briddhir karone 1890 saale tinn sadasyer riding koraa hoyechilo ebong 1903 saale panch sadasyer asson. byabohrito block bhotdan byabosthar adhine, protiti voter joto asson puron korar chhilo toto bhot deoar adhikar chhilo. 1920 saaler modhye vancouver 200,000 basinda briddhi peye, jelati pray 40,000 bhot ebong 200,000 ero beshi bhot diye chhoy sadasyer asone porinoto hoy. 1928 saaler nirbachoner porr jokhon etty venge yaay, tokhon etty charti ridingye punra bitoron koraa hoy, tinti sadasya (vancouver-barrard, vancouver center ebong vancouver east) ebong tinti sadasya (vancouver-point gray) soho ekti. rajnaitik bhugol oo itihas. 1928 saale venge feller agey vancouver shaharti ekti bohu asonobishishto zela chhilo, jaa dui theke chhoyti bidhayakke nirbachito koroto. protiti bhotar jelaay joto asson puron korte hobey toto bhot ditey parben. 1903 saal theke 1920 saal porjonto beshirbhag nirbachone, jokhon doler lebelguli prothom anusthanikbhabe byabohar koraa hoyechilo, tokhon block bhotdan byabosthar byabohar bojhano hoyechilo jey ekti doll shohorer samasta asson dokhol korechilo. kintu beshirbhag khettrei seii ekti doll ardhekero qama bhot paay. 1903 theke 1912 saal porjonto rakkhanshil doll protibari vancouver shohorer samasta asson dokhol korey, jekhane sabcheye janapriya rakkhanshil prarthi 11 shotangshero qama bhot paan. 1916 ebong 1920 saale, liberal party vancouver shohorer chhoyti asoner modhye panchti asson niyechilo, jaar modhye ekti rakkhanshil asson niyechilo. 1924 saale, liberal party vancouver shohorer chhoyti asoner modhye panchti asson dokhol korey, jekhane ekti "pradeshik doll" prarthi ekti asson grohon korey. 1928 saale, rakkhanshil doll vancouver shohorer chhoyti asoner sobkotii dokhol korey. 1928 saaler nirbachoner porr, vancouver shaharke charti notun jelaay rupantarita koraa hoy, moat 9 john bidhayakke nirbachito koraa hoy. nirbachoner itihas. "drashtabyah protiti nirbachone vijayira" "bould" "-ayee. !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".3, 113 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 7.1 !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 7.2 !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 7.3 !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".8, 127 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".10, 636 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".30, 173 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 7.eyi ballote 6tii banan garnet, anyanno bochorgulite garnet 1909 saaler nirbachan. !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".51, 316 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".46, 285 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".189, 728 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat boidho bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".180, 209 !sariboddho korun = "dunn".100.00 shotangsho !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.moat prottakhyato bhot !sariboddho korun = "dunn".425 !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddhokoron = "dunn" collon = 3.bhotdan !sariboddho korun = "dunn".% !sariboddho korun = "dunn". !sariboddho korun = "dunn". 1928 saaler nirbachone vancouver shaharti sheshbar abirbhuto hoyechilo. 1933 saaler sadharan nirbachoner jonno vancouver shaharti punra bitoron koraa hoyechiloh

vancouver shaher (praantiy chuntani jeello) vancouver shaher british columbiana kenediyan praantmaa aek praantiy chuntani jeello hato. teey navaa banaavela vancouver shaherma stheet bahuveedh sabhy savaari hatee. hatee chuntani sudhee teey hustings parr dekhaayu naa hatoo-aaa shaherne maatra agaauni chuntaninaa varshmaa chartered karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tenu naam aapvama aavyu hatoo jyaare vistaar navaa westminster (praantiy chuntani jeello) noow aek naano matdaan vistaar hato. teey vancouverni zadpi vruddhino sanket chhe keey 1890 sudhimaa 300 thee vadhu matdaaro hataa, 1900 sudhimaa 15,000 hataa, 1903 sudhimaa 25,000 thee vadhu mutt padyaa hataa; 1885 pahelaa grainville, bii. naa jalmaarg gaamnee vastee.aaee. (barrard inlet, moodiville, nyu bryton aneey barnet dwara vahenchaayel postal sarnaamu) 300 nee rangemaa hatoo. jyaare savaari banavvama aavee tyaare teey beey sabhyoni savaari hatee parantu vastee vadharane kaarane 1890 maan trana sabhyoni savaari karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 1903 maan paanch sabhyoni bethak. upyogmaa levaati bloqa matdaan pranali hethal, darek matdaarne purvaa maate jetali bethako hatee tetalaa mutt aapvaano adhikaar hato. 1920 sudhimaa 200,000 rahevasio sudhee vadhyaa pachhi, aaa jeello lagbhag 40,000 matdaan saathe chh sabhyoni bethak bunny gayo, aneey 200,000 thee vadhu mutt padyaa. chhelle chuntani pachhi jyaare tene vibhajit karvaamaa aavyu tyaare tene chaar ridingma fareethi vahenchvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa trana sabhyo (vancuver-barrard, vancuver center aneey vancuver ist) aneey aek trana sabhyo (vancuver-point grey) saathe hatoo. raajkeey bhugol aneey itihas. hataa todee padvama aave teey pahelaa, vankuvar shaher aek bahoo bethak jeello hato, jeey bethee chh maalaane pasand karato hato. darek matdaar jeellama jetali bethako bharvani hatee tetalaa mutt aapee shake chhe. chhe 1920 sudhini motabhagni chuntanioma, jyaare pakshna lableno pratham vakhat aupcharik reete upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato, tyaare bloqa watting systemno upyog karvaano arth aee hato keey aek pakshe shahernee tamaam bethako parr kabajo jamaavyo hato. parantu motabhagna kissaaomaa, teey aek pakshe adadhaathi ochha mutt melvyaa. 1903 thee 1912 sudhee, rudhichust pakshe darek vakhate vancouver shahernee tamaam bethako jeetee hatee, jemaa sauthee lokpreey rudhichust umedvaar 11 takaathi ochha mutt melavtaa hataa. 1916 aneey aneey, liberal party vancouver shahernee chh bethakomathi paanch bethako jeetee hatee, jemaa aek bethak rudhichustoae leedhi hatee. hatee, liberal party vancouver shahernee chh bethakomathi paanch bethako jeetee hatee, jemaa "praantiy paksh" naa umedvaar aek bethak parr hataa. hataa, conservative party vancouver shahernee tamaam chh bethako parr kabajo jamaavyo hato. chhelle chuntani pachhi, coole 9 dharasabhyone chuntataa, vancouver shaherne chaar navaa jeellaoma rupantarit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. chuntanino itihas. "nondhah darek chuntanima vijetaao" "bolled" "maan hoya chhe". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".3, 113 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 7.1 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 7.2 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 7.3 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".8, 127 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".10, 636 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".30, 173 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 7.aaa matpatra parr 6 aksharni jodani, anya varshomaa garnet garnet chuntani. !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".51, 316 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".46, 285 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".189, 728 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole maany mutt !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".180, 209 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".100.00 takaa !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.coole nakarvama aavela matpatro !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".425 !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju" collan = 3.matdaan !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju".% !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". !sanrekheet karoo = "jamani baaju". vancouver shaher chhelle chhelle chuntanima dekhaayu hatoo. hatoo saamanya chuntani maate vancouver shaherne aaa reete punahvitaran karvaamaa aavyu hatuh

vancouver shahar (praantiya chunavi jilaa) vancouver shahar british kolambiya key kanadai praant mein ack praantiya chunavi jilaa thaa. yeh navanirmit shahar vancouver mein sthit ack bahu sadasya sawari thee. yeh 1890 key chunaav taka husting parr dikhaai naheen diyaa thaa-shahar koo kewal pichhale chunaav key varsh mein chartered aur naamit kiya gayaa thaa jaba yeh ilaka nae westminster (praantiya chunavi jilaa) kii sawari kaa ack chhota matdan kshetra thaa. yeh vancouver key teji seey vikas kaa sanket haye kii 1890 taka 300 seey adhik matadaata they, 1900 taka 15,000 they, 1903 taka 25,000 seey adhik vote daale gaye they; 1885 seey pahale grainville, bee key jall-tateey gaanv kii aabaadi.aaee. (barrard inlet, moodiville, nyu bryton aur barnet dwara saajha kiya gayaa ack daak pataa) 300 key dayare mein thaa. jaba sawari banaai gaee thee tou yeh dou-sadasyiya sawari thee, lekin jansankhya vriddhi key kaaran 1890 mein teen-sadasyiya sawari kii gaee thee aur 1903 mein paanch-sadasyiya seat banaai gaee thee. upayog mein aaney vaali block matdan pranali key tahat, pratyek matadaata koo utane hii vote daalane kaa adhikaar thaa jitna bharane key liye seeten theen. 1920 taka vancouver 200,000 nivaasiyon taka badh gayaa, lagbhag 40,000 matdan key saath jilaa chhah sadasyiya seat bunn gayaa, aur 200,000 seey adhik vote daale gaye. 1928 key chunaav key baad jaba ise vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, tou ise chaar riding mein punarvitarit kiya gayaa thaa, teen dou sadasyon (vancouver-barrard, vancouver center aur vancouver east) key saath aur ack teen sadasyon (vancouver-point gray) key saath. raajneetik bhugol aur itihas. 1928 mein dhwast honey seey pahale, vancouver shahar ack bahu-seat vaalaa jilaa thaa, joe dou seey chhah sadasyon koo chunata thaa. pratyek matadaata jile mein jitani seeten bharane key liye theen, utane hii vote daal sakata thaa. 1903 seey laker 1920 taka adhikansh chunaavon mein, jaba party label kaa pahali baar aupchaarik roop seey upayog kiya gayaa thaa, upayog mein block matdan pranali kaa matlab thaa kii ack party ney shahar kii sabhi seeten leey leen. lekin jyaadaatar mamalon mein, usa ack dall koo aadhe seey bhee cumm vote mille. 1903 seey 1912 taka, roodhivaadi party ney harr baar vancouver shahar kii sabhi seeten leen, jisamen sabse lokpriya roodhivaadi ummidwar ney 11 pratishat seey bhee cumm vote liye. 1916 aur 1920 mein, liberal party ney vancouver shahar kii chhah seeton mein seey paanch parr kabja curr liya, jisamen ack seat roodhivaadiyon ney lii. 1924 mein, liberal party ney vancouver shahar kii chhah seeton mein seey paanch parr kabja curr liya, jisamen ack "praantiya party" ummidwar ney ack seat jeeti. 1928 mein, roodhivaadi party ney vancouver shahar kii sabhi chhah seeten jeeti. 1928 key chunaav key baad, vancouver shahar koo chaar nae jilon mein badal diyaa gayaa, jisamen kull 9 vidhaayak chune gaye. chunavi itihas. "notah pratyek chunaav mein vijeta" "bolled" "mein. !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".3, 113 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 7.1. !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 7.2 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 7.3 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".8, 127 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".10, 636 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".30, 173 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 7.iss matpatra parr 6 aksharon kii vartani garnet, anya varshon mein garnet 1909 kaa chunaav. !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".51, 316 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".46, 285 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".189, 728 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull vaidh vote !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".180, 209 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".1.00.00 pratishat !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.kull asweekrit matpatra !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".425 !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit karein = "sahee".% !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". !sanrekhit karein = "sahee". venkuvar shahar aakhiri baar 1928 key chunaav mein dikhaai diyaa thaa. 1933 key aam chunaav key liye vancouver shahar koo inn mein punarvitarit kiya gayaa thaah

vancouver nagara (praantiya chunawana jille) vancouver nagaravu british kolambiyaada kenadian praantyada praantiya chunawana jilleyagittu. idu hosadaagi rachisalaada vancouver nagaravannu aadharisida aneka sadasyara savaariyaagittu. 1890rahra chunavaneyavaregu idu hustinggalalli kanisalilla-hindina chunavaneya varshadalli hosa westminster (praantiya chunawana jille) naa sanna matadaana pradeshavagiddaga maatra nagaravannu chartered mattu hesarisalaayitu. 1890rahra hottige 300kkoo hecchu matadaarariddaru, 1900rahra velege 15,000 matadaarariddaru, 1903rahra velege 25,000kkoo hecchu matagalu chalaayisalpattavu; 1885rahra modalu granville, bii. emba jalanayana graamada janasankhyeyu vancouverna ksipra belavanigeya sanketavagide.aii. (barrard inlet, moodiville, nyoo bryton mattu barnet hanchikonda anche vilaasa) 300 rahra vyaaptiyalli ittu. sawari rachisidaaga adhu eradu sadasyara sawari aagittu aadare jansankhyeya hechchaladindaagi 1890 ralli mooru sadasyara sawari maadalaayitu mattu 1903 ralli aidu sadasyara aasanavannu maadalaayitu. balakeyalliruva block matadaana vevastheya adiyalli, prati matadaararigoo bharti maadalu eshtu sthaanagaliddavo ashtu matagalannu chalaayisuva hakkittu. 1920rahra hottige, vancouver 200,000 nivasigalige beledu, sumaru 40,000 matagalondige aaru sadasyara sthaanavaayitu mattu 200,000kkoo hecchu matagalannu chalaayisitu. 1928rahra chunavaneya nantara idannu vibhajisidaaga, adannu naalku raidinggalaagi maruhanchike maadalaayitu, mooru sadasyaru (vancouver-barrard, vancouver center mattu vancouver eest) mattu mooru sadasyaru (vancouver-point gray). rajakiya bhougolikate mattu itihaasa. 1928ralli naashavaaguva modalu, vancouver nagaravu bahu asanagala jilleyagittu, eradu rinda aaru shaasakaangagalannu ayke maaditu. prati matadaaranu jilleyalli bharti maadalu eshtu sthaanagaliddavo ashtu matagalannu chalaayisabahudu. 1903rinda 1920ravarege nadeda bahuteka chunavanegalalli, pakshada labelgalannu oupachaarikavaagi balasidaaga, balakeyalliruva block matadaanada vyavastheyu nagarada ellah sthaanagalannu ondu pakshavu padedukonditu endartha. aadare hecchina sandarbhagalalli, ondu pakshavu ardhakkinta kadime matagalannu padeyitu. 1903rinda 1912ravarege, sampradaayavaadi pakshavu prati baariyu vancouver nagarada ellah sthaanagalannu geddukonditu, atyanta janapriya sampradaayavaadi abhyarthiyu shekada 11kkinta kadime matagalannu padedaru. 1916 mattu 1920ralli, liberal pakshavu vancouver nagarada aaru sthanagalalli aidu sthaanagalannu padedukonditu, sampradaayavaadigalu ondu sthaanavannu padedaru. 1924ralli, liberal pakshavu vancouver nagarada aaru sthanagalalli aidu sthaanagalannu padedukonditu, ondu "praantiya paksha" abhyarthiyu ondu sthaanavannu padedaru. 1928ralli, sampradaayavaadi pakshavu vancouver nagarada ellah aaru sthaanagalannu geddukonditu. 1928rahra chunavaneya nantara, vancouver nagaravannu naalku hosa jillegalaagi parivartisalaayitu, ottu 9 janarannu ayke maadalaayitu. chunawana itihaasa. "tippanih prati chunavaneyalloo vijetaru" "dappa" "nalli iruttaare". !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|3, 113 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 7|1 !jodane = "bala" coln = 7|2 !jodane = "bala" coln = 7|3 !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|8, 127 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|10, 636 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|30, 173 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 7|ee matapatradalli 6 aksharagalannu garnet endu uchcharisalaaguttade, itara varsagalalli garnet endu uchcharisalaaguttade. 1909rahra chunawane. !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|51, 316 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|46, 285 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|189, 728 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu maanya matagalu !jodane = "surry"|180, 209 !jodane = "surry"|100.00% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|ottu tiraskarisida matapatragalu !jodane = "surry"|425 !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "bala" coln = 3|matadaana !jodane = "surry"|% !jodane = "surry"| !jodane = "surry"| vancouver nagaravu koneyadaagi 1928rahra chunavaneyalli kaanisikondittu. 1933rahra saarvatrika chunavanegagi vancouver nagaravannu ee kelaginante maruhanchike maadalaayituh

vancouver shahar (prantiy nivadanuk jilha) vancuver shahar haah british kolambiyachya canadachya prantatil eka prantiy nivadanuk jilha hota. navyane tayar jhalelya vancouver shaharat sthit hii eka bahuvidh sadasyanchi sawari hotee. 1890 chya nivadanukiparyant teey matdan kendranvar disale nahee-mageel nivadanukichya varshat shahar keval sanadi karnyat aale hote aanee naav denyat aale hote, jevha parisar haah naveen westminster (prantiy nivadanuk jilha) chaa eka lahansa matdan kshetra hota. 1890 paryant 300 hoon adhik matdar hote, 1900 paryant 15,000,1903 paryant 25,000 hoon adhik matey padali; 1885 purvi granville, buub. yaa panyakhalchya gavachi loksankhya heey vancouverchya vegwan vadhiche lakshan aahe.aay. (burard inlet, moodiville, nyu bryton aanee barnett yanni samayik kelela tapal patta) 300 chya shreneet hota. jevha sawari tayar kelee gelee tevha tee done sadasyanchi sawari hotee parantu loksankhya vadhalyamule 1890 madhye teen sadasyanchi sawari karnyat aalee aanee 1903 madhye paach sadasyanchi aasan. vaparat asalelya gut matdan pranaliantargat, pratyek matdarala jitkya jaaga bharnyasathi hotya titaki matey denyacha adhikar hota. 1920 paryant vancouver 200,000 rahivashanparyant vadhale, sumare 40,000 matdan aanee 200,000 peksha jaast matey padali, tyamule jilha sahaa sadasyanchi jaaga banala. 1928 chya nivadanukinantar jevha tyache vibhajan jhaale, tevha tyache chaar parvataranganmadhye punarvitaran karnyat aale, teen sadasyansah (vancuver-barrard, vancuver center aanee vancuver east) aanee teen sadasyansah eka (vancuver-point grey). rajkiy bhoogol aanee itihas. 1928 madhye nasht honyapurvi, vancouver shahar haah eka bahu-aasan jilha hota, joou done teey sahaa sadasyanpaiki nivadoon aala hota. pratyek matdar jeelhyat bharaychya jaaga jitkya asateel titkya matey deu shakat hota. 1903 pasoon, jevha pakshachya labelcha pahilyanda aupcharik vapar karnyat aala, tevha 1920 paryant, bahutansh nivadnukanmadhye, vaparat asalelya gut matdan pranalicha arth assa hota qee eka pakshane shaharatil serve jaaga ghetalya. pann bahutansh prakarananmadhye, tyaa eka pakshala nimmyahoon qamee matey midali. 1903 teey 1912 yaa kalat, sarvat lokpriy puranmatvadi umedwarala 11 takkyanhun qamee matey midalyane, puranmatvadi pakshane pratyek velee vancouver shaharatil serve jaaga jinkalya. 1916 aanee 1920 madhye, udarmatvadi pakshane vancouver shaharatil sahaa jaganpaiki paach jaaga jinkalya, jyat eka jaaga puranmatvadyanni ghetali. 1924 madhye, udarmatvadi pakshane vancouver shaharatil sahaa jaganpaiki paach jaaga jinkalya, jyat eka "prantiy pakshachya" umedvarane eka jaaga jinkley. 1928 madhye, puranmatvadi pakshane vancouver shaharatil serve sahaa jaaga jinkalya. 1928 chya nivadanukinantar, vancouver shaharache chaar naveen jilhyanmadhye rupantar karnyat aale, jyat ekoon 9 aamdar nivadoon aale. nivadanukicha itihas. "teepah pratyek nivadanukit vijete" "thalak" "madhye asatat". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".3, 113 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "ujavikade" collan = 7.1 !sanrekhit qaraa = "ujavikade" collan = 7.2 !sanrekhit qaraa = "ujavikade" collan = 7.3 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".8, 127 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".10, 636 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".30, 173 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "ujavikade" collan = 7.yaa matpatrikevar 6 aksharanche garnet, itar varshanmadhye garnet 1909 chya nivadanuka. !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".51, 316 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".46, 285 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".189, 728 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon vaidh matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".180, 209 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".100.00 takke !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.ekoon nakarleli matey !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".425 !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar" collan = 3.matdan !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar".% !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". !sanrekhit qaraa = "barobar". "barobar"| nivadanukit vancouver shahar shevatche disale. 1933 chya sarvatrik nivadanukisathi vancouver shaharache punarvitaran karnyat aaleh

bhyankobhar sahar (prantiya nirvachan zilla) bhyankubhar sahar britis columbiako canadali prantako prantiya chunawi zilla thiyo. yo bhyankuwarko nawanirmit saharma adharit ek bahu sadasya sawari thiyo. yo sann 1890 ko chunawasamma hustingma dekha parena-yo sahar kewal aghillo chunawako warshama chartered rar naam diieko thiyo jab yo ilaka nayan westminster (prantiya chunawi zilla) sawariko sano matadan khetra thiyo. yo bhyankubharko druta wridhiko sanket how kii 1890 sammama tyahan 300 bhanda badhi matadataharu thie, 1900 sammama tyahan 15,000 thie, 1903 sammama 25,000 bhanda badhi mataharu khasalieka thie; 1885 bhanda pahile granbhilko waterside gaaunko janasankhya, bee.mahm. (barard inlet, mudibhil, nyu bryton rar barnetdwara sajha garieko hulak thegana) 300 ko dayarama thiyo. sawari sirjana garda yo dui sadasyiya sawari thiyo tara janasankhya wriddhika karan sann 1890 maa tinn sadasyiya sawari banaieko thiyo rar sann 1903 maa paanch sadasyiya sitt banaieko thiyo. prayogma raheko block matadan pranaliantargat pratyek matadatalai bharnuparne sitharu jati chhan tyati nai mutt dine adhikar thiyo. sann 1920 sammama bhyanakbhar 200,000 basindaharuma badhdai jaanda, zilla lagbhag 40,000 matadan rar 200,000 bhanda badhi mataharu khasalieko chha sadasyiya sitt banyo. sann 1928 ko chunawapachhi yasalai vibhajan garda, yasalai charawata rydingharuma punah witaran garieko thiyo, tinawata dui sadasyaharu (bhyankuwar-barard, bhyankuwar centre rar bhyankuwar east) rar euta tean sadasyaharu (bhyankuwar-point grey). rajnitik bhugol rar itihas. bhyankubhar sahar ek bahu sitt zilla thiyo, dui dekhi chha janasamma nirvachit, 1928 maa dhwasta hunu aghi. pratyek matadatale jillama bharnaka lagi sitharu bhaejastai dherai mataharu dina sakthe. sann 1903 dekhi sann 1920 sammaka adhikansh chunawama, jab partyko lebelharu pahilo patak aupacharik rupma prayog garieko thiyo, prayogma raheko block matadan pranaliko artha euta partyle saharka sabai sitharu leo. tara dheraijaso awasthama tyo euta partyle adhabhanda cum mutt prapta गऱ्यो।. sann 1903 dekhi 1912 samma, conservative partyle pratyek patak bhyankubhar saharka sabai sitharu leo, sabaibhanda lokpriya conservative ummedwarle 11 pratishatbhanda cum mutt prapta gare. sann 1916 rar 1920 maa, liberal partyle bhyankubhar saharko chha sitharu madhye paanch sitharu leo, jasma ek conserbhetivele euta sitt leo. sann 1924 maa, liberal partyle bhyankubhar saharko chha sitharu madhye paanch sitharu leo, jasma "prantiya party" ummedwarle euta sitt lie. sann 1928 maa, conservative partyle bhyankubhar saharka sabai chhawata sitharu leo. sann 1928 ko chunawapachhi, bhyankubhar saharlai chaar nayan jillaharuma rupantaran gariyo, kull 9 zana vidhayakharu nirvachit gariyo. chunawi itihas. "notah pratyek chunawama vijetaharu" "bold" "maa. !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".3, 113 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 7.1 !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 7.2 !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 7.3 !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".8, 127 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".10, 636 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".30, 173 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 7.yass matapatrama 6 hizze garieko garnett, anya warshaharuma garnett sann 1909 ko nirvachan. !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".51, 316 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".46, 285 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".189, 728 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull vaidha mataharu !panktibadha = "sahi".180, 209 !panktibadha = "sahi".100.00 pratishat !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.kull aswikrit matapatraharu !panktibadha = "sahi".425 !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "dayan" collan = 3.matadan !panktibadha = "sahi".% !panktibadha = "sahi". !panktibadha = "sahi". bhyankubhar sahar antim patak 1928 ko chunawama dekha pareko thiyo. sann 1933 ko aam chunawaka lagi bhyankubhar saharlai punah witaran garieko thiyoh

bhankuvara sahara (pradeshika nirbachana zillah) bhankuvara sahara british columbiar canadia pradeshar eka pradeshika nirbachana zillah thila. ehaa nabagathita bhanakyuvara saharare abasthita eka ekadhika sadasyanka raiding thila . 1890 nirbachana parjyanta ehaa hastingare dekhajainathila-ehi sahara kebala purba nirbachana barshare chartard ebong namit hoithila jetebele sthanijata nutan westminster (pradeshika nirbachana zillah) rahr eka chhot matadana khetra thila . ehaa bhanakyubharra druta bikashar eka sanketa je 1890 suddha 300ru adhika bhotara thile, 1900 suddha 15,000,1903 suddha 25,000ru adhika bhot diajaithila; 1885 purbaru granavilra jala parswabarti gaanra janasankhya, bii.aai. (barrard inlet, mudivil, nyu bryton ebong barnett dwara anshidara karajaithiba eka daaka thikana) 300 madhyare thila. jetebele raiding srusti karajaithila ehaa dui sadasya bisista raiding thila kintu janasankhya brudhi hetu 1890 ray tini sadasya bisista raiding karajaithila ebong 1903 ray pancha sadasya bisista siit . byabahruta heuthiba block matadana byabastha adheenare, pratyeka votarankara setiki bhot debara adhikara thila jete purana karibaku aasana thila . 1920 masiha suddha, bhanakyuvara 200,000 basindanku brudhi paai, praiah 40,000 matadana ebong 200,000ru adhika bhot sahita jillati chhaa sadasya bisista aasana palatithila. 1928 nirbachana parey jetebele ehaa bibhajita hoithila, setebele ehaaku charoti raidingre punah bunton karajaithila, tinoti sadasya (bhanakyuvar-barrard, bhanakyuvar centre ebong bhanakyuvar east) ebong tinoti sadasya (bhanakyuvar-point grey) sahita gotie. rajanaitika bhugol ebong itihas. 1928 masihare bhangiba purbaru, bhankuvara sahara eka bahu aasana bisista zillah thila, jaahaa duiru chhaa john bidhajakanku nirbachita karuthila. pratyeka bhotara jillare purana karibaku thiba asanagudika sahita adhika bhot deiparibe. 1903ru 1920 parjyanta adhikansha nirbachanare, jetebele dalara lebel pratham thara paain aanusthanika bhabare byabahruta hoithila, byabahruta block matadana byabasthara artha thila je gotie dala saharar samasta aasana neithila. kintu adhikansha khetrare, sehi gotie dala adhaaru comm bhot paithila. 1903 ru 1912 parjyanta, rakhyanashila dala pratyeka thara bhanakyuvara saharar samasta aasana adhikara karithila, jeunthire sabutharu lokpriya rakhyanashila prarthi 11 pratishataru comm bhot paithile. 1916 ebong 1920 masihare, libarel party bhankuvar saharar chhaati aasana madhyaru panchti aasana paithila, jeunthire jane rakhyanashila gotie aasana paithile. 1924 masihare, libarel party bhankuvar saharar chhaati aasana madhyaru panchti aasana adhikara karithila, jeunthire jane "pradeshika dala" prarthi gotie aasana grahan karithile. 1928 masihare, rakhyanashila dala bhankuvara saharar samasta chhaati aasana adhikara karithila. 1928 nirbachana parey, bhankuvara saharaku charoti nutan jillare rupantarita karajaithila, mote 9 john bidhajakanku nirbachita karajaithila. nirbachana itihas. "tippaneeh pratyeka nirbachanare bijajeemane" "bold" "ray. !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".3, 113 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 7.1. !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 7.2. !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 7.3. !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".8, 127 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".10, 636 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".30, 173 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 7.ehi bhotare 6tii akhyara garnet lekhajaichhi, anya barshagudikare garnet lekhajaichhi. 1909 nirbachana. !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".51, 316 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".46, 285 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".189, 728 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote baidha bhota !samarekh = "thick".180, 209 !samarekh = "thick".1.00.0% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.mote pratyakhyana hoithiba bhot !samarekh = "thick".425 !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "dahana" collon = 3.matadana !samarekh = "thick".% !samarekh = "thick". !samarekh = "thick". 1928 nirbachanare shesh thara paain bhanakyuvara sahara dekhibaku milithila. 1933 sadharana nirbachana paain bhanakyuvara saharaku punah bunton karajaithilaha

vancouver shehar (subai chonh zilha) vancouver shehar british columbia dey canadian soobe daa ikk subai chonh zilha see. ih vancouver dey navein banaae gaye shehar witch adharat ikk multiple member riding see. ih 1890 deeaan chonhan takk hustan utte naheen dikhai ditta see-shehar noon siraf charter keeta giaa see atey pichli chonhan dey saal witch naam ditta giaa see jadon ih ilaka navein westminster (subai chonh zilha) dee swari daa ikk chhota polling khetar see. ih vancouver dey tezi naal vikas daa sanket haii kii 1890 takk 300 toon vaddh votar sunn, 1900 takk 15,000 sunn, 1903 takk 25,000 toon vaddh vott paae gaye sunn; 1885 toon pahilan grenville, bee dey paanee dey kinare pind dee aabadi.I. (brard inlet, ikk daak pataa joe moodyville, nioo bryton atey barnett duaara sanjha keeta giaa see) 300 dee seema witch see. jadon swari banayi gaee see taan ih doou-memberan dee swari see parr aabadi witch vaadhe caarn 1890 witch tinn-memberan dee swari keeti gaee see atey 1903 witch panj-memberan dee seet banayi gaee see. block voting pranali tehat harek votar noon oniaan hii seetan bharan daa adhikar see jinniaan seetan bharan laee sunn. 1920 takk vancouver 200,000 vasnikan takk vadh giaa, zilha lagbhag 40,000 voting atey 200,000 toon vaddh vott paunh naal chhe memberry seet bann giaa. jadon iss noon 1928 deeaan chonhan toon baad vandiaa giaa see, taan iss noon chaar ridingan witch mudd vandiaa giaa see, tinn doou memberan (vancouver-brard, vancouver center atey vancouver east) atey ikk tinn memberan (vancouver-point grey) dey naal. rajneetak bhugol atey itihaas. vancouver shehar ikk bahu-seetan vaala zilha see, joe 1928 witch dhahiaa jaanh toon pahilan doou toon chhe samoohan vicchon chunhiaa jaanda see. harek votar zilhe witch jinniaan seetan bharniaan sunn, oniaan hii vott paa sakda see. 1903 toon lae keey 1920 takk ziaadaatar chonhan witch, jadon party dey leblan dee pahili vaar rasmi taur utte varton keeti gaee see, block voting pranali daa matlab see kii ikk party neey shehar deeaan saariaan seetan jittiaan sunn. parr ziaadaatar mamlian witch, uss ikk party noon addhe toon vee ghatt vott mille. 1903 toon 1912 takk, conservative party neey harr vaar vancouver shehar deeaan saariaan seetan jittiaan, sabh toon prasidh conservative umidwar neey 11 pratishat toon vee ghatt vott paae. 1916 atey 1920 witch libral party neey vancouver shehar deeaan chhe seetan vicchon panj seetan jittiaan, jiss witch ikk conservative neey ikk seet jitti. 1924 witch libral party neey vancouver shehar deeaan chhe seetan vicchon panj seetan jittiaan, jiss witch ikk "subai party" dey umidwar neey ikk seet jitti. 1928 witch, conservative party neey vancouver shehar deeaan saariaan chhe seetan jittiaan. 1928 deeaan chonhan toon baad, vancouver shehar noon chaar navein zilhiaan witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see, jiss witch kull 9 samooh chunhe gaye sunn. chonh itihaas. "notay harek chonh witch jetu" bould witch. !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".3, 113 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 7.1. !aline = "sajje" collen = 7.2. !aline = "sajje" collen = 7.3 !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".8, 127 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".10, 636 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".30, 173 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 7.iss bellet utte 6 gernet, horr saalan witch gernet 1909 deeaan chonhan !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".51, 316 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".46, 285 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".189, 728 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull jaaiz vott !tartib = "sajje".180, 209 !tartib = "sajje".1.00.0% !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.kull radd keetiaan gaeeaan votan !tartib = "sajje".425 !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". !aline = "sajje" collen = 3.voting !tartib = "sajje".% !tartib = "sajje". !tartib = "sajje". vancouver shehar aakhri vaar 1928 deeaan chonhan witch pragat hoiaa see. 1933 deeaan aam chonhan laee vancouver shehar noon mudd vandiaa giaa seeuuu

vaanakoovar-nagaram (prantiya-nirvaachan-mandalam) vaanakoovar-nagaram british-columbia-deshasya kenada-deshasya prantasya prantiya-nirvaachan-mandalam aasit. navanirmitasya vaanakoovar-nagare sthitah eshah bahuvidha-sadasya-savaarah aasit. 1890 tamavarshasya nirvaachanaparyantam etat husting-madhye naa drushtam-nagaram kevalam poorvanirvaachane eva chartered-namakam cha krutam aasit, yadaa eshah pradesha nutanasya westminster (prantiya-nirvaachak-mandalasya) savaaree-krute laghuvaayojanakshetram aasit. 1890 tamaat varshaparyantam 300 taha adhikaah nirwaachakah aasan, 1900 tamaat varshaparyantam 15,000,1903 tamaat varshaparyantam 25,000 taha adhikaah mataan dattavantah iti, 1885 tamaat varshaat poorvam graanville-nagarasya jala-paarshva-gramasya janasankhyaa, kha.a. (barard inlet, moodeeville, nyoo bratton tathaa barnett ityetaih saha sahabhaagitam daak-sanketam) 300 parimitehe madhye aasit. yadaa savaareem nirmitam tadaa iyam dwau sadasyau savaarau aasit, parantu janasankhyaavruddheh karanat 1890 tame varshe tribhihi sadasyaih saha savaarau nirmitah, 1903 tame varshe panchasadasyaih aasanau cha. prayuktasya khanda-matadaan-vyavasthaayaah antargatam pratyekasya matadaraya yathaa asanani poorayitum aasan taavat mataan daatum adhikaarah aasit. 1920 tame varshe, 200,000 nivaasinah yaavat vardhayitvaa, praayah 40,000 mataihi, 200,000 taha adhikaih mataihi cha mandalam shut-sadasyanam aasanam abhavat. 1928 tame varshe nirvachananantaram yadaa etat vibhajyata tadaa etat chaturnam radding-madhye punah vitareetam, trayah sadasyaih (vaanakoovar-barard, vaanakoovar-center, vaanakoovar-east), ekaha sadasyaih (vaanakoovar-point grey) cha. rajaniti-bhoogolah itihaasah cha. 1928 tame varshe vighatanaat poorvam, vaanakoovar-nagaram bahu-aasan-mandalam aasit, yatra dwau shut-sahasra-janaanaam nirvaachanam jaatam. pratyekam matadaarah yaavat mandale sthanani poorayitum aasan taavat mataan daatum shaknoti sma. 1903 tamaat varshaat 1920 tamam varshaparyantam, yadaa prathamavaaram pakshasya mudrapatrani aupachaarikaroopena prayuktaani, adhikaamsheshu nirvaachaneshu, upayujyamaanasy khanda-matadaan-pranaaleeh, arthaat ekam pakshah nagarasya sarvaani sthanani sveekrutavaan iti. parantu adhikaamsheshu, saha ekaha pakshah ardhaat nyoonam mataan praapnot. 1903 taha 1912 paryantam, yaathaarthikapakshah pratisaari vaankuvar-nagarasya sarvaani sthanani praapnot, yatra sarwaadhikah lokapriyah yaathaarthikah abhyarthinah 11 pratishataat nyoonam mataan praptavan. 1916 tame varshe 1920 tame varshe cha, liberal-pakshah vaanakoovar-nagarasya shut-sthaaneshu pancha sthanani praapnot, ekam sthaanam yaathaasthitik-pakshah praapnot. 1924 tame varshe, liberal-pakshah vaanakoovar-nagarasya shut-sthaaneshu pancha sthanani praapnot, "prantiya-pakshah" iti ekaha abhyarthihi ekam sthaanam praapnot. 1928 tame varshe, conservative-pakshah vaanakoovar-nagarasya sarvaani shut sthanani praapnot. 1928 tame varshe nirvachananantaram, vaanakoovar-nagaram, chaturnam nootan-mandaleshu parivartitam, yatra aahaty 9 janaah nirwaachitaah. nirvaachanasya itihaasah. "tippanih pratyekasmin nirvaachane" bold "ityasmin vijetaah. !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".3, 113 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samrekhitam = "dakshinam" kolan = 7.1. !samrekhitam = "dakshinam" kolan = 7.2 !samrekhitam = "dakshinam" kolan = 7.3 !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".8, 127 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".10, 636 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".30, 173 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samrekhitam = "dakshinam" kolan = 7.asmin matapatrake 6 aksharaani garnet iti, anyeshu varsheshu garnet iti. 1909 tame varshe nirvaachanam. !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".51, 316 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".46, 285 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".189, 728 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kula vaidhamataani !samakramanm = "samyak".180, 209 !samakramanm = "samyak".1.00.0% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.kulam asweekrutam matapatram !samakramanm = "samyak".425 !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "dakshinam" kolan = 3.matadanam !samakramanm = "samyak".% !samakramanm = "samyak". !samakramanm = "samyak". 1928 tame varshe nirvaachane antimavaaram vaanakoovar-nagaram drushtam. 1933 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane, vaanakoovar-nagaram punah vitaritam aasit -

vancouver nagaram (maagaana thaerthal maavattam) vancouver nagaram enbathu british kolambiyaavin kanadiya maagaanaththil ulla oru maagaana thaerthal maavattamaagum. puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta vancouver nagaraththai adippadaiyaagak konda pala uruppinargalaik konda sawari idhu. 1890 thaerthal varai idhu hustingugalil thoandravillai-munththaiya therthalin aandil antha pakuthi puthiya westminster (maagaana thaerthal maavattam) sawari seiyum oru siriya vaakkuppathivin paguthiyaaga irunththapoathu mattumae nagaram pattayappaduthappattu peyaridappattathu. 1890aam aandukkul 300kkum maerpatta vaakkaalargal irunththanar, 1900aam aandukkul 15,000 paer irunththanar, 1903aam aandukkul 25,000kkum maerpattoar vaakkaliththanar; 1885aam aandirku munbu granville endra neernilai kiraamaththin makkal thogai irunththathu, idhu vaankoovarin viraivaana valarchchiyin arikuriyaagum.aii. (barrard inlet, moodivillae, neu briton mattrum barnet pagirnthu konda oru anjal mugavari) 300 varambil irunththathu. sawari uruvaakkappattapoathu adhu irandu uruppinargalaik konda sawari, aanaal makkal thogai athikarippu kaaranamaaga 1890 ill moontru uruppinargalaik konda sawari seiyappattathu mattrum 1903 ill ainthu uruppinargalaik konda irukkai. payanpaduththappadum thoguthi vaakku muraiyin keezh, ovvoru vaakkaalarukkum nirappa vaendiya idangkal ulla alavukku vaakkugalai seluththa urimai irunththathu. 1920 vaakkil vancouver 200,000 makkalaaka valarnththathaal, maavattam sumar 40,000 vaakkugaludan aaru uruppinargalaik konda idamaaga maariyathu, maelum 200,000 kkum maerpatta vaakkugal pathivaakiyullana. 1928 thaerthalukkup piragu adhu udaikkappattapoathu, adhu naanku malaiththodargalaagavum, moontru uruppinarkaludanum (vancouver-barrard, vancouver center mattrum vancouver eest) moontru uruppinarkaludanum (vancouver-point gray) maruviniyoagam seiyappattathu. arasiyal puviyiyal mattrum varalaaru. 1928ill agatrtrappaduvatharku munbu, vancouver nagaram pala irukkaikal konda maavattamaaga irunththathu, idhu irandu thoguthigalilirunthu aaru thoguthigalukkup thaernthedukkappattathu. ovvoru vaakkaalarum maavattaththil nirappa vaendiya idangkal ulla alavukku vaakkugalai selutthalaam. 1903 muthal 1920 varai nadaipettra perumpaalaana thaerthalkalil, katchi muththiraigal muraiyaaga payanpaduththappattapoathu, payanpaduththappatta thoguthi vaakku murai, oru katchi nagarin anaitthu idangkalaiyum kaippattriyathu enbathaik kurikkirathu. aanaal perumpaalaana santharppangalil, antha oru katchi paathikkum kuraivaana vaakkugalai mattumae pettrathu. 1903 muthal 1912 varai, pazhamaivaathak katchi ovvoru muraiyum vancouver nagaraththin anaitthu idangkalaiyum kaippattriyathu, migavum pirabalamaana pazhamaivaatha vaetpaalar 11 sathaveethaththirkum kuraivaana vaakkugalaip pettraar. 1916 mattrum 1920 aam aandugalil, thaaraalavaathak katchi vancouver nagaraththin aaru idangkalil ainthu idangkalai kaippattriyathu, oru pazhamaivaathigal oru idaththaip pidiththanar. 1924ill, thaaraalavaathak katchi vancouver nagaraththin aaru idangkalil ainthu idangkalai kaippattriyathu, oru "maagaana katchi" vaetpaalar oru idaththaip pidiththaar. 1928ill, pazhamaivaathak katchi vancouver nagaraththin aaru idangkalaiyum kaippattriyathu. 1928 therthalaith thodarnthu, vancouver nagaram naanku puthiya maavattangkalaaka maattrappattathu, moththam 9 thoguthigalaith thaerntheduththathu. thaerthal varalaaru. "kurippu ovvoru therthalilum vettri perupavarkal" "thairiyamaaga". !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|3, 113 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 7|1 !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 7|2 !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 7|3 !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|8, 127 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|10, 636 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|30, 173 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 7|inththa vaakkucheettil 6 ezhuththu vadivangkal, mattra aandugalil cornet 1909 thaerthal. !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|51, 316 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|46, 285 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|189, 728 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|moththa sellupadiyaagum vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|180, 209 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|100.00 sathaveetham !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|niraagarikkappatta moththa vaakkugal !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|425 !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu" koll = 3|vaakkuppathivu !seeramaiththal = "valathu"|% !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| !seeramaiththal = "valathu"| vancouver nagaram kadaisiyaaga 1928 therthalil thoantriyathu. 1933 podhuth thaerthalukkaaga vancouver nagaram pinvarum pirivugalil maruviniyoagam seyyappattathu

vancouver nagaram (praantiiya ennikala jilla) vancouver nagaram british columbia yokka kenadian provincelo oka praantiiya ennikala jilla. idhi kottagaa srushtinchabadina vancouver nagaramlo bahula sabhyula riding. 1890 ennikala varaku idhi hustinglalo kanipinchaledu-eee nagaram chartered cheyabadindi mariyu munupati ennikala samvatsaramlo aaa praantam kotta westminster (praantiiya ennikala jilla) yokka chinna polling praantamgaa unnappudu paeru pettabadindi. 1890 natiki 300 mandiki paiga otarlu unnaarani, 1900 natiki 15,000 mandhi unnaarani, 1903 natiki 25,000 mandiki paiga otlu paddarani, 1885 kii mundu granville, bii.ii. (burard inlet, moodyville, nyuu bryton mariyu barnet panchukunna postal chirunama) 300 paridhiloo undedi. riding srushtinchabadinappudu idhi iddaru sabhyula riding, conny janabha perugudala kaaranamgaa 1890loe mugguru sabhyula riding mariyu 1903loe aiduguru sabhyula seetugaa maarchabadindi. upayogamlo unna block oating vyavastha kinda, prati otaruku seatlu unnanta ekkuva otlu vese hakku undedi. 1920 natiki 200,000 mandhi nivaasitulaku perigina eee jilla, sumaru 40,000 oating thoo aruguru sabhyula seetugaa maarindi, 200,000 paiga otlu veyabaddaayi. 1928 ennikala taruvaata idhi vidipoyinappudu, idhi naalugu raidinglugaa punahpampinii cheyabadindi, moodu sabhyulu (vancouver-barrard, vancouver center mariyu vancouver eest) mariyu moodu sabhyulu (vancouver-point gray). raajakeeya bhougolikam mariyu charitra. 1928loe koolchivese mundu, vanakoovar nagaram bahula seetla jillaga undedi, idhi rendu nundi aaru millalaku ennukoobadindi. jillaalo seetla bharteeki entha seatlu unnayo prati otaru antha ekkuva otlu veyavachu. 1903 nundi 1920 varaku jarigina chaalaa ennikalaloo, party lebullanu adhikarikamga upayoginchinappudu, upayogamlo unna block oating vyavastha antey oka party nagaramloni anni seetlanu teesukundi. conny chaalaa sandarbhaallo, oka party sagam kante takkuva otlu saadhinchindi. 1903 nundi 1912 varaku, atyanta prajaadarana pondina sampradaayavaada abhyardhi 11 saatam kante takkuva otlanu pondadamtho, pratisaaree vancouver nagaramloni anni seetlanu sampradaayavaada party teesukundi. 1916 mariyu 1920loe, liberal party vancouver nagaramloni aaru seetlalo aidu sthaanaalanu geluchukundi, oka sampradaayavaadulu oka sthaanaanni geluchukunnaru. 1924loe, liberal party vancouver nagaramloni aaru seetlalo aidu sthaanaalanu geluchukundi, oka "praantiiya party" abhyardhi oka sthaanaanni geluchukundi. 1928loe, sampradaayavaada party vancouver nagaramloni mottam aaru seetlanu geluchukundi. 1928 ennikala taruvaata, vanakoovar nagaranni naalugu kotta jillaluga marcharu, mottam 9 mandhi sabhyulanu ennukunnaaru. ennikala charitra. "gamanikah prati ennikalaloo vijaetalu" "bolled" "loe untaaru". !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|3, 113 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 7|1 !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 7|2 !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 7|3 !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|8, 127 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|10, 636 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|30, 173 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 7|eee ballet meeda 6 aksharalu, itara samvatsaraalalo garnet anie vraayabadindi 1909 ennikalu. !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|51, 316 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|46, 285 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|189, 728 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam chellubaatu ayye otlu !samalekhanam = "kudi"|180, 209 !samalekhanam = "kudi"|100.00 saatam !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|mottam tiraskarinchabadina ballets !samalekhanam = "kudi"|425 !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi" coln = 3|oating !samalekhanam = "kudi"|% !samalekhanam = "kudi"| !samalekhanam = "kudi"| 1928 ennikalaloo vancouver nagaram chivarisariga kanipinchindi. 1933 saadhaarana ennikala kosam vanakoovar nagaram tirigi pampinhee cheyabadindihi

venkovar shehar (soobayi intekhabi zalaa) venkovar shehar bartanvi columbia kay canada kay soobay kaa eek soobayi intekhabi zalaa thaa. yaha venkovar kay nayey banaye gayey shehar mein maqeem eek say ziyadah arakeen kii sawari thee. yaha 1890 kay intekhabat takk histing parr zahir nahein hawaa thaa-iss shehar kuu sarf charter kiyaa gayaa thaa aur pachlay intekhabat kay saal mein iss kaa naam rakhaa gayaa thaa jabb yaha elaqah neo vest minister (soobayi intekhabi zalaa) kaa eek chhota saa intekhabi elaqah thaa. yaha venkovar kii teez raftaar tarqi kii alaamat hay kahh 1890 takk 300 say ziyadah votar thay 1900 takk 15,000 thay 1903 takk 25,000 say ziyadah woat daalay gayey thay vovo 1885 say pehley paani kay kinaray waalay gaaon grain wail bee kii aabadi.I. (brard inlet eek postal adress juu mody wail neo bryton aur barnet kay zariye mushtarkah thaa) 300 kii hadd mein thaa. jabb sawari banayi gayee thee tuu yaha duu rakni sawari thee leakin aabadi mein izaafe kii wajah say 1890 mein teen rakni sawari aur 1903 mein paanch rakni nashast banayi gayee thee. block voting kay istemaal mein mojud nazaam kay tahat harr votar kuu atnay hyee woat daalnay kaa haqh thaa jitnay parr karnay kay liye nashastein thein. 1920 takk venkovar 200,000 baashindon takk badh gayaa zalaa taqriba 40,000 voting kay saath chh rakni nashast bunn gayaa aur 200,000 say ziyadah woat daalay gayey. jabb asay 1928 kay intekhabat kay baad taqsim kiyaa gayaa tuu asay chaar chootiyon mein dobarah taqsim kiyaa gayaa teen mein duu arakeen (venkovar-brard venkovar center aur venkovar aist) aur eek mein teen arakeen (venkovar point giray) thay. seyasi geografiya aur tareekh. venkovar shehar eek kaseer nashast waala zalaa thaa juu 1928 mein khatam honay say pehley duu say chh milon mein say muntakhib hotaa thaa. harr votar zalaa mein jitni nashastein thein atnay woat ddaal saktaa thaa. 1903 say lay kirr 1920 takk kay ziyadah tarr intekhabat mein jabb paarti kay leebal pehli baar bazabtah toor parr istemaal kiye gayey thay block voting kay istemaal kaa matlab thaa kahh eek paarti nay shehar kii tamaam nashastein haasil kein. leakin ziyadah tarr muamilat mein iss eek jamaat nay aadhay say bhee kumm woat haasil kiye. 1903 say 1912 takk qadamat pasand paarti nay harr baar venkovar shehar kii tamaam nashastein haasil kein jiss mein sabb say mashhur qadamat pasand amidwar nay 11 faisad say bhee kumm woat haasil kiye. 1916 aur 1920 mein libral paarti nay venkovar shehar kii chh nashaston mein say paanch parr qabzah kiyaa jiss mein eek qadamat pasand nay eek nashast haasil kii. 1924 mein libral paarti nay venkovar shehar kii chh nashaston mein say paanch parr qabzah kiyaa jiss mein eek "soobayi paarti" kay amidwar nay eek nashast haasil kii. 1928 mein qadamat pasand paarti nay venkovar shehar kii tamaam chh nashastein haasil kein. 1928 kay intekhabat kay baad venkovar shehar kuu chaar nayey azlaa mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa jiss mein kill 9 ayem eel aey kaa intekhaab kiyaa gayaa. intekhabi tareekh. "nott: harr intekhaab mein faatah" "bould" mein. !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|3, 113 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 7|1 !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 7|2 !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 7|3 !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|8, 127 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|10, 636 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|30, 173 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 7|iss bellet parr 6 hajay garnet dosray saalon mein garnet 1909 kay intekhabat. !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|51, 316 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|46, 285 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|189, 728 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|kill darsat woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|180, 209 !sif bundi = "saheeh"|100.00 vovo !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|mustarid shadah kill woat !sif bundi = "saheeh"|425 !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "daayein" colan = 3|turn aaot !sif bundi = "saheeh"|% !sif bundi = "saheeh"| !sif bundi = "saheeh"| venkovar shehar aakhri baar 1928 kay intekhabat mein namodar hawaa. 1933 kay aam intekhabat kay liye venkovar shehar kuu dobarah taqsim kiyaa gayaa:

00065412f3795a3ba16c731d58d1aaefda58077fcdac7f2b4e1ace14f6399f19

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7603461

Allan M. Campbell

Allan M. Campbell American biochemist Allan McCulloch Campbell (April 27, 1929 – April 19, 2018) was an American microbiologist and geneticist and the Barbara Kimball Browning Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biology at Stanford University. His pioneering work on Lambda phage helped to advance molecular biology in the late 20th century. An important collaborator and member of his laboratory at Stanford University was biochemist Alice del Campillo Campbell, his wife. Education. Campbell earned his bachelor's degree at the University of California, Berkeley (1950) and master's (1951) and doctoral (1953) degrees from the University of Illinois where he worked with Sol Spiegelman. Career. From 1953-1957 Campbell was on the faculty of the University of Michigan. During the summers he spent time with Gio ("Joe") Bertani at Caltech and the University of Southern California, at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and at the Institut Pasteur with François Jacob. In 1958 he married Alice del Campillo, a Ph.D. student in biochemistry at the University of Michigan. They spent their honeymoon year working in Paris. The two worked closely together throughout their careers, investigating research questions such as the encoding of heat-sensitive endolysin and the biosynthesis and regulation of biotin. Campbell spent the next nine years on the faculty of the University of Rochester, where he made significant discoveries about lambda phage. In 1968 Campbell joined the Department of Biology at Stanford University, where he led his own laboratory. He was appointed to the Barbara Kimball Browning endowed chair in 1992. Campbell was the editor of the "Annual Review of Genetics" from 1985 to 2012. Research. Campbell's research has concentrated on the genetics of bacteria and their viruses, especially the integration of viral DNA into host chromosomes. His most prominent discovery was the proposal of the “Campbell model” of virus insertion, where viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome, becoming covalently bonded to the bacterial DNA, and then remains dormant until activation. Campbell's research was focused on a specific bacterial virus, phage lambda, and its host bacterium "E. coli", but the model provided insights into how extrachromosomal DNA can be inserted and excised in other organisms. This model was proposed in the book "Episomes" published in 1968, the first comprehensive treatment of plasmid biology. It was described as "a wide-ranging and critical evaluation of the experimental foundation of the episome concept". While study of the regulation of integration and excision of phage lambda in "E coli" has been a primary focus of his research, Campbell and research associates also studied regulation and expression of "E coli" genes linked to the lambda insertion location, including the biotin (bio) and galactose (gal) genes. Background on phage lambda and lysogeny. Early studies on bacterial viruses began after the discovery by Twort and d’Herelle of ‘filterable agents’ which were able to destroy bacteria. These were demonstrated by creating a lawn of bacteria on appropriate media, mixing with these ‘filterable agents’ and then observing areas of destroyed cells seen as cleared circular areas (plaques) on the lawn. These plaques were interpreted as the result of a single agent infecting a bacterial cell, reproducing in the cell and then bursting open to infect surrounding cells, repeating the process until a clear circular area of destroyed cells becomes visible to the unaided eye. These filterable agents were named bacteriophages (eaters of bacteria) or phage for short. The 1940s produced the first pictures of bacterial viruses using electron microscopy produced the first photos of bacterial viruses, and research on the mechanism of infection and reproduction dramatically increased. One of the focal points of this research was Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, where a ‘phage group’ led by Salvador Luria, Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey and others met in the summers for research and training of new investigators. In 1951 Esther Lederberg discovered lambda phage, which had an unusual characteristic. While lambda could infect and reproduce in some strains of its host bacterium E. coli, other strains seemed immune to infection. However, when the immune strains were mixed with non-immune strains, occasionally lambda phage could be observed infecting the non-immune strains. Further research suggested that the immune strains contained a dormant copy of the lambda genome which protected it from infection, but that dormant copy could be activated into the active viral state to begin a new round of infection. This dormant phase was called the ‘lysogenic’ state and the actively infectious state was called the ‘lytic’ state. The dormant form of the lambda genome was called the ‘prophage’. Study of phage lambda over the next 50 years provided valuable insights into virus life cycles, the regulation and expression of genetic material, and the mechanism of integration and excision of genetic material into chromosomal locations. Allan Campbell's contribution to the field with the ‘Campbell model’ of integration and excision marked a major step forward in the understanding of this process. Honors. Campbell was an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (1971), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1971), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1983) and a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology. Campbell received the 2004 Abbott-ASM Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society for Microbiology at the society's 104th general meeting in New Orleans on Monday, May 24, 2004. Campbell delivered the Abbott-ASM Award Lecture and was honored at a dinner ceremony that evening. The award includes a $20,000 cash prize and a commemorative piece. In honoring Campbell, ASM officials cited his "exceptional insights and achievements in the field of molecular genetics - a career of groundbreaking research that has had a profound influence on several fields, including molecular cloning and gene therapy." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

elaan em. campbell elaan mccullus campbell (27 april, 1929-19 april, 2018) egoraki aamerikan onujibobigyani aaru jinotwobid aaru stanford biswobidyaloyor jibobigyan bibhagor barbara kimble browning emoritus odhyapok aasil. 20 xotikar xexor faale lamboda fejor uporot teur ogroni kaamoi aanobik jibobigyanor ogrogoti ghotat xohay korisil. stanford biswobidyaloyot teur gowexonagaror egoraki guruttopurno xohojugi aaru xodosyo aasil teur potni joibo roxayonobid elix dell campilu campbell. xikhya. campbelle california biswobidyaloy, barkle (1950) too snatok degree aaru ilinoy biswobidyaloyor poraa snatokuttor (1951) aaru doctorate (1953) degree laabh korisil zo 'too teu cho' lo spiegelmanor xoite kaam korisil. keriyar. 1953-1957 campbelor poraa mixigan biswobidyaloyor odhyapok aasil. grishmokalot teu keltek aaru dokhyin california biswobidyaloy, cold spring harbor porikhyagar aaru protisthanor pestarot frankuwa jacobor xoite jiu ("ju") bartanir xoite xomoy kotaisil. 1958 sonot teu elix dell campilu naamor egoraki pieis. koo biyaa koraisil.di. mixigan biswobidyaloyor joibo roxayon bigyanor chatri. teuluke teulukor modhusondrikar bosortu perisot kaam kori otibahito korisil. duyujone teulukor xomogro keriyarot ekeloge kaam korisil, gowexonar prosno jene taap-xongbedonxil endo 'lisinor enok' ding aaru baay 'tinor joibo xongslexon aaru niyontronor todonto korisil. campbelor poroborti noo bosor rochester biswobidyaloyor odhyapokor uporot otibahito korisil, zo 'too teu lamboda fejor bixoye guruttopurno abiskar korisil. 1968 sonot campbell stanford biswobidyaloyor jibobigyan bibhagoto jugdan korisil, zo 'too teu nijor gowexonagarot netritwo disil. 1992 sonot teuk barbara kimble browning endo 'dodd seyarot nijukti diya hoisil. campbell 1985 sonor poraa 2012 sonoloike "geneticsor barxik porzaluchona" ror xompadok aasil. gowexona koraa. campbelor gowexonai bacteria aaru xeiburor bhairasor geneticsor uporot gurutwo aarup korise, bixexkoi host krom "jomoxomuhot bhairasor dnar ekotrikoron. teur ataitkoi guruttopurno abiskartu aasil bhairas xonnibexor "campbell model" ror prostab, zo 'too bhairasor dna puxok krom "somot bhorai diya hoy, bacteria dnar xoite xomojujibhabe bandho khaai yaay, aaru taar pisot xokriyo nuhuwaloike xupto hoi thaake. campbelor gowexonatu etaa nirdisto bacteria bhairas, fez lamboda, aaru iyar puxok bacteria "ee" ror uporot kendribhut aasil. , kintu modeltuwe aan jiwot kenedore extrakro" moo "cho" moo dna xumuwabo paari aaru excise koribo paari taar ontordristi prodan korisil. ei aarhitu 1968 sonot prokaxito "epixumes" gronthokhonot prostawito koraa hoisil, ji hoise plasmid jibobigyanor prothom byapok sikitsa. iyak "khondiyo dharonar porikhyamulok bhetir ek bistrito aaru xomaluchonamulok mulyayon" hisape bornona koraa hoisil. ee kulai" too fez lumbder ekotrikoron aaru niskaxonor niyontronor odhyoyon teur gowexonar ek prathomik kendrobindu hoi thokar biporite, campbell aaru gowexona xohojugixokoleu bayutin (baay ") aaru galact" jo (gell) jinoke dhori lamboda xonnibexor owosthanor xoite jorito "ee kulai" jinor niyontron aaru obhibyokti odhyoyon korisil. fez lamboda aaru laisujenir potobhumi. bacterier bhairasor uporot prarombhik odhyoyon aarombho hoisil 'filter koribo poraa agent' ror dutaa aaru di 'hereler dwara abiskar korar pisot jibure bacteria dhongxo koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. upojukto madhyomxomuhot bacterier lo 'noo sristi kori, ei' filter koribo poraa agent 'xomuhor xoite mihli kori aaru taar pisot lo' noto poriskar brittakar onchol (plake) hisape dekha dhongxo huwa kuxor oncholxomuh porzobekhyon kori eibur prodorxon koraa hoisil. ei folokbur etaa ekok agente etaa bacteria kuxok xongkromito korar folot byakhya koraa hoisil, kuxot punor projonon koraa aaru taar pisot sariufalor kuxxomuhok xongkromito koriboloi mukoli hoi porar folot, dhongxo huwa kuxor etaa sposto brittakar onchol sokur poraa drishyoman nuhuwaloike prokriyatu punorabritti koraa hoisil. ei filter koribo poraa agentburok bacterio "fez (bacteria khuwa) baa xongkhiptobhabe fez buli naam diya hoisil. 1940-ror doxokot electron maikro "scopy byobohar kori bacteria bhairasor prothom sobi prostut koraa hoisil aaru bacteria bhairasor prothom photu prostut koraa hoisil, aaru xongkromon aaru projononor pronalir uporot gowexona natokiyobhabe briddhi paisil. ei gowexonar ek kendrobindu aasil long ilandor cold spring harbor porikhyagar, zo 'too sabhadar luria, max delbrook, alfred harche aaru onyanyoxokolor netritwot etaa' fez groop 'notun todontokarixokolor gowexona aaru proxikhyonor baabe grishmokalot log paisil. 1951 sonot estar laderberge lamboda fez abiskar korisil, jaar ek oswabhabik boixistyo aasil. aanhate lumbdai iyar puxok bacteria ee-ror kisuman projatir xongkromon aaru projonon koribo paare. kulai, aan prokarbur xongkromonor protirudh khyomota thoka zen lagisil. obosye, jetiya rug protirudh khyomotar probhawbur oh-protirudh khyomotar probhawor xoite misrito koraa hoisil, ketiyaba lambda fez oh-protirudh khyomotar probhabburok xongkromito koraa dekha goisil. odhik gowexonai poramorxo disil je rug protirudh khyomotar projatitut lumbda jinomor ek xupto protilipi aasil jiye iyak xongkromonor poraa xurokhito korisil, kintu xei xupto protilipitu xokriyo viral owosthat xokriyo kori xongkromonor ek notun porzay aarombho koribo paari. ei xupto porjyaytuk 'laisujenik' owostha buli kuwa hoisil aaru xokriyobhabe xongkramok owosthatuk 'laitik' owostha buli kuwa hoisil. lamboda jinomor xupto ruptuk 'profej "buli kuwa hoisil. poroborti 50 bosorot fez lumbder odhyoyone bhairasor jiwan sokro, aanubongxik xamogrir niyontron aaru obhibyokti, aaru krom "jomal owosthanot aanubongxik xamogrir ekotrikoron aaru niskaxonor pronalir uporot mulyowan ontordristi prodan korisil. ekotrikoron aaru exchisionor 'campbell model' ror xoite khetrokhonot elaan campbelor obodanoi ei prokriyatu buji puwar khetrot ek guruttopurno podokhyep hisape sinhito korisil. xonman. campbell nesnel academy owo sciences (1971), aamerikan academy owo arts endo sciences (1971), aamerikan ess "siyesyon for dyo advancement owo sciences (1983) aaru aamerikan academy owo maikro" baay "lojir ejon nirbasito xodosyo aasil. campbelle 2004 sonor 24 mey 'too niu orolinxot onusthito cho "saitir 104 xongkhyok xadharon xobhat maikro" baay "lojir baabe aamerikan cho" saitir poraa 2004 sonor ebot-ejom lifetime assiavement botaa laabh korisil. campbelle ebot-ejom botar boktrita disil aaru xei xondhiya ek noixobhuj onusthanot teuk xonmanito koraa hoisil. ei botar bhitorot aase 20,000 dollar nogod puroskar aaru etaa smarokmulok puroskar. campbelok xonman jonuwar xomoyot, e. ess. em. bixoyaxokole teur "aanobik geneticsor khetrot byotikromi ontordristi aaru xafolyor uddhriti disil-ek jugantokari gowexonar keriyar ji aanobik cloning aaru jinn therapyke dhori keibatau khetrot gobhir probhab pelaise."

allan emm. campbell allan mcculach campbell (27shhey april, 1929-19shhey april, 2018) ekjon markin anujibbigyani ebong jinotottobid ebong stanford bishwobidyaloyer jibbigyan bibhager barbara kimble browning emeritus adhyapak chhilen. 20 shotoker shesher dike lambda phage-err upor taanr aggragami kaaj anobik jibbigyanke egiye niye jete sahayata korechilo. stanford bishwobidyaloyer taanr gobeshonagarer ekjon guruttopurno sahojogi ebong sadasya chhilen taanr stree biochemist allis dell campillo campbell. shikkha. campbell california vishwavidyalaya, barkley (1950) theke snatok degree ebong ilinoy vishwavidyalaya theke snatakottar (1951) ebong doctorate (1953) degree orjon corren jekhane tini soul spiegelmaner saathe kaaj korechilen. karmajiban. 1953-1957 campbell theke mishigan bishwobidyaloyer onushode chhilo. grissokale tini caltech ebong dakkhin california bishwobidyaloyer geo ("jooe") bartanir saathe, colled spring harbar laboratoryte ebong francoa jacober saathe institute pastour saathe somoy katiechilen. 1958 saale tini allis dell campilloke biye corren.dii. mishigan bishwobidyaloyer biochemistry chhatro. taaraa taader madhuchandrimar bochor pyarise kaaj korey katiechilo. taap-sangbedanshil endolyciner encoding ebong biotine joibo sangshleshan ebong niyantraner moto gobeshona proshnoguli todonto korey dujone taader karmajiban judey ghonisthobhabe kaaj korechilen. campbell poroborti noy bochor rochester bishwobidyaloyer onushode katay, jekhane tini lambda phage somporke ullekhjoggo abishkar korechilen. 1968 saale campbell stanford bishwobidyaloyer jibbigyan bibhage jog deena, jekhane tini nijer gobeshonagarer netritto deena. 1992 saale tini barbara kimble browning-err cheyarer jonno nijukto hohn. campbell 1985 theke 2012 saal porjonto "geneticser barshik porjalochona"-err sompadok chhilen. gobeshona. campbeller gobeshona bacteria ebong taader viruser jinototter upor mononibesh koreche, bishesh korey hosta chromozomer modhye viral dna-rawr sanhatkaran. taanr sabcheye bishishto abishkar chhilo virus sonnibesher "campbell model"-err prostab, jekhane viral dna hosta chromozomer modhye ddhokano hoy, bacterial dna-rawr saathe somojojibhabe aboddho hoye yaay ebong tarpor sakriya naa haoya porjonto supto thaake. campbeller gobeshona ekti nirdishto bacteria virus, phage lambda ebong err hosta bacteria upor drishti niboddho koraa hoyechilo. kolai ", kintu modelti anyanno jeeber modhye kibhabe extrachromosomal dna ddhokano ebong excise koraa jete paare seey somporke antardrishti pradan korey. eyi modelti 1968 saale prokashito "episodes" boiye prostabito hoyechilo, jaa plasmid jibbigyaner prothom byapok chikitsa. etike "porber dharonar poriikkhamulok bhittir ekti bistrito ebong samalochanamulak mulyayan" hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo. ee kolai"-teey phage lambder sanhatkaran ebong uttoloner niyantraner adhyayan taanr gobeshonar prathomik kendrobindute royeche, campbell ebong gobeshonar sahojogira biotine (bayo) ebong galactose (gyala) zina soho lambda sonnibesher abosthaner saathe jukto "ee kolai" jiner niyantran ebong abhibyaktio adhyayan korechen. phage lambda ebong lysogenyr patabhumi. bacteria virus niye prathomik gobeshona shuru hoy 'filterzoggyo agent'-err duti ebong dii 'herrell abishkarer porey jaa bacteria dhongso korte sokkhom chhilo. upojukto madhyomer upor bacteria ekti lonn toiri korey, eyi 'filterzoggyo agent' gulir saathe mishiye ebong tarpor loney porishkar brittakar anchal (folock) hisabe dekha dhongso kosher anchalguli porjobekkhon korey eguli prodorshito hoyechilo. eyi falakguli ekti ekok agenter bacteria koshke sangkramito korar, koshe punarutpadan korar ebong tarpore ashepasher koshgulike sangkramito korar jonno khola howar falaswarup byakhya koraa hoyechilo, jotokkhon naa dhongsoprapto koshgulir ekti sposhto brittakar anchal chokher kachhe drishyoman hoy totokkhon prokriyati punorabritti korey. eyi filterzoggyo agentgulike bacteriophage (bacteria bhokkhok) baa sangkhiptabhabe phage bolla hoyechilo. 1940-err doshke electron microscopy byabohar korey bacterial viruser prothom chhobi toiri koraa hoy ebong bacterial viruser prothom chhobi toiri koraa hoy ebong sankraman oo punarutpadan prokriya niye gobeshona natokiyobhabe briddhi paay. eyi gobeshonar onnotomo kendravindu chhilo deergho dweeper sheetal bosonto bondor porikkhagar, jekhane salvador luria, max delbrook, alfried harshe ebong annannoder netritte ekti 'phage group' notun todontokarider gobeshona ebong proshikkhoner jonno grissokale milit hoyechilo. 1951 saale esthar ledderberg lambda phage abishkar corren, jaar ekti aswabhabik baisishtya chhilo. jekhane lambda taar hosta bacteria kichhu straine sangkramito ebong punarutpadan korte paare. kolai, anyanno strainguli sankramaner biruddhe protirodhjoggo boley money hoyechilo. tobey, jokhon immune strainguli aaa-immune strainer saathe mishrito hoy, tokhon majhe majhe lambda phage aaa-immune straingulike sangkramito korte dekha yaay. arow gobeshonai poramorsho deoa hoyeche jey immune straine lambda genomer ekti supto anulipi royeche jaa etike sankraman theke rakkha korey, tobey seii supto anulipiti sankramaner ekti notun round shuru korar jonno sakriya viral abosthai sakriya koraa jete paare. eyi supto porjayke 'lysogenic' abostha bolla hoto ebong sakriya sangkramak abosthake 'lytic' abostha bolla hoto. lambda genomer supto ruptike 'profez' bolla hoto. poroborti 50 bochore phage lambder adhyayan virus jeebonchokro, genetic upadaner niyantran oo abhibyakti ebong chromosomal abosthane genetic upadaner sanhatkaran oo uttoloner prokriya somporke mulyaban antardrishti pradan korey. ekikaran ebong uttoloner 'campbell model'-err madhyome maathe allan campbeller abodan eyi prokriyati bojhar khettre ekti borh podokkhep hisabe chinnito hoyeche. sommanona. campbell national academy off sciences (1971), american academy off artasa anned sciences (1971), american association phara dya advancement off sayensa (1983) ebong american academy off microbiologyr ekjon nirbachito sadasya chhilen. campbell 2004 saaler 24shhey meey sombar neu orlinser societyr societyr sadharan sabhay american society phara microbiologyr kachh theke abot-assom lifetime achievement award peyechilo. campbell abot-assom award boktrita pradan korey ebong seii sandhyay ekti naishabhoj anusthane sommanito koraa hoy. eyi puroskarer modhye royeche 20,000 markin dollar nagad puraskar ebong ekti smarok puraskar. campbelke somman janate, ayee. esha. emm kormokortara taanr "anobik geneticser khettre byatikrami antardrishti ebong krititter uddhriti diyechen-ekti jugantokari gobeshonar karmajiban jaa anobik cloning ebong zina therapy soho besh koyekti khettre govir prabhab feleche."

aelan aema. campbell aelan mccullock campbell (april 27,1929-april 19,2018) aek american microbiologist aneey aanuvanshik vigyani hataa aneey stanford universityma jivvigyan vibhagma barbara kimbol browning emeritus prophesara hataa. lambada fages parr temnaa agranee kaarythi 20mee sadeena antamaa parmaanu jivvigyanne aagad vadharvama madad malee. stanford university khaatena temnaa prayogshalana aek mahatvapurn sahyogi aneey sabhy temnee patnee biochemist ellis dail campillo campbell hataa. shikshan. campbelle university off california, berkley (1950) maan snatakni degree aneey university off ileenoismanthi master (1951) aneey doctoral (1953) degree melvee hatee, jyaan temane soola spiegelman saathe kaama karyoo hatoo. karkirdi. 1953-1957 campbell mishigan universityna faculty parr hatee. unaalaa darmiyan temane caltech aneey university off sadharn california, colled spring harber laboratory aneey institute pasterma french jacob saathe geo ("jooe") bertani saathe samay pasaar karyo hato. 1958maan temane ellis dail campillo saathe lagna karyaa hataa.dii. mishigan universityma biochemistryno vidhyarthi. teoae temnu honeymoon varsh pereesmaa kaama kareene vitaavyu. banneae temnee samagr karkirdi darmiyan najikthi kaama karyoo, garamee-samvedansheel endolycine encoding aneey biosynthesis aneey biotine niyaman jevaa sanshodhan prashnoni tapaas curry. campbell aagaami nava varsh rochester universityna faculty parr vitaavyaa, jyaan temane lambada fages vishe nondhpaatra shodh curry. 1968maan campbell stanford universityma jivvigyan vibhagma jodaya, jyaan temane potaani prayogshaalaanu netrutva karyoo. 1992maan temne barbara kimbol browning endove khurshi parr niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. campbell 1985 thee 2012 sudhee "aanuvanshiktani vaarshik samiksha" naa sampaadak hataa. sanshodhan. campbellnaa sanshodhanmaa bekteriya aneey temnaa vayarasnaa aanuvanshikta parr dhyaan kendrit karvaamaa aavyu chhe, khaas kareene viral dna yajmaan rangsutromaa ekikaran. temnee sauthee agranee shodh viruses dakhal karvaanaa "campbell model" nee darkhaast hatee, jyaan viral dna yajmaan rangsutramaa dakhal karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey bacterial dna saathe sahsanyojak reete bandhaay chhe, aneey pachhi sakreey thaay tyaan sudhee nishkreey rahe chhe. campabelanu sanshodhan chokkas bacterial viruses, fages lambada aneey tenaa yajmaan bacterium "ee" parr kendrit hatoo. kolaai ", parantu aaa model anya sajeevoma extrachromosomal dna kevee reete dakhal curry shakaay chhe aneey tene kevee reete bahaar kaadhee shakaay chhe tenee aantardrushti pradaan karey chhe. aaa model 1968maan prakashit pustak "episode" maan prastaavit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey plasmid jivvigyanni pratham vyaapak saarvaar chhe. tene "episode khyaalnaa prayogik payana vyaapak aneey nirnayak mulyankan" tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo. jyaare "ee kolaai" maan fages lambadana ekikaran aneey visarjanaa niyamanno abhyaas temnaa sanshodhannu praathmeek kendra rahyu chhe, tyaare campbell aneey sanshodhan sahyogioae pann biotin (bayo) aneey galactose (geela) janino saheet lambada dakhal sthaan saathe jodaayela "ee kolaai" janinonaa niyaman aneey abhivyaktino abhyaas karyo chhe. fages lambada aneey lysogeni parr prushthbhumi. bacterial viruses parr praarambhik abhyaas beey 'filter curry shakaay tevaa agento' nee shodh pachhi sharoo thayo hato jeey bacteriane nasht karvaamaa saksham hataa. yogya maadhyamo parr bacterianu lonn banaaveene, aaa 'filter curry shakaay tevaa agento' saathe mishran kareene aneey pachhi lonn parr saaf thayela golaakaar vistaaro (takteeo) tareeke jovama aavtaa naash pamela koshona kshetronu nirikshan kareene aaa darshavvama aavyaa hataa. aaa taktionu arthghatan aek jaj agent dwara bacteriana koshne chep lagadvana parinaame karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, koshamaa prajanan karey chhe aneey pachhi aaspasna koshone chep lagaadvaa maate khulli reete faatee jaay chhe, jyaan sudhee naash pamela koshono spasht golaakaar vistaar aankhma dekhaato nathee tyaan sudhee prakriyaane punraavartit karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa filter curry shakaay tevaa agentone bacteriophage (bacteriana khanara) athavaa tunkaa gaadaa maate fages naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. 1940naa daykama electron microscopyno upyog kareene bacterial vayarasnaa pratham chitro utpann thayaa hataa, jemaa bacterial vayarasnaa pratham chitro utpann thayaa hataa, aneey chep aneey prajanni paddhati parr sanshodhanmaa natyatmak vadhaaro thayo hato. aaa sanshodhannaa kendrabinduomaanu aek laambaa taapu parr colled spring harber prayogshaalaa hatoo, jyaan salvador luria, makes delbrook, alfred hershey aneey anya loko dwara aagevani hethalnaa 'fages jooth' navaa tapaskartaona sanshodhan aneey taaleem maate unalama malyaa hataa. 1951maan aesthar laderberge lambada fejnee shodh curry hatee, jeey aek asamanya lakshanikta dharaave chhe. jyaare keey lambada tenaa yajmaan bacterium ee naa ketlaak taanmaa chep lagaadi shake chhe aneey prajanan curry shake chhe. kolaai, anya taana chep saame rogpratikarak laagtu hatoo. jooe keey, jyaare rogpratikarak taana biin-rogpratikarak taana saathe mishreet karvaamaa aavee hatee, tyaare kyarek kyarek lambada fages biin-rogpratikarak taanane chep lagaadtu joyee shakaay chhe. vadhu sanshodhan soochave chhe keey rogpratikarak taanmaa lambada genomeni nishkreey nakal hoya chhe jeey tene chepthi suraksheet karey chhe, parantu teey nishkreey nakalne sakreey viral sthitima sakreey curry shakaay chhe jethee chepno navo round sharoo thaee shake. aaa nishkreey tabakkaane 'lysogenic' sthitee kahevama aavtee hatee aneey sakreey chepee sthiteene 'lytic' sthitee kahevama aavtee hatee. lambada genomena nishkreey swaroopne 'profej' kahevama aavtu hatoo. aagaami 50 varshomaa fages lambadana abhyase vayarasnaa jeevan chakra, aanuvanshik saamgrinaa niyaman aneey abhivyakti, aneey rangsutra sthaanoma aanuvanshik saamgrinaa ekikaran aneey visarjanni paddhatimaa mulyavaan aantardrushti pradaan curry. ekikaran aneey visarjanaa 'campbell model' saathe kshetramaa aelan campabelanu yogdaan aaa prakriyaanee samjanma aek motoo pagalu hatoo. sanmaan. campbell national academy off sciences (1971), american academy off arts anned sciences (1971), american association phora dhaa advancement off science (1983) aneey american academy off microbiologyna sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa. campabelane somvaare, 24 meey, 2004naa roj nyu orleansma societyni 104mee saamanya sabhaama american sosayati phora microbiology tarafthi 2004noow abot-aism lifetime achievement award malyo hato. campbelle abot-aism award vyakhyan aapyu hatoo aneey teey sanje ratribhojan samarohma tenu sanmaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa puraskarma 20,000 dollarnu rokad inam aneey smaarak puraskaarno samaavesh thaay chhe. campabelane maana aaptaa, aee. aesa. aema. naa adheekarioae temnee "molecular geneticsna kshetramaa asadharan aantardrushti aneey seeddhio-molecular cloning aneey janin upchaar saheet anek kshetro parr undo prabhaav paadati abhutpurv sanshodhanni karkirdi" noow ullekh karyo hato."

ellen aim. campbelle ellen mccullock campbelle (27 aprail, 1929-19 aprail, 2018) ack americi sookshm jeevvigyaani aur aanuvanshikeevid they aur steinford vishvavidyalaya mein jeev vigyaan vibhaag mein barbara kimball browning emeritus professor they. lambda phase parr unake agrani kaam ney 20veen shatabdi key anta mein aanvik jeev vigyaan koo aage badhaane mein madad kii. steinford vishvavidyalaya mein ack mahatvapurna sahayogi aur unaki prayogshala key sadasya unaki patni, jaiv rasaayanagya ellis dell campillo campbelle theen. shiksha. campbelle ney california vishvavidyalaya, berkley (1950) mein snaatak kii degree aur ilinois vishvavidyalaya seey master (1951) aur doctorate (1953) kii degree arjit kii, jahan unhone soul spiegelman key saath kaam kiya. carrier. 1953-1957 seey campbelle mishigan vishvavidyalaya key sankaay mein thaa. garmiyon key dauran unhone caltech aur dakshini california vishvavidyalaya mein jio ("joe") bertani key saath, colled spring harber prayogshala mein aur francois jacob key saath sansthaan paster mein samay bitaaya. 1958 mein unhone ellis dell campillo seey shaadi kii.dee. mishigan vishvavidyalaya mein jaiv rasayan mein chhaatr. unhone apana hanimoon varsh peris mein kaam karate hue bitaaya. donon ney apane poore currier mein ack saath milkar kaam kiya, garmi-samvedansheel endolycin key encoding aur biosynthesis aur biotin key viniyaman jaise shodh prashnon kii jaanch kii. campbelle ney agale nau saal rochester vishvavidyalaya key sankaay mein bitaaye, jahan unhone lambda phase key baare mein mahatvapurna khoj kii. 1968 mein campbelle steinford vishvavidyalaya mein jeev vigyaan vibhaag mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan unhone apani prayogshala kaa netritva kiya. unhein 1992 mein barbara kimball browning endoved cheyar key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. campbelle 1985 seey 2012 taka "aanuvanshiki kii vaarshik sameeksha" key sampaadak they. shodh. campbelle key shodh ney bacteria aur unake virus key aanuvanshiki parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye, vishesh roop seey mezban gunasutron mein viral dna key ekikaran parr. unaki sabse pramukh khoj virus daalane key "campbelle model" kaa prastaav thaa, jahaan viral dna koo mezban gunasutra mein daala jaataa haye, joe jeevaanu dna key saath sahsanyojak roop seey bandha hotaa haye, aur phir sakriya honey taka nishkriya rahata haye. campbelle kaa shodh ack vishisht jeevaanu virus, phase lambda aur isake mezban bacteria "ee" parr kendrit thaa. kolai ", lekin model ney iss baat kii antardrishti pradaan kii kii kaise anya jeevon mein extrachromosomal dna daala aur xcise kiya jaa sakata haye. iss model koo 1968 mein prakaashit pustak "episode" mein prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, joe plasmid jeev vigyaan kaa pahala vyaapak upchaar thaa. ise "episode avadharana kii prayogaatmak neenv key ack vyaapak aur mahatvapurna mulyankan" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki "ee kolai" mein phase lambda key ekikaran aur nishkasana key viniyaman kaa adhyayan unake shodh kaa praathamik dhyaan rhaa haye, campbelle aur shodh sahyogiyon ney bhee biotin (baayo) aur galactose (galle) jeane sahit lambda sammilan sthaan seey judey "ee kolai" jeane key viniyaman aur abhivyakti kaa adhyayan kiya haye. phase lambda aur lysogeny parr prishthabhoomi. bacteria virus parr praarambhik adhyayan dou prakaar key 'filter karane yogya agents' kii khoj key baad shuru huaa joe bacteria koo nasht karane mein saksham they. inhen upayukt madhyam parr bacteria kaa ack lonn banaakar, inn 'filter karane yogya agents' key saath milakar aur phir nasht koshikaon key kshetron koo lonn parr saaf golakar kshetron (plake) key roop mein dekhkar pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. inn pattikaon kii vyakhya ack ekal agent key parinamswarup kii gaee thee joe ack jeevaanu koshika koo sankramit kartaa haye, koshika mein prajanan kartaa haye aur phir aspas kii koshikaon koo sankramit karane key liye khula hotaa haye, iss prakriya koo taba taka dohrata haye jaba taka kii nasht koshikaon kaa ack spasht golakar kshetra binaa sahaayata vaali aankh koo dikhaai naheen detaa haye. inn filter karane yogya agents koo bacteriophase (bacteria khaane vaale) yaa phase naam diyaa gayaa thaa. 1940 key dashak mein electron microscopy kaa upayog karke jeevaanu virus kii pahali tasveeren banaai gaeen, bacteria virus kii pahali tasveeren banaai gaeen, aur sankraman aur prajanan key tantra parr shodh mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui. iss shodh key kendra bindu mein seey ack lambe dweep parr colled spring harber prayogshala thee, jahan salvador luria, max delbrook, alfred hersche aur anya key netritva mein ack 'phase samooh' garmiyon mein nae jaanchkartaon key shodh aur prashikshan key liye milaa thaa. 1951 mein esther ledderberg ney lambda phase kii khoj kii, jisaki ack asamanya visheshta thee. jabaki lambda apane mezban bacteria ee key kuchh upbhedon mein sankramit aur prajanan curr sakata haye. kolai, anya upabhed sankraman key prati pratirakshit prateet hotey they. haalaanki, jaba pratiraksha upbhedon koo gair-pratiraksha upbhedon key saath milaaya jaataa thaa, tou kabhi-kabhi lambda phase koo gair-pratiraksha upbhedon koo sankramit karate hue dekhaa jaa sakata thaa. aage key shodh ney sujhaav diyaa kii pratiraksha upbhedon mein lambda genome kii ack nishkriya prati thee joe ise sankraman seey bachaati thee, lekin usa nishkriya prati koo sakriya viral sthiti mein sakriya kiya jaa sakata haye taaki sankraman kaa ack nayaa daur shuru hoe sakey. iss nishkriya charan koo 'lysogenic' avastha kahaa jaataa thaa aur sakriya roop seey sankraamak avastha koo 'lytic' avastha kahaa jaataa thaa. lambda genome key nishkriya roop koo 'profez' kahaa jaataa thaa. agale 50 varshon mein phase lambda key adhyayan ney virus jeevan chakr, aanuvanshik samagri key viniyaman aur abhivyakti, aur gunasutra sthaanon mein aanuvanshik samagri key ekikaran aur nishkasana key tantra mein moolyavaan antardrishti pradaan kii. ekikaran aur nishkasana key 'campbelle model' key saath kshetra mein ellen campbelle key yogdan ney iss prakriya kii samajh mein ack badaa kadam aage badhaaya. sammaan. campbelle rashtriya vigyaan akadami (1971), american academy off arts aind sciences (1971), american association forr dha advancement off science (1983) aur american academy off microbiology key ack sadasya they. campbelle koo somwar, 24 maee, 2004 koo nyu orleans mein society kii 104veen aam baithak mein microbiology key liye american society seey 2004 abot-assum lifetime achievement award milaa. campbelle ney abot-assum puraskar vyakhyan diyaa aur usa shaam ack ratribhoj samaroh mein sammaanit kiya gayaa. iss puraskar mein 20,000 dollar kaa nakad puraskar aur ack smaarak puraskar shamil haye. campbelle kaa sammaan karate hue, aeye. aiss. aim. adhikaariyon ney unaki "aanvik aanuvanshiki key kshetra mein asadharan antardrishti aur uplabdhiyon kaa hawala diyaa-ack abhootpoorv shodh kaa currier jiska aanvik cloning aur jeane therapy sahit kaee kshetron parr gahara prabhaav padaa haye."

allon emm. camp bell alan mcculloach camp bell (april 27,1929-april 19,2018) obba american sukshma jivashaastragna mattu aanuvamshikatagna mattu stanford vishvavidyaanilayada jivashastra vibhagadalli barbara kimbal braun professor emeritus aagiddaru. lambda faze kuritaada avara pravartaka kelasavu 20neey shatamaanada koneyalli aanvika jivashaastravannu munnadesalu sahaaya maaditu. stanford vishvavidyaanilayadalli avara prayogaalayada pramukha sahayogi mattu sadasyaraagiddaru avara patni jivarasaayanashaastragna alis dell campillo camp bell. sikshana. camp bell avaru california vishvavidyaalaya, berkley (1950) mattu masters (1951) mattu doctorate (1953) padavigalannu ileanois vishvavidyaalayadinda padedaru, allie avaru soal spiegelmanrondige kelasa maadidaru. vrattijeevana. 1953-1957 camp belninda mishigan vishvavidyaalayada bodhakaragiddaru. besigeyalli avaru caletech mattu daksina california vishvavidyaalayadalli geo ("zoo") bertani, colled spring harber prayogaalayadalli mattu francois jakabnondige institute pasternalli samayavannu kaledaru. 1958ralli aata alis dell campillo emba ph. dii. yavarannu vivaahavaadaru.dii. mishigan vishvavidyaalayadalli jeevarasaayanashaastrada vidyarthi. avaru tamma madhuchandrada varshavannu parisonalli kelasa madutta kaledaru. ibbaroo tamma vrattijeevanaduddakku nikatavagi kelasa maadidaru, shakha-sukshma endolysine encoding mattu biosynthesis mattu biotine niyantranadantaha samshodhanaa prashnegalannu tanikhe maadidaru. camp bell mundina ombattu varshagalannu rochester vishvavidyaalayada bodhakara mele kaledaru, allie avaru lambda faze bagge gamanarha aavishkaragalannu maadidaru. 1968ralli camp bell avaru stanford vishvavidyaanilayada jivashastra vibhagakke seridaru, allie avaru tammade aada prayogaalayavannu munnadesidaru. 1992ralli avarannu barbara kimbal braun endove kurchige nemisalaayitu. camp bell 1985rinda 2012ravarege "geneticsna varshika vimarshe" yaya sampaadakaraagiddaru. samshoodhane. campbelln samshoodhaneyu bacteria mattu avugala vairasgala talishaastrada mele kendrikrutavagide, visheshavaagi viral dii. enn. aa. annu aatitheya varnatantugalalli samyojisuttade. virus alavadikeya "camp bell maadari" yaya prastaapavu avara atyanta pramukha aavishkaaravaagittu, allie viral dii. enn. aa. yannu aatitheya chromosomnalli serisalaaguttade, byaaktiriyaada dii. enn. aa. ge covalent bandhavaguttade mattu nantara sakriyagolisuvavarege suptavagi uliyuttade. campbelln samshoodhaneyu nirdishta byaaktiriyaada virus, faze lambda mattu adara aatitheya byaaktiriyaada mele kendrikrutavagittu. kolai, "aadare ee maadariyu itara jivigalalli extrachromosomal dna annu hege serisabahudu mattu horahaakabahudu embudara bagge olanotagalannu odagisuttade. ee maadariyannu 1968ralli prakatavaada "episomes" pustakadalli prastaapisalaagide, idu plasmid jeevashaastrada modala samagra chikitseyagide. idannu "praasangika parikalpaneya prayogika adipayada vyapaka mattu nirnayaka moulyamaapana" endu vivarisalaagide. ii-coley" yalli faze lyambdada ekikarana mattu horategeyuvikeya niyantranada adhyayanavu avara samshoodhaneya praathamika kendrabinduvagiddaga, campbell mattu samshodhanaa sahavartigalu biotine (bayo) mattu galactose (gallo) vamshavaahigalannu olagondante lambda alavadikeya stalakke sambandhisida "ii-coley" vamshavaahigala niyantrana mattu abhivyaktiyannu saha adhyayana maadidaru. faze lambda mattu lysogeny hinnele. byaaktiriyaada vairasgala melina arambhika adhyayanagalu bacteriavannu nashapadisalu saadhyavaada 'filter maadabahudaada agentgala' eradu mattu dii 'herelegala aavishkaarada nantara praarambhavaayitu. sookta madhyamadalli byaaktiriyaada hulluhaasannu rachisuva moolaka, ee 'shoodhisabahudaada agentgalondige' beresuva moolaka mattu nantara hulluhaasina mele teravugonda vrattakarada pradeshagalaagi (daddugalu) kandubaruva naashavaada koshagala pradeshagalannu gamanisuva moolaka ivugalannu pradarshisalaayitu. ee daddugalannu byaaktiriyaada jivakoshakke sonku tagaluva, jivakoshadalli santanotpatti maaduva mattu nantara suttamuttalina jivakoshagalige sonku tagalalu teredukolluva ekaika agentna parinaamavaagi vyaakhyaanisalaagide, naashavaada jivakoshagala spashta vrattakarada pradeshavu sahayavillada kannige gocharavaguvavarege prakriyeyannu punaraavartisuttade. ee shoodhisabahudaada agentgalannu bacteriophagelu (byaaktiriyaada tinnuvavaru) athawa sankshiptavaagi faze endu hesarisalaayitu. 1940rahra dasakadalli electron microscopiannu balasikondu byaaktiriyaada vairasgala modala chitragalannu tayaarisalaayitu, byaaktiriyaada vairasgala modala photogalannu utpaadisalaayitu, mattu sonku mattu santanotpattiya kaaryavidhaanada kuritaada samshoodhaneyu naatakiyavaagi hechchaayitu. ee samshoodhaneya kendrabinduvendare long ailyaandnalliruva colled spring harber prayogaalaya, allie salvador luria, max delbrook, alfred harshee mattu itararu netrutvada 'faze gumpu' besigeyalli hosa tanikhaadhikaarigala samshoodhane mattu tarabetigaagi bhetiyaadaru. 1951ralli esthar ledderberg lambda fageannu kanduhididanu, idu asaamaanya lakshanavannu hondittu. lambda tanna aatitheya byaaktiriyaada kelavu taligalalli sonku haradabahudu mattu santanotpatti maadabahudu. kolai, itara taligalu soonkige pratirakshanaashaktiyannu toruttiddavu. aadaagyoo, pratirakshana taligalannu roganirodhakavallada taligalondige beresidaaga, sandarbhikavagi lambda faze annu roganirodhakavallada taligalige sonku taruvudannu gamanisabahudu. roganirodhaka taligalu lambda genomena supta nakalannu hondiddu adhu adannu sonkininda rakshisuttade endu hecchina samshoodhaneyu soochiside, aadare aaa supta nakalannu sakriya viral sthitige sakriyagolisabahudu mattu hosa suttina sonkannu praarambhisabahudu. ee supta hantavannu 'lysogenic' sthiti endu kareyalaaguttittu mattu sakriyavagi saankraamika sthitiyannu 'lytic' sthiti endu kareyalaaguttittu. lambda genomena supta roopavannu 'profage' endu kareyalaaguttittu. mundina 50 varsagalalli feja lyambdada adhyayanavu virus jeevana chakragalu, aanuvamshika vastugala niyantrana mattu abhivyakti mattu varnatantugala sthalagalige aanuvamshika vastugala ekikarana mattu horategeyuvikeya kaaryavidhaanada bagge moulyayuta olanotagalannu odagiside. ekikarana mattu horategeyuvikeya 'camp bell maadari' yondige kshetrakke alan camp belna kodugeyu ee prakriyeya tiluvalikeyalli ondu pramukha hejjeyagide. gouravagalu. camp bell avaru national academy off sciences (1971), american academy off arts und sciences (1971), american association phaar dhii advancement off sains (1983) mattu american academy off microbiology sadasyaragiddare. 2004rahra mayee 24randu nyoo arleansonalli nadeda society 104neey saamaanya sabheyalli american society phaar microbiologyinda 2004rahra abot-asm jivamaana sadhane prashastiyannu camp bell sweekarisitu. aaa sanje nadeda autanakootadalli camp bell abot-asm prashasti pradaana maadidaru mattu gouravisalaayitu. ee prashastiyu 20,000 dollar nagadu bahumaana mattu smaranartha bahumaanavannu olagondide. camp bell annu gouravisuvalli, aa. ess. emm adhikaarigalu avara "aanvika talishastra kshetradalli asadharana olanotagalu mattu sadhanegalannu ullekhisiddaare-aanvika abija santanotpatti mattu zeane therapy seridante halavaaru kshetragalalli aalavaada prabhaavavannu beerida adbhuta samshoodhaneya vrattijeevana."

elon emm. campbelle elon mccullock campbelle (27 april 1929-19 april 2018) heey eka american sukshmajivashastradnya aanee janukshastradnya aanee stanford vidyapithatil jivashastra vibhagat barbara kimball browning manad pradhyapak hote. lambda fejvareel tyanchya agraganya karyamule 20 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanvik jivashastrala chalana denyas madat jhaali. stanford vidyapithatil eka mahattvacha sahyogi aanee tyachya prayogshalecha sadasya, tyachi patni, jaivarsayanshastradnya ellis dell campillo campbelle hotee. shikshan. campabelane california, berkley vidyapithatun (1950) padvi aanee eleanoy vidyapithatun padvyuttar (1951) aanee doctorate (1953) padvi midavali, jithe tyanni soul spiegelmansobat kaam kele. karkird. 1953-1957 pasoon campbelle mishigan vidyapithachya pradhyapkanmadhye hote. unhalyat tyanni caltech aanee dakshin california vidyapithat, sheet vasant bandar prayogshalet aanee sansthetil pastermadhye francois jacob yanchyasobat geo (joou) bertani yanchyasobat vel ghalavala. 1958 madhye tyane ellis dell campillo yaa ph. dii. chya vidyarthinishi lagn kele.dii. mishigan vidyapithat jaivarsayanshastracha vidyarthi. tyanni tyanche madhuchandra varsh parismadhye kaam kartana ghalavale. doghanni tyanchya sampoorn karkirdit ekatra kaam kele, ushnata-sanvedanshil endolycine encoding aanee biosynthesis aanee biotineche niyaman yasarkhya sanshodhan prashnancha tapas keela. campabelane pudhil nauu varshe rochester vidyapithachya pradhyapkanvar ghalavali, jithe tyane lambda fejbaddal mahattvapoorn shodh lavale. 1968 madhye campbelle stanford vidyapithatil jivashastra vibhagat ruju jhaale, jithe tyanni swatachya prayogshaleche netrutva kele. 1992 madhye barbara kimball browningchya sampann khurchivar tyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee. campbelle 1985 teey 2012 yaa kalat 'janukshastrachya varshik punaravalokanache' sampadak hote. sanshodhan. campbelchya sanshodhanat jivanu aanee tyanchya vishanunchya anuvanshashastravar, visheshtah vishanujanya dnahe yazman gunasutranmadhye ekikaran karnyavar laksh kendrit kele aahe. tyacha sarvat pramukh shodh haah vishanuchya antarbhutichya "campbelle model" chaa prastav hota, jithe vishanujanya dna yazman gunasutrat ghatale jaate, jivanu dnac sahasanyojakpane bandhale jaate aanee nantar sakriy hoiparyant supt rahate. campabelache sanshodhan fages lambda aanee tyachya yazman jivanu "eae" yaa vishisht jivanu vishanuvar kendrit hote. kolai, "parantu yaa pratimane itar jivanmadhye extrachromosomal dna kase ghatale jaau shakate aanee kase baher kadhale jaau shakate yabaddal antardrushti pradan kelee. heey model 1968 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'episode' yaa pustakat prastavit kele gele hote, jeey plasmid jivashastrache pahile sarvasamaveshak upchar hote. tyache varnan "prasangik sankalpanechya prayogik payache vyapak aanee gambhir moolyankan" asey kele gele. eae kolai" madheel fages lambadachya ektrikaranachya aanee vichhedan niyamacha abhyas tyanchya sanshodhanache prathamik kendrabindu rahile asale taree, campbelle aanee sanshodhan sanshodhan lambda antarbhutishi sambandhit "eae kolai" janukanche niyaman aanee abhivyakticha dekhil abhyas keela, jyat biotin (bayo) aanee galactose (gall) janukancha samavesh aahe. fages lambda aanee lysogenychi parshvabhoomi. jivanu nasht karnyas saksham asalelya 'filter karnyayogya agents' chya done aanee done 'daad' herrell 'chya shodhanantar jivanu vishanuvaril prarambhik abhyas suru jhaala. yogya madhyamanvar jivanunche lonn tayar karoon, yaa 'filter karnyayogya agents' saha misaloon aanee nantar launwar saaf kelelya golakar kshetra (plakes) mhanoon mhanoon nasht jhalelya peshinchya bhaganche nirikshan karoon heey pradarshit kele gele. yaa plekcha arth assa lavala gela qee ekach agentne jivanu peshila sankramit kele, peshimadhye punarutpadan kele aanee nantar aajubajuchya peshinna sankramit karnyasathi ughade futale, nasht jhalelya peshinche spasht golakar kshetra dolhyala naan disanyaparyant prakriyechi punaravrutti kelee. yaa galan karnyayogya ghatakanchi nave bacteriophages (jivanu khanare) kinwa thodakyat fages ashee hotee. 1940 chya dashakat electron microscopy vapar karoon jivanu vishanuchi pahili chhayachitre tayar kelee gelee jivanu vishanuchi pahili chhayachitre tayar kelee gelee aanee sansarg aanee punarutpadanachya yantranevaril sanshodhanat lakshaniy vaadh jhaali. yaa sanshodhanacha eka kendrabindu lamb betavaril sheet vasant bandar prayogshala hota, jithe salvador luria, max delbrook, alfried hershey aanee itaranchya netrutvakhalil 'fages gut' naveen tapaskartyanchya sanshodhan aanee prashikshanasathi unhalyat bhetala. 1951 madhye esthar laderbergney lambda fejcha shodh lavala, jyache eka asamanya vaishishtya hote. tarr lambda tyachya yazman jivanu eae chya kahee prabhedanna sankramit aanee punarutpadit karoo shakato. kolai, itar prabhed sansargapasun pratirakshit disat hote. tathapi, jevha rogpratikarak prabhed heey rogpratikarak nasalelya prabhedanmadhye misalale gele, tevha adhunmadhun lambda fages heey rogpratikarak nasalelya prabhedanna sankramit kartana pahile jaau shakate. pudhil sanshodhanat asey suchavale gele qee rogpratikarak prabhedanmadhye lambda genomechi supt prat asate jee tyala sansargapasun vachavate, parantu sansargachi naveen pherii suru karnyasathi tee supt prat sakriy vishanuchya sthiteet sakriy kelee jaau shakate. yaa supt avasthela 'lysogenic' sthitee asey mhatale jaat asey aanee sakriyapane sansargjanya avasthela 'lytic' sthitee asey mhatale jaat asey. lambda genomechya supt swarupala 'profej' asey mhatale jaat asey. pudhil 50 varshanchya fages lambadachya abhyasane vishanuche jivanchakra, anuvanshik samagriche niyaman aanee abhivyakti aanee gunasutranchya thikani anuvanshik samagriche ektrikaran aanee vichhedan karanyachi yantrana yabaddal maulyavan antardrushti pradan kelee. ektrikaran aanee chhatanichya 'campbelle model' saha alan campbelchya kshetrat dilelya yogdanane yaa prakriyechya samajutisathi eka mothe paul pudhe takale. sanman. campbelle heey national academy auph sciences (1971), american academy auph arts andd sciences (1971), american association phaur daad advancement auph science (1983) aanee american academy auph microbiology sadasya mhanoon nivadoon aale hote. campabelala somwari, 24 meey 2004 roji nyu orleans yethe jhalelya societychya 104 vya sarvasadharan sabhet american society phaur microbiologicadoon microbiologicadoon ebot-ezam lifetime achievement puraskar midala. campabelane ebot-ezam puraskar vyakhyan dile aanee tyaa sandhyakali eka dinner samarambhat tyacha sanman karnyat aala. yaa puraskaramadhye 20,000 dollarsche rokh bakshis aanee eka smaranarth tukada samavisht aahe. campbelcha sanman kartana, aii. ess. emm. emm tyanchya "aanvik anuvanshashastra kshetratil apavadatmak antardrushti aanee kamgiricha ullekh keela-aanvik cloning aanee januk upcharansah anek kshetranvar sakhol prabhav prabhav abhootpurv sanshodhanachi karkird."

alan emm. campbelle alan maculock campbell (april 27,1929-april 19,2018) jane americae anujeeba bigyani ebong genetic ebong stanford biswabidyalajara jeebabigyana bibhagare barbara kimble brauning emerits professor thile. lambada fages upare tankara agrani karjya binsha shatabdir shesh bhagare anabika jeebabigyanaku aagaku nebare sahajya karithila . stanford biswabidyalajare tankara jane gurutwapurna sahajogee ebong parikhyagarara sadasya thile taanka patni biochemist alice dayle campillo campbelle. sikhya. campbelle california biswabidyalaja, berkley (1950) ray snataka degree ebong eleanois biswabidyalajaru snatakottara (1951) ebong doctorate (1953) degree hassel karithile jeunthare shay soal spigelamyanka saha karjya karithile. kyariyara. 1953-1957 campbelru mishigan biswabidyalajara sikhyaka thile. grishma ruture shay caltech ebong dakhina california biswabidyalajare geo ("joe") bartaninka saha, shital basanta bandara parikhyagarare ebong phrankois jakabnka saha institute pasterre samai bitaithile. 1958 masihare shay alice dayle campilonku bibaha karithile, jie ph.dii. mishigan biswabidyalajare bajokemistrire chhatra. semane pyarisare kaama curry semanankara hanimun barsha bitaithile. ubhaja semananka kyarijarare ghanistha bhabare karjya karithile, taap-sambedanashila endolycine rahr enakoding ebong biocene ebong bajotinra nijantrana pari gabeshana prashna anusandhana karithile . campbelle parabarti naaa barsha rochester biswabidyalajara shikhyakamananka upare bitaithile, jeunthare shay lambada fages bishajare gurutwapurna abishkara karithile. 1968 masihare campbelle stanford biswabidyalajara jeebabigyana bibhagare joga deithile, jeunthare shay nijara parikhyagarara netrutwa neithile. 1992 masihare shay barbara kimble brauning chejarre nijukta hoithile. campbelle 1985 ru 2012 parjyanta "geneticsra barshika samikhya" rahr sampadaka thile. gabeshana karantu. kyampabelnka gabeshana bacteria ebong segudikara jeebanugudikara genetics upare dhyana kendrit karichhi, bisesh curry atitheah kromojomre bhairal dii. enn. aii. rahr ekikarana. tankara sabutharu pramukh abishkara thila bhutanu bhartti karibara "campbelle model" rahr prastaba, jeunthare bhairal dii. enn. aii. atitheah kromojomre bhartti hue, bacterial dii. enn. aii. sahita sahabasthanika bhabare bandhita hue, ebong taa 'parey sakriya heba parjyanta supta rahe . campbelra gabeshana eka nirdista bacteria bhutanu, fages lambada ebong ehara poshaka jeebaanu "ee" upare kendrit thila. colio ", kintu ehi model anya jeebamananka madhyare extrachromosomal dii. enn. aii. kipari bhartti ebong excise karajaipariba shay bishajare antardrusti pradan karithila. ehi model 1968 ray prakashita pustaka "episomes" ray prastabita hoithila, jaahaa plasmid jeebabigyanara pratham byapaka chikitsa . ehaaku "episodom dharanara parikhyamulaka muladua rahr eka bistruta ebong samalochanamoolaka mulyankana" bhabare barnana karajaithila . ee-kolei" ray fages lambdar ekikarana ebong chedanara nijantrana adhyajana taanka gabeshanara eka prathamika kendrabindu hoithibabele, campbelle ebong gabeshana sahajogeemane madhya biotin (baio) ebong galactose (galle) zin sameth lambada sannibesha sthana sahita jadita "ee-kolei" jingudikara nijantrana ebong abhibyakti adhyajana karithile. fages lambada ebong lysogeny upare prusthabhumi. bacteria jeebaanu upare prarambhika adhyajana arambha hoithila 'filterable agent' rahr dui ebong dii 'herrell dwara abishkara parey jaahaa byakteriaaku nust karibare sakhyama thila . upajukta madhyamare bacteriagudikara eka lunn srusti curry, ehi 'filterable agent' sahita mishran curry ebong taa 'parey lunn upare sapha hoithiba bruttakara anchala (plack) bhabare dekhajauthiba nust kosagudikara anchalaku nirikhyana curry egudika pradarshita hoithila . ehi plakagudiku byakhya karajaithila je gotie ekaka agent eka bacteria koshaku sankramita curry, koshare prajnan curry ebong taa 'parey akhpakh koshagudiku sankramita kariba paain kholi, bina sahajatare aakhi paain nust kosagudikara eka spust bruttakara khetra drushyamana naheba parjyanta ehi prakrijaku punarabrutti curry. ehi filterable agentgudiku bacteriophase (bacteria khauthiba) kimba sankhyepare fages naama diajaithila . 1940 dashakare electron microscopy byabahara curry bacterial jeebanugudikara pratham chitra prastuta karajaithila, jaahaa bacterial jeebanugudikara pratham phato prastuta karithila, ebong sankramana ebong prajnan pranali upare gabeshana natakiah bhabare brudhi paithila. ehi gabeshanara eka kendrabindu thila lang dwepare thiba colled spring harber laboretory, jeunthare salvadora luria, max delbrock, alfred harsha ebong anyamananka netrutware eka 'fages group' grishma ruture nutan anusandhanakareenka gabeshana ebong talim paain bhetithile. 1951 masihare ester ledderberg lambada fages abishkara karithile, jahara eka aswabhabika baisistya thila. jetebele kii lambada ehara poshaka jeebaanu ee rahr kichhi strain ray sankramita ebong prajnan karipare . kolai, anya strain sankramana prati pratirodhaka pari janapadila . tebe, jetebele roga pratirodhaka shakti anah-pratirakhya shakti sahita mishrit heuthila, belebele lamba fages anah-pratirakhya shaktinku sankramita karuthiba dekhibaku miluthila. adhika anusandhanaru janapadichhi je roga pratirodhaka prabhedare lambada genomer eka supta nakal rahithila jaahaa ehaaku sankramanaru rakhya karithila, kintu sehi supta nakalaku eka nutan parjyaja sankramana arambha kariba paain sakriya bhairal abasthare sakriya karajaipariba. ehi supta parjyajaku 'lysogenic' abastha kuhajauthila ebong sakriya sankramaka abasthaku 'lytic' abastha kuhajauthila. lambada genomer supta roopaku 'profez' kuhajauthila. parabarti 50 barsha madhyare fages lambada adhyajana jeebaanu zeeban chakra, aanubanshika padarthara nijantrana ebong abhibyakti, ebong chromosomal sthanare aanubanshika padarthara ekikarana ebong chhedana pranali bishajare mulyabana antardrusti pradan karithila . ekikarana ebong chedanara 'campbelle model' sahita khetraku alan kyampabelnka yogdan ehi prakrijaku bujhiba digare eka pramukh padakhyepaku chinhita karithila . sammana. campbelle national ekademy off sciences (1971), americae ekademy off arts anded sciences (1971), americae association pharr dee advancement off sines (1983) ebong americae ekademy off microbiologyra jane nirbachita sadasya thile. meey 24,2004 sombar deane nyu arlinsare societyra 104 tama sadharana sabhare americae society pharr microbiology thaaru campbelle 2004 abot-aasam life time achievement puraskara paithile. campbelle abot-aasam puraskara baktruta pradan karithile ebong sehi sandhyare eka ratribhojana samarohare sammanita hoithile. ehi puraskarare 20,000 dollar nagad puraskara ebong eka smaraki puraskara antarbhukta. campbelle ku sammana janai, aii. ess. emm. adhikarimane tankara "anabika genetics khetrare asadharana antardrusti ebong saphalata-anabika cloning ebong zin therapy sameth aneka khetrare gabhira prabhaba pakaithiba eka jugantakaree gabeshanara kyariyara" ku uddhruta karithile."

ailan aimm. camp baill ailan mccullock campbell (27 aprail, 1929-19 aprail, 2018) ikk amriki sookham jeev vigiaani atey geneticist see atey stanford university witch jeev vigiaan vibhag witch barbara kimbal brouning professor emirites see. lamba fages utte uss dey pioneering kamm neey neey sadee dey akheer witch anoo jeev vigiaan noon agge vadhaun witch sahaita keeti. ikk mahattavpuran sehyogi atey stanford university witch uss dee prayogshala daa member uss dee patni biochemist ellis dell campillo campbelle see. sikkhiaa. campbell neey california university, barkale (1950) toon bachelor dee digri prapat keeti atey eleanois university toon maastar (1951) atey doctorate (1953) deeaan dhigriaan prapat keetiaan jitthe usne soul spiegelman naal kamm keeta. carrier. 1953-1957 campbell toon mishigan university dey faculty witch see. garmiaan dauran usne caltech atey dakkhni california university witch jio ("joe") bartani naal, colled spring bandargah prayogshala witch atey francois jacob naal institute paster witch samaan bitaiaa. sann 1958 witch uhanan neey ellis dell campillo naal viaah karwa liaa.dee. mishigan university witch biochemistry witch vidiaarthi. unhan neey aapna hanimoon saal paris witch kamm karde hoye bitaiaa. dovan neey aapne poore crear dauran mill keey kamm keeta, khoj parshanan jiven kii garmi-sanvedansheel endolycin dee incoding atey biosynthesis atey biotin dey niyam dee jaanch keeti. campbell neey agle naun saal rochester university dey faculty witch bitaae, jitthe usne lambda fages baare mahattavpuran khojan keetiaan. sann 1968 witch campbell stanford university witch jeev vigiaan vibhag witch shamal hoow giaa, jitthe usne aapni prayogshala dee agvai keeti. uss noon 1992 witch barbara kimble brauning dee chair laee niyukat keeta giaa see. campbell 1985 toon 2012 takk "genetics dee salana samikhiaa" daa sampadak see. khoj. campbell dee khoj neey bacteria atey uhanan dey viruses dey genetics, khaas karke host chromosomes witch viral dee. ainn. aii. dey ekikaran 'teey dhiaan kendrit keeta haii. uss dee sabh toon pramukh khoj viruses paunh dey "campbell maadal" daa prastav see, jitthe viral dee. ainn. aii. noon mezban chromosome witch paaiaa jaanda haii, bacteria dee. ainn. aii. naal sehbhagi taur 'teey bnnhiaa jaanda haii, atey firr sargaram honn takk susat rahinda haii. campbell dee khoj ikk vishesh bacteria viruses, fages lambada atey iss dey mezban bacteria 'ee' 'teey kendrit see. kolai, "parr maadal neey iss baare samajh pardan keeti kii horr jeevan witch extrachromosomal dee. ainn. aii. noon kiven paaiaa atey bahr kaddhiaa jaa sakda haii. ih maadal 1968 witch prakashit kitaab "episomus" witch prastavit keeta giaa see, joe plasmid jeev vigiaan daa pahila viaapak ilaaj see. iss noon "episome sankalap dee prayogatmak neenh daa ikk viaapak atey aalochnatmak mulankan" vajon darsaiaa giaa see. jadon kii "ee kolai" witch fages lambada dey ekikaran atey kattan dey niyam daa adhiaen uss dee khoj daa mukkh kendra riha haii, campbell atey khoj sahiyogiaan neey biotin (baio) atey galactose (galactose) jeenan samet lamba dakhal curran dee sathiti naal jude "ee kolai" jeenan dey niyam atey pragtave daa vee adhiaen keeta. fages lambada atey lysogeny daa pichokad. bacteria viruses baare shuruati adhiaen doou 'filterable agentan' duaara khoj toon baad shuru hoye joe bacteria noon nasht curran dey yog sunn. inhan noon dhukven media utte bacteria daa ikk lyon bnaa keey, inhan 'filterable agentan' naal milaa keey atey firr tabah hoow chukke saillan dey khetran noon lyon utte saaf keete circular khetran (takhtiaan) vajon vekh keey pradarshit keeta giaa see. inhan takhtiaan dee viaakhiaa ikk single agent dey natije vajon keeti gaee see joe ikk bacteria saill noon sankarmit karda haii, saill witch dubara paida hunda haii atey firr aale duaale dey saillan noon sankarmit curran laee khullh jaanda haii, prakiriaa noon duhraunda haii jadon takk kii nasht hoye saillan daa ikk sapshat circular khetar binan sahaita prapat akkh noon dikhai naheen dinda. inhan filter curran yog agentan noon bacteriophage (bacteria khaann vaale) jaan sankhep witch fages naam ditta giaa see. 1940 dey dahake witch electron microscopy dee varton kardiaan bacteria viruses deeaan pahiliaan tasviran tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan, bacteria viruses deeaan pahiliaan tasviran tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan, atey laag atey prajanan dey vidhi baare khoj witch nataki dhang naal vaadha hoiaa. iss khoj daa ikk kendra bindu lambe tapu utte colled spring harber prayogshala see, jitthe salvador luria, maikas delberk, alfried harshi atey horaan dee agvai witch ikk 'fages group' garmiaan witch navein janchkartavan dee khoj atey sikhlai laee miliaa see. sann 1951 witch asther ledderberg neey lambda fages dee khoj keeti, jiss dee ikk asadharan visheshta see. jadon kii lambda aapne mezban bacteria ee dey kujh strain witch sankarmit atey prajanan qarr sakda haii. kolai, horr tanaa laag pratee pratirodhak jaapde sunn. halanki, jadon imioon strain noon gair-imioon strain naal milaiaa jaanda see, taan kadey-kadey lambda fages noon gair-imioon strain noon sankarmit karde hoye dekhiaa jaa sakda see. agge dee khoj neey sujhaa ditta kii imioon strain witch lambada genome dee ikk susat kaapi hundi haii joe iss noon laag toon bachaundi haii, parr uss susat kaapi noon laag daa ikk navaan daur shuru curran laee sargaram viral avastha witch sargaram keeta jaa sakda haii. iss susat padaa noon 'lysogenic' avastha kiha jaanda see atey sargaram taur 'teey sankarmit avastha noon' lytic 'avastha kiha jaanda see. lamba genome dey susat roop noon 'profaj' kiha jaanda see. agle 50 saalan witch fages lambada dey adhiaen neey viruses dey jeevan chakkran, genetic samaggari dey niyam atey pragtave, atey chromosomal sathanan witch genetic samaggari dey ekikaran atey kattan dee vidhi witch keemati samajh pardan keeti. ekikaran atey kattan dey 'campbell maadal' naal khetar witch ailan campbell dey yogdan neey iss prakiriaa dee samajh witch ikk vadda kadam agge vadhaiaa. sanman. campbell national academy aaf sciences (1971), american academy aaf arts aind sciences (1971), american association phaar dha advancement aaf science (1983) atey american academy aaf microbiology dee ikk member chunhi gaee see. campbell noon somwar, 24 maee, 2004 noon nioo orleans witch suciety dee dee aam meating witch american suciety phaar microbiology toon 2004 daa abot-aizam lifetime achievement award miliaa. campbell neey abot-aizam award bhashan ditta atey uss shaam noon ikk raat dey khaane dey samaroh witch sanmanit keeta giaa. iss puraskar witch 20,000 dallar daa nakad inam atey ikk yadgari tukda shamal haii. campbell daa sanman karde hoye, aii. aiss. aimm. adhikariaan neey anoo genetics dey khetar witch unhan dee "bemisal samajh atey prapatiaan daa havala ditta-ikk mahattavpuran khoj daa carrier jiss daa anoo cloning atey jeane therapy samet kaee khetran utte dungha prabhav piaa haii."

allan emm. shivir-bell aalan maikuloch campbell (april 27,1929-april 19,2018) ekaha american sookshmajeevavidnyaanee, aanuvamshikeevid cha aasit, tathaa cha stanford vishvavidyaalayasya jeevavidnyaanavibhaagasya barbera kimbal brauning pradhyapakaha aasit. 20 shataabdyaah ante, lambda fages ityasya vishaye tasya pravartakakaaryam aanwik-jeevavidnyaanasya pragatim anugunam krutavaan. stanford-vishvavidyaalaye mahattwapoornah sahayogee, prayogashalayaha sadasyah cha tasya patnee jaivarasaayanashaastri elis-dayle-kempillo-campbell aasit. shikshate. campbell ityayam california-berkley-vishvavidyaalaye (1950) snaatakapadaveem, ileanois-vishvavidyaalayaat snaatakottarapadaveem (1951), doctorate (1953) padaveem cha praptavan, yatra saha sole spiegelman ityanena saha kaaryam akarot. vruttihi. 1953-1957 ityatah campbell mishigan-vishvavidyaalayasya adhyaapake aasit. grishmakaale saha caltech-nagare, dakshina-california-vishvavidyaalaye, colled-spring-harber-prayogashalayam, francois-jacob ityanena saha institute-pasteur-madhye cha jiyo (jo) bertany ityanena saha samayam vyateetavaan. 1958 tame varshe saha pee. ech. e., elis-dell-campilo ityenam parineetavaan.dee. mishigan-vishvavidyaalaye jeeva-rasayanashastre chhaatrah. te swam madhuchandrimaavarsham pyaris-nagare karyam kurvan vyateetavantah. taapa-samvedee endolycin ityasya encoding, biosin ityasya jaivikasamshleshanam, viniyamanam ityadinam shodha-prashnanam anveshanam, tau dwau swasyaah sampoorne vruttijeevanasya madhye nikatayaa saha karyam krutavantah. campbell ityeshah agrime navavarshaani rochester-vishvavidyaalayasya adhyaapake vyateetavaan, yatra saha lambda fages ityasya vishaye mahattvapoornaani aavishkaaraani krutavaan. 1968 tame varshe campbell-varyaha stanford-vishvavidyaalayasya jeevavidnyaanavibhaage sammilitah, yatra saha swakeeya-prayogashalayaha netrutvam krutavaan. 1992 tame varshe saha barbera kimbal-brauning-endove-chair-krute niyuktah. kempbel 1985 taha 2012 paryantam "genetics ityasya vaarshikasameekshaayaah" sampaadakah aasit. anusandhaana. campbell ityasya samshodhanena bacteria-vishanunam aanuvamshikataayaam, visheshatah vairal-dii. enn. e. ityasya atitheya-kromosom-madhye ekeekaranam cha kendreekrutam asti. tasya pramukhatamah aavishkaarah vairas-niveshasya "campbell-maadel" ityasya prastaawah aasit, yatra vairas-dii. enn. e. atitheya-kromosom-madhye antahpraveshtate, bacteria-dii. enn. e. ityanena sahasamyojitam bhavati, tatah sakriyam yaavat suptam bhavati. kempbel ityasya anusandhaanah vishishtasya bacteria-vairas, fages-lambda, tasya atitheya-bacteria "ee" ityetayoho upari kendreekrutah aasit. kolai "iti, parantu anyeshu jeeveshu extrachromosomal dii. enn. e. katham antahpraveshtum, utsarjitum cha shakyate iti vishaye pratimaanam antardrushtim pradadat. 1968 tame varshe prakashitasya "episomes" iti pustake etat pratiroopam prastooyate, yat plasmid jeevavidnyaanasya prathamam vyaapakam chikitsaam aasit. episodam-avadhaaranaayaah prayogaatmak-aadhaarasy vistrutam vimarshaatmakam cha mulyankanam" iti asya varnanam krutam. ee-kolai" ityasmin fages-lamba ityasya ekikaranasya vicchedanasya cha niyamanasya adhyayanasya vishaye tasya samshodhane prathamikam kendram aasit, api cha kempbel tathaa cha shodhasahayogi cha lamba-niveshasthaanen sambaddhasy "ee-kolai" vamshavaahinaam niyamanasya abhivyaktihi cha adhyayanam krutavantah, yeshu biotin (bayo), galactos (gell) vamshavaahinaha cha antarbhavanti. fages-lambda tathaa lasogeny ityetayoho prushtabhoomau. bacteria-vishanunam vishaye praarambhik-adhyayanm, 'filterable-agents' ityetayoho dvivaaram tathaa dii 'herel ityetaih avishkarat anantaram aarabhat, ye bacteria-naashayitum samarthah aasit. etaaha upayukta-madhyamena bacterianam laan-nirmitvaa, eteshaam 'filter-yogya-agent-ityanena' saha mishrya, tatah laan-madhye swaccha-vruttaakaar-kshetraroopen (phalakaani) drushyamananam nashta-koshikanam kshetraanaam nirikshanam krutvaa pradarshitaah. etaan falakaan, ekasyaah abhikartuhu bacteria-kosham sankramanam krutvaa, koshikaayaam punarutpaadanam krutvaa, tatah parisare kosham sankramayitum visphotanam krutvaa, prakriyam punaraavartayan yaavat vinashakakoshikanam spashtavruttaakaarakshetaram netrasya vinaashakam drushyate iti vyaakhyitam. ete filter-yogya-agents ityetaani bacteriophase (bacterianam bhakshakaah) athavaa faze iti naamaani alparupena dattaani. 1940 tame dashake electron-macroscopy ityasya upayogena bacteria-vairas-ityasya prathamaani chitraani nirmitaani, bacteria-vairas-ityasya prathamaani chaayaachitraani nirmitaani, tathaa cha sankramanasya prajananasy cha tantrasya vishaye samshodhanam naatakeeyaroopen vardhata. asya shodhasya kendrabindushu anyatamah deerghadweepasya sheet-vasanta-naukaashraya-prayogashala aasit, yatra salvador-luria, max-delbruck, alfred-harshe ityaadibhih netrutve ekaha 'fages-samoohah' grishmakaale nootan-anveshakanam shodha-prashikshanartham cha militavaan. 1951 tame varshe esthar ledder berg ityanena lambda fages ityasya aavishkaarah krutah, yasya vishishtalakshanam aasit. parantu lamba-rogah tasya atitheya-jivanunam keshuchit prabhedeshu sankramayitum punarutpaadayitum cha shaknoti. kolai, anye prabhedah sankraamane pratirakshaayogyah iva drushyate sma. parantu yadaa rogapratirodhak-prabhedah pratirakshaarahit-prabhedaihi saha mishritaah aasan, tadaa kadaachit lamba fages pratirakshaarahit-prabhedaan sankramayati iti drashtum shakyate sma. adhika-samshodhanena soochitam yat roganirodhak-prabhedeshu lamba-genome ityasya supta-pratilipihi aasit, yaa tam sankramanaat rakshitavatee, parantu tatt supta-pratilipihi nootan-sankraman-chakrasya arambhartham sakriya-vishaanu-avasthaayaam sakriyam kartum shakyate iti. ayam suptah avasthaa 'lasogenic' iti namna prasidhah aasit, tathaa cha sakriyatayaa sankraamak-avasthaa 'latic' iti namna namna prasidhah aasit. lamba genome ityasya suptam roopam 'profez' iti namna uchyate. agrimeshu 50 varsheshu fages-lambda ityasya adhyayanm, vairas-jeevanachakrasya vishaye, aanuvamshika-padarthasya viniyamanasya abhivyaktihi cha vishaye, tathaa cha chromosomal-sthaaneshu aanuvamshika-padarthasya ekikaranasya vicchedanasya cha tantrasya vishaye bahumoolyam antardrushtim pradadat. ekikaranasya, ksharanasya cha 'campbell-pratiroopam' ityanena saha kshetre allan-campbell ityasya yogadam asya prakriyayaha bodhane pramukham sopanam ankayat. sammanam. campbell ityayam neshan-akadami aaf sainsas (1971), american akadami aaf arts end sainsas (1971), american-association-faar-da-advaamsment-aaf-sains (1983), american-akadami-aaf-macrobiology ityasya sadasyah cha aasit. 2004 mey 24 dinaanke somavaasare nyoo orleans-nagare societyaah 104 tame samanyasabhayam american-societyaah macrobiology-samsthayaa 2004 ebut-aasm-aajeevan-upalabdhi-puraskaram kempbel-varyaha praptavan. campbell-varyaha ebut-aasm-puraskaar-vyaakhyaanam dattavaan, tasmin sayankale bhojya-samaarohe cha sammaanitah. asmin puraskaare $20,000 nagadapuraskaarah, smaarak-krutihi cha antarbhavati. campbell ityasya sammanartham e. ess. emm. adhikaarinah tasya "aanwik-aanuvamshikee-kshetre asaadhaaran-antardrushtih, upalabdhaah cha udaghoshayan-ekaha abhootapoorva-anusandhaana-vruttihi, yasya aanwik-pratiroopan-paddhatihi, vamshavaahi-chikitsaa-paddhatihi cha ityadini kshetraani gahanaprabhaavam avahan."

allan emm. mugaamthoguppu aln mcculoach campel (aepral 27,1929-aepral 19,2018) oru america nunnuyiriyalaalar mattrum marabiyal nipunar mattrum stanford palkalaikkazhagaththin uyiriyal thuraiyil barbara kimbal prowning paeraasiriyaraana emiritus aavaar. 20 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil moolakkooru uyiriyalai maempaduththa lampta bej kuriththa avarathu munnoadi panii uthaviyathu. stanford palkalaikkazhagaththil avarathu aaivagaththin oru mukkiyamaana oththuzhaippaalarum uruppinarumaana avarathu manaivi uyirvaethiyiyalaalar alis dell cambillo cambell aavaar. kalvi. campel berkley california palkalaikkazhagaththil (1950) ilangkalai pattamum, illinoys palkalaikkazhagaththil mudugalai pattamum (1951) munaivar pattamum (1953) pettraar, angku avar soal speaclemanudon paniyaattrinaar. thozhil. 1953-1957 campel michikan palkalaikkazhagaththin aasiriyargalil irunthaar. koadaikaalaththil avar caltech mattrum therku california palkalaikkazhagaththil jio (joow) pertaniyudan neraththai selavittaar, kulir vasantha thuraimuka aaivagaththilum, francois jacobuden institute paestoorilum. 1958 aam aandil avar oru Ph, alis dell cambillovai mananthaar.dii. michikan palkalaikkazhagaththil uyirvaethiyiyal maanavar. avarkal thangal thaenilavu aandai paarisil vaelai seithu kazhiththanar. veppa-unarthiran konda endolysine kuriyeedu mattrum biocene pakuppaaivu mattrum ozhungkumurai poantra aaraaichi kaelvigalai visaariththu iruvarum thangal thozhil vaazhkkai muzhuvathum nerukkamaaga paniyaattrinar. campel aduththa onbathu aandugalai rosester palkalaikkazhagaththin aasiriyargalil kaliththaar, angku avar lampta bej pattri kurippidatthakka kandupidippugalaich seithaar. 1968 aam aandil campel stanford palkalaikkazhagaththil uyiriyal thuraiyil saernthaar, angku avar thanathu sontha aaivagaththai vazhinadaththinaar. 1992 aam aandil barbara kimbal prowning endo naarkaaliyil avar niyamikkappattaar. campel 1985 muthal 2012 varai "marabiyal varudaanthira mathippaaivu" inn aasiriyaraaga irunthaar. aaraaichi. campel aaraaichi bacteria mattrum avattrin vairaskalin marabiyal, kurippaaga virus dii. enn. aee vaii puravalan chromosomgaludan orunginaippathil kavanam seluththiyullathu. avarathu miga mukkiyamaana kandupidippu virus serugalin "campel maadal" munmozhivaagum, angku virus dna puravalan chromosomil serugappadukirathu, bacteria dnavdon sagappinaippudan pinaikkappadukirathu, pinnar seyalpaduththappadum varai seyalattra nilaiyil ullathu. campel aaraaichi oru kuripitta bacteria virus, bej lampta mattrum adhan hoast bacteria "eee" meethu kavanam seluththiyathu. koolii, "aanaal inththa maathiri, pira uyirinangkalil extra chromosomal dna evvaaru serugappadalaam mattrum excise seiyappadalaam enbatharkaana nunnarivugalai valangkiyathu. inththa maathiri 1968 ill veliyidappatta "episomes" endra puththagaththil munmozhiyappattathu, idhu plaasmit uyiriyalin muthal virivaana sigichchaiyaagum. idhu "episome karuththin soathanai adiththalaththin parantha mattrum vimarsana mathippeedu" endru vivarikkappattathu. eee koolii" ill bej lamptavin orunginaippu mattrum piriththal pattriya aaivu avarathu aaraaychchiyin muthanmai maiyamaaga irunththapoathilum, campel mattrum aaraaichi koottaaligal biotine (bayoa) mattrum calactose (calactose) marabanukkal udpada lampta serugum idaththudan inaikappatta "eee koolii" marabanukkalin ozhungkumurai mattrum velipaattai aaivu seithanar. bej lampta mattrum lysogeny pattriya pinnani. bacteria vairaskal kuriththa aarambagaala aaivugal bacteriavai alikkakkoodiya 'vadikattakkoodiya mugavargal' iruvarin kandupidippukkup piragu thodangkina. porutthamaana uudakangkalil bacteriavin pulveliyai uruvaakki, inththa 'vadikattakkoodiya mugavargaludan' kalandhu, pinnar pulveliyil agattrappatta vattap paguthigalaaka (pilaekkugal) kaanappadum alikkappatta selgalin pakuthikalaik kavanitthu ivai niroopikkappattana. inththa pilaekkugal oru ottrai mugavar oru bacteria uyiranuvaip paathiththu, uyiranuvil inapperukkam seithu, pinnar suttriyulla uyiranukkalaip paathikkath thiranthu, alikkappatta uyiranukkalin thelivaana vattap pakuthi udhavi peraatha kannukkuth theriyum varai seyalmuraiyai meendum meendum seivathan vilaivaaga vilakkapattana. inththa vadikattakkoodiya mugavargal pacteriopagegal (bacteriavai unnubavargal) allathu bej endru surukkamaaga peyaridappattana. electron nunnoakkiyaip payanpaduththi bacteria vairaskalin muthal padangkalai 1940 kazhil thayaariththathu, bacteria vairaskalin muthal pugaippadangkalai thayaariththathu, maelum thottru mattrum inapperukkaththin porimurai kuriththa aaraaichi viyaththagu muraiyil athikariththathu. inththa aaraaychchiyin maiya pulligalil ondru neenda theevil ulla kulir vasantha thuraimuka aaivagamaagum, angku salvador luria, makes delbrooke, alfred hershey mattrum pirar thalaimaiyilaana oru 'bej kuzhu' puthiya pulanaaivaalargalin aaraaichi mattrum payirchikkaaga koadaiyil santhiththathu. 1951 aam aandil esthar letterberg lampta bej kandupiditthaar, idhu oru asaathaarana panbu kondadhu. athae neraththil lampta adhan hoast pacterium eee inn sila vikaarangkalil thottru mattrum inapperukkam seiya mudiyum. koalai, pira vikaarangkal noiththottrukku noayethirppu sakthiyaagath thoantrina. iruppinum, noayethirppu vikaarangkal noayethirppu allaatha vikaarangkaludan kalakkappattapoathu, eppoathaavathu lampta bej noayethirppu allaatha vikaarangkalai paathikkirathu. maelum aaraaichi, noayethirppu vikaarangkalil lampta marabanuvin seyalattra nagal iruppathaagak kooriyadhu, idhu adhai noiththottrilirunthu paathukaaththathu, aanaal antha seyalattra nagal oru puthiya suttru noaiththottraith thodanga seyalil ulla virus nilaiyil seyalpaduththappadalaam. inththa seyalattra kattam 'lysogenic' nilai endrum, theeviramaaga thottru nilai 'lydic' nilai endrum azhaikkappattathu. lampta marabanuvin seyalattra vadivam 'probage' endru azhaikkappattathu. aduththa 50 aandugalil faej lampta pattriya aaivu virus vaazhkkaich suzharchigal, marabanup porulin ozhungkumurai mattrum velippaadu mattrum chromosome idangkalil marabanup porulai orunginaiththal mattrum agattruvatharkaana vazhimurai pattriya mathippumikka nunnarivugalai valangkiyathu. orunginaippu mattrum agattralin 'campel maadal' udan kazhaththirku alan campel aliththa pankalippu inththa seyalmuraiyaip purinthukolvathil oru mukiya padiyaik kuriththathu. gowravangal. campel thaesiya ariviyal akaadami (1971), american akaadami off ards andd sayins (1971), american association phaar thii advanment off sayins (1983) mattrum american akaadami off microbiology uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. campel 2004 aam aandu mae 24 aam thaethi neu arleancil nadantha societyin 104 vadhu podhuk koottaththil microbiologicana american societyilirunthu 2004 aam aandu abod-ausm vaazhnaal saathanai viruthaip pettraar. campel abod-ausm viruthu sorpozhivai valangkinaar mattrum andru maalai oru iravu unavu vizhaavil gowravikkappattaar. inththa viruthil 20,000 dollar rokkap parisu mattrum oru ninaivu parisu adangkum. campel kavuravippathil, ausm athikaarikal avarathu "moolakkooru marabiyal thuraiyil vithivilakkaana nunnarivugal mattrum saathanaigalai maerkoal kaattinar-moolakkooru cloning mattrum marabanu sigichchai ullitta pala thuraikalil aalamaana thaakkatthai aerpaduththiya oru arputhamaana aaraaichi vaazhkkai."

allan emm. camp bell allon makkuloch camp bell (april 27,1929-april 19,2018) oka american microbiologist mariyu janyu shaastravetta mariyu stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo jeevasastra vibhaagamlo barbara kimbal braun professor emeritus. lambda fagepy ayana chesina maargadarsaka krushi 20va sataabdam chivaralo paramaanu jeevasaastraanni munduku teesukelladaaniki sahaayapadindi. stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo oka mukhyamaina sahakari mariyu athani prayogasaala sabhyudu biochemist alis dell campillo camp bell, athani bhaarya. vidya. camp bell california vishwavidyaalayam, berkley (1950) loe bachelor degreeni, illinais vishwavidyaalayam nundi masters (1951) mariyu doctorate (1953) degreelanu sampaadinchaadu, akkada athanu soal spiegelmantho kalisi panicheesaadu. vrutti. 1953-1957 camp bell nundi michigaon vishwavidyaalayam yokka adhyaapakulalo unnaaru. vesavilo athanu caltech mariyu dakshina california vishwavidhyaalayamlo geo ("jooe") bertanytho, colled spring harber prayogasaalalo mariyu francois jacob thoo institute paster vadda gadipadu. 1958loe ayana alis dell campillo anae Ph.dii. michigaon vishwavidhyaalayamlo jeevarasaayanashaastramlo vidyaarthi. vaaru tama honeymoon samvatsaraanni paarislo panicheestuu gadiparu. vaedi-sunnitamaina endolysine yokka encoding mariyu biosynthesis mariyu biotine yokka niyantrana vanti parisoedhana prasnalanu parisoedhistuu, iddaroo tama kereer antataa kalisi panicheesaaru. camp bell tadupari tommidi samvatsaraalu rochester vishwavidyaalayam yokka adhyapakulapai gadipadu, akkada athanu lambda faze gurinchi gananeeyamaina aavishkaranalu chesaadu. 1968loe camp bell stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo jeevasastra vibhaagamlo cheraadu, akkada athanu thana sonta prayogasaalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. 1992loe barbara kimbal browned endov kurcheeki ayana niyamitulayyaaru. camp bell 1985 nundi 2012 varaku "janyusaastram yokka vaarshika sameeksha" kuu sampaadakudigaa unnaaru. parisoedhana. camp bell yokka parisoedhana bacteria mariyu vaati vairasla janyusaastrampai, mukhyamgaa viral dnnu atidheya chromosomelalo ekikrutam cheyadampai kendrikrutamai undhi. athani atyanta pramukha aavishkarana virus choppinche "camp bell modal" pratipaadana, ikkada viral DNA host chromosomeloki choppinchabadutundi, idhi bacteria DNAthoo samayojaneeyamgaa bandhinchabadutundi, aapai kriyaaseelata varaku nidraanamgaa untundi. camp bell yokka parisoedhana oka nirdishta bacteria virus, faze lambda mariyu daani host bacteria "ii" paie drushti pettindi. kolai, "conny eee namuunaa itara jeevulalo extrachromosomal dnnu elaa choppinchavachho mariyu excise cheyavacho antardrushtulanu andinchindi. eee namuunaa 1968loe prachurinchabadina "episomes" anae pustakamlo pratipaadinchabadindi, idhi plasmid jeevasaastram yokka modati samagra chikitsa. idhi "episome concept yokka prayogaatmaka punaadi yokka vistruta shreni mariyu klishtamaina moolyaankanam" gaa varninchabadindi. ii kolai" loe faze lambda yokka ekikarana mariyu tolagimpu yokka niyantrana adhyayanam athani parisoedhana yokka praadhamika kendramgaa undagaa, camp bell mariyu parisoedhanaa sahacharulu biotine (bio) mariyu galactose (gallen) janyuvulatho sahaa lambda choppinche sthaanaaniki anusandhaaninchabadina "ii kolai" janyuvula niyantrana mariyu vyakteekarananu kooda adhyayanam chesaaru. faze lambda mariyu lysogeny nepathyam. bacterianu naasanam cheyagaligina 'filterble agents' yokka rendu mariyu dii 'herrell dwara kanugonabadina taruvaata bacteria vairaslapai prarambha adhyayanalu prarambhamayyayi. tagina maadhyamamlo bacteria pacchika bayallanu srushtinchadam dwara, eee 'vadapotha agentlatho' kalapadam dwara, aapai pacchika bayallapai clear vruttaakaara praantalugaa (falakaalu) kanipinche naasanam cheyabadina kanaala praantaalanu gamaninchadam dwara veetini pradarsinchaaru. eee falakaalu oka agent oka bacteria kanaaniki sokadam, kanamlo punarutpatti cheyadam mariyu chuttupakkala kanaalaku sokadaniki teravadam, naasanam cheyabadina kanaala spashtamaina vruttaakaara praantam sahaayarahita kantiki kanipinche varaku prakriyanu punaraavrutam cheyadam phalitamgaa ardham chesukobaddayi. eee vadapotha agentlanu bacteriophaselu (bacteria tinevaaru) ledhaa faze anie sankshiptamgaa pilicheevaaru. 1940laloe electron microscopyni upayoginchi bacteria vairasla modati chitraalanu utpatti chesaaru, bacteria vairasla modati photolanu utpatti chesaaru, sankramana mariyu punarutpatti yokka yantraamgampai parisoedhana natakeeyamgaa perigindi. eee parisoedhana yokka kendra binduvulalo okati long ailandloni colled spring harber prayogasaala, ikkada salvador luria, maaks delbrook, alfred hershey mariyu itarulu netrutvamloni 'faze group' vesavilo kotta parisoedhakula parisoedhana mariyu sikshana kosam kalusukunnaru. 1951loe esther lederberg asaadhaarana lakshanaanni kaligi unna lambda fagenu kanugonnadu. lambda daani host bacterium yokka konni jaatulaku sokavachu mariyu punarutpatti cheyavachu. kolai, itara jaatulu sankramanaku roganirodhaka saktini kaligi unnatlu anipinchindi. ayithe, roganirodhaka jaatulu roganirodhaka shakti laeni jaatulato kalipinappudu, appudappudu lambda faze roganirodhaka shakti laeni jaatulaku sokadaanni gamaninchavacchu. roganirodhaka jaatulu laanda genome yokka nidraanamaina kaapeeni kaligi unnayani, idhi sankramana nundi rakshistundani tadupari parisoedhana suuchimchimdi, ayithe aaa nidraanamaina kaapeeni kotta round sankramananu praarambhinchadaaniki kriyaaseela viral sthithiloki sakriyam cheyavachu. eee nidraanamaina dasanu 'lysogenic' sthithi anie pilicheevaaru mariyu churukuga sankraminche sthithini 'lytic' sthithi anie pilicheevaaru. lambda genome yokka nidraanamaina roopaanni 'profage' anie pilicheevaaru. tadupari 50 samvatsaraalalo faze lambda adhyayanam virus jeevita chakralu, janyu padaartham yokka niyantrana mariyu vyakteekarana, mariyu chromosome sthaanaalalo janyu padaartham yokka ekikarana mariyu tolagimpu yokka yantraangam gurinchi viluvaina antardrushtulanu andinchindi. ekikarana mariyu tolagimpu yokka 'camp bell modal' thoo kshetraaniki allan camp bell yokka sahakaram eee prakriyanu ardham chesukovadamlo oka pradhana adugu munduku vesindi. gowravaalu. camp bell national academy off sciences (1971), american academy off arts und sciences (1971), american association pharr dhi advancement off sains (1983) mariyu american academy off microbiologylo sabhyuraligaa ennikayyaaru. camp bell 2004 mae 24naa nyuu orleenslo jarigina society 104va saadhaarana samavesamlo american society pharr microbiology nundi 2004 abot-asm life time achievement avaardunu andukundi. camp bell abot-asm avaardu upanyaasam icchaaru mariyu aaa saayantram vindu kaaryakramamlo gowravinchaaru. eee puraskaaramlo $20,000 nagadu bahumati mariyu smaaraka bahumati unnaayi. camp belnu gowravinchadamlo, ASM adhikarulu athani "molecular genetics rangamlo asaadhaaranamaina antardrushtulu mariyu vijayaalanu udaharinchaaru-molecular cloning mariyu janyu chikitsato sahaa aneka rangaalapai teevra prabhavanni chuupina sanchalanaatmaka parisoedhana yokka vrutti."

ailan ayem. camp bail ailan meek kloch campable (27 apreel 1929-19 apreel 2018) eek americi maahir hayatiyat aur genetist aur stenford university mein shobah hayatiyat mein barbra kambal browning kay professor emerates thay. lambda feej parr inn kay aham kaam nay 20 wein sadee kay aakhir mein salmati hayatiyat kuu aagay badhanay mein madad kii. stenford university mein inn kii libartry kay eek aham saathi aur rakan baiyo chemist ails dail campello campable inn kii ahliyah thein. taleem. camp bail nay university aaf california barkalay (1950) mein bachelor kii digri haasil kii aur university aaf aleenwaye say masters (1951) aur doctorate (1953) kii digri haasil kii jehaan inhon nay soul speagleman kay saath kaam kiyaa. carrier. camp bail say 1953-1957 mashee gunn university kii faculty mein thaa. garmiyon kay doraan inhon nay caltic aur university aaf sadran california mein jiyo ("juu") bartani kay saath couled spring harber libartry mein aur francois jacob kay saath insity teut pester mein waqat guzara. 1958 mein inhon nay ails dail campello say shaadi kii juu eek pee aich.ddee. mashee gunn university mein baiyo chemistry kaa taalib alam. inhon nay apnaa hunny moone kaa saal peers mein kaam kartay hoay guzara. donon nay apnay puray carrier mein mill kirr kaam kiyaa tehqiqi sawalat jeesay garmi kay hasaas andoleson kii incoding aur biotan kii baiyo santhesas aur regulation kii tehqiqat kii. camp bail nay aglay noow saal university aaf rochister kii faculty mein guzaray jehaan inhon nay lambda feej kay baaray mein aham driyafatein kein. 1968 mein camp bail nay stenford university mein shobah hayatiyat mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jehaan inhon nay apnee libartry kii qayadat kii. inhein 1992 mein barbra kambal browning andwod karsi parr muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa. camp bail 1985 say 2012 takk "jinyaat kay salanah jaizay" kay editor thay. tehqeeq. camp bail kii tehqeeq mein bacteria aur inn kay wires kii jinyaat parr taujah markoz kii gayee hay khaas toor parr viral ddee aine aey kuu mezban chromosome mein zam karnaa. iss kii sabb say numayan driyafat wires kay daakhil honay kay "camp bail maadal" kii tajweez thee jehaan viral ddee aine aey kuu mezban chromosome mein daakhil kiyaa jaataa hay bacterial ddee aine aey say humm aahingi say jadaa hawaa hotaa hay aur phir faal honay takk ghair faal rehta hay. camp bail kii tehqeeq eek makhsus bacterial wires feej lambda aur iss kay mezban bacteria "ayee" parr markoz thee. coley "leakin maadal nay basirat farahim kii kahh kiss tarah dosray hayatiyat mein extra chromosomal ddee aine aey daakhil aur khaarij kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. yaha maadal 1968 mein shaye honay waali kitaab "episomes" mein tajweez kiyaa gayaa thaa juu plasmade biology kaa pehla jaamaa alaaj hay. asay "qast kay tasavur kii tajarbati bunyaad kii eek wasee aur tanqidi tashkhis" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. jabb kahh "ayee coley" mein feej lambda kay inzamam aur katwane kay zabtay kaa mutalah inn kii tehqeeq kaa bunyadi markaz rehaa hay camp bail aur tehqiqi saathiyon nay bhee lambda kay andraj kay maqaam say mansalk "ayee coley" jeenon kay zabtay aur izhaar kaa mutalah kiyaa bashmol biotan (baiyo) aur galactose (geel) jaine. feej lambda aur lysogeny kaa piss manzar. bacterial wires parr ibtadayi mutaliat 'filter aibal agents' kii duu aur duu 'hairlay kii driyafat kay baad sharoo hoay juu bacteria kuu tabaah karnay mein kamiyab thay. inn kaa mazahirah munasib zaraye parr bacteria kaa laan banaa kirr inn 'filter aibal agenton' kay saath milaa kirr aur phir tabaah shadah khaliyon kay elaqon kaa mashahidah karkay kiyaa gayaa juu laan parr saaf shadah circler airiya (plake) kay toor parr dekhay jaatay haine. inn takhtiyon kii tashrih eek waahid agent kay bacterial sail kuu mutasir karnay sail mein dobarah paida karnay aur phir ard gird kay khaliyon kuu mutasir karnay kay liye khilnay kay natijay mein kii gayee thee iss amal kuu dohratay hoay jabb takk kahh tabaah shadah khaliyon kaa eek waazah circler elaqah ghair amdadi aankh kuu nazar naha aayey. inn filter aibal agenton kuu mukhtasir toor parr bacteriophages (bacteria khaaney waalay) yaa feej kahaa jaataa thaa. 1940 kii dahayi mein electron khurdbin kaa istemaal kartay hoay bacterial wires kii pehli tasavir tayaar kii gayein jinn say bacterial wires kii pehli tasavir tayaar hoyein aur infection aur tolidi tariqah kaar parr tehqeeq mein dramayi toor parr izafah hawaa. iss tehqeeq kaa eek markazi naqtah laang aayee lend parr couled spring harber libartry thee jehaan salwador lauriya meks delberk alfared harshi aur deegar kii qayadat mein eek 'feej grop' mosam garma mein nayey taftish kaaron kii tehqeeq aur tarbiyat kay liye milaa thaa. 1951 mein aisthar leaderberg nay lambda feej driyafat kiyaa jiss kii eek ghair mamuli khususiyat thee. jabkah lambda apnay mezban bacteria ayee kay kachh tanao mein mutasir aur dobarah paida kirr saktaa hay. coley deegar tanao infection say madafati nazar aatay thay. tahim jabb madafati tanao kuu ghair madafati tanao kay saath milaya jaataa thaa tuu kabhi kabhaar lambda feej kuu ghair madafati tanao kuu mutasir kartay hoay dekha jaa saktaa thaa. mazeed tehqeeq say patah chalta hay kahh madafati tanao mein lambda genome kii eek ghair faal kaapi mojud hay jiss nay asay infection say bachaya leakin iss ghair faal kaapi kuu infection kaa eek neeya door sharoo karnay kay liye faal viral haalat mein chaalo kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss ghair faal marhalay kuu 'lysogenic' haalat kahaa jaataa thaa aur faal toor parr mutaadi haalat kuu 'lytic' haalat kahaa jaataa thaa. lambda genome kii ghair faal shakal kuu 'profage' kahaa jaataa thaa. aglay 50 saalon mein feej lambada kay mutalah nay wires kay zindagi kay chakron jinyati mawaad kay zabtay aur izhaar aur chromosomal maqamat mein jinyati mawaad kay inzamam aur akhraaj kay tariqah kaar kay baaray mein qeemati basirat farahim kii. inzamam aur katoti kay 'camp bail maadal' kay saath medaan mein ailan camp bail kii sharakat nay iss amal kuu samajhne mein eek badaa qadm uthaya. aizazat. camp bail national academy aaf sciences (1971)yee american academy aaf arts aind sciences (1971)yee american aisosi aishan faar dee advancement aaf science (1983) aur american academy aaf microbulogy kay filo muntakhib rakan thay. camp bail kuu peer 24 mayee 2004 kuu neo orleans mein society kay 104 wein general metting mein american society faar micro biology kii taraf say 2004 kaa aibat-aisam life tyme achument aiward milaa. camp bail nay aibat-aisam aiward lecture diyaa aur iss shaam eek raat kay khaaney kii taqrib mein inhein aizaz say nawaza gayaa. iss aiward mein 20,000 ddaalar kaa nqd anaam aur eek yaadgaari tukda shaamil hay. camp bail kaa ehteram kartay huay aey aiss ayem hakaam nay inn kii "salmati jinyaat kay shobay mein ghair mamuli basirat aur kamyabiyon kaa hawalah diyaa-eek aham tehqeeq kaa carrier jiss kaa salmati cloning aur jaine tharaapi sameet kayee shoabon parr gehra asar padaa hay."

000657e7b749478404898876dca7e6524ea717223a927185616bb296dcff7d08

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19172682

Boerdijk–Coxeter helix

Boerdijk–Coxeter helix Linear stacking of regular tetrahedra that form helices The Boerdijk–Coxeter helix, named after H. S. M. Coxeter and A. H. Boerdijk, is a linear stacking of regular tetrahedra, arranged so that the edges of the complex that belong to only one tetrahedron form three intertwined helices. There are two chiral forms, with either clockwise or counterclockwise windings. Unlike any other stacking of Platonic solids, the Boerdijk–Coxeter helix is not rotationally repetitive in 3-dimensional space. Even in an infinite string of stacked tetrahedra, no two tetrahedra will have the same orientation, because the helical pitch per cell is not a rational fraction of the circle. However, modified forms of this helix have been found which are rotationally repetitive, and in 4-dimensional space this helix repeats in rings of exactly 30 tetrahedral cells that tessellate the 3-sphere surface of the 600-cell, one of the six regular convex polychora. Buckminster Fuller named it a "tetrahelix" and considered them with regular and irregular tetrahedral elements. Geometry. The coordinates of vertices of Boerdijk–Coxeter helix composed of tetrahedrons with unit edge length can be written in the form formula_1 where formula_2, formula_3, formula_4 and formula_5 is an arbitrary integer. The two different values of formula_6 correspond to two chiral forms. All vertices are located on the cylinder with radius formula_7 along z-axis. Given how the tetrahedra alternate, this gives an "apparent" twist of formula_8 every "two" tetrahedra. There is another inscribed cylinder with radius formula_9 inside the helix. Higher-dimensional geometry. The 600-cell partitions into 20 rings of 30 tetrahedra, each a Boerdijk–Coxeter helix. When superimposed onto the 3-sphere curvature it becomes periodic, with a period of ten vertices, encompassing all 30 cells. The collective of such helices in the 600-cell represent a discrete Hopf fibration. While in 3 dimensions the edges are helices, in the imposed 3-sphere topology they are geodesics and have no torsion. They spiral around each other naturally due to the Hopf fibration. The collective of edges forms another discrete Hopf fibration of 12 rings with 10 vertices each. These correspond to rings of 10 dodecahedrons in the dual 120-cell. In addition, the 16-cell partitions into two 8-tetrahedron rings, four edges long, and the 5-cell partitions into a single degenerate 5-tetrahedron ring. Related polyhedral helixes. Equilateral square pyramids can also be chained together as a helix, with two vertex configurations, 3.4.3.4 and 3.3.4.3.3.4. This helix exists as finite ring of 30 pyramids in a 4-dimensional polytope. And equilateral pentagonal pyramids can be chained with 3 vertex configurations, 3.3.5, 3.5.3.5, and 3.3.3.5.3.3.5: In architecture. The Art Tower Mito is based on a Boerdijk–Coxeter helix. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

bordijok-coxeter heliks bob "rodijok-koo" csetter heliks, eis-ror naamere naamkoron koraa hoise. ess. em. koo 'csetter aaru e. eis. bordijok hoise niyomiya tetorahedrar ek rekhik stor, jaate kewol etaa tetorahedronor ontorgoto complexor prantobure tinita antoxongzukto helis gothon kore. ghorir dixot baa ghorir biporit dixot ghuri thoka dutaa kyral rup aase. platonic kothin podarthor aan jikunu storbinyaxor biporite, bordijok-coxiter helixtu trimatrik sthanot ghuroniyabhabe punorabritti nohoy. aanoki stupito sotuskunor etaa oxim torot kunu dutaa sotuskunor eke dix thakibo nuware, kiyonu protitu kuxor helical pitch brittor ek juktixongot bhognangxo nohoy. obosye, ei helixor poribortito rupxomuh puwa goise jibur ghuroniyabhabe punorabritti koraa hoy, aaru 4-matrik sthanot ei helixtuwe thik 30 taa tetrahedral kuxor brittot punorabritti kore ji 600-kuxor 3-gulok pristhok tesselet kore, ji soita niyomiya uttol polisurar bhitorot etaa. buckminster fulare iyak "tetrahelics" buli naam disil aaru iyak niyomiya aaru oniyomito tetrahedral upadanor xoite bibesona korisil. jyamiti. ekok prantor doirghyor xoite tetrahedronor dwara gothito bordijok-koo 'csetter helixor xirxosthanor sthanankobur ei rupot likhibo paari zo 'too xutro _ 2, xutro _ 3, xutro _ 4 aaru xutro _ 5 etaa sessasari purnoxongkhya. xutro _ 6 ror dutaa bhinno maan dutaa kyrel rupor xoite mill aase. xokolu xirxobindu z-okhyor xoite byaxardhor xutro _ 7 thoka xilinderot owosthito. sotuskunor bikolpor dore, ee proti "dutaa" sotuskunor xutro _ 8 ror etaa "aapat" much diye. helixor bhitorot byaxardhor xutro _ 9 thoka aan etaa khudit xilinder aase. uscho-matrik jyamiti. 600-kuxor bibhajonbur 30 taa sotuskunor 20taa brittot bibhokto hoy, protitu etaa bordijok-coxiter heliks. jetiya 3-gulok bokrotat otiriktobhabe aabodho koraa hoy tetiya ee porzaykrome hoi pore, dohta xirxokalor xoite, xokolu 30taa kuxok xamori loy. 600-kuxot thoka ene helisxomuhor xomostii ek prithok hoh 'pof fibration protinidhitwo kore. aanhate 3taa matrat prantobur helis, aarup koraa 3-gulok topuljit xeibur bhugonito aaru kunu tourson naai. hoh 'pof fibrationor baabe prakritikbhabe ituwe aantur sariufale ghuri fure. protitu 10taa xirxor xoite 12taa boloyor aan etaa prithok hoh 'pof fibration gothon kore. eibur dwoito 120-kuxor 10taa dodd "dekehedronor boloyor xoite mill aase. iyar uporiu, 16-kuxor bibhajon dutaa 8-tetrahedron ringoloi, sarita pranto dighol, aaru 5-kuxor bibhajonbur etaa ekok obokhyoyito 5-tetrahedron ringot bibhokto hoy. xomporkito polyhedral heliks. xomobahu borgo pyramidburok heliks hisapeu ekeloge sringkholot bandhi rakhibo paari, dutaa xirxo binyaxor xoite, 3.4.3.4 aaru 3.3.4.3.3.4. ei helixtu etaa 4-matrik politupot 30taa pyramidor ximito boloy hisape bidyoman. aaru xomobahu ponchobhujakriti pyramidxomuhok 3taa xirxo binyax, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, aaru 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 ror xoite sringkholot bandhi rakhibo paarih sthapotyot. art tawar mitu etaa bordijok-coxeter helixor uporot aadharito.

boardijok-coxter helix boardijok-coxitor helix, eich-err naame namkaran koraa hoyeche. esha. emm. coxter ebong ayee. eich. boardijok holl niyamita tetrahedra ekti roikhik stacking, jaa emanbhabe sajano hoy jaate shudhumatra ekti tetrahedroner ontorgoto complexer prantoguli tinti antoshongjukto hellis toiri korey. ghadir kantar dike baa ghadir kantar biporito dike duti kairal roop royeche. platonic kathin podarther onno jey konao stackinger biporite, boardijok-coxitor helix trimatrik sthane abortoniyobhabe punorabrittimulok noy. emonki stack koraa tetrahedra ekti aseem string-eoo, konao duti tetrahedra ekoi abhimukh thakbe naa, kaaron proti koshe helical pitch britter ekti juktisangato bhognangsho noy. zaihok, eyi helixer poribortito rupguli pawa geche jaa ghurnongotobhabe punorabrittimulok, ebong 4-matrik sthane eyi helixti thhik 30 tii tetrahedral kosher boloye punorabritti korey jaa 600-kosher 3-golock pristhoke teslet korey, jaa chhoyti niyamita uttol polikarar modhye ekti. buckminster fuller etike "tetrahelics" naam diyechen ebong egulike niyamita ebong aniyamita tetrahedral upadan hisabe bibechona korechen. jyamiti. ekok pranto doirgho soho tetrahedron dwara gothito boardijok-coxter helixer shirshogulir sthanankguli akare lekha jete paare jekhane sootro _ 2, sootro _ 3, sootro _ 4 ebong sootro _ 5 ekti nirbichare purnosankhya. sootro _ 6-err duti vinno maan duti kairal former saathe mille yaay. samasta shirshoguli z-akkho borabor byasardho sootro _ 7 soho cylindere abosthito. tetrahedra bikalper dick theke, etty proti "dui" tetrahedra sootro _ 8-err ekti "apat" modd deyo. helixer vitore byasardho sootro _ 9 soho arekti khodai koraa cylinder royeche. uchcho matrik jyamiti. 600-kosher bibhajan 30tii tetrahedra 20tii ringye bivokto hoy, jaar protiti ekti boardies-coxitor helix. 3-golock bokrotar upor chapiye diley etty porjaykromik hoye othe, dashti shirsher samaykal soho, samasta 30tii koshke ghire. 600-koshe eyi dharaner heliser samashti ekti prithak hopf fibrationke uposthapon korey. jekhane 3 matra prantoguli hellis, aropito 3-golock topologyte eguli bhuganito ebong konao torjon nei. hopf fibrationer karone prakritikbhabe eguli eke oporer charpashe sarpil hoy. prantogulir samashti 10tii sheersho soho 12tii boloyer arekti prithak hopf tantu gathon korey. eguli dwaito 120-koshe 10tii dodecahedroner boloyer saathe mille yaay. echhadao, 16-kosher bibhajan duti 8-tetrahedron boloye, charti pranto deergho ebong 5-kosher bibhajanguli ekti ekok abakshaya 5-tetrahedron boloye bivokto hoy. somporkito polyhedral helix. samabahu borgakar pyramidgulike helix hisabeo shickle diye bendhe rakha jete paare, duti sheersho binnas, 3.4.3.4 ebong 3.3.4.3.3.4 soho. eyi helixti ekti 4-matrik polytope 30 pyramider seemaboddho boloy hisabe vidyaman. ebong samabahu panchabhujakar pyramidgulike 3tii sheersho binnas, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, ebong 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 diye shringkholito koraa jete paareh sthapotter khettre. art tower mito ekti boardies-coxitor helixer upor vitti korey toiri.

bordic-coxter helics bordic-coxter helics, jenu naam aech. naa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. aesa. aema. coxter aneey aee. aech. bordic, niyameet tetrahedranu aek rekheey stacking chhe, jeey gothvaayel chhe jethee sankulni dhaar jeey maatra aek tetrahedronni chhe teey trana aekbeeja saathe jodaayela helisis banaave chhe. ghadiyaalni dishaamaa athavaa ghadiyaalni viruddh dishaamaa valaank saathe beey kieral swarupo chhe. platonic ghana padaarthona anya koipan stackingthi vipareet, bordic-coxitor helics tree-parimaniy jagyama aavartan rupe punraavartit nathee. stacked tetrahedrana anant stringma pann, koee beey tetrahedrani disha samaan raheshe nahee, kaaran keey koshh deeth helical pitch vartulno tarksangat apurnaank nathee. jooe keey, aaa helixna sudharela swarupo malee aavyaa chhe jeey paribhramanatmak reete punraavartit chhe, aneey 4-parimaniy jagyama aaa helics barabar 30 tetrahedral koshoni vinteeomaa punraavartan karey chhe jeey 600-koshnee 3-golaakaar sapatine taselet karey chhe, jeey chh niyameet bahirmukh polycoramathi aek chhe. buckminster fulare tene "tetrahelics" naam aapyu aneey temne niyameet aneey aneeyameet tetrahedral tatvo saathe ganaavya. bhoomiti. aekam dhaarnee lambai saathe tetrahedronthi banelaa bordic-coxter helixna shirobinduona coordinatesne aaa swarupma lakhee shakaay chhe. jyaan sootra _ 2, sootra _ 3, sootra _ 4 aneey sootra _ 5 aee manasvi purnaank chhe. sootra _ 6 naa beey judaa judaa moolyo beey kieral swarupone anuroop chhe. badhaa shirobinduo zed-aksh saathe trijya sootra _ 7 saathe nalakar parr stheet chhe. tetrahedrano vikalp kevee reete thaay chhe teey jotaa, aaa sutrano "spasht" valaank aape chhe-8 darek "beey" tetrahedrama. helixnee andar trijya sootra _ 9 saathe anya aek ankeet nalakar chhe. uchch parimaniy bhoomiti. 600-koshnaa vibhajanne 30 chatushkonni 20 vinteeomaa vibhajit karvaamaa aave chhe, darek aek bordic-coxitor helics chhe. jyaare 3-golaakaar valaank parr superimpos karvaamaa aave chhe tyaare teey saamyeek baney chhe, jemaa dass shirobinduono samaygaalo hoya chhe, jemaa tamaam 30 kosho samavisht hoya chhe. 600-koshamaa aavaa helisisno samooh aek alag hopef tantu rajoo karey chhe. jyaare 3 parimanoma dhaar helisis chhe, ladvama aaveli 3-golaakaar topologyma teo bhuganeet chhe aneey temaa koee valaank nathee. teo hopef tantune kaarane koodarti reete aekbeejaani aaspaas sarpakar thaay chhe. dhaarono samooh 10 shirobinduo saathe 12 vinteeonu beeju alag hopef tantu banaave chhe. aaa dhvee 120-koshamaa 10 dodecahedronni vinteeone anuroop chhe. vadhumaa, 16-koshnaa vibhajanne beey 8-tetrahedron ringsamaa, chaar dhaar laambi, aneey 5-koshnaa vibhajanne aek jaj degenerate 5-tetrahedron ringma vibhajit karey chhe. sambandhit polyhedral helics. sambahu choras pyramidne helics tareeke pann saankalo baandhi shakaay chhe, jemaa beey shirobindu ruprekhankno, 3.4.3.4 aneey 3.3.4.3.3.4 chhe. aaa helics 4-parimaniy polytopma 30 pyramidni maryadit vintee tareeke astitva dharaave chhe. aneey sambahu panchkon pyramidne 3 shirobindu ruprekhankno, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, aneey 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 saathe saankalothi baandhi shakaay chheh sthapatyamaa. aart tower mito bordic-coxeter helics parr aadharit chhe.

boerdic-coxitor helix boerdic-coxitor helix, jiska naam aich key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. aiss. aim. coxitor aur aeye. aich. boerdic, niyamit tetrahedra kaa ack raikhik dher haye, joe iss tarah seey vyavasthit haye kii parisar key kinare joe kewal ack tetrahedron seey sambandhit hain, teen aapas mein judey helix banaate hain. dou kieral roop hain, jinamen ghadee kii disha mein yaa ghadee kii vipareet disha mein ghumaavdaar hain. platonic thhos padarthon key kissy bhee anya dher key vipareet, boerdic-coxitor helix 3-ayami sthaan mein ghoornan roop seey dohra naheen haye. yahaan taka kii dher kiye gaye chatushkoniya key ack anant taar mein bhee, kissy bhee dou chatushkoniya kaa abhivinyas samaan naheen hoga, kyonki prati koshika petch vritt kaa ack tarksangat ansh naheen haye. haalaanki, iss helix key sanshodhit roop paae gaye hain joe ghoornan roop seey dohrao vaale hain, aur 4-ayami sthaan mein yeh helix thheek 30 tetrahedral koshikaon key valay mein dohrata haye joe 600-koshika kii 3-golakar satah koo tesslet kartaa haye, joe chhah niyamit uttal polychora mein seey ack haye. buckminster fuller ney ise "tetrahelics" naam diyaa aur unhein niyamit aur aniyamit tetrahedral tatvon key saath maanaa. jyaamiti. ikai kinare kii lambai key saath tetrahedron seey baney boerdic-coxet helix key sheershon key nirdeshank koo iss roop mein likhaa jaa sakata haye jahan sootra _ 2, sootra _ 3, sootra _ 4 aur sootra _ 5 ack manmana purnank haye. sootra _ 6 key dou alag-alag maan dou kieral roopon seey mell khaate hain. sabhi sheersh z-aksh key saath trijya sootra _ 7 key saath cylinder parr sthit hain. yeh dekhate hue kii kaise tetrahedra vaikalpik haye, yeh sootra kaa ack "spasht" modd detaa haye _ 8 pratyek "dou" tetrahedra. helix key ander trijya sootra _ 9 key saath ack aur utkeern cylinder haye. uchch ayami jyaamiti. 600-koshika vibhajan 30 tetrahedra key 20 valayon mein, pratyek ack boerdic-coxitor helix. jaba 3-kshetra vakrata parr adhiropit kiya jaataa haye tou yeh aavadhik hoe jaataa haye, jisamen duss sheershon kii avadhi hoti haye, jisamen sabhi 30 kaksh shamil hotey hain. 600-koshika mein aise helix kaa saamoohik ack asatat hopph fiber kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. jabaki 3 aayamon mein kinare helix hain, lagaae gaye 3-kshetra topology mein way bhooganiki hain aur koee marod naheen haye. way hopp fiber key kaaran swabhavik roop seey ack dusare key chaaron or ghoomate hain. kinaaron kaa saamoohik roop seey 10 sheershon key saath 12 valayon kaa ack aur asatat hopp fiber banata haye. yeye dohare 120-koshika mein 10 dodecahedron key valayon key anuroop hain. isake alawa, 16-koshika vibhajan dou 8-tetrahedron ring mein, chaar kinaaron mein lambe, aur 5-koshika vibhajan ack hii apakshayi 5-tetrahedron ring mein. sambandhit polyhedral helix. sambahu vargakar pyramid koo ack helix key roop mein bhee janjeeron seey jakada jaa sakata haye, jisamen dou sheersh vinyas, 3.4.3.4 aur 3.3.4.3.3.4 hain. yeh helix ack 4-ayami polytope mein 30 pyramids key seemit valay key roop mein maujood haye. aur sambahu panchbhuj pyramids koo 3 sheersh vinyas, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, aur 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 key saath janjeeron seey jadaa jaa sakata haih vastukala mein. art tower mito ack boerdic-coxitor helix parr adharit haye.

bordic-coxetter helix bordic-coxetter helix, etch. ess. emm. coxetter mattu aa. etch. bordic, saamaanya tetrahedrada rekheeya jodaneyagiddu, kevala ondu tetrahedronge serida sankeernada anchugalu mooru henedukonda heliksgalannu roopisuvante jodisalagide. eradu kieral roopagalive, pradakshinakaravagi athawa apradakshinakaravagi ankudonkaadavu. platonic ghanavastugala yaavude stackingginta bhinnavagi, bordizek-coxetter helix 3-aayaamada jagadalli tiruguvikeya punaravartaneyaguvudilla. antisalaada chatushkonada ananta daaradalliyu saha, yaavude eradu chatushkonagalu onde reetiya drashtikonavannu hondiruvudilla, ekendare prati jivakoshada helical pitch vrattada tarkabaddha bhagavalla. aadaagyoo, ee helixna maarpadisida roopagalu aavartakavaagi punaraavartitavaagiruvudu kandubandide, mattu 4-aayaamada jagadalli ee helix nikharavaagi 30 chatushkoniya koshagala unguragalalli punaraavartaneyaaguttade, idu 600-koshada 3-golada melmaiyannu tessalate maaduttade, idu aaru saamaanya convex palikoragalalli ondaagide. buckminster phular idannu "tetrahelics" endu hesarisidaru mattu avugalannu niyamita mattu aniyamita tetrahedral amshagalondige pariganisidaru. jyamiti. ekamaanada anchina uddaviruva tetrahedrangalinda koodida bordic-coxetter helixna shrungagala nirdeshaankagalannu ee roopadalli bareyabahudu. illi sootra _ 2, sootra _ 3, sootra _ 4 mattu sootra _ 5 aniyantrita poornaankavaagide. sootra _ 6rahra eradu vibhinn moulyagalu eradu kieral roopagalige anugunavagiruttave. ellah shrungagalu z-akshada uddakkoo trijya sootra _ 7 rondige cylinderna mele sthitavagive. chatushkonavu hege paryayavaguttade embudannu gamanisidare, idu prati "eradu" chatushkonakke sootrada "spashta" tiruvannu niiduttade. heliksnolage _ 9 trijya sutravannu hondiruva mattondu kettida cylinder ide. unnata-aayaamada jyamiti. 600-koshagala vibhagagalu 30 chatushkonagala 20 valayagalaagi vibhajanegolluttave, pratiyondoo bordic-coxetter helix aagiruttade. 3-golada vakrateya mele melvichaarane madidaga, adhu niyatakaalikavaaguttade, hattu shrungagala avadhiyondige, ellah 30 koshagalannu olagondide. 600-jivakoshadalliruva antaha heliksgala samoohavu pratyekavaada hopf fibration annu pratinidhisuttade. 3 ayamagalalli anchugalu helix agiddare, vidhisalaada 3-golada topologyalli avu geodesics aagiruttave mattu yaavude tiruchu hondiruvudilla. avu naisargikavagi hopf fibrationindagi paraspara suttuttave. anchugala samoohavu talaa 10 shrungagalannu hondiruva 12 unguragala mattondu pratyeka hopf fibration annu roopisuttade. ivugalu 120-jivakoshagaliruva 10 dodekahedrangala unguragalige anugunavagiruttave. idallade, 16-koshagala vibhagagalu eradu 8-tetrahedron unguragalaagi, naalku anchugala uddavaagi, mattu 5-koshagala vibhagagalu onde ksheenisuva 5-tetrahedron unguragalaagi vibhajaneyaguttave. sambandhita polyhedral heliksgalu. samabahu chaukaakaarada piramidgalannu heliksnante jodisabahudu, eradu shrunga sanrachanegalondige, 3.4.3.4 mattu 3.3.4.3.3.4. ee helix 4-aayaamada polytopnalli 30 piramidgala seemita valayavagi astitvadallide. mattu samabahu panchabhujaakrutiya piramidgalannu 3 shrunga sanrachanegalondige sarapaliyalli jodisabahudu, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, mattu 3.3.3.5.3.3.5: vaastushilpadalli. art tower mito bordic-coxetter helix annu aadhariside.

bordijk-koksettar helix echu enna peril ariyappedunna bordijk-koksettar helix. ezz. emm. koksettarum eiii. echu. oru tetrahedronil maathram ulppedunna samuchayathinte arikukal moonnu parasparam bandhapetta helikkukal roopappeduthunna vidhathil krameekarichirikkunna saadhaarana tetrahedrayude oru rekheeya adukkaanu bordijk. gadikaaradishayilo ethir gadikaaradishayilo ulla rund kairal roopangalundu. platonic kharapadaarthangalude mattethoru adukkalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, bordijk-koksettar helix trimana sthalathu bhramanaparamaayi aavarthikkunnilla. oru sellinte helical pitch vrithathinte yukthisahamaya bhaagamallaathathinaal, adukki vachirikkunna tetrahedrayude ananthamaaya stringle polum, rund tetrahedrakalkkum ore ooriyanteshan undaakilla. ennirunnaalum, eee helixinte parishkaricha roopangal bhramanaparamaayi aavarthikkunnathayi kandethiyittundu, koodaathe 4-dimensional spacil eee helix krithyamaayi 30 tetrahedral cellukalude valayangalil aavarthikkunnu, athu 600-sellinte 3-gola uparithalathe tesilettu cheiyunnu, ithu aarr saadhaarana convex polycorakalil onnaanu. buckminster phular ithine "tetrahelics" ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum avaye sthiravum kramarahithavumaaya tetrahedral moolakangalaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. jyamiti. yoonit edju neelamulla tetrahedronukal chernna bordijk-koksettar helixinte konangalude kordinettukal eee roopathil ezhuthaam. ivide formula _ 2, formula _ 3, formula _ 4, formula _ 5 enniva oru ekapaksheeyamaaya poornnasamkhyayaanu. formula _ 6-nte rund vyathyastha moolyangal rund kairal roopangalumaayi poruthappedunnu. ellah konukalum z-akshatthil _ 7 enna vyaasamulla silindarilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. tetrahedra engane marimari varunnuvennu kanakkiledukkumbol, ithu oro "rund" tetrahedrayilum formula _ 8 nte "prathyaksha" twist nalkunnu. helixinullil _ 9 enna vyaasamulla mattoru alekhanam cheytha silindar undu. uyarnna alavilulla jyamiti. 600-koshangal 30 tetrahedrayude 20 valayangalayi vibhajikkunnu, oronnum oru bordijk-koksettar helix aanu. 3-gola vakrathayil superimpose cheyyumbol athu 30 cellukalum ulkkollunna patthu konukalude kaalayalavumaayi aanukaalikamaayi maarunnu. 600-koshatthile atharam helikkukalude koottam oru vyathiriktha hoopp fiberatione prathinidheekarikkunnu. 3 alavukalil arikukal helisukalaanu, adichelppicha 3-gola topologyil avaa geodesics aanu, avaykku tortion illa. hoopp fibration kaaranam avaa swaabhaavikamaayi parasparam chuttunnu. arikukalude koottam 10 konukalulla 12 valayangalude mattoru vyathiriktha hopef fibration roopappeduthunnu. iva eratta 120-koshatthile 10 dodecahedronukalude valayangalumayi poruthappedunnu. koodaathe, 16-sell vibhajanagal rund 8-tetrahedron valayangalayi, naalu arikukal neelamullathum, 5-sell vibhajanagal orotta degenerate 5-tetrahedron valayamaayi maarunnu. bandhapetta polyhedral helixukal. samabahu chathura pyramidukale helix aayi bandhippikkanum kazhiyum, 3.4.3.4,3.3.4.3.3.4 ennee rund sheershaka krameekaranangalode. eee helix 4-dimensional polytopil 30 pyramidukalude parimithamaaya valayamaayi nilanilkkunnu. samabhujaakrithiyilulla panchabhujaakrithiyilulla pyramidukale 3 sheershaka krameekaranangal upayogichu changalayidaan kazhiyum, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5,3.3.3.5.3.3.5: vaasthuvidyayil. bordijk-koksettar helixine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu art tower mittoo.

boardic-coakzeter helics boardic-coakzeter helics, jyala etch. chey naav denyat aale aahe. ess. emm. coxter aanee aaa. etch. boardic haah niyamit tetrahedrancha eka resheey sanch aahe, jyachi vyavastha asha prakare kelee jaate qee keval eka tetrahedronshee sambandhit asalelya sankulachya kadaa teen ekmekanshi jodalelya helices tayar karatat. ghadyalachya dishene kinwa ghadyalachya ulat dishene valanansah done kieral prakar aahet. platonic ghanpadarthanchya itar konatyahi sathyanpramane, bordic-coxitor helics haah tri-aayami jaaget firatya paddhatine punaravrutti hott nahee. agadi bharalelya chatushkonanchya anant taramadhyehi, konatyahi done chatushkonanchi abhimukhata samaan nasel, kaaran prati peshi helical pitch haah vartulacha tarksangat ansh nasato. tathapi, yaa helixche sudharit prakar sapadale aahet jeey firati punaravrutti karnare aahet aanee 4-aayami jaaget heey helics achook 30 tetrahedral peshinchya ringjamadhye punaravrutti karate jeey 600-peshinchya 3-goal prushthbhagavar, sahaa niyamit bahirmukh polycoranpaiki ekavar, tasslet karatat. buckminster fullerne tyala 'tetrahelics' asey naav dile aanee tyanna niyamit aanee aniyamit tetrahedral ghatak manale. bhoomiti. ekak kaath lambisah tetrahedronne banalelya bordic-coakzeter helixchya shirobindunche nirdeshank yaa swarupat lihile jaau shakatat jethe sootra _ 2, sootra _ 3, sootra _ 4 aanee sootra _ 5 heey eka aniyantrit purnank aahe. sootra _ 6 chee done bhinn moolye done kieral swarupanshi sambandhit aahet. serve shirobindu zed-akshasah trijya sootra _ 7 asalelya nalakaravar sthit aahet. tetrahedrala paryay kassa midato heey pahata, heey pratyek 'done' tetrahedrala sootra _ 8 chey 'spasht' valan dete. helixchya aat trijya sootra _ 9 asalela aanakhi eka koralela nall aahe. uchch-aayami bhoomiti. 600-peshi 30 chatushkonichya 20 vartulanmadhye vibhagatat, pratyek eka boardic-coxitor helics aahe. jevha 3-goal vakratevar adhiropit kele jaate tevha teey niyatkalik hote, daha shirobindunchya kalavadhisah, serve 30 peshi vyapate. 600-peshinmadhil asha helisesacha samooh eka swatantra hopph tantunche pratinidhitva karato. 3 parimananmadhye kadaa helices aahet, tarr ladalelya 3-goal topologymadhye tyaa bhooganiti aahet aanee tyanna konach valane nahee. hopph tantunmule naisargikaritya teey ekmekanchya bhovati firatat. kadancha samooh pratyeki 10 shirobindu asalelya 12 ringsche aanakhi eka swatantra hoff fibration tayar karato. heey duheri 120-peshinmadhil 10 dodecahedronchya ringshi sambandhit aahet. yavyatirikt, 16-peshi vibhajan done 8-tetrahedron ringjamadhye, chaar kadaa lamb aanee 5-peshi vibhajan ekach degenerate 5-tetrahedron ringmadhye hotat. sambandhit polyhedral helics. sambahu chauras pyramid heey helics mhanoon dekhil sakhalibaddha kele jaau shakatat, jyamadhye 3.4.3.4 aanee 3.3.4.3.3.4 yaa done shirobindu sanrachanancha samavesh aahe. heey helics 4-aayami polytopmadhye 30 pyramidche maryadit ring mhanoon astitvat aahe. aanee sambahu panchbhuj pyramid 3 shirobindu sanrachanansah, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5 aanee 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 neey sakhalibaddha kele jaau shakatatah sthapatyashastrat. aart tower mito heey boardic-coakzeter helixwor aadharit aahe.

bordic-coxetor helics bordic-coxetor helics, echko nambata namkaran garieko. ess. emm. coxet rar ae. etch. bordic, niyamit tetrahedrako raikhik stacking how, wyawasthit garieko chha taaki complexko kinarharu june kewal euta tetrahedronsanga sambandhit chhan tinawata apasma jodieka helisharu banaunchhan. tyahan dui kyral rupharu chhan, yaa tata ghadiko viparit wa ghadiko viparit ghumaurosanga. platonic thosa padarthaharuko kunai pani anya stacking viparit, bordic-coxetor helics tri-ayamik sthanma ghurnan rupma dohorine chhaina. stack garieko tetrahedrako ananta stringma pani, kunai pani dui tetrahedrako saman abhimukhikaran hune chhaina, kinbhane prati cell helical pitch writtako tarkasangat ansh hoina. yadyapi, yass helikska parimarjit rupharu fela pareka chhan june ghurnan rupma dohorieka chhan, rar 4-ayamik antarikshama yo helics thyakkai 30 tetrahedral koshikaharuko ringharuma dohoryauncha jasle 600-koshikako 3-golakar satahalai tesslet gardacha, chha niyamit bahirmukhi palikora madhye ek. buckminster fullerle yasalai "tetrahelics" naam die rar tiniharulai niyamit rar aniyamit tetrahedral tatwaharu manthe. jyamiti. bordic-coxetor heliksko shirshaharuko nirdeshankharu ekai kinarko lambaiko sath tetrahedronharu milera baneko rupma lekhna sakinchha. jahaan sutra _ 2, sutra _ 3, sutra _ 4 rar sutra _ 5 ek manmani purnanka how. sutra _ 6 kaa dui farak manharu dui kyral rupharusanga mail khanchhan. sabai shirshaharu z-akshako sath trijya sutra _ 7 bhaeko cylinderma awasthit chhan. tetrahedrako vaikalpik tarikalai dhyanma rakhdai, yasale pratyek "dui" tetrahedrako sutra _ 8 ko "spashta" mode dinchha. helics bhitra trijya sutra _ 9 bhaeko arko utkirnit cylinder chha. uccha-ayami jyamiti. 600-cell vibhajanharu 30 tetrahedrako 20 ringharuma, pratyek ek bordic-coxetor helics. jab 3-golakar vakratama superimpose garinchha yo awadhik hunchha, das shirshaharuko awadhiko sath, sabai 30 kakshaharu sametchha. 600-koshikama tyasta helisharuko samuhikle ek asatat hapaf fibre pratinidhitwa gardacha. jabki 3 ayamharuma kinaraharu helisharu hun, thopieko 3-khetra topologyma tiniharu geodesics hun rar kunai torson hundaina. hapaf fibreka karan tiniharu prakritik rupma ekarkako waripari sarpil hunchhan. kinarharuko samuhikle pratyek 10 shirshaharu bhaeko 12 wata ringko arko asatat hup fibre banaunchha. yee dohoro 120-koshikama 10 dodekahedronko ringharusanga mail khanchhan. thap rupma, 16-cell vibhajanharu dui 8-tetrahedron ringharuma, chaar kinarharu lamo, rar 5-cell vibhajanharu ekal apakshay 5-tetrahedron ringma. sambandhit polyhedral heliksharu. samabahu warga piramidharulai heliksko rupma pani janjirma bandhna sakinchha, dui wortex configurationharu, 3.4.3.4 rar 3.3.4.3.3.4 sanga. yo helics 4-ayamik polytopma 30 piramidharuko simit ringko rupma awasthit chha. rar samabahu panchbhujakar piramidharu 3 shirsha vinyasharu, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, rar 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 sanga janjirma bandhna sakinchhah wastukalama. art tower mito bordic-coxetor heliksma adharit chha.

bordic-coxitor helics bordic-coxitor helics, jaahaa echanka naamare namit hoichhi. ess. emm. coxter ebong aii. etch. bordic heuchhi nijamita tetrahedrara eka raikhika stupa, jaahaa epari bhabare sajajaichi je complexer pranta jaahaa kebala gotie tetrahedron sahita jadita tinoti paraspara jadita helisis gathan kare . ghadira kantara bipareet kimba ghadira kantara bipareet digare ghurnana sahita duiti kyral roop achhi . platonic kathina padarthara anya kaunasi stacking bhali, bordic-coxitor helics tri-matrika sthanare ghurnana bhabare punarabrutta nuhen . epariki eka aseem stack hoithiba tetrahedrara stringre, kaunasi duiti tetrahedrara samaana abhimukhya rahiba naahin, kaaran prati koshare helical pitch bruttara eka juktisangata bhagnansha nuhen . tebe, ehi heliksra paribartita rupman milichi, jaahaa ghurnana drustiru punarabrutta, ebong 4-matrika sthanare ehi helics thick 30tii tetrahedral koshar bruttare punarabrutti karithae, jaahaa 600-koshar 3-golaka prusthaku tesslet karithae, jaahaa chhaati nijamita uttal palikora madhyaru gotie. buckminster phular ehaaku "tetrahelics" naamare namit karithile ebong segudiku nijamita ebong aniyamita tetrahedral upadan sahita bibechana karithile. jyamitee. ekaka dhaar dairghya sahita tetrahedron dwara gathita bordic-coxetor heliksra shirshagudikara sthanankaku ehi roopare lekhajaipariba. jeunthare sutra _ 2, sutra _ 3, sutra _ 4 ebong sutra _ 5 eka nirbichare purna sankhya . sutra _ 6rahr duiti bhinna mulya duiti kyral form sahita mela khauchhi. samasta shirshagudika z-akhya sahita byasardha sutra _ 7 sahita silindarare abasthita . tetrahedrara bikalpa kipari, ehaa prati "dui" tetrahedrare sutra-8rahr eka "spust" mode deithae . helics bhitare byasardha sutra _ 9 sahita anya eka khodita cylinder achhi . uccha-matrika jyamiti. 600-kosh bibhajan 30 tii tetrahedrara 20 tii bruttare bibhakta hue, pratyeka bordic-coxitor helics . jetebele 3-golaka bakrata upare ehaa atiprabrutta hue, dashati shirsha abadhi sahita, samasta 30tii koshaku antarbhukta kare . 600-koshare epari helisesra samuhika eka pruthaka hupf tantu pratinidhitwa kare . 3tii matrare parswagudika helisus hoithibabele, aropita 3-golaka tapolojire segudika bhuganita ebong kaunasi turson naahin . hupf tantu karanaru semane prakrutika bhabare paraspara charipakhare ghurithanti . parswagudikara samuhika 12tii bruttara aau eka pruthaka hupf tantu gathan kare jahara pratyekati 10tii shirsha thaae . egudika dwita 120-koshare 10tii dodekahedranra chakra sahita mela khaanti. ehaa byatita, 16-kosh bibhajan duiti 8-tetrahedron chakrare, charoti pranta lamba, ebong 5-kosh bibhajanaku gotie abakhyai 5-tetrahedron chakrare bibhakta kare . samprukta polyhedral helixus. samabahu bargakara piramidagudiku madhya helics bhabe shrunkhalita karajaipare, jeunthire duiti shirsha binyas, 3.4.3.4 ebong 3.3.4.3.3.4 rahichhi. ehi helics eka 4-matrika palitopre 30tii pyrameder seemita chakra bhabe bidyamana. ebong samabahu panchabhujakara piramidagudiku 3tii shirsha binyas, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, ebong 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 sahita shrunkhalita karajaiparibaha sthapatya khetrare. art tawara mito eka bordic-coxitor helics upare aadharita .

bordijk-coxitor helix bordijk-coxter helix, jiss daa naam aich dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. aiss. aim. coxitor atey aii. aich. bordijk, niyamat tetrahedra daa ikk rekhik stacking haii, joe iss tarahan vivasthit keeta giaa haii kii complexes dey kinare joe siraf ikk tetrahedron naal sabandhat hunn, tinn ops witch jude hoye helisis banaunde hunn. ghadi dee disha jaan ghadi dee ulat disha witch winding dey naal doou kieral roop hunn. platonic thos padarthan dey kise vee horr stacking dey ulat, bordijk-coxitor helix 3-ayami space witch rotational taur teey duhraun vaala naheen haii. stacked tetrahedra dee ikk anant satar witch vee, kise vee doou tetrahedra daa ikko jiha rujhan naheen hovega, kiunki pratee saill helical pitch chakkar daa ikk taraksheel hissa naheen haii. halanki, iss helix dey sodhe hoye roop paae gaye hunn joe rotational taur 'teey duhraun vaale hunn, atey 4-ayami space witch ih helix bilkul 30 tetrahedral saillan dey ringan witch duhraunda haii joe 600-saill dee 3-khetar satah noon tesslet karde hunn, joe chhe niyamat convex polycora vicchon ikk haii. buckminster fuller neey iss noon "tetrahelics" daa naam ditta atey uhanan noon niyamat atey aniyamit tetrahedral tattan naal manniaa. geometry. unit kinare dee lambai vaale tetrahedron dey baney bordijk-coxitor helix dey sikhran dey nirdeshank noon iss roop witch likhiaa jaa sakda haii jitthe farmula _ 2, farmula _ 3, farmula _ 4 atey farmula _ 5 ikk manmarzi pooran ank haii. farmula _ 6 dey doou vakkh-vakkh mull doou kieral roopan naal mail khaande hunn. saare sikhar silandar utte sathit hunde hunn jiss daa radius farmula _ 7 z-dhure dey naal hunda haii. ih ditta giaa haii kii tetrahedra badal kiven hunda haii, ih harr "doou" tetrahedra dey farmule _ 8 daa ikk "spasht" modd dinda haii. helix dey ander radius farmula _ 9 vaala ikk horr ukkre hoye silandar haii. ucch-ayami geometry. 600-saill bhagan noon 30 tetrahedra dey 20 ringan witch vandiaa jaanda haii, harek ikk bordijk-coxitor helix hunda haii. jadon 3-khetar dee karvachar utte superimpose keeta jaanda haii taan ih samein-samein utte dass sikhran dee miaad dey naal, saare 30 saillan noon shamal karda haii. 600-saill witch ajihe helisis daa samooh ikk vakkhre hopf fibration noon darsaunda haii. jadon kii 3 ayaman witch kinare helisis hunn, lagaae gaye 3-khetar topology witch uh geodesic hunn atey koee tortion naheen haii. uh hopf fibration dey caarn kudrati taur 'teey ikk dooje dey duaale ghumde hunn. kinariaan daa samooh 10 sikhran dey naal 12 ringan daa ikk horr vakkhra hopp fibertion banaunda haii. ih dohre 120-saillan witch 10 dodecahedron dey ringan naal mail khaande hunn. iss toon ilava, 16-saill bhagan noon doou 8-tetrahedron ringan witch, chaar kinariaan noon lamba, atey 5-saill bhagan noon ikk single degenerate 5-tetrahedron ring witch vandiaa jaanda haii. sabandhat polyheadral helix. sambhujakar varag pyramid noon ikk helix dey roop witch vee janjiran naal bnnhiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss witch doou vertex sanrachnavan, 3.4.3.4 atey 3.3.4.3.3.4 hunn. ih helix ikk 4-ayami polytope witch 30 pyramid dee seemat ring dey roop witch maujood haii. atey barabar panj-khandi pyramid noon 3 vertex sanrachnavan, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, atey 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 naal janjiran naal bnnhiaa jaa sakda haiyav architecture witch. aart tower meeto ikk bordijk-coxitor helix utte adharat haii.

bordic-coxitor helics bordic-coxitor helics, asya naam echa iti asti. ess. emm. coxter tathaa a. haha. bordic, niyamitasya chatushkonasya raikhik-stupah asti, yena kevalam ekaa chatushkonasya antargatasya sankeernasy prantaha treeni paraspar-veshtitaah helic-yaanaani nirmeeyante. kairal-prakaaradwayam asti, yatra ghatikaradishayam vaa apaghatabhimukharupena vaa winding asti. platonic-ghanapadarthanam anyeshu kasyaapi stupena sadrusham naasti, bordic-coxitor-helics iti tri-aayaami-sthaane aavartanam naa bhavati. stapita-chatushkoneeyasy ananta-tarasya madhye api, naa dwayo chatushkoneeyasy abhimukheekaranam samaanam bhavishyati, yatah pratikoshikaayaah helical-pitch vruttasya yuktisangatah amshah naa bhavati. parantu, asya helics ityasya parivartitaah roopaah praaptaah santi, ye paribhramanaroopen punaraawartitaah santi, tathaa cha 4-aayaami-sthaane etat helics, yatharthataya 30 chatushkoneey-koshikanam valayeshu punaraavartate, ye 600-koshikaayaah 3-golasya prushtabhaagam, shanmapi niyamita-bahirmukha-palikora madhye anyatam, tessilate kurvanti. buckminster fuller ityanena idam "tetrahelics" iti namna namakaranam krutvaa, te niyamita-aniyamita-tetrahedral-tattwaih yukttaah iti manyante. jyaamitih. ekake praanta-dirghataya yukttaih chatushkoneeyaih yuktaanaam bordic-coxitor helics ityasya shirshanam nirdeshaamkaan iti rupena likhitum shakyate. yatra sootram _ 2, sootram _ 3, sootram _ 4 tathaa sootram _ 5 cha ekam aicchikam poornaamkam asti. sootrasya 6 iti bhinnamoolyah dwayoh kieral-roopayoh anuroopau stah. sarvaani sheershaani cylinder-madhye sthitaani santi, yasya trijyaa sootram _ 7, zad-akshasya paarshve asti. chatushkoneey-paryaem katham bhavati iti drushtvaa, etat prati "dvivaaram" chatushkoneey-sootrasya "spashta" vakram pradadaati. helics ityasya antah trijya-sootram _ 9 yuktah anyah utkeernah silindarah asti. uccha-aayaami jyaamiti. 600-koshikaayaah vibhaajanaah 30 chatushkoniyanam 20 valayanam madhye bhavanti, pratyekam bordic-coxitor helics iti. yadaa 3-golakarasya vakrataayaah upari adhishtaapyate tadaa dash-shirsha-kaalen saha, sarvaan 30 koshikan aacchaadayan, tatt aavartakam bhavati. 600 kosheshu etadrushanam helics-samoohah viviktam hope-fabration-ityasya pratinidhitvam karoti. yadyapi tri-parimaaneshu prantaha helic-yukttaah santi, api cha aaropita-tri-kshetra-topolajyam te bhoganikeeyaah santi, teshaam ksharanam naasti. hope-f-tantuhu ityatah te svaabhaavikatayaa parasparm paritah paribhramanti. prantanam samoohah, pratyekam 10 shirshayuktanam 12 valayanam anyam viviktam hopef-tantuhu nirmeeyate. etaaha dvivaarshika-120-kosheshu 10 dodecahedron-ityasya valayaihi saha yojayanti. tadatiriktam, 16-koshikaayaah vibhaajanaah 8-tetrahedron-valayadvaye, chaturnam prantanam dirghayam, 5-koshikaayaah vibhaajaneshu cha ekasyaam 5-tetrahedron-valayasya avakshayah bhavanti. sambaddhaani bahu-headral helics-yuktaani. samabaahu-varga-pyramid ityetaani, shirsha-vinyaasadvayena, 3.4.3.4 tathaa 3.3.4.3.3.4 ityetayoho saha, helics-rupena api sangruhayitum shakyante. etat helics, 4-aayaami-polytope ityasmin 30 pyramid-ityetayoho parimita-valayaroopen vidyamaanam asti. samabaahu panchabhujakara-pyramid ityetaani cha 3 shirsha vinyaasaih, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5,3.3.3.5.3.3.5 ityetaih saha shrunkhalitaani bhavitum arhanti. vaastukalaayaam. art-tower-mito iti bordic-coxitor-helics ityasya aadhaaren nirmitam asti.

Boerdijk-Coxeter helix portijk-cauxitor helix, ech peyaridappattathu. ess. emm. cauxitor mattrum auuu. ech. poartik enbathu valakkamaana tetrahetravin oru neriyal adukkaagum, idhu oru tetrahetranai mattumae saernthulla valaagaththin vilimbugal moontru pinnip pinaikappatta helikskalai uruvaakkum vagaiyil aerpaadu seiyappattullathu. kadikaara thisaiyil allathu ethirethir thisaiyil murukkugaludan irandu kieral vadivangkal ullana. platonic thidapporutkalin vaeru endha adukkaip poalallaamal, poartik-cauxitor helix mupparimaana idaththil suzharchi reethiyaaga meendum meendum illai. adukkapatta naarkaraththin ellaiyattra saraththil kooda, endha irandu naarkaramum oray nokkunilaiyaik kondirukkaathu, aenenil oru sellukku ulla mukkoana suruthi vattaththin paguththarivu pinnam alla. iruppinum, inththa helixin maattriyamaikkappatta vadivangkal kandariyappattullana, avai suzharchi reethiyaaga meendum meendum nigazhkindrana, maelum 4 parimaana idaththil inththa helix sariyaaga 30 naarkara selgalin valaiyangkalil meendum nigazhkirathu, idhu 600-sellin 3-koala maerparappai izhukkirathu, idhu aaru valakkamaana kuvindha polychoravil ontraakum. buckminster fular idharku "tetrahelics" endru peyarittaar, maelum avattrai valakkamaana mattrum ozhungkattra tetrahetral koorugaludan karuthinaar. vadiviyal. alagu vilimbu neelaththudan koodiya tetrahetraangalaal aana poyardijk-caucitor helixin sengkuththugalin aayaththangalai vadivaththil ezhuthalaam. ingku sooththiram _ 2, sooththiram _ 3, sooththiram _ 4 mattrum sooththiram _ 5 aagiyavai thannichaiyaana muzhu ennaagum. sooththiram _ 6 inn irandu vevvaeru mathippukal irandu kieral vadivangkaludan oththirukkintrana. anaitthu sengkuththugalum z-achil aaram sooththiram _ 7 udan silindaril amainthullana. tetrahetra evvaaru maattrappadukirathu enbathaip porutthavarai, idhu ovvoru "irandu" tetraahetraavirkum _ 8 endra sooththiraththin "velippadaiyaana" thiruppatthai alikkirathu. helix ullae aaram sooththiram _ 9 konda mattroru porikkapatta urulai ullathu. uyar parimaana vadiviyal. 600-chell pagirvugal 30 tetrahetravin 20 valaiyangkalaaka pirikkappadugindrana, ovvondrum oru poartik-cauxitor helix aagum. 3 koala valaivin meethu migaippaduththappadumpathu, adhu kaalamurai aagirathu, paththu sengkuththugalin kaalaththudan, anaitthu 30 selgalaiyum ulladakkiyathu. 600-uyiranukkalil ulla aththagaiya helisasin koottu oru thaniththuvamaana hoff izhaiyaik kurikkirathu. 3 parimaanangkalil vilimbugal helises aaga irukkumpoathu, thinikappatta 3-koala idaviyal avai puviyiyal mattrum murivu illai. hoff fibration kaaranamaaga avai iyarkaiyaagavae oruvarukkoruvar suzhalgindrana. vilimbugalin koottu 12 valaiyangkalin mattroru thaniththuvamaana hoff izhaiyai uruvaakkukirathu, ovvondrum 10 sengkuththugaludan. ivai irattai 120-sellil ulla 10 todecahetraangalin valaiyangkaludan oththirukkintrana. koodudhalaaga, 16-chell pagirvugal irandu 8-tetrahetron valaiyangkalaaka, naanku vilimbugal neelamaagavum, 5-chell pagirvugal ottrai seerazhindha 5-tetrahetron valaiyamaagavum maarukintrana. thodarpudaiya palluir helikskal. samapakka sathura piramidugalai helix aaga inaikkalaam, irandu uchi ullamaivugaludan, 3.4.3.4 mattrum 3.3.4.3.3.4. inththa helix 4 parimaana polytopil 30 piramidugalin varaiyarukappatta valaiyamaaka ullathu. samapakka aingkoana piramidugal 3 uchi ullamaivugaludan sangkiliyaal pinaikkappadalaam, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, mattrum 3.3.3.5.3.3.5: kattidakkalaiyil. ard dover mitto oru poartik-cauxitor helix adippadaiyaagak kondadhu.

bordic-cauxeter helix bordic-cauxeter helix, hetch paeru pettabadindi. ess. emm. cauxeter mariyu a. hetch. bordic anedi saadhaarana tetrahedrala yokka saralamaina petika, idhi oke tetrahedronku chendina complexes yokka anchulu moodu mudipadi unna heliklanu yerparuchukunela amarchabadi untundi. savyadisalo ledhaa apasavyadisalo winding thoo rendu kairal roopaalu unnaayi. platonic ghanapadaarthaala itara petikala kakunda, bordic-cauxeter helix trimiteeya pradaesamloe bhramanaparamgaa punaraavrutam kaadu. paerchabadina tetraheadra yokka anantamaina stringlo kooda, yea rendu tetrahedralu oke dhoranini kaligi undavu, endukante prati kanaaniki helical pitch vruttamlo hetubaddhamaina bhinnam kaadu. edemaina, eee helix yokka savarinchina roopaalu rotationalga punaraavrutamavutaayi, mariyu 4 dimensional space loe eee helix sarigga 30 tetrahedral kanaala valayalalo punaraavrutamavutundi, ivi 600-kanaala yokka 3-gola uparitalaanni tessalate chestaayi, idhi aaru regular convex paalikoraalalo okati. buckminster phular dheeniki "tetrahelics" anie paeru pettadu mariyu vaatini saadhaarana mariyu kramarahita tetrahedral muulakaalatoe pariganinchaadu. jyaamiti. unit anchu podavutho tetrahedronlatho kuudina bordic-cauxeter helix yokka sheershaala akshaamsaalanu eee roopamlo vraayavacchu ikkada suutram _ 2, suutram _ 3, suutram _ 4 mariyu suutram _ 5 ekapaksha puurnaamkam. suutram _ 6 yokka rendu ververu viluvalu rendu kairal roopaalaku anugunamgaa untaayi. anni sheershaalu z-aksham venta vyaasaartham suutram _ 7 thoo cylinderpy unnaayi. tetrahedranu pratyamnaayamgaa elaa upayoginchaalo choosthe, idhi prati "rendu" tetrahedraku suutram _ 8 yokka "spashtamaina" malupunu istundi. helix lopala vyaasaartham suutram _ 9 thoo chekkabadina maroka cylinder undhi. adhika-dimensional jyaamiti. 600-kana vibhajanalu 30 tetrahedratho 20 valayaluga vibhajinchabadataayi, prati okkati bordic-cauxeter helix. 3-gola vakratapai adhirohinchinappudu, idhi aavartanamgaa maarutundi, padhi sheershaala vyavadhitho, mottam 30 kanaalanu kaligi untundi. 600-kanaalalo ituvanti helix yokka samishti vivikta hapf fibration suuchistumdi. 3 kolatalalo anchulu helix ayithe, vidhinchina 3-gola topologylo avi geodesics mariyu tortion kaligi undavu. hapf fibration kaaranamgaa avi sahajamgaa okadaanikokati chuttumudataayi. anchula samishti 10 sheershaalato 12 valayala maroka vivikta hapf fibration yerparustundi. ivi dwandwa 120-kanaalalo 10 dodecahedronla valayalaku anugunamgaa untaayi. adanamgaa, 16-kana vibhajanalu rendu 8-tetrahedron valayaluga, naalugu anchula podavu, mariyu 5-kana vibhajanalu oke ksheeninchina 5-tetrahedron valayamgaa marutayi. sambandhita polyhedral helix. samabahu chadarapu piramidlanu helixga kooda bandhinchavachhu, rendu sheersha aakruteekaranalu, 3.4.3.4 mariyu 3.3.4.3.3.4 thoo. eee helix 4-dimensional polytopelo 30 pyramidla parimita valayamgaa untundi. mariyu samabahu panchabhujaakaara piramidlanu 3 sheersha aakruteekaranalato bandhinchavachhu, 3.3.5,3.5.3.5, mariyu 3.3.3.5.3.3.5: nirmaanamloo. art tower mito bordic-cauxeter helix aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi.

boirdek-cocusator helks boirdek-cocusator helks jiss kaa naam aich kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. aiss. ayem. coxitor aur aey. aich. boirdic baqayedah tetra header kaa eek lakiri steaking hay juu iss tarah tartib diyaa gayaa hay kahh complex kay kinaron juu sarf eek tetra headron say taaluq rakhtay haine teen aaps mein jaday hoay helices bantay haine. duu cheeral shaklein haine jinn mein ghadi kii samat yaa ghadi kii mukhalif samat mein ghomti haine. platonic thoos maadon kay kasee bhee dosray steaking kay barakas boirdek-cocusator helks 3 jehti jagah mein gardash kay toor parr dohraya nahein jaataa hay. yahaan takk kahh stacked tetra header kay lamahdud taar mein bhee kasee bhee duu tetra header kaa rakh eek jaisa nahein hogaa keunkah phee sail helical pach dairay kaa aqli hasah nahein hay. tahim iss helks kii tarmim shadah shaklein payee gayee haine juu gardash kay lahaaz say takraar karti haine aur 4 jehti khalaa mein yaha helks balkal 30 tetra headral khaliyon kay rangon mein dohraya jaataa hay juu 600 khaliye kii 3-dairay kii satah kuu teslet kartay haine juu chh baqayedah convex polikora mein say eek hay. buck minister fler nay asay "tetra helks" kaa naam diyaa aur inhein baqayedah aur bay qayedah tetra headral anaasir kay saath samjha. geometry. yount kinaray kii lambayi kay saath tetra headron parr mushtamil boirdek-cocusator helks kay amudi nqat kuu iss shakal mein likhaa jaa saktaa hay jehaan farmola _ 2yee farmola _ 3yee farmola _ 4 aur farmola _ 5 eek minn maanee adad hay. farmola _ 6 kii duu mukhtalif aqdaar duu cheeral shaklon say mutabiqat rakhti haine. tamaam saray slunder parr waaqa haine jinn kaa radaas farmola _ 7 z-mahur kay saath hay. yaha dekhtay hoay kahh tetra header kiss tarah muthbadil hay yaha harr "duu" tetra header kay farmolay _ 8 kaa "zahiri" moad deeta hay. helks kay andar eek aur kandah shadah slunder hay jiss kaa radaas farmola _ 9 hay. aalee jehti geometry. 600 khaliyon kii taqsim 30 tetra header kay 20 rangon mein hoti hay harr eek boirdek-cocusator helks hotaa hay. jabb 3-dairay kii manhani saakhat parr spir ampoz kiyaa jaataa hay tuu yaha waqta foqta how jaataa hay jiss mein duss amudi madat hoti hay jiss mein tamaam 30 khalyaat shaamil hotay haine. 600 khaliye mein iss tarah kay helices kaa majmuah eek mujarid hopef fibre kii numaindagi kartaa hay. jabkah 3 jehaton mein kinaron helices haine maslat 3-dairay topology mein wah geodex haine aur inn mein koyee tortion nahein hay. wah qadarti toor parr hopef fibre kii wajah say eek dosray kay gird ghoomtay haine. kinaron kaa majmuah 10 amudi rangon kay saath 12 rangon kaa eek aur mujarid hopef fibre banata hay. yaha dohri 120 khaliye mein 10 dodicahederon kay rangon say mutabiqat rakhtay haine. iss kay alawah 16 khalyaat kii taqsim duu 8-tetra headron rangon mein chaar kinaron kii lambayi aur 5-khalyaat kii taqsim kuu eek hyee inhatat 5-tetra headron rung mein. mutaliqah pouli headral helks. masawi marbaa ahramon kuu helks kay toor parr bhee jakda jaa saktaa hay jiss mein duu vertex configration 3.4.3.4 aur 3.3.4.3.3.4 haine. yaha helks 4 jehti pouli topp mein 30 ahramon kii mahdud angothi kay toor parr mojud hay. aur masawi pantganal ahramon kuu 3 vertex configration 3.3.5yee 3.5.3.5yee aur 3.3.3.5.3.3.5 kay saath jakda jaa saktaa hay: funn tameer mein. aart tower meto eek boirdek-cocusator helks parr mubni hay.

00065acb51dcb01ab7efdc422f424210ffe2a7ed32a5500b4e4f7fbbc70e89a7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16465845

Una Biological Reserve

Una Biological Reserve Una Biological Reserve () is a Biological reserve in Brazil. Location. The Una Biological Reserve, which is in the Atlantic Forest biome and covers , was created on 10 December 1980. It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002. It is in the Una municipality of Bahia. The climate is hot and humid, with annual rainfall over . The temperature varies from , with an average of . Elevation ranges from above sea level. The terrain has isolated plateaus, mostly around in height, within a flat coastal plain. Removal of the original forest cover has caused accelerated erosion of the plateaus. The reserve is in the basin of the Una River, which is fed by the Aliança and São Pedro rivers. The Serra River runs through the reserve from the west to the south east. The Maruim River forms the natural border of the north west of the reserve. The flora is a diverse example of Atlantic Forest biome. Fauna include three species of seriously threatened endemic primates: the golden lion tamarin, black-tufted marmoset and golden-bellied capuchin. The environment has been damaged by deforestation, removal of riparian vegetation and cattle damage to the river banks causing more extreme flooding and greater levels of sediment in the water. This has had negative effects to the fauna. Conservation. The Biological Reserve is a "strict nature reserve" under IUCN protected area category Ia. The purpose is to fully preserve the biota and their natural attributes without direct human interference. Protected birds in the reserve include the Atlantic black-breasted woodpecker (Celeus tinnunculus), black-headed berryeater (Carpornis melanocephala), red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii), banded cotinga (Cotinga maculata), Stresemann's bristlefront (Merulaxis stresemanni), band-tailed antwren (Myrmotherula urosticta), ochre-marked parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata) and striated softtail (Thripophaga macroura). Other protected species in the reserve include golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), cougar (Puma concolor), Recife broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus recifinus, Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules), the butterfly Napeogenes rhezia and the Characiformes fish Nematocharax venustus. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

euna joibik xongrokhito bonanchol unaa joibik xongrokhito bonanchol () hoise brajilor ek joibik xongrokhito bonanchol. owosthan. aatlantik bonn joibomondol aaru aaworonot thoka unaa joibik xongrokhito bonanchol 1980 sonor 10 disemborot sristi koraa hoisil. ee 2002 sonot sristi koraa kendriyo aatlantik bonn poriwexgot corridoror ongxo hoi porisil. ee bahiyar unaa pouroxobhat owosthito. barxik borxun xex huwar loge loge jolobayu gorom aaru aardro. goror xoite tapmatra iyar poraa prithok hoy. uschota xagor pristhor poraa uporoloi thaake. bhukhondotut xomotol upokuliyo xomobhumir bhitorot besibhag uschotat thoka prithok malbhumi aase. mool bonanchol atoruwar folot malbhumir khyoy tworanwito hoise. ei xongrokhito bonancholtu unaa nodir owobahikat aase, jaak aliancha aaru sau pedru nodiye jugan dhore. cheraa nodikhon poschimor poraa dokhyin-puboloi xongrokhito bonancholor maajere boi goise. maruim nodiye xongrokhito bonancholor uttor-poschimor prakritik xeema gothon kore. ei udbhidxomuh aatlantik bonn joibomondolor ek boisitryomoy udahoron. pranir bhitorot tinita projatir gurutorbhabe bipodaponno sthaniyo primate aaseh xunali xingho tamorin, koo 'laa-tofted maarm' set aaru xunali petor kepuchin. oronyo dhongxo, nodir paarot thoka goch-gosoni atoruwa aaru goru-moo 'horr khyotir folot nodir paarot odhik tibro banpani aaru paneet odhik porimanor poloxor folot poriwexor khyoti hoise. iyar folot pranir uporot netibasok probhab porise. xongrokhyon. joibik xongrokhito bonancholtu aai. eu. chi. eno. xongrokhito onchol shrenir odhinot etaa "kothur prokriti xongrokhito bonanchol". iyar uddesyo hoise proityokhyo manob hostokhyep obihone joibo aaru iyar prakritik boixistyoxomuh xompurnorupe xongrokhyon koraa. xongrokhito soraiburor bhitorot aase aatlantik koo 'laa stonor kaththukor (celius tinunkulas), koo' laa muror barrieter (carp 'rnis melanusephala), redd-bill korasau (crex bluemenbasi), bended koo' tinga (koo 'tinga mekulata), stressmenor bristolfront (meruluxis stressmenni), bendo-tailed entrain (mirmadhorula eurosticta), usore-mark koraa perakit (pairura cruentata) aaru strited softel (thripophaga macroura). xongrokhito bonancholor onyanyo xongrokhito projatixomuhor bhitorot aase xunali muror xingho temarin (leontopithecus crysumalus), mended sloth (bradypus torkets), jayant antiater (mairmekufaga tridectila), kugar (puma konokolor), risife broad-nuj bett, platyrihynus recifinus, harculis bittle (dynastes harculis), pokhila nape "jines regia aaru cherasiformos maach nematocharex venustus.

euna joibik sanrakkhanagar unaa biological reserve () braziler ekti joibik reserve. abosthan. euna joibik sanrakkhanagar, jaa atlantik bonn joibokkhetro ebong achchadongulite royeche, 1980 saaler 10 december toiri koraa hoyechilo. etty 2002 saale nirmito kendriya atlantik bonn bastutantrer corridor ongsho hoye othe. etty bahiar unaa pourosobhai abosthito. barshik brishtipat shesh howar saathe saathe jalbayu gorom ebong ardro. tapmatra gader saathe poribortito hoy. samudraprishtha theke uchchota bistrito. eyi bhukhander samtal upokuliyo samabhumir modhye beshirbhag uchchotar modhye bichchinno malvumi royeche. mool bananchal aposaroner foley malvumir druto kshay ghoteche. rijarbhati unaa nadeer abobahikai abosthito, jaa alianca ebong saao pedro nodee dwara pushto hoy. sera naditi poschim theke dakkhin-purbo dike sanrakkhito anchaler modhyo diye probahito hoyeche. maruim nodee sanrakkhito anchaler uttor-poschimer prakritik seemana gathon korey. udbhid holl atlantik bonn joibokkhetrer ekti boichitromoy udaharan. pranir modhye tinti prajati royeche gurutorvabe biponno sthaniya primate golden lyon tamarine, black-tufted marmoset ebong golden-petjukto capuchin. bonn ujad, naditirabarti gachpala aposaron ebong nadeer teere gobadi poshur khotir foley poribesh khotigrosto hoyeche jaar foley arow charam bonna ebong joley polly beshi porimane royeche. err foley pranijagater upor netibachak prabhab poreche. sanrakkhan. iucn sanrakkhito elaka bibhager adhine joibik sanrakkhanagarti ekti "kathor prakritik sanrakkhanagar". err uddeshya holl sarasari manusher hostokkhep chharai joibo udbhid ebong taader prakritik baisishtaguli sampurnarupe sanrakkhan koraa. sanrakkhito pakhider modhye royeche atlantik black-breasted kaththokra (celius tinunculus), black-heeda berry itara (carpornis melanocephala), reeda-billed curaso (cracks blumenbachi), banded kotenga (kotenga mcculata), stressmans bristolfront (merulaxis stressemanni), banned-lejjukto antrain (mirderaula eurosticta), geru-chinnito parackit (pairura cruentata) ebong strited softell (thripophaga macroura). sanrakkhito anchaler anyanno sanrakkhito projatir modhye royeche sonara mathar singho tamarin (leontopithecus chrysomelous), manned sloth (bradypus torquats), giant antiter (myrmecophaga triductilla), kugar (puma concolour), recife broad-nozed badud, platyrhenous recifinus, harculis bittle (dynastes harculis), prajapati nepogenes regia ebong cariforms machh nematocarax venustus.

yunaa jaivik bhandar unaa jaivik anaamat () brazilma aek jaivik anaamat chhe. sthaan. unaa jaivik anaamat, jeey atlantic vana biome aneey aavaranma chhe, tenee rachnaa 10 december december roj karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey teey banavvama aavela central atlantic forrest ecological corridorno bhaag bunny gayo hato. teey baahiyaani unaa nagarpalikama chhe. aabohva garam aneey bhejwali chhe, jemaa vaarshik varsaad puuro thaay chhe. taapmaan sareraashthee badalaay chhe. unchai dariyani sapatithi upar chhe. bhupradeshma sapaat dariyakanthana medanni andar, motaabhaage unchaima, alag-alag uchchpradesho chhe. mool vana aavaranne door karvaathi uchchpradeshonu zadpi dhovaan thayu chhe. aaa abhayaranya unaa nadeena tatpradeshma chhe, jene eleanca aneey saao pedro nadeeo dwara paanee purun padvama aave chhe. seraa nadee pashchimthi dakshin purv taraf aaa abhayaranyamathi vahe chhe. maruim nadee aaa abhayaranyani uttar pashchimni koodarti sarhad banaave chhe. vanaspati atlantic vana biomnun vaividhyasabhar udaaharan chhe. pranisrushtini trana prajatioma gambhir reete jokhamma mukaayela sthaaneek vaandaraaono samaavesh thaay chheh golden lyon tamerin, black-tufted marmoset aneey golden-ballid kepuchin. vananabudi, nadeena keenareni vanaspatine door karvaa aneey pashuone nuksan pahonchaadvaathi paryavaranne nuksan thayu chhe, jenaa kaarane vadhu bhaare puur aavyu chhe aneey paanimaa kaampnu star vadhyu chhe. aanee pranisrushti parr nakaaraatmak assar puddy chhe. sanraxan. jaivik anaamat aee iucn sanrakshit vistaar shrenee hethal "kadak prakrutee anaamat" chhe. teno hetu seedha manav hastkshep vinaa biota aneey temnaa koodarti lakshanone sampurnpane saachavvaano chhe. aaa sanrakshit pakshioma atlantic black-breasted lakkadkhod (celius tinunculus), black-heeyd barrieter (carpornis melanocephala), reeda-billed curaso (cracks bluemenbachi), banded kotinga (kotinga mcculata), stressemennaa bristalfront (merulexes stressemenni), benned-punchhadivala entwren (myermerula eurosticta), gair-marqeda parakit (pirehura cruentata) aneey strated softail (thripophaga macrora) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa abhayaranyama anya sanrakshit prajatioma golden-heeyd sinh tamarin (leontopithecus chrysomela), manded sloth (bradipus torcutus), giant antitor (myrmecophaga tridectila), cooger (pumaa conclar), racif broad-nosed bett, platyrenus reciphinus, herculus beatle (dynestes herculus), butterfly napogenes reasia aneey carresiformus phisha nematocherex venustasano samaavesh thaay chhe.

yuu. aine. aeye. javic bhandar yuna javic bhandar () brazil mein ack javic bhandar haye. sthaan. yuna javic bhandar, joe atlantic vann jaivakshetra aur aavaran mein haye, 10 disambar 1980 koo banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh 2002 mein banaae gaye kendriya atlantic vann paaristhitik galiyare kaa hissa bunn gayaa. yeh baahiya kii oonaa nagarpalika mein haye. jalavaayu germ aur aardr haye, jisamen vaarshik varsha hoti haye. tapman ausatan seey bhinn hotaa haye. samudra tala seey oonchaai parr haye. iss ilaake mein ack sapaat tateey maidan key bheetar, jyaadaatar oonchaai mein, alag-alag pathaar hain. mool vann kshetra koo hataane seey pathaaron kaa ksharan teji seey huaa haye. reserve unaa nadee key besin mein haye, jise alianca aur saao pedro nadiyon dwara poshit kiya jaataa haye. seraa nadee paschim seey dakshin poorv kii or reserve key madhyam seey bahati haye. maruim nadee reserve key uttar paschim kii praakritik seema banaati haye. vanaspati atlantic vann jaivakshetra kaa ack vividh udaaharan haye. jeevon mein gambhir roop seey khatare mein padey sthaanik narwanar kii teen prajaatiyan shamil hainh golden lyon tamarin, black-tufted marmoset aur golden-bellie capuchin. vanon kii kataai, nadee key kinare kii vanaspati koo hataane aur maveshiyon koo nuksan pahunchaane seey paryaavaran koo nuksan pahuncha haye, jisase adhik baadh aaa paani mein talchhat kaa star badh gayaa haye. iska jeevon parr nakaratmak prabhaav padaa haye. sanrakshan. javic aarakshit kshetra aaee. yuu. see. aine. sanrakshit kshetra shreni aaee. aeye. key tahat ack "sakht prakriti aarakshit kshetra" haye. iska uddeshya pratyaksh maanav hastakshep key binaa biota aur unaki praakritik visheshtaon koo poori tarah seey sanrakshit karna haye. sanrakshit pakshiyon mein atlantic black-breasted kathfodwa (celius tinunculus), black-haid barriator (corpornis melanocephala), redd-billed curoso (cracks bluemenbachi), banded kotinga (kotega maculata), stressman kaa bristalfront (meruloxis stressemanni), baind-tailed entwren (myer madaryula eurosticta), ochar-markade parakeet (pyrura cruntata) aur strated softel (thripophaga macra) shamil hain. reserve mein anya sanrakshit prajaatiyon mein golden-haid lyon tamarin (leontopithecus chrysomelas), mained sloth (bradypus torquets), vishal antitor (myrmecophaga tridactilla), kaugar (pyuma concolor), recife broad-nosed bait, platerinus reciphinus, herculis beatle (dynestes herculis), titali napogenous rezia aur caraciformus fish nematocarox venustus shamil hain.

yuu. enn. aa. jaivika meesalu yuna jaivika meesalu () brazilnalliruva ondu jaivika meesalu aranyavagide. sthala. atlantic aranya biome mattu kavargalalliruva yuna jaivika meesalu aranyavannu 1980rahra december 10randu rachisalaayitu. idu 2002ralli rachisalaada central atlantic aranya parisara carridarn bhaagavaayitu. idu baahiyaada unaa purasabheyallide. havaamaanavu bisiyagiruttade mattu tevaamshadinda koodiruttade, varshika maleyu konegolluttade. taapamaanavu sarasari taapamaanadinda badalaaguttade. samudra mattadinda ettarakke airabahudu. ee bhoopradeshavu samathattaada karavali bayalu pradeshadolage, bahuteka ettaradalli, pratyekavaada prasthabhoomigalannu hondide. moola aranya pradeshavannu tegeduhaakuvudarinda prasthabhoomigala savetavu tvaritagondide. ee meesalu aranyavu unaa nadiya jalanayana pradeshadallide, idu alianca mattu savo pedro nadigalinda tumbuttade. sera nadiyu ee meesalu pradeshada moolaka pashchimadinda agneyakke hariyuttade. maruim nadiyu meesalu aranyada vayuvya dikkina naisargika gadiyannu roopisuttade. ee sasyavargavu atlantic aranya jivavaranakke vaividhyamaya udaaharaneyaagide. pranigalalli mooru jaatiya gambhira apayakkolagada sthaliya sastanigaliveh golden layan tamarine, black-tufted marmoset mattu golden-hotte capuchin. aranyanasha, nadhi tirada sasyavargavannu tegeduhaakuvudu mattu nadhi tirakke jaanuvaarugala haaniyindaagi parisaravu haanigolagaagide, idu hecchu tivravaada pravaaha mattu nirinalli hecchina mattada kesarannu untumaaduttade. idu pranigala mele nakaaraatmaka parinama beeride. samrakshane. jaivika meesalu aranyavu iucn samrakshita pradeshada adiyalli "kattunittaada prakruti meesalu aranya" vagide. nera manava hastakshepavillade jaivika sasya mattu avugala naisargika gunalaksanagalannu sampoornavaagi samrakshisuvudu idara uddeshavaagide. samrakshita paksigalalli atlantic kappu-edeya marakutiga (celius tinnanculus), kappu-taleya berrieveater (corpornis melanocephala), kempu-billina currasso (crocks bluemenbachi), banded kotinga (kotinga maculata), stressmens bristalfront (meruloxis stressmenny), byaand-baalada antren (mirmadarula eurosticta), geru-gurutu haakida parakete (pirrura cruentata) mattu strited softyle (thripophaga macrura) serive. meesalu aranyadalliruva itara samrakshita prabhedagalalli golden-head layan tamarine (leontopithecus chrysomelas), manned slath (broadipus tarkwatus), daitya antiator (myrmecophaga tridactila), kaugar (puma concolour), recife broad-nosed byaat, platyrhinus recifinus, herculus jeerunde (dynastes herculus), chitte napiogenese regia mattu carresiforms meenu nematocarox venustus serive.

yuu. aine. aii. jaivik rakheev una jaivik rakheev () heey brazilmadhil eka jaivik rakheev kshetra aahe. thikan. atlantic vann jaivakshetra aanee aachchhadananmadhye asalele yuna jaivik rakheev kshetra 10 december 1980 roji tayar karnyat aale. 2002 madhye tayar jhalelya madhya atlantic vann paryavaraniy margikecha too bhag banala. heey bahiyachya una nagarpaliket aahe. varshik paus sampalyane hawaman ushna aanee damat aahe. tapman sarasarichya tulanet badalate. samudraspatipasun unchivar aahe. yaa bhoobhagat sapat kinarpattichya maidanachya aat, bahutek unchichya aaspas, vegale pathar aahet. mool vankshetra kadhoon takalyamule patharanchi jalad dhoop jhaali aahe. heey rakheev kshetra una nadichya khonyat aahe, jyala alianca aanee saao pedro nadyanni paanee dile aahe. sera nadee yaa rakheev pradeshatoon pashchimekadun aagney dishela vahate. maruim nadee hii rakheev pradeshachya vayvyekadil naisargik seema banavate. vanaspati heey atlantic vann jaivakshetrache vaividhyapurn udaharan aahe. pranyanmadhye gambhir dhokyat asalelya sthanik narvanar pranyanchya teen prajatincha samavesh aaheh golden lyon tamarin, black-tufted marmoset aanee golden-baylead capuchin. jangaltodi, nadipatratil vanaspati kadhoon takane aanee nadichya kathavaril guranche nuksan yamule paryavaranache nuksan jhaale aahe, jyamule adhik tivra puur aanee panyat gaal mothya pramanat aala aahe. yacha pranyanvar nakaratmak parinam jhaala aahe. sanwardhan. aay. yuu. see. aine. sanrakshit kshetra shreni antargat jaivik rakheev kshetra heey eka "kathor nisarg rakheev kshetra" aahe. thet manvi hastakshep naan karata biota aanee tyanche naisargik gunadharm purnapane jatan karane haah yamagcha uddesh aahe. rakheev pradeshatil sanrakshit pakshyanmadhye atlantic black-breasted lakkadkhod (celius tinnonculus), black-haid barrieter (carpornis melanocephala), reed-billed kuraso (cracks bluemenbachi), banded kotinga (kotinga mcculata), stressman bristalfront (merulaxis stressemanni), band-tailed antwren (myermerula eurosticta), gerr-markade parakit (pirehura cruentata) aanee strited softel (thripophaga macrora) yancha samavesh aahe. rakheev pradeshatil itar sanrakshit prajatinmadhye soneri dokyache sinh tamarin (leontopithecus chrysomelas), manavyukt aalas (bradypus torquets), vishal antitor (myrmecophaga tridactila), cooger (puma concler), recife broad-noz vatvaghale, platyrenous reciphinus, herculus beatle (dynestes herculus), phulpakharu napiogenes reziya aanee carresiformus phisha nematocherax venustus yancha samavesh aahe.

yuna jaivik bhandar yuna jaivik bhandar () brazilko ek jaivik bhandar how. sthan. atlantic wann biome rar kabharma raheko yuna jaivik araksha 10 december 1980 maa sirjana garieko thiyo. yo sann 2002 maa sirjana garieko kendriya atlantic wann paristhitik corridorko hissa banyo. yo bahiyako una nagarpalikabhitra chha. warshik warsha samapta bhaepachi mausam tato rar ardra chha. tapakram ausatko sath bhinna hunchha. samudra satahabata uchai hunchha. bhubhagma samatal tatiya maidanbhitra prayaha uchaima raheka prithak patharharu chhan. muel wann awaran hataune karan patharharuko ksharan tiwra bhaeko chha. yo araksha una nadiko besinma chha, jaslai aliansa rar sao pedro nadiharule poshan gardacha. sera nadi paschimbata dakshin purvatira rijarvabata bagchha. maruim nadile rijarvako uttar pashchimko prakritik sima banaunchha. vanaspati atlantic wann bayomko vividh udaharan how. jiwajantuharuma gambhir rupma khatarama pareka sthaniya primateharuko tean prajatiharu samawesh chhanh sunaulo sinha tamarin, callo-tufted marmoset rar sunaulo-pett capuchin. wann vinash, nadi kinarbata vanaspati hataune rar gaiwastuharuko kshati garda nadiko kinarma watawaranma kshati pugeko chha jasle garda atyadhik badhi aeko chha rar panima talachhatko star badheko chha. yasale jiwajantuma nakaratmak prabhawa pareko chha. sanrakshan. jaivik araksha iucn sanrakshit khetra shreni aie antargat ek "kada prakriti araksha" how. yasako uddeshya pratyaksha manav hastakshep bina biota rar tiniharuko prakritik wisheshtaharu purna rupma sanrakshan garnu how. sanrakshit charaharuma atlantic callo-chhati kaththokara (celius tinnunculus), callo taukoko barrieter (carpornis melanocephala), rato-bill curaso (cracks bluemenbachi), banded coating (kotinga mcculata), stressmanko bristalfront (merulaxis stressemonni), banned-tail antwren (mayarmerula eurosticta), geru-chinha lagaieko parackit (pirhura cruentata) rar strited suftel (thripofaga macrora) samawesh chhan. yass arakshama raheka anya sanrakshit prajatiharuma sunaulo tauko bhaeko sinha tamarin (leontopithecus crysomelas), manned sloth (bradypus torcatus), vishal antiter (myrmecophaga tridactila), kugar (puma concler), recife broad-noz batt, platyrenous recifinus, herculus bittle (dynestes herculus), butterfly neposines regia rar carecifermus fish nematocarax bhenstus samawesh chhan.

jayu. enn. aii. jaibika bhandara yuna biological rijarbha () brazilara eka biological rijarbha. sthana. atlantic jangala jaibamandala ebong aachadanare thiba yuna jaibika sanrakhyana 10 december 1980 ray srusti karajaithila . ehaa 2002 ray nirmita kendriah atlantic jangala paribesha corrider anshabisesha hoigala . ehaa bahiaara unaa pourasabhare abasthita. barshika barsha shesh heba sahita jalabaju garam ebong ardra . tapmatra harahari thaaru bhinna hoithae. uchchata samudra pattanatharu uparaku rahithae. ehi bhookhandare eka samatala upakula samatala bhumi madhyare, prajatah uchchatara, bichhinna malabhumi rahichhi. moola jangala aachadanaku hataiba dwara malabhumira druta khyaja hoichhi. ehi sanrakhita anchala unaa nadira ababahikare rahichhi, jaahaa alianka ebong sao pedro nadee dwara jalajogana karithae. ehi sanrakhita anchala dei paschimaru dakhina purbaku sera nadee prabahita hoithae. maruim nadee ehi sanrakhita anchalara uttara-paschimare prakrutika seema gathan karithae. ehi udbhida heuchhi atlantic jangala jaibamandalara eka bibidha udaharana. jeebajantunka madhyare gurutara bipadagrasta sthaniah praimetgudikara tinoti prajati antarbhuktah subarna singh tomarin, kalaa-tufted marmoset ebong subarna-pett capuchin . jangala nust, nadeekoolaru brukhyalata hataiba ebong nadee koolare pasumananka khyati jogun paribesha khyatigrasta hoichhi, jaahaa phalare adhika banya ebong panire adhika stara abakhyepa srusti hoichhi. ehaa jeebajantunka upare nakaratmaka prabhaba pakaichi. sanrakhyana. aai. jayu. sii. enn. sanrakhita anchala berg aai. aii. antargata ehi jaibika sanrakhyana heuchhi eka "kathore prakruti sanrakhyana". ehara uddeshya heuchhi sidhasalakha manab hastakhyepa bina jaiba udbhida ebong segudikara prakrutika gunabaliku sampurna bhabe sanrakhita kariba. sanrakhita pakheemananka madhyare atlantic kalaa-stanajukta kathathokara (celius tinnuncools), kalaa-mundajukta barrieter (carpornis melanocephala), laal-bilajukta curaso (cracks blumenbachi), banded kotenga (kotenga makulata), stressmenra bristalfront (merulaxis stressemanni), banned-lez antwren (mirmeraula eurosticta), geru-chinhita parakit (pirura cruentata) ebong strited softel (thripophaga macroura) antarbhukta . ehi sanrakhita abhajaranyare thiba anya sanrakhita prajatigudika madhyare rahichhi subarna munda bisista singh tamarine (leontopithex chrysomelas), manab-baddha sluth (bradips torcats), bishala antiator (mermecophaga tridactila), kugar (puma concolor), recife broad-noz batt, platyrenes reciphines, herculus bittle (dynasts herculus), prajapati neposinis rijia ebong carresiforms maacha nematocarax venusts.

yuu. ainn. aii. jaivik reserve yuna jaivik reserve () braazeel witch ikk jaivik reserve haii. sathaan. yuu. ainn. aii. jaivik reserve, joe kii atlantic janglat biome atey cover witch haii, 10 dasambar 1980 noon banaiaa giaa see. ih kendri atlantic janglat vatavarnak galiaare daa hissa bann giaa, joe 2002 witch banaiaa giaa see. ih bahiaa dee oona municipality witch haii. jalvayu garam atey namee vaali haii, salana varkha khatam hoow gaee haii. tapman vakkh-vakkh hunda haii, ausat dey naal. samunder tall toon uchchai hundi haii. iss khetar witch ikk samtal tattvarti maidaan dey ander, ziaadaatar uchaee dey aale-duaale, alagg-alagg pathaar hunn. mool jangal dey khetar noon hataun naal patharan daa tezi naal kataav hoiaa haii. reserve unaa nadee dey besin witch haii, jiss noon alianka atey saao pedro nadiaan duaara khuaunda haii. sera nadee pachham toon dakkhan purab vall reserve vicchon langhdi haii. maruim nadee reserve dey uttar-pachham dee kudrati sarhadd banaundi haii. banaspati atlantic jangal dey biome dee ikk vibhinn udaharan haii. jeev-jantuaan witch gambhir roop naal khatre witch paye sathanak primate deeaan tinn kisman shamal hann golden lyon temrin, black-tufted marmoset atey golden-baylead capuchin. janglan dee katai, nadiaan dey kinare deeaan banaspatiaan noon hataun atey pashuaan noon nuksan pahunchaun naal vatavaran noon nuksan pahunchiaa haii jiss naal nadee dey kinariaan utte vadhere hadah aae hunn atey paanee witch talchhat daa paddhar vaddh giaa haii. iss daa jeev-jantuaan utte maada prabhav piaa haii. sambhal. jaivik reserve aaee. yuu. see. ainn. surakhiat khetar shreni aaee. aii. dey tehat ikk "sakhat kudrat reserve" haii. iss daa udesh siddhe manukkhi dakhal toon binan biota atey uhanan dey kudrati gunan noon puurii tarahan surakhiat rakkhna haii. reserve witch surakhiat panchhiaan witch atlantic black-breasted lakkad daa kathfodwa (celius tinunculus), black-head berry eater (corpornis melanocephala), redd-billed kuraso (cracks blumenbachi), banded kotinga (kotinga maculata), stressman daa braselfront (merulexis stressmony), baind-tailed antiverane (mirmeraula eurostict), gerr-marked paracket (pairhura cruenta) atey strited softel (thripophaga macrora) shamal hunn. reserve witch horr surakhiat prajatiaan witch golden-head shher tamarin (leontopithex chrysomails), manned sloth (bradyps torquats), vishal antitor (mirmekofaga tridectila), kaugar (puma concler), recife broad-nosed bait, platterhins recifins, harkioolis beatle (dynasts harkioolis), butterfly napogenes rizia atey caraciforms machhi nematocracks wensts shamal hunn.

yunaa jaivika-samrakshanam unaa-jaivika-samrakshita-sthalam () brazil-deshasya jaivika-samrakshita-sthalam asti. sthaanam. atlaantik-vana-jeevaavarane, aavarane cha sthitasya yunaa-jaivika-samrakshana-kshetram 1980 december-masasya 10 dinaanke nirmitam. 2002 tame varshe nirmitasya kendriya-atlaantik-vana-paaristhitik-margasya bhaagah abhavat. ayam bahiya-nagarasya unaa-nagarapalikayam asti. asya vaayugunah ushnah aardrah cha bhavati, vaarshikavrushtihi samapta bhavati. taapamaanam, madhyena saha, bhinnam bhavati. samudratalaat oordhvatah oordhvataa bhavati. asmin bhubhage samatal-tateeya-samatalasy antah praayah oordhvataayaam, pruthak-pathaaraah santi. moolavanakshetrasya nishkasanam, pataranam ksharanasya teevrataram kaaranam abhavat. ayam samrakshitah pradesha unaa-nadyaah jalakshetre asti, yasya poshanam alianca tathaa saavo pedro-nadyah kurvanti. pashchimatah aagneyaparyantam seraa-nadee aarakshake pravahati. maruyim-nadee asya samrakshitakshetrasya vaayavyadishi prakrutikasima nirmeeyate. atlantic-vanasya jeevaavaranasya vividhaah udaaharanaani vanaspatihi asti. jeevajantushu gambhirataya sankatagrastanam sthanika-narr-vanaranam trayah jatiyaha santi-golden-lion-tamaarin, blaak-tufted-marmoset, golden-petayuktah kaipuchin cha. vananasheekarane, nadimukhasya vanaspati-nirmulanasya, nadeetateshu pashunam cha kshatehe cha karanat paryaavaranam kshataah abhavat, yena adhikah teevrah jalapralayah, jale adhikah avakshepah cha abhavat. anena jeevajantushu nakaaraatmakaprabhaavah abhavat. samrakshanam. jaivika-samrakshita-kshetram aii. yoo. see. enn. samrakshita-kshetra-shrenee-antargatam "kathor-prakruti-samrakshita-kshetram" asti. pratyaksha-maanav-hastkshepam vinaa jaivika-jeevasya, teshaam praakrutika-lakshananam cha purnataya samrakshanam iti asya uddeshyam asti. samrakshitapaksheeshu atlaantik-krushna-stanayuktah kathaphodavaa (celius tinnunculus), krushna-shirayuktah berry-eater (carpornis melanocephala), rakta-billed-curaso (cracks blumenbaachee), banded-kotengaa (kotengaa maculata), stressmens bristal-front (merulaxis stressmenni), baind-tailed-ent-renn (mairmadarula eurosticta), geru-marked-parakeet (pirruraa cruentata), strated-saftel (thripophaga macrora) cha santi. aarakshitakshetre anyeshu samrakshitaprajatishu suvarna-shiraayuktah simha-tamaarin (leontopithecus chrysomelas), mended sloth (broadeepas torquatus), giant antitor (mairmekofaagaa tradactila), kaugar (pumaa concolor), recife broad-nosed-byaat, platyrhinus recifinus, herculus beatle (danasts herculus), butterfly neposionies regia, cha cha cha cheresifaarms-matsya-nematocarax venustus ityete santi.

yuna uyiriyal iruppu yuna uyiriyal iruppu () enbathu brazilil ulla oru uyiriyal iruppu aagum. idam. adlandic vana uyiriyal mattrum maraippugalil ulla yuna uyiriyal kaappagam, disambar 10,1980 andru uruvaakkappattathu. idhu 2002 aam aandil uruvaakkappatta matthiya adlandic vana suttruchchoozhal nadaipaathaiyin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu. idhu bahiyaavin yuna nagaraatchiyil ullathu. varudaanthira mazhaippozhivu mudivadaiyum nilaiyil, kaalanilai veppamaagavum eerappathamaakavum ullathu. veppanilai saraasariyaaga irunthu maarupadum. kadal mattaththilirunthu uyaram athigamaaga ullathu. nilaparappu oru thattaiyaana kadaloara samavelikkul, perumpaalum uyaraththil, thanimaippaduthappatta peedabhoomigalaik kondullathu. asal vanappaguthiyai agattruvathu peedabhoomigalin thuritha arippai aerpaduththiyullathu. inththa kaappagam yuna aattrin padugaiyil ullathu, idhu aliana mattrum saavo petro aarukalaal nirappappadukirathu. sera aaru maerkil irunthu thenkizhakku noakki inththa saranalayaththin vazhiyaaga paaikirathu. maruim aaru inththa kaappagaththin vadamaerkin iyarkaiyaana ellaiyai uruvaakkukirathu. thaavarangal adlandic vana uyiriyakkaththirku oru maarupatta eduththukkaattu. vilangkinangkalil moontru vagaiyaana aabaththaana ulloor vilangkinangkal adangum thanga singham damarine, karuppu-dufted marmoset mattrum thanga-vayiru kabuchin. kaadazhippu, aattrangkaraiyil ulla thaavarangal agattruthal mattrum aattrin karaiyil kaalnadaigal sethamadaivathu aagiyavattraal suttruchchoozhal sethamatainthullathu, ithanaal kadumaiyaana vellam mattrum neeril adhiga alavu vandal mann uruvaagiyullathu. idhu vilangkinangkalukku ethirmaraiyaana vilaivugalai aerpaduththiyullathu. paathukaappu. uyiriyal kaappagam enbathu iucn paathukaakkappatta pakuthi pirivin keezh oru "kadumaiyaana iyarkai kaappagam" aagum. neradi manitha thalayeedu illaamal piotavaiyum avattrin iyarkaiyaana panbugalaiyum muzhumaiyaagap paathukaappathae idhan noakkam. paathukaakkappatta paravaikalil adlandic karuppu maarbaga marangoththi (celius tinnenculus), karuppu thalai berry eettar (corbornis melanosephala), sivappu-built crosso (crocks plumenpachi), panded godinga (godinga mcculata), stressman bristilfrond (meruloxis stressmenni), paent-wall antron (myrmerula eurosticta), oosar-maark parakeet (bairura cruntata) mattrum strited soptail (tribobaga macrora) aagiyavai adangkum. thangath thalai singham taamarin (leontopitecus chrysomelas), manett sloath (broadibus dorkwattes), maaperum antiator (myrmecophaga tridactila), cooker (bhooma concolour), recif agala mookku paet, pladyrhinus recifinus, herculus vandu (dynastus herculus), pattampoochi nabogenes recia mattrum sarasiforms meane nematocarox venestus aagiyavai inththa kaappagaththil ulla pira paathukaakkappatta inangkalil adangkum.

yuna jeeva nilva unaa biological reserve () brazilloni oka biological reserve. sthaanam. atlantic atavee jeevaavaranam mariyu aavaranalalo unna yuna jeeva samrakshana kendram 1980 december 10naa srushtinchabadindi. idhi 2002loe roopondinchina central atlantic forrest ecological carridar loe bhaagamgaa maarindi. idhi bahiya unaa munisipaalitiiloo undhi. vaarshika varshapaatam mugiyadamtho vaataavaranam vaedigaa mariyu themagaa untundi. ushnograta sagatutho maarutuu untundi. samudra mattam nundi etthu untundi. eee bhuubhaagam chadunaina theera maidaanamlo, ekkuvagaa ettulo, vivikta peethabhoomulanu kaligi undhi. asalu atavee vistiirnaanni tolaginchadam valla peethabhoomulu vaegamgaa kothaku kaaranamayyaayi. eee reserve unaa nadhi pareevaahaka praantamloo undhi, dheeniki alianca mariyu saavo pedro nadulu neeru andistaayi. sera nadhi eee reserve gundaa paschimam nundi aagneya disagaa pravahistundi. eee reserve yokka vaayuvya sahaja sarihaddunu maruim nadhi yerparustundi. atlantic atavee jeevaavaranaaniki vrukshajaalam oka vaividhyamaina udaaharana. jantujaalamlo moodu jaatula teevramaina antarinchipothunna sthaanika primatelu unnaih golden layan tamarine, block-tufted marmoset mariyu golden-boddu kapuchin. atavee nirmuulana, nadeeteera vrukshasampada tolagimpu mariyu nadhi odduna pasuvula nashtam valla paryaavaranam debbatindi, deenivalla marinta teevramaina varadalu mariyu neetilo ekkuva sthaayi avakshepana erpadataayi. idhi jantujaalampai pratikuula prabhavalanu choopindi. parirakshana. jeeva samrakshana kendram anedi iucn rakshita praanta vargam kinda "kathinamaina prakruti samrakshana kendram". pratyaksha maanava jokyam lekunda biota mariyu vaati sahaja lakshanaalanu puurtigaa samrakshinchadam dheeni uddesyam. rakshita pakshulalo atlantic block-breast vadrangipitta (selius tinnanculus), block-head berry eetar (corpornis melanocephala), redd-billed curraso (cracks bluemenbachi), banded kotinga (kotinga makulata), stressmans bristilfront (meruloxis stressmanni), byaand-thoka gala antren (మిర్మాడ్యులా eurosticta), ochar-marked parakeet (pirrura cruentata) mariyu straated softail (thripophaga macrora) unnaayi. eee rakshita pradaesamloe unna itara rakshita jaatulalo bangaaru thala gala simham tamarin (leontopithecus chrysomelas), maanava somaritanam (broadipas tarkwatus), pedda antiator (myrmecophaga tridactila), kaugar (puma concolor), recife broad-nosed byaat, platyrhinus recifinus, herculus beatle (dynastes herculus), seethaakokachiluka nepogenes regia mariyu charasiforms fish nematocarox venustus unnaayi.

yuna hayatiyati zakhayer oonaa hayatiyati reserve () brazeel mein eek hayatiyati reserve hay. maqaam. yuna hayatiyati rezro juu atlantik farest bayom aur coor mein hay 10 dasambar 1980 kuu banaya gayaa thaa. yaha 2002 mein banaye gayey markazi bahar auqianos kay janglaat kay mahuliyati rahdari kaa hasah bunn gayaa. yaha bahya kii oonaa baldiyah mein hay. aab woo hawaa garm aur martub hay salanah baarish khatam how jaati hay. darjah hararat ausat kay saath mukhtalif hotaa hay. bulandi satah samandar say oopar takk hoti hay. iss elaqay mein eek hamwaar saahili medaan kay andar alg thalag satah martafa haine ziyadah tarr oonchayi mein. asl janglaat kay ahaatay kuu hatanay say satah martafa kaa teezi say katao hawaa hay. reserve daryaae oonaa kay taas mein hay jasay alyanka aur saao pedro nadiyan paani farahim karti haine. daryaae seera iss reserve say maghrab say janub mashriq kii taraf behta hay. daryaae marweem reserve kay shamaal maghrab kii qadarti sarhad banata hay. nabatat atlantik farest bayom kii eek matnua misaal hay. haiwanat mein shadeed khatray say dochaar maqami primates kii teen anwaa shaamil haine: golden line tamrin bleek tifted marmoset aur golden pait waala capochan. janglaat kii katayi reparian podon kuu hatanay aur daryaa kay kinaron kuu maveshiyon kay nqsan say maahul kuu nqsan pahuncha hay jiss kii wajah say ziyadah shadeed sailaab aur paani mein talchhat kii satah badh gayee hay. iss say haiwanat parr manfi asraat martab hoay haine. tahfuz. hayatiyati reserve aayee yuu see aine mahfuz elaqay kay zamray aayee aey kay tahat eek "sakht qadarti reserve" hay. iss kaa maqsad braah raast insani madakhilat kay baghair biota aur inn kii qadarti sifaat kuu makmal toor parr mahfuz karnaa hay. reserve mein mahfuz parindon mein atlantik bleek breasted vodpekar (celios tinoncolus)yee bleek head barry etter (corporence melanocifala)yee reed build curas (cracks blomenbachi)yee bended kotanga (kotanga meculata)yee strais menz bristal frunt (meroluxus stressmani)yee bend tailed antorn (myrmedrola eurostica)yee aurimer marked paract (pirora croventa) aur straited saaft tail (thripofaga macrora) shaamil haine. reserve mein mojud deegar mahfuz anwaa mein golden head sheer tomerin (leontopathex chrisomelas)yee mend saloth (breadeps torcotates)yee washaal antitor (mairmikofaga tradectyla)yee kogar (poma konkolar)yee recife braad nocked baitt plotterhans recifence herculus bettle (dynasts herculus)yee tatli kay nepogens reziya aur cherasiforms fash nematokroks venists shaamil haine.

00065e33a721397f0a964673ce8b259903b52b196bad7c94733e6a737923d4cf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44430029

Renmore Barracks

Renmore Barracks Military installation in Renmore, Ireland Renmore Barracks () is a military installation in Renmore, Ireland History. The barracks were built by Colleran Brothers, a Dublin-based contractor, and completed in 1881. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. The barracks became the depot for the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot and the 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers). Following the Childers Reforms, the 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers) and 94th Regiment of Foot amalgamated to form the Connaught Rangers with its depot in the barracks in 1881. The Connaught Rangers was disbanded at the time of Irish Independence in 1922. The barracks were taken over by the Irish Army at that time and then renamed Dún Uí Mhaoilíosa after Liam Mellows, an Irish Republican, in 1952. The barracks are now home to the 1st Infantry Battalion. Dún Uí Mhaoilíosa Museum. Renmore Barracks features a museum that recalls the history of the Connaught Rangers, as well as Renmore Barracks' later role as home to the 1st Infantry Battalion of the Irish Army. Irish soldiers engaging in UN Peacekeeping in Congo, Cyprus, Lebanon, Chad and Afghanistan are remembered at Dún Uí Mhaoilíosa Museum. An axe used by African tribesman in the Niemba Ambush in the Congo in which nine Irish Army soldiers were killed is featured in the exhibits. The museum has forged links with the Connaught Rangers Association, established in Boyle in 2002. Dún Uí Mhaoilíosa Museum is not fully open to the public, but visitors can make an appointment to visit by contacting the museum curator. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rainmur berek rainmur berek () hoise irelandor rainmurot thoka ek xamorik sthapon. itihax. berakbur doublin-bhittik thikadar kolran bhatrixokole nirman korisil aaru 1881 sonot xompurno korisil. teulukor sristi cardwell xongskaror ongxo hisape hoisil jiye britis xamorik bahinir sthaniyokoronok utxahito korisil. berakbur 87tomo (royel aairis fugelier) fut rejiment aaru 88tomo fut rejiment (konot renjar) ror dipu hoi porisil. xixuxokolor xongskaror pisot, 88tomo fut rejiment (konot renjar) aaru 94tomo fut rejiment ekotrito hoi 1881 sonot berkot thoka dip 'ror xoite konot renjar gothon koraa hoisil. 1922 sonot aairisor swadhinotar xomoyot konot rangerxokolok bhongo koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot aairis xenai berekbur dokhol korisil aaru taar pisot 1952 sonot aairis republican liam mellusor naamere dune eui mauliusa naam xoloni koraa hoisil. berakbur etiya 1moo podatik bahinir ghor. du eu mii maulio "chaa xongrohaloy. rainmur berkot etaa xongrohaloy aase ji konot renjaror itihax smoron kore, logote rainmur berekor poroborti bhumika aairis xenar 1moo podatik bahinir ghor hisape. konogu, cyprus, lebanon, chaad aaru afganistanot xantirokhyar kaamot niyujit aairis xoinyoxokolok dune eu mauliusa xongrohaloyot smoron koraa hoy. konogur niyengba aakosmik aakromonot african jonojatiyo luke byobohar koraa etaa kujori zo 'too nojon aairis xenar xoinik nihot hoisil, prodorxonixomuhot prodorxito koraa hoise. 2002 sonot boylet sthapito konot rangers ess "siyesyonor xoite xongrohaloituwe xongzug sthapon korise. duin eu maai maulio "chaa xongrohaloy jonoxadharonor baabe xompurnorupe mukoli nohoy, kintu dorxonarthixokole xongrohaloyor curatoror xoite jugajug kori bhromonor baabe xomoy nirdharon koribo paare.

renmore byarak renmore byarak () irelander rainmore ekti samrik sthapona. itihas. barackguli doublin-vittik thikadar koleran bhaider dwara nirmito hoyechilo ebong 1881 saale somponno hoyechilo. taader srishti cardwell sangoskarer ongsho hisabe hoyechilo jaa british samrik bahinir sthaniyokoronke utsahito korechilo. barackguli 87tomo (rayyal airish fucilliers) rejimenta off foot ebong 88tomo rejimenta off foot (connot renjara)-err depo hoye othe. shishu sangoskarer porr, 88tomo rejimenta off foot (connot renjara) ebong 94tomo rejimenta off foot ekotrito hoye 1881 saale byarake taar depo soho connot renjara gathon korey. 1922 saale airish swadhinotar somoy connot rangerder venge deoa hoy. seii somoye airish senabahini barackguli dokhol korey neyo ebong 1952 saale airish projatontro liam melloser naame dune uee maoliosa namkaran korey. barackguli ekhon 1maum podatik battellioner abashsthol. ekti mihaoliosa jadughar. renmore byarakgulite ekti jadughar royeche jaa connot rangerder itihas smaran korey, pashapashi renmore byaraker airish senabahinir 1maum podatik battellioner baadi hisabe poroborti bhumikao smaran korey. kongo, cyprus, lebanon, chaad ebong afghanistane shanti rakshai nijukto airish sainyader dune uee maoliosa jadughare smaran koraa hoy. congote nimba otorkito akromone african upojatider dwara byabohrito ekti kudal, jekhane nayajan airish seena nihoto hoyechilo, prodorshonite prodorshito hoyeche. 2002 saale boyle protisthito connot rangers associationer sange jadughartir sangjog royeche. duin eu maai maoliosa jadughar jonosadharoner jonno sampurnarupe unmukto noy, tobey dorsonarthira jadughar tottabodhayker saathe jogajog korey dekhar jonno ekti appointment korte paren.

rainmore barrex rainmore barrex () aee rainmore, irelandma aek lashkari sthaapnaa chhe. itihas. aaa barrexnu nirmaan collaran bhaaio dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey doublin-aadharit thekedaar hataa aneey 1881maan purn thayaa hataa. temnee rachnaa cardwell sudharana bhaag rupe thaee hatee jene british lashkari dalonaa sthaanikeekaranne protsaahan aapyu hatoo. aaa barrex 87mee (royal irish fuciliers) regiment off foot aneey 88mee regiment off foot (connot rangers) maate depo bunny hatee. baad sudhaaraane pagale, pagnee 88mee regiment (connot rangers) aneey pagnee 94mee regimentne 1881maan barrexma tenaa depo saathe connot rangers banaavvaa maate aekeekrut karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1922maan irish aazadina samaye connot rangersne vikheree nakhvama aavyaa hataa. teey samaye irish senaa dwara barrex parr kabajo karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey pachhi 1952maan irish prajasattak, liam melose pachhi tenu naam badaline dune yui maoliosa rakhvama aavyu hatoo. barrex havey pratham paaydal bataliyannu ghar chhe. aheenun sangrahalay. rainmore barrexma aek sangrahalay chhe jeey connot rangersnaa itihaasne yaad karey chhe, temaj rainmore barrexnee paachhalthi irish senaani pratham paaydal bataliyanna ghar tarikeni bhoomikane yaad karey chhe. kongo, cyprus, lebnon, chaad aneey afaghanistanma shaanti jalavama vyast ayrish saineekone dunn uee maoliosa sangrahalayma yaad karvaamaa aave chhe. kongomaa nimba ghaatmaa african aadivasio dwara upyogmaa levaati kuhadi jemaa nava irish sainyana sainiko maarya gayaa hataa teey pradarshanomaa darshavvama aavee chhe. aaa sangrahalay 2002maan boyalemaa sthaapit connot rangers association saathe jodai gayoo chhe. duane yui maoiliosa museum jaaher janata maate sampurnpane khullu nathee, parantu mulaakaatio museum curatorno sampark kareene mulakat levaa maate nimanook curry shake chhe.

rainmore bairak rainmore bairak () rainmore, ireland mein ack sainya sthaapana haye. itihas. bairakon kaa nirmaan collaran bhaaiyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack doublin-adharit thekedaar they, aur 1881 mein puuraa huaa. unakaa nirmaan cardwell sudhaaron key hisse key roop mein huaa jisane british sainya balon key sthaaniyakaran koo protsaahit kiya. bairak 87veen (shaahi ayrish fucilliers) paidal resiment aur 88veen paidal resiment (connot rangers) key liye dipo bunn gayaa. baal sudhaaron key baad, pair kii 88veen resiment (connot rangers) aur pair kii 94veen resiment koo 1881 mein bairak mein apane dipo key saath connot rangers banaane key liye milaa diyaa gayaa. 1922 mein ayrish swatantrata key samay connot rangers koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. bairakon koo usa samay ayrish senaa dwara leey liya gayaa thaa aur phir 1952 mein ack ayrish ganarajya, liam mello key baad dune yuee maoliosa kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa thaa. bairak abb pahali paidal senaa batalian key ghar hain. sangrahalaya mein ack sangrahalaya. rainmore bairak mein ack sangrahalaya haye joe connot rangers key itihas koo yaad kartaa haye, saath hii saath rainmore bairak kii baad mein ayrish senaa kii pahali paidal senaa batalian key ghar key roop mein bhoomika koo yaad kartaa haye. kongo, cyprus, lebnan, chaad aur afghanistan mein shaanti sthaapana mein lagey ayrish sainikon koo dunn yuu maolosa sangrahalaya mein yaad kiya jaataa haye. african janjaatiyon dwara nigon mein neemba ghaat mein istemal kii jaane vaali kulhadi, jisamen nau ayrish senaa key sanic maare gaye they, pradarshani mein pradarshit kii gaee haye. sangrahalaya ney 2002 mein boyley mein sthaapit connot rangers association key saath jaali sambandh banaae hain. sangrahalaya janata key liye poori tarah seey khula naheen haye, lekin agantuk sangrahalaya key curator seey sampark karke yatra karane key liye samay nikaal sakate hain.

reinmore byarakgalu reinmore barracks () embudu reinmore, airlendnalliruva ondu military sthaapaneyaagide. itihaasa. byaarakgalannu doublin-aadhaarita guttigedararada colleron sahodararu nirmisidaru mattu 1881ralli poornagolisidaru. avara rachaneyu cardwell sudharanegala bhagavagi nadeyitu, idu british military padegala sthalikaranavannu proothsaahisitu. byarakgalu 87neey (raayal airish fuciliers) regiment off phut mattu 88neey regiment off phut (konat rangers) ge depo aadavu. makkala sudharanegala nantara, 88neey regiment off phut (konat rangers) mattu 94neey regiment off phut annu samyojisi, 1881ralli byaarakgalalli adara depodondige konat rangers annu rachisalaayitu. 1922ralli airish swatantryada samayadalli kannat renjargalannu visarjisalaayitu. aaa samayadalli airish seeneyu byaarakgalannu swadhinapadisikonditu mattu nantara 1952ralli airish ganaraajyavaada liam mellos nantara dunn yui mavoliosa endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. byarakgalu eega 1neey padaatidala betaliyange neleyagide. neevu araluva vastusangrahalaya. reinmore byarakgalu ondu vastusangrahaalayavannu hondiddu, idu kannat renjargala itihaasavannu nenapisuttade, jotege reinmore byarakgala nantarada patravu airish sainyada 1neey padaatidala betaliyange neleyagide. kango, cyprus, lebanon, chaad mattu afghaanistaanadalli shantipalane maaduva airish sainikarannu dune yui mavoilosa vastusangrahaalayadalli smarisalaaguttade. ombattu airish seenaa sainikaru kollalpattiruva kangodallina neemba honchudaaliyalli african budakattu janaru balasida kodaliyannu pradarshanagalalli pradarshisalaagide. 2002ralli bayleyalli sthaapaneyaada konat rangers association jote ee vastusangrahaalayavu samparkavannu hondide. dune yui mavoliosa vastusangrahaalayavu saarvajanikarige sampoornavaagi muktavagilla, aadare sandarshakaru vastusangrahaalayada melvichaarakarannu samparkisuva moolaka bheti needalu appointment maadabahudu.

rainmore barreck rainmore barreck () hii irelandchya rainmore yetheel eka lashkari sthapana aahe. itihas. barreck heey doublin-aadharit kantratdar kolaran bandhunni bandhale hote aanee 1881 madhye purn jhaale. tyanchi nirmiti cardwell sudharanancha eka bhag mhanoon jhaali jyamule british lashkari dalanchya sthanikikaranala protsahan midale. barreck heey heey (royal ayrish fucilliers) padatik regiment aanee aanee padatik regimentche (connot rangers) depo banale. balsudharanachya sudharanannantar, sudharanannantar padatik regiment (connot rangers) aanee aanee padatik regiment ektrit karoon, karoon barrekmadhye tyachya depos connot rangers tayar karnyat aale. 1922 madhye ayrish swatantryachya velee connot rangers visarjit karnyat aale. tyaa velee ayrish sainyane barreck tabyat ghetalya aanee nantar 1952 madhye ayrish prajasattak liam meloves yanchya navavarun dune ue maoliosa asey punarnamkaran kele. barreck aata pahilya payadal bataliyanche ghar aahet. done mea mhavoliosa sangrahalay. rainmore barrekmadhye eka sangrahalay aahe jeey connot rangerscha itihas aathavate, tasech ayrish sainyachya pahilya payadal bataliyanche ghar mhanoon rainmore barrekchi nantarchi bhoomika aathavate. kango, cyprus, lebnon, chaad aanee afaganistanmadhil yuen shantata rakhanyat guntalelya ayrish sainikanche smaran dunn uee mhavoliosa sangrahalayat kele jaate. kangomadhil neemba hallyat african aadivasi vyaktine vaparleli vaparleli, jyamadhye nauu ayrish lashkari sainik marle gele hote, tee pradarshanat darshavili aahe. 2002 madhye boyley yethe sthapan jhalelya connot rangers associationshi yaa sangrahalayache sambandh julale aahet. done mea mhavoliosa sangrahalay janatesathi purnapane khule nahee, parantu abhyagat sangrahalayachya curatorshee sampark sadhun bhet denyasathi vel kadhu shakatat.

rainmore byarakharu rainmore barrack () rainmore, ayarlandma raheko euta sainya sthapana how. itihas. byarakharu doublinma adharit thekedar kolaran bhaiharule banaeka thie rar sann 1881 maa pura bhaeka thie. tiniharuko nirman cardwell sudharharuko bhagko rupma bhaeko thiyo jasle britis sainya balharuko sthaniyakaranlai protsahit protsahit. byarakharu 87 aun (royal iris fuciliers) regiment aff foot rar 88 aun regiment aff foot (konat rengers) kaa lagi dipo bane. childers sudharharu pachhi, 88 aun regiment aff foot (konat rengers) rar 94 aun regiment aff futlai sann 1881 maa barrackharuma yasako diposanga konat rengers banauna milaera banaieko thiyo. sann 1922 maa iris swatantratako samayama konat renjarsharu wighatan garieko thiyo. tyas samayama iris senale byarakharu kabja gareko thiyo rar tyasapachhi sann 1952 maa iris republican liam melosko namama dunn ui maoliyosako naam pariwartan gariyo. byarakharu ahile pahilo paidal sena batalianko ghar how. duena yui maoliosa sangrahalaya. rainmore barrackharuma euta sangrahalaya chha jasle kanat renjarsko itihas samjhanchha, sathai rainmore barrackharuko pachhi iris senako pahilo paidal sena batalianko gharka rupma bhumika pani samjhanchha. kongo, cyprus, lebnan, chad rar afaganistanma shanti sthapanama sanlagna iris sainikharulai dunn ui maoliosa sangrahalayama samjhainchha. pradarshanima africi adiwasiharule kongoma nimba ghatma prayog gareko kulhadi jasma nau ayrish senaka sipahiharu marieka thie. sangrahalayale sann 2002 maa boyalma sthapit konat rengers esosiesansanga jaali sambandha rakheko chha. duena yui maoliosa sangrahalaya janataka lagi purna rupma khula chhaina, tara agantukharule sangrahalaya curatorlai samparka garera bhraman garna appointment garna sakchhan.

rainmore barreck rainmore barreck () heuchhi irelander rainmore abasthita eka samarika pratisthana. itihas. ehi barreck gudika doublin-aadharita thikadara kaleran bhaimananka dwara nirmita hoithila ebong 1881 masihare sampurna hoithila. semanankara nirmana cardwell sanskarara ansha bhabare hoithila jaahaa british samarika bahineera sthaneejakaranaku utsahita karithila . ehi byarekgudika 87tama (rayal airish fuciliers) regiment off phuta ebong 88tama regiment off phuta (connot rangers) paain dipore parinata hoithila. childers sanskara parey, 88tama regiment off foot (connot rangers) ebong 94tama regiment off foot milita hoi 1881 masihare byarekare ehara depo sahita connot rangers gathan karithila. 1922 masihare airish swadheenata samajare connot renjarmananku bhangi diajaithila. sehi samajare airish sena dwara byarekgudiku dakhal karajaithila ebong parey 1952 masihare iris republican liam melosnka naamare dune jui maoliosa naamare punahnamakarana karajaithila. byarekgudika bartamana 1maha padatika batalionara ghara. dune jayu mea maoliosa sangrahalaja. rainmore byarekare eka sangrahalaja rahichhi jaahaa connot renjarmananka itihasaku maneh pakaae, ebong parey rainmore byarekmananka iris senara pratham padatika batalionara ghara bhabe bhumika madhya smarana karaithae. kongo, cypros, lebanan, chaad ebong afaganistanare jayu. enn. shanti rakhya karjyare nijojita iris sainikamananku dune jui maoliosa sangrahalajare smarana karajae. kongore niemba atarkita aakramanare african aadibaseenka dwara byabahruta eka kuhadi jeunthire naaa john iris sena sainika nihata hoithile pradarshaneere pradarshita hoichhi . 2002 masihare bajalre sthapita connot rangers association sahita ehi sangrahalajara sanjoga rahichhi. dune jui maoliosa sangrahalaja janasadharananka paain sampurna bhabare khola naahin, kintu parjyatakamane sangrahalaja kyuretaranka saha jogajoga curry paridarshan paain eka samai nirdharana kariparibe.

rainmore bairak rainmore bairak () rainmore, ireland witch ikk fauji sathapana haii. itihaas. bairak ikk doublin adharat thekedar, collaran bharavan duaara banaae gaye sunn atey 1881 witch mukammal hoye sunn. uhanan dee sirjana cardwell sudharan dey hisse vajon hoee see jiss neey british fauji balaan dey sthanakkaran noon utshahit keeta see. bairak 87veen (shaahi irish fusiliers) paidal regiment atey 88veen paidal regiment (kanaut rangers) laee dipu bann gaye. baal sudharan toon baad, pair dee 88veen regiment (kanaut rangers) atey pair dee 94veen regiment noon milaa keey 1881 witch bairak witch aapne dipu dey naal kanaut rangers banaiaa giaa. kanaut renjaran noon 1922 witch irish aazadi dey samein bhang qarr ditta giaa see. bairak noon uss samein irish fauj duaara aapne kabze witch lae liaa giaa see atey firr 1952 witch ikk irish republican, liam melos dey naam utte doone yuee maoliosa daa naam badliaa giaa see. bairak hunn pahili paidal saina batalian daa gharr hunn. doou miaan miaanmar ajaib gharr. rainmore bairak witch ikk ajaib gharr haii joe kanaut renjaran dey itihaas noon yaad karda haii, naal hii rainmore bairak dee baad witch irish fauj dee pahili paidal saina batalian dey gharr vajon bhumika noon yaad karda haii. congo, cyprus, lebnan, chaad atey afghanistan witch yuu. ainn. shanti rakkhiaa witch shamal irish sainikan noon dunn yuee maoliosa ajaib gharr witch yaad keeta jaanda haii. pradarshaniaan witch ikk kuhadi dikhai gaee haii joe kii african kabile dey viakati duaara kango witch neemba hamle witch varti gaee see jiss witch naun irish fauj dey sipahi maare gaye sunn. ajaib gharr neey 2002 witch boil witch sathapit kanaut rangers association naal jaali sabndh banaae hunn. duni miaoliosa ajaib gharr janata laee puurii tarahan khullah naheen haii, parr sailani ajaib gharr dey curator naal samparak karke milann laee samaan nirdharat qarr sakde hunn.

rainmore-byaaraks rainmore-byaaraks () iteedam rainmore, airlyaand-deshe sthitam ekam sainyasthaapanam asti. itihaasah. bairakaani doublin-aadhaarit-thekedaaraih kaaleran-bhraatrubhihi nirmitaah, 1881 tame varshe poornaani abhavan. teshaam nirmanam cardwell-sudharanam bhagarupena abhavat, yena british-sainya-balanam sthaniyakaranam protsaahitam. bairakaani 87 tamasya (rayal airish fuciliers) paada-regiment ityasya, 88 tamasya paada-regiment (konaat-rangers) ityasya cha depo-rupena abhavan. balasudharanam sudharanam anantaram, 88 tamam paada-regiment (konaat-rangers) 94 tamam paada-regiment cha vileenam krutvaa 1881 tame varshe barrex-madhye depoh saha kanaat-rangers iti nirmitam. 1922 tame varshe airish-deshasya swaatantryasya samaye konaat-rangers-sainyadalaani vighatitaah. tasmin samaye airish-senaa bairakaan swyakarot, tatah 1952 tame varshe airish-ganarajyasya liam melos ityasya namna dunn-yoo-maviliosa iti namakaranam krutam. bairakaani adhunaa prathama-padatisainyasya nivasasthanani santi. dunn yu mii maviliosa sangrahaalayah. rainmore-bairak-madhye ekam sangrahaalayam asti yat konaat-rangers-ityeteshaam itihaasam smaryate, tathaiva rainmore-bairak-ityeteshaam airish-senayaha prathamasya padatisainyasya nivaasasthaanaroopen pashchat bhumikam cha smaryate. kongo, saipras, lebanan, chaad, afgaanistaan ityeteshu yu. enn. shantirakshayam karyam kurwantah airish-sainikaah dunn-yoo-mahaviliyosa-sangrahaalaye smrutaah santi. kongo-pradeshe nimba-ghatasya krute aafrikan-aadivaasinah prayuktah kulhaadih, yasmin nava airish-senaa-sainikaah maaritaah aasan, pradarshaneshu pradarshitah asti. 2002 tame varshe baayle-nagare sthaapitena konaat-rangers-sanghena saha sangrahaalayah samparkaah kalpayat. dunn-yoo-mahaviliyosa-sangrahaalayah janaanaam krute purnataya naa udghaatitah asti, parantu aagantukaah sangrahaalayasy curator-varyena samparkam krutvaa sandarshanaay samayanirdharanam kartum shaknuvanti.

renmore mugaamgal renmore bearakkukal () enbathu ayarlaandhin renmore nagaril ulla oru iraanuva niruval aagum. varalaaru. inththa mugaamgal dublin adippadaiyilaana oppanthakkaararaana kaalar cakoothararkalaal kattapattu, 1881 aam aandil mudikappattana. avattrin uruvaakkam cardwell seerthiruththangalin oru paguthiyaaga nadanthathu, idhu british iraanuvap padaikalin ulloormayamakkalai ookkuviththathu. inththa mugaamgal mugaamgal (raayal airish fusiliers) kaall padaippirivu mattrum mattrum kaall padaippirivu (gonat ranchers) aagiyavattrukkaana kidangaaga maariyathu. kuzhandhaigalin seerthiruththangalaith thodarnthu, 88 vadhu padaippirivu (konat raencharkal) mattrum 94 vadhu padaippirivu kaall inaikappattu, 1881 aam aandil mugaamgalil adhan kidangudan konat raencharkalai uruvaakkiyathu. 1922 aam aandil airish suthanthiraththin poathu gonat raencharkal kalaikkappattanar. antha neraththil airish raanuvaththaal mugaamgal kaippattrappattana, pinnar 1952 aam aandil airish kudiyarasaana liam mellovin peyaraal dunn yuy mavolosa endru marupeyaridappattana. ippoathu mugaamgal 1 vadhu kaalaatpadai patalian thaayagamaaga ullana. arungaatchiyagam. renmore mugaamgalil oru arungaatchiyagam ullathu, idhu gonat raencharkalin varalaattrai ninaivukoorukirathu, athae poal renmore mugaamgalin pinnar airish iraanuvaththin 1 vadhu kaalaatpadai patalian thaayagamaaga ullathu. congo, cypress, lebanon, chaat mattrum aapgaanisthaanil amaithi kaakkum paniyil eedupatta airish veerargal toone yuu mavolosa arungaatchiyagaththil ninaivukoorappadugiraargal. onbathu airish iraanuva veerargal kollapatta kaangoavil ulla neemba pathungkiyirunthu aaprikka palangkudiyinaraal payanpaduththappatta oru kodari kankaatchigalil idampettrullathu. 2002 aam aandil paaylaevil niruvapatta gonat ranchers sangaththudan inththa arungaatchiyagam inaippugalai uruvaakkiyullathu. dunn yuy mavolosa arungaatchiyagam podhumakkalukku muzhumaiyaagath thirakkappadavillai, aanaal paarvaiyaalarkal arungaatchiyaga kankaanippaalaraith thodarbukolvathan moolam paarvaiyida oru sandhippai maerkollalaam.

reinmore byaaraklu reinmore barrox () anedi reinmore, irelandlo unna oka sainika sthaavaram. charitra. eee sainika sthaavaraalanu dabbin aadhaarita contractor ayina caleran sodarulu nirminchaaru, 1881loe puurti chesaaru. vaari srushti cardwell samskaranalalo bhaagamgaa jarigindi, idhi british sainika dalaala sthaanikeekarananu prothsahinchindi. eee sainika sthaavaraalu 87va (raayal airish fusiliers) regiment off phut mariyu 88va regiment off phut (konat rangers) kuu depoga marai. childers samskaranala taruvaata, 88va regiment off phut (konat rangers) mariyu 94va regiment off phut vileenam cheyabadi, 1881loe byaaraklalo daani deponu kaligi unna konat rangersnu erpaatu chesindi. 1922loe airish swaatantryam samayamlo konat rangerlu raddu cheyabaddaaru. aaa samayamlo airish sainyam eee byaaraklanu swaadheenam chesukuni, 1952loe airish republic ayina liam mellos paeru meeda dunn yuy mavoliosa anie paeru marcharu. ippudu eee byaaraklu 1va padaatidala betalianku nilayamgaa unnaayi. yun yuy mavoliosa museum. reinmore byaaraklalo oka museum undhi, idhi konat rangerla charitranu gurtuchestundi, alaage reinmore byarakla taruvaata paatra airish sainyam yokka 1va padaatidala betalianku nivasamga undhi. kango, cyprus, lebanon, chaad mariyu aafghanistaanlalo shanti parirakshanhalo nimagnamaina airish sainikulanu dunn yuy mavolosa museumlo gurthunchukuntaaru. tommidi mandhi airish sainikulu champabadina kangoloni neemba aakasmika daadiloo african girijanulu upayoginchina goddali pradarsanalalo pradarsinchabadindi. 2002loe baylelo sthaapinchabadina konat rangers association thoo eee museum nakilee sambandhaalanu kaligi undhi. dunn yuy mavoliosa museum prajalaku puurtigaa terichi ledhu, conny sandarsakulu museum curatornu sampradinchadam dwara sandarsinchadaaniki appointment teesukovachhu.

rainmor bairks rainmor bairks () rainmor ireland mein eek foji tansibaat hay. tareekh. berakon kuu colourn baradaran nay banaya thaa juu doublin parr mubni thikedar thay aur 1881 mein makmal hoay. inn kii takhliq card weel aslahaat kay hasay kay toor parr hoyee jiss nay bartanvi foji afwaj kii localisation kii huslah afzayi kii. yaha berak 87 wein (raail aairish fucillers) regment aaf fitt aur 88 wein regment aaf fitt (konaat rengers) kaa dapo bunn gayaa. childers aslahaat kay baad 88 wein regment aaf fitt (konaat renjar) aur 94 wein regment aaf fitt kuu zam kirr kay 1881 mein berakon mein apnay dapo kay saath konaat renjar tashkil diyaa gayaa. 1922 mein aairish aazadi kay waqat konaat rengers kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss waqat berakon parr aairish foj nay qabzah kirr liyaa thaa aur phir 1952 mein eek aairish republican leem meloz kay naam parr done yoyee mavilosa kaa naam tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. berakon mein abb pehli infintry batalin hay. duu koyee maviliosa museum. rainmor berakon mein eek museum hay juu konaat rengers kii tareekh kuu yaad kartaa hay saath hyee saath rainmor berakon kay baad kay kirdaar kuu aairish foj kii pehli infintry batalin kay gahar kay toor parr yaad kartaa hay. kaango cypers libanoon chaad aur afghanistan mein aman qayem karnay mein masruf aairish fojiyon kuu doon yoyee mavilosa museum mein yaad kiyaa jaataa hay. kango mein nemba gahaat mein afriqi qabailiyon kay zariah istemaal kii jaanay waali kulhaadi jiss mein aairish foj kay noow foji maaray gayey thay numaishon mein numayan hay. museum nay 2002 mein boyal mein qayem honay waali konaat rengers aisosi aishan kay saath jaali rawabit qayem kiye haine. duu yuu mahuilosa museum awaam kay liye makmal toor parr khilaa nahein hay leakin zaireen museum kay curator say raabtah karkay dorah karnay kay liye mulaqat kirr saktay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34026298

Foundation universe

Foundation universe Fictional universe created by Isaac Asimov The "Foundation" universe is the future history of humanity's colonisation of the galaxy, spanning nearly 25,000 years, created through the gradual fusion of the "Robot", "Galactic Empire", and "Foundation" book series written by American author Isaac Asimov. Works set in the universe. Asimov's "Greater Foundation" series. Merging the "Robot", the "Empire" and the "Foundation" series. The "Foundation" series is set in the same universe as Asimov's first published novel, "Pebble in the Sky", although "Foundation" takes place about 10,000 years later. "Pebble in the Sky" became the basis for the "Galactic Empire" series. Then, at some unknown date (prior to writing "Foundation's Edge") Asimov decided to merge the "Foundation"/"Galactic Empire" series with his "Robot" series. Thus, all three series are set in the same universe, giving them a combined length of 18 novels, and a total of about 1,500,000 words. The merge also created a time-span of the series of around 20,000 years. "The Stars, Like Dust" states explicitly that the Earth is radioactive because of a nuclear war. Asimov later explained that the in-universe reason for this perception was that it was formulated by Earthmen many centuries after the event, and which had become distorted, due to the loss of much of their planetary history. This work is generally regarded as part of the "Empire" series, but does not directly mention either Trantor or the Spacer worlds. One character is said to have a visi-sonor, the same musical instrument that is played by the clown Magnifico in "Foundation and Empire". Asimov integrated the "Robot" series into his all-encompassing "Foundation" series, making R. Daneel Olivaw appear again twenty thousand years later in the age of the Galactic Empire, in sequels and prequels to the original "Foundation" trilogy; and in the final book of the "Robots" series, "Robots and Empire", Asimov describes how the worlds that later formed the Empire were settled, and how Earth became radioactive (which was first mentioned in "Pebble in the Sky"). The stand-alone novel "Nemesis" is also in the same continuity; being referenced in "Forward the Foundation", where Hari Seldon refers to a twenty-thousand-year-old story of "a young woman that could communicate with an entire planet that circled a sun named Nemesis". Commentators noted that "Nemesis" contains barely disguised references to the Spacers and their calendar system, the Galactic Empire, and even to Hari Seldon which seem to have been deliberately placed for the purpose of later integration into the "Foundation" universe. Asimov's "Author's Note" in "Prelude to Foundation". The foreword to "Prelude to Foundation" contains the chronological ordering of Asimov's science fiction books. Asimov stated that the books of his "Robot", "Empire", and "Foundation" series "offer a kind of history of the future, which is, perhaps, not completely consistent, since I did not plan consistency, to begin with." Asimov also noted that the books in his list "were not written in the order in which (perhaps) they should be read". In the "Author's Note", Asimov noted that there is room for a book between "Robots and Empire" and "The Currents of Space", and that he could follow "Foundation and Earth" with additional volumes. "Forward the Foundation", "Nemesis", and "The Positronic Man" do not appear in Asimov's list, as they were not yet published at the time, and the order of the Empire novels in Asimov's list is not entirely consistent with other lists. For example, the 1983 Ballantine Books printing of "The Robots of Dawn" lists the Empire novels as: "The Stars, Like Dust, The Currents of Space", and "Pebble in the Sky". Given that "The Currents of Space" includes Trantor and that "The Stars, Like Dust" does not, these two books possibly were accidentally reversed in Asimov's list. Standalone novels set in the universe. While not mentioned in the "Author's Note" of "Prelude to Foundation", the novels "The End of Eternity" (1955), "Nemesis" (1989), and "The Positronic Man" (1992) (written by Robert Silverberg) are related to the greater Foundation series. "The End of Eternity" is vaguely referenced in "Foundation's Edge", where a character mentions the Eternals, whose "task it was to choose a reality that would be most suitable to Humanity". ("The End of Eternity" also refers to a "Galactic Empire" within its story.) Asimov himself did not mention "The End of Eternity" in the series listing from "Prelude to Foundation". As for "Nemesis", it was written after "Prelude to Foundation", but in the author's note Asimov explicitly states that the book is not part of the "Foundation" or "Empire" series, but that someday he might tie it to the others. In "Forward the Foundation", Hari Seldon refers to a 20-thousand-year-old story of "a young woman that could communicate with an entire planet that circled a sun named Nemesis", a reference to "Nemesis". In "Nemesis", the main colony is one of the Fifty Settlements, a collection of orbital colonies that form a state. The Fifty Settlements possibly were the basis for the fifty Spacer worlds in the "Robot" stories. The implication at the end of "Nemesis" that the inhabitants of the off-Earth colonies are splitting off from Earthbound humans could also be connected to a similar implication about the Spacers in Mark W. Tiedemann's "Robot" books. According to Alasdair Wilkins, in a discussion posted on Gizmodo, "Asimov absolutely loves weird, elliptical structures. All three of his non-robot/Foundation science fiction novels – "The End of Eternity", "The Gods Themselves", and "Nemesis" – leaned heavily on non-chronological narratives, and he does it with gusto in "The Gods Themselves"." In "The Robots of Dawn", Dr. Han Fastolfe briefly summarizes the story from "The Bicentennial Man" (1976), which was later expanded by Robert Silverberg into the novel "The Positronic Man" (1992). Works set in universe. The foreword to "Prelude to Foundation" contains the chronological ordering of Asimov's science fiction books. Asimov stated that the books of his "Robot", "Galactic Empire", and "Foundation" series "offer a kind of history of the future, which is, perhaps, not completely consistent, since I did not plan consistency to begin with." Asimov also noted that the books in his list "were not written in the order in which (perhaps) they should be read." The following works are listed in chronological order by narrative: Other authors contributing to the expanded series. Asimov's novels covered only 500 of the expected 1,000 years it would take for the Foundation to become a galactic empire. The novels that were written after Asimov did not continue the timeline but rather sought to fill in gaps in the earlier stories. The "Foundation" universe was once again revisited in 1989's "Foundation's Friends", a collection of short stories written by many prominent science fiction authors of that time. Orson Scott Card's "The Originist" clarifies the founding of the Second Foundation shortly after Seldon's death; Harry Turtledove's "Trantor Falls" tells of the efforts by the Second Foundation to survive during the sacking of Trantor, the imperial capital and Second Foundation's home; and George Zebrowski's "Foundation's Conscience" is about the efforts of a historian to document Seldon's work following the rise of the Second Galactic Empire. Also, shortly before his death in 1992, Asimov approved an outline for three novels by Roger MacBride Allen, known as the Caliban trilogy, set between "Robots and Empire" and the Empire series. The Caliban trilogy describes the terraforming of the Spacer world Inferno, a planet where an ecological crisis forces the Spacers to abandon many long-cherished parts of their culture. Allen's novels echo the uncertainties that Asimov's later books express about the Three Laws of Robotics, and in particular the way a thoroughly roboticized culture can degrade human initiative. After Asimov's death and at the request of Janet Asimov and the Asimov estate's representative, Ralph Vicinanza approached Gregory Benford and asked him to write another "Foundation" story. He eventually agreed, and with Vicinanza and after speaking "to several authors about [the] project", formed a plan for a trilogy with "two hard SF writers broadly influenced by Asimov and of unchallenged technical ability: Greg Bear and David Brin." "Foundation's Fear" (1997) takes place chronologically between part one and part two of Asimov's second prequel novel, "Forward the Foundation"; "Foundation and Chaos" (1998) is set at the same time as the first chapter of "Foundation", filling in the background; "Foundation's Triumph" (1999) covers ground following the recording of the holographic messages to the Foundation, and ties together a number of loose ends. These books are now claimed by some to collectively be a ""Second Foundation" trilogy", although they are inserts into pre-existing prequels and some of the earlier Foundation storylines and not generally recognized as a new Trilogy. In an epilogue to "Foundation's Triumph", Brin noted he could imagine himself or a different author writing another sequel to add to "Foundation's Triumph", feeling that Hari Seldon's story was not yet necessarily finished. He later published a possible start of such a book on his website. More recently, the Asimov estate authorized the publication of another trilogy of robot mysteries by Mark W. Tiedemann. These novels, which take place several years before Asimov's "Robots and Empire", are "Mirage" (2000), "Chimera" (2001), and "Aurora" (2002). These were followed by yet another robot mystery, Alexander C. Irvine's "Have Robot, Will Travel" (2004), set five years after the Tiedemann trilogy. In 2001, Donald Kingsbury published the novel "Psychohistorical Crisis", set in the Foundation universe after the start of the Second Empire. Novels by various authors ("Isaac Asimov's" "Robot City", "Robots and Aliens" and "Robots in Time" series) are loosely connected to the "Robot" series, but contain many inconsistencies with Asimov's books, and are not generally considered part of the "Foundation" series. In November 2009, the Isaac Asimov estate announced the publication of a prequel to "I, Robot" under the working title" Robots and Chaos", the first volume in a prequel trilogy featuring Susan Calvin by fantasy author Mickey Zucker Reichert. The first book was published in November 2011 under the title "I, Robot: To Protect", followed by "I, Robot: To Obey" in 2013 and "I, Robot: To Preserve" in 2016. Stories set in the "Foundation" universe, including works by other authors. The following works are listed in chronological order by narrative: A star system advanced by Lord Dorwin as the potential site for a planet of origin for the human species. Lord Dorwin cites 'Sol' (meaning Earth's Sun) and three other planetary systems in the Sirius Sector, along with Arcturus in the Arcturus Sector, as potential original worlds. Claims were made as early as 1942 that 61 Cygni had a planetary system, though, to date, none has been verified. A gas giant planet in the Anacreon system. Its size is somewhere between Saturn and Neptune, about 1.7 times as dense as water, with a strong equatorial bulge. In appearance, it is a dark, yellow-biased red, with scattered orange patches indicating storm systems. Achilles has several moons, such as one within the orbit of Neoptolemus, four between that and Ulysses, and twenty outside of Ulysses; all of these others are captured asteroids. It orbits the star Alpha Centauri A (only 4.2 ly from Sol). The Empire terraformed this planet to hold Earth's inhabitants after it was devastated by radiation, but the project was never completed. Covered almost entirely with water, save for a fifteen-thousand-square-kilometer island, this planet was considered by Lord Dorwin to be the original system of humanity. The inhabitants call it New Earth and live a simple lifestyle that of women and men are completely shirtless, weather permitting, and the men engage in long sea voyages to fish. About halfway into the thousand-year darkness after the fall of the Empire, Golan Trevize ventured to this planet in his search for Earth. The inhabitants seemed nice enough but tried to infect him and his crew with a disease. After leaving, Trevize headed to the Solar System. A planet near the outer end of the periphery. As part of the Galactic Empire was the capital of Anacreon subprefecture, Anacreon prefecture, and Anacreon Province, and later the Anacreon Kingdom. Anacreon is a binary star system. The pair orbit at 73.8 AU with a period of, in Earth terms, 181 yr, 84 days, 14 hr. One of the major planets. It is the capital world of the Sirius Sector in the Galactic Empire. It seems to have been named for the star Arcturus in Boötes. Originally named New Earth, in later millennia the planet would be renamed "Aurora", which means "dawn", to signify the dawning of a new age for the Spacer culture. It is an Earthlike planet, the innermost planet orbiting the star Tau Ceti (12 ly from Sol). It was the first Spacer planet colonized, established in 2065. Its capital is Eon (about 20,000 inhabitants). As it was highly populated and developed, it was considered the "capital" of the Spacers. The planet has two moons: Tithonus I and Tithonus II. Aurora at its height had a population of 200 million humans, and 10 billion robots. The head of its planetary government was called the "Chairman". The largest city on the planet was Eos (which means also "dawn"), the administrative and robotic centre of Aurora, where Han Fastolfe and Gladia Solaria lived. The University of Eos and the Auroran Robotics Institute were both located within Eos. After the decline of the Spacers, the planet's remaining inhabitants are believed to have emigrated to Trantor, settling in the Mycogen Sector. The descendants of the Aurorans, or Mycogenians, never forgot Aurora, but they apparently evolved to the point where they were indistinguishable from Settlers. The scripture of the Mycogenians mentions Aurora, robots, and other topics; Hari Seldon peruses this document and finds the "corpse" of a robot in Mycogen also. Ironically, the culture of Mycogen appears to be in many ways a complete opposite of Aurora. Where the society of Aurora had complete gender equality and social mobility, Mycogen has a restrictive caste system with women apparently taking the place of Auroran robots, with absolutely no rights. It is also very restrictive sexually, where Aurora was basically a free love society. Mycogen, a sector of Trantor, identifies Aurora as the first planet and gives a high value to the Robots, lamenting his loss. The searchers for Earth visit Aurora, along with other ancient settlements. The planet is by then not inhabited by human beings, and its desertified ecology is dominated by feral dogs. A planet located near Gaia and Sayshell, Comporellon was renowned for its particularly old age. It was founded by the second wave of space colonists, known as the Settlers, and thus had a very superstitious attitude toward the first wave, the Spacers. They were also superstitious about Earth. Golan Trevize, Janov Pelorat, and Bliss visit Comporellon in "Foundation and Earth", and acquire the coordinates of three Spacer worlds: Solaria, Aurora, and Melpomenia from a historian. Comporellon was under the political influence of the First Foundation, but its awkward situation caused resentment toward Foundationers. Its inhabitants preferred clothes that were white, gray, and black. Trevize comments that their food could be very good. Astronomically, Comporellon was a very cold ice world. A planet, the most common setting of his robot short stories. Earth is the planet upon which humans have lived for longer than anyone remembers. Earth features in one of several Origin Myths found throughout the Galactic Empire. Its history, however, is shrouded in the mists of time. Earth was the third planet from its sun (called Sol) and had one large moon (Luna). From millions of years BC to the early Galactic Era, Earth was one of the most, if not the most, important planets in the galaxy, being one of the only planets to ever develop life without being colonized by other worlds, and being the origin planet of the human race, who would go on to dominate the galaxy through the Galactic Empire. Around 65,000,000 BC, the dinosaurs, the original dominant race of Earth, were killed by a race of small intelligent lizards armed with guns, which either left Earth or died out. Eventually, humans evolved on the planet. Up until the 20th century AD, the human race progressed, having wars and developing technology, experiencing the ups and downs of civilization, but nothing extremely radical happened, and, most importantly, no one made an attempt to leave Earth and colonize new worlds. In the early 20th century, two world wars were endured, WW1 in the 1910s and WW2 in the 1940s. Eventually, in 1973, the human race reached for the moon. The Prometheus failed, but, after some complicated series of events, the New Prometheus reached the moon in 1978, achieving the goal of leaving Earth, if only slightly. From around 1979 to 1982, WW3 took place, ending nationalism, and splitting Earth into Regions. From there, the planet experienced a new renaissance, developing positronic brains in the 1980s and 1990s, governed by the Three Laws of Robotics. One of the most important early pioneers in robotics was Susan Calvin (1982-2064), who was the first and chief robopsychologist at US Robots and Mechanical Men from 2007 to 2058. Robots eventually grew very advanced. In 2065, Earth colonized the first extrasolar world, Aurora, the World of the Dawn. This was the first of the great Spacer Worlds, which were colonized over thousands of years across the stars. Around 3720, they rebelled against Earth, winning the Three-Week War, and would become higher in society than Earth. In 4724, detective Elijah Baley managed to allow the colonization of new worlds by Earth, which had been suppressed, and the Settler worlds were made. These were threatened in 4922 but were saved due to the efforts of Gladia Solaria, R. Daneel Olivaw and R. Giskard Reventlov, at the cost of Earth being made radioactive by Levular Mandamus. Eventually, the Settler worlds spread across the galaxy, outnumbering the Spacer worlds greatly, and Earth sank into unimportance, but was still known of and not looked down on. 1,000 years into the radioactivity, it was believed to be the result of a nuclear war. Thousands of years later, in the year 500 of the Foundation Era, Daneel Olivaw was on the Moon of Earth and encountered Golan Trevize. A star mentioned in novel "Pebble in the Sky". Joseph Schwartz of Chicago is transported by a stray beam of radiation to the Earth of the far future, which is part of a galactic empire ruled by the planet Trantor. Finding himself in wild countryside, he searches far and wide for help until he stumbles upon a cottage—only he can't understand the dwellers, nor they, him. One of them theorizes, "He must come from some far-off corner of the Galaxy ... They say the men of Fomalhaut have to learn practically a new language to be understood at the Emperor's court on Trantor." Asimov would later substantially abandon using any real star names at all in the empire. Whose people are known by the same name or the Anti-Mules, is a planet described in the novel "Foundation's Edge" and referred to in "Foundation and Earth". The name is derived from the Gaia hypothesis, which is itself eponymous to Gaia, the Earth goddess. Gaia is located in the Sayshell Sector, about ten parsecs (32 light-years) from the system Sayshell itself. It orbits a G-4 class star and has one natural satellite (50 km or 31 miles in diameter). Its axial inclination is 12°, and a Gaian day lasts 0.92 Galactic Standard Days. In its course of settlement, the human beings on Gaia, under robotic guidance, not only evolved their ability to form an ongoing group consciousness but also extended this consciousness to the fauna and flora of the planet itself, even including inanimate matter. As a result, the entire planet became a super-organism. Gaia was founded by R. Daneel Olivaw during the Empire's reign. Even then, the galaxy left it alone and it evaded taxes. By 498 F.E., Gaia had a population of one billion, a high population for a planet at that time. The inhabitants hoped eventually to create a complex ecology; all human-settled planets in the Galaxy —except Earth— had simple ecologies. The inhabitants of Gaia were all tied together into a telepathic group consciousness when it was founded; this consciousness was eventually extended to the non-human life, and later to the inorganic material of the planet. This would explain the Mule's incredible psychic powers, as Gaia was said to be his home planet. A star system mentioned in the novel "Foundation". A catastrophic nuclear reactor meltdown occurred on Gamma Andromeda V in the year 50 F.E. The meltdown killed several million people and destroyed at least half the planet. A planet in close vicinity of Helicon, its traditional rival. This planet was described by Hari Seldon in "Prelude to Foundation". A planet located in the Periphery, Kalgan was a world of no particular resource or strategic value which rose to prominence during the reign of the Galactic Empire as a pleasure planet. Imperial nobles would visit Kalgan as a means to indulge themselves, making the planet and its leadership immensely prosperous. Because of its ability to stay neutral from conflict and to provide tourism as its main amenity, Kalgan survived the decline of the Empire with ease and eventually came under the control of a warlord. In 310 F.E., the Mule, as chronicled in "Foundation and Empire", took over Kalgan by Converting its Warlord into his mind-slave. For a brief time, over a third of the Galaxy was ruled from Kalgan through the Mule's Union of Worlds, but after his death, the Lords of Kalgan was unable to maintain this level of control. The Union disintegrated into a mere 27 worlds and was almost completely encapsulated by the economic and political control of the Foundation. In 376 F.E., Lord Stettin, urged by his own egomania, decided to invade the Foundation. For a brief time, the power of Kalgan was extended, before the morale boost of the Seldon Plan caught up to Kalganians fighting on the front. Demoralized, they were easily overcome by the brilliant technical maneuvers of the Foundationer Navy. The peace deals following the Stettinian War made the subject worlds of Kalgan autonomous and, through popular vote, they were permitted to become independent or to join the Foundation Federation. After this crushing defeat, Kalgan ceased to play a major role in galactic history. A planet in novel "Foundation". Located in the Whassalian Rift, it was the capital of the Republic of Korell. Korell was one of those frequent phenomena of a republic only in name. The dictator, called the Commdor 'first citizen of the state', is elected every year. Through some twist or another, a member of the Argo family is always chosen. According to Hober Mallow, people who didn't like this arrangement had "things" happen to them. Unlike a de jure monarch, the de facto monarchy associated with the status of the Commdor was not moderated by the typical influences of '"honour"' and '"court etiquette"'. Korell was the third Seldon Crisis because it was the first nation encountered by the Foundation with an effective system of nucleics. When Hober Mallow was sent to investigate. Mallow visited Asper Argo, Commdor of Korell, and opened up trade with his people through him. Despite discovering the steel foundries were not nuclear, Mallow did spot nuclear blasters provided by the Galactic Empire. Otherwise, Korell was decadent. The only remains of the Empire were 'silent memorials' and 'broken buildings'; the navy consisted of 'tiny, limping relics' and 'battered, clumsy hulks'. Mallow later learned that the viceroy of the Normannic Sector was providing Korell with nuclear blasters and with ships (five by the time Korell declared war with the Foundation; a sixth was promised). Mallow quickly realised that the real enemy was the Empire, not Korell; forcing himself into the office of mayor, Mallow was able to destroy the threat of Korell by doing nothing. Since his visit three years before had made Korell dependent on Foundation-made goods, the Korellians raised a good deal of complaints about their minor inconveniences. Since there was no threat of foreign conquest, the people became rebellious. Faced with this situation, the Commdor was forced to surrender to the Foundation unconditionally. The planets of the Korellian Republic eventually entered the Foundation's hands. They were captured briefly by Kalgan during the early stages of the war with Kalgan. A planet in the novel "Foundation and Earth" and it was one of the fifty Spacer worlds, colonized by the first wave of settlers from Earth. It was nineteenth in the order of settlement. In their search for the planet of origin of the human species, the third set of coordinates given to Golan Trevize, Janov Pelorat, and Bliss points to Melpomenia, an old, dead Spacer world with a very thin atmosphere and almost no signs of civilization except for some old ruins. One of these ruins was found to be the "Hall of the Worlds", within which was a wall inscribed with the names, coordinates, and dates of the settlement of all the fifty Spacer worlds in chronological order. This information is later used by Janov Pelorat to deduce the approximate position of Earth in the galaxy. The first try led Pelorat not to Earth but to the nearby planet Alpha (in the system of Alpha Centauri, approximately four light-years away from Earth). In addition, they also happen to find that even in this harsh, nearly air-less world, life does manage to survive in the form of a kind of moss that lives on the faintest traces of carbon dioxide. The moss starts to grow along the edges of the face-plates of their spacesuits, and Trevize realizes that if it were to somehow get within their ship, the Far Star, it would become impossible to control. It would follow the trail of carbon dioxide along their nostrils and into their lungs and kill them. Using his blaster on minimum power, he burns away the moss on their spacesuits and also along the Far Star's airlock so that they can get inside safely. Was a small agricultural planet located near the center of the galaxy, near Trantor. After the Great Sack, it was the location of the last seat of the Galactic Empire. Dagobert IX short reign stemmed from Neotrantor. In "Foundation and Empire", Toran and Bayta Darell, Ebling Mis, and the Mule visit Neotrantor during their search for the Second Foundation. They are given permission by Dagobert IX to enter the Imperial Library on Trantor but are stopped by Dagobert X, who wishes to marry Bayta. After the Mule kills the crown prince, the group leaves the disenfranchised Neotrantor. A planet mentioned in the novel "Forward the Foundation". Part of the pre-Imperial Kingdom of Trantor. At the end of the Empire, the planet was noted for its goat herding and high-quality cheeses. Laskin Joranum pretended to be from Nishaya during his campaign to overthrow Eto Demerzel. His identity was compromised when Hari Seldon noted that he had a perfect fluency of the Trantorian dialect and was opposed to native Nishayans who spoke a very different dialect of Galactic standard. A planet 9000 parsecs (29,000 light-years) from Trantor and 800 parsecs (2600 light-years) from Locris. In 12,058 G.E. the population of Santanni attempted to rebel against the Galactic Empire. Raych Seldon, son of psychohistorian Hari Seldon, was killed in the rebellion, valiantly defending the University of Santanni. After the founding of the Foundation, Santanni traded with it until the trade route was cut off by the rebellion of Anacreon. One known thing of Santanni make was the cigar box possessed by Jord Fara, and later by Salvor Hardin. It was captured in the early stages of the war with Kalgan. After the death of the Mule, Santanni was instrumental in breaking the siege on Terminus levied by the Mule's successor, Han Pritcher in 308 F.E. Was a planet in the Periphery. It was the capital of the Sayshell Union, which was renowned for having resisted the control of the Foundation Federation for several hundred years during the Interregnum, despite being completely surrounded by Federation territory. Sayshell features heavily in "Foundation's Edge". According to the legends of Sayshell, the planet was founded by a group of colonists who were not known to hail from any other colonized world, leading some historians, such as Janov Pelorat, to conclude that Sayshell was a colony founded directly from Earth. The Sayshellians themselves believed (incorrectly) that Earth was located somewhere within Sayshell Sector. Due to the protection of the mentalic planet Gaia, Sayshell was never truly threatened by outside forces for all of its history. Under the Galactic Empire, Sayshell received minimal taxation and enjoyed a large degree of independence from Imperial controls. Later, after the fall of the Empire, Sayshell remained untouched by the anarchic war which consumed most of the Galaxy and eventually from the control of the Mule's Union of Worlds and the Foundation Federation. Sayshell was briefly threatened by the Foundation Federation under Harla Branno, who in reality wished to destroy the planet Gaia (which lay completely within Sayshellian territory). However, Gaia used her mentalic influence to convince the Sayshellians that, in the end, Mayor Branno was looking for a neutrality-trade treaty, marking the end of Sayshell's brief stint in galactic affairs. Sayshellian culture was noticeably different from that of the ultra-scientific Foundation Federation. It stressed mysticism (especially the influence of dreams) and the respect of nature, as evidenced by the percentage of Sayshellian wildlife that was still preserved from human influence. Sayshellians also had excellent cuisine, and a minor dislike toward outsiders, especially Foundationers. The religion and philosophy of Sayshell seem to be modeled on Buddhism. A planet prominent in "Foundation" and "Foundation and Empire". It was the capital of the Normannic Sector of the Galactic Empire, and once one of its richest planets. Shortly after 100 F.E., Wiscard, the viceroy of Siwenna, rebelled. Most of the subjects remained loyal to the Empire and overthrew Wiscard, led by Patrician Onum Barr. The Imperial Admiral dispatched to Siwenna was angered at this, because it robbed him of his glory. So, he put most of the population of Siwenna under the atom blast, charging them with the crime of rebelling against an Imperial viceroy (Wiscard). Much of its population was killed, and Barr himself lost five sons and a daughter; only his sixth son, Ducem Barr, survived. Because of the rampant destruction of Siwenna, the Admiral set himself up as viceroy but moved the capital of the Normannic Sector to Orsha II. Between this time and its conquest by Bel Riose in 200 F.E., Siwenna rebelled five times, eventually becoming independent. When the campaign led by Riose against the Foundation ended, the Siwenna province transferred to the Foundation, the first Imperial province to pass directly from the Empire to the Foundation. After the beginning of the Foundation Era, Siwenna began to run downhill. 'The physical resources of twenty-five first rank planets take a long time to use up. Compared to the wealth of the last century, though, we have gone a long way downhill—and there is no sign of turning, not yet,' –Onum Barr, to Hober Mallow, 150 F.E. About 50 years before, Stanel VI died, ending a reign under which Siwenna came close to achieving its ancient prosperity. Little is known of Siwennian culture, except that when Riose first met Ducem Barr, it was 'socially impossible not to drink tea on Siwenna'. A planet located in the Anacreon Province. It is originally a prefect but later becomes one of the Four Kingdoms in the Anacreon Province that broke away from the Galactic Empire c. 50 F.E. The kingdom of Smyrno has no nuclear power until the Foundation arrives. The planet itself is located a little less than 50 parsecs (163 light-years) from Terminus. Its name is a parallel with Smyrna, an important city of the Roman Empire in Anatolia. Smyrno is hot and dry, the rooms smell of sulphur, and people live underground. Its most famous citizen is Hober Mallow, one of the major characters from the Foundation series. Its citizens are often discriminated against by Foundation members. Smyrnians are often seen as unintelligent and untrustworthy. Jorane Sutt, a political enemy, to Mallow, who eventually becomes mayor, uses Mallow's ethnicity against him. A planet in "Robot" and "Foundation" series. Inhabited by Spacer descendants, Solaria is the fiftieth and last Spacer world settled in the first wave of interstellar settlement. It was occupied from approximately 4627 AD by inhabitants of the neighboring world Nexon, originally for summer homes. It was ruled by a Regent after it became independent around roughly 4727 AD. It had perhaps the most eccentric culture of all of them. The Solarians specialized in the construction of robots, which they exported to the other Spacer Worlds. Solarian robots were noted for their variety and excellence. They also exported their grain, which was used to make a pastry known as the pachinka. Originally, there were about 20,000 people living in vast estates individually or as married couples. There were thousands of robots for every Solarian. Almost all of the work and manufacturing was conducted by robots. The population was kept stable through strict birth and immigration controls. In the era of "Robots and Empire", no more than five thousand Solarians were known to remain. Twenty thousand years later, the population was twelve hundred, with just one human per estate. Solarians hated physical contact with others and only communicated with each other via holograms. A few hundred years after Elijah Baley's visit to the planet, Solarians retreated from the Galactic scene and fled underground. The Solarians genetically altered themselves to be hermaphroditic and have the ability to use telekinesis. They specially made robots that were made to kill any foreigners who came to the planet. In 499 F.E. (approximately 25,066 AD), Solaria was visited by Golan Trevize, Janov Pelorat, and Bliss. They landed on the estate of Sarton Bander, the "Ruler" of a Solarian estate (note that Sarton was the last name of R. Daneel Olivaw's designer, Roj Nemennuh Sarton of Aurora). They learned of the sociological developments of Solaria through Bander, who apparently took a secret pleasure in having something close to intellectual companionship, or at least an intellectual audience. To prevent them from providing information to the Galaxy about Solaria and in keeping with Solarian customs and beliefs, not to mention preventing other Solarians' discovery of shameful personal contact with offworlders, Bander attempted to kill the visitors but was instead killed in self-defense by Bliss, resulting in the shutdown of all of the robots and other machinery of the Bander Estate. The visitors were able to escape, but not before discovering a child in one of the countless rooms of the estate, Fallom, assuming it to be a successor to Bander (who had not mentioned the existence of an heir, but had mentioned that there would be one at the appropriate time or in the case of an unforeseen accident), whom they would ultimately bring with them to Earth. Had they left Fallom on Solaria, the child would almost certainly have been killed, because it was seen as a surplus child and also had not as yet developed its transducer lobes, therefore not counting as a Solarian and being expendable. Fallom demonstrated great precocity in learning Galactic and would eventually stay on the Moon of Earth to mentally merge with Daneel Olivaw. A planet mentioned in novel "Foundation". Synnax circles a star at the edges of the Blue Drift. Its inhabitants are considered "provincial" by the more urbanite Trantorians. It was the homeworld of the psychohistorian Gaal Dornick. It is mentioned in the first book that despite its "provincial" nature, it had not been kept away from civilization. Imperial coronations have been broadcast properly in the world. Synnax has only one satellite. The capital planet of the First Foundation. It is located at the edge of the Galaxy. It was the sole planet orbiting its isolated star and had almost no metals. The nearest planet was Anacreon, 8 parsecs (26 light-years) away. Being on the fringe of the galaxy, there are almost no stars in the sky. It lay on the edge of the Galaxy that was opposite the planet Siwenna. It was the planet farthest from the Galactic Centre; its name reflects that fact: Latin terminus means 'end of the line'. It had a very high water-to-land ratio. The only large island was the one on which Terminus City lay. A total of ten thousand inhabited islands existed on the planet. The climate was mild. Prior to human occupation, there was some life on Terminus. However, once humans arrived (along with their supporting species), these native life forms were crowded out and became extinct. The capital of Terminus Planet is Terminus City. Three other cities are known: Agyropol, Newton City, Stanmark (Arkady Darell's hometown). Known after the Great Sack as Home, or Hame, to its people, is a fictional world in the "Foundation" universe. Trantor has a very long history first as the throne of the Kingdom of Trantor and later as the administrative center of the galaxy. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bhitti biswobrohmando foundation brahmanda hoise manobotar galaxyr uponibexor bhobisyotor itihax, pray 25,000 bosor dhori bistrito, "robot", "galactic xamrajyo", aaru aamerikan lekhok aaisak esimovor dwara likhito "foundation" kitap sringkholar kromanwoye xongmisronor joriyote sristi koraa. biswobrohmandot sthapon koraa kaam. oximovor "brihotor bheti" sringkhola. robot", "xamrajyo" aaru "foundation" sringkhola ekotrito koraa. foundation" sringkholatu esimovor prothom prokaxito uponyax "pable inn dyo skye" ror dore eke biswobrohmandot nirdharon koraa hoise, jodiu "foundation" pray 10,000 bosoror pisot hoy. "aakaxot kongkor" "sayasor xamrajyo" sringkholar aadhar hoi porisil. taar pisot, kunu ogyat tarikhe ("foundationor pranto" likhaar aagote) oximuve "foundation"/"galactic xamrajyo" sringkholatu teur "robot" sringkholar xoite ekotrito korar xiddhanto loisil. eidore, tiniuta dharabahik eketa biswobrohmandot nirdharon koraa hoise, jiye teulukok 18taa uponyaxor xongzukto doirghyo aaru muth pray 1,500,000 xobdo prodan korise. ei ekotrikorone pray 20,000 bosoror dharabahikor ek xomoy-kaal sristi korisil. "dhulir dore taara" ye spostobhabe koy je parmanobik juddhor baabe prithibikhon readyo "aakriyo. aximove pisot byakhya korisil je ei dharonar biswojonin karontu aasil je ei ghotonar bohu xotikar pisot prithibir manuhe iyak prostut korisil, aaru ji teulukor grohor itihaxor besibhag heruwar baabe bikrito hoi porisil. ei kaamok xadharonote "xamrajyo" sringkholar ongxo hisape gonyo koraa hoy, kintu trantor baa spacer biswor bixoye punpotiyakoi ullekh koraa naai. etaa soritror bhisi-cho "nor aase buli kuwa hoy, jitu" foundation aaru xamrajyo "too claune magnifikuwe bojuwa eke xongit badyojontro. eximove "robot" sringkholatu teur xorbo-ontorbhukto "foundation" sringkholatut ekotrito kori ror "ror sristi korisil. denil olibhau bix haajar bosoror pisot galactic xamrajyor jugot punor dekha yaay, mool "foundation" trilojir xiquel aaru prikuwelot; aaru "robot" sringkholar suranto grontho "robot aaru xamrajyo" too, oximuve bornona kore je pisoloi xamrajyo gothon koraa biswobur kenedore boxoti sthapon korisil, aaru prithibi kenedore readyo "aakriyo hoi porisil (jitu prothome" aakaxot kongkor "too ullekh koraa hoisil). nemesis" naamor ekok uponyaxtuu eke dharabahikotat aase; "forward dyo foundation" too ullekh koraa hoise, zo "too haari seldone" nemesis naamor xurjyor sariufale ghuri thoka etaa xomogro grohor xoite jugajug koribo poraa egoraki jubotir bix haajar bosor puroni kahini "koo bujay. montobyokarixokole ullekh korisil je "nemesis" too spacer aaru teulukor kelendar pronali, galactic xamrajyo, aanoki haari seldonor bixoyeu prokax puwa ullekh aase jibur "bheti" biswobrohmandot poroborti ekotrikoronor uddesye issakritobhabe sthapon koraa hoise. prelude tu foundation" too oximovor "lekhokor tuka". prelude tu foundation" ror prostawot aasimovor bigyan kolpokahinir kitapxomuhor kalanukromik krom aase. oximuve koichil je teur "robot", "xamrajyo", aaru "foundation" sringkholar kitapxomuhe bhobisyotor ek dhoronor itihax prodan kore, jitu hoyotu xompurnorupe xuxongot nohoy, jihetu moi xamonjosyor porikolpona koraa nasilu."oximove logote ullekh korisil je teur talikat thoka kitapbur" "jibur kromot (xombhobotoh) porhibo laage xei kromot likha huwa nasil. lekhokor tuka" too, oximuve ullekh korisil je "robot aaru xamrajyo" aaru "mohakaxor dhaara" ror maajot ekhon kitapor baabe thaai aase, aaru teu otirikto khondor xoite "bheti aaru prithibi" onuxoron koribo paare. "foundationor aagoloi," "nemesis", "aaru" "positronik menn" "oximovor talikat dekha nayay, kiyonu xeibur xei xomoyot etiyau prokaxito huwa nasil, aaru eximovor talikat thoka xamrajyo uponyaxor kromtu aan talikaxomuhor xoite xompurnorupe xuxongot nohoy. udahoronsworupe, "robo" tot owo daaun "ror printing koraa 1983 sonor balantine kitapxomuhot xamrajyor uponyaxburok" dhulir dore taara, mohakaxor dhaara "aaru" aakaxot kathal "hisape talikabhukto koraa hoise. sthanor dharabur" too trantor ontorbhukto aase aaru "dhulir dore taara" naai buli bibesona kori, ei dukhon kitap xombhobotoh eximovor talikat bhulboxotoh xoloni hoisil. ekok uponyaxxomuh biswobrohmandot nirmito. prelude tu foundation" ror "lekhokor tuka" too ullekh koraa huwa naai jodiu uponyax "dyo endo owo eterneti" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), aaru "dyo positronik menn" (1992) (robert silverbergor dwara likhito) brihotor foundation sringkholar xoite xomporkito. "onontokalor onto" koo ospostobhabe "foundationor pranto" too ullekh koraa hoise, zo "too etaa soritre onontokalor kotha ullekh korise, jaar" "kaam aasil manobotar baabe ataitkoi upojukto ek bastob basoni koraa" ". ("onontokalor onto"-ee iyar kahinir bhitorot etaa "sayapothor xamrajyo"-koo bujay.) oximove nijei "prelude tu foundation" ror poraa sringkholar talikat "onontotar onto" ror kotha ullekh koraa nasil. nemesis" ror khetrot, iyak "pri-lo 'dodd tu foundation" ror pisot likha hoisil, kintu lekhokor tuka oximuve spostobhabe koy je kitapkhon "foundation" baa "xamrajyo" sringkholar ongxo nohoy, kintu ketiyaba teu iyak aanor xoite bandhi dibo paare. forward dyo foundation" too, haari seldone "nemesis naamor xurjyor sariufale ghuri thoka etaa xomogro grohor xoite jugajug koribo poraa egoraki jubotir 20 haajar bosoriya kahini", "nemesis" ror ek proxongo ullekh kore. nemesis" too, mool uponibextu ponchaxta boxotir bhitorot etaa, kokhyiyo uponibexor ek xongroho ji ekhon rajyo gothon kore. ponchaxta boxoti xombhobotoh "robot" kahinir ponchaxta spacer jogotor aadhar aasil. nemesis" ror xexot owosthito ortho hoh "lo je oh" pho-aarth kolunir baxindaxokole prithibir poraa bischinno hoi thoka manuhor poraa prithok hoi aase, iyak mark dobliu-too thoka specharxomuhor bixoye eke dhoronor probhawor xoiteu xongzukto koribo paari. tidemanor "robot" kitap. alaxoreyar wilkinsor mote, gijmudut post koraa etaa alusonat, "eximove ekebare odbhut, upobrittakar gathoni bhaal paay. teur tinita nono-robot/foundation bigyan kolpokahini uponyax-"onontokalor onto", "debotaxokol nijei", aaru "nemesis"-oh-kalanukromik aakhyanor uporot odhik nirbhor korisil, aaru teu iyak "debotaxokol nijei" ror proti aagrohere kore." ror" bob "too ror" bob "too, daah. haan fastolfe "dyo bicentanial menn" (1976) ror kahinitur somu xarangxo diye, jaak pisoloi robert silverberge "dyo positronik menn" (1992) uponyaxoloi xomproxaron korisil. biswobrohmandot sthapon koraa kaam. prelude tu foundation" ror prostawot aasimovor bigyan kolpokahinir kitapxomuhor kalanukromik krom aase. esimove koichil je teur "robot", "galactic xamrajyo", aaru "foundation" sringkholar kitapxomuhe bhobisyotor ek dhoronor itihax prodan kore, jitu hoyotu xompurnorupe xuxongot nohoy, kiyonu moi aarombhonir xoite xuxongototar porikolpona koraa nasil."oximove logote ullekh korisil je teur talikat thoka kitapbur" jibur kromot (xombhobotoh) porhibo laage xei kromot likha huwa nasil." nimnolikhito kambur bornonar dwara kalanukromik kromot talikabhukto koraa hoiseh xomproxarito sringkholat orihona juguwa aan lekhokxokol. ei vetitu etaa akaxgongat porinot hoh "boloi proityaxito 1,000 bosoror bhitorot maatro 500 bosorhe laage buli aximovor uponyaxxomuhe ullekh korisil. uponyaxbur aximuve xomoixusi obyahot rokhar pisot likha hoisil, kintu purbor kahiniburor byobodhanbur puron koriboloi chesta korisil. 1989 sonor "foundationor bondhuxokol" too "foundation" biswobrohmandok punor ebaar punor dorxon koraa hoisil, ji xei xomoyor bohu bixisto bigyan kolpokahini lekhokor dwara likhito suti golpor xongroho aasil. oroson scott cardor "dyo orijinisto"-e seldonor mrityur kichu xomoyor pisote dwitiyo foundationor protisthar bixoye sposto kore; heri tartledovor "trentor fols"-e xamrajyor rajdhani aaru dwitiyo foundationor ghor trantorok borkhasto korar xomoyot dwitiyo foundationor prochestar bixoye koy; aaru jorjo jebor 'skir "foundationor bibek" hoise dwitiyo galactic xamrajyor utthanor pisot seldonor kaam nothibhukto korar baabe ejon itihaxbidor prochestar bixoye. logote, 1992 sonot teur mrityur kichu xomoyor purbe, aasimove ror 'gaar mcbride elenor tinita uponyaxor baabe ek ruprekhak onumudon korisil, jaak keliban troyuji buli jonaa yaay, ji "robo" tot aaru xamrajyo "aaru xamrajyo sringkholar maajot nirdharon koraa hoisil. keliban troyujone spacer world infornur teraformingor bornona kore, ene ek groho zo 'too ek poriwexgot xongkotoi spacerxokolok teulukor xongoskritir bohutu dirghodiniya ongxo tyag koriboloi badhyo kore. elenor uponyaxbure oxomobhor poroborti gronthobure robtikxor tinita niyomor bixoye prokax koraa onischoyotak protidhwonito kore, aaru bixexkoi ek xompurnorupe robo "tikaijod xongoskritiye manuhor podokhyepok owonomito koribo paare. oximovor mrityur pisot aaru jenet aximov aaru aximov istetor protinidhir onurudhot ralof vixinanjai greguri benfordor usoroloi goisil aaru teuk aan etaa "foundation" kahini likhiboloi koichil. owoxexot teu xonmot hoisil, aaru vixinanger xoite aaru "[dyo] prokolpor bixoye keibajonu lekhokor xoite kotha kuwar pisot", "dujon kothin ess. ef. lekhokor xoite" "oximov aaru proityahbanbihin karikori khyomotar dwara byapokbhabe probhabito ek trilojir baabe ek porikolpona gothon korisiloh gregg beyar aaru david brin."" "foundationor bhoy" "(1997) kalanukromikbhabe oximovor dwitiyo precuwel uponyaxor ongxo ek aaru ongxo duir maajot xonghotit hoy," "forward dyo foundation"; "" foundation aaru bisringkhola "" (1998) eke xomoyote "" foundation "" ror prothom odhyayor xoite potobhumit puron koraa hoy; "" foundationor bijoy "" (1999) e foundationoloi holl "" graphik bartar recordingor pisot maati xamori loy, aaru keibatau aaloga prantor xoite xomporko sthapon kore. ei kitapbur etiya kisumane xamuhikbhabe "dwitiyo bhitti" troyuji buli daabi korise, jodiu eibur purbor precuwel aaru purbor kisuman bhitti kahinir rupot xonnibisto koraa hoise aaru xadharonote notun troyuji hisape swikriti diya huwa naai. foundationor bijoy" ror etaa upakhanot brine ullekh korisil je teu nijoke baa ejon beleg lekhokok "foundationor bijoy" jug koriboloi aan etaa xiquel likhaar kolpona koribo paare, onubhob korisil je haari seldonor kahini etiyau xomapto huwa nasil. pisot teu nijor websiteot ene ekhon kitapor xombhabyo aarombhoni prokax korisil. oti xehotiyakoi, asimov istete mark dobliu-ror dwara robot rohosyor aan etaa triloji prokax koriboloi onumudon jonaisil. tideman. ei uponyaxbur, jibur oximovor "robot aaru xamrajyo" ror keiba bosor aagote xonghotit hoisil, xeibur hoise "miraj" (2000), "simera" (2001), aaru "oh" rura "(2002). iyar pisote aan etaa robot rohosyo, alekjendar chi. tydeman troyujir paas bosoror pisot aarbhinor "aase robot, jaabo" (2004). 2001 sonot donald kingsbariye dwitiyo xamrajyor aarombhonir pisot bhitti biswobrohmandot sthapon koraa "monubigyani xongkot" uponyaxkhon prokax korisil. bibhinno lekhokor uponyaxxomuh ("aaisak esimovor" "robot chiti", "robot aaru eliyen" aaru "robot inn time" sringkhola) "robot" sringkholar xoite xithilbhabe xongzukto, kintu esimovor kitapxomuhor xoite bohutu oxamonjosyota thaake, aaru xadharonote "foundation" sringkholar ongxo hisape gonyo koraa nohoy. 2009 sonor novembor maahot, aaisek asimov estete "robot aaru bisringkhola" xirxok kaam koraa xirunamor odhinot "aai, robot" ror precuwel prokax korar kotha ghuxona korisil, jitu kolpokahini lekhok miki jukaar reisertor susan kelvinor precuwel troyujit prothom khondo aasil. prothom kitapkhon 2011 sonor novembor maahot "aai, robotoh tu protek" xirxokor odhinot prokaxito hoisil, taar pisot 2013 sonot "aai, robotoh tu oh 'bee" aaru 2016 sonot "aai, robotoh tu prechev" xirxokore prokaxito hoisil. bhitti" biswobrohmandot sthapito kahini, zo "too onyanyo lekhokor kaamou ontorbhukto. nimnolikhito kambur bornonar dwara kalanukromik kromot talikabhukto koraa hoiseh

vitti mahabishwa vitti mahabishwa holl manobotar galaxyr uponibesh sthaponer bhabishyat itihas, jaa pray 25,000 bochor dhorey bistrito, jaa american lekhok isak asimover lekha "robot", "galactic samrajya" ebong "phaundeshana" boiyer sirijer kromanwoye sangmishraner madhyome toiri hoyechilo. mahabishwe seeta koraa kaaj korey. asimover "brihottor vitti" sirij. robot", "samrajya" ebong "phaundeshana" sirijke ekotrito koraa. phaundeshana" sirijti ekoi mahabishwe sthapon koraa hoyeche jemonti assimver prothom prokashito uponyas "pebble inn dya skye", jodio "phaundeshana" pray 10,000 bochor porey ghote. "akashe nudi" "chhayapath samrajya" sirijer vitti hoye othe. tarpor, kichhu ajana tarikhe ("foundationer pranto" lekhar agey) asimov taanr "robot" sirijer saathe "phaundeshana"/"galactic samrajya" sirijti ekibhuto korar siddhanta nene. eibhabe, tinti sirijoi ekoi mahabishwe seeta koraa hoyeche, taader 18tii uponyasher sommilito doirgho ebong moat pray 1,500,000 shobdo deyo. eyi sangjukti pray 20,000 bochorer ekti samaykalo toiri korechilo. "nokkhotroguli, dhulor moto" sposhtobhabe boley jey paromanobik juddher karone prithibi tejaskriya. asimov porey byakhya korechilen jey eyi dharonar mahabishwer kaaron chhilo jey etty eyi ghotonar onek shatabdi porey prithibibasider dwara pranayan koraa hoyechilo ebong jaa taader groher itihaser beshirbhag ongsho hariye yawar karone bikrito hoye giechilo. eyi kaajti sadharonoto "samrajya" sirijer ongsho hisabe bibechito hoy, tobey sarasari trantor baa spacer worlder ullekh korey naa. ekti choritrer ekti viji-sonor royeche boley bolla hoy, ekoi badyojontro jaa "phaundeshana ebong samrajya"-ayee klauna magnifico dwara bajano hoy. asimov "robot" sirijtike taar sorbobyapi "phaundeshana" sirije ekibhuto korey, arr toiri korey. danel oliva abar bish hazar bochor porey chhayapath samrajyer juge, mool "vitti" trilogyr sequel ebong prequelgulite uposthito hoy; ebong "robot" sirijer chudanta boi, "robot ebong samrajya"-ayee, asimov bornona korechen jey kibhabe bishwa porey samrajya gathon korechilo ebong kibhabe prithibi tejaskriya hoye othe (jaa "akashe nudi"-teey prothom ullekh koraa hoyechilo). nemesis" naame ekok uponyastio ekoi dharabahikatay royeche; "forward dya phaundeshana"-ayee ullekh koraa hoyeche, jekhane harry seldon "nemesis naame ekti surjoke prodokhinkari ekti puro groher saathe jogajog korte paare emon eka kudi hazar bochor vayasi mohilar golpoke bojhai. bhashyokarra ullekh korechen jey "nemesis"-ayee spacer ebong taader calender byabostha, chhayapath samrajya ebong emonki hurry seldoner somporke khub komoi chhaddobeshi ullekh royeche jaa ichchakritobhabe "vitti" mahabishwe poroborti ekikaraner uddeshye sthapon koraa hoyeche boley money hoy. asimover "lekhoker note" "bhittir prostabona". bhittir prostabona"-err bhumikai asimover bigyan kalpakahini boiyer kalanukramik krom royeche. asimov bolechilen jey taanr "robot", "samrajya" ebong "phaundeshana" sirijer boiguli bhabishyater eka dharaner itihas uposthapon korey, jaa sombhoboto sampurnarupe samanjasyapurna noy, kaaron aami dharabahikatar parikalpana korini."asimov arow ullekh corren jey taanr talikar boiguli" "jey krome (sombhoboto) padaa uchito sevabe lekha hoyney. lekhoker notey", asimov ullekh korechen jey "robot ebong samrajya" ebong "sthaner sroto"-err modhye ekti boiyer jaiga royeche ebong tini atirikto khondo soho "vitti ebong prithibi" anusaran korte paren. "phaundeshana," "nemesis" "ebong" "positronic myana" "asimover talika uposthito hoy naa, kaaron seguli ekhono seii somoye prokashito hoyney, ebong asimover talika samrajyer uponyasgulir krom anyanno talikar saathe sampurnarupe samanjasyapurna noy. udahoronsorup, 1983 saaler "dya robot off donn"-err balantine boigulite samrajyer uponyashgulike talikabhukto koraa hoyeche "dhulo, sthaner sroter moto taraguli" ebong "akashe nudi". sthaner sroto"-ayee trantor antarbhukta ebong "dhuloyer moto taaraa" nei, eyi duti boi sombhoboto asimover talika durghatanakrame biporito hoyechilo. ekok uponyasguli mahabishwer upor vitti korey rachito. bhittir prostabona"-err "lekhoker notey" ullekh naa thakleo, uponyas "anantakaler samapti" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), ebong "dya positronic myana" (1992) (robbert silverberg dwara likhito) brihottor bhittir sirijer saathe somporkito. "anantakaler shesh" "osposhtobhabe" "bhittir prante" "ullekh koraa hoyeche, jekhane ekti choritro anantakaler ullekh korey, jaar" "kaaj chhilo emon ekti bastobota beche neoa jaa manobotar jonno sabcheye upojukto hobey. ("anantakaler samapti" taar golper modhye ekti "chhayapath samrajya" keey bojhai.) asimov nijei "prelude too phaundeshana" theke sirijer talika "anantakaler shesh" ullekh korenni. nemesis"-err khettre, etty "bhittir prostabona"-err porey lekha hoyechilo, kintu lekhoker notey asimov sposhtobhabe bolechen jey boiti "vitti" baa "samrajya" sirijer ongsho noy, tobey ekdin tini etike onnoder saathe bendhe ditey paren. forward dya phaundeshana"-ayee, hurry seldon ekti 20 hazar bochor vayasi golpoke bojhai "ekjon juboti mohila jini ekti puro groher saathe jogajog korte parten jaa nemesis naame ekti surjoke prodokkhin korechilo", "ekti reference" nemesis ". nemesis"-ayee, prodhan uponibeshti panchashti bosotir modhye ekti, kakshiya uponibeshgulir ekti sangraha jaa ekti rajyo gathon korey. panchashti bosoti sombhoboto "robot" golper panchashti spacer jogoter vitti chhilo. nemesis"-err sheshe jey ingito deoa hoyeche jey off-arth uponibeshgulir basindara prithibi-boddho manusher theke bichchinno hachche, taa marqa dablu-teey spacer somporke anurup ingiter satheo jukto hotey paare. tidemaner "robot" boi. alasdare wilkinser motey, gizmodote poosta koraa ekti alochonai, "asimov ekebare adbhuto, upobrittakar kathamo pochondo corren. taanr tinti nonn-robot/phaundeshana bigyan kalpakahini uponyas-"anantakaler shesh", "debotara nijerai" ebong "shatruta"-aaa-kalanukramik akhyangulir upor prachur nirbhar korey ebong tini "debotader nijeder" modhye uchchhaser saathe etty corren." bhorer robot", daah. hyana fastolph "dya bicentanial myana" (1976)-err golpoti sangkhepe tuley dhorechen, jaa porey robbert silverberg "dya positronic myana" (1992) uponyashtite prosarito korechilen. kajguli mahabishwe seeta koraa. bhittir prostabona"-err bhumikai asimover bigyan kalpakahini boiyer kalanukramik krom royeche. asimov bolechilen jey taanr "robot", "galactic samrajya" ebong "phaundeshana" sirijer boiguli bhabishyater eka dharaner itihas uposthapon korey, jaa sombhoboto sampurnarupe samanjasyapurna noy, kaaron aami shurute dharabahikatar parikalpana korini."asimov arow ullekh corren jey taanr talikar boiguli" "jey krome (sombhoboto) padaa uchito sevabe lekha hoyney." nimnolikhito kajguli bornonar vittite kalanukromikbhabe talikabhukto koraa hoyeche anyanno lekhakra somprosarito sirije abodan rekhechen. asimover uponyasguli ekti chhayapath samrajye porinoto hotey bhittitir jonno prottashito 1,000 bochorer modhye matro 500 bochor judey chhilo. uponyasguli lekha hoyechilo asimover samayasuchi abyahoto naa rekhe borong ager golpogulir faank puron korar chesta korar porey. 1989 saaler 'foundationer bandhura'-teey 'phaundeshana' mahabishwati abar ekbar punarbibechana koraa hoyechilo, jaa seii somoyer onek bishishto bigyan kalpakahini lekhokder lekha chhotogolper ekti sangraha. orson scott carder "dya originist" seldoner mrityur porpori dwitiya foundationer protisthar vishayti sposhto korey; harry turtledover "trantor folls" dwitiya foundationer dwara samrajyobadi rajdhani ebong dwitiya foundationer baadi trantor borkhaster somoy benche thucker prochestar kotha boley; ebong george zebroskir "foundationer bibek" dwitiya galactic samrajyer utthaner porey seldoner kaaj nothibhukto korar jonno ekjon itihasbider prochesta somporke. echhadao, 1992 saale taanr mrityur kichudin agey, asimov roser mcbride allener tinti uponyasher ekti ruprekha anumodan corren, jaa caliban trilogy naame porichito, jaa "robot ebong samrajya" ebong samrajya sirijer modhye seeta koraa. caliban trilogy spacer worled inforner terreforming bornona korey, emon ekti groho jekhane ekti poribeshgoto sangkat spacerder taader sangaskritir onek deergho-proshongshito ongsho porityag korte badhyo korey. allener uponyasguli seii anishchayatar protidhoni korey jaa asimover poroborti boiguli roboticser tinti aain somporke prakash korey ebong biseshoto ekti sampurna robotic sangaskriti manusher uddogke kibhabe abonomito korte paare. asimover mrityur porr ebong janette asimov ebong asimov estater protinidhir anurodhe, ralf vicinanza gregori benforder kachhe zaan ebong taake arekti "phaundeshana" golpo likhte bollen. tini abosheshe raji hohn, ebong visinanjar saathe ebong "[eyi] prokolpo somporke besh koyekjon lekhoker saathe kotha bolar porey", "dui kathor sf lekhokke niye ekti trilogyr jonno ekti parikalpana toiri corren, jaa byapokbhabe asimov ebong aprotirodhyo projuktigoto dokkhotar dwara probhabitoh gregg bear ebong david brin."" "foundationer bhoy" "(1997) asimover dwitiya prequel uponyasher prothom ongsho ebong dwitiya ongsher modhye kalanukromikbhabe ghote," "foundationke egiye niye zaan" ";" "phaundeshana ebong bishrinkhala" "(1998) ekoi somoye" "phaundeshana" "-err prothom adhyayer potobhumite bharat koraa hoy;" "foundationer bijoy" "(1999) foundationer kachhe holographic bartagulir recordinger porey vitti judey deyo ebong besh koyekti alga prantoke eksathe sangjukto korey. eyi boiguli ekhon kichhu loker dwara sommilitobhabe ekti "dwitiya vitti" trilogy boley daabi koraa hoy, jodio eguli purbo-vidyaman prequel ebong purboborti kichhu vitti golper modhye sonnibeshito koraa hoyeche ebong sadharonoto ekti notun trilogy hisabe swikrito noy. foundationer bijoy"-err ekti uposongharer modhye, brin ullekh korechilen jey tini nijeke baa onno konao lekhokke "foundationer bijoy" jog korar jonno arekti sequel lekhar kotha kalpana korte paren, eyi anubhuti jey hurry seldoner golpoti ekhono shesh hoyney. porey tini taanr website eyi dharaner ekti boiyer sombhabbo suchona prakash corren. arow samprati, asimov esteta marqa dobleeu dwara robot rahasyer arekti trilogy prokasher anumodan diyeche. tyman. eyi uponyasguli, jaa asimover "robot ebong samrajya"-err koyek bochor agey ghotechilo, seguli holl "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001), ebong "aurora" (2002). egulir porey arow ekti robot rahasya, alekjandar shee. ireviner "robot achhe, bhromon korbe" (2004), tideman trilogyr panch bochor porey seeta koraa. 2001 saale, donald kingsbury dwitiya samrajyer suchonar porr vitti mahabishwe seeta koraa "psychohistorical crisis" uponyasti prakash corren. bivinno lekhoker uponyas ("isak asimover" "robot city", "robot ebong elien" ebong "robot inn time" sirij) "robot" sirijer saathe algavabe sangjukto, tobey asimover boiyer saathe onek asangati royeche ebong sadharonoto "phaundeshana" sirijer ongsho hisabe bibechito hoy naa. 2009 saaler novembore, isak asimov esteta "robot ebong bishrinkhala" naame ekti prequel prokasher ghoshana deyo, jaa fantacy lekhok mickie zakar richarter sujan calvin samanwito ekti prequel trilogyr prothom khondo. prothom boiti 2011 saaler novembore "aaee, robotoh too protech" shironame prokashito hoyechilo, tarpore 2013 saale "aaee, robotoh too obai" ebong 2016 saale "aaee, robotoh too preve" shironame prokashito hoyechilo. anyanno lekhokder kaaj soho "vitti" mahabishwer golpoguli seeta koraa hoyeche. nimnolikhito kajguli bornonar vittite kalanukromikbhabe talikabhukto koraa hoyeche

paayo brahmand foundation brahmand aee manavtana galaxyna vasahatikaranno bhaavi itihas chhe, jeey lagbhag 25,000 varsh sudhee felaayelo chhe, jeey american lekhak isaq asimov dwara lakhaayeli "robot", "galactic saamrajya" aneey "foundation" pustak shreneena krameek mishran dwara banavvama aavyo chhe. brahmaandmaa sthaapit kaaryo. asimovni "grater foundation" shrenee. robot", "saamrajya" aneey "paayo" shreneenu vilinikaran. paayo" shrenee asimovni pratham prakashit navalkathaa "pable ina dhaa skye" tareeke samaan brahmaandmaa seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe, jooe keey "paayo" lagbhag 10,000 varsh pachhi thaay chhe. "aakashma kankara" "taaraavishv saamrajya" shreneeno aadhaar banyo. pachhi, koee agnaat taarikhe ("foundation dhaar" lakhata pahelaa) asimove "paayo"/"galactic saamrajya" shreneene tenee "robot" shrenee saathe merge karvaano nirnay leedho. aama, traney shreneeo aek jaj brahmaandmaa seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe, jeey temne 18 navalkathaaoni sanyukt lambai aneey lagbhag 1,500,000 shabdo aape chhe. aaa vilinikaranthi lagbhag 20,000 varshoni shreneeno samay-gaado pann banyo. "taarao, dhool jevaa" spashtpane janaave chhe keey parmaanu yuddhne kaarane pruthvi kiranotsargi chhe. asimove paachhalthi samjaavyu keey aaa dhaarnaanu brahmaandmaa kaaran aee hatoo keey teey ghatnaa pachhi ghanee sadeeo pachhi pruthvivasio dwara ghadvama aavyu hatoo, aneey jeey temnaa grahona itihaasnaa motaa bhaagnaa nukasaanne kaarane vikrut thaee gayoo hatoo. aaa kaaryane saamanya reete "saamrajya" shreneena bhaag tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, parantu temaa seedha jaj trentara athavaa spacer vishvano ullekh nathee. aek patramaa vizzy-sooner hovaanu kahevaay chhe, teey jaj sangeetnu saadhan jeey "paayo aneey saamrajya" maan rangalo magnifico dwara vagadvama aave chhe. asimove "robot" shreneene tenee sarvasmaaveshak "paayo" shreneema sankaleet curry, jeey aar banaave chhe. denil olivo vees hajaar varsh pachhi galactic samrajyna yugmaa fareethi dekhaay chhe, mool "paayo" triologyni sikwal aneey preekvalma; aneey "robots" shreneena anteem pustakma, "robots anned empire", asimov varnave chhe keey pachhithi saamrajyni rachnaa karnara vishvo kevee reete sthaayi thayaa hataa, aneey pruthvi kevee reete kiranotsargi bunny hatee (jeno pratham ullekh "aakashma kankara" maan karvaamaa aavyo hato). aekal navalkathaa "nemesis" pann aee jaj satatyamaa chhe; "forward dhaa foundation" maan sandarbhit karvaamaa aavee rahee chhe, jyaan herry seldon "aek yuvan strinee vees hajaar varsh juunii vaartano ullekh karey chhe jeey aek aakhaa grah saathe vaatchit curry shake chhe jene nemesis naamnaa suryanee parikramaa curry hatee". tikakaroae nondhyu hatoo keey "dushman" maan spacers aneey temnee calendar system, galactic saamrajya aneey herry seldonnaa pann bhagye jaj prachchann sandarbho chhe, jeey iraadaapurvak "paayo" brahmaandmaa pachhinaa ekikaranna hetu maate mukvaamaa aavyaa hovaanu janaay chhe. foundation prastaavnaa" maan asimovni "lekhaknee nondh". payoni prastaavnaa" nee prastavnama asimovna vigyaan saahitya pustakono kaalkrameek krama chhe. asimove janaavyu hatoo keey temnaa "robot", "saamrajya" aneey "foundation" shreneena pustako bhavishyano aek prakaarno itihas rajoo karey chhe, jeey kadaach sampurnpane susangat nathee, kaaran keey meyn susangatataani yojnaa banaavi nathee, sharuaatthi."asimove aee pann nondhyu hatoo keey temnee suchimaanaa pustako" "jeey krammaa (kadaach) vaanchvaa joiae teey krammaa lakhvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa". lekhaknee nondh" maan, asimove nondhyu hatoo keey "robots aneey saamrajya" aneey "avkashna pravaaho" vachche aek pustak maate jagya chhe, aneey teey vadharana grantho saathe "paayo aneey pruthvi" neey anusari shake chhe. "foundation aagad vadhaarvu," "dushman", "aneey" "hakaaraatmak maanas" asimovni yaadimaa dekhaata nathee, kaaran keey teey samaye teey haju prakashit thayaa naa hataa, aneey asimovni soochima saamrajya navalkathaaono krama anya soochi saathe sampurnpane susangat nathee ". udaaharan tareeke, "dhaa robots off dunn" naa 1983naa balantine pustakomaa saamrajyni navalkathaaone "dhaa stars, jaim keey dhool, dhaa current off spaces" aneey "pable ina dhaa skye" tareeke soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee chhe. avkashna pravaaho" maan trentarno samaavesh thaay chhe aneey "taarao, dhool jevaa" nathee, aaa beey pustako sambhavatah asimovni yaadimaa aakasmik reete ultavi devaaya hataa. brahmaandmaa sthaapit swatantra navalkathaao. foundation prastaavnaa" nee "lekhaknee nondh" maan ullekh naa hovaa chhataa, navalkathaao "anantkaalno anta" (1955), "dushman" (1989), aneey "hakaaraatmak maanas" (1992) (roobert silverberg dwara lakhaayel) grater foundation shrenee saathe sambandhit chhe. "anantkaalno anta" "payani dhaar" "maan aspasht reete sandarbhit chhe, jyaan aek paatra shaashvatno ullekh karey chhe, jenu" "kaary aee vastivakta pasand karvaanu hatoo jeey manavta maate sauthee yogya hashe". ("anantkaalno anta" tenee vaartaama "taaraavishv saamrajya" noow pann ullekh karey chhe.) asimove pote "prastavnathi paayo" shreneeni yaadimaa "anantkaalno anta" noow ullekh karyo naa hato. dushman" maate, teey "payoni prastaavnaa" pachhi lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo, parantu lekhaknee nondhamaa asimov spashtpane janaave chhe keey pustak "paayo" athavaa "saamrajya" shreneeno bhaag nathee, parantu koik divas teey tene anya loko saathe jodee shake chhe. forward dhaa foundation" maan, hurry seldon "aek 20 hajaar varsh juunii vaartano ullekh karey chhe" aek yuvan stree jeey aek aakhaa grah saathe vaatchit curry shake chhe jeey nemesis naamnaa suryanee parikramaa karey chhe "," nemesis "noow sandarbh aape chhe. dushman" maan, mukhya vasaahat pachaas vasahatomathi aek chhe, jeey bhramankakshani vasaahatono sangrah chhe jeey raajy banaave chhe. pachaas vasaahato sambhavatah "robot" vartaoma pachaas spacer vishvano aadhaar hatee. dushman" naa ante soochitaarth keey pruthvini bahaarnee vasaahatona rahevasio pruthvithi bandhaayela manushyothi alag thaee rahyaa chhe, teey pann marqa doubleuma spacer vishe samaan soochitaarth saathe jodai shake chhe. timennaa "robot" pustako. alasdair wilkinsna janaavya anusaar, gizmodo parr poosta karvaamaa aaveli charchaama, "asimovne vichitra, lambgol rachnaao khoob game chhe. temnee traney biin-robot/foundation vigyaan saahitya navalkathaao-"anantkaalno anta", "devtaao pote" aneey "dushman"-biin-kaalkrameek varnano parr bhaare aadhaar raakhe chhe, aneey teo tene "devtaao pote" maan utsaah saathe karey chhe." dhaa robots off dunn" maan, doow. hayne fastolf "dwishtabdi maanas" (1976) nee vaartano tunkma saransh aape chhe, jene paachhalthi roobert silverberge navalkathaa "dhaa positronic meena" (1992) maan vistrut curry hatee. brahmaandmaa sthaapit kaaryo. payoni prastaavnaa" nee prastavnama asimovna vigyaan saahitya pustakono kaalkrameek krama chhe. asimove janaavyu hatoo keey temnaa "robot", "galactic saamrajya" aneey "foundation" shreneena pustako bhavishyano aek prakaarno itihas rajoo karey chhe, jeey kadaach sampurnpane susangat nathee, kaaran keey meyn sharuaatthi susangatataani yojnaa banaavi naa hatee."asimove aee pann nondhyu hatoo keey temnee suchimaanaa pustako" "jeey krammaa (kadaach) vaanchvaa joiae teey krammaa lakhvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa"." neecheni kruteeo varnaatmak krammaa soochibaddh chheh anya lekhako vistrut shreneema yogdaan aape chhe. asimovni navalkathaaomaa apekshit 1,000 varshmathi maatra 500 varsh aavari levaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey payone taaraavishv saamrajya banvaamaa laagee shake chhe. asimove samayrekha chaalu naa rakhyaa pachhi navalkathaao lakhvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu agaauni vartaoma antaraayo bharvaano prayaas karyo hato. 1989naa 'foundation mitro' maan 'foundation' brahmaandnee pharii aekvaar samiksha karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey teey samaynaa ghanaa agranee vigyaan saahitya lekhako dwara lakhaayeli tunkee vaartaaono sangrah hato. orsen sqota cardnu "mulvaadi" seldonnaa mrutyu pachhi toonk samayma beeja payani sthaapnaane spasht karey chhe; herry turtledovenu "trentara folls" beeja payana saamrajyni raajdhaani aneey beeja payana ghar trentarni bartarafi darmiyan tucky rahevana prayaaso vishe janaave chhe; aneey george zebroskinu "foundation antahkaran" beeja galactic samrajyna uday pachhi seldonnaa kaaryane dastavejikrut karvaanaa itihaskarna prayaaso vishe chhe. 1992maan temnaa mrutyunaa thodaa samay pahelaa, asimove rojar mcbride elennee trana navalkathaaoni ruprekha manjur curry hatee, jene "robots aneey saamrajya" aneey saamrajya shrenee vachcheni keliban triology tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. keliban triology spacer worled infernona terreformingnu varnan karey chhe, aek aevo grah jyaan ecological katokati spacerne temnee sanskrutinaa ghanaa laambaa samaythi posheet bhagone chhodva maate dabaan karey chhe. elennee navalkathaao aee anishchitataane padgho paade chhe keey jeey asimovna pachhinaa pustako roboticsnaa trana kaayadao vishe vyakt karey chhe, aneey khaas kareene jeey reete sampoorn reete roobootik sanskruti manav pahelne nabalee paadee shake chhe. asimovna mrutyu pachhi aneey genet asimov aneey asimov estetnaa pratinidhini vinanti parr, ralf wikinanza greegory banfordno sampark karyo aneey temne beejee "paayo" vaarta lakhvaa kahyoo. aakhare teo sammat thayaa aneey wikinanza saathe aneey "[aaa] project vishe ghanaa lekhako saathe vaat karyaa pachhi", "beey sakhat aesa. aef. lekhako saathe tripariya maate aek yojnaa banaavi, jeey vyaapak reete asimov aneey padkarjanak takneeki kshamataathi prabhaavit chheh greega rinchh aneey david brin."" "foundation darr" "(1997) asimovni beejee prekwal navalkathaanaa bhaag aek aneey bhaag beey vachche kaalkrameek reete thaay chhe," "foundation aagad vadhaarvu" ";" "paayo aneey andhadhundhi" "(1998) aee jaj samaye" "foundation" "naa pratham prakaran tareeke seeta karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey prushthbhumima bharvama aave chhe;" "foundation vijay" "(1999) foundation holographic sandeshaona recordingne pagale jameenne aavari leey chhe, aneey sankhyaabandh chhutak chheda saathe jodaay chhe". aaa pustako havey ketlaak loko dwara saamuhik reete "second foundation triology" hovaano daavo karvaamaa aave chhe, jooe keey teo pahelaathi astitvamaa rahelee prequels aneey agaauni ketalik foundation storylinema shamel chhe aneey saamanya reete navee triology tareeke odakhaata nathee. foundation vijay" naa upsanhaarmaa, brine nondhyu hatoo keey teey potaani jaatne athavaa aek alag lekhaknee kalpanaa curry shake chhe keey jeey "foundation vijay" maan umervaa maate beejee sikwal lakhe chhe, aevee laagani keey herry seldonni vaarta haju sudhee samaapt thaee nathee. baadmaa temane temnee website parr aavaa pustakni sambhaveet sharuaat prakashit curry. taajetarma, asimov estate marqa doubleu dwara robot rahasyoni anya trayinaa prakashanne adheekrut karyoo. tymen. aaa navalkathaao, jeey asimovni "robots anned empire" naa ghanaa varsho pahelaa banelee chhe, teey "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001) aneey "aurora" (2002) chhe. aaa pachhi aek anya robot rahasy, alexander see. aavyu. iraveenni "robot chhe, musafari karashe" (2004), tymen triologyna paanch varsh pachhi seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe. 2001maan, donald kingsbury navalkathaa "cycohistorical crises" prakashit curry, jeey beeja saamrajyni sharuaat pachhi payana brahmaandmaa seeta karvaamaa aavee hatee. viveedh lekhakoni navalkathaao ("isaq asimovni" "robot ciity", "robots anned allions" aneey "robots ina time" shrenee) "robot" shrenee saathe dhhili reete jodaayelee chhe, parantu temaa asimovna pustako saathe ghanee visangatao chhe, aneey saamanya reete "foundation" shreneeno bhaag manvama aavtee nathee. november 2009maan, isaq asimov estate "robots anned coses" naamnaa kaarykaari sheershak hethal "aaee, robot" maate preekvalnaa prakashanni jaaherat curry, jeey kaalpaneek lekhak mikee zuker rechairt dwara susanne calvin darshaavati prekwal triologyma pratham volume chhe. pratham pustak november 2011maan "i, robot: to raksheet" sheershak hethal prakashit thayu hatoo, tyarbad 2013maan "i, robot: to bey" aneey 2016maan "i, robot: to reperved" sheershak hethal prakashit thayu hatoo. anya lekhakona kaaryo saheet "paayo" brahmaandmaa seeta karelee vaartao. neecheni kruteeo varnaatmak krammaa soochibaddh chheh

neenv brahmand foundation brahmand lagbhag 25,000 varshon mein faili akashganga key manavata key upanivesheekaran kaa bhavishya kaa itihas haye, joe americi lekhak isaq asimov dwara likhit "robot", "galactic samrajya" aur "foundation" pustak shrinkhala key kramik sanlayan key madhyam seey banaaya gayaa haye. brahmand mein sthaapit kaary. asimov kii "grater foundation" shrinkhala. robot", "samrajya" aur "neenv" shrinkhala kaa vilay. neenv" shrinkhala usee brahmand mein sthaapit haye joe asimov key pahale prakaashit upanyaas "kankad mein akash" key roop mein haye, halanki "neenv" lagbhag 10,000 saal baad hoti haye. "akash mein kankad" "akashganga samrajya" shrinkhala kaa aadhar bunn gayaa. phir, kissy agyaat tithi parr ("foundation key kinare" likhane seey pahale) asimov ney "neenv"/"akashganga samrajya" shrinkhala koo apani "robot" shrinkhala key saath vilay karane kaa faisala kiya. iss prakaar, teenon shrinkhalaaen ack hii brahmand mein sthaapit hain, joe unhein 18 upanyason kii sanyukt lambai aur lagbhag 1,500,000 shabdon kii kull sankhya detee hain. vilay ney lagbhag 20,000 varshon kii shrinkhala kaa ack samay-avadhi bhee banaai. "taare, dhool kii tarah" spasht roop seey kahate hain kii prithvi paramanu yuddh key kaaran radiodharmi haye. asimov ney baad mein samajhaaya kii iss dhaarana kaa brahmand mein kaaran yeh thaa kii yeh ghatana key kaee shataabdiyon baad prithvi key logon dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, aur joe unake grahon key itihas key adhikansh nuksan key kaaran vikrit hoe gayaa thaa. iss kaam koo aam taur parr "samrajya" shrinkhala kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye, lekin isamen seedhe taur parr tranter yaa spacer duniya kaa ullekh naheen haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii ack charitra mein ack vizzy-soner hotaa haye, vahee sangeet vaadyayantra jise "neenv aur samrajya" mein joker magnifico dwara bajaaya jaataa haye. asimov ney "robot" shrinkhala koo apani sarvavyaapi "neenv" shrinkhala mein ekikrit kiya, jisase aar. denil olivo bees hazaar saal baad akashganga samrajya key yug mein phir seey dikhaai detaa haye, mool "neenv" trayi key seekwal aur prekwal mein; aur "robot" shrinkhala kii antim pustak, "robot aur samrajya" mein, asimov ney varnan kiya haye kii kaise duniya joe baad mein samrajya kaa gathan karati thee, way buss gaee, aur prithvi kaise radiodharmi hoe gaee (jiska ullekh pahali baar "akash mein kankad" mein kiya gayaa thaa). ekal upanyaas "dushman" bhee usee nirantarta mein haye; "forward dha foundation" mein sandarbhit kiya jaa rhaa haye, jahaan hurry seldon ack bees hazaar saal purani kahani koo sandarbhit kartaa haye "ack yuva mahila joe ack poore grah key saath samvaad curr sakati thee joe dushman naamak soorya kaa chakkar lagaa rahee thee. tippanikaron ney nott kiya kii "dushman" mein spacers aur unaki calender pranali, akashganga samrajya, aur yahaan taka kii hurry seldon key baare mein mushkil seey prachhann sandarbh hain, jinhen jaanboojhkar baad mein "neenv" brahmand mein ekikaran key uddeshya seey rakhaa gayaa haye. asimov kaa "lekhak kaa nott" "foundation kii prastaavana" mein haye. neenv kii prastaavana" key prastaavana mein asimov kii vigyaan kathaa pustakon kaa kalanukramik crum shamil haye. asimov ney kahaa kii unake "robot", "samrajya" aur "foundation" shrinkhala kii pustaken bhavishya kaa ack prakaar kaa itihas prastut karati hain, joe shayed poori tarah seey susangat naheen haye, kyonki maine shuruat mein nirantarta kii yojana naheen banaai thee."asimov ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii unaki soochi mein pustaken" "usa crum mein naheen likhi gaee theen jisamen (shayed) unhein padhaa jaanaa chaahiye. lekhak key nott" mein, asimov ney nott kiya kii "robot aur samrajya" aur "antariksh kii dhaaraon" key beach ack pustak key liye jagah haye, aur vaha atirikt khandon key saath "neenv aur prithvi" kaa anusaran curr sakata haye. "foundation koo aage badhaate hue," "dushman", "aur" "sakaratmak vyakti" asimov kii soochi mein dikhaai naheen dete hain, kyonki way abhee taka usa samay prakaashit naheen hue they, aur asimov kii soochi mein samrajya upanyason kaa crum poori tarah seey anya soochiyon key saath susangat naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, "dha robot off donn" kii 1983 kii balantine pustakon mein samrajya key upanyason koo iss prakaar soochibaddh kiya gayaa haih "taare, jaise dhool, antariksh kii dhaaraaen" aur "akash mein kankad". yeh dekhate hue kii "antariksh kii dhaaraon" mein tranter shamil haye aur "taare, dhool kii tarah" naheen hain, inn donon pustakon koo sambhavatah asimov kii soochi mein galati seey ulat diyaa gayaa thaa. brahmand mein sthaapit swatantra upanyaas. jabaki "foundation kii prastaavana" key "lekhak key nott" mein ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye, upanyaas "anant kaal kaa anta" (1955), "dushman" (1989), aur "sakaratmak aadami" (1992) (robbert silverberg dwara likhit) grater foundation shrinkhala seey sambandhit hain. "anant kaal kaa anta" "aspasht roop seey" "neenv key kinare" "mein sandarbhit haye, jahan ack charitra anant kaal kaa ullekh kartaa haye, jiska" "kaary ack aisee vaastaviktaa kaa chayan karna thaa joe manavata key liye sabse upayukt hogi. ("anant kaal kaa anta" apani kahani key bheetar ack "akashganga samrajya" koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye.) asimov ney khud "prastaavana seey neenv taka" kii shrinkhala soochi mein "anant kaal key anta" kaa ullekh naheen kiya. dushman" key liye, yeh "neenv kii prastaavana" key baad likhaa gayaa thaa, lekin lekhak key nott mein asimov spasht roop seey kahate hain kii pustak "neenv" yaa "samrajya" shrinkhala kaa hissa naheen haye, lekin kissy dinn vaha ise dusaron seey jodd sakata haye. forward dha foundation" mein, hurry seldon ack 20-hazaar-varsheeya kahani koo sandarbhit kartaa haye "ack yuva mahila joe ack poore grah key saath samvaad curr sakati thee joe nemesis naamak ack soorya kii parikrama curr rahee thee", "nemesis" key sandarbh mein. dushman" mein, mukhya coloney pachas bastiyon mein seey ack haye, joe ack raajya banaane vaali kakshiya kaloniyon kaa ack sangrah haye. sambhavatah pachas bastiyaan "robot" kahaaniyon mein pachas spacer duniyaon kaa aadhar theen. dushman" key anta mein nihitarth kii prithvi seey baahar kii coloniyon key nivasi prithvi seey bandhe manushyon seey alag hoe rahey hain, maark doubleu mein spacer key baare mein isi tarah key nihitarth seey bhee judaa hoe sakata haye. tyman kii "robot" kitaaben. alasdare wilkins key anusaar, gizmodo parr post kii gaee ack charcha mein, "asimov koo ajib, andakar sanrachanaaen bilkul pasand hain. unake teenon gair-robot/foundation vigyaan kathaa upanyaas-"anant kaal kaa anta", "swayam devta" aur "dushman"-gair-kalanukramik kathaaon parr bahut adhik nirbhar they, aur vaha ise "swayam devtaon" mein utsaah key saath karate hain." dha robot off donn" mein, dow. haan fastolf ney "dha bicentanial maine" (1976) kii kahani koo sankshep mein prastut kiya, jise baad mein robbert silverberg ney upanyaas "dha positronic maine" (1992) mein vistaarit kiya. brahmand mein sthaapit kaary. neenv kii prastaavana" key prastaavana mein asimov kii vigyaan kathaa pustakon kaa kalanukramik crum shamil haye. asimov ney kahaa kii unake "robot", "galactic samrajya" aur "foundation" shrinkhala kii pustaken bhavishya kaa ack prakaar kaa itihas prastut karati hain, joe shayed poori tarah seey susangat naheen haye, kyonki maine shuruat mein nirantarta kii yojana naheen banaai thee."asimov ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii unaki soochi mein pustaken" usa crum mein naheen likhi gaee theen jisamen (shayed) unhein padhaa jaanaa chaahiye." nimnalikhit kritiyaan kalanukramik crum mein varnit hainh anya lekhakon ney vistaarit shrinkhala mein yogdan diyaa. asimov key upanyason mein apekshit 1,000 varshon mein seey kewal 500 shamil they, joe neenv koo ack akashganga samrajya banane mein lagenge. upanyason koo asimov dwara samayrekha jaari rakhane key baad likhaa gayaa thaa, balki pichhali kahaaniyon mein antaral koo bharane kii koshish kii gaee thee. foundation" brahmand koo ack baar phir 1989 key "foundation key doston" mein dekhaa gayaa, joe usa samay key kaee pramukh vigyaan kathaa lekhakon dwara likhi gaee laghu kathaaon kaa sangrah thaa. orson scott card kaa "moolvaadi" seldon kii mrityu key turant baad doosari neenv kii sthaapana koo spasht kartaa haye; hairi turtledove kaa "tranter fauls" doosari neenv dwara tranter, shaahi rajdhani aur doosari neenv key ghar kii barkhastagi key dauran jeevit rahane key prayason key baare mein bataata haye; aur george zebrowski kaa "foundation kaa vivek" dusare akashganga samrajya key uday key baad seldon key kaam koo dastaavez karane key liye ack itihaaskaar key prayason key baare mein haye. 1992 mein apani mrityu seey kuchh samay pahale, asimov ney roser mcbride elen key teen upanyason key liye ack ruprekha koo manjuri dee, jise "robot aur samrajya" aur samrajya shrinkhala key beach sthaapit caliban trayi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. caliban trayi spacer vishva narak key bhoo-aakriti kaa varnan karati haye, ack aisaa grah jahan ack paaristhitik sankat spacers koo apani sanskriti key kaee lambe samay seey poshit hisson koo chhodane key liye majboor kartaa haye. ellen key upanyaas una anishchitataon koo pratidhwanit karate hain joe asimov kii baad kii pustaken robotics key teen niyamon key baare mein vyakt karati hain, aur vishesh roop seey jiss tarah seey ack poori tarah seey robotic sanskriti maanav pahal koo neecha dikhaa sakati haye. asimov kii mrityu key baad aur genet asimov aur asimov estate key pratinidhi key anurodh parr, ralf wikinanza ney gregory benford seey sampark kiya aur unhein ack aur "neenv" kahani likhane key liye kahaa. antatah way sahmat hoe gaye, aur wikinanza key saath aur "[pariyojana] key baare mein kaee lekhakon seey baat karane key baad", "dou kathin lekhakon key saath ack trayi key liye ack yojana banaai, joe motey taur parr asimov aur apratirodhya takniki kshamata seey prabhaavit theh gregg bhalu aur david brin."" "foundation kaa darr" "(1997) asimov key dusare prekwal upanyaas key bhaag ack aur bhaag dou key beach kalanukramik roop seey hotaa haye," "foundation koo aage badhaaen" ";" "foundation aur arajakta" "(1998) usee samay sett kiya gayaa haye jaba" "foundation" "key pahale adhyaay mein prishthabhoomi koo bharaa gayaa haye;" "foundation kii jeet" "(1999) neenv key liye holographic sandeshon kii recording key baad jameen koo cover karati haye, aur kaee dheele chhoron koo ack saath jodati haye. inn pustakon koo abb kuchh logon dwara saamoohik roop seey "doosari neenv" trayi honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye, halanki way pahale seey maujood prequel aur kuchh pichhali neenv kii kahaaniyon mein shamil hain aur aam taur parr ack naee trayi key roop mein maanyata praapt naheen hain. foundation kii jeet" key ack upsamhaar mein, brin ney kahaa kii vaha khud kii yaa ack alag lekhak kii kalpana curr sakate hain joe "foundation kii jeet" koo jodane key liye ack aur seekwal likh rahey hain, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii hurry seldon kii kahani abhee taka samaapt naheen hui thee. baad mein unhone apani website parr aisee pustak kii ack sambhaavit shuruat prakaashit kii. haal hii mein, asimov estate ney maark doubleu dwara robot rahasyon kii ack aur trayi key prakaashan koo adhikrit kiya. tyman. yeye upanyaas, joe asimov key "robot aur samrajya" seey kaee saal pahale key hain, way hain "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001), aur "aurora" (2002). inke baad ack aur robot rahasya, alekjendar see. irvin kii "robot haye, yatra karega" (2004), joe tyman trayi key paanch saal baad sett kii gaee. 2001 mein, donald kingsbury ney upanyaas "manohistarik sankat" prakaashit kiya, joe dusare samrajya kii shuruat key baad neenv brahmand mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. vibhinn lekhakon key upanyaas ("isaq asimov kaa" "robot city", "robot aur allion" aur "robot inn time" shrinkhala) "robot" shrinkhala seey shithil roop seey judey hue hain, lekin isamen asimov kii pustakon key saath kaee visangatiyan hain, aur aam taur parr "foundation" shrinkhala kaa hissa naheen maane jaate hain. navambar 2009 mein, isaq asimov estate ney "robot aur arajakta" key kaam karane vaale sheershak key tahat "aaee, robot" key liye ack prekwal key prakaashan kii ghoshana kii, joe fantasi lekhak miki zakar rechart dwara susan calvin kii visheshta vaali ack prekwal trayi mein pahala khand thaa. pahali pustak navambar 2011 mein "aaee, roboh too protect" sheershak key tahat prakaashit hui thee, isake baad 2013 mein "aaee, roboh too obi" aur 2016 mein "aaee, roboh too preserve" thaa. neenv" brahmand mein sthaapit kahaaniyan, jinamen anya lekhakon key kaam bhee shamil hain. nimnalikhit kritiyaan kalanukramik crum mein varnit hainh

foundation brahmanda foundation brahmaandavu sumaru 25,000 varshagala kaala vyaapisiruva manavakulada galaxy vasaahatushaahi bhavishyada itihaasavaagide, idu "robot", "galaxy saamraajya" mattu american lekhaka isaq asimov bareda "foundation" pustaka saraniya kramena sammilanada moolaka rachisalpattide. brahmandadalli sthaapisalaada kaaryagalu. asimov avara "grater foundation" sarani. robot", "saamraajya" mattu "foundation" saraniyannu vileenagolisuvudu. foundation" saraniyu asimov avara modala prakatita kadambari "pebal inn dhii skye" nanteye adhe brahmandadalli hondisalaagide, aadaagyoo "foundation" sumaru 10,000 varshagala nantara nadeyuttade. "akashadalli kallugallu" "galaxy saamraajya" saranige aadhaaravaayitu. nantara, kelavu agnaata dinankadandu (foundation anchu bareyuva modalu) asimov "foundation"/"galaxy saamraajya" saraniyannu tanna "robot" saraniyondige vileenagolisalu nirdharisidanu. heegaagi, ellah mooru saranigalu onde brahmandadalli sthaapitavaagive, avugalige 18 kaadambarigala ottu uddavannu mattu ottu sumaru 1,500,000 padagalannu niiduttave. ee vileenavu sumaru 20,000 varshagala saraniya kaalaavadhiyannu saha srushtisitu. "nakshatragalu, dhoolinante", paramanu yuddhada kaaranadindaagi bhumiyu vikiranasheelavaagide endu spashtavagi heluttade. ee grahikege brahmandada kaaranavendare, ee ghataneya aneka shatamanagala nantara bhoomalikaru idannu roopisidaru mattu idu avara grahagala itihaasada hecchina nashtadindaagi viroopagondittu endu asimov nantara vivarisidaru. ee krutiyannu samanyavagi "saamraajya" saraniya bhagavendu pariganisalaaguttade, aadare idu neravagi tranter athawa spacer lokagalannu ullekhisuvudilla. ondu patravu visi-soner annu hondide endu helalaaguttade, adhe sangeeta vaadyavannu vidooshakanu "foundation mattu saamraajya" dalli nudisuttaane. asimov "robot" saraniyannu tanna sarvavyaapi "foundation" saranialli samyojisi, aarr. daynell olivav ippattu savira varshagala nantara galaxy saamraajyada yugadalli matte kanisikolluttane, moola "foundation" trayamshakke anukramagalu mattu purvabhaavigalalli; mattu "robotgalu" saraniya antima pustakadalli, "robotgalu mattu saamraajya", asimov nantara saamraajyavannu rachisida prapanchagalu hege nelegondavu mattu bhumiyu hege vikiranasheelavaayitu embudannu vivarisuttade (idannu modalu "akashadalli kallugaddy" yalli ullekhisalaagide). nemesis" emba swatantra kadambariyu saha adhe nirantarateyallide; "forward dhii foundation" nalli ullekhisalaagide, allie hurry seldon "nemesis emba suryanannu suttuvarediruva idee grahadondige samvahana nadessabla obba yuvatiya ippattu savira varshagala katheyannu ullekhisuttade". nemesis" nalli spesargalu mattu avugala calender vyavasthe, galaxy saamraajya mattu harry seldangala bagegina maaruveshada ullekhagalu ive endu vyakhyanakararu gamanisidaru, ivugalannu uddeshapoorvakavaagi "adipaya" brahmandakke ekikaranada uddeshakkagi irisalaagide endu toruttade. asimov avara "lekhakara tippani" "adipayakke munnudi". adipayakke munnudi" emba padavu asimov avara vaignaanika kaalpanika pustakagala kaalaanukramavannu olagondide. asimov avara "robot", "saamraajya" mattu "foundation" saranigala pustakagalu bhavishyada ondu reetiya itihaasavannu niiduttave endu helidaru, idu bahushah, sampoornavaagi sthiravagilla, ekendare naanu sthirateyannu yojisalilla."asimov tanna pattiyalliruva pustakagalannu" "odabekaada kramadalli (bahushah) bareyalagilla" "endu saha gamanisidaru". lekhakara tippani" yalli, asimov "robotgalu mattu saamraajya" mattu "baahyaakaashada pravaahagala" naduve pustakakke avakaashavide mattu hechchuvari samputagalondige "foundation mattu arth" annu anusarisabahudu endu gamanisidaru. "foundation," "nemesis", "mattu" "dhii positronic myaan" "asimov avara pattiyalli kanisuvudilla, ekendare avu aaa samayadalli innoo prakatavagiralilla, mattu asimov avara pattiyalliruva saamraajyada kaadambarigala kramavu itara pattigalondige sampoornavaagi hondikeyaguvudilla". udaaharanege, "dhii robots off daan" naa mudranada 1983rahra balantine pustakagalu saamraajyada kaadambarigalannu "nakshatragalu, dhoolinante, baahyaakaashada pravaahagalu" mattu "akashadalli kallugallu" endu patti maaduttave. baahyaakaashada pravaahagalu" tranter annu olagondive mattu "nakshatragalu, dhoolinante" illa endu pariganisi, ee eradu pustakagalannu asimov avara pattiyalli aakasmikavaagi tirugisalaagide. brahmandadalli sthaapitavaada swatantra kaadambarigalu. adipayakke munnudi" emba "lekhakara tippani" yalli ullekhisadiddaroo, "shaashvatateya antya" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), mattu "dhii pacitronic myaan" (1992) (robbert silverberg bareda) kaadambarigalu dodda adipaya saranige sambandhisive. "shaashvatateya antyavannu" "adipayagala anchinalli" aspashtavagi ullekhisalaagide, allie ondu patravu shaashvatateyannu ullekhisuttade, avara "" kaaryavu maanaveeyatege hecchu sooktavaada vastavavannu ayke maaduvudu ". ("shaashvatateya antya" vu adara katheyolage "galaxy saamraajya" vannu saha soochisuttade.) asimov swatah "adipayadinda adipayakke" saranialli "shaashvatateya antya" vannu ullekhisalilla. nemesis" ge sambandhisidante, idannu "adipayakke munnudi" endu bareyalaagide, aadare lekhakara tippaniyalli asimov spashtavagi pustakavu "foundation" athawa "saamraajya" saraniya bhagavalla, aadare ondu dina avanu adannu itararondige jodisabahudu endu heluttaane. foundation annu munnadesi" emba krutiyalli, hurry seldon "nemesis emba suryanannu suttuvarediruva idee grahadondige samvahana nadesabahudaada" 20 savira varshada yuvatiya katheyannu ullekhisuttaane, idu "nemesis" emba ullekhavaagide. nemesis" nalli, mukhya vasaahatu aivattu vasaahatugalalli ondaagide, idu ondu rajyavannu roopisuva kakshiya vasaahatugala sangrahavaagide. aivattu vasaahatugalu bahushah "robot" kathegalalli aivattu spacer lokagalige aadhaaravaagiddavu. bhumiya-horagina vasaahatugala nivasigalu bhumiya-horagina manushyarinda berpaduttiddaare emba "nemesis" naa koneyalli iruva arthavu maark doubleu nalliruva spesargala bagge idhe reetiya arthavannu saha hondirabahudu. timen "robot" pustakagalu. alasdare wilkins prakara, gijmododalli post maadalaada charcheyalli, "asimov vichitra, andaakaarada ranchanegalannu sampoornavaagi ishtapaduttaane. avara ellah mooru rabat allada/foundation vaignaanika kaadambarigalu-"shaashvatateya antya", "devarugalu swatah" mattu "nemesis"-kaalaanukramavallada niroopanegala mele hecchu olavu hondiddaru, mattu avaru adannu "devarugalu swatah" emba utsaahadinda maaduttaare." dhii robots off daan" nalli, daa. hyaan fastalf "dhii bicentanial myaan" (1976) katheyannu sankshiptavaagi sankshiptagolisuttaane, idannu nantara robbert silverberg avaru "dhii pacitronic myaan" (1992) kaadambariyalli vistarisidaru. brahmandadalli sthaapisalaada kaaryagalu. adipayakke munnudi" emba padavu asimov avara vaignaanika kaalpanika pustakagala kaalaanukramavannu olagondide. asimov tanna "robot", "galaxy saamraajya" mattu "foundation" saranigala pustakagalu bhavishyada ondu reetiya itihaasavannu niiduttave endu helidaru, idu bahushah sampoornavaagi sthiravagilla, ekendare naanu praarambhadalli sthirateyannu yojisalilla."asimov tanna pattiyalliruva pustakagalannu" "odabekaada kramadalli (bahushah) bareyalagilla" "endoo gamanisidaru"." ee kelagina krutigalannu kaalaanukramadalli niroopanegala prakara patti maadalaagide itara lekhakaru vistarisida saranige koduge niiduttaare. asimov avara kaadambarigalu galaxy saamraajyavaagalu adipaya haakalu tegedukolluva nirikshita 1,000 varshagala paiki kevala 500 varshagalannu olagondive. asimov kaalapattiyannu munduvarisada nantara kaadambarigalannu bareyalaayitu, aadare hindina kathegalallina antaravannu tumbalu prayatnisidaru. aaa kaalada aneka pramukha vaignaanika kadambari lekhakaru bareda sanna kathegala sangrahavaada 1989rahra 'foundation sneehitaru' yalli 'foundation' brahmaandavannu mattomme maruparisheelisalaayitu. orson scott cardna "dhii originist" seldon maranada swalpa samayada nantara eradane adipayavannu sthaapisuvudannu spashtapadisuttade; harry turtledove avara "tranter falls" saamraajyashahi rajadhani mattu eradane adipayavannu vajagolisuva samayadalli ulidukollalu eradane adipaya maadida prayatnagala bagge heluttade; mattu georg zebrowski "foundation atmasakshiyu" eradane galaxy saamraajyada udayada nantara seldon kelasavannu daakhalisalu itihaasakaarara prayatnagala bagge heluttade. heluttade tanna maranada swalpa samayada modalu, asimov avaru "robotgalu mattu saamraajya" mattu saamraajya saraniya naduvina colliban trayam endu kareyalpaduva roser mcbride alen avara mooru kaadambarigala rooparekheyannu anumodisidaru. colliban trayanjiyu spacer worled infernoda bhoopradeshavannu vivarisuttade, idu parisara bikkattu spesargalannu tamma samskrutiya aneka deerghakaalada bhagagalannu tyajisalu ottaayisuva grahavagide. asimov avara nantarada pustakagalu roboticsna mooru niyamagala bagge vyaktapadisuva anishchitategalannu mattu nirdishtavagi sampoornavaagi robotic samskrutiyu manava upakramavannu kelamattakkilisuva vidhaanavannu alen avara kaadambarigalu pratidhvanisuttave. asimov avara maranada nantara mattu johnet asimov mattu asimov estatena pratinidhiya korikeya merege, ralf wikinanza avaru gregori benford avarannu samparkisi mattondu "foundation" katheyannu bareyalu kelikondaru. avaru antimavagi oppidaru, mattu wikinanza mattu "[ee] yojaneya bagge halavaaru lekhakarondige matanadida nantara", asimov mattu savaalu maadada taantrika saamarthyadinda vyaapakavaagi prabhaavitaraada ibbaru kathina esf barahagaararondige ondu trikonakkagi yojaneyannu roopisidaruh gregg karadi mattu david brin."foundation bhaya" (1997) asimov avara eradane prickwell kadambariya bhaaga ondu mattu bhaaga eradu, "" foundation annu mundakke ""; "" foundation mattu avyavasthe "" (1998) annu adhe samayadalli "" foundation "" modala adhyayadalli hinneleyannu tumbuttade; "" foundation vijaya "" (1999) foundationnige holographic sandeshagala recording annu anusarisi nelavannu olagondide, mattu halavaaru sadila tudigalannu ottige jodisuttade ". ee pustakagalu eega ottaareyaagi "eradane adipaya" trayanti endu kelavaru helikolluttaare, aadaagyoo avu modale astitvadalliruva purvabhavi mattu hindina kelavu adipaya kathaahandaragalalli serisalpattive mattu samanyavagi hosa trayanti endu gurutisalagilla. foundation vijaya" dha ondu upasamhaaradalli, brin avaru swatah athawa bere lekhakanu "foundation vijaya" kke mattondu uttarabhaagavannu bareyuvudannu uhisikollabahudendu gamanisidaru, hurry seldon katheyu innoo purnagondilla emba bhavane. nantara avaru tamma jaalataanadalli antaha pustakada praarambhavannu prakatisidaru. teeraa ittichege, asimov estate maark doubleu moolaka robot mysteriesna mattondu trayantara prakatanege adhikara needitu. tyman. asimov avara "robotgalu mattu saamraajya" dha halavaaru varshagala modalu nadeyuva ee kaadambarigalu "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001), mattu "aurora" (2002). ivugalannu anusarisi alexander sii emba mattondu robot nigoodhate kandubanditu. tyman trayamna aidu varshagala nantara irvinna "robot ide, prayanisuttade" (2004). (2004), donald kingsbury avaru eradane saamraajyada aarambhada nantara vishvadalli adipaya haakida "psychohystorical crisis" emba kaadambariyannu prakatisidaru. vividha lekhakara kaadambarigalu (isaq asimov avara "robot city", robotgalu mattu videshiyaru mattu "robot inn time" saranigalu) robot saraniyondige sadilavaagi samparka hondive, aadare asimov avara pustakagalondige aneka asangatategalannu hondive, mattu samanyavagi "foundation" saraniya bhagavendu pariganisalaaguvudilla. 2009rahra novembernalli, isaq asimov estate "robots mattu avyavasthe" emba shirshikeyadiyalli "aii, robot" ge prickwell annu prakatisuvudaagi ghoshisitu, idu fantacy lekhaka miki jakkar reachart avara susanne calvin annu olagonda prickwell trikonada modala samputavaagide. modala pustakavannu november 2011 ralli "aii, robot tuu protect" emba shirshikeyadiyalli prakatisalaayitu, nantara 2013 ralli "aii, robot tuu obee" mattu 2016 ralli "aii, robot tuu preserve" emba shirshikeyadiyalli prakatisalaayitu. itara lekhakara krutigalu seridante "adipaya" brahmandadalli kathegalu. ee kelagina krutigalannu kaalaanukramadalli niroopanegala prakara patti maadalaagide

foundeshan prapancham american ezhuthukaaranaaya isak asimov ezhuthiya "robot", "gaalaktik saamrajyam", "foundeshan" pusthaka parambara ennivayude kramanugathamaaya samyojanathiloode srishtikkappetta ekadesham 25,000 varshatholam neenduninna galaxy manushyaraashiyude kolanivalkkaranatthinte bhaavi charitramaanu foundeshan yoonivezhs. prapanchatthil sthaapichirikkunna pravrithikal. asimovinte "grettar foundeshan" seerees. robot", "saamrajyam", "foundeshan" seereesukal enniva samyojippikkunnu. foundeshan" parambara asimovinte aadyathe prasidheekaricha novalaaya "pebble inn dhaa skye" yude athe prapanchatthilaanu sajjeekarichirikkunnath, ennirunnaalum "foundeshan" ekadesham 10,000 varshangalkk sheshamaan nadakkunnathu. "aakaashathile kallukal" "gaalaktik saamrajyam" parambarayude adisthaanamaayi maari. thudarnnu, chila anjjaathamaaya theeyathikalil (foundeshante edju ezhuthunnathinu munbu) asimov "foundeshan"/"gaalaktik empire" seereesine thante "robot" seereesumaayi layippikkaan theerumaanichu. athinaal, moonnu parambarakalum ore prapanchatthil sajjeekarichirikkunnu, avaykku 18 novalukalude samyojitha dairkhyavum motham ekadesham 1,500,000 vaakkukalum nalkunnu. eee layanam ekadesham 20,000 varshathe parambarayude oru kalaparidhiyum srishtichu. "nakshathrangal, podipole" oru aanavayudham kaaranam bhoomi radio aakdeevaanenn vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunnu. sambhavathin noottaandukalkku sesham bhoomiyile manushyar roopappeduthiyathaanu eee daaranayude kaaranamennum avarude grahacharithrathinte bhooribhaagavum nashtappettathinaal ithu valachodikkappettuvennum asimov pinneedu vishadeekarichu. eee kruthi pothuve "saamrajya" parambarayude bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, pakshe traantarineyo spacer lokangaleyo nerittu paraamarsikkunnilla. oru kathaapaathrathin oru visi-soonar undennu parayappedunnu, "foundeshanum saamrajyavum" ennathil komali magnifico avatharippikkunna athe sangeetha upakaranam. asimov robot seereesine thante sarvvyaapiyaaya "foundeshan" seereesilekk samyojippichu aarr undaakki. irupathinaayiram varshangalkk sesham gaalaktik saamraajyathinte kaalaghattatthil, yadhaartha "foundeshan" thrayam thudarchakalilum thudarchakalilum, robottukal parambarayude avasana pusthakatthil, "robottukalum saamrajyavum", asimov pinneedu saamrajyam roopeekaricha lokangal engane sthirathaamasamaakkiyennum bhoomi engane radio active aayitheernnuvennum (ithu "aakaashathile kallukalil" aadyamaayi paraamarshichirunnu) vivarikkunnu. nemesis" enna otappetta novalum athe thudarchayilaanu; "forwade dhaa foundeshan" ennathil paraamarshikkappedunnu, avide haari seldon irupathiyaayiram vayassulla oru kathaye paraamarsikkunnu, "nemesis enna sooryane chuttunna oru grahavumaayi muzhuvan ashayavinimayam nadatthaan kazhiyunna oru yuvathikale". nemesis" ll spacerukalekkurichum avayude kalandar samvidaanathekkurichum gaalaktik saamraajyathekkurichum haari seldanekurichum polum veshammattiya paraamarshangal adangiyittundennu vimarshakar abhiprayappettu, avaa "foundeshan" prapanchavumaayi pinneedu samyojippikkunnathinayi manahpoorvvam sthaapichathaayi thonnunnu. foundeshante aamukham" ennathil asimovinte "rachayithaavinte kuripp". foundeshante aamukham" enna aamukhathil asimovinte shaasthrakathaya pusthakangalude kaalakramam adangiyirikkunnu. thante "robot", "saamrajyam", "foundeshan" seereesukal ennivayude pusthakangal bhaaviyekkurichulla orutharam charithram vaagdaanam cheiyunnuvennu asimov prasthaavichu, athu orupakshe poornnamaayum sthirathayalla, kaaranam njaan sthiratha aasoothranam cheythirunnilla."thante listtile pusthakangal" "vaayikkenda kramatthilalla (orupakshe) ezhuthappettirikkunnathu asimov abhiprayappettu". robottukalum saamrajyavum", "bahiraakaashathinte pravaahangalum" ennivaykkidayil oru pusthakathinu edamundennum adhika vaalyangal upayogichu "foundeshanum bhoomiyum" pinthudaraan kazhiyumennum "rachayithaavinte kurippil" asimov abhiprayappettu. "foundeshan," "nemesis", "" "positronic maan" "enniva asimovinte pattikayil kaanapedunnilla, kaaranam avaa akkaalat ithuvare prasidheekarichittil, koodaathe asimovinte pattikayile saamrajya novalukalude kramam mattu listukalumaayi poornnamaayum poruthappedunnilla". udaaharanathinu, "prabhaathatthile robottukal" ennathinte achadikkunna 1983 leeii balantine pusthakangal saamrajya novalukale pattikappeduthunnu "podipolulla nakshathrangal, bahirakasha pravaahangal", "aakaashathile kallukal". bahirakasha pravahangalil" traantar ulppedunnu, "nakshathrangal, podi pole" illa ennathinaal, eee rund pusthakangalum asimovinte pattikayil abadhathil thirichuvannirikkaam. prapanchatthinte pashchaathalatthilulla otappetta novalukal. aamukham foundeshan" enna "rachayithaavinte kurippil" paraamarshichittillenkum, "dhii end oof ettarnitti" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), "dhii positronic maan" (1992) (roobert silverberg ezhuthiyathu) ennee novalukal grettar foundeshan seereesumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. "nithyathayude avasaanam" "enna vaakk" "aditharayude attathu" "avyakthamaayi paraamarshikkappedunnu, avide oru kathaapaathram nithyathaye paraamarsikkunnu," "manushyaraashiykk ettavum anuyojyamaaya oru yaadhaarthyam thiranjedukkuka" "ennathaayirunnu avarude chumatala". ("nithyathayude avasaanam" ennathu athinte kathaykkullile oru "gaalaktik saamraajyathe" soochippikkunnu.) asimov thanne "aamukham muthal adithara vare" enna parambarayude pattikayil "nithyathayude avasaanam" paraamarshichittilla. nemesis" enna pusthakatthe sambandhichidatholam, "foundeshante aamukham" ennathinu sheshamaan ithu ezhuthiyathu, ennaal rachayithaavinte kurippil asimov vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunnath eee pusthakam "foundeshan" allengil "empire" parambarayude bhagamallennum, pakshe oru divasam addeham athine mattullavarumayi bandhippichekkaamennum aanu. foundeshan munnott" ennathil, haari seldon "nemesis" enna sooryane parikramanam cheytha oru grahavumaayi muzhuvan ashayavinimayam nadatthaan kazhiyunna oru 20,000 vayassulla sthreeyude kathaye paraamarsikkunnu, ithu "nemesis" ennathine paraamarsikkunnu. nemesis" ennathil, oru samsthaanam roopeekarikkunna bhramanapatha kolanikal ulkkollunna ambathu vaasasthalangalil onnaanu pradhana koolani. robot" kathakalile ambathu spacer lokangalude adisthaanamaayirikkaam ambathu vaasasthalangal. bhoomiyude puram kolanikalile nivaasikal bhoomiyil ninnu akannupookunnu enna "nemesis"-nte avasaanathil ulla soochanayum maarkk dablyu-leeii spacerukalekkurichulla samanamaaya soochanayumaayi bandhippikkam. timante "robot" pusthakangal. alasdair wilkins parayunnathanusarichu, gismodoyil poost cheytha oru charchayil, "asimov vichithravum deerghavrithaakrithiyilullathu gadanakale theerthum eshtappedunnu. addehathinte robot allatha/foundeshan sayans fiction novalukal-"nithyathayude avasaanam", "daivangal thanne", "sathrutha"-kaalakramamillaatha aakhyaanangalil valareyadhikam aasrayikkukayum "daivangal thanne" enna aaveshathode athu cheyyukayum cheiyunnu." prabhaathatthile robottukal" ennathil doow. hahn faastolph "dhii baisenteniyal maan" (1976) enna kathaye hrasvamaayi samgrahikkunnu, athu pinneedu roobert silverberg "dhii positronic maan" (1992) enna novalilekk vipuleekarichu. prapanchatthil sajjeekarichirikkunna pravrithikal. foundeshante aamukham" enna aamukhathil asimovinte shaasthrakathaya pusthakangalude kaalakramam adangiyirikkunnu. thante "robot", "gaalaktik saamrajyam", "foundeshan" seerees ennivayude pusthakangal bhaaviyekkurichulla orutharam charithram vaagdaanam cheiyunnuvennu asimov prasthaavichu, athu orupakshe poornnamaayum sthirathayalla, kaaranam njaan thudakkathil sthiratha aasoothranam cheythirunnilla."thante pattikayile pusthakangal" vaayikkenda kramatthilalla ezhuthiyathennum asimov abhiprayappettu." thaazhepparayunna kruthikal kaalakramatthil vivaranamanusarichu pattikappeduthiyittundu vipuleekaricha parambarayil sambhavana cheiyunna mattu ezhuthukaar. adithara oru tarapatha saamraajyamaakaan edukkunna 1,000 varshangalil 500 varshangal maathramaan asimovinte novalukal ulkkollunnath. asimov timeline thudarnnilla, marichu munkaala kathakalile vidavukal nikathaan sramichathinu sheshamaan novalukal ezhuthiyathu. akkaalathe niravadhi pramukha shaasthrakathaya rachayithakkal ezhuthiya cherukathaasamaahaaramaaya 1989-leeii 'foundations fronds'-ll 'foundeshan' prapancham veendum avalokanam cheythu. seldante maranashesham udan thanne randaamathe foundeshan sthaapichathine oorsan scott kaardinte "dhii orijinist" vyakthamaakkunnu; haari turtledovinte "traantar falls" saamraajyathva thalasthaanavum randaamathe foundeshante bhavanavumaaya traantar pirichuvidunna samayat athijeevikkaan randaamathe foundeshan nadatthiya sramangalekkurichu parayunnu; jorjju seabrowsky "foundeshante manassakshi" randaamathe gaalaktik saamraajyathinte uyarchayethudarnnu seldante pravartthanangal rekhappeduthaanulla oru charithrakaarante sramangalekkurichaanu. 1992ll marikkunnathin thottumunbu, "robottukalum saamrajyavum" thammilulla caliban thrayam ennariyappedunna rogger mcbride aalante moonnu novalukalude rooparekha asimov amgeekarichu. caliban thrayam spacer waled furnoyude terraformingine vivarikkunnu, oru paaristhithika prathisandhi spezhsine avarude samskaarathinte deerghakaalamaayi eshtappedunna niravadhi bhagangal upekshikkaan nirbandhithamaakkunna oru graham. roboticsinte moonnu niyamangalekkurichum prathyekichu oru samboornna roboticised samskaarathin manushyante samrambhathe tharamthaazhthaanaakunna reethiyekurichum asimovinte pilkkala pusthakangal prakadippikkunna anishchithathvangale aalante novalukal prathidhwanikkunnu. asimovinte maranashesham jaanett asimovinteyum asimov estettinte prathinidhiyudeyum abhyarthana maanich ralph vikinansa gregory benfordine sameepikkukayum mattoru "foundeshan" katha ezhuthaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. oduvil addeham sammathikkukayum, visinaansayodoppam "[padhathiyekkurichu] niravadhi ezhuthukaarodu samsaarichathinusesham", "asimov vishaalamaayi swaadheenichathum velluvilikal neridaathathumaaya rund kadinamaaya ezz. eph ezhuthukaare ulkkollunna oru thrayam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu gregg bear, david brin."asimovinte randaamathe prekwell novalaaya" "forwade dhaa foundeshan" "enna novalinte onnaam bhaagathinum randaam bhaagathinum idayil kaalakramatthil nadakkunnathaanu" "foundations fear" "(1997);" "foundeshan aandu kaas" "(1998) pashchaathalatthil niraykkunna" "foundeshan" "enna aadya adhyaayathinte athe samayathaan sajjeekarichirikkunnath; foundeshanilekkulla holographic sandeshangal recorducheythathinu sesham" "foundations vijayam" "(1999) aditharaye ulkkollunnu, koodaathe niravadhi ayanja attangal bandhippikkunnu". eee pusthakangal ippol koottaayi oru "second foundeshan" thrayam aanennu chilar avakaashappedunnu, ennirunnaalum avaa munkootty nilavilulla prekwalsilum munkaala foundeshan storeelainukalilum ulppeduthiyittundu, mathramalla oru puthiya thrayam aayi pothuve amgeekarikkappedunnilla. foundeshante vijayam" ennathinte oru upasamhaarathil, haari seldante katha ithuvare poortthiyaayittillenn thonniya brin, "foundeshante vijayam" cherkkunnathinaayi mattoru thudarcha ezhuthunnathu thano mattoru ezhuthukaarano aanennu sangalppikkaan kazhiyumennu abhiprayappettu. atharamoru pusthakatthinte arambham addeham pinneedu thante websaittil prasidheekarichu. aduthide, asimov estettu maarkk dablyu robot nigoodathakalude mattoru thrayam prasidheekarikkaan amgeekaaram nalki. tyman. asimovinte "robottukalum saamrajyavum" enna novalukalkku niravadhi varshangalkk munbu nadakkunna eee novalukal "mirej" (2000), "chimera" (2001), "aurora" (2002) ennivayaanu. ithine thudarnnu alexander sii enna mattoru robot nigoodatha koodi undaayi. tyman thrayam anchu varshathinu sesham sajjeekaricha irvinte "haav robot, will traval" (2004). 2001ll donald kingsbury randaam saamraajyathinte thudakkathinushesham aditharayulla prapanchatthinte pashchaathalatthilulla "psychohistorical crisis" enna noval prasidheekarichu. vividha rachayithaakkalude novalukal (isak asimovinte "robot sitti", "robottukalum anyagrahajeevikalum", "robottukal inn time" seereesukal) robot seereesumaayi ayanja bandhamullavayaan, ennaal asimovinte pusthakangalumayi niravadhi poruthakkedukal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi "foundeshan" seereesinte bhaagamaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla. 2009 novemberil, aisak asimov estettu "robottukalum araajakathvavum" enna working taittil keezhil "aii, robot" enna prekwell prasidheekarikkunnathaayi prakhyaapichu, faantasi ezhuthukaaranaaya mikki sukkar reachertinte susanne calvin avatharippikkunna prekwell thrayam. aii, robota tuu prottakt" enna thalakkettil 2011 novemberil aadyathe pusthakam prasidheekarikkukayum thudarnnu 2013ll "aii, robota tuu oobee", 2016ll "aii, robota tuu prijar" ennee perukalil pusthakam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. mattu rachayithaakkalude kruthikal ulppede "foundeshan" prapanchatthil sajjeekarichirikkunna kathakal. thaazhepparayunna kruthikal kaalakramatthil vivaranamanusarichu pattikappeduthiyittundu

vishvacha paya paya vishva haah manavatechya aakashgangechya vasahatikaranacha bhavishyatil itihas aahe, joou sumare 25,000 varshe pasarlela aahe, joou american lekhak isaq asimov yanni lihilelya 'robot', 'galactic samrajya' aanee 'foundation' pustakanchya malikechya haloohaloo mishranadware tayar keela gela aahe. vishvat sthapit keleli kaame. asimovchi 'grater foundation' malika. robot', 'samrajya' aanee 'paya' malika villin karane. paya' malika asimovchya pahilya prakashit kadambari 'pebal inn daad skye' sarkhyach vishvat seet kelee gelee aahe, jaree 'paya' sumare 10,000 varshannantar ghadato. "aakashatil dagad' haah 'aakashgangechya samrajyacha' malikecha aadhar banala. tyanantar, kahee adnyat tarkhela ('foundationchi dhaar' lihinyapurvi) asimovne 'foundation'/'galactic empire' malika tyachya 'robot' maliket villin karnyacha nirnay ghetala. asha prakare, tinhi malika ekach vishvat mandalya gelya aahet, jyamule tyanna 18 lekhakanchyanchee ektrit lambi aanee ekoon sumare 1,500,000 shabd midatat. vilinikaranane sumare 20,000 varshanchya malikecha kalavadhi dekhil tayar keela. "taare, dhoolasarkhe" spashtapane sangatat qee anuyuddhamule pruthvi kiranotsargi aahe. asimovne nantar spasht kele qee yaa aakalanache vishvatil kaaran mhanje yaa ghatanenantar anek shatkannantar pruthvivaril lokanni heey tayar kele hote aanee tyanchya grahancha barachsa itihas gamavalyamule teey vikrut jhaale hote. heey kaam samanyatah 'samrajya' malikecha bhag manale jaate, parantu tyat thet tranter kinwa spacer worldcha ullekh nahee. eka patrat vizzy-soner asey mhatale jaate, tech sangeet vadya jeey jokar magnificone 'paya aanee samrajya' madhye vajavale aahe. asimovne 'robot' malika tyachya sarvasamaveshak 'paya' maliket ektrit kelee, jyamule aar. daniil oliva heey vees hazar varshannantar aakashgangechya samrajyachya yugat punha mool 'paya' trayichya pudhil bhaganmadhye aanee purvavarti bhaganmadhye disatat; aanee 'yantramanav' malikechya antim pustakat, 'yantramanav aanee samrajya', asimov yanni nantar samrajya nirman karnare jug kase sthayik jhaale aanee pruthvi kashee kiranotsargi jhaali (jyacha ullekh 'aakashatil dagad' madhye pahilyanda karnyat aala hota) yache varnan kele aahe. nemesis' hii swatantra kadambari dekhil tyach satatyamadhye aahe; 'forward daad foundation' madhye sandarbhit kelee jaat aahe, jithe 'harry seldon' hii 'nemesis navachya suryabhovati pradakshina pradakshina sampoorn grahashi sanvad sadhu shakanari eka tarun stree' yaa vees hazar varshanchya kathecha sandarbh dete. tikakaranni namood kele qee 'nemesis' madhye spacers aanee tyanchi dindarshika pranali, aakashgangeche samrajya aanee agadi harry seldonche dekhil kvachitach prachchann sandarbh aahet jeey nantarchya 'paya' vishvat ekikaran karnyachya uddeshane jaanunbujun thewale gele aahet asey disate. asimovchi 'lekhakachi nond' hii 'foundationchi prastavna' madhye aahe. payathyachi prastavna' yaa prastavnet asimovchya vidnyan katha pustakancha kalkramanusar kram aahe. asimovne mhatale qee tyachya 'robot', 'samrajya' aanee 'paya' maliketil pustake bhavishyacha eka prakarcha itihas detat, joou kadachit purnapane susangat nahee, kaaran mea suruvatila susangatateche niyojan kele navhate."asimovne asehi namood kele qee tyachya yaditil pustake" "jyaa kramane (kadachit) vachali pahijet tyaa kramane lihili gelee navhati". lekhakachya nondit' asimovne namood kele qee 'yantramanav aanee samrajya' aanee 'antaralatil pravah' yanchyat eka pustakasathi jaaga aahe aanee too atirikt khandansah 'paya aanee pruthvi' chey anusaran karoo shakato. "paya pudhe," "nemesis" "aanee" "sakaratmak manus" asimovchya yadeet disat naheet, kaaran teey tyaa velee adyap prakashit jhaale navhate aanee asimovchya yaditil samrajya lekhakanchyanchaa kram itar yadyanshi purnapane susangat nahee ". udaharanarth, 'daad robots auph donn' chya chhapil chhapil balantine pustakanmadhye samrajyachya lekhakanchyanchee yadee ashee aaheh 'dhoolasarkhe taare, antaralatil pravah' aanee 'aakashatil dagad'. avkashatil pravahanmadhye" trantercha samavesh aahe aanee "taare, dhoolasarkhe" naheet heey lakshat gheta, hii done pustake kadachit asimovchya yadeet chukun ulatali hotee. vishvavar aadharit swatantra lekhakanchya. prelude too foundation' yaa 'lekhakachya nondit' ullekh nasla taree 'daad end auph atternity' (1955), 'nemesis' (1989) aanee 'daad positronic mann' (1992) (robbert silverberg yanni lihilelya) yaa lekhakanchya mothya paya malikeshi sambandhit aahet. "shashvatatecha shevat" haah "payachya kathavar" aspashtapane sandarbhit keela jaato, jithe eka patra shashvatatecha ullekh karate, jyache "" karya manavatesathi sarvat yogya asel asey vastav nivadane hote ". ('anantkalacha shevat' haah tyachya katheteel 'aakashgangechya samrajyacha' dekhil sandarbh deto.) asimovne swatah "prastavna teey paya" yaa malikechya yadeet "anantkalacha shevat" yacha ullekh keela nahee. nemesis" sathee, teey "foundationchi prastavna" nantar lihile gele hote, parantu lekhakachya tippaneet asimov spashtapane sangato qee heey pustak "foundation" kinwa "empire" malikecha bhag nahee, parantu eke divashi too teey itaranshi jodu shakato. forward daad foundation' madhye, 'harry seldon' hii 'nemesis' navachya suryabhovati pradakshina pradakshina sampoorn grahashi sanvad sadhu shakanari eka tarun stree 'yaa' nemesis 'chya sandarbhatil 20 hazar varshanchya kathecha sandarbh dete. nemesis" madhye, mukhya vasahat hii pannas vasahatinpaiki eka aahe, jee eka rajya tayar tayar kakshiy vasahatincha sangrah aahe. robot' kathanmadhil pannas antaral jagacha aadhar kadachit pannas vasahati hotya. pruthvibaheril vasahatinche rahivasi pruthvila lagoon asalelya manavanpasun vegale hott aahet yaa 'nemesis' chya shevati asalelya parinamacha sambandh marqa doubleu madheel spesarbaddalachya ashach parinamashi dekhil jodala jaau shakato. tymanchi 'robot' pustake. alasdair wilkinschya matey, gizmodover poost kelelya charchet, "asimovla vichitra, lambvartulakar rachana purnapane aavadatat. daad end auph atternity', 'daad gods self' aanee 'nemesis' yaa tyanchya tinhi naun-robbot/foundation vidnyan katha lekhakanchyanmadhye kalanukramik nasalelya kathanvar bharr denyat aala aahe aanee teey 'daad gods self' madhye utsahane karatat." daad robots auph morning' madhye dow. hahn fastolf yanni 'daad bicentanial mann' (1976) yaa kathecha thodakyat saransh deela aahe, jyacha vistar nantar robbert silverberg yanni 'daad positronic mann' (1992) yaa kadambarimadhye keela. vishvat sthapit keleli kaame. payathyachi prastavna' yaa prastavnet asimovchya vidnyan katha pustakancha kalkramanusar kram aahe. asimovne mhatale qee tyachya 'robot', 'galactic samrajya' aanee 'paya' maliketil pustake bhavishyacha eka prakarcha itihas detat, joou kadachit purnapane susangat nahee, kaaran mea suruvatila susangatatechi yojana aakhali navhati."asimovne asehi namood kele qee tyachya yaditil pustake" jyaa kramane (kadachit) vachali pahijet tyaa kramane lihili gelee navhati." khaleel kaame varnanatmak kramane soochibaddha kelee aahet. vistarit maliket yogdan denare itar lekhak. asimovchya lekhakanchyanmadhye aakashgangeche samrajya honyasathi honyasathi apekshit 1,000 varshanpaiki keval 500 varshe samavisht aahet. asimovne kalmaryada pudhe naan takata purvichya kathanmadhil truti bharoon kadhanyacha prayatna kelyanantar yaa lekhakanchya lihilya gelya. 1989 chya 'foundationchya mitranmadhye', tyaa kalatil anek pramukh vidnyan katha lekhakanni lihilelya laghukathancha sangrah, 'foundation' vishvachi punha ekada punaravrutti karnyat aalee. aurson scott kardchya 'daad originist' neey seldonchya mrutyunantar lagechach asimovchya payachi sthapana spasht kelee aahe; harry turtledovchya 'tranter fauls' madhye asimovchya sansthene, shahee rajdhani aanee asimovchya sanstheche ghar, tranterchya barkhastidarmyan tikoon rahnyachya prayatnambaddal sangitale aahe; aanee george zebrowskichya 'foundationcha vivek' haah asimovchya aakashgangechya samrajyachya udayanantar seldonchya karyache dastaivajikaran karnyachya itihaskaranchya prayatnambaddal aahe. tasech, 1992 madhye tyachya mrutyuchya kahee kaal aadhi, asimovne rogger mcbride elen yanchya teen lekhakanchyansathee rupareshela manjuri dilee, jyala caliban trayi mhanoon olakhale jaate, jee 'yantramanav aanee samrajya' aanee samrajya malikedarmyanchi aahe. caliban trayimadhye spacer world fernonchya bhupradesh nirmitiche varnan kele aahe, eka assa grah jithe paryavaraniy sankat spacerna tyanchya sanskratiche anek dirghkalapasun aavadanare bhag sodoon denyas bhag padate. allenchya lekhakanchyanmadhye asimovchya nantarchya pustakanmadhye roboticschya teen niyamambaddal aanee visheshtah purnapane yantrachalit sanskruti manvi pudhakarala kase qamee karoo shakate yabaddal vyakt kelelya anishchitateche pratidhvanit hote. asimovchya mrutyunantar aanee genette asimov aanee asimov estatechya pratinidhichya vinantivarun, ralf wikinanza yanni gregory benford yanchyakade sampark sadhala aanee tyanna aanakhi eka 'paya' katha lihinyas sangitale. akheris tyane hokar deela aanee visinanza aanee "[yaa] prakalpabaddal anek lekhakanshi bolalyanantar", "asimovne vyapakpane prabhavit kelelya aanee aavhanatmak nasalelya tantrik kshamatechya done kathor ess. eff. lekhakansah gregg aswal aanee david brin yaa trayichi yojana tayar kelee."" "foundationchi bheeti" "(1997) asimovchya asimovchya prequel kadambarichya bhag eka aanee bhag done, 'forward daad foundation' darmyan kalkramanusar ghadate; 'foundation andd caros' (1998) heey 'foundation' chya pahilya adhyayachya parshvabhumivar seet kele aahe, parshvabhoomi bharoon; 'foundationcha vijay' (1999) haah paya payashi holographic sandeshanchya dhvanimudranantarcha bhag vyapato aanee anek sutalelya tokanna jodato". hii pustake aata kahijan ektritpane 'dusari payabharani' trayi asalyacha dawa karatat, jaree tee aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya purv-bhaganmadhye aanee purvichya kahee payabharani kathanmadhye samavisht kelee gelee aahet aanee samanyatah naveen trayi mhanoon olakhali jaat naheet. foundationchya vijaya' chya upasamharat, 'foundationchya vijay' madhye bharr ghalanyasathi too swatachi kinwa vegalya lekhakachi aanakhi eka uttarbhag lihinyachi kalpana karoo shakato, asey vatat hote qee harry seldonchi katha adyap purn jhaleli nahee. nantar tyanni tyanchya sanketsthalavar asha pustakachi sambhavya suruvat prakashit kelee. agadi alikade, asimov eastatene marqa doubleu. dware robot mistridgechya aanakhi eka trayichya prakashanas adhikrut kele. tyman. asimovchya 'robot andd empire' chya anek varshanpurvi varshanpurvi yaa lekhakanchya 'miraj' (2000), 'chimera' (2001) aanee 'arora' (2002) aahet. tyanantar alekzandar see. heey aanakhi eka robot rahasy aale. irvincha 'hav robot, will travel' (2004), tyman trayichya paach varshannantar seet keela gela aahe. 2001 madhye, donald kingsburyne dusare samrajya suru jhalyanantar payabhoot vishvavar aadharit 'cycohistorical crisis' hii kadambari prakashit kelee. vividh lekhakanchya lekhakanchya (isaq asimovchya 'robot ciity', 'robots andd ellions' aanee 'robots inn time' malika) 'robot' malikeshi shithilpane jodalelya aahet, parantu tyat asimovchya pustakanshi anek visangati aahet aanee samanyatah 'foundation' malikecha bhag manalya jaat naheet. november 2009 madhye, isaq asimov eastatene 'robots andd caos' yaa karyakari shirshakakhali 'aay, robot' chya prequelchya prakashanachi ghoshana kelee, joou kalpanik lekhak miki zukar reshert yanni susanne calvincha samavesh asalelya prequel trayitil pahila khand aahe. pahile pustak november 2011 madhye 'aay, roboh too protect' yaa shirshakakhali prakashit jhaale, tyanantar 2013 madhye 'aay, roboh too obii' aanee 2016 madhye 'aay, roboh too preserve' heey pustak prakashit jhaale. itar lekhakanchya kamansah 'paya' vishvat mandalya gelelya katha. khaleel kaame varnanatmak kramane soochibaddha kelee aahet.

foundation brahmand americi lekhak isak asimobhdwara likhit "robot", "galactic samrajya" rar "foundation" pustak shringkhalako kramik sanlayanko madhyambata sirjana garieko, lagbhag 25,000 warsha failieko galaxyko manawatako upaniweshko bhawishyako itihas foundation brahmand how. brahmandma sthapit karyaharu. asimobhko "greater foundation" shringkhala. robot", "samrajya" rar "foundation" shringkhalalai vilaya gardai. foundation" shringkhala asimobhko pahilo prakashit upanyas "paybal inn da skye" jastai brahmandma sett garieko chha, yadyapi "foundation" lagbhag 10,000 warsha pachhi hunchha. "akashma kankad" "galactic samrajya" shringkhalako adhar banyo. tyasapachhi, kunai agyat mitima ("foundationko kinara" lekhnuaghi) asimobhle "foundation"/"galactic samrajya" shringkhalalai afno "robot" shringkhalasanga merge garne nirnaya gare. yasari, tinai shringkhalaharu eutai brahmandma sett garieka chhan, jasle tiniharulai 18 upanyasharuko sanyukta lambai, rar lagbhag 1,500,000 shabdaharuko kull dinchha. vilayale lagbhag 20,000 warshako shringkhalako samaya-awadhi pani sirjana garyo. "taraharu, dhulo jastai" spashta rupma bataunchha kii prithvi anawik yuddhako karan radiodharmi chha. asimobhle pachhi wyakhya gare kii yass dharanako brahmandma karan yo thiyo kii yo ghatanako dherai shatabdipachi prithwiwasiharule tayar parey, rar june tiniharuko grahaharuko itihasko dherai bhag gumaeko karan wikrit bhaeko thiyo. yo karyalai samanyataya "samrajya" shringkhalako bhagko rupma manincha, tara yasale tranter wa spacer sansarharuko pratyaksha ullekha gardaina. euta charitrama bhiji-soner raheko bhaninchha, uhi sangitik wadyayantra june joker magnificole "foundation rar samrajya" maa bajaunchhan. asimobhle "robot" shringkhalalai afno sabai-samaweshak "foundation" shrinkhalama ekikrit gare, jasle arr banayo. denil olibhau beas hazar warsha pachhi galactic samrajyako yugma feri dekha parchhan, muel "foundation" trayiko sequel rar prikwelharuma; rar "robot" shringkhalako antim pustak, "robot rar samrajya" maa, asimobhle warnan gardacha kii pachhi samrajya gathan garne sansarharu kasari basobas gariyo, rar prithvi kasari radiodharmi bhayo (june pahilo patak "akashma kankad" maa ullekha garieko thiyo). ekal upanyas "nemesis" pani uhi nirantarta chha; "forward da foundation" maa sandarbha garieko chha, jahaan hari seldonle "ek yuwatiko beas hazar warsha purano kathalai bujhaunchha jasle sampurna grahasanga kurakani garna sakchha jasle nemesis namak suryalai parikrama garyo. tippanikarharule ullekha gare kii "nemesis" maa spacers rar tiniharuko calender pranali, galactic samrajya, rar yahansamma kii hari seldonko barema chhadma sandarbhaharu samawesh chhan june janajani pachhi "foundation" brahmandma ekikaranko uddeshyaka lagi rakhieko dekhinchha. asimobhko "lekhakko note" "foundationko prastawana" maa chha. foundationko prastawana" ko prastawanama asimobhka vigyan katha pustakharuko kalanukramik kram samawesh chha. asimobhle bhane kii unko "robot", "samrajya", rar "foundation" shringkhalaka pustakharule bhawishyako ek prakarko itihas pradan gardacha, june, sayed, purna rupma susangat chhaina, kinki maile suruma sthiratako yojana banaeko thiin."asimobhle yo pani ullekha gare kii unko suchima raheka pustakharu" "(sayed) padhnuparne kramama lekhieka thienan. lekhakko note" maa, asimobhle "robot rar samrajya" rar "antarikshako dhara" bichko pustakko lagi thaaun chha rar unle thap khandaharuko sath "jag rar prithvi" pachhyauna sakchhan bhanera ullekha gare. "foundationlai agadi badhaunuhos," "nemesis", "rar" "sakaratmak manis" "asimobhko suchima dekha pardaina, kinki tiniharu ajhai prakashit bhaeka thienan, rar asimobhko suchima samrajya upanyasharuko kram anya suchiharusanga purna rupma susangat chhaina. udaharanka lagi, "da robot aff dunn" ko chhapne 1983 ko balantine pustakharule samrajyaka upanyasharulai "tara, dhulo jastai, antarikshaka prawahaharu" rar "akashma kankad" kaa rupma suchibadha gardacha. antarikshako dhara" maa tranter samawesh chha rar "tara, dhulo jastai" hoina, yee dui pustakharu sambhawatah asimobhko suchima galtile ulto bhaeka thie. brahmandma sett garieka ekal upanyasharu. prelude too foundation" ko "lekhakko note" maa ullekha nagarieko bhae tapani, upanyas "anantatako antya" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), rar "da positronic myan" (1992) (robert silverbergdwara likhit) wrihat foundation shringkhalasanga sambandhit chhan. "anantatako antya" lai aspashta rupma "foundationko kinara" maa sandarbha garieko chha, jahaan ek patrale anantakalko ullekha gardacha, jasko "" karya yo manawataka lagi sabaibhanda upayukta hune wastawikta chhanauta garnu thiyo. ("anantatako antya" ley yasako kathabhitrako "akashgangako samrajya" lai pani janaunchha.) asimobhle afai "prastawanadekhi jagasamma" ko shringkhalako suchima "anantatako antya" ullekha garenan. nemesis" kaa lagi, yo "foundationko prastawana" pachhi lekhieko thiyo, tara lekhakko notema asimobhle spashta rupma bhanchhan kii pustak "foundation" wa "samrajya" shringkhalako bhag hoina, tara kunai dina unle yasalai arusanga bandhna sakchhan. foundationlai agadi badhaunuhos" maa, hari seldonle "nemesis namak suryako parikrama garne sampurna grahasanga kurakani garna sakne aut yuwati" ko 20 hazar warsha purano kathalai sandarbha gardacha, "nemesis" ko sandarbha. nemesis" maa, mukhya upaniwesh pachas bastiharu madhye ek how, kakhiya upaniweshharuko sangraha jasle rajya banaunchha. pachas bastiharu sambhawatah "robot" kathaharuma pachas spacer sansarharuko adhar thie. nemesis" ko antyama prithvi-bahirka upaniweshharuka basindaharu prithvima bandhieka manisharubata alag bhairaheka chhan bhanne nihitarthalai pani mark wma spacerharuko barema yastai nihitarthasanga jodna sakinchha. tidemanko "robot" pustakharu. alasdare wilkinska anusar, gizmodoma post garieko chhalfalma, "asimobhlai anautho, andakar sanrachanaharu bilkul munn parchha. unka tinai gaira-robot/foundation vigyan katha upanyasharu-"anantatako antya", "dewataharu afai", rar "dushman"-gaira-kalanukramik kathaharuma dherai nirbhar thie, rar unle yasalai "dewataharu afai" maa utsahaka sath garchhan." da robot aff dunn" maa dah. hahn fastolfle "da bicentanial myan" (1976) ko kathalai sankshepma saranshit gareka chhan, jaslai pachhi robert silverbergle upanyas "da positronic myan" (1992) maa wistar gareka thie. brahmandma sett garieka karyaharu. foundationko prastawana" ko prastawanama asimobhka vigyan katha pustakharuko kalanukramik kram samawesh chha. asimobhle bhane kii unko "robot", "galactic samrajya", rar "foundation" shringkhalaka pustakharule bhawishyako ek prakarko itihas pradan gardacha, june sayed, purna rupma susangat chhaina, kinki maile suru garna sthiratako yojana banaeko thiin."asimobhle yo pani ullekha gare kii unko suchima raheka pustakharu" "(sayed) padhnuparne kramama lekhieka thienan." nimna kritiharu kathadwara kalanukramik kramama suchibadha chhanh wistarit shringkhalama yogdan garne anya lekhakharu. asimobhka upanyasharule jagalai akashgangako samrajya banna lagne apekshit 1,000 warsha madhye 500 warsha matra sameteka thie. upanyasharu asimobhle samayarekha jaari narakhepachi lekhieka thie tara pahileka kathaharuma khali thaaunharu bharna khojeka thie. foundation" brahmandlai 1989 ko "foundationka sathiharu" maa feri ekpatak punah awalokan garieko thiyo, june tyas samayaka dherai pramukh vigyan katha lekhakharudwara lekhieko chhoto kathaharuko sangraha how. orson scott cardko "mulwadi" ley seldonko mrityuko kehi samayapachi dosro foundationko sthapanalai spashta parchha; harry turtledovko "tranter fals" ley dosro foundationle samrajyako rajdhani rar dosro foundationko ghar tranterko barkhasta garne kramama baanchne prayasharuko barema bataunchha; rar george zebrowskiko "foundationko antaskaran" dosro galactic samrajyako udaya pachhi seldonko kamko kagjat garne itihaskarko prayasko barema how. sathai, sann 1992 maa unko mrityu hunubhanda kehi samayaghi, asimobhle roser mcbride alenka tinawata upanyasharuko ruparekha swikrit gare, jaslai caliban trayi bhaninchha, june "robot rar samrajya" rar samrajya shringkhalako bichma sett garieko thiyo. caliban trayile spacer vishwa narakko tereforminglai warnan gardacha, ek graha jahaan paristhitik sankatle spacerharulai uniharuko sanskritika dherai lamo samayadekhi manaparne bhagharu tyagna badhya parchha. alenka upanyasharule asimobhka pachhilla pustakharule roboticska tinn niyamharu rar vishesh gari kasari purna rupma robotic sanskriti manav pahallai awamulyan garna sakchha bhanne bare wyakta garne anishchittalai pratidhwaninchhan. asimobhko mrityupachhi rar genet asimobh rar asimobh astateka pratinidhiko anurodhma, ralf bhisinanjale gregory benfordsanga samparka gare rar unlai arko "foundation" katha lekhna agraha gare. uni antatah sahamat bhae, rar bhisinanja rar "[da] pariyojanako barema dherai lekhakharusanga kura garepachhi", "dui kada sf lekhakharu asimobhbata wyapak rupma prabhawit rar chunautiwihin prawidhik kshamatah gregg bear rar devid brinko sath trayiko yojana banae."" "foundationko darr" "(1997) asimobhko dosro prikwal upanyasko bhag ek rar bhag duiko bichma kalanukramik rupma hunchha," "foundationlai agadi badhaunuhos"; "" foundation rar arajakta "" (1998) prishthabhumima bharieko "" foundation "" ko pahilo adhyayako rupma ekai samayama sett garieko chha; "" foundationko vijaya "" (1999) foundationma holographic sandeshharuko recording pachhi maidanlai sametchha, rar dherai khula chhoraharu sangai jodchha. yee pustakharu ab kehile samuhik rupma "dosro adhar" trayi bhaeko dabi garchhan, yadyapi tiniharu pahile-awasthit prikwelharu rar kehi pahileka adhar kathaharu sammilit chhan rar samanyataya nayan trayiko rupma manyata prapta chhainan. foundationko vijaya" ko upasanharma, brinley afu wa farak lekhakle "foundationko vijaya" maa thap garna arko sequel lekhne kalpana garna sakthe, yo mahasus gardai kii hari seldonko katha ajhai samapta bhaeko chhaina. unle pachhi afno websitema yasto pustakko sambhawit suruwat prakashit gare. halasalai, asimobh astatele mark dablyudwara robot rahasyaharuko arko trayiko prakashanlai adhikrit garyo. tideman. asimobhko "robot rar samrajya" bhanda dherai warsha pahile bhaeka yee upanyasharu "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001), rar "arora" (2002) hun. yee pachhi arko robot rahasya, alekjander see. irvinko "robot chha, yatra garnechha" (2004), tideman trayiko paanch warshapachhi sett garieko chha. sann 2001 maa, donald kingsburyle upanyas "cycohistorical crisis" prakashit gare, june dosro samrajyako suruwat pachhi jagma sthapit bhaeko thiyo. vibhinna lekhakharuka upanyasharu ("isak asimobhko" robot city "," robot rar allions "rar" robot inn time "shringkhala)" robot "shringkhalasanga shithil rupma jodieka chhan, tara asimobhka pustakharusanga dherai asangatiharu samawesh chhan, rar samanyataya" foundation "shringkhalako bhag manindainan. november 2009 maa, isak asimobh astatele "robot rar arajakta" namak karya shirshak antargat "aie, robot" ko prikwelko prakashanko ghoshana garyo, june kalpanik lekhak miki juker richartadwara susanne calvinko visheshta raheko prequel trayiko pahilo khanda how. pahilo pustak november 2011 maa "aie, roboh too protect" shirshakma prakashit bhaeko thiyo, tyasapachhi 2013 maa "aie, roboh too obi" rar 2016 maa "aie, roboh too prijarbha" prakashit bhaeko thiyo. anya lekhakharuko karyaharu sahit "foundation" brahmandma sett garieka kathaharu. nimna kritiharu kathadwara kalanukramik kramama suchibadha chhanh

bhitti brahmand foundation junivarsa' heuchhi manabatara aakashagangara upanibeshabadara bhabisyata itihas, jaahaa praiah 25,000 barsha byapta, jaahaa americae lekhaka isaq asimovnka dwara likhita 'robot', 'galactic empoyer' ebong 'foundation' pustaka shrunkhalara dheere dheere mishran madhyamare srusti hoichhi. brahmandare sthapita karjya. asimovnka "bruhattara aadhara" shrunkhala. robot", "samrajya" ebong "foundation" shrunkhalaku mishran karantu. foundation" sirij asimovnka pratham prakashita upenyas "paybal inn dee skye" bhali eka brahmandare sthapita hoichhi, jadio "foundation" praiah 10,000 barsha parey ghatithae . "aakaashare pathara" "galactic samrajya" shrunkhalara aadhara palatithila . taa 'parey, kaunasi agyata tarikhare ("foundationera dhaar" lekhiba purbaru) asimova "foundation"/"galactic empoyer" sirijku taanka "robot" sirija sahita mishran karibaku nishpatti neithile. ehipari, samasta tinoti sirij samaana brahmandare sett hoichhi, semananku 18 tii upanyasara milita dairghya ebong mote praiah 1,500,000 sabda pradan kare . ehi mishran praiah 20,000 barshar shrunkhalara eka samai abadhi madhya srusti karithila. "taaraa, dhuli pari" spust bhabare darshaithae je eka paramanu juddha hetu pruthibee tejaskriya . asimov parey bujhaithile je ehi biswara kaaran heuchhi ehi ghatanatira aneka shatabdi parey pruthibeebaseenka dwara ehaa prastuta karajaithila, ebong jaahaa semanankara graha itihasara adhikansha khyati hetu bikruta hoijaithila. ehi karjyaku sadharanatah "samrajya" shrunkhalara ansha bhabare bibechana karajae, kintu sidhasalakha tranter kimba spacer biswa bishajare ullekha kare naahin . kuhajae je gotie charitrare eka bhiji-soner thaae, sehi samaana badyajantra jaahaa "foundation ebong samrajya" ray joker magnifico dwara paribeshana karajae . asimov "robot" sirijku taanka sarba-paribestita "foundation" sirijre ekeekruta karithile, jaahaa r tiari karithila. kodie hazar barsha parey galactic samrajyara jugare, moola "foundation" trajira parabarti ebong prikwelare denil olibha puni dekhajanti; ebong "robot" sirijara shesh pustaka, "robot ebong samrajya" ray, asimov barnana karichanti je parabarti samajare samrajya gathan karithiba biswa kipari sthira hoithila, ebong pruthibee kipari tejaskriya hoigala (jaahaa prathame "aakaashare pathara" ray ullekha karajaithila) . nemesis" namaka eka swatantra upenyas madhya samaana dharabahikatare rahichhi; "formad daa foundation" ray ullekha karajaichi, jeunthare horry seldon jane kodie hazar barsha puruna kahaniku ullekha karichanti "jane jubatee jie eka samagra graha sahita jogajoga kariparibe jaahaa nemesis namaka eka surjyanku parikrama karithila. tippaneekaramane ullekha karithile je "nemesis" ray spacer ebong semanankara calender system, galactic samrajya, ebong epariki horry seldon bishajare chadmabeshi sandarbha achhi jaahaa "foundation" brahmandare parabarti ekikarana uddeshyare janishuni rakhajaithiba pari manehue . aasimovnka "lekhakanka tippanee" "foundationera prelude" ray. bhittira prastabana" rahr padabandhare asimovnka bigyana kalpanika pustakara kalanukramika krama rahichhi. asimov kahithile je taanka "robot", "empoyer" ebong "foundation" sirijra pustakagudika bhabisyatara eka prakarara itihas pradan karithae, jaahaa bodhahue sampurna bhabe susangata nuhen, kaaran mun aarambhare sthirata yojana karinathili."asimov ehaa madhya ullekha karithile je taanka talikare thiba pustakagudika" "jeun kramare (bodhahue) segudiku padhiba uchita, sethire lekhajai nathila. lekhakanka tippanee" ray asimov ullekha karithile je "robot ebong samrajya" ebong "mahakash srota" madhyare eka pustaka paain sthana achhi, ebong shay atirikta khanda sahita "foundation ebong pruthibee" ku anusarana kariparibe . "foundation," "nemesis", "ebong" "positronic myan" "asimovnka talikare dekhajanti naahin, kaaran segudika sehi samajare eparjyanta prakashita hoinathila, ebong aasimovnka talikare samrajya upanyasara krama anya talika sahita sampurna susangata nuhen . udaharana swaroopa, "dee robot off done" rahr mudrana hoithiba 1983 masihar balantine pustakare samrajya upanyasagudiku ehipari talikabhukta karajaichihi "dhuli bhali taaraa, mahakash prabaha", ebong "aakaashare pathara". jehetu "sthanara srota" ray tranter antarbhukta ebong "taaraa, dhuli pari" nuhen, ehi duiti pustaka sambhabatah asimovnka talikare bhulabashatah olata hoijaithila . brahmandare sthapita swatantra upenyas. prelude tuu foundation" rahr "lekhakanka note" ray ullekha karajainathiba bele, upenyas "dee end off atternity" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), ebong "dee positronic myan" (1992) (robert silvarabarganka dwara likhita) bruhattara foundation sirij sahita jadita . "anantakalara samapti" ku aspasta bhabare "" bhittira pranta "" ray ullekha karajaichi, jeunthare eka charitra anantakala ullekha kare, jahara "" karjya manabajati paain sabutharu upajukta eka bastabata chayan kariba thila . ("anantakalara samapti" madhya ehara kahani madhyare eka "galactic samrajya" ku suchita kare .) asimov nije "prelude tuu foundation" sirija talikare "anantakalara shesh" bishajare ullekha karinathile. nemesis" bishajare, ehaa "bhittira prelude" parey lekhajaithila, kintu lekhakanka notare asimov spust bhabare kahichanti je pustakati "foundation" kimba "empoyer" sirijara ansha nuhen, kintu dine shay ehaaku anyamananka sahita bandhi paranti . formad daa foundation" ray, horry seldon jane 20 hazar barsha puruna kahaniku ullekha karichanti "jane jubatee jie eka samagra graha sahita jogajoga kariparibe jaahaa nemesis namaka eka surjyanku parikrama karithila", "nemesis" rahr eka sandarbha . nemesis" ray, mukhya upanibesa heuchhi pachashati basati madhyaru gotie, eka rajya gathan karuthiba kakhiah upanibeshagudikara eka sangraha . sambhabatah ehi pachashati basati "robot" kahanire thiba pachashati spacer biswara aadhara thila. nemesis" rahr sheshare nihitartha je off-arth kalonigudikara adhibasimane pruthibee-aabadha manishankatharu alga heuchhanti, marck wu ray spacer bishajare samaana prabhaba sahita jadita hoipare . taidemanka "robot" pustaka. alasdair wilkinsnka anujai, gijamodore post hoithiba eka alochanare, "asimova adbhuta, upabruttakara sanrachanaku sampurna bhal paanti . tankara tinoti anah-robot/foundation bigyana kalpanika upenyas-"anantakalara shesh", "debatamane nije", ebong "shatruta"-anah-kalanukramika barnana upare atyadhika nirbharashila, ebong shay ehaaku "debatamane nije" ray utsahara saha karanti ." dee robot off done" ray, dodd. hahn fastolf "dwishatabdeeja manish" (1976) rahr kahaniku sankhipta bhabare sankhyepare barnana karichanti, jaahaa parey robert silvarbarganka dwara upenyas "dee positronic myan" (1992) ray prasarita hoithila . brahmandare sthapita karjya. bhittira prastabana" rahr padabandhare asimovnka bigyana kalpanika pustakara kalanukramika krama rahichhi. asimov kahithile je taanka "robot", "galactic samrajya" ebong "foundation" shrunkhalara pustakagudika bhabisyatara eka prakarara itihas pradan kare, jaahaa bodhahue sampurna susangata nuhen, kaaran mun aarambhare sthirata yojana karinathili."asimov ehaa madhya ullekha karithile je taanka talikare thiba pustakagudika" jeun kramare (bodhahue) segudiku padhiba uchita, sethire lekhajai nathila." nimnalikhita rachanagudika barnanatmaka bhabe kalanukramika bhabe talikabhukta hoichhih anya lekhakamane samprasarita shrunkhalare yogdan karichanti. aasimovnka upanyasagudika aasha karajauthiba 1,000 barsha madhyaru kebala 500 barshaku antarbhukta karithila jaahaa ehi mooladuaaku eka galactic samrajyare parinata karibaku lagiba . asimov samajarekhaku jaari naah rakhi barang purba kahanigudikara shunyasthana purana karibaku chesta kariba parey upanyasagudika lekhajaithila. 1989 masihar 'foundation friends' ray 'foundation' brahmandaku punithare punahbicharita karajaithila, jaahaa sehi samaira aneka pramukh bigyana kalpanika lekhakanka dwara likhita khudra galpara eka sangraha thila. orson scott kardanka "dee originist" seldannka mrutyura kichhi samai parey dwiteeja foundationra pratistha bishajare spust kare; harry turtledovnka "tranter falls" dwiteeja foundationra samrajya rajdhani ebong dwiteeja foundationra ghara tranter uchheda samajare banchiba paain prayasa bishajare kuhe; ebong george jebroskinka "foundation 'saas bibeka" dwiteeja galactic samrajyara utthana parey seldannka karjyaku document karibaku jane aitihasikanka prayasa bishajare . | taanka mrutyura kichhi samai purbaru, asimov roser mcbride alennka tinoti upenyas paain eka ruparekhaku anumodana karithile, jaahaa "robbot ebong samrajya" ebong samrajya sirij madhyare sett hoithiba kaliban trajira naama bhabare janashuna . kaliban trajira barnana spacer biswa narkar bhuprustha gathan, eka graha jeunthare eka paribesha sankata spacermananku semananka sanskrutira aneka dirgha-priya ansha parityaga karibaku badhya kare . alennka upanyasagudika sehi anishchitataku pratiphalita kare jaahaa asimovnka parabarti pustakagudika roboticsor tinoti niam bishajare prakash karanti, ebong bisesh curry eka sampurna robotic sanskruti kipari manab padakhyepaku abmanana karipare . asimovnka mrutyu parey ebong janette asimov ebong asimov estate pratinidhinka anurodhare, ralf bhisinanja gregory benfordnka nikataku jaithile ebong tanku anya eka "foundation" kahani lekhibaku kahithile. sheshare shay raaji hoithile, ebong bhisinanja sahita ebong "[ehi] prakalpa bishajare aneka lekhakanka saha kathabartta kariba parey", "dui kathore ess. aif. lekhakanka sahita eka trajira yojana prastuta karithile, jaahaa asimov dwara byapaka bhabare prabhabita ebong apratisparda baishajika samarthyah gregg bear ebong devida brin ."" "foundationera bhaja" "(1997) asimovanka dwiteeja prikwel upanyasara pratham bhaga ebong dwiteeja bhaga madhyare kramanusare ghatithae," "phaundesanku aagaku badhantu" ";" "foundation ebong arajakata" "(1998) prusthabhumi purana curry" "foundation" "rahr pratham adhyaja bhabare eka samajare sett karajaichi; phaundesanku holographic barta record kariba parey" "foundation bijai" "(1999) graundaku antarbhukta kare, ebong aneka durbala seshaku ekathi kare . ehi pustakagudiku ebe keteka samuhika bhabe eka "dwiteeja bhitti" trajirupa bolly daabi karuchanti, jadio segudiku purbaru thiba prikwel ebong kichhi purba bhitti kahanira anshare samil karajaichi ebong sadharanatah eka nutan trajirupa bhabe swekruti milinahin. foundationera bijai" rahr eka upakhyanare, brin ullekha karithile je shay nijaku kimba jane bhinna lekhakanku "foundation bijai" ku jodibaku anya eka sequel lekhibara kalpana kariparibe, anubhaba karithile je horry seldannka kahani eparjyanta samapta hoinahin . parey shay taanka webasaitare ebhali eka pustakara sambhabya arambha prakash karithile. ati nikatare, asimov estate marck wunka dwara robot rahasyara anya eka trajira prakashanaku anumodana karichhi. tydeman. asimovnka "robot ebong samrajya" rahr aneka barsha purbaru ghatithiba ehi upanyasagudika heuchhi "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001), ebong "arora" (2002). ehaa parey aau eka robot rahasya, alekjander sii. irvinanka "robbot achhi, jatra kariba" (2004), tideman trajira pancha barsha parey sett . 2001 masihare, donald kingsberry dwiteeja samrajyara arambha parey bhitti brahmandare sett hoithiba upenyas "psychohistorical crisis" prakash karithile. bibhinna lekhakanka upenyas ("isaq asimovnka" robot city "," robot ebong elien "ebong" robot inn time "sirij)" robot "sirij sahita shithil bhabare jadita, kintu aasimovnka pustaka sahita aneka asangati rahichhi, ebong sadharanatah" foundation "sirijara ansha bhabare bibechita hue naahin . navember 2009 ray, isaq asimov estate "robot ebong bishrunkhala" karjya shirshaka adheenare "aai, robot" rahr eka prikwel prakashan ghoshana karithila, jaahaa fantacy lekhaka miki juker richartanka dwara susanne kalavinnku darshaithiba eka prikwel trajira pratham khanda . pratham pustaka navember 2011 ray "aai, roboth tuu protect" sheershakare prakashita hoithila, taa 'parey 2013 ray "aai, roboth tuu abie" ebong 2016 ray "aai, roboth tuu prijarbha" . anya lekhakanka rachna sameth "muladua" brahmandare sett hoithiba kahani . nimnalikhita rachanagudika barnanatmaka bhabe kalanukramika bhabe talikabhukta hoichhih

foundation brahmand foundation brahmand manukhta dey glaxy dey bastikaran daa bhavikh daa itihaas haii, joe lagbhag 25,000 saalan witch failiaa hoiaa haii, joe amriki lekhak isaak asimov duaara likhi gaee "robot", "glaxy samraj" atey "foundation" pustak luddy dey hauli-hauli fusion duaara banaiaa giaa haii. brahmand witch sathapit keete gaye kamm. asimov dee "greater foundation" luddy. robot", "samraj" atey "foundation" luddy noon milauna. foundation" luddy use brahmand witch sathapat keeti gaee haii jiven kii asimov daa pahila prakashit nawal, "asman witch pangdhi", halanki "foundation" lagbhag 10,000 saal baad hundi haii. "asman witch pangur" "glaxy samraj" luddy daa adhaar bann giaa. firr, kise anjaan mitee ("foundation dey kinare" likhan toon pahilan) asimov neey "foundation"/"glaxy samraj" luddy noon aapni "robot" luddy naal milaun daa faisla keeta. iss tarahan, tinnon ladiwar ikko brahmand witch sathapat keete gaye hunn, jiss witch uhanan noon 18 navlan dee sanyukat lambai atey kull lagbhag 1,500,000 shabad ditte gaye hunn. iss raleven neey lagbhag 20,000 saalan dee luddy daa samaan-qaal vee banaiaa. "taare, dhood wang" spasht taur utte kahinde hunn kii dharti pramanu yuddh dey caarn radio active haii. asimov neey baad witch samjhaiaa kii iss dharna daa vishav-andarla caarn ih see kii iss ghatna toon kaee sadiaan baad dharti dey lokan duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, atey joe aapne grahi itihaas dey bahut saare hisse dey nuksan caarn vigaad giaa see. iss kamm noon aam taur utte "samraj" luddy daa hissa manniaa jaanda haii, parr iss witch siddhe taur utte trenter jaan spacer sansar daa zikar naheen haii. kiha jaanda haii kii ikk paatar witch ikk vizzy-soner hunda haii, uhee sangeet yantar joe "foundation atey samraj" witch joker magnifico duaara khediaa jaanda haii. asimov neey "robot" luddy noon aapni sarab-viaapak "foundation" luddy witch ekikrit keeta, jiss naal aar. daniel oliva veeh hazaar saal baad glaxy samraj dey yugg witch, mool "foundation" tikdi dey seekaval atey prequel witch dubara dikhai dinda haii; atey "robot" luddy dee antam kitaab, "robot atey samraj" witch, asimov neey dassiaa haii kii baad witch samraj banaun vaale sansar kiven sathapat hoye sunn, atey dharti kiven radio active hoow gaee (jisda zikar pahili vaar "asman witch patthar" witch keeta giaa see). ikalla nawal "nemesis" vee use nirantarta witch haii; "forward dha foundation" witch havala ditta jaa riha haii, jitthe hairi seldon ikk veeh hazaar saal purani kahani daa havala dindi haii "ikk jawan aurat joe ikk poore grahi naal sanchar qarr sakadi see jiss neey nemesis namak ikk suraj daa chakkar lagaiaa see. tippnikaran neey nott keeta kii "namesis" witch spacer atey uhanan dee calender pranali, glactic samraj atey ithon takk kii hurry seldon dey vee shayed hii bhes witch havale hunn joe janbujh keey "foundation" brahmand witch baad witch ekikaran dey udesh naal rakkhe gaye jaapde hunn. asimov daa "lekhak daa nott" "foundation dee peshkari" witch haii. foundation dee peshkari" dee prastavna witch asimov deeaan vigiaan glup kitaban daa kalkramik kram shamal haii. asimov neey kiha kii uss dey "robot", "samraj" atey "foundation" luddy deeaan kitaban bhavikh daa ikk kisam daa itihaas pesh kardiaan hunn, joe shayed puurii tarahan iksaar naheen haii, kiunki main shuruat witch iksarta dee yojna naheen banayi see."asimov neey ih vee nott keeta kii uss dee suchi witch kitaban" "uss kram witch naheen likhiaan gaeeaan sunn jiss witch (shayed) uhanan noon padhiaa jaanha chahida haii. lekhak dey nott" witch, asimov neey nott keeta kii "robots atey samraj" atey "pulad deeaan dharavan" dey vichkaar ikk kitaab laee jagha haii, atey uh vadhu khandan dey naal "neenh atey dharti" dee palna qarr sakda haii. "foundation noon agge vadhao," "namesis", "atey" "skaratmak aadmi" asimov dee suchi witch dikhai naheen dinde, kiunki uh ajey takk uss samein prakashit naheen hoye sunn, atey asimov dee suchi witch samraj dey navlan daa kram puurii tarahan horr suchiaan naal mail naheen khanda. udaharan dey laee, "robots aaf daan" dee chhapai curran valiaan 1983 deeaan balantine kitaban neey samraj dey navlan noon iss tarahan suchibadh keeta haiyav "taare, jiven kii dhood, pulad deeaan dharavan" atey "asman witch pangur". ih dekhde hoye kii "pulad deeaan dharavan" witch trenter shamal haii atey "taare, dhood wang" naheen hunn, ih doven kitaban sambhav taur 'teey asimov dee suchi witch galti naal ulat gaeeaan sunn. brahmand witch sathapat keete gaye ikkle nawal. halanki "foundation dee peshkari" dey "lekhak dey nott" witch zikar naheen keeta giaa haii, nawal "sadivata daa ant" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), atey "dii positronic maen" (1992) (robbert silverberg duaara likhe gaye) mahaan foundation luddy naal sabandhat hunn. "sadivata dey ant" noon aspasht taur 'teey "" neenh dey kinare "" witch darsaiaa giaa haii, jitthe ikk paatar sadiviaan daa zikar karda haii, jiss daa "" kamm ikk ajihi asliat dee chonh karna see joe manukhta laee sabh toon dhukvin howay. ("sadivata daa ant" iss dee kahani dey ander ikk "glaxy samraj" noon vee darsaunda haii.) asimov neey khud "peshkari toon neenh takk" dee luddy dee suchi witch "sadivata dey ant" daa zikar naheen keeta. namesis" laee, ih "foundation dee peshkari" toon baad likhiaa giaa see, parr lekhak dey nott witch asimov spasht taur 'teey kahinda haii kii ih kitaab "foundation" jaan "samraj" luddy daa hissa naheen haii, parr ih kii kise dinn uh iss noon doojiaan naal jode sakda haii. foundation noon agge vadhao" witch, hairi seldon ikk 20 hazaar saal purani kahani daa havala dinda haii "ikk naujwan aurat joe ikk poore grahi naal sanchar qarr sakadi see jiss neey nemesis namak suraj daa chakkar lagaiaa see", "nemesis daa havala dinda haii. namesis" witch, mukkh basti panjah bastiaan vicchon ikk haii, joe kii ikk raaj banaun valiaan chashmi bastiaan daa sangrah haii. panjah bastiaan sambhav taur utte "robot" kahaniaan witch panjah spacer sansaran daa adhaar sunn. namesis" dey ant witch ih prabhav kii dharti toon bahr deeaan cloniaan dey vasneek dharti naal jude manukkhan toon vakkh hoow rahey hunn, noon vee maarak w witch spaceran baare isey tarahan dey prabhav naal jodiaa jaa sakda haii. tyman deeaan "robot" kitaban. alasdair wilkins dey anusar, gizmodo utte post keeti gaee ikk charcha witch, "asimov noon ajib, andakar dhanche bilkul pasand hunn. uss dey tinnon gair-robot/foundation vigiaan glup nawal-"sadivata daa ant", "khud devte" atey "nimesis"-gair-kalkramik birtantan utte bahut ziaada nirbhar sunn, atey uh iss noon "khud devtiaan" witch utshah naal karde hunn." sware dey robot" witch, daa. haena fastolf neey sankhep witch "dha bicentinial maen" (1976) dee kahani daa sankhep ditta haii, jiss noon baad witch robbert silverberg duaara nawal "dha positronic maen" (1992) witch vistarit keeta giaa see. brahmand witch sathapit keete gaye kamm. foundation dee peshkari" dee prastavna witch asimov deeaan vigiaan glup kitaban daa kalkramik kram shamal haii. asimov neey kiha kii uss dey "robot", "glactic samraj" atey "foundation" luddy deeaan kitaban bhavikh daa ikk kisam daa itihaas pesh kardiaan hunn, joe shayed puurii tarahan iksaar naheen haii, kiunki main shuruat witch iksarta dee yojna naheen banayi see."asimov neey ih vee nott keeta kii uss dee suchi witch kitaban" uss kram witch naheen likhiaan gaeeaan sunn jiss witch (shayed) uhanan noon padhiaa jaanha chahida haii." heth likhiaan rachnavan birtant anusar kalkramik kram witch suchibadh keetiaan gaeeaan hann horr lekhak vistrit luddy witch yogdan paa rahey hunn. asimov dey navlan witch sambhavit 1,000 saalan vicchon siraf 500 saal shamal sunn joe iss neenh noon ikk glaxy samraj bannan witch laggange. ih nawal asimov duaara samaan-rekha jaari naa rakkhan toon baad likhe gaye sunn, balki pichliaan kahaniaan witch paade noon bharan dee koshish keeti gaee see. foundation" brahmand noon ikk vaar firr 1989 dey "foundation dey dostan" witch mudd vekhiaa giaa see, joe uss samein dey bahut saare pramukh vigiaan glup lekhakan duaara likhiaan gaeeaan chhotiaan kahaniaan daa sangrah see. orsen scott card daa "moolvadi" seldon dee maut toon turant baad duji foundation dee sathapana noon sapshat karda haii; hairi trustledw daa "trenter falls" duji foundation duaara shaahi rajdhani atey duji foundation dey gharr trenter dee barkhastagi dauran bachann dey yatnan baare dassda haii; atey jaaraj zebrowski dee "foundation dee zamir" dooje glactic samraj dey ubhaar toon baad seldon dey kamm noon dastavez banaun laee ikk itihaskar dey yatnan baare haii. 1992 witch aapni maut toon thodhi dair pahilan, asimov neey rojar mcbride ailan dey tinn navlan dee roop rekha noon manzuri ditti, jiss noon caliban tikdi vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, joe "robot atey samraj" atey samraj luddy dey vichkaar haii. caliban tikdi spacer vishav narak dey terreforming daa varnan kardi haii, ikk ajiha grahi jitthe ikk vatavaran sankat spacer noon aapne sabheyachar dey bahut saare lambe samein toon pasand keete hissiaan noon chaddan laee majbur karda haii. ailan dey nawal uhanan anishchittavan noon duhraunde hunn joe asimov deeaan baad deeaan kitaban robotics dey tinn niyaman baare pragat kardiaan hunn, atey khaas taur 'teey jiss tarahan naal ikk puurii tarahan robotic sabheyachar manukkhi pahilkadmi noon ghataa sakda haii. asimov dee maut toon baad atey genette asimov atey asimov astet dey numainde dee benati 'teey, ralf vikinanza neey gregory benford naal samparak keeta atey uss noon ikk horr "foundation" kahani likhan laee kiha. uh akheer witch sehmat hoow giaa, atey visinenza naal atey "[project] baare kaee lekhakan naal gall curran toon baad", ikk tikkadi laee ikk yojna banayi jiss witch "doou sakhat sf lekhakan noon asimov atey chunotipuran takniki yogta toon viaapak taur 'teey prabhavit keeta giaa gregg beear atey david brin."foundation daa darr (1997) asimov dey dooje prekaval nawal dey bhaag ikk atey bhaag doou dey vichkaar kalkramik taur teey vaparda haii," "foundation noon agge vadhao"; "" foundation atey arajakta "" (1998) use samein sathapat keeti gaee haii jadon "" foundation "" dey pahile adhiaai dey roop witch, pichokad witch bhardi haii; "" foundation dee jitt "" (1999) foundation noon holographic sandeshan dee recording toon baad zameen noon cover kardi haii, atey kaee dhille sire naal jodadi haii. inhan kitaban noon hunn kujh lokan duaara samoohak taur utte ikk "duji neenh" tikkadi honn daa daava keeta jaanda haii, halanki ih pahilan toon maujood prequel atey kujh purani neenh deeaan kahaniaan witch shamal keetiaan gaeeaan hunn atey aam taur utte ikk naveen tikkadi vajon maanta prapat naheen hunn. foundation dee jitt" dey ikk upsanhaar witch, brin neey nott keeta kii uh aapne aap noon jaan ikk vakkhre lekhak noon "foundation dee jitt" witch joden laee ikk horr seekaval likhan dee kalpana qarr sakda haii, ih mahisus karde hoye kii hairi seldon dee kahani ajey takk zaruri taur 'teey khatam naheen hoee see. baad witch unhan neey aapni website utte ajihi kitaab dee ikk sambhavit shuruat prakashit keeti. haal hii witch, asimov astet neey maarak w duaara robot rahassan dee ikk horr tikkadi dey parkashan noon adhikarat keeta. tyman. ih nawal, joe asimov dey "robot atey samraj" toon kaee saal pahilan dey hunn, "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001) atey "aurora" (2002) hunn. iss toon baad ikk horr robot rahass, alegzander see. aaiaa. irvin daa "robot haii, yaatra karega" (2004), tyman tikdi toon panj saal baad sett keeta giaa haii. sann 2001 witch, donald kingsbury neey nawal "mnovigiaanak sankat" prakashit keeta, joe dooje samraj dee shuruat toon baad neenh brahmand witch sathapat keeta giaa see. vakkh-vakkh lekhakan dey nawal ("isac asimov daa" robot city "," robot atey pardesi "atey" samein witch robot "luddy)" robot "luddy naal dhille taur utte jude hoye hunn, parr asimov deeaan kitaban naal bahut saariaan asangattavan hunn, atey aam taur utte" foundation "luddy daa hissa naheen manne jaande hunn. navambar 2009 witch, isac asimov astet neey "robots atey arajakta" dey kamm curran vaale sirlekh heth "aaee, robot" laee ikk prequel dey parkashan dee ghoshna keeti, joe kii ikk prequel tikdi witch pahili valiam haii jiss witch kalpana lekhak meeki zuker rechart duaara susan calvin dee visheshta haii. pahili kitaab navambar 2011 witch "aaee, robota too protect" sirlekh heth prakashit keeti gaee see, iss toon baad 2013 witch "aaee, robota too oba" atey 2016 witch "aaee, robota too priserve" prakashit keeti gaee see. foundation" brahmand witch sathapat kahaniaan, jiss witch horr lekhakan deeaan rachnavan vee shamal hunn. heth likhiaan rachnavan birtant anusar kalkramik kram witch suchibadh keetiaan gaeeaan hann

adharaha vishvam foundation-vishvam, praayah 25,000 varshaani yaavat vyaaptasya manavatayaha akashagangayaha upanivesheekaranasya bhavishyat itihaasah asti, yat "robot", "galactic-samrajyam", american-lekhaken isaak asimov ityanena likhitasya "foundation" pustakashrunkhalaayaah kramena samlayanadwara nirmitam. vishve sthaapitaani karyani. asimov ityasya "greater foundation" iti shrunkhalaa. robot", "samrajyam", "adharaha" iti shrunkhalaam vileeneekartum. foundation" iti shrunkhalaa asimov ityasya prathama-prakashita-upanyaasasy "pebal inn da skai" ityasya samaan-vishva-madhye sthaapitam asti, yadyapi "foundation" praayah 10,000 varshaanaam anantaram bhavati. "aakaashasy pebal" iti "galactic-samrajyasya" shrunkhalaayaah adharaha abhavat. tatah, kasminshchit adnyaatadine ("foundation ityasya praantah" iti lekhanaat poorvam) asimov ityeshah "foundation"/"galactic-samrajyam" iti shrunkhalaam swasya "robot" shrunkhalayaa saha vileeneekartum nishchitavaan. evam, trayah shrunkhalaah api ekasyaam vishvasya madhye sthaapitaani santi, teshaam samyuktam dirghatam 18 upanyasani, tathaa cha praayah 1,500,000 shabdaani cha santi. vileenam praayah 20,000 varshaanaam shrunkhalaayaah kaalaavadhim api nirmitavaan. "nakshatrai, dhulimanani" iti spashtatayaa kathayati yat paramaanuyuddhasy karanat pruthivyaa rediyodharmah asti iti. asimov ityeshah pashchat avadat yat asya grahanam vishvaantarena kalpayitum karanam etat yat, asya ghatanaayaah anekashataabdyaam anantaram bhoomyaabhishiktaih etat parikalpitam, tathaa cha teshaam grahanam itihasasya adhikaamshasya nashtasy karanat vikrutam abhavat iti. etat krutihi samanyataya "samrajyasya" shrunkhalaayaah bhaagah iti manyate, parantu tranter athavaa spacer-world ityetayoho pratyaksharoopen ullekhah naasti. ekasmin paatrasya vizee-soner iti kathyate, yat saa eva sangeeta-vaadyam asti yat vidooshakah "foundation and empire" ityasmin vaadayati. asimov ityayam "robot" shrunkhalaam swasamudreeye "foundation" shrunkhalaayaam ekeekrutavaan, aar iti nirmitavaan. deniel olivaav ityeshah, vimshati sahasravarshaanantaram, akashagangasamrajyasya yugasya, mulasya "aadhaarasy" trayee ityasya uttarabhageshu, poorvaavadhaushu cha punah drushyate; tathaa cha "robots" shrunkhalaayaah antimapustake, "robots and empire" ityasmin, asimov ityeshah varnayati yat pashchat samrajyam nirmaatum vishvam katham sthaatum jaatam, tathaa cha pruthivyaa kiranotsargikaranam katham jaatam (yasya ullekhah prathamavaaram "aakaashasy pebal" ityasmin krutah) iti. nemesis" iti adviteeyaa upanyaasah api tathaiva asti; "forward da foundation" ityasmin ullekhitah asti, yatra hari seldon ityeshaa "nemesis iti namna suryasya parikramanam kurvatee sampurnagrahabhyam saha samvaadam kartum shaktyaah ekaa yuvatee" ityasya sahasra-sahasra-puratanayaha kathaam soochayati. tippanikaraha ullikhan yat "nemesis" ityasmin spacer-ityetasya, teshaam panchaangavyavasthaayaah, akashagangasamrajyasya, api cha hari-seldon ityasya cha chhadmaveshaah ullekhaah santi, ye "aadhaar-vishve" pashchat ekikaranartham janajanat sthaapitaah iti manyate. asimov ityasya "lekhakasy tippanee" iti "prelude too foundation" ityasmin asti. prelude too foundation" ityasya prastaavanaayaam asimov ityasya vijnaana-kathaa-pustakanam kaalaanukramikramah asti. asimov ityeshah avadat yat tasya "robot", "empire", "foundation" shrunkhalaayaah cha pustakaani bhavishyasya itihaasam prastooyanti, yat praayah purnataya susangatam naa bhavati, yatah aham aarambhe sthirataayaah yojanam naa krutavaan."asimov ityeshah api avadat yat tasya suchyam pustakaani "yathaa kramaankena (sambhawatah) pathaneeyaani naa likhitaah" iti. lekhakasy tippanya" asimov ityeshah avadat yat "robots-samrajyasya" tathaa "da-currents-aaf-space" ityetayoho madhye pustakasya sthaanam asti, api cha saha atirikta-khandaih saha "foundation-arth" ityetaan anusrutya karyam kartum shaknoti iti. "foundation-forwade", "nemesis", "da positronic myaan" cha asimov ityasya suchyam naa drushyate, yatah te tasmin samaye adyaapi naa prakashitani aasan, api cha asimov ityasya suchyam saamraajy-upanyasanam kramah anyaih suchyam saha purnataya susangatah naasti. yathaa, "da robots aaf daan" ityasya mudrite 1983 tame varshe prakashitasya balantain-pustakasya saamraajy-upanyasanam soocheeh asti-"dhooli-sadrushaani nakshatrai, antarikshasya pravaahaah", "aakaashasy karnaah" iti. antarikshasya pravaaheshu" tranter iti antarbhavati tathaa cha "nakshatrai, dhulena sadrusham" naa bhavati iti drushtyaa, etaaha pustakau api sambhawatah asimov ityasya suchyam akasmikataya vyutkramitaah aasan. vishvasya vishaye swatantra-upanyasani sthaapitaah santi. yadyapi "prelude too foundation" iti "lekhakasy tippanya" naa ullekhitah, tathaapi "da end aaf atternity" (1955), "nemesis" (1989), "da positronic myaan" (1992) (rabert silverberg ityanena likhitaah) iti upanyasani bruhattar-foundation-shrunkhalayaa saha sambadhaah santi. "anantasya antah" iti "aadhaarasy praante" aspashtatayaa nirdishyate, yatra ekaha paatrah anantasya ullekham karoti, yasya "kaaryam eva aasit manavatayaha krute sarvaadhikam upayuktam vaastavikataam chinotu" iti. ("anantakaalasya antah" iti kathayam "aakaashagangaasaamraajyam" iti api soochayati.) asimov-varyaha svayameva "prelude-too-foundation" iti shrunkhalaayaah suchyam "anantasya antah" iti naa ullikhat. nemesis" ityasya vishaye, etat "prelude too foundation" ityasya anantaram likhitam aasit, parantu lekhakasy tippanya asimov ityeshah spashtatayaa vadati yat etat pustakam "foundation" athavaa "empire" shrunkhalaayaah bhaagah naasti, parantu kadaachit saha anyaih saha tam bandhayet iti. forward da foundation" ityasmin, hari seldon ityeshaa "nemesis iti suryasya parikramam kurvatee sampurnagrahabhyam saha samvaadam kartum shaktyaa" ekaa 20-sahasra-varsheeyaayaah kathaa, "nemesis" ityasya sandarbham soochayati. nemesis" ityasmin, mukhya-upaniveshah panchashat-janavaaseshu anyatamah asti, yat kaksheey-upaniveshaanaam sangrahah asti, ye raajyam nirmaati. robot" kathaasu panchashat sthanasthanani praayah panchashat sthanasthana-jagatyah adharaha aasit. nemesis" ityasya ante, bhoomyaah bahulyanam upaniveshaanaam nivaasinah bhoo-baddhaih manavanam apekshayaa vibhaktaah santi iti bhaawah, maark doubleu ityasmin spacer-vishaye api tathaiva bhaawen sambadhaah bhavitum arhati. tademan ityasya "robot" pustakaani. alasder wilkins ityasya matena, gizmodo ityatra prakashitasya charchaayaam, "asimov ityeshah vilakshanaan, dirghavruttakaran samrachanaan sarvathaa rochati. tasya robot-rahitaani/pratishtaanaani vijnaana-kathaa-upanyasani-"anantakaalasya antah", "dewaah svayameva", "shatrutvam" cha-kalanukramika-varnaneshu bahudhaa aashritaah aasan, saha "dewaah svayameva" iti utsaahen tatt karoti." da robots aaf daan" ityasmin daa. haan fastolf ityayam "da bacentinial myaan" (1976) ityasya kathaam sankshepena saaraamshayati, yat pashchat rabert silverberg ityanena "da positronic myaan" (1992) iti navalekhe vistaaritam. vishve sthaapitaani karyani. prelude too foundation" ityasya prastaavanaayaam asimov ityasya vijnaana-kathaa-pustakanam kaalaanukramikramah asti. asimov ityeshah avadat yat tasya "robot", "galactic-samrajyam", "foundation" shrunkhalaayaah cha pustakaani bhavishyasya itihaasam prastooyanti, yat praayah purnataya susangatam naa bhavati, yatah aham aarambhe sthirataayaah yojanam naa krutavaan."asimov ityeshah api avadat yat tasya suchyam pustakaani (sambhawatah) yathaa kramena pathaneeyaani, tathaiva naa likhitaah." varnanaatmakaroopen kalanukramanusaram adhah likhitaah rachanaah soochitaah santi. anyaani lekhakaah vistaaritashrunkhalaayaam yogadam kurvanti. asimov ityasya upanyaaseshu apekshitasya 1,000 varsheshu kevalam 500 eva samaavishtaah aasan, ye eva samsthaapanaa aakaashagangaasaamraajyam bhavitum avalambante sma. asimov ityanena kalakramam naa anuvartayitvaa, poorvakathaah riktaan poorayitum prayatayitvaa, te upanyasani likhitaani. 1989 tame varshe "foundation-freds" iti tasya kaalasy anekebhyah pramukhaihi vijnaana-kathaa-lekhakaih likhitanam laghukathaanaam sangrahasya "foundation-vishvam" punah punah avalokitam. orson scott card ityasya "moolakartuh" ityasya seldon ityasya mrutyoho kinchitkalanantaram dwiteeyasya samsthaapanaam spashtayati; hyaari turtledov ityasya "tranter faals" iti grantham samrajyasya rajadhani, dwiteeyasya samsthaayaah cha gruhasya tranter ityasya nishkasanasya samaye dwiteeyasya samsthaayaah jeevitasya prayatnasya vishaye kathayati; jaarj zebrowski ityasya "foundation ityasya manassakshih" iti granthah dwiteeyasya akashagangasamrajyasya udayasya anantaram seldon ityasya karyasya dastaavejeekaranasya itihaasajnasya prayasasya vishaye asti. api cha, 1992 tame varshe swasya mrutyoho kinchitkaalapoorvam, asimov ityeshah rogger-mcbrad-elen ityasya "robots-samrajyasya" saamraajy-shrunkhalaayaah cha madhye sthite kaaliban-trayee iti namna prasiddha, trayanam upanyasanam ruparekham sveekrutavaan. kaaliban-trayee spacer-world-ferno ityasya bhooprakrutim varnayati, ekaha grahah yatra paaristhitik-sankatah spacer-janaan swasamskruteh bahubhyah dirghakalam yaavat anurakshitaan bhagan parityaajya nirbandhayati. elen ityasya upanyasaha asimov ityasya uttaravarteeshu pustakeshu robotics-ityasya tribhihi niyamanam vishaye, visheshatah robotic-samskrutehe maanav-upakramasya kshayam katham bhavet iti vishaye vyaktaani anishchitatam pratidhwanitawantah. asimov ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, janet asimov ityasya, asimov-state ityasya pratinidhehe cha anurodhena, ralf wikinanza ityeshah gregori benford ityasya sameepam aagacchat, anyat "foundation" iti kathaa lekhitum cha ayachata. ante saha sammatam krutavaan, wikinanza ityanena saha, "[da] pariyojanaayaah vishaye anekaih lekhakaih saha bhashayitva", "asimov ityanena vyaapakatayaa prabhaawitaih, apratirodhya-takaniki-kshamataayaah cha drudha-ess. ef. lekhakaih saha trayee-yojanaa niramaat, gregg-berr tathaa david-brin."foundation-bhayam" (1997) asimov ityasya dwiteeyasya prequel-upanyaasasy bhaag-1 taha bhaag-2 paryantam kaalaanukramikarupen bhavati, "foundation-foundation" iti; "foundation-and-cass" (1998) iti "foundation" ityasya prathamasya adhyaye tatt eva samaye sthaapitam asti, prushtabhoomau pooritam bhavati; foundation-prati holographic-sandeshanam abhilekhanasy anantaram "foundation-vijayah" (1999) iti granthah bhoomim aacchaadayati, tathaa cha anekaan shithilaan prantan sambadhyate. etaani pustakaani adhunaa kechan saamohikaroopen "dwiteeya-aadhaar-trayee" iti ghoshayanti, yadyapi taani poorva-vidyamaanaasu prequel-madhye, poorva-aadhaar-kathavastunam cha keshuchit madhye sthaapitaah santi, api cha samanyataya nootan-trayee iti naa maanyante. foundation ityasya vijayotsavah" iti upasamhaarasy brin ityeshah, "foundation ityasya vijayotsavah" iti yojayitum anyat uttaraamsham lekhayitum swayam athavaa anyah lekhakah kalpayitum shaknoti iti avadat, hyaari seldon ityasya kathaa adyaapi avashyatayaa samapta naa iti anubhootah. pashchat saha swasya jaalapute etaadrushasya pustakasya sambhaavya-arambham prakashitavan. sadyah eva asimov-state ityanena maark doubleu ityanena robot-rahasyanam anyasya trayee ityasya prakaashanam praadhikrutam. taimen. asimov ityasya "robots and empire" ityasya katipayavarshebhyah poorvam ghatitaani etaani upanyasani "miraj" (2000), "chimeraa" (2001), "auroraa" (2002) cha santi. tadanantaram aleksaandar see iti robot-rahasyam anyat abhavat. irvin ityasya "hyaav robot, will travel" (2004) iti tadman-trayam panchavarshaanantaram sthaapitam. 2001 tame varshe, donald kingsbury ityayam "saikohistorikal crassis" iti upanyasam prakashitavan, yat dwiteeyasaamraajyasy aarambhasy anantaram vishvasya sthapanayaha vishaye aasit. vividhalekhakaih rachitaani upanyasani ("isaak asimov ityasya" robot city "," robots and allions "tathaa" robots inn taim "iti shrunkhalaa)" robot "shrunkhalayaa saha shithilataya sambadhaah santi, parantu asimov ityasya pustakaih saha bahavah visangataah santi, tathaa cha samanyataya" foundation "shrunkhalaayaah bhaagah naa iti manyate. 2009 tame varshe november-maase, isaak asimov-state-samsthayaa "robots and cass" iti karyashirshake "aii, robot" ityasya prequel ityasya prakaashanam ghoshitam, yat kaalpanik-lekhakasy mikee zakar rechert ityanena susanne calvin iti prequel-trayee ityasya prathamam khandam aasit. prathamam pustakam 2011 tame varshe november-maase "aii, roboth too protect" iti sheershake prakaashitam, tadanantaram 2013 tame varshe "aii, roboth too obee" iti sheershake, 2016 tame varshe "aii, roboth too preserve" iti sheershake cha prakaashitam. aadhaar" vishvasya kathaasu, anyaih lekhakaih krutaani cha santi. varnanaatmakaroopen kalanukramanusaram adhah likhitaah rachanaah soochitaah santi.

adiththala pirabanjam adiththala pirabanjam enbathu kittatthatta 25,000 aandugal paraviyulla vinmeen mandalaththin manithagulaththin kaalaniththuvaththin ethirkaala varalaaraagum, idhu "robo", "calectic paerarasu" mattrum america ezhuththaalar aisak azimov ezhuthiya "adiththala" puththagath thodarin padippadiyaana inaippin moolam uruvaakkappattathu. pirabanjaththil amaikappatta padaippugal. asimovin "periya adiththalam" thodar. robo", "paerarasu" mattrum "adiththalam" thodarai inaikkirathu. adiththalam" thodar asimovin muthal veliyidappatta navalaana "bebble inn thii skai" poalavae athae pirabanjaththil amaikkappattullathu, iruppinum "adiththalam" sumar 10,000 aandugalukkup piragu nadaiperukirathu. "vaanaththil ulla koozhaangarkal" "vinmeen mandalap paerarasu" thodarukku adippadaiyaaga maariyathu. pinnar, sila ariyappadaatha thaethigalil ("adiththalaththin vilimbu" ezhuthuvatharku munbu) azimov "adiththalam"/"calectic paerarasu" thodarai thanathu "robo" thodarudan inaikka mudivu seithaar. ivvaaru, moontru thodarkalum oray pirabanjaththil amaikkappattullana, avai 18 naavalkalin moththa neelaththaiyum, moththam sumar 1,500,000 vaarththaigalaiyum vazhangkukintrana. inththa inaippu sumar 20,000 aandukaala thodarin kaala alavai uruvaakkiyathu. "natchaththiranggal, thoosi poala" oru anuaayuthap poarin kaaranamaaga bhoomi kathiriyakkamaanathu endru velippadaiyaaga koorukirathu. inththa karutthukkaana puvisaar kaaranam, inththa nigazhvukkup pala noottraandugalukkup piragu poomiyinaraal vadivamaikkappattathu endrum, avattrin kiraga varalaattrin perumbaguthi izhappu kaaranamaaga idhu sithainthuvittathaagavum azimov pinnar vilakkinaar. inththa vaelai podhuvaaga "paerarasu" thodarin oru paguthiyaaga karudhappadugiradhu, aanaal trander allathu spacer ulagangkalai neradiyaaga kuripidavillai. oru kathaapaaththiraththil oru visi-soanar iruppathaagak koorappadugiradhu, athae isaik karuvi "adiththalam mattrum saamraajyaththil" koomaali manificowal isaikkappadukirathu. azimov "robo" thodarai thanathu anaiththaiyum ulladakkiya "adiththala" thodaril orunginaiththu, aarr. dannell olivav meendum irupathaayiram aandugalukkup piragu vinmeen mandalap paerarasin kaalaththil, asal "adiththala" muththoguppin thodarchchigal mattrum munnuraigalil thoandrugirathu; maelum "roapoakkal" thodarin iruthi puththagaththil, "roapoakkal mattrum saamraajyam", azimov pinnar paerarasai uruvaakkiya ulagangkal evvaaru kudiyaerina enbathaiyum, bhoomi evvaaru kathiriyakkamaaga maariyathu enbathaiyum vivarikkiraar (idhu muthalil "vaanaththil koozhaangarkal" ill kurippidappattathu). nemesis" endra thaniththuvamaana naavalum athae thodarchchiyil ullathu; "forward thii foundation" ill kurippidappattullathu, angku haari selton "nemesis endra sooriyanaich suttri vantha oru muzhu kiragaththudanum thodarbu kollakoodiya oru ilam pennin irupathaayiram vayathu kadhaiyaik kurikkirathu". nemesis" endra soll spaesargal mattrum avattrin kaalandar amaippu, calectic saamraajyam mattrum haari selton pattriya maraimugamaana kurippugalaik kondullathu endru varnanaiyaalargal kurippittanar, idhu "adiththala" pirabanjaththil pinnar orunginaikkum nokkaththirkaaga vaendumentrae vaikkappattathaakath therikirathu. adiththalaththirku munnurai" endra asimovin "ezhuththaalarin kurippu". adiththalaththirku munnurai" enbatharkaana munnuraiyil asimovin ariviyal punaikathai puththagangkalin kaalavarisai varisai ullathu. avarathu "robo", "paerarasu" mattrum "adiththala" thodarkalin puththagangkal ethirkaalaththin oru vagaiyaana varalaattrai vazhangkukintrana endru azimov koorinaar, idhu, oruvaelai, muttrilum seeraanathalla, aenenil naan thodakkaththil nilaiththanmaiyaith thittamidavillai."azimov thanathu pattiyalil ulla puththagangkal" "avai padikkappada vaendiya varisaiyil ezhuthappadavillai" "endrum kuripittaar". ezhuththaalarin kurippil", "roapoakkal mattrum paerarasu" mattrum "vinveliyin neeroattangalukku" idaiyae oru puththagaththirku idam iruppathaakavum, koodudhal thoguthigaludan "adiththalam mattrum bhoomi" yaip pinpattra mudiyum endrum azimov kuripittaar. "adiththalatthai munnoakki," "nemesis", "mattrum" "nermaraiyaana manithan" "aagiyavai asimovin pattiyalil thoandravillai, aenenil avai antha neraththil innum veliyidappadavillai, maelum asimovin pattiyalil ulla paerarasin naavalkalin varisai mattra pattiyalkaludan muttrilum oththuppoagavillai". eduththukkaattaaga, 1983 aam aandu "thii robos off dunn" endra pirathyaegap puththagaththil, paerarasin naavalkalai "thoosi poantra natchaththiranggal, vinveliyin neeroattangkal" mattrum "vaanaththil koozhaangarkal" yena pattiyalidappattullathu. idaththin neeroattangkal" tranderai ulladakkiyathu mattrum "natchaththiranggal, thoosi poantravai" illai enbathaik karuththil kondu, inththa irandu puththagangkalum asimovin pattiyalil thartcheyalaaka thalaikeezhaaga maariyirukkalaam. pirabanjaththil amaikappatta thaniththuvamaana naavalkal. adiththalaththirku munnurai" endra "aasiriyarin kurippil" kurippidappadaadha nilaiyil, "niththiyaththin mudivu" (1955), "ethirigal" (1989), mattrum "nermaraiyaana manithan" (1992) (robbert silverberg ezhuthiya) naavalkal periya adiththalath thodarudan thodarpudaiyavai. "niththiyaththin mudivu" "adiththalaththin vilimbil" "thelivattra muraiyil kurippidappattullathu, angku oru kathaapaaththiram niththiyangkalaik kurippidugiradhu, adhan" "panii manithagulaththirku migavum porutthamaana oru yathaarthaththaith thaerntheduppathu". ("niththiyaththin mudivu" enbathu adhan kadhaikkul oru "vinmeen mandalap paerarasu" enbathaiyum kurikkirathu.) azimov thaanae "munnurai muthal adiththalam varai" endra thodaril "niththiyaththin mudivai" kuripidavillai. ethirigal" endra sollaip porutthavarai, idhu "adiththalaththirku munnurai" endru ezhuthappatta piragu ezhuthappattathu, aanaal aasiriyarin kurippil azimov inththa puththagam "adiththalam" allathu "paerarasu" thodarin oru pakuthi alla, aanaal oru naall avar adhai mattravargaludan inaikkalaam endru velippadaiyaaga koorukiraar. forward thii foundation" endra noolil, haari selton enbathu "nemesis endra sooriyanaich suttri vantha oru muzhu kiragaththudanum thodarbu kollakoodiya oru ilam pennin 20 aayiram vayathu kadhaiyaik kurikkirathu, idhu" nemesis "enbatharkaana kurippu aagum. nemesis" endra sollil, mukiya kaalani aimpathu kudiyaettranggalil ontraakum, idhu oru maanilatthai uruvaakkum suttruppaathai kaalanigalin thoguppaagum. aimpathu kudiyaettranggal "robo" kadhaigalil aimpathu spacer ulagangkalukku adippadaiyaaga irunthirukkalaam. poomiyin pura kaalanigalil vasippavargal poomiyil ulla manitharkalidamirunthu pirinthu selkiraargal endra "nemesis" inn mudivil ulla utporulum maark doublue ill ulla spaesargalaip pattriya idhaepoandra utporuludan inaikkappadalaam. diaman "robo" puththagangkal. alastair wilkinsin koottruppadi, kijmodovil veliyidappatta oru vivaathaththil, "azimov muttrilum viththiyasamaana, neelvatta kattamaippugalai virumbukiraar. avarathu moontru robo allaatha/adiththala ariviyal punaikathai naavalkalum-"niththiyaththin mudivu", "kadavulgal thaame" mattrum "ethirigal"-kaalavarisai allaatha kadhaigalil perithum saainthana, maelum avar adhai "kadavulgalil" aarvaththudan seikiraar." thii robos off vinnar", doctor. hawn fastolf "irunoottraandu manithar" (1976) endra kadhaiyai surukkamaaga surukkamaagak koorukiraar, idhu pinnar robbert silverberg enbavaraal "thii paasitroanik maen" (1992) endra naavalaaga virivupaduththappattathu. pirabanjaththil amaikappatta padaippugal. adiththalaththirku munnurai" enbatharkaana munnuraiyil asimovin ariviyal punaikathai puththagangkalin kaalavarisai varisai ullathu. avarathu "robo", "calectic paerarasu" mattrum "adiththala" thodarkalin puththagangkal ethirkaalaththin oru vagaiyaana varalaattrai vazhangkukintrana endru azimov koorinaar, idhu, oruvaelai, muttrilum seeraanathalla, aenenil naan thodakkaththil nilaiththanmaiyaith thittamidavillai."azimov thanathu pattiyalil ulla puththagangkal" "avai padikkappada vaendiya varisaiyil ezhuthappadavillai endrum kuripittaar"." pinvarum padaippugal kaalavarisaippadi pattiyalidapattullana virivaakkappatta thodarukku pankalikkum pira ezhuththaalargal. asimovin naavalkal, inththa asthivaaram oru vinmeen mandalap beararasaaga maaruvatharku edukkum 1,000 aandugalil 500 aandugalai mattumae ulladakkiyathu. azimov kaalavarisaiyaith thodaraamal, munththaiya kadhaigalil ulla idaiveligalai nirappa muyandra piragu naavalkal ezhuthappattana. adiththalam" pirabanjam 1989 aam aandin "arakkattalaiyin nanbarkal" endra noolil meendum paarvaiyidappattathu, idhu antha kaalaththin pala mukiya ariviyal punaikathai ezhuththaalargalaal ezhuthappatta sirukathaikalin thoguppaagum. arsen scott cardin "thoattruvaathi" selton maranaththirkup piragu viraivil irandaavathu adiththalatthai niruviyathai thelivupaduthukiraar; haari turtledovin "trander falls" irandaavathu adiththalaththin muyarchigalaip pattri koorukirathu, idhu aekaathipaththiya thalaynagaram mattrum irandaavathu adiththalaththin illamaana tranderai panineekkam seithapoathu uyirvaazhkirathu; mattrum jaarj jebrovskyin "adiththalaththin manasaatchi" irandaavathu calectic saamraajyaththin ezhuchchiyaith thodarnthu selton paniyai aavanappaduththa oru varalaattraasiriyarin muyarchigalaip pattriyathu. 1992 aam aandil avar irappatharku sattru munbu, kalippan muthoguppu endru azhaikkappadum rojar macpride alan moontru naavalkalukkaana oru avtlainai azimov angeekariththaar, idhu "roapoakkal mattrum paerarasu" mattrum paerarasin thodarkalukku idaiyil amaikkappattathu. kaaliban muthoguppu spacer ulaga naragaththin nilaparappai vivarikkirathu, oru suttruchchoozhal nerukkadi spaesargalai thangal kalaachaaraththin pala neendakaalamaaga virumbiya pakuthikalaik kaivida kattaayappadutthum oru kiragam. asimovin pirkaala puththagangkal ropaticsin moontru sattangalaip pattriyum, kurippaaga oru muzhumaiyaana robo kalacharam manitha munmuyarchiyai seerazhikkum vithaththaip pattriyum velippaduththum nichchayamatra thanmaigalai alan naavalkal ethirolikkintrana. asimovin maranaththirkup piragu, johnet azimov mattrum azimov thoattaththin pirathinithiyin vaendukoalin paeril, ralf visinansa gregory benfordai anugi mattroru "adiththala" kadhaiyai ezhuthumpadi catar. iruthiyil avar oppukkondaar, maelum visinaansaavudan "[thii] thittaththaip pattri pala ezhuththaalargaludan paesiya piragu", azimov mattrum sawal seiyappadaatha thozhilnutpa tiranaal paravalaaka eerkkappatta irandu kadinamaana ess. eff ezhuththaalargaludan oru muththoguppukkaana thittatthai uruvakkinaar greck karadi mattrum davit pirin."" "arakkattalaiyin payam" "(1997) asimovin irandaavathu muun thodar naavalin pakuthi ondru mattrum pakuthi irandu idaiyae kaalavarisaippadi nadaiperukirathu," "adiththalatthai munnoakki"; "" adiththalam mattrum kuzhappam "" (1998) adiththalaththin muthal aththiyaayaththin athae neraththil amaikkappattullathu, pinnaniyil nirappukirathu; adiththalaththin vettri (1999) adiththalaththirku halographic seithigalai pathivu seithathaith thodarnthu tharaiyai ulladakkiyathu, maelum pala thalarvaana munaigalai ontraaka inaikkirathu ". inththa puththagangkal ippoathu silaraal koottaaga oru "irandaavathu adiththala muthoguppu" endru koorappadugindrana, iruppinum avai munbae irukkum muun thodarchchi mattrum munththaiya adiththala kadhaigalil silavattril serugappattullana, maelum podhuvaaga oru puthiya muththoguppaaga angkeekarikkappadavillai. arakkattalaiyin vettri" endra oru ubasahaaraththil, pirin, haari selton kadhai innum mudivadaiyavillai endru unarnthu, "arakkattalaiyin vettrikku" mattroru thodarchchiyai ezhuthuvatharkaaga thannai allathu vaeru ezhuththaalarai karpanai seithu paarkka mudiyum endru kuripittaar. pinnar avar thanathu inaiyathalaththil aththagaiya puththagaththin saathiyamaana thodakkaththai veliyittaar. miga sameepaththil, asimov estate maark doublue moolam robo marmangkalin mattroru muththoguppai veliyida angkeekaaram aliththathu. diaman. asimovin "roapoakkal mattrum saamraajyam" enbatharku pala aandugalukku munbu nigazhntha inththa naavalkal "miraj" (2000), "simera" (2001), mattrum "arora" (2002) aagum. idhaith thodarnthu alexander chii endra mattroru robo marmam uruvaanathu. diaman muththoguppukkup piragu ainthu aandugalukkup piragu irvinin "robo ullathu, payanikkum" (2004). 2001 aam aandil, donault kingsbury irandaavathu paerarasin thodakkaththirkup piragu adiththala pirabanjaththil amaikappatta "manoathaththuva nerukkadi" endra naavalai veliyittaar. palvaeru ezhuththaalargalin naavalkal (aisak asimovin robo chitty, roapoakkal mattrum vaetrtrukiragavaasigal mattrum roapoakkal inn time seeris) robo thodarudan thalarvaaga inaikkappattullana, aanaal asimovin puththakangkaludan pala muranpaadugalaik kondullana, maelum avai podhuvaaga adiththalath thodarin oru paguthiyaaga karudhappaduvathillai. navambar 2009 ill, aisak azimov estate "roapoakkal mattrum kuzhappam" endra vaelai thalaippin keezh "aii, robo" endra breakwell veliyeettai ariviththathu, idhu karpanai ezhuththaalar mikki jakkar reachard ezhuthiya susan kaalvin konda breakwell muththoguppin muthal thoguthi. muthal puththagam navambar 2011 ill "i, robo duu bracked" endra thalaippil veliyidappattathu, adhaith thodarnthu 2013 ill "i, robo duu pipee" mattrum 2016 ill "i, robo duu preserve" endra thalaippil veliyidappattathu. pira ezhuththaalargalin padaippugal udpada "adiththalam" pirabanjaththil amaikappatta kadhaigal. pinvarum padaippugal kaalavarisaippadi pattiyalidapattullana

foundation viswam foundation viswam anedi daadaapu 25,000 samvatsaraala paatu vistarinchi unna galaxy yokka maanavatvam yokka valasarajyala bhavishyat charitra, idhi american rachayita isak asimov raasina "robot", "galaxy saamrajyam" mariyu "foundation" pustaka shreni yokka kramamga kalayika dwara srushtinchabadindi. vishwamlo sett cheyabadina rachanalu. asimov yokka "grater foundation" syries. robot", "saamrajyam" mariyu "foundation" sireesnu vileenam cheyadam. foundation" syries asimov yokka modati prachurita navala "pebul inn dhi skye" vale adhe vishwamlo sett cheyabadindi, ayithe "foundation" sumaru 10,000 samvatsaraala taruvaata jarugutundi. "aakaasamlo gulakarallu" "galaxy saamrajyam" shreniki aadharam ayyindi. appudu, edho oka teliyani teedeeloo (foundation yokka anchu anie vraayadaaniki mundu) asimov thana "robo" shrenitho "foundation"/"galaxy saamrajyam" shrenini vileenam cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. eee vidhamgaa, moodu sireeslu oke vishwamlo sett cheyabaddaayi, vatiki 18 navalala mottam podavu mariyu mottam 1,500,000 padaalu istayi. eee vileenam daadaapu 20,000 samvatsaraala shreni yokka kaala vyavadhini kooda srushtinchindi. "nakshatraalu, dummu laaga", anhu yuddham kaaranamgaa bhoomi rediyodhaarmikata kaligi undani spashtamgaa chebutundi. eee avagahanaku viswamloonae kaaranam emitante, eee sanghatana jarigina aneka sataabdaala tarvaata bhuswamulu dheenini roopondinchaarani, vaari graha charitra chaalaa varaku kolpovadam valla idhi vakreekarinchabadindani asimov taruvaata vivarinchaadu. eee pani saadhaaranamgaa "saamrajyam" shrenilo bhaagamgaa pariganinchabadutundi, conny neerugaa tranter ledhaa spacer prapanchaala gurinchi prastaavinchaledu. oka paatraku visi-soner undani chebutaaru, adhe sangeeta vaayidyam "foundation und empire" loe viduushakudu magnifico vaayistaadu. asimov robot sireesnu thana annintinee kaligi unna foundation siriisloo vileenam chesi, aarr. danell olivav iravai vaela samvatsaraala taruvaata galaxy saamrajyam yugamlo, asalu "foundation" trayam yokka sequevels mariyu prequelslo mallee kanipistaadu; mariyu "robots" syries yokka chivari pustakamlo, "robots und empire", asimov taruvaata saamrajyaanni yerparichina prapanchaalu elaa sthirapaddaayo mariyu bhoomi elaa rediyodhaarmikata santarinchukundo vivaristundi (idhi modata "aakaasamlo pebul" loe prastaavinchabadindi). nemesis" anae swatantra navala kooda adhe konasagimpulo undhi; "forward dhi foundation" loe soochinchabadindi, ikkada hurry seldon "nemesis anae suuryuni chuttoo tirigina mottam grahamtho communicate cheyagala oka yuvatini" iravai vaela samvatsaraala kathanu suuchistumdi. satrutvam" loe spacerlu mariyu vaati calender vyavastha, galaxy saamrajyam mariyu haari seldon gurinchi maaruveshamlo suuchanalu unnayani, ivi "punaadi" vishwamlo taruvaata ekikarana prayojanam kosam uddeshapoorvakamgaa unchabadinatlu anipistundani vyaakhyaatalu paerkonnaaru. asimov yokka "rachayita yokka gamanika" "punaadiki mundumaata". punaadiki mundumaata" anae mundumaatalo asimov yokka sains fiction pustakaala kalakramanusaram untundi. asimov thana "robo", "saamrajyam", "foundation" syries pustakaalu bhavishyat charitranu andistaayani, idhi bahusha puurtigaa sthiramgaa undadani, endukante neenu sthirathvaanni praarambhinchaanani pranaalika cheyaledu."asimov thana jaabitaaloni pustakaalu" "chadavavalasina kramamlo vraayabadaledu" "anie kooda paerkonnaadu". rachayita yokka gamanika" loe, asimov "robotlu mariyu saamrajyam" mariyu "antariksha pravaahaala" madhya oka pustakaaniki sthalam undani, mariyu athanu adanapu samputaalato "punaadi mariyu bhoomi" nii anusarinchagaladani paerkonnaadu. "foundation," "nemesis", "mariyu" "positronic myaan" "asimov jaabitaalo kanipinchavu, endukante avi aaa samayamlo inca prachurinchabadaledu, mariyu asimov jaabitaalo saamraajya navalala kramam itara jaabitaalato puurtigaa sthiramgaa ledhu". udaaharanaku, "dhi robots off daan" yokka 1983 balantine pustakaala mudrana saamraajya navlalanu ilaa jabita chestundih "nakshatraalu, dummu vantivi, antariksha pravahalu" mariyu "aakaasamlo gulakaraallu". antariksha pravahalu" loe tranter untundi mariyu "nakshatraalu, dummu laaga" undavu, eee rendu pustakaalu asimov jaabitaalo anukokunda tiragabadi undavacchu. vishwamlo sett cheyabadina swatantra navalalu. punaadi mundumaata" anae "rachayita yokka gamanika" loe prastaavinchabadanappatiki, "saasvatatvam yokka mugimpu" (1955), "satrutvam" (1989), mariyu "positronic myaan" (1992) (robbert silverberg raasina) anae navalalu grater foundation siriisku sambandhinchinavi. "saasvatatvam yokka mugimpu" "foundation yokka anchu" "loe aspashtamgaa soochinchabadindi, ikkada oka paatra saasvataalanu prastaavistundi, dheeni" "pani maanavatvaaniki atyanta anukuulamgaa unde vaastavikatanu enchukovadam". ("saasvatatvam yokka mugimpu" anedi daani kathalo "galaxy saamrajyam" nuu kooda suuchistumdi.) asimov swayamgaa "prelude tuu foundation" nundi syries jaabitaalo "saasvatatvam mugimpu" gurinchi prastaavinchaledu. satrutvam" kosam, idhi "punaadini mundugaane" vraasina taruvaata vraayabadindi, conny rachayita yokka gamanikalo asimov spashtamgaa eee pustakam "punaadi" ledhaa "saamrajyam" shrenilo bhaagam kaadani, conny edho oka roeju athanu daanini itarulatoe mudipettavacchani paerkonnaadu. foundation munduku" loe, hurry seldon "nemesis anae suuryuni chuttoo tirigina mottam grahamtho communicate cheyagala oka yuva mahila" yokka 20 vaela samvatsaraala kathanu suuchistumdi, idhi "nemesis" kuu suuchana. nemesis" loe, pradhana kaalanee yaabhai sthaavaraalalo okati, idhi oka rashtraanni yerparuchukune kakshya kaalaneela sekarana. yaabhai sthaavaraalu bahusha "robo" kathalalo yaabhai spacer prapanchaalaku aadharam. bhoomiki velupala unna kaalaneela nivaasitulu bhoomiki velupala unna maanavula nundi vidipotunnarane "satrutvam" chivarilo unna suuchana kooda maark doubleu looni spacerla gurinchi idhe vidhamaina suuchanatoe anusandhaaninchabadi undavacchu. tyman yokka "robot" pustakaalu. alasdare wilkins prakaram, gizmodolo post chesina charchalo, "asimov khachitamgaa vichitramaina, deerghavruttaakaara nirmaanaalanu ishtapadataadu. ayana raasina moodu naan-robot/foundation sains fiction navalalu-"saasvatatvam yokka mugimpu", "devatalu tamanu taamu" mariyu "satrutvam"-kalakramanusaram kaani kathanaalapai ekkuvagaa aadharapaddaayi, mariyu athanu daanini "devatalu tamanu taamu" utsaahamgaa chestaadu." dhi robots off daan" loe, daa. hohn fastolf "dhi bicentanial myaan" (1976) nundi kathanu kluptamgaa sangrahinchaadu, dheenini taruvaata robbert silverberg "dhi positronic myaan" (1992) navalaga vistarinchaaru. vishwamlo sett cheyabadina rachanalu. punaadiki mundumaata" anae mundumaatalo asimov yokka sains fiction pustakaala kalakramanusaram untundi. asimov thana "robo", "galaxy saamrajyam", "foundation" syries pustakaalu bhavishyat charitranu andistaayani, idhi bahusha puurtigaa sthiramgaa undadani, endukante neenu praarambhamlo sthirathvaanni plaan cheyaledu."asimov thana jaabitaaloni pustakaalu" "chadavavalasina kramamlo vraayabadaledani kooda paerkonnaadu"." eee krindi rachanalu kathanam prakaram kalakramanusaranga jabita cheyabaddayi vistarinchina shreniki itara rachayitalu sahakaristunnaru. asimov navalalu galaxy saamrajyamgaa maaradaaniki kavalsina 1,000 samvatsaraalalo 500 samvatsaraalanu matrame cover chesaayi. asimov kalakramanni konasaginchanappatiki, munupati kathalalo antaraalanu puurimchadaaniki prayatninchina taruvaata navalalu vrayabaddayi. aaa kaalamlooni aneka pramukha sains fiction rachayitalu raasina chinna kathala sekarana ayina 1989 naati foundation friends loe "foundation" viswam marosari punahsameekshinchabadindi. arson scott card yokka "dhi origionist" seldon maranam taruvaata koddikaalaanike rendava foundation sthaapananu spashtam chestundi; harry turtledov yokka "tranter falls" rendava foundation, imperial rajadhani mariyu rendava foundation yokka illu, traantarnu tolaginche samayamlo manugada saaginchadaaniki chesina prayatnaala gurinchi chebutundi; mariyu georg zebrowski yokka "foundation yokka manassakshi" rendava galaxy saamrajyam yokka perugudala taruvaata seldon yokka panini document cheyadaaniki charitrakaarudi prayatnaala gurinchi. alaage, alaage thana maranaaniki kontakaalam mundu, asimov roser mcbride allen raasina moodu navalala roopurekhalanu aamodinchaadu, dheenini caliban trayam anie pilustaaru, idhi "robotlu mariyu saamrajyam" mariyu saamraajya shreni madhya sett cheyabadindi. caliban trayam spacer varald fernoloni terraformingnu vivaristundi, paryaavarana sankshobham spacerlanu vaari samskrutilooni aneka deerghakaalamgaa ishtapade bhaagaalanu vidichipettadaaniki balavantam chese graham. asimov yokka taruvaati pustakaalu robotics yokka moodu chattaala gurinchi, mukhyamgaa puurtigaa robotic samskruti maanava choravanu digajarche maargam gurinchi vyaktam chese anischitulanu allen navalalu pratidhvanistaayi. asimov maranam taruvaata, johnet asimov mariyu asimov estate pratinidhi abhyardhana meraku, ralf wikinanza gregori benfordnu sampradinchi, maroka "foundation" katha rayamani koraadu. athanu chivariki angeekarinchaadu, mariyu wikinanza thoo mariyu "[project] gurinchi aneka mandhi rachayithalatho maatlaadina taruvaata", asimov mariyu savaalu cheyani saanketika saamarthyam dwara vistrutamgaa prabhaavitamaina iddaru kathinamaina rachayithalatho oka trayam kosam oka pranaalikanu roopondinchaaduh gregg bair mariyu david brin."" "foundation yokka bhayam" "(1997) asimov yokka rendava prekwell navala," "forward dhi foundation" "yokka modati bhaagam mariyu rendava bhaagam madhya kalakramanusaranga jarugutundi;" "foundation und gandaragolam" "(1998) adhe samayamlo" "foundation" "yokka modati adhyayam nepathyamlo nimpabadutundi;" "foundation yokka vijayam" "(1999) foundationku holographic sandeshaalanu record chesina taruvaata groundnu cover chestundi, mariyu aneka vadulugaa unna chivaralanu kaluputundi". eee pustakaalu ippudu samishtiga "rendava punaadi" trayam anie kondaru paerkonnaaru, ayinappatikee avi mundugaa unna prequevels mariyu munupati punaadi kathaamsaalalo konnintini choppinchaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa kotta trayam gaa gurtinchabadaledu. foundation yokka vijayam" kuu oka upasamhaaramlo, brin taanu ledhaa vaerae rachayita "foundation yokka vijayam" kii jodinchadaaniki maroka seakwell rayadanni oohinchagalanani paerkonnaadu, hurry seldon katha inca puurti kaaledani bhaavinchaadu. taruvaata ayana thana websitelo atuvanti pustakam yokka prarambhanni prachurinchaaru. iteevala, asimov estate maark doubleu dwara robot mysteries yokka maroka trayam prachuranaku adhikaram ichindi. tideman. asimov yokka "robotlu mariyu saamrajyam" kuu chaalaa samvatsaraala mundu jarigina eee navalalu "miraj" (2000), "chimera" (2001), mariyu "aurora" (2002). veeti taruvaata alegzander sii anae maroe robot mystery vachindi. tyman trayam tarvaata aidella tarvaata irvin yokka "robot kaligi undhi, prayaanistundi" (2004). (2004), donald kingsbury rendava saamrajyam praarambhamaina taruvaata punaadi vishwamlo sett cheyabadina "psychohystorical crisis" anae navalanu prachurinchaaru. vividha rachayitala navalalu (isak asimov yokka "robot city", robotlu mariyu grahaantaravaasulu mariyu "robots inn time" syries) robot shreniki vadulugaa anusandhaaninchabadi unnaayi, conny asimov pustakaalato aneka asamaanatalu kaligi untaayi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa "foundation" shrenilo bhaagamgaa pariganinchabadavu. 2009 navambarulo, isak asimov estate "robots und kaas" anae working taitil kinda "ii, robot" kuu prekwell prachurananu prakatinchindi, idhi fontasy rachayita miki jakkar rechert roopondinchina susanne calvin natinchina prekwell trayam yokka modati valume. modati pustakam november november "ii, robot tuu protect" anae sheershikato prachurinchabadindi, taruvaata taruvaata "ii, robot tuu obee" mariyu mariyu "ii, robot tuu preserve" anae sheershikato prachurinchabadindi. itara rachayitala rachanalatho sahaa "punaadi" vishwamlo sett cheyabadina kathalu. eee krindi rachanalu kathanam prakaram kalakramanusaranga jabita cheyabaddayi

foundation kainaat foundation kainaat kahkashan kii insaniyat kii nawabadiyat kii mustaqabil kii tareekh hay juu taqriba 25,000 saalon parr maheet hay juu "rubot"yee "kahkashan sultanat"yee aur "foundation" kitaab seerez kay batadreej imtazaaj kay zariye takhliq kii gayee hay jasay americi masnaf aizaak aseemof nay likhaa hay. kainaat mein qayem kardah kaam. aasimof kii "greater foundation" seerez. rubot"yee "sultanat" aur "foundation" seerez kuu zam karnaa. foundation" seerez asee kainaat mein tartib dee gayee hay juu aismof kay pehley shaye shadah naawal "concret inn dee iskayi" kay toor parr hay halankah "foundation" taqriba 10,000 saal baad hoti hay. "aasman mein kankariyan" "kahkashan sultanat" seerez kii bunyaad bunn gayee. pahar kasee namalum tareekh parr (foundation kay kinaray kuu likhnay say pehley) ameemof nay "foundation"/"kahkashan sultanat" seerez kuu apnee "rubot" seerez kay saath zam karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. iss tarah teenon seerez eek hyee kainaat mein tartib dee gayee haine jiss say inn kii mushtarkah lambayi 18 naawalon kii hay aur kill taqriba 1,500,000 alfaz haine. inzamam nay taqriba 20,000 saal kay silsilay kaa eek tyme speen bhee paida kiyaa. "sataray dhol kii tarah" waazah toor parr biyaan kartay haine kahh zameen johri jung kii wajah say taabkaar hay. aasimof nay baad mein wazahat kii kahh iss adraak kii kainaat mein wajah yaha thee kahh asay iss waaqiye kay kayee sadiyon baad zameen kay logon nay wazaa kiyaa thaa aur juu inn kii seeyaron kii tareekh kay ziyadah tarr hasay kay zaaye honay kii wajah say maskh how gayaa thaa. iss kaam kuu aam toor parr "sultanat" seerez kaa hasah samjha jaataa hay leakin iss mein braah raast tranter yaa specer world kaa zakar nahein hay. kahaa jaataa hay kahh eek kirdaar mein waisi sonar hotaa hay wahee mausiqi kaa aalah jasay "foundation aind empire" mein maskhara magnefico bajata hay. ameemof nay "rubot" seerez kuu apnee makmal "foundation" seerez mein zam kiyaa jiss say aar banaa. denail aulio 20 hazaar saal baad kahkashan sultanat kay door mein dobarah zahir hotaa hay asl "foundation" taree kay sequiles aur precoils mein vovo aur "robots" seerez kii aakhri kitaab "robots aind empire" mein assimof biyaan kartaa hay kahh kiss tarah wah duniyaen juu baad mein sultanat bunn gayein aabaad hoyein aur zameen taabkaar kisay bunn gayee (jiss kaa zakar pehli baar "aasman mein concret" mein kiyaa gayaa thaa). stend alwan naawal "nemesis" bhee asee taslasal mein hay vovo jiss kaa hawalah "forward dee foundation" mein diyaa gayaa hay jehaan hairi selden eek bees hazaar saalah kahaani kaa hawalah deeti hay "eek naujawan aurat juu eek puray seeyarey kay saath baath cheet kirr sakti thee jiss nay nemesis naami soraj kaa chakar lagaya thaa. mubsareen nay nott kiyaa kahh "nemesis" mein specers aur inn kay calender system kahkashan sultanat aur yahaan takk kahh hairi selden kay baaray mein bamashkal bhees mein hawalah jaat mojud haine juu bazahir jaan bojh kirr baad mein "foundation" kainaat mein inzamam kay maqsad say rakhay gayey haine. foundation kii paish kash" mein aasimof kaa "masnaf kaa nott". foundation kii paish goyee" kay paish lafz mein assimof kii science fakshan kitaabon kii tarikhi tartib shaamil hay. aseemof nay kahaa kahh inn kay "rubot"yee "impire"yee aur "foundation" seerez kii kitabein mustaqabil kii eek qasm kii tareekh paish karti haine juu shayed makmal toor parr mutabiqat nahein rakhti keunkah mein nay ibtada mein mustaqil mazaji kaa mansubah nahein banaya thaa."aseemof nay yaha bhee nott kiyaa kahh inn kii fehrist mein mojud kitabein" "iss tartib mein nahein likhee gayee thein jiss mein (shayed) inhein padhaa jaana chahiye. masnaf kay nott" mein ameemof nay nott kiyaa kahh "rubot aur sultanat" aur "khalaa kay dhaaron" kay darmiyan eek kitaab kay liye gunjaish hay aur yaha kahh wah izaafi jaldon kay saath "foundation aur arth" kii peervi kirr saktay haine. "foundation kuu aagay badhayein" "nemesis" "yee aur" "masbat aadmi" "assimof kii fehrist mein zahir nahein hotay haine keunkah wah ubhee takk iss waqat shaye nahein hoay thay aur assimof kii fehrist mein sultanat kay naawalon kii tartib makmal toor parr deegar fehriston say mutabiqat nahein rakhti hay. misaal kay toor parr "dee robots aaf done" kii prenting karnay waali 1983 kii balantine kitaabon mein sultanat kay naawalon kii fehrist iss tarah dee gayee hay: "sataray jeesay dhol khalaa kay dhaaray"yee aur "aasman mein kankariyan". yaha dekhtay hoay kahh "khalaa kay dhaaron" mein tranter shaamil hay aur "sataray dhol kii tarah" nahein haine yaha donon kitabein mamkanah toor parr ghalti say assimof kii fehrist mein alt gayee thein. kainaat mein tartib diye gayey stend lune naawal. agarcha "foundation kii paish kash" kay "masnaf kay nott" mein iss kaa zakar nahein kiyaa gayaa hay leakin naawal "dee aind aaf atternity" (1955)yee "nemesis" (1989)yee aur "dee positorovink meen" (1992) (raabart slorberg kay likhay hoay) greater foundation seerez say mutaliq haine. "abdi kay ikhtatam" kaa mubham hawalah "foundation kay kinaray" mein diyaa gayaa hay jehaan eek kirdaar abdi kaa zakar kartaa hay jiss kaa "" kaam eek aisi haqeeqat kaa intekhaab karnaa thaa juu insaniyat kay liye sabb say ziyadah mozon how. ("abdi kaa khaatima" iss kii kahaani mein eek "kahkashan sultanat" say bhee maraad hay.) aseemof nay khood "preload tuu foundation" kii seerez kii fehrist mein "abdi kay ikhtatam" kaa zakar nahein kiyaa. jehaan takk "nemesis" kaa taaluq hay yaha "foundation kii paish kash" kay baad likhaa gayaa thaa leakin masnaf kay nott mein ameemof nay waazah toor parr kahaa hay kahh yaha kitaab "foundation" yaa "empire" seerez kaa hasah nahein hay leakin yaha kahh kasee dunn wah asay dosron say baandh saktaa hay. forward dee foundation" mein hairi selden nay "eek aisi naujawan aurat kii 20 hazaar saalah kahaani kaa hawalah diyaa hay juu eek puray seeyarey kay saath baath cheet kirr sakti thee jiss nay nemesis naami soraj kaa chakar lagaya thaa" "nemesis" kaa hawalah. nemesis" mein markazi kaloni pachaas bastiyon mein say eek hay juu eek riyasat bananay waali madarini kaluniyon kaa majmuah hay. pachaas bastiyan mamkanah toor parr "rubot" kahaniyon mein pachaas specer duniyaon kii bunyaad thein. nemesis" kay ikhtatam parr yaha taasir kahh zameen say baahir kaluniyon kay baashinde zameen say mansalk insaanon say alg how rahay haine maark dabliyo mein specers kay baaray mein asee tarah kay mazmaraat say bhee mansalk kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. tideman kii "rubot" kitabein. alasder walkanz kay mutabiq gazmodo parr post kii gayee eek bahas mein "assimof balkal ajeeb alpatical dahanchay say mohabat kartaa hay. inn kay teenon ghair rubot/foundation science fakshan naawal-"dee aind aaf atternity"yee "dee gaadz khood"yee aur "nemesis"-ghair tarikhi bayaniye parr behat ziyadah inhasaar kartay haine aur wah asay "khood dewataon" mein josh woo kharoosh kay saath kartay haine." dee robots aaf done" mein doctor. hown fastolf nay "duu sadd saalah aadmi" (1976) kii kahaani kaa mukhtasir khalasah kiyaa jasay baad mein raabart slorberg nay naawal "dee positorovink meen" (1992) mein tausia dee. kainaat mein qayem kardah kaam. foundation kii paish goyee" kay paish lafz mein assimof kii science fakshan kitaabon kii tarikhi tartib shaamil hay. asmof nay kahaa kahh inn kay "rubot"yee "kahkashan sultanat"yee aur "foundation" seerez kii kitabein mustaqabil kii eek qasm kii tareekh paish karti haine juu shayed makmal toor parr mutabiqat nahein rakhti keunkah mein nay ibtada mein mustaqil mazaji kaa mansubah nahein banaya thaa."aasimof nay yaha bhee nott kiyaa kahh inn kii fehrist mein mojud kitabein" iss tartib mein nahein likhee gayee thein jiss mein (shayed) inhein padhaa jaana chahiye." mandarjah zeel kaam daastaan kay lahaaz say tarikhi tartib mein darj haine: tausia shadah seerez mein hasah daalnay waalay deegar masnafeen. asmof kay naawalon mein iss bunyaad kuu kahkashan kii sultanat bannay mein lagnay waalay matuqa 1,000 saalon mein say sarf 500 kaa ahatah kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha naawal iss waqat likhay gayey jabb aasimof nay tyme line jaari nahein rakhee balkah iss nay sabqah kahaniyon mein mojud khalaa kuu parr karnay kii koshish kii. 1989 kay "foundation kay doston" mein "foundation" kainaat kaa eek baar phir jaizah liyaa gayaa juu iss waqat kay behat say mamtaz science fakshan masnafeen kii likhee hoyee mukhtasir kahaniyon kaa majmuah hay. aurson scott card kaa "asl" selden kii moth kay foraa baad dosri foundation kii bunyaad kii wazahat kartaa hay. hairi tuttertlof kaa "tranter faalz" dosri foundation kii taraf say tranter shaahi darulhukumat aur dosri foundation kay gahar kii bartarfi kay doraan zindah rehney kii koshishon kay baaray mein batata hay. aur jaarj zebrosky kaa "foundation kaa zameer" dosri kahkashan sultanat kay arooj kay baad selden kay kaam kuu dastaviz karnay kay liye eek morakh kii koshishon kay baaray mein hay. neez 1992 mein apnee moth say kachh arsah pehley aseemof nay rogar meek bryde ailan kay teen naawalon kay khaakay kii manzori dee jasay caliban taree kay naam say jaana jaataa hay juu "robots aur sultanat" aur sultanat kii seerez kay darmiyan tartib diyaa gayaa hay. caliban taree specer world ferno kii terra farming kuu biyaan karti hay eek aisa seyarah jehaan mahuliyati behraan specers kuu apnee saqafat kay behat say derinah hasoon kuu turk karnay parr majbur kartaa hay. ailan kay naawal inn ghair yaqeeni surathaal kii bazgasht kartay haine juu asmof kii baad kii kitabein robotics kay teen qawanin kay baaray mein zahir karti haine aur khaas toor parr jiss tarah say eek makmal toor parr robotik saqafat insani pehal kuu kharaab kirr sakti hay. aasimof kii moth kay baad aur gent aseemof aur aseemof steat kay numayende kii darkhwast parr raalif vikinanza nay gregori benford say raabtah kiyaa aur asay eek aur "foundation" kahaani likhnay kuu kahaa. aakhir kaar wah raazi how gayaa aur vikinanza kay saath aur "[iss] project kay baaray mein kayee masnafeen say baath karnay kay baad"yee eek taree kay liye eek mansubah banaya jiss mein "duu sakht aiss aif masnafeen juu wasee paimanay parr aismof say mutasir haine aur ghair challenge shadah takniki salahiyat kay haamil haine: greeg bayer aur dude burn."foundation kaa khoof (1997) tarikhi toor parr assimof kay dosray pracual naawal kay hasah eek aur hasah duu kay darmiyan hotaa hay" "foundation kuu aagay badhayein" "vovo" "foundation aind kaous" "(1998) asee waqat tartib diyaa gayaa hay jabb" "foundation" "kay pehley baab mein piss manzar kuu bharna hay vovo foundation kii fatah (1999) foundation kuu holographic paighamat kii recording kay baad zameen kaa ahatah karti hay aur kayee dahilay saroon kuu jodti hay. abb kachh loag inn kitaabon kuu ijtemayi toor parr "dosri bunyaad" kii taree honay kaa daawi kartay haine halankah wah pehley say mojud precoils aur kachh ibtadayi bunyaad kii kahaniyon mein shaamil haine aur aam toor parr nayee taree kay toor parr tasleem nahein kii jaati haine. foundation kii fatah" kay eek maqalay mein burn nay nott kiyaa kahh wah khood yaa kasee dosray masnaf kaa tasavur kirr saktay haine juu "foundation kii fatah" mein izafah karnay kay liye eek aur sequil likh rahay haine yaha mahsus kartay hoay kahh hairi selden kii kahaani ubhee zaruri toor parr khatam nahein hoyee thee. baad mein inhon nay apnee waib saait parr iss tarah kii kitaab kaa eek mamkanah aaghaz shaye kiyaa. haal hyee mein ameemof steat nay maark dabliyo kay zariah rubot israar kii eek aur taree kii ashaat kii ajazat dee. tide meen. yaha naawal juu aasimof kay "rubot aind empire" say kayee saal pehley kay haine "miraj" (2000)yee "chemira" (2001)yee aur "aurora" (2002) haine. inn kay baad eek aur rubot israar alegzender see. aroon kaa "rubot hay safar karay gaa" (2004)yee tide meen taree kay paanch saal baad tartib diyaa gayaa. 2001 mein donald kangazbari nay naawal "saiko historical crises" shaye kiyaa juu dosri sultanat kay aaghaz kay baad foundation kainaat mein tartib diyaa gayaa thaa. mukhtalif masnafeen kay naawal ("aizaak assimof kaa" rubot stee "yee" rubot aind eleans "aur" rubot inn tyme "seerez)" rubot "seerez say dahilay toor parr jaday hoay haine leakin iss mein assimof kii kitaabon kay saath behat see tazadat haine aur aam toor parr" foundation "seerez kaa hasah nahein samjhay jaatay haine. nomber 2009 mein aizaak assimof steat nay "robots aind kaous" kay working tytle kay tahat "aayee rubot" kay liye eek pracual kii ashaat kaa aalaan kiyaa juu kahh eek pracual taree kaa pehla jald hay jiss mein sosan calone kuu fantasi masnaf makee zakar rechart nay dikhaya hay. pehli kitaab nomber 2011 mein "aayee rubot: tuu protect" kay anwaan say shaye hoyee thee iss kay baad 2013 mein "aayee rubot: tuu aubi" aur 2016 mein "aayee rubot: tuu preservi" shaye hoyee thee. foundation" kainaat mein tartib dee gayee kahaniyan bashmol dosray masnafeen kay kaam. mandarjah zeel kaam daastaan kay lahaaz say tarikhi tartib mein darj haine:

00066b3c72d39154df3b315bb11be6b94c74650a0267468a987f8c2db20c7d65

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1070302

redda

redda Icelandic. Etymology. Borrowed from , from . Attested since the second half of the 19th century. Norwegian Nynorsk. Etymology. From .

redda icelandic. byutpotti. ror poraa rino luwa. 19xo xotikar dwitiyo ordhor poraa promanito. norobeziyo ninurosko. byutpotti. poraa.

redda icelandic. byutpatti. theke dhaar koraa. 19 shotoker dwitiardho theke promanito. norwegian ninorsk. byutpatti. theke.

redaa icelandic. vyutpatti. pasethi udhaar leedhu. 19mee sadeena uttaraardhthi pramanit. norwena ninorsk. vyutpatti. maanthi.

redda icelandic. vyutpatti. seey udhaar liya. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh seey pramaanit. norwey key ninorsk. vyutpatti. seey.

redda islandic. vyutpatti. avarinda saala padediddene. 19neey shatamaanada dvitiyaardhadinda drudhikarisalaagide. norwegian ninorsk. vyutpatti. ninda.

redda islandic. padavyuthpathishaasthram. kadam eduthathu, athil ninnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthi muthal saakshyappeduthunnu. norwegian ninorsk. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu.

reda icelandic. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon karj ghetale. 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun pramanit. norwegian ninorsk. vyutpatti. pasoon.

reda icelandic. wyutpatti. batt udharo. 19 aun shatabdiko uttaradhadekhi pramanit. nervegian ninorsk. wyutpatti. batt.

redda icelandic. byutpatti. thaaru, ru runa. 19shaa shatabdir dwiteejardharu ehaa pramanita hoichhi. narawejiana ninorsk. byutpatti. ru.

redda icelandic. shabdawali. toon udhaar liaa. 19veen sadee dey dooje addh toon pramanit. norwegian ninorsk shabdawali. toon.

reddah aisalyaandik. vyutpattih. runam, ityatah. 19 shataabdyaah dwiteeyaardhaat pramaanitam. norwegian ninorsk. vyutpattih. ityatah.

redda islaandik. sorpirappiyal. irunthu cuddon vaangkiyathu. 19aam noottraandin irandaam paathiyil irunthu urudhippaduththappattullathu. norwejian ninorsk. sorpirappiyal. irunthu.

redda island. vyutpatti. nundi appuga teesukunnaru. 19va sataabdam rendava sagam nundi dhruvikarinchabadindi. norwegian ninorsk. vyutpatti. nundi.

redda aais landic. siftiyat. say say qarz liyaa. 19 wein sadee kay dosray nasf say tasdiq shadah. naarway nanorsk. siftiyat. say.

00066dfc41cc8eb76c916f94c7e4f8d2ce3a7fc1dcc1b08098d005d12fc80342

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15515950

KXTL

KXTL Radio station in Butte, Montana KXTL (1370 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Butte, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and licensed to Townsquare License, LLC. It airs a talk radio format. KXTL and its sister stations are all located at 750 Dewey Blvd. in Butte. The rear of this radio facility houses the small studios of the local NBC affiliate, KTVM Channel 6. The KXTL transmitter site is on Nissler Road, west of Butte. The station was first licensed as KGIR on January 18, 1929. It changed its call sign to KXLF on November 20, 1946, became KCEZ on April 26, 1984 and has been assigned the KXTL call sign by the Federal Communications Commission since August 1, 1985. Ownership. In June 2006, KXTL was acquired by Cherry Creek Radio from Fisher Radio Regional Group as part of a 24 station deal with a total reported sale price of $33.3 million. Effective June 17, 2022, KXTL was acquired by Townsquare Media from Cherry Creek Radio as part of a 42 station/21 translator deal with a sale price of $18.75 million. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kxtl kxtl (1370 am) hoise butte, montana xewa aagborhaboloi onugyapotroprapto etaa readyo 'steson. stationtu townscower miriyar malikanadhin aaru townscower onugyapotro, el. el. chi.-loi onugyapotroprapto. ee etaa tok readyo 'formate xomprosar kore. kxtl aaru iyar xohojugi stationxomuh xokolu 750 diui blvdt owosthito. butot. ei readyo 'xubidhar pisfale sthaniyo eno. bi. chi. onumudit, key. ti. bhi. em. senel 6-ror xoru studio' aase. key. ex. ti. el. trensmitter saittu butoter poschime nisolar pothot aase. 1929 sonor 18 januaryt ei stationtu prothombaror baabe key. ji. aai. aar. hisape onugyapotroprapto hoisil. ee 1946 sonor 20 novemborot key. ex. el. ef.-loi iyar koll letter xoloni korisil, 1984 sonor 26 aprilot key. chi. ee. ji. hoi porisil aaru 1985 sonor 1 aagostor poraa federal communication commissione key. ex. ti. el. koll laterxomuhor dayitwo dise. malikana. 2006 sonor june maahot masmoriya readyo 'ancholik gutor poraa cheri crick readyo' ee 24taa stationor suktir ongxo hisape kxtl aahoron korisil, jaar muth bikri mulyo aasil 33.3 nijut dollar.

kxtl kxtl (1370 am) ekti redio steshana jaa boot, montana poribeshon korar jonno licensprapt. stationti townsquare medier malikanadhin ebong townsquare licenses, ell. ell. shee-rawr licensprapt. etty ekti tock redio format samprachar korey. kxtl ebong err sahojogi stationguli 750 due blvd-teey abosthito. batite. eyi betar subidhar pichhone sthaniya enn. bii. shee onumodito, keey. tii. vee. emm channel 6-err chhoto studio royeche. keey. eksa. tii. ell transmitter saitti boote-err poschime nisler roade royeche. stationti 1929 saaler 18ee januari kejir hisabe prothom licensprapt hoy. etty 20shhey navembar, 1946-ayee kxlf-ayee taar qala letter poriborton korey, 26shhey april, 1984-ayee kessage porinoto hoy ebong 1985 saaler 1laa august theke federal communication kamishana dwara kxtl qala letter baradda koraa hoyeche. malikana. june 2006 saale, 24tii steshana chuktir ongsho hisabe fisher redio anchalik gosthir kachh theke cherry crick redio dwara kxtl adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo, jaar moat bikroy mulya chhilo 33.3 million dollar.

kXTL kxtl (1370 aee. aema.) aee butate, montaana aapvaa maate licenses dharaavtu rediyo station chhe. aaa station townskware mediani malikinu chhe aneey townskware licenses, llc maate licenses dharaave chhe. teey toqa rediyo formate prasaarit karey chhe. kxtl aneey tenaa sahyogi stationo 750 davy blovid parr stheet chhe. butmaa. aaa rediyo suvidhaanaa paachhalna bhagma sthaaneek nbc sanlagn, ktvm chenal 6 naa naana studiyo chhe. kxtl transmitter site butteni pashchimma nisler rooad parr chhe. aaa stationne 18 january, january roj kejir tareeke pratham vakhat licenses aapvama aavyu hatoo. tene 20 november, november roj tenaa qola laterne kxlfma badalya, 26 april, april roj cases banyu aneey 1 august, august federal communications commission dwara kxtl qola latter sonpavama aavyaa chhe. maliki. juuna juuna, 24 stationna sodaa hethal fisher rediyo praadeshik jooth pasethi cherry crick rediyo dwara kXTL hastgat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jenee coole vechaan keemat 33.3 laakh dollar hatee.

kxtl kxtl (1370 am) ack radio station haye joe butate, montana kii seva key liye licenses praapt haye. station kaa swaamitva townsquire media key paas haye aur ise townsquire licenses, llc key liye licenses praapt haye. yeh ack vaarta radio praarup prasaarit kartaa haye. kxtl aur isake sahayogi station sabhi 750 davie blavid parr sthit hain. batte mein. iss radio suvidha key peechhe sthaaniya aine. bee. see. sambaddh, key. tii. vee. aim. channel 6 key chhote studio hain. key. aiks. tii. ell. transmitter site butey key paschim mein nisler road parr haye. station koo pahali baar 18 janwari, 1929 koo key. jee. aaee. aar. key roop mein licenses diyaa gayaa thaa. isane 20 navambar, 1946 koo apane coll later koo key. aiks. ell. aff. mein badal diyaa, 26 aprail, 1984 koo key. see. ee. aiss. bunn gayaa aur 1 agast, 1985 seey sanghiya sanchaar aayog dwara key. aiks. tii. ell. coll later saunpe gaye hain. swaamitva. juuna 2006 mein, kxtl koo fishers radio kshetriya samooh seey cherry creak radio dwara 24 station saude key hisse key roop mein $33.3 million kii kull bikri moolya key saath adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa.

kXTL kx tl (1370 aa. emm) embudu bute, montana seve sallisalu paravaanagi padeda radeo kendravagide. ee nildaanavu town square madhyamada odetanadallide mattu town square licenses, llcge paravaanagi padedide. idu tock radeo svaroopavannu prasara maaduttade. kxl mattu adara sahodari kendragalellavu 750 dive blvdyalli sthitavagive. butteyalli. ee radeo soulabhyada himbhagadalli sthaliya enn. bii. sii. angasamstheyaada ktvm channel 6rahra sanna studiyogalu ive. kxll transmitter sait butteya pashchimadalliruva nisler rasteyallide. ee nildaanakke modala baarige 1929rahra janavari 18randu kgr endu paravaanagi nidalaayitu. idu 1946rahra november 20randu tanna karey patragalannu kxlfge badalaayisitu, 1984rahra april 26randu kesez aayitu mattu 1985rahra august 1rinda federal samvahana aayogavu kxll karey patragalannu niyojiside. malikatva. zoon 2006ralli, 24 stationgala oppandada bhagavagi minugaarara praadeshika samoohadinda cherry creak rediyovu kXTL annu swadhinapadisikonditu, ottu maaraatada bele $33.3 million endu varadiyagide.

keey. ex. tii. ell. keey. ex. tii. ell. (1370 aii. emm.) heey eka redio station aahe, jeey butt, montana seva denyasathi parvanadharak aahe. heey sthanak townsquare mediachya malakiche aahe aanee townsquare licenses, ell. ell. see. laa parwana aahe. heey charcha redio swarupache prasaran karate. keey. ex. tii. ell. aanee tichi bhagini sthanke hii serve 750 deway bleevidiver aahet. butamadhye. yaa redio suvidhechya mageel bajus sthanik aine. bii. see. sanlagn, keey. tii. vhee. emm. vahini 6 chey lahan studio aahet. keey. ex. tii. ell. transmitter site butechya paschimes nisler rodvar aahe. yaa sthankala 18 janewari 1929 roji keey. jee. aay. aar. mhanoon pratham parwana denyat aala. 20 november 1946 roji tyane aapali coll later badaloon keey. ex. ell. eff. kelee, 26 april 1984 roji keey. see. eae. ess. jhaale aanee 1 august 1985 pasoon federal communication kamishanane tyala keey. ex. tii. ell. coll later dile aahet. malki. juuna 2006 madhye, 24 stationchya kararacha bhag mhanoon fisher redio pradeshik gatakadoon cherry creak redione keey. ex. tii. ell. vikat ghetale, jyachi ekoon vikri kimmat 33.3 laakh dollars hotee.

kxtl kxtl (1370 bihan) boot, montana sewa garna ijajatpatra prapta radio station how. station tounsquire mediako swamitwama chha rar tounsquire licence, llcma ijajatpatra prapta chha. yo tuck radio dhancha prasaran gardacha. kxtl rar yasaka sahayogi stationharu sabai 750 davy blividima awasthit chhan. battema. yass radio suwidhako pachhadi sthaniya nbc sambadha, ktvm channel 6 kaa sanah studiyoharu chhan. kxtl transmitter site butteko paschimma nisler roadma chha. yo stationlai pahilo patak janawari 18,1929 maa kejirko rupma ijajatpatra diieko thiyo. yasale november 20,1946 maa kxlfma afno cull letterharu pariwartan garyo, april 26,1984 maa cases banyo rar august 1,1985 dekhi sanghiya sanchar ayogdwara kxtl cull letterharu tokieko chha. swamitwa. june 2006 maa, kxtlai chery creak radiole fisher radio khetriya samuhabata 24 station samjhautako bhagko rupma $33.3 millionko kull bikri mulyako sath adhigrahan gareko thiyo.

kxtl kxtl (1370 aii. emm.) heuchhi eka redio station jaahaa boot, montana seba paain licensprapta . stationti tounsquer midia dwara adhikruta ebong tounsquer licences, ell. ell. sii. ku licensprapta . ehaa eka tuck redio formatt prasarana kare . kee. ex. tii. ell. ebong ehara sahajogee station sabu 750 dii. we. bii. ell. bhi. dii. ray abasthita. buttare. ehi redio subidhara pachapate sthaniah nbc anubandhita, ktvm channell 6 rahr chhot studio achhi. kxtl transmitter site booter paschimare nisler roadre achhi . ehi stationku prathame januari 18,1929 ray kee. jii. aai. aarr. bhabare licences diajaithila. ehaa navember 20,1946 ray ehara cull later ku kee. kee. ess. ell. aif. ku paribartana karithila, april 26,1984 ray kee. sii. ee. jii. ray parinata hoithila ebong august 1,1985 ru sangheeah jogajoga aajoga dwara kee. kee. ess. tii. ell. cull later pradan karajaichi. malikana. june 2006 ray, kxtlku fisher redio anchalika gostheeru cherry crick redio dwara 24 station chuktira ansha bhabare $33.3 nijuta bikrai mulya sahita adhigrahan karajaithila.

kxtl kXTL (1370 vaje) ikk radio station haii joe butte, montana dee seva laee laisanshuda haii. station taoon squair media dee malkiat haii atey taoon squair licences, ail. ail. see. noon licences prapat haii. ih ikk tock radio format prasarit karda haii. kXTL atey iss dey bhainn station saare 750 davie balvidi utte sathit hunn. butt witch. iss radio sahulat dey pichle paase sathanak ainn. bee. see. affiliate, keey. tii. vee. aimm. channel 6 dey chhote studio hunn. keey. aiks. tii. aill. transmitter site butte dey pachham witch nisler road utte haii. iss station noon pahili vaar 18 janwari, 1929 noon keey. jee. aaee. aar. dey roop witch licences ditta giaa see. iss neey 20 navambar, 1946 noon aapne qaal pattran noon keey. acks. aill. eff. witch badal ditta, 26 aprail, 1984 noon keey. see. ee. aiss. bann giaa atey 1 agast, 1985 toon sanghi sanchar commission duaara keey. aiss. aiss. tii. aill. qaal pattar saunpe gaye hunn. malki. juun 2006 witch, kxtl noon machhi paalan vaale radio khetri samooh toon 24 station saude dey hisse vajon $33.3 million dee kull report keeti vikri keemat dey naal chairi creak radio duaara prapat keeta giaa see.

key. key. ess. tea. ell. key. key. ess. tea. ell. (praatah 1370) iti radio-kendram, butte, montana ityasya sewaayaah anudnyaapatram asti. asya sthanakasya svaamitvam tounsquer-madhyamena asti, tathaa cha tounsquer-anudnyaapatram, ell. ell. sii.-samsthayaa anudnyaapatram praaptam asti. tatt varta-radio-swaroopam prasaarayati. key. key. ess. tea. ell. tathaa tasya bhaginisthanakaha cha sarve 750 davy blee. vee. dee. ityatra sthitaah santi. batte madhye. asya radio-suvidhaa-kendrasya prushtabhaage sthaniyasya enn. bee. see. sambaddhasy key. tea. vee. emm. chaanal 6 ityasya laghupradarshanashaalaah santi. key. key. ess. tea. ell. transmitter-sait butte-nagarasya paschimadishi nisler-maarge asti. asya sthanakasya prathamavaaram 1929 tamasya varshasya janavaree-masasya 18 dinaanke key. jee. aii. aar. iti anudnyaapatram praaptam aasit. 1946 tamasya varshasya november-masasya 20 dinaanke etat key. key. ess. ell. ef. iti namna swasya ahvanapatrani parivartya 1984 tamasya varshasya april-masasya 26 dinaanke key. see. ee. ess. iti abhavat, 1985 tamasya varshasya august-masasya 1 dinaankaat sangheey-sanchaar-ayogena key. key. ess. tea. ell. iti ahvanapatrani niyuktaani santi. svaamitvam. 2006 joon-maase, key. key. ess. tea. ell. iteedam, matsya-radio-kshetriyasamoohaat cheree-creak-radio-dwara 24-kendra-kararasya bhagarupena, $33.3 laksh-mulyasya vikrayamoolyen, praaptam.

kXTL kXTL (1370 AM) enbathu putte, montanavai vazhangka urimam pettra oru vanoli nilaiyamaagum. inththa nilaiyam townscoir meediyaavukkuch sonthamaanathu mattrum townscoir urimam, ell. ell. chii. kku urimam pettrathu. idhu oru paechchu vanoli vadivaththil oliparappappadukirathu. kXTL mattrum adhan chakoothari nilaiyangkal anaiththum 750 dive pii. ell. vii. dii ill amainthullana. putte. inththa vanoli vasathiyin pinpuraththil ulloor enn. pii. chii inaippin siriya studiyoakkal ullana, kdvm saenal 6. kxtl transmitter thalam nisler saalaiyil, puttevukku maerkae ullathu. inththa nilaiyam muthanmuthalil janavari 18,1929 andru kgr endra urimaththaip pettrathu. idhu navambar 20,1946 andru adhan alaippu kadidhangalai kxlf endru maattriyathu, aepral 26,1984 andru cases aanathu mattrum august 1,1985 muthal koottaatchi thagaval thodarbu aanaiyatthaal kxld alaippu kadidhangal odhukkappattullana. urimai. juun 2006 ill, 24 nilaiya oppanththaththin oru paguthiyaaga meenava vanoli piraanthiya kuzhuvilirundhu cherri creak radiowall kXTL vaangkappattathu, moththa virpanai vilai $33.3 million aagum.

kXTL kXTL (1370 AM) anedi butte, montana sarv cheyadaaniki licenses pondina radeo station. eee station town square media yajamanyamlo undhi mariyu town square licenses, llc kii licenses pondindi. idhi tock radeo formatt loe prasaram avutundi. kXTL mariyu daani sodari stationlu annee 750 davy blavidilo unnaayi. buttalo. eee radeo soukaryam venuka bhaagamlo sthaanika enbisi anubandha samstha, ktvm chaanal 6 yokka chinna studiolu unnaayi. kextel transmitter sait butteku paschimaana nissler roodduloo undhi. eee stationku modatisaarigaa 1929 janavari 18naa kgrga licenses ivvabadindi. idhi november 20,1946naa daani coll letarlanu kxlfku maarchindi, april 26,1984naa kesejga maarindi mariyu augustu 1,1985 nundi federal communications commission dwara kxl coll letarlanu ketayinchabadindi. yajamanyam. juun 2006loe, 24 stationla oppandamlo bhaagamgaa matsyakaarula radeo praantiiya samuuham nundi cherry creak radeo dwara kXTL konugolu cheyabadindi, mottam $33.3 millionla ammakapu dharanu nivedinchindi.

kXTL kay aiks tye eel (1370 bajay) eek redio station hay juu butt montana kii khadmat kay liye license yaaftah hay. yaha station town squire mediya kii malkiyat hay aur town squire licenses eel eel see kay liye license yaaftah hay. yaha eek taak redio formate nashar kartaa hay. kay aiks tye eel aur iss kay behan station 750 deway bee eel wee ddee parr waaqa haine. butt mein. iss redio sahulat kay peeche maqami aine bee see say waabista kay tye wee ayem chinal 6 kay chhotay studio haine. kay aiks tye eel transmitter saait batay kay maghrab mein nessler road parr hay. iss station kuu pehli baar 18 januri 1929 kuu kay jee aayee aar kay toor parr license diyaa gayaa thaa. iss nay 20 nomber 1946 kuu apnay kaal latters kuu kay aiks eel aif mein tabdil kirr diyaa 26 apreel 1984 kuu kay see ayee zee bunn gayaa aur yakam agast 1985 say wafaqi mawasilati commission kay zariah asay kay aiks tye eel kaal latters tafviz kiye gayey haine. malkiyat. joone 2006 mein kay aiks tye eel kuu cheeri crack redio nay fashar redio elaqayi grop say 24 station kay muahide kay hasay kay toor parr haasil kiyaa thaa jiss kii kill farokhat qeemat 33.3 millin ddaalar batayi gayee thee.

00067931e5bd4e0b390e6e8931b96d389bf5140ace1da886a8f93d35199fb684

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1300349

Béatrice de Planisoles

Béatrice de Planisoles Béatrice de Planissoles (circa 1274 – after 1322), was a Cathar minor noble in the Comté de Foix in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century. She was born circa 1274, probably in the mountain village of Caussou. A great deal of information about her life was recorded in the Fournier Register. She has a central role in Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's "Montaillou." Béatrice was the daughter of Philippe de Planissoles, a noble who was later convicted of supporting the Cathar heresy. Béatrice herself was sympathetic towards Catharism, but remained attached to the Catholic Church in some respects. At around the age of twenty, Béatrice was married to Bérenger de Roquefort, the châtelain of the small and largely Cathar community of Montaillou. Despite living in the fortress above the town, Béatrice's life was closely linked with that of the local peasants and there was much intermixing. Béatrice was not in love with her husband, an entirely normal state of affairs as noble women usually married for economic reasons. Raymond Roussel, the steward of the châtelain's estate, attempted to begin an affair with her. When Roussel tried to sleep with her, however, she had him fired. In 1302, de Roquefort died and left Béatrice a widow. At this point, the villager Pathau Clergue raped her. She declined an affair with Pathau when he pressed her to begin one. Soon, however, a relationship began with Pathau's cousin, Pierre Clergue, the priest and the most powerful man in the village. This relationship lasted two years before Béatrice decided to leave the mountain village and marry another minor noble, Otho de Lagleize. He, too, died after only a few years of marriage. In her older years, Béatrice took up with a young priest, Barthélemy Amilhac. She was past menopause, but fell in love with the priest. They ran away together, were united in a form of marriage and remained away for a year. After a number of years, this relationship ended as Barthélemy worried he would be placed in danger by Béatrice's Cathar past. He was correct in his concerns and they were both arrested by the inquisition and held for a year. Béatrice first appeared before the Inquisition on Saturday, 26 July 1320, at the Episcopal Palace in Pamiers. She had been summoned to the hearing by Jacques Fournier, the Bishop of Pamiers, to answer charges of blasphemy, witchcraft and heresy. The charge of witchcraft was supported by the contents of her purse, which included a variety of "objects, strongly suggestive of having been used by her to cast evil spells": two umbilical cords of her grandsons, which ensured victory in any lawsuit; linens soaked with her daughter's first menstrual blood, meant to be drunk by the daughter's husband to ensure his love; frankincense to cure bad headaches; some of the herb rocket, "Eruca sativa," thought to enhance sperm quality and sexual vigor, which Beatrice refrained from telling Fournier was meant for her husband, the priest; a mirror and a small knife wrapped in a piece of linen; the seed of the herb ive, wrapped in muslin, as a remedy for epilepsy for her grandson; a dry piece of bread called "tinhol" (possibly millet bread); written formulas; and numerous morsels of linen. None of the items, explained Beatrice, was to be used in black magic, that is, divination and the making of mischief. Indeed, Rene Weis comments that Fournier would have recognized the contents as innocuous charms and love potions, except for the bread, which indicated Cathar interests. Beatrice had failed to mention the bread at all; Fournier knew that it must be consecrated bread carried as a talisman. Barthélemy and Beatrice spent a year in prison and were both released on July 4, 1322, but Béatrice was sentenced to wear the yellow cross forever as punishment, while the priest escaped further sentence. With her husbands, she had two sons, Guillaume and Bernard, and five daughters: Condors, Esclarmonde, Philippa, Ava and Gentille. The band Supreme Fiction has a song on their album "Quivering Things" about Béatrice titled "Beatrice of Montaillou Recants Her Repentance." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

planisulor protipalon betrich di planis 'los (pray 1274-1322 sonor pisot), troyudox xotikar xexor faale aaru soturdox xotikar aarombhonite komote di pho "yokxor ejon kethar miner obhijat aasil. teur jonmo hoisil pray 1274 sonot, xombhobotoh kasur pahariya gaont. teur jiwanor bixoye bohu tothyo chaari-niyor rejistarot lipibodho koraa hoisil. imanual ley roy ladurir "montailou" too teur ek kendriyo bhumika aase." betrich phillip di planis 'losor konya aasil, ji ejon xombhranto byokti aasil jaak pisoloi kethar dhormoniropekhyotak xomorthon korar baabe duxi xabyosto koraa hoisil. betrich nijei ketharijomor proti xohanubhutixil aasil, kintu kisuman khetrot ketholik girjar xoite xongzukto aasil. pray bix bosor boyoxot, betrise montailour xoru aaru bohulangxe kethar xomprodayor seteline berenjar di rockfortor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. sohoror uporor durgot baax koraa swotweu, betrisor jiwan sthaniyo krixokxokolor jiwanor xoite ghonisthobhabe jorito aasil aaru iyat bohut antoxongzug aasil. betrich teur swamir premot poraa nasil, ek xompurno swabhabik owostha aasil kiyonu xombhranto mohilaxokole xadharonote orthonoitik karonot biyaa hoisil. setelineor xompotir surangsuwa remond rasele taair xoite xomporko aarombho koriboloi chesta korisil. rasele jetiya taair logot xuboloi chesta korisil, obosye taai teuk sakorir poraa borkhasto koraisil. 1302 sonot di rockfortor mrityu hoy aaru betrisor egoraki bidhowa rokha hoy. ei muhurtot, gaonbaxi pathau clerge taik dhorxon korisil. pathouye taik etaa aarombho koriboloi saap dile taair logot xomporko sthapon koriboloi oswikar korisil. obosye, oti xunkalei pathour khurak bhai, piyere clerg, puruhito aaru gaukhonor ataitkoi xoktixali byoktir xoite xomporko aarombho hoisil. betrise pahariya gaukhon eri aan ejon xoru xombhranto, oh 'thu di legolijok biyaa korar xiddhanto luwar aagote ei xomporko dubosor dhori solisil. bibahor maatro keibosormanor pisot teuru mrityu hoisil. boyox barhi juwar xomoyot, betrise barthlemy emilhak naamor ejon juwo puruhitor xoite kaam korisil. taair rojunibritti xex hoisil, kintu puruhitjonor premot porisil. teuluke ekeloge polai goisil, bibahor rupot ekotrito hoisil aaru ebosor durot aasil. keibosormanor pisot, ei xomporkotu xex hoisil kaaron barthelemye sintit aasil je betrisor kethar otitor dwara teu bipodmukto hoh 'bob. teur chintar khetrot teu xothik aasil aaru todontor dwara duyuke greptar koraa hoisil aaru ebosoror baabe bondi koraa hoisil. 1320 sonor 26 july xonibare paymieror episcopal praxadot todontor aagot betrich prothombaror baabe uposthito hoisil. isworoninda, dakinibidya aaru dhormonindor obhijugor uttor diboloi teuk paymieror bixop jacks foroniere xunaniloi maati pothiyaisil. dakinibidyar obhijugok teur parchor bixoybostur dwara xomorthon koraa hoisil, zo 'too bibhinno dhoronor "bostu, ji teur naatir dutaa nabhir rosi, ji jikunu gusorot bijoy nischito korisil; taair konyar prothom mahekiya roktor xoite tiyai thuwa linen, jaak taair prem nischito koriboloi konyar swamiye xurapan koribo laage; beyaa muror bix niramoy koriboloi luban; kisuman bhexoj rocket," iruka setiva ", xukranur gunman aaru jouno xokti briddhi korar kotha bhoba hoisil, ji bitrise teur swami, puruhitor baabe aasil buli kuwar poraa birot aasil; etaa aaina aaru etaa xoru suri linenor tukurat abrito koraa hoisil; bhexojor beej, moxolinot abrito, teur naatir baabe mrigir sikitsa hisape;" tinnerate "naamor etaa xukan tukura; xombhobotoh tinerator oxongkhyo rett; tinaa beetraise byakhya korisil je kunu bostui koo 'laa jaadu, orthat bhobisyodwani aaru dustotar baabe byobohar koraa huwa nasil. prokritote, renn weise montobyo kore je rutir baahire, foroniere bixoibostuburok nirapod monuronjon aaru premor ouxodh hisape swikriti disil, ji ketharor aagrohor ingito disil. bitraise rutitur kotha ullekh korat ekebare byortho hoisil; furoniyere janisil je iyak tabij hisape loi juwa pobitro ruti hoh 'bob lagibo. barthelimi aaru bitrise ebosor karagarot kotaisil aaru duyuke 4 july, 1322-too mukoli koraa hoisil, kintu betrisok xasti hisape sirkalor baabe halodhiya croch pindhiboloi xasti diya hoisil, aanhate puruhitjone poroborti xastir poraa haat xarisil. swamir xoite teur dujon putro, gilaum aaru bernard, aaru pasjon konya aasiloh kondar, esclermonde, philippa, aabha aaru gentil. bendor xorbuscho kolpokahinir elbamtut betrisor bixoye "quivering thingso" naamor etaa geet aase jaar xirxok hoise "bitris owo montailouye teur onutapor poraa aatori yaay."

planisoler biboron betrice dii planisoles (pray 1274-1322 saaler porey) trayodash shatabdir shesher dike ebong chaturdash shatabdir godar dike komte dii foixer ekjon cather minor abhijato chhilen. tini sombhoboto 1274 khristabder dike kausu-err pahadi grame jonmogrohon corren. taanr jeebon somporke prachur tothyo chaar bochorer registere nothibhukto koraa hoyechilo. emmanuel leey roy ladurir "montailou"-teey taanr ekti kendriya bhumika royeche." betrice chhilen phillip dii planisoloser konna, ekjon sombhranto byakti jini porey cather boidhormyoke samarthan korar jonno doshi sabbosto hohn. betrice nize catherismer proti sahanubhutishil chhilen, tobey kichhu khettre catholic girjar saathe sangjukto chhilen. pray kudi bochor boyse, betrice montailur chhoto ebong mulat cather sampradayer cheteline berenzer dii rockforter saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn. shohorer uporer durge bosobas koraa sotteo, betricer jeebon sthaniya krishakder saathe ghonisthobhabe jukto chhilo ebong sekhane onek antoshongjog chhilo. betrice taar swamir preme padenni, jaa chhilo ekti sampurna swabhabik abostha kaaron abhijato mahilara sadharonoto orthonoitik karone biye korten. cheteliner estater tottabodhayok raymond russell taar saathe somporko shuru korar chesta korechilen. kintu, jokhon russell taar sange ghumanor chesta korey, tokhon seey taake borkhasto korey. 1302 khristabde dii rockfort maaraa zaan ebong betriske bidhoba rekhe zaan. eyi muhurte, grambasi pathou jajok taake dharshan korey. tini pathouer saathe ekti somporko prottakhyan korechilen jokhon tini taake ekti shuru korar jonno chup diyechilen. tobey, shighroi, pathour khudtuto bhai, piyer clerg, purohito ebong gramer sabcheye shaktishali byaktir saathe ekti somporko shuru hoy. betrice pahadi grama chhede onno eka chhoto abhijato, otho dii laglizke biye korar siddhanta neoar agey eyi somporko dui bochor sthayi hoyechilo. biyer matro koyek bochor porr tinio maaraa zaan. taar briddho boyse, betrice berthlemy amilhack naame eka torun purohiter sange dekha corren. tini menopauser agey chhilen, kintu purohiter preme porey giechilen. taaraa eksange paliye yaay, eka dharaner biyete oikyoboddho hoy ebong eka bochor dhorey doore thaake. besh koyek bochor porr, eyi samparkati shesh hoye yaay kaaron berthlemy chintito chhilen jey tini betricer cather atiter dwara bipode padven. tini taanr udweger bishoye sothik chhilen ebong todonto dwara taader ubhaykei greptar koraa hoyechilo ebong eka bochorer jonno atok koraa hoyechilo. 1320 saaler 26shhey julai shanibar pamierser episcopal prasade todonter agey betrice prothom uposthito hohn. dharmaninder, jadubidya ebong boidhormyer abhijoger jobab deoar jonno taake panierder bishop jack fornier shunanite deke pathan. jadubidyar abhijog taar percer visayavastu dwara somorthito chhilo, jaar modhye chhilo bivinno "bostu, jaa taar dwara mondo montro nikkhep korar jonno byabohrito howar dridha ingito deyo": taar natir duti navi dadi, jaa jey konao mamla bijoy nischito korechilo; taar meyer prothom masik rokto diye vijiye rakha linen, jaa taar bhalobasa nischito korar jonno meyer swami dwara paan koraa hoyechilo; kharap mathabyatha niramoyer jonno loban; kichhu bheshoj rockett, "iruka sativa", shukranur gunoman ebong jouno shakti badanor kotha bhebechilo, jaa bitris taar swami, purohiter jonno chhilo boley ullekh koraa theke biroto chhilo; ekti ayna ebong ekti chhoto chhuri lininer tukrote modano; bheshoj iver beej, moslin moda, taar natir jonno mrigiroger protikar hisabe; ekti shukno ruty tukro, sombhoboto tiner tukro; tiner tukro; asankhya linen ebong likhito linen. bitris byakhya korechilen jey, konao jinisoi kaalo jadute, arthat bhabishyadwani ebong dushtumi toirite byabohar koraa hoto naa. prokritopokkhe, rene oyeis montobbo korechen jey fornier ruty chhada vishayavastugulike nirdosh akarshan ebong premer panian hisabe swikriti diten, jaa cather agroher ingito deyo. bitris rutir kotha ullekh korte byartho hoyechilo; fornier janten jey etty aboshyoi ekti tabiz hisabe bohon koraa pobitro ruty hotey hobey. berthlemy ebong bitris eka bochor karagare katan ebong 4thhaa julai, 1322-ayee ubhaykei mukti deoa hoy, kintu betriske shasti hisabe chirokaler jonno holud cross porar jonno saja deoa hoy, ebong purohito arow saja theke rakkha paan. taanr swamider saathe, taanr dui putro, gilliam ebong bernard ebong panch konna chhiloh condor, esclermonde, phillip, ava ebong gentil. banned supreme fiction taader albume ekti gaan royeche jaa betrice somporke "kanpano jinis" shironamer "bitris off montailu taar onushochona prottahar korey."

planisolsnee rachnaa battrice dha planisols (aashre 1274-1322 pachhi), termee sadeena antamaa aneey chaudami sadeeni sharuaatmaa komete dha foixmaan cather naana umraav hataa. teneeno janm lagbhag 1274 maan thayo hato, kadaach kausouna parvateey gaammaan. temnaa jeevan visheni ghanee maahitee fornier rajistarmaa nondhvaamaa aavee hatee. teneeni mukhya bhoomika emmanuel leey roya ladurini "montellou" maan chhe." battrice phillip dii planisolsnee putri hatee, jeey aek umadaa vyaktee hatee, jene paachhalthi cather pakhandne teko aapvaa badal dosheet theravama aavee hatee. battrice pote ketharvaad pratye sahanubhuti dharaavtaa hataa, parantu ketalik babatoma ketholik church saathe jodaayela rahyaa hataa. vees varshnee aaspaas, battrice montelonaa naana aneey motaa bhaage cather samudaaynaa chetelen barranger dii rockfort saathe lagna karyaa hataa. shahernee uparnaa keellama raheta hovaa chhataa, batricenu jeevan sthaaneek kheduto saathe gaadh reete jodaayelu hatoo aneey temaa ghanoo aantar-mishran hatoo. battrice tenaa patinaa premmaa nahoti, jeey aek sampurnpane saamanya sthitee hatee kaaran keey umadaa mahilaaoae saamanya reete aarthik kaaranosar lagna karyaa hataa. chetelinni estetnaa kaarbhaari raymond rusley tenee saathe sambandh sharoo karvaano prayaas karyo hato. jyaare rusale tenee saathe suvaano prayaas karyo, tyaare teneeae tene bartaraf karyo hato. 1302maan, dha rockfort mrutyu pamya aneey battricene vidhavaa chhodi gayaa. aaa samaye, graameen paathau paadariae tenaa parr balaatkaar gujaaryo hato. jyaare paathauae tene sharoo karvaa maate dabaan karyoo tyaare teneeae paathau saathe sambandh baandhvaano incar karyo hato. jooe keey, toonk samayma, pathauna pitarai bhaai, pier paadari, paadari aneey gaamnaa sauthee shaktishaali maanas saathe sambandh sharoo thayo. aaa sambandh beey varsh sudhee chaalyo teey pahelaa battrice parvateey gaam chhodvaanu aneey anya naana umraav, otho dii legliz saathe lagna karvaanu nakki karyoo. lagnana thodaa varsho pachhi jaj temnu pann avsaan thayu hatoo. tenaa vruddhaavasthaamaa, battrice aek yuvan paadari, barthlemy emilhack saathe kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo. tenee manoposethy bhutkaalmaa hatee, parantu paadarina premmaa puddy gaee. teo saathe bhaagi gayaa, lagnana swarupma aek thayaa aneey aek varsh sudhee door rahyaa. ghanaa varsho pachhi, aaa sambandhno anta aavyo kaaran keey berthlemyne chinta hatee keey teey battricena cather bhutkaal dwara jokhamma mukai jashe. teo potaani chintaoma saacha hataa aneey teo banneni tapaas dwara dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aek varsh sudhee atkayatma rakhvama aavyaa hataa. battrice saupratham shanivaar, 26 julai 1320naa roj paymearsma episcopal pelesamaa tapaas pahelaa dekhaaya hataa. teneene ishninda, melividhya aneey pakhandna aaropona javaab aapvaa maate, paymiersna bishop, jaiks fornier dwara sunavanima bolavvama aavee hatee. melividhyaanaa aaropne tenaa persnee samagri dwara teko aapvama aavyo hato, jemaa viveedh "vastuo, jeey tenee dwara dusht mantra fenkvaa maate upyogmaa levaai hovaanu bhaarpurvak soochave chhe": tenaa pautroni beey naabhi doree, jene koipan mukadmama vijayni khaatari curry hatee; tenee putrinaa pratham maaseek raktathi palaalela linnon, jeey tenaa premnee khaatari karvaa maate putrinaa patee dwara pivama aave chhe; kharaab maathano dukhaavo door karvaa maate loban; ketlaak jadibutty roqeta, "eruka sativa", shukraanuni gunvattaa aneey jaatiy shakteema vadhaaro karvaanu vichaartaa hataa, jeey bitrise tenaa patee, paadari maate fornier hovaanu kahevaanu taalyu hatoo; aek ariso aneey linannaa tukadama vintalaayelee aek naanee chhari; maleenma vintalaayelee jadibuttinu beej, tenaa pautra maate vaaina upaay tareeke; aek sookie breadno tukado jene "teinholet" kahevaay chhe; sambhavatah breadna asankhya swarupo; linannaa asankhya swarupo; bitrise samjaavyu keey, aamathi koee pann vastuno upyog kaalaa jaaduma, etale keey bhavishyakathan aneey tofaanomaa thavaano naa hato. kharekhar, rene weise tippani curry hatee keey forniere saamgreene nirupadravi aakarshan aneey premnaa khoraak tareeke odakhee hashe, sivaay keey bread, jeey cather rus soochave chhe. beatrice rotalino ullekh karvaamaa bilkul nishfal gayo hato; fornier jaanato hato keey teey pavitra rotali hovi joiae jeey tavij tareeke laee javama aave chhe. barthlemy aneey bitrise aek varsh jailma vitaavyu aneey bannene 4 julai, 1322naa roj mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, parantu battricene sajaa tareeke kaayam maate peelo cross pahervani sajaa fatkarvama aavee hatee, jyaare paadari vadhu sajaathi bachee gayaa hataa. temnaa pateeo saathe, temne beey putro, gillom aneey bernard aneey paanch putreeo hateeh condor, esclarmonde, philippa, avaa aneey gentil. benned suprem fictionna album parr battrice vishe "kampari vastuo" sheershak dharaavtu geet chhe, jenu sheershak chhe "beatrice off montello tenaa pastaavaane paachho khenche chhe."

planisols kaa sthaan betris dee planisols (lagbhag 1274-1322 key baad), terahavin shatabdi key anta aur chaudahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein comey dee foix mein ack cather minor kuleen thaa. unakaa janm lagbhag 1274 mein huaa thaa, shayed kausau key pahaadi gaanv mein. unake jeevan key baare mein bahut saaree jaankaari chaar-adhik register mein darj kii gaee thee. emmanuel leey roy laduri kii "montailau" mein unaki kendriya bhoomika haye." betris phillip dee planisols kii betty thee, joe ack kuleen thaa jise baad mein cather pakhand kaa samarthan karane kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. betris khud catherism key prati sahanubhutipurna theen, lekin kuchh mamalon mein catholic church seey judee raheen. bees saal kii umr mein, betris kaa vivaah montailau key chhote aur badey paimaane parr cather samudaay key shatellen, berenger dee rockfort seey huaa thaa. shahar key oopar key kille mein rahane key bavjood, betris kaa jeevan sthaaniya kisaanon key saath nikatata seey judaa huaa thaa aur vahaan bahut adhik mishran thaa. betris koo apane pati seey pyaar naheen thaa, joe ack poori tarah seey samanya sthiti thee kyonki kuleen mahilaaon ney aamtaur parr aarthik karanon seey shaadi kii thee. shatellin kii sampatti key karbhari raymond rusal ney usake saath sambandh shuru karane kaa prayaas kiya. haalaanki, jaba russel ney usake saath soney kii koshish kii, tou usane usey nikaal diyaa. 1302 mein, dee rockfort kii mrityu hoe gaee aur unhone ack vidhwa koo chhod diyaa. iss samay, graameen paadari ney usake saath balatkar kiya. jaba usane usey shuru karane key liye dabaav daala tou usane pathou key saath sambandh banaane seey incar curr diyaa. haalaanki, jald hii, pathou key chachere bhaai, piyare clerg, pujari aur gaanv key sabse shaktishali vyakti key saath ack sambandh shuru hoe gayaa. betris dwara pahaadi gaanv chhodane aur ack anya chhote seey kuleen, otho dee lagliz seey shaadi karane kaa faisala karane seey pahale yeh rishta dou saal taka chalaa. shaadi key kuchh hii varshon key baad unaki bhee mrityu hoe gaee. apane badey varshon mein, betris ney ack yuva pujari, barthlemy emilhack key saath kaam kiya. vaha rajonivritti seey pahale thee, lekin pujari seey pyaar karane luggy. way ack saath bhaag gaye, shaadi key roop mein ekjut hue aur ack saal taka door rahey. kaee varshon key baad, yeh sambandh samaapt hoe gayaa kyonki barthlemy koo chinta thee kii vaha betris key cather ateet seey khatare mein parh jaayega. vaha apani chintaon mein sahee thaa aur way donon poochtaachh dwara giraftar kiye gaye aur ack saal key liye hirasat mein rakhe gaye. betris pahali baar shaniwar, 26 julaai 1320 koo pamiers mein episcopal palace mein poochtaachh seey pahale dikhaai diyaa. usey ishninda, jaadoo-tona aur pakhand key aaropon kaa jawab dene key liye pamier key bishap jack fornier dwara sunavaai key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. jaadoo-tona key aarop koo usake purse kii samagri dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vibhinn prakaar kii "vastuein, joe usake dwara dusht mantra daalane key liye upayog kii jaane kaa dridhata seey sujhaav detee hain" shamil theenh usake potey kii dou naabhi kii doriyaan, joe kissy bhee mukadame mein jeet sunishchit karati hain; usaki betty key pahale masik dharm key rakt seey bhigoye hue linnon, joe usake pati dwara apane pyaar koo sunishchit karane key liye nashe mein diyaa jaataa haye; kharaab sirdard koo thheek karane key liye loban; kuchh jadee-bootiyon, "eruka sativa", shukranu kii gunavatta aur yaun shakti koo badhaane key liye socha jaataa haye, joe beatress koo charnair bataane seey bachaata haye, pujari; ack darpan aur ack chhota chaku joe linnon key tukade mein lipta hotaa haye; jadee-bootiyon kaa beej, malmal mein lipta, usake potey key liye mirgi key upchaar key roop mein; ack sookhe bread key tukade koo kahaa jaataa haye; sambhavatah tinn key tukade; kaee prakaar key linal; aur kaee prakaar key linal key tukade; beatrice ney samajhaaya kii kissy bhee vastu kaa upayog kaale jaadoo mein naheen kiya jaanaa thaa, yaani bhavishyavaniyon aur shararaton key nirmaan mein. vaastav mein, rene ways tippani karate hain kii fornier ney samagri koo nirdosh aakarshan aur prem aushadhi key roop mein pahachaana hoga, sivaay rotty key, joe cather ruchiyon kaa sanket detaa haye. beatrice rotty kaa ullekh karane mein bilkul bhee whiffle rhaa thaa; fornier koo pataa thaa kii ise pavitra rotty key roop mein leey jaaya jaanaa chaahiye. barthlemy aur beatrice ney ack saal jail mein bitaaya aur donon koo 4 julaai, 1322 koo riha curr diyaa gayaa, lekin betris koo sajaa key roop mein hamesha key liye peele cross pahanane kii sajaa sunai gaee, jabaki pujari aage kii sajaa seey butch gayaa. apane patiyon key saath, unake dou bete, gilam aur bernard they, aur paanch betiyaan theenh kondor, escalarmonde, philipa, awaa aur gentil. baind supreme fiction key album mein betris key baare mein ack geet haye jiska sheershak haye "beatress off montailau apane paschaataap koo dohrata haye."

planisolgala betris betris dii planisoles (sumaru 1274-1322rahra nantara), hadimoorane shatamaanada koneyalli mattu hadinalkane shatamaanada aarambhadalli kamte dii foixonalli obba cather mainer kuleenanaagiddanu. aake sumaru 1274ralli, bahushah kausau emba parvata gramadalli janisiddalu. aakeya jeevanada bagge hecchina maahitiyannu fornier registernalli daakhalisalaagide. avaru emmanuel leey raay laduriyavara "montaillo" nalli pramukha patravannu hondiddaare." betris obba kuleenanaada phillip dii planisolsna magalaagiddalu, nantara cather dharmadrohigalannu bembalisida aaropadalli shikshegolagaadalu. swatah betris catherismna bagge sahaanubhootiyannu hondiddaru, aadare kelavu vishayagalalli catholic charchinondige bereyuttiddaru. ippattane vayassinalli, betris montailauda sanna mattu hechchaagi cather samudaayada chateline berenger dii rockfort avarannu vivaahavaadaru. pattanada melina koteyalli vaasisuttiddaroo, betrisna jeevanavu sthaliya raitara jivanadondige nikata sambandhavannu hondittu mattu allie hecchu paraspara mishranavagittu. betris tanna gandanannu pritisiralilla, idu srimanta mahileyaru samanyavagi arthika karanagaligagi maduveyaguvudarinda sampoornavaagi saamaanya sthitiyagittu. aaa chetelinana estate naa melvichaaraka raymond rousel, avalondige sambandhavannu prarambhisalu prayatnisidanu. aadaagyoo, rousel avalondige malagalu prayatnisidaga, avalu avanannu vajaa maadidalu. 1302ralli, dii rockfort nidhanaraadaru mattu betrisge vidhaveyaagi ulidaru. ee hantadalli, hallia padri aakeya mele atyaachaara esagiddaane. pathou tanna mele sambandhavannu praarambhisuvante ottada heriddaaga avalu avanondige sambandhavannu nirakarisidalu. aadaagyoo, shighradalle, pathouna sodarasambandhi, pier clerg, padri mattu graamada atyanta shaktishali vyaktiyondige sambandhavu praarambhavaayitu. ee sambandhavu eradu varshagala kaala nadeyitu, betris parvata graamavannu toredu mattobba apraapta kuleena, otho dii loglease avarannu maduveyagalu nirdharisidaru. aatanoo saha maduveyagi kelave varshagala nantara nidhanaraadaru. tanna hiriya vayassinalli, betris yuva padri barthlemy amilhaknondige bhetiyaadalu. aake rutubandhavannu daatidalu, aadare padriyannu pritisidalu. avaru ottige odihodaru, maduveya roopadalli oggoodidaru mattu ondu varshada kaala doora ulidaru. halavaaru varshagala nantara, betrisna cather bhootakaaladinda taanu apayakke silukabahudemba aatankadinda barthlemy ee sambandhavannu konegolisidaru. aata tanna kalavalagalli sariyagiye iddanu mattu avaribbarannoo tanikheyinda bandhisi ondu varshada kaala bandhisalaayitu. 1320rahra julai 26rahra shanivaaradandu, pamiersonalliruva episcopal aramaneyalli vichaaraneya modalu betris modala baarige kanisikondaru. dharmaninde, maatagaati mattu dharmadrohigala aaropagalige uttarisalu pyamiyargala bishop jackwess fornier avaru aakeyannu vichaaranege karediddaru. matagatiya aaropavannu aakeya parsna vishayagalu bembalisuttiddavu, idaralli "dushta mantragalannu eseyalu avalu balasida vividha vastugalu" olagondiddavuh yaavude mokaddameyalli vijayavannu khachitapadisida avala mommakkala eradu hokkulina haggagalu; magala pathi tanna pritiyannu khachitapadisikollalu kudiyalu uddeshisida avala magala modala muttina raktadinda nenesida liningalu; ketta talenovannu gunapadisalu dhoopadravya; kelavu moolike rockett, "eruca sativa", veeryada gunamatta mattu laingika chaitanyavannu hechchisuttade endu bhaavisalaagittu, idu tanna pathi, padrige fornier endu heluvudannu tappisitu; ondu kannadi mattu linin tundugalalli suttida sanna chaaku; malbnalli suttuva moolikeya beeja, apasmaarakke parihaaravaagi avala mommaganige ona bread tundu; halavaaru reetiya liningalu; bahushah bread mattu liningala roopa. yaavude vastugalannu kappu mantravidyeyalli, andare bhavishyagnaanadalli mattu kidigedigala tayaarikeyalli balasabaaradittu endu beatrice vivarisidanu. vaastavaagi, rottiyannu horatupadisi, ee vishayagalu nirupadravavaada modi mattu preetiya paniyagalendu fornier gurutisabahudendu rene vais heluttaare, idu cather asaktigalannu soochisuttade. beatrice aaa rottiyannu ullekhisalu viphalavagiddanu; adannu pavitra bread endu bhavisi, adannu taayitavaagi sagisabeku endu fornierge tilidittu. barthlemy mattu beatrice ondu varsha jailinalli kaledaru mattu julai 4,1322 randu bidugadeyaadaru, aadare betrisge shaashvatavaagi haladi shilubeyannu dharisuvante siksheyannu vidhisalaayitu, aadare padri mundina shiksheyinda tappisikondaru. aakeya gandandirondige, aakege ibbaru gillaum mattu bernard mattu aidu putriyariddaruh condors, esclarmonde, philippa, awaa mattu gentil. byaand supreme fiction tamma albamnalli betris bagge "quivering things" emba haadannu hondide, "beatrice off montaillo avala pashchattapavannu hintegedukolluttade"."

plaanisolukalude beatries pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathilum komte dii foixile oru kaathar minor prabhuvaayirunnu beatris dii planisols (ekadesham 1274-1322 nuu sesham). ekadesham 1274ll orupakshe kauso enna parvathagraamathilaanu avar janichathu. avarude jeevithathekkurichulla dhaaraalam vivarangal naalara rajisttaril rekhappeduthiyittundu. immaanuval leeii rooy ladooriyude "mondeylau" enna chithratthil avarkk oru pradhana rolundu." kaathar mathavishwaasathe pinthunachathinu pinneedu sikshikkappetta oru prabhuvaya philipp dii plaanisolsinte makalaayirunnu betris. kaatharisathodu sahathapam prakadippichirunna betris chila kaaryangalil catholica sabhayumaayi bandham nilanirtthi. irupathaam vayassil, mondailauvile cheruthum valuthumaaya kaathar samoohathinte chattalainaaya berenchar dii rockfortumaayi betris vivahithanaayi. nagarathinu mukalilulla kottayil thaamasichittum, biyaatrisinte jeevitam praadeshika karshakarumaayi adutha bandhamullathum valareyadhikam parasparabandhithavumaayirunnu. saambathika kaaranangalal saadhaaranayaayi vivaham kazhikkunna kuleena sthreekal enna nilayil betris bharthaavumaayi pranayathilaayirunnilla. chaattaleyninte estettinte kaavalkkaranaaya reymond rosal avalumayi oru bandham aarambikkaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, rosal avalodoppam urangaan shramichappol aval avane purathaakki. 1302-ll dii rockfort marikkukayum betrisinu oru vidhava avasheshippikkukayum cheythu. eee samayat, grameenanaaya paathou purohitan avale balaalsangam cheythu. pathou orennam aarambikkaan sammarddam cheluthiyappol aval avanumaayulla oru bandham nirasichu. ennirunnaalum, taamasiyaathe, pathouvinte cussin, piyar clurg, purohitan, graamatthile ettavum sakthanaaya manushyan ennivarumaayi oru bandham aarambhichu. eee bandham rund varsham neenduninnappol, betris parvatha graamam vittu mattoru cheria prabhuvaya otho dii laglysine vivaham kazhikkaan theerumaanichu. vivahitharaayi eathaanum varshangalkk sesham adhehavum marichu. praayamaayappol, betris oru yuva purohithanaaya barthalemy amilhaakkumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. aarthavaviramam kazhinjirunnuvenkilum aval purohithanumaayi pranayathilaayi. avar orumichu oodippoyi, vivaahathinte oru roopathil ikyappettu, oru varshatholam akannu. niravadhi varshangalkk sesham, betrisinte kaathar bhoothakaalam thanne apakadathilaakkumennu barthalemy aashankappettathinaal eee bandham avasaanichu. addeham thante aashankakalil sariyaayirikkukayum avare randupereyum anweshanathiloode arast cheyyukayum oru varshathekku thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. 1320 juulai 26 shaniyazhcha, paamiyezhsile episcopal kottaaratthil betris aadyamaayi anweshanathinu munnil prathyakshappettu. daivaninda, manthravaadam, mathavidvesham ennee aaropanangalkk utharam nalkaan paamiyezhs bishop jackwus fornier avale hearinglake vilippichirunnu. manthravaadatthinte chumatala pinthunaykkunnathu avalude pezhsil adangiyirunna vividha vasthukkal, "dushicha manthrangal prayogikkaan aval upayogichuvennu shakthamayi soochippikkunna vasthukkal": eathenkilum kesil vijayam urappaakkunna avalude kochumakkalude rund pokkil charadukal; makalude aadya aarthava raktham kondu kuthirtha linan, makalude bharthaav thante sneham urappakkaan kudikkaan uddeshichullathaanu; mosham thalavedana bhedappeduthunnathinaayi kunkumappoo; beejathinte gunanilavaaravum laingika shakthiyum vardhippikkumennu karuthiya chila herb rokkatt, "erooka saattiva", beejathinte gunanilavaaravum vardhippikkumennu karuthiyirunnathinaal, athu thante bharthaavaaya purohitanu vendiyaayirunnu ennu beatries paranjilla; oru kannadiyum oru cheria kathiyum linanil pothinjirunnu; maslinil pothinja sasyathinte vithu, apasmaarathinulla parihaaramaayi; avalude kochumakante varanda bread kashanam; niravadhi roopathilulla tinholeukalum (tinholeukalum); lininte niravadhi roopangal; lininte niravadhi roopangukalum. eee enangalonnum maanthrikavidyayil, athaayath pravachanatthilum kalapam srishtikkunnathilum upayogikkaruthennu beatries vishadeekarichu. vaasthavathil, kaathar thaalpparyangale soochippikkunna appam ozhike, doshakaramallaatha aakarshanangalayum pranaya paaneeyangalaayum fornier ulladakkam amgeekarikkumennu rene ways abhipraayappedunnu. appathekkurichu paraamarsikkunnathil beatries ottum parajayappettu; athu oru taalismanaayi vahikkunna vishudha appamaayirikkanamenn fornierinu ariyamaayirunnu. barthalemy beatries oru varsham jayilil kazhikkukayum 1322 juulai 4 nuu mochitharaavukayum cheythuvenkilum betrisine shikshayaayi manja kurishukal dharikkan shikshichu, athesamayam purohitan kooduthal shikshayil ninnu rakshapettu. bharthaakkanmaarkkoppam avarkk rund aanmakkalum undaayirunnu, gilloom, bernard, anchu penmakkalum contors, esclarmond, philippa, awaa, jentil. baand supreme fiction avarude aalbathil biatrisinekkurichu "quivering things" enna peril oru gaanam undu, "beatries oof montailau avalude anuthapam pinvalikkunnu."

planisolschi rachana battrice dii planisols (sumare 1274-1322 nantar), teravya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee chaudavya shatkachya suruvatila comte dii foixmadhil eka cather kirkol kuleen hota. ticha janm sumare 1274 madhye, bahudha kausochya dongral gavat jhaala hota. tichya jivanabaddalchi barich mahitee chaughanchya nondinmadhye nondavali gelee hotee. emmanuel leey roy ladurichya 'montelu' madhye tichi madhyavarti bhoomika aahe." battrice hii phillip dii planisols yaa kuleen vyaktichi mulgi hotee, jyala nantar cather vidharmala pathimba dilyabaddal doshi tharvanyat aale. battrice swatah katharizambaddal sahanubhootishil hotee, parantu kahee babatint catholic charchashi sanlagn rahili. vayachya visavya varshi, battricecha vivah montayalauchya chhotya aanee mothya pramanat cather samudayachya shatellin, berenger dii rockfortshee jhaala. shaharachya varchya killyat rahat asoonahi, betriceche jeevan sthanik shetkyanchya jivanashi jawalun jodalele hote aanee tyat barech mishran hote. battrice tichya patichya premat navhati, hii eka purnapane samanya sthitee hotee kaaran kuleen striya sahasa aarthik karananmule vivahabaddha hott asat. shaitelinchya malmattecha karbhari raymond rauselane tichyashi premsambandh suru karnyacha prayatna keela. matra, jevha rauselane tichyasobat zopanyacha prayatna keela, tevha tine tyala kadhoon takale. 1302 madhye, daad rockfort maran pavala aanee tyane battricela vidhva sodale. yaa velee, gavkyachya pathou dharmgurune tichyavar balatkar keela. jevha pathaune tichyavar premprakaran suru karnyasathi dabav takala tevha tine tyachyashi premprakaran karnyas nakar deela. tathapi, lavkarach, pathaucha chulat bhau, pier padari, pujari aanee gavatil sarvat shaktishali vyaktishi natesambandh suru jhaale. betrisne dongral gaav sodoon dusya eka kirkol kuleen vyaktishi, otho dii laglizshee lagn karnyacha nirnay ghenyapurvi heey naate done varshe tikale. lagnachya kahee varshannantarach tyanche nidhan jhaale. tichya vruddhavasthet, betrisne barthlemy amylhack yaa tarun pujarishi lagn kele. tee rajonivruttichya aadhipasoon hotee, parantu tee pujanyachya premat padali. teey ekatra paloon gele, lagnachya swarupat ekatra aale aanee eka varsh door rahile. anek varshannantar, heey naate sampushtat aale kaaran berthlemyla betricechya cather bhootkalamule too dhokyat yeil ashee chinta hotee. tyachya chintet too barobar hota aanee tyaa doghannahi chaukashit atak karnyat aalee aanee tyanna eka varshasathi tabyat thevanyat aale. 26 julai 1320 roji shaniwari pamiersmadhil episcopal palace yethe chaukashipurvi betris pahilyanda disala. ishninda, jadutona aanee pakhand yaa aaropanche uttar denyasathi pamiersche bishop jacks fornier yanni teela sunavanisathi bolavile hote. jadutonyachya aaropala tichya perschya samagricha aadhar hota, jyat vividh prakarchya "vastoo, jyaa tine dusht mantra taknyasathi vaparlya asalyache jordarpane soochit karatat": tichya natvandanchya done nabhichya dori, jyamule konatyahi khatalyat vijay sunishchit jhaala; tichya mulichya pahilya masik palichya raktane bhijavalele linen, jeey mulichya patine tyache prem sunishchit karnyasathi pyayache hote; white dokedukhi door karnyasathi lonee; kahee aushadhi vanaspati rockett, "iruka sativa", shukranunchi gunavatta aanee laingik jome vadhavanyacha vichar keela, jeey beatricene fornier heey tichya patee, pujarisathi hote asey sangnyapasun door thewale; eka aarsa aanee linenchya tukadyat gundalalela eka lahan chakoo; malmalinmadhye gundallelya aushadhi vanaspatiche beej, tichya natusathi apasmaracha upay mhanoon; eka koradya bhakaricha tukada, jyala "tinnehall" mhanatat; anek prakarche linen; beatricene spasht kele qee, konatyahi vastoocha vapar kalya jadumadhye, mhanje bhavishyakathan aanee dushtai karnyasathi keela jaanar navhata. kharokharach, rene weiss tippani karatat qee fornierne tyateel samagreela nirupadravi aakarshan aanee premdrav mhanoon olakhale asel, fakt bhakari vagalata, jee catherchya aavadi darshavate. beatrice bhakaricha ullekh karnyat ajibat apayashi tharala hota; fornierla maheet hote qee tee pavitra bhakari tavij mhanoon vahoon nenyat aalee pahije. barthlemy aanee beatrice yanni eka varsh turungat ghalavale aanee doghanchihi 4 julai 1322 roji sutka jhaali, parantu betrisla shiksha mhanoon kayamcha pivala cross ghalanyachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee, tarr pujari pudhil shikshepasun vachala. tichya patisamvet teela gilaum aanee bernard heey done mulge aanee condor, esclarmonde, philipa, awah aanee gentil yaa paach mulee hotya. band suprem fictionchya tyanchya albamvar 'bitris auph montaylo' heey shirshak asalele 'quivering things' heey gaane aahe, jeey 'beatrice auph montaylo' neey ticha pashchattap mage ghetala."

planisolko adhar betrice day planisols (lagbhag 1274-1322 pachhi), tehraun shatabdiko uttarardha rar chaudhaun shatabdiko suruma komte day foksma ek cather minor kuleen thie. unko janma lagbhag 1274 maa bhaeko thiyo, sambhawatah kausoko pahadi gaunma. unko jiwanko barema dherai jankari fornier registerma record garieko thiyo. emmanuel ley roya laduriko "montellou" maa unko kendriya bhumika chha." betrice phillip day planisolsky chhori thiin, jo ek kuleen thie jaslai pachhi cather pakhandalai samarthan gareko aropma doshi thahar garieko thiyo. betrice afai kyatharijamprati sahanubhutishil thie, tara kehi hisable catholic charchasanga sanlagna rahe. beas warshako umerma, betrisle montailauko sano rar dheraijaso cather samudayako chetelen berenger day rockfortsanga vivaha gareka thie. saharko mathiko killama basobas gare tapani, betrisko jiwan sthaniya kisanharusanga najikbata jodieko thiyo rar tyahan dherai antarmishrit thiyo. betrice afno patisanga premma thienan, yo purnataya samanya awastha thiyo kinbhane kuleen mahilaharule samanyataya arthik karanharule vivaha gare. chetelinko sampattika karbhari remond ruselle unisanga sambandha suru garne prayas gare. jab ruselle unisanga sutna khoje, tathapi, unle usalai barkhasta garin. sann 1302 maa, day rockfortko mrityu bhayo rar unle batricelai vidhava banae. yass binduma, gaunka pathau padarile unlai balatkar gare. unle pathausanga sambandha suru garna dabab diepachhi unle aswikar garin. tara, chaandai, pathauka chachera bhai, piyare clerk, pujari rar gaunka sabaibhanda shaktishali wyaktisanga sambandha suru bhayo. betrisle pahadi gaaun chhodera arko sano kuleen, otho day lyaglijsanga vivaha garne nirnaya garnu aghi yo sambandha dui warsha chalyo. wiwahako kehi warshapachhi unko pani mrityu bhayo. afno budheskalma, betrisle ek yuwa pujari, barthlemy emilhaksanga gaeki thiin. uni rajoniwritti bitaisakeki thiin, tara pujarisanga premma pareki thiin. uniharu sangai bhage, wiwahako rupma ekjut bhae rar ek warshasamma tadha rahe. dherai warsha pachhi, yo sambandha samapta bhayo kinki barthelemylai chinta thiyo kii uni betrisko cather atitle khatarama parnecha. uni afno chintama sahi thie rar uniharu duwailai anusandhandwara pakrau gari ek warshasamma hirasatma rakhieko thiyo. betrice pahilo patak shanibar, 26 july 1320 maa, pamiarsko episcopal darbarma anusandhan aghi dekha paryo. unlai ishninda, jadu-tona rar pakhandako aropko jawaf dina pamierska bishop jack fornierle sunuwaima bolaeka thie. jadu-tonako aroplai unko persko samagrile samarthan gareko thiyo, jasma vibhinna prakarka "wastuharu, jasle unle dushta mantraharu cast garna prayog gareko dridhatapurwak sanket gardacha": unka natinharuko dui nabhiko doriharu, jasle kunai pani muddama vijaya sunishchit garyo; unaki chhoriko pahilo massic dharma ragatle bhijeko linnon, chhoriko patile afno prem sunishchit garna piune uddeshyale; kharab tauko dukhne niko parne loban; kehi jadibuti rockett, "eruka sativa", shukranuko gunastar rar yauna shakti badhaune sochiyo, jasle bitrislai fornierlai afno pati, pujarika lagi how bhanera bhannabata tadha rakhyo; euta aina rar euta sano chhuri linanko tukrama lapeteko; jadibuttiko beej, malmalma lapeteko, unko natako lagi mirgiko upcharko rupma; sambhawatah rotiko sukkha tukra bhaninchha; rotiko dherai tukra; linalko dherai rupharu; linalko sano tukra; bitrisle bataeanusar kunai pani wastu callo jadu, arthat bhavishyavani rar dushtata banauna prayog garnu hundaina thiyo. wastawma, rene weas tippani garchhan kii fornierle samagriharulai hanirahit akarshan rar premko aushadhiharuko rupma manyata dieko hune thiyo, roti bahek, jasle cather ruchiharu sanket gardacha. beatrice rotiko ullekha garnama asafal bhaeko thiyo; fornierlai thaha thiyo kii yo pawitra roti tabijko rupma boknuparchha. barthlemy rar bitrisle ek warsha jailma bitae rar duwailai july 4,1322 maa riha gariyo, tara betrislai sajayako rupma pahenlo cruss sadaka lagi lagauna sajaya sunaieko thiyo, jabki pujari thap sajayabata umke. unka patisanga unka dui chhoraharu thie, gilaum rar bernard, rar paanch chhoriharu thieh condor, escalarmonde, filipa, awa rar gentil. bandko sarvochcha kalpanik albumma betrisko barema "quivering things" shirshakko euta geet chha "bitris aff monteloule unko pashchattaplai firta linchha."

planisolsara aadhara betrice dii planisols (praiah 1274-1322 parey), trayodasha shatabdir sheshabhagare ebong chaturdasha shatabdir prarambhare kamte dii foixer jane cather minor sambhranta thile. shay praiah 1274 masihare, sambhabatah kausou namaka parbatya graamare janmagrahana karithile. taanka zeeban bishajare aneka suchana chaari-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah-naah - emmanuel leey raiya ladureenka "montelau" ray tankara eka kendriah bhumika rahichhi." betrice phillip dii planisolnka jhia thile, jane sambhranta byakti jie parey cather baidharmyaku samarthan karithiba abhijogare doshi sabyasta hoithile. betrice nije catherism prati sahanubhutishila thile, kintu keteka drustiru catholic church sahita sanjukta rahithile. praiah kodie barsha bajasare, betrice montailora chhot ebong mukhyatah cather sampradayara cheteline berenjara dii rokafortanku bibaha karithile. saharar upara durgare rahiba satwe, betrisnka zeeban sthaniah krushakamananka zeeban sahita nibida bhabare jadita thila ebong sethare bahuta mishran thila . betrice taanka swameenka saha premare nathile, eka sampurna sadharana abastha kaaran sambhranta mahilamane sadharanatah arthika karanaru bibaha karithile. chetelainnka sampattira karjyanirbahee raymond russel taanka sahita eka samparka arambha karibaku chesta karithile. jetebele russel taanka sahita soibaku chesta karithile, tebe shay tanku chakiriru bahara curry deithile. 1302 masihare, dii rokafortanka mrutyu hoithila ebong shay betrisanku jane bidhaba stree chhadi jaithile. ehi samajare, gramabasi pathou dharmaguru tanku balatkara karithile. shay pathounka saha samparka rakhibaku manah karideithile jetebele shay tanku samparka arambha karibaku chaap deithile. tebe, khub shighra, pathounka samparkeeah bhai, pier clerg, purohita ebong gaanra sabutharu shaktishali byaktinka sahita eka samparka arambha hoithila. betrice parbatyanchala chhadi anya jane chhot sambhranta, otho dii laglijnku bibaha karibaku nishpatti neba purbaru ehi samparka dui barsha dhari chalithila. bibahara maatra kichhi barsha parey tankara madhya mrutyu hoithila. taanka bayaska bajasare, betrice jane juba purohita, barthelimi amilhaknka saha bibaha karithile. shay rajonibrutti purbaru thile, kintu purohitanka premare padithile. semane ekathi palajana karithile, bibaha roopare ekjut hoithile ebong eka barsha paain doorare rahithile. aneka barsha parey, ehi samparka shesh hoithila kaaran barthelimi chintita thile je shay betrisnka cather ateeta dwara bipadare padijibe. shay taanka chintadharare thick thile ebong ubhajanku tadanta dwara girapha karajaithila ebong eka barsha paain bandi karajaithila. betrice prathame shanibara, july 26,1320 ray, pamiarsare episcopal prasadare anusandhana purbaru upasthita hoithile. dharmanindana, jadubidya ebong baidharmikatara abhijogara uttara deba paain tanku pamiersra bishop jack phorniarnka dwara shunani paain dakajaithila. jadubidya abhijoga taanka parsare thiba bishajabastu dwara samarthita hoithila, jeunthire bibhinna prakarara "bastu, jaahaa taanka dwara kharap mantra nikhyepa kariba paain byabahruta hoithiba drudha bhabare suchita kare": taanka natinkara duiti nabhi cord, jaahaa jekaunasi makaddamare bijai sunishchita karithila; jhiara pratham masika raktare bhijaithiba linen, jaahaa jhiara swameenka dwara taanka premaku sunishchita kariba paain madyapana karibaku uddista; kharap mundabindha upasham karibaku loban; kichhi oushadheeja rocket, "eruka satibha", sukranur gunabatta ebong jouna shakti brudhi karibaku chinta karithila, jaahaa bitris taanka swamee, purohitanka paain forenier bolly kahiba thaaru nibrutta thila; eka darpana ebong eka chhot chhuri linenare aabruta; eka oushadheeja udbhidara beeja, masalinare aabruta, apasmarar pratikara bhabare; taanka naati paain eka shukhila ruti khanda; sambhabatah tinholet ebong linenra aneka form; tinholetra eka form; bitris barnana karithile je kaunasi jinish kalaa jadure, arthat bhabishyabani ebong dustami karibare byabahruta heba naahin. bastabare, raine wej mantabya deichhanti je forenier samagreeku nirupadraba akarshana ebong prem paniah bhabare swekruti deithibe, ruti byatita, jaahaa cather aagrahaku suchita kare . bitris ruti bishajare ullekha karibare biphal hoithile; fornier janithile je ehaa eka tabij bhabare niajaithiba pabitra ruti heba aabasyaka . barthelimi ebong bitris eka barsha jelare bitaithile ebong ubhaja july 4,1322 ray mukta hoithile, kintu betrisnku danda bhabare sabuddin paain haladia cruce pindhiba paain dandadesh diajaithila, jetebele kii purohita parabarti dandaru rakhya paithile . taanka swameenka sahita tankara dui pua thile, gilaum ebong bernard, ebong pancha jhia thileh condor, esclarmonde, philipa, aabha ebong gentle . bander sarbocha kalpanika alabamare betrisnka bishajare "kampita jinish" namaka eka geeta achhi jahara shirshaka heuchhi "bitris off montello taanka anutapaku pratyakhyana karanti ."

yojnabandi daa sathaan batteris dee planisoles (lagbhag 1274-1322 toon baad), tervin sadee dey akheer atey chaudanvin sadee dey arambh witch kamte dee foix witch ikk cather minor kuleen see. uss daa janam lagbhag 1274 witch hoiaa see, shayed kausau dey pahadi pind witch. uss dey jeevan baare bahut saaree jankari chaar-atth register witch daraj keeti gaee see. uss dee emmanuel leey raae laduri dee "montellou" witch kendri bhumika haii." batteris phillup dee planisoles dee dhee see, ikk kuleen jiss noon baad witch cather panthvad daa samarthan curran daa doshi thahiraiaa giaa see. batteris khud catherism pratee hamdardi rakkhda see, parr kujh mamlian witch catholic church naal judiaa riha. lagbhag veeh saal dee umar witch, batteris daa viaah montello dey chhote atey vadde paddhar 'teey cather bhaichare dey shetelin, branger dee rockfort naal hoiaa see. shehar dey upparle kilhe witch rahinn dey bavjood, batteris daa jeevan sathanak kisanan naal nediyon judiaa hoiaa see atey itthe bahut ziaada ralaa see. batteris noon aapne patee naal piaar naheen see, ih ikk puurii tarahan aam sathiti see kiunki kuleen aurtan daa viaah aam taur utte aarthik kaarnan karke hunda see. shetelin dee jaidad dey karkunn raymond rausal neey uss naal sabndh shuru curran dee koshish keeti. jadon rausal neey uss naal saunn dee koshish keeti, taan uss neey uss noon naukari toon kaddh ditta. 1302 witch, dee rockfort dee maut hoow gaee atey usne batteris noon ikk vidhwa chhadd ditta. iss mauke pind dey padri neey uss naal balatkar keeta. uss neey pathou naal sabndh banaun toon inkaar qarr ditta jadon uss neey uss utte ikk shuru curran laee dabaa paaiaa. parr jaldi hii, ikk rishta patthau dey chachere bharaa, piar clerk, padri atey pind dey sabh toon shaktishali viakati naal shuru hoow giaa. ih rishta doou saal takk challiaa jadon batteris neey pahadi pind chaddan atey ikk horr nabalag kuleen, otho dee leglies naal viaah curran daa faisla keeta. viaah dey kujh hii saalan baad uss dee vee maut hoow gaee. aapne vadde saalan witch, batteris neey ikk naujwan padri, barthelemy emilhock naal mulakat keeti. uh minopause toon pahilan see, parr pujari naal piaar hoow giaa. uh ikkathe bhajj gaye, viaah dey roop witch ikjutt hoow gaye atey ikk saal takk door rahey. kaee saalan baad, ih rishta khatam hoow giaa kiunki barthelemy noon chinta see kii uh batteris dey cather ateet duaara khatre witch paa ditta javega. uh aapniaan chintavan witch sahee see atey unhan dovan noon puchgich duaara griftar qarr liaa giaa atey ikk saal laee hirasat witch rakkhiaa giaa. batteris pahili vaar shanivar, 26 julai 1320 noon pamiers dey episcopal mahil witch puchgich toon pahilan pesh hoiaa. uss noon ishninda, jadugari atey panthvad dey doshan daa jawab denh laee pamiers dey bishop jaikas fornier duaara sunwai laee bulaiaa giaa see. jadugari dey dosh noon uss dey perce dee samaggari duaara samarthan ditta giaa see, jiss witch kaee tarahan deeaan "vastuaan shamal sunn, joe uss duaara burey jaadu curran laee vartiaan gaeeaan sunn": uss dey pote deeaan doou naabhi deeaan rassiaan, jinhan neey kise vee mukkadme witch jitt noon yakini banaiaa; uss dee dhee dey pahile mahwari dey khoon naal bhijje linnon, joe uss dey patee duaara aapne piaar noon yakini banaun laee peete jaanh daa udesh see; kharaab sir darad noon theek curran laee loban; kujh jadee-bootiaan daa rocket, "eruka setiva", shukranu dee gunwatta atey jinsi shakti noon vadhaun laee sochiaa giaa see, joe kii beatrice neey aapne patee, pujari laee fornier dassan toon parhez keeta see; ikk shishe atey ikk chhota chaku linen dey tukde witch lapetiaa hoiaa see; jadee-bootiaan daa beej, malmal witch lapetiaa hoiaa, uss dey pote laee mirgi dey ilaaj vajon; ikk sukki rotty daa tukda, jiss noon "tean holt" kiha jaanda haii; shayed kaee kisam beatrice neey samjhaiaa kii inhan vicchon koee vee cheez kaale jaadu, yaani bhavikhbani atey shararat curran witch naheen varti jaanhi see. darasal, rene vees neey tippni keeti kii fornier neey samaggari noon nirdosh suhaj atey piaar dey padarthan vajon maanta ditti hovegi, rotty noon chhadd keey, joe kii cather deeaan ruchiaan daa sanket dindi haii. beatrice rotty daa zikar curran witch bilkul asfal rahee see; fornier noon pataa see kii ih pavittar rotty honee chahidi haii joe ikk tabij vajon chukki jaanhi chahidi haii. barthelemy atey beatrice neey ikk saal jailh witch bitaiaa atey dovan noon 4 julai, 1322 noon rihaa qarr ditta giaa, parr batteris noon sazaa vajon peele saleeb noon hamesha laee pahinan dee sazaa sunayi gaee, jadon kii padri horr sazaa toon bach giaa. aapne patiaan dey naal, uss dey doou puttar, guillom atey bernard atey panj dhiaan sanauu kandor, esclarmonde, philippa, avaa atey gentil. baind dee sarvuch glup dee album 'teey batteris baare ikk geet haii "kambadi cheezan" jiss daa sirlekh haii "beatrice aaf montello uss dee toba noon waps lainda haii."

planisols ityasya krute betris dee planisols (praayah 1274-1322 tamaat varshaat anantaram), trimshatishataabdyaah ante chaturdashashataabdyaah aarambhe cha camte dee foix-nagare kathara-laghu-kuleenah aasit. saa praayah 1274 tame varshe kauso-parvata-graame ajayata. chaturnay-panjeeye tasyaah jeevanasya vishaye bahu soochanaah abhilekhitaani aasan. immanuyel leey raay laduri ityasya "montaillo" ityasmin tasyaah kendriyapaatram asti." betris ityayam phillip-day-planisols ityasya putree aasit, yah kuleenah aasit, yah pashchat cather-matadweshasya samarthane doshee iti nirdhaaritah. betris-varyaha swayam kyatharijam prati sahaanubhootim aasit, parantu keshuchit vishayeshu catholic-charch-ityanena saha sambadhah aasit. praayah vimshati vayasi, betris, montailo ityasya laghu-mukhyataya cha kaithar-samudaayasy chetelain-berenjar dee rockfort ityanena saha vivaahitaa aasit. nagarasya upari durge nivasan api, betris ityasya jeevanam sthaniyakrushakaihi saha nikatayaa sambaddham aasit, atra cha bahu antarmishritam aasit. betris swapatnyaa saha naa preme aasit, eshaa sampurnataya samanyaha sthitihi aasit yatah kuleenamahilaah praayah arthikakaranat vivaahitaah aasan. chetelain ityasya sampattyaah karabhari remond rousel, tena saha sambandham praarabhayitum prayatat. yadaa rousel tasyaah saha nidritum prayatate sma, tadaa saa tam nishkaasayat. 1302 tame varshe, dee rockfort ityeshah mrutah, tathaa cha betris ityenam vidhavaa cha parityaktavaan. asmin samaye graamavaasinah paathau-paadrinah tasyaah balatkaram krutavantah. yadaa saha tam ekam aarambhayitum prashrayat tadaa saa paathau ityanena saha sambandham niraakarot. parantu sheeghramev, paathau ityasya bhraatruvamshah, piyare clerg, purohitah, gramasya shaktishaaleeh purushah cha ityanena saha sambandhah aarabhat. ayam sambandhah varshadvayam yaavat anwawartat, tatah poorvam betris parvatagramam parityajy anyena alpena kulinena otho dey loglies ityanena saha vivaaham akarot. vivaahasya katipayavarshanam anantaram saha api mrutah. tasyaah prachinatameshu varsheshu, betris, barthelamy amilhack iti yuvapauryena saha saha karyam sveekrutavatee. saa rajonivruttihi poorvam aasit, parantu purohitena saha preme abhavat. te militvaa palaayanam krutvaa, vivaahe ekatmavantaha, ekavarsham yaavat doore eva tishtan. anekavarshanam anantaram, ayam sambandhah samaaptah abhavat yatah barthelamy ityeshah betris ityasya kethar-bhutakalat saha apayam prapnuyat iti chintitah aasit. saha swachintaasu yatharthah aasit, te ubhau cha anveshanadvara gruheetaah, ekavarsham yaavat gruheetaah cha. betris prathamavaaram, 1320 julai 26 dinaanke, shanivaasare, paamirs-nagarasya episcopal-prasade, anveshanaat poorvam drushtah. eeshwaranindaayaah, mantravidyaayaah, matadweshasya cha aropanam uttarartham, pamiyar-ityasya bishap jyaak-fore-neier ityanena saa vichaaranaartham aahutavati. mantravidyaayaah bhaarah tasyaah parsasya saamagreebhih samarthitah aasit, yasmin "vividhaani vastooni, dushta-mantram chaalayitum tasyaah upayogasya drudatayaa sanketaani aasan" iti antarbhavanti smah tasyaah pautranam dwau naabhi-tantau, ye kasyaapi davayam vijayam sunishchitam krutavantah; tasyaah putryaah prathamam maasik-raktena nimajjitaah linenan, yat kanyayaha patyaa swapremam sunishchitam kartum peeyate; manda-maathavyaadhim nivaarayitum lobaanah; kechan mulika-rockett, "erukaa sateevaa", shukranunam gunavattaam, yaunashaktim cha vardhayitum chintayanti sma, yat beatrice, swasya pati, purohitasya krute fornier iti vadati sma iti, ekam darpanam, linen-khande aavrutam laghu-chaaku cha, maslin-dwara aavrutasya mulikayaha beejam, tasyaah pautrasya apasmarasya nivaaranaroopen; "shushka-rotty-khandah" iti bahudhaa "tinholet" iti namna, anekaani, laghu-linenah, bahu-roopaani, tathaa anekaani, laghu-linenal-yuktaani, laghu-cha. beatrice ityanena vyaakhyitam yat, krushna-jaadooh arthaat bhavishyajnaana-dushta-kriyaasu cha naa prayuktah iti. vastutah, rene ves ityeshaa tippanee karoti yat fornier ityeshaa saamagreeh haanirahitaani aakarshanaani prema-aushadhaani cha iti ankayat syaat, kevalam rotty iti, yaa kaathaarasy ruchim soochayati sma. beatrice-varyaha annasya ullekham kartum sarvathaa asaphalah aasit; chaturniyar-varyaha jaanaati yat tatt pavitram bhojanam taaveejaroopen vahaneeyam iti. barthelamy, beatrice cha ekavarsham karagare vyateetavantah, ubhau api julai 4,1322 dinaanke mukttau abhavan, parantu betris ityeshah sadaay dandarupena peetakras-dharitum danditah, api cha purohitah agre dandaat paraawartat. swapatnyaa saha tasyaah dwau putraah, gillaum, bernard, pancha putraah cha aasan-condors, esclarmonde, philippa, avaa, gentil cha. bend-sarvoccha-kaalpanikasya dhvanimudrikayam betris-vishaye "kvivaring things" iti geetam vartate, yasya sheershakam "beatrice-aaf-montaillo-recants-swasyaah pashchattaapam."

planisols petris dii planisols (sumar 1274-1322 kkup piragu), pathinmoondraam noottraandin pirpaguthiyilum pathinaankaam noottraandin murpaguthiyilum kamde dii phoexil oru siriya kathaar pirabuvaaga irunthaar. avar sumar 1274 aam aandil, anegamaaga kasoo endra malai kiraamaththil piranthaar. avarathu vaazhkkai pattriya aeraalamaana thagavalkal naanku varisaip pathivaettil pathivu seiyappattullana. immaanuvael lae raai laduriyin "montailou" padaththil avar mukiya pangku vagikkiraar." petris pilippae dii planisolsin magal aavaar, avar oru pirabuvaaga irunthaar, pinnar avar kaathar mathachchaarpinmaiyai aathariththathaaka kuttravaali yena theerppalikkappattaar. petris thannai kaatharism meethu anuthaapam kondirundhaar, aanaal sila vishayangkalil catholica devaalayaththudan inaikappattaar. irupathu vayathil, petris montailoovin siriya mattrum perumpaalum kaathar samoogaththin satelline perenkar dii rockford enbavarai mananthaar. nagaraththirku maelae ulla koattaiyil vaalnththa poathilum, petrisin vaazhkkai ulloor vivasaayigalin vaazhkkaiyudan nerukkamaaga inaikkappattathu, maelum angku niraiya kalavai irunththathu. petris thanathu kanavarai kaathalikkavillai, idhu oru muttrilum saathaaranamaana nilai, aenenil unnathamaana penkal podhuvaaga porulaathaara kaaranangalukkaaga tirumanam seithu kolgiraargal. satelline thoattaththin maelaalaraana raymond roosal, avaludan oru vivagaaraththaith thodanga muyantraar. iruppinum, roosell avaludan thoonga muyantrapoathu, aval avarai panineekkam seithaal. 1302 aam aandil, dii rockford iranthaar mattrum petris oru vithavaiyai vittuch sentraar. inththa kattaththil, graamappura batha madhaguru avalai paaliyal palaathkaaram seithaar. padhav oru vivagaaraththaith thodangumpadi avar avalai varpuruththiyapoathu aval avaludan oru uravai marutthaal. iruppinum, viraivil, paathaavin uravinar, piyarae kilark, poosaari mattrum kiraamaththin miga sakthivaaintha manitharudan oru uravu thodangiyathu. inththa uravu irandu aandugal neediththathu, petris malai kiraamatthai vittu veliyaeri mattroru siriya pirabuvai tirumanam seithu kolla mudivu seithaar, oodhoa dii lockleys. avarum, tirumanamaana sila aandugalukkup piragu iranthuvittaar. thanathu vayathaana aandugalil, petris oru ilam poosaari, barthalemy amilhackai aetrtrukkondaar. aval maathavidaai nirutthaththai kadanthirunthaal, aanaal poosaariyai kaathaliththaal. avarkal ontraaka oodippoanaargal, thirumana vadivil ondrupattanar, oru varudam vilagi irunththanar. pala aandugalukkup piragu, petrisin kethar kadantha kaalatthaal thaan aapaththil sikkik kolvaen endru parthalemy kavalaippattathaal inththa uravu mudivukku vanthathu. avar thanathu kavalaigalai sariyaagavae koorinaar, avarkal iruvarum visaaranaiyaal kaithu seiyappattu oru varudam thadutthu vaikappattanar. petris muthanmuthalil visaaranaikku muun sanikkizhamai, juulai 26,1320 andru, pomiersil ulla episcopal aranmanayil thoantrinaar. theiva ninthanai, sooniyak kalai mattrum mathachaarpinmai aagiya kuttrachchaattugalukku pathilalikka, pameerkalin bishab jaak fornier enbavaraal avar visaaranaikku varavalaikkappattaar. mandhiravaathaththin kuttrachchaattu avarathu panappaiyin ulladakkangkalaal aatharikkappattathu, idhil palvaeru "theeya manthirangkalai poada aval payanpaduththiyathaaka valuvaagak kurikkum porutkal" adangum endhavoru vazhakkilum vetrtriyai uruthi seitha avarathu bearangalin irandu thoppul kayirugal; avarathu magalin muthal maathavidaai iraththaththudan nanaikappatta linangal, magalin kanavaraal avarathu anbai urudhippaduththuvatharkaaka kudikkappada vaendum; ketta thalaivaliyaik gunappadutha kungumappoo; sila mooligai rockett, "eruga sativa", vinthanukkalin tharam mattrum paaliyal veekkaththai maempaduththuvathaagak karudhappattathu, idhu petrice thanathu kanavar, poosaarikku fornier endru solvathaith thavirththathu; oru kannadi mattrum oru siriya katthi linanil moodappattathu; mooligaiyin vidhai, malamilakkiyil moodappattathu, avarathu bearanukku kaall-kaii valippu noikkaana theervaaga; oru ularntha rotti thundu endru azhaikkappadukirathu; pala dinlet rotti vadivangkal; dinlet rotti vadivam; pala dinlet rotti vadivangkal; linalgal. petrice vilakkinaar, endhap porutkalum karuppu manthiraththil payanpaduththappadakoodaathu, athaavathu, kanippu mattrum kilarchi seivathu. unmaiyil, rottiyaith thavira, fornier ulladakkangkalai theengattra kavarchchiyaagavum kaathal marunththugalaagavum angeekariththiruppaar endru rene weiss karutthu therivikkiraar, idhu katthaar aarvangkalaik kurikkirathu. petrice appatthai kurippidath thavarivittaar; adhu oru thaayaththiyaaga eduththuch sellappatta punitha rottiyaaga irukka vaendum endru fornier arinthirunthaar. barthalemy mattrum petrice oru varudam siraiyil kazhiththanar, iruvarum juulai 4,1322 andru viduvikkappattanar, aanaal petris thandanaiyaaga eppoathum manjal siluvaiyai aniya thandanai vithikkappattathu, athae neraththil paathiriyaar maelum thandanaiyilirunthu thappitthaar. avarathu kanavargaludan, avarukku irandu magangal, killaam mattrum bernard, mattrum ainthu magalgal irunthanar contors, esclarmande, bilippa, awaa mattrum gentle. isaikkuzhuvin subreem fiction avarkalin aalpaththil petrisaip pattri "kasiyum vishayangkal" endra paadal ullathu, "petrice off montailou avarathu mananthirumputhalai thirumbap perukiraar"."

planisoles yokka praamukhyata betris dii planisoles (sumaru 1274-1322 taruvaata), padamuudava sataabdam chivaralo mariyu padnaalugo sataabdam praarambhamlo comte dii foixlo cather mainer kuleenuraalu. aame sumaru 1274 loe bahusha kausau anae parvata graamamlo janminchindi. aame jeevitam gurinchi chaalaa samacharam naalugava registerlo namodu cheyabadindi. emmanuel lae raay laudury yokka "maantaillo" loe aame pradhana paatra pooshinchindi." betris phillip dii planisoles kumarte, athanu oka kuleenudu, taruvaata cather matavisvaasaalaku maddatu icchinanduku doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaadu. betris swayamgaa catherism patla saanubhooti kaligi unnadu, conny konni vishayaalalo catholic charchiki anubandhamgaa undipoyaadu. iravai samvatsaraala vayassulo, betris montaillou yokka chinna mariyu ekkuvagaa cather community yokka chateline ayina berenger dii rockfortnu vivaham chesukunnadu. pattanaaniki paibhagamlo unna kotalo nivasinchinappatikii, betris jeevitam sthaanika raitula jeevitamto daggari sambandham kaligi undhi mariyu chaalaa kalayika undhi. betris thana bhartatho premalo padaledu, idhi puurtigaa saadhaarana paristhiti, endukante goppa mahilalu saadhaaranamgaa aardhika kaaranaala valla vivaham chesukuntaru. aaa cheteline estate yokka stevard raymond rousel aametho sambandham praarambhinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. ayithe, rousel aametho padukovadaniki prayatninchinappudu, aame atanni tolaginchindi. 1302loe, dii rockfort maraninchaadu mariyu betrisnu vitantuvugaa vadili vellaadu. eee samayamlo, graamastudaina pathou mataadhikaari aamepai atyaachaaram chesaadu. pathou okadaanni praarambhinchamani aamenu ottidi chesinappudu aame athanitho sambandham pettukoodaaniki niraakarinchindi. ayithe, twaralone, pathou bandhuvu, pierry clergue, poojaari mariyu graamamlooni atyanta saktivantamaina vyaktitoe sambandham praarambhamaindi. eee sambandham rendu samvatsaraala paatu konasaagindi, betris parvata gramanni vidichipetti, maroka chinna kuleenudaina odho dii lagleasenu vivaham chesukovalani nirnayinchukunnadu. athanu kooda vivaham ayina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata maraninchaadu. aame vruddhaapyamlo, betris oka yuva poojaari, barthlemy amilhacknu kalisaaru. aame rutuvirati daatindi, conny poojaari thoo premalo padindi. vaaru kalisi paaripoyaaru, oka rakamaina vivaahamlo ikyamai oka samvatsaram paatu dhooramgaa unnaaru. chaalaa samvatsaraala taruvaata, betris yokka cather gatam valla taanu pramaadamloo padataanani barthlemy aandolana chendadamtho eee sambandham mugisindi. athanu thana aandolanalalo sarainavadu mariyu vaariddarinii vichaarana dwara arrestu chesi oka samvatsaram paatu nirbandhinchaaru. 1320 juulai 26 sanivaaram naadu, pamirs looni episcopal paleslo vichaaranaku mundu betris modatisaari kanipinchaadu. daivaduushanha, mantravidya mariyu mataviswaasaala aaropanalaku samadhanam ivvadaaniki aamenu pamirs bishop jackwess fornier vichaaranaku pilicharu. mantravidya yokka chaarjku aame purse looni vishayaala dwara maddatu labhinchindi, indulo vividha rakaala vastuvulu unnaayi, ivi aame manumalla yokka rendu boddu taallu, idhi edainaa daavaalo vijayanni nirdhaarinchindi; linens aame kumarte yokka modati ruthu raktamtho nanabettabadi, kumarte bhartha thana premanu nirdhaarinchukovadaaniki traagadaaniki uddesinchabadindi; chedu talanoppini nayam cheyadaaniki kunkumapuvvu; konni mulika rockett, "eruca sativa", veerya naanhyata mariyu laingika saktini penchutundani bhaavinchaaru, idhi beatrice thana bhartha, poojaari kosam fornier anie cheppakunda undindi; oka addam mariyu oka chinna katthi, linen mukkalo chutti; masslinlo chutti, mulika yokka vittanam, muurchaku nivaaranagaa, aame manavadu kosam podi rotte mukka anie pilustaaru; aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala rottelu, aneka rakaala beatrice vivarinchinatlugaa, yea vastuvunu kooda nalla magic, antey bhavishyavaani mariyu allarla tayaareeloo upayoginchakudadu. nijaaniki, cather aasaktulanu soochinche rotte minaha, eee vishayaalannii haanirahitamaina aakarshanhalu mariyu prema paneeyaluga fornier gurtinchi undevaadani rene vees vyakhyaaninchaadu. beatrice rotte gurinchi prastaavinchadamloo assalu viphalamaindi; adhi pavitramaina rottega oka talismanga teesukellaalani fornierku telusu. barthlemy mariyu beatrice oka samvatsaram jailulo gadiparu mariyu juulai 4,1322naa vidudalayyaaru, conny betris saasvatamgaa sikshagaa pasupu siluvanu dharinchaalani teerpu icchaaru, ayithe poojaari tadupari siksha nundi tappinchukunnadu. aame bhartalatho, aameku iddaru kumaarulu, gilloum mariyu bernard, mariyu aiduguru kumartelu unnaru condors, esclarmonde, philippa, avaa mariyu gentle. byaand supreme fiction vaari albumlo beatrice gurinchi "quivering things" anae patanu kaligi undhi, dheeni paeru "beatrice off montyle aame paschaattaapaanni upasamharinchukuntundi."

plansols kaa medaan batterace ddee plansols (taqriba 1274-1322 kay baad)yee teerhawein sadee kay aakhir aur chudhawein sadee kay awail mein kaamtay ddee foeks mein eek kithaar mamuli raees thaa. wah taqriba 1274 mein paida hoyee thee shayed kaaso kay pahaadi gaaon mein. iss kii zindagi kay baaray mein behat see malumat fornier register mein darj kii gayee thein. wah emmanuel lee raaye ladori kii "montelo" mein markazi kirdaar adaa karti haine." batterace flip ddee plansolis kii betty thee juu eek raees thaa jasay baad mein kithaar kii himayat karnay kaa mujaram qaraar diyaa gayaa. batterace khood catherism kay tayein humdard thay leakin kachh muamilat mein catholic charch say jaday rahay. bees saal kii amar mein batterace kii shaadi montelo kii chhoti aur bury taadad mein kithaar baradari kay chetlin branger ddee rook fort say hoyee thee. shehar kay oopar kay qalye mein rehney kay bawajood batterace kii zindagi kaa maqami kasaanon say gehra taaluq thaa aur iss mein behat ziyadah milawat thee. batterace kuu apnay shohar say mohabat nahein thee yaha eek balkal aam haalat thee keunkah azeem khwatin aam toor parr maashi wajuhaat kii banaa parr shaadi karti thein. chetlin kii jayedad kay karanday remond rasal nay iss kay saath taluqat sharoo karnay kii koshish kii. tahim jabb rasal nay iss kay saath sonay kii koshish kii tuu iss nay asay bartarf kirr diyaa. 1302 mein ddee rook fort kaa inteqal how gayaa aur wah batterace kuu eek bewah chhod gayaa. iss moqaa parr dehati pathav paadri nay iss kay saath ziyadati kii. iss nay paatho kay saath taluqat say ankaar kirr diyaa jabb iss nay iss parr eek sharoo karnay kay liye dabao daala. tahim jald hyee paatho kay kazan paiyar cler pajaari aur gaaon kay sabb say taqatwar shaqs kay saath taluqat kaa aaghaz hawaa. yaha rishtah duu saal takk jaari rehaa iss say pehley kahh batterace nay pahaadi gaaon chhodnay aur eek aur mamuli raees autho ddee legliz say shaadi karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. wah bhee shaadi kay chand saal baad hyee fout how gayaa. apnay baday honay kay saalon mein batterace nay eek naujawan paadri barthlimi amlahak kay saath mulaqat kii. wah rajunurti say guzar chaki thee leakin asay pajaari say mohabat how gayee. wah eek saath bhaag gayey shaadi kii shakal mein muthad how gayey aur eek saal takk door rahay. kayee saalon kay baad yaha rishtah khatam how gayaa keunkah barthlimi kuu khadsha thaa kahh wah batterace kay kithar maazi say khatray mein parh jaaye gaa. wah apnay khadshaat mein darsat thaa aur inn donon kuu taftish kay zariye giraftar kirr kay eek saal kay liye haraasat mein rakhaa gayaa. batterace pehli baar 26 jolayi 1320 kuu paimeerz kay epscopal mahal mein inquiree say pehley paish hawaa. asay toheen mazhab jadogri aur bay harmati kay alzamaat kaa jawaab deenay kay liye paimeerz kay bashp jaiks fornier nay samaat kay liye talab kiyaa thaa. jadogri kay alzaam kii himayat iss kay purse kay mawaad say kii gayee thee jiss mein mukhtalif qasm kii "ashyaa shaamil thein juu iss kay potay kii duu naaliyon kii rasee juu kasee bhee moqhadhime mein fatah kuu yaqeeni banaati thein vovo iss kii betty kay pehley mahwari kay khoon say bhagoye hoay kitaani jiss kaa maqsad betty kay shohar kii taraf say iss kii mohabat kuu yaqeeni banana thaa vovo braa sarr dard kaa alaaj karnay kay liye lobaan vovo kachh jadee botiyon kaa rocket" airoka satwa "yee jiss kay baaray mein socha gayaa thaa kahh wah superm kay mayaar aur jansi taaqat kuu badhata hay juu batterace nay apnay shohar pajaari kay liye fornier kuu batanay say greez kiyaa thaa. eek aayinah aur eek chhota chaqo juu kitaani kay takday mein lapta hawaa thaa vovo jadee boaty kaa baij juu iss kay potay kay margi kay alaaj kay toor parr milan mein lapta hawaa thaa vovo eek roty kaa tukda jasay" tunn houl "kahaa jaataa hay vovo mamkanah toor parr roty kay kayee takday vovo juu roty kay kayee takday juu roty kay kayee takday juu roty kay kayee takday roty kay kayee takday batterace nay wazahat kii kahh inn mein say koyee bhee cheez kaalay jaado yauni pation goyee aur shararat mein istemaal nahein kii jaanee thee. darhaqiqat renay wees kaa tabsarah hay kahh fornier nay mawaad kuu bay zarar dilkashi aur mohabat kay mashrubaat kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa hogaa sawaye roty kay juu kithar kii dilchaspi kii nishandahi karti hay. batterace roty kaa zakar karnay mein balkal nakaam rahee thee. fornier jaanta thaa kahh asay taali kay toor parr lay jaanay waali muqadas roty hony chahiye. barthlimi aur batterace nay eek saal jail mein guzara aur donon kuu 4 jolayi 1322 kuu rehaa kirr diyaa gayaa leakin batterace kuu sazaa kay toor parr hamishah kay liye pailay rung kii saleeb pehannay kii sazaa sanayi gayee jabkah paadri mazeed sazaa say bach gayaa. apnay shoharon kay saath iss kay duu betay galome aur bernard aur paanch betiyan thein: kondor esclarmonde flip aawa aur gentle. bend suprem fakshan kay album parr batterace kay baaray mein "covering thangz" kaa eek gaana hay jiss kaa anwaan hay "batterace aaf montelo iss kii pachtawa kuu mustarid kartaa hay."

000679d14d758dcd421089855f9948560e568b651299f775015476191ceae327

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27824534

Brenda, That's All

Brenda, That's All Brenda, That's All is the seventh studio album by American singer Brenda Lee. The album was released October 15, 1962 on Decca Records and was produced by Owen Bradley. It was the second of two studio albums released in 1962 and included two Top 10 hit singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100 between 1962 and 1963. Background and content. "Brenda, That's All" was recorded in separate recording sessions at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States under the direction of Owen Bradley. The sessions began on March 8, 1962 and ended on August 9, 1962. Like her previous releases, the album contained twelve tracks of material and many of its tracks were cover versions of previously recorded material by other artists. It included cover versions of Marvin Rainwater's "Gonna Find Me a Bluebird", and Virgil F. Stewart's "Just Out of Reach". "Fool #1" was recorded by Loretta Lynn shortly before Lee's recording of the song. The album's tracks consisted of a variety of musical styles, including pop, R&B and country. The album received three and a half stars from "Allmusic". Reviewer Richie Unterberger commented that while the album was not a "scintillating record" it was "pretty good" because it did not over-emphasize pop standards, and that the whole album "is impressively sung and immaculately produced, in fact, in common with much of what Lee recorded under Owen Bradley's direction." The album was originally released as an LP record with six songs included on each side of the record. The album was later reissued on compact disc in the United Kingdom and was reissued on an extended play in Argentina. Release. The lead single released from the album was "You Can Depend on Me". Released in April 1961, the song became a Top 10 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at #6 and also reached #25 on the "Billboard" R&B music chart. Its B-side also gained significant airplay and reached #1 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. The second track of the album entitled "Fool #1" was released as the second and final single from the album. Released in September 1961, the song reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her eighth Top 10 single, while peaking at #38 on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom. The album was released on October 15, 1962 on Decca Records, and peaked at #20 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, while also reaching #13 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming her second album to chart in the United Kingdom. Charts. Album Singles References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

brenda, eiya kewol brenda, eiya aamerikan gayika brenda leer xoptom studio 'elbam. elbamtu dekka recordot 15 octobor, 1962-too mukoli koraa hoisil aaru oh 'wenn breadlye projujona korisil. ee 1962 sonot mukti puwa dutaa studio 'elbamor bhitorot dwitiyokhon aasil aaru 1962 sonor poraa 1963 sonor bhitorot "billboard" hott 100too dutaa xirxo 10 taa hitt ekok ontorbhukto korisil. potobhumi aaru bixoybostu. "brenda, xeituwei" owen breadlyr nirdexonat aamerika juktorastror tenesir naswobhilor breadly film aaru recording studio 'too prithok recording sesonot record koraa hoisil. 1962 sonor 8 marchot aarombho huwa ei odhibexonxomuh 1962 sonor 9 aagostot xomapto hoisil. teur purbor muktir dore, elbamtut barta trekor xamogri aasil aaru iyar bohutu trekk aan xilpixokole purbote record koraa xamogrir proschod xongskoron aasil. iyat marvin rainwateror "gung find mii e blueboard" aaru virgil ef-ror proschod xongskoron ontorbhukto aasil. stewartor "kewol nagorikor bahirot". "ful #1" gittu loreta line gittur recording korar kichu xomoyor aagote record korisil. elbamtur trekburot pop, aar endo bi aaru kantrike dhori bibhinno xongit xoili aasil. elbamtuwe "ol music" ror poraa der tini taroka laabh korisil. porzaluchonakari risi unterbergere montobyo korisil je jodiu elbamtu "ujjwol record" nasil, tothapiu ee "jothesto bhaal" aasil kaaron ee popor mandondor uporot odhik gurutwo diya nasil, aaru gutei elbamtu "akorxoniyobhabe guwa aaru nikhutbhabe prostut koraa hoise, prokritote, oh 'wenn breadlyr nirdexonat li-ye record koraa besibhagor xoite mill aase."elbamtu mulotoh el. pi. record hisape mukoli koraa hoisil zo" too recordor protitu faale soita gaan ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. elbamtu pisoloi juktorajyor compact discot punor prokax koraa hoisil aaru argentinat ek xomproxarito natokot punor prokax koraa hoisil. mukti diya. elbamtur poraa mukoli huwa mukhyo ekoktu aasil "tumi mur uporot nirbhor koribo paara". 1961 sonor aprilot mukti puwa ei gittu "billboard" hott 100-too xirxo 10taa hitt hoi porisil, aaru "billboard" aar endo bi music chartotu #25 too uponeet hoisil. iyar bi-saideu guruttopurno airplay laabh korisil aaru gorom 100 chartor odhinot "billboard" ror budwud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bud bu elbamtur dwitiyotu geet "ful #1" elbamtur dwitiyo aaru ontim ekok hisape mukoli koraa hoisil. 1961 sonor septembor maahot mukti puwa gittuwe bilobo 'rd hott 100too #3 too uponeet hoy, ji teur ostom xirxo 10 taa ekok hoi pore, aanhate juktorajyor iuke ekok chartot #38 too uponeet hoy. ei elbamtu 1962 sonor 15 octoborot dekka recordot mukoli koraa hoisil, aaru "billboard" 200 elbamor chartot #20 too uponeet hoisil, logote iuke elbamor chartotu #13 too uponeet hoisil, ji teur dwitiyo elbam hisape juktorajyot chart korisil. chart. elbam ekok

brenda, eitukui brenda, etai american gayika brenda ly-rawr saptam studio album. albumty dekka recorde 15ee octobor, 1962 saale mukti paay ebong oyena bradley dwara projojito hoy. etty 1962 saale muktiprapto duti studio albumer modhye dwitiya chhilo ebong 1962 theke 1963 saaler modhye "billboard" hott 100-ayee duti sheersho 10 hitt ekok antarbhukta korechilo. patabhumi ebong visayavastu. "brenda, etai sobb" oyena bradlyer nirdeshonai markin juktorashtrer tennessi-rawr nashviller bradley film ebong recording studiote prithak recording seshone record koraa hoyechilo. adhibeshanguli 1962 saaler 8ee march shuru hoy ebong 1962 saaler 9ee august shesh hoy. taar ager muktir moto, albumeo 12tii gaan chhilo ebong err onek gaanyi anyanno shilpider dwara purbe record koraa upadaner prochchod sanskaran chhilo. etey marvin rainwater "gondi fined mii ayee bluebird" ebong virgil eff-err prochchod sanskaran antarbhukta chhilo. stuarter "nagaler baire". "phul #1" ganti lir recordinger thhik agey loretta lynne record korechilen. albumer trackguli popp, arr anned bii ebong country soho bivinno sangeet shaili niye gothito. albumty "oll music" theke saade tinn taaraa peyeche. porjalochok richi unterberger montobbo korechen jey albumty "chamakprada record" naa holeo etty "besh vall" chhilo kaaron etty popp maaner upor atirikto jore deyoni ebong puro albumty "chittakorshokbhabe gaoa ebong nikhuntvabe nirmito, asle, oyena bradlyer nirdeshonai ly jaa record korechen taar beshirbhager saathe samanjasyapurna."albumty mulat ekti elpi record hisabe prokashito hoyechilo jaar protiti paashe chhoyti gaan antarbhukta chhilo. albumty porey juktorajye compact diske punra prokashito hoy ebong argentina ekti bordhito natke punra prokashito hoy. mukti. album theke prokashito prodhan ekok ganti chhilo "eu kyana depended ono mii". 1961 saaler aprile mukti pawa ganti "billboard" hott 100-ayee sheersho 10 hitt hoye othe, #6-ayee shirshe uthhe aase ebong "billboard" arr anned bii music charte #25-ayee pouche yaay. err bii-sideo ullekhjoggobhabe samprachar laav korey ebong gorom 100 charter adhine "billboard" budwude #1 pouche yaay. albumer dwitiya gaan "phul #1" albumer dwitiya ebong chudanta ekok gaan hisebe mukti paay. 1961 saaler septembore mukti pawa ganti billboard hott 100-ayee #3-ayee pouche yaay, jaa taar ashtam sheersho 10 ekok hoye othe, ebong juktorajye juktorajyer ekok talika #3 8-ayee uthhe aase. albumty 1962 saaler 15ee octobor dekka recorde mukti paay ebong 200tii "billboard" album charte #20-ayee uthhe aase, ebong juktorajyer album charte #13-ayee pouche yaay, jaa juktorajye taar dwitiya album churt hoy. churt. album ekok

brenda, bus aetalu jaj brenda, aaa american gaayak brenda leenu saatmu studiyo album chhe. aaa album 15 october, october roj dekka records parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tenu nirmaan owen breadly dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey teey rajoo thayela beey studiyo aalbammathi beeja krame hatoo aneey 1962 aneey aneey vachche "billboard" hooat 100 parr beey tochnaa 10 hita singlesno samaavesh karyo hato. prushthbhumi aneey samagri. "brenda, teey badhu jaj" owen breadlyna nirdeshan hethal united statesnaa nashville, tenesimaa breadly film aneey reqordina studiyomaa alag reqordina satromaa reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. satro 8 march, october roj sharoo thayaa aneey 9 august, october roj samaapt thayaa. teneeni agaauni rajuaatni jaim, aalbamma saamgrinaa baar track hataa aneey tenaa ghanaa track anya kalakaro dwara agau reqorda karelee saamgrinaa cover version hataa. temaa marvin rainwaternaa "gongo fined mee aaa bluebird" aneey virgil aef. naa cover varzanno samaavesh thaay chhe. kaarbhaarinu "pahonch bahaar". "phool #1" gitanu reqordina lii dwara karvaamaa aavyu tenaa thodaa samay pahelaa loretta lyne dwara reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aalbamna gitomaa pope, aar anned bii aneey country saheet viveedh sangeet shaileeono samaavesh thato hato. aaa aalbamne "ola music" maanthi saadaa trana staar malyaa hataa. samikshak ritchie unterberger tippani curry hatee keey jyaare album "chamakato reqorda" naa hato tyaare teey "khoob saaru" hatoo kaaran keey teey pope dhorano parr vadhu padato bhaar mookato naa hato, aneey teey keey aakhu album "prabhavshali reete gaayu chhe aneey shuddh reete nirmaan karvaamaa aavyu chhe, hakeekatma, owen breadlyna nirdeshan hethal leeae jeey reqorda karyoo hatoo temathi motabhagna saathe saamanya chhe."aaa album mulroope aela. pii. reqorda tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa rekordnee darek bajuae chh geeto saamel hataa. aaa aalbamne paachhalthi united kingadamma compact disk parr fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey argentinama vistrut naatak parr fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. mukt karoo. aalbammathi bahaar padvama aavelu mukhya single hatoo "tame maaraa parr nirbhar rahee shako chho". april september rajoo thayelu aaa geet "billboard" hooat 100 parr tochnaa 10 hita banyu hatoo, jeey #6 parr pahonchyu hatoo aneey "billboard" aar anned bii music chaart parr #25 parr pann pahonchyu hatoo. tenee bii-siday pann nondhpaatra prasaaran melavyu aneey hooat 100 chaart hethal parpotu "billboard" parr #1 sudhee pahonchi gayoo. phool #1" sheershak dharaavtu aalbamnu beeju geet aalbammathi beeja aneey anteem single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. september september rajoo thayelu aaa geet billboard hooat 100 parr #3 sudhee pahonchyu hatoo, jeey tenu aathmu tochnu 10 single banyu hatoo, jyaare united kingadamma yuke singles chaart parr #38 parr pahonchyu hatoo. aaa album 15 october, october roj dekka records parr rajoo thayu hatoo aneey "billboard" 200 albums chaart parr #20 parr pahonchyu hatoo, jyaare yuke albums chaart parr #13 sudhee pahonchyu hatoo, jeey united kingadamma chartma sthaan melavnaar tenu beeju album banyu hatoo. charts. album singles

brenda, buss itna hii brenda, yeh sub americi gayika brenda lii kaa satwan studio album haye. album koo 15 octuber, 1962 koo dekka record parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur iska nirmaan owen bradley ney kiya thaa. yeh 1962 mein jaari dou studio albums mein seey doosara thaa aur 1962 aur 1963 key beach "billboard" hott 100 parr dou sheersh 10 hitt ekal shamil they. prishthabhoomi aur vishay-vastu. "brenda, buss itna hii" koo owen bradley key nirdeshan mein nashville, tenacy, sanyukt raajya america mein bradley film aur recording studio mein alag-alag recording satron mein record kiya gayaa thaa. satra 8 march, 1962 koo shuru hue aur 9 agast, 1962 koo samaapt hue. unaki pichhali release kii tarah, album mein samagri key baarah track they aur isake kaee track anya kalakaron dwara pahale record kii gaee samagri key cover sanskaran they. isamen marvin rainwater key "gong find mee aeye bluebird" aur virgil aff key cover sanskaran shamil they. karbhari kii "pahunch seey baahar". "phool #1" koo lii kii recording seey kuchh samay pahale loretta linn dwara record kiya gayaa thaa. album key geeton mein popp, aar aind bee aur country sahit vibhinn prakaar kii sangeet shailiyaan shamil theen. album koo "olmusic" seey saadhe teen sitaare mille. sameekshak richi unterberger ney tippani kii kii album ack "chamakata record" naheen thaa, lekin yeh "bahut achchha" thaa kyonki yeh popp manakon parr adhik jore naheen detaa thaa, aur yeh kii puuraa album "prabhaavshaali roop seey gaaya aur bedagh roop seey nirmit kiya gayaa haye, vaastav mein, owen bradley key nirdeshan mein lii dwara record kiye gaye adhikansh geeton key saath samaan haye."album koo mool roop seey ack ell. pee. record key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa jisamen record key pratyek paksh mein chhah gaane shamil they. album koo baad mein united kingdam mein compact disk parr phir seey jaari kiya gayaa aur argentine mein ack vistaarit naatak parr phir seey jaari kiya gayaa. riha karein. album seey jaari kiya gayaa mukhya ekal "aap mujh parr nirbhar hoe sakate hain" thaa. aprail 1961 mein jaari kiya gayaa, yeh geet "billboard" hott 100 parr sheersh 10 hitt bunn gayaa, joe #6 parr pahunch gayaa aur "billboard" r & b sangeet chart parr #25 taka bhee pahunch gayaa. isake bee-side ney bhee mahatvapurna airplay praapt kiya aur germ 100 chart key tahat "billboard" parr #1 taka pahunch gayaa. album kaa doosara track jiska sheershak "phool #1" thaa, album key dusare aur antim ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. sitambar 1961 mein jaari kiya gayaa, yeh geet billboard hott 100 parr #3 taka pahunch gayaa, joe uska aathvaan sheersh 10 ekal bunn gayaa, jabaki united kingdam mein yuu. key. ekal chart parr #3 8 parr pahunch gayaa. album koo 15 octuber, 1962 koo dekka record parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur "billboard" 200 album chart parr #20 parr pahunch gayaa thaa, jabaki yuu. key. album chart parr #13 taka bhee pahunch gayaa thaa, joe united kingdam mein chart karane vaalaa unakaa doosara album bunn gayaa thaa. chart. album ekal

brenda, ashte. brenda, idu american gayaki brenda lea avara elane studio album aagide. ee album annu october 15,1962 randu dekka recordsonalli bidugade maadalaayitu mattu idannu oven broadley nirmisidaru. idu idu bidugadeyaada eradu studio aalbangalalli eradaneyadaagittu mattu 1962 mattu 1963rahra naduve "billboard" hott hott eradu top 10 hitt singalsgalannu olagondittu. hinnele mattu vishaya. "brenda, adella" annu oven broadley nirdeshanadalli united statesna tenessia nyaashvilleyalliruva broadley philm mattu recording studiyodalli pratyeka recording sessiongalalli record maadalaagide. ee adhiveshanagalu march 8,1962 randu praarambhavaagi august 9,1962 randu konegondavu. aakeya hindina bidugadegalante, album hanneradu haadugalannu olagondittu mattu adara aneka haadugalu itara kalaavidarinda hinde dhwanimudritawaada vastugala cover aavruttigalaagiddavu. idu marvin rainwater naa "goan fined mii aa bluebird" mattu virgil eff naa cover aavruttigalannu olagondittu. stewart "talupalu saadhyavaagada". "lea avara haadina dhwanimudranakke swalpa samayada modalu lauretta linn avaru "phool #1" annu dhwanimudrana maadidaru. albumna haadugalu pop, aarr & bii mattu kantri seridante vividha sangeeta shailigalannu olagondiddavu. ee album "almusic" ninda mooroovare stargalannu padeyitu. vimarshaki ritchie unterberger, ee album "holeyuva dhwanimudrana" vagiradiddaroo, adhu "bahala olleyadu" endu pratikriyisidaru, ekendare idu pop manadandagalige hecchu ottu niidalilla, mattu idee album "prabhavashaliyagi haadalaagide mattu nirmisalaagide, vaastavaagi, oven broadley nirdeshanadalli lea dhwanimudrisida hechchinavugalondige samaanavaagide."ee album annu moolatah elpi record aagi bidugade maadalaayitu, recordna eradoo badigalli aaru haadugalannu serisalaagide. ee album annu nantara united kingdamnalli compact disconnelli marumudrana maadalaayitu mattu argentinaadalli vistruta naatakadalli marumudrana maadalaayitu. bidugade. aalbamninda bidugadeyaada pramukha single "yuu kyaan dependence aun mii" aagittu. 1961rahra aprilnalli bidugadeyaada ee haadu, "billboard" hott hott agra 10 hitt aayitu, #6 sthaanavannu galisitu mattu "billboard" aarr & bii music chartnelli #25 annu talupitu. adara bii-side saha gamanarha prasaaravannu galisitu mattu bisi 100 chartna adiyalli gulle hodeyuva "jaahiraatu phalaka" dalli #1 annu talupitu. phool #1" emba shirshikeya albumna eradane haadu albumna eradane mattu antima ekageeteyaagi bidugadeyaayitu. 1961rahra septembernalli bidugadeyaada ee haadu jaahiraatu phalakada hott hott #3 annu talupitu, idu aakeya entane top 10 single aayitu, aadare united kingdamnalli yuke singles chartnelli #38 sthaanavannu galisitu. ee album annu october 15,1962 randu dekka recordgalalli bidugade maadalaayitu, mattu "billboard" 200 aalbangala pattiyalli #20 sthaanavannu galisitu, jotege UK aalbangala pattiyalli #13 annu talupitu, idu united kingdamnalli chaartnallidda avala eradane album aayitu. nakshegalu. album ekaangi

brunda, athrayeyulloo. american gaayika brenda leeyude ezhaamathe studiyo aalbamaan brenda. 1962 october 15nuu deca recordukalil puratthirakkiya eee aalbam nirmmichathu ooven bradleyaanu. 1962ll purathirangiya rund studiyo aalbangalil randaamathethaanu ithu, 1962num 1963num idayil "billboard" hoott 100ll rund mikacha 10 hitt singles ulppeduthi. pashchaathalavum ulladakkavum. "brunda, athrayeyulloo" ennathu ooven bradleyude nirddeshaprakaaram amerikkayile tennessiyile naashvilleyile bradley philim aandu recording studiyoyil prathyeka recording seshanukalilaayi record cheythu. sessionukal 1962 march 8 nuu aarambhich 1962 august 9 nuu avasaanichu. avarude muun releasukaleppole, aalbathil panthrand trackukal metteeriyal adangiyirunnu, athinte tracukalil palathum mattu kalakaaranmaar munbu record cheytha metteeriyalinte cover pathippukalaayirunnu. marvin rainwaterinte "goonn fined mii eiii bluebard", virjil eph ennivayude cover pathippukal ithil ulppedunnu. stuvarttinte "athicheraanaakaatha". "leeyude paatt record cheiyunnathinu thottumunbu loretta lyne "phool #1" record cheythu. poppu, aarr & bii, kantri ennivayulppede vividha sangeetha shailikal aalbathinte tracukalil ulppedunnu. oolmyoosikkil" ninnu aalbathin moonnara nakshathrangal labhichu. niroopakanaaya richi unterberger abhipraayappettath aalbam oru "minnunna record" aayirunnillengilum athu "valare mikachathaanu", kaaranam ithu poppu nilavaarathinu amithamaayi oonnal nalkiyilla, koodaathe muzhuvan albavum "akarshakamaayi alapikkukayum nishkalankamaayi nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu, vaasthavathil, ooven bradleyude samvidaanathil liie record cheythavayude bhooribhaagavum pothuvaayi kaanapedunnu."recordinte iruvashathum aarr ganangal ulppeduthiyittulla eee aalbam aadyam oru ell. pii recordayi puratthirangi. aalbam pinneedu yunaittad kingdatthile compact diskill veendum purathirakkukayum arjanteenayile oru vipuleekritha naadakatthil veendum purathirakkukayum cheythu. mochanam. ningalkk enne aashrayikkaam" ennathaayirunnu aalbathil ninnu puratthirakkiya pradhana gaanam. 1961 eprilil purathirangiya eee gaanam "parasyaboard" hoott 100-ll mikacha 10 hittayi maarukayum #6-ll athukayum "parasyaboard" aarr & bii music chartle #25-ll athukayum cheythu. athinte bii-side ganyamaaya airplay nedukayum hoott 100 chaarttin keezhil kumilakal niranja "parasyabordil" #1 ll athukayum cheythu. aalbathile randaamatheyum avasaanatheyum single aayi "phool <aii. dii. 1>" enna peril aalbathinte randaamathe track puratthirangi. 1961 septambaril purathirangiya eee gaanam parasyaboard hoott 100-ll #3 ll ethi, avarude ettaamathe mikacha 10 single aayi, athesamayam yunaittad kingdatthile yuke singles chartle #3 8-aamm sthaanathethi. 1962 october 15 nuu deca recordukalil puratthirakkiya eee aalbam 200 aalbangalude "billboard" chartle #20 enna sthaanathethi, athesamayam yuke aalbangalude chartle #13 enna sthaanathethi, yunaittad kingdatthil chart cheytha randaamathe aalbamaayi maari. charttukal. aalbam singles

brenda, aevadhech brenda, haah american gayika brenda leecha satva studio album aahe. haah album 15 aktoobar 1962 roji dekka recordsver pradarshit jhaala aanee tyachi nirmiti owen bradley yanni kelee. 1962 madhye pradarshit jhalelya done studio albumpaiki haah dusra hota aanee 1962 teey 1963 darmyan 'billboard' hott 100 varr done top 10 hiit singlescha samavesh hota. parshvabhoomi aanee aashay. "brenda, teey serve' heey owen bradleychya nirdeshakhali americetil nashville, tenacy yetheel bradley philm aanee recording studiomadhye swatantra recording satranmadhye reecord kele gele. hii satre 8 march 1962 roji suru jhaali aanee 9 august 1962 roji sampali. tichya mageel prakashananpramanech, yaa dhvanimudriket samagriche baaraa gaane hote aanee tyateel anek ganee itar kalakaranni purvi nondavalelya samgrichya mukhprushth aavrutya hotya. tyat marvin rainwaterchya 'gongo fined mea aaa bluebird' aanee virgil eff. chya mukhprushth aavrutyancha samavesh hota. karbhariche 'pohochanyachya baher' aahe. "phool #1' heey geet leechya ganyachya dhvanimudranachya kahee kaal aadhi lauretta linane dhwanimudrit kele hote. yaa dhvanimudrikatil ganyanmadhye popp, aar andd bii aanee contries vividh sangeet shailincha samavesh hota. yaa dhwanimudrikala 'aul music' kadoon sadeteen taare midale. samikshak ritchie unterberger yanni tippani kelee qee haah album 'chamakdar reecord' nasla taree too 'khoop changla' hota kaaran tyat popp mankanvar jaast bharr deela gela navhata aanee sampoorn album 'prabhavipane gayala gela aahe aanee nirmil aahe, kharey tarr, owen bradleychya digdarshanakhali leene jeey reecord kele aahe tyateel bahutek goshtinshi samaan aahe."haah album moolatah ell. pii. reecord mhanoon prakashit karnyat aala hota, jyat recordchya donhi bajunna sahaa ganee samavisht hotee. haah album nantar united kingadammadhe compact discover punha prakashit karnyat aala aanee argentinamadhil vistarit natkavar punha prakashit karnyat aala. mukt qaraa. yaa dhvanimudrikatun prasiddha jhalele pramukh ekal gaane 'yuu cann depended aun mea' hote. april 1961 madhye pradarshit jhalele heey gaane 'billboard' hott 100 varr top 10 hiit tharale, #6 varr pohochale aanee 'billboard' aar andd bii music chartvar #25 varr pohochale. tyachya bii-bajus dekhil lakshaniy prasaran jhaale aanee 100 chartchya garam pattyakhali budbudna 'billboard' varr #1 varr pohochala. phool #1' heey shirshak asalele albumche dusare gaane albammadhil dusare aanee antim ekal gaane mhanoon prakashit karnyat aale. september 1961 madhye pradarshit jhalele heey gaane billboard hott 100 varr #3 varr pohochale, aanee united kingadammadhil yuu. keey. singles chartvar #38 varr asatana tiche aathve top 10 ekal tharale. haah album 15 aktoobar 1962 roji dekka recordver pradarshit jhaala aanee 200 albumchya "billboard" chartvar #20 varr pohochala, tarr yooke album chartvar #13 varr pohochala, joou united kingadammadhe chartmadhye asalela ticha dusra album tharala. takte. album ekeri

brenda, yati matrai brenda, yo americi gayika brenda liko sataun studio album how. album october 15,1962 maa dekka recordharuma jaari garieko thiyo rar owen bradlidwara nirman garieko thiyo. yo sann 1962 maa rilij bhaeko dui studio albumharu madhye dosro thiyo rar sann 1962 rar 1963 ko bichma "billboard" hutt 100 maa dui shirsha 10 heat ekalharu samawesh gariyo. prishthabhumi rar samagri. "brenda, tyo sabai" owen bradliko nirdeshanma nasabhil, tenessy, sanyukta rajya americako bradley film rar recording studioma chhuttai recording satraharuma record garieko thiyo. satraharu march 8,1962 maa suru bhayo rar august 9,1962 maa samapta bhayo. unko aghillo rilijharu jastai, albumma samagrika bahra trackharu thie rar yasaka dherai trackharu anya kalakarharudwara pahile record garieko samagriko kabhar sanskaranharu thie. yasama marwin rainwaterko "gondi fined mea aha bluebird" rar bharjil efko kabhar sanskaranharu samawesh thie. stuartko "pahunchabata bahira". "full #1" liko gitko recording hunubhanda kehi samayaghi loretta lindwara record garieko thiyo. albumko trackharuma pup, arr anned bee rar contry sahit vibhinna sangitik shailiharu samawesh thie. albumle "almusic" batt sadhe tinn tara prapta prapta. samikshak richy unterbergerle tippani gare kii album "chamkilo record" nabhaeko bhae pani yo "dherai ramro" thiyo kinbhane yasale pup mapdandharulai badhi jode diena, rar sampurna album "prabhawashali rupma gaieko rar bedag rupma utpadan garieko chha, wastawma, owen bradliko nirdeshanma lile record gareko dheraisanga saman chha."album muel rupma recordko pratyek chheuma chhawata githaru samawesh gari lp recordko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. album pachhi sanyukta rajyama compact diskma punah jaari garieko thiyo rar argentinama wistarit natakma punah jaari garieko thiyo. mukta garnuhos. albumbata rilij garieko mukhya ekal "tapain mama nirbhar huna saknuhunchha" thiyo. april 1961 maa rilij bhaeko yo geet "billboard" hutt 100 maa shirsha 10 heat bhayo, #6 maa pugyo rar "billboard" arr anned bee music chartma #25 maa pani pugyo. yasako bee-sidele pani mahatwapurna airplay prapta garyo rar tato 100 chart antargat "billboard" bulbulema #1 pugyo. albumko dosro track "full #1" shirshak albumko dosro rar antim ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. september 1961 maa rilij bhaeko yo geet billboard hutt 100 maa #3 pugyo, unko athaun shirsha 10 ekal banyo, jabki sanyukta rajyama yuke ekal chartma #38 maa pugyo. album october 15,1962 maa dekka recordharuma jaari garieko thiyo, rar "billboard" 200 album chartma #20 maa pugyo, jabki yuke album chartma #13 pugyo, sanyukta rajyama chartma unko dosro album banyo. chartharu. album ekal

brenda, aeia taa brenda, ehaa heuchhi americae gajika brenda leenka saptama studio album. ehi album october 15,1962 ray dekka recordre muktilabha karithila ebong owen bradlinka dwara nirmita hoithila . ehaa 1962 ray muktilabha karithiba duiti studio album madhyaru dwiteeja thila ebong 1962 ru 1963 madhyare "billboard" hutt 100 ray duiti shirsha 10 heat singal antarbhukta karithila . prusthabhumi ebong bishajabastu. "brenda, baas etiki" owena bradalinka nirdeshare americara tenesi, nasabhilare thiba bradley film ebong recording studiore pruthaka recording adhibeshanare record karajaithila . ehi adhibeshanagudika march 8,1962ray arambha hoithila ebong august 9,1962ray shesh hoithila. taanka purba releases bhali, alabamare barati track thila ebong ehara aneka track anya kalakaranka dwara purbaru record karajaithiba samagrira kavara sanskarana thila . ethire maravin renwater "goan find mea aii bluebird" ebong bharjeel aif rahr prachada sanskarana antarbhukta thila . stiwartanka "kebala pahanchiba bahare" . "phul #1" geetati liretta linnka dwara geeta recording karibara kichhi samai purbaru record karajaithila. albummer gitagudika pop, aarr anded bii ebong contry sameth bibhinna prakarara sangeeta saileere gathita . ehi album "almusic" ru saadhe tini taaraa paithila. samikhyaka richi unterberger mantabya deichhanti je album eka "chamakprad record" naah thile madhya ehaa "bahuta bhal" thila kaaran ehaa pop manaka upare adhika gurutwa deinathila, ebong samagra album "prabhabasali bhabare gaana ebong nirmal bhabare utpadita hoichhi, bastabare, owen bradlinka nirdeshare ly record karithiba adhikansha sahita samaana ."ehi album moolatah eka elpi record bhabare muktilabha karithila jeunthire recorder ubhaja parsware chhaati geeta antarbhukta thila . ehi album parey britenare compact diskare punah prakashita hoithila ebong argentinere eka bardhita natakare punah prakashita hoithila . mukti. ehi alabamare muktilabha karithiba mukhya ekaka geetati thila "apana moe upare nirbhara kariparibe". 1961 masiha april maasare muktilabha karithiba ehi geetati "billboard" hutt 100ray shirsha 10tii heat hoithila, ebong "billboard" aara anded bii music chartre madhya sheershare pahanchithila. ehara bii-side madhya gurutwapurna ejaraple hassel karithila ebong garam 100 chart adheenare budwuda budwuda "billboard" ray #1 ray pahanchithila . phul #1" shirshaka albummer dwiteeja geetati albummer dwiteeja ebong antim ekaka bhabare muktilabha karithila . 1961 masiha september maasare muktilabha karithiba ehi geeta billboard hutt 100ray 'id1' ray pahanchithila, jaahaa tankara astama shrestha 10tii ekaka geeta thila, ebong britenare 'id1> 8' talikare sheershare rahithila. ehi album 15 october, 1962 ray dekka recordre muktilabha karithila, ebong "billboard" 200 album chartre #20 ray sheershare pahanchithila, ebong UK album chartre #13 ray pahanchithila, jaahaa juktarajyare chartre tankara dwiteeja album hoithila . chart. album ekaka

brenda, buses inna hii. brenda, ih amriki gaika brenda lee dee sattvin studio album haii. album 15 aktubar, 1962 noon dakka recordan utte jaari keeti gaee see atey iss daa nirman owen bradley duaara keeta giaa see. ih 1962 witch jaari doou studio ailabman vicchon duji see atey 1962 atey 1963 dey vichkaar "billboard" hott 100 utte doou choti dey 10 hitt singles shamal sunn. pichokad atey samaggari. "brenda, buses inna hii" noon owen bradley dey nirdesh heth nashville, tensi, sanyukat raaj amrica witch bradley film atey recording studio witch vakkhre recording saishanan witch ricard keeta giaa see. ih saishan 8 march, 1962 noon shuru hoye atey 9 agast, 1962 noon khatam hoye. uss deeaan pichliaan releases dee tarahan, album witch samaggari dey baaran track sunn atey iss dey bahut saare track horr kalakaran duaara pahilan ricard keeti gaee samaggari dey cover sanskaran sunn. iss witch marwin rainwater dey "main ikk bluebird labbhanga" atey virgil eff dey cover sanskaran shamal sunn. stevert dee "pahunch toon bahr". "fool #1" noon loretta linn duaara geet dee lee dee recording toon thodhi dair pahilan ricard keeta giaa see. album dey traikan witch popp, aar aind bee atey contry samet kaee tarahan deeaan sangeetak shailiaan shamal sunn. album noon "aal music" toon saadhe tinn starr mille. samikhiak richi unterberger neey tippni keeti kii halanki album ikk "chamakdar ricard" naheen see, ih "bahut vadhiaa" see kiunki iss witch popp miaaran utte ziaada zor naheen ditta giaa see, atey ih kii puurii album "prabhavshali dhang naal gaaee gaee haii atey bedagh dhang naal tiaar keeti gaee haii, asal witch, owen bradley dey nirdeshan witch lee duaara ricard keete gaye bahut saare naal sanjha haii."album noon asal witch ikk ail. pee. ricard dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see jiss witch ricard dey harek paase chhe gaane shamal sunn. album noon baad witch united kingdom witch sankhep disk utte dubara jaari keeta giaa see atey argintine witch ikk vistrit natak utte dubara jaari keeta giaa see. chhadd dio. album toon jaari keeta giaa mukkh single see "tusin merey utte nirbhar hoow sakde hoow". aprail 1961 witch rileez hoiaa, ih geet "billboard" hott 100 utte choti dey 10 hitt bann giaa, #6 utte pahunch giaa atey "billboard" aar aind bee sangeet chaart utte #25 utte vee pahunch giaa. iss dey bee-side neey vee mahattavpuran airplay prapat keeta atey garam 100 chaart dey tehat "billboard" utte #1 takk pahunch giaa. album daa dooja track "fool #1" album dey dooje atey aakhri single vajon jaari keeta giaa see. satambar 1961 witch rileez hoiaa, ih geet billboard hott 100 utte #3 takk pahunch giaa, joe uss daa athvan choti daa 10 single bann giaa, jadon kii united kingdom witch yuu. keey. singles chaart utte #38 utte pahunch giaa. ih album 15 aktubar, 1962 noon dakka recordan utte jaari keeti gaee see, atey "billboard" 200 ailabman dey chaart utte #20 utte pahunch gaee see, jadon kii yuke ailabman dey chaart utte #13 takk pahunch gaee see, joe kii united kingdom witch chaart curran vaali uss dee duji album bann gaee see. chaart. album singles

brenda, atra eva brenda, etaavat eva american-gayika brenda lee ityasya saptamah studio-aalbam asti. 1962 october 15 dinaanke dekkaa-abhilekheshu etat aalbam pradarshitam, tathaa cha oven broadley ityanena nirmitam. 1962 tame varshe pradarshite studio-aalbam-dwayoh madhye dwiteeyam etat aasit, tathaa cha 1962 taha 1963 paryantam "bilboard" haat 100 ityasmin shirsha-10 hitt-singles-dwau cha samaavishtau. prushtabhoomau cha vishayavastuh. "brenda, dutt ees aal" iteedam oven broadley ityasya nirdeshe samyuktarajyamerikadesha tennessy-nagarasya naashville-nagare broadley-chalacchitrasya tathaa dhvanimudrana-studio-madhye pruthak pruthak dhvanimudrana-satreshu dhvanimudritam aasit. satraani 1962 maarch 8 dinaanke aarabhy 1962 august 9 dinaanke samaapyanta. tasyaah poorvaprakaashaih iva, asmin aalbam madhye dvaadasha-geetaani saamagreeroopen aasan, tasya bahavah geetaani anyaih kalaavidaih poorva-abhilekhita-saamagryaah aawaran-samskaranaani aasan. asmin maarvin-renn-water ityasya "gone-faind-mee-e-bluebird", virgil-ef ityetayoho aawaran-samskaranaani aasan. stevert ityasya "kevalam sulabhataayaah bahihi" iti. "phool <aii. dii. 1>" iti geetam lee ityasya gitasya dhvanimudranaat kinchitkaalapoorvam loretta linn ityanena dhvanimudritam aasit. aalbam ityasya gitanam vividhasangeetashailyaah samaaveshah aasit, yathaa paap, aar & bee, deshah cha. asya aalbam "aal-music" ityatah ardhatrayam nakshatram praapnot. sameekshakah richee unterbergerh abhimatavaan yat yadyapi etat aalbam "chamakapradam abhilekham" naa aasit tathaapi tatt "atyantam uttamm" aasit yatah etat paap-maanakebhyah adhikam mahattvam naa dattam, tathaa cha sampoornam aalbam "prabhaawapoornaroopen gaayitam, nirmiti cha asti, vastutah, oven broadley ityasya nirdeshanasy antargatam lee ityanena abhilekhitaanaam adhikaamshaih saha samaanam asti iti."etat aalbam moolatah ell. pi.-abhilekharoopen pradarshitam aasit, yatra abhilekhasya pratyekam paarshve shut geetaani antarbhavanti sma. pashchat etat aalbam unated kingdam-deshe compact disk-madhye punah prakaashitam, argentina-deshe vistruta-naatake punah prakaashitam. mukttam karotu. aalbam-taha pradarshitam pramukham ekakam geetam "yoo kenn depended aan mii" iti aasit. 1961 april-maase pradarshitam geetam "bilboard" haat 100 madhye shirsha-10 hitt abhavat, #6 ityatra uccham praapnot, api cha "bilboard" aar & bee music chaart madhye #25 ityatra api praapnot. asya bee-said api mahattvapoornam prasaaranam praapnot, tathaa cha haat 100 chaart ityasya adhah budbud-budbud iti "bilboard" ityatra #1 praaptam. phool <aii. dii. 1>" iti sheershakam aalbam ityasya dwiteeyam geetam aalbam ityasya dwiteeyam antimam cha ekageetaroopen pradarshitam. 1961 september-maase pradarshitam geetam bilboard-haat-100 madhye #3 iteedam praapnot, tasyaah ashtamam sheersham 10 ekalam abhavat, yadaa cha unated-kingdam-deshasya yooke-singles-chaart madhye #38 iti sheersham praapnot. 1962 october 15 dinaanke dekkaa-abhilekheshu etat aalbam pradarshitam, "bilboard" 200 aalbam-chaart madhye #20 iti sheershe aasit, tathaa cha UK aalbam-chaart madhye #13 ityapi praapnot, yena unated-kingdam-madhye chaart krute tasyaah dwiteeyam aalbam abhavat. charts. aalbam ekaakinee

brenda, avvalavuthaan brenda, avvalavuthaan america paadagar brenda leeyin aezhaavathu studio aalbam. inththa aalbam october 15,1962 andru tecca pathivukalil veliyidappattathu mattrum ovan broadly thayaaritthaar. idhu 1962 ill veliyidappatta irandu studio aalbangkalil irandaavathu mattrum 1962 mattrum 1963 kku idaiyil "vilambarap palagai" hott 100 ill irandu muthal 10 vettri ottraiyargalai ulladakkiyathu. pinnani mattrum ulladakkam. "brenda, avvalavuthaan" enbathu ovan broadly iyakkaththil americavin dennessy, nashvillil ulla broadly bilim mattrum recording studiovil thanithani pathivu amarvugalil pathivu seiyappattathu. amarvugal maarch 8,1962 andru thodangi august 9,1962 andru mudivadainthathu. avarathu munththaiya veliyeedugalaip poalavae, inththa aalpaththilum pannirandu tracugal irunththana, maelum adhan pala tracugal munbu pathivu seiyappatta pira kalaignargalin ulladakkaththin kavar pathippukalaakum. idhil maarvin rainwaterin "jong find mee aee bluebard" mattrum virjil eff aagiyavattrin kavar pathippukal adangkum. stewartin "anuga mudiyaathathu". "liie paadalaip pathivu seivatharku sattru munbu loretta linnal "phul #1" pathivu seiyappattathu. inththa aalpaththin paadalkal paap, aarr & pii mattrum naadu ullitta palvaeru isai paanigalaik kondirunthana. inththa aalbam "almusic" ilirunththu moontrarai natchaththiranggalaip pettrathu. vimarsagar richi unterberger, inththa aalbam oru "pirakaasamaana pathivu" alla entraalum, idhu "migavum nandraaga" irunththathu, aenenil idhu paap tharatthai migaippaduththavillai, maelum muzhu aalbamum "eerkkakkoodiya vagaiyil paadappattu, maasattra muraiyil thayaarikkappattullathu, unmaiyil, ovan broadliyin iyakkaththil liie pathivu seitha perumpaalaanavattrudan podhuvaanathu."inththa aalbam muthalil pathivin ovvoru pakkaththilum aaru paadalkaludan oru elbi pathivaaga veliyidappattathu. inththa aalbam pinnar aikkiya raachchiyaththil compact diskill meendum veliyidappattathu mattrum argentinavil oru neettikappatta naadagaththil meendum veliyidappattathu. viduthalai. inththa aalpaththil irunthu veliyidappatta munnani thanippaadal "neengkal ennaich saarnthu irukka mudiyum". aepral 1961 ill veliyidappatta inthap paadal, vilambarap palagaiyil 100 idangkalil muthal 10 idangkalaip pidiththathu, maelum "vilambarap palagaiyil" aarr & pii isaith tharavarisaiyil "aidi2" aii ettiyathu. adhan pii-side kurippidatthakka oliparappaip pettru, soodaana 100 vilakkappadaththin keezh kumizhi veechum "vilambarap palagaiyil" #1 aii ettiyathu. phul #1" endra thalaippil aalpaththin irandaavathu paadal aalpaththin irandaavathu mattrum iruthi thanippaadalaaga veliyidappattathu. septumber 1961 ill veliyidappatta inthap paadal vilambarap palagaiyil hott 100 ill #3 aii ettiyathu, idhu avarathu ettaavathu muthal 10 thanippaadalaaga maariyathu, athae neraththil aikkiya raachchiyaththil englaanthu ottraiyar tharavarisaiyil #3 8 vadhu idaththaip pidiththathu. inththa aalbam october 15,1962 andru tecca pathivukalil veliyidappattathu, maelum "vilambarap palagaiyil" 200 aalbangkal tharavarisaiyil #20 aii ettiyathu, athae neraththil englaanthu aalbangkal tharavarisaiyil #13 aii ettiyathu, idhu aikkiya raachchiyaththil tharavarisaiyil avarathu irandaavathu aalbamaaga maariyathu. varaipadangkal. aalbam ottraiyar

brenda, anthe brenda, idhi american gayani brenda lii yokka edava studio album. eee album october 15,1962naa dekka recordulalo vidudalaindi mariyu dheenini oven broadley nirminchaaru. idhi 1962loe vidudalaina rendu studio albumlalo rendavadi mariyu 1962 mariyu 1963 madhya "billboard" hott 100loe rendu top 10 hitt singilsnu cherchindi. nepathyam mariyu content. "brenda, adanta" anedi oven broadley darsakatvamlo united statesloni nashville, tennissiloni broadley film und recording studiolo ververu recording sessionlalo record cheyabadindi. sessionlu marchi 8,1962naa praarambhamai augustu 9,1962naa mugisai. aame munupati vidudalala maadirigaane, eee albumlo pannendu paatala material unnaayi mariyu daani tracklalo chaalaa varaku itara kalaakaarulu gatamlo record chesina vishayaala cover versionlu. indulo marvin rainwater yokka "goan find mii eah bluebird" mariyu virgil eff yokka cover versionlu unnaayi. stevert "kevalam cherukolenidi". "phool #1" nuu lii patanu record cheyadaaniki kontakaalam mundu loretta linn record chesaaru. album yokka tracklu pop, aarr & bii mariyu kantreetho sahaa vividha sangeeta sailulanu kaligi unnaayi. eee album "almusic" nundi moodunnara nakshatraalanu andukundi. sameekshakudu ritchie unterberger eee album "merise rikaardu" kaanappatikee, idhi "chaalaa baagundi" anie vyaakhyaaninchindi, endukante idhi pop pramaanaalanu atigaa nokki cheppaledu, mariyu mottam album "akattukunela padabadi, nirminchabadindi, vaastavaaniki, oven broadley darsakatvamlo lii record chesina vaatitho chaalaa varaku ummadigaa undhi."eee album modata elpi recordga vidudalaindi, rikaarduku prati vaipu aaru paatalu cherchabaddaayi. eee album taruvaata united kingdamlo compact disclo tirigi vidudala cheyabadindi mariyu argentinalo podiginchina naatakamlo tirigi vidudala cheyabadindi. vidudala. album nundi vidudalaina pradhana single "yuu kenn dependent aann mii". 1961 eprillo vidudalaina eee paata "billboard" hott 100loe top 10 hitga nilichindi, #6 kuu cherukundi mariyu "billboard" R & B music chaartlo #25 kuu cherukundi. daani bii-side kooda gananeeyamaina prasaranni pondindi mariyu hott 100 chaart kinda budagalu vestunna "billboard" loe #1 kii cherukundi. phool #1" anae album yokka rendava paata album nundi rendava mariyu chivari singlega vidudalaindi. 1961 septembarulo vidudalaina eee paata billboard hott 100loe #3 kuu cherukundi, aame enimidava top 10 singlega nilichindi, adhe samayamlo united kingdamlo UK singles chaartlo #38 sthaanaaniki cherukundi. eee album october 15,1962naa dekka recordulalo vidudalai, "billboard" 200 albumla chaartulo #20 sthaanaaniki cherukundi, adhe samayamlo UK albumla chaartlo #13 kuu cherukundi, idhi united kingdamlo chaartlo unna aame rendava albumga nilichindi. chartulu. album singles

brenda buss atnaa hyee brenda buss atnaa hyee americi gulukarah brenda lee kaa saatwaan studio album hay. yaha album 15 aktobar 1962 kuu ddika records parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa aur asay aween breadly nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. yaha 1962 mein release honay waalay duu studio albumz mein say dosra thaa aur iss mein 1962 aur 1963 kay darmiyan "bull board" hott 100 parr duu topp 10 hutt singles shaamil thay. piss manzar aur mawaad. "brenda buss atnaa hyee" aween breadly kii hidayat parr neshweel tennisi riyasathaye muthadah mein breadly film aur recording studio mein alaihdah recording seshnon mein record kiyaa gayaa thaa. seeshan 8 maarch 1962 kuu sharoo hoay aur 9 agast 1962 kuu khatam hoay. inn kii pachli release kii tarah album mein mawaad kay baarah track thay aur iss kay behat say track dosray funkaron kay pehley record kiye gayey mawaad kay sarwaraq warzan thay. iss mein maarun raine waater kay "gunveng find mee aey blue bird" aur wargal aif kay sarwaraq warzan shaamil thay. stevart kaa "sarf pahunch say baahir". "foul #1" kuu laureta linn nay lee kii gaaney kii recording say kachh deer pehley record kiyaa thaa. album kay track mukhtalif qasm kay musical style parr mushtamil thay jinn mein paap aar aind bee aur kantri shaamil haine. album kuu "aal music" say saadhay teen sataray milay. jaizah leenay waali rachee interberger nay tabsarah kiyaa kahh agarcha album "chamakdar record" nahein thaa leakin yaha "behat achhaa" thaa keunkah iss mein paap kay mayaraat parr ziyadah zoor nahein diyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha kahh poraa album "mutasir kunn toor parr gaaya gayaa hay aur bay eib toor parr tayaar kiyaa gayaa hay darhaqiqat aween breadly kii hidayat kaaree mein lee nay juu kachh record kiyaa hay iss mein say ziyadah tarr kay saath mushtarik hay."album asl mein eek eel pee record kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein record kay harr taraf chh gaaney shaamil thay. album kuu baad mein bartaniah mein compact disk parr dobarah jaari kiyaa gayaa aur argentine mein eek tausiyi dramay parr dobarah jaari kiyaa gayaa. rehayi. album say release honay waala markazi sangal "aap majh parr inhasaar kirr saktay haine" thaa. apreel 1961 mein release honay waala yaha gaana "bull board" hott 100 parr topp 10 hutt bunn gayaa juu #6 parr pahunch gayaa aur "bull board" R & B music chaart parr #25 takk bhee pahunch gayaa. iss kay bee side nay bhee numayan hawaa baazi haasil kii aur garm 100 chaart kay tahat "bull board" parr #1 takk pahunch gayaa. album kaa dosra track jiss kaa anwaan "foul #1" thaa album kay dosray aur aakhri sangal kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. satambar 1961 mein release honay waala yaha gaana bull board hott 100 parr #3 takk pahunch gayaa juu iss kaa aathwan topp 10 sangal bunn gayaa jabkah bartaniah mein bartaniah singles chaart parr #38 parr pahunch gayaa. yaha album 15 aktobar 1962 kuu ddika records parr release hawaa aur "bull board" 200 albumz kay chaart parr #20 parr pahunch gayaa jabkah bartaniah kay albumz kay chaart parr bhee #13 takk pahunch gayaa juu bartaniah mein chaart karnay waala iss kaa dosra album bunn gayaa. chaart. album singles

00067ced4b75138f89f9fe736b8bab48d684c3e6a8737006b09264408f3491c5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26888130

Neolepetopsis nicolasensis

Neolepetopsis nicolasensis Species of gastropod Neolepetopsis nicolasensis is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neolepetopsidae, one of the families of true limpets. Distribution. northeastern Pacific Ocean Habitat. whale bone References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

neolepetupsis niculacencies neolepet "sis niculacencies hoise xagoriyo xamukor etaa projati, etaa prokrito limpet, neolepet" pside poriyalor ek xamudrik gerasto "pho" ror mulasko, ji hoise prokrito limpetor etaa poriyal. bitoron. uttor-pubo proxanto mohaxagor baxosthan. timir haar

neolepetopsis nicolasensis neolepetopsis nicolasensis holl samudrer shamuker ekti prajati, ekti satyikarer limpet, neolepetopsidae poribarer ekti samudrik gastroped molask, jaa satyikarer limpeter ekti poribar. bitoron. uttor-purbo proshanto mahasagar abashsthol. timi haad

neolepatopsis nicolacensis neolepatopsis nicolacensis aee dariyai gokalgaayni aek prajaati chhe, jeey aek saachu limpet chhe, jeey neolepatopsidae kutumbamaa dariyai gastropod mollsk chhe, jeey saacha limpetnaa parivaaromaanu aek chhe. vitaran. uttarpurviy prashant mahasagar nivassthan. whelnun haadkaan

neolepatopsis nicolacensis neolepatopsis nicolacensis samudri ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye, ack vaastavik limpet, parivaar neolepatopsidae mein ack samudri gastropod molsk, joe vaastavik limpet key parivaaron mein seey ack haye. vitaran. poorvottar prashant mahasagar nivaas sthaan. whale kii huddy

neopetopsis nicolacensis neolepetopsis nicolacensis embudu samudrada basavana ondu prabhedavagide, idu nijavaada limpet, idu neolepetopsidae kutumbadalli ondu sagara gastropod mrudvangi, idu nijavaada limpetgala kutumbagalalli ondaagide. vitarane. eeshaanya peciphic sagara aavasasthaana. timingilada moole

neolepetopsis nicolescencis neolepetopsis nicolacensis hii samudri gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe, eka kharee langadi, neolepetopsidae kutumbatil sagari gastropod molsk, jee jee langadyanchya kutumbanpaiki eka aahe. vitaran. ishanya prashant mahasagar adhivas. vhelache haad

neolepatopsis nicolacencis neolepatopsis nicolacencis samudri ghongha, ek saancho limpet, pariwar neolepetopsidaema ek samudri gastropod molaskako prajati how, june saancho limpetharuko pariwarharu madhye ek how. witaran. uttarpurvi prashanta mahasagar awas. whell haddi

neolepetopsis nicolasensis neolepetopsis nicolasensis heuchhi samudrika shamukar eka prajati, eka prakruta limpet, neolepetopsidae paribarara eka samudrika gastropad molsk, jaahaa prakruta limpet paribara madhyaru gotie . bunton. uttara-purba prashanta mahasagar basasthana. timi haada

neolepetopsis nicolescencis neolepetopsis nicolescencis samundari ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii, ikk saccha limpet, parivaar neolepetopsidae witch ikk samundari gastropod molsk, sacche limpet dey parivaran vicchon ikk haii. vandd. uttar-purbi parshant mahansagar nivas sathaan. whale dee haddi

neolepatopsis nicolasensis neolepatopsis nicolacenesis iti samudriya-shleshmasya ekaha prajaatih asti, ekaha yathaarth-limpet, neolepetopsidae-parivaarasya samudriya-gastropod-molask, yathaarth-limpets-parivaareshu anyatamah. vitaranam. uttarapoorv-prashantamahasagaraha nivaasasthaanam. timi-asthihi

neolapetopsis nicolacensis neolapetopsis nicolacensis enbathu kadal natthai inamaagum, idhu oru unmaiyana limbet, neolapetopsidae kudumbaththil oru kadal iraippai molask, idhu unmaiyana limbet kudumbangalil ontraakum. viniyoagam. vadakizhakku pasipik perungadal vaazhvidam. thimingila elumbu

neolepetopsis nicolacensis neolepetopsis nicolacensis anedi samudrapu natta yokka oka jaathi, nijamaina limpet, neolepetopsidae kutumbamlo oka samudra gastropod molask, idhi nijamaina limpetla kutumbaalalo okati. pampinhee. eshaanya pasiphik mahasamudram aavasalu. timingalam emuka

neolipatopsus necolascencis neolipatopsus necolascencis samandari ghonga kii eek nooa hay eek haqeeqi langda khaandaan neolipatopsedy mein eek samandari gastropod molisk haqeeqi langday kay khandanon mein say eek hay. taqsim. shamaal mashriqi bahar alkahil rehaish gaah. waheel kii huddy

0006804278ae4531314084a1deaa2b9dbd3ed160bc379fbec79a91ce68610baa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4073635

Gandaraditya

Gandaraditya King in the Chola dynasty Gandaraditha Chola () succeeded his father Parantaka I and became the Chola king about 955 CE. He was also a Tamil literary poet in the Thiruvisaippa Palandu. He had a son named Madurantaka Chola also known as Uttama Chola, who became Chola emperor after his cousin Sundara Chola. Turbulent period. From the death of Parantaka I, to the accession of Rajaraja I in 985 CE, Chola history is obscure. During this period of 30 years there were five princes who must have occupied the throne. There are several theories surrounding the rapid ascension to the Chola throne. One was that there were internal feuds among the different members of the royal family. The other is that the effects of the Rashtrakuta invasion, under Krishna III and his brother-in-law Ganga Butuga, and the defeat of the Chola army at Takkolam resulting in the death of heir-apparent Rajaditya Chola (the first in line to the throne - "aanai mael thunjiya devar") must have brought large-scale disorder in the kingdom. The second theory has more merit since the sons of Parantaka I (specifically Gandaraditya and Arinjaya) must have also fought along with their brother, Rajaditya in that epic battle and must have been variously injured and died rapidly. Thus, Parantaka I was forced to get his grandson Sundara Chola (the son of Arinjaya and probably the oldest surviving prince) to be the heir-apparent. Reluctant ruler. As noted earlier, the eldest son of Parantaka I, prince Rajaditya lost his life in the Battle of Takkolam (c. 949 CE). Takkalom is identified with the area around present day Arakonam in the North Arcot district. Parantaka I must have made his second son Gandaraditya as heir apparent. Gandaraditya was a reluctant monarch and focussed more on religious work and not on empire building. The Tondaimandalam continued to be occupied by the Rashtrakutas and Gandaratitya did not seem to have made any attempt to retrieve it. It is not clear if this is because he was uninterested in war or that he was assimilating his position south of the Paalar River and cutting his losses to keep Eelam (which was fast slipping out of Chola control) and to keep a resurgent Pandya Kingdom at bay. For the time being, the martial Chola power seemed to have been toned down but trade (especially maritime) continued to flourish. There are only very few inscriptions to be found that could be directly attributed to him and this may be because earlier inscriptions were consciously deleted by later Uttama Chola who undertook the task of converting South Indian temples into granite from brick-and-mortar under the "Kalpani" scheme. The conscious decision by Uttama Chola is mentioned in his inscriptions at Kanchipuram. He spent more time in religious discourse. He is credited with writing a Tamil hymn on Siva of the Chidambaram Temple. Co-regent. Very early in his reign Gandharaditya must have made his younger brother Arinjaya co-regent and heir-apparent. It is possible that Gandaradhitya was without issue for a long time and in attempt to secure the continuation of the Vijayalaya dynasty, Gandharaditya made his brother heir apparent. Personal life. Gandaraditya had two queens namely Sembiyan Mahadevi, described as the daughter of Mazhavarayar and another called Viranarayaniyar who is described as the daughter of Solamadeviyar. Sembiyan Madeviyar bore him a son called Madhurantaka Uttama Chola. This must have been very late in his life. At the time of Gandaraditya’s death (c. 956 CE), Uttama Chola must have been a young boy, as he was set aside in the order of succession and Arinjaya took over the Chola crown. Sembiyan Madeviyar survived her husband for a long time. She seems to have been a pious lady as she figures in several inscriptions, making donations to various temples. She died c. 1001 CE during Rajaraja’s reign. She was the daughter of Mazhavarayar clan chieftain and is described thus in inscriptions. Gandaraditya was also known as "Merkey elundarulina devar" - the king who rose in the west, that is who went west and attained salvation. The meaning of this phrase is not clearly understood but could possibly mean the king who went west to Kerala. There are claims that Gandaraditya in his later life adapted the Jain faith and went to the Kannada land in the west of the Chola country with a Jain ascetic named Loka-pala acharya. This claim does not have many supporters amongst historians especially because of his Saivaite background and his wife's and son's continued persuasion of this faith. Contributions to Tamil literature. It has been widely accepted by researchers of Tamil literature and Saiva religious scholars that Gandaraditya was the author of a "Thiruvisaippa" on Siva at the Temple of Chidambaram. In this there is a distinct statement that Parantaka I conquered the Pandya country and "Eelam" (Sri Lanka) and covered the temple of Nataraja with gold. Gandaraditya composed eleven poems on Lord Nataraja of Chidambaram. These are part of the ninth volume of the Tirumurai and are called "Tiruvisaippa". He refers to himself as "Koli(Kozhi) Vendan Thanjaiyar Kon Gandaradittan" in these poems. It is not clear when he composed this poetry and whether it was he who covered the Chidambaram shrine in lieu of his father, or if it was done at Parantaka I's term. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

gondaradityo gondaradito sul () teur pitri prothom porantokor uttoradhikari hoisil aaru pray 955 khristabdot sul roja hoisil. teu tiruvisaippa palandur ejon taamil xahityik kobiu aasil. teur modurantok sul naamor ejon putro aasil jaak uttoma sul buliu jonaa yaay, ji teur khurak bhai xundor sulor pisot sul xomrat hoisil. oxanto xomoy. prothom porantokor mrityur poraa 985 khristabdot rajaraj prothomor xinghaxon dokhololoike sul itihax osposto. 30 bosoror ei xomoisuwat pasjon rajkumar aasil jiye xinghaxon dokhol korisil. sul xinghaxonoloi drut aaruhonok aaguri thoka keibatau totwo aase. etaa aasil je rajporiyalor bibhinno xodosyor maajot abhyontorin dwondo aasil. aantu hoh "lo krishno tritiyo aaru teur bhayek gonga butugar odhinot rastrokut aakromonor probhab aaru tokkulamot sul xenar porajoyor folot uttoradhikari rajadityo sulor (xinghaxonor xarir prothomjon-" aanai mell thunjia debor ") mrityu hoisil aaru rajyot brihot porimanor bisringkholar sristi hoisil. dwitiyo totwotur odhik jugyota aase kiyonu prothom porantokor putroxokole (bixexkoi gondaradityo aaru orinjoy) xei mohakabyik juddhot teulukor bhatri rajadityor xoite juddho korisil aaru bibhinno dhorone aahot hoisil aaru drutogotit mrityu hoisil. eidore, prothom porantok teur naati xundor sulok (orinjoyor putro aaru xombhobotoh ataitkoi puroni jiyai thoka rajkumar) uttoradhikari hisape lo 'boloi badhyo hoisil. onischuk xaxok. aagote ullekh koraa onuxori, prothom porantokor jyestho putro rajkumar rajadityoi tokkulamor juddhot pran heruwaisil (anumanik. 949 khristabdo). takalomok uttor aarkot jilaar bortomanor arakunamor aaxe-paxe thoka oncholor xoite sinakto koraa hoise. prothom porantokoi teur dwitiyo putro gondaradityok uttoradhikari hisape sposto kori disil. gondaradityo ejon onischuk roja aasil aaru teu xamrajyo nirmanor uporot nohoy, dhormiyo kaamor uporot odhik gurutwo disil. tondaimondolom rastrokutxokolor dokholot aasil aaru gandharattityoi iyak punoruddhar korar kunu prochesta koraa zen logaa huwa nasil. eitu sposto nohoy je teu juddhot aagrohi nasil ney teu paalar nodir dokhyine nijor sthan ekotrito kori aasil aaru ilamok (ji sul niyontronor poraa drutogotit pisoli goi aasil) rakhiboloi aaru ek punoruthanxil pandyo rajyok durot rakhiboloi teur lukchan hraax korisil. xei xomoyot, xomor sul xoktir poriman komi ohaa zen lagisil jodiu banijyo (bixexkoi xamudrik) briddhi paisil. teur baabe proityokhyobhabe dayee koribo poraa xilalipi maatro oti komhe puwa goise aaru iyar kaaron hoh "bob paare je" kolponi "aasonir odhinot dokhyin bharotiyo mondirxomuhok itaa-aaru-morter poraa greniteloi rupantorit korar kaam haatot luwa poroborti uttoma suloi purbor xilalipibur xosetonbhabe mosi pelaisil. uttoma sulor xoseton xiddhantor kotha kanchipuromot teur xilalipito ullekh koraa hoise. teu dhormiyo alusonat odhik xomoy otibahito korisil. sidamborom mondiror xibor uporot etaa taamil stobo rosona korar krititwo teuk diya hoy. xoho-rajprotinidhi. teur rajotwokalot oti aarombhonite gondhoradityoi teur xoru bhatri orinjoyok xoho-rajprotinidhi aaru uttoradhikari hisape prokax korisil. eitu xombhob je gondaradityo dirghodin dhori xomosyabihin aasil aaru bijoyaloy rajbonxor dharabahikota xurokhito korar prochestat, gondaradityoi teur bhatri uttoradhikarik sposto kori tulisil. byoktigoto jiwan. gondaradityor dujon rani aasil, jene chambian mohadebi, jaak majhaborayaror konya buli bornona koraa hoisil aaru aan egoraki biranarayaniyar, jaak sulamadewiyaror konya buli bornona koraa hoisil. chambian madeviyare teuk modhurantok uttoma sul naamor ejon putro jonmo disil. eitu nischoy teur jiwanat bohut polom hoi goisil. gondaradityor mrityur xomoyot (anumanik. 956 khristabdo), uttoma sul ejon xoru lo "raa aasil, kiyonu teuk uttoradhikaror kromot aatorai rokha hoisil aaru orinjoye sulor mukut dokhol korisil. chambian madeviyare teur swamir poraa dirghodin jiyai aasil. teu egoraki dhormiyo mohila zen laage kiyonu teu keibatau xilalipito bibhinno mondiroloi daan korar kotha ullekh aase. teur mrityu hoisil chi. 1001 khristabdot rajarajor xaxonkalot. teu majwarayar bongxor prodhanor konya aasil aaru xilalipito enedore bornona koraa hoise. gondaradityok "merky alundarulina debor" buliu jonaa goisil-poschimot uthi ohaa roja, orthat ji poschimoloi goi mukhyo laabh korisil. ei bakyangxotur ortho spostobhabe buji puwa nayay kintu xombhobotoh iyar ortho hoh "bob paare poschimor keralaloi juwa roja. daabi koraa hoy je gondaradityoi teur poroborti jiwanat joino dhormor xoite khaap khaai loisil aaru sul dexor poschimot thoka kanara bhumiloi luk-paal aasarzo naamor ejon joino xonnyaxir xoite goisil. ei dabir itihaxbidxokolor maajot besi xomorthok naai, bixexkoi teur xoibo potobhumi aaru teur potni aaru putror ei biswaxor nirontor onurudhor baabe. taamil xahityoloi obodan. taamil xahityor gowexok aaru xoibo dhormiyo ponditxokole iyak byapokbhabe swikar korise je gondaradityoi sidamborom mondirot xibor uporot "tirubixaippa" ror lekhok aasil. iyat etaa sposto bibriti aase je prothom porantokoi pandyo dex aaru "eelom" (srilongka) joy korisil aaru notorajor mondirtu xunore dhaaki disil. gondaradityoi sidamboromor bhogowan notarajor uporot egharkhon kobita rosona korisil. eibur tirumurair nowom khondor ongxo aaru iyak "tiruvisaippa" buli kuwa hoy. ei kobitaburot teu nijoke "kuli vendon thanjaiyar coon gondaraditton" buli ullekh korise. teu ketiya ei kobitatu rosona korisil aaru teu pitrir xoloni sidamborom mondirtu dhaaki rakhisil ney eitu sposto nohoy, baa eitu prothom porantokor karzokalot koraa hoisil ney nohoy.

gondaradityo gandaradita chole () taanr pita prothom porantoker stholabhishikto hohn ebong pray 955 khristabde chole raja hohn. tini tiruvisaippa palandur ekjon tamil sahittiko chhilen. taanr madhurantak chole naame eka putro chhilen, jini uttom chole nameo porichito, jini taanr chachat bhai sundar choler porey chole samrat hoyechilen. ashanta samaykal. prothom porantoker mrityu theke 985 khristabde prothom rajarajer rajotto porjonto cholder itihas osposhto. 30 bochorer eyi somoye panchjon rajkumar chhilen jaanra aboshyoi singhasone adhisthito chhilen. chole singhasone druto arohanke ghire besh koyekti totto royeche. ekti chhilo rajporibarer bivinno sadasyer modhye abhyantarin dwandwa. onnoti holl, tritiya krishna oo taanr shallock ganga butuga-rawr adhine rashtrakut akromoner prabhab ebong takkole chole senabahinir porajoyer foley uttoradhikari-rajaditya choler (singhasaner prothom sarite-"anai meela thunjia debor") mrityu aboshyoi rajye byapok bishrinkhala niye esechilo. dwitiya totter arow jogyata royeche kaaron prothom porantoker putrorao (biseshoto gandaraditya ebong arinjoy) aboshyoi taader bhai rajadityer saathe seii mahakabyik juddhe ladai korechilen ebong aboshyoi bibhinnobhabe ahoto hoyechilen ebong druto maaraa giechilen. eibhabe, prothom porantok taanr naati sundar cholke (arinjoyer putro ebong sombhoboto benche thaka probintomo rajkumar) uttoradhikari hotey badhyo hohn. anichchuk shasok. jemonti agey ullekh koraa hoyeche, prothom porantoker jyestho putro juboraj rajaditya takkolamer juddhe prano harran (anumanik. 949 khristabdo). taklamke uttor arcot jelara bortoman arakonamer ashepasher anchaler saathe chinnito koraa hoy. prothom porantok nischoyi taanr dwitiya putro gondaradityoke uttoradhikari hisabe prakash korechilen. gondaradityo ekjon anichchuk raja chhilen ebong samrajya nirmane noy, dharmiya kaaje beshi mononibesh korechilen. tondaimandalam rashtrokutder dokhole chhilo ebong gandharaditya etike punoruddharer konao chesta korenni boley money hoy. etaa sposhto noy jey, tini juddhe agrahi chhilen naa, naaki tini palar nadeer dakkhine taanr abosthanke ekibhuto korey niyechilen ebong ilamke (jaa cholder niyantraner baire druto sorey jachchilo) rakhte ebong ekti punorutthito pandyo rajyoke doore rakhar jonno taanr khoti komiye niyechilen. eyi muhurte, samrik chole shakti hrass peyeche boley money holeo banijya (bishesh korey samudrik) briddhi petey thaake. khub qama shilalipii pawa geche jaa sarasari taanr boley money koraa jete paare ebong err kaaron hotey paare jey purboborti shilalipiguli poroborti uttom chole dwara sachetanbhabe muche fela hoyechilo, jini "kalpana" prokolper adhine dakkhin bharatiya mondirgulike itt-pathor theke granite rupantar korar kaajti grohon korechilen. uttom choler sachetan siddhanter kotha kanchipurame taanr shilalipite ullekh koraa hoyeche. tini dharmiya alochonai beshi somoy byoy korten. taanke chidambaram mondirer shiber upor ekti tamil stob lekhar krititto deoa hoy. soho-rajprotinidhi. taanr rajotter prothom dikei, gandharaditya aboshyoi taanr chhoto bhai arinjayake soho-rajprotinidhi ebong uttoradhikari korey tulechilen. etaa sombhob jey, gondaradhityo dirghakal dhorey samasyabihin chhilen ebong vijayalaya rajbongsher dharabahikata nischito korar prochestai, gondaradhityo taanr bhaike uttoradhikari hisabe prakash korechilen. byaktigato jeebon. gondaradityer duijon runny chhilen, sembian mahadevi, jaake majhabrayar konna ebong oporjon birnarayania, jaake solamadevir konna hisabe bornona koraa hoy. sembian madevier taanr madhurantak uttom chole naame eka putrer jonmo deena. etaa nischoyi taar jeebone onek deri hoye geche. gandaradityer mrityur somoy (shee. 956 khristabdo), uttom chole aboshyoi ekjon alpavayasi chhele chhilen, kaaron taanke uttoradhikarer krome alada korey rakha hoyechilo ebong arinjoy chole mukuter dayitto grohon korechilen. sembian madevier taanr swamike deergho somoy benche rekhechilen. tini ekjon dharmik mohila chhilen boley money hoy kaaron tini bivinno shilalipite bivinno mondire daan korechen. seey maaraa geche shee. 1001 khristabde rajarajer rajottokale. tini majhabraya bongsher prodhaner konna chhilen ebong shilalipite evabe bornona koraa hoyeche. gondaradityo "markey elundarulina debor" nameo porichito chhilen-jey raja poschime utthito hoyechilen, arthat jini poschime giye poritran orjon korechilen. eyi bakyangsher ortho sposhtobhabe bojha yaay naa tobey sombhoboto err ortho seii raja jini poschime kerle giechilen. daabi koraa hoy jey, gondaradityo taanr poroborti jeebone joino dhormo grohon korechilen ebong chole desher poschime kannad bhumite looka-paal acharjo naame eka joino sannasir sange giechilen. oitihasikder modhye eyi dabir khub beshi somorthok nei, bishesh korey taanr shoibo patabhumi ebong taanr stree oo putrer eyi biswaser proti abichchinno prorochonar karone. tamil sahitye abodan. tamil sahityer gobeshokra ebong shoibo dharmiya ponditora byapokbhabe sweekar korechen jey, gondaradityoi chhilen chidambaram mondire shiber upor "tiruvisaippa" gronther rachayita. etey ekti swatantra bibriti royeche jey, prothom porantok pandyo desh ebong "ilom" (srilanka) joy korechilen ebong notorajer mondirke soona diye ddheke diyechilen. gondaradityo chidambaramer debota notorajer upor egaroti kobita rachona korechilen. eguli tirumurai-err nobom khander ongsho ebong egulike "tiruvisaippa" bolla hoy. eyi kobitagulite tini nijeke "coley vendan thanzaiyar coone gandaradittan" hisabe ullekh korechen. tini kakhan eyi kobitati rachona korechilen ebong tiniyi kii taanr pitar poriborte chidambaram mandirti achchadon korechilen, naaki etty prothom porantoker meyade koraa hoyechilo taa sposhto noy.

gandaraditya kandaradit cholaa () temnaa pitaa paraantak prathamnaa anugaamee banyaa aneey ee. saes. saes aaspaas cholaa raajaa banyaa. teo 'tiruvisaippa palandu' maan tamil saahityik kavee pann hataa. temne madurantak cholaa naamno aek putra hato, jene uttmaa cholaa tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey temnaa pitarai bhaai sunder cholaa pachhi cholaa samrat banyaa hataa. ashant samaygaalo. paraantak prathamnaa mrutyuthi maandine 985 see. ee. maan rajraj prathamnaa rajyabhishhek sudhee, cholaaono itihas aspasht chhe. 30 varshnaa aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan paanch rajkumaro hataa jemane sinhasana parr kabajo karyo hovo joiae. cholaa sinhasana parr zadapthi chadvani aaspaas ghanaa siddhaanto chhe. aek aee hatoo keey shaahee parivaarnaa viveedh sabhyo vachche aantarik zaghada hataa. beeju aee chhe keey krushna trija aneey temnaa saalaa gangaa butug hethal rashtrakoot aakramanni asaro aneey takkolam khaate cholaa senaani haarnaa parinaame vaarasdaar-rajaditya cholaa (sinhasanni harolmaan pratham-"aanai mail thunjia devar") noon mrutyu thayu hovu joiae. beeja siddhaantmaa vadhu yogyata chhe kaaran keey paraantak pratham (khaas kareene gandaraditya aneey arinjay) naa putroae pann temnaa bhaai, rajaditya saathe teey mahakavya yuddhmaa ladyaa hovaa joiae aneey teo viveedh reete ghaayal thayaa hovaa joiae aneey zadapthi mrutyu pamya hovaa joiae. aama, paraantak prathamne tenaa pautra sunder cholaa (arinjayna putra aneey kadaach sauthee vruddh hayaat rajkumar) neey vaarasdaar banaavvaani faraj puddy hatee. anichchha dharaavtaa shaasak. agau nondhyu chhe tema, paraantak prathamnaa sauthee motaa putra, rajkumar rajadityae takkolamni ladaima potaano jeev gumaavyo hato (see. 949 see. ee.). takkaalomne uttar arcot jeellama haalnaa arakonamni aaspasna vistaar saathe odakhvaamaa aave chhe. paraantak pahelaae tenaa beeja putra gandaradityane vaarasdaar tareeke spasht karyo hashe. gandaraditya aek anichchha dharaavtaa raajaa hataa aneey saamrajya nirmaan parr nahee pann dhaarmik kaaryo parr vadhu dhyaan kendrit kartaa hataa. tondaimandalam parr rashtrakutono kabajo chaalu rahyo aneey gandaratitye tene punahpraapt karvaano koee prayaas karyo hoya tevu laagtu nathee. teey spasht nathee keey tenu kaaran aee hatoo keey tene yuddhmaa rus nahoto keey teey palar nadeeni dakshine potaani sthiteene aatmasaat curry rahyo hato aneey ilam (jeey zadapthi cholaa niyantranmathi bahaar neekali rahyu hatoo) neey raakhvaa aneey punrutthaan pamela pandya saamraajyne door raakhvaa maate tenaa nuksaanmaa ghataado curry rahyo hato. haalmaa, marshel cholaa shakteene ochhi karvaamaa aavee hoya tevu laagtu hatoo parantu vepaar (khaas kareene dariyai) satat vikasatee rahee. aevaa bahoo ochha shilalekho malee aavyaa chhe keey jeey seedha jaj temnaa maate jawabdar hoi shake chhe aneey aanun kaaran aee hoi shake keey agaauna shilalekho paachhalthi uttmaa cholaa dwara sabhanpane kaadhee nakhvama aavyaa hataa, jemane "kalpanaa" yojnaa hethal dakshin bhaartiy mandeerone int aneey mortarmathi grenitemaa rupantarit karvaanu kaary haath dharyu hatoo. uttmaa cholaa dwara sabhaan nirnayno kanchipuram khaatena temnaa shilalekhoma ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe. temane dhaarmik pravachanmaa vadhu samay pasaar karyo hato. temne chidambaram mandeerna shhiva parr tamil stotra lakhvaano shrey aapvama aave chhe. saha-kaarbhaari. temnaa shasankalni sharuaatmaa jaj, gandharidityaae temnaa naana bhaai arinjayne saha-kaarbhaari aneey vaarasdaar banaavyo hovo joiae. shakya chhe keey laambaa samay sudhee gandaradityane koee samasya naa hatee aneey vijayalay rajvanshne chaalu rakhvana prayasma, gandaradityae potaana bhaaine vaarasdaar jaaher karyo hato. angat jeevan. gandaradityane beey raaneeo hatee, jaim keey sambian mahadevi, jene mazavarayarni putri tareeke varnavama aavee hatee aneey beejeene virnarayaniyar tareeke odakhvaamaa aavee hatee, jene solmadeviyarni putri tareeke varnavama aavee hatee. sambian madeviyare temne madhurantak uttmaa cholaa naamnaa putrane janm aapyo hato. aaa tenaa jeevanma khoob modu thayu hashe. gandaradityanaa mrutyu samaye (see. 956 see. ee.), uttam cholaa aek yuvan chhokaro hovo joiae, kaaran keey tene uttaradhikarna krammaa alag rakhvama aavyo hato aneey arinjaye cholaa taaj parr kabajo jamaavyo hato. sambian madeviyar laambaa samay sudhee tenaa pateethi bachee gayaa hataa. teey aek pavitra maheela hovaanu janaay chhe kaaran keey tenee viveedh mandeeroma daan karatee ghanee shilalekhoma jovaa maley chhe. teneenu mrutyu thayu see. ee. saes. saes rajrajana shaasan darmiyan. teey mazavarayar koodnaa sardaarni putri hatee aneey shilalekhoma tenu varnan aaa reete karvaamaa aavyu chhe. gandaradityane "mercy alundarulina devar" tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aavto hato-jeey raajaa pashchimma oobho thayo hato, etale keey jeey pashchimma gayo aneey moksh praapt karyo hato. aaa shabdsamuhno arth spasht reete samjee shakayo nathee parantu teno arth kadaach teey raajaa hoi shake chhe jeey pashchimma keral gayo hato. aevaa daavao chhe keey, temnaa pachhinaa jeevanma, gandaradityae jaine dharmne apnaavyo hato aneey cholaa deshnaa pashchimma, loqa-paal aachaary naamnaa jaine tapasvi saathe kannad bhoomi parr gayaa hataa. aaa daavane itihaaskaaro vachche ghanaa samarthako nathee, khaas kareene temnee shaiv prushthbhumi aneey temnee patnee aneey putrani aaa vishvasni satat samjavatne kaarane. tamil saheetyma yogdaan. tamil sahityanaa sanshodhako aneey shaiv dhaarmik vidhyano dwara vyaapakpane svikarvama aavyu chhe keey, gandaraditya chidambaramna mandeerma shhiva parr "tiruvisaippa" naa lekhak hataa. aamaa aek alag nivedan chhe keey paraantak prathame pandya desh aneey "ilam" (shrilanka) parr vijay melvyo hato aneey natarajna mandeerne sonaathi dhhanki didhu hatoo. gandaradityae chidambaramna bhagvaan natraj parr ageeyar kaveetao lakhee hatee. aaa tirumuraina navmaa granthano bhaag chhe aneey tene "tiruvisaippa" kahevama aave chhe. aaa kaveetaoma teo potaane "coley vendan thanjiar qoona gandaradittan" tareeke odakhaave chhe. temane aaa kaveeta kyaare lakhee hatee aneey shun teey teo jaj hataa jemane temnaa pitana badale chidambaram mandeerne aavari leedhu hatoo, athavaa teey paraantak prathamnaa karykalma karvaamaa aavyu hatoo teey spasht nathee.

gandaraditya apane pitaa parantak pratham key baad, gandaradit chola () lagbhag 955 esvi mein chola raajaa baney. way thiruvisaippa palandu mein ack tamil saahityik kavi bhee they. unakaa ack putra madurantak chola thaa jise uttama chola key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe apane chachere bhaai sunder chola key baad chola samrat banaa. ashant avadhi. parantak pratham kii mrityu seey laker 985 esvi mein rajraj pratham key rajyabhishek taka, chola itihas aspasht haye. 30 varshon kii iss avadhi key dauran paanch rajkumar they jinhone simhaasan parr kabja curr liya hoga. chola simhaasan parr teji seey chadhaai key baare mein kaee siddhant hain. ack yeh thaa kii shaahi parivaar key vibhinn sadasyon key beach aantarik kalah thee. doosara yeh haye kii krishna tritiya aur unake behnoi gangaa butug key adheen rashtrakoot aakraman key prabhaavon aur takkolam mein chola senaa kii haar key parinamswarup uttaradhikari-pratyaksh rajaditya chola (simhaasan kii pankti mein pahala-"aanai mell thunjia devar") kii mrityu ney raajya mein badey paimaane parr avyavastha laa dee hogi. dusare siddhant mein adhik yogyata haye kyonki parantak pratham (vishesh roop seey gandaraditya aur arinjay) key putron ney bhee apane bhaai, rajaditya key saath usa mahakavya yuddh mein ladaai ladee hogi aur way vibhinn prakaar seey ghayal hue honge aur teji seey maare gaye honge. iss prakaar, parantak pratham koo apane potey sunder chola (arinjay key putra aur shayed sabse puraane jeevit rajkumar) koo uttaradhikari banaane key liye majboor honah padaa. anichhuk shaasak. jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye, parantak pratham key sabse badey putra, rajkumar rajaditya ney takkolam kii ladaai mein apani zaan ganwa dee (see. 949 see. ee.). takkalom kii pehchaan uttari arcot jile mein vartamaan arakonam key aspas key kshetra key saath kii gaee haye. parantak pratham ney apane dusare putra gandaraditya koo uttaradhikari key roop mein spasht kiya hoga. gandaraditya ack anichhuk raajaa they aur unhone samrajya nirmaan parr naheen, balki dhaarmik karyon parr adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya. tondimandalam parr rashtrakooton kaa kabja banaa rhaa aur aisaa lagata haye kii gandaraditya ney ise punah praapt karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya thaa. yeh spasht naheen haye kii aisaa isaliye thaa kyonki vaha yuddh mein ruchi naheen rakhate they yaa vaha palar nadee key dakshin mein apani sthiti koo aatmasaat curr rahey they aur eelam (joe teji seey chola niyantran seey baahar hoe rhaa thaa) koo banaae rakhane aur ack punarutthaansheel paandya raajya koo door rakhane key liye apane nuksan mein katauti curr rahey they. kuchh samay key liye, aisaa lagata thaa kii yuddh chola shakti koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin vyaapaar (vishesh roop seey samudri) falataa-phoolata rhaa. bahut cumm shilalekh paae gaye hain jinka seedha shreya unhein diyaa jaa sakata haye aur aisaa isaliye hoe sakata haye kyonki pahale key shilalekhon koo baad key uttam chola dwara jaanboojhkar hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone "kalpana" yojana key tahat dakshin bhaaratiya mandiron koo eent-aur-mortar seey grenite mein badalane kaa kaam shuru kiya thaa. uttama chola key sachet nirnay kaa ullekh kanchipuram mein unake shilalekhon mein kiya gayaa haye. unhone dhaarmik pravachan mein adhik samay bitaaya. unhein chidambaram mandir key shiv parr ack tamil bhajan likhane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. saha-rajpratinidhi. apane shasankal kii bahut shuruat mein hii, gandharaditya ney apane chhote bhaai arinjay koo saha-rajpratinidhi aur uttaradhikari banaaya hoga. yeh sambhav haye kii gandaraditya lambe samay taka nirvivaad thaa aur vijayalaya rajvansh koo jaari rakhane key prayaas mein, gandaraditya ney apane bhaai koo uttaradhikari ghoshit kiya. vyaktigat jeevan. gandaraditya kii dou raaniyan theen, arthaat sambian mahadevi, jinhen majhavarayar kii betty key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa aur ack anya jise veernarayaniyar kahaa jaataa haye, jinhen solmadevier kii betty key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. sambian madeviyar ney unhein madhurantak uttama chola naamak ack putra koo janm diyaa. yeh unake jeevan mein bahut dair seey huaa hoga. gandaraditya kii mrityu key samay (see. 956 esvi), uttam chola ack yuva ladka honah chaahiye, kyonki usey uttaradhikar key crum mein alag rakhaa gayaa thaa aur arinjay ney chola mukut parr kabja curr liya thaa. sambian madeviyar lambe samay taka apane pati key saath jeevit raheen. aisaa lagata haye kii vaha ack pavitra mahila thee kyonki vaha kaee shilalekhon mein vibhinn mandiron koo daan karati haye. vaha see marr gayaa. 1001 esvi mein rajraj key shasankal key dauran. vaha majhavarayar kabile key mukhiya kii betty thee aur shilalekh mein iss prakaar varnit haye. gandaraditya koo "merchy elundarulina devar" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa-vaha raajaa joe paschim mein ubhara, yaani joe paschim mein gayaa aur moksh praapt kiya. iss vakyansh kaa arth spasht roop seey samajh mein naheen aaya haye, lekin sambhavatah iska arth vaha raajaa hoe sakata haye joe paschim mein keral gayaa thaa. aisaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii apane baad key jeevan mein, gandaraditya ney jaine dharm koo apanaaya aur chola desh key paschim mein, lock-paal aacharya naamak ack jaine tapasvi key saath kannad bhoomi parr chaley gaye. iss daave key itihaskaron key beach bahut adhik samarthak naheen hain, vishesh roop seey unaki shaiv prishthabhoomi aur unaki patni aur bete key iss vishvaas key nirantar anunaya key kaaran. tamil saahitya mein yogdan. tamil saahitya key shodhkartaon aur shaiv dhaarmik vidvaanon dwara yeh vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya gayaa haye kii gandaraditya chidambaram key mandir mein shiv parr ack "thiruvisaippa" key lekhak they. isamen ack alag kathan haye kii parantak pratham ney paandya desh aur "eelam" (srilanka) parr vijay praapt kii aur natraj key mandir koo soney seey dhaka diyaa. gandaraditya ney chidambaram key bhagwan natraj parr gyaarah kavitaon kii rachana kii. yeye tirumurai key nauvein khand kaa hissa hain aur inhen "thiruvisaippa" kahaa jaataa haye. inn kavitaon mein way khud koo "coley vendan thanjiar cone gandaradittan" key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. yeh spasht naheen haye kii unhone iss kavita kii rachana kaba kii aur kyaa yeh vahee they jinhone apane pitaa key badale mein chidambaram mandir koo cover kiya thaa, yaa kyaa yeh parantak pratham key karyakal mein kiya gayaa thaa.

gandaraditya tanna tande wandane paraantakana uttaradhikariyada gandardeeth cholanu saa. shaa. 955rahra sumaarige chola raajanaadanu. aata tiruvisaippa pallanduvina tamilu sahitya kaviyoo aagiddaru. aatanige utpama chola endoo kareyalpaduva madurantaka chola emba maganiddanu, aata tanna sodarasambandhi sundara cholana nantara chola chakravartiyaadanu. praksubdha awadhi. wandane paraantakana maranadinda saa. shaa. shaa wandane rajarajana adhikaaragrahanadavarege, chola itihaasavu aspashtavagide. 30 varshagala ee avadhiyalli simhaasanavannu alankarisirabeku endu aidu raajakumaarariddaru. chola simhaasanakke ksipra aarohanada sutta halavaaru siddhaantagalive. ondu, rajamanetanada vividha sadasyara naduve aantarika kalahagalu iddavu. eradaneyadu, moorane krishna mattu aatana bhaava ganga butuga avara netrutvadalli nadeda rashtrakoota aakramanada parinamagalu mattu takkolamnalli chola seeneya solu, idara parinaamavaagi uttaradhikariyada rajaditya chola (simhaasanada saalinalli modalaneyavanu-"aanai mail tunjia devar") rajyadalli dodda pramanada avyavastheyannu tandirabeku. eradane siddhaantavu hecchu arhateyannu hondide ekendare modalane paraantakana putraru (nirdishtavagi gandaradaditya mattu arinjaya) aaa mahaakaavyada yuddhadalli tamma sahodaranaada rajadityanondige horadi, vividha reetiyalli gaayagondiddarinda mattu vegavagi marana hondirabeku. heegaagi, modalane paraantakanu tanna mommaga sundara cholanannu (arinjayana maga mattu prayashah ulidukondiruva atyanta hiriya rajakumara) uttaradhikariyagi padeyabekayitu. hinjariyada aadalitagaara. modale helidante, modalane paraantakana hiriya maga rajakumara raajaadityanu takkolam kadanadalli praana kaledukondanu (sii. 949 CE). uttara arcott jilleya indina arakonam suttamuttalina pradeshadondige takkalom gurutisalpattide. wandane paraantakanu tanna eradane maganaada gandaraadityanannu uttaradhikariyagi prakatisirabeku. gandaraadityanu ishtavillada rajanagiddanu mattu saamraajya nirmaanada mele alla, dharmika karyagala mele hecchu gamana kendrikarisidanu. tondaimandalavannu raashtrakootaru aakramisikondiddaru mattu adannu marali padeyalu gandaraadityanu yaavude prayatnavannu maadidante kanalilla. idu aatanige yuddhadalli aasaktiyillada karanavagitto athawa palar nadiya dakshinakke tanna sthaanavannu vileenagolisikondu, eelam (idu chola niyantranadinda vegavagi jarikolluttittu) annu ulisikollalu mattu punarutthaanagolluttidda pandya saamraajyavannu duravidalu tanna nashtavannu kaditagolisuttiddanembu spashtavagilla. aaa samayadalli, samara chola shaktiyu kshinisidante toruttittu, aadare vyaapaaravu (visheshavaagi kadala) pravardhamanakke banditu. aatanannu neravagi ullekhisabahudaada kelave kelavu shasanagalu maatra kandubandive mattu idakke kaarana "kalpani" yojaneyadi daksina bhaaratada devaalayagalannu ittige mattu gaaregalinda granite aagi parivartisuva kaaryavannu kaigonda nantarada uttama cholanu hindina shasanagalannu prajnaapoorvakavaagi alisiddirabahudu. uttama cholana prajnaapoorvaka nirdhaaravannu kanchipuramnallina avana shasanagalalli ullekhisalaagide. avaru dharmika pravachanagalalli hecchu samayavannu kaledaru. chidambaram devaalayada sivana mele tamilu stotravannu bareda kirti avarige salluttade. saha-rajapratinidhi. tanna aalvikeya aarambhadalliye, gandharidityanu tanna kiriya sahodara arinjayanannu saha-rajapratinidhiyagi mattu uttaradhikariyagi maadikondirabeku. gandaraadityanu deerghakaaladavarege samasyeyillade iddirabahudu mattu vijayalaya rajavamshada munduvarikeyannu bhadrapadisikolluva prayatnadalli, gandaraadityanu tanna sahodarana uttaraadhikaariyannu spashtagolisidanu. vaiyaktika jeevana. gandaraadityanige ibbaru raniyariddaru, avara hesaru sembian mahadevi, avarannu majhavarayar avara magalu endu vivarisalaagide mattu innobbarannu veeranarayaniyar endu kareyalaaguttade, avarannu solamadeviyar avara magalu endu vivarisalaagide. sembian madeviyar avarige madhurantaka uttama chola emba maga janisidanu. idu avara jeevanadalli bahala tadavagirabeku. gandaradityana maranada samayadalli (sii. saa. shaa. 956), uttama cholanu chikka huduganagirabeku, ekendare avanannu uttaraadhikaarada kramadalli badigirisalaayitu mattu arinjayanu chola kireetavannu vahisikondanu. sembian madeviyar tanna patiyondige dirghakaala badukulidaru. halavaaru shasanagalalli vividha devaalayagalige denige niiduttiruvudarinda aake obba dharmika mahileyagiddalu endu toruttade. avalu sii. saa. shaa. shaa rajarajana aalvikeya avadhiyalli. aake majavarayar kulada mukhyastana magalaagiddalu mattu shasanagalalli heege vivarisalaagide. gandaraadityanannu "marki elundarulina devar" endoo kareyalaaguttittu-pashchimadalli udayisida raaja, andare paschimakke hogi mokshavannu padeda raaja. ee padaguchchada arthavannu spashtavagi arthamadikollalagilla, aadare bahushah paschimakke keralakke hoda rajanendu arthaisabahudu. tanna nantarada jeevanadalli, gandaaraadityanu jaina dharmavannu alavadisikondanu mattu chola deshada pashchimadalliruva kannada bhoomige loka-paala acharya emba jaina sanyasiyondige hodanu emba vaadagalive. ee helikeyu itihaasakaararalli hecchina bembaligarannu hondilla, visheshavaagi avara shaiva hinnele mattu avara patni mattu magana ee nambikeya nirantara manavolisuvikeyindaagi. tamilu saahityakke needida kodugegalu. tamilina saahityada samshoodhakaru mattu shaiva dharmika vidvaamsaru, gandaraadityanu chidambaram devaalayadalli sivana mele "tiruvisaippa" emba krutiya lekhakaraagiddaru embudannu vyaapakavaagi oppikondiddaare. idaralli wandane paraantakanu pandya desha mattu "eelam" (srilanka) annu vashapadisikondanu mattu natarajana devaalayavannu chinnadinda muchchidanu emba vishishtavaada helikeyide. gandaraadityanu chidambaramna natarajana bagge hannondu kavitegalannu rachisidanu. ivu tirumuraaygala ombattane samputada bhagavagiddu, avugalannu "tiruvisaippa" endu kareyalaaguttade. ee kavitegalalli aata tannannu taanu "coley vendon tanjayyar cone gandaradittan" endu ullekhisikolluttaane. aata ee kaviteyannu yavaga rachisidanu mattu aatana tandeya badalige chidambaram devaalayavannu aavarisiddu aatane athawa modalane paraantakana avadhiyalli idannu rachisalaagideye embudu spashtavagilla.

gandaraditya kandaradit chola () haah tyacha pita parantak pahila yachya jaagi aala aanee ii. sha. 955 chya sumaras too chola raja jhaala. teey 'tiruvisaippa palandu' madheel tamil sahityik kavihi hote. tyala madhurantak chola navacha eka mulga hota, jyala uttama chola asehi mhanatat, joou tyacha chulat bhau sunder chola yachya navavarun chola samrat jhaala. ashant kaal. parantak pahila yachya mrutyupasoon ii. sha. 985 madhye rajraj pahila yachya rajyabhishekaparyant, cholancha itihas aspasht aahe. 30 varshanchya yaa kalat paach rajkumar hote jyanni simhasana dharan kele asave. chola sinhasanavar jalad chadhai karnyababat anek siddhant aahet. eka mhanje rajgharanyatil vegvegalya sadasyanmadhye antargat kalah hote. dusare mhanje, krishna tisra aanee tyacha mehuna ganga butuga yanchya netrutvakhalil rashtrakoot aakramanache parinam aanee takkolam yethe chola sainyacha parabhav, parinami varasdar-rajaditya chola (sinhasanachya ranget pahila-"aanai mail thunjia devar") yacha mrutyu jhaala asava, jyamule rajyat mothya pramanat avyavastha nirman jhaali asavi. dusya siddhantat adhik guna aahet kaaran parantak pahila (visheshtah gandaraditya aanee arinjay) yanche putrahi tyancha bhau, rajaditya yachyasobat tyaa mahakavyachya ladhait ladhale asavet aanee teey vividh prakare jakhami jhaale asavet aanee vegane maran pavale asavet. asha prakare, parantak pahila yala tyacha natoo sunder chola (arinjayacha mulga aanee kadachit sarvat juna jiwant rajkumar) yala pratyaksh varas mhanoon ghenyas bhag padale gele. anichha asalela shasak. aadhi namood kelyapramane, parantak pahila yacha jyeshth putra rajkumar rajaditya yala takkolamchya ladhait (ii. sha. 949 ii. sha.). uttar arcot jilhyatil sadhyachya arakonamchya aaspaschya kshetrashi takkalaumchi olakh aahe. parantak pahila yane tyacha dusra mulga gandaraditya yala varas mhanoon spasht kele asave. gandaraditya haah eka anichchhuk raja hota aanee tyane samrajya ubharanivar navhe tarr dharmik karyavar adhik laksh kendrit kele. tondaimandalamvar rashtrakutancha kabja kayam rahila aanee gandarityane teey parat midvanyacha konatahi prayatna kelyache disat nahee. tyala yuddhat rus navhata kinwa too palar nadichya dakshines aapale sthan aatmasat karat hota aanee eelam (joou cholanchya niyantranabaher vegane sarkat hota) thevanyasathi aanee punarutthanshil pandya rajyala door thevanyasathi tyache nuksan qamee karat hota heey spasht nahee. sadhya, marshal chola shakti qamee jhaleli disat hotee, parantu vyapar (visheshtah sagari) bharbharatila yet hota. tyache thet shrey dile jaau shakanare farach qamee shilalekh sapadale aahet aanee yache kaaran asey asoo shakate qee purviche shilalekh nantarchya uttama cholane janivpurvak hatvale hote, jyanni 'kalpani' yojneantargat dakshin bharatiy mandiranche vitanpasoon granitemadhye rupantar karnyache kaam haatee ghetale hote. uttama cholane ghetalelya janivpurvak ghetalelya nirnayacha kanchipuram yetheel tyachya shilalekhanmadhye ullekh aahe. tyanni dharmik charchanmadhye adhik vel ghalavala. chidambaram mandirachya shivavar tamil stotra lihinyache shrey tyanna dile jaate. saha-rajpratinidhi. aaplya karkirdichya agadi suruvatilach, gandharadhityane aapala dhakata bhau arinjay yala saha-rajpratinidhitva aanee varasatva dile asave. bahudha, dirghkalparyant gandaraditya haah aprabhavi hota aanee vijayalay rajvanshacha vistar sunishchit karnyachya prayatnat, gandaradityane aaplya bhawala varasdar mhanoon spasht kele. vaiyaktik jeevan. kandaradityala done ranya hotya, mhanje sembian mahadevi, jiche varnan majhavarayarachi mulgi mhanoon kele gele aahe aanee dusari virnarayanayar, jiche varnan solmadeviyarchi mulgi mhanoon kele gele aahe. sembian madeviyar yanni tyanna madhurantak uttama chola navacha mulga janm deela. heey tyachya aayushyat khoop usheera jhaale asave. gandaradityachya mrutyuchya velee (ii. ii. sha. 956), uttama chola haah eka tarun mulga asava, kaaran tyala uttaradhikarachya kramane bajula thevanyat aale hote aanee arinjayane chola mukut tabyat ghetala hota. sembian madeviyar tichya patipasoon barach kaal jagali. tee eka pavitra stree asalyache disate kaaran tee vividh mandiranna dengya dett asalyache anek shilalekhanmadhye disate. ticha mrutyu see. ii. sha. 1001 madhye rajrajachya karkirdit. tee majhavarayar kulpramukhanchi mulgi hotee aanee shilalekhanmadhye tiche varnan asey aahe. gandaradityala 'merchy elundarulina devar' asehi mhatale jaat asey-joou raja paschimekade uthala, mhanje joou paschimekade gela aanee moksh prapt keela. yaa vakyacha arth spashtapane samajala gela nahee parantu kadachit tyacha arth paschimela keralala gelela raja assa asoo shakato. asey dave aahet qee, aaplya nantarchya aayushyat, gadaradityane jaine dharmache rupantar kele aanee too chola deshachya pashchimekadil kannad pradeshat lock-paal aacharya navachya jaine tapasvisobat gela. yaa davyala itihaskaranmadhye farse samarthak naheet, visheshtah tyachi shaiv parshvabhoomi aanee tyachi patni aanee mulga yaa shraddhevar satat munn valavat asalyamule. tamil sahityatil yogdan. tamil sahityache sanshodhak aanee shaiv dharmik vidvananni heey mothya pramanavar manya kele aahe qee, gadaraditya haah chidambaramchya mandirat shivavaril 'tiruvisaippa' chaa lekhak hota. yaat eka vegale vidhan aahe qee parantak pahila yane pandya desh aanee 'eelam' (srilanka) jinkla aanee natraj mandirala sonyane jhakale. gadaradityane chidambaramchya bhagwan natarajavar akra kavita lihilya. heey tirumuraichya navvya khandacha bhag aahet aanee tyanna "tiruvisaippa" mhanatat. yaa kavitanmadhye too swatahla 'coley vendan thanjiar coone gandaradittan' mhanoon sambodhato. tyanni hii kavita kevha lihili aanee tyanchya vadilanchya jaagi tyannich chidambaram mandir jhakale hote qee teey pahilya parantakachya karyakalat kele hote heey spasht nahee.

gandaraditya gandaradit chole () afno pita parantak prathamko uttaradhikari bane rar lagbhag 955 iswima chole raja bane. uni tiruvisaippa palanduma tamil sahityik kawi pani thie. unko madurantak chole namak chhora thiyo jaslai uttama chole pani bhaninchha, jo unka chachera bhai sunder cholpachhi chole samrata bane. ashanta awadhi. parantak prathamko mrityupachhi, 985 iswima rajraj prathamko rajyabhisheksamma, chole itihas aspashta chha. 30 warshako yass awadhima paanch rajkumarharu thie jasle sinhasana ogateko hunuparchha. chole sinhasanma druta arohanlai liera dherai siddhantaharu chhan. euta, shahi pariwarka vibhinna sadasyaharu bitch antarik jhagada thiyo. arko kura key how bhane krishna tritiya rar unka bahanoi ganga butugko netritwama rashtrakuta akramanko prabhawa rar takkolamma chole senako parajayako parinamswarup uttaradhikari-spashta rajaditya chole (sinhasanko pahilo pankti-"anai mail thunjia devar") ko mrityu bhaeko hunuparchha. dosro siddhantama adhik yogyata chha kinbhane parantak pratham (vishesh gari gandaraditya rar arinjaya) kaa chhoraharule pani afno bhai, rajadityasanga tyas mahakawya yudhama ladeka hunupardacha rar vibhinna rupma ghaite bhaeka hunupardacha rar druta gatima mareka hunupardacha. yasari, parantak prathamlai afno naati sunder chole (arinjayaka chhora rar sambhawatah sabaibhanda jetho jiwit rajkumar) lai uttaradhikari banauna badhya parieko thiyo. anicchuk shasak. pahile ullekha gariejhain, parantak prathamka jetha chhora rajkumar rajadityale takkolamko yudhama afno jyan gumae (c. 949 ce). takkalomlai uttari arcott jillako wartaman arakonam warparko kshetrasang pahichan garieko chha. parantak prathamle afno dosro chhora gandaradityalai uttaradhikariko rupma spashta gareko hunuparchha. gandaraditya ek anicchuk raja thie rar samrajya nirmanma hoina dharmik kamma badhi dhyan kendrit gare. tondaimandalam rashtrakutharule kabja garna jaari rakhe rar gandaratityale yasalai punah prapta garne kunai prayas gareko jasto lagdaina. yo spashta chhaina kii yo yudhama ruchi nabhaeko karanle how wa unle palar nadiko dakshinma afno sthiti atmasata gardai afno kshati ghataundai ilam (june chole niyantranbata chhito khaseko thiyo) rakhna rar punarutthanashil pandya rajyalai tadha rakhnaka lagi thiyo. ahileko lagi, marshel chole shakti cum bhaeko jasto dekhinchha tara wyapar (vishesh gari samudri) fastauna jaari rahyo. tyahan dherai thorai shilalekhharu matra fela pareka chhan jaslai sidhai unlai shreya dina sakinchha rar yo pahileka shilalekhharu pachhi uttama choldwara sachet rupma metieko huna sakchha jasle "kalpani" yojana antargat dakshin bharatiya mandirharulai inta-rar-morterbata grenitema rupantaran garne kaam gareka thie. uttama cholko sachet nirnayako ullekha unko kanchipuramma bhaeka shilalekhharuma painchha. unle dharmik prawachanma badhi samaya bitae. unlai chidambaram mandirko shivmathi tamil bhajan lekhne shreya diinchha. saha-rajpratinidhi. afno shasankalko prarambhama nai gandharadityale afno kanchho bhai arinjayalai saha-rajpratinidhi rar uttaradhikari banaeko hunuparchha. yo sambhawa chha kii gandaradhitya lamo samayasamma nirvivad thiyo rar vijayalaya wanshako nirantarta sunishchit garne prayasma, gandaradhityale afno bhaiko uttaradhikarilai spashta gare. wyaktigat jiwan. gandaradityaka dui raniharu thie, cembian mahadevi, jaslai majhawarayarki chhori bhanera warnan garieko chha rar arkolai virnarayaniyar bhaninchha jaslai solmadeviyarki chhori bhanera warnan garieko chha. cembian madeviyarle unlai madhurantak uttama chole namak chhora janmae. yo unko jiwanma dherai dhilo bhaeko hunuparchha. gandaradityako mrityuko samayama (see. 956 iswi), uttam chole ek jawan keta bhaeko hunuparchha, kinki unlai uttaradhikarko kramama alag rakhieko thiyo rar arinjayale chole mukut kabja gare. cembian madeviyar lamo samayasamma afno patibata bancheki thiin. vibhinna mandirharuma daan garne thuprai shilalekhharuma unko chitran bhaekale uni ek pawitra mahila bhaeko dekhinchha. unko mrityu bhayo see. 1001 iswima rajarajko shasankalma. uni majhawarayar kulka sardarki chhori thiin rar shilalekhharuma yasari warnan garieko chha. gandaradityalai "merchy alunderulina devar"-paschimma udaeka raja, arthat paschimma gaera mukti prapta garne raja pani bhaninchha. yass wakyanshko artha spashta rupma bujhieko chhaina tara sambhawatah yasako artha paschimma keralama gaeka rajako huna sakchha. tyahan dabiharu chhan kii gandaradityale afno pachhillo jiwanma jaina dharmalai apanae rar chole deshko paschimma raheko kannad bhumima lock-paal acharya namak jaina tapaswisanga gae. yass dawiko itihaskarharu bitch dherai samarthakharu chhainan kinbhane vishesh gari unko shaiva prishthabhumi rar unaki shrimati rar chhorako yass wishwasko nirantar anunayaka karan. tamil sahityama yogdan. tamil sahityaka shodhkartaharu rar shaiva dharmik vidwanharule yasalai wyapak rupma swikar gareka chhan kii gandaraditya chidambaramko mandirma shivmathi "tiruvisaippa" kaa lekhak thie. yasama euta wishishta kathan chha kii parantak prathamle pandya desh rar "ilam" (shrilanka) lai jite rar natarajko mandirlai sunle dhake. gandaradityale chidambaramka bhagawan natarajmathi egharwata kawita rachana gare. yee tirumuraiko nawaun khandako bhag hun rar tiniharulai "tiruvisaippa" bhaninchha. yee kawitaharuma unle afulai "koli bhendan thanjaiyar cone gandaradittan" bhanera ullekha gareka chhan. unle yo kawita kahile rachana gare rar key unle nai afno bubako satta chidambaram mandirlai dhakne thie, wa yo parantak prathamko karyakalma garieko thiyo bhanne spashta chhaina.

gandaraditya gandaradita chola () taanka pita parantaka-1mahanka uttaradhikari hoithile ebong praiah 955 khreestabdare chola raja hoithile. shay madhya 'tirubhisaippa palandu' rahr jane tamil sahityika kabi thile. tankara madurantaka chola namaka jane putra thile, jieki uttam chola naamare madhya janashuna, jieki taanka samparkeeah bhai sunder cholanka parey chola samrat hoithile. ashanta samai. parantaka-1mahanka mrutyu thaaru arambha curry 985 khreestabdare rajraj-1manka rajatwa parjyanta chola itihas aspasta rahichhi. 30 barshar ehi abadhire pancha john rajkumar thile jeunmane singhasana adhikara karithibe. chola singhasanaku druta aarohanaku nei aneka siddhanta rahichhi. gotie helah, rajaparibarara bibhinna sadasyanka madhyare aabhyantareen bibada thila. anyati heuchhi, krishna truteeja ebong taanka bhinoi ganga butuganka adheenare rastrakoot akramanara prabhaba ebong takkolamare chola senara parajaya, jaahaa phalare uttaradhikari-spust rajaditya chola (singhasanare pratham-"aanai mail thunjia debara") nka mrutyu ghatithila, nischita bhabe rajyare byapaka bishrunkhala aanithila. dwiteeja siddhantara adhika jogyata rahichhi kaaran parantaka-1maha (bisesh curry gandaraditya ebong arinjay) nka putramane madhya sehi mahakabya juddhare niz bhai rajadityanka saha ladhithibe ebong bibhinna prakara ahata hoi druta gatire mrutyubarana karithibe. tenu, parantaka-1maha taanka naati sunder chola (arinjajanka putra ebong sambhabatah sabutharu bayaska jeebita rajkumar) nku uttaradhikari bhabe grahan karibaku badhya hoithile. anichhuka shasaka. purbaru ullekha karajaithiba anujai, parantaka-1mahanka jyestha putra rajkumar rajaditya takkolam juddhare prana haraithile (c. 949 sii. ee.). takkalomaku uttara arcot jillara barttamanara arakonam akhpakh anchala sahita chinhat karajaichi. parantaka-1maha nischita bhabe taanka dwiteeja putra gandaradityanku uttaradhikari bhabe spust karithibe. gandaraditya jane anichhuka raja thile ebong samrajya nirmana upare nuhen barang dharmika karjya upare adhika dhyana deithile. tondaimandalam rastrakutamananka dwara adhikruta hoi rahithila ebong gandaratija ehaaku punaruddhara karibaku kaunasi prayasa karinathiba pari manehue . ehaa spust nuhen je ehaa juddhare agraha nathiba karanaru thila naa shay palara nadira dakhinare nijara sthitiku aatmasata karuthile ebong ilama (jaahaa druta gatire chola nijantranaru khasijauthila) ku rakhiba ebong eka punarutthanasheela pandya rajyaku doorare rakhiba paain nijara khyati hrass karuthile. bartamana samajare, samarika chola shakti hrass paithiba pari janapaduthila kintu banijya (bisesh curry samudrika) brudhi paibare lagila . kebala alpa kichhi abhilekha milichi jaahaa sidhasalakha taanka paain daie hoipare ebong ehara kaaran hoipare je purba abhilekhagudika parabarti uttam cholanka dwara sachetan bhabare apasarana karajaithila, jie "kalpani" yojana adheenare dakhina bharatiah mandiragudiku ita ebong ganta pathararu granaitare rupantara karibara karjya haataku neithile. uttam cholanka sachetan nishpatti kanchipuramare thiba taanka shilalekhare ullekha karajaichi. shay dharmika alochanare adhika samai bitaithile. chidambaram mandirar shibanka upare eka tamil bhajan lekhiba paain tanku shreya diajae . saha-rajapratinidhi. taanka shasanakalara prarambhare, gandharaditya taanka saana bhai arinjajanku saha-rajapratinidhi ebong uttaradhikari bhabe jahira karithibe. sambhabatah dirgha samai dhari gandaradhya bina samasyare rahithile ebong bijajalaja rajabanshara abyababasthapanaku surakhita rakhiba prajasare, gandharadhya taanka bhai uttaradhikareenku spust karithile. byaktigata zeeban. gandaradityankara dui john raanee thile, jathaa sembian mahadebi, jaahaaku majhabarajarnka kanya bolly barnana karajaichi ebong anya jane biranarajaniyar, jaahaaku solamadevijarnka kanya bolly barnana karajaichi. sembian madebhijar tanku madhurantaka uttama chola namaka eka putra janma deithile. ehaa taanka jeebanare bahuta bilamba hoithiba. gandaradityanka mrutyu samajare (c. 956 khristabda), uttam chola jane jubaka hoithibe, kaaran tanku uttaradhikara krame alga karidiajaithila ebong arinjay chola mukut adhikara karithile. sembian madebhijar taanka swameenku dirgha samai parjyanta banchai rakhithile. shay jane dharmika mahila bolly janapade kaaran shay bibhinna mandiraku daana karuthiba aneka shilalekhare achanti . shay sii. nka mrutyu barana karithile. 1001 khreestabdare rajarajanka shasson kaalare. shay majhabarajara banshara mukhiaanka jhia thile ebong shilalekhare ehipari barnana karajaichi . gandaradityanku "merchy elundarulina debara" madhya kuhajauthila-paschimare uthithiba raja, arthat jie paschimaku jaai paritrana hassel karithile. ehi bakyara artha spust bhabare bujhi hue naahin kintu sambhabatah ehara artha raja jie paschimaku kerala jaithile . daabi rahichhi je, gandaraditya taanka parabarti jeebanare jaina dharmaku grahan karithile ebong chola deshar paschimare thiba kannad deshaku lock-paal acharya namaka jane jaina sannyaseenka saha jaithile. aitihasikamananka madhyare ehi dabir adhika samarthaka nahanti, bisesh curry taanka shaiba prusthabhumi ebong taanka patni ebong puara ehi biswasa prati nirantara prabartana hetu. tamil sahityaku abdan. tamil sahityara gabeshaka ebong shaiba dharmika bidwanamananka dwara ehaa byapaka bhabare sweekara karajaichi je gandaraditya chidambaram mandirare shibanka upare eka "tirubhisaippa" rahr lekhaka thile. ethire eka swatantra bibruti rahichhi je parantaka-1maha pandya desh ebong "ilama" (shreelanka) ku jaiah karithile ebong natarajanka mandiraku sunare aachadita karithile. gandaraditya chidambaramanka debata natarajanka upare egarati kabita rachna karithile. egudika tirumuraira nabam khander anshabisesha ebong egudiku "tirubhisaippa" kuhajae. ehi kabitagudikare shay nijaku "coley bhendan thanajaijara cone gandaraditan" bolly ullekha karichanti. ehaa spust nuhen je shay ehi kabitati kebe rachna karithile ebong taanka pitanka badalare chidambaram mandiraku shay aachadana karithile kii naahin, kimba ehaa parantaka-1nka karjyakalare karajaithila.

gandaraditya gandarditha chol () aapne pitaa parantak pahile toon baad 955 eesvi witch chol raaja baniaa. uh thiruvisaipa palandu witch ikk tamil sahitak kavee vee see. uss daa ikk puttar madurantak chol see jiss noon utam chol vee kiha jaanda haii, joe aapne chachere bharaa sunder chol toon baad chol samrat baniaa. ashant samaan. parantak I dee maut toon lae keey 985 eesvi witch rajaraj I dey raaj curran takk, chol itihaas aspasht haii. 30 saalan dey iss arse dauran panj rajkumar sunn jinhan neey singhasan utte kabza keeta hovega. chol singhasan utte tezi naal chadhan dey aale-duaale kaee sidhant hunn. ikk ih see kii shaahi parivaar dey vakkh-vakkh memberan witch andruni jhagde hunde sunn. dooja ih haii kii krishan III atey uss dey jeeja ganga butuga dey adheen rashtarkoot hamle dey prabhav atey takkolam vikhe chol saina dee haar dey natije vajon vaaras-sapshat razaditya chol (gaddi dee qataar witch pahila-"aanai mail thunjiaa devar") dee maut neey raaj witch vadde paddhar 'teey gadbad liaandi hovegi. dooja sidhant vadhere yog haii kiunki parantak I (vishesh taur 'teey gandaraditya atey arinjay) dey puttran neey vee aapne bharaa, razaditya naal uss mahankavi dee ladai witch ladai luddy hovegi atey uh vakkh-vakkh tarahan dey zakhmi hoye honge atey tezi naal maare gaye honge. iss tarahan, parantak pahile noon aapne pote sunder chol (arinjaya daa puttar atey shayed sabh toon vadda bachiaa hoiaa rajkumar) noon vaaras banaun laee majbur keeta giaa. anchahe shask. jiven kii pahilan dassiaa giaa haii, parantak pahile dey sabh toon vadde puttar, rajkumar razaditya neey takkolam dee ladai witch aapni jaan guaa ditti (see. 949 see. ee.). takkalom dee pachanh uttri arcot zilhe witch varatman arkonam dey aale-duaale dey khetar naal keeti gaee haii. parantak pahile neey aapne dooje puttar gandaraditya noon vaaras vajon sapshat keeta hovega. gandaraditya ikk anchahe badshah sunn atey uhanan neey samraj nirman dee bajaae dharmik kamman utte vadhere dhiaan ditta. tandaimandalam utte rashtarkootan daa kabza baniaa riha atey gandratitya neey iss noon mudd prapat curran dee koee koshish naheen keeti jaapadi. ih spasht naheen haii kii qee ih iss laee haii kiunki uh yuddh witch dilchaspi naheen rakkhda see jaan uh palar nadee dey dakkhan witch aapni sathiti noon aapne naal milaa riha see atey eelam (joe chol niyantaran toon tezi naal khisak riha see) noon banayi rakkhan atey ikk punar-uthaan pandeya raaj noon door rakkhan laee aapne nuksan noon ghataa riha see. kujh samein laee, ajiha lagda see kii marshel chol shakti noon ghatt qarr ditta giaa see parr vapaar (khaas karke samundari) lagatar vadhada riha. bahut ghatt shilalekh mille hunn jinhan daa siddha siddha siddha uss naal sabndh hoow sakda haii atey ajiha iss laee hoow sakda haii kiunki pichle shilalekh baad witch utam chol duaara chetann taur 'teey hataae gaye sunn jinhan neey "kalpani" yojna tehat dakkhni bharti mandran noon ittaan atey mortar toon grenite witch badlan daa kamm shuru keeta see. utam chol duaara chetann faisle daa zikar kanchipuram vikhe uss dey shilalekhan witch keeta giaa haii. unhan neey dharmik bhashan witch vadhere samaan bitaiaa. unhan noon chidambaram mandar dey shiv utte ikk tamil bhajan likhan daa sihra ditta jaanda haii. sahi-regent. aapne shasan dey bahut shuru witch hii gandharaditya neey aapne chhote bharaa arinjaya noon sahi-raaj-sevak atey vaaras banaiaa hovega. ih sambhav haii kii gandradhitia lambe samein toon binan kise mudde dey see atey vijailiaa rajvansh noon jaari rakkhan dee koshish witch, gandharaditya neey aapne bharaa noon vaaras vajon sapshat keeta. nijji jeevan. gandaraditya deeaan doou raniaan sunn, arthaat sembian mahadevi, jiss noon majhwaryar dee dhee kiha jaanda haii atey ikk horr jiss noon veernaraiyar kiha jaanda haii, jiss noon solamdeviaar dee dhee dassiaa jaanda haii. cembian madevier neey uss noon ikk puttar noon janam ditta jiss daa naam madhurantak utam chol see. ih uss dey jeevan witch bahut dair hoow gaee hovegi. gandaraditya dee maut dey samein (see. 956 eesvi), utam chol ikk naujwan munda honaa chahida haii, kiunki uss noon uttradhikari dey kram witch alagg rakkhiaa giaa see atey arinjay neey chol taaj utte kabza qarr liaa see. sembian madevier aapne patee toon lambe samein takk bachi rahee. uh ikk pavittar aurat jaapadi haii kiunki uh kaee shilalekhan witch vakkh-vakkh mandran noon daan kardi haii. uss dee maut see. 1001 eesvi witch rajaraj dey shasan dauran. uh majhwaryar kabile dey sardaar dee dhee see atey shilalekh witch iss tarahan varnit keeti gaee haii. gandaraditya noon "marki alendarulina devar" vee kiha jaanda see-uh raaja joe pachham witch uthhiaa, yaani joe pachham vall giaa atey mukti prapat keeti. iss vakansh daa arth spasht taur 'teey naheen samajhiaa giaa haii parr sambhav haii kii iss daa arth uh raaja hoow sakda haii joe pachham vall keral giaa see. ih daava keeta jaanda haii kii gandaraditya neey aapne baad dey jeevan witch jaine dharam noon apnaiaa atey lock-paal acharia namak ikk jaine tapassavi naal chol desh dey pachham witch kannad bhumi witch chalaa giaa. iss daave dey itihaskaran witch bahut saare samarthak naheen hunn, khaskar uss dey shaiv pichokad atey uss dee patni atey puttar dey iss vishwas noon nirantar manaun caarn. tamil saahit witch yogdan. ih tamil saahit dey khojkartavan atey shaiv dharmik vidvanan duaara viaapak taur utte savikar keeta giaa haii kii gandaraditya chidambaram dey mandar witch shiv utte ikk "thiruvisaipa" daa lekhak see. iss witch ikk vakkhra biaan haii kii parantak pahile neey pandeya desh atey "eelam" (srilanka) noon jitt liaa atey natraj dey mandar noon sone naal dhakkiaa. gandaradhiaate neey chidambaram dey bhagwan natraj utte giaaran kavitavan likhiaan. ih tirumurai dey nauven khand daa hissa hunn atey inhan noon "thiruvisaipa" kiha jaanda haii. uh inhan kavitavan witch aapne aap noon "coley vendan tanjair cone gandradittan" kahinda haii. ih spasht naheen haii kii unhan neey ih kavita kadon likhi atey qee ih uh sunn jinhan neey aapne pitaa dey badle chidambaram mandar noon cover keeta see, jaan qee ih parantak I dey karajkal witch keeta giaa see.

gandaradityah gandaraditachola () swapituh paraantak-prathamasya uttaraadhikaari bhutva praayah saa. sha. 955 tame varshe cholaa-raja abhavat. saha tiruvisaippa-palandu ityasmin tamilu-saahitya-kavihi api aasit. tasya madhurantakachola iti putrah aasit yah uttamachola iti namna api prasidhah aasit, yah swasahodarasya sundaracholaa ityasya karanat cholaa-samraajah abhavat. ashaantihi kaalah. prathamaparaantakasy mrutyoho, saa. sha. 985 tame varshe rajarajasya raajyaabhishekaparyantam, cholasya itihaasah asprushitah asti. asmin 30 varsheshu pancha raajaputrau simhaasanam adhishtaapayan syaat. cholasimhaasanasya drutaarohanasya vishaye aneke siddhantaha santi. ekaha aasit yat rajaparivarasya bhinnanam sadasyanam madhye aantarik-kalah aasit. aparam yat truteeyakrushnaah tasya shyaalakah ganga butugasya cha adheene raashtrakoot-aakramanasy prabhaawah, takkolam-nagare cholasenaayaah parajaya cha, yasya parinaamen pratyaksha-uttaraadhikaari-rajadityacholaha (simhaasanasya prathama-panktih-"aanai-mell-thunjia-devar") raajye bruhad-vyaaptim avyavasthaam praavartayat iti. dwiteeyasiddhaantasy adhikagunah asti yatah prathamasya paraantakasya (visheshatah gandaradityah, arinjayah cha) putraah api tasmin mahaakaavye svabhratra rajaadityena saha yuddham krutavantah, tathaa cha bahuvaaroopen vranitaah, sheeghramev mrutaah cha bhaveyuhu. evam, paraantakah prathamah swaputram sundaracholam (arinjayasya putrah, sambhawatah praacheenatamah jeevitah rajakumaraha) pratyaksha-uttaraadhikaari bhavitum baadhyah abhavat. anicchukah shaasakah. yathaa poorvamev ullikhitam, paraantakasya jyeshtaputrah rajakumaraha rajadityaha takkolam-yuddhe praanam haarayat (c. 949 CE). uttar-arcott-mandale vartamaanasya arakonam-ityasya paritah kshetren taakalom iti chinvanti. paraantakah prathamah swasya dwiteeyaputram gandaradityam uttaraadhikaareeroopen prakatayt syaat. gandaradityah anicchukah raja aasit, saamraajyanirmaanasy vishaye naa, apitu dharmikakaryeshu adhikam dhyanam dattavaan. tondaimandalam raashtrakootebhyah nirantaram vyaapitam aasit, gandaarityah tatt punah praaptum kimapi naa prayatat iti prateeyate sma. saha yuddhe aasaktah naseet vaa, athavaa saha paalar-nadyaah dakshinadishi swasya sthaanam swyakarot, eelam (yat chola-niyantranaat sheeghram patati sma) rakshitum, punarutthaanasy pandya-raajyam doore sthaapayitum cha swasya haanim nyooneekaroti iti spashtam naasti. tatt kaale, chola-yuddhashaktih kshinita iva drushyate sma, parantu vyaapaarah (visheshatah samudreeyah) vardhamaanah aasit. tatra kevalam atyalpaah shilalekhaha eva praaptaah santi ye pratyakshataya tasya eva iti aaropayitum shaknuvanti, tathaa cha asya karanam syaat yat poorvakaalasy shilalekhaha "kalpanee" yojanayaha antargatam dakshinabharatiyamandiran itica-gaarebhyah granet-rupena parivartayitum karyam sveekrutya uttarakale uttamaa-chola ityanena chetanataya nishkaasitaah aasan iti. uttamachola ityasya chetananirnayh kaanchipuram-nagarasya tasya shilaalekheshu ullikhitah asti. saha dhaarmik-pravachana-kshetre adhikakalam vyateetavaan. chidambaram-mandirasya shivasya vishaye tamil-stavanasya lekhanasy shreyah saha asti. saha-rajapratinidhihi. swasya shasanasya praarambhe gandharaadityah swasya kanishtabhraataram arinjayam saha-raajapratinidhim, uttaraadhikaari cha krutavaan syaat. gandacharyaha dirghakalaparyantam nirwiwaadah aasit, vijayaalayavamshasya anuvartanam praaptum cha gandaadhityah swabhraataram uttaraadhikaari iti spashtikrutavan iti shakyate. vyaktigatajeevanam. gandaraadityasy raajnau dwau aasan yathaa sembian mahaadevee, yaa maazavaraayar ityasyaah putree iti varnitaa, aparayaa viranarayaniyar iti namna, yaa solamadeviyar ityasyaah putree iti varnitaa. sembian-madeviar ityeshah tasya madhuraantaka-uttamaa-chola-namakam putram janayat. tasya jeevane etat bahu vilambam aasit. gandaraadityasy mrutyoho samaye (c. 956 saa. sha.), uttamaa-cholaha ekaha baalakah eva syaat, yatah saha uttaradhikarasya kramanusare pruthak sthaapitah, arinjayah cha chola-mukutam gruheetavaan. sembian-madeviar ityeshaa swapituh dirghakalam yaavat jeevitavatee. saa anekaasu shilaalekheshu vividhamandiraani prati daanam adadat, saa pavitraa mahilaa iti drushyate. saa mrutaa see. 1001 saa. sha. rajarajasya shasanakale. saa maazavaraayar-kulasya pramukhasya putree aasit, tathaa shilaalekheshu varnitaa asti. gandaradityah "markee elundarulinaa devar" iti namna api prasidhah aasit-yah raja paschimadishi utthaapitah, arthaat yah paschimadishi gatvaa moksham praapnot. asya vaakyasya arthah spashtatayaa naa dnyaayate, parantu sambhawatah keralam prati paschimadishi gacchatah raajnah arthah syaat. gandaradityah swasya uttarajeevane jainadharmam sveekrutya chola-deshasya paschimadishi sthitam kannadabhoomim lokpal-acharya-namakena jaina-tapaswyaa saha gatavaan iti abhiyogaani santi. asya daavaayaah itihasakaranam madhye bahu samarthakaah naa santi, visheshatah tasya shaiva-prushtabhoomyaa, tasya patnee-putrayoho nirantaram vishvaasasya preranen cha. tamil-saahitye yogadanam. tamil-saahityasya samshodhakaih shaiva-dhaarmik-vidvaamsaihi cha vyaapakaroopen sweekrutam asti yat gandaradityah chidambaram-devaalaye shivasya vishaye "tiruvisaippa" ityasya lekhakah aasit iti. asmin ekaha vishishtah kathanah asti yat prathamah paraantakah pandyadesham, "eelam" (shrilanka) cha ajayan nataraajamandiram suvarnaihi aacchaaditavaan iti. gandaradityah chidambaram-nagarasya natarajasya vishaye ekaadasha kavitaam rachayat. etaaha tirumuraay ityasya navama-khandasya bhagaha santi, te "tiruvisaippaa" iti namna prasidhaah santi. eteshu kavitaasu saha "coley vendan tanjayyar konn gandaradittan" iti swakeeyam ullikhati. saha kadaa etat kaavyam rachayat, tasya pituhu sthaane chidambaram-mandiram aacchaadayat saha eva vaa, athavaa paraantak-1 ityasya karyakalat eva etat krutam iti spashtam naasti.

kandaraditya kandharaathitha sozhan () thanathu thanthai muthalaam paraanthakarukkup piragu kibi kibi sozha mannaranaar. avar thiruvisaippa pallanduvil oru tamizh ilakkiyak kavignaraagavum irunthaar. avarukku uchcha sozhan endrum azhaikkappadum mathuraanththaga sozhan endra magan irunthaar, avar thanathu uravinar sunthara sozhanukkup piragu sozhap beararasaraaga aanaar. kondhalippaana kaalam. muthalaam barandagan maranam muthal kibi kibi muthalaam iraajaraajaavin mudisoottuthal varai sozhargalin varalaaru thelivattrathaaga ullathu. 30 aandukaala inthak kaalakattathil ainthu ilavarasargal irunthirukka vaendum, avarkal simmasanaththai aakiramiththirukka vaendum. sozha simmaasanaththin viraivaana aeruthalaich suttri pala koatpaadugal ullana. ondru, arasa kudumbaththin vevvaeru uruppinarkalidaiyae ull sandaigal irunththana. mattrondru ennaventraal, moontraam krishnar mattrum avarathu maiththunar ganga pudukaavin keezh rashtrakooda padaiyeduppin vilaivugal mattrum thakkoalaththil sozha iraanuvaththin thoalviyin vilaivaaga velippadaiyaana vaarisaana rajathithya sozhan (simmaasanaththin varisaiyil muthal-"aanai mile thunjia devar") iranththathan vilaivaaga iraajjiyaththil periya alavilaana seerazhivai aerpaduththiyirukka vaendum. irandaam koatpaattil adhiga thaguthi ullathu, aenenil muthalaam barandagan magangal (kurippaaga kandaraditya mattrum arinjayaa) antha kaaviyap poaril thangal cakootharar raajaathithyaavudan saernthu poaraadiyirukka vaendum, maelum avarkal palvaeru kaayangaludan viraivaaga iranthirukka vaendum. ithanaal, muthalaam paranthakan thanathu paeran sunthara sozhanai (arinchayaavin maganum, anegamaaga enjchiyirukkum mooththa ilavarasanum) velippadaiyaana vaarisaaga pera vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. thayakkam kaattum aatchiyaalar. munbu kurippittapadi, muthalaam barandagan mooththa maganaana ilavarasar rajathithya thakkoalam poaril thanathu uyirai ilanththaar (kii. 949 kii. muuu.). vadakku aarkaadu maavattaththil intraiya arakoanaththaich suttriyulla paguthiyudan thakkalom adaiyaalam kaanappattullathu. muthalaam paranthakan thanathu irandaavathu magan kandharaathithyaavai vaarisaaga velippadaiyaagach seithirukka vaendum. kandaraditya oru thayakkam konda mannaraaga irunthaar, maelum paerarasaik kattiyezhuppuvathil allamal madhap panikalil adhiga kavanam seluththinaar. thondaimandalam thodarnthu raashtrakoodargalaal aakkiramikkappattathu, gandharaaththithyar adhai meettedukka endha muyarchiyum edukkavillai. idharkuk kaaranam avar poaril aarvam kaattaathathaal aerpattathaa allathu paalar aattrin therkae thanathu nilaiyai orunginaiththu, eelamaiyum (sozhargalin kattupaattai vittu vaekamaaka nazhuvikkondiruntha) meendu varum paandiya iraajjiyaththaiyum kaappaattruvatharkaaga thanathu izhappugalaik kuraitthuk kondara enbathu thelivaagath theriyavillai. ippoathaikku, tharkaappu sozha sakthiyin valimai kuraindhuvittadhaagath thoantriyathu, aanaal varththagam (kurippaaga kadalsaar) thodarnthu sezhiththu valarnthathu. avarai neradiyaagak kurikkakoodiya migach sila kalvettugal mattumae kandupidikkappattullan, idharkuk kaaranam munththaiya kalvettugal pirkaala uttama sozhanaal unarvupoorvamaaga neekkappattirukkalaam, avar "kalbani" thittaththin keezh thenninthiya koayilgalai sengal mattrum motor moolam kiraanaittaaga maattrum paniyai maerkondaar. uttama sozhanin nanavaana mudivu kaanchipuraththil ulla avarathu kalvettugalil kurippidappattullathu. avar madhap paechchugalil adhiga neram selavittaar. avar, seetharamar koayilin sivan meethu oru tamizh paadalai ezhuthiya perumaikkuriyavar. inai aatchiyaalar. thanathu aatchiyin aarambaththil thaan kandaraditya thanathu ilaiya cakootharar arinjayaavai inai aatchiyaalaraakavum, vaarisaagavum aakkiyirukka vaendum. neenda kaalamaaga kandharaathithyar pirachchanaiyattravaraaka irunthirukkalaam, maelum vijayalaya vamsaththin thodarchchiyaip paathukaakkum muyarchiyil, kandhaaraathithyar thanathu sagoathara vaarisai velippadaiyaaga velippaduththinaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. kandharaathithyaavukku irandu raanigal irunththanar, avai sembiyan mahadevi, maalavaraayarin magal endrum, mattroru raani veeranarayaniyar, solamadeviyarin magal endrum vivarikkappadugiraargal. sembiyan madaviyaar avarukku mathuraanththaga uttama sozhan endra maganaip petrtreduththaar. idhu avarathu vaazhkkaiyil migavum thaamathamaaga irunthirukka vaendum. kandaraditya iranththa neraththil (ii. kibi 956), utthama sozhan oru siruvanaaga irunthirukka vaendum, aenenil avar vaarisugal varisaiyil odhukki vaikkapattu, arinjayaa sozha kireedam kaippatrinaar. sembiyan madaviyaar thanathu kanavarai neenda kaalam uyirppudan kaappaatrinaar. palvaeru koayilgalukku nankodaigalai vazhangkuvathan moolam pala kalvettugalil avar oru punithamaana pennaaga irunththathaakath therikirathu. aval chii iranththuvittaal. kibi 1001-ll iraajaraajaavin aatchik kaalaththil. ivar malavaraayar kulath thalaivarin magal endrum kalvettugalil ivvaaru vivarikkappattullathu. kandaraditya "merkey elunderulina devar" endrum alaikkappattaar-maerkil eluchchiyadainththa mannar, athaavathu maerkae sendru iratchippaip pettraar. inththa sottrodarin porul thelivaaga purinthu kollappadavillai, aanaal maerkae keralaavukkuch sendra mannaraik kurikalaam. kandaraditya thanathu pirkaala vaazhkkaiyil samana mathaththai thazhuvi, sozha naattin maerkil ulla kannada nilaththirku loaga-paala acharya endra samana thuraviyudan sentrathaaga koottrukkal ullana. kurippaaga avarathu saivap pinnani mattrum avarathu manaivi mattrum magan thodarnthu inththa nambikkaiyai valiyuruthiyathaal inththa koottrukku varalaattraasiriyargalidai adhiga aatharavaalarkal illai. tamizh ilakkiyaththil pankalippu. kandharaathithyar thaan seeva pattriya "thiruvasaippa" endra noolai sidhambaram koavilil ezhuthiyavar enbathai tamizh ilakkiya aaraaychchiyaalarkal mattrum saiva madha arinyarkal paravalaaka aetrtrukkondullanar. muthalaam paranthakan paandiya naadaiyum "eelam" (ilangkai) yaiyum kaippattri nadaraajar koavilai thangaththaal moodiyathaaga idhil oru thaniththuvamaana koottru ullathu. kandaraditya, sidhambaraththin nadaraajar pattri pathinoru kavidhaigalai iyatrtrinaar. ivai thirumuraiyin onbathaavathu thoguthiyin oru paguthiyaagum, maelum avai "thiruvishaippaa" endru azhaikkappadugindrana. inthak kavidhaigalil avar thannai "koolii vaenththan thanjaiyaar coone kandharadittan" endru kurippidugiraar. inthak kavithaiyai avar eppoathu iyatrtrinaar, thanathu thanthaikku pathilaaka sidhambaram alayaththai maraiththavar awardhana, allathu adhu paraanththaka I inn pathavikkaalaththil seyyapattathaa enbathu thelivaagath theriyavillai.

gandaraditya modati paraantaka taruvaata, sumaru cree. sha. 955 loe, kandaridita choludu chola raaju ayyadu. ayana tiruvisaippa pallandulo tamila saahitya kavi kooda. ataniki utpama choludu anie kooda piluvabade madurantaka choludu anae kumarudu unnadu, athanu thana bandhuvu sundara choludi taruvaata choludu chakravarthy ayyadu. allakallolamaina kaalam. modati paraantaka maranam nundi cree. sha. 985loe modati rajaraja pattabhishekam varaku cholula charitra aspashtamgaa undhi. 30 samvatsaraala eee kaalamlo simhasananni adhishtinchina aiduguru yuvarajulu undevaaru. chola simhaasanaaniki vaegamgaa aarohana gurinchi aneka siddhaantaalu unnaayi. okati raajakutumbamloni vividha sabhyula madhya antargata kalahalu undevi. rendavadi, moodava krishna, athani baava gangaa butuga aadhvaryamlo jarigina rashtrakoota dandayaatra, takkolam vadda chola sainyam otami phalitamgaa varasudu ayina rajaditya choludu (simhasana varusalo modativaadu-"aanai mail tunjia devar") maraninchadam valla raajyamlo pedda ettuna gandaragolam erpadindi. rendava siddhaantaaniki marinta arhata undhi, endukante modati paraantaka kumaarulu (mukhyamgaa gandaraditya mariyu arinjaya) kooda aaa itihaasa yuddhamlo tama sodarudu raajaadityatho kalisi poradi undaali mariyu vividha gaayaalato vaegamgaa maraninchi undaali. aaa vidhamgaa, modati paraantaka thana manavadu sundara choludini (arinjaya kumarudu mariyu bahusha migili unna athi pedda yuvaraju) varasudiga pondavalasi vachindi. ayishtatagala palakudu. mundu paerkonnatlugaa, modati paraantaka pedda kumarudu yuvaraju rajaditya takkolam yuddhamlo praanaalu kolpoyadu (c. 949 CE). uttara arcot jillaalo prastuta arakonam chuttoo unna praanthamtho takkalom gurtinchabadindi. modati paraantaka thana rendava kumarudu gandaraadityanu varasudiga prakatinchi undaali. gandaraditya ayishtamgaa unde chakravarthy, saamraajya nirmaanampai kakunda mataparamaina panulapai ekkuva drushti pettadu. tondaimandalam rashtrakootulache aakraminchabadi konasaagindi mariyu gandaraditya daanini tirigi pondadaaniki etuvanti prayatnam chesinatlu kanipinchaledu. dheeniki kaaranam athanu yuddhamlo aasakti chuupakapoevadam ledhaa paller nadiki dakshinaana thana sthaanaanni vileenam chesukuni, eelam (idhi cholula niyantrana nundi vaegamgaa jaarutuu undhi) nuu kaapaadataaniki mariyu punarutthaanam chendutunna paandya rajyaanni dhooramgaa unchadaaniki thana nashtalanu tagginchukuntunnara anedi spashtamgaa teliyadu. prastutaaniki, yuddha chola shakti taggipoyinatlu anipinchindi, conny vaanijyam (mukhyamgaa samudra) abhivruddhi chendadam konasaagindi. aayanaku neerugaa aapaadinchagala saasanaalu chaalaa takkuva matrame kanugonabaddayi, dheeniki kaaranam "kalpani" pathakam kinda dakshina bhaarata devaalayaalanu ituka mariyu phirangi nundi granitega marche panini chepattina taruvaati uttama choludu munupati saasanaalanu spruhatho tolaginchadam kaavacchu. uttama choludu chetana nirnayam kanchipuram looni ayana saasanaalalo prastaavinchabadindi. ayana mataparamaina charchalalo ekkuva samayam gadiparu. ayana chidambaram aalaya shivudi meeda tamila shlokam raasina ghanata aayanaku dakkindi. saha-raajapratinidhi. thana paalana praarambhamloonae, gandharditya thana tammudu arinjayanu saha-rajapratinidhigaa, varasudiga chesi undaali. chaalaa kaalam paatu gandaraditya samasya lekunda undi, vijayalaya raajavamsam konasaagimpunu kapade prayatnamlo, gandaraditya thana sodarudini varasudiga prakatinchi undavacchu. vyaktigata jeevitam. gandaraadityaku iddaru raanulu unnaaru, vaaru sembian mahadevi, majavarayar kumaartegaa varninchabaddaaru, marokaru veeranarayaniyar, solamadeviyar kumaartegaa varninchabaddaaru. sembian madeviyar ataniki madhurantaka uttama chola anae kumarudini janminchaadu. idhi athani jeevitamlo chaalaa alasyam ayi undaali. gandaraditya maranam samayamlo (c. cree. sha. 956), uttama choludu oka chinna baaludu ayi undaali, endukante athanu vaarasatva kramamlo pakkana pettabaddadu mariyu arinjaya choludi kiriitaanni swaadheenam chesukunnadu. sembian madeviyar thana bhartatho chaalaa kaalam paatu jeevinchi undipoyaadu. vividha devaalayaalaku viraalaalu istuu aneka saasanaalalo aame kanipistunnanduna aame oka pavitra mahilagaa kanipistundi. aame sii. cree. sha. 1001loe rajarajudi paalanalo. aame majavarayar vamsa adhipati kumarte, saasanaalalo eee vidhamgaa varninchabadindi. gandaraadityanu "merkey elundarulinaa devar" anie kooda pilustaaru-paschimaana lechina raaju, antey paschimaaniki velli moksham pondaadu. eee padabandham yokka ardham spashtamgaa ardham kaaledu, conny bahusha keralaku paschimaaniki vellina raaju anie ardham kaavacchu. thana taruvaati jeevitamlo, gandaaraadityudu jaina vishwaasaanni sweekarinchi, chola deshaaniki paschimaana unna kannada bhoomiki loka-paala acharya anae jaina sanyaasitoe vellaadani vaadanalu unnaayi. mukhyamgaa ayana shaiva nepathyam mariyu ayana bhaarya, kumarudu eee vishwaasaanni nirantaram oppinchadam valla eee vaadanaku charitrakaarulalo ekkuva mandhi maddatudaarulu laeru. tamila saahityaaniki chesina krushi. tamila saahitya parisoedhakulu, shaiva matha panditulu, gandaraadityudu chidambaram aalayamlo shivudipai "tiruvisaippa" rachinchaadani vistrutamgaa angeekarinchaaru. modati paraantaka paandya desham mariyu "eelam" (srilanka) nuu jayinchi nataraja alayanni bangaaramtho kapparani indulo oka pratyaekamaina prakatana undhi. gandaraadityudu chidambaram yokka nataraja prabhuvu meeda padakondu kavitalu rachinchaadu. ivi tirumurai tommidava samputamlo bhaagam mariyu veetini "tiruvisaippa" anie pilustaaru. eee kavitalalo ayana tananu taanu "kooli vendon tanjayyar cone gandaraditan" anie paerkonnaadu. ayana eee kavitvaanni eppudu rachinchaado, thana tandriki badulugaa chidambaram alayanni kappinadi aayanena, ledhaa modati paraantaka padaveekaalamlo chesara anedi spashtamgaa teliyadu.

gandradhatiya gandradith chool () apnay waalid prantak awal kay jansheen banay aur taqriba 955 eiswi mein chool baadshah banay. wah tarowaseepa palando mein eek taamil adbi shayer bhee thay. iss kaa eek betaa thaa jiss kaa naam madurantak chool thaa jasay atmaa chool bhee kahaa jaataa hay juu apnay kazan sandar chool kay baad chool shahanshah banaa. hungamah khaiz door. prantak awal kii moth say lay kirr 985 eiswi mein rajraj awal kay takht nasheen honay takk chool kii tareekh ghair waazah hay. 30 saal kay iss arsey mein paanch shehzade thay jinhon nay takht parr qabzah kiyaa hoga. chool takht parr teezi say chadhayi kay ard gird kayee nazaryaat mojud haine. eek yaha thaa kahh shaahi khaandaan kay mukhtalif afraad kay darmiyan androni jhagday hotay thay. dosra yaha hay kahh krishna III aur iss kay behnuyi gangaa batoga kay tahat rashtarkot hamlay kay asraat aur takulam mein chool foj kii shakast kay natijay mein zahir waaris rajadatiya chool (takht kii sif mein pehla-"aaney meel thanjiya devar") kii moth nay mamlikat mein baday paimanay parr inteshaar paida kiyaa hoga. dosra nazariyah ziyadah qaabil qadr hay keunkah prantak awal kay beton (khaas toor parr gandradhatiya aur aranjiya) nay bhee apnay bhayee rajadatia kay saath iss mahakawi jung mein jung ladee hogi aur wah mukhtalif tarah say zakhmi hoay hoan gay aur teezi say marr gayey hoan gay. iss tarah prantak awal kuu apnay potay sandar chool (aranjiye kaa betaa aur shayed sabb say amar rasidah zindah bach jaanay waala shahzadah) kuu zahir waaris bananay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. hichkichahat waala hukmaran. jaisa kahh pehley zakar kiyaa gayaa hay prantak awal kay sabb say baday betay shahzadah rajadatia nay takulam kii jung mein apnee jaan gunwai (c. 949 see ayee). tocklum kii shanakhat shamali arcot zalaa mein maujudah arakonam kay aas paas kay elaqay say hoti hay. prantak awal nay apnay dosray betay gandradtiya kuu waaris kay toor parr zahir kiyaa hoga. gandradtiya eek hichkichahat waala baadshah thaa aur iss nay sultanat kii tameer parr nahein balkah mazhabi kaamon parr ziyadah taujah dee. tundy mandalam parr rashtarkoton kaa qabzah jaari rehaa aur aisa lagtaa hay kahh gandartia nay asay dobarah haasil karnay kii koyee koshish nahein kii thee. yaha waazah nahein hay kahh iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh wah jung mein dilchaspi nahein rakhta thaa yaa yaha kahh wah daryaae palaar kay janub mein apnee position kuu zam kirr rehaa thaa aur ailam (juu teezi say chool kay qaabu say baahir how rehaa thaa) kuu barqarar rakhnay aur dobarah zindah honay waali pandiya sultanat kuu door rakhnay kay liye apnay nqsanat kuu kumm kirr rehaa thaa. phee alhaal aisa lagtaa thaa kahh maarshil chool taaqat kuu kumm kirr diyaa gayaa hay leakin tajarat (khaas toor parr samandari) phalti phulti rahee. aisey behat kumm naushtah jaat milay haine jinn say braah raast inn say mansub kiyaa jaa saktaa hay aur iss kii wajah yaha how sakti hay kahh pehley kay naushtah jaat kuu baad kay atmaa chool nay jaan bojh kirr hazaf kirr diyaa thaa jinhon nay "kalpani" schem kay tahat janubi hindustani mandaron kuu ainton aur marter say grenite mein tabdil karnay kaa kaam sharoo kiyaa thaa. atmaa chool kay hosh mein kiye gayey faislay kaa zakar kaanchi poram mein inn kay naushtah jaat mein milta hay. inhon nay mazhabi guftagu mein ziyadah waqat guzara. inhein chadambaram mandar kay sheev parr eek taamil geeth likhnay kaa sehra diyaa jaataa hay. shareek regent. apnay door hukumat kay behat ibtadayi door mein gandharadtiya nay apnay chhotay bhayee aranjiya kuu shareek walee ahed aur zahir waaris banaya hoga. yaha mumkin hay kahh gandradhatiya eek taweel arsey takk bay masilah rehaa how aur wajayaliyah khaandaan kay taslasal kuu yaqeeni bananay kii koshish mein gandradhatiya nay apnay bhayee kay waaris kuu zahir kiyaa. zaati zindagi. gandradtiya kii duu raniyan thein jinn kay naam sambiyan mahadivi thein jinhein mazawariyar kii betty kahaa jaataa hay aur dosri kuu warnaraiyar kahaa jaataa hay jasay solmadioyar kii betty kahaa jaataa hay. sambiyan maaduyaar nay inhein eek betay say janam diyaa jiss kaa naam madhurantak atmaa chool thaa. iss kii zindagi mein yaha behat deer how chaki hogi. gandradtiya kii moth kay waqat (c. 956 eiswi)yee atmaa chool eek naujawan ladka rehaa hogaa keunkah asay janishini kii tartib mein alg kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur aranjiya nay chool taaj parr qabzah kirr liyaa thaa. sambiyan maaduyaar apnay shohar kay saath taweel arsey takk zindah rahee. aisa lagtaa hay kahh wah eek mutaqi khaatun thee keunkah wah kayee naushtah jaat mein mukhtalif mandaron kuu atiyah karti hay. wah marr gayee see. 1001 eiswi rajraj kay door hukumat mein. wah mazawariyar qabeelay kay sardaar kii betty thee aur iss tarah naushtah jaat mein biyaan kii gayee hay. gandradtiya kuu "marki alvendrolina devar" kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa thaa-wah baadshah juu maghrab mein uthay yauni wah juu maghrab mein gayey aur najaat haasil kii. iss jamley kaa matlab waazah toor parr samajh mein nahein aayaa hay leakin mamkanah toor parr iss kaa matlab wah baadshah how saktaa hay juu maghrab mein kiralah gayaa thaa. aisey daway haine kahh gandaradtiya nay apnee baad kii zindagi mein jaine aqeede kuu apnaya aur lock paal aachariya naami eek jaine sanki kay saath chool milk kay maghrab mein kunnad kii sarzamin parr chalaa gayaa. iss daway kay morkheen mein ziyadah haami nahein haine khaas toor parr iss kay shiwai piss manzar aur iss kii bewi aur betay kay iss aqeede parr muslisil qayel honay kii wajah say. taamil adab mein taawan. taamil adab kay mohqaqeen aur sheev mazhabi scholars nay yaha baath baday paimanay parr qabool kii hay kahh gandradtiya chadambaram kay mandar mein sheev parr "tarowaseepa" kay masnaf thay. iss mein eek alg biyaan hay kahh prantak awal nay pandiya milk aur "ailam" (saree lankaa) kuu fatah kiyaa aur natraj kay mandar kuu sonay say dahaanp diyaa. gandradtiya nay chadambaram kay bhagwan natraj parr gayarah nazmein tasnif kein. yaha teromurai kay nawein hajm kaa hasah haine aur inhein "terovisaipa" kahaa jaataa hay. inn nazmon mein wah khood kuu "coley wendon tanjair coone gandradtan" kehtay haine. yaha waazah nahein hay kahh inhon nay yaha shayeri kabb likhee aur kiyaa yaha wahee thay jinhon nay apnay waalid kay badlay chadambaram mazaar kaa ahatah kiyaa yaa yaha prantak awal kii madat parr kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5129747

Madrid Motor Show

Madrid Motor Show Biennial motor show held at Feria de Madrid, Spain The Madrid International Auto Show (Salón Internacional del Automóvil de Madrid in Spanish) is a motor show held biennially (on even years) in May at Feria de Madrid, Spain, which alternates with the Barcelona Motor Show. It is not recognized as a major international show by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles. 2012. Running from 25 May to 3 June, the 2012 show only attracted eight marques to formally display their models. 2010. The 2010 show opened 20 May. It included the display of the new Tesla Model S. SEAT displayed their IBE concept car, which had been previously shown at the Geneva Motor Show. 2006. The 2006 show ran from 26 May to 4 June. Introductions: 2008. Alternative propulsion prototypes: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

medrid motor swo medrid antohrastriyo otu swo '(spanis bhaxat chelon international dell automovil di medrid) hoise spainor feria di medridot mey maahot barxikbhabe (jurr bosorot) onusthito huwa ek motor swo', ji barcheluna motor swo 'ror xoite xoloni hoy. iyak international dey construckchurs di 'automobiles xongsthar dwara ek guruttopurno antohrastriyo onusthan hisape swikriti diya huwa naai. 2012. 25 mey 'ror poraa 3 junoloike soli thoka 2012 sonor ei swo "tuwe kewol aathta markok aakorxito kori teulukor modelxomuh anusthanikbhabe prodorxon korisil. 2010. 2010 sonor ei onusthan 20 mey 'too mukoli hoisil. iyat notun tesla model ess-ror prodorxon ontorbhukto aasil. sete teulukor ibe dharona gaari prodorxon korisil, jitu aagote geneva motor swo 'too dekhuuwa hoisil. 2006. 2006 sonor ei onusthan 26 mey 'ror poraa 4 junoloike solisil. porisoyoh 2008. bikolpo propulsion protutaipxomuhoh

madrid motor shoe madrid antorjatik auto shoe (spenian bhasay sallon international dell automovil dii madrid) spener ferria dii madrid-ayee meey maase dwibarshik (jode bochorgulite) onusthito ekti motor shoe, jaa barcelona motor shoe-err saathe poribortito hoy. etty international days constructurers dii automobiles sangostha dwara ekti borh antorjatik prodorshoni hisabe swikrito noy. 2012. 25 meey theke 3 june porjonto chola 2012 saaler prodorshoniti anusthanikbhabe taader modelguli prodorshon korar jonno matro atti marqa akarshan korechilo. 2010. 2010 saaler shoti 20 meey shuru hoyechilo. err modhye notun tesla model esha-err prodorshon antarbhukta chhilo. asonti taader ibe dharona gaadi prodorshon korechilo, jaa agey geneva motor shote dekhano hoyechilo. 2006. 2006 saaler anusthanti 26 meey theke 4 june porjonto choley. porichitih 2008. bikalpa propulsion prototype

medrid motara shho medrid international otto shho (spanishma cellon international dail automovil dii medrid) aee aek motara shho chhe jeey meey maheenama feriyaa dii medrid, spain khaate dhvivarshik (sama varsho parr) yojaay chhe, jeey barcelona motara shho saathe vaarafarti thaay chhe. tene international days constructors dii automobiles sanstha dwara mukhya aantarrashtriy pradarshan tareeke maanyata aapvama aavee nathee. 2012. 25 meey thee 3 juuna sudhee chalnara, 2012naa shoae aupcharik reete temnaa modelo pradarshit karvaa maate maatra aath markne aakarshya hataa. 2010. 2010noow shho 20 menaa roj sharoo thayo hato. temaa navaa tesla modalnu pradarshan saamel hatoo. seat parr temnee ibe concept kaar pradarshit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey agau geneva motara shomaa darshavvama aavee hatee. 2006. 2006noow aaa shho 26 meey thee 4 juuna sudhee chaalyo hato. parichayoh 2008. vaikalpik propulsion prototypes

madrid motor show madrid antarrashtriya auto show (spanish mein sailoon international dell autoville dee madrid) ack motor show haye joe maee mein feria dee madrid, spen mein dvivaarshik (summ varshon parr) aayojit kiya jaataa haye, joe barcelona motor show key saath baari-baari seey hotaa haye. ise international days constructors dee automobile sangathan dwara ack pramukh antarrashtriya show key roop mein maanyata naheen dee gaee haye. 2012. 25 maee seey 3 juuna taka chalane vaale 2012 key show ney aupchaarik roop seey apane model pradarshit karane key liye kewal aathh markon koo aakarshit kiya. 2010. 2010 kaa show 20 maee koo khola gayaa. isamen nae tesla model kaa pradarshan shamil thaa. seat ney apani ibe avadharana kaar pradarshit kii, jise pahale geneva motor show mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa. 2006. 2006 kaa show 26 maee seey 4 juuna taka chalaa. parichay - 2008. vaikalpik pranodan pratiroopah

madrid motor show madrid international auto show (spanitionalli saloon international dell automovil dii madrid) embudu spaine ferria dii madridnalli mayee tingalalli dwaivaarshikavaagi (sama varsagalalli) nadeyuva motaru pradarshanavagide, idu barcelona motaru pradarshanadondige paryayavagide. idannu international dess constructors dii automobiles samstheyu pramukha antararashtriya pradarshanavendu gurutisilla. 2012. mayee 25rinda zoon 3ravarege nadeda 2012rahra pradarshanavu kevala entu markugalannu tamma maadarigalannu oupachaarikavaagi pradarshisalu aakarshisitu. 2010. 2010rahra pradarshanavu mayee 20randu praarambhavaayitu. idu hosa tesla maadariya pradarshanavannu olagondittu. ee hinde geneva motaru pradarshanadalli torisalaagidda tamma ibe concept kaarannu seat pradarshisitu. 2006. 2006rahra pradarshanavu mayee 26rinda zoon 4ravarege nadeyitu. paricayah 2008. paryaya propulsion moolamaadarigaluh

madrid motor shhow madrid internaashanal oottoo shhow (spanish bhashayil saloon internaashanal dell ottomovil dii madrid) speyinile ferria dii madridil meyy maasathil dvivarsha (eratta varshangalil) nadakkunna oru motor shoyaanu, ithu barsalona motor shoyumaayi marimari nadakkunnu. internaashanal dess kanstraktezhs dii automobiles enna samghadana ithu oru pradhana anthaaraashtra pradarshanamaayi amgeekarichittilla. 2012. meyy 25 muthal juun 3 vare nadanna 2012 shhow avarude modalukal aupachaarikamaayi pradarshippikkaan ettu maarkkukale maathrame aakarshichulloo. 2010. 2010 meyy 20nuu shhow aarambhichu. puthiya tesla modalinte pradarshanavum ithil ulppedunnu. munbu janeeva motor shoyil pradharshippichirunna avarude aibi kanseptt kaar seett pradharshippichirunnu. 2006. 2006 meyy 26 muthal juun 4 vare shhow nadannu. aamukhangal 2008. badal propulsion prototypeukal

madrid motor shhow madrid aantarrashtriy auto shhow (spanishmadhye salone international dell automoville dii madrid) haah eka motor shhow aahe joou meey mahinyat spainchya feria dii madrid yethe dvivarshik (summ varshanvar) aayojit keela jaato, joou barcelona motor shosah badalato. international days constructors dii automobiles yaa sansthene yala eka pramukh aantarrashtriy pradarshan mhanoon manyata dileli nahee. 2012. 25 meey teey 3 junparyant chalana 2012 chya shone tyanchya models aupcharikpane pradarshit karnyasathi keval aath marqa aakarshit kele. 2010. 2010 chaa karyakram 20 meey roji suru jhaala. tyat naveen tesla model ess. chey pradarshan samavisht hote. seatwar tyanchi ibe sankalpana qaar pradarshit kelee gelee, jee purvi jineva motor shomadhye darshavili gelee hotee. 2006. 2006 chaa haah karyakram 26 meey teey 4 junparyant chalala. parichayah 2008. paryayi pranodan pratikrutihi

madrid motor show madrid antarrashtriya ato show (spanisma celone international dayle atomovil day madrid) ek motor show how june mey mahinama feria day madrid, spenma dwiwarshik (warshaharuma pani) ayojit hunchha, june barcelona motor shosanga vaikalpik hunchha. yasalai international days constructors dee automobile sangathandwara pramukh antarrashtriya karyakramko rupma manyata diieko chhaina. 2012. 25 medekhi 3 junasamma chalne 2012 ko sole aupacharik rupma afna modelharu pradarshan garna athawata markharu matra akarshit गऱ्यो।. 2010. sann 2010 ko soe 20 mema kholieko thiyo. yasama nayan tesla model ess ko pradarshan samawesh thiyo. sitle uniharuko ibe concept carr pradarshan garyo, june pahile jenebha motor shoma dekhaieko thiyo. 2006. sann 2006 ko soe 26 medekhi 4 junasamma chaleko thiyo. parichayharuh 2008. vaikalpik pranodan prototaipharuh

madrid motor shoe madrid international auto soe (spanian bhasare salone international dayle atomovil dii madrid) heuchhi eka motor shoe jaahaa meey maasare spainer feria dii madridare dwibarshika (yugma barshare) anusthita hue, jaahaa barcelona motor shoe sahita bikalpa hue . international dee constructors dii 'automobiles sangathana dwara ehaa eka pramukh antarjatija shoe bhabare sweekrutiprapta nuhen . 2012. meey 25 ru june 3 parjyanta chalithiba 2012 shoe aanusthanika bhabare semanankara model pradarshan karibaku kebala aatha markanku akarshita karithila . 2010. 2010 shoe meey 20 ray kholila . ethire nutan tesla model ess rahr pradarshan antarbhukta thila . siit semananka ibe dharana kaara pradarshan karithila, jaahaa purbaru jenebha motor shore pradarshita hoithila . 2006. 2006 shoe meey 26 ru june 4 parjyanta chalithila . parichajah 2008. bikalpa pranodana prototaiph

medrid motor shoa medrid international auto shoa (spanish witch sailoon international dell automovil dee medrid) ikk motor shoa haii joe maee witch feria dee medrid, spain witch aayojit keeta jaanda haii, joe barcelona motor shoa dey naal badalda haii. iss noon international days constructores dee automobiles sangathan duaara ikk pramukh antarashtari shoa vajon maanta naheen ditti gaee haii. 2012. 25 maee toon 3 juun takk challan vaale, 2012 dey shoa neey rasmi taur 'teey aapne maadlan noon pradarshit curran laee siraf atth markan noon aakarshit keeta. 2010. 2010 daa shoa 20 maee noon khulhiaa. iss witch navein tesla maadal daa display shamal see. seet neey aapni ibe sankalap qaar pradarshit keeti, joe pahilan jeneva motor shoa witch dikhai gaee see. 2006. 2006 daa shoa 26 maee toon 4 juun takk challiaa. jaanh-pachanha 2008. vikalpik propulsion prototype

madrid motor sho madrid-antarashtriya-aato-sho (spanish-bhashayam selon-international-dayle-automovil-day-madrid) spen-deshasya feria-day-madrid-nagare dvivaarshikaroopena (samavarsheshu) aayojitah ekaha motaaru-sho asti, yah barcelona-motaaru-sho ityanena saha paryaayaroopen bhavati. antarashtriya-dey-constructors-da-automobales-samsthayaa pramukha-antarashtriya-pradarshanaroopen etat naa maanyate. 2012. 25 mey taha 3 joon paryantam prachalan 2012 tame varshe pradarshanm kevalam ashta-maark-visheshaan aakarshy aupachaarikaroopena swapratimaanaani pradarshayat. 2010. 2010 tame varshe mey-masasya 20 dinaanke pradarshanm udghaatitam. asmin nutanasya tesla-maadel-ess-ityasya pradarshanam api antarbhavati sma. aasan-sthaane teshaam aibee-concept-kaar-yaanam pradarshitam, yat poorvam jenevaa-motaaru-sho-madhye pradarshitam aasit. 2006. 2006 tame varshe mey-masasya 26 dinaankaat joon-masasya 4 dinaankaparyantam pradarshanam abhavat. parichayah. 2008. vaikalpikapranodanapraroopah

maatrit motor show maatrit sarvadesa vaaganak kankaatchi (spanish mozhiyil salone international dell automovil dii maatrit) enbathu spainin feria dii maatrittil aandukku irumurai (sama aandugalil) nadaiperum oru motor kankaatchi aagum, idhu parcelona motor kankaatchiyudan maari maari nadaiperukirathu. idhu international tess constructors dii automobiles amaippaal oru periya sarvadesa nigazhchchiyaaga angkeekarikkappadavillai. 2012. mae 25 muthal juun 3 varai nadaipettra 2012 nigazhchchi, ettu maarkkugalai mattumae thangal maadalgalai muraiyaaga kaatchippaduththa eerththathu. 2010. 2010 aam aandu mae 20 aam thaethi nigazhchchi thirakkappattathu. idhil puthiya desla maadal ess-inn displayvum adangkum. munbu jeneeva motor kankaatchiyil kaattapatta avarkalin aipae concept kaarai irukkai kaatchippaduththiyathu. 2006. 2006 aam aandu nigazhchchi mae 26 muthal juun 4 varai oodiyathu. arimugangalh 2008. maattru undhuvisai munmaathirigal

modrid motor show modrid international auto show (spanish bhaashalo salone international dell automovil dii modrid) anedi speyinlooni feria dii modridlo mae nelaloo dwaivaarshikamgaa (sarri samvatsaraalalo) jarige motaru show, idhi barcelona motaru shoku pratyamnaayamgaa jarugutundi. idhi international dess constructors dii automobiles samsthachae pradhana antarjaateeya pradarsanagaa gurtinchabadaledu. 2012. mae 25 nundi juun 3 varaku nadiche 2012 show vaari namuunaalanu adhikarikamga pradarsinchadaaniki enimidi maarkulanu matrame aakarshinchindi. 2010. 2010 show mae 20naa praarambhamaindi. indulo kotta tesla modal ess yokka pradarsana kooda undhi. seatu vaari ibe concept kaarunu pradarsinchindi, idhi gatamlo geniva motor sholo pradarsinchabadindi. 2006. 2006 show mae 26 nundi juun 4 varaku nadichindi. parichayalu 2008. pratyaamnaaya chodaka namuunaalu

medard motor show medard international auto show (hispanvi mein seelon international dail automoval ddee medard) eek motor show hay juu mayee mein feriya ddee medard speen mein duu saal baad (yaksaan saalon mein) munaqid hotaa hay juu barsalona motor show kay saath badalta hay. asay international ddais constructivers ddee automobile tanzim nay eek baday beenn alaqwami show kay toor parr tasleem nahein kiyaa hay. 2012. 25 mayee say 3 joone takk chalnay waalay 2012 kay show nay apnay models kuu bazabtah toor parr zahir karnay kay liye sarf aath nashaniyon kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa. 2010. 2010 kaa show 20 mayee kuu sharoo hawaa. iss mein nayey tesla maadal aiss kii numaish shaamil thee. seet nay inn kii aayee bee ayee concept kaar kuu dikhaya juu pehley geneva motor show mein dikhayi gayee thee. 2006. 2006 kaa show 26 mayee say 4 joone takk chalaa. taaruf: 2008. propulsion kay muthbadil proto type:

0006886af52429c1e7444312fe4039466469b260276a9164c66e581f699a1050

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=7494

The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems/The Stolen Child

The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems/The Stolen Child <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← ../The Madness of King Goll/ ../To an Isle in the Water/ → <poem> Where dips the rocky highland Of Sleuth Wood in the lake, There lies a leafy island Where flapping herons wake The drowsy water-rats; There we've hid our faery vats, Full of berries And of reddest stolen cherries. "Come away, O human child!" "To the waters and the wild" "With a faery, hand in hand," "For the world's more full of weeping than you" "can understand." Where the wave of moonlight glosses The dim grey sands with light, Far off by furthest Rosses We foot it all the night, Weaving olden dances, Mingling hands and mingling glances Till the moon has taken flight; To and fro we leap And chase the frothy bubbles, While the world is full of troubles And is anxious in its sleep. "Come away, O human child!" "To the waters and the wild" "With a faery, hand in hand," "For the world's more full of weeping than you" "can understand." Where the wandering water gushes From the hills above Glen-Car, In pools among the rushes That scarce could bathe a star, We seek for slumbering trout And whispering in their ears Give them unquiet dreams; Leaning softly out From ferns that drop their tears Over the young streams. "Come away, O human child!" "To the waters and the wild" "With a faery, hand in hand," "For the world's more full of weeping than you" "can understand." Away with us he's going, The solemn-eyed: He'll hear no more the lowing Of the calves on the warm hillside Or the kettle on the hob Sing peace into his breast, Or see the brown mice bob Round and round the oatmeal-chest. "For he comes, the human child," "To the waters and the wild" "With a faery, hand in hand," "From a world more full of weeping than he" "can understand." </poem>

oh 'aaisin aaru onyanyo kobita/suri koraa xixur bhromon Â../king golor unmadota/ ../panir bhitorot etaa dipoloi/ → xilamoy uschobhumi koo 'too dubo yaay hrodtut thoka gupto kaathor, taat etaa patjukto dip aase. zo 'too flapping borgobur jaagi uthe tondrawostho panir-rett; taat aami aamar feri bhatcho lukuwai rakhisu, folore bhori aase aaru ataitkoi ronga suri huwa cheri. "aatori jaa, hey manuhor xontan!" "paanee aaru bonoriya onsololoi" "etaa farir xoite, haatot haat dhori"," "kiyonu prithibikhon aapunatkoi odhik kandise" "" "buji paab paare." zo 'too sondrogrohonor torongo ujjwol hoy puhoror xoite mlaan dhurar baali, durot ataitkoi durot thoka rosor dwara aami gutei raati iyak saale, buru naas bunon, haator mishron aaru mishron dristi sondroi uri juwaloike; aami usor-usore paar hoi uthi jaau aaru fenar budbudbur khedi, jetiya prithibikhon xomosyat bhori aase aaru tuponir xomoyot sintit hoi pore. "aatori jaa, hey manuhor xontan!" "paanee aaru bonoriya onsololoi" "etaa farir xoite, haatot haat dhori"," "kiyonu prithibikhon aapunatkoi odhik kandise" "" "buji paab paare." zo 'too ghuri furaa paanee ulai glain-kaaror uporor paharor poraa, rasor maajot pulot xei durbolxokole etaa taara gaa dhubo parisil, aami tuponi juwa trout bisaru aaru teulukor kaanot physphix kori teulukok nirax xopun dekhuwauk; mridubhabe bahiroloi ulay fernor poraa ji teulukor sokupani pelai juwo probahburor uporot. "aatori jaa, hey manuhor xontan!" "paanee aaru bonoriya onsololoi" "etaa farir xoite, haatot haat dhori"," "kiyonu prithibikhon aapunatkoi odhik kandise" "" "buji paab paare." aamar logot xi aatori jaabo, guruttopurno sokuh teu aaru lo 'wing xuna naai ushno paharor uporot thoka basorar baa hoh 'bor ketli teur bukot xantir gaan gaai, baa braun maus bobo sauk utmil-bukur britto aaru britto. "kiyonu teu aahise, manob xontan"," "paanee aaru bonoriya onsololoi" "etaa farir xoite, haatot haat dhori"," "teutkoiu odhik kandi thoka prithibir poraa" "buji paab paare."

oisin ebong anyanno kobita/churi haoya shishur bhromon Â../king goler paglate/ ../joler modhye ekti dweepe/ Â jekhane pathure parbotto anchal dubiye deoa hoy hrode gupto kaather, sekhane ekti patajukto dweep royeche. jekhane jhanpiye padaa buno bagh jege othe ghumanta joll-roshee; sekhane amra amader feyari bhaat lukiye rekhechi, berry diye bhora ebong sabcheye laal chorai cherry. "choley jaao, heey manob santan!" "joll ebong bonner kachhe" "" "haate haat rekhe, ekti ferry niye"," "kaaron prithibi upner cheye beshi kandte thaake" "" "bujhte paare." jekhane chaander alor taranga ujjal hoy alor sange dhusar balir mlan, sabcheye doore roser dwara amra saaraa raat dhorey etty paa rakhi, budoder nutch, haat mishiye ebong eka nojore mishiye jotokkhon naa chaand udey yaay; amra lafiye lafiye ebong fenazukto budwudgulike taadaa korey, jokhon prithibi samasya purno ebong taar ghumer modhye udwigno. "choley jaao, heey manob santan!" "joll ebong bonner kachhe" "" "haate haat rekhe, ekti ferry niye"," "kaaron prithibi upner cheye beshi kandte thaake" "" "bujhte paare." jekhane joll ghore glena-gaadir uporer pahad theke, bhider modhye pukurgulite jey durlov ekti taaraa snan korte paare, amra ghumanta trout khunjchi ebong taader kaane physphis korey taader nirab swapno dekhan; aste aste sorey yawa fern theke jeguli taader ashru feley torun jhornar upor. "choley jaao, heey manob santan!" "joll ebong bonner kachhe" "" "haate haat rekhe, ekti ferry niye"," "kaaron prithibi upner cheye beshi kandte thaake" "" "bujhte paare." amader sange seey choley jachche, gambhir chakkhuh seey arr awaz shunte paabe naa ushno pahader upor bachurer athoba hober upor ketley taar booke shantir gaan gaay, athoba badami indurer bobb dekhun oatmill-bookke brittakar korey brittakar korun. "kaaron seey asche, manob santan"," "joll ebong bonner kachhe" "" "haate haat rekhe, ekti ferry niye"," "taar cheyeo beshi kandte kandte poripurno ekti prithibi theke" "" "bujhte paare."

oisin aneey anya kaveetao/choraayela baadakni bhatakvu Â../king goalnun gaandpan/ ../paanimaa aek taapu parr/ Â jyaan khadkaal uchch bhoomi dooby jaay chhe talaavmaa goopt lakadano, tyaan aek pandadavala taapu aavela chhe jyaan halesaa udaavtaa bagula jaagi jaay chhe unghamaa paanee-rates; tyaan amey amara fairy voota chhupavi deedhaa chhe, falthi bharpur aneey sauthee laal choraayeli cherry. "door aavo, heey manav baadak!" "paanee aneey jungley" "" "aek pherii saathe, haathmaa haath"," "" "tamara karataa dunia vadhu radvaathi bharelee chhe" "" "samjee shakaay chhe." jyaan chandraprakashni laher zalhali rahee chhe prakaash saathe zankhi bhukharaa retee, sauthee durnaa rose dwara amey aakhee raat tene pug parr raakhiae chhiae, vanaat junaa nrutyo, haath aneey aankhnee vachcheni bhalatee najar jyaan sudhee chandra udaan bharey tyaan sudhee; amey koodiae chhiae aneey finvala parpotaano pichho karoo, jyaare dunia mushkeliothi bharelee chhe aneey tenee unghamaa chintit chhe. "door aavo, heey manav baadak!" "paanee aneey jungley" "" "aek pherii saathe, haathmaa haath"," "" "tamara karataa dunia vadhu radvaathi bharelee chhe" "" "samjee shakaay chhe." jyaan paanee vahe chhe glain-kaarnee uparnee tekriomathi, dhasaaro vachche pulmaa jeey durlabh taaraaone nahavi shake chhe, amey unghamaa rahela troutnee shodhamaa chhiae aneey temnaa kaanmaa fafdaat karey chhe temne shaant sapnaa aapo; dhimethi bahaar neekalo furnmathi jeey temnaa aansu chhode chhe yuvan pravaaho parr. "door aavo, heey manav baadak!" "paanee aneey jungley" "" "aek pherii saathe, haathmaa haath"," "" "tamara karataa dunia vadhu radvaathi bharelee chhe" "" "samjee shakaay chhe." teey aapani saathe door jaee rahyo chhe, gambhir aakhoh teey havey neecheni vaat sambhalshe nahee garam tekri parr vaachhardao athavaa hoob parnee kitali tenaa stanmaa shaanti gaao, athavaa braaun undarnaa bobne juo autmill-chhaatine gola karoo aneey gola karoo. "kaaran keey teey aave chhe, manav baadak"," "paanee aneey jungley" "" "aek pherii saathe, haathmaa haath"," "tenaa karataa vadhu radatee dunia" "samjee shakaay chhe."

oisin aur anya kavitaon/chori hue bachche kii bhatakana Â../king goal kaa pagalpan/ ../paani mein ack dweep taka/ Â jahan chattani pahaadi bhoomi doobati haye jheel mein gupt lakadi kii, vahaan ack pattedaar dweep haye jahan fadfadaate hue bagula jaagate hain neend mein paani kii paraten; vahaan hamane apane fairy whats koo chhipa diyaa haye, jamun seey bharaa aur sabse laal chori kii cherry. "door aao, haye maanav bachche!" "paani aur jangal" "ack ferry key saath, haath mein haath"," "duniya aapse adhik rone seey bharee haye" "samajh mein aaa sakata haye." jahan chaand kii roshni chamakati haye mund dhusar rait prakaash key saath, sabse door key gulabon seey humm raat bhar ise chalate hain, bunai puraane nritya, haath milaaen aur ack-dusare kii nazaren milaaen jaba taka chaand uda naheen jaataa; humm koodate hain aur jhaagdaar bulbule kaa peechha karate hue, jabaki duniya pareshaniyon seey bharee hui haye aur apani neend mein chintit haye. "door aao, haye maanav bachche!" "paani aur jangal" "ack ferry key saath, haath mein haath"," "duniya aapse adhik rone seey bharee haye" "samajh mein aaa sakata haye." jahan bahata paani bahata haye glain-kaar key oopar kii pahaadiyon seey, jharanon key beach talabon mein joe ack durlabh taaraa nahla sakata thaa, humm neend mein rahane vaale trout kii talash mein hain aur unake kaanon mein fusfusaate hue unhein shaant sapane dein; dheere seey jhukana furn seey joe apane aansuu chhodate hain yuva dhaaraon key oopar. "door aao, haye maanav bachche!" "paani aur jangal" "ack ferry key saath, haath mein haath"," "duniya aapse adhik rone seey bharee haye" "samajh mein aaa sakata haye." vaha hamaare saath chalaa jaa rhaa haye, gambhir aankho vaalaah vaha abb aur cumm naheen sunega germ pahaadi parr bachhadon key yaa hobb parr ketli usake seene mein shaanti gaao, yaa braun choohon key bobb koo dekhein daliya-chhaati koo goal aur goal karein. "kyonki vaha aataa haye, maanav bachcha"," "paani aur jangal" "ack ferry key saath, haath mein haath"," "ack aisee duniya seey joe usase bhee zyaadaa row rahee haye" "samajh mein aaa sakata haye."

oisin mattu itara kavitegala aledaaduvikegalu/kalavu maadida magu Â../king galna hucchutana/ ../nirinalli ondu dweepakke/ Â kallina ettarada pradeshavannu ellie mulugisuttade sarovaradalli gupta marah, allie ondu elegalulla dweepawide allie beesuva heraangalu echcharagolluttave arenidravastheya neeru-raatgalu; allie naavu namma fairy vatgalannu maremadiddeve, hannugalinda tumbide mattu kalavu maadida kempu cherrigalu. "oo manava magu, horatu baa!" "neeru mattu kadugalige" "ondu feyariyondige, kaiyalli"," "jagattu nimaginta hecchu alateyinda tumbide" "arthamaadikollabahudu." chandrana belakina aleyu ellie holeyuttade masukaada boodubannada maralugalu, atyanta doorada rosgalinda naavu ratriyidi adannu nadesutteve, haleya nrutyagalannu neyge, kaigalu mattu bereyuva notagalu chandranu haaraaduvavarege; naavu jigidu hogutteve mattu noregala gullegalannu bennattutta, jagattu tondaregalinda tumbide mattu tanna nidreyalli atankakkolagaguttane. "oo manava magu, horatu baa!" "neeru mattu kadugalige" "ondu feyariyondige, kaiyalli"," "jagattu nimaginta hecchu alateyinda tumbide" "arthamaadikollabahudu." ellie aledaaduva neeru hariyuttade glen-kaarina melina bettagalinda, doonigala naduve kolagalli aaa viralaru nakshatravannu snana maadabahudittu, naavu nidrisuttiruva trout annu hudukutteve mattu avara kivigalalli pisuguttutta avarige shaanta kanasugalannu needi; nidhaanavaagi horakke vaaluvudu kanneeru surisuva jarigidagalinda yuva nadigala mele. "oo manava magu, horatu baa!" "neeru mattu kadugalige" "ondu feyariyondige, kaiyalli"," "jagattu nimaginta hecchu alateyinda tumbide" "arthamaadikollabahudu." avanu nammondige hoguttaane, gambhira kannuh avanu innu munde kelagiliyuvudannu keluvudilla becchagina bettada badiyalliruva karugala athawa havalada mele kettle aatana edeyalli shaantiyannu hadutta, athawa kandu iligala baab annu nodi otmeel-edeyannu suttu maadi. "ekendare avanu baruttaane, manava magu"," "neeru mattu kadugalige" "ondu feyariyondige, kaiyalli"," "aataniginta hecchu aluva prapanchadinda" "arthamaadikollabahudu."

oysinum mattu kavithakalum/moshticha kuttiyum Â../king golinte bhrant/ ../vellathile oru dveepilekku/ Â paarakkettukalulla malambradesham evideyaanu mungunnath thadaakatthile maram, avide oru elapozhiyum dweep undu. chaadunna heronukal unarunna sthalam urakkathil vellam-kraattukal; avide njangal njangalude fairy vattukal marachu. niraye sarasafalangal koodaathe moshticha ettavum chuvanna cherikalum. "manushyaputhrane, nee poow!" "vellathilekkum kattilekkum" "oru fairy, kaiyil kaikondu"," "kaaranam eee lokam ningalekkaal karachil niranjathaanu". "" "manassilakum." chandraprakaashatthinte tharamgam thilangunna sthalam mangiya chaaraniratthilulla manal velichathodoppam, ettavum akaleyulla rosukal ratri muzhuvan njangal athu pinthudarunnu, pazhaya nrithangal neythedukkuka, kaikalum annukalum koodicherunnu chandran parakkunnath vare; nammal chaadunna idathekku nurayulla kumilakale pinthudarukayum, lokam prasnangalaal niranjirikkumbol urakkathil uthkandaakulanaayirikkunnu. "manushyaputhrane, nee poow!" "vellathilekkum kattilekkum" "oru fairy, kaiyil kaikondu"," "kaaranam eee lokam ningalekkaal karachil niranjathaanu". "" "manassilakum." evideyaanu alanjuthiriyunna vellam ozhukunnathu glen-kaarinu mukalilulla kunnukalil ninnu, thirakkukalkidayilulla kulangalil oru nakshathrathe kulikkaan kazhiyunna apoorvvar, njangal urangunna troutine thirayunnu avarude cheviyil manthrichukondirikkum cheiyunnu. avarkk nisshabdamaaya swapnangal nalkuka; pathukke puratthekku kuninjukondu kannuneer ozhikkunna fernukalil ninnu yuva neerchaalukalkku mukaliloode. "manushyaputhrane, nee poow!" "vellathilekkum kattilekkum" "oru fairy, kaiyil kaikondu"," "kaaranam eee lokam ningalekkaal karachil niranjathaanu". "" "manassilakum." avan nammodukoode pookunnu. gauravamulla kannukal avan inii thaazhott kelkkilla choodulla kunnin mukalile kaalakkuttikalude allengil hobil kettil avante nenjilekku samadhaanam paaduka. allengil braun elikal bob kaanuka oats nench vrithiyaakki vrithiyaakkuka. "kaaranam, manushyaputranaaya avan varunnu"," "vellathilekkum kattilekkum" "oru fairy, kaiyil kaikondu"," "avanekkaal karachil niranja oru lokathil ninnu" "manassilakum."

osin aanee itar kavita/choralelya mulachi bhatkanti Â../king goalcha vedepana/ ../panyatil eka betavar/ Â jethe khadkal dongral pradesh budato talavatil gupt lakud, tithe eka pananche bett aahe jithe fadfadnanya bagale jaage hotat zopechya panyache thurr; tithe aamhi aamche fairy watt lapavale aahet, falanni bharaleli aanee sarvat laal choralelya cherry. "manav mulah, nighun jaa!" "paanee aanee jangalasathi" "eka ferries, hatat haat ghaloon"," "kaaran jug tujhyapeksha jaast radnyane bharalele aahe". "" "samajoon gheu shakato." jithe chandrachya prakashachi laat chamakate mand rakhadi valoo prakashasah, sarvat durchya gulabachya zadanni aamhi ratrabhar chalato, budit nrutye vinane, haat aanee najaret misalane chandra udato toparyant; aamhi udya marat jaato aanee zinkyukt budbudyancha pathlag karat, jug sankatanni bharalele asatana aanee zopet chintet asato. "manav mulah, nighun jaa!" "paanee aanee jangalasathi" "eka ferries, hatat haat ghaloon"," "kaaran jug tujhyapeksha jaast radnyane bharalele aahe". "" "samajoon gheu shakato." jithe bhatkanare paanee vahate glain-karchya varchya tekdyanvarun, gardichya darmyan talavat joou durmil taara aanghol karoo shakat hota, aamhi zopet asalelya troutchya shodhat aahot aanee tyanchya kanat kujbujat tyanna shant swapne dya; halooch baher jhukane ashru sodananya furnmadhun tarun pravahanvar. "manav mulah, nighun jaa!" "paanee aanee jangalasathi" "eka ferries, hatat haat ghaloon"," "kaaran jug tujhyapeksha jaast radnyane bharalele aahe". "" "samajoon gheu shakato." too aamchyasobat nighun jaato, gambhir doleh tyala aata qamee aavaj aikoo yenar nahee ubdar tekadivar vasare kinwa hobvaril ketali tyachya chhatimadhye shantee gaa, kinwa tapkiri under bobb pahaa otamilachya chhatila goal aanee goal qaraa. "kaaran too yeto, manvi mool"," "paanee aanee jangalasathi" "eka ferries, hatat haat ghaloon"," "tyachyapeksha jaast radnanya jagatoon" "samajoon gheu shakato."

oisin rar anya kawitaharu/chori bhaeko bachchako bhatakai â../raja galko pagalpan/ ../panima euta tapuma/ â jahaan chattanko uccha bhumi dubchha talma raheko gupta kathko, tyahan euta patdar tapu chha jahaan faharaune bagula uthchan susti pani-cretharu; tyahan hamile hamro fairy watharu lukaeka chhaun, falafulle bharieko rar sabaibhanda rato chori garieka cheriharu. "dur aunuhos, hey manav balak!" "pani rar jungley" "euta ferry liera, hatma haat rakhera"," "sansar tapainbhanda badhi roirahanda bharieko chha" "bujhna sakchha." jahaan chandramako lahar chamkanchha ujyalosanga misieko khairo baluwa, sabaibhanda tadha rasdwara hammy ratbhari yasalai chalaunchhaun, bunai purano nritya, haat rar misaune najarharu jabasamma chandramale udan linchha; hammy ufrera janchhaun anie jhagka bulbuleharuko pachhi lagnuhos, jabki sansar samasyaharule bharieko chha anie afno nidrama chintit hunchha. "dur aunuhos, hey manav balak!" "pani rar jungley" "euta ferry liera, hatma haat rakhera"," "sansar tapainbhanda badhi roirahanda bharieko chha" "bujhna sakchha." jahaan ghumne pani bagchha glen-carr mathiko pahadbata, bhidbhadka bichma pokhariharuma tyo durlabhle taralai nuhauna sakchha, hammy nidra jaane trout khojchhaun anie tiniharuko kanma fusafusaundai tiniharulai shanta sapanaharu dinuhos; bistarai bahira jhukeko fernharubata jasle afna aansuharu khasalchha yuwa dharaharumathi. "dur aunuhos, hey manav balak!" "pani rar jungley" "euta ferry liera, hatma haat rakhera"," "sansar tapainbhanda badhi roirahanda bharieko chha" "bujhna sakchha." hamisangai uu jandaichha, gambhir aankhaaharuh usale ab cum hune kura sunna paune chhaina tato pahadma bachhoharuko wa habma ketley unko chhatima shanti gaunuhos, wa brauna maus bub hernuhos otamilko chhatilai goal rar goal garnuhos. "kinki uu aunchha, manav balak"," "pani rar jungley" "euta ferry liera, hatma haat rakhera"," "unibhanda badhi roirahane sansarbata" "bujhna sakchha."

oisin ebong anyanya kabita/chori hoithiba sisura bhraman Â.../raja galnka pagalami/ ..../paani bhitare eka dwepaku/ Â jeunthare pathara pahadaku budijae hradare lugapathara kaath, sethare eka patrajukta dwepa rahichhi. jeunthare phanaphana karuthiba banuaa jagrata hue nidrita jala-raat; sethare aame ammer feyari bhaat luchai rakhichhu, phalare paripurna ebong sabutharu laal choria cherry. "chaliah, hey manab shishu!" "jala ebong jangalaku" "eka ferry sahita, haatare haata"," "kaaran dunia tum apekhya adhika kanduchhi" "" "bujhiparibi." jeunthare chandra aloka taranga jhalasithae aloka sahita dhusara balira mlan, duratama roses dwara aame saaraa raati ehaaku paadare rakhithau, buniba puruna nrutya, haata mishaiba ebong aakhi mishaiba chandra udaana neba parjyanta; aame deinchhu ebong jhipi budabudagudiku pichha karantu, jetebele dunia samasyare bhari rahichhi ebong shay niz nidrare chintita. "chaliah, hey manab shishu!" "jala ebong jangalaku" "eka ferry sahita, haatare haata"," "kaaran dunia tum apekhya adhika kanduchhi" "" "bujhiparibi." jeunthi paani ghoori buluchhi glen-carr upare thiba pahadaru, bhida madhyare pokhareere jeun durlabh byakti eka taaraa snan kariparibe, aame soithiba trout khojuchhu ebong semananka kaanare physphis kare semananku neerab swapna dia; dheere dheere baharaku jhukiba pharnaru jaahaa semananka luh pakaithae juba srotagudika upare. "chaliah, hey manab shishu!" "jala ebong jangalaku" "eka ferry sahita, haatare haata"," "kaaran dunia tum apekhya adhika kanduchhi" "" "bujhiparibi." shay aama sahita chalijauchhi, gambhira chakhyuh shay aau nimnagamee sabda shunibe naahin ushma pahadara parsware thiba bachhureemananka madhyaru kimba hub upare ketley taanka chhatire shanti gaana karantu, kimba badami moosha bub dekhantu oat miel-chhatiku goal ebong goal karantu . "kaaran shay aasuchhi, manab shishu"," "jala ebong jangalaku" "eka ferry sahita, haatare haata"," "taanka thaaru adhika kanduthiba duniaaru" "" "bujhiparibi."

oisin atey horr kavitavan/chori hoye bacche dee bhatkan Â../king goal daa pagalpan/ ../paanee witch ikk tapu takk/ Â kitthe pathardar highland dubbda haii jheel witch lakkad dee lutt, itthe ikk pattedar tapu haii jitthe fadhi maaran vaale bakkariaan jagdian hunn sutte paanee dey-grates; utthe aseen aapne ferry vaatan noon lukaiaa haii, beriaan naal bharpur atey sabh toon chori hoee charries. "door aaa, heey manukkhi bacche!" "panian atey jangli" "hatth witch hatth paa keey, ikk ferry naal"," "sansar tuhade naalon ziaada ronn naal bhariaa hoiaa haii" "samajh sakda haan." jitthe chandrama dee lahir chamkadi haii dhundli slaty rait, sabh toon door ross duaara aseen saaree raat iss noon chalaunde haan, buddhe naach bunayi, hatthan noon milauna atey milaun valiaan nazaran jadon takk chandrama uddada haii; aseen uthade-jaande haan atey jhagg vaale bulbale daa pichha crow, jadon kii sansar musibat naal bhariaa hoiaa haii atey aapni neend witch chintat haii. "door aaa, heey manukkhi bacche!" "panian atey jangli" "hatth witch hatth paa keey, ikk ferry naal"," "sansar tuhade naalon ziaada ronn naal bhariaa hoiaa haii" "samajh sakda haan." jitthe paanee ghumda haii glain-qaar dey upparliaan pahadiaan toon, bheed dey vichkaar pool witch uh durlabh ikk taara naha sakda see, aseen sutte hoye trout dee bhaal karde haan atey uhanan dey kannan witch fusfusaunde hoye uhanan noon chupp-chaap supniaan noon janam dio. hauli hauli jhukna farnan toon joe aapne hanjhu suttde hunn naujwan nadiaan dey uppar. "door aaa, heey manukkhi bacche!" "panian atey jangli" "hatth witch hatth paa keey, ikk ferry naal"," "sansar tuhade naalon ziaada ronn naal bhariaa hoiaa haii" "samajh sakda haan." uh saade naal door jaa riha haii, sanjida akkhanon uh hunn horr naheen sunega garam pahadi utte vachhe jaan haub utte kettle uss dee chhaati witch shanti gao, jaan bhure chuhe dey baub noon dekho otmeal-chhaati noon goal atey goal crow. "kiunki uh aaunda haii, manukkhi baccha"," "panian atey jangli" "hatth witch hatth paa keey, ikk ferry naal"," "uss naalon ziaada ronn naal bharee dunia toon" "samajh sakda haan."

osin ityasya anyaanaam kavitaanaam cha bhramanam/choritah baalah asmi../kim goal ityasya unmattata/ ../jalasya madhye dweepam prati/ a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a yatra shilaayuktah ucchabhoomihi nimajjate sarovare gupta-kaashtasya, tatra ekam parnayuktah dweepah asti. yatra flaaping-biruvah jaaganti nidritajala-prakshaalanaani; tatra vayam asmakam ferry-vaat-ityetaani lukuncham. phalaih pooritah. tathaa cha laal-choritanam cherees-ityetaani. "hey maanav-balake, bahihi aagaccha!" "jalam vanyam cha" "ekena ferry ityanena, hastena saha"," "yato heto raage jagatah bhavatah apekshayaa adhikam" iti." "avagantum shaknoti." yatra chandraprakaashasy tarangah prakaashayati. prakaashayuktaah mlan-dhoosar-baalakaah, duratamam rose-vruksham vayam raatrau tatt palayamaha. vruddhaanaam nrutyaanaam nootanaah, hastanam mishranm, hastanam mishranm cha yaavat chandrah uddeeyati; vayam aagacchama cha tathaa cha zaagayuktaanaam budbud-gulmanam anusrutya, yaavat jagatah samasyaih pooritah asti. nidrayam chintitah bhavati. "hey maanav-balake, bahihi aagaccha!" "jalam vanyam cha" "ekena ferry ityanena, hastena saha"," "yato heto raage jagatah bhavatah apekshayaa adhikam" iti." "avagantum shaknoti." yatra paraavartitajalam pravahati. glen-kaar ityasya upari parvateshu, jalasya madhye jalaashaye yah durlabhah nakshatram snaanam kartum shaknoti sma, vayam nidraam kurvataam trat iti anweshayaamah. tathaa teshaam keshu kimvadanti. teshaam nishshabdaswapnaani darshayatu. mruduhu bahihi pravahati. ashruvvaahane cha yavanaani yuvaanaam pravaaheshu. "hey maanav-balake, bahihi aagaccha!" "jalam vanyam cha" "ekena ferry ityanena, hastena saha"," "yato heto raage jagatah bhavatah apekshayaa adhikam" iti." "avagantum shaknoti." saha asmaabhih saha gacchati. netrah. saha adhogamanm naa shrutavaan. ushnaparvate sthitanam shavan athavaa haab ityatra ketlee asti. stane shaantih geetam gaayatu. athavaa braun-maus-baab ityetam pashyatu. ott-meal-chest ityasya vruttam vruttam cha karotu. "yato hii saha aagacchati, maanavah baalah" iti." "jalam vanyam cha" "ekena ferry ityanena, hastena saha"," "tasya apekshayaa adhikam rodanam yukttam jagatah" iti." "avagantum shaknoti."

oisin mattrum pira kavidhaigal/thirudapatta kuzhandhaiyin alaichal Â../king koolin paiththiyam/ ../thanneeril oru theevu/ Â paarai malaiyagaththai engkae moozhkadikkirathu aeriyil ulla marakkandrugal, oru ilaikalaal aana theevu ullathu mithakkum kullangugal engkae vizhikkintrana thookkamaana neer-rods; angku naangkal engkal ferry vaat maraitthuvittoam, berry nirambiya mattrum migavum sivappu niraththil thirudapatta cherri. "manithak kuzhandhaiyae, veliyae vaa!" "thanneerukkum kaadugalukkum" "oru ferriyudan, kaiyil kaii"," "unnai vida ulagam azhugai nirainthathaaga irukkirathu" "purinthukollalaam." sandhira oliyin alai olirum idaththil oliyudan mangalaana saambal manal, vegu tholaivil ulla roas iravu muzhuvathum naam adhai nadakka, pazhaiya nadanangalai nesavu, kaikal kalappathu mattrum kalakkum paarvaikal chandran parakkum varai; naam kuthikka nurai kumizhigalai thuratthich sendru, ulagam prachchanaikalaal nirainthirukkum poathu maelum thookkaththil kavalaippadugiraar. "manithak kuzhandhaiyae, veliyae vaa!" "thanneerukkum kaadugalukkum" "oru ferriyudan, kaiyil kaii"," "unnai vida ulagam azhugai nirainthathaaga irukkirathu" "purinthukollalaam." alainthu thiriyum neer engkae paaikirathu clen-karukku maelae ulla malaikalil irunthu, viraivu koottangalukku idaiyae ulla kulangkalil antha arithaana oru natchaththiratthai kulikka mudiyum, naangkal thoongkum travutaith thaedugiroam avarkalin kaathukalil kisukisukkiraarkal avarkalukku amaithiyattra kanavugalaik kodungal; menmaiyaaga veliyae saainthu kanneeraip pozhiyum fernkalilirunthu ilam neeroadaigal meethu. "manithak kuzhandhaiyae, veliyae vaa!" "thanneerukkum kaadugalukkum" "oru ferriyudan, kaiyil kaii"," "unnai vida ulagam azhugai nirainthathaaga irukkirathu" "purinthukollalaam." avar engkaludan poakiraar, kannaal aanavargal avar inii saththam kaetka mattar soodaana malaiyil ulla kandrugal allathu haap meethu kettil avarathu maarpil amaithiyaip paadungkal, allathu paluppu eligal paap paarkkavum oadmeel-maarbai vattamittu vattamidavum. "aenenil, manithak kuzhandhaiyae, avar varukiraar"," "thanneerukkum kaadugalukkum" "oru ferriyudan, kaiyil kaii"," "avarai vida azhugai niraintha ulagaththilirunththu" "purinthukollalaam."

oisin mariyu itara kavitalu/dongilinchabadina pillala yokka alajadi Â../king goal yokka picchi/ ../neetilo oka dveepam varaku/ Â raathi ettaina bhuubhaagam ekkada munigipotundi sarassulo chettha chekka, akkada oka aakugala dveepam undhi ekkada kottukuntunna herrons melkontaayi nidralo neeti-rots; akkada memu maa phaerii wats daachaamu, berriilatoe nindi untundi mariyu atyanta errati dongilinchabadina cherreelu. "vellipo, maanava sisuvu!" "neeru mariyu adavi" "oka fairytho, chetilo cheyi"," "meekante eee prapancham edupu thoo nindi undhi" "ardham chesukovacchu." chandrakanti tarangam ekkada prakaasistundi masaka budidarangu isuka kaanti thoo, chaalaa dhooram rose raatrantaa memu daanini naduputamu, paatha nrutyaalu neyadam, chetulu kalapadam mariyu kalise chuupulu chandrudu egurutuu unde varaku; memu dookuthaamu mariyu nurugu budagalu vembadinchandi, prapancham kashtaalato nindi undagaa mariyu nidralo aandolana chendutundi. "vellipo, maanava sisuvu!" "neeru mariyu adavi" "oka fairytho, chetilo cheyi"," "meekante eee prapancham edupu thoo nindi undhi" "ardham chesukovacchu." ekkada tirugutunna neeru glen-kaaru paina unna kondala nundi, kolanula madhya aaa arudaina vaaru nakshatraanni snanam cheyagalaru, memu nidristunna trout kosam vetukutunnamu mariyu vaari chevulalo gusagusalaadutuu vaariki nissabda kalalu ivvandi; nemmadigaa vangi kanneellu karche fernla nundi yuva pravaahaala meeda. "vellipo, maanava sisuvu!" "neeru mariyu adavi" "oka fairytho, chetilo cheyi"," "meekante eee prapancham edupu thoo nindi undhi" "ardham chesukovacchu." maatho paatu vellipotaadu, gambheeramaina kalluh athanu ika taggimpu vinadu vecchani kondapai dhoodala ledhaa haab meeda ketil athani rommulo shanti paadandi, ledhaa godhuma elukala baab chudandi votmeal-chaatiini gundramgaa mariyu gundramgaa cheyandi. "endukante athanu vastaadu, maanava bidda"," "neeru mariyu adavi" "oka fairytho, chetilo cheyi"," "ayana kante ekkuva edupu thoo nindina prapancham nundi" "ardham chesukovacchu."

auseen aur deegar nazmon/choori shadah bachay kii bhatkav Â../king gaal kaa paagal punn/ ../paani mein eek jazeeray takk/ Â jehaan pathreeli pahaadi zameen kuu dips kartaa hay jheel mein saleth lakdi kii wahaan eek patoon waala jazirah hay jehaan phainkay hoay bigday jaagtay haine ghanudgi waalay paani kay dhabay vovo wahaan humm nay apnay feeri vits chhapaye haine bair say bharaa hawaa aur sarkh tareen choori shadah cheries. "chull aey ansaan kay bachay!" "paani aur jangal mein" "eek fair kay saath haath mein haath"yee" "keunkah duniya aap say ziyadah ronay say bharee hoyee hay" "" "samajh saktaa hoan." jehaan chaandani kii lehar chamakti hay halki dhandli reeth door tareen raas say humm saaree raat iss parr chaltay haine paraaney raqs bandhna haath milaa kirr aur maksing nazar jabb takk chaand urh naha jaaye vovo humm chhalang lagatay haine aur jhaag daar bulbulon kaa peecha kartay huay jabb kahh duniya preshaniyon say bharee hoyee hay aur apnee naind mein preshan hay. "chull aey ansaan kay bachay!" "paani aur jangal mein" "eek fair kay saath haath mein haath"yee" "keunkah duniya aap say ziyadah ronay say bharee hoyee hay" "" "samajh saktaa hoan." jehaan bhatakta hawaa paani behta hay gleen kaar kay oopar kii pahadiyon say rash kay darmiyan talaabon mein wah kumm hyee eek sataray kuu nahaa saktaa thaa humm sotay hoay trout kii talaash mein haine aur inn kay kaanon mein srgoshi kartay hoay inhein ghair khamush khwaab dikhayein. aahista say baahir jhakaa hawaa inn farnon say juu apnay aanso chhodte haine naujawan nadiyon kay oopar. "chull aey ansaan kay bachay!" "paani aur jangal mein" "eek fair kay saath haath mein haath"yee" "keunkah duniya aap say ziyadah ronay say bharee hoyee hay" "" "samajh saktaa hoan." wah hamaray saath chalaa jaaye gaa neek aankhon waala: wah mazeed kumm nahein sunay gaa garm pahaadi parr bichhadon kay yaa hoob parr cattle iss kay seenay mein aman gaao yaa brown maaos baab kuu dekhein jaalah kay seenay kuu goal aur goal karein. "keunkah wah aataa hay insani bachah"yee" "paani aur jangal mein" "eek fair kay saath haath mein haath"yee" "iss say ziyadah ronay waali duniya say" "samajh saktaa hoan."

00068ad5a5b19056f9363b5d656531361c07820eff765dd6a1fe00614a1fdaa3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10265721

Cream bun

Cream bun Sweet bun with cream filling Variations of cream buns or cream rolls exist all around the world. Typically they are made with an enriched dough bread roll that is split after baking and cooling and filled with cream. Among the numerous international variations are the splits of Devon and Cornwall in southwest England, which are yeasted buns filled with clotted cream, the maritozzi of the Lazio region of Italy, which are enriched buns, made with dried fruit and filled with whipped cream, and the roombroodjes of The Netherlands, which are filled with pastry cream. In Northern Europe, soft buns spiced with cardamom, called semla in Sweden, are eaten on Shrove Tuesday. Another specific national version is the Hong Kong sweet bun. It is one of the most standard pastries in Hong Kong. It can also be found in most Chinatown bakery shops. The bun has either buttercream or whipped cream filling down the middle with coconut sprinkles on the outside. Variations of it include the "Cream Horn", a pastry in a spiral shape, much like a horn, filled with cream. In India cream buns are sold at most bakeries and grocery stores. They have a wide elliptical shape and they are cut in middle along the major axis. Each of the flat bun surfaces on the inside are filled with cream and joined together. In the Country Down region of Northern Ireland, a long cream and jam filled variation is known as a "Sailor's Doodle". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kreem baan kreem baan baa kreem rulor bibhinnota xomogro biswote aase. xadharonote xeibur etaa xomridho aatar bread rolore toiyar koraa hoy jitu backing aaru xitol korar pisot bibhokto koraa hoy aaru krimore bhorai diya hoy. oxongkhyo antohrastriyo boisitryor bhitorot aase dokhyin-poschim englandot debhon aaru kornowalor bibhajon, jibur klo 'tot koraa krimere bhora yistojukto baan, italyr lejio' oncholor marituji, jibur xomridho baan, xukan folore toiyar koraa aaru huip koraa krimere bhora, aaru netherlandor roombruz, jibur pestri krimere bhora hoy. uttor europot, ilasir xoite mosola diya kumol baan, jaak suidenot semola buli kuwa hoy, mongolbare shrubhot khuwa hoy. aan etaa nirdisto rastriyo xongskoron hoh "lo hongkong mithai bonn. ee hongkongro ataitkoi maanok pestriburor bhitorot etaa. iyak besibhag sinataun bekari dukanotu puwa yaay. bontut hoy baatar kreem baa huipped kreem thaake ji bahirot narikol sotiyai majbhag bhorai diye. iyar bibhinnotar bhitorot aase "kreem horno", etaa xorpil aakritir pestri, ji hornor dore, krimore bhora. bharotot kreem banxomuh besibhag bekari aaru gelamalor dukanot bikri koraa hoy. iyar ek bohol upobrittakar aakriti aase aaru iyak mukhyo okhyor kaxot maajot kaati diya hoy. bhitoror protitu xomotol bonn pristho krimore bhorai ekeloge xongzukto koraa hoy.

crim baan crim baan baa crim roler boichitro saaraa bishwe vidyaman. sadharonoto eguli ekti samriddha moydar bread roll diye toiri koraa hoy jaa becking ebong sheetal korar porey bivokto koraa hoy ebong crim diye bhora hoy. asankhya antorjatik boichitrer modhye royeche dakkhin-poschim englander devon ebong cornwaller bibhajan, jaa jomat bandha crim diye bhora easted baan, italir lazio anchaler maritogy, jaa samriddha baan, shukno foll diye toiri ebong huipped crim diye bhora, ebong netherlandser roombroodges, jaa pastry crim diye bhora. uttor europe, suidene semla naame porichito elach diye moshla koraa norom banguli mangalbar shrover diney khaoa hoy. arekti nirdishto jatiya sanskaran holl hongkong mishti baan. etty hongkongyer sabcheye adarsha pastrigulir modhye ekti. etty beshirbhag chinataun bekarir dokaneo pawa yaay. baaner modhye hoy butter crim baa huipped crim thaake jaa majhkhane baire theke narkel chhitiye diye bhora hoy. err boichitrer modhye royeche "crim horn", jaa ekti sarpil akritir pastry, anekta horn-err moto, crim diye bhora. bharte beshirbhag bekari ebong mudi dokane crim baan bikri hoy. egulir ekti proshosto upobrittakar akriti royeche ebong eguli prodhan akkho borabor majhkhane kaata hoy. protiti samtal baan pristho crim diye bhora hoy ebong eksange jukto hoy.

cream bunn cream buns athavaa cream rollsnee vividhtao samagr vishvamaa astitvamaa chhe. saamanya reete teo samruddh looat bread rolthee banavvama aave chhe jeey pakaavya pachhi aneey thandu karyaa pachhi vibhajit thaay chhe aneey kreemthi bharvama aave chhe. asankhya aantarrashtriy vividhtaoma dakshinpashchim englandma devon aneey cornwallna vibhajanno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey ganthai gayelee kreemthi bharela yeasted buns chhe, italyna lezio pradeshnaa maritosy, jeey samruddh buns chhe, sookaa mevathi banelaa aneey whipped kreemthi bharela chhe, aneey netherlandnaa roombroods, jeey pastry kreemthi bharela chhe. uttar europema, elchi saathe masaledar naram buns, jene sweedenma semla kahevaay chhe, teey shrove mangalvaare khavama aave chhe. anya chokkas raashtriy sanskaran hongkong sweet bunn chhe. teey hongkongma sauthee pramanbhut pastriomaanee aek chhe. teey motabhagni chinatown bekareeni dukanoma pann malee shake chhe. banmaa kaan too butter cream hoya chhe athavaa whipped cream hoya chhe jeey vachchethi bahaar naliyerna chhantkavthi bharee deey chhe. tenee vividhtaoma "cream horna" noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey sarpakar aakaarni pastry chhe, jeey hornnee jaim, kreemthi bharelee hoya chhe. bharatma cream buns motabhagni bekareeo aneey kareeyanani dukanoma vechaay chhe. teo vishaal lambgol aakaar dharaave chhe aneey teo mukhya aksh saathe madhyamaa kapvama aave chhe. andarni darek sapaat bunn sapaateeo kreemthi bharelee hoya chhe aneey aek saathe jodaayelee hoya chhe.

cream bunn cream buns yaa cream roll kii vividhataaen duniya bhar mein maujood hain. aam taur parr way ack samriddh aataa bread roll key saath banaae jaate hain jise becking aur thandaa karane key baad vibhajit kiya jaataa haye aur cream seey bharaa jaataa haye. kaee antarrashtriya vividhataon mein dakshin-paschim ingland mein devon aur cornwall key vibhajan shamil hain, joe thakkedar cream seey bharey khameer vaale buns hain, itali key lezio kshetra key maritzi, joe samriddh buns hain, sookhe mevon seey baney aur wheeped cream seey bharey hue hain, aur neetherland key roombroodjes, joe pastery cream seey bharey hue hain. uttari europe mein, ilayachi key saath masaledar naram buns, jinhen sweeden mein semla kahaa jaataa haye, mangalwar koo shrove mein khaae jaate hain. ack anya vishisht rashtriya sanskaran hangkang mithaai bunn haye. yeh hangkang mein sabse maanak pastery mein seey ack haye. yeh adhikansh chinatown bekari kii dukaanon mein bhee paaya jaa sakata haye. bunn mein yaa tou butter cream hoti haye yaa beach mein baahar kii or narial key chhidkaav seey bharee hui wheeped cream hoti haye. isaki vividhataon mein "cream horn" shamil haye, joe ack sarpil aakar mein ack pastery haye, joe ack horn kii tarah haye, joe cream seey bharaa huaa haye. bhaarat mein cream key buns adhikansh bekari aur kiraane kii dukaanon parr beche jaate hain. inca aakar chauda andakar hotaa haye aur inhen pramukh aksh key saath beach mein kaataa jaataa haye. ander kii pratyek sapaat bunn satah cream seey bharee hoti haye aur ack saath judee hoti haye.

kene bunn kene buns athawa kene rolgala vaividhyagalu prapanchadaadyanta astitvadallive. samanyavagi avugalannu samruddha hittina bread rolininda tayaarisalaaguttade, adannu beyisida nantara mattu tampaada nantara vibhajisalaaguttade mattu kene tumbisalaaguttade. halavaaru antaaraashtriya vyatyaasagalalli nairtya englendnalliruva devon mattu cornwalln vibhajanegalive, avu heppugattida kene tumbida yeast maadida bangalu, italiya lazio pradeshada maaritojhi, ivu samruddha bangalaagive, onagida hannugalinda tayaarisalaaguttade mattu koreyalaada kene tumbiruttade, mattu netherlands naa roombroodjgalu, ivu pastery kene tumbiruttave. uttara europnalli, elakkige masale padaarthagalannu hondiruva sweedannalli semla endu kareyalaaguva mrudu bangalannu shrove mangalavaaradandu tinnalaaguttade. mattondu nirdishta rashtriya aavruttiyendare hong kong sihi bunn. idu hangkangna atyanta pramanita pastrigalalli ondaagide. idannu hecchina chinatown bekari angadigalalliy kaanabahudu. bunn benneya kene athawa madhyadalli tenginakayi simpadaneyinda tumbida koreyalaada kene hondide. adara vyatyaasagalalli "kene kombu", suruliyakarada aakaaradalliruva pastery, kombinanteye, kene tumbiruttade. bhaaratadalli kene bangalannu hecchina bekarigalu mattu kirani angadigalli marata maadalaaguttade. avu vishaalavaada andaakaarada aakaaravannu hondiruttave mattu avugalannu pramukha akshada uddakkoo madhyadalli kattarisalaaguttade. olabhaagadalliruva pratiyondu chappateyaada bunn melmaigalu kene tumbiruttave mattu ottige jodisalpattiruttave.

cream bunn malaichya buns kinwa malaichya rolche prakar jagbharat astitvat aahet. samanyatah teey samruddha pith bread rolane tayar kele jaatat jeey baking aanee thund kelyanantar vibhajit kele jaate aanee malaine bharale jaate. anek aantarrashtriy prakaranmadhye nairutya englandmadhil devon aanee cornwallche vibhajan, jeey guthalya malaine bharalele yeast kelele buns aahet, italichya lazio pradeshatil maritosy, jeey samruddha buns aahet, valalelya falanni tayar kelele aanee koradya malaine bharalele aanee netherlandsmadhil roombroodjes, jeey pastery malaine bharalele aahet. uttar europemadhye veldodyasah masaledar mauu buns, jyanna sweedenmadhye semla mhanatat, teey mangalvari shrovchya divashi khalle jaatat. aanakhi eka vishisht rashtriy aavrutti mhanje hongkong sweet bunn. hongkongmadhil sarvat pramanit pastripacky hii eka aahe. bahutek chinaton bekari dukananmadhyehi teey aadhalu shakate. banmadhye ektar lonichi malai kinwa chabook ghataleli malai asate jee madhomadh baheroon naralachya favaranisah bharate. tyachya vividh prakaranmadhye "cream horn", eka sarpil aakarachi pastery, agadi hornsarkhi, malaine bharaleli asate. bharatat bahutek bekari aanee kirana dukananmadhye malaiche buns vikale jaatat. tyancha aakar rund lambvartulakar asato aanee teey mukhya akshasah madhyabhagi kapale jaatat. aateel pratyek sapat bunn prushthbhag malaine bharalela asato aanee ekatra jodala jaato.

crim bunn cream buns wa cream rolko vividhataharu sansarbhari awasthit chhan. samanyataya tiniharu ek samridha pitho roti rolbata banainchha june pakaera rar chiso garepachhi vibhajit hunchha rar krimle bharincha. dherai antarrashtriya bhinnataharu madhye dakshinapashchim englandma debhan rar karnawalko vibhajanharu chhan, june thakka krimle bharieka khamir bansharu hun, italyko lazio kshetrako maritogy, june sukkha falale baneko rar whipped krimle bharieko, rar netherlandska rumbrudzharu hun, june pastery krimle bharieka hunchhan. uttari europema, alainchiko masalama banaieka naram bansharu, jaslai swidenma semla bhaninchha, mangalbar shrobhma khainchha. arko wishishta rashtriya sanskaran hangkang mithai bunn how. yo hangkangko sabaibhanda manak pestriharu madhye ek how. yo dheraijaso chainatauna bekari pasalharuma pani pauna sakinchha. banma yaa tata butter crim hunchha wa bichma bahira nariwal chharkera bharne whipped cream hunchha. yasako vividhatama "crim hearn" samawesh chha, sarpil akarko pastery, dherai hadasamma hearn jastai, krimle bharieko. bharatma crim bansharu dheraijaso bekariharu rar kirana pasalharuma bechinchhan. tiniharusanga farakilo andakar akar hunchha rar tiniharu pramukh akshako sath bichma katinchhan. bhitraka pratyek samatal bunn satahaharu krimle bharieka hunchhan rar eksath jodieka hunchhan.

cream bunn samagra bisware bibhinna prakarara cream bunn kimba cream roll rahichhi. sadharanatah segudika eka samruddha ataa bread rolare tiari hoithae, jaahaa beking ebong thanda kariba parey bibhakta hoithae ebong krimare bhartti hoithae. aneka antarjatija bhinnata madhyare dakhina-paschima englandare devon ebong karnawal bibhajan, jaahaa rakta jamata bandhin krimare bhartti yisted bunn, italyra lazio anchalara maritogy, jaahaa samruddha bunn, shukhila phalare tiari ebong huipped krimare bhartti, ebong netherlander roombroods, jaahaa pestry krimare bhartti . uttara juropare, aleicha sahita masala hoithiba naram buns, jaahaaku swidenare semla kuhajae, mangalabara deane khaanti . anya eka nirdista jatiah sanskarana heuchhi hangakanga mitha bunn . ehaa hangakangara sabutharu manaka pestry madhyaru gotie . ehaa adhikansha chainataun bekeri dokanare madhya milithae. bunn ray butter cream kimba huipped cream thaae jaahaa majhire nadia chhinchiba sahita bahare bhartti hue . ehara bibhinnata madhyare "cream hern" antarbhukta, eka sarpil aakrutira eka pestry, eka hern pari, krimare bhartti . bharatare adhikansha bekeri ebong grocery store cream bunn bikri hue . egudikara eka prasasta upabruttakara aakruti rahichhi ebong segudiku mukhya akshare majhire kaati diajae. bhitara patare thiba pratyeka flat bunn prustha krimare bhartti hoi ekathi jodi hoi rahithae.

kareem bunn kareem bunn jaan kareem rolls deeaan bhinntavan dunia bharr witch maujood hunn. aam taur utte uh ikk ameer aate dey bread roll naal banaae jaande hunn joe baking atey thanda curran toon baad vandiaa jaanda haii atey kareem naal bhariaa jaanda haii. kaee antarashtari bhinntavan witch dakkhan-pachmi england witch daven atey karanwal dey vandd shamal hunn, joe kii thakkedar kareem naal bharey khameer vaale bunn hunn, itali dey lezio khetar dey maritzi, joe kii khushak bunn hunn, sukke meviaan naal baney atey corde vaali kareem naal bharey hoye hunn, atey needarlands dey roombroods, joe pastery kareem naal bharey hoye hunn. uttri yoorap witch, ilaichi naal masaledar naram bunn, jiss noon sweden witch semla kiha jaanda haii, noon mangalwar noon khaadha jaanda haii. ikk horr vishesh rashtari sanskaran haang kaang mittha bunn haii. ih haang kaang witch sabh toon miaari pestariaan vicchon ikk haii. ih ziaadaatar chinatown bekari dukanan witch vee paaiaa jaa sakda haii. bunn witch jaan taan butter kareem hundi haii jaan whipped kareem hundi haii joe baahron narial dey chhidkaa naal maddh witch bhardi haii. iss deeaan bhinntavan witch "kareem sing" shamal haii, ikk chakkardar shakal witch ikk pastery, ikk sing wang, kareem naal bharee hoee. bharat witch kareem bunn ziaadaatar bekariaan atey kariaane deeaan dukanan utte veche jaande hunn. uhanan dee ikk viaapak andakar shakal hundi haii atey uhanan noon pramukh dhure dey naal vichkaar kattiaa jaanda haii. andarle paase harek flat bunn satah kareem naal bharee hoee haii atey ikkathe judee hoee haii.

kreem bunn kreem-buns athavaa kreem-rolls ityetayoho vividhataah sampoorne vishve santi. samanyataya te samruddhena pishtena rutee-rollen nirmeeyante, yat becking-shitalatayaha anantaram vibhajya kreem ityanena pooryate. nairutya-england-deshasya devon-carnwall-ityetayoho vibhaajaneshu, raktasraavayukta-kreem ityanena pooritaah yeast-buns, itali-deshasya lezio-pradeshasya maritogy, ye samruddha-buns santi, shushkaphalaih nirmitaani, wheep-kreem ityanena pooritaani, netherlands-deshasya roombroodjes cha pastery-kreem ityanena pooritaah santi. uttar-europe-deshe, sweeden-deshe semlaa iti namna khyataha elakkiyena mitam mrudu-buns ityete shrove-mangalavaasare khaadyante. anyat vishishtam rashtriyam samskaranam haang-kaang-sweet-bunn iti asti. haang-kaang-deshasya sarvaadhika-maanak-pasteries-madhye etat anyatam asti. adhikaamsheshu chainaataun-bekaari-bhandaareshu api etat drushyate. bunn ityasmin, bahihi narikel-sprinkalaih madhyabhaage pooritam butter-kreem athavaa wheeped-kreem bhavati. asya vividhataasu "kreem-haarn" iti sarpila-aakrutyaah pastery, praayah haarn-sadrusham, kreem-yuktam asti. bhaarate adhikaamsheshu bekaree-madhye, upaskaradidravyanam cha bhandaareshu kreem-buns vikreeyante. teshaam vistrutah andaakaarah aakaarah asti, te pramukha-akshasya madhyabhaage cha kataah santi. antah sthitaani pratyekam samatal-bunn-prushtabhaagaah kreem ityanena pooritaah, samyuktaah cha bhavanti.

gream puunn gream pankal allathu gream rollsin maarupaadugal ulagam muzhuvathum ullana. podhuvaaga avai oru serivoottappatta maavup pirat roalaal thayaarikkappadugindrana, avai backing mattrum kulirchchiyadaintha piragu prikkappattu gream nirappappadugindrana. pala sarvadesa maarupaadugalil thenmaerku englaanththil ulla devon mattrum cornwall pilavugal adangkum, avai uraithal gream nirappapatta eest seiyappatta pankal, itaaliyin lassio piraanthiyaththin mauritosi, avai serivoottappatta pankal, ularntha palangkalaal thayaarikkappattu, koalai gream nirappapattu, netherlandin roombroodjgal, avai bastry gream nirappappadugindrana. vadakku iroappaavil, sweedenil semla endru azhaikkappadum aelakkaai masala seiyappatta menmaiyaana pankal shrove sevvaayandru saappidappadugindrana. mattroru kuripitta thaesiya pathippu hangaong inippu puunn aagum. idhu haangaangkil migavum nilaiyaana paestrikalil ontraakum. perumpaalaana seena down backery kadaikalilum idhaik kanalaam. panil vennai gream allathu vippat gream ullathu, idhu naduvil velippuraththil thengaai thelippukaludan nirappappadukirathu. adhan maarupaadugal "gream haarn", oru suzhal vadivaththil oru bastry, oru kombu poantrathu, gream nirappappattathu. inthiyaavil gream pankal perumpaalaana paekkarigal mattrum maligaik kadaigalil virkappadugindrana. avai oru parantha neelvatta vadivaththaik kondullana, maelum avai mukiya achil naduvil vettappadugindrana. ullae ulla thattaiyaana puunn maerparappugal ovvondrum gream nirappapattu ontraaka inaikkappadugindrana.

cream bunn cream buns ledhaa cream rolls yokka vaividhyaalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unnaayi. saadhaaranamgaa veetini samruddhiga unde pindi rotte roltho tayaaru chestaaru, idhi baking mariyu challabarachina tarvaata vibhajinchabadutundi mariyu creamtho nimpabadutundi. aneka antarjaateeya vaividhyaalalo nairuti inglaandlooni devon mariyu cornwall yokka vibhajanalu, ivi gaddakattina creamtho nindina eest chesina buns, italeelooni lazio praantaaniki chendina maritogy, ivi susampannamaina buns, endina pandlatho tayaaru cheyabadinavi mariyu koradaatho nindina creamtho, mariyu netherlandsloni roombroodges, ivi pastery creamtho nindi untaayi. uttara airopalo, sweedanlo semla anie piluvabade elakulato masala dinusulu gala mruduvaina bansnu shrove mangalavaaram naadu tintaaru. maroka nirdishta jaateeya version hankong sweet bunn. idhi hankangloni atyanta praamaanika paestreelaloo okati. idhi chaalaa chinatown bakery shaapulalo kooda kanipistundi. banlo venna cream ledhaa koradaatho chesina cream untundi, madhyalo bayata kobbari challadam untundi. daani vaividhyaalalo "cream horn", oka kommu laaga, oka kommu aakaaramlo, kreemutho nindina pastery unnaayi. bhaaratadesamlo chaalaa varaku bekareelu mariyu kirana dukaanaalaloo cream buns vikrayinchabadataayi. avi vistruta deerghavruttaakaara aakaraanni kaligi untaayi mariyu avi pradhana aksham venta madhyalo kattirinchabadataayi. lopali bhaagamlo unna prati chadunaina bunn uparitalaalu kreemutho nindi untaayi mariyu kalisi untaayi.

cream bunn cream bunn yaa cream roll kii mukhtalif qasmein poori duniya mein mojud haine. aam toor parr wah eek bharpur aatay kay roty kay roll say banaye jaatay haine juu backing aur thandaa karnay kay baad taqsim kiyaa jaataa hay aur cream say bharaa hotaa hay. mutadid beenn alaqwami taghiraat mein janub maghrabi england mein devon aur kaaran waal kay takday haine juu kahh jamnay waali cream say bharay khameer waalay bunn haine atlee kay lazio elaqay kay meritozi juu kahh afzudah bunn haine khashak mewe say banay aur koday hoay cream say bharay hoay haine aur netherlands kay rombroads juu pestry cream say bharay hoay haine. shamali europ mein alaichi kay saath masalay daar naram bunn jasay sweaden mein simala kahaa jaataa hay mangal kuu sharoo parr khaye jaatay haine. eek aur makhsus qomi warzan haang kaang sweet bunn hay. yaha haang kaang kii sabb say mayari pestriyon mein say eek hay. yaha ziyadah tarr cheena town bekari kii dukanon mein bhee paaya jaa saktaa hay. bunn mein yaa tuu butter cream hoti hay yaa beach mein baahir kii taraf naril kay chhadaknay say bharnay waali weaped cream hoti hay. iss kii mukhtalif haalaton mein "cream haarn" shaamil hay juu eek sarpal shakal mein eek pestry hay juu eek seeng kii tarah hay juu cream say bharee hoyee hay. hindustan mein cream bunn ziyadah tarr bekariyon aur karyanah kii dukanon parr farokhat hotay haine. inn kii eek wasee alpatikal shakal hoti hay aur inhein baday mahur kay saath beach mein kaataa jaataa hay. andar kii harr fleet bunn kii satah cream say bharee hoti hay aur eek saath jadee hoti hay.

00068ae8c10faed7367a4d0c9fbfbe88247ee7dc78adfd437ebe36a999df7730

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23872515

Willets Point - Shea Stadium (IRT Flushing Line)

Willets Point - Shea Stadium (IRT Flushing Line)

willets point-shiya stadium (aaee. aar. tii. flushing line)

willets point-sheeya stadium (aay. aar. tii. flushing line)

wilts point-shia stadium (aai. aarr. tii. flusing line)

willets ank-shiaa stadium (aaee. aar. tii. flushing line)

00068c90989c692a2ea429924e0fc29be5bcee1300a931a4197d09dbcad15a01

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6768103

Intrabeam scattering

Intrabeam scattering Intrabeam scattering (IBS) is an effect in accelerator physics where collisions between particles couple the beam emittance in all three dimensions. This generally causes the beam size to grow. In proton accelerators, intrabeam scattering causes the beam to grow slowly over a period of several hours. This limits the luminosity lifetime. In circular lepton accelerators, intrabeam scattering is counteracted by radiation damping, resulting in a new equilibrium beam emittance with a relaxation time on the order of milliseconds. Intrabeam scattering creates an inverse relationship between the smallness of the beam and the number of particles it contains, therefore limiting luminosity. The two principal methods for calculating the effects of intrabeam scattering were done by Anton Piwinski in 1974 and James Bjorken and Sekazi Mtingwa in 1983. The Bjorken-Mtingwa formulation is regarded as being the most general solution. Both of these methods are computationally intensive. Several approximations of these methods have been done that are easier to evaluate, but less general. These approximations are summarized in "Intrabeam scattering formulas for high energy beams" by K. Kubo "et al." Intrabeam scattering rates have a formula_1 dependence. This means that its effects diminish with increasing beam energy. Other ways of mitigating IBS effects are the use of wigglers, and reducing beam intensity. Transverse intrabeam scattering rates are sensitive to dispersion. Intrabeam scattering is closely related to the Touschek effect. The Touschek effect is a lifetime based on intrabeam collisions that result in both particles being ejected from the beam. Intrabeam scattering is a risetime based on intrabeam collisions that result in momentum coupling. Bjorken–Mtingwa formulation. The betatron growth rates for intrabeam scattering are defined as, formula_2, formula_3, formula_4. The following is general to all bunched beams, formula_5, where formula_6, formula_7, and formula_8 are the momentum spread, horizontal, and vertical are the betatron growth times. The angle brackets <...> indicate that the integral is averaged around the ring. formula_9 formula_10 formula_11 formula_12 formula_13 formula_14 formula_15 formula_16 Definitions: formula_17 is the classical radius of the particle formula_18 is the speed of light formula_19 is the number of particles per bunch formula_20 is velocity divided by the speed of light formula_21 is energy divided by mass formula_22 and formula_23 is the betatron function and its derivative, respectively formula_24 and formula_25 is the dispersion function and its derivative, respectively formula_26 is the emittance formula_27 is the bunch length formula_28 is the momentum spread formula_29 and formula_30 are the minimum and maximum impact parameters. The minimum impact parameter is the closest distance of approach between two particles in a collision. The maximum impact parameter is the largest distance between two particles such that their trajectories are unaltered by the collision. The maximum impact parameter should be taken to be the minimum beam size. See for some analysis of the Coulomb log and support for this result. formula_31 is the minimum scattering angle. Equilibrium and growth rate sum rule. IBS can be seen as a process in which the different "temperatures" try to equilibrate. The growth rates would be zero in the case that which the factor of formula_21 coming from the Lorentz transformation. From this equation, we see that due to the factor of formula_21, the longitudinal is typically much "colder" than the transverse. Thus, we typically get growth in the longitudinal, and shrinking in the transverse. One may also the express conservation of energy in IBS in terms of the Piwinski invariant where formula_36. Above transition, with just IBS, this implies that there is no equilibrium. However, for the case of radiation damping and diffusion, there is certainly an equilibrium. The effect of IBS is to cause a change in the equilibrium values of the emittances. Inclusion of coupling. In the case of a coupled beam, one must consider the evolution of the coupled eiqenemittances. The growth rates are generalized to formula_37 Measurement and comparison with Theory. Intrabeam scattering is an important effect in the proposed "ultimate storage ring" light sources and lepton damping rings for International Linear Collider (ILC) and Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). Experimental studies aimed at understanding intrabeam scattering in beams similar to those used in these types of machines have been conducted at KEK, CesrTA, and elsewhere. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aantohbim bischuron aantohbim bikhyepon (ibs) hoise tworok podartho bigyanor ek probhab zo 'too konaxomuhor maajot huwa xonghorxoi tiniuta matrat beem nirgomonor xongzug kore. iyar folot xadharonote bimor aakar briddhi paay. pro 'tonn excelatorot, aantohbim bischud huwar folot keiba ghontar bhitorot beemtu laahe laahe briddhi paay. ee ujjwolotar jiwankal ximito kore. brittakar lepton excelatorot, aantohbim bikhyepon bikiron nomoronor dwara protirudh koraa hoy, jaar folot millie sekendor kromot xithilota xomoyor xoite ek notun xamyawosthar bim nirgomon hoy. aantohbim bikhyeponoi beemor xorutwo aaru iyat thoka konaxomuhor xongkhyar maajot ek biporit xomporko sristi kore, xeyehe ujjwolota ximito kore. aantohbim bischutonor probhab gonona korar dutaa prodhan poddhoti 1974 sonot anton piuinsky aaru 1983 sonot james bojurken aaru sekaji mtingwai korisil. bojurken-mtingwa gothonok ataitkoi xadharon xomadhan hisape gonyo koraa hoy. ei duyuta poddhoti gononamulokbhabe nibirh. ei poddhotiburor keibatau anumanik mulyayon koraa hoise jibur mulyayon koriboloi xohoj, kintu komm xadharon. ei anumanikbur "uscho xoktir bimor baabe aantohbim bischuton xutro" too k dwara xongkhipto koraa hoy. kubu "ityadi." aantohbim bischuronor haaror etaa xutro aase-1 nirbhorxilota. iyar ortho hoise je bim xokti briddhir loge loge iyar probhab hraax paay. ibsor probhab hraax korar aan upaybur hoh "lo uigolaror byobohar, aaru bimor tibrota hraax koraa. transverse interabim bischutonor haar bischutonor proti xongbedonxil. aantohbim bischuronor xoite tot 'chek probhawor ghonistho xomporko aase. tuchek probhab hoise aantohbimor xonghorxor uporot aadharito ek jiwankal jaar folot duyuta konai beemor poraa bahiroloi ulai aahe. aantohbim bikhyepon hoise aantohbimor xonghorxor uporot aadharito ek risetime jaar folot gotibeg xongzug hoy. bojurken-mtingwa gothon. aantohbim bischutonor baabe betatron briddhir haarok enedore xongyayito koraa hoise, tolot diya xokolu bunch koraa bimor baabe xadharon, zo 'too xutro _ 6, xutro _ 7, aaru xutro _ 8 hoise gotibegor bistar, onubhumik, aaru ullombo hoise betatron briddhir xomoy. kunu bondhonibur <...> xusay je integraltu ringor sariufale gorh. xongyaxomuhoh xamyawostha aaru briddhir haaror jugfolor niyom. ibs-koo ene ek prokriya hisape saab paari zo 'too bibhinno "tapmatra"-ye xamonjosyo rokhya koriboloi chesta kore. bikaxor haar xunyo hoh 'bob jodi jitu lo "rentz rupantoror poraa ohaa xutro _ 21-ror kaarok. ei xomikoronor poraa aami dekhisu je xutro _ 21-ror karokor baabe onudoirghyotu xadharonote trensversotkoi bohu besi "thanda" hoy. eidore, aami xadharonote onudoirghyor briddhi laabh koru, aaru aramdondot xongkusito hoi poru. piuinsky poribortonxilor khetrot ibs-too xokti xongrokhyonor prokax koribo paari. zo 'too poribortonor uporot xutro _ 36, maatro ibsor xoite, ee bujay je kunu xamonjosyo naai. obosye, radiation demping aaru defusionor khetrot nischitbhabe ek xamonjosyo aase. ibs-ror probhabtuwe nirgomonor xamyawosthar mulyot poribortonor sristi kore. xongzugor ontorbhukti. etaa jugmito morisir khetrot, ejonoi jugmito ekinemitensor biborton bibesona koribo lagibo. briddhir haar xadharon koraa hoy xutro _ 37 totwor xoite porimap aaru tulona. aantohbim bikhyepon hoise antohrastriyo rekhar xonghorxo (aai. el. chi.) aaru xongkhipto rekhar xonghorxo (click) ror baabe prostawito "suranto xongrokhyon boloy" puhoror utxo aaru lepton demping boloixomuhot ek guruttopurno probhab. ei dhoronor jontrot byobohritor dore beemor aantohbim bischutonok bujaar lokhyore porikhyamulok odhyoyonxomuh kek, chestrta aaru aan thait koraa hoise.

intrabim bichchuran intrabim scattering (ibs) holl twarak podarthobiggane ekti prabhab jekhane konar modhye sangharsha tinti matra rashmi nirgomonke jodaa deyo. err foley sadharonoto marichi akaar briddhi paay. proton acceleratorgulite, intrabim bichchuroner foley koyek ghantar modhye roshmiti dheere dheere briddhi paay. etty aloksajjar ayu seemit korey deyo. brittakar lepton acceleratorgulite, intrabim bichchuran bikiran damping dwara protihoto koraa hoy, jaar foley milliseconder krome shithil somoyer saathe ekti notun bharsamyo rashmi nirgomon hoy. antohbimer bichchuran rashmir khudrota ebong etey thaka kanagulir sankhyar modhye ekti biporito somporko toiri korey, taai ujjolota seemit korey. 1974 saale anton pyuinsky ebong 1983 saale james bajarken oo sekaji motteringwa antohbimer bichchuroner prabhab ganana korar duti prodhan poddhoti korechilen. bajarken-motteringwa gathonke sabcheye sadharan samadhan hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. eyi duti poddhotii gananamulakbhabe nibid. eyi poddhotigulir besh koyekti anumanik mulyayan koraa hoyeche jaa mulyayan koraa sahaj, tobey qama sadharan. eyi anumanikguli "uchcho shaktir beemer jonno intrabim bichchuran sootro"-ayee keey dwara sangkhipto koraa hoyeche. cubo "ebong anyanno." antohbimer bichchuran haarer ekti sootro _ 1 nirbhorota royeche. err ortho holl, beam shakti briddhir sange sange err prabhab hrass paay. ibs prabhab hrass korar anyanno upayguli holl wigler byabohar koraa ebong marichi tibrota hrass koraa. adaadi antohbimer bichchuroner haar bichchuroner proti sangbedanshil. intrabim bichchuran tushek probhaber saathe ghonisthobhabe somporkito. tushek prabhab holl ekti jeebonkal jaa antohbimer sangharsher upor vitti korey jaar foley ubhoy konaa rashmi theke beriye aase. intrabim bichchuran holl intrabim sangharsher upor vitti korey ekti utthaner somoy jaa bharbeg sangjoger falaswarup hoy. borken-mtingwa gathon. intrabim bichchuroner jonno bitatron briddhir harke evabe sangyayita koraa hoy, nimnalikhitti samasta bunched bimer jonno sadharan, jekhane sootro _ 6, sootro _ 7, ebong sootro _ 8 holl bharbeg bistar, anubhumik ebong ullamba holl bitatron briddhir somoy. koona bandhani <...> etty nirdesh korey jey, integralti ringyer charpashe garh. sangyah bharsamyo ebong briddhir haarer samashti niyam. ibs-keey emon ekti prokriya hisabe dekha jete paare jekhane bivinno "tapmatra" bharsamyo bojay rakhar chesta korey. briddhir haar shunno hobey jodi jaa sootro _ 21-err factorti lorenz rupantar theke aase. eyi samikaran theke amra dekhte paai jey sootro _ 21-err karoner karone onudoirgho sadharonoto adaadi tulna onek beshi "sheetal" hoy. eibhabe, amra sadharonoto onudoirghye briddhi paai ebong adaadi sankuchito hoye jaai. echhadao ekjon ibs-ayee pyuinsky oporibortoniyer poriprekkhite shaktir prakash sanrakkhan korte paare. jekhane sootro 36. rupantarer upore, shudhumatra ibs soho, etty bojhai jey konao bharsamyo nei. tobey, bikironer ardrota ebong bistarer khettre aboshyoi ekti bharsamyo royeche. ibs-err prabhab holl nirgomoner bharsamyo mangulite poriborton aanaa. sangjoger antarbhuktikaran. ekti coupled beam-err khettre, ekjonke aboshyoi coupled econemittenser biborton bibechona korte hobey. briddhir harke sadharanikaran koraa hoy sootro _ 37 totter sange porimap oo tulna. antohbimer bichchuran prostabito "chudanta sanchaya boloy" alor utso ebong antorjatik roikhik sangharshakari (aaee. ell. shee) ebong compact roikhik sangharshakari (click)-err jonno lepton damping boloyer ekti guruttopurno prabhab. eyi dharaner jontre byabohrito bimer moto bimer modhye antohbimer bichchuran bojhar lakkhye poriikkhamulok gobeshona keeka, cessorta ebong anyanno jaiga porichalito hoyeche.

intrabim skatering intrabim skatering (aaee. bii. aesa.) aee pravegak bhautikshastrama aek assar chhe jyaan kano vachche athadaaman traney parimanoma beam utsarjanne jodee deey chhe. aaa saamanya reete beemnu qada vadhvaanu kaaran baney chhe. proton pravegakomaa, aantarbimnu skatering ketlaak kalaakona samaygalama beam dheeme dheeme vadhvaanu kaaran baney chhe. aaa tejasvitaanaa jivankalne maryadit karey chhe. golaakaar lepton pravegakomaa, intrabim skateringne kiranotsargna bhinash dwara pratikaar karvaamaa aave chhe, parinaame millisecondsna krammaa chhutchhatna samay saathe navaa santulan beam utsarjanmaa pariname chhe. intra-beam skatering beemnee nanumpanu aneey temaa rahela kanonee sankhyaa vachche vipareet sambandh banaave chhe, tethee teey tejasvitaane maryadit karey chhe. intrabium skateringni asaroni ganatari karvaa maateni beey mukhya paddhateeo paddhateeo antone pivinsky aneey aneey james byorkana aneey sekazi matingwa dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. byorkana-matingwa rachnaane sauthee saamanya ukel manvama aave chhe. aaa banne paddhateeo ganatarini drashtiae saghan chhe. aaa paddhationaa ghanaa andajo karvaamaa aavyaa chhe jenu mulyankan karavu saral chhe, parantu saamanya reete ochha chhe. aaa andajono saransh "uchch urjaa beam maate intrabim skatering sutro" maan k dwara aapvama aave chhe. kubo "aneey anya." intrabim skatering darmaa sootra _ 1 avalamban hoya chhe. aano arth aee chhe keey beam urjamaa vadhaaro thavaani saathe tenee asaro ochhi thaay chhe. ibsni asarone ghatadvani anya reeto wigglersno upyog aneey beemnee tivrataa ghataadvaano chhe. aantar-beam skatering darr felaavaa maate samvedansheel hoya chhe. intrabim skatering aee tuscake assar saathe najikthi sambandhit chhe. tuscake assar aee jivankal darmiyan aantarbimni athadaaman parr aadharit hoya chhe, jenaa parinaame banne kano bimmathi bahaar nikale chhe. intra-beam skatering aee intra-beam athadaaman parr aadharit aek uday samay chhe jeey veeyg jodanma pariname chhe. bjarken-mtingwa rachnaa. intrabim skatering maate bitatron vrudhdhi darne aaa reete vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe, neecheni tamaam bandhaayel beam maate saamanya chhe, jyaan sootra _ 6, sootra _ 7 aneey sootra _ 8 aee veeyg felaavo chhe, aadee aneey oobhi aee bitatron vrudhdhi samay chhe. khoona kauns <...> teey soochave chhe keey abhinn ringnee aaspaas sarerash chhe. vyakhyaoh santulan aneey vrudhdhi darr sarvaalo niyam. aaee. bii. aesa. neey aek aevee prakriyaa tareeke joee shakaay chhe jemaa viveedh "taapmaan" santulan sadhvano prayaas karey chhe. vrudhdhi darr shunya raheshe jeey sutranu pareebal _ 21 laurentz parivartanmathi aave chhe. aaa sameekaran parthee, aapane joiae chhiae keey sootra _ 21 naa pareebalne kaarane, rekhansh saamanya reete transa karataa ghano "thando" hoya chhe. aama, aapane saamanya reete rekhanshma vrudhdhi melveeae chhiae, aneey transa bhagma sankochaiae chhiae. pivinsky aparivartaniyni drashtiae aaee. bii. aesa. maan urjaanu spasht sanraxan pann thaee shake chhe. jyaan sootra 36. sankramanni upar, maatra ibs saathe, aaa soochave chhe keey koee santulan nathee. jooe keey, kiranotsargna bhinash aneey prasaranna kissaamaa, chokkaspane santulan chhe. aaee. bii. aesa. nee assar utsarjanna santulan mulyomaa ferfaarnu kaaran baney chhe. jodanno samaavesh. coupled beemnaa kissaamaa, vyakteeae coupled iknemitensani utkrantine dhyanma levee joiae. vrudhdhi darr saamaanyikrut chhe sootra _ 37 siddhaant saathe maapan aneey sarkhaamani. aantarrashtriy rekheey collider (ilc) aneey compact rekheey collider (click) maate soochit "anteem sangrah ring" prakaash stroto aneey lapton demping ringsamaa intrabim skatering aek mahatvapurn assar chhe. aaa prakaarnaa machinoma upyogmaa levaata samaan bimmaan intrabim skateringne samjavaanaa hetuthi prayogik abhyaso qeqa, cesserta aneey anyatra haath dharvaamaa aavyaa chhe.

antahbeem prakirnan intrabium scattering (aaee. bee. aiss.) twarak bhautiki mein ack prabhaav haye jahan kanon key beach takraav teenon aayamon mein beam utsarjan koo jodata haye. yeh aam taur parr beam key aakar koo badhaane kaa kaaran banata haye. proton twarakon mein, antahbeem prakirnan kaee ghanton kii avadhi mein beam koo dheere-dheere badhane kaa kaaran banata haye. yeh prakaash key jivankal koo seemit kartaa haye. golakar leptone twarakon mein, antahbeem prakirnan vikiran aardrata dwara prativartit hotaa haye, jisake parinamswarup millisecond key crum parr vishram samay key saath ack nayaa santulan kiran utsarjan hotaa haye. antahbeem prakirnan kiran kii chhotipan aur isamen shamil kanon kii sankhya key beach ack vyutkram sambandh banaata haye, isaliye chamak koo seemit kartaa haye. antahbeem prakirnan key prabhaavon kii ganana key liye dou pramukh vidhiyaan 1974 mein anton pivinsky aur 1983 mein james byorkan aur sekazi mittingwa dwara kii gaeen. byorkan-mittingwa sutrikaran koo sabse samanya samadhan maanaa jaataa haye. yeye donon vidhiyaan computational roop seey gahan hain. inn vidhiyon key kaee anuman lagaae gaye hain jinka mulyankan karna aasaan haye, lekin samanya roop seey cumm haye. inn sanniktanon koo "uchch oorjaa beemon key liye antahbeem prakirnan sootra" mein key dwara sankshepit kiya jaataa haye. kubo "aur anya." antahbeem prakirnan darr kaa ack sootra _ 1 nirbharta haye. iska matlab haye kii beam oorjaa badhane key saath isake prabhaav cumm hoe jaate hain. aaee. bee. aiss. prabhaavon koo cumm karane key anya tareeke hain wiggler kaa upayog, aur beam kii teevrata koo cumm karna. anuprasth antahbeem prakirnan darein failaav key prati samvedansheel hoti hain. antahbeem prakirnan kaa sambandh toosk prabhaav seey haye. tuscake prabhaav antahbeem takraav parr adharit jivankal haye jisake parinamswarup donon kann beam seey baahar nikalate hain. antahbeem prakirnan antahbeem takraav parr adharit ack utthaankaal haye jisake parinamswarup gati yugman hotaa haye. bjarken-mtingwa sutrikaran. antahbeem prakirnan key liye betatron vriddhi darr koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, nimnalikhit sabhi bunch kiye gaye beemon key liye samanya haye, jahan sootra _ 6, sootra _ 7, aur sootra _ 8 gati prasaar hain, kshaitij aur urdhvaadhar betatron vriddhi samay hain. konn koshthak <...> yeh ingit karein kii samakalan ring key aspas ausat haye. paribhaashaaenh santulan aur vriddhi darr yog niyam. aaee. bee. aiss. koo ack aisee prakriya key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye jisamen vibhinn "tapman" santulan banaane kaa prayaas karate hain. vriddhi darr shoonya hogi yadi joe sootra _ 21 kaa kaarak lorentz parivartan seey aataa haye. iss sameekaran seey, humm dekhate hain kii sootra _ 21 key kaarak key kaaran, anudairdhya aamtaur parr anuprasth kii tulanaa mein bahut "thandaa" hotaa haye. iss prakaar, humm aam taur parr anudairdhya mein vriddhi praapt karate hain, aur anuprasth mein sikud jaate hain. paivinsky aparivartaniya key sandarbh mein aaee. bee. aiss. mein oorjaa kaa spasht sanrakshan bhee hoe sakata haye. jahan sankraman key oopar sootra _ 36, kewal aaee. bee. aiss. key saath, iska tatparya haye kii koee santulan naheen haye. haalaanki, vikiran key namee aur prasaar key mamle mein, nishchit roop seey ack santulan haye. aaee. bee. aiss. kaa prabhaav utsarjan key santulan moolyon mein parivartan kaa kaaran banata haye. yugman kaa samavesh. yugmit kiran key mamle mein, yugmit econemittens key vikas parr vichaar karna chaahiye. vikas darr saamaanyikrit kii jaati haye sootra _ 37 maap aur siddhant key saath tulanaa. intrabium scattering prastaavit "antim bhandaran ring" prakaash sroton aur antarrashtriya raikhik takaraane vaale (ilc) aur compact raikhik takaraane vaale (click) key liye leptone damping ring mein ack mahatvapurna prabhaav haye. iss prakaar kii machines mein upayog kiye jaane vaale beemon mein antahbeem prakirnan koo samajhane key uddeshya seey praayogik adhyayan cake, sesrta aur anya jagahon parr kiye gaye hain.

intrabeam chaduruvike intrabeam scattering (ibs) vegavardhaka bhautashaastradalli ondu parinaamavaagide, allie kanagala naduvina gharshanegalu ellah mooru ayamagalalli kiranada horasusuvikeyannu jodisuttave. idu samanyavagi kiranada gatravannu belesalu kaaranavaaguttade. proton vegavardhakagalalli, intrabeam chadurisuvikeyu halavaaru gantegala avadhiyalli kiranavu nidhaanavaagi beleyalu kaaranavaaguttade. idu prakaashamaanateya jeevitaavadhiyannu simitagolisuttade. vrattakarada lepton vegavardhakagalalli, intrabeam chadurisuvikeyannu vikirana damping moolaka pratirodhisalaaguttade, idara parinaamavaagi milisekendugala kramadalli vishraanti samayadondige hosa samatolana kirana horasoosuvikege kaaranavaaguttade. intrabeam chadurisuvikeyu kiranada chikkatana mattu adhu olagondiruva kanagala sankhyeya naduve viloma sambandhavannu srushtisuttade, aaddarinda prakaashamaanateyannu simitagolisuttade. intrabeam chadurisuvikeya parinaamagalannu lekkahakalu eradu pramukha vidhaanagalannu 1974ralli anton pivimsky mattu 1983ralli james zarken mattu sekaji mingwa maadidaru. zarken-mingwa sootrikaranavannu atyanta saamaanya parihaaravendu pariganisalaagide. ee eradoo vidhaanagalu gananeya tivrateyannu hondive. ee vidhaanagala halavaaru andajugalannu maadalaagide, avu moulyamaapana maadalu sulabha, aadare kadime saamaanyavaagive. ee andajugalannu "hecchina shaktiya kiranagaligaagi intrabeam chadurisuva sootragalalli" k ninda sankshiptagolisalaagide. kubo "mattu itararu." intrabeam chadurisuvikeya daragalu _ 1 avalambane sutravannu hondive. idarartha kiranada shaktiyannu hechchisuvudarondige adara parinamagalu kadimeyaguttave. ibs parinaamagalannu taggisuva itara maargagalendare viglargala balake mattu kiranada tivrateyannu kadime maaduvudu. addalaagi haraduva intrabeam chadurisuvikeya pramanagalu prasaranake sookshmavaagiruttave. intrabeam chadurisuvikeyu tuskeck parinaamadondige nikata sambandhavannu hondide. tuskeck parinaamavu intrabeam gharshanegalannu aadharisida jeevitaavadhiyaagiddu, idu kiranadinda eradoo kanagalannu horahakalu kaaranavaaguttade. intrabeam chaduruvikeyu intrabeam gharshanegalannu aadharisida ondu udayada samayavagiddu adhu aavegada jodanege kaaranavaaguttade. zarken-mingwa sutrikarana. intrabeam chadurisuvikege beatatron belavanigeya daragalannu heege vyakhyanisalagideh ee kelaginavugalu ellah bunch maadida kiranagalige saamaanyavaagide, sootra _ 6, sootra _ 7, mattu sootra _ 8 galu aavegada haraduvike, samatala mattu lambavaadavu beatatron belavanigeya samayagalaagive. koona brocketgalu <...> avibhaajyavu ungurada suttaloo sarasari ide endu soochisuttade. vyakhyanagaluhu samatolana mattu belavanigeya dara mottada niyama. ibs annu vibhinn "taapamaanagalu" samatolanagolisalu prayatnisuva prakriyeyagi nodabahudu. ee sandarbhadalli belavanigeya daragalu shoonyavaagiruttave idu sootrada amsha _ 21 laurentz roopaantaradinda baruttade. ee sameekaranadinda, sootrada _ 21 amshadindaagi, rekhaamshavu samanyavagi addalaagiginta hecchu "tampagiruttade" endu naavu nodutteve. heegaagi, naavu samanyavagi rekhaamshadalli belavanigeyannu padeyutteve mattu addalaagi kuggutteve. pivimsky aparivartaneeyateya drashtiyinda ibsnalli shaktiya samrakshaneyannu saha vyaktapadisabahudu. illi sootra _ 36. parivartaneya mele, kevala ibsnondige, idu yaavude samatolanavilla endu soochisuttade. aadaagyoo, vikiranada damping mattu prasaranada sandarbhadalli, khanditavaagiyoo samatolanavide. ibsna parinaamavu horasoosuvikeya samatolana moulyagalalli badalaavaneyannu untumaaduttade. jodaneya serpade. ondu samyojita kiranada sandarbhadalli, ondu samyojita aikenemitensgala vikaasavannu pariganisabeku. belavanigeya daragalannu saamaanyikarisalaagide sootra _ 37 maapana mattu siddhaantadondige holike. intrabeam chadurisuvikeyu prastapita "antima shekharana valaya" belakina moolagalu mattu antararashtriya rekheeya gharshane (aielsi) mattu sandra rekheeya gharshane (click) gaagi lepton damping unguragalalli pramukha parinaamavaagide. ee reetiya yantragalalli balasuva reetiya kiranagalalina intrabeam chaduruvikeyannu arthamaadikolluva guriyannu hondiruva prayogika adhyayanagalannu keck, cesrta mattu itaredegalalli nadesalaagide.

intrabim scattering intrabim scattering (ibs) accelerator physicsma ek prabhawa how jahaan kanharu bichko takkarle tinai ayamharuma beam utsarjanlai jody banaunchha. yasale samanyataya bimko akar badhaunaka lagi karan banaunchha. protone acceleratorharuma, intrabim scatteringle bimlai dherai ghantako awadhima bistarai badhna nimtyaunchha. yasale ujyalopanko jiwankal simit gardacha. golakar lepton acceleratorharuma, intrabim scattering wikiran dampingdwara pratirodh garinchha, jasko parinamswarup millisecondko kramama vishram samayako sath nayan santulan beam utsarjan hunchha. intrabim scatteringle bimko sanopan rar yasama samawesh kanharuko sankhya bichko viparit sambandha sirjana gardacha, tyasaile ujyalopan simit gardacha. intrabim scatteringko prabhawa ganana garne dui pramukh vidhiharu sann 1974 maa anton piwinsky rar sann 1983 maa james bozorcan rar sekaji mingwa dwara garieko thiyo. bozorcan-mingwa farmulationlai sabaibhanda samanya samadhan manincha. yee duwai vidhiharu computational rupma gahan chhan. yee widhiharuko dherai anumanharu garieko chha june mulyankan garna sajilo chha, tara cum samanya chha. yee anumanharu "uccha urja bimharuka lagi intrabim scattering sutraharu" maa k dwara saranshit chhan. kubo "att all." intrabim scattering darharuko sutra _ 1 nirbharta hunchha. yasako artha yasako prabhawharu beam urja badhdai jaanda cum hunchha. ibs prabhawharu cum garne anya tarikaharu wigalerharuko prayog, rar bimko tiwrata ghataunu how. transverse intrabim scattering darharu failawatprati sanvedanshil hunchhan. intrabim scattering tussec prabhawasanga najikko sambandha chha. tussec prabhawa intrabim takkarharuma adharit jiwankal how jasko parinamswarup duwai kanharu bimbata bahira niskanchhan. intrabim scattering intrabim takkarharuma adharit ek resteim how jasko parinamswarup momentum coupling hunchha. bjarken-mtingwa farmulangkan. intrabim scatteringka lagi bitatron wriddhi darlai yasari paribhashit garieko chha, nimna sabai bunch garieko bimharuka lagi samanya chha, jahaan sutra _ 6, sutra _ 7, rar sutra _ 8 gati prasar hun, terso, rar thado bitatron wriddhi samayaharu hun. kone koshthakharu <...> integral ringko waripari ausat chha bhanera sanket garnuhos. paribhashaharuhu santulan rar wriddhi darr yog niyam. ibslai euta prakriyako rupma hern sakinchha jasma vibhinna "tapman" ley santulan garne prayas gardacha. wriddhi darr shunya hunechha yadi tyo june sutra _ 21 ko karak lorenz rupantaranbata aunchha. yass samikaranbata, hammy dekhchaun kii sutra _ 21 ko karakko karan, anudairdhya samanyataya anuprastha bhanda dherai "chiso" hunchha. yasari, hammy samanyataya anudairdhyama wriddhi prapta gardachaun, rar anuprasthama sankuchit hunchhaun. piwinsky apariwartaniyako sandarbhama ibsma urjako abhiwyakti sanrakshan pani huna sakchha. jahaan sutra _ 36. sankraman bhanda mathi, kewal ibsko sath, yasale tyahan kunai santulan chhaina bhanne sanket gardacha. yadyapi, wikiran damping rar prasarko mamalama, tyahan nishchit rupma ek santulan chha. ibsko prabhawa utsarjanko santulan manharuma pariwartan lyaunu how. sanyojanko samawesh. ek yugmit bimko mamalama, ek yugmit echnemittensko vikaslai vichar garnuparchha. wriddhi darharu samanyikrit chhan sutra _ 37 mapan rar siddhantasanga tulana. intrabim scattering prastawit "antim bhandaran ring" prakash srotharu rar antarrashtriya raikhik collider (ilc) rar compact raikhik collider (click) kaa lagi lepton damping ringma mahatwapurna prabhawa how. yass prakarka messinharuma prayog hune jastai bimharuma intrabim scattering bujhne uddeshyale prayogatmak adhyayanharu keck, cesrta rar anya thaunma sanchalan garieko chha.

antahbeem bichhurana intrabim skataring (aai. bii. ess.) heuchhi twaraka padartha bigyanare eka prabhaba jeunthare kanika madhyare sangharsha samasta tinoti matrare bima nirgamanaku jodithae . ehaa sadharanatah kirana aakaar brudhi karithae. proton acceleratorre, intrabim bichhurana jogun aneka ghanta madhyare bima dheere dheere brudhi paithae . ehaa alokitatara jeebanakaalaku seemita karithae. bruttakara lepton acceleratorre, intrabim bichhurana bikirana ardrata dwara pratihata hue, phalaswaroopa millisecond kramare eka bishram samai sahita eka nutan santulana bima nirgamana hue . intrabim bichhurana kiranara khudrata ebong ethire thiba kanika sankhya madhyare eka bipareet samparka srusti kare, tenu ujjwalataku seemita kare . intrabim bichhuranara prabhaba ganana kariba paain duiti pramukh paddhati 1974 ray anton piwinsky ebong 1983 ray james bozorken ebong sekaji mingawa dwara karajaithila. bozorken-mingawa gathanaku sabutharu sadharana samadhan bhabare bibechana karajae . ehi duiti paddhati gananare nibida. ehi paddhatigudikara aneka aanumanika akalana karajaichi jahara mulyankana kariba sahaja, kintu sadharana bhabe comm. ehi aanumanika aakalanagudiku 'uccha shakti rashmi paain antahbeema bichhurana sutra' ray 'kee' dwara sankhyepita karajaichi. kubo "ebong anyamane." intrabim bichhurana harror eka sutra _ 1 nirbharasheelata achhi . ehara artha heuchhi, kirana shakti brudhi sahita ehara prabhaba hrass paithae. ibs prabhabaku hrass karibara anya upajagudika heuchhi wiggler byabahara kariba, ebong bim tibrata hrass kariba . transverse intrabim bichhurana haara bichhurana prati sambedanashila . intrabim bichhurana tuscake prabhaba sahita ghanistha bhabare jadita . tushek prabhaba heuchhi eka jeebanakalara prabhaba jaahaa intrabim sangharsha upare aadharita jaahaa phalare ubhaja kanika bimaru baharithae . intrabim bichhurana heuchhi intrabim sangharsha upare aadharita eka udiyamana samai jaahaa bega sanjogare parinata hue . bjourken-mtingwa gathan. intrabim bichhurana paain bitatron brudhi haaraku ehipari byakhya karajaichihi samasta bunch bima paain nimnalikhitati sadharana, jeunthare sutra _ 6, sutra _ 7, ebong sutra _ 8 heuchhi gati bistara, aanubhumika, ebong ullamb heuchhi beatatron abhibruddhi samai . kone bandhanigudika <.....> ehaa suchaithae je akhandatati chakra charipate harahari atte. paribhashah santulana ebong abhibruddhi harror yogafala niam. ibsku eka prakriya bhabare dekhajaipare jeunthire bibhinna "tapmatra" santulana karibaku chesta kare . abhibruddhi haara shunya rahiba jadi jaahaa sutrara karaka _ 21 lorentz rupantararu aasuchhi . ehi sameekaranaru, aame dekhu je sutra _ 21 rahr karaka hetu, anudairghya sadharanatah adaa tulanare bahuta "thanda" . tenu, aame sadharanatah anudairghyare brudhi paai, ebong adaa digare sankuchita heu. piwinsky aparibartaneeja drustiru ibsray shaktira sanrakhyana madhya prakash karajaipare . jeunthare sutra 36. sankramana upare, kebala ibs sahita, ehaa suchita kare je kaunasi santulana naahin . tebe, bikirana hrass ebong bistara khetrare, nischita bhabe eka santulana rahichhi. ibsra prabhaba heuchhi nirgamnara santulana moolyare paribartana. sanjogeekaranara antarbhuktikarana. eka jugmita kirana khetrare, jane jugmita ekinemitensra bibartana upare bichara kariba aabasyaka. abhibruddhi haaraku sadharanikruta karajaichi sutra _ 37 tatwa sahita mapa ebong tulana. intrabim bichhurana prastabita "antim storage ring" aloka utsa ebong antarjatija linier collider (aai. ell. sii.) ebong compact linier collider (click) paain lepton demping ring ray eka gurutwapurna prabhaba . keck, cessorta ebong anyanya sthanare ehi prakarara mesingudikare byabahruta heuthiba pari bimgudikare intrabim bichhuranaku bujhiba uddeshyare parikhyamulaka adhyajana karajaichi .

interbeam khindauna interabeam scattering (aaee. bee. aiss.) accellator bhautik vigiaan witch ikk prabhav haii jitthe kanaan darmiaan takraa saare tinn ayaman witch beam nikas noon jodada haii. ih aam taur utte beam daa aakaar vadhaun daa caarn banada haii. proton excellatoran witch, interabeam scattering kaee ghantiaan dee miaad witch beam noon hauli-hauli vadhaun daa caarn banadi haii. ih chamak dey jeevan qaal noon seemat karda haii. circular lapton excellatoran witch, interabeam scattering daa radiation damp duaara mukabala keeta jaanda haii, jiss dey natije vajon millie skintan dey kram witch ikk aaram dey samein dey naal ikk navaan santulan beam nikas hunda haii. interabeam scattering beam dee chhoti jihi atey iss witch shamal kanaan dee ginti dey vichkaar ikk ulat sabndh banaundi haii, iss laee chamak noon seemat kardi haii. interabeam scattering dey prabhavan dee ganna curran dey doou pramukh dhang 1974 witch aintan pivinsky atey 1983 witch james borken atey sekazi mintwa duaara keete gaye sunn. borken-mintwa formulation noon sabh toon aam hall manniaa jaanda haii. ih doven dhang computational taur utte teebar hunn. inhan tarikiaan dey kaee anuman lagaae gaye hunn jinhan daa mulankan karna assan haii, parr ghatt aam haii. inhan anumanan noon k duaara "ucch shakti beam laee interabeam scattering farmule" witch sankhep keeta giaa haii. kubo "atey horr." interabeam khindaun deeaan daraan daa ikk farmula _ 1 nirbharta hundi haii. iss daa arth haii kii iss dey prabhav beam dee vadhadi shakti dey naal ghatt hunde hunn. aaee. bee. aiss. dey prabhavan noon ghataun dey horr tarike vigleran dee varton atey beam dee tibarta noon ghatauna hunn. transverse interabeam khindaun deeaan daraan failaa pratee sanvedansheel hundiaan hunn. interabeam scattering daa tooscheck prabhav naal nediyon sabndh haii. tooscheck prabhav interabeam takraa utte adharat ikk jeevan qaal hunda haii jiss dey natije vajon doven kann beam toon bahr nikalde hunn. interabeam scattering interabeam takraa 'teey adharat ikk rhistime haii jiss dey natije vajon momentum coupling hundi haii. borken-mintwa formulation. interabeam khindaa laee bitatron vikas daraan noon iss tarahan paribhashit keeta giaa haii, heth likhiaan saariaan bunched beam laee aam hunn, jitthe farmula _ 6, farmula _ 7, atey farmula _ 8 gatee failaa hunn, harizotal atey vertical bitatron vikas dey samein hunn. konn bracket <...> ih darsaunda haii kii integral ring dey duaale ausat haii. paribhashwa santulan atey vikas darr jode niyam. aaee. bee. aiss. noon ikk prakiriaa dey roop witch dekhiaa jaa sakda haii jiss witch vakkh-vakkh "tapman" santulan banaun dee koshish karde hunn. vikas darr iss mamle witch ziro hovegi kii joe kii farmula _ 21 daa kaarak lorentz parivartan toon aaa riha haii. iss samikaran toon, aseen dekhde haan kii farmula _ 21 dey kaarak dey caarn, lambkari aam taur utte parvarti naalon bahut ziaada "thanda" hunda haii. iss tarahan, aseen aam taur utte lambkari witch vaadha prapat karde haan, atey antral witch sankuchit hunde haan. pyvinsky invariant dey roop witch aaee. bee. aiss. witch vee koee vee oorja dee sambhal noon pragat qarr sakda haii. jitthe farmula _ 36. parivartan toon uppar, siraf aaee. bee. aiss. dey naal, iss daa matlab haii kii koee santulan naheen haii. halanki, radiation damp atey failaa dey mamle witch, yakini taur utte ikk santulan haii. aaee. bee. aiss. daa prabhav nikas dey santulan mullan witch tabdili daa caarn banada haii. jode noon shamal karna. ikk jodidar beam dey mamle witch, ikk noon jodidar acnemittens dey vikas utte vichaar karna chahida haii. vikas darr aam keeti gaee haii farmula _ 37 thioori naal maap atey tulna. interabeam scattering prastavit "antam storage ring" parkash sarotan atey antarashtari linier collider (aaee. aill. see.) atey sankhep linier collider (click) laee lapton demping ringan witch ikk mahattavpuran prabhav haii. iss kisam deeaan machines witch varte jaanh vaale samaan beam witch interabeam khindaa noon samjhan dey udesh naal prayogatmak adhiaen cake, cecerta atey horr thaavan 'teey keete gaye hunn.

antahbeem-vikshepanam tvarakabhautikashaastre antah-kirana-vikshepanam (aii. bii. ess.) ekaha prabhaawah asti yatra kananam madhye gharshanena trishu parimaaneshu cha kirana-utsarjanam yugmitam bhavati. anena samanyataya kiranasya aakaarah vardhate. protan-twaranakeshu, antah-kirana-vikshepanam, katipayaghantaasu, kiranasya kramena vruddhim karoti. etena prakashasya aayuh parimitaa bhavati. vruttaakaar-lepton-tvarakanam madhye, antah-kirana-vikshepanam vikirana-ardratayaha dwara pratikaritam bhavati, yasya parinaamen millisecond-kramasya shithil-samayena saha nootanam samatol-kirana-utsarjanam bhavati. antah-kirana-vikshepanam, kiranasya laghutatvam, tasya kananam sankhyaa cha madhye vyutkramam sambandham kalpayati, ataha prakashata parimitaa bhavati. intrabeam-scattering ityasya prabhaavasya gananayaha dwau pramukhau vidhiau 1974 tame varshe aantan pivinsky ityanena tathaa 1983 tame varshe james bjorken tathaa sekazi mtingwaa ityanena krutau. bjorken-mtingwaa ityasya sutrikaranam samanyatamam samadhanam iti manyate. etaani dwau api paddhatiau ganana-drushtyaa gahanau stah. eteshu paddhatyoho aneke anumanaha krutaah santi ye mulyamkanam sulabham, parantu samanyam nyoonam bhavati. eteshaam sannikatehe saaraamshaha "uccha-oorjaa-kirananam krute antah-kirana-vikshepana-sootreshu" k dwara bhavati. kubo "ityaadi." antah-kirana-vikshepana-shrenyaah sootram-1-avalambanam asti. asya arthah asti yat asya prabhaawah kirana-shaktteh vardhanena saha nyooneebhavati. aii. bii. ess. prabhaavaanaam shamanasy anyaani vidhaanaani santi wigglers ityasya upayogah, kiranasya teevrataam nyooneekartum cha. anuprastha-antah-kirana-vikshepana-daraha vikshepanasya prati samvedanasheelah bhavati. antah-kirana-vikshepanam tushek-prabhaawen saha nikatayaa sambaddham asti. tushek-prabhaawah aajeevanah antah-kirana-gharshanasya aadhaaren bhavati, yasya parinaamen ubhau kanau cha kiranaat nirgamanti. antah-kirana-vikshepanam iti antah-kirana-gharshanaam aadhaaren udgamakaalah asti, yasya parinaamen gati-samyojanam bhavati. bjarken-mtingwa sutrikaranam. antah-kirana-vikshepanasya bitatron-vruddhi-daraha iva vyaakhyaayate - sarwaah banch-beams krute nimnalikhitaani samanyani santi. yatra sootram _ 6, sootram _ 7, sootram _ 8 cha vegamatra prasaarah, kshaitijam, oordhvaankam cha bitatron-vruddhi-kaalah asti. kona-koshtakaah <...> soochayatu yat samakalanam vruttasya paritah madhyam asti iti. paribhaashaah samatolah tathaa vruddhi-daraha cha yoga-niyamah. aii. bii. ess. iteedam ekaa prakriya iti drashtum shakyate yasmin bhinnani "taapamaanam" samatulyam kartum prayatate. vruddhi-daraha shoonyah bhavishyati yadi sootrasya kaarakah _ 21 lorents-parivartanaat aagacchati. asya samikaranat vayam pashyaamah yat sootrasya kaarakam _ 21 ityasya karanat anudairdhyah samanyataya anuprasthasya apekshayaa bahu "sheetalah" bhavati. evam, vayam samanyataya anudairghye vruddhim, anuprasthe cha sankuchitam cha bhavati. pivinsky-aparivartaneeyasya drushtyaa aii. bii. ess. madhye urjaayaah abhivyakti-samrakshanam api kartum shakyate. yatra sootrah 36. sankramanasya upari, kevalam aii. bii. ess. ityanena saha, etat soochayati yat samatolah naasti iti. tathaapi, vikirana-ardratayaha prasaranasya cha vishaye, nishchayen santulanam bhavati. aii. bii. ess. ityasya prabhaawah utsarjakanam santulanaam moolyeshu parivartanam janayati. samyojanam. yugmita-kiranasya vishaye, yugmita-echnemittens ityasya vikaasasya vishaye vichaarah avashyah bhavet. vruddhi-daraha saamaanyeekrutah asti - sootram _ 37 maapanam tathaa siddhaanten saha tulanam cha. antargrahasya vikshepanam, antarashtriya-rekheey-colloider (aii. ell. sii.) tathaa sankeernaah rekheey-colloider (click) ityetayoho krute, prastaawit-"antima-bhandaaran-valayasya" prakaashasroteshu, lepton-damping-walayayoh cha mahattwapoornah prabhaawah asti. keck, cessrta ityaadishu kshetreshu, etaadrusheshu yantreshu prayuktaanaam sadrushaanaam kirananam antah-kirana-vikshepanasya vishaye bodhayitum prayogaatmak-adhyayanaani krutaani santi.

ulvilaivu sitharal intra beam sitharal (aii. pii. ess) enbathu mudukki iyarpiyalil oru vilaivu aagum, angku thugalgalukku idaiyilaana moathalkal moontru parimaanangkalilum kattrai umizhvai inaikkintrana. idhu podhuvaaga kattrai alavu valara kaaranamaagiradhu. proton mudukkigalil, intra beam sitharal pala manii naera kaalappagudhiyil kattrai methuvaaka valara kaaranamaagiradhu. idhu olirum thanmaiyin vaazhnaalai kattuppaduththukirathu. vatta lepton mudukkigalil, intra beam sitharal kathirveechchu thanipu moolam ethirkkappadukirathu, idhan vilaivaaga millie vinaadigal varisaiyil thalarvu neeraththudan oru puthiya samanilai kattrai umizhvai uruvaakkukirathu. ulvattach sitharal kattraich siriya thanmaikkum athil ulla thugalgalin ennikkaikkum idaiyae oru thalaikeezh uravai uruvaakkukirathu, enavae olirum thanmaiyai kattuppaduththukirathu. 1974 aam aandil anton bivinsky mattrum 1983 aam aandil james bjorgen mattrum segasi mindingwa aakiyoaraal intra beam sitharalin vilaivugalaik kanakkiduvadharkaana irandu mukiya muraigal seiyappattana. bjorken-mindingwa uruvaakkam migavum podhuvaana theervaaga karudhappadugiradhu. inththa irandu muraigalum kanakeettu reethiyaaga theeviramaanavai. inththa muraigalin pala thoaraayangkal mathippeedu seiya elithaanavai, aanaal podhuvaanavai alla. inththa thoaraayangkal "uyar aattral kathirkalukkaana intra beam sitharal sooththirangalil" k aall surukkamaaga ullana. kubo mattrum palar." ulpirivu sitharal vigithangkal oru sooththiram 1 saarbu kondavai. idhan porul ennaventraal, kattrai aattralai athikarippathan moolam adhan vilaivugal kuraigindrana. aii. pii. ess vilaivugalaik kuraippatharkaana pira vazhigal viklargalaip payanpaduththuvathu mattrum kattrai theeviratthaik kuraippathu aagum. kurukku ulvilaivu sitharal vigithangkal sitharalukku unarthiran kondavai. ulvilaivu sitharal enbathu tuskeck vilaivudan nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiyathu. tushek vilaivu enbathu intra beam moathalkalai adippadaiyaagak konda vaazhnaal aagum, idhan vilaivaaga irandu thugalgalum kattraikkul irunthu veliyaettrappadugindrana. intra beam sitharal enbathu intra beam moathalkalai adippadaiyaagak konda oru ezhuchchi neramaagum, idhu vaeka inaippai aerpaduththukirathu. bjarken-mtingwa sooththiram. ulvilai sitharalukkaana petatron valarchi vigithangkal pinvarumaaru varaiyarukkappadugindrana pinvaruvana anaitthu pinaikappatta peemgalukkum podhuvaanavai, ingku sooththiram _ 6, sooththiram _ 7, mattrum sooththiram _ 8 aagiyavai vaeka paraval, kidaimatta mattrum sengkuththu aagiyavai petatron valarchi nerangal. koana adaippukkurigal <...> orunginaippu valaiyatthaich suttri saraasariyaaga ullathu enbathaik kurikkirathu. varaiyaraikal samanilai mattrum valarchi vigitha koottuththogai vidhi. vevvaeru "veppanilaikal" samanilaippaduththa muyarchikkum oru seyalmuraiyaaga aii. pii. essaic kanalaam. valarchi vigithangkal poojjiyamaaga irukkum idhu lorends maattraththilirunthu varum sooththiraththin kaarani _ 21 aagum. inththa samanpaattilirunthu, sooththiram _ 21 inn kaarani kaaranamaaga, neelvattamaanathu podhuvaaga kurukkuppuraththai vida migavum "kulirchchiyaaga" iruppathai naam kaankiroam. enavae, naam podhuvaaga neelvattaththil valarchchiyaip perukiroam, maelum kurukku thisaiyil surungugiroam. bivinsky maariliyin adippadaiyil ips ill aattralaip paathukaappathaiyum oruvar velippaduthalaam. maattraththirku maelae, verum aii. pii. ess udan, idhu endha samanilaiyum illai enbathaik kurikkirathu. iruppinum, kathirveechchu thanipu mattrum paraval vishayathil, nichchayamaaga oru samanilai ullathu. aii. pii. essin vilaivu umizhvugalin samanilai mathippukalil maattraththai aerpaduththuvathaakum. inaippaich serppathu. oru inaikappatta kattrai vishayathil, inaikappatta eeknemittansin parinaama valarchchiyai oruvar karuththil kolla vaendum. valarchi vigithangkal podhumaippaduththappattullana sooththiram _ 37 alaveedu mattrum koatpaattudan oppeedu. munmoliyappatta "iruthi saemippu valaiyam" olii aathaarangkal mattrum sarvadesa neriyal moathal (ilc) mattrum siriya neriyal moathal (kilik) aagiyavattrirkaana lepton tomping valaiyangkalil intra beam sitharal oru mukkiyamaana vilaivu aagum. inththa vagaiyaana iyanththirangkalil payanpaduththappaduvathaip poalavae kadhirgalil ullurai sitharalaip purinthukolvathai nokkamaagak konda soathanai aaivugal keck, chesrda mattrum pira idangkalil nadaththappattullana.

intrabeam chedaragottadam intrabeam scattering (ibs) anedi accelerator bhouthika saastramlo oka prabhavam, ikkada kanaala madhya guddukovadam anedi moodu koonaalaloo punjam vidudalanu jatha chestundi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa punjam parimaanam peragadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. protan acceleratorlalo, intrabeam scattering valla punjam aneka gantala vyavadhilo nemmadigaa perugutundi. idhi prakaasavantamaina jeevitakaalaanni parimitam chestundi. vruttaakaara lepton acceleratorlalo, intra beam scattering radiation dumping dwara pratighatinchabadutundi, phalitamgaa milliseconla kramamlo sadalimpu samayamtho kotta samathoulya punjam vidudala avutundi. intrabeam scattering anedi punjam yokka chinnatanaaniki mariyu daanilo unna kanaala sankhyaku madhya viloma sambandhaanni srushtistundi, tadwara prakaasaanni parimitam chestundi. intrabeam chedaragotte prabhavalanu lekkinchadaaniki rendu pradhana paddhatulanu paddhatulanu anton pivimsky mariyu mariyu james bizorken mariyu sekaji mingwa chesaaru. bizorken-mingwa suutreekarana atyanta saadhaarana parishkaramga pariganinchabadutundi. eee rendu paddhatulu gananaparamgaa teevramgaa untaayi. eee paddhatula yokka aneka anchanaalu cheyabaddaayi, ivi anchanaa vaeyadaaniki sulabhamainavi, conny takkuva saadhaaranamainavi. eee ujjaayimpulu "adhika shakti kiranaala kosam intra beam scattering suutraalaloo" k dwara sangrahinchabaddaayi. kubo "mariyu itarulu." intrabeam chedaragotte raetlu suutram _ 1 aadharapadataanni kaligi untaayi. dheeni ardham punjam saktini penchadamtho daani prabhavalu taggutaayi. ibs prabhavalanu tagginchadaaniki itara margalu wigglerla vadakam mariyu punjam teevratanu tagginchadam. viloma intrabeam chedaragotte raetlu chedaragottadaaniki sunnitamgaa untaayi. intrabeam chedaragottadam anedi toosheck prabhaavamtho daggari sambandham kaligi untundi. tuskeck prabhavam anedi intrabeam guddukovadampai aadhaarapadina jeevitakaalam, dheeni phalitamgaa rendu kanaalu punjam nundi bayataku vastaayi. intrabeam scattering anedi intrabeam guddukovadampai aadhaarapadina oka raistime, idhi momentum couplingku daariteestundi. bjarken-mtingwa suutreekarana. intrabeam chedaragottadaaniki betatron vruddhi raetlu ilaa nirvachinchabaddayih eee krindivi anni bunch cheyabadina kiranaalaku saadhaaranam, ikkada suutram _ 6, suutram _ 7, mariyu suutram _ 8 anevi momentum spread, kshitija samaantara mariyu niluvu betatron perugudala samayalu. konam brocketlu <...> integral ring chuttoo sagatuna undani soochinchandi. nirvachanaalu samathoulyam mariyu vruddhi raetu mottam niyamam. ibsnu ververu "ushnogratalu" samatulyam cheyadaaniki prayatninche prakriyagaa chudavachu. aaa sandarbhamlo vruddhi raetlu sunnaga untaayi idhi suutram yokka karakam _ 21 lorentz parivartana nundi vastundi. eee sameekaranam nundi, suutram _ 21 karakam kaaranamgaa, rekhaamsam saadhaaranamgaa vilomam kante chaalaa "challaga" untundani manam chustamu. anduvalla, manam saadhaaranamgaa rekhaamsamlo perugudalanu pondutaamu mariyu vilomamlo kunchinchukupotamu. pivimsky asthirata paramgaa ibs loe shakti parirakshananu kooda vyakteekarinchavachhu. ikkada parivartanaku paina suutram _ 36, kevalam ibs thoo, idhi samatulyata ledani suuchistumdi. ayithe, radiation dumping mariyu diffusion vishayamlo, khachitamgaa samathoulyam untundi. ibs yokka prabhavam anedi udgaaraala yokka samathoulya viluvalalo maarpunu kaligistundi. kalapadam cherchadam. coupled beam vishayamlo, coupled icanemittenses yokka parinaamaanni parigananaloki teesukoovaali. vruddhi raetlu saadhaaraneekarinchabaddaayi suutram _ 37 kolata mariyu siddhaantamtoe poolika. intra beam scattering anedi pratipaadita "antima nilva ring" kaanti vanarulu mariyu antarjaateeya leanier collider (ilc) mariyu compact leanier collider (click) kosam lepton dumping ringulalo oka mukhyamaina prabhavam. eee rakamaina yantraalalo upayoginche maadirigaane kiranaalalo intrabeam chedaragottadaanni ardham chesukovadanni lakshyamgaa chesukunna prayogaatmaka adhyayanalu keck, sesrta mariyu itara pradaesaalaloo nirvahinchabaddaayi.

intra beam bikharna intra beam bikharna (aayee bee aiss) accelerator physics mein eek asar hay jehaan zaraat kay darmiyan tasadam teenon jehaton mein beam kay akhraaj kuu jodta hay. yaha aam toor parr beam kay size kuu badhanay kaa sabab bantaa hay. proton accelerators mein intra beam bikharnay say beam kayee ghanton kii madat mein aahista aahista badhta hay. yaha roshni kii zindagi kuu mahdud kartaa hay. circler lapton accelerators mein intra beam bikharnay kaa tabkari dimping kay zariye muqabilah kiyaa jaataa hay jiss kay natijay mein milly second kii tartib parr aaraam kay waqat kay saath eek neeya tawazan beam akhraaj hotaa hay. intra beam bikharna beam kii chhoti punn aur iss mein mojud zaraat kii taadad kay darmiyan eek altaa taaluq paida kartaa hay iss liye chamak kuu mahdud kartaa hay. intra beam bikharnay kay asraat kaa hasaab laganay kay duu aham tareeqe 1974 mein aintan peonsky aur 1983 mein jaims bajarkan aur seekazi mentingwa nay kiye thay. bajarkan-mentingwa kii tashkil kuu sabb say aam hall samjha jaataa hay. yaha donon tareeqe computational toor parr intehayi haine. inn tareeqon kay kayee takhmine kiye gayey haine jinn kaa andazah lagaana aasaan hay leakin aam toor parr kumm hay. inn takhminon kaa khalasah "aalee tawanayi kay bemon kay liye intra beam bikharnay kay farmolon" mein k kay zariye kiyaa gayaa hay. kobo "aur deegar." intra beam bikharnay kii sharhon kaa farmola 1 inhasaar hay. iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh beam kii tawanayi mein izaafe kay saath iss kay asraat kumm how jaatay haine. aayee bee aiss kay asraat kuu kumm karnay kay deegar tareeqe weglers kaa istemal aur beam kii shadat kuu kumm karnaa haine. transverse intra beam bikharnay kii sharhein bikharnay kay liye hasaas hoti haine. intra beam bikharnay kaa taaluq tosheek asar say hay. tosheek asar eek zindagi bhar kaa asar hay juu intra beam kay tasadam parr mubni hotaa hay jiss kay natijay mein donon zaraat beam say nikaltay haine. intra beam bikharna eek reez tyme hay juu intra beam kay tasadam parr mubni hay jiss kay natijay mein momentum jodaa jaataa hay. bajarkan-mantagwa kii tashkil. intra beam bikharnay kay liye betatron kii sharah namo kii tareef iss tarah kii gayee hay: tamaam bunched bemon kay liye darj zeel aam hay jehaan farmola _ 6yee farmola _ 7yee aur farmola _ 8 momentum spread haine afqi aur amudi betatron groth times haine. zawiyah breaket <...> iss baath kii nishandahi karein kahh integral rung kay ard gird ausat hay. tareefain: tawazan aur sharah namo kaa majmuah asul. aayee bee aiss kuu eek aisey amal kay toor parr dekha jaa saktaa hay jiss mein mukhtalif "darjah hararat" tawazan qayem karnay kii koshish kartay haine. tarqi kii sharah iss soorat mein safar hogi kahh farmola _ 21 kaa ansar juu laurentz kii tabdili say aataa hay. iss masawaat say humm dekhtay haine kahh farmola _ 21 kay ansar kii wajah say tool albald aam toor parr transverse say behat ziyadah "thandaa" hotaa hay. iss tarah humm aam toor parr tool albald mein tarqi haasil kartay haine aur altaa mein sukad jaatay haine. peonsky ghair mutaghir kay lahaaz say aayee bee aiss mein tawanayi kay tahfuz kaa izhaar bhee kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. jehaan farmola 36. muntaqli say oopar sarf aayee bee aiss kay saath iss kaa matlab hay kahh koyee tawazan nahein hay. tahim tabkari kay dimping aur phailao kay muamile mein yaqeeni toor parr eek tawazan hay. aayee bee aiss kaa asar akhraaj kii tawazan kii aqdaar mein tabdili kaa sabab bantaa hay. jodee kii shamoliyat. jodee hoyee beam kay muamile mein kasee kuu jodee hoyee acanimatences kay irtaqaa parr ghoor karnaa chahiye. sharah namo kuu aam kiyaa jaataa hay farmola _ 37 paimaish aur nazariyah kay saath mawaznah. beenn alaqwami lakiri colloider (aayee eel see) aur compact lakiri colloider (cluck) kay liye majuzah "hatmi storage rung" roshni kay zaraye aur lapton dimping rangon mein intra beam bikharna eek aham asar hay. tajarbati mutaliat kaa maqsad bemon mein intra beam bikharnay kuu samajhna hay juu iss qasm kii machinon mein istemaal honay waali machinon kii tarah hay juu keek cecerta aur dosri jighon parr kiye gayey haine.

00068ce35536174c3071ec657910165af9c31252d2467076200d505112459d91

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3523687

sobrante

sobrante Portuguese. Etymology. From . Spanish. Etymology. From .

portugijxokolor poraa xubrant. byutpotti. poraa. spanis. byutpotti. poraa.

portugij bhasay. byutpatti. theke. spanish. byutpatti. theke.

sobrant portugies. vyutpatti. maanthi. spanish. vyutpatti. maanthi.

sobrant purtagaali. vyutpatti. seey. spanish. vyutpatti. seey.

portugees bhasheyannu prerepisi. vyutpatti. ninda. spanish. vyutpatti. ninda.

porchugeesukaaranaaya sobrant. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. spanish. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu.

sobrant portugij. vyutpatti. pasoon. spanish. vyutpatti. pasoon.

sobrant portugali. wyutpatti. batt. spanis. wyutpatti. batt.

partugeejamananku prabartita karantu. byutpatti. ru. spanis. byutpatti. ru.

puratgali sobrant. shabdawali. toon. spanish. shabdawali. toon.

sobrante portugees. vyutpattih. ityatah. spanish-bhashayam. vyutpattih. ityatah.

sobrand poarththukeesiyar. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. spanish. sorpirappiyal. irunthu.

portugeesu vaaru. vyutpatti. nundi. spanish. vyutpatti. nundi.

sobrant partagali. siftiyat. say. hispanvi. siftiyat. say.

00069243ee081d69755d2533dd210a76a2548d091d93c3293ac4706b366b6c0c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7565412

Alessandro (footballer, born March 1982)

Alessandro (footballer, born March 1982) Brazilian footballer Alessandro Nunes Nascimento or simply Alessandro (born 2 March 1982) is a Brazilian former football striker. He became the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B 2007's top scorer with 25 goals. Club career. Alessandro was signed by Tombense in February 2005 on a 4-year contract. He signed another a 3-year in January 2008. It is being reported that Ecuadorian Giants Barcelona Sporting Club have scouted Alessandro Nunes Nascimento and are going to ask Atlético Mineiro for a loan for the 2010 season. On 8 January 2011, Alessandro has agreed to contract with Série B club Sport Recife in Brazil but in a month, he rescinded his contract and rejoined his previous club Ipatinga. On 16 May 2011, Alessandro signed a contract with Série A side América Mineiro for the third spell. América announced he would stay at the club until 25 December 2012. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alessandru (football kheluwoi, jonmo 1982 sonor march maahot) alessandru nunes nasimentu baa xorolbhabe alessandru (jonmo 2 march 1982 sonor sau juyau daa buwa bhistat) hoise ejon brazilian striker ji bortoman bahiyar hoi khele. teu 25taa go "lor xoite 2007 sonor campionatu brasiliru cheri bi-ror xirxo sko" raar hoi porisil. clubber keriyar. 2005 sonor february maahot tombense 4 bosoriya suktit alesandrur xoite swakhyor korisil. 2008 sonor januaryt teu aaru etaa 3 bosoriya suktit swakhyor korisil. eitu protibedon diya hoise je equadorian jayant barcheluna sporting clube alessandru nunes nasimentu scout korise aaru 2010 sonor sijonor baabe atletiku minirur poraa rino bisariboloi goi aase. 2011 sonor 8 januaryt alessandruwe brajilot thoka cheri bi club sport risifor xoite sukti koriboloi xonmot hoisil jodiu etaa maahor bhitorot teu teur sukti baatil kori punor teur purbor club epattinghot jugdan korisil. 2011 sonor 16 mey "too alessandruwe tritiyokhon spelor baabe siri e side aamerika minirur xoite ek sukti swakhyor kore. aamerikai ghuxona korisil je teu 2012 sonor 25 disemboroloike klabkhonot thakibo.

alessandro (football kheload, jonmo march 1982) alessandro nunes nacimento baa cable alessandro (jonmo 2 march 1982 saao joao daa boa vistar) ekjon brazilian striker jini bortomane bahiar hoye khelen. tini 25tii goal korey 2007 saaler campionato brasiliro cerrie-rawr sheersho scorer hoye othen. club carrier. 2005 saaler februaryte alessandro 4 bochorer chuktite tombens dwara swakkhorito hohn. 2008 saaler januaryte tini arow ekti 3 bochorer chuktite swakkhar corren. jaanaa jachche jey, equadorian giant barcelona sportasa club alessandro nunes nacimentoke scout koreche ebong 2010 morshumer jonno atletico miniroke rino chaite choleche. 2011 saaler 8ee januari, alessandro braziler cerrie bii club sporta recifer saathe chukti korte sommoto hohn kintu eka maaser modhye, tini taar chukti batil korey taar ager club epattingye punra jog deena. 2011 saaler 16ee meey, alessandro tritiya speler jonno siri ayee side america miniro saathe ekti chukti swakkhar corren. america ghoshana korey jey seey 2012 saaler 25shhey december porjonto clubey thakbe.

alessandro (footballer, janm march 1982) alessandro nunes nacimento athavaa fakt alessandro (janm 2 march march roj saao joaao daa boa vistaamaa) aek brazilian striker chhe jeey haalmaa baahiyaa maate ramey chhe. teo 25 goal saathe saathe campeonato brasilero sireeno tochnaa scorer banyo hato. club karkirdi. alessandrone februari februari tombanes dwara 4 varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temane january january vadhu aek 3 varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. aevu nondhvaamaa aavee rahyu chhe keey ecodorian giants barcelona sporting clubbe alessandro noons nacimentoni tapaas curry chhe aneey aneey season maate atletico miniro pasethi loona mangva jaee rahyaa chhe. 8 january meey roj, alessandro brazilma siirii bii club sporta racif saathe karaar karvaa sammat thayaa hataa, parantu aek maheenama, temane temno karaar rada karyo aneey temnee agaauni club epatiniama fareethi jodaya. 16 meey meey roj, alessandro triji jodani maate siirii aee side america miniro saathe karaar parr hastakshar karyaa. america jaaherat curry hatee keey teey 25 december 2012 sudhee klabmaa raheshe.

alessandro (footballer, janm march 1982) alessandro noons nacimento yaa buss alessandro (janm 2 march 1982 koo saao joao daa boa vista mein) ack brazilian striker haye joe vartamaan mein baahiya key liye khelata haye. vaha 25 golon key saath 2007 key campionato brasiliro siri key sheersh scorer bunn gaye. club carrier. farwari 2005 mein alessandro koo 4 saal key anubandh parr makbare dwara hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone janwari 2008 mein ack aur 3 saal key liye hastakshar kiye. yeh bataaya jaa rhaa haye kii equadorian diggaj barcelona khel club ney alessandro noons naskimento kii khoj kii haye aur 2010 key satra key liye atletico mineiro seey rinn maangane jaa rahey hain. 8 janwari 2011 koo, alessandro brazil mein siri bee club sport recife key saath anubandh karane key liye sahmat hoe gaye, lekin ack maheene mein, unhone apana anubandh radd curr diyaa aur apane pichhale club epating mein phir seey shamil hoe gaye. 16 maee 2011 koo, alessandro ney teesare karyakal key liye siri aeye side america mineiro key saath ack anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. america ney ghoshana kii kii vaha 25 disambar 2012 taka club mein rahenge.

aleshandro (football atagara, janana march 1982) aleshandro noons nassimento athawa saralavagi aleshandro (savo jovo daa bowa vistaadalli 2 march 1982 randu janisidaru) brazilian striker aagiddu, prastuta bahiya para aduttare. avaru 25 golugalondige 2007rahra campionato brasiliro seri avara agra scorer aadaru. club vrattijeevana. 2005rahra phebravariyalli 4 varshagala oppandada mele alessandro avarige tombens sahi haakitu. avaru 2008rahra janavariyalli mattondu 3 varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru. ecuvadorian daitya barcelona creeda club aleshandro noons nassimentovannu scout maadide mattu 2010 rahra kridaartuvige saalakkaagi atletico minirovannu kelalide endu varadiyagide. 2011rahra janavari janavari, aleshandro brazilna seri bii club sport resifeyondige oppanda madikollalu wappikondanu, aadare ondu tingalalli, avanu tanna oppandavannu raddugolisi tanna hindina club ipaatingaage matte serikondanu. 2011rahra mayee mayee, alessandro moorane spelgagi americada seri aa side miniro jote oppandakke sahi haakidaru. america avaru 2012rahra december december klabnalli uliyuvudaagi ghoshisidaru.

alessandro (football kalikkaaran, jananam march 1982) nilavil baahiyaykk vendi kalikkunna oru brazilian strikeraanu alessandro noons nassimento allengil lalithamaayi alessandro (jananam 2 march 1982 saavo jovo daa bowa visttayil). 2007ll 25 golukalumaayi campionatto brasiliro serry bii. yude topp scoreraayi addeham maari. club currier. 2005 februvariyil naaluvarshathe karaaril alessandro tombens oppittu. 2008 januvariyil addeham mattoru 3 varshathe karaaril oppuvachu. ecadorian bheemanmaraaya barsalona sports club alessandro noons nassimento scout cheythathaayum 2010 seasoninaayi atlettikko miniroyodu vaaypa chodikkaan pookukayaanennum reportund. 2011 januvari 8 nuu, brazeelile serry bii club sports resifeumaayi karar cheyyaan alessandro sammathichuvenkilum oru maasathinullil addeham karar raddaakkukayum thante muun club ipaattingayil veendum cherukayum cheythu. 2011 meyy 16 nuu alessandro moonnaamathe spelinaayi american tharam seriyumaayi oru karar oppittu. 2012 desember 25 vare addeham clubble thudarumennu america prakhyaapichu.

alessandro (footballpatu, janm march 1982) alessandro nunes nacimento kinwa fakt alessandro (janm 2 march 1982 roji saao joao daa boa vista yethe) haah brazilcha striker aahe joou sadhya bahiyasathi khelato. too 25 golansah 2007 saalee campionato brasiliro siricha sarvoch golrakshak tharala. club karkird. februwari 2005 madhye, alessandrone 4 varshanchya kararavar tombensdware swakshari kelee. janewari 2008 madhye tyane aanakhi 3 varshanchya kararavar swakshari kelee. asey sangitale jaat aahe qee ecodorian diggaj barcelona creeda clubney alessandro nunes nacimentochi tapasani kelee aahe aanee teey 2010 chya hangamasathi atletico minirokade karj maganar aahet. 8 janewari 2011 roji, alessandrone brazilmadhil siirii bii club spoort recifeshi karar karnyas sahmati darshavali aahe parantu eka mahinyat, tyane tyacha karar radd keela aanee tyachya mageel club ipitenamadhye punha sameel jhaala. 16 meey 2011 roji, alessandrone tisya ferisathi america minirochya bajoone sirisobat karar keela. americene jaheer kele qee too 25 december 2012 paryant klabmadhye raheel.

alessandro (footballer, janma march 1982) alessandro nunes nacimento wa bus alessandro (janma 2 march 1982 sao joao daa boah bhistama) ek brazilian striker hun jo hall bahiyaka lagi khelchhan. uni 25 golka sath campionato brasilero siri bee 2007 ko shirsha scorer bane. club currier. alessandro february 2005 maa 4 warshako samjhautama tombensdwara hastakshar garieko thiyo. unle janawari 2008 maa arko 3 warshako samjhauta gare. yo report garieko chha kii ecodorian giant barcelona khelkud cluble alessandro nunes nasimentolai scout gareko chha rar atletiko minirolai 2010 sijanka lagi rina magna jandaichha. 8 janawari 2011 maa, alessandro brazilma siri bee club sport resifsanga samjhauta garna sahamat bhaeka chhan tara ek mahinama, unle afno samjhauta radda gare rar afno aghillo club epitengama punah samel bhae. 16 mey 2011 maa, alessandrole tesro hizzeka lagi siri ae side america minirosanga samjhautama hastakshar gare. americale ghoshana garyo kii uni 25 december 2012 samma clubma rahanechhan.

alessandro (football khelali, janma march 1982) alessandro nunesa nacimento kimba kebala alessandro (janma 2 march 1982 sao joao daa boa bhista ray) jane braziliah striker jie bartamana bahia paain khelanti . shay 25tii goal sahita 2007 masihar campionato brasiliro serinka shirsha scorer hoithile. club kyariyara. februari 2005 ray alessandro eka 4 barshar chuktinama upare tumbens dwara swakhyarita hoithile. januari 2008 ray shay aau eka 3 barshar chuktinama swakhyara karithile. suchana diajauchhi je ecoadorian giant barcelona sporting club alessandro nunesa nasimentonku scout karichhi ebong 2010 sijin paain eka runa paain atletico minironku pacharibaku jauchhi. 8 januari 2011 ray, alessandro brajilare seri bii club sports recife sahita chukti karibaku raaji hoithile kintu eka maasa madhyare, shay taanka chuktinamaku radda curry taanka purba club ipatingare punarbara joga deithile. 2011 masiha meey 16 tarikhare alessandro truteeja parjyaja paain siri aii side america minironka saha eka chukti swakhyara karithile. america ghoshana kallah je shay 25 december 2012 parjyanta klabare rahibe.

alessandro (footballer, janam march 1982) alessandro nunes nacimento jaan siraf alessandro (janam 2 march 1982 noon saao joao daa boa vista witch) ikk braazeel daa striker haii joe varatman witch bahiaa laee khedada haii. uh 25 golan naal 2007 witch campionato brasiliro siree daa choti daa goal curran vaala bann giaa. club carrier. alessandro noon farvari 2005 witch 4 saal dey ikrarname utte tombance duaara hastakhar keete gaye sunn. unhan neey janwari 2008 witch ikk horr 3 saal dey samjhaute utte hastakhar keete. ih dassiaa jaa riha haii kii ecodorian diggaj barcelona sports club neey alessandro nunas nacimento dee khoj keeti haii atey uh 2010 dey season laee atletico miniro toon karza mangan jaa rahey hunn. 8 janwari 2011 noon, alessandro braazeel witch siree bee club khed recife naal samjhauta curran laee sehmat hoow giaa haii parr ikk maheene witch, usne aapna ikrarnama radd qarr ditta atey aapne pichle club ipitenga witch dubara shamal hoow giaa. 16 maee 2011 noon, alessandro neey teeje spell laee amrica dey ikk paase dey seeree naal ikrarname 'teey dastkhat keete. amrica neey ailaan keeta kii uh 25 dasambar 2012 takk club witch rahega.

alessandro (football-kreedakah, janma maarch 1982) alessandro-noons-nacimento athavaa kevalam alessandro (1982 maarch 2 dinaanke saavo-jo-daa-bovaa-vistaa-nagare janma praapnot) ekaha brazili-deshasya stracker asti yah samprati bahiya-pakshaat kreeditavaan. saha 25 goals krutvaa 2007 tame varshe campionato braasiliro siree iti shirsha-scorer abhavat. club-vruttihi. 2005 februvari-maase, alessandro ityayam 4 varshebhyah anubandhena tombens ityanena hastaaksharitah. 2008 janavaree-maase saha anyasmin 3 varshe hastaaksharam krutavaan. ecodorian-daitya-barcelona-creedaa-club-samsthaa alessandro-noons-nassimento-samsthaam scout krutavatee iti kathyate, tathaa cha 2010 tamavarshasya runam etelitiko-miniro-samsthaam praarthayitum gacchanti iti kathyate. 2011 janavaree 8 dinaanke, alessandro brazil-deshe siree bee club-sport-reciff ityanena saha anubandham kartum sammatam krutavaan, parantu ekasmin maase saha swasya anubandham niraakrutavaan, poorvatan-club-ipitengaa-madhye punah sammilitah. 2011 mey 16 dinaanke, alessandro ityayam truteeya-spell-krute, america-deshasya seree-ityanena saha anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan. america-deshah 25 december 2012 paryantam club-madhye nivasati iti ghoshayat.

alessandro (kaalpandhu veerar, maarch 1982 ill piranthaar) alessandro nuns nacimento allathu verumanae alessandro (pirappu 2 maarch 1982 saavo jovo daa bowa vistaavil) oru brazil striker aavaar, avar tharpoothu bahiya anikkaaga vilaiyaadugiraar. avar 25 koolgaludan campeonato frasiliro chery pii 2007 inn adhiga cole adiththa veeraraaga aanaar. kilap vaazhkkai. pipravari 2005 ill 4 aandu oppanthaththil alessandro tombens moolam kaiyeluththidappattaar. avar janavari 2008 ill mattroru 3 aandu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. suttruchchoozhal maaperum parcelona vilayaattu kilap alessandro nuns nassimentovai scowt seithullathaagavum, 2010 seesanukkaana kadanai atletico miniroavidam kaetkap poavathaakavum koorappadugiradhu. janavari 8,2011 andru, alessandro brazilil ulla chery pii kilap vilayaattu samaiyal oppanththaththudan oppantham seiya oppukkondaar, aanaal oru maathaththil, avar thanathu oppanthaththai rathu seithu thanathu munththaiya kilap ipottingavil meendum saernthaar. 2011 mae 16 andru, alessandro moontraavathu ezhuththuppizhaikkaaga americavaich saerntha oru pakkamaana cherri miniroavudan oru oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. america avar 25 disambar 2012 varai kilappil iruppaar endru arivitthaar.

alessandro (football kreedaakaarudu, jananam marchi 1982) alessandro noons nassimento ledhaa kevalam alessandro (1982 marchi 2naa saavo jovo daa bova vistaalo janminchaaru) prastutam bahiya tarafuna aadutunna brazilian striker. athanu 25 goals thoo 2007loe campionato brasiliro seree yokka top scorerga nilichaadu. club kereer. 2005 fibravarilo 4 samvatsaraala oppandampai alessandro thombens santakam chesindi. athanu janavari 2008loe maroe 3 samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesaadu. ekuvadorian diggajaalu barcelona sporting club alessandro noons nassimentoni scout chesi, 2010 season kosam runam kosam atletico minironu adagabotunnatlu nivedinchabadutondi. 8 janavari 2011naa, alessandro brazilloni seree bii club sport recifto oppandam kudurchukovadaniki angeekarinchaadu, conny oka nelaloo, athanu thana oppandaanni raddu chesukuni thana munupati club ipitingaalo tirigi cheraadu. 2011 mae 16naa, alessandro moodava spell kosam america miniroku chendina sireetho oppandam kudurchukunnadu. athanu 2012 december 25 varaku clublone untaanani america prakatinchindi.

alessandro (fitt baalar paidaish maarch 1982) alessandro nans nasmento yaa mahaz alessandro (paidaish 2 maarch 1982 kuu saao jawao daa buwa wastaa mein) eek brazilin striker hay juu phee alhaal bahya kay liye kheelta hay. wah 25 golon kay saath 2007 kay campunito braselero saree bunn gayey. kalb carrier. alessandro kuu faroori 2005 mein tombens nay 4 saalah muahide parr dastakhat kiyaa thaa. inhon nay januri 2008 mein eek aur 3 saalah muahide parr dastakhat kiye. yaha atlaa dee jaa rahee hay kahh ekwadoriyayi diyo barsalona sporting kalb nay alessandro nans nasmento kuu scout kiyaa hay aur wah 2010 kay seezan kay liye atleto minero say qarz maangnay jaa rahay haine. 8 januri 2011 cow alessandro nay brazeel mein saree bee kalb sports recef kay saath muahidah karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa leakin eek maah mein iss nay apnaa muahidah mansukh kirr diyaa aur apnay pachlay kalb ipetinga mein dobarah shaamil how gayaa. 16 mayee 2011 cow alessandro nay teesre speel kay liye saree aey side america minero kay saath eek muahide parr dastakhat kiye. america nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah 25 dasambar 2012 takk kalb mein rahein gay.

0006986a702643f710f66b55cdabd21ba09dba8ac88352ab0132f39181b56060

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69759137

Sangi (cloth)

Sangi (cloth) Kind of silk mixed cloth from India Sangi was a kind of silk produced in Hindustan. It was a mixed woven cloth, a common cloth in the nineteenth century. The fabric was constructed with a cotton warp and a silk weft, or vice versa. Name. Sangi is derived from the word , which means (together) two warp yarns woven as one. Khajari (. Sangi was classified as a silk fabric; it was similar to Mashru but of a lesser quality. All three, Sangi, Mashru, and Gulbadan, have a wavy pattern running along their width. In Sanghi, the peculiar khanjari (Chevron, often relating to V-shaped) pattern is obtained by the arrangements of the dyed yarns in the warp, unlike in Mashru, where the effect is a result of dyeing the warp portions. The striped (wavy yarn) appears as a stitch in Sangi. In contrast, Gulbadan had an expensive, close, and fine texture. Sangi's distinguishing trait was a green or yellow warp (and, as a result, green and yellow khanjari) with a red weft. Although Muslims of the upper classes preferred cotton mixed, it was widely used by all classes. "Katan," a term for a warp yarn consisting of two loosely twisted yarns, was used to create the Sanghi, Mashru, and Gulbadan silk fabrics.39 Use. Several varieties of Sanghi, with varying yarn compositions and dimensions, were created in Jalaun, Allahabad, and Azamgarh. Warp coarse and fine weft Sangi was traditionally worn by Hindu women for Lehnga and by Muslim women for Paijama. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xangi (kapur) xangi aasil hindusthanot utpadito ek prokaror resom. eitu ek misrito bunaa kapur aasil, unobingxo xotikar ek xadharon kapur. kapurtu kopahor warp aaru resom weftore nirman koraa hoisil, baa iyar biporite. naam. xangi xobdotur poraa udbhob hoise, jaar ortho hoise (ekeloge) dutaa warp xuta etaa hisape bunaa. khojari (. xangik resom kapur hisape shrenibodho koraa hoisil; ee mashrur dore aasil kintu komm gunogoto maanor aasil. xangi, mashru aaru gulbodon ei tiniutare prosthor xoite soli thoka ek usuwa aarhi aase. xonghit, bixex khonjari (chebhron, praye bhi-aakritir xoite xomporkito) aarhitu mashrur biporite, zo 'too iyar probhabtu mashrur ongxobur rong korar folot hoy, warpot rongin xutar byowosthar dwara prapto koraa hoy. rekha thoka (urbor xuta) taa xangit xelai hisape dekha yaay. iyar biporite, gulbodonor ek byoybohul, ghonistho aaru xukhmo gothon aasil. xangir bixex boixistyo aasil ronga bezar xoite xeujiya baa halodhiya rongor (aaru, pholsworupe, xeujiya aaru halodhiya khonjari). jodiu uscho shrenir musolmanxokole kopah misrito koratu posondo korisil, tothapiu iyak xokolu shrenir dwara byapokbhabe byobohar koraa hoisil. "kaatan" xobdotu dutaa xithilbhabe beka xutare gothito etaa warp xutar baabe byobohar koraa hoisil, xanghi, mashru aaru gulbodon resom kapur toiyar koriboloi. byobohar korok. jaloun, allahabad aaru aajomgorhot bibhinno dhoronor xutar rosona aaru matrar xoite keibatau prokaror xonghi sristi koraa hoisil. poromporagotobhabe hindu mohilaxokole lehongar baabe aaru musolman mohilaxokole paijamar baabe warp mutaa aaru xukhmo weft xangi pindhisil.

sangi (kapad) sangi chhilo hindistane utpadito eka dharaner resham. etty ekti mishra bonna kapad chhilo, jaa unobingsho shatabdir ekti sadharan kapad chhilo. kapadti ekti sutir warp ebong ekti silk weft diye toiri koraa hoyechilo, baa todwiporito. naam. sangi shobdoti theke udbhuto hoyeche, jaar ortho (eksange) duti warp suta eka hisabe bonna. khajari (. sangike resham kapad hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoyechilo; etty mashrur anurup chhilo tobey qama maaner chhilo. sangi, mashru ebong gulbadan eyi tintiri prostho borabor ekti ddheukhelan pattern royeche. sanghite, adbhuto khanjari (shevron, prayashai vee-akritir saathe somporkito) patternti warpe rongin sutor byabostha dwara prapto hoy, mashrur biporite, jekhane prabhabti warp ongshoguli rongo korar falaswarup hoy. dorakata (ddheukhelan suta) sangite selai hisabe prodorshito hoy. err biporite, gulabdaner ekti byabahul, ghonistho ebong sukkho gathon chhilo. sangir swatantra baisishtya chhilo ekti sobuj baa holud warp (ebong falaswarup, sobuj ebong holud khanzari) ekti laal weft soho. jodio uchchobitto musalmanra mishra tulo pochondo korten, tobey etty samasta shrenir dwara byapokbhabe byabohrito hoto. "katan" shobdoti duti alga bankano suta niye gothito ekti warp suta, jaa sanghi, mashru ebong gulbadan silk kapad toiri korte byabohrito hoto. byabohar korun. jaloun, allabad ebong ajamgarh bivinno dharaner sutor rachona ebong matra soho bivinno dharaner sanghi toiri koraa hoyechilo. oitijjogotobhabe hindu mahilara lehengar jonno ebong muslim mahilara paizamar jonno motaa ebong sukkho weft sangi porten.

sangi (kaapad) sangi aee hindustaanmaa utpaadit aek prakaarnu resham hatoo. teey aek mishra vanaayelu kaapad hatoo, jeey oganismi sadimaa aek saamanya kaapad hatoo. kaapad sutrau warp aneey reshamnaa weftthee banavvama aavyu hatoo, athavaa tenaathi ulatu. naam. sangi shabd parthee utaree aavyo chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe (eksaathe) beey dordaanaa yarn aek tareeke vanaayela. khajaari (. saangeene reshamnaa kaapad tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aavee hatee; teey mashru jevu jaj hatoo parantu ochhi gunvattaanu hatoo. sangi, mashru aneey gulbadan aema traneyni paholai saathe aek laheraati pattern chhe. saanghimaa, vishisht khanzari (shevron, ghanivaar vee-aakaar saathe sambandhit) pattern vaadmaan rangaayela yarnni gothvani dwara melavaamaa aave chhe, jeey mashrumaa vipareet hoya chhe, jyaan assar vaadnaa bhagone rangvaanu parinam hoya chhe. pattawali (unchu sutrau) saangimaa taanka tareeke dekhaay chhe. tenaathi vipareet, gulbadan monghu, najiknu aneey sunder pota dharaavtu hatoo. saanginu vishisht laxan laal vanaat saathe leelo athavaa peelo warp (aneey parinaame, leelo aneey peelo khanzari) hatoo. uchch vargnaa muslimoae mishra kapaas pasand karyo hovaa chhataa, teno upyog tamaam vargo dwara vyaapakpane thato hato. "beey dhhilu valankvala yarnno samaavesh kartaa warp yarn maateno shabd "cutton" noow upyog sanghee, mashru aneey gulbadan reshamnaa kaapad banaavvaa maate thato hato. upyog karoo. viveedh yarn rachnaao aneey parimaano saathe saanghini viveedh jaato jaalaun, allahabad aneey aazamgarhma banavvama aavee hatee. paramparagat reete hindu maheelao dwara lehanga maate aneey muslim maheelao dwara paijama maate barchhat aneey bareek weft sangi pahervaamaa aavtee hatee.

saangi (kapada) saangi ack prakaar kaa resham thaa joe hindustan mein utpaadit hotaa thaa. yeh ack mishrit bunaa huaa kapada thaa, joe unnisvin shatabdi mein ack aam kapada thaa. kapade kaa nirmaan sooti warp aur resham key weft key saath kiya gayaa thaa, yaa isake vipareet. naam. saangi shabd seey liya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye (ack saath) dou warp dhaage ack key roop mein buney gaye hain. khajri (. saangi koo resham key kapade key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa; yeh mashru key samaan thaa lekin cumm gunavatta kaa thaa. teenon, saangi, mashru aur gulbadan, kii chaudaai key saath ack lahardaar pattern haye. sanghi mein, vishisht khanjari (chevron, aksar vee-aakar seey sambandhit) pattern koo warp mein rangeen dhaage kii vyavastha dwara praapt kiya jaataa haye, joe mashru key vipareet hotaa haye, jahaan prabhaav warp bhaagon koo rangane kaa parinam hotaa haye. dhaaridaar (lahardaar dhaga) saangi mein ack silai key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. isake vipareet, gulbadan kii banaavat mahangi, nikat aur maheen thee. saangi kii vishisht visheshta laal rung key saath ack haraa yaa peela warp (aur, parinamswarup, haraa aur peela khanjari) thaa. halanki uchch varg key musalman mishrit kapas koo pasand karate they, lekin iska vyaapak roop seey sabhi vargon dwara upayog kiya jaataa thaa. "kataan", ack warp yarn key liye ack shabd jisamen dou shithil roop seey mudey hue dhaage hotey hain, kaa upayog sanghi, mashru aur gulbadan resham key kapade banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. upayog karein. vibhinn dhaage kii rachanaon aur aayamon key saath sanghi kii kaee kismein jaalaun, allahabad aur aajamgarh mein banaai gaeen. paaramparik roop seey hindu mahilaaon dwara lahange key liye aur muslim mahilaaon dwara paijama key liye warp motey aur badhiya weft saangi pahani jaati thee.

sangi (batte) sangiyu hindoostaanadalli utpaadisalaaguva ondu reetiya reshme. idu hattombattane shatamaanadalli saamaanya batteyaada mishra neyda batteyagittu. batteyannu hatti warp mattu reshme teppadinda athawa pratiyagi nirmisalaagide. hesaru. sangi emba padavu eradu noolugalannu ottige neyda (ottige) emba arthavannu needuva padadinda bandide. khazari (. sangiyannu reshme batte endu vargeekarisalaagittu; idu mashruge holuttade aadare kadime gunamattaddagittu. sangi, mashru mattu gulbadan emba mooroo, tamma agalada uddakkoo chalisuva alegala maadariyannu hondive. sangiyalli, vishishtavaada khanjari (chevron, samanyavagi vii-akarakke sambandhiside) maadariyannu vaarpnallina bannada noolugala jodaneyinda padeyalaaguttade, mashruginta bhinnavagi, idara parinaamavu warp bhagagalige banna haakuva parinaamavaagide. patteyulla (alegala noolu) saangiyalli holigegalante kaanisikolluttade. idakke vyatiriktavagi, gulbadan dubari, hattirada mattu sookshmavaada vinyaasavannu hondittu. sangiya vishishta lakshanavendare kempu bannada teppadondige hasiru athawa haladi bannada warp (mattu idara parinaamavaagi, hasiru mattu haladi bannada khanjari). melvargada muslimaru mishra hattige aadyate niididdaroo, idannu ellah vargagalu vyaapakavaagi balasuttiddavu. "cutton" emba padavu eradu sadilavaagi tiruchida noolugalannu olagondiruva warp noolu, sanghi, mashru mattu gulbadan reshme battegalannu rachisalu balasalaaguttittu. balasi. vividha noolu samyojanegalu mattu ayamagalannu hondiruva halavaaru vidhada sanghiyannu jalaun, allahabad mattu ajamgadhagalalli rachisalaayitu. sampradayikavagi hindoo mahileyaru lengaage mattu muslim mahileyaru paijamage orataada mattu sookshmavaada teppada sangiyannu dharisuttiddaru.

sangi (thuni) hindusthaanil uthppaadippikkappedunna oru tharam pattayirunnu samghi. pathonpathaam noottaandile oru saadhaarana thuniyaya oru mixed neytha thuniyaayirunnu athu. oru parutthiyum pattunool veeppum upayogicho thiricho aanu thuni nirmmichathu. peru. (orumichu) rund warp noolukal onnaayi neythedukkuka ennartham varunna vakkil ninnaan sangi uruthirinjathu. khajaari (. sangiye oru pattunool thuniyaayi tharamthirichirunnu; ithu mashruvinu samanamaayirunnu, pakshe gunanilavaaram kuravaayirunnu. sangi, mashru, gulbadan ennee moonninum avayude veethiyiloode oru alamaarakalulla paatten undu. samghiyil, warp bhagangal chayam pooshunnathinte falamaayundaakunna mashruvil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vaarppile chayam pooshiya noolukalude krameekaranathiloodeyaanu vichitramaaya khanjaari (chevron, palappozhum vii-aakruthiyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu) paatten labhikkunnath. varayulla (alamaarayulla nool) saamgiyil oru thunnalayi kaanapedunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, gulbadan chelaveriyathum aduthathum mikachathumaaya gadanayundaayirunnu. chuvanna vefttulla pacha allengil manja warp (athinte falamaayi, pacha, manja khanjaari) aayirunnu sangiyude savisheshatha. uyarnna varggathile muslimkal parutthi misrithamaanu eshtappettathengilum ellah vibhagakkaarum ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. "samghi, mashru, gulbadan pattunool thunitharangal srishtikkaan rund ayanja valanja noolukal adangiya oru warp nooline soochippikkunna "kattan" enna padam upayogichirunnu. upayogikkuka. vividha nool rachanakalum alavukalum ulla niravadhi tharam samghikal jalaun, allahabad, asangarh ennividangalil srishtikkappettu. parukkan nertthathumaaya vepht sangi parambaraagathamaayi hindu sthreekal lengaykkum musleem sthreekal pyjaamaykkum dharichirunnu.

sangi (kapad) sangi haah hindusthanmadhye utpadit honara eka prakarcha resheem hota. teey eka mishra vinalele kapad hote, ekonisavya shatkatil eka samanya kapad. kapad sutee dorkhand aanee resheem weftney kinwa tyaulat bandhale gele hote. naav. sangi haah shabd yaa shabdavarun aala aahe, jyacha arth (ekatra) eka mhanoon vinalele done dorkhande. khajari (. sangiche vargikaran resheem kapad mhanoon kele gele hote; teey mashrusarkhech hote parantu qamee darjache hote. sangi, mashru aanee gulbadan yaa tinhichya rundivar eka lahari rachana aahe. sanghimadhye, vishisht khanzari (shevron, bahutekda vhee-aakarashi sambandhit) namuna, mashruchya ulat, varpmadhil rangavalelya dhagyanchya vyavasthedvare prapt keela jaato, jithe parinam haah varpchya bhaganna rangavanyacha parinam asato. pattankit (lahardar soot) sangimadhye shivan mhanoon disate. yaulat, gulbadanchi rachana mahagadi, jawalchi aanee bareek hotee. sangiche vaishishtyapurn vaishishtya mhanje laal wefts hirwa kinwa pivala warp (aanee parinami, hirwa aanee pivala khanzari). jaree uchchavargiyanmadhil muslimanni mishra kapus pasant keela asala, taree serve vargankadoon tyacha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat asey. "done sail valalelya dhagyancha samavesh asalelya warp dhagyasathi 'katan' hii sandnya, sanghi, mashru aanee gulbadan resheem kapad tayar karnyasathi vaparali jaat asey. vapara. jaalaun, allahabad aanee aazamgad yethe vegvegalya dhagyanchya rachana aanee parimanansah sanghiche anek prakar tayar karnyat aale. paramparikaritya hindu striya lehangasathi aanee muslim striya paijamasathi khadbadit aanee bareek weft sangi paridhan karat asat.

sangi (kapada) sangi hindustanma utpadan hune ek prakarko resham thiyo. yo ek mishrit buneko kapada thiyo, unnaisaun shatabdima euta samanya kapada thiyo. kapada kapasko warp rar reshamko weft, wa yasako viparit nirman garieko thiyo. naam. sangi shabdabata aeko how, jasko artha (sangai) dui warp dhago ek rupma buneko hunchha. khajari (. sangilai resam kapadako rupma wargikrit garieko thiyo; yo mashru jastai thiyo tara cum gunastarko thiyo. sangi, mashru rar gulbadan tinawataiko chaudaiko sath-sath lahardar dhancha chha. sangima, wishishta khanjari (shebhron, prayaha bhi-akarsanga sambandhit) dhancha mashruko viparit, warpma rangin dhagoko wyawasthadwara prapta garinchha, jahaan prabhawa warp bhagharu rung garne parinam how. pattedar (lahardar dhago) sangima silaiko rupma dekhinchha. yasako viparit, gulbadanko mahango, najikko rar ramro banawat thiyo. sangiko wishishta visheshta rato weftko sath hariyo wa pahenlo warp (rar, falaswarup, hariyo rar pahenlo khanjari) thiyo. yadyapi uccha wargaka muslimharule kapas mishrit garna ruchaunthe, yo sabai wargaharudwara wyapak rupma prayog garinthyo. "katan", dui dhilaile ghumaeko dhago bhaeko warp dhagoko lagi ek shabda, sanghi, mashru rar gulbadan resham kapada sirjana garna prayog garieko thiyo. prayog garnuhos. jalauna, allahabad rar ajamgadhma vibhinna dhago rachana rar ayamka sangika dherai prajatiharu sirjana garieko thiyo. paramparagat rupma hindu mahilaharule lengaka lagi rar muslim mahilaharule paijamaka lagi warp mota rar ramro weft sangi lagaaunthe.

sangi (kapada) sangi eka prakarara resham thila jaahaa hindusthanare utpadita heuthila. ehaa eka mishrit bunaa kapada thila, jaahaa unabinsha shatabdire eka sadharana kapada thila. ehi bastra eka suutaa fita ebong eka resham fita kimba ehara bipareetare nirmita hoithila. naama. sangi shabdati shabdaru aasichhi, jahara artha (ekathi) duiti warpa suutaa gotie bhabare bunaa . khajri (. sangiku eka resham bastra bhabe bargeekruta karajaithila; ehaa mashru bhali thila, kintu ehara gunabatta comm thila. sangee, mashru ebong gulbadan, ehi tinitira madhya eka tarangajita dhancha rahichhi, jaahaa ehara osara sahita gati karuchhi. sangire, swatantra khanjari (shevaran, prajatah bhi-aakaar sahita jadita) dhanchati masharu tulanare, warpare rangina suutaa byabastha dwara prapta hue, jeunthare prabhaba warpa anshaku rangibara parinam . dharakara (tarangajita suutaa) sangeere eka selai bhabare dekhajae . aparapakhyare, gulbadanra eka byajabahula, ghanistha ebong sukshma gathan thila. sangira swatantrata thila eka sabuja kimba haladia fita (ebong, phalaswaroopa, sabuja ebong haladia khanjari) eka laal fita sahita . jadio ucchabargara musalamanamane mishrit kapaa pasanda karuthile, ehaa samasta barganka dwara byapaka bhabare byabahruta heuthila . "cotton", duiti haluka bakra suutaa bisista eka warp suutaa paain eka sabda, sanghi, mashru ebong gulbadan resham kapada srusti karibaku byabahruta hoithila . byabahara karantu. bibhinna prakarara sangee, bibhinna suutaa rachna ebong aakaar sahita, jalauna, allahabad ebong aajamagadare srusti karajaithila . paramparika bhabe hindu mahilamane lenga paain ebong musalman mahilamane paijama paain mota ebong sukshma weft sangee pindhithile.

sangi (kappda) sangi hindustan witch paida keeti jaanh vaali ikk kisam dee resham see. ih ikk mishrat buniaa hoiaa kappda see, joe unhivin sadee witch ikk aam kappda see. kappde daa nirman ikk kapaah dey warp atey ikk resham dey wafet naal keeta giaa see, jaan iss dey ulat. naam. sangi shabad toon liaa giaa haii, jisda arth haii (ikkathe) doou warp dhaage ikk dey roop witch bune gaye hunn. khajri (. sangi noon resham dey kappde vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa see; ih mashru dey samaan see parr ghatt gunwatta daa see. tinnan, sangi, mashru atey gulbadan, dee chaudai dey naal-naal ikk lahiran vaala pattern haii. sanghi witch, vilakkhan khanjari (shavron, aksar vee-aakaar naal sabandhat) pattern warp witch range hoye dhaage dey parbandhan duaara prapat keeta jaanda haii, masru dey ulat, jitthe prabhav warp dey hissiaan noon rangan daa natija hunda haii. dharidar (lahiran vaala dhaga) sangi witch ikk silai dey roop witch dikhai dinda haii. iss dey ulat, gulbadan dee banatar mahingi, nazdiki atey vadhiaa see. sangi dee vakkhari visheshta laal rung dey naal ikk haraa jaan peela warp (atey, natije vajon, haraa atey peela khanjari) see. halanki ucch varag dey musalman kapaah noon milauna pasand karde sunn, parr iss dee varton saare vargan duaara viaapak taur 'teey keeti jaandi see. "qatan", ikk warp dhaage laee ikk shabad haii jiss witch doou dhille dhang naal modey hoye dhaage hunde hunn, sanghi, mashru atey gulbadan resham dey kappde banaun laee varte jaande sunn. varton crow. jalon, allahabad atey aazamgarh witch vakkh-vakkh dhaage deeaan rachnavan atey maap dey naal sanghi deeaan kaee kisman banaiaan gaeeaan sunn. ravaiti taur utte hindu aurtan lahanga atey muslim aurtan pyjama laee motte atey vadhiaa wafet sangi pahindiaan sunn.

saangee (vastram) sangee iti hindistaan-deshe utpaadyamaanam ekataram reshma-padarthah aasit. eshah mishra-bunaa-vastrah aasit, yah 19 shataabdyaam samanyaha vastrah aasit. vastrasya nirmanam karpasa-vaarp ityanena, reshma-weft ityanena vaa, athavaa tadanugunam cha krutam aasit. naam. sangee iti padam, arthaat (militvaa) ekaroopen bunaah dwau vaarp-yaarn ityetau iti shabdat vyutpannam asti. khajari (. saangee-vastram reshamaroopen vargeekrutam aasit; etat mashru-sadrusham aasit parantu nyunagunasya aasit. saangee, mashroo, gulbaadan iti trayanam cha prasthe cha tarangamaan-aakrutihi asti. sanghee-pradeshe vishishtam khanjari (shevron, praayah vee-akarena sambaddham) swaroopam, mashru-ityasya vipareetam, vaarp-madhye ranjita-nulanam vyavasthayaa praaptam bhavati, yatra prabhaawah vaarp-bhaganam ranjitasya parinaamah bhavati. pattika (lahardaar-nool) saangee ityasmin tanturoopen drushyate. tadviruddham gulbaadan ityasya mahatee, nikatam, sukshmam cha aakrutihi aasit. saangee ityasya vishishtalakshanam harita-peeta-vaarp (tathaa, phalatah, harita-peeta-khanjari) aasit, yasya rakta-weft aasit. yadyapi ucchavargeeyaaha muslimajanaah mishra-karpasam icchanti sma, tathaapi sarve vargeshu asya vyaapakah upayogah abhavat. "cutton" iti padam, shithilataya vakra-nooladwayena yuktasya vaarp-nulasya krute, sanghee, mashru, gulbaadan-reshma-vastraanaam nirmanartham upayujyate sma. upayoge. jaalaun, allahabad, aazamgarh ityeteshu vividha-nool-rachanaabhih, parimaanaih cha saha anekavidha-sanghi-rachanaah nirmitaani. vaarp-curse-fain-weft-sangee iteedam paramparaagataroopen hindu-mahilaabhih lehngaayaah krute, muslim-mahilaabhih paijama ityasya krute cha dharitam aasit.

sangki (thuni) sangki enbathu hindhusthaanil urpaththi seiyappadum oru vagaiyaana pattu aagum. idhu paththonpathaam noottraandil oru podhuvaana thuniyaana kalappu neitha thuniyaaga irunththathu. thuni oru paruththi warp mattrum oru pattu weft allathu nermaaraagavum kattappattathu. peyar. sangki endra soll, (ontraaka) irandu warp noolgal ontraaka neiyappattavai endru porulpadum vaarththaiyilirunthu perappattathu. kajari (. sangki oru pattuth thuniyaaga vagaippaduththappattathu; idhu mashroovaip poantrathu, aanaal kuraindha tharamaanathu. saanki, mashru mattrum kulpaathan aagiya moontrum avattrin agalaththil oodum alai alai vadivaththaik kondullana. sangkiyil, visithiramaana kanjaari (sevron, perumpaalum vii-vadivaththudan thodarpudaiyathu) vadivam warp paguthiyil saayam poosappatta noolgalin aerpaadukalaal perappadukirathu, mashroovil poalallaamal, idhan vilaivu warp pakuthikalukku saayam poosuvathan vilaivaagum. koadugal (alai alai nool) sangkiyil oru thaiyalaagath thoandrugirathu. idharku maaraaga, kulpaathan oru vilaiyuyarnththa, nerukkamaana mattrum sirantha amaippaik kondirundhadhu. sangkiyin thaniththuvamaana panbu sivappu wefttuden koodiya pacchai allathu manjal warp (idhan vilaivaaga, pacchai mattrum manjal kanjari) aagum. uyar vaguppaich saerntha muslimgal paruththi kalappai virumbiya poathilum, adhu anaitthu varkkangkalaalum paravalaagap payanpaduththappattathu. "kathan" endra soll, irandu thalarvaaga murukkapatta noolgalaik konda oru warp noolaik kurikkirathu, idhu sangki, mashru mattrum kulpaathan pattu thunigalai uruvaakka payanpaduththappattathu. payanpaduththavum. palvaeru vagaiyaana sangkigal, vevvaeru nool kalavaigal mattrum parimaanangkaludan, jalaavun, alagabad mattrum asamkar aagiya idangkalil uruvaakkappattana. karadumuradaana mattrum nerththiyaana weft sangki paarambariyamaaga indhu penkalaal lengaavirkum, musleem penkalaal paijaamaavirkum anivaargal.

sangi (vastram) sangi anedi hinduustaanloo utpatti cheyabade oka rakamaina pattu. idhi pantommidava sataabdamloo oka saadhaarana vastram, mishrama nesina vastram. eee vastraanni patthi warp mariyu pattu weftho ledhaa dheeniki viruddhamgaa nirminchaaru. paeru. sangi anae padam nundi udbhavinchindi, antey (kalisi) rendu warp noolulanu okatigaa neyadam. khazari (. sangini pattu vastramgaa vargeekarinchaaru; idhi mashru maadirigaane untundi conny takkuva naanhyata kaligi untundi. sangi, mashru, gulbadan anae moodu vaati vedalpu venta alala namuunaanu kaligi untaayi. sanghilo, vichitramaina khanjari (chevron, tarachugaa vii-akaaraaniki sambandhinchinadi) namuunaanu vaarplooni rangu vese noolula amarika dwara pondutaaru, masrulo kakunda, dheeni prabhavam warp bhagalaku rangu veyadam phalitamgaa untundi. chaarala (alala noolu) saangiloo kuttuga kanipistundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, gulbadan khareedaina, sannihitamaina mariyu chakkati aakrutini kaligi undhi. sangi yokka pratyeka lakshanam erupu weftho aakupaccha ledhaa pasupu warp (mariyu, phalitamgaa, aakupaccha mariyu pasupu khanjari). unnata vargaala muslimlu mishrama pattini ishtapadinappatiki, dheenini anni taragatulu vistrutamgaa upayoginchevi. "cutton" anae padam rendu vadulugaa vakreekarinchina noolulatho kuudina warp nooluku, sanghi, mashru mariyu gulbadan pattu battalanu roopondinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. upayoginchandi. vividha noolu kuurpulu mariyu kolatalato kuudina aneka rakaala sangheelu jalaun, allahabad mariyu aajangadhlalo srushtinchabaddaayi. warp mutaka mariyu chakkati weft saangini saampradayakamgaa hinduu mahilalu lehamgaa kosam mariyu muslim mahilalu pyzama kosam dharinchevaaru.

sanghi (kapda) sanghi eek qasm kaa resham thaa juu hindustan mein tayaar kiyaa jaataa thaa. yaha eek makhlut banay hoay kapday thay juu aneeswein sadee mein eek aam kapday thay. kapday kuu suutee warp aur resham kay katay hoay kapday say banaya gayaa thaa yaa iss kay barakas. naam. sanghi iss lafz say makhuz hay jiss kaa matlab hay (eek saath) duu warp suut juu eek kay toor parr banay hoay haine. khijri (. sanghi kuu resham kay kapday kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo yaha mashro say milta jaltaa thaa leakin kumm mayaar kaa thaa. teenon sanghi mashru aur gulbadan kii chodayi kay saath eek lehra hawaa namunah hay. sanghi mein makhsus khanjri (sheoron juu aksar wee kii shakal say mutaliq hotaa hay) namunah warp mein rangay hoay dhaagon kay intezamat say haasil kiyaa jaataa hay iss kay barakas mashro mein jehaan asar warp kay hasoon kuu rangnay kaa natijah hotaa hay. dhaari daar (lehra hawaa dhagah) sanghi mein salayi kay toor parr zahir hotaa hay. iss kay barakas gulbadan kii saakhat mahungi qareebi aur emdah thee. sanghi kii mamtaz khususiyat sarkh rung kay saath sabz yaa pailay rung kaa warp (aur iss kay natijay mein sabz aur pailay rung kii khanjri) thee. agarcha aalee tabqe kay musliman makhlut kapaas kuu tarjih deetay thay leakin asay tamaam tabqat baday paimanay parr istemaal kartay thay. "kitan"yee duu dahilay maray hoay dhagay parr mushtamil warp suut kay liye eek astalaah sanghi mashro aur gulbadan resham kay kapday bananay kay liye istemaal hoti thee. istemaal karein. mukhtalif dhagay kii tarkibon aur tool woo araz kay saath sanghi kii kayee aqsaam jaalun alah aabaad aur aizam garh mein banayi gayein. warp motee aur emdah weaft sanghi rawayati toor parr hindo khwatin kay zariye lehanga aur muslim khwatin kay zariah paijamah kay liye pehni jaati thee.

00069972a482b9a09ac0fbeb3749f5d415264542100f3d059f0d2a204084d7ab

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49394157

Mystacernis

Mystacernis Monotypic moth genus in family Xyloryctidae Mystacernis alphesta is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae, and the only species in the genus Mystacernis. The genus and species were both described by Edward Meyrick in 1915 and are found in Malawi. The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are brownish-ochreous suffusedly irrorated with fuscous. The discal stigmata are cloudy and dark fuscous, connected by pale ochreous suffusion. The hindwings are pale grey. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mistachernis mistachernis alfesta hoise jailurektide poriyalor etaa potongo, aaru mistachernis gonor ekmatro projati. 1915 sonot edward meirike ei gono aaru projati duyutar bixoye bornona korisil aaru malawit puwa goisil. rajharor doirghyo pray 11 millimeter. xonmukhor danabur badami-okoriyas aaru jothesto porimane fussosor xoite trutipurno. discale stigmata daworiya aaru daath fusakas, ee paatol okreus swusiusonor dwara xongzukto. pisfalor danabur paatol dhurar rongor.

mystasurnis mystasurnis alfesta holl zyloricidae poribarer ekti moth ebong mystasurnis goner ekmatro prajati. 1915 saale edward meirick eyi prajati ebong prajati ubhoyer bornona diyechilen ebong malauite pawa yaay. danna pray 11 mimmy. samoner danna badami-khanchar ronger ebong jotheshto porimane fonta fonta. discal stigmata meghla ebong gaadh fuscus, facushey akreus shwasrodh dwara sangjukto. pichoner dikguli facushey dhusar.

mystessernis mystessernis alphesta aee zylorictidae kutumbamaa aek shalabh chhe, aneey mystessernis jaatima ekmatra prajaati chhe. aaa jaatee aneey prajaatio bannenu varnan edward meirike meirike karyoo hatoo aneey teey malaavimaa jovaa maley chhe. pankhni paankh lagbhag 11 meemee chhe. aagalni paankho bhuro-aucharius hoya chhe, jemaa fuscus saathe bhukhyaa hoya chhe. discal stigmata vaadalchhaayu aneey gheraa rangnu hoya chhe, jeey nistej geruvruteey shvaas dwara jodaayelu hoya chhe. paachhalni paankho aachha bhukharaa rangnee hoya chhe.

mystessernis mystessernis alpesta zylorictidae parivaar mein ack patang haye, aur genus mystessernis mein ekmatra prajaati haye. genus aur prajaatiyon donon kaa varnan 1915 mein edward mayrick dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur yeye malawi mein paae jaate hain. pankhon kaa aakar lagbhag 11 mimi haye. agrapakshi bhoore rung key hotey hain-goodedaar roop seey dhundhale rung key saath. discal stigmata baadal aur gahare dhundhale hotey hain, joe halke aukrius safuzan seey judey hotey hain. peechhe key pankh halke bhoore rung key hotey hain.

mystassernis mystassernis alphesta embudu xylorictidae kutumbada ondu chitte, mattu mystassernis kulada ekaika prabhedavagide. ee kula mattu prabhedagaleradannoo edward meyrik meyrik vivarisiddaane mattu ivu malaaviyalli kandubaruttave. rekkegalu sumaru 11 mii. mea. galaagive. mumbhagagalu kandu-nerale bannadinda koodiddu, saakashtu uriyootadinda koodiruttave. discal stigmatagalu modadinda koodiruttave mattu gaadhavaada fuscus aagiruttave, idu masukaada okriyas usirugattuvikeyinda samparka hondide. himbhagada rekkegalu tili boodu bannadalliruttave.

mistasernis cylorictidae kudumbatthile oru nishaashalabhamaan mistasernis aalfesta, mistasernis janussile eaka inamaanu ithu. 1915ll edward mairick vivaricha eee janussum enangalum malaviyil kaanapedunnu. chirakukalkk ekadesham 11 milleemettar aanu. munvashangal thavittuniramullathum, oothuvarggamullathum, moorchayullathum, niramullathum aanu. ilam ookriyas shwaasakosharogathaal bandhippichirikkunna discal stigmatta meghaavrithavum irunda fusecusumaanu. pinbhagangal ilam chaaraniramaanu.

mystessernis mystessernis alphesta haah zylorictidae kutumbatil eka patang aahe aanee mystessernis vanshatil ekmev prajati aahe. vansh aanee prajati yaa donhinche varnan edward meirikne 1915 madhye kele hote aanee tyaa malavimadhye aadhaltat. pankhanchi lambi sumare 11 miimii aahe. pudhil pankh tapkiri-aukrius asatat aanee tyat fuscus asate. discal stigmata dhagal aanee gadad fuscus asatat, jeey fikat aukrius fuganyane jodalele asatat. magche pankh fikat rakhadi rangache asatat.

mistasernis mistasernis alfesta gylorictidae pariwarko ek patanga how, rar mistasernis wanshako ek matra prajati how. sann 1915 maa edward meirikle wansh rar prajati duwaiko warnan gareka thie rar malavima painchhan. yasako pakha lagbhag 11 mimmy chha. agrabhag khairo-gerua hunchha rar fulksasanga paryapta rupma trutipurna hunchha. discal stigmata badal rar gadha fuscus hunchhan, june fyaanlo ocreus safujandwara jodieko hunchha. pachhadika bhagharu fyaanlo khairo hunchhan.

mystasernis myustasarnis alfesta heuchhi gylorictidae paribarara eka patanga, ebong myustasarnis ganara ekamatra prajati . ehi prajati ebong prajati ubhaja 1915 ray edward meiriknka dwara barnana karajaithila ebong malawire dekhibaku milithae . ehara paakh paakh praiah 11 mea. mea.. agrabhaga badami-gerua rangara ebong yathesta matrare fuses sahita trutipurna . discal stigmata meghua ebong gadha fusks, fica ocreas fusyusan dwara sanjukta . pachapakhe fica dhusara rangara hoithae.

rahasswadi mistassernis alphista parivaar zylorictidae witch ikk keeda haii, atey jeanus mistassernis witch iklauti prajati haii. jeanus atey prajatiaan dovan daa varnan edward meirik duaara 1915 witch keeta giaa see atey ih malawi witch paae jaande hunn. khambhan dee laggbhag 11 millimeter haii. agle khambh bhure-goodeh rung dey hunde hunn joe dhundle hunde hunn. discal stigmata baddlan atey goodeh dhundle hunde hunn, joe peele ocreus goonj duaara jude hunde hunn. pichhe dey khambh peele slaty hunde hunn.

mystessernis mystasernis alfesta iti zalorictidae-parivaarasya ekaha shalabhah asti, tathaa cha mystasernis-vamshasya ekamaatrah prajaatih asti. 1915 tame varshe edward mairik ityanena varnitaah vamsha-jaatayah cha malaavee-deshe drushyante. prushtabhaagah praayah 11 mii. mee. yaavat bhavati. agrabhaagaah godhoomavarnasya-akreyas-yukttaah santi, ye fuscus-yukttaah santi. discal-stigmata-kshetraani meghaavrutaani, krushna-fuscus-kshetraani cha santi, ye mlan-ocreus-shvaasa-pradaahena sambadhaah santi. prushtabhaagaah mlan-dhoosarawarnaah santi.

mystassernis mystassernis albesta enbathu cylorictidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru andhuppoochchi aagum, maelum mystassernis paerinaththil ulla oray inamaagum. inththa paerinam mattrum inangkal irandum 1915 aam aandil edward meirik enbavaraal vivarikkappattana, maelum ivai malaaviyil kaanappadugindrana. idhan irakkaikal sumar 11 mimee aagum. munpura irakkaikal paluppu niraththil-pacchai niraththil ullana, avai fuscasuden poathumaana alavu sithainthullana. discal stickmata maekamoottamaagavum irunda fuscus aagavum irukkum, idhu velir ookriyas moochchuththinaral moolam inaikkappattullathu. pinpura irakkaikal velir saambal niraththil ullana.

mystassernis mystassernis alphesta anedi gylorictidae kutumbaaniki chendina oka chimmata, mariyu mystassernis jaatilo unna ekaika jaathi. eee jaathi mariyu jaatulu rendintinee 1915loe edward meyrik varninchaaru mariyu ivi malaavilo kanipistaayi. rekkalu sumaru 11 mimi untaayi. mundu rekkalu godhuma rangulo-aakupaccha rangulo untaayi, avi fuscusto saripolanivigaa untaayi. discal stigmata meghaavrutamgaa mariyu muduru rangulo untundi, ivi laetha okriyas oopiri peelchukovadam dwara anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. venuka rekkalu laetha buudida rangulo untaayi.

00069afc53f0ca114b2a9223a2ace167bb867129618e26e239e778120cddd5a6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37546663

Tty (unix)

Tty (unix)

tii. tii. aay. (unix)

tii. tii. aai. (unix)

tii. tii. aaee. (unix)

00069c334d38695048132824d4b44d9fd7d99a392805abc4b14786643ed1083a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57792350

DLL Airport

DLL Airport

di. el. el. bimanbondor

dii. aela. aela. airport

dee. ell. ell. havaai adda

dii. ell. ell. vimantal

dii. ell. ell. biman bandara

dee. aill. aill. havaai adda

dee. ell. ell. vimaanasthaanakam

00069d6e9d410aa94be4baed9b3afd617884b0ce820c1343ee8aeab832b3c2cf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33238190

Claude-Marie Dubufe

Claude-Marie Dubufe French painter (1790–1864) Claude-Marie-Paul Dubufe (1790–1864) a French historical, genre and portrait painter, was born in Paris in 1790, and studied under Jacques-Louis David. His subjects were at first classical, and then scriptural. He then gave himself up to the painting of genre pictures and portraits. His reputation rests chiefly on his portraits, of which he produced a large number. Dubufe, who was the last representative of the school of David, died at Selle-Saint-Cloud in 1864. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

cloud-meree dubufe cloud-meree-poll dubufe (1790-1864) ejon forasi oitihaxik, dhaara aaru chitro sitroxilpi, 1790 sonot perisot jonmogrohon korisil, aaru jacks-lui debhidor odhinot odhyoyon korisil. teur bixoixomuh prothome xastriyo aasil, aaru taar pisot xastriyo aasil. taar pisot teu nijoke dharar sobi aaru sitror sitrokolar usorot eri disil. teur khyati mulotoh teur sitror uporot nirbhor kore, jaar poraa teu brihot xongkhyok sobi prostut korisil. debhidor bidyaloyor xex protinidhi dubufer 1864 sonot chell-saint-cloudot mrityu hoisil.

cloude-marry dubufe cloude-marry-poll dubufe (1790-1864) ekjon farasi oitihasik, gharanar ebong protikriti chitroshilpi, 1790 saale pyarise jonmogrohon corren ebong jacks-lui devider adhine padashona corren. taanr vishayguli prothome shastriya ebong tarpor shastriya chhilo. erpor tini chhobi oo protikriti aankar dharar proti nijeke samarpan corren. taanr khyati mulat taanr protikritir upor nirbhar korey, jaar modhye tini ekti borh sankhya toiri korechilen. dubufe, jini devider bidyalayer shesh protinidhi chhilen, 1864 saale seela-seenta-claude maaraa zaan.

claude-meerii dubufe french aitihasik, shailee aneey potret chitrakaar claude-meerii-poola dubufe (1790-1864) noow janm janm pereesmaa thayo hato aneey temane jaiks-luis david hethal abhyaas karyo hato. temnaa vishhayo pahelaa shaastriy hataa, aneey pachhi shaastrona hataa. tyarbad temane shaileena chitro aneey chitrona chitrakaam maate potaane samarpeet curry deedhaa. temnee pratishtha mukhyatve temnaa chitro parr aadharit chhe, jemathi temane motee sankhyama chitro banaavya hataa. dubufe, jeey devidnee shaalaana chhella pratinidhi hataa, hataa seela-saint-cloud khaate mrutyu pamya hataa.

clod-mairi dubufe clod-mairi-paul dubufe (1790-1864) ack francisi aitihaasik, shally aur chitra chitrakaar, 1790 mein peris mein paida hue they, aur jack-luis david key tahat adhyayan kiya thaa. unake vishay pahale shaastriya they, aur phir shastratmak. isake baad unhone khud koo chitron aur chitron kii shally kii painting key liye chhod diyaa. unaki pratishtha mukhya roop seey unake chitron parr ticky hui haye, jinamen seey unhone badee sankhya mein chitra banaae. dubufe, joe david key school key antim pratinidhi they, 1864 mein cell-sent-cloud mein maare gaye.

claud-merrie dubufe french aitihaasika, prakara mattu bhavachitra varnachitrakaararaada claud-merrie-paul dubufe (1790-1864) 1790ralli parisonalli janisidaru mattu jackwess-louis david avara adiyalli adhyayana maadidaru. aatana vishayagalu modalu shaastriyavaagiddavu, nantara dharmagranthagalaagiddavu. nantara aata varnachitragalu mattu bhaavachitragala prakaarada chitrakalege tammannu taavu arpisikondaru. avara khyaatiyu mukhyavaagi avara bhaavachitragala mele avalambitavagide, avugalalli avaru hecchina sankhyeyannu nirmisidaru. davidna shaleya koneya pratinidhiyagidda dubufe, 1864ralli selle-saint-claudenalli nidhanaraadaru.

claude-maari dubufe 1790ll paareesil janicha clad-maari-pooll dubufe (1790-1864) oru franch charitra, vibhaga, chhaayaachithra chitrakaaranum jackwus-luis davidinte keezhil padichayaalum aanu. addehathinte vishayangal aadyam classical pinneedu vedagrandhangalumaayirunnu. thudarnnu addeham chithrangaludeyum chhaayaachithrangaludeyum paintinginu svayam keezhadangi. addehathinte prashasthi pradhaanamaayum addehathinte chhaayaachitrangalilaanu, athil addeham dhaaraalam chithrangal nirmmichu. david skoolinte avasana prathinidhiyaayirunna dubufe 1864-ll sell-seyint-klaudil vachu marichu.

claude-merry dubufe claude-merry-pall dubufe (1790-1864) ek francelli aitihasik, vidha rar chitra chitrakar, sann 1790 maa perisma janmieka thie, rar jack-luis devidko adhinma adhyayan gareka thie. unka vishayaharu suruma shastriya rar tyasapachhi shastragat thie. tyasapachhi unle afulai shaili chitra rar chitraharuko chitrakarima tyage. unko pratishtha mukhyataya unko chitraharuma nirbhar chha, jasmadhye unle thulo sankhyama utpadan gare. dubufe, jo devidko schoolka antim pratinidhi thie, sann 1864 maa cell-cent-claudma marey.

claude-myari dubufe claude-merry-pull dubufe (1790-1864) jane farasi aitihasika, sailee ebong pratikruti chitrakar, 1790 ray pyarisare janmagrahana karithile ebong jack-lui devidanka adheenare adhyajana karithile. taanka bishai prathame shastriya thila, ebong parey shastriya thila . ehapare shay chitra ebong pratikruti saileera chitrakala paain nijaku samarpana karithile. tankara sunam mukhyatah taanka pratikruti upare nirbhara kare, jeunthiru shay bahu sankhyaka utpadana karithile . dubufe, jieki devidanka bidyalajara shesh pratinidhi thile, 1864 masihare cell-cent-claude thaare mrutyubarana karithile.

cloud-mairi dubufe cloud-mairi-paal dubufe (1790-1864) ikk franch itihasak, shaili atey portrait chittarkar, 1790 witch paris witch paida hoiaa see, atey jaikas-luis david dey adheen adhiaen keeta see. uss dey vishe pahilan classical sunn, atey firr shastari. firr uss neey aapne aap noon shaili deeaan tasviran atey portrait dee painting laee chhadd ditta. uss dee pratishtha mukkh taur utte uss deeaan tasviran utte adharat haii, jinhan vicchon uss neey vaddi ginti witch tiaar keeta. duboofe, joe david dey school daa aakhri numainda see, dee 1864 witch cell-cent-cloud witch maut hoow gaee.

cloud-merry dubufe claude-merry-paal dubufe (1790-1864) ekaha french-aitihaasikah, shaileeh, chitrakaushalam cha, 1790 tame varshe pyaris-nagare ajayata, tathaa cha jaak-louis-david ityasya adheenam adhyayanam krutavaan. tasya vishayaah prathame shastriyani, tatah shaastriyaani cha aasan. tatah saha chitraanaam chitraanaam cha prakarasya chitrakalaam prati svatvam samarpayt. tasya pratishtaa mukhyataya tasya chitraani ashrita, yeshu saha bahusankhyaakam nirmitavaan. david-vidyaalayasya antimah pratinidhihi dubufe 1864 tame varshe selle-sent-claude ityatra mrutah.

clowt-maeri dabufe pirenchu varalaattru, vagai mattrum uruvappada ooviyar clowt-maeri-paal dabufe (1790-1864), 1790 aam aandil paarisil piranthaar, maelum jaaks-luis davitin keezh padiththaar. avarathu paadangkal muthalil paarambariyamaanavai, pinnar vaethappoorvamaanavai. pinnar avar padangkal mattrum uruvappadangkalin vagai ooviyaththirku thannaik kaivittar. avarathu narpeyar mukkiyamaaga avarathu uruvappadangkalil thangiyullathu, avattril avar oru periya ennikkaiyai thayaaritthaar. davit palliyin kadaisi pirathinithiyaaga irunththa dabufe, 1864 aam aandil selle-saint-maegaththil iranthaar.

claud-maerii dubufe french chaaritraka, kalaa prakriya mariyu portrait chitrakaarudu claud-maerii-paal dubufe (1790-1864) 1790loe paarislo janminchaadu mariyu jackwess-luis david aadhvaryamlo chaduvukunnadu. ayana vishayalu modata saastreeyamainavi, taruvaata grandhaalu. aaa taruvaata athanu kalaa chitraalu mariyu portraitla paintingku tananu taanu vadulukunnadu. ayana keerti pradhanamgaa ayana chitraalapai aadharapadi undhi, veetilo ayana pedda sankhyalo chitraalanu roopondinchaaru. david paatasaalaku chivari pratinidhi ayina dubufe 1864loe selle-seyint-cloude vadda maraninchaadu.

clowed meeri dobofi clowed meeri paal dobofi (1790-1864) eek francisi tareekhi sanaf aur portrait penter 1790 mein peers mein paida huay aur jaiks lois dude kay maatehat taleem haasil kii. inn kay mazamin pehley classici aur phir saheefa kay thay. iss kay baad iss nay khood kuu sanaf kii tasavir aur portrait kii penting kay liye turk kirr diyaa. inn kii saakh bunyadi toor parr inn kii tasveeron parr munhasir hay jinn mein say inhon nay eek bury taadad tayaar kii. dobofi juu dude kay school kay aakhri numayende thay 1864 mein sail sent clowed mein inteqal kirr gayey.

00069eb58a7e27b7a7435550c40e3901f678cf6992d16a49922630fd60938ff5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416839

Borden Island

Borden Island Uninhabited island in the Arctic Archipelago Borden Island is an uninhabited, low-lying island in the Queen Elizabeth Islands of northern Canada. Split between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, it is the northernmost point of the latter. Some features and history. With an area of in size, long and wide, Borden is the 171st largest island in the world, and Canada's 30th largest island. It lies north of Mackenzie King Island and is similarly split between the Northwest Territories (larger portion) and Nunavut, with the border running along the 110th meridian west. The first known sighting of the island was by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in 1916, it was originally described as a single landmass. However, in 1947, during an aerial survey by the Royal Canadian Air Force the island was found to be two islands divided by Wilkins Strait. Naming. The island is named for Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada 1911–1920. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Further reading. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

borden dip borden dip hoise uttor kanadar rani elizabeth dippunjor ek jonoboxotihin, nisu dip. nunabhut aaru uttor-poschim oncholxomuhor maajot bibhokto, ee hoise uttorotomo bindu. kisuman boixistyo aaru itihax. aakar, dighol aaru bohol elekar xoite, borden hoise biswor 171 xongkhyok brihottom dip, aaru kanadar 30 xongkhyok brihottom dip. ee makenji king dipor uttore owosthito aaru ekedhorone uttor-poschim onchol (brihot ongxo) aaru nunabhutor maajot bibhokto, 110tomo maridian poschimor xoite ximanto soli aase. 1916 sonot bhilhajalmur stephansone diptur prothom gyat drishyo dekha paisil, iyak mulotoh ekok bhukhondo hisape bornona koraa hoisil. obosye, 1947 sonot rajokiyo kanadian bayuxenai ek aakax joripor xomoyot diptu wilkins straitere bibhokto dutaa dip buli puwa goisil. naam rokha. kanadar prodhanmontri robert bordenor naamere ei diptur naamkoron koraa hoise.

borden dweep borden dweep uttor kanadar runny elizabeth dweeppunjer ekti jonobosotihin, nichu dweep. nunabhut ebong uttor-poschim anchalgulir modhye bivokto, etty uttorotomo bindu. kichhu baisishtya ebong itihas. aytoner dick theke deergho ebong proshosto, borden bishwer bishwer brihottomo dweep ebong kanadar kanadar brihottomo dweep. etty mckenzie king dweeper uttore abosthito ebong ekibhabe uttor-poschim anchal (brihottor ongsho) ebong nunabhuter modhye bivokto, jaar seemana seemana meridian poschim borabor royeche. 1916 saale vilhajalmur stephanson eyi dweeper prothom porichito darshan korechilen, etty mulat ekti ekok bhukhanda hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo. tobey, 1947 saale, rajakiya kanadian biman bahinir ekti akash jorip chalakalin dweepti wilkins pranali dwara bivokto duti dweep boley pawa yaay. namkaran. dweeptir namkaran koraa hoyeche kanadar prodhanmontri robbert boardener naame.

borden taapu borden taapu aee uttar kenedana raanee elizabeth tapuoma aavelo aek nirjan, nichanvala taapu chhe. nunaavut aneey uttarpashchim pradesho vachche vahenchaayelu, teey uttarnu sauthee uttareey bindu chhe. ketalik visheshtao aneey itihas. kadamaa, laambaa aneey paholaa vistaar saathe, borden vishvano 171moow sauthee moto taapu chhe, aneey kenedaano 30moow sauthee moto taapu chhe. teey mackenzie king taapuni uttare aavelu chhe aneey teey jaj reete uttarpashchim pradesho (moto bhaag) aneey nunaavut vachche vahenchaayelu chhe, jenee sarhad 110mee meridian pashchim saathe vahe chhe. aaa taapuni saupratham jaaniti mulakat 1916maan vilhajalmur stephanson dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee, tene mulroope aek jaj jameen tareeke varnavama aavee hatee. jooe keey, 1947maan, royal kenediyan air phorsa dwara havaai sarvekshan darmiyan aaa taapu wilkins saamudradhuni dwara vibhajit beey taapuo hovaanu jaanvaa malyun hatoo. naam. aaa taapunu naam kenedana vadaa pradhaan roobert bordennaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe.

borden dweep borden dweep uttari kanada key raani elizabeth dweepon mein ack nirjan, nichale dweep haye. nunaavut aur uttar-paschim kshetron key beach vibhajit, yeh uttaraardh kaa sabse uttari bindu haye. kuchh visheshataaen aur itihas. aakar mein, lambe aur chaude kshetra key saath, borden duniya kaa 171 vaan sabse badaa dweep haye, aur kanada kaa 30 vaan sabse badaa dweep haye. yeh mckenzie king dweep key uttar mein sthit haye aur isi tarah uttar-paschim kshetron (badey hisse) aur nunaavut key beach vibhajit haye, jisaki seema 110 veen meridian paschim key saath chalati haye. dweep kaa pahala gyaat drishya 1916 mein vilhajalmur stephenson dwara dekhaa gayaa thaa, ise mool roop seey ack ekal bhoo-bhaag key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 1947 mein, shaahi kanadai vayu senaa dwara ack havaai sarvekshan key dauran dweep koo wilkins jaldamroomadhya dwara vibhajit dou dweep paae gaye. namkaran. dweep kaa naam kanada key pradhaan mantri robbert borden key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.

borden dweepa borden dweepawu uttara kenadaada raani elizabeth dweepagalalliruwa janavasati illada, taggu dweepawaagide. nunawut mattu vayuvya praantyagala naduve vibhajanegonda idu nantarada uttarada tudiyagide. kelavu vaishishtyagalu mattu itihaasa. udda mattu agalavaada vistirnavannu hondiruva borden vishvada 171neey atidodda dweepawaagide mattu kenadaada 30neey atidodda dweepawaagide. idu mackenzie king dveepada uttaradallide mattu adhe reeti vayuvya praantyagalu (dodda bhaaga) mattu nunawoot naduve vingadisalaagide, gadiyu paschimakke 110 neey meridian uddakkoo ide. 1916ralli vilhajalmur stephanson ee dweepawannu modala baarige nodidanendu tilidittu, idannu moolatah onde bhupradesh endu vivarisalaagittu. aadaagyoo, 1947ralli, raayal kenadian vayupadeya vaimanika samiksheya samayadalli, dweepawu wilkins jalasandhiyinda vibhajisalpatta eradu dweepagalendu kandubandide. hesaru. ee dweepakke kenadaada pradhana mantri robbert borden avara hesarannu idalaagide.

borden dweep vadakkan kaanadayile kween elisabath dveepukalile janavaasamillaatha thaazhnna pradeshathulla oru dveepaanu borden dweep. nunavuttinum vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangalkkumidayil vibhajikkappettirikkunna ithu randaamathethinte ettavum vadakke attathaanu. chila savisheshathakalum charithravum. valippathilum neelatthilum veethiyilum borden lokathile 171-aamathe valia dveep kaanadayile 30-aamathe valia dveep aanu. ithu mckenzie king dveepinu vadakkaayi sthithicheyyunnu, athupole vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangalkkum (valia bhagam) nunavattinum idayil vibhajikkappettirikkunnu, athirthi 110-aamm meridian padinjaaru bhagathaayi ozhukunnu. 1916ll viljalmoor stephaansan aanu dweep aadyamaayi kandathu, ithu yadhaarthathil orotta bhoopradeshamaayi visheshippikkappettirunu. ennirunnaalum, 1947-ll royal canadian vyomasena nadatthiya oru vyoma sarveyil dweep wilkins kadalidukkaal vibhajikkapetta rund dveepukalaanennu kandethi. peru. kaanadayude pradhaanamantri roobert bordente perilaanu eee dweep ariyappedunnathu.

borden bett borden bett heey uttar canadachya ranee elizabeth betanvaril eka nirjan, sakhal bett aahe. nunavut aanee vayavya pradeshanmadhye vibhagalela haah nunavutcha sarvat uttarekadil bindu aahe. kahee vaishishtye aanee itihas. aakarane, lamb aanee rund kshetrasah, borden heey jagatil 171 weey sarvat mothe bett aahe aanee canadache 30 weey sarvat mothe bett aahe. heey mckenzie king betachya uttares aahe aanee tyachpramane vayavya pradesh (motha bhag) aanee nunavut yanchyat vibhagale gele aahe, jyachi seema 110 vya meridian paschimekade aahe. bett pahilyanda 1916 madhye vilhajalmur stephansonne pahile hote, tyache varnan moolatah ekach bhoobhag mhanoon kele gele hote. tathapi, 1947 madhye, royal canadian havai dalane kelelya havai sarvekshanadarmyan heey bett wilkins samudradhunine vibhajit keleli done bete asalyache aadhalun aale. naav. canadache pantpradhan robbert borden yanchya navavarun yaa betala naav denyat aale aahe.

borden dwepa borden dwepa heuchhi uttara kanadara raanee elizabeth dwepapunjara eka janbasatihin, taliaa dwepa. nunabhuta ebong uttara-paschima anchala madhyare bibhakta, ehaa parabarteetira uttaratam bindu . kichhi biseshatwa ebong itihas. ayatan, lamba ebong chauda khetraphala sahita, borden heuchhi biswara 171 tama sarbabruhata dwepa, ebong kanadara 30 tama sarbabruhata dwepa . ehaa mckenzie kinga dwepara uttarare abasthita ebong samaana bhabare uttara-paschima anchala (bruhata ansha) ebong nunabhuta madhyare bibhakta, jahara seema 110 tama meridian paschimare prabahita . 1916 masihare bhiljalmur stephanson dwepatira pratham janashuna drushya dekhithile, ehaaku moolatah ekaka bhubhaga bhabare barnana karajaithila . tebe, 1947 masihare, rayal canadian bayusena dwara eka akashmarg sarbekhyana samajare ehi dwepati wilkins strait dwara bibhakta duiti dwepa bolly janapadithila. namakarana. kanadara pradhanamantri robert boardenanka naamare ehi dwepara namakarana karajaichi.

borden tapu borden tapu uttri canada dey raanee elizabeth tapuan witch ikk nirjan, neeven tapu haii. nunavut atey uttar-pachmi khetran witch vandiaa hoiaa, ih baad vaala sabh toon uttri bindu haii. kujh visheshtavan atey itihaas. lambe atey chaude khetar dey naal, borden dunia daa 171vaan sabh toon vadda tapu haii, atey canada daa 30vaan sabh toon vadda tapu haii. ih mckenzie king tapu dey uttar witch sathit haii atey isey tarahan uttar-pachmi khetran (vadde hisse) atey nunavut dey vichkaar vandiaa hoiaa haii, jiss dee sarhadd 110 veen maridian pachham dey naal chall rahee haii. tapu daa pahila janhiaa jaanh vaala drish 1916 witch vilhajalmur stephenson duaara dekhiaa giaa see, iss noon asal witch ikk single landmass vajon darsaiaa giaa see. halanki, 1947 witch, shaahi canadian havaai saina duaara ikk havaai sarvekhan dauran ih tapu wilkins strait duaara vande gaye doou tapu paae gaye sunn. namkaran. iss tapu daa naam canada dey pardhan mantri robert borden dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii.

boarden dweepah boarden-dweepah uttar-kenada-deshasya raajnee elizaabet-dweepeshu nirjanah, nimnastha dweepah asti. nunaavut-vaayavyapradeshayoh madhye vibhaktam idam uttaratamam binduhu asti. kechan visheshaah itihaasah cha. vistaarasya, deerghasya, vistrutasya cha kshetrafalena saha, boarden iti vishvasya 171 tamah bruhattamah dweepah, tathaa cha kenada-deshasya 30 tamah bruhattamah dweepah asti. ayam mckenzie-king-dweepe uttardishi sthitah asti, tathaiva vaayavyapradesheshu (bruhattarabhaagah) nunaavut-madhye cha vibhaktah asti, yasya sima 110 tama-meridian-paschimadishi pravahati. dweepasya prathamam dnyaatam drushyam 1916 tame varshe vilhajalmoor stephanson ityanena krutam, moolatah etat ekam bhoobhaagah iti varnitam aasit. parantu 1947 tame varshe, rayal-kanadian-vayudalena vaayu-sarvekshanasya samaye, dweepah wilkins-jalasandhya vibhaktaa dweepaah dwau iti dnyaatam. namakaranam. kenada-deshasya pradhaanamantri rabert boarden ityasya naamnah namna asya dweepadasya naamakaranam abhavat.

porton theevu porton theevu enbathu vadakku kanadaavin raani elisabeth theevugalil ulla oru makkal vasikkaatha, thaalvaana theevu aagum. nunawood mattrum vadamaerku piraanthiyangkalukku idaiyil pirikkapattulla idhu, pinththaiyathin vadakkae ulla pulliyaagum. sila amsangkal mattrum varalaaru. neelamaana mattrum agalamaana parappalavu konda porton ulagin 171 vadhu periya theevu mattrum kanadaavin 30 vadhu periya theevu aagum. idhu mckensey king theevin vadakkae amainthullathu, idhaepoal vadamaerku pirathaesangkalukkum (periya pakuthi) nunaavutkkum idaiyil pirikkappattullathu, ellai 110 vadhu meridian maerkae selkirathu. 1916 aam aandil wilhjalmoor steffenson theevai muthanmuthalil paarthaar, idhu muthalil oru nilapparappaaga vivarikkappattathu. iruppinum, 1947 aam aandil, raayal kanadiyan vimaanappadaiyin vaanvali kanakkeduppin poathu, theevu wilkins neerinaiyaal prikkappatta irandu theevugalaaga iruppathu kandariyappattathu. peyaridungkal. inththa theevu kanadaavin pirathama mandhiri robbert portain peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu.

borden dveepam borden dveepam uttara kenadaaloni queen elizabeth dheevulalo janavasalu laeni, lothattu dveepam. nunavat mariyu vaayuvya bhuubhaagaala madhya vibhajinchabadina idhi uttaraana unna pradaesam. konni lakshanaalu mariyu charitra. podavu mariyu vedalpu vistiirnamloo, borden prapanchamlooni 171va atipedda dveepam, mariyu kenada yokka 30va atipedda dveepam. idhi makenji king dveepaaniki uttaraana undhi mariyu adevidhamgaa vaayuvya bhuubhaagaalu (pedda bhaagam) mariyu nunavat madhya vibhajinchabadindi, sarihaddu 110 va meridian paschimaana nadustundi. 1916loe vilhjalmur stephanson eee dveepaanni modatisaarigaa chuusaaru, dheenini modata oke bhoobhagamgaa varninchaaru. ayithe, 1947loe, raayal kenadian vaimanika dalam vaimanika survey samayamlo eee dveepam wilkins jalasandhi dwara vibhajinchabadina rendu dvipaalagaa kanugonabadindi. paeru pettadam. kenada pradhana mantri robbert borden paeru meeda eee dveepaaniki paeru pettaru.

jazirah borden borden jazirah shamali canada kay malkah alzabth jazair mein eek ghair aabaad nasheebi jazirah hay. naunawat aur shamaal maghrabi elaqon kay darmiyan taqseem yaha moakhar alzikar kaa shamali tareen naqtah hay. kachh khususiyat aur tareekh. size mein lambay aur choday raqbe kay saath borden duniya kaa 171 waan sabb say badaa jazirah hay aur canada kaa 30 waan sabb say badaa jazirah hay. yaha mackenzi king jazeeray kay shamaal mein waaqa hay aur asee tarah shamaal maghrabi elaqon (baday hasay) aur naunawat kay darmiyan taqsim hay jiss kii sarhad 110 wein maridian maghrab kay saath chull rahee hay. jazeeray kaa pehla malum nizarah 1916 mein waljhajalmor stephenson nay kiyaa thaa asay asl mein eek waahid zamini elaqay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. tahim 1947 mein raail canadian aiyar force kay eek fazayi sarway kay doraan yaha jazirah duu jazair paaye gayey juu aabnaye walkanz say manqasam thay. naam. iss jazeeray kaa naam canada kay wazeer aizam raabart borden kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay.

0006a0b51b6325897fc6aa0dd8d5094edf581c741df0685c9ce29748d529cbe0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46594763

Hołdunów

Hołdunów Hołdunów () is a district of Lędziny, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was established in 1770 and merged with Lędziny in 1991. At the end of 2014 it had 5,399 inhabitants. History. The settlement was established in 1770 by about 300 Calvinists fleeing religious persecution from the village of Kozy in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth across the border to Upper Silesia in the Kingdom of Prussia. (They were German-speakers and were descended from medieval colonists from central Germany.) The refugees, who came at the invitation of the Duke of Pless and under the guard of a detachment of his cavalry, established a village on the fields of Lędziny's folwark "Kiełpowy", called "Anhalt", named after the rulers of nearby Pless (). In 1778 they built a rectory, which housed a small chapel, school and lodging for a priest and a teacher. The village was affected by the discovery of underground coal deposits in 1842, which led to the opening of a coal mine in the following year. In 1902 the Protestant Saint Trinity church was built in the municipality (razed in 1967). It was then inhabited by a majority of German-speakers. At the beginning of the Second Silesian Uprising (August 1920), the village was attacked and burned by Polish insurgents. The reason for this is not clear: Polish sources claim that the village was burned after a battle with a pro-German militia organized there, while German sources deny that such a militia existed and claim that the inhabitants did not resist the Polish attackers. The burning of Hołdunów was publicized in the German media as an example of the alleged barbarism of the Polish insurgents. Shortly afterwards, Wojciech Korfanty, one of the uprising's leaders, came to Hołdunów, apologized for its destruction, and paid for its reconstruction. In the Upper Silesia plebiscite (1921) Germany got 294 votes against 76 for Poland. Nonetheless Hołdunów became a part of Poland. In the interwar period it was one of only four municipalities in the Upper Silesian (thus excluding Cieszyn Silesia) part of autonomous Silesian Voivodeship which had Protestant majority (70.6% in 1933). It was later annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II, and returned to Poland afterwards. In 1975 Hołdunów together with Lędziny were amalgamated with Tychy. Lędziny regained town rights in 1991 and absorbed Hołdunów. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hoh 'ldunuwo hoh 'ldunu (<unk>) dokhyin polyandor silsian voiv' dosipor ledjinir ekhon jilaa. iyak 1770 sonot protistha koraa hoisil aaru 1991 sonot ledjinir xoite ekotrito koraa hoisil. 2014 sonor xexot iyar 5,399 john baxinda aasil. itihax. 1770 sonot ximantor paarot thoka poo 'liss-lithuanian commonwealthor kuji gaonr poraa prasiya rajyor uscho silesiyaloi dhormiyo nirzatonor poraa polayon kori ohaa pray 300 john calviniste ei boxoti sthapon korisil. (teuluk german bhaxi aasil aaru modhyo germanyr modhyojugiyo uponibexbadixokolor bongxodhor aasil.) diuk owo placeor aamontronot aaru teur oswaruhi bahinir etaa dolor rokhyar odhinot ohaa xoronarthixokole ledjinir pho "lowark" kilpuwi "ror potharot ekhon gaau sthapon korisil, jaak" unhult "buli kuwa hoy, jaar naam usoror place () ror xaxokxokolor naamere rokha hoisil. 1778 sonot teuluke etaa rektori nirman korisil, zo 'too etaa xoru sepol, bidyaloy aaru ejon puruhito aaru ejon xikhyokor baabe thokar sthan aasil. 1842 sonot bhugorbhostho koyolar bhandar abiskaror folot gaukhon probhabito hoisil, jaar folot poroborti bosorot etaa koyola khoni mukoli hoisil. 1902 sonot pouroxobhat protestent saint trinity girja nirman koraa hoisil (1967 sonot dhongxo koraa hoisil). tetiya iyat german bhaxa kuwa xongkhyagoristho luke baax korisil. dwitiyo cilesian bidruhor aarombhonite (1920 sonor aagosto), gaukhon poo 'ld bidruhixokole aakromon korisil aaru jwolai disil. iyar kaaron sposto nohoyoh poo 'ldor xutroxomuhe daabi kore je gaotu taat xongothito germanponthi millixier xoite juddhor pisot jwolai diya hoisil, aanhate german xutroi ene millixier ostitwok oswikar kore aaru daabi kore je baxindaxokole poo' ldor aakromonkarixokolok protihot koraa nasil. german xongbad madhyomot puliyo bidruhixokolor kothito borborotar udahoron hisape hoh 'ldunuwo jwoluwar kotha prosar koraa hoisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote bidruhor netaxokolor bhitorot ejon wajsis corfanti hoh 'ldunouloi aahisil, iyar dhongxor baabe khyoma bisarisil aaru iyar punor nirmanor baabe dhon disil. uscho silesiya gonobhutot (1921) germanye polandor polandor biporite 295taa bhut laabh korisil. tothapiu hoh 'ldunuwo polyandor ongxo hoi porisil. aantohjudhor xomoisuwat ee uscho silesiyanor maatro sarita pouroxobhar bhitorot etaa aasil (enedore siyejin silesiyak baad di) swayotoxaxito cilesian bho 'eve' doswipor ongxo aasil jaar protestant xongkhyagoristhota aasil (1933 sonot 70.6%). pisoloi dwitiyo biswojudhor aarombhonite iyak natxi germanye dokhol korisil aaru pisot iyak poo 'landloi ghurai onaa hoisil. 1975 sonot ledjinir xoite hoh 'ldunuwok taisir xoite ekotrito koraa hoisil. 1991 sonot ledginiye nogoror odhikar punor laabh kore aaru hoh 'ldunuwok nijor kori loy.

haldunou haldunou (<unk>) dakkhin polyander silesian voivodshiper ledgini jelara ekti zela. etty 1770 saale protisthito hoy ebong 1991 saale leginir saathe ekibhuto hoy. 2014 saaler sheshe err 5,399 john basinda chhilo. itihas. 1770 khristabde polland-lithuanian commonwealther koji grama theke seemanto periye rashiya rajyer uchcho silesia porjonto dharmiya nipidan theke paliye assa pray 300 calvinistder dwara eyi bosotiti protisthito hoyechilo. (taaraa jarmanbhashi chhilen ebong modhyo germanyr madhyayugiya uponibeshbadider bongshodhor chhilen.) diuka off placer amontrone ebong taanr ashwarohi bahinir ekti ongsher pahara assa shoronarthira ledginir follwork "kilpoui"-rawr maathe ekti grama protistha korey, jaar naam "unhult", jaa nikatbarti placer shasokder naame namkaran koraa hoy. 1778 saale taaraa ekti rectory nirman korey, jekhane ekti chhoto girja, school ebong ekjon purohito oo ekjon shikkhoker thucker byabostha chhilo. 1842 saale bhugorbhostho koyla majut abishkarer foley gramti probhabito hoy, jaar foley porer bochor ekti koyla khoni khola hoy. 1902 saale pourosobhai protestant seenta trinity girja nirmito hoy (1967 saale dhongso koraa hoy). tokhon ekhane sankhyagarishtha german-bhasira bosobas korten. dwitiya sileshiya bidroher shurute (august 1920), gramti polisha bidrohider dwara akraman oo pudiye deoa hoy. err kaaron sposhto nayah polisha sutroguli daabi korey jey sekhane sangathito ekti jarmanpanthi millisier saathe juddher porey gramti pudiye fela hoyechilo, onnodike german sutroguli aswikar korey jey eyi jatiya millisier astitto chhilo ebong daabi korey jey basindara polisha akromonkarider protirodh koreni. polisha bidrohider kothito borborotar udaharan hisabe german ganomadhyome holduno jwala prochar koraa hoyechilo. err alpo kichudin porei, bidroher onnotomo neta oyajiyeka corfanti holdunote eshe err dhongser jonno khama cheyechilen ebong err punornirmaner jonno ortho pradan korechilen. 1921 saale uchcho silesia ganobhote germany polyander 76tirr biporite 294 bhot paay. taa sotteo holduno polyander ekti ongsho hoye othe. antohjuddher samaykale etty swayattashasita sileshiya voivodshiper ongsho hisabe uchcho sileshiya anchaler matro charti pourosobhar modhye ekti chhilo (eibhabe sisjin silesia baade) jaar protestant sankhyagarishthata chhilo (1933 saale 70.6%). dwitiya bishwojuddher shurute etty natsi germany dwara sangjukto koraa hoy ebong porey polyande firey aase. 1975 saale holduno ebong ledginike taichir sange ekibhuto koraa hoy. 1991 saale ledgini shohorer adhikar punoruddhar korey ebong holdunoke nijeder modhye antarbhukta korey.

holdunov holdunov (<unk>) aee dakshin polendnaa sileshiyana voivododshipna ledzini jeello chhe. tenee sthaapnaa 1770maan karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 1991maan tenu ledzini saathe vilinikaran thayu hatoo. 2014naa antamaa tenee vastee 5,399 hatee. itihas. aaa vasaahatni sthaapnaa 1770maan lagbhag 300 calvinists dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeo sarhad paar polisha-lithuanian komanvelthanaa cosey gaamthee laeene prussia samrajyna upala sileshiya sudhee dhaarmik satamanimathi bhaagi rahyaa hataa. (teo german bolata hataa aneey madhya germanyna madhyayugin vasaahationaa vanshaj hataa.) duke off placenaa aamantran parr aneey tenaa ghodesvaaroni tukadinaa rakshan hethal aavela sharnaarthioae ledzini follwark "kilopovy" naa medaano parr aek gaam sthaapyu, jene "unhault" kahevaay chhe, jenu naam najiknaa placenaa shasakona naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. 1778maan teoae aek aashraysthan banaavyu, jemaa aek nankadu mandeer, shaala aneey paadari aneey shikshak maate rahethaan hatoo. 1842maan bhugarbh kolsani thapanoni shodhthi gaam prabhaavit thayu hatoo, jenaa kaarane pachhinaa varshe kolsani khaan kholvaamaa aavee hatee. 1902maan protestant sant triiniity church nagarpalikama bandhvama aavyu hatoo (1967maan todee padvama aavyu hatoo). teey samaye temaa motabhagna german-bolnarao raheta hataa. beeja sileshiyana badvani sharuaatmaa (august 1920), gaam parr polisha badvakhoro dwara humalo karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene baadee nakhvama aavyu hatoo. aanun kaaran spasht nathih polisha stroto daavo karey chhe keey tyaan sangathit german tarafee lashkari dada saatheni ladaai pachhi gaam salgavi devaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare german stroto aaa prakaarnaa lashkari dada astitvamaa hovaano incar karey chhe aneey daavo karey chhe keey rahevasioae polisha humalaakhorono pratikaar karyo naa hato. holdunovne baadvaani jaaherat german midiyaamaa polisha badvakhoroni katheet barbartaanaa udaaharan tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee. tenaa thodaa samay pachhi, badvaanaa netaomana aek, vojchich corfanti, holdunov aavyaa, tenaa vinaash maate maafee maangi aneey tenaa punarnirmaan maate chukavani curry. upala sileshiya lokmat (1921) maan germanyne polland maate 76 nee saame 295 mutt malyaa hataa. tema chhataa, holdunov polendano aek bhaag bunny gayo. yuddhnaa samaygalama teey svaayatt sileshiyana voivodospationa bhaag tareeke upala sileshiyana (aama seasin celesiane baad karataa) maan maatra chaar nagarpalikaomani aek hatee, jeey protestant bahumatee (1933maan 70.6%) dharaavati hatee. pachhithi beeja vishvyuddhni sharuaatmaa naazi germany dwara tene jodvama aavyu hatoo aneey pachhithi teey polland parat faryu hatoo. 1975maan holduno ledzini saathe maleene taichi saathe bhelvi devaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1991maan ledzini shahernaa adheekaro paachha melvyaa aneey holdunovne samaavi leedha.

holdunov holdunov (<unk>) dakshini polland key ledzini, silacian viododeship kaa ack jilaa haye. isaki sthaapana 1770 mein hui thee aur 1991 mein iska vilay ledzini key saath hoe gayaa thaa. 2014 key anta mein isaki aabaadi 5,399 thee. itihas. iss basti kii sthaapana 1770 mein lagbhag 300 kailvinvadiyon dwara kii gaee thee joe seema paar polish-lithuanian rashtramandal key kozi gaanv seey laker prussia raajya key oopari silasia taka dhaarmik utpeedan seey bhaag rahey they. (way german bhashi they aur madhya germany key madhyayugeen upaniveshvadiyon key vanshaj they.) sharanarthiyon, joe duke off place key nimantran parr aae they aur unaki ghudsavaar senaa kii ack tukadi kii suraksha mein, ney ledzini key folwark "kilovi" key kheton mein ack gaanv kii sthaapana kii, jise "unhault" kahaa jaataa haye, jiska naam paas key place () key shasakon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1778 mein unhone ack rectory kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen ack chhota saa chappel, school aur ack pujari aur ack shikshak key liye awas thaa. 1842 mein bhoomigat koyale key bhandar kii khoj seey gaanv prabhaavit huaa, jisake kaaran agale varsh ack koyla khadaan kaa udghaatan huaa. 1902 mein protestant sant trinity church kaa nirmaan nagarpalika mein kiya gayaa thaa (1967 mein dhwast). taba isamen adhikansh german-bhashi rahate they. dusare silacian vidroh (agast 1920) kii shuruat mein, gaanv parr polish vidrohiyon dwara hamla kiya gayaa aur jalaa diyaa gayaa. iska kaaran spasht naheen haih polish sroton kaa daavaa haye kii gaanv koo vahaan sangathit ack samarthak-german milicia key saath ladaai key baad jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki german srot iss baat seey incar karate hain kii aisee milicia maujood thee aur daavaa karate hain kii nivaasiyon ney polish hamlaavaron kaa virodh naheen kiya thaa. german media mein polish vidrohiyon kii kathit barbarta key udaaharan key roop mein holdunov koo jalaane kaa prachaar kiya gayaa thaa. isake turant baad, vidroh key netaaon mein seey ack, vojich corfunty, holdunov mein aaya, apane vinash key liye maafi maangi, aur isake punarnirmaan key liye bhugtan kiya. oopari silasia janmat sangrah (1921) mein germany koo polland key liye 76 key khilaf 294 vote mille. phir bhee holdunov polland kaa hissa bunn gayaa. antar-yuddh kaal mein yeh oopari silesian (iss prakaar seasin silesia koo chhodkar) mein kewal chaar nagar paalikaon mein seey ack thaa joe swaayatt silesian vivodoship kaa hissa thaa jisamen protestant bahumat thaa (1933 mein 70.6%). baad mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat mein ise naazi germany dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein polland laut aaya. 1975 mein holdunov koo ledzini key saath taichi key saath milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1991 mein ledzini ney shahar key adhikaaron koo phir seey hassil kiya aur holdunov koo avashoshit curr liya.

holdunov holdunov (<unk>) daksina polyandna silesian voivodspia ledginia ondu jilleyaagide. idannu 1770ralli sthaapisalaayitu mattu 1991ralli ledginiyondige vileenagolisalaayitu. 2014rahra koneyalli idu 5,399 nivasigalannu hondittu. itihaasa. polish-lithuvenian kamanveltna koji halliyinda gadidacheya prussia saamraajyada meelbhaagada sailsiyaadavarege dharmika kirukuladinda palayana maadida sumaru 300 calvinistgalu 1770ralli ee vasaahatannu sthaapisidaru. (avaru german-maatanaaduvavaraagiddaru mattu madhya germany madhyakaalina vasaahatushaahigala vamshastharaagiddaru.) duke off plesna aahvaanada merege mattu avana ashvadalada berpaduvikeya kaavalinadiyalli banda niraashritaru, ledginia folwork "keelpovi" yaya holagalli ondu graamavannu sthaapisidaru, idannu "unhault" endu kareyalaayitu, idannu hattirada plesna aadalitagaarara hesarannu idalaayitu. 1778ralli avaru ondu aashrayavannu nirmisidaru, allie ondu sanna prarthana mandira, shaale mattu padri mattu shikshakarige vasati ittu. 1842ralli bhoogata kalliddalina nikshepagala patteyinda ee graamavu baadhitavaayitu, idu mundina varshadalli kalliddalu ganiyannu tereyalu kaaranavaayitu. 1902ralli purasabha kendradalli protestant saint trinity church annu nirmisalaayitu (1967ralli adannu dhvamsagolisalaayitu). aaga idu bahupalu german-matanaduvavara vasavagittu. eradane silician dangeya aarambhadalli (august 1920), polish dangekoraru ee graamada mele daali maadi suttuhaakidaru. idakke kaarana spashtavagillah allie sanghatitavaada german paravaada seeneyondige nadeda yuddhada nantara graamavannu sudalaayitu endu polish moolagalu heluttave, aadare german moolagalu antaha mility astitvadalliruvudannu nirakarisuttave mattu nivasigalu polish dalikorarannu virodhisalilla endu heluttave. polish dangekorara aapaadita anagarikatege udaharaneyagi german madhyamagalalli holdunov annu suduvikeyannu prachara maadalaayitu. swalpa samayada nantara, dangeya nayakaralli obbaraada vojsiyech corfanti, holdunovge bandu, adara naashakkaagi kshameyachisidaru mattu adara punarnirmanakke hana niididaru. meelbhaagada sailsia janabhipraya sangrahaneyalli (1921) germany polendna paravagi 76 matagala viruddhavaagi, 295 matagalannu padeyitu. aadaagyoo, holdunov polendna bhaagavaayitu. antaryuddhada avadhiyalli idu protestant bahumatavannu hondidda svaayatta silician voivodospatia bhagavagidda (1933ralli 70.6%) melina silician (heegaagi saijeen saileeshiyaavannu horatupadisi) kevala naalku purasabhegalalli ondaagittu. idannu nantara eradane mahayuddhada aarambhadalli naaji germanyu vashapadisikonditu mattu nantara polendge maralitu. 1975ralli, holdunov mattu ledginiyannu taichiyondige samyojisalaayitu. 1991ralli ledgini pattanada hakkugalannu marali padedaru mattu holdunovannu vileenagolisikondaru.

holdunov thekkan polandile saileshyan voyododshippile ledsiniyile oru jillayaan holdunov (<unk>). 1770ll sthaapithamaaya ithu 1991ll ledsiniyumaayi layichu. 2014 avasaanathode 5,399 nivaasikalundaayirunnu. charithram. athirthikkappurathulla poolish-lithwanian komanveltthile koosi graamatthil ninnu prussia raajyathile upper saileshyayilekk mathaparamaya peedanangalil ninnu palayanam cheytha 300 oolam kaalvinistukalaanu 1770 ll eee settilment sthaapichathu. (avar jarmman samsaarikkunnavarum madhya germmaniyil ninnulla madhyakala kolanikkaaril ninnullavarumaayirunnu.) duke oof plessinte shanaprakaaram addehathinte kuthirappadayude oru vibhaagathinte kaavalkkaaranaayi vanna abhayaarthikal, ledsiniyude follwark "keelpovi" yude vayalukalil "unhault" ennu vilikkunna oru graamam sthaapichu, aduthulla plesses () bharanaadhikaarikalude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. 1778-ll avar oru cheria chaappal, school, oru purohitan adhyapakanum thaamasikkanulla sthalam enniva ulkkollunna oru rectory nirmmichu. 1842ll bhoogarbha kalkari nikshepam kandethiyathode graamathe baadhichu, ithu adutha varsham oru kalkari khani thurakkunnathilekku nayichu. 1902ll protestant seyint trinity palli munisippalittiyil nirmikkappettu (1967ll thakarkkapettu). jarmman samsaarikkunnavaril bhooribhaagavum annu ivide adhivasichirunnu. randaamathe saileshyan kalaapathinte thudakkathil (1920 august), graamathe poolish kalaapakaarikal akramikkukayum kathikkukayum cheythu. ithinte kaaranam vyakthamalla avide samghadippicha oru jarmman anukoola milishyayumaayulla yudhathinu sesham graamam kathichathaayi poolish srothassukal avakaashappedunnu, athesamayam jarmman srothassukal atharamoru milishya nilavilundennu nishedhikkukayum nivaasikal poolish aakramanakaarikale prathirodhikkunnillenna avakaashappedukayum cheiyunnu. poolish kalaapakaarikalude kroorathayude udaaharanamaayi jarmman maadyamangalil holdunov kathichathu pracharippikkapettu. taamasiyaathe, kalaapathinte nethaakkaliloraalaaya vojsiyekk corfanti holdunovil ethi, athinte naashathinu kshama chodikkukayum athinte punarnirmmaanatthinu panam nalkukayum cheythu. upper saileshyayil (1921) germmanic polandinu 76-nethire 295 vottukal labhichu. ennirunnaalum holdunov polandinte bhaagamaayi maari. yudhakaalakhattathil protestant bhooripakshamulla svayambharana saileshyan voyodospisheyude bhagamaaya (1933 ll 70.6%) upper saileshyan (angane saisin saileshya ozhike) naalu munisippaalittikalil onnaayirunnu ithu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathil naasi jarmmani ithu pinneedu pidichedukkukayum pinneedu polandilekku madangukayum cheythu. 1975ll holdunov ledsiniyum taichiyumaayi samyojippikkappettu. 1991ll ledsini pattanaavakashangal veendedukkukayum holdunov pidichedukkukayum cheythu.

hodeloon holduno (<unk>) haah dakshin polandmadhil ledzini, sileshiyan viododeshipcha eka jilha aahe. tyachi sthapana 1770 madhye jhaali aanee 1991 madhye teey ledzinimadhye villin jhaale. 2014 chya akheris tyachi loksankhya 5,399 hotee. itihas. 1770 madhye, polland-lithuania rashtrakulatil kozi gavatoon simepalikade russiachya rajyatil varchya sileshiyaparyant dharmik chhalatun paloon gelelya sumare 300 calvinavadyanni hii vasahat sthapan kelee. (teey german bhashik hote aanee madhya germanytil madhyayugeen vasahativadyanche vanshaj hote.) duke auph placechya nimantranavarun aanee tyachya ghodadalachya tukadichya dekharekhikhali aalelya nirvasitanni, ledzinichya follwark "keylopowy" chya shetat eka gaav sthapan kele, jyala "unhault" mhanatat, jyala jawalchya places () chya shasakanche naav denyat aale. 1778 madhye tyanni eka aashraygruh bandhale, jyat eka lahan prathanasthal, shaala aanee pujari aanee shikshakansathi rahanyachi soya hotee. 1842 madhye bhoomigat kolshachya sathyanchya shodhamule gaav prabhavit jhaale, jyamule pudhchya varshi kolasa khaan ughadali gelee. 1902 madhye protestant sant trimurthy church nagarpaliket bandhanyat aale (1967 madhye uddhvast). tevha yethe bahusankhya german bhashik rahat hote. dusya sileshiyan uthav (august 1920) chya suruvatila, polandachya bandkhoranni gavavar hallah keela aanee jaalale. yache kaaran spasht naheeh polandachya strotancha dawa aahe qee tethe sanghatit german samarthak sainyashi jhalelya yuddhanantar gaav jaalanyat aale hote, tarr german srot asha sainyache astitva nakartat aanee rahivasi polandachya hallekhoranna virodh karat nasalyacha dawa karatat. polandachya bandkhoranchya kathit barbarateche udaharan mhanoon german madhyamanmadhye holdunov jaalanyachi jahirat karnyat aalee. tyanantar thodyach velat, bandkhor netyanpaiki eka vojich corfunty, holduno yethe aala, tyane tyachya vidhvansabaddal maafee magitali aanee tyachya punarbandhanisathi paise dile. varchya sileshiya janmatsangrahat (1921) germanyla polandsathi 76 viruddha 295 matey midali. tarihi holdunov haah polandacha eka bhag banala. aantaryuddh kalat, swayatt sileshiyan viododshipcha bhag asalelya varchya sileshiyanmadhil (asha prakare seasin silesiya vagalata) keval chaar nagarpalikanpaiki hii eka hotee, jyala protestant bahumat hote (1933 madhye 70.6%). nantar dusya mahayuddhachya suruvatila nazi germanyne teey tabyat ghetale aanee nantar teey polandala paratale. 1975 madhye, ledzinis holdunov heey taychimadhye villin karnyat aale. 1991 madhye ledzini shaharache haqq parat midavale aanee holdunovche vilinikaran kele.

holduno holduno () dakshini polandko ledjini, silesian bhayobhodesipko euta zilla how. yo 1770 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo rar 1991 maa ledjinisanga merge bhaeko thiyo. 2014 ko antyama yasama 5,399 basindaharu thie. itihas. yo basti sann 1770 maa polyand-lithuanian rashtramandalko koji gaunbata simaparbata roos rajyako mathillo silesiasamma dharmik utpidanbata bhagera aeka lagbhag 300 calvinistharule sthapana gareka thie. (tiniharu german-bhashi thie rar madhya germanyka madhyayugin upaniweshwadiharubata aeka thie.) duke aff placeko nimantranama rar unko ghodchadhiko tukadiko pahara antargat aeka sharanarthiharule ledginico folwark "kielpovi" ko khetma euta gaaun sthapana gare, jaslai "unhalt" bhaninchha, najikaika placeka shasakharuko namama rakhieko thiyo. sann 1778 maa tiniharule euta rectory banae, jasma euta sano girjaghar, vidyalaya rar pujari rar shikshaka lagi basne thaaun thiyo. sann 1842 maa bhumigat koila bhandarko khojbata gaaun prabhawit bhaeko thiyo, jasle arko warsha koila khani kholyo. sann 1902 maa protestant cent trinity church nagarpalikama nirman garieko thiyo (sann 1967 maa dhwasta). tyasapachhi yasama german bhashiharuko bahumat basobas thiyo. dosro silesian vidrohako suruma (august 1920), polandka vidrohiharule gaunmathi akraman gari jalae. yasako karan spashta chhainah polandka srotharule tyahan sangathit german samarthak milisiyasangko yuddhapachhi gaaun jalaeko dabi garchhan, jabki german srotharule yasto milicia astitwama raheko rar basindaharule polandka akramankariharulai pratirodh nagareko dabi garchhan. polandka vidrohiharuko kathit barbartako udaharanko rupma german mediama holdunoko jalaune prachar garieko thiyo. tyasko kehi samayapachi, vidrohaka netaharumadhe ek wojich corfanti, holdunoma ae, yasako vinashka lagi mafi mage, rar yasako punarnirmanka lagi paisa die. mathillo silesia janamat (1921) maa germanyle polandka lagi 76 ko viruddhama 294 mutt prapta kabja. yadyapi holduno polandko euta bhag banyo. antaryuddha awadhima yo swayatta silesian bhayobhodsipko bhag mathillo silesian (yasari sisjin silesia bahek) maa matra chaar nagarpalikaharu madhye ek thiyo jasma protestant bahumat thiyo (1933 maa 70.6%). yasalai pachhi dosro wishwayuddhako suruma nazi germanyle kabja kabja, rar pachhi polandma farkiyo. sann 1975 maa holdunousanga ledjinilai taichisanga milaera banaieko thiyo. ledginile sann 1991 maa saharko adhikar punah prapta gare rar holdunolai awashoshit gare.

sansar holduno (<unk>) dakkhni poland dey sileshian voivodospish dey ledzini daa ikk zilha haii. iss dee sathapana 1770 witch keeti gaee see atey 1991 witch iss noon ledzini naal milaa ditta giaa see. 2014 dey ant witch iss dey 5,399 vasneek sunn. itihaas. ih basti 1770 witch polish-lithuanian rashtarmandal dey kozi pind toon sarhadd paar roos dey raaj witch upparle sileshia takk bhajj rahey lagbhag 300 calvinistan duaara sathapat keeti gaee see. (uh german bolann vaale sunn atey maddh germany dey madhkali bastivadiaan dey vanshaj sunn.) sharnarthi, joe diook aaf place dey sadde 'teey aae sunn atey uss dee ghodswar saina dee ikk tukdi dee raakhi heth aae sunn, neey ledzini dey folwark "kilopovi" dey khetan witch ikk pind sathapat keeta, jiss noon "unhault" kiha jaanda haii, jisda naam nedley place () dey shaskan dey naam' teey rakkhiaa giaa haii. sann 1778 witch uhanan neey ikk returry banayi, jiss witch ikk chhota jiha chappel, school atey ikk padri atey ikk adhiaapak laee rihaish see. pind 1842 witch bhumigat coley dey bhandaran dee khoj toon prabhavit hoiaa see, jiss caarn agle saal ikk colla khaan khullh gaee. 1902 witch nagar palika witch protestant cent trinity church banaiaa giaa see (1967 witch dhaah ditta giaa see). iss vele iss witch german bolann valiaan dee bahuginti rahindi see. dooje sileshian vidroh (agast 1920) dee shuruat witch, pind utte polish vidrohiaan duaara hamla keeta giaa atey saad ditta giaa see. iss daa caarn spasht naheen haiyav polish sarotan daa daava haii kii pind noon utthe aayojit ikk german pakkhi milicia naal ladai toon baad saad ditta giaa see, jadon kii german sarot iss gall toon inkaar karde hunn kii ajihi milicia maujood see atey daava karde hunn kii vasnikan neey polish hamlavaran daa virodh naheen keeta see. polish vidrohiaan dee kathit vahishivaad dee ikk udaharan vajon german media witch hodluno noon saadan daa prachar keeta giaa see. iss toon thodhi dair baad, vidroh dey netavan vicchon ikk, vojich corfenti, haldunov aaiaa, iss dey vinash laee muafi mangi atey iss dey punar nirman laee bhugtan keeta. upparle sileshia janmat (1921) witch germany noon poland laee 76 dey mukabale 295 vott mille. firr vee holduno poland daa hissa bann giaa. antar-yuddh dey samein witch ih uppri silesian (iss tarahan seezin silesia noon chhadd keey) witch siraf chaar mioonspeltiaan vicchon ikk see joe khudmukhtiaar silesian voivodospish daa hissa see jiss witch protestant bahuginti (1933 witch 70.6%) see. baad witch dooje vishav yuddh dee shuruat witch iss utte naazi germany neey kabza qarr liaa atey baad witch poland waps aaa giaa. 1975 witch ledzini dey naal holduno noon tychi naal milaa ditta giaa see. 1991 witch ledzini neey shehar dey adhikar mudd prapat keete atey holdunov noon aapne cole lae liaa.

hallodov holdunov (<unk>) dakshina-polyand-deshasya salacian-voyododshep-nagarasya ledgini-nagarasya mandalam asti. asya sthapana 1770 tame varshe abhavat, 1991 tame varshe ledzini ityanena saha vileeneekrutam. 2014 tame varshe ante asya 5,399 janaah aasan. itihaasah. polish-lithuvenian-kaamanvelt-deshasya kozie-gramat simaparam prushiyaa-rajyasya uccha-sailesia-paryantam palaayanam kurwantah praayah 300 calvinist-janaah 1770 tame varshe ayam vasatihi sthapitavan. (te german-bhaashinah aasan, madhya-germany-deshasya madhyayugeen-upaniveshavaadinah cha aasan.) ye sharanaarthinah duke aaf places ityasya aamantrane tasya ashvasainyasya sainyadalasya rakshane aagataah te ledzini ityasya folwork "keelpovee" iti kshetre "unhult" iti namna gramam sthaapayan, yasya naam samipasthasya places () ityasya shasakanam namanusarena krutam. 1778 tame varshe te ekam rectory niramaat, yasmin ekam laghutaram prarthanagruham, vidyaalayam, purohitasya shikshakasya cha nivaasah cha aasit. 1842 tame varshe bhugarbha-angaara-nikshepanam avishkarat graamah prabhaawitah, yena agrime varshe angaara-khanihi udghatita. 1902 tame varshe purasabha-mandale protestant-sent-trinity-charch-ityasya nirmanam krutam (1967 tame varshe dhvamsam). tadaa asmin german-bhashabhashinaha bahusankhyakaah nivasanti sma. dwiteeyasya salacian-vidrohasya aarambhe (august 1920), polish-vidrohibhihi gramasya akramanam krutvaa dahanam cha krutam. asya karanam naa spashtam asti-polish-mulani vadanti yat tatra sanghatitena german-samarthak-milishiyayaha yuddhanantaram graamah prajwaalayat iti, german-mulani asmaakam asmaakaranti yat etaadrusham milishiyayaha astitvam aasit, nivaasinah polish-akramanakarinam pratirodham naa krutavantah iti cha. polish-vidrohinaam kathita-barbarataayaah udaaharanaroopen german-maadhyameshu holdunov ityasya dahanasya prachaarah krutah. tadanantaram kinchitkalanantaram, vidrohasya netrushu ekaha vojsiyek corfanti, holdunov-nagaram aagacchat, tasya vinaashakasya krute kshamaapanam akarot, tasya punarnirmaanasy moolyam cha dattavaan. upercillesia-janamat-samikshayam (1921) germany-deshah polend-deshasya 76 matanam viruddham, 294 mataan praapnot. tathaapi holdunov-deshah polyaandadeshasy bhaagah abhavat. antarvaar-kaale, svaayatta-salacian-voyodod-shope ityasya bhagarupena, yat protestant-bahumatam (1933 tame varshe 70.6%) aasit, uccha-salacian-pradeshasya (ataha seezin-sailesia ityetam vihaay) kevalam chaturshu nagarapalikasu etat anyatam aasit. pashchat dviteeyavishvayuddhasya aarambhe nazi-germany-deshah tatt swyakarot, tadanantaram polend-desham pratyagatavan. 1975 tame varshe holdunov-nagaram ledzini-ityanena saha taichee-ityanena saha vileenam krutam. 1991 tame varshe ledzini nagar-adhikaran punah praptavan, holdunov-nagaram cha swyakarot.

hallodnov holdunov (<unk>) enbathu therku poalanthin cylasian voidodishible ulla ledginiyin oru maavattamaagum. idhu 1770 aam aandil niruvapattu 1991 aam aandil ledginiyudan inaikkappattathu. 2014 aam aandin iruthiyil idhu 5,399 makkalaik kondirundhadhu. varalaaru. 1770 aam aandil bolish-lithuveniya commonwealth paguthiyil ulla koosi kiraamaththil irunthu prashya iraajjiyaththin mael sailesia varai madha thunpuruththalkalilirunthu thappiyoodiya sumar 300 kaalvinistugalaal inththa kudiyaettram niruvappattathu. (avarkal jerman mozhi paesubavargal mattrum matthiya germanyaich saerntha idaikkaala kaalaniththuvavaadhigalin vazhiththoantralgal.) tuke off plessin azhaippin paeril mattrum avarathu kudhiraippadai pirivin paathukaappin keezh vantha agathigal, ledginiyin follwork "keelpovi" vayalgalil oru kiraamatthai niruvinar, idhu "unhault" endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu arugilulla plesses () aatchiyaalarkalin peyaraal peyaridappattathu. 1778ill avarkal oru aranmanaiyai kattinar, athil oru siriya devalayam, palli mattrum oru poosaari mattrum oru aasiriyarukku thangkumidam irunththathu. 1842 aam aandil nilaththadi nilakkari vaippugal kandupidikkappattathaal inththa gramam paathikkappattathu, idhu aduththa aandil nilakkari surangaththaith thirappatharku vazhivaguththathu. 1902 aam aandil prodestant saint trinity devalayam nagaraatchiyil kattappattathu (1967 ill idikkappattathu). appoathu ingku jerman mozhi paesubavargalil perumbaanmaiyinar vasiththu vanthanar. irandaavathu sailesiya kilarchiyin thodakkaththil (august 1920), inththa gramam bolish kilarchchiyaalargalaal thaakkapattu erikkappattathu. idharku kaaranam thelivaagath theriyavillai angku ozhungamaikkappatta oru jerman saarbu poaraaligaludan nadantha poarukkup piragu gramam erikkappattathaaka bolish aathaarangkal koorugindrana, athae neraththil jerman aathaarangkal aththagaiya poaraalikal irunthathai marukkindrana, maelum bolish thaakkuthalthaarigalai kudiyiruppaalargal ethirkkavillai endru koorugindrana. poalanthu kilarchchiyaalargalin kaattumiraandittanam endru koorappaduvadharku oru eduththukkaattaaga jerman uudakangkalil holdnovai erippathu vilambarappaduththappattathu. sirithu neeraththirkup piragu, kilarchiyin thalaivarkalil oruvaraana vojchich korfandi, holudunovukku vandhu, adhan alivukku mannippu catar, maelum adhan punaramaipukku panam seluththinaar. mael sailesia vaakkeduppil (1921) jermani poalanthukku 76 vaakkugal pettru, germanicu 299 vaakkugal kidaitthana. iruppinum, holduno poalanthin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu. poarukkidaiyaeyaana kaalakattathil idhu mael silasianil ulla naanku nagaraatchigalil ontraakum (ithanaal saisin sailesiaavaith thavira) idhu thannatchi cylasian voivotpaeshiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu, idhu protestant perumbaanmaiyaik kondirundhadhu (1933 ill 70.6%). idhu pinnar irandaam ulagap poarin thodakkaththil naji germaniyal inaikkappattathu, pinnar poalanthirkuth thirumbiyathu. 1975 aam aandil, ladginiyudan saernthu holudunov diechyudan inaikkappattathu. 1991 aam aandil ledgini nagara urimaigalai meetteduththu, haldnovai ulvaangkiyathu.

holdunov holdunov (<unk>) anedi dakshina polandloni sailesian voyododshiploni ledgini jilla. idhi 1770loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu 1991loe ledgini thoo vileenam cheyabadindi. 2014 chivari natiki idhi 5,399 mandhi nivaasitulanu kaligi undhi. charitra. polish-lithuvanian commonwealth looni koji graamam nundi sarihaddu daati prussia raajyamlooni eguva silasia varaku mataparamaina himsa nundi paaripotunna sumaru 300 kaalvinistulu 1770loe eee sthaavaraanni sthaapinchaaru. (vaaru german matladevaru mariyu madhya germanyki chendina madhyayuga valasavaadula nundi vacchaaru.) duke off pless ahvanam meraku, athani aswikadalam yokka dalaala rakshanalo vacchina saranaarthulu, ledgini yokka folwork "keelpovi" polaallo oka gramanni sthaapinchaaru, dheenini "unhault" anie pilustaaru, dheeniki sameepamloni pless () paalakula paeru pettaru. 1778loe vaaru oka rectoryni nirminchaaru, indulo oka chinna praarthanaa mandiram, paatasaala mariyu oka poojaari mariyu upaadhyaayudiki basa undedi. 1842loe bhoogarbha boggu nikshaepaalanu kanugonadam valla eee graamam prabhaavitamaindi, idhi taruvaati samvatsaramlo boggu gani praarambhaaniki daariteesindi. 1902loe purapalaka sanghamlo protestant seyint trinity charchi nirminchabadindi (1967loe koolchiveyabadindi). appudu ikkada ekkuva mandhi german matladevaru nivasinchevaaru. rendava silatian tirugubaatu praarambhamlo (aagashtu 1920), eee graamam polish tirugubaatudaarulache daadi cheyabadi, tagalabettabadindi. dheeniki kaaranam spashtamgaa leduh polish muulaalu akkada erpaatu chesina german anukuula miliciato yuddham tarvaata graamam kaalipoyindani perkonnaayi, ayithe german muulaalu atuvanti milicia unikilo undani khandinchayi mariyu nivaasitulu polish daadi chesevaarini pratighatinchaledani perkonnaayi. polish tirugubaatudaarula anaagarikataku udaaharanagaa german medialo holdunov dahanam pracharam cheyabadindi. kontakaalam tarvaata, tirugubaatu naayakulalo okaraina vojsiech corfanti, holdunov vaddaku vacchi, daani vidhvamsamku kshamaapanalu cheppi, daani punarnirmaanaaniki dabbu chellinchaadu. eguva sailesia prajabhipraya sekarana (1921) loe germanyki polandku 76 otlu raaga, daaniki vyatiraekamgaa 294 otlu vachayi. ayinappatikee holdunov polandlo bhaagamgaa maarindi. yuddhaantara kaalamlo protestant majority (1933loe 70.6%) kaligi unna swayampratipatti kaligina sailesian voyododshiplo bhaagamaina eguva sailesiyanloni naalugu munisipaalitiilaloo (anduvalla saisin sailesia minahayinchi) idhi okati. idhi taruvaata rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamlo naajii germanyche swaadheenam cheyabadindi, taruvaata polandku tirigi vachindi. 1975loe holdunov, ledgini kalisi taicheetho vileenam cheyabaddaayi. 1991loe ledgini pattana hakkulanu tirigi pondhi, holdunovnu swaadheenam chesukunnadu.

oldono holdono () janubi poland kay leadzini celecin viviewdoship kaa eek zalaa hay. yaha 1770 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa aur 1991 mein leadzini kay saath zam how gayaa thaa. 2014 kay aakhir mein iss kii aabadi 5,399 thee. tareekh. yaha bastee 1770 mein taqriba 300 calvenists nay qayem kii thee juu mazhabi zulam woo satam say bhaag kirr poland-lathwaniyayi dolat mushtarkah kay gaaon kozy say sarhad kay paar sultanat roos kay opri celesia takk bhaag rahay thay. (wah german bolnay waalay thay aur wastee germani say qaroon wastee kay nawabadiyat say taaluq rakhtay thay.) panah gazeen juu ddiok aaf plais kii daawat parr aur iss kay ghad sawaron kii eek dastah kii hifazat mein aayey nay leadzini kay folwark "callopovi" kay kheeton parr eek gaaon qayem kiyaa jasay "inhault" kahaa jaataa hay jiss kaa naam qareebi plais () kay hukmaranon kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. 1778 mein inhon nay eek rectory tameer kii jiss mein eek chhota saa cheepal school aur eek pajaari aur eek astaad kay liye rehaish gaah thee. yaha gaaon 1842 mein zeer zameen koyale kay zakhayer kii driyafat say mutasir hawaa jiss kii wajah say aglay saal koyale kii kaan kholi gayee. 1902 mein protestant sent trenaty charch baldiyah mein tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa (1967 mein manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa). iss waqat iss mein german bolnay waalon kii aksariyat aabaad thee. dosri celecin baghawat (agast 1920) kay aaghaz mein poland kay baghiyon nay gaaon parr hamlah kiyaa aur asay jalaa diyaa. iss kii wajah waazah nahein hay: poland kay zaraye kaa daawi hay kahh gaaon kuu wahaan manzam eek german haami milishiya kay saath jung kay baad jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa jabkah german zaraye iss baath kii tardid kartay haine kahh aisi milishiya mojud thee aur daawi kartay haine kahh baashindon nay poland kay hamlah aawaron kii mazahimat nahein kii thee. poland kay baghiyon kii mubinah barbariyat kii misaal kay toor parr holdono kuu jalanay kii tashheer german mediya mein kii gayee. iss kay foraa baad baghawat kay rehnumaon mein say aike wojeech corfenty, holodono aayaa iss kii tabahi parr maafi maangi aur iss kii tameer noow kay liye adayegi kii. apar celesia raaye shumari (1921) mein germani kuu poland kay 76 kay muqabilay mein 299 woat milay. iss kay bawajood holodono poland kaa hasah bunn gayaa. beenn jung kay door mein yaha balayi celecin kii sarf chaar baldiyaat mein say eek thee (iss tarah sezeen celesia kuu chhod kirr) juu khood mukhtar celecin viviewdoship kaa hasah thee jiss kii protestant aksariyat thee (1933 mein 70.6%). baad mein dosri jung azeem kay aaghaz mein naazi germani nay iss parr qabzah kirr liyaa aur baad mein poland waps aaa gayaa. 1975 mein holdono kuu leadzini kay saath mill kirr touchi kay saath zam kirr diyaa gayaa. leadzini nay 1991 mein shehar kay haqoq dobarah haasil kiye aur holodono kuu jazb kirr liyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73864579

Samart

Samart Samart is a village in the municipality of Philippeville, located in the province of Namur, Belgium. The name derives from the patron saint of the village, Saint-Mard or Saint-Médard. A knight hailing from Saint-Médard is mentioned in archives in 1090, the earliest written evidence of the locality. The village was the property of the same family throughout the Middle Ages, until the 16th century. The village is still dominated by the fortified manor, the "Château-ferme de Samart". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xamort xamart hoise beljiyamor naamur prodexot owosthito phillipovil pouroxobhar ekhon gaau. ei naamtu gaukhonor pristhopuxok xonto, xonto-mard baa xonto-metheredor poraa aahise. 1090 sonot obhilekhxomuhot saint-medardor poraa ohaa ejon ghurar kotha ullekh koraa hoise, jitu oncholtur ataitkoi puroni likhito proman. 16xo xotikaloike xomogro modhyojugjuri gaukhon eketa poriyalor xompoti aasil. gaukhonot etiyau "setu-ferme di xamart" naamor durgondhito rajbhandaror aadhipotyo aase.

summert summert belgiumer namur prodeshe abosthito phillipville pourosobhar ekti grama. namti gramer pristhoposhok sonto, sonto-purush baa sonto-purush theke udbhuto hoyeche. 1090 khristabde archive seenta-medarder eka naiter ullekh royeche, jaa elakar prachintama likhito proman. 16shha shatabdi porjonto modhyojuge eyi gramti ekoi poribarer sampatti chhilo. gramti ekhono "cheto-firme dii summert" naame surokkhito jomidar dwara probhabito.

samaart samaart aee belgiumnaa namur praantmaa stheet phillipville nagarpalikanu aek gaam chhe. aaa naam gaamnaa aashraydata sant, sant-merd athavaa sant-merd parthee utaree aavyu chhe. sant-medardnaa aek ghodo 1090 maan archivesma ullekheet chhe, jeey aaa vistaarnaa sauthee praarambhik lekheet puraava chhe. 16mee sadee sudhee aaa gaam madhya yug darmiyan aek jaj parivaarni meelkat hatoo. aaa gaammaan haju pann killebandhiwali haveli, "cheto-ferme dii samaart" noon varchsva chhe.

summart summart belgium key namur praant mein sthit phillippavil kii nagarpalika kaa ack gaanv haye. yeh naam gaanv key sanrakshak sant, sant-mard yaa sant-mard seey liya gayaa haye. sant-medard key ack shurveer kaa ullekh 1090 mein abhilekhagar mein kiya gayaa haye, joe ilaake kaa sabse pahala likhit pramaan haye. 16veen shatabdi taka madhya yug mein yeh gaanv ack hii parivaar kii sampatti thee. gaanv mein abhee bhee kileband jagir, "chatto-ferme dee summart" kaa prabhutva haye.

summart summart embudu belgiumn namur praantyadalliruva philippeville purasabheya ondu graamavaagide. ee hesaru graamada poshaka santa, santa-purusha athawa santa-purushaninda bandide. saint-medard moolada kudureyannu 1090rahra daakhalegalalli ullekhisalaagide, idu aaa pradeshada atyanta praachina likhita saakshiyaagide. 16neey shatamaanadavaregu, ee graamavu madhyayugaduddakku onde kutumbada aastiyaagittu. ee halliyalli egaloo koteya kooteyaada "chaate-ferme dii summart" praabalyavannu hondide.

summert beljiyathile naamoor pravisyayil sthithi cheiyunna philippiville munisippalittiyile oru graamamaan summert. graamatthile rakshaadhikaari vishudhanaaya vishudha-maard allengil vishudha-medardil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathu. vishudha-medardil ninnulla oru kuthiraye 1090 leeii aarkkaivukalil paraamarsikkunnu, ithu pradeshatthinte aadyakaala rekhaamoolamulla thelivaanu. pathinaram noottaand vare madhyakaalakhattatthiludaneelam eee graamam ore kudumbatthinte swathaayirunnu. kottakettiyirikkunna "chaatto-ferme dii summert" enna bhoopradesamaanu ippozhum graamatthil aadhipathyam pularthunnathu.

samarta samarta heey belgiumchya namur prantatil philipivile nagarpaliketil eka gaav aahe. heey naav gavatil snrakshak sant, sant-mard kinwa sant-medardvarun aale aahe. sant-medard yetheel eka ghodyacha ullekh 1090 madheel abhilekhanmadhye aadhalato, joou tyaa parisaracha sarvat juna lekhee purava aahe. 16 vya shatkaparyant, madhyayugbhar heey gaav ekach kutumbachi malmatta hote. yaa gavat ajunahi tatbandi asalelya 'cheto-ferme dii samarta' yaa haveliche varchasva aahe.

samarta samarta philipevil nagarpalikako euta gaaun how, june belgiumko namur prantama awasthit chha. yo naam gaaunko sanrakshak santa, santa-marda wa santa-mederdbata aeko how. santa-medardka ekjana ghodako ullekha sann 1090 maa abhilekhharuma garieko chha, june yass kshetrako sabaibhanda purano likhit praman how. 16 aun shatabdisamma madhya yugbhari yo gaaun eutai pariwarko sampatti thiyo. gaaun ajhai pani killa bhaeko mahal, "cheto-farme day samarta" ko prabhutwa chha.

samarta samarta heuchhi belgiumer namur pradeshare abasthita philipabhile pourapalikara eka gramm. ehi namati gaanra prusthaposhaka santha, santha-marda kimba santha-medardnka thaaru aasichhi. 1090 masihare abhilekhagarare santha-medardnka jane naitanka bishajare ullekha karajaichi, jaahaa sthaniah anchalara sarbapracheena likhita pramana. 16shaa shatabdi parjyanta madhyajuga saaraa ehi gramati gotie paribarara sampatti thila. ehi graamare ebe madhya "chetto-ferme dii samarta" namaka eka surakhita aranya rahichhi.

smart smart philipiville dee municipality daa ikk pind haii, joe belgium dey namur soobe witch sathit haii. ih naam pind dey sarprast sant, sant-marad jaan sant-marad toon liaa giaa haii. sant-medard dey ikk ghodswar daa zikar 1090 witch puralekh witch keeta giaa haii, joe kii ilaake daa sabh toon purana likhti saboot haii. ih pind 16veen sadee takk maddh yugg dauran ikko parivaar dee jaidad see. pind witch ajey vee kilhedar jagir, "chatto-farme dee smart" daa dabdaba haii.

samart samaart iti belgium-deshasya namur-pradeshe sthitah philipeeville-nagarasya nagarapalika-pradesha asti. asya namasya utpattih gramasya samrakshakasya santasya, santa-mard athavaa santa-medard ityasya, naamnah asti. 1090 tame varshe abhilekheshu sent-medard ityasya ashwah ullekhitah asti, yat asya sthanasya praarambhik-likhita-pramaanam asti. 16 shataabdaparyantam, madhyayugaparyantm, ayam graamah ekaa parivaarasya sampattih aasit. asya graame adyaapi "cheto-farme dey samaart" iti durgayuktah raajagruhah asti.

samart samart enbathu beljiathin namur maagaanaththil amainthulla pilippaevil nagaraatchiyil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. inththa peyar kiraamaththin puravalar punidhar, punitha-maart allathu punitha-medard enbavaridamirunthu perappattathu. punitha-medartaich saerntha oru kudhirai 1090 aam aandil kaappagangalil kurippidappattullathu, idhu antha idaththin aarambagaala ezhuththuppoorva saantraagum. 16 aam noottraandu varai, idaikkaalangkal muzhuvathum inththa gramam oray kudumbaththin soththaaga irunththathu. inththa kiraamaththil innum "sato-ferme dii samart" endra aranmanai aranmanai aathikkam seluththukirathu.

summart summart anedi belgiumloni namur provincelo unna philippeville munisipaalitiilooni oka graamam. eee paeru graamam yokka poeshaka seyint, seyint-maard ledhaa seyint-medard nundi vachindi. seyint-medard nundi vacchina gurram 1090 loe aarkaivlalo prastaavinchabadindi, idhi aaa praantaaniki sambandhinchina mottamodati vraatapuurvaka sakshyam. 16va sataabdam varaku madhya yugam antataa eee graamam oke kutumbaaniki chendinadi. eee graamamlo ippatikee "chaate-ferme dii summart" anae balavardhakamaina bhuubhaagam aadhipatyam chelayistondi.

summert samarat baljeem kay subah namur mein waaqa falpivili kii baldiyah kaa eek gaaon hay. yaha naam gaaon kay sarparast sunat sent maard yaa sent medard say makhuz hay. sent medard say taaluq rakhnay waalay eek night kaa zakar 1090 mein archives mein kiyaa gayaa hay juu iss elaqay kaa qadeem tareen tehriri sabut hay. yaha gaaon 16 wein sadee takk puray qaroon wastee mein eek hyee khaandaan kii malkiyat thaa. gaaon parr abb bhee qalah bund jaagir "cheato-farmi ddee smart" kaa ghalbah hay.

0006aaa31ce6ad39c50e593f62e62afa2bb357d760bcf0ebe9fd48ce266a84f1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14139253

Van Heemstra

Van Heemstra Dutch noble family Van Heemstra is a family that belongs to the Dutch nobility. History. The family is of Frisian origin. The genealogy of the family begins with "Taecke Obbema Heemstra", mentioned as a voting representative (nobleman) in Oostergo in 1492. After the founding of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in November 1813, the Frisian nobility was integrated. In 1814 the Van Heemstra family was recognized as belonging to Dutch nobility with the title of baron. Coat of arms. The coat of arms of the family is in blue a golden eagle.

bhen hemstra bhen hemstra hoise dusch obhijatxokolor etaa poriyal. itihax. ei poriyaltu freecian mulor. poriyalor bongxobrittanto "teke ubema hemstra" ror poraa aarombho hoy, jaak 1492 sonot oh 'stargut bhutdan protinidhi (rajokiyo byokti) hisape ullekh koraa hoisil. 1813 sonor novemborot netherlands rajyor protisthar pisot freecian abhijatyo ekotrito hoisil. 1814 sonot bhen hemstra poriyalok baaron upadhir xoite dusch abhijatyor ontorgoto buli swikriti diya hoisil. haator kutt. poriyalor haator kuttu neela rongor etaa xunali eegolot aase.

vyana hemstra vyana hemstra holl ekti poribar jaa dutch avijatter ontorgoto. itihas. poribarti frisian bongshodbhuto. poribarer bongshobrittanto shuru hoy "teke obema hemstra" diye, jaa 1492 saale ostergote ekjon bhotdan protinidhi (abhijato) hisabe ullekh koraa hoyechilo. 1813 saaler novembore netherlands rajyer protisthar porey, frisian avijattoke ekibhuto koraa hoyechilo. 1814 saale vyana hemstra poribarti dutch avijatter ontorgoto hisabe swikrito hoy ebong barron upadhi laav korey. coat off arms. poribarer coat off arms neel ronger ekti sonara eegol.

veena hamstra veena heamstra aee aek parivaar chhe jeey dutch umraavo saathe sambandhit chhe. itihas. aaa parivaar frisian mulno chhe. parivaarni vanshaavali "teke obema hamstra" thee sharoo thaay chhe, jeno ullekh ullekh austergoma matdaan pratinidhi (umraav) tareeke karvaamaa aavyo hato. november november netherlandnee raajyani sthaapnaa pachhi, frisian umraavone aekeekrut karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. hataa veena heamstra parivaarne dutch umraavonaa naamthi odakhvaamaa aavyo hato. haathno qota. parivaarnaa haathno qota vaadadi rangnaa soneri garudma chhe.

vaine hemstra vaine heamstra ack parivaar haye joe dutch kuleen varg seey sambandhit haye. itihas. parivaar frisian mool kaa haye. parivaar kii vanshavali "teke obema hemstra" seey shuru hoti haye, jiska ullekh 1492 mein ostergo mein ack matdan pratinidhi (kuleen) key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. navambar 1813 mein neetherland raajya kii sthaapana key baad, frisian kuleen varg koo ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1814 mein vaine heamstra parivaar koo bairan kii upaadhi key saath dutch kuleen varg seey sambandhit maanaa gayaa thaa. hathiyaron kaa coat. parivaar kaa coat off arms neele rung mein ack sunhare cheel mein haye.

wyaan hemstra wyaan heamstra embudu dutch kuleenarige serida kutumbavagide. itihaasa. ee kutumbavu frisian mooladdaagide. kutumbada vamshaavaliyu 1492ralli ostargodalli matadaanada pratinidhiyagi (kuleena) ullekhisalaada "teke obema heamstra" dinda praarambhavaaguttade. 1813rahra novembernalli netherlands saamraajyada sthapaneya nantara, frisian kuleenaru oggoodidaru. 1814ralli wyaan heamstra kutumbavu dutch kuleenarige seride endu gurutisalpattitu mattu baaran emba birudannu padeyitu. coat off arms. kutumbada laanchanavu neeli bannada chinnada haddu hondide.

vaan hemstra dutch prabhukkanmaarilppett oru kudumbamaanu vaan heimstra. charithram. kudumbam frisian vamshajaraanu. 1492ll austergoyil oru votting prathinidhiyayi (prabhuvayi) paraamarshichirikkunna "teyke obbema heimstra" yill ninnaan kudumbatthinte vamshavali aarambhikkunnath. 1813 novemberil netherlands raajyam sthaapithamaayathinushesham, frisian prabhukkanmaar samyojippikkappettu. 1814-ll vaan heimstra kudumbam dutch prabhukkanmaril pettathayi baaran enna padavi sweekarichu. kottu oof ams. kudumbatthinte kottu oof ams neela niratthilulla oru swarnna kazhukanaanu.

vanne hemstra vanne hemstra heey dutch kuleen vargatil eka kutumb aahe. itihas. heey kutumb moolche frisian aahe. kutumbachi vanshavali 1492 madhye austergomadhil matdan pratinidhi (kuleen) mhanoon ullekhalya gelelya "teke obema hemstra" pasoon suru hote. november 1813 madhye netherlandschya rajyachya sthapanenantar, frisian kuleen varg ekatmik jhaala. 1814 madhye vanne hemstra kutumbala barren yaa upadhisah dutch kuleen vargatil mhanoon manyata denyat aalee. hatancha coat. kutumbacha bahuncha coat nilya rangacha eka soneri garud aahe.

bhyan hemstra bhyan hemstra douch kuleen wargako pariwar how. itihas. pariwar freecian mulko how. pariwarko vanshavali "teke obema hemstra" batt suru hunchha, jaslai sann 1492 maa ostergoma matadan pratinidhi (kuleen) ko rupma ullekha garieko thiyo. november 1813 maa netherland rajyako sthapana pachhi, freecian kulinta ekikrit bhaeko thiyo. sann 1814 maa bhyan hemstra pariwarlai barrenko upadhisahit douch kuleen wargako rupma manyata diieko thiyo. hatiyarko kote. pariwarko hatko kote nilo rangma sunaulo igalma chha.

bhaan hemstra bhaan hemstra heuchhi eka paribara jaahaa douch sambhranta bargaru aasichhi. itihas. ehi paribara freecian banshodbhaba. paribarara banshabali "teke obema hemstra" ru arambha hue, jaahaa 1492 ray ostaragore jane bhoting pratinidhi (sambhranta) bhabare ullekha karajaithila. navember 1813 ray netherlands rajyara pratistha parey, freecian sambhrantanku ekeekruta karajaithila . 1814 masihare bhaan himstra paribaraku barron upadhi sahita douch sambhranta bargare antarbhukta bolly swekruti diajaithila. astrara coat. paribarara bahur coat neela rangare eka subarna eagle .

vain hemstra vain hemstra ikk parivaar haii joe dutch kulinata naal sabandhat haii. itihaas. ih parivaar farisi mool daa haii. parivaar dee vanshavali "teke obema hemstra" naal shuru hundi haii, jiss daa zikar 1492 witch ostergo witch ikk voting pratinidhi (kuleen) vajon keeta giaa see. navambar 1813 witch needarlands raaj dee sathapana toon baad, friziaai kulinata noon ekikrit keeta giaa see. sann 1814 witch vain hemster parivaar noon bairan dey khitaab naal dutch kuleen varag naal sabandhat manniaa giaa see. hathiaaran daa coat. parivaar daa coat aaf arms neele rung witch ikk sone daa baaz haii.

vaan hemstra vaan heemstra iti dutch-kuleenavargasya parivaarah asti. itihaasah. ayam parivaarah frisian-mulasya asti. 1492 tame varshe ostergo-nagare matapratinidhih (kuleenah) iti ullikhitena "tekke obbemaa heemstra" ityanena parivaarasya vamshaavalee arabhyate. 1813 tame varshe november-maase netherlands-rajyasya sthapananantaram, frisian-kuleenawargah ekeekrutah abhavat. 1814 tame varshe vyaan heemstra-parivaarah dutch-kuleenavargasya sadasyah iti manyataya beran iti upaadhim praapnot. shastranam kotah. parivaarasya angavastram neelavarnasya suvarna-garud-varnasya asti.

vaan heamstra vaan heamstra enbathu duchu pirabukkalukku sonthamaana oru kudumbam. varalaaru. inthak kudumbam frisian vamsaavaliyaich saernthathu. kudumbaththin vamsavali 1492 aam aandil oosterkoavil oru vaakkalikkum pirathinithiyaaga (pirabuvaaga) kurippidapatta "takey oppema heamstra" udan thodangukirathu. navambar 1813 ill netherlandhu raachchiyam niruvapatta piragu, frisian pirabukkal orunginaikkappattanar. 1814 aam aandil vaan heamstra kudumbam duchu pirabukkalukku sonthamaanathaaga paaraan endra pattaththudan angkeekarikkappattathu. code off arms. kudumbaththin code off arms neela niraththil oru thanga kazhugu ullathu.

vaan henstra vaan heamstra anedi dutch prabhuvulaku chendina kutumbam. charitra. eee kutumbam frisian muulaaniki chendinadi. kutumbam yokka vamsavali 1492loe ostergolo oating pratinidhi (kuleena) gaa perkonna "taake obema heamstra" thoo praarambhamavutundi. 1813 novemberlo netherlands rajyaanni sthaapinchina taruvaata, frisian prabhuvulu ekikrutam cheyabaddaaru. 1814loe vaan heamstra kutumbam baaran birudutho dutch prabhuvulaku chendinadigaa gurtinchabadindi. kotu off arms. kutumbam yokka kotu off arms neelam rangulo bangaaru eegil loe untundi.

ween hemistra ween hemistra eek khaandaan hay jiss kaa taaluq dich sharafat say hay. tareekh. khaandaan kaa taaluq freesi nazaad say hay. khaandaan kii nasb "teek obeema hemistra" say sharoo hotaa hay jiss kaa zakar 1492 mein ostergo mein voting numayende (raees) kay toor parr kiyaa gayaa thaa. nomber 1813 mein netherlands kii baadshahi kay qayaam kay baad freesi sharafat kuu zam kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1814 mein ween hemistra khaandaan kuu dich sharafat say taaluq rakhnay waalay kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kaa laqab biran thaa. hathiyaron kaa coat. khaandaan kaa coat aaf aarmz neelay rung mein eek sunhari aqaab hay.

0006b023c81cd006f44dab23bb055847e1b8ebae159b783fa6a8e539a03f542d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3726875

Steven Krilis

Steven Krilis Steven Krilis (born 26 November 1947, in Athens, Greece) is Professor of Immunology Allergies and Infectious diseases at the University of New South Wales and St George Hospital in Sydney, Australia. He is a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Krilis specializes in the treatment and research of Antiphospholipid syndrome; his laboratory was the first to recognise the major auto-antigen involved. In 2004, after a decade of research, Krilis led a team of researchers which identified a mechanism that can cause blood clots – a discovery with implications for those susceptible to deep-vein thrombosis, strokes, recurrent miscarriages and Antiphospholipid syndrome. Krillis was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his "significant service to medical research in the areas of inflammation, thrombosis and allergic disease". Publications. Among his over 120 peer-reviewed papers, the most cited are: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

steven crillis steven crillis (jonmo 26 novembor 1947, greechor athensot) australier sidneer niu sauth wels biswobidyaloy aaru saint jorjo sikitsaloyor imiun "lojee elergy aaru xongkramok rugor odhyapok. teu royel australian kolej owo physicianor ejon felu. crillise antifsfolipid chindromor sikitsa aaru gowexonat bixexogyo; teur porikhyagare prothome jorito prodhan otu-antigenok sinakto korisil. 2004 sonot, ek doxokor gowexonar pisot, crillise gowexokxokolor etaa dolor netritwo disil jiye tez jomat bandhi dibo poraa etaa pronali sinakto korisil-gobhir xira thrombusis, stroke, baare baare gorbhopat aaru antifsfolipid chindromor probhab thoka lukoxokolor baabe ek abiskar. cryllisok "prodah, thrombusis aaru elergy rugor khetrot sikitsa gowexonar baabe guruttopurno xewa" ror swikriti sworupe 2019 sonor ranir jonmodinor xonmanot australier order (am) xodosyo koraa hoisil. prokax. teur 120ru odhik xomoniya-porzaluchona koraa gowexona potror bhitorot ataitkoi odhik uddhrito hoiseh

steven crillis steven crillis (jonmo 26 navembar 1947, ethensa, griss) neu south oyelasa vishwavidyalaya ebong australier sidneyr seenta george hospitaler immunology allergy ebong sangkramak roger adhyapak. tini rayyal australian college off physicianer ekjon fello. crillis antifospholipid syndromer chikitsa oo gobeshonai biseshoggo; taanr gobeshonagarti prothom prodhan auto-antigenke chinnito korechilo. 2004 saale, eka doshoker gobeshonar porr, crillis gobeshokder ekti doler netritto deena jaa rokto jomat bandhar kaaron hotey paare emon ekti prokriya chinnito korey-govir-shira thrombosis, stroka, punorabritto gorbhopat ebong antifospholipid syndromer jonno sangbedanshil byaktider jonno ekti abishkar. crylliske 2019 saaler ranir jonmodiner sommane order off australier (am) sadasya koraa hoyechilo "prodaho, thrombosis ebong allergyr rogey chikitsa gobeshonai ullekhjoggo abodaner" sikritiswarup. prokashona. taanr 120tiro beshi piar-review koraa gobeshonapotrer modhye sabcheye beshi uddhrito nibondhoguli holoh

steven criss steven cryllis (janm 26 november 1947, athens, greesma) australiana sidneyma university off nyu south wells aneey saint george hospitalma immunology allergy aneey chepee rogonaa prophesara chhe. teo royal australian college off physicianna sabhy chhe. cryllis antiphospholipid syndromnee saarvaar aneey sanshodhanmaa nishnaat chhe; temnee prayogshaalaa saamel mukhya otto-antigenne odakhvaa maate pratham hatee. 2004maan, aek daykana sanshodhan pachhi, krilise sanshodhakoni aek teamnu netrutva karyoo hatoo, jene aek aevee paddhati odakhee hatee jeey loheena ganthavanu kaaran bunny shake chhe-undee nasnaa thrombosis, stroqa, punraavartit kasuvavad aneey antiphospholipid syndrome maate samvedansheel loko maate asaro saatheni shodh. krilisane "baltaraa, thrombosis aneey allergic rognaa kshetroma tabibi sanshodhanmaa nondhpaatra sevaa" maate 2019naa raaninaa janmadivasnaa sanmaanmaa order off austreliya (am) naa sabhy banavvama aavyaa hataa. prakashno. temnaa 120 thee vadhu pier-review karelaa kagadoma sauthee vadhu tankvama aavela kaagado chheh

steven cryllis steven cryllis (janm 26 navambar 1947, athens, grees mein) sidney, australia mein nyu south wells vishvavidyalaya aur sent george aspatal mein pratiraksha allergy aur sankraamak rogon key professor hain. vaha royal australiyai college off physician key ack saathi hain. cryllis antifospholipid syndrome key upchaar aur anusandhaan mein visheshagya haye; unaki prayogshala mein shamil pramukh auto-antigen koo pahchaanane vaali pahali thee. 2004 mein, ack dashak key shodh key baad, cryllis ney shodhkartaon kii ack team kaa netritva kiya, jisane ack aise tantra kii pehchaan kii joe rakt key thakkon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye-ack khoj joe una logon key liye nihitarth key saath haye joe gahari nus key ghanastrata, stroke, aavarti garbhpaat aur antifospholipid syndrome key prati atisamvedansheel hain. cryllis koo 2019 key raani key janmadin key sammaan mein australiya (am) key adesh kaa sadasya banaaya gayaa thaa, joe unaki "soojan, ghanastrata aur allergy roga key kshetron mein chikitsa anusandhaan key liye mahatvapurna seva" kii maanyata mein thaa. prakaashan. unake 120 seey adhik sahakarmi-sameeksha kiye gaye patron mein seey sabse adhik uddhrit hainh

steven cryllis steven cryllis (janana 1947rahra november 26, greesna ethensnalli) avaru aastreliyaada sidniyalliruva nyoo south wales vishvavidyaalaya mattu saint georg aaspatreyalli roganirodhaka allergy mattu saankraamika rogagala pradhyapakaragiddare. aata raayal australian college off fisiciansna phelo agiddare. krilis antiphospholipid syndromna chikitse mattu samshoodhaneyalli parinati hondiddaare; idaralli olagondiruva pramukha swayam-pratijanakavannu gurutisida modala prayogaalaya aatanaddaagide. 2004ralli, ondu dashakada samshoodhaneya nantara, cryllis samshoodhakara tandavannu munnadesidaru, idu rakta heppugattuvikege kaaranavaaguva ondu kaaryavidhaanavannu gurutisitu-aalavaada-raktanaalada thrumbosis, stroke, punaraavartita garbhapaata mattu antiphospholipid syndromge olagaaguvavarige parinama beeruva avishkara. uriyoota, thrumbosis mattu allergia kayilegala kshetragalalli vaidyakeeya samshoodhanege avaru needida gamanarha sevegaagi 2019rahra raniya janmadinada gouravagalalli cryllis avarannu arder off aastreliyaada (aa. emm) sadasyaraagi maadalaayitu. prakatanegalu. avara 120kkoo hecchu peer-reviewed pepargalalli, hecchu ullekhisalaadavuh

steevan cryllis australiyayile sidneyile nyoo southu weils sarvakalashaalayileyum sent jorj hospitalileyum immunology allergy, pakarchavyaadhikal ennivayude professoraanu steevan cryllis (jananam 1947 november 26, greasile ethansil). royal australian koleju oof physiciansile felloyaanu addeham. antifospholipid syndrominte chikilsayilum gaveshanathilum cryllis vaidagdhyamullayaalaanu; athil ulppedunna pradhana oottoo-aantijane aadyamaayi thiricharinjathu addehathinte laborattariyaan. 2004-ll, oru pathittaand neenda gaveshanathinu sesham, cryllis oru gaveshaka samghathe nayichu, athu raktham kattapidaan kaaranamakunna oru samvidaanam thiricharinju-aazhathilulla sira thrombosis, strock, aavarthichulla garbhachhidram, antifospholipid syndrome ennivaykku vidheyamaakunna oru kandethal. veekkam, thrombosis, allergy rogangal ennee mekhalakalil medical gaveshanathinu addeham nalkia supradhana sevanathinu" 2019 leeii raajnjiyude janmadina bahumathikalil krillisine australian oordaril (aam) amgamaakki. prasidheekaranangal. addehathinte 120-ladhikam piyar-review cheytha prabandhangalil ettavum kooduthal udharichava ivayaanu

steven cryllis steven cryllis (janm 26 november 1947, ethans, greece yethe) heey nyu south wells vidyapith aanee sidney, austreliya yetheel seent george rugnalayat rogpratikarak ellergy aanee sansargjanya roganche pradhyapak aahet. teey royal austreliyan college auph physicianche sadasya aahet. cryllis antifospholipid syndromechya upchar aanee sanshodhanat parangat aahe; tyat samavisht asalelya pramukh auto-antigenla olakhanari tyachi prayogshala pahili hotee. 2004 madhye, eka dashakachya sanshodhananantar, krilisane sanshodhakanchya eka chamooche netrutva kele jyane raktachya guthalya houu shakanari eka yantrana olakhali-khol-nassa thrombosis, stroke, varanvar honara garbhpat aanee antifospholipid syndromesathi sanvedanshil asalelyansathi parinam asalela eka shodh. krilisala 2019 chya ranichya vadhadivsachya sanmanarth 'jaljal, rakt gothan aanee ellergiesonya rog yaa kshetratil vaidyakeey sanshodhanasathi kelelya mahattvapoorn seve' chya sanmanarth aurder auph austreliya (aii. emm.) chaa sadasya karnyat aale. prakashne. tyanchya 120 hoon adhik samvayaskanni punaravalokan kelelya shodhanibandhanpaiki sarvat jaast uddhrut kelele lekh pudhilpramane aaheth

steven criss steven cryllis (janma 26 november 1947, athens, greecema) nyu south wells vishwavidyalaya rar sidney, australiako cent george aspatalma immunology allergy rar sankramak rogharuka pradhyapak hun. uni royal astrelian college aff physicianka sadasya hun. cryllis antifusfolipid cindromeko upchar rar anusandhanma visheshagya chhan; unko prayogshala yasama sanlagna pramukh ato-antigenlai pahichan garne pahilo thiyo. sann 2004 maa, ek dashakko anusandhanpachhi, cryllisle anusandhankartaharuko toliko netritwa gare jasle ragatko thakka huna sakne sanyantrako pahichan garyo-gahiro shirako thrombosis, stroke, barambar hune garbhapat rar antifospholipid cindromeko lagi sanwedanshilharuka lagi prabhawa parney khoj. krilislai "sujan, thrombosis rar allergy rogka kshetrama chikitsa anusandhanma mahatwapurna sewa" ko manyatama 2019 raniko janmadin sammanma australiako arder (am) ko sadasya banaieko thiyo. prakashanharu. unka 120 bhanda badhi sahakarmi-samiksha garieka kagajatharu madhye, sabaibhanda uddhrit chhanh

stiven cryllis stiven cryllis (janma 26 navember 1947, greecer ethensare) astreliaara sidnisthita nyu south wels biswabidyalaja ebong cent george hospitalre immunology allergy ebong sankramaka rogara professor atanti. shay rayal astreliacian college off physicianara jane fello . cryllis antifspholipid syndromer chikitsa ebong gabeshanare bisheshagya; taanka parikhyagara pratham thila jie ethire jadita pramukh auto-antigenku chinhat karithila . 2004 masihare, eka dashandhi gabeshana parey, cryllis gabeshakamananka eka dalara netrutwa neithile, jieki eka prakriya chinhat karithile jaahaa rakta jamata bandhiba kaaran hoipare-gabhira-shira thrombosis, stroke, punarabrutta garbhapata ebong antifspholipid cindrome prati sambedanashila byaktinka paain eka abishkara. krilisnku "pradaha, thrombosis ebong allergy roga khetrare daktari anusandhanare gurutwapurna seba" paain swekruti swaroopa 2019 raninka janmadina sammanare astrelia (aam) rahr orderer sadasya karajaithila. prakashan. tankara 120 ru adhika sahakarmee-samikhya hoithiba kagajpatra madhyare, sarbadhika uddhruta heuchhih

steven crillis steven crillis (janam 26 navambar 1947, ethans, yunan witch) sidney, australia witch nioo south wells university atey cent jaaraj hospital witch immunology allergy atey sankarmit bimariaan daa professor haii. uh raail australia kaalaj aaf physicians daa ikk failo haii. crillis antifospholipid syndrome dey ilaaj atey khoj witch muharat rakkhda haii; uss dee prayogshala sabh toon pahilan shamal pramukh auto-antigen noon pachanan vaali see. 2004 witch, ikk dahake dee khoj toon baad, crillis neey khojkartavan dee ikk team dee agvai keeti jiss neey ikk vidhi dee pachanh keeti joe khoon dey thakkiaan daa caarn bann sakadi haii-ikk khoj joe dunghi-naadi thrombosis, stroke, vaar-vaar garabhpat atey antifospholipid syndrome laee sanvedansheel lokan laee prabhav paundi haii. crillis noon "sojash, thromobosis atey allergy rogg dey khetran witch medical khoj laee mahattavpuran seva" dey sanman witch 2019 dey maharani dey janam dinn dey sanman witch australia (aii. aimm.) dey arder daa member banaiaa giaa see. parkashan. uss dey 120 toon vaddh peear-reevied keete pepran vicchon, sabh toon vaddh havala ditta giaa haiyav

steven cryllis steven cryllis (janma 26 november 1947, ethens, grees) nyoo-sauth-wells-vishvavidyaalaye tathaa sidney, australia-deshasya sent-jaarj-chikitsaalaye pratirakshaavidnyaanasya alarji-sankraamak-roganam cha pradhyapakaha asti. saha rayal-australian-college-aaf-fisitions ityasya sadasyah asti. cryllis ityayam antifaspholipid cindrome ityasya chikitsaayaam samshodhane cha visheshadnyah asti; tasya prayogashalayam prathamam pramukham aato-antigen iti ankitam. 2004 tame varshe, ekadashakaabhyantare shodhasya anantaram, cryllis naamakah samshodhakaanaam dalasya netrutvam krutavaan, yah raktasraavam kartum shaknoti iti ekam tantram ankitavaan-gabheer-shirayaha thrombosis, strokes, aawartak-garbhapaatasy, antifaspholipid-cindrome ityasya cha prati samvedanashilanam krute prabhaavayuktah aavishkaarah. cryllis ityasya "shotha-thrombosis-alarji-rogeshu chikitsaa-samshodhane mahattvapoorna-sewaayaah" manyatam praapya 2019 tame varshe raajnyaah janmadina-sammaaneshu arder aaf australia (e. emm.) ityasya sadasyah krutah. prakaashane. tasya 120 taha adhikeshu samavayaska-samikshita-lekhaasu sarvaadhikaani uddhrutaani santi -

steven cryllis steven cryllis (prappu navambar 26,1947, kiraekkaththin athensil) australiavin sidniyil ulla neu savuth wales palkalaikkazhagam mattrum saint jaarj maruthuvamanaiyil noayethirppu ovvamai mattrum thottru noaikalin paeraasiriyaraaga ullaar. avar raayal australian maruththuvak kallooriyin uruppinaraavaar. cryllis antiphospholipit noaikkuriyin sigichchai mattrum aaraaychchiyil nibunaththuvam pettravar; avarathu aaivagamae idhil sambanthappatta mukiya thaaniyangi-antijenai muthanmuthalil adaiyaalam kandadhu. 2004 aam aandil, oru dasaaptha kaala aaraaychchikkup piragu, cryllis oru aaraaychchiyaalar kuzhuvai vazhinadaththinaar, idhu iraththak kattigalai aerpaduththakkoodiya oru porimuraiyai adaiyaalam kandadhu-aalamaana narambu iraththa uraivu, pakkavaatham, thodarchchiyaana karuchchidhaivugal mattrum andiphospholipit noaikkuriyaal paathikkappadakkoodiyavarkal thaakkangalaik konda oru kandupidippu. cryllis "veekkam, iraththa uraithal mattrum ovvamai noai aagiya pakuthikalil maruththuva aaraaychchikku kurippidatthakka saevai seithatharkaaga" 2019 raani pirantha naall mariyaathaikalil australiavin varisaiyil (aam) uruppinaraaga niyamikkappattaar. veliyeedugal. avarathu 120 kkum maerpatta saga mathippaaivu seiyappatta katturaigalil, migavum maerkoal kattappattavaif

steven cryllis steven cryllis (jananam 1947 november 26, athens, greeslo) australialoni sidneylooni nyuu south wales vishwavidyaalayam mariyu seyint georg aasupatrilo immunology alerjeelu mariyu antu vyaadhula professor. athanu raayal australian college off physicians loe sabhyudu. cryllis antifospholipid syndrome chikitsa mariyu parisoedhanaloo pratyekata kaligi unnadu; indulo unna pradhana auto-antigennu gurtinchina modati prayogasaala atanidi. 2004loe, oka dasaabdam parisoedhana taruvaata, cryllis parisoedhakula brundaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu, idhi raktam gaddakattadaaniki kaaranamayye oka yantraamgaanni gurtinchindi-lothaina-sira raktam gaddakattadam, strokelu, punaraavruta garbhasravalu mariyu antifospholipid syndromeku gurayye vaariki chikkulatho kuudina aavishkarana. vaapu, raktam gaddakattadam mariyu allergy vyaadhi rangaalalo vaidya parisoedhanaku gananeeyamaina seva" chesinanduku gurtimpugaa 2019 queens berth day gowrawaalalo krillisnu arder off australia (am) loe sabhyudiga niyaminchaaru. prachuranalu. ayana 120 kii paiga peer-reviewed paperlalo, ekkuvagaa udaharinchabadinavih

steven karlees steven karlees (paidaish 26 nomber 1947yee aithanz yunaan mein) australia kay sudney mein waaqa university aaf neo saoth wells aur sent jaarj hospital mein amunology alraji aur mutaadi beemariyon kay professor haine. wah raail australiyayi college aaf physitions kay filo haine. crails ainti phospholipaid cendrome kay alaaj aur tehqeeq mein maharat rakhta hay. iss kii libartry sabb say pehley iss mein shaamil baday auto antigen kuu pehchanay waali thee. 2004 mein eek dahayi kii tehqeeq kay baad crails nay mohqaqeen kii eek team kii qayadat kii jiss nay eek aisey tariqah kaar kii nishandahi kii juu khoon kay jamnay kaa sabab bunn saktaa hay-eek aisi driyafat jiss kay mazmaraat inn logon kay liye haine juu gehri ragoon kay thrombosis stroke baar baar asqaat hamal aur ainti phospholipaid cendrome kaa shikaar hotay haine. crails kuu 2019 kay malkah kii salgrah kay aizazat mein arder aaf australia (aey ayem) kaa rakan banaya gayaa thaa iss kay aiteraf mein kahh "sozish thrombosus aur alrajk bemari kay shoabon mein tabee tehqeeq kay liye aham khidmaat". ashaatein. inn kay 120 say ziyadah humm martabah jaizah leenay waalay maqalay mein sabb say ziyadah hawalah diye gayey haine:

0006b55be3afd4fa4a3d32dc9d7c66fe31d5e02584df3623be59f94d14face61

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62549046

Antoine Triller

Antoine Triller Antoine Triller, born on 23 May 1952, is research director at the Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm). He is a researcher in neurobiology. Biography. Antoine Triller has a medical background at the university hospital centre of La Pitié Salpetrière (1978). In Jean Scherrer's laboratory, he turned to neurophysiology and initiated research work on inhibitory synapses with Henri Korn, a specialist in the field. In 1979, he was recruited as a research associate at Inserm. In 1985, he obtained his PhD in science. In 1995, he joined the Biology Department of the École normale supérieure where he was in charge of a team. He then created his research unit entitled "Cell Biology of the Synapse" in 1998. Among his doctoral students was Cécile Charrier. In 2010, he created the Institut de Biologie de l'École normale supérieure, of which he is the director. This institute is the result of the grouping of all biology within the department. Since 2011, he has also been Director of the MemoLife Laboratory of Excellence, whose biology, physics and mathematics teams address memory processes, from genes to neural networks and the mechanisms of evolution. Triller is the winner of several prizes, including the Inserm prize for "Physiology and Physiopathology" in 2004 and the Lamonica Prize of the French Academy of sciences in 2010. He was elected a member of the French Academy of sciences in 2011. He has been President of the Union rationaliste de France since 2019. Scientific work. By working on the Mauthner cell, a model used in the 1980s to study the quantum release mechanisms of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, Triller began to focus on the intimate mechanisms of synapses and the molecules that compose them. It works on the development of technological approaches in partnership with physicists. They make it possible to characterize certain structural parameters of quantum release. As early as 1985, he was able to visualize the glycine receptor in the synapses of the central nervous system by electron microscopy and show that neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated in front of the synaptic vesicle release zones. This work has been used as a model to locate most channels and receptors, such as glutamate receptors. Triller demonstrated the possibility of a co-transmission involving two conventional transmitters, glycine and GABA. He created his laboratory at the École normale supérieure de la rue d'Ulm in 1995 and reoriented his activities towards the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control the recruitment and trafficking of receptors in the synapse. Triller studied GABA and glycine receptors in particular. He showed that the nature of the pre-synaptic neurotransmitter determined the type of receptor accumulating in the post synaptic density. In addition, using electron microscopy, he was able to demonstrate the presence of messenger RNAs encoding the glycine receptor in dendrites. In 2003, in partnership with physicists, he developed the use of "quantum dots" for cellular neurobiology. This technological advance makes it possible to move from static imaging of molecules to a very high resolution dynamic approach. It is the subject of a founding article in "Science" that highlights multiple molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating these movements and ultimately the intensity of information transmission between neurons. Triller has contributed to a new understanding of the mechanisms of addressing stability and plasticity of the synapse, making it possible to broaden pharmacological approaches to neural dysfunctions. One of Triller's contributions has been to demonstrate that these fundamental mechanisms are deregulated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

antoin triller 1952 sonor 23 mey 'too jonmogrohon koraa entoin triller hoise institut nesnel dey laa chente ett dey laa riserse medical (incharm) ror gowexona xonsalok. teu niur "baay" lojir ejon gowexok. jiwani. entoin triller biswobidyaloyor sikitsaloyor kendro laa piti celpetrir (1978) too sikitsar potobhumi aase. jinn sweraror gowexonagarot teu niur "physio" lojiloi ghuri aahisil aaru khyetror egoraki bixexogyo henori kornor xoite inhibitori chinepsor uporot gowexonar kaam aarombho korisil. 1979 sonot teuk incharmor gowexona xohojugi hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 1985 sonot teu bigyanot paisdi laabh korisil. 1995 sonot teu ikule normel supariyeror jibobigyan bibhagoto jugdan korisil zo 'too teu etaa dolor dayitwot aasil. taar pisot teu 1998 sonot "seil baay" loji owo dyo cineps "xirxok gowexona gutt sristi korisil. teur doctorate saatro-satrixokolor bhitorot aasil sesail sariyar. 2010 sonot teu institut di biology di el 'ikule normel supariyer sristi korisil, jaar teu xonsalok. ei protisthantu bibhagor bhitorot thoka xokolu jibobigyanor gutor folafol. 2011 sonor poraa teu mem 'life laboratory owo excellenceor xonsalok hisapeu karzonirbah kori aahise, jaar jibobigyan, podartho bigyan aaru gonitor dolxomuhe jinor poraa snayowik network aaru bibortonor prokriyar smriti prokriyar uporot gurutwo aarup kore. trillere 2004 sonot "physio" lojee endo physio "peth" lojir baabe incharm botaa aaru 2010 sonot france academy owo sciencesor lamnika botar logote keibatau puroskaror bijoyi. teu 2011 sonot france academy owo sciencesor xodosyo hisape nirbasito hoisil. teu 2019 sonor poraa union resnist di francer xobhapoti hoi aahise. boigyanik kaam. 1980-ror doxokot kendriyo snayutontrot niur "transmitteror kuwantam rilij pronali odhyoyon koriboloi byobohrito etaa model mouthonor kuxot kaam kori trillere chinepsor ghonistho pronali aaru xeibur gothon koraa onuburor uporot gurutwo diboloi aarombho korisil. ee podartho bigyanixokolor xoite ongxidaritwot projuktigot poddhotir bikaxor uporot kaam kore. teuluke kuwantam releaser kisuman gathonigot mapkathi sinhito koratu xombhob kori tule. 1985 sonor aarombhonite, teu electron maikro "scopyr dwara kendriyo snayutontror chinepsot glycine receptortu kolpona koriboloi xokhyom hoisil aaru dekhuwaisil je niur" transmitter receptorbur chineptik vesicol rilij jo 'nor xonmukhot ghonibhut hoi aase. ei kaamtu glutamate receptoror dore besibhag senel aaru receptor sinakto koriboloi etaa model hisape byobohar koraa hoise. trillere dutaa poromporagot trensmitter, glycine aaru gaaba jorito xoho-prosaror xombhawona prodorxon korisil. 1995 sonot teu ikule normel superiyer di laa ru di 'ulmot teur porikhyagar sristi korisil aaru chinepsot grahokor nijukti aaru xorborah niyontron koraa aanobik aaru kuxiyo pronalir odhyoyonor dixot teur karzokolapxomuh punor nirman korisil. trillere bixexkoi gaaba aaru glycine receptorxomuh odhyoyon korisil. teu dekhuwaisil je praak-xinapotik neurotransmitter prokritiye post xinapotik ghonotwot jomaa huwa receptoror prokar nirdharon korisil. iyar uporiu, electron maikro "scopy byobohar kori, teu dendraitot glycine receptorok enok 'dodd koraa messanger aar. eno. e.-ror uposthiti prodorxon koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. 2003 sonot, podartho bigyanixokolor xoite ongxidaritwot, teu chelular niur "baay" lojir baabe "kuwantam dott" ror byobohar bikoxito korisil. ei projuktigot ogrogotir folot onur sthir imagingor poraa oti uscho rejoliusyonor gotixil poddhotir faale juwatu xombhob hoy. eitu "bigyan" ror etaa protisthapok probondhor bixoy ji ei gotibidhi niyontron korar baabe daybodho ekadhik aanobik pronali aaru owoxexot neuronor maajot tothyo xongkromonor tibrotak alukpat kore. trillere chinepsor sthirota aaru plastikitar pronalir bixoye ek notun bujat orihona jugaise, jaar folot snayowiyo opokriyar baabe ouxodh bigyanor dristibhongi bohol koratu xombhob hoise. triller etaa obodan hoise ei prodorxon koraa je ei moulik pronalibur alzheimer aaru parkinsonsor dore niur "degenerative rugot niyontrito nohoy.

antoine triller antoine triller, 1952 saaler 23shhey meey jonmogrohon corren, tini institute national deey laa sant ett deey laa recharche medicale (inserm)-err gobeshona porichalok. tini neurobiologyr ekjon gobeshok. jeeboni. antoine triller ekti chikitsa patabhumi royeche laa pitiye sulpetria (1978) vishwavidyalaya hospitaler kendre. zina sherar gobeshonagare, tini neurophysiologyr dike jhunke paden ebong eyi khettrer biseshoggo henry corner saathe inhibitory synupser upor gobeshona shuru corren. 1979 saale tini inserme gobeshona sahojogi hisabe niyog paan. 1985 saale tini biggane paechd orjon corren. 1995 saale tini ikole normal superior jibbigyan bibhage jog deena jekhane tini ekti doler dayitte chhilen. erpor tini 1998 saale "seela biology off dya synups" shironame taanr gobeshona unit toiri corren. taanr doctorate shikkharthider modhye chhilen cessil carrio. 2010 saale tini institute dii biology dii lawl 'ikole normal superio toiri corren, jaar tini porichalok. eyi protisthanti bibhager modhye samasta jibbigyaner gosthir folafol. 2011 saal theke tini memolife laboratory off accellencer porichaloko hoyechen, jaar jibbigyan, podarthobiggan ebong gonito dalguli zina theke neural network ebong bibortoner prokriyaguli porjonto smriti prokriyagulike sambodhan korey. triller 2004 saale "physiology anned physiopathology"-rawr jonno inserm puraskar ebong 2010 saale farasi academy off scienceser lamonica puraskar soho besh koyekti puroskarer vijayi. tini 2011 saale farasi academy off scienceser sadasya nirbachito hohn. tini 2019 saal theke union rationalist dii francer sabhapati. boigyanik kaaj. kendriya snayutantre neurotransmitter quantum rilija prokriya adhyayaner jonno 1980-err doshke byabohrito ekti model, mouthner koshe kaaj korey, triller synupser antaranga prokriya ebong seguli toiri korey emon anugulir upor mononibesh korte shuru korey. etty podarthobigganider saathe angshidaritte projuktigoto poddhotir bikasher upor kaaj korey. taaraa quantum releaser nirdishto kathamogoto poramitiguli chinnito koraa sombhob korey toley. 1985 saaler godar dike, tini electron microscopy dwara kendriya snayutantrer synupsey glycine receptorke kalpana korte sokkhom hohn ebong dekhan jey neurotransmitter receptorguli synuptic vesical rilija joner saamone ghonibhuto hoy. eyi kaajti glutamate receptorgulir moto beshirbhag channel ebong receptorguli sonakto korar jonno ekti model hisabe byabohrito hoyeche. triller duti procholito transmitter, glycine ebong gaba jorito ekti soho-sankramaner sombhabona prodorshon korey. tini 1995 saale ikole normal superio deey laa rue dii 'ulme taanr gobeshonagar toiri corren ebong synaps-ayee receptorder niyog oo pachar niyantrankari anobik oo koshiya prokriyagulir adhyayaner dike taanr kriyakalapgulike punarbinyas corren. triller bishesh korey gaba ebong glycine receptorguli adhyayan korechilo. tini dekhiyechilen jey praka-synuptic neurotransmitter prokriti synuptic ghonotter porey receptor jomaa howar dhoron nirdharan korey. echhadao, electron microscopy byabohar korey, tini dendrite glycine receptorke encoding koraa messenger arr. enn. ayee-rawr uposthiti prodorshon korte sokkhom hohn. 2003 saale, podarthobigganider saathe angshidaritte, tini cellular neurobiologyr jonno "quantum dott"-err byabohar toiri korechilen. eyi projuktigoto aggrogoti anur sthir chitro theke khub uchcho rejoliushana gotishil poddhotir dike sorey yawa sombhob korey toley. etty "bigyan"-err ekti protisthata nibondher vishay jaa eyi gotibidhiguli niyantraner jonno dayee ekadhik anobik prokriyake tuley dhorey ebong shesh porjonto snayur modhye tothyo sankramaner tibrota tuley dhorey. triller synupser sthitishilota ebong plasticker prokriyagulike sambodhan korar ekti notun bojhar khettre abodan rekheche, jaa snaybik disfungsioner khettre pharmacological poddhotike bistrito koraa sombhob korey tuleche. triller abodangulir modhye ekti holl eyi jey eyi moulik prokriyaguli aljhaimar ebong parkinsoner moto neurodegenerative rogey niyantrita hoy.

antoin triller 23 meey meey roj janmela antoin triller, institute national deey laa sente aeta deey laa research medical (inserm) maan sanshodhan nirdeshak chhe. teo neurobiologyna sanshodhak chhe. jivancharitra. antoin triller laa pitty salpetriyer (1978) naa university hospital centermaa tabibi prushthbhumi dharaave chhe. jiina sharerni prayogshalama, temane neurophysiology taraf valyun aneey aaa kshetrana nishnaat henry corn saathe avrodhak synapsis parr sanshodhan kaary sharoo karyoo. karyoo, temne inserm khaate sanshodhan sahyogi tareeke bhartee karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. hataa temane vignanma piaech. dii. melvee hatee. temane teo ecole normal superariorna jivvigyan vibhagma jodaya hataa, jyaan teo aek teamnaa prabhaari hataa. tyarbad temane temane "seela biology off dhaa synaps" sheershak dharaavtu temnu sanshodhan aekam banaavyu. temnaa doctoratena vidhyarthioma cessil charrier hataa. aneey, temane institute dha biology dha lae 'ecole normal superariorni rachnaa curry, jenaa teo nirdeshak chhe. aaa sanstha vibhagma tamaam jivvigyanna juthanu parinam chhe. 2011 thee, teo shreshthatana memolif prayogshalana nirdeshak pann rahyaa chhe, jenee jivvigyan, bhautikshastra aneey ganeetni teamo janinothi maandine chetatantrana network aneey utkrantini paddhateeo sudhini yaadshakti prakriyaone sambodhit karey chhe. triller triller "physiology anned physiopathology" maate inserm puraskar aneey aneey french academy off scienciesna lemonica puraskar saheet anek puraskarona vijeta chhe. teo teo french academy off scienciesna sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa. teo teo union rationalist dha francenaa adhyaksh chhe. vaignanik kaary. kendreey chetatantrama chetapreshakona quantum prakaashan paddhationo abhyaas karvaa maate maate daykama upyogmaa levaata model, mouthner koshh parr kaama kareene, trilleray cinepsnee ghanishth paddhateeo aneey temne banaavtaa anooo parr dhyaan kendrit karvaanu sharoo karyoo. teey bhautikshastrio saathe bhagidarima takneeki abhigamonaa vikaas parr kaama karey chhe. teo quantum prakashanna chokkas malkhakiy parimaanone lakshanikta aapvaanu shakya banaave chhe. chhe sharuaatmaa, teo electron microscopy dwara kendreey chetatantrana cinepsisma glycine receptorni kalpanaa karvaamaa saksham hataa aneey darshaave chhe keey chetapreshako chetapeshika mukt kshetroni saame kendrit chhe. aaa kaaryano upyog glutamate receptors jevee motabhagni chenalo aneey receptorsne shodhvaa maate aek model tareeke karvaamaa aavyo chhe. trillere beey paramparagat transmitter, glycine aneey gaaba saathe saha-prasaaranni shakyata darshaavi hatee. temane temane ecole normal superarior dii laa ruu dii 'oolm khaate temnee prayogshaalaa banaavi hatee aneey cinepsma receptorsnee bhartee aneey taskareene niyantrit karatee parmaanu aneey cellular paddhationaa abhyaas taraf temnee pravruttione punnirdharit curry hatee. trilleray khaas kareene gaaba aneey glycine receptorsno abhyaas karyo hato. temane darshaavyu keey purv-synaptic chetapreshakoni prakruteeae poosta synaptic ghanataama ekathaa thataa receptorno prakaar nakki karyo. vadhumaa, electron microscopyno upyog kareene, teo dendritesmaa glycine receptorne encoding kartaa messanger rnani haajari darshavvama saksham hataa. hataa, bhautikshastrio saathe bhagidarima, temane cellular neurobiology maate "quantum dots" noow upyog vikasaavyo. aaa takneeki pragatee anuonaa stheer imagingthi khoob jaj uchch resolution gatisheel abhigam taraf aagad vadhvaanu shakya banaave chhe. teey "vigyaan" maan aek sthaapak lekhano vishhay chhe jeey aaa hilchaalne niyantrit karvaa maate jawabdar bahuveedh parmaanu paddhateeo aneey aakhare chetakosho vachche maahitinaa prasaaranni tivrataane prakashit karey chhe. trilare cinepsnee sthirtaa aneey plasticityne sambodhvani paddhationi navee samjanma faalo aapyo chhe, jenaathi neural disfunctions maate aushhadheey abhigamone vistrut karvaanu shakya baney chhe. trillernu aek yogdaan aee darshaavvaanu rahyu chhe keey aaa mulbhoot paddhateeo alzheimer aneey parkinson jevaa chetapindjanya rogomaa aneeyantrit chhe.

antion triller 23 maee 1952 koo paida hue antoine triller, institute national day laa sainte aitt day laa research medical (inserm) mein shodh nideshak hain. way neurobiology mein ack shodhkarta hain. jeevani. antone triller kii chikitsa prishthabhoomi laa pitty salpetriyer (1978) key vishvavidyalaya aspatal kendra mein haye. jeane sherer kii prayogshala mein, unhone neurophysiology kii or rukh kiya aur kshetra mein ack visheshagya heinry corn key saath avarodhak synapse parr shodh kaary shuru kiya. 1979 mein, unhein inserm mein ack shodh sahayogi key roop mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa. 1985 mein unhone vigyaan mein phd praapt kii. 1995 mein, vaha ikol normal superarior key jeev vigyaan vibhaag mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan way ack team key prabhaari they. isake baad unhone 1998 mein "koshika jeev vigyaan key synapse" naamak apani shodh ikai banaai. unake doctorate chhatron mein cecil chariyar they. 2010 mein, unhone institute dee biology dee ell 'ikole normal superarior banaaya, jisake way nideshak hain. yeh sansthaan vibhaag key bheetar sabhi jeev vigyaan key samooh kaa parinam haye. 2011 seey, vaha utkrishtata kii smriti prayogshala key nideshak bhee rahey hain, jinake jeev vigyaan, bhautiki aur ganit dall smriti prakriyaon koo sambodhit karate hain, jeane seey laker tantrika network aur vikas key tantra taka. triller kaee puraskaron key vijeta hain, jinamen 2004 mein "shareer vigyaan aur shareer roga vigyaan" key liye roganu puraskar aur 2010 mein french academy off sciences kaa lamonica puraskar shamil haye. unhein 2011 mein french academy off sciences kaa sadasya chunaa gayaa thaa. vaha 2019 seey union rationalist dee france key adhyaksh rahey hain. vaigyaanik kaary. kendriya tantrika tantra mein neurotransmitter key quantum release tantra kaa adhyayan karane key liye 1980 key dashak mein upayog kiye gaye ack model, mothner cell parr kaam karke, triller ney synapse key antarang tantra aur unhein banaane vaale anuon parr dhyaan kendrit karna shuru curr diyaa. yeh bhautikavidon key saath saajhedaari mein takniki drishtikon key vikas parr kaam kartaa haye. way quantum release key kuchh sanrachanaatmak maapdandon koo chihnit karna sambhav banaate hain. 1985 kii shuruat mein, vaha electron microscopy dwara kendriya tantrika tantra key synapse mein glycine receptor kii kalpana karane mein saksham they aur yeh darshaate they kii neurotransmitter receptors synaptic vesical release zone key saamane kendrit hain. iss kaam kaa upayog adhikansh chainalon aur receptors, jaise glutamate receptors kaa pataa lagaane key liye ack model key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. triller ney dou paaramparik sancharanakon, glycine aur gaaba koo shamil karate hue ack saha-sancharan kii sambhavana kaa pradarshan kiya. unhone 1995 mein ikole normal superior day laa roo dee 'ulm mein apani prayogshala banaai aur synaps mein receptors kii bharti aur taskari koo niyantrit karane vaale aanvik aur cellular tantra key adhyayan kii disha mein apani gatividhiyon koo phir seey unmukh kiya. triller ney vishesh roop seey gaaba aur glycine receptors kaa adhyayan kiya. unhone dikhaaya kii poorv-synaptic neurotransmitter kii prakriti ney post synaptic ghanatva mein jamaa honey vaale receptor key prakaar koo nirdhaarit kiya. isake alawa, electron microscopy kaa upayog karke, vaha dendrite mein glycine receptor koo encoding karane vaale sandeshvaahak rna kii upasthiti koo pradarshit karane mein saksham thaa. 2003 mein, bhautikavidon key saath saajhedaari mein, unhone cellular neurobiology key liye "quantum dots" kaa upayog vikasit kiya. yeh takniki pragati anuon kii sthir imaging seey bahut uchch resolution gatishil drishtikon kii or badhana sambhav banaati haye. yeh "vigyaan" mein ack sansthaapak lekh kaa vishay haye joe inn andolanon koo viniyamit karane aur antatah neurons key beach soochana sancharan kii teevrata key liye jimmedaar kaee aanvik tantron parr prakaash daaltaa haye. triller ney synapse kii sthirata aur plasticity koo sambodhit karane key tantra kii ack naee samajh mein yogdan diyaa haye, jisase tantrika kaaryaheenta key liye aushadhiya drishtikon koo vyaapak banaana sambhav hoe gayaa haye. triller kaa ack yogdan yeh pradarshit karane key liye rhaa haye kii yeye maulik tantra alzheimer aur parkinsons jaise neurodegenerative rogon mein viniyamit hain.

antoin triller 1952rahra mayee 23randu janisida antoin triller, institute national deey laa sante ett deey laa researche medical (inserm) nalli samshodhanaa nirdeshakaragiddare. avaru narah jeevashaastradalli samshoodhakaraagiddaare. jivanacharitre. antoin triller laa pty salpetriorn (1978) vishvavidyaalayada aspatre kendradalli vaidyakeeya hinneleyannu hondide. zeane shererna prayogaalayadalli, avaru narabhoutikashaastrakke tirugidaru mattu ee kshetradalli tagnaraada henry corn avarondige pratirodhaka sinapsasgala bagge samshodhanaa kaaryavannu praarambhisidaru. 1979ralli, avarannu insermnalli samshodhanaa sahavartiyagi nemisalaayitu. 1985ralli avaru vijnaanadalli phd padedaru. 1995ralli, avaru ekol normal superiorn jivashastra vibhagakke seridaru, allie avaru tandada ustuvaariyaagiddaru. nantara avaru 1998 ralli "synapsina jivakosha jivashastra" emba shirshikeya tamma samshodhanaa ghatakavannu rachisidaru. avara doctorate vidyarthigalalli cecil carrier iddaru. 2010ralli, avaru institute dii biology dii ell ekol normal superior annu rachisidaru, adara nirdeshakaragiddare. ee samstheyu ilakheyolagina ellah jeevashaastrada gumpina phalitaamshavaagide. 2011rinda, avaru memolife laboratory off excellencen nirdeshakaroo agiddare, avara jivashastra, bhautashastra mattu ganita tandagalu jeengalinda hididu narah jaalagalavarege mattu vikaasada kaaryavidhaanagalavarege memori prakriyegalannu uddeshisive. triller 2004ralli "sharirashastra mattu shariravaidyashaastra" dha inserm prashasti mattu 2010ralli french academy off sciencesna lamonica prashasti seridante halavaaru bahumaanagalannu padediddaare. 2011ralli french academy off sciencesna sadasyaraagi aaykeyaadaru. avaru 2019rinda union resonalist dii fransna adhyaksharagiddare. vaignaanika kelasa. kendra naramandaladalli naraprekshakagala quantum bidugade karyavidhanagalannu adhyayana maadalu 1980rahra dasakadalli balasalaada maadariyaada mouthner koshada mele kelasa maaduva moolaka, triller sinapsasgala nikata kaaryavidhaanagalu mattu avugalannu rachisuva anugala mele kendrikarisalu praarambhisitu. idu bhautashaastragnara sahabhagitvadalli taantrika vidhaanagala abhivruddhiya mele kaaryanirvahisuttade. avu quantum bidugadeya kelavu rachanaatmaka niyataankagalannu niroopisalu saadhyavaagisuttave. 1985rashtu hindeye, electron microscopy moolaka kendra naramandalada sinapsasgalalli glycine grahakavannu drashyikarisalu mattu naraprekshaka grahakagalu synaptic koshaka bidugade valayagala munde kendrikrutavagive endu torisalu avarige saadhyavaayitu. ee kelasavannu glutamate grahakagalantaha hecchina vaahakagalu mattu grahakagalannu pattehachchalu maadariyaagi balasalaagide. trailer eradu saampradaayika transmittergalada glycine mattu gaba olagonda saha-prasaranada saadhyateyannu pradarshisitu. aata 1995ralli ekol normal superior deey laa ruu dii 'ulmnalli tamma prayogaalayavannu rachisidaru mattu sinapsinalli grahakagala nemakati mattu kallasaaganeyannu niyantrisuva aanvika mattu jivakoshada kaaryavidhaanagala adhyayanada kadege tamma chatuvatikegalannu marunirdeshisidaru. triller nirdishtavagi gaba mattu glycine grahakagalannu adhyayana maaditu. purva-synaptic naraprekshakada svaroopavu synaptic nantarada saandrateyalli sangrahavaguva grahakada prakaaravannu nirdharisuttade endu avaru torisidaru. idallade, electron sookshmadarshakavannu balasikondu, dendraitgalalli glycine grahakavannu encoding maaduva messenger arnagala upasthitiyannu pradarshisalu avarige saadhyavaayitu. 2003ralli, bhautashaastragnara sahabhagitvadalli, avaru cellular neurobiologygagi "quantum dots" balakeyannu abhivraddhipadisidaru. ee taantrika pragatiyu anugala sthira chitranadinda hecchina resolution dynamic vidhanakke chalisalu saadhyavaagisuttade. ee chalanegalannu niyantrisuva javaabdaariyuta aneka aanvika karyavidhanagalannu mattu antimavagi narakoshagala naduvina mahiti prasaranada tivrateyannu etti torisuva "vignaana" dha sthapaka lekhanada vishayavaagide. triller synapsina sthirate mattu plaasticitiyannu pariharisuva kaaryavidhaanagala bagge hosa tiluvalikege koduge niidide, idu naragala apasaamaanya kriyegalige aushadheeya vidhaanagalannu vistarisalu saadhyavaagisuttade. aljhaimar mattu parkinson nantaha narashuleya kayilegalalli ee moolabhoota karyavidhanagalannu niyantrisalaaguvudilla embudannu pradarshisuvudu triller avara kodugegalalli ondaagide.

aantoyin triller 1952 meyy 23 nuu janicha aantoyin triller instittyoott naashanal dii laa saante ettu dii laa research medical (inserm) enna sthaapanathile gaveshana directoraan. neurobiology gaveshakanaanu addeham. jeevacharitram. aantoyin trillerinu yooniversitti hospital sentar oof laa pittiye salpetriyaril (1978) medical pashchaathalamundu. jeane shererude laboratariyil addeham neurophysiologyilekk thiriyukayum eee mekhalayile vidagdhanaaya henry corninoppam inhibittari sinaapsukalekkurichulla gaveshana pravartthanangal aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1979ll insermil research asosiyettaayi addehathe niyamichu. 1985ll addeham shaasthrathil phd nedi. 1995ll addeham ekkol normal soopparriyarinte biology vibhaagathil chernnu, avide addeham oru teaminte chumatala vahichu. thudarnnu 1998-ll addeham "sell biology oof dhii synapse" enna peril thante gaveshana yoonit srishtichu. addehathinte doctoral vidyaarthikalil sesile chaariyar undaayirunnu. 2010ll addeham instittyoott dii biology dii ekkol normal superrior srishtichu, athinte directoraan addeham. vakuppinullile ellah jeevashaasthrangaludeyum groupinginte falamaanu eee instittyoott. 2011 muthal addeham memolife laborattari oof eksalansinte directoraayirunnu, athinte biology, physics, mathematics teamukal jeenukal muthal neural netvarkkukal vareyum parinaamatthinte samvidaanangalum vareyulla memory prakriyakale abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. 2004-ll "physiology aandu physiopathology" ykkulla inserm sammaanavum 2010-ll franch akkadami oof sayansasinte lamonica sammaanavum ulppede niravadhi sammanangal triller nediyittundu. 2011-ll franch akkadami oof sciencesile amgamaayi addeham thiranjedukkappettu. 2019 muthal addeham union raasanalist dii fraansinte prasidantaanu. shaasthreeya pravartthanangal. kendra naadeevyavasthayile neuro traansmittarukalude kwaandam release mekkaanisangalekkurichu padikkaan 1980kalil upayogicha model mouthnar sellil pravartthikkunnathiloode, triller sinaapsukalude aduppamulla samvidaanangalilum avaye roopappeduthunna thanmaathrakalilum shradha kendreekarikkaan thudangi. bhauthikashaasthranjarumaayi sahakarichu saankethika sameepanangalude vikasanathinaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu. avaa kwaandam releasile chila gadanaaparamaaya paaraamettarukal savisheshamaakkunnath saadhyamaakkunnu. 1985-ll thanne, electron microscopy vazhi kendra naadeevyavasthayude sinaapsukalile glycine risapttar drishyavalkkarikkaanum neuro traansmittar resepterukal synaptic vesicle release sonukalkku munnil kendreekarichirikkunnu kaanikkanum addehathinu kazhinju. glutamate resepterukal polulla mikka chaanalukalum resepterukalum kandethunnathinulla oru maathrkayaayi eee jolie upayogichittundu. glycine, gaba ennee rund parambaraagatha traansmittarukal ulppedunna oru qoo-traansmishante saadhyatha triller pradharshippichu. 1995ll addeham ekkol normal superrior dii laa ruu dii 'lummil thante laborattari srishtikkukayum sinapsile resepterukalude recruitmentum kadathum niyanthrikkunna tanmatra, sellular samvidaanangalekkurichulla padanatthilekku thante pravartthanangal punakrameekarikkukayum cheythu. gaba, glycine resepterukal enniva triller prathyekichum padichu. pree-synaptic neuro traansmittarinte swabhaavam synaptic saandrathaykku sheshamulla resepterinte tharam nirnnayikkunnuvennu addeham kaanichu. koodaathe, electron microscopy upayogichu, dendraittukalil glycine resepterine encode cheiyunna messenture aarenekalude saannidhyam pradarshippikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. 2003ll bhauthikashaasthranjarumaayi sahakarichu addeham sellular neurobiology "kwaandam dottukal" vikasippichu. eee saankethika munnettam thanmaathrakalude staatik imajingil ninnu valare uyarnna resolutionulla chalanathmaka sameepanathilekku neengunnathu saadhyamaakkunnu. eee chalanangale niyanthrikkunnathinum aathyanthikamayi neuronukal thammilulla vivara kaimaattatthinte theevrathaykkum utharavaadikalaaya onniladhikam tanmatra samvidaanangal eduthukaanikkunna "shaasthra" thile oru sthaapaka lekhanathinte vishayamaanith. sinaapsinte sthirathayum plaastisiyum abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinulla samvidaanangalekkurichulla oru puthiya daaranaykku triller sambhavana nalkiyittundu, ithu neural disafangshanukalilekkulla pharmacological sameepanagal vipuleekarikkaan saadhyamaakkunnu. alsheimer, paarkkinsans thudangiya neuro degenerative rogangalil eee adisthaana samvidaanangal niyanthranamukthamaanennu theliyikkuka ennathaanu trillarinte sambhaavanakalilonn.

antoin triller 23 meey 1952 roji janmalele antoin triller heey institute auph national day laa sante ett day laa research medical (inserm) yethe sanshodhan sanchalak aahet. teey neurobiology sanshodhak aahet. charitra. antoin trillerla laa piitii salpetriyer (1978) chya vidyapith rugnalay kendratil vaidyakeey parshvabhoomi aahe. jeane sherarchya prayogshalet, tyanni neurophysiologicade valale aanee yaa kshetratil tadnya heinry corn yanchyasobat avarodhak synapsesvar sanshodhan karya suru kele. 1979 madhye, tyanna inserm yethe sanshodhan sahyogi mhanoon bharati karnyat aale. 1985 madhye tyanni vidnyan vishayat ph. dii. prapt kelee. 1995 madhye teey ecole normal superariorchya jivashastra vibhagat ruju jhaale, jithe teey eka sanghache prabhari hote. tyanantar tyanni 1998 madhye 'seela biology auph daad synapse' yaa shirshakache tyanche sanshodhan unit tayar kele. tyanchya doctorate vidyarthyanmadhye cecil carrier hote. 2010 madhye tyanni institute dii biology dii laal 'ecole normal superariorchi sthapana kelee, jyache teey sanchalak aahet. hii sanstha vibhagantargat serve jivashastrachya samoohachya parinamachi aahe. 2011 pasoon teey memolife laboratory auph excellence sanchalak dekhil aahet, jyanche jivashastra, bhautikshastra aanee ganeet gut janukanpasun teey majjatantu jaalyanparyant aanee utkrantichya yantrananparyant smrutee prakriyanna sambodhit karatat. triller haah 2004 madheel "shariravidnyan aanee sharirchikitsashastra" sathichya inserm puraskarasah anek puraskarancha vijeta aahe aanee 2010 madhye french academy auph sciencescha lamonica puraskar. 2011 madhye too french academy auph sciencescha sadasya mhanoon nivadala gela. 2019 pasoon teey union rationalist daad franceche adhyaksh aahet. vaidnyanik karya. kendriya majjasansthetil neurotransmitterchya quantum releases yantranecha abhyas karnyasathi 1980 chya dashakat vaparlya jaanarya mothner peshivar kaam karoon, trillerne synapschya antarang yantranevar aanee tyanna tayar encoding renunvar laksh kendrit karnyas suruvat kelee. heey bhautikshastradnyanchya bhagidarit tantrik drushtikonanchya vikasavar kaam karate. teey quantum releasechya kahee sanrachanatmak mapdandanche vaishishtyikaran karane shakya karatat. 1985 chya suruvatilach, teey electron microscopydware kendriya majjasansthechya synapsmadhye glycine receptorchi kalpana karoo shakale aanee heey darshavu shakale qee neurotransmitter receptors synaptic vesicals releases zonchya samore kendrit aahet. glutamate receptersasarkhya bahutek vahinya aanee receptors shodhanyasathi heey kaam eka model mhanoon vaparale gele aahe. trialerne glycine aanee gaba yaa done paramparik transmittercha samavesh asalelya saha-sankramanachi shakyata darshavili. 1995 madhye tyanni ecole normal superarior day laa ruu dii 'ulm yethe tyanchi prayogshala tayar kelee aanee synapsmadhil receptorschi bharati aanee taskari niyantrit encoding aanvik aanee cellular yantranechya abhyasakade tyanchya kriyakalapanna punha nirdeshit kele. trialerne visheshtah gaba aanee glycine receptorscha abhyas keela. tyanni dakhavun dile qee purv-synaptic neurotransmitterche swaroop synaptic nantarchya ghanatemadhye jamaa jamaa receptorcha prakar nirdharit karate. yavyatirikt, electron sukshmadarshakacha vapar karoon, dendritesmadhye glycine receptorla encoding encoding sandeshvahak aar. aine. aii. chee upasthiti darshavinyat too saksham hota. 2003 madhye, bhautikshastradnyanchya bhagidarit, tyanni cellular neurobiologysathy 'quantum dots' chaa vapar vikasit keela. yaa tantrik pragatimule renunchya sthir pratimepasoon atishay uchch sankalpanachya gatishil drushtikonakade jaane shakya hote. yaa halchalinche niyaman karnyasathi aanee shevati neuronsemadhil mahitichya sankramanachi tivrata niyantrit karnyasathi jababdar asalelya anek aanvik yantrananvar prakash prakash 'vidnyan' madheel sansthapak lekhacha haah vishay aahe. trikarmakane synapschee sthirata aanee lavchikta door karnyachya yantranechya naveen samajutimadhye yogdan dile aahe, jyamule majjatantuchya apkriyababat aushadhashastriy drushtikon vistrut karane shakya jhaale aahe. alzheimer aanee parkinsansarkhya neurodegenerative roganmadhye yaa moolbhut yantrana aniyantrit kelya jaatat heey darshavine heey trialerche eka yogdan aahe.

antoine triller 23 mey 1952 maa janmieka antoine triller, institute national day lah sante att day lah research medical (inserm) maa anusandhan nirdeshak hun. uni neurobiologyka anusandhankarta hun. jiwani. antoine trillerko lah piti salpetriera (1978) ko vishwavidyalaya aspatal kendrama chikitsa prishthabhumi chha. zin sherarko prayogshalama, unle neurophysiologyma farkan thale rar yass kshetraka visheshagya heinry kornasanga awarodhak sinapsama anusandhan karya suru gare. sann 1979 maa, uni insermma anusandhan sahayogiko rupma bharti bhae. sann 1985 maa unle vigyanma piechdi prapta gare. sann 1995 maa uni ikol narmal superariyarko jiwawigyan vibhagma samel bhae jahaan uni toliko prabhari thie. tyasapachhi unle sann 1998 maa "cell biology aff da cineps" shirshakko afno anusandhan ekai banae. unka doctorate vidyarthiharu madhye cecil carrier thie. sann 2010 maa, unle jiwawigyanko samanya superariyarko sthapana gare, jasko uni nirdeshak hun. yo sansthan vibhagbhitraka sabai jiwawigyanko samuhako parinam how. sann 2011 dekhi uni utkrishtatako memolife prayogshalaka nirdeshak pani baneka chhan, jasko jiwawigyan, bhautik vigyan rar ganit toliharule jinadekhi neural network rar wikaswadko sanyantrasamma smriti prakriyaharulai sambodhan garchhan. triller sann 2004 maa "physiology anned physiopathology" kaa lagi inserm puraskar rar sann 2010 maa french ekedemy aff scienceko lamonica puraskarsahit dherai puraskarharuko vijeta hun. uni sann 2011 maa francelli ekedemy aff scienceko sadasya chunieka thie. uni sann 2019 dekhi union resonalist day franceka adhyaksha raheka chhan. vaigyanik karya. kendriya snayu pranalima neurotransmitterharuko quantom rilij sanyantrako adhyayan garna 1980 ko dashakma prayog garieko model mouthner selma kaam garera, trillerle sinapsko antaranga sanyantra rar tiniharulai banaune anuharuma dhyan kendrit garna thalyo. yasale bhautikashastriharusanga sajhedarima prawidhik drishtikonko vikasma kaam gardacha. tiniharule quantom releaseko nishchit sanrachanatmak mapdandharu chihnit garna sambhawa banaunchhan. sann 1985 ko prarambhama, unle electron microscopydwara kendriya snayu pranaliko cinepsma glycine receptorlai kalpana garna saksham bhae rar neurotransmitter receptorharu cineptic vesical rilij jonharuko agadi kendrit chhan bhanera dekhae. yo kaam glutamate receptorharu jasta dherai channelharu rar receptorharu patta lagauna modelko rupma prayog garieko chha. trillerle dui paramparagat transmitterharu, glycine rar gaba samawesh bhaeko saha-prasaranko sambhawana pradarshan garyo. unle sann 1995 maa ikol narmal superarior day lah ru dee 'ulmama afno prayogshala sirjana gare rar sinapsama receptorharuko bharti rar taskari niyantran garne anawik rar cellular sanyantrako adhyayantarfa afna gatiwidhiharulai punah unmukh gare. trillerle vishesh gari gaba rar glycine receptorharuko adhyayan गऱ्यो।. unle dekhae kii purva-synaptic neurotransmitterko prakritile post synaptic ghanatwama jamma hune receptorko prakar nirdharan gardacha. thap rupma, electron microscopy prayog garera, unle dendraitharuma glycine receptorlai sanket garne messenger arenaeko upasthiti pradarshan garna saksham bhae. sann 2003 maa, bhautikashastriharusanga sajhedarima, unle cellular neurobiologyka lagi "quantom dott" ko prayog vikas gare. yass prawidhik pragatile anuharuko sthira imagingbata dherai uccha resolution gatishil drishtikonma sarna sambhawa banaunchha. yo "vigyan" maa ek sansthapak lekhko vishaya how jasle yee gatiharu niyaman garna jimmewar dherai anawik sanyantraharu rar antatah neuronharu bitch suchana prasaranko tiwratalai highlite gardacha. trillerle sinapsko sthirata rar plasticitylai sambodhan garne sanyantrako nayan bujhaima yogdan puryaeko chha, jasle neural disfunksonharuma aushadhiya drishtikonharu wistar garna sambhawa banaeko chha. trillerko yogadanmadhye euta yo pradarshan garnu how kii yee adharbhut sanyantraharu alzheimer rar parkinson jasta neurodegenerative rogharuma winiyamit chhan.

antoine triller 1952 masiha meey 23 tarikhare janmita antoine triller heuchhanti institute national dii laa sante ett dii laa richarche medical (inserm) rahr gabeshana nirdeshaka. shay snajujeeba bigyanara jane gabeshaka. jeebani. antoine triller rahr laa piti salpetriyar (1978) rahr biswabidyalaja daktarakhana kendrare eka daktari prusthabhumi achhi . zin sheraranka parikhyagarare, shay neurophysiology aadaku agrasara hoithile ebong ehi khetrare jane bisheshagya henry karnka saha inhibitory synaps upare gabeshana karjya arambha karithile. 1979 masihare, shay insarmare jane gabeshana sahajogee bhabare nijukta hoithile. 1985 masihare shay bigyanare phd hassel karithile. 1995 masihare shay ecole narmal superiyur jeebabigyana bibhagare joga deithile, jeunthare shay eka dalara dajitware thile. ehapare shay 1998 masihare "cell biology off dee synaps" shirshaka nijara gabeshana unit srusti karithile. taanka doctorate chatramananka madhyare cecil carrier thile. 2010 ray, shay institute dii biology dii ell ecole narmal superior srusti karithile, jahara shay nirdeshaka . ehi anusthanati bibhaga madhyare samasta jeebabigyanara samuhar phalaphal . 2011 masiharu shay 'memolif laboretory off exclence' rahr nirdeshaka madhya achanti, jahara jeebabigyana, padartha bigyana ebong ganita dala zin thaaru arambha curry snajabika netawarka ebong bibartanara prakrijaku samwodhana karanti. triller aneka puraskarara bijeta, jeunthire 2004 ray "physiology ebong physiopathology" paain inserm puraskara ebong 2010 ray french ekademy off sciencesra lamonica puraskara antarbhukta . shay 2011 ray french ekademy off sciencesra sadasya bhabare nirbachita hoithile . shay 2019 masiharu 'union resnist dii frances' rahr adhyakhya achanti. baigyanika karjya. kendriah snajutantrare neurotransmittergudi quantom releases pranali adhyajana kariba paain 1980 dashakare byabahruta eka model mouthner cell upare kaama curry, triller sinapsra antaranga pranali ebong anu upare dhyana deba arambha kallah jaahaa segudiku gathan kare . ehaa padartha bigyaneemananka saha bhagidarire baishajika abhimukhyara bikash upare karjya kare . semane quantom releasure nirdista sanrachanatmaka manadandaku chinhita kariba sambhaba karanti . 1985 masiha prarambhare, shay electron microscopy dwara kendriah snajutantrara sinapsare glycine receptorku kalpana karibare sakhyama hoithile ebong darshaithile je neurotransmitter receptor synaptic vesical releases john sammukhare ghanibhuta hoichhi . ehi karjyaku adhikansha channell ebong receptor, jepariki glutamate receptor, chinhat kariba paain eka model bhabare byabahara karajaichi . duiti paramparika transmitter, glycine ebong gaba sahita jadita eka saha-prasaranara sambhabanaku triller pradarshan karithila . shay 1995 ray ecole narmal superior dii laa ru dii 'ulmare nijara parikhyagara srusti karithile ebong sinapsare receptornka nijukti ebong chorachalanaku nijantrana karuthiba anabika ebong selulara pranalira adhyajana digare taanka karjyakalapaku punahnirdharana karithile. triller bisesh curry gaba ebong glycine receptor adhyajana karithile. shay darshaithile je pri-synaptic neurotransmitter prakruti synaptic ghanatwa parey jamaa heuthiba receptor prakara nirdharana kare . ehaa byatita, electron microscopy byabahara curry, shay dendrite ray glycine receptorku enkoding karuthiba messanger aarr. enn. aii. rahr upasthiti pradarshan karibaku sakhyama hoithile. 2003 masihare, padartha bigyaneemananka saha bhagidarire, shay selulara neurobiology paain "quantom dott" rahr byabahara bikashita karithile. ehi baishajika pragati anugudikara sthira pratichabiru eka ati uccha resolution gatishila aabhimukhyaku jiba sambhaba kare . ehaa "bigyana" rahr eka pratisthata nibandhara bishai jaahaa ehi gatibidhigudiku nijantrana kariba paain daie ekadhika anabika pranali ebong sheshare neuron madhyare suchana prasaranara teebrataaku alokapata kare . triller sinapsara sthirata ebong plastikta samadhanara pranali bishajare eka nutan bujhamanare yogdan deichi, jaahaa snajabika disfunkson paain oushadha sambandheeah aabhimukhyaku bistruta kariba sambhaba karichhi . alajhaimara ebong parkinson bhali snaju-khyajakaree rogagudikare ehi moulika prakrijagudika nijantrita nuhen bolly darshaiba heuchhi triller eka abdan.

antione triller 23 maee 1952 noon paida hoee antoin triller, institute national dee laa sainte aett dee laa reacherch medical (insaram) witch khoj nirdeshak haii. uh neurobiology witch ikk khojkarta haii. jeevani. antione triller daa medical pichokad laa piitii salpetrior (1978) dey university hospital kendra witch haii. jeane sharror dee prayogshala witch, usne neurophysiology vall rukh keeta atey khetar dey ikk mahr hannery corn naal inhibitory cinepties utte khoj kamm shuru keeta. sann 1979 witch, uhanan noon insaram vikhe ikk khoj sehyogi vajon bharti keeta giaa see. sann 1985 witch uhanan neey vigiaan witch ph. dee. keeti. sann 1995 witch uh ikol normal superior dey jeev vigiaan vibhag witch shamal hoow gaye jitthe uh ikk team dey incharge sunn. firr uhanan neey 1998 witch "saill biology aaf dha cineps" sirlekh naal aapni khoj ikai banayi. uhanan dey doctorate vidiaarthiaan witch cecil carrier vee shamal see. sann 2010 witch, uhanan neey institute dee biology dee ail 'ikole normal superior dee sathapana keeti, jiss dey uh director hunn. ih sanstha vibhag dey ander saare jeev vigiaan dey samooh daa natija haii. uh 2011 toon memoleaf labartary aaf acceless dey director vee rahey hunn, jiss deeaan jeev vigiaan, bhautik vigiaan atey ganit teaman jeenan toon lae keey neural network atey vikas dey dhangan takk yadadashat prakiriaavan noon sambodhan kardiaan hunn. triller kaee inaman daa jetu haii, jiss witch 2004 witch "physiology atey physiopathology" laee insaram puraskar atey 2010 witch franch academy aaf sciences daa lamonica puraskar shamal haii. uh 2011 witch franch academy aaf sciences daa member chunhiaa giaa see. uh 2019 toon union rationalist dee france dey pardhan rahey hunn. vigiaanak kamm. kendri dimagi pranali witch neurotransmitran dey quantum rileez vidhiaan daa adhiaen curran laee 1980 dey dahake witch varte gaye ikk maadal mothner saill utte kamm karke, triller neey cineps dey goodeh vidhiaan atey uhanan noon banaun vaale anuaan utte dhiaan kendrat karna shuru qarr ditta. ih bhautik vigiaaniaan naal bhaiwali witch takniki pahunchan dey vikas 'teey kamm karda haii. uh quantum rileez dey kujh dhanchagat mapdandan noon darsauna sambhav banaunde hunn. 1985 dey shuru witch, uh electron microscopy duaara kendri dimagi pranali dey cineps witch glycine receptor dee kalpana curran dey yog see atey darsaunda see kii neurotransmitter receptor cineptic vesical rileez zonan dey sahmane kendrit hunde hunn. iss kamm noon ziaadaatar chainlan atey receptoran, jiven kii glutamate receptoran daa pataa lagaun laee ikk maadal vajon vartiaa giaa haii. triller neey doou ravaiti transmeteran, glycine atey gaaba noon shamal karde hoye ikk sahi-prasaran dee sambhavna daa pardarshan keeta. unhan neey 1995 witch ikol normal superior dee laa ruu dee 'ulam vikhe aapni prayogshala banayi atey aapniaan gatividhiaan noon anoo atey cellular vidhiaan dey adhiaen vall mudd nirdeshit keeta joe cineps witch receptoran dee bharti atey taskari noon niyantrit karde hunn. triller neey vishesh taur utte gaaba atey glycine receptoran daa adhiaen keeta. uhanan neey dikhaiaa kii pree-cineptic neurotransmitter dee prakirti neey post cineptic ghanta witch ikkathe honn vaale receptor dee kisam noon nirdharat keeta. iss toon ilava, electron microscopy dee varton kardiaan, uh dendrites witch glycine receptor noon incoding curran vaale messanger aar. ainn. aii. dee maujudgi daa pardarshan curran dey yog see. 2003 witch, bhautik vigiaaniaan naal bhaiwali witch, uhanan neey cellular neurobiology laee "quantum dots" dee varton viksit keeti. ih takniki tarakki anuaan dee sathir imaging toon ikk bahut hii ucch resolution gatishil pahunch vall vadhna sambhav banaundi haii. ih "vigiaan" witch ikk sansthapak lekh daa visha haii joe inhan andolanan noon niyantrit curran laee zimmevar kaee anoo vidhiaan atey aakharkar neurons darmiaan jankari sanchar dee tibarta noon ujagar karda haii. triller neey cineps dee sathirta atey plasticity noon sambodhan curran dey dhangan dee ikk naveen samajh witch yogdan paaiaa haii, jiss naal neural disfunctionan laee pharmacological pahunchan noon viaapak banauna sambhav hoow giaa haii. triller daa ikk yogdan ih darsauna riha haii kii ih buniaadi vidhiaan alzheimer atey parkinson 'shh vargiaan neurodegenerative bimariaan witch niyantrit hunn.

antoine triller 1952 mey 23 dinaanke janma praapnot antoine triller, institute-national-day-laa-saante-ett-day-laa-research-medical (inserm) ityatra shodha-nirdeshaka asti. saha neurobiology ityasmin samshodhakah asti. jeevanacharitram. antoine triller ityasya chikitsaa-prushtabhoomihi laa pitty salpetrior (1978) ityasya vishvavidyaalaya-chikitsaalaya-kendre asti. jeane sherer ityasya prayogashalayam saha neurophysiology-vishaye pravruttah, tathaa cha kshetrasya visheshajnena henry carn ityanena saha inhibitory synapsis-vishaye shodhakaryam aarabdhavaan. 1979 tame varshe saha inserm ityatra shodhasahayogi-rupena niyuktah. 1985 tame varshe saha vidnyaanakshetre pi. ech. dii. praptavan. 1995 tame varshe, saha ikol-normal-superreur ityasya jeevavidnyaanavibhaage sammilitah, yatra saha ekasmin dalasya prabhaari aasit. tatah saha 1998 tame varshe "sail biology aaf da synaps" iti sheershakam krutvaa swasya shodha-vibhaagam asthaapayat. tasya doctorate-chhatranam madhye sesail-chaariyar aasit. 2010 tame varshe saha jeevavidnyaanasya samanya-superior-samsthaam nirmitavaan, yasya nirdeshaka saha asti. eshaa samsthaa vibhaagasya antah sarvanam jeevavidnyaanaanaam samoheekaranasy parinamam asti. 2011 tamaat varshaat saha memoleaf-prayogashalayaha utkrushtataayaah nirdeshaka api asti, yasya jeevavidnyaanam, bhautikashaastram, ganita-dalaani jeans-taha neural-networks-paryantam, vikaasasya tantram cha yaavat smruti-prakriyaam abhisambodhanam kurvanti. triller ityayam anekaan puraskaran praptavan, yasmin 2004 tame varshe "physiology end physiopiathology" ityasya inserm puraskaarah, 2010 tame varshe french-akadami aaf sainsas ityasya lamonica puraskaarah cha antarbhavati. 2011 tame varshe saha french-akadami aaf sainsas ityasya sadasyah nirwaachitah. saha 2019 tamavarshaat aarabhy union-resonalist-day-france ityasya adhyakshah asti. vaidnyaanikam karyam karotu. 1980 tame dashake kendriya-tantrikaa-vyavasthaayaam neurotransmitter-ityasya kwaantam-vimochana-tantrasya adhyayanartham prayuktasya maadel-mauthner-koshe karyam krutvaa, triller-samsthaa synapses-ityasya antaranga-tantram, teshaam rachanam kurvataam anuhu cha prati dhyanam dadaatu. ayam bhautikashaastradnyaih saha sahabhagitvena tantrajnaana-drushtikonasya vikaase karyam karoti. te kwaantam-vimochanasya katipayanam samrachanatmakanam parimananam lakshananirdharanam sambhavayanti. 1985 tame varshe eva, saha electron-macroscopy-dwara kendriya-tantrikaa-tantrasya synapses-madhye glacin-receptor-ityasya drushyam kartum samarthah abhavat, tathaa cha neurotransmitter-receptor-ityetaani synaptic-vesical-release-kshetraanaam sammukhe kendreekrutaani santi iti darshayati sma. asya karyasya upayogena glootmate-receptors ityadinam adhikaamsha-vaahinyaah receptors ityetaan anveshtum pratirooparoopen upayujyate. triller ityanena saha-preshanasya sambhaavanaam pradarshitam, yasmin glacin tathaa gaba iti paaramparika-preshakau stah. saha 1995 tame varshe ikol-normal-superior-day-laa-ru-dii-ulm ityatra swasya prayogashalam nirmitavaan, tathaa cha synaps-madhye receptors-ityasya bhartee-taskaree-niyantrane aanwik-cellular-tantranam adhyayanartham swasya karyan punah nirdeshitavaan. triller ityanena visheshatah gaba, glacin-receptors ityetaani adhyayanam krutam. saha darshitavaan yat poorva-synaptic neurotransmitter ityasya svabhaavaha synaptic-anantaram ghanate sanchayamaanasy receptor ityasya prakaaram nirdhaarayati iti. tadatiriktam, electron-macroscopy ityasya upayogena, saha dendrait-madhye glacin-receptor-sanketam dattasy sandeshavaahakasya aar. enn. e. ityasya upasthitim pradarshayitum samarthah abhavat. 2003 tame varshe, bhautikashaastradnyaih saha sahabhagitvena, saha cellular neurobiology krute "kwaantam dots" ityasya upayogam vikasitavaan. eshaa praudyogikee-pragatihi anu-sthira-imaging-taha ati-uccha-sankalpa-gatisheel-drushtikonam prati gantum shakyavatee. ayam "vidnyaanasya" samsthaapak-lekhasya vishayah asti, yasmin eteshaam gatinaam niyantrane, antatah neuron-madhye suchana-sanchaarasy teevrataayaah cha krute uttaradayini bahuvidha-aanwik-tantraani udghaatitaani santi. triller ityanena sinaapsya sthirataam plasticity cha parihartum nootan-bodham praaptam, yena neural-disfunction-krute pharmacological-drushtikonasya vistaarah sambhawah abhavat. alzheimer, parkinson ityaadishu nyooro-degenerative-rogeshu ete mool-tantraani viniyamitaani santi iti niroopayitum triller ityasya yogadanam anyatam asti.

antoin triller andoin triller, 23 mae 1952 andru piranthaar, thaesiya dii laa sande edd dii laa recharch medical (inserm) niruvanaththil aaraaichi iyakkunaraaka ullaar. avar narambiyal uyiriyalil aaraaychchiyaalar aavaar. suyasaridhai. antoin triller laa pittee sulfetrior (1978) palkalaikkazhaga maruthuvamanai maiyaththil maruththuva pinnaniyaik kondullathu. jeane shererine aaivagaththil, avar narambiyal iyarpiyalukku thirumbinaar, maelum iththuraiyil nipunaraana henry kaarnudan thaduppukkaruththu oththisaivugal kuriththa aaraaichiyaith thodangkinaar. 1979 aam aandil, avar inserm niruvanaththil aaraaichi koottaaliyaaga niyamikkappattaar. 1985 aam aandil, avar ariviyalil pht pettraar. 1995 aam aandil, avar oru aniyin poruppil irunththa egol normal sooppariyarin uyiriyal thuraiyil saernthaar. pinnar avar 1998 aam aandil "synabsin chell uyiriyal" endra thalaippil thanathu aaraaichi alagu ontrai uruvaakkinaar. avarathu munaivar maanavargalil sessile saariyar irunthaar. 2010 aam aandil, avar iyakkunaraaka irukkum uyiriyal iyalpaana suberior niruvanatthai uruvaakkinaar. iththuraiyin anaitthu uyiriyal pirivugalaiyum orunginaiththathan vilaivaaga inththa niruvanam uruvaanathu. 2011 muthal, avar memolife aaivagaththin iyakkunaraagavum irunthu varukiraar, adhan uyiriyal, iyarpiyal mattrum kanithak kuzhukkal marabanukkal muthal narambiyal netvorkkugal mattrum parinaamaththin vazhimuraigal varai ninaivaga seyalmuraigalai uraiyaattrukintrana. 2004 aam aandil "udaliyal mattrum udaliyal" kkaana inserm parisu mattrum 2010 aam aandil pirenchu akaadami off sciencessin lamonica parisu udpada pala parisugalai triller ventrullaar. avar 2011 aam aandil pirenchu akaadami off sciencessin uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. avar 2019 muthal thozhirchanga paguththarivuvaatha dii brancin thalaivaraaga irunthu varukiraar. ariviyal panii. matthiya narambu mandalaththil ulla narambiyakkadaththigalin kuvaandam veliyeettu vazhimuraigalaip padikka 1980 kazhil payanpaduththappatta oru maathiriyaana mavuthnar sellil vaelai seivathan moolam, triller oththisaivugalin nerukkamaana vazhimuraigal mattrum avattrai uruvaakkum moolakkoorugalil kavanam seluththath thodangiyathu. idhu iyarpiyalaalargaludan inainthu thozhilnutpa anugumuraigalin valarchchiyil seyalpadugirathu. avai kuvaandam veliyeettin sila kattamaippu alavurukkalai vagaippaduththuvathai saaththiyamaakkukintrana. 1985 aam aandin murpaguthiyil, electron nunnoakki moolam matthiya narambu mandalaththin oththisaivugalil clycine aerpiyai avaraal kaatchippaduththa mudinthathu, maelum narambiyakkadatthi aerpikal othisaivu vesical veliyeettu mandalangkalukku munnaal kuvindhullana enbathaik kaatta mudinthathu. inththa vaelai perumpaalaana saenalgal mattrum aerpikalaik kandariya oru maathiriyaagap payanpaduththappattullathu, athaavathu clutamate aerpikal. clycine mattrum kaabaa aagiya irandu valakkamaana transmittergal sambanthappatta inai parimaattraththin saaththiyatthai triller niroopiththathu. avar 1995 aam aandil école Normale Superérieure de La Rue d 'ulm ill thanathu aaivagaththai uruvaakkinaar, maelum oththisaivil aerpikalin aatchaerppu mattrum kadatthalaik kattuppadutthum moolakkooru mattrum sellulaar vazhimuraigal pattriya aaivai noakki thanathu nadavadikkaigalai maattriyamaithaar. triller kurippaaga kaabaa mattrum clycine aerpikalai aaivu seithathu. munkoottiya narambiyakkadatthi iyalbu pinththaiya narambiyakkadaththal adarththiyil kuvippu aerpiyin vagaiyai theermaanikkirathu enbathai avar kaattinaar. koodudhalaaga, electron nunnoakkiyaip payanpaduththi, dentritegalil clycine aerpiyai kuriyidum thoothar raanaakkalin iruppai avaraal niroobikka mudinthathu. 2003 aam aandil, iyarpiyalaalargaludan inainthu, sellulaar narambiyal uyiriyalukku "kuvaandam pulligal" payanpaattai avar uruvaakkinaar. inththa thozhilnutpa munnaettram moolakkoorugalin nilaiyaana imaejingkilirunthu miga uyarnththa thelivuththiran konda maarum anugumuraikku sella uthavukirathu. inththa iyakkangkalai ozhungkupaduththuvatharkum iruthiyil neuraangalukku idaiyilaana thagaval parimaattraththin theeviraththirkum porupaana pala moolakkooru vazhimuraigalai munnilaipaduththum "ariviyal" ill oru niruvana katturaiyin porul idhu. narambiyal seyalpaadugalukkaana marunthiyal anugumuraigalai virivupaduththuvathai saathiyamaakkum vagaiyil, oththisaivil nilaiththanmai mattrum negizhvuththanmaiyai nivarthi seivatharkaana vazhimuraigalaip pattriya puthiya purithalukku triller pankaliththullathu. alsimer mattrum barkinson poantra narambiyakkadaththal noaikalil inththa adippadai vazhimuraigal kattuppaadarravai enbathai niroopippathae trillerine pankalippukalil ontraakum.

antoin triller 1952 mae 23naa janminchina antoin triller, institute national dii laa sante ett dii laa recherch medical (inserm) loe parisoedhanaa director. ayana neurobiologylo parisoedhakudu. jeevita charitra. antoin triller laa pitty salpetrior (1978) vishwavidyaalaya aasupatri kendramlo vaidya nepathyam kaligi undhi. zeane sherrer prayogasaalalo, athanu neurophysiology vaipu tirigaadu mariyu eee rangamlo nipunudaina henry carnto inhibitory synapses paie parisoedhananu praarambhinchaadu. 1979loe, athanu insermlo research associatega niyaminchabaddaadu. 1985loe ayana sains loe peehechdi chesaaru. 1995loe, athanu ekol normal superior yokka jeevasastra vibhaagamlo cheraadu, akkada athanu oka jattuku baadhyata vahinchaadu. aaa taruvaata ayana 1998loe "sell biology off dhi synaps" anae paerutoe thana parisoedhanaa vibhaganni srushtinchaaru. thana doctorate vidyaarthulaloo sesile charrier unnaaru. 2010loe, athanu institute dii biology dii ell 'ekol normal suupareeyarnu srushtinchaadu, dheeniki athanu darsakudu. eee samstha vibhaagamlooni anni jeevasaastraala samuuham yokka phalitam. 2011 nundi, athanu memolife laboratory off exalence directorga kooda unnaaru, dheeni jeevasaastram, bhouthika shaastram mariyu ganita brundaalu janyuvula nundi naadii networkla varaku mariyu parinaama vidhaanaala varaku ghnaapakasakti prakriyalanu parishkaristaayi. triller 2004loe "physiology und physiopathology" kii inserm prize mariyu 2010loe french academy off sciences yokka lamonica prize thoo sahaa aneka bahumatula vijaeta. athanu 2011loe french academy off sciences sabhyudiga ennikayyaadu. ayana 2019 nundi union hetubaddheekarana dii france adhyakshudiga unnaaru. shaastreeya pani. kendra naadii vyavasthalo neurotransmitterla yokka quantum vidudala vidhaanaalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki 1980laloe upayoginchina modal ayina mouthner sell meeda panicheyadam dwara, triller synapses yokka sannihita vidhanalu mariyu vaatini compose chese anuvulapai drushti pettadam praarambhinchindi. idhi bhouthika saastravettalato bhaagaswaamyamto saanketika vidhaanaala abhivruddhipai panichestundi. avi quantum vidudala yokka konni nirmaanaatmaka paaraamitulanu vargeekarinchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. 1985 lone, athanu electron microscopy dwara kendra naadii vyavastha yokka synapses loe glycine grahakanni drushyamaanam cheyagaligadu mariyu neurotransmitter grahakaalu synaptic vesikil vidudala jonela mundu kendrikrutamai unnayani choopinchaadu. eee pani glutamate grahakaalu vanti chaalaa chaanallu mariyu grahakalanu gurtinchadaaniki oka namoonaga upayoginchabadindi. trailer rendu sampradaaya transmitterlu, glycine mariyu gaba kaligi unna saha-prasaram yokka avakaasaanni pradarsinchindi. athanu 1995loe ekol normal suupariir dii laa ruu dii 'ulm vadda thana prayogasaalanu srushtinchaadu mariyu synapslo graahakaala niyamakam mariyu akrama ravaanaanu niyantrinche paramaanu mariyu cellular yantraamgaala adhyayanam vaipu thana karyakalapalanu tirigi nirdesinchaadu. triller mukhyamgaa gaba mariyu glycine grahakalanu adhyayanam chesindi. prii-synaptic neurotransmitter yokka swabhaavam post synaptic saandrataloo perukupoye grahaka rakanni nirnayistundani ayana chuupimchaaru. adanamgaa, electron microscopyni upayoginchi, athanu dendriteslo glycine grahakanni encoding chese messenger rnla unikini pradarsinchagaligaadu. 2003loe, bhouthika saastravettalato bhaagaswaamyamto, athanu cellular neurobiology kosam "quantum dots" vadakanni abhivruddhi chesaadu. eee saanketika purogati anuvula sthira imaging nundi chaalaa adhika resolution dynamic vidhaanaaniki maaradam saadhyaparustundi. eee kadalikalanu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu chivariki neuronla madhya samachara prasaara teevrataku baadhyata vahinche bahula paramaanu yantraamgaalanu highlight chese "sains" loe oka vyavasthaapaka vyaasam yokka vishayam. triller synaps yokka sthirathvam mariyu plaastisitiini parishkarinche vidhaanaala gurinchi kotta avagahanaku dohadapadindi, idhi neural disfunctionlaku aushadha vidhaanaalanu vistrutam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. algimers mariyu parkinsons vanti neurodegenerative vyaadhulalo eee praathamika yantraamgaalu niyantrinchabadavani niroopinchadam triller yokka sahakaralalo okati.

antwine turler antwine turler juu 23 mayee 1952 kuu paida huay insity teut national ddee laa saantay aett ddee laa recharch medical (insarm) mein recerch director haine. wah neuro biology kay mohqaq haine. sawanah umri. antwine turler kaa tabee piss manzar university hospital center aaf laa peeti solpatrior (1978) mein hay. jaine sheerer kii libartry mein inhon nay neuro physiology kii taraf rakh kiyaa aur iss shobay kay maahir hunry kaaran kay saath anabateri snaayaps parr tehqiqi kaam sharoo kiyaa. 1979 mein inhein insarm mein recerch aisosi aett kay toor parr bharti kiyaa gayaa. 1985 mein inhon nay science mein pee aich ddee kii digri haasil kii. 1995 mein inhon nay accole naarmil superior kay shobah hayatiyat mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jehaan wah eek team kay incharge thay. iss kay baad inhon nay 1998 mein "sail biology aaf dee snaayaps" kay anwaan say apnaa tehqiqi yount banaya. inn kay doctorate kay talbaa mein seesil cheeraer bhee shaamil thay. 2010 mein inhon nay insity teut ddee biology ddee eel accole naarmil superior banaya jiss kay wah director haine. yaha idaarah mohkamah kay andar tamaam hayatiyat kii jamaat kaa natijah hay. 2011 say wah memo life libartry aaf acci lens kay director bhee rahay haine jiss kii hayatiyat tabiyat aur riyaazi kii teamein jaine say lay kirr neural neet wark aur irtaqaa kay tariqah kaar takk memori kay amal kuu hall karti haine. trailer kayee anaamaat kay faatah haine jinn mein 2004 mein "physiology aind physio paithology" kay liye insarm anaam aur 2010 mein francisi academy aaf sciences kaa lamonika anaam shaamil hay. wah 2011 mein francisi academy aaf sciences kay rakan muntakhib hoay. wah 2019 say union rationist ddee france kay sadr haine. sciency kaam. mouthner sail parr kaam karnay say juu 1980 kii dahayi mein markazi aisaabi nazaam mein neuro transmitters kay kawantam release mechanism kaa mutalah karnay kay liye istemaal honay waala eek maadal hay turler nay snaayaps kay mubashirat mechanism aur inn kii tashkil karnay waalay molecules parr taujah markoz karnaa sharoo kirr dee. yaha tabiyat daanon kay saath sharakat mein takniki naqtah nazar kii tarqi parr kaam kartaa hay. wah kawantam release kay kachh saakhti parameters kuu numayan karnaa mumkin banatay haine. 1985 kay awail mein wah electron khurdbin kay zariye markazi aisaabi nazaam kay snaayaps mein glycine receptor kaa tasavur karnay mein kamiyab rahay aur yaha zahir kiyaa kahh neuro transmitter receptor snaptic vasical release zoon kay saamney markoz haine. iss kaam kuu ziyadah tarr channels aur receptors jeesay glotamate receptors kaa patah laganay kay liye eek maadal kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay. turler nay duu rawayati transmitter glycine aur gaaba parr mushtamil mushtarkah tarseel kay amkaan kaa mazahirah kiyaa. inhon nay 1995 mein accole naarmil superare ddee laa riyo ddee aulam mein apnee libartry banayi aur apnee sargarmiyon kuu salmati aur cellolar mechanism kay mutalah kii taraf moad diyaa juu snaayaps mein receptors kii bharti aur smuggling kuu control kartay haine. turler nay khaas toor parr gaaba aur glycine receptors kaa mutalah kiyaa. inhon nay dikhaya kahh paree snaptik neuro transmitter kii noiyat nay snaptik kay baad kii kasafat mein jamaa honay waalay receptor kii qasm kaa tayeen kiyaa. iss kay alawah electron khurdbin kaa istemaal kartay huay wah dendrites mein glycine receptor kuu incoding karnay waalay messinger aar aine aey kii maujudgi kaa mazahirah karnay mein kamiyab rehaa. 2003 mein tabiyat daanon kay saath sharakat mein inhon nay cellolar neuro biology kay liye "kawantam dots" kaa istemaal tayaar kiyaa. yaha takniki tarqi molecules kii jaamid amaging say behat ziyadah resolotion waalay mutharik naqtah nazar kii taraf muntaqil honaa mumkin banaati hay. yaha "science" mein eek baanee mazmun kaa mozua hay juu inn harkaat kuu manzam karnay aur balaakhir neoran kay darmiyan malumat kii muntaqli kii shadat kay liye zamah daar mutadid salmati tariqah kaar kuu ajagar kartaa hay. turler nay snaayaps kay istehkaam aur plastkiyat say namatnay kay tariqah kaar kii nayee tafheem mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa hay jiss say aisaabi kharaabi kay liye pharmacological naqtah nazar kuu wasee karnaa mumkin hawaa hay. turler kii sharakat mein say eek yaha zahir karnaa rehaa hay kahh yaha bunyadi tariqah kaar neurodegenerative beemariyon jeesay alzaemar aur parkensins mein ghair manzam haine.

0006b5b3d7d6aefab6112fd0d75492db9eb6d6338f4d2d4291a2b7c8efdc6bd3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68067821

Yuu (wrestler)

Yuu (wrestler) Japanese professional wrestler is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working as a freelancer and is best known for her tenure with the Japanese professional wrestling promotions Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling and DDT Pro Wrestling. Professional wrestling career. Independent circuit (2015–present). In 2019 Yuu competed outside of Japan for many promotions. At "wXw 16 Carat Gold 2019", an event promoted by Westside Xtreme Wrestling on March 9, Yuu teamed up with Killer Kelly to defeat Toni Storm and Wesna. Yuu competed in the United Kingdom for , and at "EVE Dawn Of A New Era" on July 13, 2019, she faced Kasey and Millie McKenzie in a tournament for a chance to , falling short to the latter in the semi-finals. She also worked for Revolution Pro Wrestling at "RevPro New Year's Resolution" on January 11, 2019, where she unsuccessfully challenged Zoe Lucas for the RevPro British Women's Championship. Yuu is known for her time in various promotions in Japan. At "Seadlinnng Shin-Kiba 19th Night", an event which took place on November 7, 2019, she teamed up with Ayame Sasamura in a losing effort to Max Voltage (Miyuki Takase and Nanae Takahashi). She made an appearance in the "Sendai Girls Royal Tag Tournament 2019" where she teamed up with to defeat Meiko Satomura and Syuri in the first-round, Alex Lee and Charli Evans in the semi-finals, but fell short to Dash Chisako and Hiroyo Matsumoto in the finals on December 11, 2019. Yuu also works for Oz Academy, being a part of the "Beast Friend" stable. At "OZ Academy Plum Hanasaku", an event from August 28, 2020, she teamed up with fellow stablemates Aja Kong, Kaori Yoneyama and Hiroyo Matsumoto who was the Blast Queen Champion, and helped her defend her title in a super plasma death tag team match against Mission K4 (Akino, Kaho Kobayashi, Kakeru Sekiguchi and Sonoko Kato). DDT Pro Wrestling (2016–2019). Yuu is known for her tenure with DDT Pro Wrestling and marked sporadic appearances in signature events of the promotion. At "DDT Is Coming to America", the first-ever event of DDT to take place into the United States, she participated in a Delayed battle royale for the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship for a Right To Challenge Anytime, Anywhere contract also involving Kazuki Hirata, Saki Akai, Kikutaro, Colt Cabana, Mizuki Watase and Makoto Oishi. She worked several times in the DDT Judgement events. At ' on March 21, she participated in a 13-woman battle royal also involving Yuka Sakazaki, Ai Shimizu, Shoko Nakajima and others. At ' on March 20, Yuu teamed up with Mil Clown and Maki Itoh to defeat Reika Saiki, Rika Tatsumi and Azusa Takigawa in a six-woman tag team match. She also competed in the DDT Peter Pan branch of events. At "Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2016" on August 28, she teamed up with Hyper Misao and Shoko Nakajima in a losing effort to Akane Miura, Miyu Yamashita and Yuka Sakazaki. At "Ryōgoku Peter Pan 2017" on August 20, she won a Rumble rules match for the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship also involving Mizuki, her trainer Cherry, Yuna Manase, Maho Kurone and others. Pro Wrestling Wave (2019–present). Yuu worked her first marches in Pro Wrestling Wave at the 2019 edition of Catch the Wave, where she placed herself in the "Power Block" and scored a total of two points after competing against Yuki Miyazaki, Ryo Mizunami and Miyuki Takase. She continued to make sporadic appearances for the promotion, such as at "WAVE Hakodate" event from September 16, 2019, where she participated in a 14-person battle royal also involving Hikaru Shida, Arisa Nakajima, Yumi Ohka and others. Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling (2016–2018). Yuu made her professional wrestling debut for Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling at "TJPW Tokyo Joshi Pro '16" on January 4, 2016, where she picked up a victory over Nodoka-Oneesan. She won her first title at "TJPW Shinjuku Love Rin" on June 4, 2017, the Princess of Princess Championship by defeating Miyu Yamashita. She won the 2018 Tokyo Princess Cup by defeating Reika Saiki in a first-round match, Hyper Misao in a second-round, Nodoka-Oneesan in the semi-finals and Yuka Sakazaki in the finals on July 8, 2018. World Wonder Ring Stardom (2022–present). Yuu would have her first World Wonder Ring Stardom sanctioned match in June 2019 as part of Stardom's UK tour with Pro Wrestling: EVE where she was defeated by Utami Hayashishita. She would later make her official debut by frequently attacking Stardom's president Rossy Ogawa and other superstars such as Saya Kamitani and Starlight Kid under a reaper mask costume for weeks between June and July, 2022. At the Stardom in Showcase vol.1, she revealed herself as the mysterious competitor while fighting in a Three-way casket match against Kamitani and Kid which she won. At Stardom in Showcase vol.2 on September 25, 2022, Yuu worked into a non-canon storyline where she, Nanae Takahashi and Yuna Manase who teamed up as two masked reapers, defeated Syuri, and Queen's Quest's Utami Hayashishita and Lady C who were billed as Rossy Ogawa's "Bodyguard Army". After the pay-per-view came to an end, Alpha Female reached out via taped video in which she teased the formation of the Neo Stardom Army unit alongside Takahashi, Yuu and Manase. At the 2022 edition of the Goddesses of Stardom Tag League, Yuu teamed up with Nanae Takahashi as "7Upp" and won the whole tournament by winning the "Blue Goddess Block" with a total of eleven points scored after competing against the teams of FWC (Hazuki and Koguma), MaiHime (Maika and Himeka), The New Eras (Mirai and Ami Sourei), BMI2000 (Natsuko Tora and Ruaka), 02 line (AZM and Miyu Amasaki), Kawild Venus (Mina Shirakawa/Waka Tsukiyama and Saki), and wing★gori (Hanan and Saya Iida). Yuu and Takahashi defeated Utami Hayashishita and Saya Kamitani in the finals. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

yu (mollojudha) bortoman egoraki freelancer hisape kaam koraa egoraki japani pesadari mollojudha aaru japani pesadari mollojuj prosar chendai suwalir pro 'mollojuj aaru diditi pro' mollojujor baabe teu ataitkoi besi porisito. pesadari mollojujor jiwan. swadhin charkit (2015-bortoman). 2019 sonot iuwe japanor bahirot bohutu prosaror baabe protidondita korisil. 9 marchot westchide extrem reslinge prosar koraa "dobluexdobliu 16 keret gold 2019" too iuwe kilaar kelir xoite millie tonny sto "rmo aaru wesonak porasto korisil. euwe juktorajyot protidondita korisil, aaru 13 july, 2019-too "notun jugor prarombhik prarombhik xomoyot", teu etaa protijugitat kesi aaru millie mackengyr mukhamukhi hoisil, xujugor baabe, semi-finalot pisortut porasto hoisil. teu 11 january, 2019-too "revpro 'noo niu ears riz' lyushyon" too biplob pro 'kustir babeu kaam korisil, zo' too teu revpro 'britis mohila championswipor baabe ju lukasok bifol proityahban jonaisil. eu japanor bibhinno prosarot teur xomoyor baabe jonajat. 2019 sonor 7 novemborot onusthito huwa "siddling chinn-kiba 19tomo nixa" too teu ayame samurar xoite milito hoi xorbadhik voltage (miyuki takaxe aaru naana takahasi) ror usorot porasto huwar prochestat milito hoisil. teu "chendai garls royel tegg turnament 2019" too uposthito hoisil zo "too teu prothom roundot meiku xatumura aaru siurik porasto koriboloi, semi finalot alex lee aaru charley ivansok porasto koriboloi ekeloge kaam korisil, kintu 2019 sonor 11 disemborot finalot sisaku aaru hiroyu metsumutur usoroloi goi poraa nasil. euweu" jontu bondhu "stabler ongxo hisape oj academyr babeu kaam kore. 2020 sonor 28 aagostor poraa onusthito huwa "oj academy plum hanaxaku" onusthanot teu xotirtho stablemate ojaa kong, kauri ioniuma aaru hiroyu metsumutur xoite ekotrito hoisil ji bro 'sto quin champion aasil, aaru mission key4 (aakinu, kohu kubayasi, kakeru sekiguchi aaru sunuku kaatu) ror biruddhe supar plazma death tegg dolor khelot nijor khitap rokhya korat xohay korisil. diditi pro 'ressling (2016-2019). eu diditi pro 'kustir xoite teur karzokalor baabe porisito aaru prosaror swakhyormulok eventot bikhyiptobhabe uposthito huwar baabe porisito. aamerikat onusthito huwa diditir prothom event "diditi ij cumming tu aamerika" too, teu jikunu xomoyote proityahban jonuwar odhikaror baabe ayoronmen havimatalwaite championswipor baabe bilombito juddho royelot ongxogrohon korisil, zo 'too kajuki hirata, saaki aakai, kikutaru, coult kabana, mizuki watase aaru makutu oisi ontorbhukto aasil. teu di. di. ti. ror jojureson eventot keibabaru kaam korisil. 21 marchot, teu 13 goraki mohilar juddho rajokiyo onusthanot ongxogrohon korisil zo 'too euka sakajaki, aai simiju, swuku nakajima aaru onyanyoxokolou jorito aasil. 20 marchot iuwe mill claune aaru maaki ituhor xoite millie soigoraki mohila tegg timor khelot reika saiki, rika tatxumi aaru aajisa takigawak porasto korisil. teu diditi pitter penn xakhar eventotu protidondita korisil. 28 aagostot "riyuguku pitter penn 2016" too, teu hyper misau aaru swuku nakajimar xoite ekotrito hoi aakane miura, miu yamaxita aaru yuka sakajakir haatot porasto huwar prochestat. 20 aagostot "riyuguku pitter penn 2017" too, teu ayoronmen havimatalwaite championswipor baabe ek rombol niyomor mesot joylabh korisil zo "too mizuki, teur proxikhyok cheri, euna menez, maahu kurun aaru onyanyoxokolou jorito aasil. pro 'kustir dhou (2019-bortoman). iuwe 2019 sonor kes dyo wave xongoskoronot pro 'ressling webhot teur prothom podojatra korisil, zo' too teu nijoke "pawar block" too rakhisil aaru yuki miyajhaki, rio "mijunami aaru miyauki takaser biruddhe protidondita korar pisot muth dutaa point laabh korisil. teu prosaror baabe bikhyiptobhabe uposthito huwa obyahot rakhisil, jene 16 septembor, 2019-ror poraa "wave hecodate" eventot zo 'too teu 14 john byoktir juddho royelotu ongxogrohon korisil zo' too teu hikoru swida, aarisa nakajima, yumi uhoka aaru onyanyoku jorito korisil. tokuyu zuxi pro 'kusti (2016-2018). iuwe 4 january, 2016-too "tijepidobliu tokuy 'jo' chi pro '16" too tokuy' jo 'chi pro' reslingor baabe pesadari kustir baabe aatmoprokax korisil, zo "too teu nuduka-unisonor biruddhe joylabh korisil. 2017 sonor 4 junot "tijepidobliu swinjuku laabh rinn" too teu prothom khitap orjon korisil, miiu jamaxitak porasto kori rajkumari championswipor rajkumari. teu 2018 sonor tot 'kio' rincis kaapot prothom roundor khelot reika saiki, dwitiyo roundot hyper misau, semi finalot nuduka-unison aaru 8 julyte finalot yuka sakajakik porasto kori joylabh korisil. biswo bismoy ring stardom (2022-bortoman). iuwe 2019 sonor june maahot pro 'reslingor xoite stardomor iuke bhromonor ongxo hisape teur prothomtu biswo bismoy ring stardom onumudit mess onusthito koriboh eve zo' too teu uttami hayaxitar haatot porasto hoisil. pisoloi teu 2022 sonor june aaru july maahor maajor xoptahbur dhori stardomor xobhapoti ror 'chi ugawa aaru onyanyo superstar jene saiya kamitani aaru starlight kidok kromanwoye ripaar maskor puchakor odhinot aakromon kori anusthanikbhabe aatmoprokax korisil. swokes vol.1 too stardomot, kamitani aaru xixur biruddhe tini-mukhi cusket khelot juj diyar xomoyot teu nijoke rohosyomoy protijugi hisape prokax korisil zo' too teu joyee hoisil. 2022 sonor 25 septemborot swo 'kesot stardomot iuwe ek oh-onuxaxon kahineet kaam korisil zo' too teu, naana takahaxi aaru junaa manaxe jiye dujon mukha poridhan koraa soraikari hisape ekeloge kaam korisil, siurik porasto korisil, aaru ranir onuxondhanor uttami hayaxixita aaru leady chi jaak ror 'chi ugawar "ongorokhyok xena" hisape bill koraa hoisil. pey-paar-bhiu xex huwar pisot, aalfa mohilai tape koraa video 'ror joriyote jugajug korisil zo' too teu takahasi, eu aaru manesor xoite nobyo stardom xena gutt gothon korar bixoye birokto korisil. stardom tegg leegor debir 2022 xongoskoronot iuwe naana takahaxir xoite "7oh" poo "hisape mitrota korisil aaru efdobliuchi (hajuki aaru kuguma), maihime (maika aaru himeka), notun jug (mirai aaru aami surei), bmi 2000 (natsuku turaa aaru ruwaka), 02 xaari (aajom aaru miu aamasaki), cowild venas (minaa swirakawa/waaka tukiyama aaru saaki), aaru wing turaa guree (hanan aaru xaya aaida) ror dolor biruddhe protidondita korar pisot muth eghaar point laabh kori" blue debi block "joy kori xomogro protijugitakhon joy korisil. eu aaru takahaxiye finalot uttami hayaxita aaru saya kamitanik porasto korisil.

eu (kustigir) ekjon japani peshadar kustigir bortomane ekjon freelancer hisabe kaaj korchen ebong japani peshadar kustir prochar sendai garles proo kusti ebong ddt proo kustir jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. peshadar kusti pesha. swadhin sarkita (2015-bortoman). 2019 saale eu onek procharer jonno japaner baire protidwondita korechilen. 9ee march westside extream kusti dwara procharito ekti event "dobleeuxdablue 16 carrett gold 2019"-ayee, euu tonny storm ebong oyesonake porajito korar jonno killer kelir saathe jutee bendhechilen. eu eu juktorajye protidwondita korechilen ebong 13ee julai, 2019-ayee "notun juger prakkale", tini ekti turnamente kessy ebong millie mckenzier mukhomukhi hoyechilen, semifinale porertir theke pichhiye porechilen. tini 11 januari, 2019-ayee "revpro noboborsher rejoliushana"-ayee biplobi proo kustir jonnou kaaj korechilen, jekhane tini revpro british mohila championshiper jonno jooe lukaske byarthobhabe challenge korechilen. eu japane bivinno prochare taar somoyer jonno porichito. 2019 saaler 7ee navembar onusthito "siddlining sheen-kiba sheen-kiba raate" ekti anusthane tini ayame sasamura saathe sorbochcho voltager (miyuki takase ebong naana takahashi) kachhe herey yawar prochestai jutee bendhechilen. tini "sendai garles rayyal tagg turnament 2019"-ayee uposthito hoyechilen jekhane tini prothom rounde maiko satomura ebong sirike porajito korar jonno jutee bendhechilen, alex ly ebong charley evanske semifinale porajito korechilen, tobey 11 december, 2019-err finale chisako ebong hiroyo matsumotoke porajito korte parenni. eu oz academyr jonnou kaaj corren, "bist friend" stabler ongsho hisabe. 2020 saaler 28shhey august theke "oz academy plum hanasaku"-teey, tini sahakarmi sthitishil sangi azakong, kaori ioniama ebong hiroyo matsumoto, jini blast quin champion chhilen, ebong mission mission (akino, koho kobayshi, kakeru sekiguchi ebong sonoko kaato)-err biruddhe ekti super plazma death tagg team matche taanr shiropa rakkha korte sahayata korechilen. ddt proo kusti (2016-2019). eu ddt proo kustir saathe taar karjokaler jonno porichito ebong procharer swakkhar evente bikkhipto uposthitir jonno porichito. markin juktorashtre onusthito ddt-rawr prothom event "ddt america asche"-ayee, tini jey konao somoy challenge korar adhikarer jonno ironman havimatalwaite championshiper jonno bilambito battle rayyal-ayee ongsho niyechilen, jey konao jaiga kazuki hirata, saaki akai, kikutaro, coult kabana, mizuki oyatasa ebong makoto aishio jorito chhilo. tini ddt bitcher evente besh koyekbar kaaj korechen. 21shhey march, tini euka sakazaki, aaee shimizu, shoko nakazima ebong annannoder jorito 13 john mohila battle rayyal-ayee ongsho niyechilen. 20shhey march, eu mill klauna ebong muckie itoh-err saathe mille chhoy-mohila tagg team matche reika saiki, rica tatsumi ebong azusa takigaoake porajito corren. tini ddt pitter pyana eventer shakhateo protidwondita korechilen. 28shhey august "riogoku pitter pyana 2016"-ayee, tini hyper misao ebong shoko nakazimar saathe jutee bendhe akane miura, meu iyamashita ebong euka sakazakir kachhe herey zaan. 20shhey august "riogoku pitter pyana 2017"-ayee, tini ironman havimatalwaite championshiper jonno ekti rumble rules match jitechilen, jaar modhye mizuki, taar proshikkhok cherry, euna manase, maho kuron ebong anyannorao jorito chhilen. proo kusti taranga (2019-bortoman). euu 2019 saaler catch dya oyebher sangaskarane proo kusti toronge taar prothom michhilo korechilen, jekhane tini nijeke "pawar block"-ayee sthapon korechilen ebong euki miajhaki, reo mizunami ebong mukey takaser biruddhe protidwondita korar porey moat duti point orjon korechilen. tini procharer jonno bikkhipto uposthiti abyahoto rekhechilen, jemon 16ee septembara, 2019 theke "oyebha hakodeta" evente jekhane tini 14-byaktir battle rayyal-ayee ongshogrohon korechilen, jekhane tini hikaru shida, arissa nakazima, eumi ohka ebong annannodero jorito chhilen. tokio yoshi proo kusti (2016-2018). eu 2016 saaler 4thhaa januari "tijepidabliu tokio joshi proo '16"-ayee tokio joshi proo kustir jonno taar peshadar kustite atmoprokash corren, jekhane tini nodoka-onisaner biruddhe joylav corren. tini 4 june, 2017-ayee "tijepidabliu shinzuku laav rinn"-ayee meu iyamashita-keey porajito korey princess championshiper rajkumari hisabe taar prothom shiropa jitechilen. tini prothom rounder matche reika saikike, dwitiya rounde hyper misaoke, semifinale nodoka-onisanke ebong 8 julai, 2018-ayee finale euka sakazaki porajito korey 2018 tokio princess cup jitechilen. worled wander ring stardom (2022-bortoman). euu taar prothom bishwa ashchorjo ring stardom onumodito matchti june 2019 saale proo kustir saathe stardomer juktorajyo soforer ongsho hisabe pabeh eve jekhane seey utami hayashitar kachhe porajito hoyechilo. porey tini taar anusthanik atmoprokash corren stardomer presidenta rojsi ogaoa ebong anyanno superster jemon sayya kamitani ebong starlite kidke june theke julai, 2022-err modhye koyek saptaha dhorey ekti ripper masker poshake akraman korey. shokes vol.1-ayee stardom-ayee, tini nijeke rahasyamay protijogi hisabe prakash korechilen jokhon tini kamitani ebong kider biruddhe ekti trimukhi cascate matche ladai korechilen jaa tini jitechilen. 25shhey septembara, 2022-ayee shokes vol.2-ayee tarka hisebe eu ekti aaa-onushashon kahinite kaaj korechilen jekhane tini, naana takahashi ebong euna manase, jaaraa dui mukhoshdhari cutter jonno jutee bendhechilen, sirike porajito korechilen ebong quins quester utami hayashita ebong lady shee-keey rojsi ogaoyara "dehorokkhi senabahini" hisabe bill koraa hoyechilo. peey-paar-view shesh howar porey, alfa mohila tape koraa videor madhyome jogajog korechilen jekhane tini takahashi, eu ebong manaser pashapashi nobbo tarka seena unit gathoner bishoye utyakta korechilen. stardom tagg liger debider 2022 sangaskarane, eu 'naana takahashir saathe' saathe' 'hisabe jutee bendhechilen ebong efdoblucy (hazuki ebong koguma), maihime (maika ebong himeka), notun jug (mirai ebong aami sorai), bmi 2000 (natsuko tora ebong ruaka), 02 line (ajom ebong meu amasaki), cowild venus (mina shirakaoa/waka tuqiyama ebong saaki), ebong wing gory (hanan ebong sayeda aida) doler biruddhe protidwondita korar porey moat egaro point orjon korey puro turnamentti jitechilen. eu ebong takahashi finale utami hayashita ebong saay kamitanike porajito corren.

yuu (kustibaaj) teey aek japanese vyaavsaayik kustibaaj chhe jeey haalmaa freelancer tareeke kaama karey chhe aneey japanese vyaavsaayik kustee prachaaro sendai gearls proo raceling aneey ddt proo raceling saathe tenaa kaarykaad maate jaaniti chhe. vyaavsaayik kustee karkirdi. swatantra circuit (2015-vartmaan). 2019 maan ua ghanaa prachaaro maate japanni bahaar spardhaa curry hatee. 9 maarchnaa roj westside extream raceling dwara protsaahan aapvama aaveli "doubleuxdablue 16 carrett gold 2019" eventmaa, uua tonny storm aneey vesnaane haraavvaa maate killer kelee saathe jodaan karyoo hatoo. yuu ua united kingadamma 13 julai, november roj "navaa yugnee purv sandhyaae" maate spardhaa curry hatee, aneey semee-finalmaan baadmaathi paachhal rahee javaa maate taka maate teneeae aek tournamentma kesee aneey millie mackenzino saamno karyo hato. temane 11 january, november roj "revpro navaa varshnaa tharaav" maan kraanti tarafee kustee maate pann kaama karyoo hatoo, jyaan temane revpro british maheela championship maate zho lukasne asafal padkaar aapyo hato. yuu japanma viveedh pracharoma temnaa samay maate jaaniti chhe. 7 november, november roj yojaayeli "seedlinning sheen-kiba sheen-kiba raat" karykrama, temane mahattam voltage (miyuki takase aneey naana takaahaashi) saame haaree javaana prayasma ayame sasamura saathe jodaan karyoo hatoo. teneeae "sendai gearls royal tagg tournament 2019" maan haajari aapee hatee jyaan teneeae pratham roundma meiko satomura aneey surie, alex lii aneey charley evensne semifinalmaa haraavvaa maate saathe maleene kaama karyoo hatoo, parantu 11 december, 2019 naa roj finalmaan chisako aneey hiroyo metsumotone haravvama nishfal rahee hatee. yuu oz academy maate pann kaama karey chhe, jeey "beast friend" stableno aek bhaag chhe. 28 august, august roj yojaayeli "oz academy plum hanasaku" eventmaa, teneeae saathee stheer saatheeo ajaa cong, kaori yoniyama aneey hiroyo matsumoto saathe jodaan karyoo hatoo, jeo blast kween champiyan hataa, aneey mission mission (akeeno, kaho kobayashi, kakeru sekiguchi aneey sonoko kaato) saame super plasma dath tagg team mechamaa teneene tenaa khitaabno bachaav karvaamaa madad curry hatee. dii. dii. tii. proo raceling (2016-2019). yuu dii. dii. tii. proo raceling saathena temnaa kaarykaad maate jaanita chhe aneey pramoshanni signature eventsmaa chhutachhvaya dekhaav maate jaanita chhe. ddt iz cumming too america" maan, united statesma yojanari ddtni pratham event, temane ironman havimatelwaite championship maate vilambit yuddh royalmaa bhaag leedho hato, jemaa koipan samaye, game tyaan padkaar fenkvaanaa adhikaar maate, karaarmaa pann saamel hataa jemaa kazuki hirata, saakee akai, kikutaro, colt kabaana, mizuki votas aneey makoto oishi saamel hataa. temane ddt judgement eventsmaa ghanee vakhat kaama karyoo hatoo. 21 maarchnaa roj, temane 13 maheela yuddh shaahimaa bhaag leedho hato, jemaa yuka sakazaki, aaee shimizu, shoko nakajima aneey anya loko pann saamel hataa. 20 maarchnaa roj, ua mill rangalo aneey maakee itoh saathe maleene chh maheela tagg team mechamaa rekaa saiki, rica tatsumi aneey azusa takigaavaane haraavya hataa. temane dii. dii. tii. pieter paan shaakhaani spardhaoma pann bhaag leedho hato. 28 augustna roj "rayogoku pieter paan 2016" maan, teneeae hyper misaao aneey shoko nakajima saathe maleene akaane muraa, miyu yamashita aneey yuka sakazaki saame haareene prayaas karyo hato. 20 augustna roj "rayogoku pieter paan 2017" maan, teneeae ironman havimatelwaite championship maate rumble neeyamoni match jeetee hatee, jemaa mizuki, teneena trainer cherry, yunaa menez, maho kuron aneey anyano pann samaavesh thaay chhe. proo raceling wave (2019-vartmaan). ua 'catch dhaa wave' nee nee aavruttima proo raceling vevmaan tenee pratham cooch curry hatee, jyaan tene potaane 'power bloqa' maan mookie hatee aneey yukee miyazaki, riyo mizunami aneey miyuki takase saame spardhaa karyaa pachhi coole beey point melvyaa hataa. teneeae promotion maate chhutachhvaya dekhaav karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, jaim keey 16 september, 2019 thee "wave hacodate" eventmaa jyaan teneeae 14-vyaktionaa yuddh shaahimaa bhaag leedho hato jemaa hikaaru sheeda, arisa nakajima, yumee ohka aneey anya loko pann saamel hataa. tokyo joshi proo raceling (2016-2018). ua 4 january, january roj "tjpw tokyo joshi proo '16" khaate tokyo joshi proo raceling maate vyaavsaayik kusteeni sharuaat curry hatee, jyaan tene nodoka-vansan parr jeet melvee hatee. teneeae 4 juuna, juuna roj "tjpw shinjuku lava riin" khaate miyu yamashitane haraaveene princess champiyanshipno pratham khitaab jeetyo hato. tene pratham roundnee mechamaa rekaa saikeene, beeja roundma hyper misaao, semifinalmaa nodoka-vansan aneey 8 julai, julai roj finalmaan yuka sakazakine haraaveene 2018 tokyo princess cup jeetyo hato. worled vandara ring stardom (2022-vartmaan). juuna juuna yuu paase proo raceling saathe stardomna yuke pravaasnaa bhaag rupe tenee pratham vishva ajaybi ring stardom manjur match hasheh purvasandhyaae jyaan teneene utaami hayshishita dwara haravvama aavee hatee. baadmaa tenee juuna aneey julai, 2022 vachche athvaadiyaao sudhee stardomna pramukh rosey ogava aneey anya superstar jevaa keey sayaa kameetani aneey starlite kida parr reeper maask coastume hethal vaaramvaar humalo kareene sattavaar sharuaat karashe. shockes vol.1 maan stardom parr, teneeae kaamitaani aneey baadak saame trana-maargiy casket mechamaa ladatee vakhate potaane rahasyamay harif tareeke jaaher curry hatee, jeey tenee jeetee hatee. 25 september, september roj shockes vol.2 maan stardom parr, ua biin-siddhantni kathaama kaama karyoo hatoo jyaan tenee, naana takaahaashi aneey yunaa manase, jemane beey mascade lanani karnaaraao tareeke maleene sireene haraavya hataa, aneey raanini shodhnee utaami hayshishita aneey lady see, jaimne rosey ogavani "angrakshak senaa" tareeke ganvaamaa aavyaa hataa. peey-parr-vyoono anta aavyaa pachhi, alfa femail tape karelaa videeyo dwara pahonchi hatee jemaa tene takahashi, yuu aneey manaseni saathe niyo stardom armie unitnee rachnaane chidavi hatee. stardom tagg leegnee devioni devioni aavruttima, ua naana takahashi saathe saathe tareeke jodaan karyoo aneey efdablucy (hazuki aneey koguma), maihime (maika aneey himeka), navaa yug (mirai aneey aemee soree), bmi 2000 (natsuko toraa aneey ruaka), 02 line (aism aneey miyu amasaki), covilled venus (meenaa shirakawa/vaakaa sukiyama aneey saakee), aneey wing how goree (hanan aneey sayeda) nee teamo saame spardhaa karyaa pachhi coole ageeyar point saathe "blue devee bloqa" jeeteene samagr tournament jeetee hatee. yuu aneey takahashi finalmaan utaami hayshishita aneey saay kaamitaaneene haraavya hataa.

yuu (pahalwan) vartamaan mein ack swatantra pahalwan key roop mein kaam karane vaali ack japani peshevar pahalwan hain aur japani peshevar kushti prachaar sendai ladkiyon kii pro kushti aur dee. dee. tii. pro kushti key saath apane karyakal key liye jaani jaati hain. peshevar kushti carrier. swatantra paripath (2015-vartamaan). 2019 mein yuu ney kaee pracharon key liye japan key baahar pratispardha kii. 9 march koo westside extream kushti dwara prachaarit ack karyakram "wxdblue 16 carrett gold 2019" mein, yuu ney tonny storm aur vesna koo haraane key liye killer kellie key saath milkar kaam kiya. yuu ney united kingdam mein pratispardha kii, aur 13 julaai, 2019 koo "ack nae yug kii poorv sandhya" parr, unhone ack tournament mein kessy aur millie mckenzie kaa saamana kiya, joe semifinal mein baad vaale seey cumm hoe gaye. unhone 11 janwari, 2019 koo "revpro nae saal key sankalp" mein kranti samarthak kushti key liye bhee kaam kiya, jahan unhone revpro british mahila championship key liye zho lucas koo asafal chunauti dee. yuu japan mein vibhinn pracharon mein apane samay key liye jaani jaati hain. 7 navambar, 2019 koo hui ack ghatana "seedling shinn-kiba 19 veen raat" mein, unhone adhikatam voltage (miyuki takase aur naana takahashi) key liye ack haarne key prayaas mein ayame sasmura key saath milkar kaam kiya. unhone "sendai girls royal tagg tournament 2019" mein bhaag liya, jahaan unhone pahale daur mein miko satomura aur surie koo haraane key liye team banaai, alex lii aur charley evance koo semifinal mein haraaya, lekin 11 disambar, 2019 koo final mein chisako aur hiroy matsumoto koo haraane mein asafal raheen. yuu oz akadami key liye bhee kaam karati hain, joe "janwar dost" sthir kaa hissa haye. 28 agast, 2020 seey ack karyakram "oz akadami plum hanasaku" mein, unhone saathi sthir saathi ajaa kong, kaori yoniyama aur hiroyo matsumoto key saath milkar kaam kiya, joe blast queen champion they, aur mission key4 (akino, kaho kobyashi, kakeru sekiguchi aur sonoko kaato) key khilaf ack super plasma death tagg team match mein apane khitaab kaa bachaav karane mein unaki madad kii. dee. dee. tii. pro raceling (2016-2019). yuu dee. dee. tii. pro raceling key saath apane karyakal key liye jaani jaati hain aur padonnati key hastakshar karyakramon mein chhitput upasthiti key liye jaani jaati hain. sanyukt raajya america mein honey vaali ddt kii pahali ghatana, "ddt america mein aaa rahee haye" mein, unhone kabhi bhee chunauti dene key adhikaar key liye ironman havimatalvate championship key liye ack vilambit yuddh royal mein bhaag liya, kaheen bhee anubandh mein kazuki hiraata, saaki akai, kikutaro, coult kaibana, mizuki watas aur makoto oshi shamil they. unhone dee. dee. tii. judgment events mein kaee baar kaam kiya. 21 march koo, unhone 13-mahila yuddh shaahi mein bhaag liya, jisamen yuka sakazaki, aaee shimizu, shoko nakajima aur anya shamil they. 20 march koo, yuu ney mill joker aur maaki itoh key saath milkar chhah-mahila tagg team match mein reka saiki, rica tatsumi aur ezusa takigawa koo haraaya. unhone dee. dee. tii. peater paine shakha mein bhee pratispardha kii. 28 agast koo "ryogoku peater paine 2016" mein, unhone akaane miraa, miyu yamashita aur yuka sakazaki key haarne key prayaas mein hyper misao aur shoko nakajima key saath milkar kaam kiya. 20 agast koo "ryogoku peater paine 2017" mein, unhone ironman havimatelwaite championship key liye ack rumble niyam match jeetaa, jisamen mizuki, unaki prashikshak cherry, yuna mansey, maho kuron aur anya shamil they. pro kushti lahar (2019-vartamaan). yuu ney catch dha wave key 2019 sanskaran mein pro raceling wave mein apani pahali march mein kaam kiya, jahan unhone khud koo "power block" mein rakhaa aur yuki miyazaki, riyo mizunaami aur miyuki takase key khilaf pratispardha karane key baad kull dou ank praapt kiye. unhone prachaar key liye chhitput upasthiti jaari rakhee, jaise kii 16 sitambar, 2019 seey "wave hakodet" karyakram mein, jahan unhone 14-vyakti yuddh shaahi mein bhaag liya, jisamen hikaru shida, arisa nakajima, yumi ohka aur anya shamil they. tokyo joshi pro raceling (2016-2018). yuu ney 4 janwari, 2016 koo "tjpw tokyo joshi pro '16" mein tokyo joshi pro kushti key liye apani peshevar kushti kii shuruat kii, jahan unhone nodoka-oneson parr jeet hassil kii. unhone 4 juuna, 2017 koo "tjpw shinjuku lava rinn" mein miyu yamashita koo harakar rajkumari championship kii rajkumari kaa apana pahala khitaab jeetaa. unhone pahale daur key match mein reka saiki koo harakar 2018 tokyo princess cup jeetaa, dusare daur mein hyper misao, semifinal mein nodoka-oneson aur 8 julaai, 2018 koo final mein yuka sakazaki koo haraaya. vishva ashcharya ring stardom (2022-vartamaan). yuu juuna 2019 mein pro kushti key saath stardom key yuke daure key hisse key roop mein apana pahala vishva ashcharya ring stardom sweekrit match hogaah poorv sandhya jahaan vaha utami hayshisha seey haar gaee thee. baad mein vaha juuna aur julaai, 2022 key beach hafton taka stardom key adhyaksh rossie ogawa aur anya superstar jaise kii sayaa kamitani aur starlite kidd parr reeper mask poshak key tahat baar-baar hamla karke apani aadhikarik shuruat karati thee. shokes mein stardom vol.1 mein, usane khud koo ack rahasyamay pratiyogi key roop mein prakat kiya, jabaki kamitani aur bachche key khilaf teen-tarfa taaboot match mein ladatee hui jise usane jeetaa. 25 sitambar, 2022 koo shokes mein stardom parr, yuu ney ack gair-cannon kahani mein kaam kiya, jahan vaha, naana takahashi aur yuna manse, jinhone dou nakabposh kataai karane vaalon key roop mein milkar kaam kiya, unhone surie koo haraaya, aur raani kii khoj kii utami hayshisha aur lady see, jinhen rossie ogawa kii "angarakshak senaa" key roop mein bill kiya gayaa thaa. prati-drishya bhugtan samaapt honey key baad, alfa mahila tape kiye gaye video key madhyam seey pahunch gaee jisamen usane takahashi, yue aur manase key saath nava stardom senaa ikai key gathan koo chidhaaya. stardom tagg leag kii devi key 2022 sanskaran mein, yuu ney naana takahashi key saath "7app" key roop mein milkar fwc (hajuki aur koguma), maihime (maika aur himeka), nae yug (mirai aur amee surei), bmi2000 (natsuko toraa aur ruaka), 02 line (azm aur miyu amasaki), covilled venus (meena shirkawa/vaaka tukiyama aur saaki), aur wing tharon gori (hanan aur sayeda) kii teams key khilaf pratispardha karane key baad kull gyaarah ankon key saath "blue devi block" jeetkar puuraa tournament jeetaa. yuu aur takahashi ney final mein utami hayshishita aur saay kamitani koo haraaya.

yuu (kustipatu) prastuta swatantra kustipatuvagi kelasa maaduttiruva japanina vruttipara kustipatuvagiddare mattu japanina vruttipara kusti prachaaragalaada sendoy gurles pro kusti mattu ddt pro kustiyalli tamma adhikaaraavadhiyalli hesaruvasiyagiddare. vruttipara kusti vrutti. swatantra circuit (2015-indinavarege). 2019ralli yuu yuu aneka pracharagaligagi japan horage spardhisidaru. march 9randu westside extream kusti uttejisida "doubleuxdablue 16 carrett goaled 2019" kaaryakramadalli, yuyu toney starm mattu vesna avarannu solisalu killer kelliyondige kaijodisidaru. yuu yuu united kingdamnalli spardhisidaru, mattu julai 13,2019 randu "hosa yugada munnaadinada munjane", avaru avakashakkagi pandyaavaliyalli kesi mattu millie mckenzie avarannu edurisidaru, semifinalnalli eradaneyadaralli sotaru. avaru janavari 11,2019 randu "revro hosa varshada nirnaya" dalli kranti para kustigaagi kelasa maadidaru, allie avaru revro british mahila champiyanshipgagi zoo lukasge viphala savaalu haakidaru. yuu japaninalli vividha pracharagalalli tanna samayakke hesaruvaasiyaagide. 2019rahra november 7randu nadeda "seedling shinn-kiba 19neey ratri" kaaryakramadalli, avaru ayame saasamuraarondige saeri garishta voltage (miyuki takase mattu naana takahashi) ge solanubhavisidaru. avaru "sendoy gurles raayal tagg pandyavali 2019" nalli kanisikondaru, allie avaru maiko satomura mattu siriyannu modala suttinalli, alex lea mattu charley evance avarannu semifinalnalli solisalu kaijodisidaru, aadare december 11,2019 randu nadeda finalnalli chisaco mattu hiroyo matsumoto avarannu solisalu viphalaraadaru. yuu oj academiyalli kelasa maaduttaane, idu "beast friend" stablen bhagavagide. august 28,2020 rinda nadeda "oj academy plum hanasaku" kaaryakramadalli, avaru blast queen champiyan aagidda sahasthayigalaada ajaa kong, kauri yoniyama mattu hiroyo matsumoto avarondige kaijodisidaru mattu mission keey4 (akino, kaho kobayashi, kakeru sekiguchi mattu sonoco cato) viruddha suuper plasma death tagg tandada pandyadalli tamma prashastiyannu ulisikollalu sahaaya maadidaru. ddt pro kusti (2016-2019). yuu ddt pro kustiya adhikaaraavadhiyalli hesaruvasiyagiddare mattu prachaarada sahi karyakramagalalli viralavaagi kanisikolluttare. united statesnalli nadeda ddt modala pandyavaada "ddt ees cumming tuu america" nalli, avaru ironman hevimetal waite champiyanshipgagi vilambita battle rayalnalli bhagavahisidaru, yaavude samayadalli, elliyaadaroo kajhuki hirata, saaki akay, kikataro, coult kabana, mizuki watas mattu makoto oyishigalannu olagondiruva oppandavannu saha olagondittu. avaru ddt tirpu karyakramagalalli halavaaru baari kelasa maadidaru. march 21randu, aake 13 mahileyara yuddha rayalnalli bhagavahisidaru, idaralli yuca sakazaki, aii shimiju, shoko nakazima mattu itararu seriddaru. march 20randu, yuu mill kodangi mattu maaki itoh avarondige saeri aaru mahileyara tagg team pandyadalli reka saiki, rica tatsumi mattu ajusa takigavarannu solisidaru. avaru ddt peater pyaan vibhagada spardhegalalliyu spardhisidaru. august 28randu nadeda "rayogoku peater pyaan 2016" nalli, akane mira, miyu yamashita mattu yuka sakazaki viruddha sotha prayatnadalli avaru hyper misavo mattu shoko nakazima avarondige kaijodisidaru. august 20randu nadeda "rayogoku peater pyaan 2017" nalli, avaru ironman hevimetal waite champiyanshipgagi rumble rules pandyavannu geddaru, idaralli mizuki, avara tarabetudaara cherry, yuna manus, maho kuron mattu itararu seriddaru. para kusti aley (2019-indinavarege). yuyu tanna modala meravanigegalannu catch dhii wavena 2019rahra aavruttiyalli pro kusti tarangadalli maadidaru, allie avaru "power block" nalli tammannu taavu irisikondaru mattu yuki miyazaki, reo mizunami mattu miyuki takase viruddha spardhisida nantara ottu eradu ankagalannu galisidaru. avaru prachaarakkaagi viralavaagi kanisikolluvudannu munduvaresidaru, udaaharanege september 16,2019 rinda "wave hockodate" kaaryakramadalli avaru 14-vyaktigala battle rayalnalli bhagavahisidaru, idaralli avaru hikaaru shida, arisa nakazima, yumi ohka mattu itararu seriddaru. tokio joshi pro kusti (2016-2018). 2016rahra janavari 4randu nadeda "tjpdablue tokio joshi pro '16" nalli tokio joshi pro kustigaagi yuu tanna vruttipara kustiya chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, allie avaru nodoka-oneeson viruddha jaya saadhisidaru. 2017rahra zoon 4randu nadeda "tjpdablue shinjuku love rinn" nalli miyu yamashita avarannu solisuva moolaka princess championship rajakumariyagi tamma modala prashastiyannu geddaru. modala suttina pandyadalli reka saiki, eradane suttinalli hyper misavo, semifinalnalli nodoka-oneeson mattu julai 8,2018 randu nadeda finalnalli yuka sakaajaakiyannu solisuva moolaka avaru 2018rahra tokio princess cup annu geddaru. vishwa adbhuta ring starr (2022-indinavarege). pro kustiyondige starr dumna yuke pravaasada bhagavagi 2019 rahra joonnalli yuyu tanna modala vishwa adbhuta ring stardom annu anumodisida pandyavannu hondiruttaaneh eev allie avalu utami hayashishita avarinda solisalpattalu. nantara aake tanna adhikruta chocchala praveshavannu starr dumna adhyaksha rossie ogawa mattu itara superstaargalaada sayaa kamitani mattu starlite kidna mele zoon mattu julai, 2022 rahra naduve vaaragalavarege reaper mask veshabhushanada adiyalli aagaagge daali maaduva moolaka maadidaru. pradarshanadalli starr damnalli vol.1, avaru gedda kamitani mattu maguvina viruddha mooru-reetiyalli casket pandyadalli horaaduvaaga nigoodha pratispardhi endu bahirangapadisidaru. september 25,2022 randu pradarshanadalli starr damnalli, yuu cannon allada kathaahandaradalli kelasa maadidaru, allie avalu, naane takahashi mattu yuna manase ibbaru mukhavaadavannu kattarisuvavaraagi saeri, siriyannu solisidaru, mattu queens questna utami hayashishita mattu lady sii avarannu rossie ogaavaada "angaraksaka sene" endu hesarisalaayitu. pay-purr-vyoo konegonda nantara, alfa femail avaru tape maadalaada video moolaka talupidaru, idaralli avaru takahashi, yuu mattu manase jotege neo stardom armi ghatakada rachaneyannu levadi maadidaru. starr dumm tagg leagna devategala 2022rahra aavruttiyalli, yuu 'naana takahashi' yondige '7up' endu kaijodisi, eff. doubleu. sii. (hazuki mattu koguma), maihime (maika mattu himeka), hosa yugagalu (miray mattu amii suuri), bii. emm. aii. 2000 (natsuko tora mattu ruwaka), 02 saalu (azm mattu miyu amasaki), covilled veenus (mina shirakawa/vaakaa sukiyama mattu saaki), mattu wing mumm gori (hanan mattu sayaa idaa) tandagala viruddha spardhisida nantara ottu hannondu ankagalondige 'blue deves block' annu gelluva moolaka idee pandyaavaliyannu geddaru. yuu mattu takahashi finalnalli utami hayashishita mattu sayaa kamitani avarannu solisidaru.

yuu (gusthi) nilavil oru freelanceraayi jolie cheiyunna oru japanese professional gusthikkaariyaan, koodaathe japanese professional gusthi pramoshanukalaaya sendaay gales proo gusthi, ddt proo gusthi ennivayiloodeyaanu avar kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. professional gusthi jeevitam. swatantra surcuted (2015-innuvare). 2019ll yuu niravadhi pramoshanukalkkaayi japanu purathu malsarichu. march 9 nuu westside extream gusthi prothsaahippicha "doubleuxdableu 16 kaaratt gold 2019" enna paripaadiyil, tonny stoom, wesna ennivaye paraajayappeduthaan yuu killer kelliyumaayi chernnu. yuu yuu yuu yuu yuu yunaittad kingdatthil malsarichu, 2019 juulai 13 nuu "oru puthiya yugathinte thaledivasam prabhaathatthil", avar oru toornamentil kesi, millie mccansey ennivare nerittu, semi finalil randaamathethinodu parajayappettu. 2019 januvari 11 nuu "revro puthuvalsara prameyathil" viplava proo gusthikkayum avar pravarthichu, avide revro britiish vanita chaambyanshippinaayi zoo lucassine paraajayappeduthi. jappaanile vividha pramoshanukalile samayathinu yuu ariyappedunnu. 2019 november 7 nuu nadanna "seedling shiin-kiba 19 aam ratri" enna paripaadiyil, avar ayame sasamurayumayi chernnu paramavadhi voltejinodu (miyuki takase, naane takahashi) parajayappettu. sendaay gales royal tagg toornament 2019" ll avar prathyakshappettu, avide avar onnaam roundil maikko sattomurayeyum sooriyeyum semi finalil alex leeyeyum charley ivansineyum paraajayappeduthi, ennaal 2019 desember 11 nuu nadanna finalil chisako hiroyo matsumottoyeyum paraajayappeduthi. yuu oos academyil jolie cheiyunnu, "beast frond" stebalinte bhagamaanu. 2020 august 28 muthal nadanna oru paripaadiyaaya "oos akkadami plum hanasaku" yill, saha stebalmettukalaaya ajaa kong, kauri yoniyama, blaast kween chaambyanaayirunna hiroyo matsumoto ennivarumaayi chernnu mission keey 4 (akino, kaho kobayashi, kakkeru sekiguchi, sonoco kaatto) nethiraaya suuppar plasma deth tagg team malsarathil kireedam nilanirthaan avar sahayichu. ddt proo gusthi (2016-2019). ddt proo gusthiyumaayulla avarude kaalayalavinum pramoshante signature evantukalil idaykkide prathyakshappedunnathinum yuu ariyappedunnu. amerikkayil nadanna ddtyude aadya ivantaaya "ddt amerikkayilekku varunnu" enna paripaadiyil, kasooki hiratta, sackie akaay, kikkuttaro, coult kabana, misuki wattes, macoto oyishi enniva ulppedunna karar eppol venamenkilum, evideyum velluvilikkaanulla avakaashathinaayi ayanmaan hevimettal veytt chaambyanshippinaayi avar oru baattil royalil pankedutthu. dii. dii. tii. vidhi prasamgangalil avar niravadhi thavana pravarthichu. march 21 nuu, yookka sakasaki, aii shimisu, shoko nakajima thudangiyavarum ulppedunna 13 vanita yuddha royalil avar pankedutthu. march 20nuu, yuu mill komaliyum maaki ithoyum chernnu aarr vanithakalude tagg team malsarathil raika saikki, rica tatsumi, asusa takigawa ennivare paraajayappeduthi. ddt peettar paan branch oof evantukalilum avar malsarichu. august 28 nuu "reogoku peettar paan 2016" ll, hyper misavo, shoko nakajima ennivarumaayi chernnu akaane miyura, miyu yamashitha, yookka sakasaki ennivarumaayi parajayappettu. august 20 nuu "reogoku peettar paan 2017" ll, misuki, avalude pariseelakan cherry, yoona maanas, mahoe kuroon thudangiyavar ulppedunna ayanmaan hevimettal veytt chaambyanshippinaayi avar oru rumple rools malsaram nedi. proo gusthi tharamgam (2019-innuvare). catch dhii vevile 2019 pathippil proo gusthi tharamgathil yuu thante aadya maarchukal nadatthi, avide avar "power blockil" svayam sthaapikkukayum yookki miyasaki, rioo misunami, miyuki takase ennivarkkethire malsaricha sesham motham rund pooyintukal nedukayum cheythu. 2019 septambar 16 muthal "wave hacodate" evantil hikkaru shida, ariza nakajima, yoomi ohka thudangiya 14 perr ulppetta baattil royalil pankedutthathupolulla pramoshanaayi avar idaykkide prathyakshappettu. tokkiyo joshi proo gusthi (2016-2018). 2016 januvari 4 nuu "tii. jeey. pii. dablyu. tokkiyo joshi proo '16" ll tokkiyo joshi proo gusthikkaayi yuu thante professional gusthiyil arangettam kurichu, avide avar nodoka-oneesane paraajayappeduthi. 2017 juun 4 nuu "tjpdablue shinchuku lavu rinil" miyu yamaashithaye paraajayappeduthi princes chaambyanshippu kireedam nedi. aadya raundu malsarathil raika saiky randaam roundil hyper misavuvineyum semi finalil nodoka-oneesanineyum 2018 juulai 8 nuu finalil yookka sakasakiyeyum paraajayappeduthi avar 2018 tokkiyo princes kapp nedi. waled vandar ring staardam (2022-innuvare). proo gusthiyodulla staardaminte yuke paryadanatthinte bhaagamaayi 2019 juunil yoovinu avalude aadyathe loka atbhutha ring staardam maachu anuvadikkum eevu avide aval uthami hayashishithayodu parajayappettu. pinneedu 2022 juuninum julaikkum idayil aazhchakalolam staardam president rossie ogaavayeyum mattu soopparstaarmaaraaya sayaa kamitani staarlaitt kidineyum reeper mask vasthrathin keezhil nirantharam aakramich avar audyogika arangettam kurichu. shokesile staardamile vol.1, kaamithaniykkum kuttikkum ethiraaya thrimukha kaaskat malsarathil pooraadumbool avar svayam nigooda malsaraarthiyaayi velippeduthi. 2022 septambar 25 nuu shokes <aii. dii. 1> leeii staardamile yuu, oru noonn-kaanon kathayilekku pravarthichu, avide aval, naane takahashi, yuna manase ennivar rund mukhammoodi koyyunnavaraayi aninirannu, sooriye paraajayappeduthi, kweens kvasttinte uthami hayashishita, lady sii ennivare rossie ogavayude "amgarakshaka sainyam" ennu visheshippichu. payy-perr-view avasaanichathinusesham, tape cheytha veediyoyiloode alfa fimmel ethi, athil takahashi, yuu, manase ennivaykkoppam neo staardam armi yoonittinte roopeekaranam kaliyaakki. staardam tagg leaginte 2022 pathippil, yuu naane thakahashiyumaayi chernnu "7upp" enna peril, efdablucy (hasuki, koguma), maihima (mica, himeka), puthiya kaalaghattangal (miraay, aami suurii), bmi 2000 (natsuko thora, ruwaka), 02 line (asmum miyu amasakiyum), covild veenas (mina shirakawa/vaaka sukiyama, sackie), wing rr goori (hanan, saida) ennee teamukalkkethire malsaricha sesham motham pathinonnu pooyintumaayi "blue devathayaaya block" nedi toornament muzhuvan nedi. finalil yoovum takahashi uthami hayashishitayeyum sayaa kamitani paraajayappeduthi.

yu (kustipatu) sadhya swatantra kustipatu mhanoon kaam karnari tee eka japani vyavsayik kustipatu aahe aanee japani vyavsayik kustichya pracharasathi sendai mulinchya pro raceling aanee dii. dii. tii. pro reslingsathi tichya karyakalasathi prasiddha aahe. vyavsayik kusti karkird. swatantra paripath (2015-sadhyache). 2019 madhye yoone japanchya baher anek jahiratinsathi spardha kelee. 9 march roji westside extream reslingne protsahan dilelya "wxdblue 16 carrett goaled 2019" yaa karyakramat, yoone toney storm aanee vesnacha parabhav karnyasathi killer kelisobat hatmilavani kelee. yuyune united kingadammadhe spardha kelee aanee 13 julai 2019 roji 'naveen yugachya purvasandhyela', teela sandhee midavi mhanoon eka spardhet kesee aanee miilii mckenziecha samna karava lagla, upantya fereet tee saikichyyaa tulanet pichhadivar padali. tine 11 janewari 2019 roji 'revpro nyu ear resolution' madhye kranti samarthak kustisathi dekhil kaam kele, jithe tine revpro british mahila ajinkyapad spardhesathi zho lukasla ayashasvi aavhan dile. yu japanmadhil vividh jahiratinmadhye tichya velesathi olakhali jaate. 7 november 2019 roji jhalelya 'seedlinning sheen-kiba sheen-kiba ratri' yaa karyakramat, tine aayame sasamurashi miloon kamal voltage (miyuki takase aanee naana takahashi) chya prayatnanna haravale. tine 'sendai gearls royal tagg tournament 2019' madhye bhag ghetala, jithe tine pahilya fereet meko satomura aanee surie, upantya fereet elex lii aanee charley evance yanna parabhoot karnyasathi ekatra kaam kele, parantu 11 december 2019 roji antim fereet chisako aanee hiroio matsumoto yanna parabhoot karnyat tee apayashi tharali. yuz 'beast friend' sthiratecha bhag asalyane oz akadamisathi dekhil kaam karate. 28 august 2020 pasoonchya "oz akadami plum hanasaku" yaa karyakramat, tine sahkari sthir sathidar ajah kong, kaori yoniyama aanee hiroyo matsumoto yanchyasobat ekatra kaam kele, jeey blast queen champian hote aanee mission mission (akino, kaho kobayashi, kakeru sekiguchi aanee sonoko kato) viruddha super plazma death tagg team matchmadhye teela tiche vijetepad rakhanyas madat kelee. dii. dii. tii. pro raceling (2016-2019). yuu dii. dii. tii. pro reslingmadhil tichya karyakalasathi aanee padonnatichya swakshari karyakramanmadhye turalak disanyasathi olakhali jaate. americet americet ddtchya pahilya karyakram 'ddt ij cumming too america' madhye, tine kadhihi, kuthehi aavhan denyachya adhikarasathi, kadhihi aavhan denyachya adhikarasathi, ironman havymetalwaite champiyanshipsathi vilambit battle royalmadhye bhag ghetala, jyat kazuki hirata, sakee akai, kikataro, coult kabana, mizuki wattes aanee makoto oishi yancha samavesh hota. tine dii. dii. tii. chya nirnay karyakramanmadhye anek vela kaam kele. 21 march roji tine 13 mahilanchya yuddh shahee spardhet bhag ghetala, jyat yuka sakazaki, aaee shimizu, shoko nakajima aanee itaranchahi samavesh hota. 20 march roji, yune mill jokar aanee makee itoh yanchyasobat miloon reka saiki, rika tatsumi aanee azusa takigawa yanna sahaa mahilanchya tagg team samnyat parabhoot kele. tine dii. dii. tii. pieter panne shakhechya spardhanmadhyehi bhag ghetala. 28 august roji 'rayogoku pieter panne 2016' madhye, tine hyper misao aanee shoko nakajima yanchyasobat ekatra yeuun akane murah, miyu yamashita aanee yuka sakazaki yanchyakadun parabhoot honyacha prayatna keela. 20 august roji 'rayogoku pieter panne 2017' madhye, tine ironman havimatelwaite champiyanshipsathi eka rumble niyam samna jinkla, jyat mizuki, tichi prashikshak cherry, yuna manez, maho kuron aanee itarancha samavesh hota. kustichi anukool laat (2019-sadhyachi). yune 'catch daad wave' chya 2019 chya aavruttit kustichya bajoone tichi pahili kooch kelee, jithe tine swatahla 'power block' madhye thewale aanee yuki miyazaki, riyo mizunami aanee miyuki takase yanchyaviruddha spardha kelyanantar ekoon done guna midavale. 16 september 2019 pasoon 'wave hacodate' karyakramamadhye, jyat tine 14 vyaktinchya battle royalmadhye bhag ghetala hota, jyat hikaru sheeda, arisa nakajima, yumi ohka aanee itarancha samavesh hota, asha pracharasathi tee turalak upasthiti dett rahili. tokio joshi pro raceling (2016-2018). yune 4 janewari 2016 roji 'tii. jeey. pii. doubleu. tokio joshi pro' 16 'madhye tokio joshi pro kustisathi vyavsayik kustimadhye padarpan kele, jithe tine nodoka-vanisanvar vijay midavala. tine 4 juuna 2017 roji 'tjpw shinjuku love riin' madhye miyu yamashitacha parabhav karoon rajkumari ajinkyapad spardheche tiche pahile vijetepad jinkale. tine 2018 tokio princess kapmadhye pahilya ferichya samnyat reka saiki, saiki feritil hyper misao, upantya fereet nodoka-vansan aanee 8 julai 2018 roji antim fereet yuka sakazaki yanna parabhoot karoon vijay midavala. jaagtik aashchary ring stardom (2022-sadhya). juuna 2019 madhye, yuu yula tichya pahilya jaagtik aashchary ring ringan puraskarasathi manyataprapt samna, stardamchya pro reslings yooke yooke eka bhag mhanoon milanar hotah jyaa purvasandhyela ticha uttami hayshishita hiney parabhav keela hota. nantar tee juuna aanee julai 2022 darmyan anek aathvade stardamche adhyaksh rossie ogava aanee saay kamitani aanee starlite kid yansarkhya itar superstarvar varanvar fatakebajichya mukhavatachya veshbhushet hallah karoon adhikrut padarpan karat asey. shokes vol.1 madheel stardammadhe, kamitani aanee mulaviruddha teen-marganchya caskett samnyat ladhatana tine swatahla rahasyamay pratispardhi mhanoon ughad kele, jeey tine jinkale. 25 september 2022 roji shokes vol.2 madheel stardammadhe, yune eka naun-cannon kathevar kaam kele, jyat tee, naana takahashi aanee yuna manase, jyanni done mukhavata kapanidar mhanoon ekatra kaam kele, tyanni surie aanee queens questchya utami hayshishita aanee lady see yanna parabhoot kele, jyanna rossie ogavache "angrakshak sainya" mhanoon sambodhale gele. prati drushya vetan sampalyanantar, alfa mahila tape kelelya vhidiodvare pohochali jyamadhye tine takahashi, yu aanee manase yanchyabarobar neo stardom armi unitchya nirmitichi chhed kadhali. stardom tagg leegchya devichya 2022 chya aavruttit, yune naana takahashisobat takahashisobat mhanoon ekatra yeuun efdablucy (hajuki aanee koguma), maihime (maika aanee himeka), naveen yug (mirai aanee amee surei), bmi 2000 (natsuko tora aanee ruaka), 02 ola (ezam aanee miyu amasaki), covilled venus (miina shirakawa/vaka sukiyama aanee sakee) aanee wing gorii (hanan aanee sayeda) yaa sanghanshi spardha kelyanantar ekoon akra gunansah 'blue devi block' jinkun sampoorn spardha jinkley. yu aanee takahashi yanni antim fereet utami hayshishita aanee saay kamitani yancha parabhav keela.

jayu (kustijoddha) shay jane japani pesadara kustijoddha jie bartamana jane freelancer bhabare karjya karuchanti ebong japani pesadara kusti prachara sendai balika pro kusti ebong dii. dii. tii pro kusti sahita taanka karjyakala paain janashuna . bruttigata kusti kyariyara. swadheena circuit (2015-bartamana). 2019 ray jayu aneka padonnati paain japan bahare pratidwandita karithile. march 9 ray westside extreme kusti dwara prostahita eka event "dabluexdablyu 16 carrett gold 2019" ray, jayu tony sterm ebong wesananku parasta karibaku killer kelinka saha milita hoithile. jayu jayu britenare pratidwandita karithile, ebong july 13,2019 ray "eka nutan jugara purba sandhyare", shay eka turnamentare kesi ebong millie myakenjinku samnah karithile, semiphinalare parabarteetharu banchita hoithile. shay januari 11,2019 ray "rebhapro nababarshara sankalpa" ray biplaba pro kusti paain madhya karjya karithile, jeunthare shay rebhapro british mahila championship paain joe lukasanku biphal challenge karithile. jayu japanare bibhinna pramosanare taanka samai paain janashuna . navember 7,2019 ray anusthita eka event "sidlinga sinh-kiba 19 tama raati" ray, shay aajaame sasamuranka saha mishi sarbadhika voltage (miyuki takase ebong naanaa takahashi) ku haraiba prajasare haata milaithile. shay "sendai balika rayal tagg turnament 2019" ray upasthita hoithile jeunthare shay pratham roundre mico satomura ebong siriku parasta karibaku milita hoithile, alex lea ebong charley evance semiphinalare, kintu december 11,2019 ray phainalare dash chisako ebong hiroio matasumotonku haraibaku biphal hoithile. jayu madhya oz ekademy paain kaama karanti, "pashu bandhu" sthiratara eka ansha bhabare . august 28,2020ru arambha hoithiba eka karjyakram "oz ekademy plum hanasaku" ray shay saathee stablemate ajaa kong, kaori yoniyama ebong hiroyo matasumotonka saha mishithile, jie kii blast quin champion thile, ebong mission kee4 (akino, kaho kobajasi, kakeru sekiguchi ebong sonoco cato) bipakhyare eka super plasma death tagg team myachre tanku title rakhya karibare sahajya karithile. dii. dii. tii. pro kusti (<aai. dii. 1>). jayu dii. dii. tii. pro kusti sahita taanka karjyakala paain janashuna ebong pramosanara swakhyara iventare bikhipta bhabare upasthita hoithile . ddt ija kaminga tuu america" ray, juktarastrare anusthita hebaku thiba ddtira pratham event, shay jekaunasi samajare challenge karibara adhikara paain ironman hebhimetalwet championship paain eka bilamba juddha rayal ray anshagrahana karithile, jekaunasi sthanare chukti madhya ethire antarbhukta thila jaahaa kazuki hirata, saaki aakai, kikutaro, coult kabana, mizuki wattace ebong macoto oishi. shay aneka thara dii. dii. tii. rahr bichara karjyakramare kaama karithile. march 21 ray, shay juka sakajaki, aai shimiju, shoko nakajima ebong anyamananku nei eka 13 mahila juddha rajakeejare anshagrahana karithile. march 20 ray, jayu mill joker ebong maaki itohanka saha mishi reka saiki, rica tatasumi ebong ajusa takigawanku chhaa mahila tagg team myachare parasta karithile. shay dii. dii. tii. pieter paana shakhar iventare madhya pratidwandita karithile. august 28 ray "riogoku pieter paan 2016" ray, shay hyper misao ebong shoko nakajimanka saha mishi aakane mura, miu jamashita ebong juka sakajakinka thaaru harithile. august 20 ray "riogoku pieter paan 2017" ray, shay iron myan hebhimetalwet championship paain eka rumble niam match jitithile jeunthire mizuki, taanka prashikhyaka cherry, yuna manase, mahoe kuron ebong anyanya madhya samil thile . pro kusti taranga (2019-bartamana). jayu 'catch daa webh' rahr 2019 sanskaranare pro kusti tarangare tankara pratham padajatra karithile, jeunthare shay nijaku "pawara block" ray rakhithile ebong juki miazaki, reo mizunami ebong miuki takasenka bipakhyare pratidwandita kariba parey mote duiti point hassel karithile. shay padonnati paain bikhipta bhabare upasthita rahiba jaari rakhithile, jepariki september 16,2019 ru "webh hacodate" iventare jeunthare shay 14 john byaktinka juddha rajakeejare anshagrahana karithile jeunthire hikaaru shida, arissa nakajima, yumi ohka ebong anyamane madhya samil thile . tokio yoshi pro kusti (2016-2018). jayu januari 4,2016 ray "tijepidablyu tokio joshi pro '16" ray tokio joshi pro kusti paain tankara bruttigata kusti arambha karithile, jeunthare shay nodoka-winisonanka upare bijai hassel karithile. shay june 4,2017 ray "tijepidablyu shinjuku labh rean" ray tankara pratham title jitithile, miau jamashitanku parasta curry rajkumari championshipra rajkumari. shay pratham round myachre reka saikinku, dwiteeja roundre hyper misaonku, semiphinalare nodoka-onisannku ebong july 8,2018 ray phainalare juka sakajakinku parasta curry 2018 tokio princess cop jitithile. biswa ashcharjya ringa stardom (2022-bartamana). jayu june 2019 ray pro kusti sahita stardomra jayu. kee. gasta ansha bhabare tankara pratham biswa ashcharjya ringa stardom anumodita match hebah purba sandhyare jeunthare shay utami hajashitanka dwara parasta hoithile . parey shay stardomra adhyakhya rossy ogawa ebong anya superstar jepariki saiah kamitani ebong starlight kidanku june ebong july, 2022 madhyare saptahaka paain eka ripper mask poshakare aakraman curry aanusthanika debyu karithile. shokes vol.1 ray staradamare, shay kamitani ebong shishu biruddhare eka trimukhi casket myachare ladhuthibabele nijaku rahasyamai pratidwandee bhabare prakash karithile jaahaa shay jitithile . 25 september, 2022 ray shokes vol.2 ray stardamre jayu eka anah-cannon kahanire kaama karithile jeunthare shay, naanaa takahashi ebong yuna manase jie dui mukha katiba bhabare milita hoithile, siriku parasta karithile, ebong raninka anusandhanara utami hajashita ebong ledi sii jahanku rossy ogawanka "angarakhi sena" bhabare bill karajaithila . pay-purr-bhiu shesh heba parey, alfa mahila tape hoithiba bhidio madhyamare pahanchithile jeunthire shay takahashi, jayu ebong manes sahita neo stardom armi unit gathanaku chidhaithile. stardom tagg ligra debeenka 2022 sanskaranare, jayu naanaa takahashinka saha "7up" bhabare milita hoithile ebong aif. dablyu. sii. (hazuki ebong koguma), maihime (maika ebong himeka), nutan juga (mirai ebong aami sorei), bii. emm. aai. 2000 (natasuko tora ebong ruaka), 02 line (aajam ebong miu amasaki), cowild bhenas (minah shirakawa/waaka sukiama ebong saaki), ebong wing prop gori (hannon ebong saiah ida) dala biruddhare pratidwandita kariba parey mote egaara point score curry "blue debi block" jiti samagra turnament jitithile. jayu ebong takahashi phainalare utami hajashita ebong saiah kamitaneenku parasta karithile.

yuu (pahilwan) ikk japani peshevar pahilwan haii joe varatman witch ikk freelancer vajon kamm qarr rahee haii atey japani peshevar kushti pramoshanan sendai gerals pro kushti atey dee. dee. tii. pro kushti naal aapne karajkal laee sabh toon vaddh jaanhi jaandi haii. peshevar kushti carrier. sutantar circut (2015-varatman). 2019 witch yuu neey bahut saariaan tarakkiaan laee japaan toon bahr mukabala keeta. 9 march noon westside extreme kushti duaara utshahit ikk event "wxw 16 carrett gold 2019" witch, yuyu neey tonny storm atey vaisna noon haraun laee killer callie naal mill keey kamm keeta. yuu neey united kingdom witch 13 julai, 2019 noon "ikk navein yugg dee purav sandhiaa dee sware" laee mukabala keeta, atey uss neey semifinal witch baad vaale toon ghatt honn dey mauke laee ikk tournament witch kessy atey millie mckenzie daa sahmana keeta. uss neey 11 janwari, 2019 noon "revpro navein saal dey matey" witch kranti pro kushti laee vee kamm keeta, jitthe uss neey revpro british mahila championship laee zho lucas noon asfal chunhauti ditti. yuu japaan witch vakkh-vakkh tarakkiaan witch aapne samein laee jaanhi jaandi haii. 7 navambar, 2019 noon hoye ikk program "seedlining shinn-kiba shinn-kiba raat" witch, uss neey ayame sasamura naal mill keey vaddh toon vaddh voltage (miyuki takase atey naana takahshi) toon haaran dee koshish keeti. uss neey "sendai gerals raail taeg tournament 2019" witch hissa liaa jitthe uss neey pahile daur witch miko setomura atey seeree noon haraun laee team banayi, semifinal witch alex lee atey charley evance, parr 11 dasambar, 2019 noon final witch chisako atey hiroio metsumoto noon haraun witch asfal rahee. yuu oz academy laee vee kamm karda haii, joe "beast friend" sathir daa hissa haii. 28 agast, 2020 toon ikk program "oj academy palam hanasaku" witch, usne saathi sathir saathi ajaa kaang, kaori yonyama atey hiroio metsumoto naal mill keey kamm keeta joe blast queen champion see, atey mission keey 4 (akino, kaho kobayashi, kakeru sekiguchi atey sonoco kaato) dey virudh ikk super plazma daith taeg team match witch aapne khitaab daa bachaa curran witch sahaita keeti. dee. dee. tii. pro kushti (2016-2019). yuu dee. dee. tii. pro kushti naal aapne karajkal laee jaanhi jaandi haii atey tarakki dey dastkhat programan witch chhitput peshkari laee jaanhi jaandi haii. sanyukat raaj amrica witch honn vaale ddt dey pahile event "ddt amrica aaa riha haii" witch, usne kise vee samein chunhauti denh dey adhikar laee eironman havimatelwaite championship laee ikk deree naal ladai raail witch hissa liaa, kitey vee kazuki hirata, skii akai, kikutaro, coult kabana, mizuki vatas atey macoto oishi vee shamal sunn. uss neey dee. dee. tii. dey faisliaan dey samagman witch kaee vaar kamm keeta. 21 march noon, uss neey 13 aurtan dey yuddh shaahi witch hissa liaa jiss witch yuka skazaki, aaee shimizu, shoko nakajima atey horr shamal sunn. 20 march noon, yuu neey mill joker atey maaki itoh naal mill keey chhe aurtan dey taeg team match witch reka saiki, rika tatsumi atey azusa takigawa noon haraiaa. uss neey dee. dee. tii. pieter paen shakha dey mukabaliaan witch vee hissa liaa. 28 agast noon "riogoku pieter paen 2016" witch, usne hyper misao atey shoke nakajima naal mill keey akane miura, miyu yamshita atey yuka skazaki toon haaran dee koshish keeti. 20 agast noon "riogoku pieter paen 2017" witch, uss neey eironman havimatelwaite championship laee ikk rumble niyam match jittiaa jiss witch mizuki, uss dee trainer sharry, yuna manse, maho kuron atey horr shamal sunn. pro kushti lahir (2019-varatman). yuu neey catch dha wave dey 2019 edition witch pro kushti lahir witch aapna pahila march keeta, jitthe usne aapne aap noon "pawar block" witch rakkhiaa atey yuki miazaki, reo mizunami atey miyuki takase dey virudh mukabala curran toon baad kull doou ank prapat keete. uss neey tarakki laee chhitput peshkariaan karna jaari rakkhiaa, jiven kii 16 satambar, 2019 toon "wave hacodate" program witch jitthe uss neey 14 viaktiaan dey battle shaahi witch hissa liaa jiss witch hikaru shida, arisa nakajima, yumi ohka atey horr shamal sunn. tokio joshi pro kushti (2016-2018). yuu neey 4 janwari, 2016 noon "tii. jey. pee. w. tokio joshi pro '16" witch tokio joshi pro kushti laee aapni peshevar kushti dee shuruat keeti, jitthe uss neey nodoka-vansan utte jitt haasal keeti. uss neey 4 juun, 2017 noon "tjpw shinjuku lava rinn" witch aapna pahila khitaab jittiaa, jiss witch usne miyu yamshita noon haraa keey princess championship daa rajkumar bann gaee. uss neey pahile daur dey match witch reka saiki noon haraa keey 2018 tokio prince kapp jittiaa, dooje daur witch hyper misao, semifinal witch nodoka-vansan atey 8 julai, 2018 noon final witch yuka skazaki noon haraiaa. vishav hairani ring stardom (2022-varatman). yuu juun 2019 witch pro kushti naal stardom dey yuke daure dey hisse vajon aapna pahila vishav heranijanak ring stardom manzoor keeta javegao iss mauke 'teey jitthe uh utami hayashishita toon haar gaee see. baad witch uh stardom dey pardhan rozzy ogawa atey horr superstar jiven kii siaa kamitani atey starlight kidd utte juun atey julai, 2022 dey vichkaar haftiaan laee ikk reeper maask pushak heth aksar hamla karke aapni adhikarat shuruat kardi see. shoakes witch stardom vol.1 witch, usne aapne aap noon ikk rahassmai pratiyogi vajon pragat keeta jadon uh kamitani atey bacche dey virudh tinn-pakkhi cascate match witch ladadi see jiss noon usne jittiaa see. 25 satambar, 2022 noon shoakes witch stardom 'teey, yuu neey ikk gair-cannon kahani witch kamm keeta jitthe usne, naana takahshi atey yuna manase neey doou nakabposhi kattan valiaan vajon mill keey, siuri noon haraiaa, atey raanee dee khoj dee utami hayashishita atey lady see jinhan noon rozsi ogawa dee "bodyguard aarmi" vajon bill keeta giaa see. peey-parr-vioo khatam honn toon baad, alfa aurat tape keete vdo raahin pahunchi jiss witch usne takahshi, yuu atey manase dey naal-naal neo stardom aarmi unit dey gathan noon chintat keeta. stardom taeg leeg deeaan deviaan dey 2022 dey edition witch, yuu neey naana takahshi naal mill keey keey vajon kamm keeta atey fwc (hajuki atey koguma), maihime (maika atey himeka), navein yuggan (mirai atey amee surei), bmi 2000 (natsuko tora atey ruaka), 02 line (azam atey mioo amasaki), kwild weins (meena shirakawa/vaaka sukiama atey skii), atey wing gorii (hannan atey saaiaa idaa) deeaan teaman dey virudh mukabala curran toon baad kull giaaran ankan naal "blue devi block" jitt keey poora tournament jittiaa. yuu atey takahshi neey final witch utami hayashishita atey siaa kamitani noon haraiaa.

yu (mallah) saa ekaa jaapanees-vyaavasaayik-mallayoddha asti yaa samprati swatantra-nartaki-rupena karyam karoti, tathaa cha japani-vyaavasaayik-mallayuddhasy pracharartham sendaay-balika-pro-mallayuddhasy, dii. dii. tii. pro-mallayuddhasy cha krute prasiddha asti. vyaavasaayik-mallayuddh-vruttihi. swatantra-paripathah (2015-vartamaanam). 2019 tame varshe yoo-varyaha japaan-deshaat bahihi anekanam pracharanam krute spardhaam akarot. maarch 9 dinaanke westsad-xtream-reslim-dwara pravartite "doubleu. eksa. doubleu. 16-carrett-gold-2019" ityasmin kaaryakrame, yoo, killer-kelee ityanena saha militvaa toney-starm-vesnaa-ityetaan parajayata. yoo yoo unated kingdam-deshe 13 julai 2019 dinaanke "eev-denn aaf e nyoo ez" iti kreedaayaah krute spardhaam akarot, saa ekasmin spardhayam kesee tathaa millie makenzie ityetayoho sammukham aagatavatee, semee-fainl-kridaayaam ante tasya apekshayaa apurna abhavat. saa 2019 janavaree 11 dinaanke "revapro nyoo iyar resolution" ityasmin kraanti-samarthak-kustee-kridaayaam api karyam krutavatee, yatra saa revapro-british-mahilaa-pratiyogitaa-krute zo-lucas-ityasmai asaphalapratisandhim adadat. yoo-ityeshaa japan-deshe vividhaprastaaveshu swasya samayasya krute prasiddha asti. 2019 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 7 dinaanke "seedlinng shinn-kibaa 19 tamam raatrih" ityasmin kaaryakrame saa ayame sasamura ityanena saha militvaa adhikatam-voltage (miyuki-takase tathaa nana-takahashi) ityasya prayasam parajayata. saa "sendaay gearls rayal tyag tournament 2019" ityasmin abhyanayt, yatra saa prathama-charane maiko satomuraa tathaa syuree ityetaan paraajayitum, semee-final-kridaayaam alex lee tathaa charley evance ityetaan paraajayitum militavatee, parantu 2019 december 11 dinaanke antima-spardhayam chisaako tathaa hiraayo matsumoto ityetaan paraajayitum asaphalavatee. yoo "beast friend" stable ityasya bhagarupena oj-akadami krute api karyam karoti. 2020 august 28 dinaankasya "oj-akadami-plum-hanasaku" ityasmin kaaryakrame saa sahasthaapakaih ajaa-kong, kaori-yoniyama, hiroyo-matsumoto ityetaabhih saha militvaa blast-queen-chaampiyan abhavat, tathaa cha mission-key4 (akino, kaho-kobayashi, kaakeru-sekiguchee, sonoko-kato) ityasya viruddham soopar-plajma-dett-tyag-team-spardhayam swasya upaadhim rakshayitum sahayyam krutavatee. dee. dee. tea. pro-resling (2016-2019). yoo dee. dee. tea. pro-resalim ityasmin tasyaah kaaryakaalasy krute prasiddha asti, padonnati-hastaakshar-karyakrameshu cha viral-rupena drushyate. dii. dii. tii. ees kaming too america" iti samyuktarajyamerikadesha aayojite dii. dii. tii. ityasya prathama-kaaryakrame saa, airanmyaan hevimetal vett-chaampiyanship krute vilambita-yuddha-rayal ityasmin bhaagam agruhnaat, yatra cha kazuki-hirata, saaki-akaay, kikataro, coult-kabana, mijuki-vaataase, makoto-oishee cha sammilitaah, kaje cha pratisamvedanasya adhikaaraay. saa dee. dee. tea. ityasya nirnaya-karyakrameshu bahuvaaram karyam krutavatee. maarch 21 dinaanke saa 13 mahilanam yuddharaajyotsavasya bhaagam agruhnaat, yasmin yukaa sakazaki, aii shimizu, shoko nakajima ityaadayah api aasan. maarch 20 dinaanke, yu mill-vidooshakah, maakee-itoh cha ityetaih saha militvaa rekaa saikee, rikaa-tatsumi, azusa-takigava ityetaan shut-mahilaa-tyag-team-spardhayam parajayata. saa dee. dee. tea. peater-paan-shaakhaayaah spardhaasu api spardhaam krutavatee. august 28 dinaanke "rayogoku peater paan 2016" ityasmin, saa happer misaavo tathaa shoko nakajima ityetaih saha ekaane miraa, miyu yamashita tathaa yukaa sakajaki ityetaih parajaye prayaase militavatee. august 20 dinaanke "rayogoku peater paan 2017" ityasmin, saa airanmyaan hevimetal vett chaampiyanship krute rumble-rools-spardhaam jitavatee, yasmin mijuki, tasyaah prashikshakah cheree, yunaa maanase, maho kuron ityaadayah api aasan. pro-resling-tarangah (2019-vartamaanam). yoo, kyaach da vev ityasya 2019 samskarane pro-resling-vev ityasmin prathamam maarch-pradarshanm krutavatee, yatra saa "power-blaak" ityasmin sthaanam praapnot, yukee-miazaaki, riyo-mizunami, miyuki-takase ityetaih spardhaam krutvaa aahaty dwau ankau praaptavatee. saa pracharartham viralatayaa upasthitehe, yathaa 2019 september 16 dinaankaat "vev-haakodet" ityasmin kaaryakrame, yatra saa 14-vyaktishu yuddha-raaj-kridaayaam bhaagam agruhnaat, yasmin hikaaru-shidaa, arisaa-nakajima, yumi-ohkaa ityaadayah api aasan. tokyo-joshie-pro-kustee (2016-2018). yoo 2016 janavaree 4 dinaanke "tjpw tokyo joshie pro '16" ityasmin tokyo-joshie pro-kustee krute vyaavasaayik-kustee-kridaayaam padaarpanam krutavatee, yatra saa nodoka-vaneesan ityasya upari vijayam praapnot. saa 2017 joon 4 dinaanke "tijepidablyoo shinjuku love rinn" ityasmin, miyu yamashita ityenam parajayya princess-aaf-princess-chaampiyanship iti prathamam upaadhim praapnot. saa prathama-charana-spardhayam rekaa saikee ityetam, dwiteeya-charane happer misaavo ityenam, upa-antima-spardhayam nodoka-vanisan ityenam, antima-spardhayam 8 julai 2018 dinaanke yukaa sakajaki ityenam cha parajayya 2018 tokyo-princess-cup iteedam jitavatee. vishva-adbhuta-valaya-taraganam (2022-vartamaanam). yoo-varyaha 2019 joon-maase, pro-resalim-saha, yoo. key.-deshasya starr-dem-pravaasasya bhagarupena tasyaah prathamam vishva-adbhuta-ring-starr-dem sweekrutam kreedaam aanayat, yatra saa uttamee-hayashishita ityanena parajita abhavat. pashchat saa starr-dem ityasya adhyaksham rossie ogava tathaa anyaan soopar-starr-yathaa sia kamitaanee tathaa starr-lait-kidd ityetaan joon-julai 2022 madhye saptahan yaavat reeper-mask-veshabhooshaayaah adhah aakramy aadhikaarikaroopen padaarpanam karoti sma. shokes-madhye starr-dem ityasmin vol.1 ityasmin, kamitani-balasya viruddham tri-margiya-caskett-spardhayam yuddham kurvantee swasyaah rahasyamayee-spardhikaa iti prakatayt, yaa saa jitavatee. 2022 september 25 dinaanke shokes-madhye starr-inn-shokes-madhye, yoo, ekaa nankanan-kathaa-rachanam krutavatee, yatra saa, nana takahashi, yunaa manaase cha, mukhaavaranam dharayanti dwau, syuree-ityetau, queens-quest-ityasya utamee-hayashishita, leady-see cha, ye rossie-ogava-ityasya "angarakshak-senaa" iti ankitaah, te parajitaha. pey-purr-vyoo samaapteh anantaram, alfa-feemel ityeshaa tape-veediyo-dwara samparkam krutavatee yasmin saa takahashi, yu, manaase ityetaih saha niyo-starr-dum-senaa-ghatakasy nirmanam chithaavat. 2022 tame varshe starr-deadys-tyag-leag-ityasya devataanaam samskarane, yoo, nana takahashi ityanena saha "7up" iti namna militvaa, ef. doubleu. see. (haajukee tathaa kogumaa), maihime (maikaa tathaa himekaa), nutanayugasya (miraay tathaa amee surei), bii. emm. aii. 2000 (naatsuko toraa tathaa ruaka), 02 panktih (ejm tathaa miyu amasaki), covilled venus (minaa shirakava/vaka sukiyama tathaa saakee), tathaa ving-gori (hanan tathaa sayaa idaa) ityetayoho dalaihi spardhaam krutvaa aahaty ekaadasha ankaihi "bloo-davis-blaak" iti sampoornam spardhaam jitavaan. yu tathaa takahashi cha antimaayaam spardhayam uttamee hayashishita tathaa saaya kamitani ityetaan parajayata.

yuu (malyuththa veerar) avar tharpoothu oru freelaansaraaga panipuriyum oru japanian thozhilmurai malyuththa veerar aavaar, maelum japanian thozhilmurai malyuththa vilambarangkal sentoy penkal saarbu malyuththam mattrum ddd saarbu malyuththam aagiyavattrudan avarathu pathavikkaalaththirkaaka nanku ariyapattavar. thozhilmurai malyuththa vaazhkkai. suyaatheena suttru (2015-tharpoothu varai). 2019 aam aandil neengkal pala vilambarangkalukkaaga jappanukku veliyae poattiyittaar. maarch 9 andru westsite extream malyutthaththaal ookkuvikkappatta "dabluex doublue 16 corrott coult 2019" nigazhvil, donny puyal mattrum wesnawaith thoarkadikka killer kelliyudan yuu inainthaar. yuu yuu yuu yuu yuu united kingtamil poattiyittaar, juulai 13,2019 andru "oru puthiya sagaapthaththin eev vidiyal" ill, avar oru poattiyil kaasi mattrum millie mckensey ethirkondaar, araiyiruthiyil pinthaiyavarukku thoalviyadainthaar. janavari 11,2019 andru "revepro putthaandu theermaanaththil" puratchith saarbu malyuththaththirkaagavum avar paniyaattrinaar, angku avar revepro british magalir saambiyanshippirkaaga joow lucasai thoalviyuttraar. jappanil palvaeru vilambarangkalil thanathu neeraththirkaaga yuu ariyappadugiraar. navambar 7,2019 andru nadaipettra "seedling shinn-kiba 19 vadhu iravu" endra nigazhchchiyil, avar ayamae sasamuraavudan inainthu adhigapatcha minnaluththaththai (miyugi tuckase mattrum naanae dagashi) izhakkum muyarchiyil inainthaar. avar "senoy penkal raayal take poatti 2019" ill thoantrinaar, angku avar muthal suttril maigo sadomura mattrum seuryaiyum, araiyiruthiyil alex liie mattrum chaarli eevaangalaiyum thoarkadiththaar, aanaal disambar 11,2019 andru iruthip poattiyil sizago mattrum hiroyo matsumotovai veezhththuvathil thoalviyadainthaar. yuu oas akaadamiyilum panipurigiraar, idhu "miruga nanbar" nilaiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. august 28,2020 muthal oru nigazhvaana "oas akaadami pilam hanasaagu" ill, avar saga stablemate ajaa cong, kavori yoniama mattrum plaast quin saambiyanaana hiroyo matsmoto aakiyoarudan inainthu, mission kae 4 (akino, kahoo gopayashi, kageru segikuchchi mattrum sonogo cotto) kku ethiraana suuppar plasma teth take team poattiyil thanathu pattatthai paathukaakka udhavinaar. ddd puroa malyuththam (2016-2019). yuu ddd puroa malyuththaththudan thanathu pathavikkaalaththirkaaka ariyappadugiraar mattrum padhavi uyarvin kaiyoppa nigazhvugalil avvappoathu thoandrugiraar. americavil nadaipettra dii. dii. dii. yinn muthal nigazhvaana "ddd americavukku varukirathu" endra nigazhchchiyil, avar ironman hevimetal veyit saambiyanshippirkaana thaamathamaana poar raayal poattiyil pankettraar, endha neraththilum sawal seiyum urimaikkaaga, engkum kazuki hiradha, saagi agaai, kikataro, coult kabana, mizuki wadase mattrum macoto oyishi ullitta oppanthangkal. avar ddd theerppu nigazhvugalil pala murai paniyaattrinaar. maarch 21 andru, yuga saagasaagi, aii shimisu, shogo nagajima mattrum palar sambanthappatta 13 penn poar arasil pankettraar. maarch 20 andru, yuu mill koomaali mattrum maagi idhoavudan inainthu aaru penkal take team poattiyil reiga saiki, riga thatchumi mattrum asusa takikawa aagiyoarai thoarkadiththaar. avar ddd piittar paan kilayin nigazhvugalilum poattiyittaar. august 28 andru "reogoku piittar paan 2016" ill, avar hiper misavo mattrum shogo nagaajimaavudan inainthu agaane miraa, miyu yamashita mattrum yuga saagasaagi aagiyoaridam thoalviyadainthaar. august 20 andru "reogoku piittar paan 2017" ill, ironman hevimetal veyit saambiyanshippirkaana oru rumble vithigal poattiyil avar ventraar, idhil mizuki, avarathu payirchiyaalar cherri, yuna maanas, mahoo crone mattrum palar adangkuvar. saarbu malyuththa alai (2019-tharpoothu varai). catch thii vaevin 2019 pathippil saarbu malyuththa alaikalil yuu thanathu muthal anivaguppugalai nadaththinaar, angku avar "power pilaak" ill thannai nilainirutthinaar, maelum yooki miyasaki, reo misinami mattrum miyugi tuckaseuku ethiraaga poattiyitta piragu moththam irandu pulligalaip pettraar. septumber 16,2019 muthal "alai huckotate" nigazhvil avar thodarnthu padhavi uyarvukkaaga avvappoathu thoantrinaar, angku avar 14 paer konda poar arasil pankettraar, idhil higaaru shita, arisa nagajima, yoomi oagaa mattrum palar adangkuvar. tokyo joshi puroa malyuththam (2016-2018). janavari 4,2016 andru "dejabidablue tokyo joshi puroa '16" ill tokyo joshi puroa malyuththaththirkaaga yuu thanathu thozhilmurai malyuththaththil arimugamaanaar, angku avar noadoaga-oneesanai ventraar. juun 4,2017 andru "dejabidablue shinjuku love rinn" endra nigazhchchiyil miyu yamashitavai thoarkadiththu ilavarasi saambiyanshippin ilavarasi endra thanathu muthal pattatthai ventraar. muthal suttru poattiyil reiga saagiyaiyum, irandaavathu suttril hiper misaavaiyum, araiyiruthiyil noadoaga-oneesanaiyum, juulai 8,2018 andru iruthip poattiyil yuga saagasaagiyaiyum thoarkadiththu 2018 tokyo ilavarasi kooppaiyai ventraar. ulaga athisaya valaiya natchatthiram (2022-tharpoothu varai). yuu thanathu muthal ulaga athisaya valaiya natchatthirap poattiyai juun 2019 ill saarbu malyuththaththudan natchaththiraththin englaanthu suttruppayanaththin oru paguthiyaaga anumathippar eev angku avar udhaami hayashishidawal thoarkadikkappattaar. pinnar avar juun mattrum juulai, 2022 kku idaiyil pala vaarangkalukku natchaththiraththin thalaivar rossie oagaavaa mattrum siyaa kamitani mattrum starlite kitt poantra pira suuppar staarkalai oru aruvadai mugamoodi udaiyin keezh adikkadi thaakkuvathan moolam athikaarappoorvamaaga arimugamaanaar. vol.1 kaatchiyagaththil natchatthirap pattiyalil, avar ventra kamitani mattrum kuzhandhaikku ethiraana moontru vazhi petti poattiyil poaraadumpoathu thannai marmamaana poattiyaalaraaka velippaduththinaar. septumber 25,2022 andru vol.2 endra kaatchip pattiyalil natchatthirap pattam pettra yuu, oru qaan allaatha kadhaiyil paniyaattrinaar, angku avar, naanae takahashi mattrum yuna maanasae aagiyoar irandu mugamoodi aruvadaiyaalargalaaga inainthu, seuryaiyum, raaniyin thaedalin udhaami hayashishita mattrum laedi chii aagiyoarai thoarkadiththanar, avarkal rossie oagaavaavin "meikkaappu iraanuvam" endru azhaikkappattanar. oru paarvaikku panam seluththuvathu mudivukku vantha piragu, alba penn tape seiyappatta veediyoa moolam anuginaar, athil avar takahashi, yuu mattrum maanas aakiyoarudan neoo startum iraanuvap privai uruvaakkuvathai kindal seithaar. starr daam take leakin theivangalin 2022 pathippil, yuu naanae thagahaashiyudan "7app" endru inainthu, eff. doublue. chii (hasuki mattrum kokuma), maihimae (maika mattrum himega), puthiya sagaapthangkal (miraai mattrum amii souraei), pii. emm. aii 2000 (natchukoa thoaraa mattrum ruwaka), 02 varii (ausm mattrum miyu amaasaagi), covilt veenas (minaa shirakhawa/vaagaa sukiyama mattrum saakki), mattrum wing rr koorii (hanaan mattrum saayaa aida) aagiya anigalukku ethiraaga poattiyitta pinnar moththam pathinoru pulligalaip pettru "neela deivath thoguthiyai" ventru muzhu poattiyaiyum ventraar. iruthip poattiyil yuu mattrum takahashi aagiyoar udhaami hayashishita mattrum sayaa kaamithaaniyai thoarkadiththanar.

yuu (mallayodhudu) prastutam freelancerga panichestunna japanese professional ressler, japanese professional restling promotions sendoy gurles proo restling mariyu ddt proo rejlingtho aame padaveekaalaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. vruttiparamaina kusti vrutti. swatantra circuit (2015-prastutam). juun yuu aneka pramooshanla kosam japan velupala pootii paddadu. marchi 9naa westside extream restling prothsahinchina "doubleuxdablue 16 carrett goaled 2019" eeventlo, yuo toni starm mariyu vesnaalanu oodinchadaaniki killer kelleetho jatakattaadu. yuu united kingdamlo pootii paddadu, mariyu juulai 13,2019naa "eev daan off eah nyuu eraa" loe, aame avakaasam kosam oka tornamentlo kaase mariyu millie mckenzeeni edurkondi, semee-finalslo rendodaaniki padipoyindi. aame 2019 janavari 11naa "revro nyuu iyar resolution" loe viplava anukuula kusti kosam kooda panichesindi, akkada aame revro british mahilala championship kosam jooe lukasnu viphalamgaa savaalu chesindi. japaanlo vividha pramotionlalo aame gadipina samayaniki yuu prasiddhi chendindi. 2019 november 7naa jarigina "seedling shinn-kiba 19va raatri" anae kaaryakramamlo, aame ayame saasamuraato kalisi garishta voltage (miyuki tacase mariyu naana takahashi) nuu kolpoye prayatnamlo jatakattindi. aame "sendoy gurles raayal tagg tornament 2019" loe kanipinchindi, akkada aame modati roundloo maiko satomura mariyu sireelanu oodinchadaaniki jatakattindi, semifinalslo alex lii mariyu charley evans, conny december 11,2019 naa finalslo chisako mariyu hiroyo matsumotoni oodinchadaaniki viphalamaindi. yuz academy kosam kooda panichestundi, idhi "beast friend" sthiramaina bhaagamlo bhaagam. augustu 28,2020 nundi jarigina "oj academy plum hanasaku" anae kaaryakramamlo, aame paeludu raani chhampian ayina thoti sthiramaina sahacharulu ajaa kaang, kauri yoniyama mariyu hiroyo matsumototho jatakatti, mission mission (akino, kaho kobayashi, kakeru sekiguchi mariyu sonoco katoo) kuu vyatiraekamgaa suupar plasma deth tagg team matchlo thana titlenu kapadukovadamlo sahaayapadindi. ddt proo restling (2016-2019). yuu ddt proo rejlingtho aame padaveekaalaaniki prasiddhi chendindi mariyu promotion yokka santakam eeventlalo arudugaa kanipinchindi. united stateslo jarigina mottamodati ddt eevent ayina "ddt americaku vastondi" loe, aame ironman heavymetalwhite championship kosam aalasyamaina yuddha raayal loe eppudaina, ekkadainaa savaalu chese hakku kosam, kajuki hirata, saaki akay, kikataro, coult kabana, mizuki watas mariyu makoto oyishilatho kuudina oppandamlo paalgondi. aame ddt teerpu karyakramalalo anekasaarlu panicheesaaru. marchi 21naa, aame 13 mandhi mahilala yuddha raajakutumbamlo kooda paalgondi, indulo yuca sakajaki, ii shimizu, shoko nakazima mariyu itarulu kooda palgonnaru. marchi 20naa, aruguru mahilala tagg team matchlo reka saiki, rica tatsumi mariyu ajusa takigavalanu oodinchadaaniki yuu mill viduushakudu mariyu maakii ithotho jatakattaadu. aame ddt peater paan branch eeventlalo kooda pootii chesindi. augustu 28naa "rayogoku peater paan 2016" loe, aame hyper misao mariyu shoko nakajimato jatakatti akaane miraa, miyu yamashita mariyu yuca sakazaki chetilo odipoyindi. augustu 20naa "rayogoku peater paan 2017" loe, aame ironman heavymetalwhite championship kosam oka rumble rules myaachnu geluchukundi, indulo mizuki, aame sikshakudu cherry, yuna manes, mahoe kuron mariyu itarulu kooda palgonnaru. proo restling wave (2019-prastutam). yuyu catch dhi wave yokka 2019 editionloo proo restling vevlo thana modati kavaatulanu chesindi, akkada aame tananu taanu "power block" loe unchukundi mariyu yooki miazaki, reo mizunami mariyu miyuki taakaaselato pootiipadina taruvaata mottam rendu paayintlu saadhinchindi. aame pracharam kosam 2019 september 16 nundi "wave hacodate" kaaryakramamlo, akkada aame 14 mandhi vyaktulatoe kuudina yuddha raayal loe kooda paalgoni, hikaaru shida, arisa nakazima, yumi ohka mariyu itarulatoe sahaa, appudappudu kanipinchadam konasaaginchindi. tokyo joshi proo restling (2016-2018). yuu 2016 janavari 4naa "tijepidableu tokyo joshi proo '16" loe tokyo joshi proo restling kosam thana vruttiparamaina kusti arangetram chesindi, akkada aame nodoka-onisonpy vijayam saadhinchindi. juun 4,2017naa "tijepidableu shinjuku love rinn" loe aame miyu yamaasitanu oodinchi princess championship yuvaraanigaa thana modati titlenu geluchukundi. aame modati round matchlo reka saikeeni, rendava roundloo hyper misavoni, semifinalslo nodoka-oneesannu mariyu juulai 8,2018naa finalslo yuca sakajakini oodinchadam dwara 2018 tokyo princess kapnu geluchukundi. varald vandar ring stardom (2022-prastutam). proo rejlingtho stardom yokka UK paryatanalo bhaagamgaa juun juun yuu thana modati prapancha adbhuta ring stardamnu manjuru chesindi eev, akkada aame utami hayashishita chetilo odipoyindi. aaa tarvaata aame juun mariyu juulai, 2022 madhya vaaraala paatu starr dumm president rossie ogava mariyu itara suupar starlu sayaa kamitani mariyu starlite kid vanti vaaripai reaper mask dustulu dharinchi tarachugaa daadi cheyadam dwara thana adhikaarika arangetram chesindi. pradarsanalo starr dumm vadda vol.1, aame kaamitaani mariyu pillavadiki vyatiraekamgaa moodu-maargam petika matchlo poraadutunnappudu tananu taanu rahasyamaina potidaarugaa velladinchindi, adhi aame gelichindi. september 25,2022naa shokes vol.2 loe starr dumm vadda, yuu oka connon kaani kathaamsamlo panicheesaaru, akkada aame, naana takahashi mariyu yuna manase iddaru musugu kosevariga jatakatti, sirini oodinchaaru, mariyu queens quest yokka utami hayashishita mariyu laedii sii, rossie ogava yokka "angarakshakudi sainyam" gaa piluvabaddaru. pae-purr-view mugisina taruvaata, alfa fimail tape cheyabadina veediyo dwara cherukundi, dheenilo aame takahashi, yuyu mariyu maanasetho paatu neo stardom armi unit erpaatunu aatapattinchindi. starr dumm tagg leag yokka devatalu 2022 editionloo, yuu naana takaahaashitoo kalisi kalisi gaa jatakatti, eff doubleu sii (hazuki mariyu koguma), maihime (maika mariyu himeka), kotta yugaalu (miray mariyu ami suuraeyi), bmi 2000 (natsuko thoraa mariyu ruyaka), 02 line (azm mariyu miyu amasaki), couled veenus (mina shirakawa/vaaka sukiyama mariyu saaki), mariyu wing rr gori (hanan mariyu sayaa aida) jatlatho pootiipadina taruvaata mottam padakondu paayintlatho "blue devata block" nuu geluchukovadam dwara mottam tornamentnu geluchukunnadu. finalslo yuu, takahashi utami hayashishita, sayaa kaamitaanini oodinchaaru.

yuu (pahelwan) eek japani paishah warr pahelwan hay juu phee alhaal eek free lancer kay toor parr kaam kirr rahee hay aur japani paishah waranah kashti kii tashheer kay saath apnay door kay liye mashhur hay. seenayi garlaz pru resling aur ddee ddee tye pru resling. paishah waranah kashti carrier. aazaad circuit (2015-maujudah). 2019 mein aap nay behat see promotions kay liye japaan say baahir muqabilah kiyaa. dabliyo aiks dabliyo 16 carriot gold 2019" mein 9 maarch kuu vest side extrem resling kay zariye farogh diyaa gayaa eek avent yuu nay cler keeli kay saath mill kirr tony storm aur vesna kuu shakast dee. yuu nay bartaniah mein 13 jolayi 2019 kuu "eek nayey door kay moqaa parr" kay liye muqabilah kiyaa aur seemi final mein moakhar alzikar say peeche rahh kirr iss nay eek tornament mein kisay aur milly meek kenzi kaa saamna kiyaa. inhon nay 11 januri 2019 kuu "reupro nayey saal kii qarardad" mein inqilaab kay haami kashti kay liye bhee kaam kiyaa jehaan inhon nay reupro bartanvi khwatin kii champine ship kay liye zoo locus kuu nakaam challenge kiyaa. yuu japaan mein mukhtalif promotions mein apnay waqat kay liye jaanee jaati haine. seedling shunn kabb 19 wein raat" mein eek avent juu 7 nomber 2019 kuu hawaa iss nay ziyadah say ziyadah voltage (meuki takasay aur naana takahashi) say haarnay kii koshish mein aayem sasmora kay saath mill kirr kaam kiyaa. iss nay "seenayi garlaz raail teeg tornament 2019" mein sharkat kii jehaan iss nay pehley round mein mico satomura aur suuree seemi final mein aleks lee aur chaarli avens kuu shakast deenay kay liye mill kirr kaam kiyaa leakin 11 dasambar 2019 kuu final mein cheesko aur heroyo metsomoto kuu shakast deenay say qaasir rahee. yuu auz academy kay liye bhee kaam karti hay juu "best friend" stable kaa hasah hay. 28 agast 2020 say honay waalay eek avent "auz academy plum hanasako" mein iss nay saathi stable mets ajaa kaang kawari uniama aur heroyo metsomoto kay saath mill kirr kaam kiyaa juu blast koyeen champine thay aur mission kay 4 (akeeno kahoo kobiyashi kakiro sekigochi aur sonoko kaato) kay khalaaf spir plazma ddith teeg team meech mein apnay khataab kaa dafaa karnay mein iss kii madad kii. ddee ddee tye pru resling (2016-2019). yuu ddee tye pru resling kay saath apnay door kay liye jaanee jaati haine aur promotion kay dastakhti avents mein waqfe waqfe say numayan hoti haine. ddee ddee tye america aaa rehaa hay" mein juu kahh ddee ddee tye kaa america mein honay waala pehla avent thaa iss nay aairan meen hewi mettle weat champine ship kay liye kasee bhee waqat challenge karnay kay haqh kay liye takhir say honay waali jangi raail mein hasah liyaa kahein bhee muahidah bhee jiss mein kazoki hirata saaki akayee cacotaro coult kibana mezoki waats aur makuto aushi shaamil thay. inhon nay ddee ddee tye kay faislah saazi kay waaqiaat mein kayee baar kaam kiyaa. 21 maarch cow iss nay 13 khwatin kay jangi shaahi mein hasah liyaa jiss mein yuka sakazaki aayee samezo shoko nakajama aur deegar shaamil thay. 20 maarch cow yuu nay mill maskhara aur makee atwah kay saath mill kirr chh khwatin kay teeg team meech mein reeka sayiki reeka tatsami aur azusa takgawa kuu shakast dee. iss nay ddee ddee tye petter peen branch aaf avents mein bhee hasah liyaa. 28 agast kuu "reugoco petter peen 2016" mein iss nay hyper masao aur shoko nakajama kay saath mill kirr akaaney moraa miyo yamashita aur yuka sakazaki say haarnay kii koshish kii. 20 agast kuu "reugoco petter peen 2017" mein iss nay aairan meen hewi mettle weat champine ship kay liye eek rumble roles meech jeeta jiss mein mezoki iss kii trainer cheeri yuna maanees mahu crone aur deegar bhee shaamil thay. paishah waranah kashti kii lehar (2019-maujudah). yuu nay keach dee view kay 2019 edition mein pru resling view mein apnee pehli marchez kii jehaan inhon nay khood kuu "pawar block" mein rakhaa aur yuki miyazaki riyo mizonami aur meuki taksey kay khalaaf muqabilah karnay kay baad kill duu points haasil kiye. iss nay promotion kay liye waqfe waqfe say paish honaa jaari rakhaa jeesay kahh 16 satambar 2019 say "view hecodate" avent mein jehaan iss nay 14 afraad parr mushtamil jangi shaahi mein hasah liyaa jiss mein hikaro sheeda areesa nikjima yumi auhaka aur deegar bhee shaamil thay. tokiyo joshi pru resling (2016-2018). yuu nay 4 januri 2016 kuu "tye jay pee dabliyo tokiyo joshi pru '16" mein tokiyo joshi pru resling kay liye apnee paishah waranah kashti kaa aaghaz kiyaa jehaan inhon nay nodoka-wanasan parr fatah haasil kii. iss nay 4 joone 2017 kuu "tye jay pee dabliyo shanjoko low runn" mein apnaa pehla khataab jeetaa miyo yamashita kuu shakast day kirr prences champine ship kii shahzadi. iss nay pehley round kay meech mein reeka saaki dosray round mein hyper masao seemi final mein nodoka-wanasan aur 8 jolayi 2018 kuu final mein yuka sakazaki kuu shakast day kirr 2018 tokiyo prences cup jeeta. world wonder rung stardam (2022-maujudah). yuu joone 2019 mein pru resling kay saath stardam kay bartaniah kay doray kay hasay kay toor parr apnaa pehla world wonder rung stardam manzoor shadah meech karwayein gay: iss moqaa parr jehaan wah ataami haishita say shakast khaa gayee thee. baad mein wah joone aur jolayi 2022 kay darmiyan hafton takk stardam kay sadr rozsi augawa aur deegar spir starz jeesay seeya kamitani aur staar light cudd parr reeper maasik kay labaas kay tahat aksar hamlah karkay apnaa bazabtah aaghaz karti. shokees mein stardam mein mein iss nay kamitani aur bachay kay khalaaf teen tarfah tabut kay meech mein ladtay hoay khood kuu prasrar hareef kay toor parr zahir kiyaa jasay iss nay jeeta thaa. 25 satambar 2022 kuu shokees mein stardam parr yuu nay eek ghair cannon kahaani mein kaam kiyaa jehaan wah naana takahashi aur yuna maansey jinhon nay duu nqab posh katayi karnay waalon kay toor parr mill kirr saree kuu shakast dee aur queenz covest kii ataami haishita aur leady see jinhein rozsi augawa kii "muhafiz foj" kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. pay parr view khatam honay kay baad alfa femal taip shadah video kay zariye pahunchi jiss mein iss nay takahashi yuu aur maansey kay saath neo stardam aarmi yount kii tashkil kuu chheda. stardam teeg leeg kii dewi kay 2022 edition mein yuu nay naana takahashi kay saath "7up" kay toor parr mill kirr "blue dewi block" jeeth kirr poraa tornament jeeta aur aif dabliyo see (hazuki aur kogoma)yee maihimi (mayika aur hamika)yee nayey adwaar (mirayi aur amee suurii)yee bee ayem aayee 2000 (nitsco toraa aur rooka)yee 02 line (azm aur miyo amasaki)yee coweld wens (meena shirakawa/waaka scoyama aur saaki)yee aur wing <unk> gory (hunnon aur seeya aaida) kii teamon kay khalaaf muqabilah karnay kay baad kill gayarah points haasil kiye. yuu aur takahashi nay final mein ataami haishishta aur seeya kamitani kuu shakast dee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32085758

NEMA enclosure types

NEMA enclosure types Set of standard enclosures for enclosing electrical service apparatus The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) defines standards used in North America for various grades of electrical enclosures typically used in industrial applications. Each is rated to protect against personal access to hazardous parts, and additional type-dependent designated environmental conditions. A typical NEMA enclosure might be rated to provide protection against environmental hazards such as water, dust, oil or coolant or atmospheres containing corrosive agents such as acetylene or gasoline. A full list of NEMA enclosure types is available for download from the NEMA website. Enclosure types. Below is a list of NEMA enclosure types; these types are further defined in NEMA 250- Enclosures for Electrical Equipment. Each type specifies characteristics of an enclosure, but not, for example, a specific enclosure size. Note that higher numbers "do not" include the lower-numbered tests. For example, types 3, 4 and 6 are intended for outdoor use, but type 5 is not. A NEMA enclosure rating does not mean that it also meets the same UL enclosure rating. NFPA is National Fire Protection Association, and NEC is National Electrical Code (U.S.A.) References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nema encle 'jaaror prokarxomuh rastriyo boidyutik utpadonkari xongsthai (nema) uttor aamerikat xadharonote oudyugik proyugot byobohrito bibhinno shrenir boidyutik bestonir baabe byobohrito mandondoxomuh xongyayito kore. bipodjonok ongxoburot byoktigoto prowexadhikar, aaru otirikto prokaror uporot nirbhorxil nirdisto poriwexgot poristhitir poraa xurokhya diboloi protiture mulyayon koraa hoy. paanee, dhuli, tel baa kulent baa acetylene baa petro "lo" nor dore khyoykari upadan thoka bayumondolor dore poriwexor bipodor poraa xurokhya prodan koriboloi etaa xadharon nema encle "jor mulyayon koribo paari. nema websitor poraa download koriboloi nema encle "jaaror prokaror xompurno talika upolobdho. aabodho korar prokar. tolot nema encle 'jaaror prokaror ekhon talika diya hoise; ei prokarbur boidyutik xojulir baabe nema 250-encle' jaarot aaru odhik xongyayito koraa hoise. protitu prokare etaa berar boixistyo nirdisto kore, kintu udahoronsworupe, etaa nirdisto berar aakar nohoy. monn koribo je uscho xongkhyaburot "naai"-too nimno-xongkhyar porikhyabur ontorbhukto thaake. udahoronsworupe, 3,4 aaru 6 dhoronor bostubur baahiror byoboharor baabe nirdharito, kintu 5 dhoronor bostubur nohoy. nema encle 'jaar ratingor ortho eitu nohoy je ee eke ul encle' jaar ratingo puron kore. eno. ef. pi. e. hoise rastriyo ogni xurokhya xongstha, aaru eno. ee. chi. hoise rastriyo boidyutik code (eu.ess.e.)

nema gherer prokar national electrical manufacturers association (nema) uttor america sadharonoto shilp proyoge byabohrito bivinno grader boidyutik gherer jonno byabohrito manguli sangyayita korey. bipojjonok ongshogulite byaktigato probeshadhikar ebong atirikto prokar-nirbhar nirdishto poribeshgoto abosthar biruddhe surakkhar jonno protiti reeta koraa hoy. ekti sadharan nema gherke poribeshgoto bipod jemon joll, dhulo, teela baa coolant baa acetylene baa petroler moto kshayakari agentzukto bayumandal theke surakkha prodaner jonno reeta koraa jete paare. nema enclosure prokarer ekti sampurna talika nema website theke downloader jonno upolobdho. gherer prokar. niche nema gherer prokarer ekti talika deoa holl; eyi prokarguli arow sangyayita koraa hoyeche nema 250-boidyutik saranjamer jonno ghera. protiti prokar ekti gherer baisishtya nirdishto korey, tobey udahoronsorup, ekti nirdishto gherer akaar noy. lakkhya korun jey, uchchotoro sankhyay "dont"-err modhye nimno-sankhyajukto porikkhaguli antarbhukta thaake. udahoronsorup, prokar 3,4 ebong 6 bahirangan byaboharer jonno toiri koraa hoyeche, kintu prokar 5 noy. ekti nema enclosure retting err ortho eyi noy jey etty ekoi ull enclosure retting puron korey. enn. eff. pii. ayee holl jatiya agni surakkha sangostha ebong enn. ee. shee holl jatiya boidyutik code (eu.esha.ayee.)

nema gheraav key prakaar rashtriya vidyut nirmaata sangh (nema) uttari america mein vibhinn shreni key vidyut gheron key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale manakon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye joe aamtaur parr audyogik anuprayogon mein upayog kiye jaate hain. pratyek koo khatarnak bhaagon taka vyaktigat pahunch aur atirikt prakaar-nirbhar naamit paryavaraniya sthitiyon seey bachaane key liye mulyankan kiya jaataa haye. ack vishisht nema gheraav koo paryavaraniya khatron jaise paani, dhool, tail yaa sheetlak yaa acetylene yaa gasoline jaise sankshaarak agents vaale vayumandal seey suraksha pradaan karane key liye mulyankan kiya jaa sakata haye. nema website seey download karane key liye nema gheraav prakaron kii ack poori soochi upalabdh haye. gherabandi key prakaar. neeche nema gheraav prakaron kii ack soochi dee gaee haye; inn prakaron koo aage vidyut upkaran key liye nema 250-gheraav mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. pratyek prakaar ack pariveshak visheshtaon koo nirdisht kartaa haye, lekin udaaharan key liye, ack vishisht pariveshak aakar koo naheen. dhyaan dein kii uchch sankhya mein "naheen" mein cumm sankhya vaale pareekshan shamil hain. udaaharan key liye, prakaar 3,4 aur 6 baahari upayog key liye hain, lekin prakaar 5 naheen haye. nema enclosure rating kaa matlab yeh naheen haye kii yeh usee ull enclosure rating koo bhee puuraa kartaa haye. aine. aff. pee. aeye. rashtriya agni suraksha sangh haye, aur aine. ee. see. rashtriya vidyut code (yuu.aiss.aeye.)

nema aavaranada prakaaragalu national electrical manufacturers association (nema) uttara americadalli samanyavagi kaigarika anvayikegalalli balasuva vividha shreniya vidyut aavaranagalige balasuva manadandagalannu vyaakhyaanisuttade. pratiyondu apayakari bhagagalige vaiyaktika pravesha mattu hechchuvari prakara-avalambita gottupadisida parisara paristhitigalinda rakshisalu rait maadalaagide. neeru, dhulu, taila athawa sheetaka athawa acetylene athawa gasolinnantaha nashakari agentgalannu hondiruva vatavaranadantaha parisara apayagala viruddha raksane needalu ondu vishishtavaada nema aavaranavannu rait maadabahudu. nema aavaranada prakaaragala sampoorna pattiyu nema jaalataanadinda download maadalu labhyavide. aavaranada prakaaragalu. kelage nema aavaranada prakaaragala pattiyannu nidalaagide; ee prakaaragalannu vidyut upakaranagaligaagi nema 250-aavaranagalalli mattashtu vyaakhyaanisalaagide. pratiyondu vidhavu aavaranada gunalaksanagalannu nirdishtapadisuttade, aadare, udaaharanege, ondu nirdishta aavaranada gatravannu nirdishtapadisuvudilla. hecchina sankhyegalu "illa" kadime sankhyeya parikshegalannu olagondiruttave embudannu gamanisi. udaaharanege, prakaaragalu 3,4 mattu 6 horaangana balakegagi uddeshisalaagide, aadare prakara 5 alla. nema aavaranada rating endare adhu adhe ull aavaranada rating annu pooraisuttade endarthavalla. nfpa rashtriya agnishamaka samrakshana sanghavaagide, mattu enic rashtriya vidyut sanketavagide (yuu.ess.aa.)

nema enclosure tharangal naashanal electrical manufacturezhs association (nema) vadakke amerikkayil saadhaaranayaayi vyaavasaayika aaplikkeshanukalil upayogikkunna vividha gradukalude electrical enclosureukalkku upayogikkunna maanadandangal nirvachikkunnu. apakadakaramaaya bhaagangalilekkulla vyakthigatha praveshanathil ninnum adhika tharam-aashrithamaaya niyukta paaristhithika saahacharyangalil ninnum samrakshikkunnathinaayi oronnum rettucheyyunnu. vellam, podi, enna allengil koolant allengil asattileen allengil gasoline polulla naashakaarikalaaya ejantukal adangiya anthareeksham thudangiya paaristhithika apakadangalil ninnu samrakshanam nalkunnathinu oru saadhaarana nema enclosure rettucheyyaam. nema enclosure tharangalude oru poornna pattika nema websaittil ninnu daunlodu cheyyaan labhyamaan. enclosure tharangal. nema enclosure tharangalude oru pattika chuvadeyundu; electrical upakaranangalkkayulla nema 250-enclosureukalil eee tharangale kooduthal nirvachichittundu. oro tharavum oru enclosurinte savisheshathakal vyakthamaakkunnu, pakshe udaaharanathinu, oru prathyeka enclosure valuppamalla. uyarnna samkhyakalil kuranja nambarulla parisodhanakal ulppedunnilla ennathu shradhikkuka. udaaharanathinu, typeukal 3,4,6 enniva outtdoor upayogathinaayi uddeshichullathaanu, pakshe type 5 allah. oru nema enclosure rating ennathinartham athu athe ull enclosure rating paalikkunnu ennalla. enn. eph. pii. eiii. deseeya agni samrakshana association enn. iii. sii. deseeya electrical code (yuu.ezz.eiii.)

nema aavaran prakar national electrical manufacturers association (nema) uttar americet samanyatah audhyogik anuprayoganmadhye vaparlya jaanarya vidyut aavarananchya vividh shrenisathi vaparlya jaanarya manakanchi vyakhya karate. dhokadayak bhaganmadhye vaiyaktik pravesh aanee atirikt prakar-avalambun asalelya niyukt paryavaraniy paristhitinpasun sanrakshn karnyasathi pratyekache moolyankan kele jaate. paanee, dhool, teel kinwa shitalak kinwa acetylene kinwa petrol sarkhya sanksharak ghatak asalelya vatavaranasarkhya paryavaraniy dhokyanpasun sanrakshn pradan karnyasathi eka vishisht nema gheryache moolyankan kele jaau shakate. nemachya sanketsthalavarun download karnyasathi nemachya aavaranchya prakaranchi sampoorn yadee upalabdh aahe. aavaranche prakar. khalee nema gheryachya prakaranchi yadee aahe; yaa prakaranchi vyakhya vidyut upkaranansathi nema 250-gheryanmadhye pudhe kelee aahe. pratyek prakar aavaranchi vaishishtye nirdisht karato, parantu udaharanarth, vishisht aavar aakar nahee. lakshat ghya qee uchch sankhyanmadhye qamee sankhyechya chachanyancha samavesh hoto. udaharanarth, prakar 3,4 aanee 6 heey bahereel vaparasathi aahet, parantu prakar 5 heey nahee. nema enclosure rettingcha arth assa nahee qee teey dekhil tyach ool enclosure ratingchi purtata karate. aine. eff. pii. aii. hii rashtriy agni sanrakshn sanghatana aahe aanee aine. eae. see. hii rashtriy vidyut sanhita (yuu.ess.aaa.)

nema gheraka prakarharu rashtriya vidyutiya utpadak sangha (nema) ley uttari americama samanyataya audyogik anuprayogharuma prayog hune vibhinna gradeko vidyutiya gheraka lagi prayog garine mapdandharu paribhashit gardacha. pratyeklai khatarnak bhagharuma wyaktigat pahunch, rar atirikta prakar-nirbhar tokieko watawarniya awasthaharubata jogauna mulyankan garieko chha. ek wishishta nema gheralai pani, dhulo, tel wa shitlak wa acetylene wa petrol jasta kshayakari agentharu bhaeko watawaran jasta watawarniya khataraharu viruddha suraksha pradan garna mulyankan garna sakinchha. nema inclosure prakarharuko purna suchi nema websitebata downloadka lagi upalabdha chha. gheraka prakarharu. tall nema gheraka prakarharuko suchi chha; yee prakarharu nema 250-vidyutiya upkaranharuka lagi gheraharuma thap paribhashit garieko chha. pratyek prakarle euta gherako wisheshtaharu nirdishta gardacha, tara udaharanka lagi, ek wishishta gherako akar hoina. dhyan dinuhos kii uccha sankhyaharuma "nagarnuhos" ley cum sankhyama parikshanharu samawesh gardacha. udaharanka lagi, prakar 3,4 rar 6 bahiri prayogka lagi laxit chhan, tara prakar 5 hoina. nema enclosure retingko artha yo hoina kii yasale pani uhi ull enclosure rating pura gardacha. nfpa rashtriya agni suraksha sangha how, rar nec rashtriya vidyutiya code (yu.ess.ae.)

nema ghera prakara jatiah baidyutika utpadanakari sangha (nema) uttara aamerikare byabahruta manakaku bibhinna grader baidyutika ghera paain byakhya kare jaahaa sadharanatah shilpa prajogare byabahruta hue . bipajjanaka anshaku byaktigata prabesha ebong atirikta prakara-nirbharashila manoneet paribesha paristhiti thaaru surakhya paain pratyekaku mulyankana karajae . jala, dhuli, taila kimba shital padartha kimba acetylene kimba petrol bhali khyajakaree padartha dhaaran karuthiba bajumandala bhali paribesagata bipadaru surakhya pradan kariba paain eka sadharana nema gheraku mulyankana karajaipare. nema webasaitaru download kariba paain nema ghera prakaragudikara eka sampurna talika upalabdha. gherar prakara. nimnare nema ghera prakaragudikara eka talika diajaichhi; ehi prakaragudika nema 250-bidyuta upakarana paain gherare ahuri byakhya karajaichi. pratyeka prakara eka gherar baisistya nirdista kare, kintu udaharana swaroopa, eka nirdista ghera aakaar nuhen . dhyana diantu je adhika sankhyare "naahin" ray nimna-sankhyajukta parikhya antarbhukta . udaharana swaroopa, prakara 3,4 ebong 6 bahara byabahara paain uddista, kintu prakara 5 nuhen. eka nema ghera manyata artha nuhen je ehaa madhya samaana ull ghera manyata purana kare . enn. aif. pii. aii. heuchhi jatiah agni surakhya sangathana, ebong enn. ee. sii. heuchhi jatiah baidyutika code (jayu.ess.aii.)

nema gherabandi deeaan kisman national electrical manufacturers association (nema) uttri amrica witch aam taur utte udyogik applicationan witch varte jaanh vaale bijli dey ghere dey vakkh-vakkh grade laee varte jaanh vaale mapdandan noon paribhashit kardi haii. harek noon khatarnak hissiaan takk nijji pahunch atey vadhu kisam-nirbhar nirdharat vatavarnak sathitiaan toon bachaun laee darja ditta giaa haii. ikk aam nema ghere noon vatavaran dey khatriaan jiven kii paanee, dhood, tail jaan cooling jaan vatavaran jiss witch acetylene jaan gasoline varge khor vaale agent hunde hunn, toon surakhiaa pardan curran laee darja ditta jaa sakda haii. nema dee website toon download curran laee nema dey ghere deeaan kisman dee puurii suchi upalbadh haii. ghere deeaan kisman. hethan nema ghere deeaan kisman dee ikk suchi ditti gaee haii; inhan kisman noon bijli upkarnan laee nema 250-ghere witch horr paribhashit keeta giaa haii. harek kisam ikk ghere deeaan visheshtavan noon nirdharat kardi haii, parr udaharan vajon, ikk vishesh ghere daa aakaar naheen. nott crow kii ucch sankhiaavan witch ghatt-sankhiaa vaale test shamal naheen hunn. udaharan dey laee, kisman 3,4 atey 6 baahari varton laee hunn, parr kisam 5 naheen haii. ikk nema enclosure rating daa ih matlab naheen haii kii ih vee use ull enclosure rating noon poora kardi haii. ainn. eff. pee. aii. rashtari agg surakhiaa sangh haii, atey ainn. ee. see. rashtari bijli code (yuu.aiss.aii.)

nemaa-pariveshtanaprakaaraah rashtriya-vidyuta-utpaada-sanghah (nemaa) uttar-amerikaadeshe samanyataha audyogika-upayogeshu prayuktaanaam vividhashrenyaam vidyudvaahakaanaam krute prayuktaan maanakam vinirdishati. pratyekam khataranakabhaganam vyaktigatapraveshebhyah, atiriktaprakaar-ashrita-nirdishta-paryaawaran-avasthaasu cha rakshanarthm moolyaankitam asti. jalasya, dhulena, tailasya, sheetalakasy, athavaa acetylene athavaa gasoline ityadinam kshayakaarakaih yukttaih vaayumandalebhyah paryaawaran-apaayaih rakshanarthm vishishtam nemaa-pariveshtanam mulyankitam bhavet. nemaa-jalaputat daunload kartum nemaa-enclosure-prakaranam purnasuchim upalabhyte. pariveshtitaanaam prakaraha. adhah nemaa-pariveshtitaanaam prakaranam soochee asti; ete prakaraha vidyut-upakaranaam nemaa-250-pariveshtaneshu api vyaakhyaayitaah santi. pratyekam prakaarah aavaranasya lakshanani nirdishtam karoti, parantu naa, udaharanartham, vishishtah aavaranasya aakaarah. ucchasankhyaah "naa karotu" iti nyunasankhyakani pareekshanaani antarbhavanti iti smaryatam. yathaa, prakaraha 3,4,6 cha baahya-upayogartham prayujyante, parantu prakaarah 5 naa asti. nemaa-enclosure-retting ityasya arthah naa bhavati yat tatt api samaanam ull-enclosure-retting poorayati iti. enn. ef. pee. e. iti rashtriya-agni-samrakshana-sanghah asti, enn. ee. see. iti rashtriya-vidyutkod (yoo.ess.a.)

nema adaippu vagaikal thaesiya minn urpaththiyaalargal sangam (nema) vada americavil podhuvaaga thozhilthurai payanpaadugalil payanpaduththappadum palvaeru tharamaana minn adaippugalukkaana tharangalai varaiyarukkirathu. ovvondrum abaayagaramaana bhaagangkalukkaana thanipatta anugal mattrum koodudhal vagai saarntha niyamikkapatta suttruchchoozhal nilaimaigalilirunthu paathukaappatharkaaka mathippidappadugindrana. neer, thoosi, ennei allathu kuliroottigal allathu acetylene allathu petrol poantra arikkum mugavargalaik konda valimandalangkal poantra suttruchchoozhal abaayangalilirunthu paathukaappai vazhangka oru valakkamaana nema urai mathippidappadalaam. nema urai vagaikalin muzhu pattiyalum nema valaiththalaththilirunthu pathivirakkam seiya kidaikkirathu. adaippu vagaikal. nema urai vagaikalin pattiyal keezhae ullathu; inththa vagaikal nema 250-minn ubakaranangkalukkaana adaippugalil maelum varaiyarukkappattullana. ovvoru vagaiyum oru adaippin panbugalaik kurippidugiradhu, aanaal eduththukkaattaaga, oru kuripitta adaippu alavu alla. adhiga enngalil "illai" enbathu kuraindha ennikkaiyilaana soathanaigalai ulladakkiyathu enbathai ninaivil kolga. eduththukkaattaaga, vagaikal 3,4 mattrum 6 velippura payanpaattirkaaga vadivamaikkappattullana, aanaal vagai 5 alla. oru nema adaippu mathippeedu enbathu athae ull adaippu mathippeettai poorthi seikirathu endru arthamalla. enfa enbathu thaesiya theeyanaippu paathukaappu sangam, mattrum enici enbathu thaesiya minn kuriyeedu (yuu.ess.auuu.)

nema aavarana rakalu national electrical manufacturers association (nema) uttara americalo saadhaaranamgaa paarisraamika anuvartanaallo upayoginche vividha rakaala vidyut aavaranalaku upayoginche pramaanaalanu nirvachistundi. pramaadakaramaina bhagalaku vyaktigata praapyata mariyu adanapu rakam-aadhaarita niyaminchabadina paryaavarana paristhitula nundi rakshinchadaaniki prati okkati rate cheyabadindi. neeru, dummu, noone ledhaa sheetalakarani ledhaa acetylene ledhaa gasoline vanti tinivese agentlanu kaligi unna vaataavaranam vanti paryaavarana pramaadaala nundi rakshananu andinchadaaniki oka saadhaarana nema aavarananu rate cheyavachu. nema website nundi download chesukovadaniki nema aavarana rakaala puurti jabita andubaatulo undhi. aavarana rakalu. krinda nema aavarana rakaala jabita undhi; eee rakalu vidyut parikaraala kosam nema 250-aavaranalalo marinta nirvachinchabaddaayi. prati rakam oka aavarana yokka lakshanaalanu perkontundi, conny, udaaharanaku, oka nirdishta aavarana parimaanam kaadu. adhika sankhyalalo takkuva sankhyala pareekshalanu "cheyavaddu" anie gamaninchandi. udaaharanaku, 3,4 mariyu 6 rakalu bahiranga upayogam kosam uddesinchabaddaayi, conny 5va rakam kaadu. nema enclosure rating antey adhi kooda adhe ull enclosure ratingnu kalustundani ardham kaadu. nfpa anedi national fair protection association, mariyu enisi anedi national electrical code (yuu.ess.eah.)

neema kay gahiray kii aqsaam national electrical menofecturers aisosi aishan (neema) shamali america mein aam toor parr sanaati apply cashions mein istemaal honay waalay barqi bandiyon kay mukhtalif gradon kay liye istemaal honay waalay mayaraat kii wazahat karti hay. harr eek kuu khatarnaak hasoon takk zaati rasayi aur izaafi qasm parr munhasir namzad mahuliyati halaat say bachanay kay liye darjah bundi kii gayee hay. eek aam neema kay ahaatay kuu mahuliyati khatraat jeesay paanee dhol teel yaa colent yaa acetylen yaa patrol jeesay tabaah kunn agenton parr mushtamil maahul say tahfuz farahim karnay kay liye darjah bundi kii jaa sakti hay. neema kii waib saait say ddaun load kay liye neema kay ahaatay kii aqsaam kii makmal fehrist dastiyaab hay. gahiray kii aqsaam. zeel mein neema kay gahiray kii aqsaam kii fehrist hay vovo inn aqsaam kii mazeed wazahat neema 250-barqi aalat kay liye gahiray mein kii gayee hay. harr qasm eek gahiray kii khususiyat kii wazahat karti hay leakin misaal kay toor parr eek makhsus gahiray kaa size nahein. nott karein kahh ziyadah taadad mein "nahein" mein kumm taadad waalay test shaamil haine. misaal kay toor parr type 3yee 4 aur 6 beruni istemaal kay liye haine leakin type 5 nahein hay. neema anclosure reting kaa matlab yaha nahein hay kahh yaha bhee asee ill anclosure reting parr poraa utarta hay. aine aif pee aey national fayer protection aisosi aishan hay aur aine ayee see national electrical code (yuu.aiss.aey.)

0006b8f8cca46f1dbb6a67dc936de2292110184a6e4f8360a28c8a31e9570443

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1501010

Gordon G. Gallup

Gordon G. Gallup American psychologist Gordon G. Gallup Jr. (; born 1941) is an American psychologist in the University at Albany's psychology department, researching biopsychology. Early life and education. Gallup received his Ph.D. from Washington State University in 1968, after which he joined the faculty of the psychology department at Tulane University. Career. He is best known for developing the mirror test, also called the mirror self-recognition test, or MSR, in 1970, which gauges self-awareness of animals. In 1975, Gallup moved to the University at Albany. During his tenure at Tulane, Gallup also developed a research interest in tonic immobility, or "animal hypnosis," which he continued at the University at Albany. His later work on animal behavior focused on ethological approaches to the study of animal behavior under laboratory conditions, which he pursued with Susan Suarez in the 1980s. Since the 1990s, Gallup has researched human evolutionary psychology exclusively. Gallup's article entitled "Does Semen Have Antidepressant Properties?" attracted the attention of the media when it was published in 2002. Gallup commented, "I want to make it clear that we are not advocating that people abstain from using condoms. Clearly, an unwanted pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease would more than offset any advantageous psychological effects of semen." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

go 'rdon ji. galaf korok go 'rdon ji. gallup je. aar. (; jonmo 1941) egoraki aamerikan monubigyani, ji biswobidyaloyor albanir monubigyan bibhagor jibo-protikarbigyanor uporot gowexona kori aase. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. galupe teur pieis laabh korisil.di. 1968 sonot waswington rajyik biswobidyaloyor poraa, jaar pisot teu toolen biswobidyaloyor monubigyan bibhagor onuxodot jugdan korisil. keriyar. 1970 sonot teu aaina aatmo-swikriti porikhya baa em. ess. aar. buliu kuwa aaina porikhyatu bikoxito korar baabe ataitkoi besi porisito, ji jibo-jontur aatmo-xojagotar maap kore. 1975 sonot gyalupe albani biswobidyaloyoloi sthanantorito hoisil. toolenot thokar xomoyot, gelape tonik ocholota baa "animal hypnosis" ror uporot gowexonar aagrohou gorhi tulisil, jitu teu elbanir biswobidyaloyot obyahot rakhisil. poxur aasoronor uporot teur poroborti kamtuwe porikhyagaror poristhitit poxur aasoronor odhyoyonor baabe noitik dristibhongir uporot gurutwo aarup korisil, jitu teu 1980-ror doxokot susan suyarejor xoite onuxoron korisil. 1990-ror doxokor poraa, gelape manob bibortoniyo monubigyanor uporot bixexbhabe gowexona korise. birjyot oboxad-protirudhi guno aase neki?" xirxok galapor probondhotuwe koy."2002 sonot prokaxito huwar xomoyot xongbad madhyomor dristi aakorxon korisil. galupe montobyo korisil," moi eitu sposto koribo bisaru je aami manuhok kondom byoboharor poraa birot thokar poramorxo diya naai. spostobhabe, etaa obansito gorbhodharon baa jouno xongkromito rug birjyor jikunu labhjonok manoxik probhawok puron koratkoi odhik hoh "bob."

gordon zii. galap gordon zii. gallup junior. (; jonmo 1941) ekjon markin manobigyani jini bishwobidyaloyer albanyr manobigyan bibhager biopsicology niye gobeshona korchen. prathomik jeebon ebong shikkha. gallup taar paech peyeche.dii. 1968 saale washington steta university theke tini tulane bishwobidyaloyer manobigyan bibhager onushode jog deena. karmajiban. tini 1970 saale ayna atmo-swikriti porikkha baa msr naame porichito ayna porikkha bikasher jonno sabcheye beshi porichito, jaa pranider atmo-sachetanata porimap korey. 1975 saale gallup albany bishwobidyaloye sthanantorito hoy. tulane taanr karjokaler somoy, gallup tonnic sthobirota baa "prani sommohon"-err proti ekti gobeshonar agrahao gadey tulechilo, jaa tini albany bishwobidyaloye chaliye zaan. prani achoroner upor taanr poroborti kaajti porikkhagarer abosthar adhine prani achoroner adhyayaner jonno noitik poddhotir upor drishti niboddho korey, jaa tini 1980-err doshke sujan suarezer saathe anusaran korechilen. 1990-err doshok theke gallup manob bibortoniyo manobigyan niye ekchetiabhabe gobeshona koreche. galluper nibondhoti "birjer kii bishannata-birodhi baisishtya royeche?"2002 saale jokhon etty prokashito hoyechilo tokhon ganomadhyomer drishti akarshan korechilo. gallup montobbo korechilo," aami etaa sposhto korey ditey chaai jey amra lokera condom byabohar theke biroto thucker pokkhe kotha bolchi naa. sposhtotoi, ekti abanchito gorbhabostha baa jounobahito roga birjer konao subidhajonok monostattik probhabke protihoto korar cheye beshi kichhu korbe."

gorden jee. gaalap gorden jee. gallup juniyar. (; janm 1941) albanyna manovigyaan vibhagma universityma aek american manovaigyanik chhe, jeey biopsicology parr sanshodhan karey chhe. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. gallupne teno piaech malyo.dii. malyo.dii washington state universitymathi, tyarbad teo tulaane universityma manovigyaan vibhagna facultyma jodaya. karkirdi. teo teo mirror selpha-recognition test athavaa aema. aesa. aar. tareeke odakhaati mirror test vikasavva maate jaanita chhe, jeey pranioni swa-jagrutinu maapan karey chhe. chhe, gallup aalbnee khaate universityma khasedvama aavee. tulaane khaatena temnaa kaarykaad darmiyan, galpay pann tonic sthirtaa athavaa "animal sammohan" maan sanshodhan rus vikasaavyo, jeey temane aalbnee khaate universityma chaalu raakhyo. praniona vartan parr temnu pachhinu kaary prayogshalani paristhitiomaa praniona vartannaa abhyaas maate naiteek abhigamo parr kendrit hatoo, jene temane temane daykama susanne suarez saathe anusaryu hatoo. hatoo daaykaathi, galpay manav utkranti manovigyaan parr vishesh sanshodhan karyoo chhe. shun viryamaa antidepressant gunadharmo chhe? "sheershak dharaavto gallupnaa lekhamaa lakhvaamaa aavyo chhe."jyaare teey teey prakashit thayu tyaare midiyaanu dhyaan khenchyu. galpay tippani curry," huun teey spasht karvaa mangu chhu keey amey aevee himayat curry rahyaa nathee keey loko condomno upyog karvaathi door rahe. spashtpane, anichchhaniy garbhaavastha athavaa sexually transmitted rooga veeryani koipan faydakarak manovaigyanik asarone sarbhar karataa vadhu hashe."

gorden jee. gallup gorden jee. gallup junier. (; janm 1941) albany key manovigyaan vibhaag mein vishvavidyalaya mein ack americi manovaigyaanik hain, joe biopsicology parr shodh curr rahey hain. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. gallup koo uska ph praapt huaa.dee. 1968 mein washington raajya vishvavidyalaya seey, jisake baad way tulaane vishvavidyalaya mein manovigyaan vibhaag key sankaay mein shamil hoe gaye. carrier. way darpan pareekshan vikasit karane key liye jaane jaate hain, jise 1970 mein darpan aatm-pehchaan pareekshan yaa msr bhee kahaa jaataa haye, joe jaanvaron key baare mein aatm-jagrukta kaa aaklan kartaa haye. 1975 mein, gallup albany mein vishvavidyalaya mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. tullen mein apane karyakal key dauran, gallup ney tonic sthirata, yaa "pashu sammohan" mein ack shodh ruchi bhee vikasit kii, jise unhone albany mein vishvavidyalaya mein jaari rakhaa. pashu vyavhaar parr unakaa baad kaa kaam prayogshala sthitiyon key tahat pashu vyavhaar key adhyayan key liye naitik drishtikon parr kendrit thaa, jise unhone 1980 key dashak mein susan suarez key saath kiya. 1990 key dashak seey, gallup ney vishesh roop seey maanav vikaasvaadi manovigyaan parr shodh kiya haye. gallup kaa lekh jiska sheershak haye "kyaa veerya mein avasaadarodhi guna hotey hain?"2002 mein prakaashit honey parr media kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. gallup ney tippani kii," main yeh spasht karna chaahata huun kii humm iss baat kii vakaalat naheen curr rahey hain kii loga kandom kaa upayog karane seey door rahein. spasht roop seey, ack avaanchhit garbhavastha yaa yaun sanchaarit roga veerya key kissy bhee laabhkaari manovaigyaanik prabhaav kii bharpai karane seey adhik hoga."

garden zii. gallup garden zii. gallup zhe. aarr. (janana 1941) albanian manovignaana vibhagadalli vishvavidyaalayada american manashshaastragnaraagiddu, biopsicologiannu samshoodhisuttiddaare. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. gallup tanna ph annu sweekarisitu.dii. sweekarisitu.dii washington state universityalli vyasanga maadida nantara, aata tulane vishvavidyaanilayada manovignaana vibhagada bodhakavargakke seridaru. vrattijeevana. vrattijeevana, kannadi swayam-gurutisuvike parikshe athawa msr endoo kareyalaaguva kannadi pariksheyannu abhivraddhipadisalu aata hesaruvasiyagiddare, idu pranigala swayam-arivannu aleyuttade. aleyuttade, gallup albani vishvavidyaanilayakke sthalaantaragonditu. tulaannalli avara adhikaaraavadhiyalli, gallup avaru tonnic chalanasheelate athawa "prani sammohana" dalli samshodhanaa aasaktiyannu belesikondaru, idannu avaru albani vishvavidyaalayadalli munduvaresidaru. pranigala nadavalikeya kuritaada avara nantarada kelasavu prayogaalayada paristhitigalalli pranigala nadavalikeya adyayanakke naitika vidhaanagala mele kendrikariside, idannu avaru 1980 rahra dasakadalli susanne suyarez avarondige anusarisidaru. 1990rahra dasakadinda, gallup manava vikasaneeya manovignaanavannu pratyekavagi samshoodhiside. veeryavu khinnate-shamanakari gunagalannu hondideye?" emba shirshikeya gallupna gallupna prakatavadaga madhyamagala gamanavannu seleyitu. gallup heege pratikriyisidaru," janaru kandomgalannu balasuvudannu tappisabekendu naavu pratipaadisuttilla endu naanu spashtapadisalu bayasuttene. spashtavagi, anagatya garbhadharane athawa laingikavaagi haraduva rogavu veeryada yaavude prayojanakaari manasika parinaamagalannu saridoogisuvudakkinta hecchu."

gorden jii. gallup gorden jii. gallup juuniyar. (jananam 1941) biopsycology gaveshanam nadathunna albaniyude saikkolaji vibhaagathile sarvakalaashaalayile oru american psychologistaanu. aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum. gaalappin piechu labhichu.dii. 1968ll washington stettu yooniversittiyil ninnu tulane yooniversittiyile saikkolaji vibhaagathil chernnu. currier. 1970 ll mrugangalekkurichulla svayam avabodham alakkunna mirror selph-recognission testt allengil emm. ezz. aarr ennum vilikkappedunna mirror testt vikasippicheduthathina addeham kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. 1975ll gallup albaniyile sarvakalaashaalayilekk maari. thulaaneyile thante bharanakaalathu, gallup tonic immobility allengil "animal hypnosis" ennathil oru gaveshana thaalpparyavum valarthiyeduthu, athu addeham albaniyile sarvakalashaalayil thudarnnu. mrugangalude perumaattathekkurichu addehathinte pilkkala pravartthanangal laborattari saahacharyangalil mrugangalude perumaattathekkurichu padanatthinulla dhaarmika sameepanagalil shradha kendreekarichu, athu addeham 1980 kalil susanne suvaarasinoppam pinthudarnnu. 1990kall muthal gallup manushya parinaama manashaasthrathekkurichu maathramaayi gaveshanam nadathiyittundu. beejathinu aantidiprasant gunangalundo?" enna thalakkettilulla gaalappinte lekhanam"2002ll prasidheekarichappol maadhyamangalude shradha aakarshichu. gallup abhiprayappettu," aalukal garbhanirodhana urakal upayogikkunnathu ozhivaakkanamenn njangal vaadikkunnillennu vyakthamakkaan njaan aagrahikkunnu. vyakthamayum, anaavasyamaaya garbhadhaaranamo laingikamaayi pakaruna rogamo beejathinte eathenkilum gunakaramaya maanasika prathyaaghaathangale nikathunnathinekkaal kooduthalaanu."

gorden jee. gallup gorden jee. gallup junier. (; janm 1941) heey albanichya manasshastra vibhagatil vidyapithatil eka american manasshastradnya aahet, jeey jaivchikitsashastravar sanshodhan karat aahet. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. gallupla tyacha ph.dii. 1968 madhye washington steet universitymadhun shikshan ghetalyanantar teey tulane universitychya manasshastra vibhagachya pradhyapkanmadhye ruju jhaale. karkird. 1970 madhye aarsa swayam-olakh chachani kinwa emm. ess. aar. mhanoon olakhali jaanari aarsa chachani vikasit karnyasathi teey prasiddha aahet, jee pranyambaddal aatm-jagrukteche mojmap karate. 1975 madhye gallup albany yetheel vidyapithat gele. tulen yetheel tyanchya karyakalat, gallupne tonnic immobility kinwa "animal sammohan" madhye sanshodhanat rus dekhil vikasit keela, joou tyanni albany yetheel vidyapithat suru thewala. pranyanchya vartanavar tyanni nantar kelelya karyat prayogshaletil paristhitinusar pranyanchya vartanachya abhyasasathi naitik drushtikonanvar laksh kendrit kele, jyacha tyanni 1980 chya dashakat susanne suarez yanchyasobat pathpurava keela. 1990 chya dashakapasun, gallupne keval manvi utkrantivadi manasshastrache sanshodhan kele aahe. viryamadhye avasadarodhi gunadharm aahet qaa?' yaa shirshakacha gallupcha lekh aahe."2002 madhye prakashit jhalyavar prasarmadhyamanche laksh vedhoon ghetale. gallupne tippani kelee," mallah heey spasht karayache aahe qee lock kandom vaparnyapasun door rahave asey aamhi mhanat nahee. spashtapane, avanchhit garbhadharana kinwa laingikaritya sankramit rog heey viryamule viryamule konatyahi fayadeshir mansik parinamanchi bharpai karnyapeksha adhik changle tharel."

gorden zee. gallup gorden zee. gallup junier. (; janma 1941) albanyko manovigyan vibhagma vishwavidyalayama ek americi manovaigyanik hun, jasle biopsycologyko anusandhan gariraheka chhan. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. galluplay afno ph prapta gare.dee. sann 1968 maa wassington state universitybata, tyasapachhi uni toolen universityko manovigyan vibhagko sankayama samel bhae. currier. uni darpan parikshan vikas garnaka lagi parichit chhan, jaslai 1970 maa darpan atma-pahichan parikshan, wa msr pani bhaninchha, jasle janawarharuko atma-chetana mapan gardacha. sann 1975 maa gallup albanyko vishwavidyalayama sare. toolenma afno karyakalko samayama, galluplay tonic sthirata, wa "pashu sammohan" maa anusandhan ruchi pani vikas gyoa, june unle albanyko vishwavidyalayama jaari rakhe. pashu wyawaharma unko pachhillo kaam prayogshala awasthaharuma pashu wyawaharko adhyayan garna naitik drishtikonharuma kendrit thiyo, jaslai unle sann 1980 ko dashakma sujan suarejsanga pachhyae. sann 1990 ko dashakdekhi galluplay manav vikaswadi manovigyanma vishesh anusandhan gareko chha. gallupko lekh "key viryama antidepressant gunharu chhan?" shirshakma chha."sann 2002 maa prakashit hunda mediako dhyan akarshit bhayo. galluplay tippani gare," mahm yo spashta parne chahanchhu kii hammy manisharule kandam prayog garnabata tadha rahan wakalat gariraheka chhainaun. spashta rupma, ek anawashyak garbhawastha wa yauna sancharit rogle viryako kunai pani faidajanak manovaigyanik prabhawharulai pratipurta garna bhanda badhi hunchha."

gerden jii. gallup karantu gerden jii. gallup juniara. (; janma 1941) jane americae manobigyanee jieki albani biswabidyalajara manobigyana bibhagare jeebabigyana upare gabeshana karuchanti. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. gallup tankara ph.dii. 1968 masihare washington rajya biswabidyalajaru shay tulan biswabidyalajara manobigyana bibhagara sikhyaka bhabe joga deithile. kyariyara. shay darpana parikhyana bikashita kariba paain janashuna, jaahaaku 1970 ray darpana aatma-swekruti parikhya kimba msr madhya kuhajae, jaahaa praneenka aatma-sachetanataku akalana kare . 1975 masihare, gallup albani biswabidyalajaku sthanantarita hoithile. toolen thaare taanka karjyakala samajare, gallup tonic sthajitwa, kimba "pashu sammohan" upare eka gabeshana agraha madhya bikashita karithile, jaahaa shay albani biswabidyalajare jaari rakhithile. pashu acharan upare tankara parabarti karjya parikhyagara paristhitire prani acharanara adhyajana paain naitika abhimukhya upare dhyana kendrit karithila, jaahaaku shay 1980 dashakare susanne suaarejnka saha anusarana karithile. 1990 dashakaru, gallup manab bibartana manobigyana upare bisesh bhabe gabeshana kariasichhi. galapnka prabandha shirshaka "birjyara abasadarodhi guna achhi kii?"2002 masihare prakashita heba parey ehaa ganamadhyamara drusti akarshana karithila. gallup mantabya deithile," mun ehaa spust karibaku chaahen je aame lock condome byabahararu doorei rahiba paain paramarsha deu naahun. spastatah, eka abanchhita garbhadharana kimba jouna sancharita roga birjyara kaunasi labhadajaka manastatwika prabhabaku pratihata kariba thaaru adhika."

gorden jee. gall-baat gorden jee. gallup junier (; janam 1941) albani dey manovigiaan vibhag witch university witch ikk amriki manovigiaani haii, joe biopsychology dee khoj qarr riha haii. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. gallup neey aapna ph. prapat keeta.dee. 1968 witch washington state university toon, jiss toon baad uh tulen university witch manovigiaan vibhag dey faculty witch shamal hoow gaye. carrier. uh 1970 witch mirror sway-pachanh test, jaan aimm. aiss. aar., noon vikast curran laee sabh toon vaddh janhiaa jaanda haii, joe janwaran dee sway-jagrukta daa andaza lagaunda haii. sann 1975 witch, gallup albani vikhe university witch chalee gaee. tulen vikhe aapne karajkal dauran, gallup neey tonic sathirta, jaan "animal sammohan" witch khoj dee dilchaspi vee viksit keeti, jiss noon usne elbani vikhe university witch jaari rakkhiaa. janwaran dey vivhaar utte uhanan daa baad daa kamm prayogshala deeaan sathitiaan witch janwaran dey vivhaar dey adhiaen laee naitik pahunchan utte kendrit see, jiss noon uhanan neey 1980 dey dahake witch susan suarez naal apnaiaa see. 1990 dey dahake toon, gallup neey vishesh taur utte manukkhi vikasvadi manovigiaan dee khoj keeti haii. gallup daa lekh sirlekh "qee veeraj witch antidepressant gunn hunde hunn?"jadon ih 2002 witch prakashit hoiaa see taan media daa dhiaan khichiaa giaa see. gallup neey tippni keeti," main ih spasht karna chahunda haan kii aseen iss gall dee vakalat naheen qarr rahey haan kii lock kandom dee varton toon parhez curran. spasht taur utte, ikk anchahe garabh avastha jaan jinsi sancharit bimari veeraj dey kise vee labhkari mnovigiaanak prabhavan noon door curran toon vaddh hovegi."

gorden jee. gallup gorden jee. gallup-jey. aar. (; 1941 tame varshe janma) albany-vishvavidyaalayasya manovijnaana-vibhaagasya amerikiya-manovaidnyaanikah asti, yah jeeva-prushta-vidnyaanasya vishaye shodham karoti. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. gallup ityayam swasya pi. ech. praptavan.dee. 1968 tame varshe washington-raajyavishvavidyaalayaat, tatah param saha toolen-vishvavidyaalaye manovidnyaanavibhaagasya adhyaapake sammilitah. vruttihi. 1970 tame varshe, saha darpana-parikshanasya vikaasaartham prasidhah asti, yat darpana-swa-manyata-parikshanam athavaa emm. ess. aar. iti api kathyate, yat pashunam aatma-avajnaam maapayati. 1975 tame varshe gallup albany-vishvavidyaalayam prati gatavaan. tulen-nagare swasya karyakale, gallup-varyaha taanik-sthairyam athavaa "pashu-sammohanam" ityasmin api shodha-ruchim vikasitavaan, yat saha albany-vishvavidyaalaye nirantayat. pashunam vyavahaarasya vishaye tasya pashchat kaaryam prayogashalayaha sthitau pashunam vyavahaarasya adhyayanartham naitika-drushtikonasya vishaye kendritam aasit, yat saha 1980 tame dashake susanne suarez ityanena saha anuvartayat. 1990 tamaat dashakaat aarabhy, gallup-samsthaa maanav-vikaasaatmak-manovidnyaanasya vishaye visheshatayaa samshodhanam krutavatee. gallup ityasya "veeryasya avasaadarodhee-gunah asti vaa?" iti sheershake lekhah asti."2002 tame varshe yadaa etat prakaashitam tadaa madhyamanam avadhaanam aakrushtam. gaalap ityanena tippaneeh krutah," vayam janaah kandom ityasya upayogam naa tyajanti iti naa pratipadayamaha iti spashteekarayitum icchaami. spashtatayaa, avaamchhita-garbhadharanam vaa yauna-sanchaarit-rogah vaa veeryasya kasyaapi laabhaprad-manovaidnyaanik-prabhaavasya pratikaranaa adhikam bhavati."

carden jii. kudhoogalam carden jii. kaelap juuniyar. (pirappu 1941) albanyin ulaviyal thuraiyil ulla palkalaikkazhagaththil oru america ulaviyalaar aavaar, uyiriyal aaiviyal aaraaychchiyil eedupattullaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. kaelap thanathu Ph aip pettrathu.dii. 1968 aam aandil washington maanila palkalaikkazhagaththil irunthu, adhan piragu avar tulen palkalaikkazhagaththil ulaviyal thuraiyin peedaththil saernthaar. thozhil. 1970 aam aandil kannadi suya-angkeekaara soathanai allathu emsr endrum azhaikkappadum kannadi soathanaiyai uruvaakkuvathil avar migavum pirabalamaanavar, idhu vilangkugalaip pattriya suya vizhippunarvai alavidugirathu. 1975 aam aandil, kaelap albanyil ulla palkalaikkazhagaththirku kudipeyarnthaar. thulaanil thanathu pathavikkaalaththil, kaalap danic asaivu allathu "vilangku hypnosis" ill oru aaraaichi aarvaththaiyum valarththuk kondaar, idhu avar albani palkalaikkazhagaththil thodarnthathu. vilangkugalin nadaththai kuriththa avarathu pirkaalap panii, aaivaga nilaimaigalin keezh vilangkugalin nadaththai pattriya aaivukkaana nerimurai anugumuraigalil kavanam seluththiyathu, idhai avar 1980 kazhil susann suraesudan thodarnthaar. 1990 kazhil irunthu, manitha parinaama ulaviyalai mattumae kaelap aaraaichi seithullathu. vinthanukkalil manachoarvu ethirppu panbugal ullanavaa?" endra thalaippil kaelap ezhuthiya katturai katturai adhu veliyidappattapoathu uudakangkalin kavanaththai eerththathu. kaelap karutthu therivikkaiyil," "makkal aanuraigalaip payanpaduththuvathaith thavirkka vaendum endru naangkal vaathidavillai enbathai naan thelivupaduththa virumbukiraen". oru thevaiyattra karppam allathu paaliyal reethiyaaga paravum noai vinthin endhavoru nanmai payakkum ulaviyal vilaivugalaiyum eeduseivathai vida athigamaaga irukkum enbathu thelivaagirathu."

G. gallup G. gallup zhe. aarr. (jananam 1941) albany yokka manastatvasastra vibhaagamlo vishwavidhyaalayamlo oka american manastatvavetta, biopsicologypy parisoedhana chestunnaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. gallup thana Ph andukundi.dii. 1968loe washington state university nundi, aaa taruvaata athanu tulaane vishwavidhyaalayamlo manastatvasastra vibhaagamlo adhyapakuluga cheraadu. vrutti. 1970loe addam sweeya-gurtimpu pareeksha ledhaa msr anie kooda piluvabade addam pareekshanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki ayana baga prasiddi chendaaru, idhi jantuvula sweeya-avagahananu anchanaa vestundi. 1975loe gallup albanyloni vishwavidhyaalayaaniki maarindi. tulaanelo thana padaveekaalamlo, gallup kooda tannic immobility ledhaa "animal hypnosis" paie parisoedhana aasaktini penchukunnadu, dheenini athanu albani vishwavidhyaalayamlo konasaginchadu. prayogasaala paristhitulalo janthu pravartana adhyayanaaniki naitika vidhanalapai drushti saarinchina janthu pravartanapai ayana taruvaata chesina pani, 1980laloe susanne suvaarejto kalisi anusarinchaaru. 1990la nundi, gallup maanava parinaamaatmaka manastatvasaastraanni pratyaekamgaa parisoedhimchimdi. veeryam antidepressant lakshanaalanu kaligi undaa?" anae sheershikato gallup vyaasam undhi."2002loe prachurinchabadinappudu media drushtini aakarshinchindi. gallup vyaakhyaanistuu," prajalu kandomlanu upayoginchakundaa undaalani memu vaadinchadam ledani neenu spashtam cheyalanukuntunnanu. spashtamgaa, avaanchita garbham ledhaa laingikamgaa sankraminche vyaadhi veeryam yokka edainaa prayojanakaramaina manasika prabhavalanu bharti cheyadam kante ekkuva."

gorden jee. galaap gorden jee. gallup juniyar. (vovo 1941 mein paida hoay) albani kay shobah nafsiyaat mein university mein eek americi maahir nafsiyaat haine juu biopseculogy parr tehqeeq kirr rahay haine. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. gallup kuu iss kaa pee aich milaa.ddee. 1968 mein washington steat university say jiss kay baad inhon nay tolan university mein shobah nafsiyaat kay faculty mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. carrier. wah aayiney kay test kuu tayaar karnay kay liye mashhur haine jasay 1970 mein aayiney kaa khood shanakhat test yaa ayem aiss aar bhee kahaa jaataa hay juu janwaron kay baaray mein khood aagahi kaa andazah lagaata hay. 1975 mein gallup albani kii university mein muntaqil how gayee. toleen mein apnay door mein gallup nay taank bay tahashah yaa "anaemal hypnosis" mein tehqiqi dilchaspi bhee paida kii jasay inhon nay albani kii university mein jaari rakhaa. janwaron kay royay parr inn kay baad kay kaam mein libartry kay halaat mein janwaron kay royay kay mutalah kay liye akhlaqi tareeqon parr taujah markoz kii gayee jiss kaa inhon nay 1980 kii dahayi mein sosaan sawariz kay saath taaqib kiyaa. 1990 kii dahayi say gallup nay khususi toor parr insani irtaqayi nafsiyaat parr tehqeeq kii hay. gallup kaa mazmun jiss kaa anwaan hay "kiyaa manee mein ainti depressant khususiyat haine?"jabb yaha 2002 mein shaye hawaa tuu mediya kii taujah apnee taraf mabzool karayee. gallup nay tabsarah kiyaa" mein yaha waazah karnaa chahta hoan kahh humm iss baath kii wakalat nahein kirr rahay haine kahh loag kandom kay istemaal say parheez karein. waazah toor parr eek naapsandidah hamal yaa jansi toor parr muntaqil honay waali bemari manee kay kasee bhee fayedah mund nafsiyati asraat kuu khatam karnay say ziyadah hogi."

0006bce7303515fe591e75d7045c0955fec9864237af016e72f3701b57ca26ac

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=109050

ERP Internals/Modules/Bank Reconciliation/Functions/Maintain Module Information

ERP Internals/Modules/Bank Reconciliation/Functions/Maintain Module Information Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.

ee. aar. pi. internal/modiul/benk reconcillation/fangson/mentain modiul tothyo kisuman mapkathi aaru tothyo talika protitu modiulor dwara byobohar koraa hoy. eibur pronali proxaxonor dwara rokhyonabekhyon koraa hoy. kintu, protitu modiulor kisuman mapkathi aaru/baa tothyo talika aase jibur ee kewol byobohar kore. pronali proxaxone ei tothyo xoloni koribo paare kintu protitu modiulor etaa karjyo "modiul tothyo bojai rakhibo" ji iyak xoloni koribo paare. iyar folot byowostha proxaxonor ongxobur etaa nirdisto modiulor dayitwoxil jyestho byoktik prodan koraa hoy.

ee. arr. pii internal/modiul/bank punarmilan/fungsion/rakkhanabekkhan modiul tothyo kichhu paramiti ebong detta tabil protiti modiul dwara byabohrito hoy. eguli system proshashon dwara rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoy. kintu, protiti modiuler kichhu paramiti ebong/athoba detta tabil royeche jaa etty ekaa byabohar korey. system proshashon eyi tothyo poriborton korte paare tobey protiti modiuler ekti fungsion royeche "modiul tothyo bojay rakha" jaa etikeo poriborton korte paare. etty system proshashoner bibhaggulike ekti nirdishto modiuler dayitte thaka probin byaktike hastantar korar anumati deyo.

erp aantarik/modulo/benk samadhan/kaaryo/moduleni maahitee jalava maate ketlaak parimaano aneey detaa koshtakono upyog darek module dwara karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa system vaheevat dwara jalavama aave chhe. parantu, darek modulema ketlaak parimaano aneey/athavaa detaa koshtako hoya chhe jeno teey ekalaa upyog karey chhe. system vaheevat aaa maahiteene badalee shake chhe parantu darek modulema "jaalvani module maahitee" noon kaary hoya chhe jeey tene pann badalee shake chhe. aaa system vahivatnaa vibhagone chokkas modulenaa prabhaari varishth vyakteene sopavaani manjuri aape chhe.

erp aantarik/module/baink sulah/kaary/module jaankaari banaae rakhna kuchh mapdand aur detta taalikaon kaa upayog pratyek module dwara kiya jaataa haye. inca rakharkhaav pranali prashaasan dwara kiya jaataa haye. lekin, pratyek module mein kuchh mapdand aur/yaa detta table hotey hain jinka upayog vaha akele kartaa haye. system prashaasan iss jaankaari koo badal sakata haye lekin pratyek module kaa ack kaary "module jaankaari banaae rakhna" haye joe ise bhee badal sakata haye. yeh pranali prashaasan key kshetron koo kissy vishesh module key prabhaari varishth vyakti koo saunpane kii anumati detaa haye.

erp aantarika/maadyoolgalu/bank samanvaya/kaaryagalu/module maahitiyannu nirvahisuvudu kelavu niyataankagalu mattu dattaamsha koshtakagalannu prati module balasuttade. ivugalannu vyavasthegala aadalitavu nirvahisuttade. aadare, prati module kelavu niyataankagalannu mattu/athawa dattaamsha koshtakagalannu hondide, adannu adhu maatra balasuttade. vyavasthegala aadalitavu ee maahitiyannu badalaayisabahudu aadare prati ghatakavu "ghataka maahitiyannu nirvahisuvudu" emba kaaryavannu hondiddu adhu adannu saha badalaayisabahudu. idu vevastheya aadalitada vibhagagalannu nirdishta ghatakavondara ustuvaari vahisikondiruva hiriya vyaktige niyojisalu anuvu maadikoduttade.

iii. aarr. pii intenalukal/moduleukal/baank resiliation/functionukal/module vivarangal paripaalikkuka chila paaraamettarukalum dattaa tableukalum oro module upayogikkunnu. iva paripaalikkunnath sisttam administreshanaanu. ennaal, oro modulinum athu maathram upayogikkunna chila paaraamettarukalum koodaathe/allengil dattaa tableukalum undu. sisttam administration eee vivarangal maattaan kazhiyum, ennaal oro modulinum "mentain module information" enna pravartthanamundu, athu maattaan kazhiyum. sisttam administreshante vibhagangal oru prathyeka modyoolinte chumatalayilulla muthirnna vyakthikk kaimaran ithu anuvadikkunnu.

eae. aar. pii. antargat/modules/banq samet/karye/module mahitee rakhane, kahee mapdand aanee deta table pratyek moduledware vaparale jaatat. yaa pranali prashasanadvare rakhalya jaatat. parantu, pratyek modulemadhye kahee mapdand aanee/kinwa deta table asatat jeey teey ektyane vapartat. pranali prashasana hii mahitee badaloo shakate parantu pratyek modulemadhye 'module mahitee rakhane' heey karya asate jeey tee dekhil badaloo shakate. yamule pranali prashasanache vibhag vishisht modulechya prabhari jyeshth vyaktila sopavata yetat.

erp antarik/module/bank melmilap/prakaryaharu/module jankari kayam rakhne kehi mapdandharu rar deta talikaharu pratyek modyuldwara prayog garinchha. yee pranali prashasandwara kayam rakhinchhan. tara, pratyek modulema kehi mapdandharu rar/wa deta tableharu hunchhan june yasale eklai prayog gardacha. pranali prashasanle yo jankari pariwartan garna sakchha tara pratyek modyulsanga "module jankari kayam rakhne" prakarya hunchha jasle yasalai pani pariwartan garna sakchha. yasale pranali prashasanka khandaharulai vishesh moduleko prabhari warishtha wyaktilai pratyayojit garna anumati dinchha.

ee. aarr. pii. internal/module/byanka reconcillance/phankasan/module suchana rakhyanabekhyana pratyeka module dwara kichhi parameter ebong data tebul byabahara karajae . egudika system prashasana dwara rakhyanabekhyana karajae . kintu, pratyeka madyulre kichhi parameter ebong/kimba data tebul rahichhi jaahaa kebala ehaa hinn byabahara karithae. system prashasana ehi suchanaku paribartana karipare kintu pratyeka modulara eka karjya achhi "module suchana bajaiah rakhiba" jaahaa ehaaku madhya paribartana karipariba . ehaa byabastha prashasanara bibhagagudiku eka nirdista madyulra dajitware thiba baristha byaktinku hastantara karibara anumathi deithae.

ee. aar. pee. internal/modiool/baink sulha/function/modiool jankari noon banayi rakkhan laee harek modiool duaara kujh mapdand atey daata table varte jaande hunn. inhan daa parbandhan system parshasana duaara keeta jaanda haii. parr, harek modiool witch kujh mapdand atey/jaan daata table hunde hunn joe ih ikalla varatda haii. system parshasana iss jankari noon badal sakda haii parr harek modiool daa ikk function "manitain modiool jankari" hunda haii joe iss noon vee badal sakda haii. ih system parshasana dey hissiaan noon kise vishesh modiool dey incharge senior viakati noon saunpan dee aagiaa dinda haii.

iaarpi-aantarikaani/modules/byaank-melanam/karyani/module-soochanaah nirwahanaah, kechan niyamaani, dattaamsha-saaraneeh cha pratyekam module upayujyate. etaaha vyavasthaaprashaasanena anurakshitaani bhavanti. parantu, pratyekasmin module-madhye kechan niyamaah tathaa/athavaa dattaamsha-saaraneeh santi yaani kevalam te eva upayunjanti. tantraprashasanam etat suchanam parivartayitum shaknoti, parantu pratyekasya module ityasya "menen module information" iti kaaryam asti yat tatt parivartayitum api shaknoti. etena vyavasthaayaah prashasanasya vibhaagaah vishishtasya module ityasya prabhaari varishtasya prati pratyaayojayitum shakyate.

erp internalgal/thoguthigal/vangki nallinakkam/seyalpaadugal/thoguthi thagavalkalai paraamariththal sila alavurukkal mattrum tharavu attavanaigal ovvoru thoguthiyilum payanpaduththappadugindrana. ivai amaippugal nirvaagathaal paraamarikkappadugindrana. aanaal, ovvoru thoguthiyilum adhu mattumae payanpaduththum sila alavurukkal mattrum/allathu tharavu attavanaigal ullana. kanini nirvaagam inthath thagavalai maatralaam, aanaal ovvoru thoguthiyum "thoguthi thagavalai paraamarikka" oru seyalpaattaik kondullathu, adhu adhai maattra mudiyum. idhu oru kuripitta thoguthiyin poruppil ulla mooththa nabarukku amaippugal nirvaagaththin pirivugalai oppadaikka anumathikkirathu.

erp internals/modules/byaank sayodhya/vidhulu/module samacharanni nirvahinchadam konni paaraamitulu mariyu dayta pattikalu prati module dwara upayoginchabadataayi. veetini vyavasthala nirvahana dwara nirvahistaaru. conny, prati moduello konni paaraamitulu mariyu/ledhaa dayta pattikalu untaayi, avi okkate upayogistaayi. vyavasthala nirvahana eee samacharanni maarchagaladu conny prati moduello "module samacharanni nirvahinchandi" anae function untundi, adhi daanini kooda maarchagaladu. idhi vyavasthala paripaalanaloni vibhaagaalanu oka nirdishta maadyuulku baadhyata vahinche senior vyaktiki appaginchadaaniki anumatistundi.

ayee aar pee androni/modiol/benak masalihat/afaal/modiol kii malumat kuu barqarar rakhna kachh parameters aur ddita table harr modiol kay zariye istemaal kiye jaatay haine. inn kii deekh bhaal nazaam intezamiya kay zariye kii jaati hay. leekan harr modiol mein kachh parameters aur/yaa ddita tables hotay haine juu sarf yaha istemaal kartaa hay. system intezamiya iss malumat kuu tabdil kirr sakti hay leakin harr modiol kaa eek function "modiol kii malumat kuu barqarar rakhna" hay juu asay bhee tabdil kirr saktaa hay. iss say nazaam intezamiya kay hasoon kuu kasee khaas modiol kay incharge seniyar shaqs kuu tafviz karnay kii ajazat milti hay.

0006c16694f7141f338aa563911fdb86ce5dd9d6ef67ecf918cc45a3a8934c00

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36178446

Mohabbat (1985 film)

Mohabbat (1985 film) Mohabbat is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Bapu. The film stars Anil Kapoor and Vijayta Pandit. It is a remake of the 1982 Tamil film "Thooral Ninnu Pochchu". Plot. Shekhar is in love with Roopa and would like to marry her. Roopa is the only daughter of Choudhury, the apple of his eye, and he agrees to get her married to Shekhar. Shekhar informs his parents, his dad, and his stepmother, and together they all go to Choudhury's house to finalize the marriage. At this point, Shekhar's stepmother asks for a hefty sum as dowry, which the Choudhury is unable to afford, and thus the proposal for marriage falls flat, with the Choudhury vowing that he will get his daughter married elsewhere. Shekhar is disgusted with his stepmother, and leaves home and comes to Choudhury and attempts to convince him to reconsider, but Choudhury is adamant, and goes ahead to plan his daughter's marriage with Atmaram, leaving both Shekar and Roopa devastated, and unsure what plan of action to adopt. Cast. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Production. The producer Indra Kumar initially wanted to make a film inspired by "Teesri Manzil" (1966), with Anil Kapoor starring. Kapoor refused the offer and instead suggested remaking the Tamil film "Thooral Ninnu Pochchu" (1982); this led to the creation of "Mohabbat". Soundtrack. The music is composed by Bappi Lahiri with lyrics penned by Indeevar. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

muhobbot (1985 sonor solositro) muhobbot hoise 1985 sonot bapur dwara porisalito ekhon bharotiyo hindi bhaxar romantik naatyo solositro. sobikhonot obhinoy korise onil kapur aaru bijoyota pondite. eikhon 1982 sonor taamil sobi "thural ninnu puchu" ror punor nirman. plot. swekhore rupak bhaal paay aaru taik biyaa korabo bisare. rupa teur sokur aapel soudhurir ekmatro konya, aaru teu taik xekhoror xoite biyaa koraboloi xonmot hoy. swekhore teur pitri-maatri, teur deutak aaru teur xotmatak jonay, aaru teuluk xokoluwe ekeloge soudhurir ghoroloi yaay bibah suranto koriboloi. ei muhurtot, swekharor xot matriye joutuk hisape ek brihot porimanor dhon bisare, jitu soudhuriye bohon koribo nuware, aaru enedore bibahor prostabtu bifol hoy, soudhuriye teur suwalik aan thait biyaa koruwar protisruti diye. swekhor teur xotmar uporot oxontusto hoy, aaru ghor eri yaay aaru soudhuriloi aahe aaru teuk punor bibesona koriboloi preron koriboloi chesta kore, kintu soudhuri otol thaake, aaru aatmoramor xoite teur konyar bibahor porikolpona koriboloi aagbarhi yaay, jaar folot swekhor aaru rupa duyu bidhwosto hoi pore, aaru ki karjyo porikolpona grohon koribo laage xei bixoye nischito nohoy. utpadon. projujok indro kumare prothomote "tixori monjil" (1966) ror dwara onupranito hoi onil kapure obhinoy koraa ekhon solositro nirman koribo bisarisil. kapure ei prostab oswikar korisil aaru iyar poriworte taamil sobi "thural ninnu puchchu" (1982) ror punor nirmanor poramorxo disil; iyar folot "muhobbot" sristi hoisil. soundtrack. xongit porisalona korise bappi lahiriye aaru gitor kotha likhise indivere.

mohabbat (1985-err cholochchitro) mohabbat' holl 1985 saale muktiprapto ekti bharatiya hindi bhasar romantic natyo cholochchitro, jaa porichalona korechen bapu. cholochchitrotite abhinoy korechen onil kapur ebong vijayata pondito. etty 1982 saaler tamil cholochchitro 'thural ninnu pocchu'-err punarnirman. plot. shekhar roopar preme poreche ebong taake biye korte chaay. rupa chaudhurir ekmatro konna, jaa taar chokher apel, ebong seey taake shekharer saathe biye ditey raji hoy. shekhar taar baba-maa, taar baba ebong taar sott maake jaanaay ebong taaraa sobai eksange biye chudanta korte chaudhurir barite yaay. eyi muhurte, shekharer satma joutuk hisabe ekti motaa ongker taaka chaan, jaa chaudhuri bohon korte akkham, ebong eibhabe biyer prostabti flatt hoye yaay, chaudhuri shopoth korey jey tini taar meyeke onno kothao biye korben. shekhar taar sott mayer proti birokto hoy ebong baadi chhede choudhurite aase ebong taake punarbibechana korte raji koranor chesta korey, kintu chaudhuri anad thaake ebong atmaramer saathe taar meyer biyer parikalpana korte egiye yaay, jaar foley shekhar ebong rupa ubhayi biddhosto hoye porey ebong qee podokkhep neoa hobey taa nischito noy. utpadon. projojok indra kumar prothome 'tisri manjil' (1966) dwara anupranito hoye ekti cholochchitro toiri korte cheyechilen, jekhane onil kapur abhinoy korechilen. kapur eyi prostab prottakhyan corren ebong poriborte tamil cholochchitro 'thural ninnu pocchu' (1982) punornirmaner poramorsho deena; err foley 'mohabbat' toiri hoy. soundtrack. sangeet porichalona korechen bappi lahiri ebong gaaner kotha likhechen indivar.

mohabbat (1985 film) mohabbat aee 1985maan aaveli bhaartiy hindi bhashani romentic drama film chhe, jenu nirdeshan bapuae karyoo chhe. aaa filmmaan anil kapoor aneey vijayta pandit chhe. teey 1982nee tamil film 'thural ninnu pochchu' nee remack chhe. plooat. shekhar rupaanaa premmaa chhe aneey tenee saathe lagna karvaa maange chhe. rupa tenee aankhna safarjan, chaudharini ekmatra putri chhe, aneey teey tenaa lagna shekhar saathe karaavvaa maate sammat thaay chhe. shekhar tenaa maataa-pitaa, tenaa pitaa aneey tenee savki maatane jaana karey chhe, aneey teo badhaa saathe maleene lagnane anteem swaroop aapvaa maate chaudharina ghare jaay chhe. aaa samaye, shekharni savki maataa dahej tareeke motee rakam maange chhe, jeey chaudhari parvadi shake tema nathee, aneey aama lagnano prastaav nishfal jaay chhe, jemaa chaudhariae pratigya leedhi chhe keey teey tenee putrinaa lagna anyatra karaavshe. shekhar tenee savki maataathi naraj thaay chhe, aneey ghar chhodine chaudhari aave chhe aneey tene punarvichaar karvaa maate samjaavvaano prayaas karey chhe, parantu chaudhari makkam chhe, aneey aatmaram saathe tenee putrinaa lagnani yojnaa banaavvaa aagad vadhe chhe, jenaathi shekhar aneey rupa banne barbad thaee jaay chhe, aneey shun kaary yojnaa apnaavvi teey ange achokkas rahe chhe. utpaadan. nirmata indra kumar sharuaatmaa 'tisari manzil' (1966) thee prereet film banaavvaa maangtaa hataa, jemaa anil kapoor mukhya bhoomikama hataa. kapure aaa prastaavne nakaari kaadhyo hato aneey tenaa badale tamil film 'thural ninnu pochchu' (1982) noon punnirman karvaanu soochan karyoo hatoo; jenaa kaarane 'mohabbat' nee rachnaa thaee hatee. soundtrack. filmnun sangeet bappi lahireeae aapyu chhe aneey geeto indivare lakhyaa chhe.

mohabbat (1985 film) mohabbat 1985 kii bhaaratiya hindi bhasha kii romantic drama film haye jiska nirdeshan bapu ney kiya haye. film mein anil kapoor aur vijayata pandit hain. yeh 1982 kii tamil film 'thural ninnu pochu' kii remake haye. plot. shekhar koo rupa seey pyaar haye aur vaha usase shaadi karna chaahega. rupa chaudhari kii ekmatra betty haye, joe usaki aankh kaa seb haye, aur vaha usaki shaadi shekhar seey karaane key liye sahmat hoe jaataa haye. shekhar apane maataa-pitaa, apane pitaa aur apani sauteli maan koo soochit kartaa haye, aur way sabhi milkar shaadi koo antim roop dene key liye chaudhari key ghar jaate hain. iss samay, shekhar kii sauteli maan dahej key roop mein ack badee raashi maangati haye, jise chaudhari wahan karane mein asamarth haye, aur iss prakaar shaadi kaa prastaav sapaat hoe jaataa haye, jisamen chaudhari ney kasam khaai kii vaha apani betty kii shaadi kaheen aur karwa dega. shekhar apani sauteli maan seey naraj hoe jaataa haye, aur ghar seey chalaa jaataa haye aur chaudhari key paas aataa haye aur usey punarvichaar karane key liye manaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, lekin chaudhari adaa rahata haye, aur atmaram key saath apani betty kii shaadi kii yojana banaane key liye aage badhata haye, jisase shekhar aur rupa donon tabah hoe jaate hain, aur yeh sunishchit naheen hotaa kii kyaa kaarravaai kii yojana apnai jaae. utpaadan. nirmaata indra kumar shuru mein "tisri manjil" (1966) seey prerit ack film banaana chaahte they, jisamen anil kapoor ney abhinay kiya thaa. kapoor ney iss prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa aur isake bajaay tamil film 'thural ninnu pochchu' (1982) kaa punarnirmaan karane kaa sujhaav diyaa; isase 'mohabbat' kaa nirmaan huaa. soundtrack. sangeet bappi lehri dwara rachit haye aur geet indiver dwara likhe gaye hain.

mohabbat (1985rahra chalanachitra) mohabbat 1985ralli baapu nirdeshanada bhaaratiya hindi bhasheya romantic drama chitravagide. ee chitradalli anil kapoor mattu vijayata pandit natisiddaare. idu 1982rahra tamilu chitra 'tural ninnu pochhu' naa remake aagide. plat. shekhar roopaavannu pritisuttaane mattu avalannu maduveyagalu bayasuttaane. rupa, aatana kannina sebu, chaudhuri ekaika magalu, mattu avanu aakeyannu shekharge maduveyagalu opputtaane. shekhar tanna poshakaru, avana tande mattu avana malataayige tilisuttaane mattu avarellaroo maduveyannu antimagolisalu chauduriya manege hoguttaare. ee hantadalli, shekharna malataayiyu varadakshineyagi bhaari mottavannu keluttaale, adannu khareedisalu chaudurige sadhyavaguvudilla, heegaagi maduveya prastaapavu viphalagolluttade, chauduri tanna magalannu berede maduveyagisuvudagi pratigne maaduttaane. shekhar tanna malataayiya bagge asamadhanagondiddane mattu maneyinda horatu chaudurige bandu maruparisheelisuvante manavolisalu prayatnisuttaane, aadare chauduri achalanaagiruttaane mattu aatmaramnondige tanna magala maduveyannu yojisalu munduvariyuttaane, idarindaagi shekhar mattu rupa ibbaroo dhvamsagondaru mattu yaava kramada yojaneyannu alavadisikollabekendu khachitavagilla. utpaadane. nirmaapaka indra kumar aarambhadalli "tisri manjil" (1966) ninda sphurti padeda chalanachitravondannu nirmisalu bayasiddaru, idaralli aniil kapoor natisiddaru. kapoor ee prastapavannu nirakarisidaru mattu badalige tamilu chalanachitra "tural ninnu pochhu" (1982) annu marunirmisalu salahe niididaru; idu "mohabbat" srushtige kaaranavaayitu. soundtrack. bappi lahiri sangeeta samyojane maadiddu, saahityavannu indivar barediddaare.

mohabbat (1985 chalachithram) bappu samvidaanam cheytha 1985-ll purathirangiya indian hindi bhasha romaantik naadaka chithramaanu mohabbat. anil kapoor vijayata pandittum chithratthil pradhana veshangalilethunnu. 1982ll purathirangiya thamizh chithramaaya 'thooral ninnu pochu' yude remake ithu. plott. shekhar roopayumaayi pranayathilaanu, avale vivaham kazhikkaan aagrahikkunnu. chauduriyude eaka makalaaya roopa, avante kanninte apple, avale shekharumaayi vivaham kazhikkaan avan sammathikkunnu. shekhar thante maathapithaakkaleyum achaneyum randanammayeyum ariyikkukayum avarellam orumichu chauduriyude veettilekku pooyi vivaham poortthiyaakkukayum cheiyunnu. eee ghattathil, shekharinte randaanamma sthreedhanamaayi oru valia thuka aavashyappedunnu, athu choudhariykku thangaan kazhiyilla, athinaal vivaahathinulla nirddesham paraajayappedunnu, choudhariyude makale mattevideyengilum vivaham cheyyikkumennu prathinjja cheiyunnu. shekharinu thante randaanammayodu veruppu thonnukayum avar veedu vittu chouduriyilekku varikayum punarvichinthanam cheyyaan avane bodhyappedutthaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe chauduri urachunilkkukayum, ammaramumaayulla makalude vivaham aasoothranam cheyyaan munnott pookukayum cheiyunnu, sekharum roopayum thakarnnupokukayum, enthu pravarthanapadhathi sweekarikkanamennu urappillathirikkukayum cheiyunnu. uthppaadanam. nirmmaathaav indrakumar aadyam aagrahichathu 'tisri mansil' (1966) ll ninnu prachodanam ulkkond anil kapoor naayakanaakunna oru chithram nirmmikkaanaan. kapoor eee vaagdaanam nirasikkukayum pakaram thamizh chithramaaya "thooral ninnu pochu" (1982) remake cheyyaan nirddeshikkukayum cheythu; ithu "mohabbat" srishtikkunnathilekku nayichu. soundu track. buppy lahiriyaanu samgeethamorukkiyirikkunnathu, varikal ezhuthiyirikkunnathu indeevar aanu.

mohabbat (1985 chitrapat) mohabbat' haah bapunni digdarshit kelela 1985 salcha bharatiy hindi bhashetil pranayramya natyapat aahe. yaa chitrapatat anil kapoor aanee vijaya pandit yanchya bhoomika aahet. haah 1982 madheel 'thural ninnu pochu' yaa tamil chitrapatacha punarnirmiti aahe. plot. shekhar rupachya premat aahe aanee teela tichyashi lagn karayache aahe. rupa hii chaudharichi, tyachya dolhyache safarchand asaleli ekulati eka mulgi aahe aanee too tichyashi shekharshi lagn karnyas tayar hoto. shekhar tyachya palakanna, tyachya vadilanna aanee tyachya savatra aaeela kalavato aanee teey serve ekatra lagn nishchit karnyasathi chaudharichya gharee jaatat. yaa kshani, shekharchi savatra aaee hunda mhanoon mothee rakkam vicharte, jee chaudharinna parvadat nahee aanee tyamule lagnacha prastav patalela asato, chaudharinni aaplya muliche lagn anyatra karoon denyachi shapath ghetali. shekharla tyachya savatra aaichi ghruna hote aanee too ghar sodoon chaudharila jaato aanee tyala punarvichar karnyasathi patvoon denyacha prayatna karato, parantu chaudhari thaam asato aanee aatamramasobat tyachya mulichya lagnache niyojan karnyasathi pudhe jaato, jyamule shekhar aanee rupa doghehi uddhvast hotat aanee konati krutee yojana swikarayachi yachee khatri nasate. utpadan. nirmate indra kumar yanna suruvatila 'tisri manzil' (1966) pasoon prerit eka chitrapat banvaycha hota, jyamadhye anil kapoor mukhya bhoomiket hota. kapoorne haah prastav nakarla aanee tyaeivaji 'thural ninnu pochachu' (1982) yaa tamil chitrapatachi punarnirmiti karanyachi soochana kelee; yamule 'mohabbat' chee nirmiti jhaali. dhwanimudran. yaa chitrapatala bappi lahari yanni sangeet dile asoon, geete indivar yanni lihili aahet.

mohabbat (1985 chalchitra) mohabbat bapule nirdeshan gareko sann 1985 ko bharatiya hindi bhashako romantic drama film how. filmma anil kapur rar vijayata panditko abhinaya raheko chha. yo sann 1982 ko tamil film 'thural ninnu pochchu' ko remake how. plut. shekhar rupasanga premma chhan rar unisanga vivaha garna chahanchhan. rupa chaudhuriki ek matra chhori hun, unko aankhaako seta, rar uni unko vivaha shekharsanga garna sahamat hunchhan. shekharle afna amababu, unka buba rar unaki sauteni amalai suchit garchhan, rar tiniharu sabai sangai vivahalai antim roop dina chaudhariko gharma janchhan. yass binduma, shekharki sauteni amale daijako rupma thulo rakam magchhin, june chaudharile wahan garna asamartha chhan, rar yasari wiwahako prastawa asafal hunchha, chaudharile afnie chhoriko anyatra vivaha garaune wacha gare. shekhar afnie sauteni amasanga ghrina garchhan, rar ghar chhodera chaudhurima aunchhan rar unlai punarvichar garna raji garaune prayas garchhan, tara chaudhury adig hunchhan, rar atmaramsanga afnie chhoriko wiwahako yojana banauna agadi badhchan, jasle garda shekhar rar rupa duwai dhwasta hunchhan, rar key karya yojana apanaune bhanne bare anishchit hunchhan. utpadan. nirmata indra kumar suruma 'tisari manjil' (1966) batt prerit film banauna chahanthe, jasma anil kapurle abhinaya gareka thie. kapurle yo prastawa aswikar gare rar yasako satta tamil film "thural ninnu pochchu" (1982) ko punarnirman garne sujhawa die; yasale "mohabbat" ko sirjana garyo. soundtrack. sangit bappi laharile dieka chhan rar shabdaharu indiverle lekheka chhan.

mohabbat (1985 chalachitra) mohabbata' heuchhi 1985 masihar eka bharatiah hindi bhasara romantic drama chalachitra, jahara nirdeshana deichhanti bapumane. ehi chalachitrare aneel kapur ebong bijajata pandita abhinai karichanti. ehaa 1982 masihar tamil chalachitra 'thural ninnu pochu "rahr remake. plut. shekhar rupanku bhal paanti ebong tanku bibaha karibaku chahanti. rupa heuchhanti chaudhareenka ekamatra jhia, jaahaa taanka aakhira apple, ebong shay tanku shekharanka saha bibaha karibaku raaji huanti . shekhar taanka pitamata, taanka pita ebong taanka sabata maanku suchana dianti, ebong semane samaste ekathi bibaha chudanta karibaku chaudhareenka gharaku jaanti . ehi samajare, shekharanka sabata maaa joutuka bhabare eka mota tanka maganti, jaahaa chaudhari bahn karibaku asamartha, ebong ehipari bibahara prastaba sthira hoijae, chaudhari shapath sahita je shay taanka jhiaku anyatra bibaha karibe . shekhar taanka sabata maanka prati birakta huanti, ebong ghara chhadi chaudhareeku aasanti ebong tanku punarbichara karibaku raaji karaibaku chesta karanti, kintu chaudhari atala ruhanti, ebong aatmaramanka saha taanka jhiara bibaha yojana karibaku aagaku badhanti, jaahaa ubhaja shekhar ebong rupanku dhwansa karideithae, ebong keun karjya yojana grahan karajiba taaha anischita . utpadana. nirmata inder kumar prathame 'tisree manjil "(1966) dwara anupranita hoi eka chalachitra nirmana karibaku chahunthile, jeunthire aneel kapur abhinai karithile. kapur ehi prastabaku pratyakhyana karithile ebong ehaa paribarte tamil chalachitra "thural ninnu pochachu" (1982) rahr punahnirmana karibaku paramarsha deithile; ehaa "mohabbat" srusti karithila. soundtrack. ehi chalachitrara sangeeta nirdeshana deichhanti bappi lahiri ebong geeta lekhichhanti indibar.

muhabbat (1985 film) muhabbat' 1985 dee bharti hindi bhasha dee romantic drama film haii jiss daa nirdeshan bapu neey keeta haii. film witch anil kapoor atey vijaita pandit hunn. ih 1982 dee tamil film 'thural ninnu pochchu' daa remake haii. plaat. shekhar noon rupa naal piaar haii atey uh uss naal viaah karna chahunda haii. rupa chaudhari dee iklauti dhee haii, joe uss dee akkh daa seb haii, atey uh uss daa viaah shekhar naal karvaun laee sehmat hoow jaanda haii. shekhar aapne maapiaan, aapne pitaa atey aapni matrei maan noon soochit karda haii, atey uh saare mill keey viaah noon antim roop denh laee chaudhari dey gharr jaande hunn. iss samein, shekhar dee matrei maan daaj vajon ikk bhaari rakam mangadi haii, joe chaudhari sehann curran witch asamrath haii, atey iss tarahan viaah daa prastav asfal hoow jaanda haii, chaudhari neey sahun khaadhi kii uh aapni dhee daa viaah kitey horr karwa devega. shekhar aapni matrei maan toon naraz hoow jaanda haii, atey gharr chhadd keey chaudhari aaa jaanda haii atey uss noon mudd vichaar curran laee manaun dee koshish karda haii, parr chaudhari addii rahindi haii, atey atamram naal aapni dhee dey viaah dee yojna banaun laee agge vadhadi haii, jiss naal shekhar atey rupa doven tabah hoow jaande hunn, atey ih yakini naheen hunda kii kihadi kaaraj yojna noon apnauna haii. utpadan. nirmata indra kumar shuru witch 'teesari manzil' (1966) toon prerit ikk film banauna chahundi see, jiss witch anil kapoor neey mukkh bhumika nibhai see. kapoor neey iss peshkash noon thukra ditta atey iss dee bajaae tamil film "thural ninnu pochchu" (1982) daa remake banaun daa sujhaa ditta; iss naal "muhabbat" dee sirjana hoee. soundtrack. sangeet bappi lahri neey tiaar keeta haii atey boll indivar neey likhe hunn.

mohabbat (1985 chalacchitram) mohabbat iti 1985 tame varshe nirmitam bhaarateey-hindibhashayaha pranayaramy-natya-chalacchitram asti, yasya nirdeshanm bapu ityanena krutam asti. asmin chalachchitre aneel kapoor, vijayataa pandit cha abhinayam akurvan. etat 1982 tame varshe "tooral ninnoo pocchu" iti tamil-chalacchitrasya punarnirmanam asti. plut. shekhar ityeshah rupayaha preme asti, tasyaah vivaaham icchati. roopaa, tasya netrasya aapal-chaudhooree ityasya ekamaatrah putree asti, saha tasyaah vivaaham shekharen saha kartum sammatam karoti. shekhar ityeshah swapitrum, pitaram, swasattaa cha soochayati, te sarve militvaa vivaahasya antimanirdharanartham chaudharee-gruham gacchanti. asmin samaye, shekharasy savatimaa, yautukaroopena mahatee raashim anvishyati, yat chaudharee samarthayitum naa shaknoti, ataha vivaahasya prastaawah asampoornah bhavati, chaudharee swaputreem anyatra vivaaham ayojayet iti pratijnaam karoti. shekhar swasaitamaabhih asantushtah bhavati, gruhaat bahihi gatvaa chaudharee-nagaram prati aagacchati, punah vichaaram kartum tasya sammatam kartum prayatate, parantu chaudharee drudah bhavati, aatmaram ityanena saha swaputryaah vivaahasya yojanam kartum agre gacchati, yena shekhar-roopaa-ubhayoho vinaashah bhavati, kim karyayojanam sweekaroti iti anishchitah cha bhavati. utpaadanam. nirmata indrakumaarah praarambhe "tisree manjil" (1966) ityanena preritam chalacchitram nirmaatum icchati sma, yasmin aneel kapoor iti natah aasit. kapoor ityeshah prastaavam niraakrutya, tasya sthaane "toorl ninnoo pocchu" (1982) iti tamil-chalacchitrasya punarnirmanam kartum soochayat; anena "mohabbat" ityasya nirmanam jaatam. dhwanimudranam bhavati. asya sangeetasy rachanaa bappee laahiree ityanena krutam asti, geetaani indeevar ityanena likhitaah santi.

mohabat (1985 thiraippadam) moagappath enbathu 1985 aam aandu paapu iyakkiya inthiya hinthi mozhi kaathal naadagath thiraippatamaagum. iththiraippadaththil anil kaboor mattrum vijayata pandith aagiyoar nadiththullanar. idhu 1982 aam aandu veliyaana tamizh thiraippatamaana "thooral ninu pochchu" thiraippataththin maruu aakkam aagum. sathi. sekhar roopaavaik kaathalikkiraar, avalai tirumanam seithu kolla virumbukiraar. ruba avarathu kannin aapplaana savuduriyin oray magal, avar avalai sekarudan tirumanam seithu kolla oppukkolkiraar. sekhar thanathu pettroar, avarathu thanthai mattrum avarathu maattraanthaaikku thagaval alikkiraar, maelum avarkal anaivarum saernthu thirumanatthai iruthi seiya savuduriyin veettirkuch selkiraargal. inththa kattaththil, sekharin maattraanththaai varathatchanaiyaaka oru periya thogaiyai ketkiraar, adhai savuduriyal vaangka mudiyaathu, ithanaal thirumanaththirkaana munmozhivu thoalviyadaigirathu, savuduri thanathu magalai vaeru idaththil tirumanam seithu vaippathaaka uruthiyalikkiraar. sekhar thanathu maattraanththaai meethu veruppadainththu, veettai vittu veliyaeri, savuthoorikku vandhu avarai marupariseelanai seiya namba vaika muyarchikkiraar, aanaal savuduri pidivaathamaaga irukkiraar, maelum thanathu magalin thirumanatthai aathmaaraamudan thittamidath thodangukiraar, ithanaal sekhar mattrum ruba iruvarum paerazhivirkullaaki, enna seyal thittatthai pinpattruvathu endru theriyavillai. urpaththi. thayaarippaalar indra kumar aarambaththil "theesree manjil" (1966) endra thiraippataththaal eerkkappatta oru thiraippataththai uruvaakka virumbinaar, idhil anil kaboor naditthaar. kaboor inththa vaaippai marutthaar, adharku pathilaaka tamizh thiraippatamaana "thooral ninu pochchu" (1982) aii maruu aakkam seiya parinthuraiththaar; idhu "mohappat" uruvaakkaththirku vazhivaguththathu. olippathivu. indhivar ezhuthiya paadalkalukku pappi lahiri isaiyamaiththullaar.

mohabbat (1985 chitram) mohabbat anedi 1985loe vacchina bharatiya hindhi bhasha srungaarabharita naatakeeya chitram, dheeniki baapuu darsakatvam vahinchaaru. eee chitramlo anil kapur, vijayata pandit pradhana paatralu pooshinchaaru. idhi 1982loe vacchina tamila chitram "thooral ninnu pochhu" kii remake. plaat. shekhar roopaatho premalo unnadu mariyu aamenu vivaham chesukovalanukuntunnadu. athani kanti aapil ayina chauduri ekaika kumarte rupa, mariyu athanu aamenu shekhar thoo vivaham chesukovadaniki angeekaristaadu. shekhar thana tallidandrulaku, thana tandriki, savati talliki teliyajestaadu, mariyu vaarandaruu kalisi vivahanni khararu cheyadaaniki chauduri intiki velataaru. eee samayamlo, shekhar savati talli katnam gaa bhaarii mottaanni adugutundi, daanini chauduri bharinchaledu, anduvalla vivaham pratipaadana fail avutundi, chauduri thana kumartenu vaerae chota vivaham chesukuntanani pratigna chestaadu. shekhar thana savati talli patla asahyinchukoni, inti nundi bayaluderi, chauduri vaddaku vacchi, punahpariseelinchamani atanni oppinchadaaniki prayatnistaadu, conny chauduri mondigaa undi, aatmaraamto thana kumarte vivahanni plaan cheyadaaniki munduku veltaadu, tadwara shekhar mariyu rupa iddaroo naasanamavutaaru, mariyu yea kaaryaacharana pranaalikanu avalambinchaalo teliyaka potunnaru. utpatti. nirmaata indra kumar modatlo "tisree manjil" (1966) nundi prerana pondhi, anil kapur natinchina chitraanni teeyaalani anukunnadu. kapur eee pratipaadananu tiraskarinchi, badulugaa tamila chitram "thooral ninnu pochhu" (1982) nuu punarnirminchaalani suuchimchaadu; idhi "mohabbat" srushtiki daariteesindi. soundtrack. bappi lahiri sangeetam andinchagaa, indivar saahityam andinchaaru.

mahbat (1985 film) mohabat 1985 kii hindustani hindy zabaan kii romanvi dramah film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree baapo nay kii hay. film mein aneel kapor aur wajita pandat nay adakari kii hay. yaha 1982 kii taamil film "thoral nano pocho" kaa remake hay. plaat. sheekhar kuu rupa say mohabat hay aur wah iss say shaadi karnaa chahta hay. rupa chodori kii akloti betty hay juu iss kii aankh kaa seeb hay aur wah iss kii shaadi sheekhar say karwanay parr raazi how jaataa hay. sheekhar apnay waldeen apnay waalid aur iss kii sauteli maan kuu matlaa kartaa hay aur wah sabb mill kirr shaadi kuu hatmi shakal deenay kay liye chodhar kay gahar jaatay haine. iss waqat sheekhar kii sauteli maan jaheez kay toor parr eek bhaari raqam maangti hay jasay choodhray bardasht karnay say qaasir hay aur iss tarah shaadi kii tajweez nakaam how jaati hay choodhray nay ahed kiyaa kahh wah apnee betty kii shaadi kahein aur karaye gaa. sheekhar apnee sauteli maan say naraaz how jaataa hay aur gahar say nikal jaataa hay aur choodhray aataa hay aur asay dobarah ghoor karnay parr raazi karnay kii koshish kartaa hay leakin choodhray atal rehta hay aur aatamram kay saath apnee betty kii shaadi kaa mansubah bananay kay liye aagay badhta hay jiss say sheekhar aur rupa donon tabaah how jaatay haine aur iss baath kaa yaqeen nahein hotaa kahh apnaya jaanay waala kiyaa mansubah hay. paidawar. producer andra kamaar ibtadayi toor parr "teesri manzal" (1966) say mutasir how kirr eek film banana chahti thein jiss mein aneel kapor nay adakari kii thee. kapor nay iss paishkash kuu mustarid kirr diyaa aur iss kay bajaye taamil film "thoral nano pocho" (1982) kuu dobarah bananay kaa mashurah diyaa vovo iss kii wajah say "mahabat" kii takhliq hoyee. sound track. mausiqi buppy lehri nay tartib dee hay aur boul indiver nay likhay haine.

0006c3a721b6617ace26a5303d3dd6ed42628d30a61b1c7bf87360c5a99c43a0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41944456

Riccardo Marchesini

Riccardo Marchesini Italian canoeist Riccardo Marchesini (Vigevano, Italy, 3 July 1963) is an Italian canoer and paracanoer, gold medalist at the 2010 World Cup. Biography. Aged 17, he lost a leg in a motorbike accident. After the surgery he put on weight up to . He then started canoeing as a sport and lost in less than 9 months. He raced against non-handicapped sportsmen on the major rivers of Europe. He won 7 regional titles, he qualified 2nd several times at Italian championships, he got a bronze medal at 2008 Ivrea's World Championships. As a paracanoer he won the gold medal at the world championship in 2010, two gold medals at the European championships in 2011 and 2012. He qualified 4th at the world championships in 2011 and 2012. He also won 9 national competitions, two of them in 2013. He is a canoe trainer, also entitled to teach to handicapped people, a certified scuba diver and lifeguard. In 2012 he was decorated with the Gold medal for sport's merits, as he is the only amputee to participate in the marathon - Venice, a non-stop race lasting 9 hours and 45 minutes He is a member of the Italian Paracanoe National Team. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rikardu marchesini rikardu marchesini (vigevanu, italy, 3 july 1963) egoraki italy kenuyar aaru perakanuyar, 2010 sonor biswokapor sworno podok bijoyi. jiwani. 17 bosor boyoxot teu etaa motorbike durghotonat etaa bhori heruwaisil. ostrupsaror pisot teur ujon briddhi paisil. taar pisot teu kenuing khel hisape aarombho korisil aaru 9 mahotkoiu komm xomoyor bhitorot porasto hoisil. teu europor prodhan nodixomuhot oh-biklango kheluoixokolor biruddhe dourisil. teu 7taa ancholik khitap joy korisil, italian championswipot keibabaru dwitiyo sthan laabh korisil, 2008 sonor ivrier biswo championswipot bronjor podok laabh korisil. perakanuyar hisape teu 2010 sonot biswo championswipot xunor podok, 2011 aaru 2012 sonot europiyo championswipot dutaa xunor podok laabh korisil. 2011 aaru 2012 sonot biswo championswipot soturtho sthanot uponeet hoisil. logote 2013 sonot dukhonkoi 9taa rastriyo protijugitau joy korisil. teu ejon kenu proxikhyok, logote protibondhi lukoxokolok xikuwar odhikar aase, ejon promanito schuba diver aaru jiwanrokhya koruta. 2012 sonot teuk krirar gunagunor baabe sworno podokore xonmanito koraa hoisil, kiyonu teu merathon-venisot ongxogrohon koraa ekmatro biklango, jitu 9 ghonta 45 minute dhori soli thoka ek obiram dour. teu italyr perakanu rastriyo dolor xodosyo.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigevano, itali, 3 julai 1963) ekjon italiya canoir ebong paracanoir, 2010 saaler bishwokape swarnapadak vijayi. jeeboni. 17 bochor boyse, tini ekti motorbike durghotonai ekti paa hariechilen. ostropocharer porr taanr ozon bede yaay. erpor tini ekti khela hisebe canoeing shuru corren ebong 9 masero qama somoyer modhye herey zaan. tini europer prodhan nadigulite aaa-protibondhi kridavidder biruddhe daudadoudi korechilen. tini 7tii anchalik shiropa jitechen, tini italian championshipe besh koyekbar dwitiya sthan orjon korechen, 2008 saaler ivrior bishwa championshipe tini bronz podok peyechen. ekjon paracanor hisabe tini 2010 saale bishwa championshipe swarnapadak, 2011 ebong 2012 saale europea championshipe duti swarnapadak jitechilen. 2011 ebong 2012 saale bishwa championshipe choturtho sthan orjon korechilen. tini 9tii jatiya protijogitao jitechilen, jaar modhye duti 2013 saale hoyechilo. tini ekjon cano proshikkhok, protibondhi byaktider poranor adhikari, ekjon pratyayita scuba diver ebong lifeguard. 2012 saale tini kheladhular jogyatar jonno swarnapadak diye sajjito hohn, kaaron tini marathone ongshogrohonkari ekmatro protibondhi-venis, 9 ghanta 45 minit sthayi ekti abiram daud. tini italian paracano jatiya doler sadasya.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigevaano, itali, 3 julai 1963) aek italian canoer aneey paracanour chhe, jeey jeey vishva kapmaa suvarn chandrak vijeta chhe. jivancharitra. 17 varshnee ummare, temane motorbike akasmatma aek pug gumaavyo hato. shastrakriya pachhi tenu vajan vadhyu. tyarbad tene aek ramat tareeke canoeing sharoo karyoo aneey 9 maheenathi ochha samayma haaree gayo. temane europeni mukhya nadeeo parr biin-viklang khelaadeeo saame dodmaa bhaag leedho hato. temane 7 praadeshik khitaab jeetya, temane italian champiyanshipma ghanee vakhat beeja sthaane kwolifay karyoo, karyoo ivriani vishva champiyanshipma temne kansya chandrak malyo. paracanour tareeke temane temane vishva champiyanshipma suvarn chandrak jeetyo hato, 2011 aneey chhe european champiyanshipma beey suvarn chandrako jeetya hataa. 2011 aneey chhe vishva champiyanshipma chothaa sthaane kwolifay thayaa hataa. temane 9 raashtriy spardhao pann jeetee hatee, jemathi beey beey jeetee hatee. teo aek keno trainer chhe, jeey viklang lokone shikhavvaa maate pann hakdaar chhe, pramanit scuba diver aneey jeevan rakshak chhe. chhe temne ramatgamatni gunvattaa maate suvarn chandrakthi sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, kaaran keey teo marethon-venismaan bhaag lenara ekmatra viklang chhe, jeey 9 kalaak aneey 45 minut sudhee chaalnaari aveerat spardhaa chhe. teey italian paracano raashtriy teamnaa sabhy chhe.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigevano, itali, 3 julaai 1963) ack italvi canoer aur paracanour hain, joe 2010 vishva cup mein swarn padak vijeta hain. jeevani. 17 saal kii umr mein, unhone ack motorbike durghatana mein ack pair khou diyaa. sergery key baad unakaa vajan badh gayaa. isake baad unhone ack khel key roop mein canoeing shuru kii aur 9 maheene seey bhee cumm samay mein haar gaye. unhone europe kii pramukh nadiyon parr gair-viklang khilaadiyon key khilaf daud lagaai. unhone 7 kshetriya khitaab jeete, unhone italvi championship mein kaee baar doosara sthaan hassil kiya, unhein 2008 kii ivria vishva championship mein kansya padak milaa. ack paracanour key roop mein unhone 2010 mein vishva championship mein swarn padak jeetaa, 2011 aur 2012 mein europeeya championship mein dou swarn padak jeete. unhone 2011 aur 2012 mein vishva championship mein chauthe sthaan parr qualify kiya. unhone 9 rashtriya pratiyogitaaen bhee jeeti, jinamen seey dou 2013 mein jeeti theen. vaha ack dongi prashikshak haye, joe viklang logon koo padhaane kaa bhee hakdar haye, ack pramaanit scuba gotakhor aur jeevan rakshak haye. 2012 mein unhein khel kii yogyata key liye swarn padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki way mairathan-venis mein bhaag lene vaale ekmatra viklang hain, joe 9 ghante aur 45 minut taka chalane vaali ack none-stop races haye. vaha italvi paracano rashtriya team key sadasya hain.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigevano, itali, 3 julai 1963) obba italian canover mattu paracanoir, 2010rahra vishvakapnalli chinnada padaka vijetaraagiddaare. jivanacharitre. 17neey vayassinalli, avaru motaru saikal apaghaatadalli ondu kaalannu kaledukondaru. shastrachikitseya nantara avaru tukavannu hechchisidaru. nantara avaru canoeing annu ondu krideyagi praarambhisidaru mattu 9 tingaliginta kadime avadhiyalli sotiddaru. avaru europina pramukha nadigalli angavikalarallada kridapatugala viruddha spardhisidaru. avaru 7 praadeshika prashastigalannu geddaru, avaru italian champiyanshipgalalli halavaaru baari 2neey sthanakke arhate padedaru, 2008rahra ivriyaa vishwa champiyanshipnalli kanchina padakavannu padedaru. paracanoir aagi avaru 2010 ralli vishwa champiyanshipnalli chinnada padakavannu geddaru, 2011 mattu 2012 ralli european champiyanshipnalli eradu chinnada padakagalannu geddaru. avaru 2011 mattu 2012 ralli vishwa champiyanshipnalli 4 neey sthanakke arhate padedaru. avaru 9 rashtriya spardhegalannu geddaru, avugalalli eradu 2013 ralli. aata dooni tarabetudaararaagiddu, angavikalarige kalisuva arhate hondiddaare, pramanikruta scooba diver mattu jivarakshakaru. 2012ralli avaru 9 gante 45 nimishagala kaala nadeyuva taderahita otavaada venis marathonnalli bhagavahisida ekaika angavikalaragiruvudarinda, kreedeya arhategaligaagi chinnada padakadinda alankarisalpattaru. avaru italian paracano rashtriya tandada sadasyaragiddare.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigevano, itali, 3 julai 1963) haah eka italian canoer aanee paracanour aahe, joou 2010 chya vishvachashakatil suvarnapadak vijeta aahe. charitra. vayachya 17 vya varshi eka motorcycle apghatat tyancha eka paay gela. shastrakriyenantar tyache vajan vadhale. tyanantar tyane eka khel mhanoon naukanayan suru kele aanee 9 mahinyanpeksha qamee kalavadhit too harla. tyane europechya pramukh nadyanvar apang nasalelya kheladunviruddha sharyat kelee. tyane 7 pradeshik vijetepade jinkley, italian ajinkyapad spardhanmadhye too anek vela dusya sthanavar rahila, 2008 chya ivriachya jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhet tyala kansyapadak midale. paracanour mhanoon tyane 2010 madhye jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhet suvarnapadak, 2011 aanee 2012 madhye european ajinkyapad spardhet done suvarnapadake jinkley. 2011 aanee 2012 madhye jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhet too chauthya kramankavar pohochala. tyane 9 rashtriy spardhahi jinkalya, tyapaiki done 2013 madhye jinkalya. too eka naukecha prashikshak aahe, joou apang lokanna shikavanyacha, pramanit scooba diver aanee jivanrakshak dekhil aahe. 2012 madhye tyala khelachya gunvattesathi suvarnapadakane sanmanit karnyat aale, kaaran marethon-venis, 9 taas 45 minite chalana avirat sharyatit bhag ghenara too ekmev apang kheladu aahe. too italian paracano rashtriy sanghacha sadasya aahe.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (bhigebhano, italy, 3 july 1963) ek italian canor rar paracanoire, 2010 ko vishwakapma swarna padak vijeta hun. jiwani. 17 warshako umerma unle motorbike durghatanama euta khutta gumae. shalyakriyapachhi unko wazan badhyo. tyasapachhi unle khelko rupma canoeing suru gare rar 9 mahinabhanda cum samayama haare. unle yuropka pramukh nadiharuma gaira-apanga kheladiharu viruddha daud gare. unle 7 wata khetriya upadhi jite, unle italian championshipma dherai patak dosro sthan prapta gare, unle 2008 ko ivriako vishwa championshipma kasya padak prapta gare. pyarakanoarka rupma unle 2010 maa vishwa championshipma swarna padak, 2011 rar 2012 maa europeli championshipma dui swarna padak jiteka thie. unle 2011 rar 2012 maa vishwa championshipma chautho sthan prapta gareka thie. unle 9 wata rashtriya pratiyogitaharu pani jiteka thie, jasmadhye duiwata 2013 maa jiteka thie. uni ek cano prashikshak hun, jo apanga wyaktiharulai sikaune hakdar pani chhan, ek pramanit scuba diver rar lifeguard. sann 2012 maa unlai khelko yogyataka lagi swarna padakle sajaieko thiyo, kinki uni marathon-bhenisma bhag line ek matra apangata hun, june 9 ghanta 45 minetsamma chalne nun-stop daud how. uni italian pyarakano rashtriya tolika sadasya hun.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (bhijebhano, italy, 3 july 1963) jane italiah canoer ebong paracanore, 2010 biswakapare swarna padaka bijeta . jeebani. 17 barsha bajasare shay eka motorbike durghatanare eka goda haraithile. astropachara parey tankara ojana badhijaithila. ehapare shay eka khela bhabe kenoing arambha karithile ebong 9 masaru comm samai madhyare haari jaithile. shay yuropara pramukh nadeegudikare anah-bikalanga kreedabitamananka birodhare daudile. shay 7tii anchalika title jitithile, shay italiah champianasipare aneka thara dwiteeja jogyata arjan karithile, shay 2008 aaivriaara biswa champianasipare bronz padaka paithile. jane paracanore bhabe shay 2010ray biswa championshipre swarna padaka, 2011 ebong 2012ray europeah championshipre duiti swarna padaka jitithile. 2011 ebong 2012ray biswa championshipre chaturtha sthana adhikara karithile. shay 9tii jatiah pratijogita madhya jitithile, sethimadhyaru duiti 2013ray hoithila. shay jane danga prashikhyaka, jieki bhinnakhyamamananku sikhya debara adhikari, jane certified scuba diver ebong lifeguard. 2012 ray khelara gunabatta paain tanku swarna padakare sammanita karajaithila, kaaran shay marathon-bhenis, 9 ghanta 45 minute parjyanta chalithiba eka anah-stop resare anshagrahana karuthiba ekamatra bikalanga . shay italiah paracano jatiah dalara sadasya.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigevano, itali, 3 julai 1963) ikk italvi canoer atey paracanour haii, joe 2010 vishav kapp witch soone tagma jetu haii. jeevani. 17 saal dee umar witch, uss neey ikk motor cycle hadse witch ikk latt guaa ditti. sarjari toon baad uss daa bhaar vadh giaa. firr uss neey ikk khed dey roop witch canoeing shuru keeti atey 9 mahiniaan toon vee ghatt samein witch haar giaa. uss neey yoorap deeaan pramukh nadiaan utte gair-apahaj khidariaan dey virudh daud lagaai. uss neey 7 khetri khitaab jitte, usne italvi championship witch kaee vaar dooja qualify keeta, uss neey 2008 dee ivaria vishav championship witch kaansi daa tagma jittiaa. ikk paracanour vajon unhan neey 2010 witch vishav championship witch sone daa tagma jittiaa, 2011 atey 2012 witch european championship witch doou sone dey tagme jitte. unhan neey 2011 atey 2012 witch vishav championship witch chauthe sathaan 'teey pahunch keey qualify keeta. unhan neey 9 rashtari mukabale vee jitte, jinhan vicchon doou 2013 witch sunn. uh ikk kishti trainer haii, apahjan noon sikhaun daa hakkdaar haii, ikk pramanit scuba gotakhor atey jeevan rakkhiak haii. 2012 witch uss noon khedan dey gunan laee sone dey tagme naal sanmanit keeta giaa see, kiunki uh marathon-venis witch hissa lainn vaala iklauta apahaj haii, joe kii 9 ghante 45 mint takk challan vaali ikk nirantar daud haii. uh itali dee paracanoy rashtari team daa member haii.

ricardo maarchesini ricardo maarchesini (vigevaano, italee, 3 julai 1963) ekaha italian-canoir tathaa peracanoir, 2010 vishvakap-kridaayaam svarnapadakavijetaa asti. jeevanacharitram. 17 varsheeyah saha motaaru-dwichakrikaayaah apaghaate ekam padam haarayat. shalyakriyayaha anantaram saha bhaaram agruhnaat. tatah saha kridarupena kenoying iteedam aarabhat, 9 masat api nyunakaale parajitah abhavat. saha europe-deshasya pramukheshu nadyah apaktanam kridaakaaraanaam viruddham dhaavan. saha 7 praadeshikapadaveem praptavan, italian-championship-kridaayaam anekavaaram dwiteeyah arhati, 2008 tame varshe aivriyaa-vishva-championship-kridaayaam kaamsyapadakam praptavan. pairakanoyar iti rupena saha 2010 tame varshe vishva-championship-kridaayaam swarnapadakam, 2011 tame varshe 2012 tame varshe cha europe-championship-kridaayaam dwau swarnapadake cha praptavan. 2011 tame varshe cha 2012 tame varshe cha vishva-championship-kridaayaam chaturthasthaane arhati. 2013 tame varshe cha saha 9 rashtriya-pratiyogitaasu api vijayam praapnot, teshu dwau api. saha keno-prashikshakah asti, vikalaamgaan shikshayitum api arhati, pramaanitah scoobaa-daivar, jeevanarakshakah cha asti. 2012 tame varshe kreedaayaah gunavisheshaanaam krute saha swarnapadakena alankrutah, yatah saha eva ekamaatrah vikalaamgah asti yah 9 ghantaa 45 nimeshaparyantam yaavat chaalite merethaan-venis-spardhayam bhaagam praapnot. saha italian-deshasya parakanoy-rashtriya-dalasya sadasyah asti.

ricardo marcessini ricardo marcessini (Vigevano, itali, juulai 3,1963) oru itaaliya canoir mattrum paracanoir, 2010 ulagak kooppaiyil thangap pathakkam ventravar aavaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. 17 vayathil, motor cycle vibaththil oru kaalai ilanththaar. aruvai sigichchaikkup piragu avar edai adhigariththaar. pinnar avar canoeing oru vilaiyaattaagath thodangkinaar, maelum 9 maathangkalukkum kuraivaana kaalaththil thoalviyadainthaar. avar iroappaavin mukiya aarukalil uunamutrtra vilayaattu veerargalukku ethiraaga panthayaththil eedupattaar. avar 7 piraanthiya pattangalai ventraar, avar itaaliya saambiyanshippil pala murai 2 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar, 2008 aivriyaavin ulaga saambiyanshippil venkalap pathakkam pettraar. oru baaraa cano veeraraaga 2010 aam aandil ulaga saambiyanshippil thangap pathakkaththaiyum, 2011 mattrum 2012 aam aandugalil iroappiya saambiyanshippil irandu thangap pathakkangkalaiyum ventraar. 2011 mattrum 2012 aam aandugalil ulaga saambiyanshippil 4 vadhu idaththirku thaguthi pettraar. 2013 aam aandil irandu thaesiya poattikalilum 9 vetrtrikalaip pettraar. avar oru cano payirchiyaalar, uunamutrtravarkalukku karpikkavum, saantralikkappatta scooba diver mattrum life kaardu aavaar. 2012 aam aandil vilaiyaattin thaguthigalukkaaga thangap pathakkam vazhangkappattathu, aenenil avar marathaan-venis, 9 manii 45 nimidangal needikkum idaividaatha panthayaththil pankettra oray uunamutrtravar aavaar. avar itaaliya paracano thaesiya aniyil uruppinaraaga ullaar.

ricardo marchesini ricardo marchesini (vigvano, italii, 3 juulai 1963) oka italian canoir mariyu paracanoir, 2010 prapancha kaplo bangaaru pataka vijaeta. jeevita charitra. 17 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu motaru saikil pramaadamloo oka kaalu kolpoyadu. shastrachikitsa tarvaata ayana baruvu perigaaru. aaa tarvaata athanu oka kreedagaa canoingnu praarambhinchaadu mariyu 9 nelala kante takkuva samayamlo odipoyaadu. athanu airopaloni pradhana nadulapai vikalaangulu kaani kreedaakaarulato pootii paddadu. athanu 7 praantiiya titles geluchukunnadu, athanu italian champiyanshiplalo anekasaarlu 2va sthaanaaniki arhata saadhinchaadu, 2008 ivria prapancha chhampiyanshiplo kaamsya patakaanni pondaadu. parakanoyarga 2010loe prapancha chhampiyanshiplo bangaaru patakaanni, 2011,2012loe european chhampiyanshiplo rendu bangaaru patakaalanu geluchukunnadu. 2011,2012loe prapancha chhampiyanshiplo 4va sthaanaaniki arhata saadhinchaadu. 2013loe rendu jaateeya pootiilloo 9 saarlu kooda gelichaadu. athanu oka padava sikshakudu, vikalaangulaku bodhinche hakku kooda kaligi unnadu, dhruveekarinchabadina scooba diver mariyu lifeguard. 2012loe athanu creeda yogyatala kosam bangaaru pathakamtho alankarinchabaddaadu, endukante athanu marathon-venis, 9 gantala 45 nimishala paatu konasage nirantaraaya resulo palgonna ekaika vikalangudu athanu italian paracano jaateeya jattulo sabhyudu.

recordo marchsini recordo marchsini (vigvano atlee 3 jolayi 1963) eek atalvi canoir aur paracanor hay juu 2010 kay world cup mein gold medalist hay. sawanah umri. 17 saal kii amar mein inhon nay eek motor cycle haadise mein eek taang khoo dee. sarjari kay baad iss kaa wazan badh gayaa. iss kay baad inhon nay eek kheel kay toor parr canoing sharoo kii aur 9 maah say bhee kumm arsey mein haar gayey. inhon nay europ kay baday driyaon parr ghair maazur khiladiyon kay khalaaf dodh lagayi. inhon nay 7 elaqayi khatabat jeetay inhon nay atalvi champine ship mein kayee baar dosra kawalifai kiyaa inhon nay 2008 kii aayuriyah kii aalimi champine ship mein kaansi kaa tamgha haasil kiyaa. eek paracanor kii haisiyat say inhon nay 2010 mein aalimi champine ship mein sonay kaa tamgha 2011 aur 2012 mein europi champine ship mein duu sonay kay tamghe jeetay. inhon nay 2011 aur 2012 mein aalimi champine ship mein choothay number parr kawalifai kiyaa. inhon nay 9 qomi muqabilay bhee jeetay jinn mein say duu 2013 mein thay. wah eek keeno trainer hay maazur logon kuu sikhanay kaa bhee hqdar hay eek tasdiq shadah scoba ghotah khoor aur life gaard hay. 2012 mein inhein kheel kii khoobiyon kay liye sonay kay tamghe say nawaza gayaa keunkah wah mirathan-wens mein hasah leenay waalay waahid maazur haine juu 9 ghantay 45 mint takk chalnay waali naan stop rees hay. wah atalvi paracano qomi team kay rakan haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6915766

J2O

J2O Fruit juice based still soft drink J2O is a still soft drink made from fruit juices. It is manufactured by Britvic and sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Its launch in 1998 was led by Sheraz Dar who joined Britvic in 1994, and was aimed at providing an alternative solution for people who were going out to bars and clubs but were not drinking alcoholic beverages. The name "J2O" is a pun on the chemical formula for water, H2O, chosen due to the drink's fruit juice content. The first flavours available were Orange & Passion fruit, Apple & Mango and Apple & Melon, but the range has progressively grown since. History. In 2001 due to growing brand success, the J2O packaging was redesigned and a fourth flavour, Orange & Cranberry, was introduced. In 2002, due to the brand's popularity within the on-trade sector, J2O was made available to the take-home market for the first time, with four-bottle packs being introduced into supermarkets and retail shops. The packaging was again changed in 2005, and Apple & Raspberry was introduced. On 2 August 2006, Britvic announced a promotional campaign designed to coincide with the Little Britain live tour. The campaign, named "J2O is in for a laugh" allows buyers to enter a competition to win one of 96 VIP tickets to see the Little Britain show. As of 15 August 2007, J2O has been made available to bars, clubs, and restaurants in the Chicago area and is imported by Exotic Beverage Co. In 2009 J2O introduced two new flavours, Grape & Kiwi and Winter Berries. Both of these flavours were originally limited edition but have since been integrated into the range of permanent flavours. 2010 saw a major packaging redesign and the launch of the J2O White Blend range. Two flavours, one based on white grape, the other on red grape, are less sweet than the existing J2O flavours and are designed to complement food, in the same way that white and red wine does. Orange & passion fruit and apple & mango (the 2 most popular flavours) have been released in PET bottles. In 2011 a limited edition flavour of J2O called "Glitter Berry" was brought out. Then in 2012, 2 further limited edition flavours, papaya punch and diamond berry were released. In 2013, a limited edition Pear Gold version was released for summer. In 2020, J2O won the Lausanne Index Prize - Supreme Award. The Junior’s crew 2 Old Irish beats. In November 2014 they launched a TV advert called Junior's crew 2 Old Irish beats, which featured contemporary London dance outfit Junior's Crew, break-dancing to a live Irish folk band called The Other Brothers. The TV advert was filmed in Stoke Newington Town Hall and debuted during The X-Factor on ITV1 (Nov 2014). Flavours. As of 2019, the J2O range of flavours includes: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sonoloike "hoise folor roxor poraa toiyar koraa ekhon xitol paniyo. iyak britibhike nirman kore aaru juktorajyo aaru ayarlandot bikri koraa hoy. 1998 sonot iyar aarombhonir netritwo disil sweraj daare ji 1994 sonot britibhot jugdan korisil, aaru iyar lokhyo aasil baar aaru klaboloi ulai juwa kintu xura xewon nokora lukoxokolor baabe ek bikolpo xomadhan prodan koraa. korisil। naamtu panir raxayonik xutro xutro "ror uporot etaa slesh, ji paniyotur folor roxor porimanor baabe basoni koraa hoisil. upolobdho prothom xuwad aasil komola aaru peson fruit, aapel aaru aam aaru aapel aaru tormuz, kintu tetiyar poraa ei porixor kromanwoye briddhi paise. itihax. 2001 sonot brendor xofolota briddhir baabe sonoloike "packaging punor design koraa hoisil aaru etaa soturtho xuwad, komola aaru cranberry proborton koraa hoisil. 2002 sonot, ono-trade khondot brendtur jonopriyotar baabe, sonoloike "prothombaror baabe tek-hoom bojarot upolobdho koraa hoisil, sarita botolor pek supermarket aaru khusura dukanot proborton koraa hoisil. 2005 sonot packaging punor xoloni koraa hoisil, aaru aapel aaru raspoberi proborton koraa hoisil. 2006 sonor 2 aagostot britibhe 'little britain live tyuror xoite milaboloi design koraa ek prosarmulok prosar ghuxona korisil. korisil। hoise haahir baabe "naamor ei prosartuwe kretaxokolok 96taa vip tikotor bhitorot etat joyee hoh" boloi protijugitat prowex kori xoru britainor onusthan saboloi onumoti diye. 2007 sonor 15 aagostoloike, sonoloike "sikagu oncholor baar, club aaru resturentor baabe upolobdho koraa hoise aaru bidexi paniyo companyr dwara aamdani koraa hoise. 2009 sonot sonoloike "-e aangur aaru kiui aaru xitkalin foll-mool naamor dutaa notun xuwad proborton korisil. ei duyuta xuwad mulotoh ximito xongskoron aasil kintu tetiyar poraa iyak sthayi xuwador porixorot ekotrito koraa hoise. 2010 sonot etaa guruttopurno packaging punor design aaru sonoloike "bogaa mishron porixoror aarombhoni dekha goisil. dutaa xuwad, etaa bogaa aanguror uporot aadharito, aantu ronga aanguror uporot aadharito, bortomanor sonoloike "xuwadotkoi komm mitha aaru khadyor poripurok hisape design koraa hoise, jenekoi bogaa aaru redd winer. puwali-puxa jontur botolot komola aaru peson foll aaru aapel aaru aam (2 taa ataitkoi jonopriyo xuwad) mukoli koraa hoise. 2011 sonot "glitter beri" naamor sonoloike "ror etaa ximito xongoskoronor xuwad uliyai onaa hoisil. taar pisot 2012 sonot, 2taa ximito xongoskoronor xuwad, omita panch aaru hiraa beri mukoli koraa hoisil. 2013 sonot grishmokalot naxpator ximito xongoskoronor xunor xongskoron mukoli koraa hoisil. 2020 sonot sonoloike "-e lujen xusok botaa-xorbuscho botaa laabh korisil. juniyoror juniyoror puroni aairisor dolor luke beat kore. 2014 sonor novembor maahot teuluke juniyoror kru 2 oh 'ld aairis bitch naamor etaa tibhi bigyapon mukoli korisil, zo' too xomoxamoyik london nrityor xaaj-puchak juniyoror kru, aan bhatri naamor etaa live aairis luk bendor xoite break-dunce koraa hoisil. tibhi bigyapontu stoke newington taaun holot sitrogrohon koraa hoisil aaru aaru (novembor 2014) too ex-factoror xomoyot aatmoprokax korisil. swadere. 2019 sonoloike, sonoloike "porixoror xuwadburor bhitorot aaseh

hisabe hisabe holl foler ross theke toiri ekti sheetal panian. etty britvic dwara toiri ebong juktorajyo oo irelande bikri hoy. 1998 saale err suchona korechilen sheraj daar, jini 1994 saale britviche jog diyechilen, ebong jaaraa barr ebong clubey jachchilen kintu madyap panian paan korchilen naa taader jonno ekti bikalpa samadhan pradan korar lakkhya chhilo. chhilo। namti joler rasayanik sutrer upor ekti shlesh, shlesh, jaa paniyotir foler roser porimaner karone nirbachito hoy. prothom pawa swadguli chhilo komla oo pyashana foll, apel oo aam ebong apel oo tarmuz, kintu tarpor theke eyi porisor kromanwoye briddhi peyeche. itihas. 2001 saale kromobordhoman brand safalyer karone, hisabe packagingti notun korey design koraa hoyechilo ebong ekti choturtho swad, komla oo cranberry chaalu koraa hoyechilo. 2002 saale, ono-trade sectore brander janapriyatar karone, hisabe-keey prothombarer moto teeka-home bajare upolobdho koraa hoyechilo, supermarket ebong khuchro dokane chaar bottler pyaka chaalu koraa hoyechilo. 2005 saale packaging abar poriborton koraa hoy ebong apel oo raspberry chaalu koraa hoy. 2006 saaler 2raa august, britvic little britten live tourer saathe mille yawar jonno ekti procharmulok procharer ghoshana deyo. hisabe iza inn phara ayee haash" naame eyi procharabhijanti kretader ekti protijogitai probesh korey 96tii vip tikiter modhye ekti jitey little brittener anusthanti dekhar sujog korey deyo. 2007 saaler 15ee august porjonto, hisabe shikago elakar barr, club ebong restorangulir jonno upolobdho koraa hoyeche ebong bideshi panian sangostha dwara amdani koraa hoy. 2009 saale hisabe duti notun swad, angur oo kiui ebong shitkalin berry chaalu korey. eyi duti swadoi mulat seemit sanskaran chhilo kintu tarpor theke sthayi swader porisore ekibhuto koraa hoyeche. 2010 saale ekti borh packaging notun naksha ebong hisabe saadaa mishran parisima chaalu koraa hoy. duti swad, ekti saadaa angurer upor vitti korey, onnoti laal angurer upor vitti korey, vidyaman hisabe swader tulna qama mishti ebong saadaa ebong reeda winer moto khabarer poripurok hisabe design koraa hoyeche. poshyer bottle komla oo pyashana foll ebong apel oo aam (2tii sabcheye janapriya swad) prakash koraa hoyeche. 2011 saale hisabe-err ekti seemit sangaskaraner swad berr koraa hoy, jaake bolla hoy "glitter berry". tarpor 2012 saale, arow 2tii seemit sangaskaraner swad, penpe punch ebong diamond berry mukti paay. 2013 saale, grisser jonno ekti seemit sanskaran nashpati sonara sanskaran mukti paay. 2020 saale, hisabe lusanne suchak puraskar-sorbochcho puraskar jiteche. junior kru 2 purano airish bitt. 2014 saaler novembore taaraa junior doll 2 old airish bitt naame ekti tibhi biggapon chaalu korey, jekhane somosamoyik london nrityo poshak junior doll, anyanno bhai naame ekti live airish looka bande break-dance korey. tibhi biggaponti stoke newiongton town holey chitrayit hoyechilo ebong ebong (navembar 2014)-ayee eksa-factor somoy atmoprokash korechilo. swad. 2019 saaler hisabe, hisabe porisimar swader modhye royeche

jeey2oo jeey2oo aee falonaa rasmathi banelu aek stheer hadvaa pinun chhe. tenu utpaadan britwick dwara karvaamaa aave chhe aneey united kingdom aneey irelandma vechvaamaa aave chhe. 1998maan tenee sharuaat sheraz daar dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeo 1994maan britwickma jodaya hataa aneey teno udesh aevaa loko maate vaikalpik ukel pradaan karvaano hato jeo baar aneey klabmaa jataa hataa parantu alcoholic pinaan peetaa naa hataa. jeey2oo" naam paanee maate rasayanik sootra parr aek shabd chhe, aech2oo, jeey pinama falonaa rasnee matrane kaarane pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. uplabdh saupratham swaad narangi aneey pation fruit, safarjan aneey keree aneey safarjan aneey tarbuch hataa, parantu tyaarthi aaa shrenee kramshah vadhee chhe. itihas. 2001maan brandnee vadhati safalataane kaarane, jeey2oo packagingne fareethi design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey chotho swaad, narangi aneey cranberry rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato. 2002maan, vepaar-aadharit kshetramaa brandnee lokpriyataane kaarane, jeey2one pratham vakhat teqa-hooma bajaarmaa uplabdh karavvama aavee hatee, jemaa supermarketo aneey chhutak dukanoma chaar bottlena peeka rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2005maan packaging fareethi badalvama aavyu hatoo aneey safarjan aneey rasberries rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2 august 2006naa roj, britwiche little britton live tour saathe susangat banaavvaa maate rachaayel prachaar abhiyanni jaaherat curry. jeey2oo iz ina phora aaa hasaa" naamnee zumbesh khareeddaarone little britton shho jovaa maate 96 vip tikitmathi aek jeetva maate spardhama praveshvani manjuri aape chhe. 15 august 2007 sudhimaa, jeey2oo shikago vistaarmaa baar, club aneey restoraa maate uplabdh karavvama aavyu chhe aneey videshi pinaan kampani dwara aayaat karvaamaa aave chhe. 2009maan jeey2ooaee beey navaa swaado, draksh aneey keevee aneey sheeyalana tenaa rus zarataa faloni rajoo karyaa. aaa banne swaado mulroope maryadit aavrutti hataa parantu tyaarthi kaayamee swaadoni shreneema aekeekrut karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. 2010maan mukhya packaging redesign aneey jeey2oo white blaind rangeni sharuaat jovaa malee hatee. beey swaado, aek safed draksh parr aadharit, beejo laal draksh parr aadharit, haalnaa jeey2oo swaado karataa ochha meethaa hoya chhe aneey safed aneey laal wine jaim khoraakne purak banaavvaa maate rachaayel chhe. narangi aneey pation fala aneey safarjan aneey keree (2 sauthee lokpreey swaad) paaltu pranini bottlema chhodvama aavyaa chhe. 2011maan jeey2oonoow "glitter barry" naamnee maryadit aavrutti swaad bahaar padvama aavyo hato. pachhi 2012 maan, 2 vadhu maryadit aavrutti swaado, papaiyano punch aneey diamond barry rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2013maan, unaalaa maate maryadit aavrutti nashpatina sonaanu sanskaran rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2020maan, jeey2ooaee losen index puraskar-sarvoch puraskar jeetyo hato. juniyarni team 2 juunii irish dhabkara karey chhe. november 2014maan teoae juniyar cru 2 old irish beats naamnee aek tivi jaaherat sharoo curry, jemaa samkalin london dance outfit juniyarnaa cru, anya bhaaio tareeke odakhaata jivant irish loqa bendamaa brack-dance darshavvama aavyo hato. tivi jaaherat stock newington taaun holamaa filmavvama aavee hatee aneey teey itv 1 (november 2014) parr ex-phektara darmiyan rajoo thaee hatee. swaad. 2019 sudhimaa, swaadoni jeey2oo shreneema nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

taka taka falon key russ seey banaa ack sheetal peya haye. yeh britwick dwara nirmit haye aur united kingdam aur ireland mein becha jaataa haye. 1998 mein isake shubharambh kaa netritva sheraz daar ney kiya thaa joe 1994 mein britwick mein shamil hue they, aur iska uddeshya una logon key liye ack vaikalpik samadhan pradaan karna thaa joe baar aur clubon mein jaa rahey they lekin maadak peya naheen pee rahey they. थे। naam paani key rasayanik sootra parr ack shlesh haye, haye, jise peya key falon key russ kii matra key kaaran chunaa gayaa haye. upalabdh pahale swaad narangi aur junoon phal, seb aur aam aur seb aur tarbooj they, lekin taba seey yeh shrinkhala uttarottar badhee haye. itihas. 2001 mein badhati brand safalata key kaaran, taka packaging koo phir seey design kiya gayaa aur chautha swaad, narangi aur cranberry, pesh kiya gayaa. 2002 mein, vyaapaar kshetra mein brand kii lokpriyata key kaaran, taka koo pahali baar ghar leey jaane vaale bajar mein upalabdh karaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen chaar-bottle vaale paik supermarket aur khudra dukaanon mein pesh kiye gaye they. 2005 mein packaging koo phir seey badal diyaa gayaa aur seb aur raspberry koo pesh kiya gayaa. 2 agast 2006 koo, britwick ney little britten live tour key saath mell khaane key liye ack prachaar abhiyaan kii ghoshana kii. taka ijj inn forr aeye hasaa" naamak abhiyaan kharidaaron koo little britten show dekhane key liye 96 vee. aaee. pee. tikaton mein seey ack jeetane key liye ack pratiyogita mein pravesh karane kii anumati detaa haye. 15 agast 2007 taka, taka koo shikago kshetra mein baar, club aur restaraan key liye upalabdh karaaya gayaa haye aur videshi peya company dwara ayaat kiya jaataa haye. 2009 mein taka ney dou nae swaad, angur aur keevi aur sheetkaleen jamun pesh kiye. yeye donon swaad mool roop seey seemit sanskaran they lekin taba seey sthaayi swaad kii seema mein ekikrit kiye gaye hain. 2010 mein ack pramukh packaging redesign aur taka white mishran renz kaa shubharambh dekhaa gayaa. dou swaad, ack safed angur parr adharit, doosara laal angur parr adharit, maujooda taka swaad kii tulanaa mein cumm meethe hotey hain aur bhojan key poorak key liye design kiye gaye hotey hain, usee tarah jaise safed aur laal sharaab karate hain. santare aur junoon phal aur seb aur aam (2 sabse lokpriya swaad) paltu jaanvaron kii botalon mein jaari kiye gaye hain. 2011 mein taka kaa ack seemit sanskaran swaad "glitter berry" laaya gayaa thaa. phir 2012 mein, 2 aur seemit sanskaran swaad, papeeta punch aur diamond berry jaari kiye gaye. 2013 mein, ack seemit sanskaran nashpati soney kaa sanskaran garmiyon key liye jaari kiya gayaa thaa. 2020 mein, taka ney lausen soochkaank puraskar-sarvocch puraskar jeetaa. junier key chaalak dall 2 puraane ayrish taal. navambar 2014 mein unhone junier key dall 2 puraane ayrish beats naamak ack tv vigyaapan shuru kiya, jisamen samkaaleen landan nritya sangathan junier key dall koo dikhaaya gayaa, anya bhaaiyon naamak ack live ayrish lock baind key liye break-dance kiya gayaa. tv vigyaapan koo stoke neungton town holl mein filmaya gayaa thaa aur ise ise (navambar 2014) parr aiks-factor key dauran shuru kiya gayaa thaa. swaad. 2019 taka, taka renz key swaadon mein shamil hainh

zhe2oo zhe2oo embudu hannina rasagalinda tayaarisalaada innoo tampu paniyavagide. idannu britwick tayaarisuttade mattu united kingdom mattu airlendnalli marata maadalaaguttade. 1998ralli adara praarambhada netrutvavannu 1994ralli britwickge serida sheraj dhaar vahisiddaru mattu baargalu mattu klabgalige hoguttidda aadare madyasaarada paniyagalannu sevisada janarige paryaya parihaaravannu odagisuva guriyannu hondittu. zhe2oo" emba hesaru neerina rasayanika sootravaada etch2oo mele ondu shleshavaagide, idannu paaneeyada hannina rasa amshadindaagi ayke maadalaagide. labhyaviruva modala ruchigalu kittale mattu passion hannu, sebu mattu maavinahannu mattu sebu mattu kallangadi, aadare andininda ee shreniyu kramena beledide. itihaasa. 2001ralli beleyuttiruva brand yashassinindaagi, zhe2oo packaging annu maruvinyaasagolisalaayitu mattu nalkane ruchi, kittale mattu cranberriannu parichayisalaayitu. 2002ralli, vyaapaarada valayadalli brandina janapriyateyindaagi, zhe2oo annu modala baarige take-home maarukattege labhyavaguvante maadalaayitu, naalku-bataligala pyaakgalannu sooparmaarketgalu mattu chillare angadigalli parichayisalaayitu. packaging annu 2005 ralli matte badalaayisalaayitu, mattu sebu mattu raspberryannu parichayisalaayitu. 2006rahra august 2randu, britwick little britton live pravasadondige hondikeyaguvante vinyasagolisalada prachara abhiyaanavannu ghoshisidaru. zhe2oo ees inn phaar aa nagu" emba hesarina abhiyaanavu khareedidaararige little britton pradarshanavannu nodalu 96 aivp tiketgalalli wandannu gellalu spardheyannu praveshisalu anuvu maadikoduttade. 2007rahra august 15rahra velege, zhe2oo annu chikago pradeshada baargalu, klabgalu mattu restorentgalige labhyavaguvante maadalaagide mattu idannu videshi paneeya kampani aamadu maadikolluttade. 2009ralli zhe2oo eradu hosa ruchigalannu parichayisitu, drakshi mattu kivi mattu chaligaalada hannugalu. ee eradoo ruchigalu moolatah seemita aavruttiyaagiddavu aadare nantara shaashvata ruchigala vyaaptiyalli samyojisalpattive. 2010ralli pramukha packaging maruvinyasa mattu zhe2oo white blend shreniya bidugadeyannu kanditu. eradu suvaasanegalu, ondu bili drakshiyannu aadhariside, innondu kempu drakshiyannu aadhariside, astitvadalliruva zhe2oo ruchigaliginta kadime sihiyagiruttade mattu bili mattu kempu wine maaduvanteye aharakke purakavagi vinyaasagolisalaagide. kittale mattu passion hannugalu mattu sebu mattu maavinahannu (2 atyanta janapriya ruchigalu) saakupraanigala bataligalalli bidugadeyagive. 2011ralli "glitter berry" emba zhe2oonaa seemita aavruttiya ruchiyannu horatandaru. nantara 2012ralli, pappaya punch mattu diamond berry emba 2 seemita aavruttiya ruchigalannu bidugade maadalaayitu. 2013ralli, seemita aavruttiya pier chinnada aavruttiyannu besigeyalli bidugade maadalaayitu. 2020ralli, zhe2oo lausanne soochyankada prashastiyannu-sarvochcha prashastiyannu geddukonditu. junier tandada 2 haleya airish beats. 2014rahra novembernalli avaru juniers cru 2 old airish beats emba duradarshana jaahiraatannu praarambhisidaru, idaralli samakaalina london nrutya udupannu junier tandadavaru, itara sahodararu endu kareyalpaduva live airish jaanapada bandge break-dance maadidaru. ee duradarshana jaahiraatannu stoke newington town haalnalli chitrikarisalaayitu mattu idu aitivi1 (november 2014) nalli ex-phyaaktar samayadalli praarambhavaayitu. ruchigalu. 2019 rahra hottige, zhe2oo shreniya ruchigalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh

jeey2oo pazhachaarukalil ninnu nirmmikkunna oru sheethalapaaneeyamaanu jeey2oo. britwick nirmmikkunna ithu yunaittad kingdatthilum irelandilum vilkkunnu. 1994ll brittvikkil chernna sheraz dhaar 1998ll aarambhicha ithinte thudakkam baarukalilum klabbukalilum pookukayum ennaal madyapaaneeyangal kudikkathirikkukayum cheiyunna aalukalkk oru badal pariharam nalkuka enna lakshyathodeyaayirunnu. paaneeyatthile pazhachaarinte alavu kaaranam thiranjeduttha jalathinte raasa soothravaakyamaaya echu2oyude oru panjaanu "jeey2oo" enna peru. ooranchu & paashan fruit, apple & maanga, apple & thannimathan ennivayaayirunnu labhyamaya aadyathe sugandhangal, ennaal athinusesham eee shreni kramena valarnnu. charithram. 2001ll brand vijayam vardhichathode jeey2oo packaging punarroopakalppana cheyyukayum naalaamathe ruchiyaaya ooranchu, cranberry enniva avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 2002-ll, oonn-trade mekhalayil braandinte janapreeti kaaranam, soopparmaarkkattukalilum retail shoppukalilum naalu boatil paaykkukal avatharippichukondu jeey2oo aadyamaayi take-hoome vipaniyil labhyamakki. 2005ll packaging veendum maattukayum appilum raspberry avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 2006 august 2 nuu, littil brittan live toorumaayi poruthappedunna oru prachaarana kaambayin britwick prakhyaapichu. jeey2oo ees inn phoor eiii heyes" enna perilulla kaambeyn, littil brittan shhow kaanunnathinaayi 96 vipi tikkattukalilonn nedunnathinaayi vaangunnavare oru malsarathil praveshikkaan anuvadikkunnu. 2007 august 15 vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram chikkago pradeshathe baarukal, clubbukal, restorantukal ennivaykku jeey2oo labhyamaakkiyittund, koodaathe videsha paaneeya kambani ithu irakkumathi cheiyunnu. 2009ll jeey2oo munthirippazham, kivi, shaityakaala sarasafalangal enningane rund puthiya sugandhangal avatharippichu. eee rund ruchikalkkum yadhaarthathil parimitha pathippukalundaayirunnuve pinneedu avaa sthiramaaya ruchikalkoppam samyojippikkappettu. 2010ll oru pradhana packaging punarroopakalppanayum jeey2oo vaitt blend renchinte samarambhavum nadannu. rund sugandhangal, onnu velutha munthirippazhathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathum mattonn chuvanna munthirippazhathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathum, nilavilulla jeey2oo sugandhangale apekshichu madhuram kuravaanu, koodaathe vella chuvanna veenjum cheiyunnathupole bhakshanathe paripoorakamaakkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. ooranchu & paashan fruit, apple & maanga (ettavum janapriyamaaya 2 sugandhangal) enniva valarthumrigangalude kuppikalil puratthirakki. 2011ll jeey2oyude parimitha pathippaya "glittar berry" puratthirangi. pinneedu 2012-ll pappaya panchu, diamond berry ennee rund parimitha pathipp sugandhangal koodi puratthirangi. 2013-ll, oru parimitha pathippaya piyar gold pathipp venalkkaalath puratthirangi. 2020ll jeey2oo lossan soochika sammanam-paramonnatha puraskaaram nedi. jooniyarinte team 2 pazhaya airish beettukal. 2014 novemberil avar juuniyars kroo 2 ooldu airish beats enna peril oru television parasyam aarambhichu, athil samakaalika lunden nritha samghamaaya jooniyarinte samgham, mattu sahodaranmaar ennu vilikkunna oru live airish naadodi bandylake break dancing enniva avatharippichu. stokku newington tounhaalil chithreekaricha eee television parasyam aii. tii. vii. 1 (november 2014) leeii ex-faaktaril arangettam kurichu. ruchiyullava. 2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu, jeey2oo shreniyile sugandhangalil iva ulppedunnu

paryant paryant heey falanchya rasapasoon banavalele eka sthir sheetpey aahe. teey britvikdware tayar kele jaate aanee united kingdam aanee irelandmadhye vikale jaate. 1998 madhye sheraz darne tyachi suruvat kelee, joou 1994 madhye britvikmadhye sameel jhaala aanee jyaa lock baar aanee klabmadhye jaat hote parantu madyarkyukt peye peet navhate tyanchyasathi paryayi upay pradan karane haah tyacha uddesh hota. hota heey naav panyasathichya rasayanik sutravar eka shlesh aahe, aahe, jeey peyatil falanchya rasachya pramanamule nivadle gele aahe. upalabdh asalelya pahilya swadanmadhye santri aanee passion fruit, safarchand aanee aamba aanee safarchand aanee kharbooj yancha samavesh hota, parantu tevhapasoon hii shreni uttarottar vadhali aahe. itihas. 2001 madhye vadhatya brand yashamule, paryant packaging punarrachana karnyat aalee aanee chauthi chav, narangi aanee cranberry sadar karnyat aalee. 2002 madhye, vyapar kshetratil brandchya lokpriyatemule, paryant prathamach gharpoch bajarat upalabdh karoon denyat aale, jyat supermarket aanee kirkol dukananmadhye chaar-batalya asalele pack sadar karnyat aale. 2005 madhye packaging punha badalanyat aale aanee safarchand aanee raspberry sadar karnyat aale. 2 august 2006 roji, britwickne little britton live tourchya velee tayar kelelya prachar mohimechi ghoshana kelee. paryant ij inn phaur aaa hall" navachya mohimemule kharedidaranna litil britton shhow pahanyasathi 96 paiki eka vhee. aay. pii. tikit jinkanyasathi spardhet pravesh karata yeto. 15 august 2007 paryant, paryant shikago parisaratil baar, club aanee restaurantsasathi upalabdh karoon denyat aale aahe aanee videshi pey kampanidware aayat kele jaate. 2009 madhye paryant neey draksh aanee kivi aanee hiwali berries yaa done naveen swadanchi suruvat kelee. yaa donhi swadanchi mool aavrutti maryadit hotee, parantu tevhapasoon teey kayamswarupi swadanchya shreneet ektrit kele gele aahet. 2010 madhye mothya packaging punarrachana aanee paryant white mishran shreniche prakshepan jhaale. done swad, eka aanee drakshavar aadharit, tarr dusra laal drakshavar aadharit, vidyaman paryant swadanpeksha qamee god asatat aanee aanee aanee laal drakshapramanech annas purak mhanoon tayar kele jaatat. paliv pranyanchya batalyanmadhye santri aanee utkat fale aanee safarchand aanee aamba (2 sarvat lokpriy swad) sodale gele aahet. 2011 madhye paryantchee maryadit aavruttichi chav 'glitter berry' mhanoon prasiddha karnyat aalee. tyanantar 2012 madhye papai punch aanee diamond berry yaa aanakhi 2 maryadit aavruttichya swadanche prakashan karnyat aale. 2013 madhye, nashpatichya sonyachi maryadit aavrutti unhalyat prakashit karnyat aalee. 2020 madhye, madhye lauzen nirdeshank puraskar-sarvoch puraskar jinkla. juniorche karmchari 2 june ayrish beat. november 2014 madhye tyanni juniorchya kru 2 old ayrish beats navachi eka durchitravani jahirat suru kelee, jyat samkalin london nrutya poshakh juniorchya kroocha samavesh hota, itar bandhu navachya thet ayrish lokgatasathi break-nrutya. yaa durchitravani jahiratiche chitrikaran stoke newington tauun hallmadhye karnyat aale aanee aay. tii. vhee. 1 (november 2014) vareel ex-factor darmyan tee pradarshit jhaali. swad. 2019 paryant, paryant shrenichya swadanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh

swadharuko swadharuko falafulko rasabata baneko suft drink how. yo britabhikdwara nirmit chha rar sanyukta rajya rar ayarlandma bechinchha. sann 1998 maa yasako suruwat seraj darko netritwama bhaeko thiyo jo sann 1994 maa britbhikma samel bhae, rar barr rar clubharuma bahira jaandai thie tara madak peya padartha piuna nasakeka manisharuka lagi vaikalpik samadhan pradan garne uddeshya thiyo. थियो। naam paniko rasayanik sutrama ek punn how, how, peyako falko rasko samagriko karan chhanieko how. upalabdha pahilo swad suntala rar payson fall, syau rar aanp rar syau rar tarbuj thie, tara tabdekhi yo dayara bistarai badheko chha. itihas. sann 2001 maa badhdo brand safaltaka karan, swadharuko packaginglai punah design garieko thiyo rar chautho swad, suntala rar cranberry, prastut garieko thiyo. sann 2002 maa, wyapar kshetrama brandko lokapriyataka karan, karan pahilo patak tech-home bajarma upalabdha garaieko thiyo, jasma chaar botalko pyak supermarket rar khudra pasalharuma prastut garieko thiyo. sann 2005 maa packaging feri pariwartan garieko thiyo, rar apple rar raspberry prastut garieko thiyo. 2 august 2006 maa, britbhikle sano belayat pratyaksha bhramansanga mail khane uddeshyale design garieko prachar abhiyanko ghoshana gare. swadharuko iz inn ferr aha hasa" namak abhiyanle kretaharulai sano belayatko karyakram hernka lagi 96 bhip tikatharu madhye euta jitna pratispardhama prawesh garna anumati dinchha. 15 august 2007 samma, swadharuko sikago kshetraka barharu, clubharu, rar resturentharuma upalabdha garaieko chha rar videshi peya companydwara ayat garieko chha. sann 2009 maa maa dui nayan swadharu, angur rar kivi rar shitkalin berharu prastut garyo. yee duwai swadharu muel rupma simit sanskaran thie tara tyasapachhi sthayi swadharuko dayarama ekikrit garieko chha. sann 2010 maa euta pramukh packaging punah design rar swadharuko seto mishran dayarako prakshepan dekhiyo. duiwata swadharu, euta seto angurma adharit, arko rato angurma adharit, awasthit swadharuko swadharu bhanda cum mitho hunchhan rar seto rar rato winele jastai khanalai purak banauna design garieko how. suntala rar payson fall rar syau rar aanp (2 sabaibhanda lokpriya swad) gharapaluwa janawarko bottlema jaari garieko chha. sann 2011 maa swadharukoko simit sanskaran swad "glitter berry" bhaninthyo. tyasapachhi 2012 maa, 2 thap simit sanskaran swadharu, pepaya panch rar hira berry jaari gariyo. sann 2013 maa, ek simit sanskaran nashapati suna sanskaran garmika lagi jaari garieko thiyo. sann 2020 maa, maa lusane index puraskar-sarvochcha puraskar jityo. juniyarko tolly 2 purano airisle bitts gardacha. november 2014 maa uniharule juniyarko tolly 2 purano iris beat namak tivi vigyapan suru gare, jasma samakalin london nritya poshak juniyarko tolly, anya bhaiharu bhanine laibh iris lock bandma break-nritya garieko thiyo. tivi vigyapan stoke newington tauna halma chhayangkan garieko thiyo rar itv 1 (november 2014) maa ex-factorko samayama debue bhaeko thiyo. swad. sann 2019 samma, swadharuko swadharuko dayarama samawesh chhah

jay2oh jay2oh heuchhi phala jusare tiari eka shital paniah. ehaa britabhik dwara nirmita ebong britten ebong aajarlandare bikri hue . 1998 ray ehara subharambha sheraj darnka netrutware hoithila jie 1994 ray britbhik ray joga deithile, ebong jeunmane baar ebong klabaku jauthile kintu madyapana karu nathile semananka paain eka bikalpa samadhan pradan kariba lakhya thila . jay2oh" namati jalara rasajanika sutra, echa2oh upare eka shlesh, jaahaa panijare phala rus parimana hetu chayan karajaichi. upalabdha pratham swada thila kamala ebong passion phala, seo ebong amb ebong seo ebong tarbhuj, kintu ehaa paratharu ehi parisara kramasah brudhi paichi . itihas. 2001 masihare, brander saphalata brudhi hetu, jay2oh pyakejingku punah design karajaithila ebong eka chaturtha swada, kamala ebong cranberry, prabartana karajaithila. 2002 masihare, aun-trade sektarare brander lokaprijata karanaru, jay2ohku pratham thara paain tech-home bajaarare upalabdha karajaithila, jeunthire chaari bottle pack supermarket ebong khuchura dokanare prabartana karajaithila. 2005 ray pyakejingku puni paribartana karajaithila, ebong seo ebong raspberry prabartana karajaithila . 2006 august 2 tarikhare, britabhik eka prachara abhijana ghoshana karithile, jaahaa little britten live tour sahita mela khaibaku parikalpana karajaithila. jay2oh ija inn phara aii hus" namaka ehi abhijana kretamananku little britten shoe dekhiba paain 96 bhi. aai. pii. ticket madhyaru gotie jitiba paain eka pratijogitare prabesha karibaku anumathi deithae. 2007 august 15 suddha, jay2ohku chikago anchalara baar, club ebong resturant paain upalabdha karajaichi ebong bideshi paniah company dwara amdani karajaichi. 2009 ray jay2oh duiti nutan swada, angura ebong kiwi ebong shitakalina berry prabartana karithila . ehi ubhaja swada moolatah seemita sanskarana thila kintu sebetharu sthajee swadara parisara sahita ekeekruta hoichhi . 2010ray eka pramukh pyakejing punah design ebong jay2oh white blend renjara subharambha hoithila. duiti swada, gotie dhalaa angura upare aadharita, anyati laal angura upare aadharita, barttamanara jay2oh swada tulanare comm mitha ebong khadyara paripuraka bhabare design karajaichi, jepari dhalaa ebong redd wine kare . kamala ebong passion phala ebong seo ebong amb (2 tii lokpriya swada) posha prani botalare mukta karajaichi . 2011 ray jay2oh rahr eka seemita sanskarana swada "glitter berry" baharithila . ehapare 2012ray, ahuri 2tii seemita sanskarana swada, pepa pancha ebong heera berry muktilabha karithila. 2013 ray, eka seemita sanskarana nashapati suna sanskarana grishma paain muktilabha karithila . 2020 ray, jay2oh luzanne suchakanka puraskara jitithila-sarbocha puraskara . juniyarra dala 2 puruna iris beat kare . navember 2014 ray semane juniara kryu 2 puruna iris bits namaka eka tibhi bigyapana arambha karithile, jeunthire samasamajika london nrutya poshaka juniyarara kru, anya bhai namaka eka live iris lock byandare break-dances karajaithila . ehi tibhi bigyapana stoke niwingatan tauna halare suting karajaithila ebong aitibhi1 (navember 2014) ray ex-factor samajare arambha hoithila. swada. 2019 masiha suddha, jay2oh parimapara swadagudika antarbhuktah

takk takk ikk saaft drink haii joe falaan dey rus toon baniaa hunda haii. ih britwick duaara nirmit haii atey united kingdom atey ireland witch vechiaa jaanda haii. 1998 witch iss dee shuruat dee agvai sheraz daar neey keeti see joe 1994 witch britwick witch shamal hoye sunn, atey iss daa udesh unhan lokan laee ikk vikalpik hall pardan karna see joe baaran atey kalabban witch jaa rahey sunn parr sharab naheen pee rahey sunn. sunn। naam paanee dey rasayanak farmule 'teey ikk shabdik haii, haii, joe peenn vaale fall dey rus dee samaggari dey caarn chunhiaa giaa haii. sabh toon pahilan upalbadh suaad santri atey janoon fall, seb atey amb atey seb atey tarbuj sunn, parr udon toon ih rainz hauli-hauli vadhee haii. itihaas. 2001 witch brand dee vaddh rahee safalta dey caarn, takk packing noon mudd design keeta giaa see atey ikk chautha suaad, santri atey cranberry, pesh keeta giaa see. 2002 witch, aana-trade sector witch brand dee prasidhi dey caarn, takk noon pahili vaar take-home markeet witch upalbadh karvaiaa giaa see, jiss witch chaar-bottle paek supermarkeetan atey prachun dukanan witch pesh keete gaye sunn. 2005 witch packing noon dubara badliaa giaa see, atey seb atey rusberry dee shuruat keeti gaee see. 2 agast 2006 noon, britwick neey ikk prachar muhim dee ghoshna keeti joe little britten live tour dey naal tiaar keeti gaee see. takk izz inn phaar aii hassan" namak muhim khariddaran noon little britten shoa noon dekhan laee 96 vee. aaee. pee. tikatan vicchon ikk jittan laee ikk mukabale witch dakhal honn dee aagiaa dindi haii. 15 agast 2007 takk, takk noon shikago khetar witch baaran, kalabban atey restaurantan laee upalbadh karvaiaa giaa haii atey videshi peenn vaale company duaara daramad keeta jaanda haii. saal 2009 witch takk neey doou navein suaad, angur atey keevi atey sardiaan dey berry pesh keete. ih doven suaad asal witch seemat sanskaran sunn parr udon toon sathayi suaad dee seema witch ekikrit keete gaye hunn. 2010 witch ikk pramukh packing redesign atey takk white mishran rainz dee shuruat vekhi gaee. doou suaad, ikk chitte angur utte adharat, dooja laal angur utte adharat, maujuda takk suaad naalon ghatt mitthe hunde hunn atey bhojan dey poorak vajon tiaar keete jaande hunn, use tarahan jiven chitte atey laal wine karde hunn. santre atey janoon fall atey seb atey amb (2 sabh toon prasidh suaad) paltu janwaran deeaan botlan witch jaari keete gaye hunn. saal 2011 witch takk daa ikk seemat edition suaad "glitter berry" kiha jaanda haii. firr 2012 witch, 2 horr seemat edition suaad, papita punch atey diamond berry jaari keete gaye sunn. saal 2013 witch garmiaan laee ikk seemat edition daa naspati sone daa sanskaran jaari keeta giaa see. 2020 witch, takk neey lauzan index puraskar-sarvuch puraskar jittiaa. junier daa chaalak dall 2 purana irish beat karda haii. navambar 2014 witch uhanan neey juniers karoo 2 old irish beat namak ikk teevi ishtihaar shuru keeta, jiss witch samkali london dance sanstha junier dey chaalak dall noon pradarshit keeta giaa, ikk live irish lock baind laee break-dance keeta giaa jiss noon horr bharaa kiha jaanda haii. tii. vee. ishtihaar noon stoke newington taoon haal witch filmaiaa giaa see atey aaee. tii. vee. 1 (navv 2014) utte aiks-faektar dauran shuruat keeti gaee see. suaad. 2019 takk, takk rainz dey suaadan witch shamal hann

jey2o jey2o iti falasya rasadat nirmitam sheetal-peyam asti. etat britwick ityanena nirmitam, unated kingdam-deshe, airlyaand-deshe cha vikreeyate. 1998 tame varshe asya aarambhasy netrutvam sheraj daar ityanena krutam, yah 1994 tame varshe britwick-madhye sammilitah, tathaa cha teshaam krute vaikalpikam samadhanam pradaatum lakshyam aasit ye baar-club-madhye cha gacchanti sma, parantu madyapaaneshu naa peeyate sma. jey2o" iti naam jalasya rasayanikasuchyam, echa2o iti, peye falasya rasyaamshasya karanat chitah, ekam shlesham asti. prathamam upalabhyamanani svaaduhu naarang-peshan-phalaani, aapal-aama-aapal-tarabooj-cha aasan, parantu tatah param eshaa shrenee uttarottaram vardhamana asti. itihaasah. 2001 tame varshe bryaand-safalataayaah vardhanena jey2o-pyaakejing ityasya punah vinyaasah krutah, chaturtham swaadam naarang-kryaanberi cha pravartitam. 2002 tame varshe, vyaapaarakshetre brand ityasya lokapriyataayaah karanat, jey2o prathamavaaram tech-home-vipanyaam upalabhyat, yatra soopar-markett-madhye, chillar-aapaneshu cha chaturna-baatal-pyaak-ityetaani praavartitaani. 2005 tame varshe punah peking parivartitam, aapal-raspberry cha praavartitam. 2006 august 2 dinaanke, britwick ityayam litil-britton-laiv-pravasena saha yojayitum parikalpitam prachaar-abhiyanam aghoshayat. jey2o ees inn faar e hley" iti namna namna khyaatam abhiyanam kretrubhyah litil-britton-sho-iteedam drashtum 96 vi. aii. pi.-tiket-madhye ekam jitum spardhayam praveshtum anumanyate. 2007 august 15 dinaankaparyantam jey2o iteedam chikaago-pradeshasya baar-club-krute, bhojanaalay-krute cha upalabhyat, videsheey-peya-kampanee-dwara cha aayaatitam asti. 2009 tame varshe jey2o ityanena draakshah, keevee cha, sheetakaalasy beri ityetau nootanau swaraah pravartitaah. ete dwau swaraah moolatah seemitasamskaaraah aasan, parantu tatah param sthayisvadanam shreneem madhye ekeekrutau stah. 2010 tame varshe pramukham pyaakejing-punah vinyaasam, jey2o shveta-mishra-shreneem cha praavartitam. ekaha shveta-drakshasya aadhaaren, anyah rakta-drakshasya aadhaaren, dwau swaadau vidyamaanasya jey2o-swaadasya apekshayaa nyoonaah madhurau bhavanti, tathaa cha shveta-rakta-draksharasasya sadrushena khaadyasya poorakaroopen parikalpitaah santi. naarang-peshan-phalaani, aapal-aamah (2 sarvaadhikam lokapriyaani swaadaah) cha palaka-paatreshu utsarjitaah santi. 2011 tame varshe jey2o ityasya "glitter berry" iti seemita-samskaran-swaadah prakaashitah. tatah 2012 tame varshe, papayaa panch, daimand berry iti 2 parimitaah samskaranaani swaraah prakashitani. 2013 tame varshe, grishmakaale seemita-samskaranasya naashapaatasy swarna-samskaranam pradarshitam. 2020 tame varshe jey2o-samsthayaa lausen-soochakaank-puraskaarah-sarwochchapuraskaarah praaptah. kanishtasya dalasya 2 puraatanaah airish-beats santi. 2014 tame varshe november-maase te junier-ityasya kroo-2 old-airish beats iti dooradarshan-vidnyaapanam praarabdhavantah, yasmin samakaaleenah landan-nrutya-samoohah junier-ityasya kroo-ityeshah, anyabhraatrubhihi namakasya laiv-airish-jaanapad-vaadyavrundasya break-nrutyam krutavaan. tea. vee.-vidnyaapanam stoke newington-tounhall-madhye chitritam aasit, tathaa cha aii. tea. vee. 1 (nov 2014) ityatra eksa-factor-madhye prathamavaaram abhavat. swaadah. 2019 tamavarshaparyantam, jey2o ityasya swaadeh shrenyaah antarbhawantih

nilavarappadi nilavarappadi enbathu pazhachchaarugalilirunthu thayaarikkappadum oru menmaiyaana paanamaagum. idhu britwick niruvanatthaal thayaarikkappattu aikkiya raachchiyam mattrum ayarlaandhil virkappadukirathu. 1998 aam aandil adhan thodakkaththirku sheraz thaar thalaimai thaangkinaar, avar 1994 aam aandil britwick niruvanaththil saernthaar, maelum paarkal mattrum kilapkalukku veliyae sendru mathupaanangkalai kudikkaatha makalukku oru maattru theervai vazhangkuvathai nokkamaagak kondadhu. kondadhu endra peyar thanneerukkaana irasaayana sooththiramaana sooththiramaana oru panjch aagum, idhu bhaanaththin palachchaaru ulladakkam kaaranamaaga thaernthedukkappadukirathu. aaranjchu mattrum paasan pazham, apple mattrum maampazham mattrum apple mattrum mulampazham aagiyavai muthal suvaigalaaga irunththana, aanaal adhan pinnar inththa varambu padippadiyaaga valarnththullathu. varalaaru. 2001 aam aandil valarnthu varum brand vettriyin kaaranamaaga, nilavarappadi backaging maruvadivamaippu seiyappattathu mattrum naankaavathu suvai, aaranjchu mattrum granberry arimugappaduththappattathu. 2002 aam aandil, varththagath thuraiyil brandin pugazh kaaranamaaga, nilavarappadi muthal muraiyaaga take-hoam santhaikkuk kidaiththathu, naanku paattil paekkugal palporul angkaadigal mattrum sillarai kadaigalil arimugappaduththappattana. 2005 aam aandil backaging meendum maattrappattathu, maelum apple & rosperry arimugappaduththappattathu. august 2,2006 andru, britwick siriya brittan neradi sutruppayanaththudan oththuppoaga vadivamaikappatta oru vilambara prachchaaraththai arivitthaar. nilavarappadi oru sirippukkaaga ullathu" endru peyaridappatta inththa prachaaram, siriya brittan nigazhchchiyaip paarkka 96 vipi dicketkalil ontrai vella vaangkubavargalai oru poattiyil nuzhiya anumathikkirathu. august 15,2007 nilavarappadi, nilavarappadi sikago paguthiyil ulla paarkal, kilappugal mattrum unavagangkalukku kidaikkach seiyappattullathu mattrum kavarchiyaana paana niruvanatthaal irakkumathi seiyappadugirathu. 2009 aam aandil nilavarappadi thiraatchai mattrum kivi mattrum kulirkaala perrigal aagiya irandu puthiya suvaigalai arimugappaduththiyathu. inththa irandu suvaigalum muthalil varaiyarukappatta pathippaaka irunththana, aanaal pinnar niranthara suvaigalin varambil orunginaikkappattullan. 2010 oru periya backaging maruvadivamaippu mattrum nilavarappadi vellai kalavai varambin veliyeettaik kandadhu. irandu suvaigal, ondru vellai thiraatchai, mattrondru sivappu thiraatchai, tharpoothulla nilavarappadi suvaigalai vida kuraivaana inippu mattrum vellai mattrum sivappu oyin poalavae unavai poorthi seiya vadivamaikkappattullana. aaranjchu mattrum paasan pazham mattrum apple mattrum maampazham (2 migavum pirabalamaana suvaigal) chellaprani paattilkalil veliyidappattullana. 2011 aam aandil "clitter berry" endru azhaikkappadum azhaikkappadum varaiyarukappatta pathippu suvai veliyidappattathu. pinnar 2012 aam aandil, maelum 2 varaiyarukappatta pathippu suvaigal, pappaalip panjch mattrum diamond berry veliyidappattana. 2013 aam aandil, oru varaiyarukappatta pathippu paerikkaai thanga pathippu koadaiyil veliyidappattathu. 2020 aam aandil, nilavarappadi lusanne kuriyeettu parisai ventrathu-uchcha viruthu. juuniyar kuzhuvinar 2 pazhaiya airish thudippukal. navambar 2014 ill avarkal juuniyar kuzhu 2 pazhaiya airish beats endra tholaikaatchi vilambaraththaith thodangkinar, idhil samagaala lundon nadana amaippu juuniyar kuzhuvinar, mattra cakoothararkal endru azhaikkappadum neradi airish naattuppura isaikkuzhuvirku idai-nadanam aadinar. inththa tholaikaatchi vilambaram stoke newington down haalil padamaakkappattathu mattrum idevy 1 ill ex-kaarani poathu arimugamaanathu (navambar 2014). suvaigal. 2019 aam aandu nilavarappadi, nilavarappadi varambin suvaigal pinvarumaaru

zhe2oo zhe2oo anedi pandla rasaalatoe tayaaru cheyabadina sheetala paaneeyam. dheenini britwick tayaaru chesi united kingdom mariyu irelandlo vikrayistundi. 1998loe dheenini praarambhinchina sheraz dhaar 1994loe britwicklo cheraaru, mariyu baarlu mariyu klabbulaku velutunna conny madya paaneeyaalu taagani vyaktulaku pratyaamnaaya parishkaranni andinchadam dheeni lakshyam. zhe2oo" anae paeru neeti rasa suutram, hetch2oo paie oka padyam, idhi paaneeyam yokka pandla rasamlo content kaaranamgaa enchukobadindi. andubaatulo unna modati ruchulu narinja & pyaashan fruit, aapil & mamidi mariyu aapil & puchchakaaya, conny appati nundi eee shreni kramamga perigindi. charitra. 2001loe perugutunna brand vijayam kaaranamgaa, zhe2oo packaging punahroopakalpana cheyabadindi mariyu nalgava ruchi, narinja & cranberry pravesapettabadindi. 2002loe, aann-trade rangamlo brand yokka prajaadarana kaaranamgaa, zhe2oo modatisaarigaa take-home marketku andubaatulo unchabadindi, naalugu-bottle pyaaklanu suupar marketlu mariyu retail shaapulalo pravesapettaaru. packaging 2005loe mallee maarchabadindi, aapil & rospberry pravesapettabadindi. 2006 augustu 2naa, little britton live tourtho samanamga roopondinchina prachara pracharanni britwick prakatinchindi. zhe2oo eej inn pharr eah hoy" anae pracharam konugoludaarulu little britton show chuudataaniki 96 vip tikketlalo okadaanni geluchukovadaaniki pootiiloo pravesinchadaaniki anumatistundi. 2007 augustu 15 natiki, zhe2oo chikago praantamlooni baarlu, clubbulu mariyu restaurantlaku andubaatulo unchabadindi mariyu videshee paaneeyaala samstha dwara digumati cheyabadindi. 2009loe zhe2oo rendu kotta ruchulanu pravesapettindi, draksha & kivi mariyu siitaakaalapu berrylu. eee rendu ruchulu modata parimita edition, conny appati nundi shaashwata ruchula paridhiloo vileenam cheyabaddaayi. 2010loe oka pradhana packaging punarnatana mariyu zhe2oo white blend shrenini praarambhinchaaru. rendu ruchulu, okati tella draakshapai aadharapadi, marokati erra draakshapai aadharapadi, ippatike unna zhe2oo ruchula kante takkuva teepigaa untaayi mariyu telupu mariyu erra wine maadirigaane aaharaanni puurti cheyadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. aurange & pyaashan fruit mariyu aapil & mamidi (2 atyanta prachuryam pondina ruchulu) pempudu jantuvula seesaalalo vidudala cheyabaddaayi. 2011loe "glitter berry" anie piluvabade zhe2oo yokka parimita edition ruchini teesukuvacchaaru. aaa taruvaata 2012loe, boppayi punch mariyu diamond berry anae maroe 2 parimita edition ruchulu vidudala cheyabaddaayi. 2013loe, vesavi kosam pier goaled yokka parimita edition version vidudala cheyabadindi. 2020loe, zhe2oo lausan index bahumati-supreme avaardunu geluchukundi. juuniyar yokka sibbandi 2 paatha airish beats. november 2014loe vaaru juuniyars cru 2 old airish beats anae tv prakatnanu praarambhinchaaru, indulo samakaaleena london dance dustula juuniyar sibbandi, itara sodarulu anie piluvabade pratyaksha airish jaanapada byaandku break dance chesaaru. tv prakatana stoke newington town haallo chithreekarinchabadindi mariyu itv1 (november 2014) loe ex-phyaaktar samayamlo praarambhamaindi. ruchulu. 2019 natiki, zhe2oo shreni ruchulu

jay 2 awo jay tuu awo eek abb bhee saaft drink hay juu phalon kay russ say banaya jaataa hay. yaha bertwake kay zariah tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay aur bartaniah aur ireland mein farokhat kiyaa jaataa hay. 1998 mein iss kay aaghaz kii qayadat sheeraz daar nay kii thee jinhon nay 1994 mein bertwake mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii thee aur iss kaa maqsad inn logon kay liye eek muthbadil hall farahim karnaa thaa juu baar aur kalbon mein jaa rahay thay leakin alkahal mashrubaat nahein pee rahay thay. jay 2 awo" naam paani kay kimiyayi farmolay parr eek punn hay aich 2 awa juu mashrub kay phalon kay russ kay mawaad kii wajah say muntakhib kiyaa gayaa hay. dastiyaab pehley zaiqe santari aur pation fruit seeb aur aam aur seeb aur kharbuze thay leakin iss kay baad say yaha silsilah batadreej badh gayaa hay. tareekh. 2001 mein braand kii badhti hoyee kamiyabi kii wajah say jay tuu awo packaging kuu dobarah design kiyaa gayaa aur chotha zaiqah naranji aur kareen barry mutaarif karaya gayaa. 2002 mein aann trade sector mein braand kii maqboliyat kii wajah say jay tuu awo kuu pehli baar teek hoam market mein dastiyaab karaya gayaa jiss mein chaar botalon kay peek spir marketon aur khurdah dukanon mein mutaarif karaye gayey. 2005 mein packaging kuu dobarah tabdil kiyaa gayaa aur seeb aur rasbari mutaarif karayee gayee. 2 agast 2006 cow bertwake nay eek promotional muham kaa aalaan kiyaa juu luttle bartaniah laiyo torr kay saath mawafiq hay. jay tuu iss inn faar aey hansi" naami muham kharidaron kuu luttle bartaniah show dekhnay kay liye 96 wee aayee pee tikton mein say eek jeetnay kay liye muqabilay mein daakhil honay kii ajazat deeti hay. 15 agast 2007 takk jay tuu kuu shikago kay elaqay mein baar kalb aur reestoran kay liye dastiyaab karaya gayaa hay aur asay ghair milki mashrubaat company kay zariye daraamad kiyaa jaataa hay. 2009 mein jay tuu awo nay duu nayey zaiqay angor aur keevi aur sarmayi bair mutaarif karaye. yaha donon zaiqe asl mein mahdud edition thay leakin iss kay baad say mustaqil zaiqon kii hadd mein zam how gayey haine. 2010 mein eek badaa packaging dobarah design aur jay 2 awo waait blend renj kaa aaghaz dekha gayaa. duu zaiqay eek safed angor parr mubni dosra sarkh angor parr mubni maujudah jay tuu awo zaiqon say kumm meethay hotay haine aur khaaney kii takmeel kay liye asee tarah design kiye gayey haine jiss tarah safed aur sarkh sharaab karti hay. santari aur pation frot aur seeb aur aam (2 maqbool tareen zaiqe) paalto janwaron kii botalon mein jaari kiye gayey haine. 2011 mein jay tuu awo kaa eek mahdud edition zaiqah saamney laaya gayaa jasay "gulter barry" kahaa jaataa hay. phir 2012 mein 2 mazeed mahdud edition kay zaiqay papita pinch aur diamond barry jaari kiye gayey. 2013 mein eek mahdud edition nashpati gold warzan mosam garma kay liye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2020 mein jay tuu nay lozaan index anaam-suprem aiward jeeta. juniyar kaa emlah 2 paraaney aairish dhadakta hay. nomber 2014 mein inhon nay juniyar kay amley 2 old aairish bets kay naam say eek tye wee ishtehaar sharoo kiyaa jiss mein asree landan ddaans tanzim juniyar kay amley kuu dikhaya gayaa dosray bhayiyon kay naam say eek laiyo aairish lock bend kay liye break dancing. tye wee ishtehaar kuu stock neongton town haal mein filmaya gayaa thaa aur aayee tye wee 1 (nomber 2014) parr aiks factor kay doraan iss kaa aaghaz hawaa. zaiqe. 2019 takk zaiqon kii jay 2 awo renj mein shaamil haine:

0006c7eeb8b2d21cfaa90343ed63527c0beada7616fb6c76f0de74695c1e5571

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12904330

Paphiopedilum ciliolare

Paphiopedilum ciliolare Species of orchid Paphiopedilum ciliolare is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is known commonly as the short haired paphiopedilum. It is endemic to the Philippines. This is a rare orchid with a total wild population of fewer than 2500 mature individuals. It is heavily collected for the horticulture trade and its forest habitat is threatened with destruction and degradation. This species is notoriously difficult to propagate. Germination media are most effective when they contain sugar and tryptone. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pephiupedilam siliyo 'ler pephiupedilam siliyo 'ler hoise orchid poriyalor ek projatir fulor udbhid, orchidacy. iyak xadharonote suti sulir pephiupedilam buli jonaa yaay. ee philipinor sthaniyo. eitu etaa birol orchid zo 'too muth 2500 tokoi komm praptoboyosko lukor bonyo jonoxongkhya aase. iyak udyanpalonor byowoxayor baabe prosur porimane xongroho koraa hoy aaru iyar bonanchol dhongxo aaru obokhyor bhabukir xonmukhin hoy. ei projatitur prosar koratu kukhyatbhabe kothin. ongkuron madhyombur ataitkoi pholoproxu hoy jetiya xeiburot cheni aaru tryptone thaake.

pofiopedilum siliolar pofiopedilum silioleyara holl orchid poribarer ekti sapushpak udbhid, orchidacy. etty sadharonoto chhoto keshik paphiopedilum naame porichito. etty phillipiner sthaniya. etty ekti biral orchid jaar moat bonno jonosongkha 2500 ero qama poripoko byakti. uddanpalan banijyer jonno etty prachur porimane sangraha koraa hoy ebong err bonn abashsthol dhongso oo abokkhoyer humkir mukhe royeche. eyi projatir bistar atyanta kathin. ankurodgam madhyam sabcheye karjokor hoy jokhon etey chinny ebong tryptone thaake.

paphiopedilum silioler paphiopedilum silioler aee orchid parivaar, orchidesima foolnaa chhodni aek prajaati chhe. teey saamanya reete tunkaa vaadvala paphiopedilum tareeke odakhaay chhe. teey phillipinesmaa sthaaneek chhe. aaa aek durlabh orchid chhe, jenee coole jungley vastee 2500 thee ochhi pukht vyaktioni chhe. teey bagayatna vepaar maate bhaare aektra karvaamaa aave chhe aneey tenaa vana nivaasthaanne vinaash aneey adhahpatanno khataro chhe. aaa prajatino prachaar karvo kukhyaat reete mushkel chhe. ankuran maadhyam sauthee vadhu asarkarak hoya chhe jyaare temaa khaand aneey trypton hoya chhe.

papiopedilum silioler papiopedilum silioler orchid parivaar, orchidacy mein foolon key paudhe kii ack prajaati haye. ise aamtaur parr chhote baalon vaale puffiopedilum key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh phillippeans key liye sthaanik haye. yeh ack durlabh orchid haye jisamen 2500 seey cumm paripakva vyaktiyon kii kull jangli aabaadi haye. yeh bagwani vyaapaar key liye bahut adhik ekatra kiya jaataa haye aur isake vann nivaas sthaan koo vinash aur ksharan kaa khatra haye. iss prajaati kaa prachaar karna kukhyaat roop seey kathin haye. ankuran madhyam sabse prabhaavi hotey hain jaba unamen cheeni aur tryptone hotaa haye.

papiopedilum siliolar paphiopedilum siliolar embudu archid kutumbavaada aarkidesiyada hoobiduva sasyada ondu prabhedavagide. idannu samanyavagi chikka koodalina paphiopedilum endu kareyalaaguttade. idu phillippeansge sthaliyavaagide. idu 2500kkinta kadime proudha vyaktigala ottu kaadu janasankhyeyannu hondiruva aparoopada archid aagide. idannu totagaarike vyaparakkagi hecchu sangrahisalaaguttade mattu adara aranya aavaasasthaanavu vinasha mattu avanatiya apaayavannu edurisuttide. ee prabhedavannu haraduvudu bahala kashta. molakeyodeyuva madhyamavu sakkare mattu tryptone annu hondiruvaaga hecchu parinaamakaariyaagiruttade.

paphiopedilum silioler oorkkidesee kudumbatthile poochedikalude oru inamaanu paphiopedilum silioleyar. ithu saadhaaranayaayi hrasvamaaya mudiyulla paphiopedilum ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. ithu philippainsil thaddesheeyamaanu. 2500 ll thaazhe praayapoorthiyaaya vyakthikalulla oru apoorva oorkkid aanu ithu. hortikalchar vyaapaarathinaayi ithu valareyadhikam shekharikkappedunnu, athinte vanaa aavaasavyavastha nashavum nashavum moolam bheeshani neridunnu. eee inam pracharippikkan kuprasidhamaanu. panchasarayum triptonum adangumbol mulaykkunna maadyamangalaanu ettavum phalapradam.

paphiopedilum siliolear paphiopedilum silioler hii orchidacy yaa aurkid kutumbatil fulanchya vanaspatichi eka prajati aahe. yala samanyatah lahan kesancha paphiopedilum mhanoon olakhale jaate. too philipinescha sthanik aahe. 2500 peksha qamee praudh vyaktinchi ekoon jangali loksankhya asalele heey eka durmil aurkid aahe. too phalotpadan vyaparasathi mothya pramanat gola keela jaato aanee tyache vann adhivas vinash aanee aanee dhoka aahe. yaa prajaticha prasar karane atyant katheen aahe. ankuran madhyamat sakhar aanee tryptone asate tevha teey sarvat prabhavi asatat.

pafiopedilum siliyolera pafiopedilum siliyolera archid pariwar, archidesiako full fulne botko ek prajati how. yasalai samanyataya chhoto kapal bhaeko pafiopedilum bhaninchha. yo filipinska lagi sthaniya how. yo 2500 bhanda cum paripakwa wyaktiharuko kull jungley janasankhya bhaeko durlabh archid how. yo bagwani wyaparka lagi dherai sankalan garinchha rar yasako wann basasthan vinash rar ksharanko khatarama chha. yo prajati prachar garna kukhyat rupma gahro chha. ankuran madhyam sabaibhanda prabhawkari hunchha jab tiniharuma chiny rar tryptone hunchha.

paphiopedilum silijolere paphiopedilum silioler heuchhi archid paribara, arkidesi antargata eka prajatira phul. ehaaku sadharanatah chhot keshjukta paphiopedilum kuhajae. ehaa philipainsare sthaniah atte. ehaa eka birala archid, jahara mote banya janasankhya 2500 ru comm paripakwa byakti. udyan krushi byabasai paain ehaa byapaka bhabe sangraha karajaithae ebong ehara jangala abasasthali dhwansa ebong abakhyai dwara bipadagrasta. ehi prajatira prasara atyanta kastakara. ankurodagama madhyama sabutharu prabhabasali hoithae jetebele sethire chini ebong tryptone thaae.

paphiopedilum siliolar paphiopedilum siliolear archid parivaar, archidesi witch fullan dey paude dee ikk prajati haii. iss noon aam taur utte chhote vaalan vaale paphiopedilum vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. ih philipines laee sathanak haii. ih ikk durlabh archid haii jiss dee kull jangli aabadi 2500 toon ghatt pakke viaktiaan dee haii. ih baghbani dey vapaar laee bahut ziaada ikattar keeta jaanda haii atey iss dey janglan dey nivas sathaan noon tabahi atey nighar daa khatra haii. iss prajati daa prachar karna bahut mushkal haii. angur lagaun vaala media sabh toon prabhavshali hunda haii jadon uhanan witch khand atey tryptone hunda haii.

pafeeopedilam siliolar pafiopedilam siliolar iti archid-kulasya archidecy-ityasya pushpa-sasyasya ekaha prajaatih asti. samanyataha laghu-keshayuktah paphiyopeedilam iti namna prasidhah asti. ayam philipines-deshasya sthaanikah asti. etat durlabham archid asti yatra 2500 taha nyoonaah praudajanaah santi. udyaanavyavasaayaartham ayam bahu sangruhitah asti, tasya vana-nivaasasthaanam vinasha-kshayena cha apaayayuktam asti. asya prajatyaha prasaarah kukhyaatah kathinah asti. ankurana-madhyamaha tadaa sarvaadhikam prabhaawinah bhavanti yadaa teshu sharkaraa, tryptone cha bhavati.

papiopedilam siliolar papiopedilam siliolar enbathu archidacy kudumbaththaich saerntha pookkum thaavaraththin oru inamaagum. idhu podhuvaaga kurugiya mudi paphiopedilum endru azhaikkappadukirathu. idhu philippainsil ulla ulloor. idhu 2500 kkum kuraivaana muthirntha thaninaparkalaik konda oru ariya archit aagum. idhu thottakkalai varththagaththirkaaga perithum sekarikkappadukirathu mattrum adhan vana vaazhvidangkal azhivu mattrum seerazhivu aagiyavattraal achchuruththappadugindrana. inththa inaththai parappuvathu migavum kadinam. mulaikkum uudakangkal sarkkarai mattrum tryptone aagiyavattraik kondirukkumpoathu migavum payanullathaaka irukkum.

papiopedilum siliolar paphiopedilum siliolar anedi archid kutumbaaniki chendina pushpinche mokka yokka oka jaathi, archidesi. dheenini saadhaaranamgaa chinna juttu gala papiopedilum anie pilustaaru. idhi philippeansku sthaanikamainadi. idhi 2500 kante takkuva vayojana vyaktula mottam adavi janabha kaligina arudaina archid. idhi udyaanavana vaanijyam kosam bhaareega sekarinchabadutundi mariyu daani atavee aavasalu naasanam mariyu ksheenatatoo muppu ponchi unnaayi. eee jaatini vyaapti cheyadam chaalaa kashtam. molakettadam madhyamam chakkera mariyu tryptone kaligi unnappudu atyanta prabhaavavantamgaa untundi.

paphiopedalum slavelier paphiopedilum slavelier arched khaandaan archedesi mein phulon kay poday kii eek nooa hay. asay aam toor parr chhotay baalon waalay paphiopedalum kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. yaha filpine kay liye maqami hay. yaha eek nayaab arched hay jiss kii kill jangli aabadi 2500 say kumm baaligh afraad kii hay. asay baghbani kii tajarat kay liye behat ziyadah jamaa kiyaa jaataa hay aur iss kay janglaat kay maskan kuu tabahi aur tabahi kaa khatrah hay. iss nooa kii tashheer karnaa badnaam zamanah toor parr mashkal hay. anknay waala zariah sabb say ziyadah moasir hotaa hay jabb iss mein cheeni aur tripton hotaa hay.

0006cca15920b33e2d61951521e446e20df0e5221ecf5575dbbae6593b8b109d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5717213

Banksia Park International High School

Banksia Park International High School Banksia Park International High School is a government international secondary school in Banksia Park, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It has about 1000 students. The school has a large and well-established international programme, started in 2000, and is accredited as an International High School by the Council of International Schools. Overview. It has sister-school arrangements with schools in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, but also hosts students from many other countries, such as Germany and United States. The school's Global Citizen Medal program, introduced in 2003, is intended to encourage students to value themselves and their contributions to the community and to prepare for a future as well-rounded and important citizens. Applicants for the Global Citizen Medal make presentations to a panel about an issue that they feel passionate about. External recognition of this program has included a $10,000 grant in the 2004 National Awards for Quality Schooling with a commendation from the Australian Government for the school's achievements in civics and citizenship. As of 2005 the program was being introduced to six other area schools and their students. Banksia Park won a 2005 Community Merit Award from the Australian Scholarships Group. It is one of the five schools in South Australia to be accredited as a specialist entrepreneurial school. It delivers learning programs that promote and encourage entrepreneurial mindsets in students. See also. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bankchia park antohrastriyo uscho bidyaloy bankchia park international haiskul dokhyin australier adelider uponogor bankchia parkot owosthito ekhon sorkari antohrastriyo madhyomik bidyaloy. iyat pray 1000 saatro-chatri aase. 2000 sonot aarombho huwa bidyaloikhonor ek brihot aaru xuprotisthito antohrastriyo karzoxusi aase, aaru antohrastriyo bidyaloy porixodor dwara antohrastriyo uscho bidyaloy hisape swikritiprapto. xongkhipto biboron. iyat cheen, jaapan, kuria aaru vietnamor bidyaloixomuhor xoite bhogni-bidyaloyor byowostha aase, kintu germany aaru aamerika juktorastror dore aan bohutu dexor saatro-satrixokoloru aayujon kore. 2003 sonot proborton koraa bidyaloyor biswojonin nagorik podok karzoxusir uddesyo hoise xikhyarthixokolok nijoke aaru xomprodayor proti teulukor obodanok mulyo diboloi utxahito koraa aaru bhobisyotor logote ek xu-brittakar aaru guruttopurno nagorikor baabe prostut koraa. biswo nagorik podokor baabe abedonkarixokole etaa penelor aagot etaa bixoyor bixoye uposthapon kore jaar proti teuluke aagrohi onubhob kore. ei karzoxusir bahyik swikritir bhitorot 2004 sonor manobiyo bidyaloy xikhyar baabe rastriyo botar 10,000 dollar onudan ontorbhukto koraa hoise, zo "too bidyaloikhone nagorik aaru nagorikotwor khetrot laabh koraa krititwor baabe australia sorkaror poraa proxongxa koraa hoise. 2005 sonoloike ei karzoxusi aan soikhon oncholor bidyaloy aaru teulukor xikhyarthixokolor baabe proborton koraa hoisil. bankchia parke australian scholarswip groopor poraa 2005 sonot ek community maritt botaa laabh korisil. dokhyin australier pasta bidyaloyor bhitorot eitu etaa bidyaloy jiye ek bixexogyo udyugxilota bidyaloy hisape swikriti laabh korise. ee xikhyarthixokolor maajot udyugxilotar manoxikotar prosar aaru utxahito koraa xikhyon karzoxusi prodan kore.

banksia park international hye school banksia park international hye school dakkhin australier adelider shohortolite abosthito ekti sarkari antorjatik madhyomik vidyalaya. ekhane pray 1000 shikkharthi royeche. vidyalaytir ekti borh ebong suprotisthito antorjatik karmasuchi royeche, jaa 2000 saale shuru hoyechilo ebong council off international schools dwara ekti antorjatik uchcho vidyalaya hisabe swikrito. sangkhipto biboron. chean, japan, koria ebong vietnamer vidyalaygulir saathe err bhagini-bidyalayer byabostha royeche, tobey germany ebong markin juktorashtrer moto anyanno onek desher shikkharthidero hosta korey. 2003 saale chaalu haoya bidyalayer baishwik nagrik podok karmasuchir uddeshya holl shikkharthider nijeder ebong sampradayer proti taader abodanke mulya ditey ebong bhabishyater pashapashi susonghoto oo guruttopurno nagrikder jonno prostuto korte utsahito koraa. baishwik nagrik podoker abedonkarira ekti paneler kachhe emon ekti vishay somporke uposthapona korey jaa niye taaraa abegprobon bodh korey. eyi karmasuchir bahyik swikritir modhye royeche 2004 saaler mansammata bidyalayer jonno jatiya puroskare 10,000 markin dollar anudan ebong nagorikotto oo nagorikotter khettre bidyalayer krititter jonno australia sarkarer proshongsha. 2005 saal porjonto eyi kormosuchiti elakar arow chhoyti vidyalaya ebong taader shikkharthider jonno chaalu koraa hoyechilo. banksia park 2005 saale australian britti gosthi theke ekti community merritt puraskar jiteche. etty dakkhin australier panchti bidyalayer modhye ekti jaa ekti biseshoggo uddokta vidyalaya hisabe swikrito. etty shikkharthider modhye uddokta mansikotar prochar oo utsahito korey emon shikkhamulak karmasuchi pradan korey.

banxia paark international haai school banxia paark international haai school aee dakshin australiana adeleidna upnagar banxia parkma aaveli aek sarkari aantarrashtriy maadhyameek shaala chhe. temaa lagbhag 1000 vidhyarthio chhe. aaa shaala shaala sharoo thayel aek vishaal aneey susthaapit aantarrashtriy kaarykram dharaave chhe aneey aantarrashtriy shaalaaoni parishad dwara aantarrashtriy uchch shaala tareeke maanyata praapt chhe. zankhi. teey chean, japan, koreeya aneey viyetnaamnee shaalao saathe bahen-shaala vyavastha dharaave chhe, parantu germany aneey united states jevaa anya ghanaa deshona vidhyarthione pann hoosta karey chhe. chhe sharoo karvaamaa aavela shaalaana vaishvik nagrik chandrak kaarykramno hetu vidhyarthione potaane aneey samudayma temnaa yogadaanne mahatv aapvaa aneey bhavishya temaj golaakaar aneey mahatvapurn nagriko maate taiyar thavaa maate protsaahit karvaano chhe. vaishvik nagrik chandrak maatena arajdaaro penal samaksh aek aevaa mudda vishe prastuti karey chhe jenaa vishe teo jusso anoobhave chhe. aaa kaarykramni baahy manyatama nagrik aneey nagriktama shaalaani seeddhio maate australian sarkaar tarafthi prashansa saathe gunvattayukt shikshan maate 2004 naa raashtriy puraskaroma $10,000 anudaanno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2005 sudhimaa aaa kaarykram anya chh vistaarni shaalao aneey temnaa vidhyarthio maate sharoo karvaamaa aavee rahyo hato. banxia parke australian shishyavrutee jooth tarafthi tarafthi saamudaayik yogyata puraskar jeetyo hato. teey dakshin australiyani paanch shalaomani aek chhe jene nishnaat udhyogsahsik shaala tareeke maanyata aapvama aavee chhe. teey aevaa shikshan kaarykramo pradaan karey chhe jeey vidhyarthioma udhyogsahsik mansiktaone protsaahan aape chhe aneey protsaahit karey chhe.

banxia park international hyee school banxia park international hyee school dakshin australia key adelaid key upnagar banxia park mein ack sarkari antarrashtriya maadhyamik vidyalaya haye. isamen lagbhag 1000 chhaatr hain. iss vidyalaya kaa ack badaa aur achchi tarah seey sthaapit antarrashtriya karyakram haye, joe 2000 mein shuru huaa thaa, aur ise antarrashtriya vidyaalayon kii parishad dwara ack antarrashtriya uchch vidyalaya key roop mein maanyata praapt haye. avalokan. chean, japan, koria aur viyatnam key schools key saath isaki bahan-vidyalaya vyavastha haye, lekin germany aur sanyukt raajya america jaise kaee anya deshon key chhatron kii bhee mejbani kartaa haye. 2003 mein shuru kiye gaye school key vaishvik nagrik padak karyakram kaa uddeshya chhatron koo khud koo aur samudaay mein unake yogdan koo mahatva dene aur bhavishya key saath-saath ack poorna aur mahatvapurna nagrikon key liye taiyar karane key liye protsaahit karna haye. vaishvik nagrik padak key liye aavedak ack panel key saamane ack aise mudde key baare mein prastutiyaan dete hain jisake baare mein way bhavuk mahsoos karate hain. iss karyakram kii baahari maanyata mein nagrik vigyaan aur nagrikta mein school kii uplabdhiyon key liye australiyai sarkaar kii prashansa key saath gunavattapurna schooly shiksha key liye 2004 key rashtriya puraskaron mein 10,000 dollar kaa anudan shamil haye. 2005 taka iss karyakram koo chhah anya kshetra key schools aur unake chhatron key liye shuru kiya jaa rhaa thaa. banxia park ney australiyai chhatravritti samooh seey 2005 kaa samudayik yogyata puraskar jeetaa. yeh dakshin australia key una paanch vidyaalayon mein seey ack haye jinhen ack visheshagya udyamsheelta vidyalaya key roop mein maanyata praapt haye. yeh seekhane key aise karyakram pradaan kartaa haye joe chhatron mein udyamsheelta kii mansikta koo badhaava dete hain aur protsaahit karate hain.

banxia park international haiskool banxia park international haiskool daksina aastreliyaada adelidena upanagaravaada banxia paarknalliruva sarkari antararashtriya madhyamika shaaleyaagide. sumaru 1000 vidyaarthigalu iddaare. ee shaleyu 2000ralli praarambhavaada dodda mattu susthaapita antaaraashtriya kaaryakramavannu hondide mattu antararashtriya shalegala mandaliyinda antararashtriya proudhashaaleyaagi maanyate padedide. avalokana. idu cheena, japan, koria mattu vietnamna shaalegalondige sahodari-shaala vyavasthegalannu hondide, aadare germany mattu united statesnantaha aneka itara deshagala vidyarthigalannu saha hondide. 2003ralli parichayisalaada shaleya jagatika nagarika padaka kaaryakramavu, vidyaarthigalu tammannu mattu samudaayakke avaru needida kodugegalannu gouravisalu mattu bhavishyada susanghatita mattu pramukha nagarikarige siddaragalu proothsaahisuva uddeshavannu hondide. jagatika nagarika padakakkagi arjidaararu taavu bhavodriktavagiruva ondu vishayada bagge samitiya munde prastutigalannu niiduttaare. ee kaaryakramada baahya mannaneyu 2004rahra gunamattada shaala shikshanakkagi rashtriya prashastigalalli 10,000 dollar anudaanavannu olagondide, nagarikate mattu nagarikateyalli shaleya sadhanegaligagi australia sarkaaradinda mechchuge vyaktavaagide. 2005rahra hottige ee kaaryakramavannu itara aaru pradeshada shalegalu mattu avugala vidyaarthigalige parichayisalaayitu. banxia park 2005ralli australian vidyaarthivetana gumpininda samudaaya arhate prashastiyannu geddukonditu. idu daksina aastreliyaadalli vishesha udyamasheelate shaaleyaagi maanyate padeda aidu shalegalalli ondaagide. idu vidyarthigalalli udyamasheelateya manasthitiyannu uttejisuva mattu uttejisuva kalika kaaryakramagalannu odagisuttade.

banxia paarkk internaashanal haiskool southu australiyayile adelide praanthapradeshamaaya banxia paarkkile oru sarkkar anthaaraashtra secondary skoolaanu banxia paarkk internaashanal haiskool. ekadesham 1000 vidyaarthikalundu. 2000-ll aarambhicha eee skoolinu valuthum susthaapithavumaaya oru anthaaraashtra paripaadiyundu, koodaathe kaunsil oof internaashanal schoolukal oru anthaaraashtra haiskoolaayi amgeekaaram nalkiyittundu. avalokanam. chaina, jappan, korea, vietnaam ennividangalile skoolukalumaayi sahodari-school krameekaranangalund, ennaal jarmmani, america thudangiya mattu pala rajyangalil ninnumulla vidyaarthikalkkum aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu. 2003ll avatharippicha skoolinte aagola poura medel paripadi, vidyaarthikale thangaleyum samoohathinu nalkia sambhavanakaleyum vilamathikkanum samagravum pradhaanappettathumaaya oru pouranmaarude bhaavikkaayi thayyaaredukkaanum prolsaahippikkaanu uddeshikkunnathu. aagola pouranmaarude medalinulla apekshakar avarkk abhiniveshamulla oru vishayathekkurichu oru panalinu munnil avatharanangal nadathunnu. eee paripaadiyude baahya amgeekaarathil 2004 leeii gunanilavaaramulla school vidyaabhyaasathinulla deseeya avaardukalil 10,000 dollar graantum pourashaasthrathilum pourathvathilum skoolinte nettangalkku australian sarkkaaril ninnulla prasamsayum ulppedunnu. 2005 leeii kanakkanusarichu mattu aarr praadeshika skoolukalilum avarude vidyaarthikalilum eee paripadi avatharippikkappettu. australian scholarship groupil ninnu 2005 leeii community merrit award banxia paarkk nedi. oru specialist enterpreneural skoolaayi amgeekaaram labhicha thekkan australiyayile anchu skoolukalil onnaanith. vidyaarthikalil samrambhakathva manobhaavangal prolsaahippikkukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunna patana paripaadikal ithu nalkunnu.

banxia park aantarrashtriy uchch madhyamik shaala banxia park international hyschool hii dakshin austreliyatil edeleidchya upnagaratil banxia parkmadhil eka sarkari aantarrashtriy madhyamik shaala aahe. tyat sumare 1000 vidyarthi aahet. 2000 saalee suru jhalela yaa shalecha eka motha aanee susthapit aantarrashtriy karyakram aahe aanee aantarrashtriy shalanchya parishadene teela aantarrashtriy uchch madhyamik shaala mhanoon manyata dilee aahe. vihangavalokan. chean, japan, koria aanee vhietanammadhil shalansah yethe bhagini-shalechi vyavastha aahe, parantu germany aanee united statessarkhya itar anek deshantil vidyarthyanche yajmanpad dekhil aahe. 2003 madhye suru karnyat aalelya shalechya jaagtik nagrik padak karyakramacha uddesh vidyarthyanna swatahla aanee samudayasathichya tyanchya yogdanala mahatva denyas aanee bhavishyasathi tasech susanskrut aanee mahattvachya nagarikansathi tayari karnyas protsahit karane haah aahe. jaagtik nagrik padkasathi arjdar eka panelsamore tyanna tyanna vishayabaddal sadarikaran karatat. yaa karyakramachya bahya manyatemadhye 2004 chya rashtriy puraskaranmadhye darjedar shaley shikshanasathi 10,000 dollarsche anudan samavisht aahe, jyat shalene nagarishastra aanee nagarikatvatil kamgiribaddal austreliyan sarkarkadoon prashansa kelee aahe. 2005 paryant haah karyakram parisaratil itar sahaa shaala aanee tyanchya vidyarthyansathi suru keela jaat hota. banxia parkney austreliyan shishyavrutti gatakadoon gatakadoon samudayik gunavatta puraskar jinkla. dakshin austreliyatil paach shalanpaiki hii eka aahe, jyanna eka vishesh udhyojak shaala mhanoon manyata midali aahe. vidyarthyanmadhye udhyojakatechya mansiktela protsahan denare aanee protsahit karnare heey shikshan karyakram pradan karate.

banxia park antarrashtriya uccha vidyalaya banksia park international hai schol dakshin astreliako edelideko upanagar banksia parkma raheko sarkari antarrashtriya madhyamik vidyalaya how. yasama lagbhag 1000 vidyarthi chhan. yass vidyalayasanga 2000 maa suru bhaeko thulo rar susthapit antarrashtriya karyakram chha, rar antarrashtriya vidyalayaharuko parishadwara antarrashtriya uccha vidyalayako rupma manyata prapta chha. awalokan. yasama chean, japan, korea rar bhiyatnamka vidyalayaharusanga bhagini-vidyalaya wyawastha chha, tara germany rar sanyukta rajya america jasta anya dherai deshharuka vidyarthiharulai pani host gardacha. sann 2003 maa suru garieko yass vidyalayako vishwawyapi nagarik padak karyakramko uddeshya vidyarthiharulai afulai rar samudayama uniharuko yogadanlai mahatwa dina rar bhawishyaka sathai goal rar mahatwapurna nagarikharuka lagi tayari garna protsahit garnu how. vishwawyapi nagarik padakka lagi awedakharule panelma uniharule bhawuk mahasus garne muddako barema prastuti dinchhan. yass karyakramko bahya manyatama nagarik rar nagariktama vidyalayaka upalabdhiharuka lagi australiali sarkarko prashansasahit gunastariya vidyalaya shikshaka lagi 2004 ko rashtriya puraskarma $10,000 anudan samawesh chha. sann 2005 samma yo karyakram anya chhawata kshetraka vidyalaya rar uniharuka vidyarthiharuma suru garindai thiyo. banksia parkley astreliyali chhatrawritti samuhabata sann 2005 ko samudayik yogyata puraskar jityo. yo dakshin astreliaka panchwata vidyalayaharu madhye ek how jaslai visheshagya udyamashilata vidyalayako rupma manyata prapta chha. yasale vidyarthiharuma udyamashilata manasikta prawardhan rar protsahit garne sikai karyakramharu pradan gardacha.

byankasia park international haiskul bankasiaa park international haiskul heuchhi dakhina astreliaara adeleider eka upakanth bankasiaa parkre abasthita eka sarkari antarjatija madhyamika bidyalaja. ethire pakhapakhi 1000 chhatrachhatri achanti. 2000 masihare arambha hoithiba ehi bidyalajara eka bruhata ebong supratisthita antarjatija karjyakram rahichhi, ebong ehaa antarjatija bidyalaja parishad dwara eka antarjatija uccha bidyalaja bhabare manyata paichi. samikhya karantu. chean, japan, korea ebong bhietanamare bidyalajagudika sahita ehara bhaunee-bidyalaja byabastha achhi, kintu germany ebong america pari anya aneka deshar chatramananku madhya ayojan kare . 2003 masihare arambha hoithiba bidyalajara biswa nagarika padaka karjyakramara uddeshya heuchhi chhatrachhatrimananku nijaku ebong sampradai prati semananka abadanaku mulya deba paain utsahita kariba ebong eka subyabasthita tatha gurutwapurna nagarikanka bhabisyata paain prastuta kariba. baiswika nagarika padaka paain abedanakarimane eka panel sammukhare eka prasanga bishajare upasthapana karanti jaahaa bishajare semane utsahi anubhaba karanti . ehi karjyakramara bahya swekruti madhyare 2004 masihar gunatmaka bidyalaja sikhya paain jatiah puraskarare 10,000 dollar anudan antarbhukta rahichhi, jaahaa saha nagarika ebong nagarikatwa khetrare bidyalajara saphalata paain astrelia sarakaranka prashansa madhya rahichhi. 2005 masiha suddha ehi karjyakram anya chhaati anchalika bidyalaja ebong semananka chhatrachhatrimananka paain prachlita heuthila. byankasia park astrelian scholarship group thaaru 2005 rahr eka community merritt puraskara jitithila . dakhina astreliaara panchti bidyalaja madhyaru ehaa anyatama jaahaa eka bisheshagya udyogi bidyalaja bhabare manyata paichi . ehaa shikhyartheemananka madhyare udyami manobruttiku prostahita ebong prostahita karuthiba sikhyana karjyakram pradan karithae.

banxia park international hyee school banxia park international hyee school banxia park, adelaid, dakkhni australia dey ikk upnagar witch ikk sarkari antarashtari secondary school haii. iss witch lagbhag 1000 vidiaarthi hunn. school daa ikk vadda atey changi tarahan sathapat antarashtari program haii, joe 2000 witch shuru hoiaa see, atey antarashtari schoolan dee consul duaara ikk antarashtari hyee school vajon maanta prapat haii. sankhep jankari. iss witch cheen, japaan, koria atey viatnam dey schoolan dey naal bhainn-school parbandh hunn, parr germany atey sanyukat raaj amrica varge kaee horr deshan dey vidiaarthiaan dee mezbani vee karda haii. school dey vishav nagrik tamga program, joe kii 2003 witch shuru keeta giaa see, daa udesh vidiaarthiaan noon aapne aap noon atey bhaichare witch unhan dey yogdan noon mahattav denh atey bhavikh dey naal-naal change atey mahattavpuran nagrikan laee tiaar curran laee utshahit karna haii. vishav nagrik tamge laee binaikar ikk panel noon ikk mudde baare peshkari dinde hunn jiss baare uh bhavuk mahisus karde hunn. iss program dee baahari maanta witch nagrik atey nagrikta witch school deeaan prapatiaan laee australia sarkaar dee parshansa dey naal gunwattapuran school laee 2004 dey rashtari puraskaran witch 10,000 dallar dee grant shamal haii. 2005 takk ih program chhe horr khetri schoolan atey unhan dey vidiaarthiaan laee shuru keeta jaa riha see. banxia park neey australiaai scholarship group toon 2005 daa community marrit award jittiaa. ih dakkhni australia dey panj schoolan vicchon ikk haii jiss noon ikk mahr uddami school vajon maanta prapat haii. ih sikkhan dey program pardan karda haii joe vidiaarthiaan witch uddami mansikta noon utshahit atey utshahit karde hunn.

banksia-paark-antarashtriya-ucchavidyaalayaha banxia-paark-antarashtriya-ucchavidyaalayaha dakshina-australia-deshasya adelade-nagarasya upanagarasy banxia-paark-madhye sthitah sarvakaareey-antarashtriya-maadhyamikavidyaalayah asti. atra praayah 1000 chhaatraah santi. asya vidyaalayasya vishaalah susthapitah cha antaaraashtriyah kaaryakramah asti, yah 2000 tame varshe arabdha, antarashtriya-vidyaalaya-parishadena antarashtriya-ucchavidyaalayaha iti manyatapraptaha asti. avalokanam karotu. asya cheena-japaan-korea-vietnaam-deshayoho vidyaalayaih saha bhaginee-vidyaalaya-vyavasthaa asti, parantu germany-samyuktarajyamerika-ityadinam anyaih deshanam chhatranam api aatitheyatvam karoti. 2003 tame varshe pravartite vidyaalayasya vaishvika-nagarika-padaka-karyakramasya uddeshyam, chhaatraan swam api cha samudayaya teshaam yogadam moolyeekartum, tathaa cha bhavishyasya sugunitasya mahattvapoornasya nagarikasya cha krute sajjataam kartum protsaahayitum asti. vaishvika-nagarika-padakasya aavedanakartaarah, ekasmin vishaye, yasya vishaye te utkatam anubhavanti, tasya vishaye samitim uddishya prastuteekaranam kurvanti. asya karyakramasya baahya-manyatayam 2004 tame varshe gunavattaapoorn-vidyaalayashikshaayaah krute rashtriyapuraskareshu $10,000 anudaanam api antarbhavati, nagarikatayam nagarikatayam cha vidyaalayasya upalabdheh prashamsaam australia-sarvakaarena krutam. 2005 tamavarshaparyantam anyeshu shut kshetreshu vidyaalayaah, teshaam chhaatraah cha asya karyakramena parichitaah aasan. banxia paark 2005 tame varshe australian-skaalarship-samuhat samudayika-yogyata-puraskaram praapnot. dakshina-australia-deshasya panchasu vidyaalayeshu etat anyatam asti, ye visheshajna-udyamasheel-vidyaalayaroopen manyatapraptani santi. eshah chhatranam udyamashilamanaskatam protsaahayanta shikshanakaryakraman pradadaati.

banxia paark sarvadesa uyarnilaip palli banxia paark sarvadesa uyarnilaip palli enbathu therku australiavin adlidene puranagarp paguthiyaana banxia poongaavil ulla oru arasu sarvadesa maelnilaip palliyaagum. ingku sumar 1000 maanavargal ullanar. 2000 aam aandil thodangappatta inthap palli oru periya mattrum nanku niruvapatta sarvadesa thittatthaik kondullathu, maelum sarvadesa pallikalin councilaal sarvadesa uyarnilaip palliyaaga angkeekaaram pettrullathu. kannoattam. idhu cheena, jappan, koria mattrum vietnaamil ulla palligaludan chakoothari-palli aerpaadukalaik kondullathu, aanaal jermani mattrum america poantra pala naadugalaich saerntha maanavargalaiyum valangkukirathu. 2003 aam aandil arimugappaduththappatta palliyin ulagalaaviya kudimagan pathakka thittam, maanavargal thangalaiyum samoogaththirku avarkal seitha pankalippukalaiyum mathikka ookkuvikkavum, ethirkaalaththirku nanku orunginaintha mattrum mukkiyamaana kudimakkalaith thayaarikkavum nokkamaaga ullathu. ulagalaaviya kudimagan pathakkaththirkaana vinnappathaarargal oru kuzhuvidam avarkal aarvamaaga unarum oru pirachchanaiyaip pattri vilakkakkaatchigalai vazhangkukiraargal. inthath thittaththin velippura angkeekaaraththil 2004 aam aandu tharamaana pallip padippukkaana thaesiya viruthugalil 10,000 dollar maaniyamum, kudimakkal mattrum kudiyurimaiyil palliyin saathanaigalukkaaga australian arasaangkaththin paaraattukalum adangkum. 2005aam aandu nilavarappadi, inthath thittam mattra aaru piraanthiyap palligalukkum avattrin maanavargalukkum arimugappaduththappattathu. banxia paark 2005 aam aandu australian pulamaipparisil kuzhuvilirundhu samooga thaguthi viruthai ventrathu. therku australiavil ulla ainthu palligalil idhu oru sirappu thozhilmunaivoar palliyaaga angkeekaaram pettrullathu. idhu maanavargalidaiyae thozhilmunaivoar mananilaiyai ookkuvikkum mattrum ookkuvikkum karral thittangalai valangkukirathu.

banxia park international haiskool banxia park international haiskool anedi dakshina australialoni adelide shivaaru praantamaina banxia paarkulo unna prabhutva antarjaateeya madhyamika paatasaala. indulo sumaru 1000 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru. eee paatasaala 2000loe praarambhamaina pedda mariyu baga sthirapadina antarjaateeya karyakramanni kaligi undhi mariyu council off international schools dwara antarjaateeya unnata paatasaalagaa gurtimpu pondindi. sameeksha. idhi chaina, japan, korea mariyu viyatnaamlooni paatasaalalato sodari-paatasaala erpaatlanu kaligi undhi, conny germany mariyu united states vanti aneka itara deshaala vidyaarthulaku kooda aatidhyam istundi. 2003loe pravesapettina paatasaala yokka prapancha poura pataka karyakramam, vidyaarthulu tamanu taamu mariyu samaajaaniki vaaru chesina sahakaranni viluvainadigaa bhavinchela prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu manchi mariyu mukhyamaina pourulatho paatu bhavishyattu kosam siddham kaavadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. global citizen medal kosam darakhaastudaarulu tamaku aasaktigaa anipinche oka samasya gurinchi panelku samarpistaaru. eee karyakramam yokka bahya gurtimpulo 2004 jaateeya avaardulalo naanhyamaina paatasaala vidyaku $10,000 grant, pourasaastram mariyu pourasatvamlo paatasaala saadhinchina vijayalaku australia prabhutvam nundi prasamsalu unnaayi. 2005 natiki eee karyakramanni aaru itara praanta paatasaalalu mariyu vaati vidyaarthulaku pravesapettaaru. australiaku chendina scholarshipla samuuham nundi 2005loe banxia park community merrit avaardunu geluchukundi. dakshina australialoni aidu paatasaalallo idhi okati, idhi oka pratyaekamaina vyavasthaapaka paatasaalagaa gurtimpu pondindi. idhi vidyaarthulaloo vyavasthaapaka manastatvaalanu prothsahinche mariyu prothsahinche abhyasa kaaryakramaalanu andistundi.

bankshiya paark international hayee school bankshiya paark international hayee school bankshiya paark mein waaqa eek sarkaari beenn alaqwami saanvi school hay juu janubi australia kay adelide kay mazafat mein waaqa hay. iss mein taqriba 1000 talbaa haine. school kaa eek badaa aur achhi tarah say qayem kardah beenn alaqwami prograam hay juu 2000 mein sharoo hawaa aur asay konsal aaf international schools kay zariah beenn alaqwami hayee school kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa hay. jaizah. iss kay cheen japaan koriya aur weet naam kay schoolon kay saath behan school kay intezamat haine leakin germani aur riyasathaye muthadah jeesay behat say dosray mamalik kay talbaa kii mezbani bhee kartaa hay. 2003 mein mutaarif karaye gayey school kay aalimi shehri tamghe kay prograam kaa maqsad talbaa kuu khood kuu aur community mein inn kii sharakat kuu ahmiyat deenay aur mustaqabil kay saath saath eek jaamaa aur aham shahriyon kay liye tayaar karnay kii targhib deena hay. aalimi shehri tamghe kay liye darkhwast dehandgan eek pinal kay saamney eek aisey masilay kay baaray mein paishkash kartay haine jiss kay baaray mein wah parjosh mahsus kartay haine. iss prograam kii beruni shanakhat mein mayari scholing kay liye 2004 kay qomi ewards mein 10,000 ddaalar kii grant shaamil hay jiss mein shehri aur shahriyat mein school kii kamyabiyon kay liye austrailvi hukumat kii taraf say tareef shaamil hay. 2005 takk yaha prograam elaqay kay chh deegar schoolon aur inn kay talbaa kay liye mutaarif karaya jaa rehaa thaa. bankshiya paark nay austrailvi scholarship grop kii taraf say 2005 kaa community meert aiward jeeta. yaha janubi australia kay inn paanch schoolon mein say eek hay jinhein maahir karobari school kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha seekhnay kay aisey prograam farahim kartaa hay juu talbaa mein karobari zahniyat kuu farogh deetay haine aur iss kii huslah afzayi kartay haine.

0006ced958522f1b928d64ef3992cffd3f436d68dd4ad459e94cbfec707787bf

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=8519321

Finsterwolderhamrik

Finsterwolderhamrik Dutch. Etymology. First attested as "Finsterwolderhamrik" in 1877. Compound of the toponym and . See also .

finsterwoldorhamorick dusch. byutpotti. 1877 sonot prothombaror baabe "Finsterwolderhamrik" hisape promanito hoisil. logote sauk.

finsterwalderhamic dutch. byutpatti. 1877 saale prothom "finsterwalderhamic" hisabe pratyayita hoy. ebong. etao dekhun.

finsterwolderhammeric dutch. vyutpatti. 1877maan pratham vakhat "finsterwolderhammeric" tareeke pramanit. toponium aneey sanyojan. pann juo.

finstervolderhammeric dutch. vyutpatti. pahali baar 1877 mein "finstervolderhammeric" key roop mein pramaanit kiya gayaa. sthalnam aur kaa yaugik. yeh bhee dekhein.

finstervolderhamric dutch. vyutpatti. 1877ralli modala baarige "finster volderhamric" endu drudhikarisalaayitu. mattu. saha nodi.

finstervolderhamric dutch. padavyuthpathishaasthram. 1877-ll "finstervolderhamric" ennu aadyamaayi saakshyappeduthi. toponamathinte samyukthavum. athum kaanuka.

finstervolderhameric dutch. vyutpatti. 1877 madhye pratham 'finstervolderhameric' mhanoon pramanit. topanimche sanyug aanee. hehee pahaa.

फिनस्टरवोल्डरहाम्रिक douch. wyutpatti. pahilo patak 1877 maa "Finsterwolderhamrik" ko rupma pramanit gariyo. pani hernuhos.

finsterwolderhamric douch. byutpatti. 1877 masihare pratham thara paain "finsterwolderhamric" bhabare pramanita hoithila. ebong. madhya dekhantu.

finstervolderhameric dutch. shabdawali. pahili vaar 1877 witch "Finsterwolderhamrik" dey roop witch pramanit keeta giaa. topnam atey daa mishrit. ih vee dekho.

finster volderhamric dutch-deshah. vyutpattih. 1877 tame varshe prathamam "finster-volderhamric" iti pramanikrutam. api pashyatu.

finstervolderhammer duchu. sorpirappiyal. 1877 aam aandil "finstervolderhammer" endru muthanmuthalil saantralikkappattathu. idappeyarin kalavai mattrum. idhaiyum paarungkal.

finstervolderhamric dutch. vyutpatti. 1877loe mottamodata "finster volderhamric" gaa dhruvikarinchabadindi. sthalanaamam yokka sammelanam mariyu. kooda chudandi.

funster wolder hammerk dich. siftiyat. 1877 mein pehli baar "funstrolder hammerk" kay toor parr tasdiq shadah. tupo neem aur kaa markab. yaha bhee dekhein.

0006d1879977c4750721e93c0f7339a48a4eab3ef854a454a7b111584364bafe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64361352

1908 Kansas gubernatorial election

1908 Kansas gubernatorial election Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Kansas The 1908 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908. The Republican nominee Walter R. Stubbs defeated the Democratic nominee Jeremiah D. Botkin, with 52.49% of the vote. General election. Candidates. Major party candidates Other candidates References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1908 sonor kanchas gowornetorel nirbason 1908 sonor 3 novemborot kanchasor gowornetorel nirbason onusthito hoisil. republican monunit walter aar. stubbose gonotantrik prarthi geremia di-koo porasto korisil. botkin, 52.49% bhutor xoite. xadharon nirbason. prarthixokol. mukhyo dolor prarthi onyanyo prarthixokol

1908 cansus governor nirbachan 1908 saaler 3raa navembar kansaser governor nirbachan onusthito hoy. stubra ganotantrik manoneet geremia dii-keey porajito korey. botkin, 52.49% bhot soho. sadharan nirbachan. prarthira. prodhan doler prarthira anyanno prarthira

1908 cansas governorni chuntani chuntani cansas governorni chuntani 3 november, november roj yojai hatee. prajasattakna umedvaar voltara aar. stubse lokshaahi umedvaar geremia dii. neey haraavya hataa. botkin, 52.49% mutt saathe. saamanya chuntani. umedvaar. mukhya pakshna umedvaar anya umedvaar

1908 kansas governor chunaav 1908 kaa kansas governor kaa chunaav 3 navambar, 1908 koo huaa thaa. stubbs ney loktaantrik ummidwar geremia dee koo haraaya. botkin, 52.49% vote key saath. aam chunaav. ummidwar. pramukh party ummidwar anya ummidwar

1908 consas governor chunawane 1908rahra consas governor chunavaneyu november 3,1908randu nadeyitu. republican naamanirdeshita walter aarr. stubs prajaprabhutvada abhyarthi geremia dii. avarannu solisidaru. botkin, 52.49% matagalondige. saarvatrika chunawane. abhyarthigalannu. pramukha paksagala abhyarthi itara abhyarthigalige

1908 kansas govarnarative thiranjeduppu 1908 november 3 nuu kansas govarnoral thiranjeduppu nadannu. republican sthaanaarthi walter aarr. demookratik sthaanaarthi jeramiah dii. yeei stubs paraajayappeduthi. boatkin, 52.49% vottu. pothu thiranjeduppu. sthaanaarthikal. pradhana party sthaanaarthikal mattu sthaanaarthikal

sann 1908 cansas governer chunawa sann 1908 cansas gabharnarko chunawa november 3,1908 maa bhaeko thiyo. stubsle loktantrik ummedwar geremia dilai parajit gare. botkin, 52.49% matka sath. aam nirvachan. ummedwarharu. pramukh partyka ummedwarharu anya ummedwarharu

1908 cansas governental nirbachana 1908 masiha cansas governental nirbachana navember 3,1908ray anusthita hoithila. stubbs ganatantrika prarthi geremia dii. nku parasta karithile. batkin, 52.49% bhota sahita. sadharana nirbachana. prartheemane. pramukh dalara prarthi anya prartheemane

1908 kansas governantal chonhan 1908 deeaan kansas governantal chonhan 3 navambar, 1908 noon hoiaan sunn. stubs neey jamhuri umidwar jeremiaa dee noon haraiaa. botkin, 52.49% vott dey naal. aam chonhan. umidwar. pramukh party dey umidwar horr umidwar

1908 cansas-rajyasya rajyapalasya nirvaachanam. 1908 tame varshe cansas-rajyasya rajyapalasya nirvaachanam 1908 tame varshe november-masasya 3 dinaanke abhavat. republican-naamanirdeshitah valter aar. stubs-pakshah lokataantrik-naamanirdeshitam geremia dee-ityenam parajayata. boat-kinn, 52.49% mataihi saha. saamaanyanirvaachanam. abhyarthinah. pramukhapaxasya abhyarthaya anye abhyarthaya.

1908 kansas coverneral thaerthal 1908 kansas covernoratory thaerthal navambar 3,1908 andru nadaipettrathu. kudiyarasu vaetpaalar walder aarr. stups jananaayaga vaetpaalar geremia dii. aii thoarkadiththaar. poatkin, 52.49% vaakkugaludan. podhuth thaerthal. vaetpaalargal. mukiya katchi vaetpaalargal mattra vaetpaalargal

1908 consas governor ennikalu 1908 consas governor ennikalu november 3,1908naa jarigaayi. republican naaminee walter aarr. mondivaallu prajaasvaamya naaminee geremia dii nii oodinchaaru. boat kinn, 52.49% otlatho. saadhaarana ennikalu. abhyardhula kosam. pradhana party abhyardhula itara abhyardhula

1908 kansaas kay governor kay intekhabat 1908 kay kansaas kay governor kay intekhabat 3 nomber 1908 kuu hoay. republican amidwar walter aar. stubs nay jamhuri amidwar gerimia ddee kuu shakast dee. botkin 52.49% woat kay saath. aam intekhabat. amidwar. bury paarti kay amidwar deegar amidwar

0006d69aee4338fcfcaa854f16f8e51d170fbf8737ef30c3b80148afd74493f7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22072080

USS Munwood

USS Munwood Cargo steamship that served in the United States Navy USS "Munwood" (ID-4460) was a cargo steamship that was built in Scotland in 1914 and was part of the United States Merchant Marine until 1928. From 1918 to 1919 she served in the United States Navy. In 1928 Yugoslav interests bought her and renamed her Vila. In 1935 she sank as the result of a collision in the Adriatic Sea. Building. Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company built "Munwood" at Greenock on the Firth of Clyde as yard number 457. She was launched on 7 May 1914 and completed later that year. Her registered length was , her beam was and her depth was . Her tonnages were  GRT,  NRT and  DWT. She had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine that was rated at 320 NHP and gave her a speed of . "Munwood"'s first owner was the Crossburn Steamship Company, which was a Scottish subsidiary of the Munson Steamship Line of the United States. Munson gave many of its ships names beginning with "Mun-". She was registered in Glasgow, and her United Kingdom official number was 136299. US ownership. Later in 1914, "Munwood"'s ownership was transferred to the US parent company, and she was re-registered in New York. Her US official number was 212924 and her code letters were LFDM. By 1918 she was equipped for wireless telegraphy, and her call sign was KUH. From 29 September 1917 "Munwood" carried cargoes to France. She was defensively armed with one 5-inch/40-caliber gun and one 3-inch/50-caliber gun, and US Navy armed guards were added to her complement to crew her guns. On 16 October 1918 the US Navy acquired "Munwood", and on 26 October at Baltimore it commissioned her as USS "Munwood" with the Identification Number (ID) 4660. She was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service Army Account. On 29 November, two and a half weeks after the Armistice of 11 November 1918, she left Baltimore for France carrying about 4,000 tons of US Army stores, including 1,500 tons of gasoline in drums. The Naval History and Heritage Command claims that on 10 December "Munwood" answered a distress signal from a Portuguese steamship called "Queda", took her in tow, and reached Bermuda on 15 December. However, records of the existence of a Portuguese merchant ship of that name at the time are lacking. On arrival at Bermuda, gasoline was found to be leaking from some of the drums in "Munwood"'s cargo, spreading fumes throughout the ship. For safety her cargo was discharged in Bermuda, and she loaded 6,483 tons of coal instead. On 27 December 1918 she left Bermuda and on 10 January 1919 she reached Quiberon in Brittany, but the port was so busy that there was no berth for her, so she diverted to Nantes, where she discharged her cargo on 20 January. "Munwood" was damaged in a collision with the British cargo steamship "Baylula". "Munwood" was repaired, and then loaded a cargo of 2,500 tons of shrapnel plus ballast. On 30 January she left Nantes and on 18 February she reached Bermuda, where she discharged the shrapnel. She continued to Baltimore, where the Navy decommissioned her on 3 March and returned her via the United States Shipping Board to her owners. "Vila". In 1928 Brodarsko Akcionarsco Drustvo "Oceania" bought "Munwood", renamed her "Vila" and registered her in Susak in Dalmatia. Her Yugoslav code letters were JTVR, and by 1934 her four-letter call sign was YTFB. On 20 February 1935 "Vila" was en route from Trieste to Venice, carrying a cargo of phosphates and wheat, when she was involved in a collision at the mouth of the Piave with the Italian motor ship "Rodi". "Vila" sank as a result, and four of her crew were killed. "Rodi" rescued the survivors. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uss monoud us "cho" monoud "(id-4460) aasil 1914 sonot scotlandot nirman koraa ek kargu steamswip aaru 1928 sonoloike aamerika juktorastror bonik xamudrikor ongxo aasil. 1918 sonor poraa 1919 sonoloike teu aamerika juktorastror nouxenat xewa aagborhaisil. 1928 sonot eugoslavor aagrohe teuk kroy kori punor naamkoron kore. 1935 sonot adriatic xagorot huwa xonghorxor folot teu dubo goisil. ottalika. sko 'toss swipbuilding endo engineering companye clydor firthot greenkot yard nombor 457 hisape "monoud" nirman korisil. iyak 1914 sonor 7 mey' too mukoli koraa hoisil aaru xei bosoror xexor faale xompurno koraa hoisil. teur ponjiyonkrito doirghyo aasil, teur roshmi aasil aaru teur gobhirota aasil. teur tongage aasil, aaru. teur etaa ekok screw aasil, jitu tini-xilinder triple-expension steam enginor dwara salit aasil jaak 320 eno. eis. pi. rating diya hoisil aaru teuk goti disil. "monoud" ror prothom goraki aasil krochbarno steamswip company, ji aamerika juktorastror monson steamswip lineor scotix xohayok company aasil. munsone iyar bohutu jahajor naam "muno-" rey aarombho kori disil. teu glaxgut ponjiyon koraa hoisil, aaru teur juktorajyor sorkari nombor aasil 136299. aamar malikana. pisoloi 1914 sonot, "monoud" ror malikana aamerika juktorastror mool companyloi hostantor koraa hoisil, aaru teuk niuyorkot punor ponjiyon koraa hoisil. teur aamerika juktorastror sorkari nombor aasil 212924 aaru teur code okhyorbur aasil lfdm. 1918 sonoloike teu betar telegraphyr baabe xojjito hoisil, aaru teur kolor sinho aasil kuh. 1917 sonor 29 septemboror poraa "monoud"-e franceloi xamogri korhiyai loi goisil. teur haatot aasil 5 inchi/40 kelaibar bonduk aaru 3 inchi/50 kelaibar bonduk, aaru aamerika juktorastror nouxenai teur bondukor poripurok hisape teur bondukor bahineek ostro-xostrot bhorai disil. 1918 sonor 16 octoborot aamerika juktorastror nouxenai "monoud" odhigrohon kore, aaru 26 octoborot bultimurot iyak porisoy nombor (id) 4660 ror xoite us "cho" monoud "hisape nijukti diye. teuk nouxenar boidexik poribohon xewa xena accountot nijukto koraa hoisil. 1918 sonor 11 novemboror juddhobirotir aarhoi xoptahor pisot 29 novemborot teu pray 4,000 tonn aamerika juktorastror xenar dukan loi bultimuror poraa franceloi ulai goisil, jaar bhitorot aasil dramot 1500 tonn petro "lo. nou itihax aaru oitijyo commandor daabi je 10 disemborot "munoude" "kueda" naamor portugij baspiyo jahajor poraa ohaa ek xongkot xongketor uttor disil, taik loi goisil aaru 15 disemborot barmudat uposthito hoisil. obosye, xei xomoyot xei naamor etaa portugij banijyik jahajor ostitwor tothyor obhab aasil. barmudat uposthito huwar loge loge "monoud" ror kargur kisuman dramor poraa petro "lo" noo lick huwa dekha goisil, ji xomogro jahajkhonot dhuwa biyopai aasil. xurokhyar baabe teur xamogri barmudat niskaxito koraa hoisil, aaru teu iyar poriworte 6,483 tonn koyola lo 'dodd korisil. 1918 sonor 27 disemborot teu barmuda eri yaay aaru 1919 sonor 10 januaryt teu britenir quiberonot uposthito hoy, kintu bondortu imaan byosto aasil je teur baabe kunu bartho nasil, xeyehe teu nentesoloi ghurai yaay, zo 'too teu 20 januaryt nijor xamogri mukoli kore. "britis kargu steamswip "belula" ror xoite huwa xonghorxot "monoud" khyotigrosto hoisil. "monoud" meramoti koraa hoisil, aaru taar pisot 2,500 tonn swreponel aaru belastor kargu lo 'dodd koraa hoisil. 30 januaryt teu nantes eri yaay aaru 18 februaryt teu barmudat uposthito hoy, zo 'too teu swreponeltu mukoli kore. taai baltimuroloi goi thakil, zo 'too nouxenai 3 marchot taik sakorir poraa owoxor kori aamerika juktorastror swipping bob "rdor joriyote taar malikxokolok ghurai disil. "bhila". 1928 sonot broadersko eksiyunarosku drustovu "oh 'siyeniya" ye "monoud" kroy kore, taar naam xoloni kori "bhila" raakhe aaru taak dalmatier susakot ponjiyon kore. teur eugoslav coder sithibur aasil jtvr, aaru 1934 sonoloike teur sarita aakhoror kolor sinho aasil ytfb. 1935 sonor 20 februaryt "bhila" fosfet aaru ghehur xamogri loi triester poraa venisoloi goi aasil, jetiya taai italyr motor jahaj "roady" ror xoite piyabhor mukhot xonghorxot lipto hoisil. "pholsworupe "bhila" dubo goisil, aaru teur sarijon nabik nihot hoisil. "rudy" ye jiyai thoka lukoxokolok uddhar korisil.

eu. esha. esha. monoud uss "monoud" (aidi-4460) ekti ponnobahi bashpiya jahaz chhilo jaa 1914 saale scotlande nirmito hoyechilo ebong 1928 saal porjonto markin juktorashtrer bonik merrin-err ongsho chhilo. 1918 theke 1919 saal porjonto tini markin juktorashtrer noubahinite dayitto palon korechilen. 1928 saale ugoslav interests taake kiney neyo ebong taar naam poriborton korey villa rakhe. 1935 saale adriatic sagore sangharsher foley tini dube zaan. bhobon. scotser jahaz nirman oo prakaushal sangostha 457 nambar eard hisabe clyder pranter greenok-ayee "monoud" nirman korechilo. etty 1914 saaler 7 meey chaalu koraa hoyechilo ebong seii bochorer shesher dike somponno hoyechilo. taar nibondhito doirgho chhilo, taar rashmi chhilo ebong taar govirota chhilo. taar tongage chhilo, ebong. taar ekti ekok screw chhilo, jaa ekti tinn-cylinder triple-samprasaran bashpo injina dwara chaalito chhilo jaa 320 nhp reeta koraa hoyechilo ebong taake goti diyechilo. "munouder prothom malik chhilen crossburn steamship company, jaa markin juktorashtrer munson steamship liner ekti scottish sahayak sangostha chhilo. munson taader onek jahajer naam "moone-" diye shuru korey. tini glasgote nibondhito chhilen ebong taanr juktorajyer sarkari nambar chhilo 136299. amader malikana. porey 1914 saale, "monoud"-err malikana markin mool sangosthai sthanantorito hoy ebong tini neu iyarke punra nibondhito hohn. taar markin juktorashtrer official nambar chhilo 212924 ebong taar code akkharguli chhilo lfdm. 1918 saaler modhye tini betar telegraphyr jonno sajjito hoye zaan ebong taanr qala saina chhilo kuh. 1917 saaler 29shhey septembara theke "monoud" france ponnosombhar bohon korey. tini protirokkhamulokbhabe ekti 5 inchi/40 caliber banduk ebong ekti 3 inchi/50 caliber banduk diye sajjito chhilen ebong markin naubahinir soshostro rakkhider taar bonduker krute jog koraa hoyechilo. 1918 saaler 16ee octobor markin naubahini "monoud" orjon korey ebong 26shhey octobor baltimore taake 4660 nomborer eu. esha. esha "monoud" hisabe niyog korey. taake naubahinir boideshik poribohon porisheba senabahinir accounte niyog koraa hoy. 1918 saaler 11ee navembar juddhobirotir adai saptaha porr, 29shhey navembar tini baltimore theke pray 4,000 tonn markin senabahinir dokan niye francer uddeshye raona hohn, jaar modhye 1,500 tonn drum gasoline chhilo. nou itihas oo oitijhyo command daabi korey jey 10ee december "munoud" "queda" naame ekti portugij bashpiya jahajer ekti bipoder sangketer uttor deyo, taake teney niye yaay ebong 15ee december barmuda pouchai. tobey, seii somoye seii naamer ekti portugij bonik jahajer astitter nothir abhab royeche. barmuda pouchonor porr, "monoud"-err ponnosombharer kichhu drum theke petrol beriye asche, jaa jahaz judey dhonya chhoriye dichche. nirapottar jonno taanr ponnosombhar barmuda chhede deoa hoy ebong tini poriborte 6,483 tonn koyla laude corren. 1918 saaler 27shhey december tini barmuda tyag corren ebong 1919 saaler 10ee januari tini britanir quiberne pouchan, kintu bandarti etotai byasto chhilo jey taar jonno konao birth chhilo naa, taai tini nanteser dike ghuriye deena, jekhane tini 20shhey januari taar ponnosombhar chhede deena. "british ponnobahi bashpiya jahaz "belula"-rawr sange sangharshe "monoud" khotigrosto hoy. "monoud" meramat koraa hoy ebong tarpor 2,500 tonn sharpnell ebong ballaster ekti ponnosombhar laude koraa hoy. 30shhey januari tini nantes tyag corren ebong 18ee february tini barmuda pouchon, jekhane tini gully chhonden. tini baltimore jete thaken, jekhane 3 march naubahini taake borkhasto korey ebong markin juktorashtrer shipping boarder madhyome taar malikder kachhe firiye deyo. "villa. 1928 saale brodersco aksionarsko drastvo "oshenia" "monoud" kiney neyo, taar naam poriborton korey "villa" rakhe ebong taake dalmatier susake nibondhito korey. taanr ugoslav code akkharguli chhilo jtvr, ebong 1934 saaler modhye taanr chaar akkharer qala saina chhilo witfb. 1935 saaler 20shhey february "villa" trieste theke venis yawar pothe phosphate oo gomer ekti ponnosombhar bohon korchilo, jokhon seey italian motor jahaz "roady"-rawr saathe piaver mukhe sangharsher saathe jorito chhilo. "falaswarup "villa" dube yaay ebong taar charjan nabik nihoto hoy. "rody" benche yawa byaktider uddhar korey.

yuu. aesa. aesa. munwood yuu. aesa. aesa. "munwood" (id-4460) aek malvahak varaal jahaaj hatoo jeey 1914maan skotlendmaa banavvama aavyu hatoo aneey 1928 sudhee united states merchant mareenno bhaag hatoo. 1918thee 1919 sudhee temane united states naukadalma sevaa aapee hatee. 1928maan yugoslav rasikoae tene khareedi leedhi aneey tenu naam badaline veela raakhyu. 1935maan adriatic samudramaa athadamanna parinaame teey dooby gaee hatee. makaan. scoats shipbuilding aneey engineering kampaniae yard number 457 tareeke clydenaa keenare greenock khaate "munwood" banaavyu hatoo. teey 7 meey 1914naa roj sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey teey varshnaa antamaa purn thayu hatoo. tenee nondhaayel lambai hatee, tenee beam hatee aneey tenee undaai hatee. teneena tunn hataa, aneey. tenee paase aek jaj screw hatoo, jeey trana cylindernaa triple-vistaran varaal angine dwara chalavvama aavtu hatoo, jene 320 aena. aech. pii. noon mulyankan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tene tenee zadap aapee hatee. "munwood" noow pratham maaleek crossburn steamship kampani hatee, jeey united statesnee munsan steamship line skotisha petacompany hatee. munasne tenaa ghanaa jahajona naam "muun-" thee sharoo kareene aapyaa hataa. tenee glassgoma nondhaayeli hatee aneey teneeno united kingdamno sattavaar number 136299 hato. amaari maliki. paachhalthi 1914maan, "munwood" nee maliki yuu. aesa. nee mool companyne transfer karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey teneene newyorkma fareethi nondhani karavvama aavee hatee. temno us sattavaar number 212924 hato aneey temnaa qoda aksharo lfdm hataa. 1918 sudhimaa tenee wireless telegraphy maate sajj thaee gaee hatee, aneey teneenu qola saain kuh hatoo. 29 september 1917thee "manwood" francemaa malsaman laee gayoo. tenee sanrakshanatmak reete aek 5 inch/40-caliber bandook aneey aek 3 inch/50-caliber bandukthi sajj hatee, aneey us naukadalna sashastr rakshakone tenaa karmchaarionaa purakmaa tenee bandukomaa umervaamaa aavyaa hataa. 16 october 1918naa roj yuu. aesa. naukaadale "munwood" hastgat karyoo aneey 26 octobernaa roj baltimore khaate tene tene odakh number (id) 4660 saathe yuu. aesa. aesa. "munwood" tareeke niyukt curry. teneene naukadalna videshi parivahan sevaa sainya khaataama sonpavama aavee hatee. 11 november 1918naa yuddhviramna dodhh athvadiya pachhi, 29 novembernaa roj, teo lagbhag 4,000 tunn americi sainyana bhandar saathe baltimorethi france maate ravaana thayaa, jemaa drumma 1,500 tunn gasoline samaavesh thaay chhe. naukadalna itihas aneey vaarsaani command daavo karey chhe keey 10 decembernaa roj "munwood" aee "kweda" naamnaa portugies varaal jahajna sankat sanketno javaab aapyo, tene khenchee leedho aneey 15 decembernaa roj bermuda pahonchyo. jooe keey, teey samaye teey naamnaa portugies vepaari jahajna astitvanaa rekordano abhaav chhe. barmuda pahonchya pachhi, "manwood" naa maalmaa ketlaak drummanthi petrol leak thatu jovaa malyun hatoo, jeey samagr jahajma dhumaado felavtu hatoo. salaamati maate teneeno maal barmudama chhodvama aavyo hato aneey tenaa badale teneeae 6,483 tunn kolaso bharyo hato. 27 december 1918naa roj teneeae barmudamathi prasthaan karyoo aneey 10 january 1919naa roj tenee britneyma kwiberon pahonchi, parantu bandar aetalu vyast hatoo keey tenaa maate koee berth naa hatee, tethee teneeae nantes taraf valyun, jyaan teneeae 20 januaryna roj potaano maal chhodyo. "british malvahak jahaaj "belula" saathe athadamanma "manwood" neey nuksan thayu hatoo. "manwood" noon samarkam karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey pachhi 2,500 tunna sherapnel vattaa bhaaranno maal looad karvaamaa aavyo hato. 30 januaryna roj tenee nantesthi ravaana thaee aneey 18 februarina roj tenee barmuda pahonchi, jyaan teneeae goleeo chhodi. teneeae baltimore javaanu chaalu raakhyu, jyaan naukaadale 3 marche teneene sevamukt curry aneey united states shipping booard dwara teneene tenaa malikone parat curry. "will". 1928maan brodarsko exionarsko drustwo "oceania" aee "munwood" khareedhyu, tenu naam badaline "veela" raakhyu aneey tene dalmetiyama susakma nondhani karaavi. temnaa yugoslav qoda aksharo jtvr hataa, aneey 1934 sudhimaa temnu chaar aksharnu qola saain vitfb hatoo. 20 februari 1935naa roj "veela" triastethy venis taraf jaee rahee hatee, jemaa phosphate aneey ghaunno maal hato, jyaare teey italian motara jahaaj "roady" saathe piyavna mukh parr athadamanma saamel hatee. "parinaame "veela" dooby gayoo aneey tenaa chaar cru maarya gayaa. "rodiae" bachee gayelaa lokone bachaavi leedha.

uss munwood uss "munwood" (ids-4460) ack malvahak bhaap jahaaj thaa jise 1914 mein scotland mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur 1928 taka sanyukt raajya america key vyaapaari samudri kaa hissa thaa. 1918 seey 1919 taka unhone sanyukt raajya america kii nausena mein seva kii. 1928 mein yugoslav ney usey khareed liya aur uska naam badalkar vilaa curr diyaa. 1935 mein adriatic samudra mein takkar key parinamswarup vaha doob gaee. bhawan. scott kii jahaaj nirmaan aur engineering company ney yard sankhya 457 key roop mein clyde key kinare parr greenock mein "munwood" kaa nirmaan kiya. ise 7 maee 1914 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa aur usee varsh baad mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. usaki panjikrit lambai thee, usaki kiran thee aur usaki gaharaai thee. usake tunn they, aur. usake paas ack ekal pench thaa, joe teen-cylinder triple-vistaar bhaap injan dwara sanchaalit thaa jise 320 aine. aich. pee. parr mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa aur jisane usey ack gati dee. "munwood kii pahali malik crossburn steamship company thee, joe sanyukt raajya america kii munsan steamship line kii ack scotish sahayak company thee. munson ney apane kaee jahaajon key naam "munn-" seey shuru karate hue diye. vaha glassgo mein panjikrit thee, aur uska united kingdam kaa aadhikarik number 136299 thaa. hamara swaamitva. baad mein 1914 mein, "munwood" kaa swaamitva americi mool company koo hastaantarit curr diyaa gayaa, aur unhein newyork mein phir seey panjikrit kiya gayaa. unakaa americi aadhikarik number 212924 thaa aur unake code akshar ell. aff. dee. aim. they. 1918 taka vaha wireless telegraph key liye susajjit hoe gaee thee, aur uska coll saain kuh thaa. 29 sitambar 1917 seey "manwood" france key liye maal leey gayaa. vaha rakshaatmak roop seey ack 5-inch/40-calori bandook aur ack 3-inch/50-calori bandook seey lais thee, aur americi nausena key sashastr guards koo usake chaalak dall key liye usake bandookon key poorak key roop mein jodaa gayaa thaa. 16 octuber 1918 koo americi nausena ney "manwood" kaa adhigrahan kiya, aur 26 octuber koo baltimore mein usane usey pehchaan sankhya (ids) 4660 key saath uss "manwood" key roop mein niyukt kiya. usey nausena key videshi parivahan seva senaa khaate mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 11 navambar 1918 key yuddhaviram key dhaaee saptah baad, 29 navambar koo, vaha lagbhag 4,000 tunn americi senaa key bhandaron koo laker baltimore seey france key liye ravaana huin, jisamen drum mein 1,500 tunn gasoline bhee shamil thaa. nausena key itihas aur viraasat kamaan kaa daavaa haye kii 10 disambar koo "munwood" ney "queda" naamak ack purtagaali bhaap jahaaj seey ack sankat sanket kaa jawab diyaa, usey leey gayaa, aur 15 disambar koo barmuda pahuncha. haalaanki, usa samay usa naam key ack purtagaali vyaparik jahaaj key astitva key abhilekhon kaa abhaav haye. barmuda pahunchane parr, "manwood" key maal mein kuchh drums seey gasoline kaa risaav paaya gayaa, jisase poore jahaaj mein dhuaan fail gayaa. suraksha key liye unakaa maal barmuda mein chhoda gayaa aur unhone isake bajaay 6,483 tunn koyla laada. 27 disambar 1918 koo vaha barmuda seey ravaana huin aur 10 janwari 1919 koo vaha britney mein quiberon pahunchin, lekin bandargah itna vyast thaa kii unake liye koee berth naheen thee, isaliye unhone nantes kii or rukh kiya, jahaan unhone 20 janwari koo apana maal chhoda. "british malvahak jahaaj "belula" key saath takkar mein "manwood" kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa. "manwood" kii marammat kii gaee, aur phir 2,500 tunn chharre aur bhaar key saath ack maal koo load kiya gayaa. 30 janwari koo vaha nantes seey ravaana hui aur 18 farwari koo vaha barmuda pahunchi, jahan usane goli chhod dee. vaha baltimore taka jaari rahee, jahan nausena ney usey 3 march koo sevamukt curr diyaa aur sanyukt raajya shipping board key madhyam seey usey usake maalikon koo vaapas curr diyaa. "villa". 1928 mein brodarsco akkiyonarsko drustvo "oceania" ney "munwood" kharida, uska naam badalkar "vilaa" curr diyaa aur usey dalmacia mein susak mein panjikrit kiya. unake yugoslav code akshar jtvr they, aur 1934 taka unakaa chaar-akshar kaa coll saain vitfb thaa. 20 farwari 1935 koo "vilaa" phosphat aur gehuun kaa ack maal laker triste seey venis jaa rahee thee, jaba vaha italvi motor jahaaj "roady" key saath piyaave key muhaane parr takkar mein shamil thee. "parinamswarup "vilaa" doob gayaa aur usake chaar chaalak dall maare gaye. "roady" ney jeevit bache logon koo bachaaya.

yuu. ess. ess. munwood yuu. ess. ess. "manwood" (aidi-4460) ondu saraku ugi hadagu aagiddu, idannu 1914 ralli scotlandnalli nirmisalaayitu mattu 1928 ravarege united states merchant meraine bhagavagittu. 1918 rinda 1919 ravarege avaru united states naukaapadeyalli seve sallisidaru. 1928ralli yugoslav aasaktigalu aakeyannu khareedisi aakeya vilaa endu marunamakarana maadidavu. 1935ralli audriatic samudradalli dikkiya parinaamavaagi aake mulugihodalu. kattada. scotna hadagu nirmaana mattu engineering kampaniyu clydena anchinalliruva greenkaknalli yard sankhye 457 endu "manwood" annu nirmisitu. idannu 1914rahra mayee 7randu praarambhisalaayitu mattu aaa varshada koneyalli poornagolisalaayitu. avala nondayita udda, avala kirana mattu aalavaagittu. avala tangalu, mattu. aake onde screwannu hondiddaru, mooru-cylinder triple-extension steam enginninda nadesalpaduttittu, adhu 320 nhp rait maadalpattittu mattu avalige vegavannu needitu. "united statesna manson steamship line scottish angasamstheyaada cross burn steamship kampani manwoodna modala maalikaraagiddaru. munson tanna aneka hadagugalige "munn-" endu praarambhavaaguva hesarugalannu needitu. avalu glasgodalli nondayisikondiddalu mattu avala united kingdom adhikruta sankhye 136299 aagittu. namma malikatva. nantara 1914ralli, "manwood" naa malikatvavannu yuu. ess. moola kampanige vargaayisalaayitu mattu aakeyannu newyorknalli maru-nondaayisalaayitu. aakeya yuu. ess. adhikruta sankhye 212924 mattu aakeya sanketa aksharagalu lfdm aagiddavu. 1918 rahra hottige avalu wireless telegraphyannu hondiddalu mattu avala karey chihneyu kuh aagittu. 1917rahra september 29rinda "manwood" sarakugalannu francege saagisitu. aake rakshanaatmakavaagi ondu 5-inchu/40-caliber gunn mattu ondu 3-inchu/50-caliber gunn annu hondiddaru, mattu us naukaapadeya sashastra kaavalugaararannu aakeya bandookugala sibbandige purakavagi serisalaayitu. 1918rahra october 16randu yuu. ess. naukaapadeyu "manwad" annu swadhinapadisikonditu mattu baltimornalli october 26randu gurutina sankhye (aidi) 4660rondige yuu. ess. ess. manwad endu niyojisalaayitu. aakeyannu nauka sagarottara saarige seveya seenaa khaatege niyojisalaayitu. november 29randu, 1918rahra november 11rahra kadanaviramada eradoovare vaaragala nantara, avaru drumgalalli 1,500 tunn gasoline seridante sumaru 4,000 tunn us seenaa maligegalannu hottukondu baltimorninda francege horataru. nauka itihaasa mattu parampareya command december 10randu "conwood" portugees steamship "kweda" ninda baruva sankatada sanketakke uttarisi, avalannu karedoydu december 15randu bermudavannu talupitu endu heluttade. aadaagyoo, aaa samayadalli aaa hesarina portugees vyapari hadagina astitvada daakhalegala korateyide. bermudage agamisidaga, "manwood" naa sarakugalalina kelavu drumgalinda gasoline sorikeyaguttiruvudu kandubanditu, idu hadagina uddakkoo hogeyannu haraditu. surakshategaagi aakeya sarakugalannu bermudaadalli bidugade maadalaayitu mattu badalige aake 6,483 tunn kalliddalannu load maadidaru. 1918rahra december 27randu aake bermudaadinda horatu 1919rahra janavari 10randu britannina quiberon talupidaru, aadare bandaru eshtu kaaryaniratavaagittendare aakege sthalavakashaviralilla, aaddarinda aake nantesge tirugidaru, allie aake janavari 20randu tanna sarakugalannu horahaakidaru. "british saraku hadagu "belula" ge dikki hodeda parinama "manwood" haanigolagaayitu. "maragelasa" vannu durasti maadalaayitu, mattu nantara 2,500 tangalashtu hodetada mattu nilubhaarada sarakugalannu load maadalaayitu. janavari 30randu aake nantesninda horatu phebravari 18randu bermudavannu talupidaru, allie aake gundu haarisidaru. aake baltimorege teralidaru, allie naukaapadeyu march 3randu aakeyannu seveyinda vajagolisitu mattu united states shipping board moolaka aakeyannu aakeya malikarige hindirugisitu. "villa". 1928ralli brodarsco akkionarsko drustwo "oshiania" "manvoodannu" khareedisi, avalannu "vilaa" endu marunamakarana maadi, avalannu dalmetiyada susaknalli nondayisitu. aakeya yugoslav sanketa aksharagalu jtvr aagiddavu, mattu 1934 rahra hottige aakeya naalku-aksharagala karey chihneyu vitfb aagittu. 1935rahra phebravari 20randu "vilaa", phosphategalu mattu godhiya sarakugalannu hottukondu tristeyinda venisge teraluttiddaaga, italian motaru hadagu "roady" yondige piyavna mukhabhaagadalli dikki hodedalu. "idara parinaamavaagi "vilaa" mulugitu, mattu aakeya naalvaru sibbandigalu saavannappidaru. "roady" badukulidavarannu rakshisidaru.

yuu. ezz. ezz manwood 1914ll skotlandil nirmmicha oru charakk steamship aayirunnu yuu. ezz. ezz. manwood (aii. dii.-4460), 1928 vare yunaittad stetts marchant maraininte bhaagamaayirunnu. 1918 muthal 1919 vare avar yunaittad stetts navikasenayil sevanamanushtichu. 1928-ll yugoslav thalpparyangal avale vaangukayum avalude vila ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1935ll adriatic kadalil koottiyidichathine thudarnnu avar mungi. kettidam. skotsinte kappalnirmmaana enchiniyaring kambani 457 enna yard nambaraayi klaidinte pinbhaagathulla greenokkil "manwood" nirmmichu. 1914 meyy 7 nuu avar vikshepichu, aaa varshavasaanam poortthiyaakki. avalude rajisterdu neelam, avalude beam, aazham ennivayaayirunnu. avalude tannukal, oppam. 320 enechpi rating nalkia moonnu silindar triple-expansion steem enchin oodikkunna orotta scru avalkkundaayirunnu. "manvudinte aadya udama crossbane steamship kambaniyaayirunnu, ithu yunaittad stetsile mansan steamship laininte scotish anubandha sthaapanamaayirunnu. muun-" enna aksharathil aarambikkunna kappalukalkk munson pala perukalum nalki. avar glassgoyil rajisttar cheyyappedukayum avarude yunaittad kingdatthile audyogika nambar 136299 aayirunnu. njangalude udamasthaavakaasham. pinneedu 1914-ll manvudinte udamasthaavakaasham yuu. ezz. maathru kambaniyilekku maattukayum avar newyorkkil veendum rajisttar cheyyukayum cheythu. avalude us audyogika nambar 212924 aayirunnu, avalude coode aksharangal elfdm aayirunnu. 1918 aayappozhekkum avar wireless telegraphic sajjayai, avarude kooll saine kuh aayirunnu. 1917 septambar 29 muthal "manwood" francilake charakkukal kondupoyi. avalkk prathirodhamaayi oru 5 inch/40 caliber thokkum oru 3 inch/50 caliber thokkum undaayirunnu, koodaathe us nevi sayudha gaardukale avarude thokkukalkku poorakamaayi chertthu. 1918 october 16 nuu us naavikasena "manwood" swanthamaakki, october 26 nuu baltimoril identification nambar (aidi) 4660 ulla uss "manwood" aayi avare niyamichu. avale naavika videsha gathagatha sevana armi akkoundilekku niyamichu. 1918 november november vedinirthal karar avasaanichu randara aazhchakalkk sesham november november avar baltimoril ninnu francilake 1,500 tonn petrol ulppede 4,000 tonn us armi storukalumaayi purappettu. desember 10 nuu "manwood" "kweda" enna porchugees steemshippil ninnulla oru duranta signalinu utharam nalki, avale koottikkondupoyi, desember 15 nuu bermudayilethiyathaayi naavika charithravum paithruka command avakaashappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, akkaalat aaa perilulla oru porchugees vyaapaarakkappalinte nilanilppinte rekhakal illa. bermuda athiyappol, manvudinte charakkukalile chila drummukalil ninnu petrol chornnolikkunnathaayi kandethi, kappaliludaneelam puka padarnnu. surakshaykkaayi avarude charakk bermuda discharge cheyyukayum pakaram 6,483 tonn kalkari avar kayattukayum cheythu. 1918 desember 27 nuu avar bermuda vittu, 1919 januvari 10 nuu avar brittaniyile kviberonil ethi, pakshe thuramukham valare thirakkilaayirunnu, athinaal avar naantasilekku vazhithirichuvittu, avide januvari 20 nuu avar thante charakk discharge cheythu. "britiish charakk steemshippaaya "bailula" yumayullah koottiyidikku "manwood" kedaayi. "manwood" attakuttappanikal nadathukayum thudarnnu 2,500 tonn shrapnel baalastum ulla oru charakk kayattukayum cheythu. januvari 30 nuu avar naantas vidukayum februvari 18 nuu avar bermudayilethukayum avidevechu avar shrapnel vidukayum cheythu. avar baltimorilekku thudarnnu, avide naavikasena march 3 nuu avale pirichuvidukayum yunaittad stetts shipping board vazhi avalude udamakalkku thirike nalkukayum cheythu. "vila". 1928-ll brodarsco achaeonarsco drestwo "ooshyaaniya" "manwood" vaangi, "vila" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum dalmatiayile suzakil rajisttar cheyyukayum cheythu. avarude yugoslav coode aksharangal jtvr aayirunnu, 1934 aayappozhekkum avarude naalu aksharangalulla kooll saine ytfb aayirunnu. 1935 februvari februvari phosphettukaludeyum gothambinteyum charakk vahichu tristeyil ninnu venesilekku pookumbool itaaliyan motor kappalaya rodiyumaayi piyaavinte mukhathu koottiyidikkukayaayirunnu. "thalphalamaayi "vila" mungukayum avalude naalu jeevanakkar kollappedukayum cheythu. "roady" rakshappettavare rakshappeduthi.

yu. ess. ess. munwood yu. ess. ess. 'manwood' (id-4460) heey eka malavahu vafeche jahaj hote jeey 1914 madhye scotlandmadhye bandhale gele hote aanee 1928 paryant teey united states merchant mareencha bhag hote. 1918 teey 1919 paryant tyanni united stateschya naudalat seva kelee. 1928 madhye yugoslavchya hitchintakanni teela vikat ghetale aanee tiche naav badaloon veela thewale. 1935 madhye adriatic samudrat jhalelya dhadakemule tee budali. imarat. scotschya jahajbandhani aanee abhiyantriki companyne greenak yethe clydechya prushthbhagavar yard kramank 457 mhanoon "manwood" bandhale. tee 7 meey 1914 roji suru karnyat aalee aanee tyaa varshachya uttaradhat purn jhaali. tichi nond keleli lambi hotee, ticha kiran hota aanee tichi kholee hotee. tiche tungage hote, aanee. tichyakade ekach pendha hota, joou teen-cylinder tiheri-vistar vafechya injindware chalavala jaat hota, jyache moolyankan 320 aine. etch. pii. hote aanee jyamule teela eka veg midala. "munwood' chee pahili malak crossburn steamship company hotee, jee amerikechya munsan steamship linechi scottish upakampani hotee. munsanne tyachya anek jahajanna 'muun-' pasoon suru honari nave dilee. tichi nondani glasgomadhye jhaali hotee aanee ticha united kingdamcha adhikrut kramank 136299 hota. aamchi malki. nantar 1914 madhye, 'munwood' chee malki amerikechya mool kampanikade hastantarit karnyat aalee aanee tichi newyorkmadhye punha nondani karnyat aalee. ticha yuu. ess. chaa adhikrut kramank 212924 hota aanee tichi sanketik akshare ell. eff. dii. emm. hotee. 1918 paryant tee wireless telegraphisathi susajj hotee aanee tiche coll chinh kuh hote. 29 september 1917 pasoon 'manwood' francemadhye malvahatuk karat hota. tichya bandukanchya tukadyanmadhye, tee sanrakshanatmakdrushtya eka 5 inch/40 caliber bandook aanee eka 3 inch/50 caliber bandook gheuun sajj hotee aanee american naudalache sashastr rakshak tichya bandukanchya tukadyanmadhye jodale gele. 16 aktoobar 1918 roji americi naudalane 'manwood' vikat ghetale aanee 26 aktoobar roji baltimore yethe tyanni teela olakh kramank (id) 4660 saha 'manwood' mhanoon niyukt kele. teela naudalachya paradeshi vahtook sevechya lashkari khatyat niyukt karnyat aale. 11 november 1918 chya yuddhaviramachya adich aathvadyannantar 29 november roji, tee baltimorehoon sumare 4,000 tunn americi sainyachi dukane gheuun francela ravana jhaali, jyat drummadhye 1500 tunn petrolcha samavesh hota. naudalacha itihas aanee varsa kamandacha dawa aahe qee 10 december roji 'munwood' neey 'kweda' navachya portugij vafechya jahajachya sankat sanketache uttar dile, teela gheuun 15 december roji bermudala pohochale. tathapi, tyaa velee tyaa navachya portugij vyapari jahajachya astitvachya nondi naheet. barmuda yethe pohochalyavar, 'manwood' chya malvahatukitlya kahee dholanmadhun petrol galat asalyache aadhalun aale, jyamule sampoorn jahajavar dhoor pasarla. surakshesathi ticha maal barmudamadhye sodanyat aala aanee tyaeivaji tine 6,483 tunn kolasa bharit keela. 27 december 1918 roji tee barmudahoon nighun gelee aanee 10 janewari 1919 roji tee britaniyamadhil quiberonla pohochali, parantu bandar itake vyast hote qee tichyasathi jaaga navhati, mhanoon tine nanteskade valavale, jithe tine 20 janewari roji ticha maal sodala. "british malavahu vafechya jahaj 'belula' chya dhadket 'manwood' chey nuksan jhaale. "manwood" chee durusti karnyat aalee aanee nantar 2,500 tunn golee aanee bhaar yancha maal chadhavanyat aala. 30 jaanevarila tee nantes sodoon gelee aanee 18 februvarila tee barmudala pohochali, jithe tine golee sodali. tee baltimorela gelee, jithe naudalane teela 3 march roji sevamukt kele aanee teela united states shipping bordadware tichya malakanna parat kele. "villa". 1928 madhye brodarsko axionarco drustwo "oshiniya" neey "manwood" vikat ghetale, tiche naav badaloon "veela" thewale aanee teela dalmetiyatil susakmadhye nondani kelee. tichi yugoslav code akshare jeey. tii. vhee. aar. hotee aanee 1934 paryant tiche chaar aksharanche coll chinh vaay. tii. eff. bii. hote. 20 februwari 1935 roji 'veela' triastehoon venisla jaat hotee, phosphet aanee gavhacha maal gheuun jaat hotee, tevha tee piyavechya tondajaval italian motor jahaj 'roady' shhee dhadakali. "parinami "veela" budali aanee tichya chaar chaar mrutyu jhaala. "roady" neey vachalelyanchi sutka kelee.

uss munwood uss "munwood" (id-4460) ek cargo steamship thiyo june sann 1914 maa scotlandma nirman garieko thiyo rar sann 1928 samma sanyukta rajya americako wyapari samudriko hissa thiyo. sann 1918 dekhi 1919 samma unle sanyukta rajya americako nausenama sewa garin. sann 1928 maa yugoslabh intertsle unlai kine rar unko bhilako naam pariwartan gare. sann 1935 maa adriatic samudrama takkarko parinamswarup uni dubeki thiin. bhawan. scotsko jahaz nirman rar engineering companyle yard number 457 ko rupma clydeko farthama greenakma "munwood" nirman garyo. yo 7 mey 1914 maa suru garieko thiyo rar tyas warshako antyama sampanna bhayo. unko darta garieko lambai thiyo, unko beam thiyo rar unko gahirai thiyo. unko tanharu thie, rar. unisanga ekal screw thiyo, tean cylinder triple-wistar steam injindwara sanchalit thiyo june 320 nhpma mulyankan garieko thiyo rar unlai gati diyo. "munwood" ko pahilo malik crusburne steamship company thiyo, june sanyukta rajya americako munson steamship lineko scottish sahayak company thiyo. munasanle afna dheraiwata jahajharuko naam "munn-" batt suru garera die. uni glasgoma darta bhaeki thiin, rar unko sanyukta adhirajyako adhikarik number 136299 thiyo. hamro swamitwa. pachhi sann 1914 maa, "munwood" ko swamitwa americi muel companyma hastantaran gariyo, rar uni newyorkma punah darta bhain. unko yues adhikarik number 212924 thiyo rar unko code aksharharu lfdm thie. sann 1918 sammama uni wireless telegraphyka lagi susajjit bhain, rar unko cull sine kuh thiyo. 29 september 1917 dekhi "munwood" ley francema kargoharu bokeko thiyo. uni rakshatmak rupma euta 5 inch/40-caliber banduk rar euta 3-inch/50-caliber bandukle susajjit thiin, rar americi nausenaka sashastra gardharu unko bandukharuko chalak dalka purakma thapie. 16 october 1918 maa americi nausenale "munwood" prapta firta, rar 26 october baltimorema yasale unlai pahichan number (id) 4660 ko sath uss "munwood" ko rupma niyukta firta. unlai nausenako videshi yatayat sewa sena khatama niyukta garieko thiyo. 11 november 1918 ko yuddhawiramko adhai haptapachhi 29 novemberma, uni drumma 1,500 tunn petrolsahit lagbhag 4,000 tunn americi senako bhandar liera baltimorebata franceka lagi prasthan garin. nausenako itihas rar sampada commandle dabi gareko chha kii 10 decemberma "munwood" ley "kweda" bhanine portugali steamshipbata aeko sankat sanketko jawaf diyo, unlai bokeko thiyo, rar 15 decemberma bermada pugyo. yadyapi, tyas samayama tyo namko portugiz wyaparik jahajko astitwako abhilekhharu chhainan. bermuda aipugepachhi, "manwod" ko cargoma raheka kehi dramaharubata petrol chuhindai gareko, jahajbhari dhuwaan failieko paieko thiyo. surakshaka lagi unko cargo barmudama chhodieko thiyo, rar unle yasako satta 6,483 tunn koila load garin. 27 december 1918 maa unle bermada chhodin rar 10 janawari 1919 maa uni britaniko quiberon puge, tara bandargah yati wyasta thiyo kii unko lagi kunai berth thiena, tyasaile unle nantesma farkain, jahaan unle 20 janawarima afno cargo chhodin. "britis cargo steamship "belula" sangko takkarma "munwood" kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo. "manwod" marmat gariyo, rar tyasapachhi 2,500 tunn shrapnel rar balastko cargo load gariyo. 30 janawarima unle nantes chhodin rar 18 februaryma uni bermuda puge, jahaan unle goli chhodin. uni baltimorema jaari rahe, jahaan nausenale unlai 3 marchma sewamukta firta rar sanyukta rajya americako dhuwani board marfat unko malikharulai firta firta. "bhila". sann 1928 maa broadarsko akkiyonarsko drustbho "oceania" ley "munwood" kine, unko naam "bhila" rakhe rar unlai dalmatiako susakma darta gare. unko yugoslabh code aksharharu jetiviar thie, rar 1934 samma unko chaar-akshar cull chinha witfb thiyo. 20 february 1935 maa "bhila" tristebata bhenis jaandai garda fasfet rar gahunko saman bokeko thiyo, jab uni italian motor jahaz "roady" sanga piyabhko mukhma takkarma sanlagna thiin. "falaswarup "bhila" dubdai gayo, rar unka charjana chalak dalka sadasya marie. "roady" ley bancheka manisharulai uddhar gare.

us munud us "munud" (id-4460) eka malbahi bashpiah jahaz thila jaahaa 1914 ray skatalyandare nirmita hoithila ebong 1928 parjyanta juktarastra americara banijyika samudrika ansha thila. 1918 ru 1919 parjyanta shay juktarastra americara nausenare karjya karithile. 1928 masihare yugoslav intersts tanku kinineithile ebong taanka naamaku bhila rakhajaithila. 1935 masihare adriatic samudrare eka dhakka jogun shay budijaithile. kotha. scotser jahaz nirmana ebong injinijaring company clyder pharthare greenakare yard nambara 457 bhabare "munud" nirmana karithila. ehaa 7 meey 1914 ray arambha hoithila ebong sehi barsha sheshare samapta hoithila . ehara panjikruta dairghya thila, ehara rashmi thila ebong ehara gabhirata thila . tankara tanyaja thila, ebong. taanka pakhare gotie maatra scru thila, jaahaa tini-cylinder bisista tini-samprasarana bashpa injin dwara parichalita hoithila, jaahaa 320 enn. etch. pii. ray reting karajaithila ebong tanku eka bega deithila. "munud rahr pratham malika thile crossborn steamship company, jaahaa americara munson steamship liner eka scottish sahajaka company thila . munson ehara aneka jahajar naama "munn-" ru arambha curry deithile. shay glasgore panjikruta hoithile, ebong tankara juktarajyara sarkari nambara thila 136299. ammer malikana. parey 1914 masihare, "munud" rahr malikana americara moola companyku sthanantarita hoithila, ebong shay nyujarkare punah panjikruta hoithile. tankara jayu. ess. rahr official nambara thila 212924 ebong taanka code akhyaragudika ell. aif. dii. emm. thila. 1918 masiha suddha shay betara telegraphy paain sajjit hoithile, ebong taanka cull shine kuh thila . 1917 masiha september 29 tarikh thaaru "munud" franceku mall paribahana karithila. shay eka 5 inch/40 caliber bandhuka ebong eka 3 inch/50 caliber bandhuka sahita pratirakhya bhabare sashastra thile, ebong jayu. ess. nausena sashastra gardmane taanka bandhuka sahita krure paripuraka bhabare joga hoithile . 16 october 1918 ray jayu. ess. nausena "munud" hassel karithila, ebong 26 october baltimore ehaa tanku parichai nambara (id) 4660 sahita uss "munud" bhabare nijukta karithila. tanku nausena bideshi paribahana seba sena aakauntaku nijukta karajaithila . navember 29,1918 ray, 11 navember 1918 rahr judhabiratira adhei saptaha parey, shay baltimoreru frances abhimukhe praiah 4,000 tone jayu. ess. armi store nei jaithile, jeunthire dramare 1,500 tone petrol antarbhukta . nausena itihas ebong aitihya command daabi karichhi je december 10 ray "munud" "queda" namaka eka portugeej bashpiah jahajaru eka sankata sanketara uttara deithila, tanku tyure neithila ebong december 15 ray barmudare pahanchithila . tebe, sehi samajare sehi naamare eka portugeej banijyika jahajar astitwara recorder abhaba rahichhi. baramuda pahanchiba parey, "munud" rahr malare thiba kichhi dramru petrol lick heuthiba dekhibaku milithila, jaahaa jahajare dhuan bistara karithila . surakhya paain taanka mall baramudare chhadi diajaithila, ebong ehaa paribarte shay 6,483 tone koila loaded karithile. 27 december 1918 ray shay barmuda chadithile ebong 10 januari 1919 ray shay britanira kwiberanare pahanchithile, kintu bandara ete byasta thila je taanka paain kaunasi berth nathila, tenu shay nantesaku divert karithile, jeunthare shay januari 20 ray taanka cargo chadithile . "british malbahi bashpiah jahaz "belula" sahita dhakka heba phalare "munud" khyatigrasta hoithila. "munud" maramati karajaithila, ebong taa 'parey 2,500 tone shrappnel ebong balaster eka cargo loaded karajaithila . januari 30 ray shay nantes chadithile ebong februari 18 ray shay baramuda pahanchithile, jeunthare shay guli bahara karithile. shay baltimoreku jaithile, jeunthare nausena tanku march 3 ray chakiriru barakhasta karithila ebong juktarastra americara siping board madhyamare taanka malikamananku ferai deithila. "bhila. 1928 masihare brodarsco akkionarsko drusto "oceania" "munud" kinithila, taa 'rahr naama paribartana curry "bhila" rakhila ebong taaku dalamatiare susac ray panjikruta kallah . taanka yugoslav code akhyaragudika jay. tii. bhi. aarr. thila, ebong 1934 suddha tankara chaari akhyara bisista cull chinha thila gtfb. 20 februari 1935 ray "bhila" triesteru bhenis abhimukhe jatra karuthila, fosfet ebong gahmar eka cargo bahn karuthila, jetebele shay italiah motor jahaz "roady" sahita piabh mukhare eka dhakkare jadita thila . "phalaswaroopa "bhila" budijaithila, ebong taa 'rahr chaari john nabika nihata hoithile. "roady" banchithiba lokanku uddhara karithile.

yuu. aiss. aiss. munwood yuu. aiss. aiss. "manwood" (id-4460) ikk malvahak bhaaf jahaz see joe sann 1914 witch scotland witch banaiaa giaa see atey 1928 takk sanyukat raaj dey vapari samundari jahaz daa hissa see. usne sanyukat raaj dee jall saina witch 1918 toon 1919 takk seva nibhai. sann 1928 witch yugoslav hittan neey uss noon khareed liaa atey uss daa naam badal keey vilaa rakkh ditta. sann 1935 witch uh adriatic samunder witch ikk takkar dey natije vajon dubb gaee. imaarat. scots dee jahaz nirman atey engineering company neey clead dey ferth 'teey greenock vikhe yard number 457 dey roop witch "manwood" banaiaa. ih 7 maee 1914 noon lanch keeti gaee see atey use saal baad witch puurii hoee see. uss dee registered lambai see, uss dee beam see atey uss dee dunghai see. uss dey tungays sunn, atey. uss cole ikk single petch see, joe tinn-silandar triple-expension bhaaf injan duaara chalaiaa jaanda see jiss noon 320 ainn. aich. pee. teey darja ditta giaa see atey uss neey uss noon ikk gatee ditti see. "munwood" daa pahila maalak crossburn steamship company see, joe sanyukat raaj dee munson steamship line dee ikk scottish sahaik company see. munson neey aapne bahut saare jahazan dey naam "munn-" naal shuru keete. uh glasgo witch registered see, atey uss daa united kingdom daa adhikarat number 136299 see. saadi malkiat. baad witch 1914 witch, "munwood" dee malkiat us mool company noon tabdil qarr ditti gaee see, atey uss noon newyork witch dubara register keeta giaa see. uss daa yuu. aiss. adhikarat number 212924 see atey uss dey code akkhar aill. eff. dee. aimm. sunn. 1918 takk uh vireless telegraphy laee tiaar hoow gaee see, atey uss daa qaal sine kuh see. 29 satambar 1917 toon "manwood" france laee maal lae keey giaa. uh rakhiaatmak taur 'teey ikk 5-inch/40-caliber banduk atey ikk 3-inch/50-caliber banduk naal lais see, atey yuu. aiss. nevi dey hathiaarband gaardan noon uss dey chaalak dall dey bandukan dey poorak witch shamal keeta giaa see. 16 aktubar 1918 noon us nevi neey "manwood" prapat keeta, atey 26 aktubar noon baltimore vikhe iss neey uss noon pachanh number (id) 4660 dey naal uss "manwood" vajon niyukat keeta. uss noon jall saina dey videshi aavajai seva fauj khaate witch niyukat keeta giaa see. 11 navambar 1918 dey yudhviram toon dhaai hafte baad, 29 navambar noon, uh baltimore toon france laee ravana hoee, jiss witch lagbhag 4,000 tunn amriki fauj dey store sunn, jinhan witch drum witch 1,500 tunn gasoline vee shamal see. jall saina dey itihaas atey virse dee command daa daava haii kii 10 dasambar noon "munwood" neey "kidda" namak ikk puratgali bhaaf jahaz toon ikk sankat dey sanket daa jawab ditta, uss noon chukkiaa atey 15 dasambar noon barmuda pahunchiaa. halanki, uss samein uss naam dey ikk puratgali vaparak jahaz dee hond dey ricard dee ghaat haii. barmuda pahunchan 'teey, "manwood" dey maal witch kujh dholan toon gasoline leak hunda hoiaa paaiaa giaa, jiss naal samuche jahaz witch dhunaan fail riha see. surakhiaa laee uss daa maal barmuda witch chaddiaa giaa see, atey uss neey iss dee bajaae 6,483 tunn colla loaded keeta see. 27 dasambar 1918 noon uh barmuda toon ravana hoee atey 10 janwari 1919 noon uh britney dey quiburn pahunchi, parr bandargah inni rujhi hoee see kii uss laee koee berth naheen see, iss laee uss neey nantes vall modd ditta, jitthe uss neey 20 janwari noon aapna maal chaddiaa. "british malvahak bhaaf jahaz "belula" naal takkar witch "manwood" noon nuksan pahunchiaa see. "manwood" dee murammat keeti gaee, atey firr 2,500 tunn shrapnel atey ballest daa maal loaded keeta giaa. 30 janwari noon uh nantes toon ravana hoee atey 18 farvari noon uh barmuda pahunchi, jitthe uss neey goli chalaa ditti. uh baltimore jaandi rahee, jitthe jall saina neey uss noon 3 march noon sevamukt qarr ditta atey sanyukat raaj shipping board raahin uss noon aapne malkan noon waps qarr ditta. "villa". sann 1928 witch brodarsco axionarsco drustwo "oshenia" neey "manwood" kharidiaa, uss daa naam badal keey "vilaa" rakkhiaa atey uss noon dalmetia witch susk witch register keeta. uss dey yugoslav code akkhar jtvr sunn, atey 1934 takk uss daa chaar-akkhar daa qaal chinnh vitfb see. 20 farvari 1935 noon "vilaa" tricete toon venis jaa rahee see, fasfet atey kanak daa ikk maal lae keey jaa rahee see, jadon uh italvi motor jahaz "roady" naal piaav dey moonh 'teey takkar witch shamal see. "natije vajon "vilaa" dubb gaee atey uss dey chaalak dall dey chaar member maare gaye. "roady" neey bache hoye lokan noon bachaiaa.

yoo ess ess munn wood yoo ess ess "munwood" (aii dee-4460) iti ekaha maalavaahakah vaashpavaahakah aasit yah 1914 tame varshe scatland-deshe nirmitah aasit, 1928 tame varshe yaavat samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya vaanijya-samudriya-vibhaagasya bhaagah aasit. 1918 taha 1919 paryantam saa samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya nausenayam karyam krutavatee. 1928 tame varshe yougoslav-deshasya hitayah saa kreenaati, tasyaah vilaa iti namakaranam cha krutam. 1935 tame varshe adriatic-samudre gharshanasya parinaamen saa nimajjitaa. bhavanam. scots-naukaanirmaan-abhiyaantriki-samsthaa clad-ityasya agrabhaage greenak-nagare yard-sankhyaa 457 iti namna "munwood" iteedam niramaat. saa 7 mey 1914 dinaanke prakshepitaa, tasmin varshe ante cha poornam. tasyaah panjeekruta-dirghata aasit, tasyaah kiranah aasit, tasya gabhirata cha aasit. tasyaah tunnez-ityetaani aasan, tathaa cha. tasyaah ekam scroo aasit, yat tri-cylinder-tri-vistaar-vashpa-yantrena chaalitam, yat 320 enn. ech. pi. iti mulyankitam, tathaa cha tasyaah gatim cha dattam. "munwood" ityasya prathamah swami cross-burn-steam-ship-kampanee aasit, yat samyuktarajyamerikadesha munson-steam-ship-lans ityasya skaatish-sahayakasamstha aasit. munson ityayam swasya anekaani naukaah "munn-" iti namna aarabhy namakaranam krutavaan. saa glasgo-nagare panjeekrutavatee, tasyaah unated-kingdam-deshasya aadhikarikasankhya 136299 aasit. asmaabhih svaamitvam. pashchat 1914 tame varshe "munwood" ityasya svaamitvam amerikaadeshasy mool-samsthaayai sthanantaritam, saa nyuyaark-nagare punah panjeekrutavatee. tasyaah yoo. ess. adhikrutasankhyaa 212924 aasit, tasyaah sanketalekhah ell. ef. dee. emm. iti aasan. 1918 tame varshe saa tantanga-taar-yantrasya krute sajjaa aasit, tasyaah kaal-sanketah kuh iti aasit. 1917 september 29 dinaankaat "munwood" iti "france" desham prati charitam vahat. saa rakshaatmakaroopen 5-inch/40-caliber iti ekaha gun, 3-inch/50-caliber iti ekaha gun cha aasit, tathaa cha yoo. ess.-nausenaa-sashastra-rakshakaah tasyaah gun-chaalakadalasy poorakaroopen yojitaah aasan. 1918 october 16 dinaanke amerikaadeshasy nausenayaa "munwood" iteedam praaptam, october 26 dinaanke baltimore-nagare saa 4660 iti gurutinankhyaya saha yu. ess. ess. "munwood" iti niyuktaa. saa nausenaa-videsha-parivahana-sevaa-senaa-lekhayam niyuktaa abhavat. 1918 tame varshe november-masasya 11 dinaanke yuddhaviraamasya avadhike saptaahena anantaram, 29 november-dinaanke saa baltimore-nagaram prati france-desham prati prasthanam krutvaa praayah 4,000 tunn yaavat yu. ess. sainya-bhandaran vahat, yatra drum-yukttam 1,500 tunn yaavat gasoline-padarthah api aasit. nausenaa-itihaasah tathaa virasata-adeshah pratipaadayati yat december 10 dinaanke "munwood" iti "kwedaa" iti portugees-vaashpayaanaat kashtasankatasya uttaram dattavaan, taam vahya, december 15 dinaanke bermuda-nagaram praapnot iti. parantu tasmin samaye tasmin naamnah portugees-vaanijya-naukaayaah astitvasya abhilekhaah abhavishyante. bermuda-nagaram aagaty "munwood" ityasya saamaanasy keshuchit drum-dhaatubhyah gasoline-draavanam sraavam bhavati sma, sampoorne naukayam dhoomah prasrutah iti dnyaatam. surakshayai tasyaah maalavaahanam bermuda-nagare nishkaasitam, tasya sthaane saa 6,483 tunn angaara-padartham load akarot. 1918 december 27 dinaanke saa bermuda-nagaram niroodavatee, 1919 janavaree 10 dinaanke saa brittany-nagarasya quiberan-nagaram praapnot, parantu naukaashrayam etaavat vyastam aasit yat tasyaah krute sthaanam naa aasit, ataha saa nantes-nagaram prati vyatitavatee, yatra saa 20 janavaree dinaanke swasaamagreem nishkaasayat. "british-malavahinya "belula" ityanena saha gharshanasya karanat "munwood" iti padam kshatigrastam abhavat. "munwood" ityasya marammatm krutam, tatah 2,500 tunn-yaavat shraapnel-yukttam bharakam cha bhaaritam. janavaree 30 dinaanke saa nantes-nagaram parityajy februvari 18 dinaanke bermuda-nagaram praapnot, yatra saa shraappal-utsarjayat. saa baltimore-nagaram prati agacchat, yatra nausenayaa saa maarch-masasya 3 dinaanke sevaamuktaa abhavat, samyuktarajyamerika-nauvahana-mandalasya madhyamena madhyamena "villaa" iti. 1928 tame varshe brodarsko akkiyonaarsko drustwo "oshinia" ityeshaa "munwood" iteedam kritva tasyaah "vilaa" iti namakaranam krutvaa dalmatia-nagarasya susaak-nagare panjeekrutavatee. tasyaah yugoslaav-sanketa-aksharaani jey. tea. vee. aar. iti aasan, 1934 tame varshe tasyaah chaturnaksharayuktah kaal-sanketah vai. tea. ef. bee. iti aasit. 1935 februvari 20 dinaanke "vilaa" iteedam traste-taha venis-nagaram prati gacchantee aasit, yatra faasfet-godhoom-dravyaani cha aasan, yadaa saa italian-motaaru-naukayaa "roady" ityanena piyaave-ityasya mukhatah gharshanam akarot. "parinaamatah "vilaa" iti naukaayaah patanam jaatam, tasyaah chatwaarah naukaah cha mrutaah. "roady" iti pranan rakshayt.

yuu. ess. ess. manwood yuu. ess. ess. manwood (aidi-4460) enbathu 1914 aam aandil scatlandil kattapatta oru sarakku neeraavik kappal aagum, idhu 1928 varai america vaniga kadarpadaiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. 1918 muthal 1919 varai avar america kadarpadaiyil paniyaattrinaar. 1928 aam aandil yugoslav aarvalargal avalai vaangki, avaludaiya vilaa endru marupeyarittanar. 1935 aam aandil adriatic kadalil moathiyathan vilaivaaga avar moozhginaar. kattidam. scots kappal kattudhal mattrum poriiyal niruvanam clydine purani 457 endra yart ennaaga greenakkil "muunn wood" kattiyadhu. idhu 7 mae 1914 andru thodangappattu antha aandin pirpaguthiyil niraivadainthathu. aval pathivu seiyappatta neelam, aval kattrai irunththathu, avaludaiya aalam irunththathu. avaludaiya dannej irunththathu, mattrum. avaridam oru thiruku irunththathu, idhu moontru silindar moontru virivaakka neeravi iyanththiraththaal iyakkappadukirathu, idhu 320 enhp mathippidappattathu mattrum avalukku oru vaekaththaik koduththathu. "manvuttin muthal urimaiyaalar grossburn steamship niruvanam, idhu americavin manson steamship line skaatlaanthu thunai niruvanamaagum. munson adhan pala kappalkalukku "muun-" endra peyaril thodangi peyarkalai valangkiyathu. avar claskovil pathivu seiyappattaar, maelum avarathu aikkiya raachchiyaththin athikaarappoorva enn 136299 aagum. engkalukkuch sonthamaanavai. pinnar 1914 aam aandil, manvudin urimai america thaai niruvanaththirku maattrappattathu, maelum avar newyoarkil meendum pathivu seiyappattaar. avarathu america athikaarappoorva enn 212924 mattrum avarathu kuriyeettu ezhuththukkal elftm aagum. 1918 vaakkil avar wireless thanthikku porutthappattaar, maelum avarathu alaippu adaiyaalam kuh aagum. 1917 septumber 29 muthal "manwood" bransku sarakkugalai eduththuch sentrathu. avar oru 5 angkulam/40 colliber thuppakki mattrum oru 3 angkulam/50 colliber thuppakki aagiyavattraik kondu paathukaappu reethiyaaga aayutham aenthiyirunththaar, maelum america kadarpadai aayuthamaenthiya kaavalargal avarathu thuppaakkikalukku nirappu serkkappattanar. october 16,1918 andru america kadarpadai "manwood" aii vaangkiyathu, october 26 andru paltimoril adhu avarai 4660 endra adaiyaala ennudan (aidi) yuu. ess. ess "manwood" aaga niyamiththathu. avar kadarpadai velinaattu poakkuvaraththu saevai iraanuva kanakkirku niyamikkappattaar. navambar 29 andru, navambar 11,1918 poarniruththam nadanthu irandarai vaarangkalukkup piragu, avar baltimore nagarai vittu bransku sumar 4,000 dunn america iraanuvak kadaigalai eduththuch sentraar, idhil 1,500 dunn petrol trumkal udpada. disambar 10 andru "kuveda" endra poarththukeesiya neeraavik kappalil irunthu oru thuyara samiknaikku "manwood" pathilaliththu, avalai alaiththuch sendru, disambar 15 andru permudaavai adainthathaaga kadarpadai varalaaru mattrum paarambariya kattalai koorukirathu. iruppinum, antha neraththil antha peyaril oru poarththukeesiya vanigak kappal irunththatharkaana pathivukal illai. permudaavai adainthathum, "manwood" sarakkugalil ulla sila drumgalilirunthu petrol kasindhu, kappal muzhuvathum pugaiyai parappuvathu kandariyappattathu. paathukaappirkaaka avarathu sarakku permudaavil veliyaettrappattathu, adharku pathilaaka avar 6,483 dunn nilakkariyai aetrtriyirunththaar. disambar 27,1918 andru avar permudaavai vittu veliyaerinaar, janavari 10,1919 andru avar britaniyil ulla cuberonai adainthaar, aanaal thuraimugam migavum pisiyaaga irunththathu, avalukku berth illai, enavae avar nandezuku tiruppinaar, angku avar thanathu sarakkugalai janavari 20 andru veliyaettrinaar. "british sarakku neeraavik kappal "belula" udan moathiyathil "muunn wood" sethamatainthathu. "muunn wood" pazhuthupaarkkappattathu, pinnar 2,500 dunn shrobanal mattrum balast sarakkugalai aetrtrappattathu. janavari 30 andru avar nantezai vittu veliyaeri, pipravari 18 andru permudaavai adainthaar, angku avar kundugalai veliyaettrinaar. avar baltimore varai thodarnthaar, angku kadarpadai maarch 3 andru avarai panineekkam seithu, america kappal vaariyam vazhiyaaga avarathu urimaiyaalargalidam tiruppi anuppiyathu. "villa". 1928 aam aandil brodersco akyonarsko trustvo "oseania" "manwood" "aii vaangki," vilaa "endru marupeyarittu, dalmatiavil ulla susakkil pathivu seithaar. avarathu yugoslav kuriyeettu ezhuththukkal jay. dii. vii. aarr aagum, 1934 vaakkil avarathu naanku-ezhuththu alaippu adaiyaalam vaii. dii. eff. pii aagum. pipravari 20,1935 andru "vilaa" triestil irunthu venisukkuch sendru kondirunthapoathu, paaspaettukal mattrum koathumai sarakkugalai eduththuch sendru kondirunthapoathu, avar itaaliya motor kappal "roadi" udan piyaavin mugaththuvaaraththil moathiyathil eedupattaar. "idhan vilaivaaga "vilaa" moozhgiyathu, maelum avarathu kuzhuvinaril naanku paer kollappattanar. "roadi" uyir pizhaiththavargalai meettanar.

us munwood yuu. ess. ess. "munwood" (idi-4460) anedi 1914loe scatlandlo nirminchina oka cargo steam ship, idhi 1928 varaku united states merchant merainlo bhaagamgaa undedi. 1918 nundi 1919 varaku aame united states naavikaadalamloo panicheesaaru. 1928loe yugoslav aasaktigalavaaru aamenu konugolu chesi aame paeru vilaa gaa marcharu. 1935loe adriatic samudramlo dheekonadam valla aame munigipoyindi. bhavanam. scots naukaanirmaanam mariyu injaneering company clyde yokka anchuna yard number 457 gaa greenk vadda "munwood" nuu nirminchindi. idhi 1914 mae 7naa praarambhinchabadindi mariyu aaa samvatsaram taruvaata puurtayimdi. aame namodu cheyabadina podavu, aame punjam mariyu aame lothu. aame tunnagelu, mariyu. aame oke scroonu kaligi undhi, idhi moodu cylinderla triple-extension steam injinto nadapabadutundi, idhi 320 enhechpi rating pondindi mariyu aameku vegaanni ichindi. "munwood yokka modati yajamani cross burn steam ship company, idhi united states yokka munson steam ship line yokka scottish anubandha samstha. munson daani aneka noukalaku "munn-" thoo praarambhamayye paerlanu ichindi. aame glassgolo namodu cheyabadindi, mariyu aame united kingdom adhikaarika sankhya 136299. maaku yajamanyam. taruvaata 1914loe, "munwood" yajamanyam us maatru samsthaku badilee cheyabadindi, mariyu aame newyorklo tirigi namodu cheyabadindi. aame us adhikaarika sankhya 212924 mariyu aame code aksharalu lfdm. 1918 natiki aame wireless telegraphy kosam sannaddhamaindi, mariyu aame coll saine kuh. 1917 septembaru 29 nundi "munwood" fraansku sarukulanu teesukuvellindi. aame rakshanaatmakamgaa oka 5-angulaala/40-caliber tupaki mariyu oka 3-angulaala/50-caliber thupaakeetho saayudhamaindi, mariyu us naevii saayudha gaardulanu aame sibbandiki aame thupaakeelaku anubandhamgaa chaerchaaru. 1918 aktobaru 16naa yuu. ess. naavikaadalam "munwood" nuu konugolu chesindi, mariyu baltimorelo 26 october naa aamenu 4660 gurtimpu sankhya (idi) thoo yuu. ess. ess "munwood" gaa niyaminchindi. aamenu navika videshee ravana seva armi khaataaku ketaayinchaaru. 1918 november 11 naati yuddha viramana taruvaata rendunnara vaaraala taruvaata, november 29naa, aame drumlalo 1,500 tannula gasolintho sahaa sumaru 4,000 tannula us armi storelanu teesukuni baltimore nundi fraansku bayaluderindi. naukaadala charitra mariyu vaarasatva command december 10naa "munwood" "kweda" anae portugees aaviri nauka nundi vacchina baadha sanketaaniki samadhanam icchi, aamenu teesukuni december 15naa bermudaaku cherukundani perkondi. ayithe, aaa samayamlo aaa paerutoe portugees vaanijya ooda unikilo unna recordulu laevu. bermuda cherukunnappudu, "munwood" sarukuloni konni drumla nundi gasoline kaaradam, ooda antataa pogalu vyaapti chendadam kanugonabadindi. bhadrata kosam aame sarukunu bermudalo vidudala chesaaru, daaniki badulugaa aame 6,483 tannula boggunu load chesindi. 1918 december 27naa aame bermudanu vidichipetti 1919 janavari 10naa britanyloni quiberon cherukundi, conny odarevu chaalaa bijeegaa undadamtho aameku berth ledhu, kabatti aame nantescu mallinchabadindi, akkada aame thana sarukunu janavari 20naa vidudala chesindi. "british cargo steam ship "belula" thoo dheekonadamtho "munwood" debbatindi. "munwood" marammatu cheyabadindi, aapai 2,500 tannula shropnell mariyu ballust sarukunu load chesaaru. janavari 30naa aame nantes nundi bayaluderi fibravari 18naa bermudaaku cherukundi, akkada aame tupaakeeni vidudala chesindi. aame baltimoreku konasaagindi, akkada marchi 3naa naavikaadalam aamenu upasamharinchukundi mariyu united states shipping boardu dwara aame yajamaanulaku tirigi ichindi. "villa". 1928loe brodarsco akkionarsko drustwo "oshiyaniya" "munwood" nuu konugolu chesi, aameku "vilaa" anie paeru maarchindi mariyu aamenu dalmetialoni susaclo namodu chesindi. aame yugoslav code aksharalu jtvr, mariyu 1934 natiki aame naalugu aksharaala coll saine vitfb. 1935 fibravari 20naa "vilaa" trieste nundi venis kuu velutundagaa, phosphatelu mariyu godhumala sarukunu teesukuvelutundagaa, aame italian motaru ooda "roady" thoo piyav mukhadwaram vadda dheekonadamlo paalgondi. "phalitamgaa "vilaa" munigipoyindi, mariyu aame sibbandilo naluguru maraninchaaru. "roady" praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaarini rakshinchindi.

yuu aiss aiss minn wode yuu aiss aiss "minn wode" (aayee ddee-4460) eek kargo bhaap waala jehaaz thaa juu 1914 mein scott lend mein banaya gayaa thaa aur 1928 takk riyasathaye muthadah kay tajarti mirian kaa hasah thaa. 1918 say 1919 takk iss nay riyasathaye muthadah kii bahriyah mein khidmaat anjaam dain. 1928 mein yugoslav kay mufadat nay asay khareed liyaa aur iss kaa naam badal kirr walaa rakh diyaa. 1935 mein wah adriotic samandar mein tasadam kay natijay mein dob gayee. emarat. scots ship building aind engineering company nay grenak mein clyde kay saray parr yaard number 457 kay toor parr "minn wode" banaya. asay 7 mayee 1914 kuu laanch kiyaa gayaa aur asee saal kay aakhir mein makmal kiyaa gayaa. iss kii darj shadah lambayi thee iss kii beam thee aur iss kii gahrayi thee. iss kay tunge thay aur. iss kay paas eek hyee scrow thaa juu teen slunder waalay triple extension steam anjan say chalta thaa jiss kii darjah bundi 320 aine aich pee kii gayee thee aur iss nay asay eek raftaar dee. "minn wode kaa pehla maalik karaas burn steam ship company thee juu riyasathaye muthadah kii mansan steam ship line kaa eek scotsh zeeli idaarah thaa. mansan nay apnay behat say jehazon kay naam diye jinn kii ibtada "minn-" say hoti hay. wah glassgo mein registard thee aur iss kaa bartaniah kaa sarkaari number 136299 thaa. hamaari malkiyat. baad mein 1914 mein minn wode kii malkiyat americi parent company kuu muntaqil kirr dee gayee aur asay neoyork mein dobarah register kiyaa gayaa. iss kaa americi sarkaari number 212924 thaa aur iss kay code latter eel aif ddee ayem thay. 1918 takk wah wireless teeli girafi kay liye lees how gayee aur iss kii kaal kaa nashaan koah thaa. 29 satambar 1917 say "minn wode" france kay liye kargo lay kirr gayaa. wah dafayi toor parr eek 5 inch/40 cabler bandoq aur eek 3 inch/50 cabler bandoq say maslah thee aur americi bahriyah kay maslah muhafizon kuu iss kay amley kay saath iss kii bandoqon kay liye shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. 16 aktobar 1918 kuu americi bahriyah nay "minn wode" haasil kiyaa aur 26 aktobar kuu baltimore mein iss nay asay shanakhti number (aayee ddee) 4660 kay saath yuu aiss aiss "minn wode" kay toor parr commission kiyaa. asay bahriyah kay berun milk nql woo hamal saros aarmi akaunt mein tafviz kiyaa gayaa. 11 nomber 1918 kay jung bundi kay dahayee haftay baad 29 nomber cow wah taqriba 4,000 tunn americi foj kay stores lay kirr baltimore say france rawanah hoyein jinn mein drum mein 1,500 tunn patrol bhee shaamil thaa. bahriyah kii tareekh aur warsah command kaa daawi hay kahh 10 dasambar kuu "minn wode" nay "koyda" naami partagali bhaap jehaaz say eek preshani kay asharay kaa jawaab diyaa asay lay kirr 15 dasambar kuu barmoda pahuncha. tahim iss waqat iss naam kay partagali tajarti jehaaz kay wajood kay record kaa faqdan hay. barmoda pahunchnay parr "minn wode" kay kargo mein mojud kachh daholon say patrol kaa rasaaw paaya gayaa jiss say puray jehaaz mein dhawaan phail gayaa. hifazat kay liye iss kaa kargo barmoda mein chhod diyaa gayaa aur iss kay bajaye iss nay 6,483 tunn koilah bharaa. 27 dasambar 1918 kuu wah barmoda say rawanah hoyein aur 10 januri 1919 kuu wah bertney kay quibroon pahunchein leakin bandargah atnee masruf thee kahh iss kay liye koyee barth nahein thee iss liye inhon nay nantees kii taraf rakh kiyaa jehaan inhon nay 20 januri kuu apnaa kargo chhoda. "bartanvi kargo steam ship "belila" kay saath tasadam mein "minn wode" kuu nqsan pahuncha. "moone wode" kii marmat kii gayee aur phir 2,500 tunn sharpel kay elawah ballist kaa saamaan bharaa. 30 januri kuu wah nantees say rawanah hoyein aur 18 faroori kuu wah barmoda pahunchein jehaan inhon nay golah baari chhod dee. wah baltimore takk jaari rahee jehaan bahriyah nay asay 3 maarch kuu bartarf kirr diyaa aur asay united steats shipping board kay zariye iss kay maalkaan kuu waps kirr diyaa. "walaa. 1928 mein brodarco aksinarco drusto "aushiyana" nay "minn wode" khareeda iss kaa naam badal kirr "walaa" rakhaa aur asay dalmetia mein sosak mein register kiyaa. iss kay yugoslav code kay khatut jay tye wee aar thay aur 1934 takk iss kay chaar harfi kaal kaa nashaan waayi tye aif bee thaa. 20 faroori 1935 kuu "walaa" phosphates aur gandam kaa saamaan lay kirr treastay say wens jaa rahee thee jabb wah piyaw kay manah parr atalvi motor jehaaz "roty" say takranay mein malus thee. "iss kay natijay mein "walaa" dob gayaa aur iss kay amley kay chaar afraad halaak how gayey. "roty" nay zindah bach jaanay waalon kuu bachaa liyaa.

0006d73e53a8dbb671c127605d4ce6730e8eb7b6a8c815a56b1e6b18d70bf89a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27289301

South of Hell (album)

South of Hell (album) South Of Hell is the third solo studio album by American underground rapper Boondox from Georgia. It was released on May 11, 2010 through Psychopathic Records accompanied by a DVD documentary directed by Paul Andreson about Boondox's life and the making of the album titled "Southern Bled". Produced entirely by Mike E. Clark, it features guest appearance from Insane Clown Posse. The album debuted at No. 54 on the "Billboard" 200, No. 6 on the Top Rap Albums, No. 9 on the Independent Albums and No. 13 on the Tastemakers in the United States. Production. Clark completed the album's music in his Fun House Studio in Sterling Heights, Michigan. Boondox felt more comfortable writing and recording the vocal tracks in seclusion, resulting in Clark moving the production to a cabin in the woods that he owned. Boondox wrote the lyrics by setting up large loudspeakers in the cabin and writing the lyrics while Clark played the unfinished tracks through the speakers. Clark describes this method of lyric writing as being "pretty scary [...] it definitely affected the music a lot". Music and lyrics. According to producer Mike E. Clark, the lyrics were strongly influenced by the album's unusual production, and the seclusion of being in the cabin in the woods, describing the album as "music to get murdered by". The lyrics of "South of Hell" strongly derives from country music themes, touching on "love gone bad, family issues, and internal struggles with vice". The music combines elements of country with hip hop beats and funk-derived grooves, and includes live instrumentation, including slide guitar and banjos. "We All Fall" features the use of Auto-Tune. The title of the album, "South of Hell", is a reference to the Slayer album "South of Heaven". Reception. Kik Axe Music reviewer James Zahn gave the album 3.5 out of 5, writing that "Boondox is at his best when keeping the south flowing throughout." Zahn describes "We All Fall" as the album's weakest track. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dokhyinor norok (elbam) sauth owo hell hoise georgier aamerikan underground repar bondokxor tritiyo ekok studio 'elbam. 2010 sonor 11 mey 'too iyak saikupethik recordor joriyote poll andresonor dwara nirdexito ekhon dibhidi tothyositror xoite bondokxor jiwan aaru "southern blade" xirxok elbamtu nirmanor bixoye mukoli koraa hoisil. xompurnorupe maik ee-ror dwara nirmito. clerk, iyat unmad claune poo 'sor poraa otithir uposthiti aase. elbamtur aarombhoni hoisil nong nomborot. bilobo" rd 200-too 54, nong. xirxo rape elbamxomuhot 6 nombor. 9taa swotontro elbam aaru nong. 13 aamerika juktorastror xuwad nirmataxokolor uporot. utpadon. clerke mixiganor starling hightsot thoka teur faan house studio 'too elbamtur xongit xompurno korisil. bondokxe bhukel trekbur ekantot likhiboloi aaru record koriboloi odhik aramdayok onubhob korisil, jaar folot clerke projujonatu teur malikanadhin bonor etaa kebinoloi sthanantor korisil. bondokxe kebinot dangor dangor loudspeaker sthapon kori aaru gitbur likhi gitor kotha likhisil aanhate clerke spickeror joriyote oxomapto trekbur bojuwa hoisil. clerke geet likhaar ei poddhotik "oti bhoyongkor [" buli bornona korise...] ee nischitbhabe xongitor uporot jothesto probhab pelaisil. xongit aaru gitor kotha. projujok maik ee-ror mote. clerk, gitor kotha elbamtur oswabhabik projujona aaru bonor kebinot thokar ekakitwor dwara drirhobhabe probhabito hoisil, elbamtu "xongitor dwara hotya koraa" buli bornona korisil. norokor dokhyin" ror gitbur drirhobhabe dexor xongitor bixoybostur poraa udbhob hoise, ji "prem beyaa hoi goise, paribarik xomosya, aaru kufolor xoite abhyontorin xonggram" koo sporxo kore. xongittuwe hipp hoh 'poo beat aaru funk-ror poraa aahoron koraa khaajor xoite dexor upadanbur ekotrito kore, aaru iyat slide gitter aaru benz' koo dhori live badyojontro ontorbhukto kore. "aami xokolu pori go" too swoyongkriyo xur byoboharor boixistyo aase. elbamtur xirunam, "sauth owo hell", hoise "sauth owo hebhen" naamor slayer elbamtur etaa ullekh. obhyorthona. kick ex xongitor porzaluchonakari james jaahone elbamtu 5ror bhitorot 3.5 disil, likhisil je "dokhyinor prowahito rokhar xomoyot bondox teur xorbosrestho."jaahone" "aami xokolu pori go" "moo buli elbamtur ataitkoi durbol trekk hisape bornona korise.

south off hell (album) south off hell georgier american underground rapper bundoxer tritiya ekok studio album. etty 2010 saaler 11ee meey psychopathic recorder madhyome mukti paay ebong err saathe poll andorson porichalito ekti dvd documentary chhilo jaa bundoxer jeebon ebong "soudern blaad" naame albumty toiri korey. sampurnarupe maik ee dwara utpadito. clerk, etey paglate klauna poze theke atithi uposthiti royeche. albumty prothombar prothombar prothombar prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albume prothom albumty prothom albume prothom albume aase. billboard" 200-ayee 54, naa. sheersho ryapa albume 6tii, naa. swadhin albume 9 ebong nong. 13 markin juktorashtrer swad prostutkarokder upor. utpadon. clerk mishiganer starling hights-ayee taanr mojar house studiote albumer sangeet somponno corren. bundox ekaki kanthaswarer ganguli likhte ebong record korte arow swachchondo bodh korey, jaar foley clerk prajojanati taar malikanadhin boner ekti cabine sthanantorito korey. bundox cabine borh loudspeaker sthapon korey ebong gaaner kotha likhe gaaner kotha likhechilo ebong clerk speaker madhyome asampurna ganguli bajiechilo. clerk gaan lekhar eyi poddhotitike "besh bhitikar" boley bornona korechen...] etty aboshyoi sangitke onek probhabito korechilo. gaan oo gaan. projojok maik ee-err motey. clerk, gaaner kotha albumer aswabhabik prajojana ebong boner modhye kebin thucker nirjonota dwara dridhobhabe probhabito hoyechilo, albumtike "hotya korar jonno sangeet" hisabe bornona koreche. noroker dakkhine" gaaner kathati deshiya sangiter thim theke eseche, jaa "bhalobasa kharap hoye geche, paribarik samasya ebong mondotar saathe abhyantarin sangram" sporsho korey. sangitti hipa hopp bitt ebong funk-udbhuto khanjgulir saathe desher upadangulike ekotrito korey ebong slide gitter ebong banzos soho live jontropati antarbhukta korey. "amra sobai porey jaai" auto-tuner byabohar baisistyajukta. albumer shironam, "noroker dakkhin", holl "swarger dakkhin" namok hottakari albumer ekti ullekh. abhyarthana. kick ayaksa sangeet porjalochok james zaan albumtike 5-err modhye 3.5 diyechen, likhechen jey "dakkhinke probahito rakhar somoy bundox taar sera abosthane royeche."jahon" "uee oll foll" "keey albumer sabcheye durbal gaan hisabe bornona korechen.

naraknee dakshin (album) south off hail aee georgiana american underground rapper boondoxenu triju solo studiyo album chhe. teey 11 meey, 2010naa roj cycopathic records dwara poola enderson dwara nirdeshit dvd dastaveji saathe boondoxna jeevan aneey "sadharn blade" shirshakvala aalbamnu nirmaan vishe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sampurnpane mike ee dwara utpaadit. clark, temaa pagal rangalona maheman dekhaavno samaavesh thaay chhe. album number parr sharoo thayu. billboard" 200 parr 54, nann. tochnaa rape albumsma 6, nann. swatantra aalbamo parr 9 aneey nann. 13 united statesma swaad utpaadako parr. utpaadan. clarke aalbamnu sangeet sterling hights, mishiganma temnaa phana house studiyomaa purn karyoo. boondoxne ekalataa saathe gaayan geeto lakhvaa aneey reqorda karvaamaa vadhu aaramdayak laagyu, parinaame clark productionne tenee malikina jangalma kebinmaa khasedyu. boondoxe kebinmaa motaa loudspeaker gothvine aneey geeto lakheene geeto lakhyaa hataa jyaare clarke speaker dwara adhura geeto vagaadya hataa. clark geet lekhannee aaa paddhatine "khoob daramani" tareeke varnave chhe...] tenee chokkaspane sangeet parr ghanee assar thaee hatee. sangeet aneey geeto. nirmata mike ee. spasht reete, geeto aalbamna asamanya nirmanthi aneey jangalma kebinmaa rahevana ekantthi khoob prabhaavit hataa, jemaa aalbamne "sangeet dwara hatyaa karvaa" tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo. naraknee dakshine" naa geeto majboot reete deshee sangeetnaa vishhayomathi utaree aavyaa chhe, jeey "prem kharaab thaee gayo, paarivaarik muddaao aneey aneesht saathena aantarik sangharsho" parr sparsha karey chhe. sangeet hipa hoopa beats aneey funk-vyutpann khancho saathe deshnaa tatvone jode chhe, aneey temaa slide gitaar aneey benjo saheet jivant sadhanono samaavesh thaay chhe. "amey badhaa padiae chhiae" otto-tune upyog darshaave chhe. aalbamnu sheershak, "naraknee dakshine", aee slayer album "swargnee dakshine" noow sandarbh chhe. swaagat. kick ex sangeet samikshak james zaane aalbamne 5 maanthi 3.5 aapyu hatoo, aneey lakhyu hatoo keey "jyaare dakshinma pravaah vaheto rahe chhe tyaare boondox tenaa shreshth pradarshanmaa chhe."zaan" "amey badhaa padiae chhiae" "neey aalbamna sauthee nabalaa track tareeke varnave chhe".

narak key dakshin (album) south off hell georgia key americi bhoomigat rapper boondox kaa teesara ekal studio album haye. ise 11 maee, 2010 koo manovikrit record key madhyam seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisake saath paul anderson dwara nirdeshit ack dvd vrittachitra thaa, joe boondox key jeevan aur "sadarn blade" naamak album key nirmaan key baare mein thaa. poori tarah seey mike ee dwara nirmit. clark, isamen pagal joker kii upasthiti seey atithi upasthiti haye. album ney number parr shuruat kii. billboard" 200 parr 54, naheen. sheersh rapp albums mein 6, naheen. 9 swatantra albums parr aur naheen. 13 sanyukt raajya america mein swaad nirmaataon parr. utpaadan. clark ney sterling hights, mishigan mein apane funn house studio mein album kaa sangeet puuraa kiya. boondox ney gaayan geeton koo likhane aur recording mein adhik sahaj mahsoos kiya, jisake parinamswarup clark ney utpaadan koo jangal mein ack kebin mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, joe unake swaamitva mein thaa. boondox ney kebin mein badey loudspeaker lagaakar aur boll likh curr geet likhe, jabaki clark ney speaker key madhyam seey adhure track bajaaye. clark ney geet likhane kii iss vidhi koo "bahut daravana [honey key roop mein varnit kiya haye...] isane nishchit roop seey sangeet koo bahut prabhaavit kiya. sangeet aur geet. nirmaata mike ee key anusaar. clark, geet album key asamanya utpaadan seey bahut prabhaavit they, aur jangal mein kebin mein honey key ekant, album koo "sangeet dwara hatyaa kiye jaane key roop mein varnit karate hain. narak key dakshin" key boll dridhata seey deshi sangeet key vishayon seey praapt hue hain, joe "pyaar kharaab hoe gayaa, parivarik mudde, aur burai key saath aantarik sangharsh" koo chhoote hain. sangeet hip hopp beats aur funk-vyutpann khaanchon key saath desh key tatvon koo jodata haye, aur isamen slide gitar aur bainjo sahit live instrumentation shamil haye. "humm sabhi girate hain" mein auto-tune kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. album kaa sheershak, "narak key dakshin", slayer album "swarg key dakshin" kaa sandarbh haye. swaagat. kick aiks sangeet sameekshak james zaan ney album koo 5 mein seey 3.5 diyaa, yeh likhate hue kii "dakshin koo poore pravaah mein rakhate hue boondox sabse achchha haye."zaan ney" "humm sabhi girate hain" "koo album kaa sabse kamjor track bataaya haye.

south off hell (album) south off hell georgiyada american bhoogata rapar boondox avara moorane ekavyakti studio album aagide. idu 2010rahra mayee 11randu cycopathic recordgala moolaka bidugadeyaayitu, jotege paul anderson nirdeshisida dvd sakshyachitravu boondoxn jeevana mattu "sadarn bled" emba shirshikeya album tayaarikeya bagge ittu. sampoornavaagi mike ii. avarinda tayaarisalpattide. clark, idu huchhu kodangi bhangiyinda atithi notavannu hondide. album namm. jaahiraatu phalaka" 200rahra mele 54, namm. agra raap aalbangalalli 6, namm. swatantra aalbangalalli 9 mattu namm. 13 united statesnallina ruchi tayaarakara mele. utpaadane. clark albumna sangeetavannu michigan stirling haitsnalliruva tanna mojina maney studiyodalli poornagolisidaru. boondoxge gayana haadugalannu ekangiyagi bareyuvudu mattu dhwanimudrisuwudu hecchu aaraamadaayakavaagittu, idara parinaamavaagi clark avaru nirmaanavannu tamma odetanada kaadinalliruva cabinge sthalaantarisidaru. boondox cabinnalli dodda dhwaniwardhakagalannu sthaapisuva moolaka mattu saahityavannu bareyuva moolaka saahityavannu baredare, clark apurna haadugalannu speekargala moolaka nudisuttaane. clark ee sahitya baravanigeya vidhaanavannu "bahala bhayanakavagide" endu vivarisuttaare...] idu khanditavaagiyoo sangeetada mele saakashtu parinama beeritu ". sangeeta mattu sahitya. nirmaapaka mike ii. clark, saahityavu albumna asaamaanya nirmaanadinda balavagi prabhaavitavaagittu, mattu kaadinalliruva cabinnalli iruva ekaantateyu album annu "sangeetadinda kollalpaduttade" endu vivarisuttade. narakada daksina" dha saahityavu halligaadina sangeetada vishayagalinda balavagi bandide, "preeti kettadaagide, kautumbika samasyegalu mattu dushtateyondige aantarika horaatagalu". sangeetavu hip hop beats mattu funk-padeda todugalondige deshada amshagalannu samyojisuttade mattu slide guitar mattu banjos seridante live instrumentation annu olagondide. "navellaroo beelutteve" embudu swayam-raagada balakeyannu olagondide. albumna shirshike, "south off hell", slayer album "south off heaven" annu ullekhisuttade. svaagata. kick axe sangeeta vimarshaka james zaan ee albange 5ralli 3.5 ankagalannu needi, "dakshinadaadyanta harivannu kapaduvaga boondox atyuttamavagide" endu barediddaare."" "vii aall phaal" "annu albumna atyanta durbala haadu endu jhaan vivarisiddaare".

narkatil dakshin (album) sauth auph hail haah georgiamadhil american bhoomigat rapper boondoxcha tisra ekal studio album aahe. haah chitrapat 11 meey 2010 roji cycopathic recordsdware paul andreson digdarshit dii. vhee. dii. mahitipatasaha boondoxchya jivanabaddal aanee 'sadarn blade' navachya albumchya nirmitisah pradarshit karnyat aala. purnapane mike eae. dware utpadit. clark, tyat vede jokar possche atithi swaroop aahe. albumchi suruvat kra. 54 heey 'jahirat falak' 200 varr, kra. top rapp albammadhye 6, kra. swatantra albamvar 9 aanee kra. 13 united statesmadhil swad nirmatyanvar. utpadan. clarkney mishiganmadhil sterling hights yetheel tyachya majedar studiomadhye albumche sangeet purn kele. boondoxla gayan ganee ektepane lihine aanee dhwanimudrit karane adhik aaramdayak vatale, parinami clarkney nirmiti tyachya malkichya jangalatil kebinmadhye halavali. boondoxney kebinmadhye mothe loudspeaker lavoon aanee booal lihoon geete lihili, tarr clarkney spikardware apoorn ganee vajavali. clarkney gitalekhan karnyachya yaa paddhatiche varnan "khoop bhitidayak [...] tyacha sangitavar nakkich khoop parinam jhaala ". sangeet aanee geete. nirmata mike eae. chya matey. clark, ganyanchya bolanvar albumchya asamanya nirmiticha aanee jangalat kebinmadhye asanyachya ekakipanacha jordar prabhav hota, jyat albumche varnan 'sangitadvare marle jaane' asey kele gele. sauth auph hail' chey booal deshi sangitachya sankalpananvarun jordarpane aale aahet, jyat 'prem kharab jhaale, kautumbik samasya aanee white goshtinshi antargat sangharsh' yancha samavesh aahe. sangitamadhye hiip hopp beats aanee funk-vyutpann khambansah deshi ghatak ekatra kele jaatat aanee tyat slide gitar aanee banjosah thet vadyancha samavesh hoto. "aamhi serve padato' madhye auto-tunecha vapar keela jaato. sauth auph hail' heey yaa sangrahpustakache shirshak 'sauth auph heven' yaa hatyare sangrahala sandarbh dete. swagat. kick ex sangeet samikshak james zaan yanni yaa albamla 5 paiki 3.5 dile, asey lihit qee "dakshinecha pravah sarvatra chaloo thevatana boondox tyachya sarvottam sthiteet asato."zanane" "aamhi serve padato" "heey albumche sarvat kamkuvat gaane mhanoon varnan kele aahe".

narakko dakshin (album) south aff hayle georgiaca americi bhumigat rapper bundaksako tesro ekal studio album how. yo mey 11,2010 maa cycopathic recordharu marfat pall andersondwara nirdeshit dividi writtachitrako sath bundaksako jiwan rar "saudarna blade" shirshakko albumko nirmanko barema jaari garieko thiyo. purna rupma mick eae dwara utpadit. clark, yasale pagal joker pojbata atithi upasthiti prastut gardacha. album nambarma suru bhayo. billboard" 200 maa 54, hoina. shirsha rapp albumharuma 6, hoina. 9 swatantra albumharuma rar nan. 13 sanyukta rajya americama swad nirmataharuma. utpadan. clarkle sterling hights, mishiganma raheko afno funn house studioma albumko sangit pura gare. bundaksle ekantama bhokal trackharu lekhna rar record garna badhi sahaj mahasus गऱ्यो।, jasko parinamswarup clarkle utpadanlai unko swamitwama raheko jangalko kebinma saryo. bundaksle kebinma thula loudspeakerharu rakhera rar bolharu lekhera githaru lekhe jabki clarkle spikerharu marfat apurna trackharu bajae. clarkle geet lekhanko yass vidhilai "dherai darlagdo [" bhaeko rupma warnan gardacha...] yasale nishchit rupma sangitlai dherai asar गऱ्यो।. sangit rar geet. nirmata mick ika anusar. yass albumko githaru albumko asamanya utpadan rar jangalko kebinma raheko ekantatabata dherai prabhawit thie, albumlai "sangitdwara hatya hune" bhanera warnan gardai. narakko dakshin" kaa githaru "prem kharab bhayo, pariwarik muddaharu, rar dushtatasangko antarik sangharshaharu" lai chhune deshi sangit vishayavastuharubata dridhatapurwak wyutpanna bhaeka chhan. sangitle deshka tatwaharulai hipp hup beat rar funk-wyutpanna grobhaharusanga jodchha, rar slide gitar rar banjos sahit pratyaksha upkaranharu samawesh gardacha. "hammy sabai khaschhaun" ley swatah-tuneko prayogko suwidha dinchha. albumko shirshak, "narakko dakshin", slayer album "swargako dakshin" ko sandarbha how. swagat. kick ex sangit samikshak james janle albumlai 5 madhye 3.5 die, "dakshinlai bhari prawahit rakhda bundox afno utkrishta awasthama chha."jahanle" "hammy sabai khaschhaun" "lai albumko sabaibhanda kamjor tracko rupma warnan garchhan.

dakhina naraka (album) south off hayle heuchhi georgier americae underground rapara bandaxanka dwara truteeja ekaka studio album . ehaa meey 11,2010 ray psychopathic record madhyamare muktilabha karithila, jaahaa sahita pull andarasananka nirdeshita eka dividi documentary sahita bundaxanka zeeban ebong "saudarna blade" namaka album nirmana bishajare thila . sampurna bhabe mick ee. dwara nirmita. clark, ethire pagala joker pose ru atithi upasthiti achhi . albumti pratham thara paain nong. billboard" 200 ray 54, nong. shirsha raap alabamare 6, nong. swadheena alabamare 9 ebong nong. 13 juktarastra americara swada prastutakareemananka upare. utpadana. clark mishiganra starling hightsray thiba taanka fann houses studiore albummer sangeeta samapta karithile. bundox ekaki kanthaswara geetagudiku lekhiba ebong recording karibare adhika aaramadajaka anubhaba karithile, phalaswaroopa clark taanka malikanare thiba jangalare thiba eka kebinaku prajojanaku sthanantara karithile. bundox kyabinare budd budd loudspeaker sthapana curry ebong geeta lekhiba sahita, clark spicker madhyamare asampurna geetagudiku bajai geeta rachna karithile. clark geeta lekhiba ehi paddhatiku "bahuta bhajankara [bolly barnana karichanti.....] ehaa nischita bhabe sangeetaku bahuta prabhabita karithila. sangeeta ebong geeta. nirmata mick ee. nka anujai. clark, gitagudika albummer aswabhabika utpadana dwara drudha bhabare prabhabita hoithila, ebong jangalare kebinare rahibara ekakeetwa, alabamku "hatya karibaku sangeeta" bhabare barnana karithila . narkar dakhina" rahr gitagudika drudha bhabare deshi sangeeta bishajabasturu aasichhi, jaahaa "prem kharap hoijaichhi, paribarika samasya, ebong manda sahita aabhyantareen sangharsha" ku sparsha kare . sangeeta hip hup bitt ebong fanka-utpanna grobh sahita deshar upadanagudiku ekatrita kare, ebong slide gitara ebong benzo sameth live upakarana antarbhukta kare . "aame samaste padiba" swajang-tune byabaharara baisistya . albummer shirshaka, "narkar dakhina", heuchhi 'swargara dakhina' namaka eka slare albummer sandarbha. swagata. kick ax music samikhyaka james jahn alabamku 5 ru 3.5 deichhanti, lekhichhanti je "dakhinaku prabahita rakhiba samajare bundox tankara sarbottama ."jahn" "aame samaste padiba" "ku albummer sabutharu durbala track bhabare barnana karichanti.

narak dey dakkhan (album) dakkhan narak georgia dey amriki bhumigat rapper boondox duaara tiji solo studio album haii. ih 11 maee, 2010 noon cycopathic recordan raahin jaari keeta giaa see, jiss witch paul anderson duaara nirdeshit ikk dvd dastavezi film see, jiss witch boondox dey jeevan atey "dakkhni khoon" sirlekh vaali album daa nirman keeta giaa see. puurii tarahan mike ee duaara tiaar keeta giaa. clark, iss witch pagal joker poses toon mehmann dee dikkh haii. album number 'teey shuru hoee. billboard 200 utte 54, nann. choti deeaan raip ailabman witch 6, nann. 9 sutantar ailabman utte atey nann. 13 sanyukat raaj amrica witch suaad nirmatavan utte. utpadan. clark neey album daa sangeet aapne funn haaoos studio witch sterling hights, mishigan witch poora keeta. boondox neey ikant witch vocal traikan noon likhan atey ricard curran witch vadhere araam mahisus keeta, jiss dey natije vajon clark neey utpadan noon jangal witch ikk cabin witch tabdil qarr ditta joe uss dee malkiat see. boondox neey cabin witch vadde laaood speaker lagaa keey atey boll likh keey geet likhe jadon kii clark neey asampuran traikan noon speakeran raahin vajaiaa. clark neey geet likhan dey iss dhang noon "bahut drauna [dassiaa...] iss neey nishchit taur utte sangeet noon bahut prabhavit keeta. sangeet atey boll. nirmata mike ee. dey anusar. clark, geet album dey asdharan utpadan atey jangal witch cabin witch rahinn dey ikant toon bahut prabhavit sunn, album noon "sangeet duaara katal keeta jaanha" dassde hoye. narak dey dakkhan" dey boll desh dey sangeet dey vishiaan toon mazbooti naal lae gaye hunn, joe "piaar kharaab hoow giaa, parivarak mudde atey burai naal andruni sanghrash" noon chhuhde hunn. sangeet hipp hopp beat atey funk toon prapat khambhiaan naal desh dey tattan noon jodada haii, atey iss witch slide gitar atey benjo samet live saaz shamal hunn. "aseen saare dhigde haan" auto-tioon dee varton dee visheshta haii. album daa sirlekh, "narak dey dakkhan", kaatal album "swarg dey dakkhan" daa havala haii. suagat. kick aiks sangeet samikhiak james zaan neey album noon 5 vicchon 3.5 ditta, ih likhade hoye kii "jadon dakkhan noon poore pravaah witch rakkhiaa jaanda haii taan boondox sabh toon vadhiaa hunda haii."zaan neey" "aseen saare dhigde haan" "noon album daa sabh toon kamzor track dassiaa haii.

dakshina-narakah (aalbam) sauth aaf hell iti georgia-deshasya american-bhugarbha-ryaapar-boondoks ityasya truteeyam solo-studio-aalbam asti. 2010 mey 11 dinaanke manovyaadhi-abhilekhananam madhyamena etat pradarshitam, yasmin paul enderson ityanena nirdeshitam dee. vee. dee. vruttachitram cha aasit, yasmin boondaaks ityasya jeevanasya vishaye, "sadarn blade" iti sheershakam cha aasit. purnataya maik ee dwara nirmitam. clark iti, asmin unmatt-vidooshak-sthanat atithi-roopam asti. aalbam nam madhye aarabhat. 54 "bilboard" 200 ityatra, naa. 6 sheersheshu raap-aalbam-madhye, naa. 9 swatantra-aalbam-madhye naa cha. 13 samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya swaadanirmaataarah. utpaadanam. clark ityayam aalbam ityasya sangeetam mishigan-nagarasya sterling-hats-nagarasya swasya funn-house-studio-madhye samapitavan. boondaaks ekaki swara-geetaani likhitum, dhwanimudranam cha adhikam sukhakaram anubhooyate sma, yasya parinaamen clark ityasya nirmanam tasya svaamitvasya vanasya kaksham prati sthanantaritam. boondaaks-varyaha cabin-madhye bruhad-dhvanivardhakaan sthapayitva, geetaani likhitvaa, tathaa cha clark-varyaha akshata-geetaani vaktrubhihi vaayayat. clark ityayam gitalekhanasya paddhatya "ateeva bhaypradam [iti varnayati...] sangeetasy upari avashyameva asya prabhaawah abhavat ". sangeetam tathaa saahityam. nirmaatruh maik ee ityasya mate. clark, geetaani aalbam ityasya asaamaany-nirmanena, tathaa cha woods-madhye cabin-madhye ekakitvena cha prabalatayaa prabhaavitaani aasan, cha aalbam "maaritum sangeetam" iti varnayan. sauth aaf hell" ityasya geetaani deshiye sangeetasy vishayavastubhyah prabalaroopen nishpannani santi, ye "premah durlabhaah, paarivaarikavishayaah, tathaa dushtaih saha aantarik-sangharshaah" ityetaan sparshanti. sangeete deshasya tattvaani hip-haap-beats tathaa cha phank-vyutpann-groves ityetaih saha samyojayanti, tathaa cha slad-gitaar tathaa byaanjos ityetaih saha laiv-instrumentation api antarbhavati. "vayam sarve patante" iti swa-tune ityasya upayogah asti. sauth aaf hell" iti aalbam ityasya sheershakam "sauth aaf hevan" iti slayer aalbam ityasya sandarbhah asti. sweekaranam. kick-aaks-sangeeta-sameekshakah james-zaan ityeshah 5 madhye 3.5 iti aalbam adadat, "dakshinam yaavat pravahamaanam sthaapayantah boondaaks ityasya shreshtah bhavati" iti likhati."zaan" "vee aal faal" "iti gitasya durbalatamm geetam iti varnayati.

naragaththin therku (aalbam) savuth off hell enbathu georgiavaich saerntha america nilaththadi ropper poontaxin moontraavathu thanii studio aalbamaagum. idhu mae 11,2010 andru mananoai pathivukal moolam veliyidappattathu, paal andression iyakkiya oru dvd aavanappadaththudan poontaxin vaazhkkai mattrum "therku iraththappoakku" endra aalpaththin uruvaakkam pattri veliyidappattathu. muttrilum maik eee. aall thayaarikkappattathu. clark, idhu paiththiyakkaaraththanamaana koomaali poas virunththinar thoattraththaik kondullathu. inththa aalbam nambar onn idaththil arimugamaanathu. 54 "vilambarap palagaiyil" 200, illai. 6 sirantha raap aalbangkalil, illai. 9 suyaatheena aalbangkalil mattrum illai. 13 americavil ulla suvai thayaarippaalarkalukku. urpaththi. clark missiganil ulla sterling hightsil ulla thanathu vaedikkaiyaana havus studiovil aalpaththin isaiyai muditthaar. boondox kural paadalkalai thanimaiyil ezhuthuvathilum pathivu seivathilum migavum vasathiyaaga unarnthaar, idhan vilaivaaga clark thayaarippai thanakkuch sonthamaana kaadugalil ulla oru araikku nagarththiyathu. boondox cabinil periya oliperukkigalai amaitthu paadalkalai ezhuthinaar, athae neraththil clark mudikkappadaatha paadalkalai speakergal moolam vaasiththaar. paadal ezhuthum inththa muraiyai "migavum payankaramaanathu" endru clark vivarikkiraar...] idhu kandippaaga isaiyai perithum paathiththathu "endru koorinaar. paadal varigalum isaiyum. thayaarippaalar maik eee. clark, paadal varigal aalpaththin asaathaarana thayaarippaal valuvaaga eerkkappattana, maelum kaadugalil ulla cabinil thanimaiyil iruppathu, aalpaththai "kolai seiyappada vaendiya isai" endru vivariththathu. naragaththin therku" endra paadal varigal naattuppura isai karupporulgalilirundhu valuvaaga perapattullana, "kaathal moasamaakivittathu, kudumba pirachchanaikal mattrum theemaiyudan ull poaraattangkal" aagiyavattraith thodugindrana. isai hiip haap thudippukal mattrum funk-perappatta pallangkaludan naattin koorugalai orunginaikkirathu, maelum slide kittar mattrum paanjoakkal ullitta neradi karuvigalai ulladakkiyathu. "naam anaivarum vizhugiroam" enbathu thaanaaga-isaip payanpaattaik kondullathu. naragaththin therku" endra thalaippu, "sorkkaththin therku" endra kolaiyaali aalpaththaik kurikkirathu. varavaerpu. kick auxil isai vimarsagar james john inththa aalpaththirku 5 kku 3.5 endra mathippen aliththaar, maelum "therkai muzhuvathum paaichchum poathu boondox thanathu sirantha nilaiyil ullathu" endru ezhuthinaar."john" "naam anaivarum vizhugiroam" "enbathai aalpaththin palaveenamaana paadal endru vivarikkiraar".

south off hell (album) south off hell anedi georgiaku chendina american bhoogarbha rapar boondox yokka moodava solo studio album. idhi mae 11,2010naa saikopatik recordula dwara, boondox jeevitam gurinchi paal anderson darsakatvam vahinchina oka DVD documentarytho paatu "sadaran bled" anae album thayaareetho vidudala cheyabadindi. puurtigaa mike ii. clark, idhi picchi viduushakudi nundi athidhi roopaanni kaligi undhi. album nem. billboard" 200 loe 54, ledhu. top raap albumlalo 6, nem. 9 swatantra albumlalo mariyu nem. 13 united statesloni ruchi tayaareedaarulapai. utpatti. clark michigaanlooni sterling hightsloni thana funn house studiolo album sangeetaanni puurti chesaadu. boondox swara paatalanu ekaantamgaa vrayadam mariyu record cheyadam marinta soukaryavantamgaa anipinchindi, phalitamgaa clark thana nirmaanaanni thana yaajamaanyamloni adavilooni cabincu taralinchaadu. boondox cabinlo pedda loud speakerlu erpaatu chesi, paatalanu vraasi saahityaanni raasaaru, clark speakerla dwara asampoorna tracklanu play chesaaru. clark eee geetha rachana paddhatini "chaalaa bhayaanakamainadi" gaa varninchaadu...] idhi khachitamgaa sangeetaanni chaalaa prabhaavitam chesindi "anie annaru. sangeetam mariyu saahityam. nirmaata mike ii. clark, saahityam album yokka asaadhaarana utpatti mariyu adavulalo cabinlo undatam yokka ekaantam dwara balamgaa prabhaavitamaindi, albumnu "hatya cheyavalasina sangeetam" gaa abhivarninchindi. narakaniki dakshinam" yokka saahityam desheeya sangeeta itivruttaala nundi balamgaa udbhavinchindi, "prema chedugaa poyindi, kutumba samasyalu mariyu duraachaaramtho antargata poraataalu" anevi unnaayi. sangeetam hip haap beats mariyu funk-utpannamaina gaadulato desamloni amsaalanu militam chestundi mariyu slide guitar mariyu banjosto sahaa pratyaksha vaayidyaalanu kaligi untundi. "manamandaram padipotam" anedi auto-tune vadakanni kaligi untundi. album yokka sheershika, "south off hell", slayer album "south off heaven" kuu suuchana. swaagatam. kick acks sangeeta sameekshakudu james zaan eee albumku 5kii 3.5 icchaaru, "dakshinam antataa pravahistuu unnappudu boondox thana uttama sthithilo untundi."albumlo atyanta balaheenamaina pataga" "vii aall phaal" "nuu zaan varninchaaru".

jehnum kaa janub (album) saoth aaf hail jarjiya say taaluq rakhnay waalay americi zeer zameen reeper bondoks kaa teesra solo studio album hay. asay 11 mayee 2010 kuu saiko paithak records kay zariye release kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay saath paal anderson kii hidayat kaaree mein eek ddee wee ddee dastawezi film bhee thee jiss mein bondoks kii zindagi aur "saotharan blade" kay anwaan say album kii tayari kay baaray mein bataya gayaa thaa. makmal toor parr mayik ayee kay zariah tayaar kiyaa gayaa. clark iss mein paagal maskhara pose kii mahman zahiri shakal hay. album number parr sharoo hawaa. 54 "bull board" 200 parr nahein. topp reep albumz mein 6 number parr. 9 aazaad albumz parr aur number. 13 riyasathaye muthadah mein zaiqah bananay waalon parr. paidawar. clark nay album kii mausiqi kuu apnay tafrihi gahar kay studio mein sterling hights mashee gunn mein makmal kiyaa. bondoks nay tanhayi mein suutee track likhnay aur record karnay mein ziyadah aaraam dhah mahsus kiyaa jiss kay natijay mein clark nay production kuu jangal mein eek keeban mein muntaqil kirr diyaa juu iss kaa thaa. bondoks nay keeban mein baday loud specker lagaa kirr aur boul likh kirr boul likhay jabkah clark nay speckers kay zariye namukamil track bajaye. kulyarik geeth likhnay kay iss tariqah kuu "behat khufnaak [" qaraar deeta hay...] iss nay yaqeeni toor parr mausiqi kuu behat mutasir kiyaa. mausiqi aur boul. producer mayik ayee kay mutabiq. waazah rahay kahh gaaney kay boul album kii ghair mamuli production aur jangal mein keeban mein rehney kay tanhayi say behat mutasir thay aur album kuu "qatal honay waali mausiqi" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa. jehnum kay janub" kay boul mazbuti say milki mausiqi kay mozuaat say makhuz haine juu "mohabat kharaab how gayee khaandaani masaail aur barayee kay saath androni jadujahad" parr chhonay waalay haine. mausiqi milk kay anaasir kuu hipp hopp bets aur funk say makhuz naali kay saath jodti hay aur iss mein braah raast aalat shaamil haine jinn mein slide gataar aur benjo shaamil haine. "humm sabb girtay haine" auto tewan kay istemaal kii khususiyat haine. album kaa anwaan "jehnum kay janub"yee qaatil album "jinat kay janub" kaa hawalah hay. isteqbaliya. kick aiks music kay jaizah leenay waalay jaims zahaan nay album kuu 5 mein say 3.5 deetay hoay likhaa kahh "jabb janub kuu puray behtay hoay rakhaa jaaye tuu bondoks behtareen hotaa hay."zahaan nay" "humm sabb girtay haine" "kuu album kaa kamzor tareen track qaraar diyaa hay.

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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=103627

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marcian

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marcian <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Giuseppe Marchi Marciane → <includeonly></includeonly> Marcian (Marcianus, Μαρκιᾶνος), Roman Emperor at Constantinople, b. in Thrace about 390; d. January, 457. He became a soldier; during his early life he was poor, and it is said that he arrived at Constantinople with only two hundred pieces of gold, which he had borrowed. He served in the army under Ardaburius the Alan and his son Aspar; he distinguished himself in the wars against the Persians and Huns. Aspar was a kind of king-maker, and general- in-chief for the East ("magister militum per orientem"), also for a time the most powerful man at Constantinople. But since he was a foreigner and an Arian he could not be emperor himself. Instead he placed a succession of his favourites on the throne. On of these was Marcian. At Constantinople Marcian became a senator and was a well-known and popular person. He was a widower; his daughter by the first marriage, Euphemia, afterwards married Anthemius, Emperor in the West (467-472). He was about sixty years old when Theodosius II died (450). Theodosius II (408-450) had succeeded his father, Arcadius (395-408), as a young child. During the greater part of his reign his elder sister Pulcheria managed the Government. Already during the reign of Theodosius Pulcheria was "Augusta". With her two sisters, Arcadia and Marina, she made a public vow of celibacy. When her brother died all difficulty about the succession was ended by the unanimous choice of her (who had long really guided the State) as empress. Thus began the reign of Pulcheria. Wishing to strengthen her position (it was the first case of a woman succeeding to the Roman throne) she at once made a nominal marriage with Marcian. He seems to have been the best person she could have chosen; the friendship of Aspar as well as his own reputation had long pointed him out for some high place. It is said that Theodosius on his death-bed had told him: "It has been revealed to me that you will succeed me." Marcian was crowned by the patriarch, 25 August, 450. It is the first instance of the religious ceremony of coronation, imitated later in the West, and was to have far-reaching consequences. The first act of the new reign was the trial and execution of Chrysaphius, a eunuch and court favourite long unpopular, who had brought Theodosius to a humiliating apology and the payment of a large fine by an unsuccessful conspiracy to murder Attila. Marcian belonged to the party of reform, of which the founder, under Theodosius, had been Anthemius. As soon as he became emperor he began a policy of moderation, especially in taxation, that made his reign prosperous and himself popular, though he did little by force of arms to repress the ever-encroaching Huns and other enemies of Rome. He reduced the expenses of the treasury and Court, and did away with the "gleba," or "follis," an opressive tax on property that was specially obnoxious to the upper classes. There was a harsh system by which any senator might be forced to accept the unwelcome honour of the "prætura". As a prætor he was obliged to live at Constantinople during his time of office, and spend large sums on providing games and shows. This was specially hard on senators who lived in the provinces, who had therefore to come to the capital and live for months there at ruinous expense. Marcian modified this law so as to excuse people living away from the city, and he ordered the consuls to take their share of the expenses. He reformed the navy on a more economical basis. There were at that time frequent earthquakes, by which whole cities were destroyed. In these cases Marcian and Pulcheria came to the help of the sufferers generously with supplies from the imperial treasury. Marcian had a conscientious idea of the responsibilities of his office. In the second "novella" of his code he defines his view of an emperor's duty: "It is our business to provide for the care of the human race." And he was conscious of the distress caused by the excessive taxation and general maladministration of his predecessors. The first "novella" announces that complainants have flocked to the Government from all sides, there are "endless crowds of petitioners"; this is because of the want of "integrity and severity" in the judges. Marcian's laws are well-meant and successful attempts to cope with these difficulties. A very popular measure was his refusal to pay to Attila the tribute that had been paid regularly by Theodosius II. This refusal both saved a great expense and restored the dignity of the empire that had been degraded by so great a humiliation. As the Huns were just beginning their quarrel with the Franks, they could not afford to go to war with the empire. No doubt Marcian knew this when he defied them. But the chief event of this reign was the beginning of the great Monophysite quarrel and the Council of Chalcedon. Marcian was conspicuously pious and orthodox. As soon as he was crowned he wrote a very friendly and respectful letter to Pope Leo I (440-461), whom he calls the guardian of the Faith, asking for his prayers, and declaring himself anxious to support the council proposed by the pope ("soû a'uthentoûntos") in order to settle the question raised by Eutyches, Dioscurus, and their friends (ep. lxxiii among St. Leo's letters; Mansi, VI, 99). Pulcheria also wrote; she too says that the council shall be summoned by the pope's authority. Leo had already asked Theodosius II to summon the council (ep. xliv, 3; P. L., LIV, 826); Marcian clearly only meant to carry out this commission as Theodosius's successor. Meanwhile Dioscurus and his party knew quite well that Marcian would not be their friend. They had tried and failed to prevent his recognition in Egypt; the attempt only made their case worse with the Government. The Eastern Church had been disturbed by the teaching of Eutyches since immediately after the Council of Ephesus (431) and the Nestorian troubles. In 448 Eusebius of Dorylæum had accused Eutyches and his formula "one nature after the union" ("metà tèn 'énosin mía phúsis") at Constantinople. Dioscurus of Alexandria had taken up the cause of Eutyches, and had condemned Dyophysism at the Robber Council of Ephesus in 449 (for all this see ). Pope Leo hoped for a time to restore peace without another general council (his letters to Marcian, lxxviii, to Pulcheria, lxxix, and to the Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople, lxxx). But meanwhile Marcian, acting on Leo's former proposal, summoned a council on 17 May, 451, by letters addressed to all the metropolitans of the empire. It is clear that he acted on a misunderstanding, and had not yet received the pope's later letter (Hefele-Leclercq, II, 639). Leo then accepted what had happened, and appointed as his legates Paschasius, Bishop of Lilybæum in Sicily, and a priest Boniface (ep. lxxxix; Mansi, VI, 125). The council was to have met at Nicæa; many bishops had already arrived there in the summer of 451, when the emperor wrote to tell them to wait till he could join them (his letter in Mansi, VI, 553). He was busy at the frontier of the empire arranging its defence against the Huns. The bishops wrote to complain of the delay, and Marcian answered their letter telling them to go to Chalcedon, opposite the capital on the other side of the Bosphorus (Mansi, V, 557); in this way he could attend to the council without leaving Constantinople. The council opened in the church of St. Euphemia at Chalcedon on 8 October, 451, and lasted till 1 November. About 600 bishops attended. The imperial commissioners were present and regulated the exterior business at each session. The papal legate, Paschasius, opened the council. Marcian and Pulcheria assisted at the sixth session (25 October). The emperor opened the proceedings that day with a speech in Latin (Mansi, VII, 129). One notices that what was still the official language of the empire was used on specially solemn occasions. His speech was then repeated in Greek. At this session the decree of the council was read (see .) On 27 February, 452, Marcian, together with his Western colleague, Valentinian III (423-455), made a law enforcing the decree and canons of the council as the law of the empire, and threatening heavy penalties against all who disputed them. Marcian alone repeated the same law on 13 March (Mansi, VII, 475- 480). The famous twenty-eighth canon (giving Constantinople rank immediately after Rome) and the pope's protest against it caused further correspondence between him and the emperor and empress (Ep. Leonis I., cv, cvi; Mansi, VI, 187, 195), but did not disturb their good relations. Marcian's laws produced uniformity at Constantinople and in the neighbourhood of the Government, but he could not enforce them so successfully in Syria and Egypt. The rest of his reign was troubled by the revolution in these provinces, which remained one of the chief difficulties of the Government under his successors for two centuries. Marcian made no concessions towards the Syrian and Egyptian Monophysites. His Government carried out the deposition of Dioscurus, and an edict of 28 July, 452, insisted under heavy penalties on the recognition of Proterius, the Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. A large force (2000 soldiers) was sent to Egypt. It was not until after Marcian's death that a party at Constantinople under Aspar and Anatolius began to compromise with the heretics. In the year 453 Attila died. It is said that Marcian dreamed, at the moment of Attila's death, that he saw the bow of his great enemy broken. The Empress Pulcheria died in the same year. She is canonized by both Catholics and Orthodox; her feast is on 10 September in both calendars. Marcian survived his wife four years. The end of his reign was occupied by the increasing troubles in Egypt. He was succeeded by Leo I (457-474). Marcian was, by marriage, the last emperor of the House of Theodosius I. The Orthodox have canonized him also, and keep his feast (with Pulcheria) on 17 February. Adrian Fortescue.

ketholik biswokux (1913)/marchian gyusepe marchi marchien → marchian (marchianus, μαρκιινος), constantinupolot ruman xomrat, kho. tresot pray 390; gho. 457 sonor january maahot teu ejon xoinik hoi porisil; teur prarombhik jiwanat teu doridro aasil, aaru kuwa hoy je teu maatro duxta xunor tukura loi sthayi lukor usoroloi aahisil, jitu teu rino loisil. teu ardaburius dyo aalan aaru teur putro esparor odhinot xenabahinit xewa aagborhaisil; persian aaru hoh 'noxokolor biruddhe juddhot teu nijoke bixisto korisil. espar aasil ek prokaror roja-nirmata, aaru pubor baabe general-inn-sif ("majester militum pri orientem"), logote etaa xomoyor baabe constantinupolor ataitkoi xoktixali manuh. kintu teu ejon bidexi aaru ariane huwar baabe teu nijei xomrat hoh "bob nuwarile. iyar poriworte teu nijor priyoxokolor etaa uttoradhikar xinghaxonot sthapon korisil. iyar bhitorot marchian aasil. constantinupolot marchian ejon xenetar hoisil aaru ejon xuporisito aaru jonopriyo byokti aasil. teu egoraki bidhowa aasil; prothom bibahor dwara teur konya euphemia, pisot poschimor xomrat ethenothiyasor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil (467-472). dwitiyo theod "sisor mrityur xomoyot teur boyox aasil pray xathix bosor (450). theod "sis dwitiyo (408-450) teur pitri aarkediyos (395-408) ror pisot xoru xixu hisape aahisil. teur rajotwokalot teur dangor bhoniyek pulseriai sorkar porisalona korisil. itimodhye theod "sisor rajotwokalot pulseria" ogosta "aasil. teur dugoraki bhogni, arcadia aaru mariner xoite, teu brahityor ek rajohuwa protisruti loisil. jetiya teur bhatrir mrityu hoisil tetiya uttoradhikari xomporke xokolu oxubidha xomoragyi hisape teur (ji dirghodin dhori rajyokhonok poth prodorxon korisil) xorboxomot nirbasonor dwara xomapto hoisil. eidore pulseriar rajotwo aarombho hoisil. nijor sthiti xoktixali koribo bisorar baabe (eitu aasil ruman xinghaxonot odhisthito huwa egoraki mohilar prothom ghotona) teu loge loge marchianor xoite naam maatror bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. teu teu basoni koribo poraa xorbosrestho byokti zen lagisil; esparor bondhutwor logote teur nijor xunamoi teuk dirghodin dhori kichu uscho sthanor baabe ingito disil. kuwa hoy je mrityuxjyat thoka theod "siose teuk koichiloh" mur aagot prokax paise je tumi mur uttoradhikari hoh "baa."marchianok 450 sonor 25 aagostor puruxor dwara rajmukut pindhuwa hoisil. eitu rajyabhixekor dhormiyo onusthanor prothom udahoron, jitu pisoloi poschimot onukoron koraa hoisil, aaru iyar xudur proxari porinoti hoh" bob lagisil. notun rajotwor prothom kaarzo aasil ejon nopungxok aaru aadalotor priyo dirghodin dhori oporisito chrysaphiusor bisar aaru mrityudondo, jiye thiyo "dodd" siyassok opomanjonok khyoma bisar aari loisil aaru aatilak hotyar ek bifol xorojontror dwara ek brihot jorimona porixudh korr baabe loi aahisil. marchian xongskar dolor xodosyo aasil, jaar protisthapok, theod "sisiyasor odhinot, athenthius aasil. xomrat huwar loge loge teu ek xongzomi niti aarombho korisil, bixexkoi korot, jiye teur rajotwok xomridhixali aaru nijoke jonopriyo kori tulisil, jodiu teu xoday aakromon koraa hoh 'noo aaru rumor onyanyo xotruxokolok domon korr baabe ostro bolore komm kaam korisil. teu kuxagar aaru aadalotor byoy hraax korisil, aaru "gleba" baa "pho 'liss" naamor xompotir uporot thoka ek nirbhorxil korr aatorai disil, jitu uscho shrenir baabe bixexbhabe opritikor aasil. ek kothur byowostha aasil jaar dwara jikunu xenetarok "pretura" ror obansito xonman grohon koriboloi badhyo koribo paari. ejon preter hisape teu nijor karzokalot constantin 'polot baax koriboloi badhyo aasil, aaru khel aaru onusthan prodan korat brihot porimanor dhon byoy korisil. eitu bixexkoi prodexxomuhot baax koraa xenetaror baabe kothin aasil, jixokole xeyehe rajdhaniloi aahi dhongxatmok khorsot maah maah dhori taat baax koribo logaa hoisil. marchiane ei aainkhon xongxudhon korisil jaate sohoror poraa aatorot baax koraa lukoxokolok khyoma koribo paari, aaru teu conchalxokolok byoyor teulukor ongxo lo "boloi nirdex disil. teu odhik orthonoitik bhittit noubahinir xongskar xadhon korisil. xei xomoyot xoghonai bhumikompo hoisil, jaar folot xomogro sohor dhongxo hoisil. ei khetrot marchian aaru pulseriai rajokiyo kuxagaror poraa jugan dhori bhuktobhugixokolor xohayoloi udarbhabe aahisil. marchianor nijor karzaloyor dayitwoxomuhor bixoye ek bibekban dharona aasil. teur coder dwitiyo "uponyax" too teu ejon xomrator kortobyor bixoye teur dristibhongir xongya diyeh "manob jaatir jotno luwatu aamar kaam."aaru teu nijor purbopuruxxokolor otyadhik korr aaru xadharon durbyowosthaponar folot huwa durdoxar bixoye xoseton aasil. prothom "uponyaxkhone" ghuxona kore je obhijugkarixokole xokolu faalor poraa sorkaror usoroloi aahe, "abedonkarixokolor ontohin bhir" aase; iyar kaaron hoise nyayadhixxokolor maajot "xotota aaru tibrota" ror obhab. marchianor aainxomuh ei oxubidhaxomuhor xoite mukabila korar baabe xu-orthopurno aaru xofol prochesta. etaa oti jonopriyo podokhyep aasil teu dwitiyo theod "siuchor dwara niyomitbhabe porixudh koraa sroddhanjoli otilak diboloi oswikar koraa. ei oswikare duyutai ek brihot byoy raahi korisil aaru imaan dangor opomanor dwara owonomito huwa xamrajyor morzada punoruddhar korisil. jihetu haane frankxokolor xoite maatro teulukor bibad aarombho korisil, teuluke xamrajyor xoite juddho koriboloi jaabo nuwarile. kunu xondeh naai je marchiane jetiya teulukok protirudh korisil tetiya ei kotha janisil. kintu ei rajotwor mukhyo ghotona aasil mohan monufijait bibad aaru salchedon porixodor aarombhoni. marchian spostobhabe powitro aaru gura aasil. rajpod laabh korar loge loge teu pup liu aai (440-461)-koo etaa oti bondhutwopurno aaru xonmaniyo potro likhisil, jaak teu biswaxor obhibhawok buli koy, teur prarthonar baabe onurudh kore, aaru utis, daay "siruras aaru teulukor bondhubor (ee. pi.) dwara utthapon koraa prosnotur xomadhanor baabe pupor dwaar dwara prostawito porixodok xomoron korr baabe nijoke aagrohi buli ghuxona korere (" su 'aa' oh 'uthent "). saintor maajot lxxi. liur sithi; manchi, vi, 99). pulseriai logote likhisil; teuu koy je poo 'porixodok pupor kortritwor dwara aahban koraa hoh' bob. liuwe itimodhye dwitiyo theod "sisok porixod aahban koriboloi koichil (ee. pi.). xliv, 3; p. el., libh, 826); marchianor spostobhabe kewol theod "sisiyasor uttoradhikari hisape ei dayitwo paalon korar uddesyo aasil. ifale daaio "sisuras aaru teur dole bhaldore janisil je marchian teulukor bondhu noho 'bob. teuluke ijiptot teur swikriti protihot koriboloi chesta korisil aaru byortho hoisil; ei prochestai sorkaror xoite teulukor gusortu kewol beyaa kori tulisil. ifisas porixod (431) aaru nest "rian xomosyar thik pisore poraa utisor xikhyat pubo girjatu birokto hoisil. 448 sonot doriliumor usabiuse constantinupolot utis aaru teur xutro "unionor pisot ek prokriti" ("metaa tena 'annocine miya physis") ror obhijug utthapon korisil. alekjendriyar dioscuruse utisor karontu grohon korisil, aaru 449 sonot efisasor dakat porixodot diophysismor ninda korisil (ei xokoluburor baabe sauk). pup lio "ee aan etaa xadharon porixod obihone xanti punoruddhar korar baabe kichu xomoyor baabe aaxa korisil (marchian, lxvii, pulseria, lxxxx, aaru constantinupolor purux anatolius, lxxxx). kintu ifale marchiane lio "ror purbor prostab onuxori kaam kori 17 mey ', 451 tarikhe xamrajyor xokolu mohanogorik xombudhon kori sithi ekhon aahban korisil. eitu sposto je teu etaa bhul bujabujir bhittit kaam korisil, aaru etiyau pupor pisor sithikhon (hefel-leclerk, II, 239) laabh koraa nasil. taar pisot liuwe ji ghotisil xeya swikar korisil, aaru teur uttoradhikari pasasias, sisilir lilibiumor bixop, aaru ejon puruhito bonifes (ee. pi.) hisape nijukto korisil. lxxix; manchi, vi, 125). porixodtu niket milito huwar kotha aasil; 451 sonor grishmokalot itimodhye bohutu bixop taat uposthito hoisil, jetiya xomratoi teulukok teulukor xoite jugdan koraloike opekhya koriboloi koo 'boloi likhisil (manchi, vi, 553 too teur potro). teu xamrajyor ximantot hoh 'noxokolor biruddhe iyar protirokhyar byowostha korat byosto aasil. bixope bilombor obhijug koriboloi likhisil, aaru marchianoi teulukor potror uttor disil je teulukok bosoforasor aantu faale rajdhanir biporite thoka salsedonoloi jaboloi koichil (manchi, bhi, 557); enedore teu constantinople er poraa aatori nayay poriwex porixodot uposthito thakibo parisil. chent girjat porixodkhon mukoli koraa hoisil. 451 sonor 8 octoborot selsedonor euphemia aaru 1 novemboroloike solisil. pray 600 john bixope ongxogrohon korisil. xamrajyiyo ayuktoxokol uposthito aasil aaru protitu odhibexonot bahyik byoboxai niyontron korisil. pupor uttoradhikari pasasias-e porixodkhon mukoli korisil. xostho odhibexonot (25 octobor) marchian aaru pulseriai xohay korisil. xomrate xei dinaa letin bhaxat bhaxon di karjyokolap aarombho korisil (manchi, VIII, 129). ejonor lokhyo hoise je xamrajyor sorkari bhaxa ji aasil xeya bixexbhabe guruttopurno onusthanot byobohar koraa hoisil. taar pisot teur bhaxon greek bhaxat punorabritti koraa hoisil. ei odhibexonot porixodor decretu porha hoisil (sauk.) 452 sonor 27 februaryt marchian, teur poschimiya xohokormi, valentinian III (423-455)-ror xoite millie, xamrajyor aain hisape porixodor dikri aaru onuxaxon bolbot kori ek aain prostut kore, aaru teulukor birudhita koron koraa xokolur biruddhe kothur xastir bhabuki diye. kewol marchianor baabei 13 marchot eke aainor punorabritti koraa hoisil (manchi, VIII, 475-480). bikhyat ostadox onuxaxon (rumor loge loge constantin 'poo' lo renk diya) aaru iyar biruddhe pupor protibador folot teu aaru xomrat aaru xomoragyir maajot odhik jugajugor sristi hoisil. liunis aai., sibhi, cvi; manchi, vi, 187,195), kintu teulukor bhaal xomporkok bighnito koraa nasil. marchianor aainxomuhe constantin 'polot aaru sorkaror suburit ekotwor sristi korisil, kintu teu siriya aaru ijiptot xeibur imaan xofolotare bolowot koribo nuwarile. teur baaki rajotwo ei prodexxomuhor biplowor baabe xomosyat porisil, ji dui xotika dhori teur uttoradhikarixokolor odhinot sorkaror onyotomo mukhyo oxubidha hoi aasil. marchianoi siriyan aaru ijiptor monufijaitor proti kunu rehai diya nasil. teur sorkare daay 'scoorasor xakhyo prodan korisil, aaru 28 july, 452 sonor ek aadexot alekjendriyar gura purux pro' teriyasor swikritir uporot kothur xastir odhinot jure disil. etaa brihot bahini (2000 xoinyo) ijiptoloi preron koraa hoisil. marchianor mrityur pisor dinoloike espar aaru anatoliusor odhinot constantinupolor etaa dole dhormonirpekhyoxokolor xoite aapuch koriboloi aarombho korisil. 453 sonot aatilar mrityu hoy. kuwa hoy je marchianoi aatilar mrityur muhurtot xopun dekhisil je teu teur mohan xotrur dhonuk bhangi juwa dekhisil. xomoragyi pulseriar xei bosorote mrityu hoisil. teuk ketholik aaru orthodox duyujone xonto ghuxona kore; duyuta kelendarot 10 septemborot teur bhuj hoy. marchian teur potnir poraa chaari bosor jiyai aasil. teur rajotwor xexor faale ijiptot bordhito xomosyar sristi hoisil. teur pisot liu aai (457-474) ror dwara uttoradhikari hoisil. bibahor dwara marchian thio "dodd" sis prothomor ghoror xex xomrat aasil. gura lukoxokole teukou xonto ghuxona korise, aaru 17 februaryt teur bhuj (pulseriar xoite) paalon kore. adrian pho 'rtescue.

catholic biswakosh (1913)/marcian juseppe marchi marcian  marcian (marcianus, αρκινος), constantinopler roman samrat, kho. thress-ayee pray 390; dii. 457 khristabder januari maase tini ekjon sainik hohn; taanr prathomik jeebone tini daridra chhilen ebong bolla hoy jey, tini matro duisho sonara tukro niye sadharan manusher kachhe esechilen, jaa tini dhaar korechilen. tini ardaburius alan ebong taanr putro asper adhine senabahinite kaaj korechilen; tini parosyo oo hander biruddhe juddhe nijeke alada korechilen. asper chhilen eka dharaner raja-nirmata ebong purber jonno prodhan senapati ("magister millisium paar orientem"), ebong kichhu somoyer jonno constantinopler sabcheye shaktishali byaktio chhilen. kintu jehetu tini ekjon bideshi ebong ariane chhilen, taai tini nize samrat hotey parenni. poriborte tini taanr pochonder ekti uttoradhikar singhasone sthapon korechilen. eder modhye chhilen marxian. constantinople-ayee marcian ekjon sinetara hoyechilen ebong ekjon suporichito ebong janapriya byakti chhilen. tini ekjon bidhoba chhilen; prothom bibaher madhyome taanr konna, euphemia, porey poschime samrat anthemiuske biye corren (467-472). dwitiya theodosius jokhon maaraa zaan tokhon taanr boyce chhilo pray shaat bochor (450). dwitiya theodosius (408-450) chhotobelai taanr pita archadiuser (395-408) stholabhishikto hohn. taanr rajottokaler beshirbhag somoy taanr borh boone palcheria sarkar porichalona korten. itimodhyei theodosiuser rajottokale palcheria chhilo "augusta". taar dui boone, arcadia ebong mariner saathe, tini bromhochorjer ekti prokassho shopoth korechilen. jokhon taar bhai maaraa zaan, tokhon uttoradhikar somporke samasta samasyar abosan ghote taanr sorbosommoto pochonder dwara (jini dirghakal dhorey rashtroke satyikar orthe porichalona korechilen) samragyi hisabe. eibhabe pulturier rajotto shuru hoy. taar abosthanke shaktishali korte cheye (roman singhasone arohankari konao mohilar etty prothom ghotona) tini totkkhonat marcianer saathe nammatro bibah bondhone aboddho hohn. tiniyi sera byakti jaa tini beche nitey parten boley money hoy; asper bondhutto ebong nijer sunam dirghakal dhorey taake kichhu uchcho sthaner dike nirdesh korechilo. kothito achhe jey, mrityushayyay theodosius taake bolechilenoh "amar kachhe etaa prakash koraa hoyeche jey, tumi amar uttoradhikari hobey."450 saaler 25shhey august, kulpati marcianke mukut poriyechilen. etty rajyabhisheker dharmiya anusthaner prothom udaharan, jaa porey poschime anukaran koraa hoyechilo ebong err sudurprasari porinoti hotey jachchilo. notun rajotter prothom kaaj chhilo chrisphiuser bitcher oo mrityudanda, ekjon nopungsok ebong adaloter priya dirghodiner apriya, jini theodosiuske opomanjonok khama cheyechilen ebong atilake hotyar byartho shorojontrer madhyome ekti borh jarimana diyechilen. marcian sangoskar doler antarbhukta chhilen, jaar protisthata theodosiuser adhine anthemius chhilen. samrat howar saathe saathe tini ekti sangjamer neeti shuru corren, biseshoto korer khettre, jaa taanr rajottoke samriddha korey toley ebong nijeke janapriya korey toley, jodio tini cheer-dakhaldar hahn ebong romer anyanno shotruder domon korte ostrer boll proyoger madhyome khub komoi korechilen. tini koshagar oo adaloter kharach komiye deena ebong sampattir upor "gleba" baa "follis" naame ekti damanmulak corr sariye deena, jaa uchchobittoder jonno biseshbhabe biroktikor chhilo. ekti kathor byabostha chhilo jaar dwara jey konao sinetorke "pretura"-rawr abanchito somman grohon korte badhyo koraa jete paare. ekjon prodhan hisabe tini taanr kormokkhetre sthayibhabe bosobas korte ebong khela oo anusthan prodaner jonno prachur ortho byoy korte badhyo chhilen. prodeshgulite bosobaskari cinetorder jonno etty biseshbhabe kathin chhilo, jaader taai rajdhanite eshe dhongshattok byeye koyek maas sekhane thakte hoyechilo. marcian eyi aainti sangshodhan korechilen jaate shohor theke doore bosobaskari lokera khama korte paare ebong tini consulder taader kharacher ongsho neoar nirdesh diyechilen. tini arow orthonoitik vittite naubahinir sangoskar korechilen. seii somoye ghono ghono bhumikampa hoto, jaar foley puro shohor dhongso hoye jeto. eyi khettre markey oo palcheria rajakiya koshagar theke sarbaraha korey udarbhabe bhuktobhogider sahajyer jonno esechilo. taanr officer dayitto somporke marcianer ekti bibekban dharona chhilo. taanr coder dwitiya "uponyas"-ayee tini ekjon somrater kortobbo somporke taanr drishtibhongike sangyayita korechenoh "manabjatir jotno neoa amader kaaj."ebong tini taanr purbosurider atyadhik corr ebong sadharan abyabosthaponar karone srishto durdosha somporke sachetan chhilen. prothom "uponyas" ghoshana korey jey, abhijogkarira chardik theke sarkarer kachhe bhid koreche, sekhane "abedonkarider antahin bhid" royeche; err kaaron bicharokder modhye "sotota ebong tibrota"-rawr abhab. eyi samasyaguli mokabela korar jonno marcianer ainguli sarthok ebong sofol prochesta. ekti khub janapriya podokkhep chhilo dwitiya theodosius kortrik niyomitovabe prodotto shraddhanjali atilake ditey aswikar koraa. eyi prottakhyan ubhayi ekti borh kharach banchiechilo ebong samrajyer morjada punoruddhar korechilo jaa eto borh apomaner dwara abonomito hoyechilo. jehetu hanra frankder saathe taader jhagada shuru korechilo, taai taaraa samrajyer saathe juddhe yawar samortho rakheni. markian jokhon taader proti abagya korechilen tokhon tini etaa janten taate cono sandeha nei. kintu eyi rajotter prodhan ghotona chhilo mohan monophysite jhagada ebong chalcedoner counciler suchona. marxian sposhtobhabe dharmik ebong gonda chhilen. mukut poraa matroi tini pope leo aaee (440-461)-keey ekti atyanta bondhuttopurno ebong sommanjonok chitthi likhechilen, jaake tini biswaser abhibhabok boley abhihito corren, taanr prarthona cheyechilen ebong utich, dioscurus ebong taader bondhuder (ep) utthapito proshner nishpotti korar jonno pope ("shoo 'aaa' uthentuntos") dwara prostabito councilke samarthan korar jonno nijeke udwigno ghoshana korechilen. center modhye lxxi. leor chitthi; mansi, vi, 99). palcheria likhechen; tinio bolechen jey pope kortripokkho dwara council daca hobey. leo itimadhye dwitiya theodosiuske council ahoban korte bolechilen (ep. xliv, 3; pri. ell., libha, 826); markian sposhtotoi shudhumatra theodosiuser uttarsuri hisabe eyi commissionti sampadan korte cheyechilen. edike dioscurus ebong taar doll besh vall korei janoto jey marcian taader bondhu hobey naa. taaraa mishore taanr swikriti rodh korar chesta korechilo ebong byartho hoyechilo; eyi prochestati sarkarer khettre taader mamlatike arow kharap korey tulechilo. ifficius porishod (431) ebong nestorian samasyagulir abyabohito porei uticher shikkhai purbo girjati birokto hoyechilo. 448 khristabde dorilliumer eusebius constantinople utich ebong taar sootro "unioner porey eka prokriti" ("metaa teena 'anocin miah physis")-err biruddhe abhijog anen. alekjandria dioscurus uticher karonti grohon korechilen ebong 449 saale ephisuser dakat councille diophysismer ninda korechilen (eyi sober jonno dekhun). pope leo arekti sadharan porishod chharai shanti punoruddhar korar jonno ekti somoyer aasha korechilen (marcian, lxxvi, palcheria, lxxxx, ebong constantinopler pitritantrik anatolius, lxxxxke taanr chitthi). kintu edike, leor praktan prostaber vittite kaaj korey marcian 17ee meey, 451 tarikhe samrajyer samasta mahanagarke sambodhan korey ekti council deke pathan. etaa sposhto jey tini ekti bhul bojhabujhir vittite kaaj korechilen ebong ekhono poper poroborti chitthiti panni (heffeley-leclerk, 2yoy, 639). leo tokhon jaa ghotechilo taa meney niyechilen ebong sisilite lilibiumer bishop ebong ekjon purohito boniface (appy) hisabe taanr uttoradhikari pascassiuske nijukto korechilen. lxxx; mansi, vi, 125). counciler nikaya boithok korar kotha chhilo; onek bishop itimadhye 451 saaler grisse sekhane pouchechilen, jokhon samrat taader saathe jog deoar jonno apekkha korte bolechilen (mansi, vi, 553-ayee taanr chitthi). tini samrajyer seemante hander biruddhe protirokkhar byabostha korte byasto chhilen. bishopra bilamber abhijog janate likhechilen ebong marcian taader chitthir uttor diyechilen jey taader phosphoruser opor dike rajdhanir biporite chalcedone jete bolla hoyechilo (mansi, vee, 557); eibhabe tini constantinople naa rekhe councille uposthito thakte parten. seenta girja councilty khola hoyechilo. 451 khristabder 8ee octobor chalcedone euphemia hoy ebong 1 navembar porjonto sthayi hoy. pray 600 john bishop etey ongsho nene. rajakiya commissionerra uposthito chhilen ebong protiti adhibeshone bahyik byabosa niyantran korten. poper protinidhi, pascasius, porishodti udwodhon corren. shostho adhibeshone (25 octobor) marcian ebong palcheria sahayata korey. samrat sedin lattin bhasay ekti boktrita diye karjokrom shuru corren (mansi, VIII, 129). keu keu lakkhya corren jey, jaa tokhono samrajyer sarkari bhasha chhilo, taa biseshbhabe pobitro anusthane byabohrito hoto. erpor taanr bhashoner punorabritti koraa hoy greek bhasay. eyi adhibeshone counciler decreti padaa hoyechilo (dekhun.) 452 khristabder 27shhey february, marcian taanr poschima sahakarmi valentinian tritiya (423-455)-err saathe mille samrajyer aain hisabe counciler decree ebong onushashon prayog korey ebong jaaraa taader birodhita korechilo taader biruddhe bharee shastir humki diye ekti aain toiri korey. 13 march (mansi, 7,475-480) ekaa marcian ekoi aainer punorabritti corren. bikhyato ashtadash onushashon (romer porpori dhrubak sadharan podomorjada pradan) ebong err biruddhe poper protibad taanr ebong samrat oo samragyir modhye arow jogajoger kaaron hoy. leonis aaee., sibhi, sibhi; mansi, vi, 187,195), kintu taader vall somporkoke bighnito koreni. marcianer ainguli constantinople ebong sarkarer ashepashe abhinnata toiri korechilo, tobey tini siriya ebong mishore seguli eto safalbhabe prayog korte parenni. taanr rajotter bucky somoy eyi prodeshgulir biplober karone samasya porechilo, jaa dui shatabdi dhorey taanr uttorsurider adhine sarkarer onnotomo prodhan samasya chhilo. marcian syrian ebong mishariya monophysiter proti konao chhaad denni. taanr sarkar dioscuruser jobanbondi karjokor korey ebong 28shhey julai, 452 saaler ekti adeshe alekjandria gonda kulpati proteriuser swikritir upor bharee shastir upor jore deoa hoy. ekti borh bahini (2000 sainya) mishore pathano hoyechilo. marcianer mrityur porr porjonto asper ebong anatoliuser adhine constantinopler ekti doll dhormobirodhider saathe ups korte shuru korey. 453 khristabde atila maaraa zaan. kothito achhe jey, atilar mrityur muhurte marcian swapno dekhechilen jey, tini taanr mohan shatrur dhanuk venge jete dekhechilen. samragyi palcheria ekoi bochore maaraa zaan. tini catholic ebong gonda ubhoy dwara canonized hohn; ubhoy calendare 10 septembara taar bhoj hoy. marcian taar streeke chaar bochor benche rekhechilen. taanr rajotter sheshdike mishore kromobordhoman samasya dekha deyo. taanr stholabhishikto hohn leo aaee (457-474). bibaher madhyome, prothom theodosiuser poribarer shesh samrat chhilen marcian. gonda sampradai tankeo dharmaguru ghoshana koreche ebong 17 february taanr bhoj (palcheria soho) palon korey. adrian fortscue.

ketholik gnyankosh (1913)/marxian <unk> eusep marchy marcian  marcian (marcianus, αρκινος), constantinople khaate rooman samrat, bii. thressma lagbhag 390; dii. january, 457. teo aek sainik banyaa; temnaa praarambhik jeevan darmiyan teo garib hataa, aneey aevu kahevaay chhe keey teo maatra 200 sonaana tukadao saathe loko paase pahonchya hataa, jeey temane udhaar leedha hataa. temane ardaburius alaan aneey temnaa putra espar hethal senaama sevaa aapee hatee; temane parshiyano aneey hoono saamena yuddhomaa potaane alag paadya hataa. esper aek prakaarno raajaa-nirmata hato, aneey purv maate general-ina-chief ("magister millicium parr orientem") hato, jeey aek samay maate constantinoplema sauthee shaktishaali maanas pann hato. parantu teey videshi aneey ariane hovathi teey pote samrat naa bunny shakyo. tenaa badale temane potaana manpasandna uttaradhikarne sinhasana parr mookyaa. aamathi aek marcian hato. constantinoplema marcian senator banyaa aneey jaanita aneey lokpreey vyaktee hataa. teey aek vidhur hato; pratham lagna dwara tenee putri, saumyokti, pachhithi pashchimna samrat (467-472) anthemius saathe lagna karyaa. theodosius dhvitiyanu mrutyu thayu tyaare teo lagbhag saath varshnaa hataa (450). theodosius II (408-450) aek naana baadak tareeke tenaa pitaa arcadius (395-408) naa anugaamee banyaa hataa. temnaa shaasannaa motaa bhaag darmiyan temnee motee bahen palcheria sarkaarnu sanchalan karyoo hatoo. theodosiusna shasankal darmiyan pahelethee jaj "ogastaa" hatoo. teneeni beey baheno, arcadia aneey mareena saathe, teneeae brahmacharyani jaaher pratigya leedhi. jyaare temnaa bhaainu avsaan thayu tyaare maharani tareeke temnee (jemane laambaa samaythi raajyane kharekhar margdarshan aapyu hatoo) sarvasanmat pasandagi dwara uttaradhikar visheni tamaam mushkeleeono anta aavyo hato. aama pulturianu shaasan sharoo thayu. potaani sthiteene majboot karvaanee ichchhaathi (rooman sinhasana parr safal thayelee maheelano aaa pratham cases hato) tene tarat jaj marcian saathe najiva lagna karyaa hataa. teey shreshth vyaktee hovaanu janaay chhe jeey tenee pasand curry shakee hota; aespaarni mitrataa temaj tenee potaani pratishthaae laambaa samaythi tene koee uchch sthaan maate nirdesh karyo hato. aevu kahevama aave chhe keey theodosius temnaa mrutyushayyaa parr temne kahyoo hatuh "maney jaaher karvaamaa aavyu chhe keey tame maaraa anugaamee banasho."marxianne vadaa dwara, 25 august, 450naa roj taaj paheravama aavyo hato. teey rajyabhishekna dhaarmik samarambhnu pratham udaaharan chhe, jeey paachhalthi pashchimma anusarvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey tenaa durgaamee parinaamo aavvaanaa hataa. navaa shaasannu pratham kaary chrysaphiusni sunavani aneey fansini sajaa hatee, jeey aek napunsak aneey laambaa samaythi adaalatno preey apreey hato, jene theodosiusne apmanjanak maafee maate laavyo hato aneey ateelani hatyaana asafal kaavtaru dwara moto dund fatkaaryo hato. marcian sudharana paksh saathe sankalaayela hataa, jenaa sthaapak theodosius hethal anthemius hataa. jaim jaim teo samrat banyaa, temane sanyamni neetee sharoo curry, khaas kareene karveraamaa, jene temnaa shaasanne samruddh aneey potaane lokpreey banaavyu, joke temane satat atikraman kartaa hano aneey romnaa anya dushmanone dabavva maate shastrona bada dwara bahoo ochhu karyoo. temane tijori aneey darbaarnaa kharchamaa ghataado karyo aneey "glaba" athavaa "follis" neey door karyo, jeey meelkat parno damankari qara hato jeey uchch vargo maate khaas kareene apreey hato. aek kathor vyavastha hatee jenaa dwara koipan senatorne "pretura" naa anichchhaniy sanmaanne sweekarva maate dabaan karvaamaa aavee shake chhe. aek pretter tareeke teo temnaa karyalayna samay darmiyan stheer lokomaa rahevaa maate bandhaayela hataa, aneey ramato aneey shho pradaan karvaa maate motee rakam kharchava maate bandhaayela hataa. aaa khaas kareene aevaa senetaro maate mushkel hatoo jeo praantomaa raheta hataa, jemane rajdhanima aaveene vinashkari kharche maheenao sudhee tyaan rahevu padyu hatoo. marcianae aaa kayadama ferfar karyo jethee shaherthi door raheta lokone maaf curry shakaay aneey temane raajdutone kharchano temno hisso levaano aadesh aapyo. temane naukadalma vadhu aarthik dhorane sudhaaro karyo. teey samaye vaaramvaar bhookamp aavtaa hataa, jenaa kaarane aakhaa shahero naash pamya hataa. aaa kissaaomaa, shaahee tijorimathi purvatho laeene marcian aneey pulturia udaartaathi piditoni madad maate aavyaa hataa. marcianne temnaa kaaryaalayni javabdariono pramanik khyaal hato. temnaa sanhitaanaa beeja "navalkathaa" maan teo samraatnee faraj angenaa temnaa drashtikonne vyakhyayit karey chheh "manav jaatini sambhaal puurii paadvaanu aapanu kaama chhe."aneey teo temnaa purvgaamionaa ateeshay karvera aneey saamanya kuprashasanne kaarane thatee taklifthi wakef hataa. pratham "navalkathaa" jaaher karey chhe keey fariyaadkartaao tamaam bajuthi sarkaar paase aavyaa chhe, tyaan "arajdaaroni anant bheed" chhe; aaa nyayadhishoma "pramanikta aneey gambhirta" nee achhatne kaarane chhe. aaa mushkeleeono saamno karvaa maate marcianna kaayadao saaraa arthamaa aneey safal prayaaso chhe. aek khoob jaj lokpreey pagalu aee hatoo keey temane ateelane teey khandani chukavavaano incar karyo hato jeey theodosius II dwara niyamitpane chukavvama aavtee hatee. aaa inkaarthee banneae moto kharch bachaavyo aneey saamrajyni garima punsthapit curry jeey aatala motaa apmanthi adhogati paamyu hatoo. hanoae hamanaa jaj franc saathe temno zaghado sharoo karyo hovathi, teo saamrajya saathe yuddh karvaa jaee shaktaa naa hataa. temaa koee shankaa nathee keey jyaare tene temnee avgannaa curry tyaare marcian aaa jaanato hato. parantu aaa shasankalni mukhya ghatnaa mahaan monophysite zaghada aneey chalsedonni parishadni sharuaat hatee. marcian spasht reete pavitra aneey rudhichust hataa. jaim jaj temne taaj paheravama aavyo, temane pope liyo pratham (440-461) neey aek khoob jaj maitripurn aneey aadarpurn patra lakhyo, jene teo shraddhana vaaleene bolaave chhe, temnee praathnaao maate puchhe chhe, aneey pope ("suu aee 'uthentontos") dwara prastaavit parishadne teko aapvaa maate potaane aatur jaaher karey chhe, jethee utis, dioscurus aneey temnaa mitro (ee. pii.) dwara uthavvama aavela prashnano ukel laavee shakaay. saint vachche lxxiii. leona aksharo; mancy, vi, 99). pulturia pann lakhyu; teey pann kahe chhe keey popnee sattaa dwara parishadne bolavvama aavashe. leoae pahelethee jaj theodosius beejaane parishadne bolaavvaanu kahyoo hatoo. xliv, 3; p. aela., liva, 826); marxianno spasht arth maatra theodosiusna anugaamee tareeke aaa kaaryane amalmaa mukvaano hato. darmiyan, dioscurus aneey temno paksh saaree reete jaantaa hataa keey marcian temno mitra nahee baney. teoae egyptma temnee maanyataane atkavvano prayaas karyo hato aneey nishfal gayaa hataa; aaa prayaasthi sarkaar saathe temno cases vadhu kharaab thayo hato. aefesasnee parishad (431) aneey nestorian mushkeleeo pachhi tarat jaj purveey church yuteechnaa shikshanthi vikshepit thayu hatoo. 448maan doriliumna eusebiuse utis aneey tenaa sootra "union pachhi aek prakrutee" ("metaa teena 'anocin miyaa fusis") parr constantinople parr aarop mookyo hato. alexandriana dioscurese yuteechnu kaaran leedhu hatoo, aneey 449maan aefesasnee luntara parishadma diophysismni ninda curry hatee (aaa badhaa maate juo). pope leoae anya saamanya parishad vinaa shaanti punsthapit karvaa maate samaynee aashaa raakhi hatee (marcian, lxxvi, pulseria, alexxx aneey constantinopalna vadaa anatolius, alexxxne temnaa patro). parantu teey darmiyan, marcian, leona agaauna prastaav parr kaaryvaahi kartaa, 17 meey, 451naa roj samrajyna tamaam mahanagarone sambodhtaa patro dwara aek parishadne bolaavyo. teey spasht chhe keey temane gersamajan parr kaama karyoo hatoo, aneey haju sudhee popnaa pachhinaa patra (hephele-laclerk, II, 239) praapt thayo naa hato. tyarbad leoae jeey banyu teey sveekaaryu, aneey tenaa vaarasdaro pascasius, cicillyma lilibeyamnaa bishop aneey paadari boniface (ee. pii.) tareeke nimanook curry. lxxx; mancy, vi, 125). parishad nikea khaate malvani hatee; ghanaa bishop 451naa unalama tyaan pahelethee jaj pahonchi gayaa hataa, jyaare samrate temne temnee saathe jodai shake tyaan sudhee raah jovaa maate kahyoo hatoo (mansee, vi, 553maan temno patra). teey saamrajyni sarhad parr huns saame tenaa sanrakshanni vyavastha karvaamaa vyast hato. bishapoae veelambni fariyad karvaa maate lakhyu hatoo, aneey marcianae temnaa patrano javaab aapyo hato jemaa temne bospharasni beejee bajuae raajdhaanini saame (mancy, vee, 557) chalseddon javaa maate kahyoo hatoo; aaa reete teo constantinople chhodya vinaa parishadma haajari aapee shake chhe. saint churchma council kholvaamaa aavee hatee. 8 october, 451naa roj chalseddon khaate saumyokti aneey 1 november sudhee chaali hatee. lagbhag 600 bishapoae haajari aapee hatee. shaahee commissionero darek satramaa haajar hataa aneey baahy vyavsaaynu niyaman kartaa hataa. popnaa vaarasdaar, paschasiuse parishad kholee. chhaththa satra (25 october) maan marcian aneey pulturia madad curry. samrate teey divase lattin bhashama bhaashan (mancy, VIII, 129) saathe kaaryvaahi sharoo curry hatee. aek nondh leey chhe keey jeey haju pann saamrajyni sattavaar bhaasha hatee teno upyog khaas kareene pavitra prasangoae thato hato. tyarbad temnaa bhashannu greekma punraavartan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa satramaa parishadno hukam vaanchyo hato (juo.) 27 februari, 452naa roj, marcianae temnaa pashchimi sahyogi, valentinian III (423-455) saathe maleene, samrajyna kaayada tareeke parishadna hukamnaamaa aneey niyamone laagu karato kaayado banaavyo, aneey jeo temnaa parr vivaad karey chhe teey badhaa saame bhaare dandnee dhamki aapee. ekalaa marcianae 13 maarchnaa roj (mancy, VIII, 475-480) aee jaj kayadaanu punraavartan karyoo. prasiddh aththaavismi siddhaant (rooma pachhi tarat jaj constantinople krama aapvo) aneey tenee saame popnaa virodhne kaarane temnee aneey samrat aneey maharani vachche vadhu patravyavhaar thayo. leonis I., see. vee., see. vee. aaee.; mancy, vee. aaee., 187,195), parantu temnaa saaraa sambandhone khalel pahonchaadi naa hatee. marcianna kayadaoae constantinople aneey sarkaarnaa padoshmaa aekrupataa pedaa curry, parantu teo siriya aneey egyptma temne aetali safaltapurvak laagu curry shakyaa nahee. temnu baakeenu shaasan aaa praantomaa krantithi pareshaan hatoo, jeey beey sadeeo sudhee temnaa anugaameeo hethalnee sarkaarni mukhya mushkeliomaanee aek rahee hatee. marcianae siriyan aneey egyptni monophysites maate koee chhutchhaat aapee naa hatee. temnee sarkaare dioscurusni nimanook haath dharee hatee aneey 28 julai, 452naa aadeshma alexandriana rudhichust vadaa proteriusni maanyata parr bhaare dund hethal bhaar mookyo hato. aek vishaal dada (2000 sainiko) egypt mokalvaamaa aavyu hatoo. marcianna mrutyu pachhi jaj espar aneey anatolius hethal constantinople khaatena aek pakshe pakhandio saathe samadhan karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. varsh 453maan ateelaanu avsaan thayu. aevu kahevaay chhe keey ateelana mrutyuni kshane, marcianne swapna aavyu hatoo keey tene tenaa mahaan dushmannu dhanush tutee gayoo hatoo. teey jaj varshe maharani pulturianu avsaan thayu hatoo. teneene ketholik aneey rudhichust banne dwara sant tareeke jaaher karvaamaa aave chhe; teneeno tahevaar banne calendersmaa 10 septembernaa roj chhe. marcian tenee patnee saathe chaar varsh sudhee jeevato rahyo. temnaa shaasanno anta egyptma vadhati mushkeliothi gheraayelo hato. temnaa pachhi liyo aaee (457-474) aavyaa hataa. marcian, lagna dwara, theodosius prathamnaa gharnaa chhella samrat hataa. rudhichustoae tene pann sant tareeke maanyata aapee chhe, aneey 17 februarina roj teno tahevaar (pulturia saathe) ujave chhe. adrian fortscue.

catholic vishvakosh (1913)/marxian <unk> juseppe marchi marcian  marcian (marcianus, αρκινος), constantinople mein roman samrat, bee. thress mein lagbhag 390; dee. janwari, 457. vaha ack sanic bunn gayaa; apane shuruati jeevan key dauran vaha garib thaa, aur kahaa jaataa haye kii vaha kewal dou sou soney key tukade laker logon key paas aaya thaa, joe usane udhaar liye they. unhone ardaburius alaan aur unake bete espar key tahat senaa mein seva kii; unhone faarsiyon aur hoonon key khilaf yuddhon mein khud koo pratishthit kiya. asper ack prakaar kaa raajaa-nirmaata thaa, aur poorv key liye general-inn-cheef ("magistrate milicium parr orientem") thaa, joe ack samay key liye constantinople mein sabse shaktishali vyakti bhee thaa. lekin choonki vaha ack videshi aur ack ariane thaa, isaliye vaha swayam samrat naheen bunn sakata thaa. isake bajaay unhone apane pasandida logon koo simhaasan parr bithaaya. inmein seey ack marcian thaa. constantinople mein marcian ack senator bunn gaye aur ack prasiddh aur lokpriya vyakti they. vaha ack vidhur thaa; pahali shaadi seey usaki betty, saumyokti, baad mein paschim mein samrat, anthemius (467-472) seey shaadi kii. jaba theodosius dwiteeya kii mrityu hui (450) taba way lagbhag saath varsh key they. theodosius dwiteeya (408-450) ack chhote bachche key roop mein apane pitaa, arcadius (395-408) key uttaradhikari baney they. unake shasankal key adhikansh samay mein unaki badee bahan palcheria ney sarkaar kaa prabandhan kiya. pahale seey hii theodosius key shasankal key dauran palcheria "augusta" thaa. apani dou bahanon, arcadia aur marina key saath, unhone brahmacharya kaa saarvajanik sankalp liya. jaba unake bhaai kii mrityu hoe gaee tou uttaradhikar key baare mein sabhi kathinaaiyon kaa anta maharani key roop mein unake (jinhone lambe samay seey vaastav mein raajya kaa margadarshan kiya thaa) sarvasammat chayan seey huaa. iss prakaar palcheria kaa shasson shuru huaa. apani sthiti koo majboot karane kii ichcha seey (yeh roman simhaasan parr baithane vaali mahila kaa pahala mamla thaa) usane turant marcian key saath nammatra kii shaadi curr lii. aisaa lagata haye kii vaha sabse achchha vyakti thaa jise vaha chuna sakati thee; espar kii dosti key saath-saath usaki apani pratishtha ney lambe samay seey usey kissy uchch sthaan key liye ingit kiya thaa. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii theodosius ney apani mrityushayya parr unase kahaa thaah "yeh mujhe bataaya gayaa haye kii aap merey uttaradhikari banenge."marcian koo kulpita dwara 25 agast, 450 koo taaj pahanaaya gayaa thaa. yeh rajyabhishek key dhaarmik samaroh kaa pahala udaaharan haye, jisaki baad mein paschim mein nakal kii gaee, aur isake doorgaami parinam honey they. nae shasankal kaa pahala kaary chrysphius kaa mukadama aur nishpaadan thaa, joe ack napunsak aur adalat kaa pasandida lambe samay seey alokpriya thaa, jisane theodosius koo apmaanjanak maafi aur atila kii hatyaa kii asafal sajish dwara ack badey jurmaane kaa bhugtan karane key liye laaya thaa. marcian sudhaar party seey sambandhit they, jisake sansthaapak theodosius key tahat anthemius they. jaise hii vaha samrat banaa, usane sanyam kii neeti shuru kii, vishesh roop seey karadhan mein, jisane usake shasankal koo samriddh aur khud koo lokpriya banaa diyaa, halanki usane hamesha atikraman karane vaale hoonon aur rome key anya dushmanon koo dabaane key liye hathiyaron key bull seey bahut cumm kiya. unhone khajaane aur darbar key kharchon koo cumm curr diyaa, aur "gleba" yaa "follis" koo samaapt curr diyaa, joe sampatti parr ack damankari curr thaa joe uchch vargon key liye vishesh roop seey apriya thaa. ack kathor pranali thee jisake dwara kissy bhee senator koo "pretura" key avaanchhit sammaan koo sweekaar karane key liye majboor kiya jaa sakata thaa. ack sanrakshak key roop mein vaha apane karyalaya key samay mein nirantar rahane key liye baadhya they, aur khel aur show pradaan karane parr badee raashi kharch karate they. yeh una senators key liye vishesh roop seey kathin thaa joe praanton mein rahate they, isaliye unhein rajdhani aanaa padaa aur vinashkari keemat parr maheenon taka vahaan rehna padaa. marcian ney iss kaanoon koo sanshodhit kiya taaki shahar seey door rahane vaale logon koo maaf kiya jaa sakey, aur unhone vanijya dooton koo kharch kaa unakaa hissa lene kaa adesh diyaa. unhone adhik kifayati aadhar parr nausena mein sudhaar kiya. usa samay aksar bhookamp aatey they, jisase poore shahar nasht hoe jaate they. inn mamalon mein, shaahi khajaane seey aapoorti key saath marcian aur palcheria peediton kii madad key liye udaartaa seey aae. marcian koo apane karyalaya kii jimmedariyon kaa ack imandar vichaar thaa. apane code key dusare upanyaas mein vaha ack samrat key kartavya key baare mein apane drishtikon koo paribhaashit karate hainh "maanav jaati kii dekhbhal pradaan karna hamara kaam haye."aur vaha apane poorvavartiyon key atyadhik karadhan aur samanya kushasana key kaaran honey vaale sankat seey avagat they. pahala "upanyaas" ghoshana kartaa haye kii shikayatkarta sabhi taraf seey sarkaar key paas aae hain, "yachikakartaon kii antaheen bheed" haye; yeh nyayadhishon mein "imandari aur gambhirta" kii kamee key kaaran haye. marcian key niyam inn kathinaaiyon seey nipatane key liye saarthak aur safal prayaas hain. ack bahut hii lokpriya upaay atila koo vaha shraddhanjali dene seey incar karna thaa joe theodosius dwiteeya dwara niyamit roop seey dee jaati thee. iss incar seey donon ney ack badee laagat bachaai aur samrajya kii garima koo bahaal kiya joe itane badey upman seey neecha huaa thaa. choonki hoonn abhee-abhee frank key saath apana jhagada shuru curr rahey they, way samrajya key saath yuddh karane kaa jokhim naheen uthaa sakate they. isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii jaba unhone unaki avagya kii tou marcian koo yeh pataa thaa. lekin iss shasankal kii mukhya ghatana mahaan monophysite jhagade aur chalseddon kii parishad kii shuruat thee. marcian spasht roop seey pavitra aur roodhivaadi thaa. jaise hii unhein taaj pahanaaya gayaa, unhone pope leo pratham (440-461) koo ack bahut hii maitripurna aur sammaanjanak patra likhaa, jise vaha vishvaas key sanrakshak key roop mein bulaate hain, apani prarthanaon key liye poochate hain, aur pope ("suu aeye 'uthentoonts") dwara prastaavit parishad kaa samarthan karane key liye khud koo utsuk ghoshit karate hain taaki utich, dioscurus aur unake doston (ee. pee.) dwara uthaaye gaye prashn kaa samadhan kiya jaa sakey. sent key beach lxxiii. leo key akshar; mansi, vi, 99). palcheria ney bhee likhaa; vaha bhee kahati haye kii pope key adhikaar dwara parishad koo bulaaya jaayega. leo ney pahale hii theodosius dwiteeya seey parishad (ee. pee.) koo bulaane key liye kahaa thaa. xliv, 3; p. ell., liv, 826); marxian kaa spasht roop seey kewal theodosius key uttaradhikari key roop mein iss kaary koo puuraa karane kaa uddeshya thaa. iss beach dioscurus aur unaki party koo achchi tarah seey pataa thaa kii marcian unakaa dost naheen hoga. unhone misra mein unaki maanyata koo rokane kii koshish kii aur whiffle rahey; iss prayaas ney sarkaar key saath unake mamle koo kewal badatar banaa diyaa. affaces kii parishad (431) aur nestorian pareshaniyon key turant baad seey purvi church utich kii shiksha seey pareshan thaa. 448 mein dorillium key eusebius ney utich aur unake sootra "sangh key baad ack prakriti" ("metaa taine 'anocin miyaa fusis") parr constantinople parr aarop lagaaya thaa. alexandaria key dioscurus ney utich key kaaran koo uthaaya thaa, aur 449 mein affaces kii daku parishad mein diophysism kii ninda kii thee (inn sabhi key liye dekhein). pope leo ney ack aur samanya parishad key binaa shaanti bahaal karane key liye ack samay kii ummeed kii (marcian, lxxvi, pulseria, lxxx, aur constantinople key pitrisatta anatolius, lxxx koo unake patra). lekin iss beach, marxian ney leo key poorv prastaav parr kaarravaai karate hue, 17 maee, 451 koo samrajya key sabhi mahanagaron koo sambodhit patron dwara ack parishad koo bulaaya. yeh spasht haye kii unhone ack galatfahmi parr kaam kiya, aur abhee taka pope kaa baad kaa patra (hefeley-leclerk, II, 239) praapt naheen huaa thaa. leo ney taba joe huaa usey sweekaar curr liya, aur apane uttaradhikari paschasius, sisili mein lilibium key bishap aur ack paadari boniface (ee. pee.) key roop mein niyukt kiya. lxxx; mansi, vi, 125). parishad kii baithak nikea mein honey thee; kaee bishap pahale hii 451 kii garmiyon mein vahaan pahunch chuke they, jaba samrat ney unhein taba taka intezar karane key liye kahaa jaba taka kii vaha unamen shamil naheen hoe sakata (mansi, vi, 553 mein unakaa patra). vaha samrajya kii seema parr hoonon key khilaf usaki raksha kii vyavastha karane mein vyast thaa. bishapon ney deree kii shikayat karane key liye likhaa, aur marcian ney unake patra kaa jawab diyaa jisamen unhein phosphorus (mansi, v, 557) key doosari taraf rajdhani key saamane chalseddon jaane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa; iss tarah vaha constantinople koo chhode binaa parishad mein bhaag leey sakata thaa. sent key church mein parishad kaa udghaatan huaa. 8 octuber, 451 koo chalseddon mein saumyokti aur 1 navambar taka chully. lagbhag 600 bishapon ney bhaag liya. shaahi aayukt pratyek satra mein upasthit they aur baahari kaary koo viniyamit karate they. pope key uttaradhikari, paschasius ney parishad kaa udghaatan kiya. chhathe satra (25 octuber) mein marcian aur palcheria ney sahaayata kii. samrat ney usa dinn lattin (mansi, VIII, 129) mein ack bhaashan key saath kaaryavaahi kii shuruat kii. ack ney dekhaa kii joe abhee bhee samrajya kii aadhikarik bhasha thee, uska upayog vishesh roop seey gambhir avsaron parr kiya jaataa thaa. unake bhaashan koo phir yunani mein dohraya gayaa. iss satra mein parishad kaa farman padhaa gayaa (dekhein.) 27 farwari, 452 koo, marcian ney apane paschimi sahayogi, valentinian III (423-455) key saath milkar, samrajya key kaanoon key roop mein parishad key farman aur siddhanton koo lagu karane vaalaa ack kaanoon banaaya, aur una sabhi key khilaf bhaari dund kii dhamki dee jinhone una parr vivaad kiya. akele marcian ney 13 march (mansi, VIII, 475-480) koo ack hii kaanoon koo dohraya. prasiddh atthaaisavin tope (rome key turant baad sthir lock pada denaa) aur isake khilaf pope key virodh ney unake aur samrat aur maharani key beach aage patrachar kaa kaaran banaa (ee. pee.). leonis aaee., see. vee., see. vee. aaee.; mansi, vi, 187,195), lekin unake achche sambandhon koo baadhit naheen kiya. marcian key kaanoonon ney logon mein aur sarkaar key pados mein ekroopata paida kii, lekin vaha unhein seeriya aur misra mein itani safaltapurvak lagu naheen curr sakey. unakaa shesh shasankal inn praanton mein kranti seey pareshan thaa, joe dou shataabdiyon taka unake uttaradhikariyon key tahat sarkaar kii mukhya kathinaaiyon mein seey ack rahee. marcian ney siriyai aur misra key monophysites key prati koee riyayat naheen dee. unaki sarkaar ney dioscurus kii gawahi dee, aur 28 julaai, 452 key ack adesh mein alexandaria key roodhivaadi kulpita proterius kii maanyata parr bhaari dund key tahat jore diyaa gayaa. ack badee senaa (2000 sanic) koo misra bheja gayaa thaa. marcian kii mrityu key baad taka espar aur anatolius key tahat constantinople mein ack dall ney vidharmiyon key saath samjhauta karna shuru naheen kiya thaa. varsh 453 mein atila kii mrityu hoe gaee. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii atila kii mrityu key samay, marcian ney sapana dekhaa thaa kii usane apane mahaan dushman kaa dhanush tootate dekhaa thaa. maharani palcheria kii usee varsh mrityu hoe gaee. usey catholic aur roodhivaadi donon dwara sant ghoshit kiya gayaa haye; donon calender mein uska parv 10 sitambar koo haye. marcian apani patni key saath chaar saal taka jeevit rahey. unake shasankal kaa anta misra mein badhati pareshaniyon seey bharaa huaa thaa. unake baad leo aaee (457-474) ney padbhar sambhala. vivaah dwara, marcian theodosius pratham key gharaane key antim samrat they. roodhivaadiyon ney unhein bhee sant ghoshit kiya haye, aur 17 farwari koo unakaa parv (palcheria key saath) manaaya haye. adrian kille.

catholic vishvakosha (1913)/marcian <unk> giuseppe marchi marcian  marcian (marcianus, αρκινος), constantinopalnalli roman chakravarty, bii. thresnalli sumaru 390; dii. janavari, 457. aata sainikanaadanu; tanna arambhika jeevanadalli aata badavanagiddanu, mattu aata kevala innooru chinnada nanyagalannu maatra tegedukondu janara balige bandanu, adannu aata eravalu padediddanu endu helalaaguttade. aatanu ordaburious alan mattu aatana maga aspar avara adiyalli sainyadalli seve sallisidanu; parshiyannaru mattu hangala viruddhada yuddagalalli aata tannannu taanu pratyekisikondanu. aspar obba reetiya raaja-tayaarakaraagiddaru, mattu purvakke ("magister millitum purr orientum") general-inn-cheef aagiddaru, jotege ondu samayadavarege constantinopalnalli atyanta shaktishali vyaktiyagiddaru. aadare aata obba videshi mattu airean agiruvudarinda aata swatah chakravartiyagalu sadhyavagalilla. badalige aatanu tanna necchinavara uttaraadhikaaravannu simhaasanada mele irisidanu. ivugalalli martian aagittu. constantinopalnalli marcian senator aadaru mattu prasiddha mattu janapriya vyaktiyagiddaru. avanu vidhuranaagiddanu; modala maduveyinda avana magalu, soumyokti, nantara pashchimada chakravartiyaada anthemius annu vivaahavaadalu (467-472). eradane theodosius maranahondidaaga (450) aatanige sumaru aravattu varsha vayassaagittu. theodosius II (408-450) chikka maguvagiddaga tanna tande arcadius (395-408) nantara uttaradhikariyadanu. avana aalvikeya bahupalu avadhiyalli avana akka palcheria sarkaaravannu nirvahisuttiddalu. eegaagale theodosiusna aalvikeya avadhiyalli palcheria "augusta" aagittu. tanna ibbaru sahodariyaraada arcadia mattu mareena avarondige, aake brahmacharyada saarvajanika pratigneyannu maadidaru. aakeya sahodaranu maranahondidaaga uttaraadhikaarada bagegina ellah tondaregalu saamraagniyaagi (deerghakaaladavarege nijavagiyoo rajyavannu munnadesidda) aakeya sarvaanumatada aaykeyinda konegondavu. heege palcheriyaada aalvikeyu praarambhavaayitu. tanna sthaanavannu balpadisikollalu bayasida aake (roman simhaasanavannu padeda mahileyobbala modala prakarana) takshanave marcian jote naamamaatrada maduveyannu maadikondalu. avalu ayke maadabahudaada atyuttama vyaktiyendu toruttade; asparn sneha mattu avana swanta khyaatiyu avanannu bahala hindinindaloo kelavu unnata sthaanakkaagi soochisittu. maranashayyeyallidda theodosius avanige heege heliddanendu helalaaguttadeh "neenu nanna uttaraadhikaariyaaguve endu nanage bahirangavagide."maarsiyange, august 25,450 randu, kulapatiyu pattaabhisheka maadidanu. idu pattaabhishekada dharmika samaarambhada modala nidarshanavagide, idannu nantara pashchimadalli anukarisalaayitu, mattu idu duragami parinaamagalannu hondittu. hosa aalvikeya modala kaaryavendare, theodosiusna avamanakara kshameyachisuvikege mattu atilaavannu kolluva viphala pituriya moolaka dodda dandavannu pavatisalu kaaranavaada, bahala samayadinda janapriyavallada napumsaka mattu nyaayaalayada necchina chrysaphiusna vichaarane mattu maranadandane. marcian sudhaaraneya pakshakke seridavaraagiddaru, adara sthapaka, theodosiusna adiyalli, anthemius aagiddaru. avanu chakravartiyaada takshana, visheshavaagi terigeyalli, mitavaada nitiyannu praarambhisidanu, adhu avana aalvikeyannu samruddhagolisitu mattu swatah janapriyagolisitu, aadaroo avanu nirantaravagi atikramana maaduva hangalu mattu romna itara shatrugalannu nigrahisalu shastraastragala baladinda kadime maadidanu. aata khazane mattu nyaayaalayada vechchagalannu kadime maadidanu mattu melvargadavarige visheshavaagi asahyakaravagidda aastiya melina "gleba" athawa "folis" emba damanakari terigeyannu tegeduhaakidanu. yaavude senator "aadya" dha anapekshita gouravavannu svikarisuvante ottaayisuva kathina vyavasthe ittu. obba pradhaaniyaagi avaru tamma adhikaaraavadhiyalli sthiravaada janarondige vaasisalu mattu atagalu mattu pradarshanagalannu odagisalu dodda mottavannu kharchu maadalu nirbandhavannu hondiddaru. praantyagalalli vasisuttidda senetargalige idu visheshavaagi kashtakaravagittu, aaddarinda avaru raajadhaanige bandu allie tingalugattale vinashakari vechchadalli vasisabekayitu. nagaradinda doora vasisuva janarannu kshamisalu marcian ee kaanoonannu maarpadisidaru mattu vecchagalalli avara palannu tegedukolluvante kaansulgalige aadeshisidaru. avaru naukaapadeyannu hecchu arthika aadhaarada mele sudhaarisidaru. aaa samayadalli aagaagge bhookampagalu sambhavisuttiddavu, idarindaagi idee nagaragalu naashavaadavu. ee sandarbhagalalli, rajamanetanada khajaaneyinda sarabarajugalannu padedu, marcian mattu palcheria udaaravaagi santrastarige sahaaya maadalu bandaru. maarsiyange tanna kacheria javaabdaarigala bagge atmasakshiya kalpane ittu. tanna samhiteya eradane "kadambari" yalli avanu chakravartiya kartavyada bagegina tanna drashtikonavannu vyakhyanisuttaneh "manava janangada aaraikeyannu odagisuvudu namma kelasavaagide."mattu tanna purvajara atiyaada terige mattu saamaanya aadalitada asamarpaka aadalitadinda untaaguva sankashtada bagge aatanige arivittu. modala "kadambari" yuu doorudaararu ellah kadeyindaloo sarkaarada balige baruttiddaare endu ghooshisuttade, "arjidaarara antyavillada gumpu" ide; idakke kaarana nyaayaadheesharalli "samagrate mattu tivrate" yaya korateyagide. ee tondaregalannu nibhayisalu martian kaanunugalu arthapurna mattu yashasvi prayatnagalaagive. eradane theodosius niyamitavagi pavatisuttidda kappavannu atilaage pavatisalu nirakarisiddu bahala janapriya kramavagittu. ee nirakaraneyu dodda vechchavannu ulisitu mattu ishtu dodda avamaanadinda kuggida saamraajyada ghanateyannu punahsthaapisitu. hangalu frankgalondige tamma jagalavannu praarambhisuttidda kaarana, avarige saamraajyadondige yuddakke hogalu sadhyavagalilla. avarannu dhikkarisidaaga maarsiyange idu tilidittu embudaralli sandehavilla. aadare ee aalvikeya mukhya ghataneyu mahaa ekabhoutika kalaha mattu chalcedon sabeya praarambhavaagittu. marcian spashtavagi dharmika mattu sampradaayavaadi aagiddaru. aatanu kireetadhaarane maadida takshana, aatanu pope leo I (440-461) ge bahala snehapara mattu gouravaanvita patravondannu baredanu, aatanannu aata nambikeya raksaka endu kareyuttaane, aatana prarthanegalannu keluttaane mattu yootichgalu, dioscurus mattu avara sneehitaru (ii. pii.) ettida prashneyannu pariharisuva saluvaagi pope ("suu aaa 'uthento") prastapisida mandaliyannu bembalisalu tannannu taanu utsukanagiddenendu ghooshisikolluttaane. saint naduve ilxx. leo avara aksharagalu; mansi, vi, 99). pulseria saha barediddaare; popna adhikaaradinda council annu kareyalaaguttade endu avalu kooda heluttaale. leo eegaagale eradane theodosiusnannu council annu kareyuvante keliddanu (ii. pii. xliv, 3; p. ell., liv, 826); marcian spashtavagi theodosiusna uttaradhikariyagi ee aayogavannu kaaryagatagolisalu maatra uddeshisiddanu. etanmadhye, dioscurus mattu avana pakshakke marcian tamma sneehitanaaguvudilla endu chennagi tilidittu. egyptinalli aatana gurutannu tadeyalu avaru prayatnisidaru mattu viphalaraadaru; ee prayatnavu sarkaaradondige avara prakaranavannu innashtu hadagedisitu. ephesus council (431) mattu nestorian tondaregala nantara takshanave purvada church yootichgala bodhaneyinda tondaregolagaagittu. 448ralli dorilliumn eusebius, yuteechgalu mattu avara sootravaada "okkootada nantara ondu prakruti" ("meta tenn 'enosine miah fusis") annu constantinopalnalli aaropisiddaru. alexandriyada dioscurus yutichgala kaaranavannu kaigettikondanu mattu 449ralli ephesusna darodekorara mandaliyalli diophysism annu khandisidanu (ee elladakkoo nodi). pope leo mattondu saamaanya mandaliyillade shaantiyannu punahsthapisalu swalpa samayada niriksheyalliddaru (marcian, ailxv, pulseria, elxx mattu constantinopalna pitruprabhutvada anatolius, elxx). aadare etanmadhye, leo avara hindina prastapada mele krama kaigonda marcian, saamraajyada ellah mahanagaragalannu uddeshisi patragala moolaka mayee 17,451 randu council annu karedaru. aata tappu tiluvalikeya aadhaarada mele vartisiddaane mattu popra nantarada patravannu innoo sweekarisilla embudu spashtavagide (hephele-leclerk, II,639). nantara leo enaayitu embudannu wappikondaru, mattu sisiliyalli lilibiumna bishop mattu padri boniface (ap. lxx; mansi, vi, 125). council nikeyaadalli sabhe serabekittu; 451rahra besigeyalli aneka bishapgalu allige agamisiddaru, aaga chakravartiyu avarondige seruvavarege kayuvante avarige helalu patra barediddanu (mansi, vi, 553ralli bareda avana patra). avanu saamraajyada gadiyalli hangala viruddha adara raksaneyannu airpadisuvalli niratanagiddanu. bishapgalu vilambada bagge dooru needalu patra baredaru, mattu marcian avaru tamma patrakke uttarisuttaa, ranjakada innondu badiyalliruva rajadhaniya eduru iruva chalsedange (mansi, vii, 557) hogalu helidaru; ee reetiyalli avaru constantinople annu bidade kaunsilge haajaraagabahudu. saint charchnalli council praarambhavaayitu. 451rahra october 8randu chalsedannalli soumyokti, mattu november 1ravarege munduvareyitu. sumaru 600 bishapgalu bhagavahisiddaru. saamraajyashahi aayuktaru prati adhiveshanadallu hajariddu, baahya vevahaaravannu niyantrisuttiddaru. pope legate, paschasius, council annu udghaatisidaru. aarane adhiveshanadalli (october 25) marcian mattu pulseria sahaaya maadidaru. aaa dina chakravartiyu lattin bhasheyalli bhashanadondige (mansi, VIII, 129) kalaapavannu praarambhisidanu. saamraajyada adhikruta bhasheyagi innoo idda bhasheyannu visheshavaagi gambhira sandarbhagalalli balasalaaguttittu embudannu gamanisabahudu. nantara avara bhashanavannu greek bhasheyalli punaraavartisalaayitu. ee adhiveshanadalli mandaliya aadeshavannu odalaayitu (nodi.) phebravari 27,452 randu, marcian, tanna pashchimatya sahodyogi, valentinian III (423-455) nondige saeri, councilna adesha mattu niyamagalannu saamraajyada kaanoonu endu jarigolisuva kaanoonannu maadidaru mattu vivaadaatmaka vaada mandisida ellara viruddha bhaaree danda vidhisuva bedarike haakidaru. marcha 13randu (mansi, VIII, 475-480) marcian maatra adhe kaanoonannu punaraavartisidanu. prasiddha ippattentane cannon (romna nantara takshanave constantinople shreniyannu niiduvudu) mattu adara viruddha popna pratibhataneyu avana mattu chakravarty mattu saamraagniya naduve mattashtu patravyavahaarakke kaaranavaayitu (ap. leonis I., sii. vii., sii. vii. aii.; mansi, vi, 187,195), aadare avara uttama sambandhagalige bhanga tandilla. marcian avara kaanunugalu constantinople mattu sarkaarada nerehoreyalli ekaroopateyannu srushtisidavu, aadare siriya mattu eejiptnalli avugalannu yashasviyagi jarigolisalu avarige sadhyavagalilla. avana aalvikeya ulida bhagavu ee praantyagalallina kraantiyinda tondaregolagaayitu, idu eradu shatamanagala kaala avana uttaraadhikaarigala adiyalli sarkaarada pramukha tondaregalalli ondaagi uliyitu. syrian mattu eejiptina ekabhoutikagala bagge marcian yaavude riyayitigalannu niidalilla. avana sarkaaravu dioscurusna helikeyannu kaigonditu, mattu julai 28,452rahra shaasanavu alexandriyada saampradaayika pitruprabhutvavaada proterius annu gurutisuva mele bhaaree dandane vidhisuvante ottaayisitu. eejiptge dodda padey (2000 sainikaru) kaluhisalaayitu. marcian maranada nantarave aspar mattu anatolius avara netrutvadalli constantinopalna ondu tandavu dharmadrohigalondige raaji madikollalu praarambhisitu. 453ralli atila nidhanaraadaru. atilana maranada samayadalli, tanna dodda shatruvina billu muridiruvudannu kanda martian kanasu kandiddanendu helalaaguttade. saamraagni palcheria adhe varshadalli nidhanaraadaru. aakeyannu catholicaru mattu sampradaayavaadigalu santa endu ghooshisuttaare; eradoo calendergalalli september 10randu aakeya habbavannu aacharisalaaguttade. marcian tanna hendatiyondige naalku varshagala kaala badukiddanu. avana aalvikeya antyavu egyptinalli hechchuttiruva tondaregalinda aavarisalpattitu. aatana nantara leo aii (<aii. dii. 1>) adhikara vahisikondaru. vivaahada moolaka, modalane theodosiusna maneya koneya chakravartiyagiddanu. sampradaayavaadigalu aatanannu santa endu ghooshisiddaare mattu phebravari 17randu aatana habbavannu (palseriyaadondige) acharisuttare. audrian kote.

catholica vijnjaanakoshangal (1913)/maarshyan <unk> giuseppe maarchi marsiana  maarshyan (marsianus, mrarkinos), konstantinoppile roman chakravarty, bii. ekadesham 390; dii. januvari 457. addeham oru sainikanaayi; thante aadyakaala jeevithathil addeham daridranaayirunnu, kadam vangiya irunooru svarnnakkashanangalumaayi maathramaan addeham sthiramaayi janangalilekku athiyathennu parayappedunnu. addeham ardaburious alanteyum makan aspaarinteyum keezhil sainyathil sevanamanushtichu; pershyakkaarkkum hanmaarkkumethiraaya yudhangalil addeham svayam verittunilkkukayum cheythu. orutharam raajaavaayitheernna oralum kizhakk bhaagathe general-inn-cheef ("mejisttar milittam perr ooriyantam") aayirunnu aspar, oru kaalathekku konstantinoppile ettavum sakthanaaya manushyan koodiyaayirunnu addeham. ennaal addeham oru videshiyum aryan aayathinal addehathinu svayam chakravarthiyaakaan kazhinjilla. pakaram addeham thante priyappettavarude oru pingami simhaasanathil sthaapichu. ivayil maarshyan aayirunnu. maarshyan oru senattaraayi maarukayum ariyappedunnathum janapriyavumaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu. addeham oru vidhavayaayirunnu; aadya vivaahathil addehathinte makal soumyavaakya, pinneedu padinjaaran chakravarthiyaaya aantamiyasine vivaham kazhichu (467-472). theodosius randaaman marikkumbol addehathinu ekadesham arupath vayassayirunnu (450). theodosius randaaman (408-450) thante pithavaaya arcadiasinte (395-408) pingamiyaayi oru kochukuttyaayi. addehathinte bharanathinte bhooribhaagavum addehathinte mootha sahodari pulturiayaanu bharichirunnathu. theodosiusinte bharanakaalathu thanne pulturia "augusta" aayirunnu. arcadia, mareena ennee rund sahodarimarkkoppam avar brahmacharyathekkurichu oru pothu prathinjja cheythu. avalude sahodaran marichappol pinthudarchaavakaashathekkulle ellah budhimuttukalum avale (deerghakaalamaayi samsthaanathe sarikkum nayichirunna) chakravarthiyaayi ekakandamaayi thiranjedutthathiloode avasaanichu. angane pulcherryayude bharanam aarambhichu. thante sthaanam shakthippeduthaan aagrahicha avar (roman simhaasanathinte pingamiyaaya oru sthreeyude aadya sambhavamaayirunnu ithu) marshyanumaayi udan thanne naamamaathramaaya vivaham kazhichu. avalkk thiranjedukkaan kazhiyunna ettavum mikacha vyakthiyaan addeham ennu thonnunnu; aspaarinte sauhrudavum swantham prasasthiyum addehathe valarekkaalamaayi chila uyarnna sthaanathekku choondikkaanichirunnu. maranasayyayil theodosius addehathodu ingane paranjathaayi parayappedunnu "ningal ente pingaamiyaakumenn enikku velippettirikkunnu."450 august 25nuu maarshyan pathriyarkkis kireedamaniyukayum cheythu. ithu pinneedu padinjaaru anukarikkappettathum dooravyaapakamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undakkunnathumaaya mathaparamaya kireedadhaarana chadangukalude aadya udaaharanamaanu. puthiya bharanathinte aadya pravrithi, theodosius apamanakaramaaya shamaapanathinum attila vadikkaanulla parajayappetta goodaalochanayiloode valia pizha adaykkunnathinum kaaranamaaya, deerghakaalamaayi janapreeti nediya oru shundon sabhayude priyappettavanumaya chrysophiasinte vicharana vadhavum aayirunnu. theodosiusinte keezhil sthaapakan aantamiyas ayirunna parishkarana partyil amgamaayirunnu maarshyan. chakravarthiyaayikkazhinjayinu addeham mitatwa nayam aarambhichu, prathyekichu nikuthiyil, athu thante bharanathe samriddhavum janapriyavumakki, ennirunnaalum ellaayppozhum athikramichukayarunna hannukaleyum romile mattu sathrukkaleyum adichamarthaan addeham aayudhabalathaal onnum cheythilla. addeham treasuryudeyum kottaarathinteyum chelavukal kuraykkukayum uyarnna varggakkaarkk prathyekamaayi arochakamaaya swathinu melulla adichamarthal nikuthiyaaya "glaba" allengil "foolis" illaathaakkukayum cheythu. priyathura" yude anishtakaramaaya bahumati sweekarikkaan eathoru senattareyum nirbandhikkaavunna oru kadinamaaya samvidaanamundaayirunnu. oru prader enna nilayil thante adhikaarakaalathu sthiramaayi jeevikkaan addeham baadhyasthanaayirunnu, koodaathe geyimukalum shokalum nalkunnathinu valia thuka chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. pravisyakalil thaamasichirunna senattarmaarkk ithu prathyekichum budhimuttaayirunnu, athinaal avarkk thalasthaanathu vannu vinashakaramaaya chelavil maasangalolam avide thaamasikkendivannu. nagaratthil ninnu akale thamasikkunna aalukale veruthe vidunnathinaayi maarshyan eee niyamam parishkarikkukayum chelavukalude vihitam edukkaan koonsal udyogastharodu utharavidukayum cheythu. addeham navikasena kooduthal saambathika adisthaanathil parishkarichu. aaa samayat idaykkide bhookambangal undaayi, athil nagarangal muzhuvan nasippikkappettu. eee sandarbhangalil marsian pulturia saamraajyathva khajanaavil ninnulla saadhanangal upayogichu durithabaadhitharude sahaayathin udaaramaayi vannu. thante offeesinte utharavaadithangalekkurithu marshyanu manassaakshipoorvamaaya oru dhaaranayundaayirunnu. thante niyamaavaliyile randaamathe novalayil addeham oru chakravartthiyude kadamayekkurichulla thante kaazhchappaad nirvachikkunnu "manushyarashi paripaalikkuka ennathu nammude joliyaanu."thante mungaamikalude amithamaya nikuthiyum pothuvaaya mosham bharanavum moolamundaakunna durithathekkurichu addeham bodhavaanaayirunnu. ellah vashathuninnum parathikkaar sarkkaarilekku ozhukiyethiyathayi aadyathe noval prakhyaapikkunnu, "paraathikkaarude ananthamaaya janakkoottam" undu; ithu jadjimaaril "samagrathayum kaadinyavum" illaathathaanu kaaranam. eee budhimuttukale neridaanulla maarshyan niyamangal nalla ardhamullathum vijayakaravumaya sramangalaanu. theodosius randaaman pathivayi nalkia kappam attilaykk nalkaan addeham visammathichathaan valare janapriyamaaya oru nadapadi. eee nirasikkal valia chelavu laabhikkukayum ithrayum valia apamaanathaal adhapathicha saamraajyathinte anthass punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. fraankukalumaayulla tharkkam aarambhichathe undaayirunnulloo ennathinaal saamraajyavumaayi yudhathinu pookaan avarkk kazhinjilla. avare ethirthappol marshyanu ithu ariyamaayirunnu ennathil samshayamilla. ennaal eee bharanathinte pradhana sambhavam valia monophysite kalahathinteyum chaalsedon kaunsilinteyum thudakkamaayirunnu. maarshyan prakadamaayi bhaktan yaadhaasthithikanumaayirunnu. kireedadhaaranam cheythayudane addeham lioo onnaaman maarpaappaykk (440-461) valare souhaarddaparavum manyavumaaya oru kathu ezhuthi, addehathe vishwaasathinte rakshaadhikaari ennu vilikkukayum praarthanakal aavasyappedukayum yoottichukalum dioscurus avarude suhruthukkalum (EP. sent idayil lxxiii. leoyude aksharangal; mansi, vi, 99). pulturia ezhuthi; avalum parayunnu, maarppaappayude adhikaarathaal kaunsil vilikkumennu. lioo ithinakam theodosius randaamanodu kaunsil vilikkaan aavasyappettirunnu (iii. pii. xliv, 3; p. ell., liv, 826); theodosiusinte pingamiyaayi eee kammeeshan nadappilakkaan maathramaan maarshyan vyakthamaayi uddeshichathu. athesamayam, maarshyan thangalude suhruthaayirikkillenna dioscuresinum addehathinte partic nannayi ariyamaayirunnu. eejiptil addehathinte amgeekaaram thadayaan avar sramikkukayum paraajayappedukayum cheythu; eee sramam sarkkarumaayulla avarude cases kooduthal vashalaakkuka maathramaan cheythath. ephesus kaunsilum (431) nestoriyan prashnangalum avasaanichathinusesham udan thanne yoottichukalude padippikkal kizhakkan sabhaye aswasthamaakkiyirunnu. 448-ll doriliyathile eusebius yoottichukaleyum "union sheshamulla oru swabhaavam" ("mettaa tenne enosine miah fusis") enna soothravaakyatheyum konstantinoppilil kuttappedutthi. alexandriayile dioscurus yoottichukalude kaaranam ettedukkukayum 449-ll ephesasile moshtaakkalude kaunsilil diophysisathe apalapikkukayum cheythu (ithellaam kaanuka). mattoru pothusabhayillathe samadhaanam punasthaapikkaan oru samayam labhikkumenn lioo marpappa pratheekshichu (maarshyan, elxxv, pulturia, elxx, konstantinoppilinte pathriarchese anatolius, elxx). ennaal athesamayam leoyude muun nirddeshaprakaaram pravarthicha maarshyan, 451 meyy 17 nuu saamraajyathile ellah metropolittan nagarangaleyum abhisambodhana cheythulla kathukaliloode oru kaunsil vilichu. addeham oru thettidhaaranayilaanu pravarthichathennum maarppaappayude pilkkala kathu ithuvare labhichittillennum vyakthamaan (hefele-leclerk, II, 639). lioo pinneedu sambhavichathenthaanennu amgeekarikkukayum sisiliyile lillibeyathinte bishappaya paschasiusineyum oru purohithanaaya bonifacineyum (epi. lxxx; mansi, vi, 125). 451-leeii venalkkaalath niravadhi bishappukal avide athiyappol thanne chakravarty avarodu avarodoppam cherunnathuvare kaathirikkaan paranjukondu ezhuthi (mansi, vi, 553-leeii addehathinte kathu). saamraajyathinte athirthiyil vettakkaarkkethire prathirodham krameekarikkunna thirakkilaayirunnu addeham. kaalathaamasathekkurichu paraathippedaan bishappukal ezhuthi, bosphorasinte maruvashathulla thalasthaanathinu athirvashathulla chalsedonilekku pookaan maarshyan avarude kathinu utharam nalki (mansi, vii, 557); eee reethiyil addehathinu constantinoppil vidaathe kaunsilil pankedukkaan kazhiyum. sent palliyil kaunsil thurannu. 451 october 8nuu chalsedonile soumyokthi november 1 vare neenduninnu. 600 oolam bishappumaraanu pankedutthathu. saamraajyathva kammeeshanarmaar oro sessionilum hajaraakukayum baahya bisinesses niyanthrikkukayum cheythu. maarppaappayude legettu pascasius kaunsil thurannu. aaram sessionil (october 25) marsian pulcherry sahayichu. laattin bhashayil (mansi, VII, 129) nadatthiya prasamgathodeyaanu chakravarty annu nadapadikal aarambhichath. saamraajyathinte audyogika bhashayaayirunna bhasha prathyeka gauravameriya avasarangalil upayogichirunnathaayi oraal shradhikkunnu. addehathinte prasangam pinneedu greekkil aavarthichu. eee sammelanathil kaunsilinte utharavu vaayichu (kaanuka.) 452 februvari 27nuu maarshyan thante paashchaathya sahapravarthakanaaya valentian III (423-455)-maayi chernnu kaunsilinte utharavum niyamangalum saamraajyathinte niyamamaayi nadappaakkukayum tharkkikkunna ellaavarkkumethire kanatha shikshakal nalkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheiyunna oru niyamam undaakki. maarshyan maathram march 13 nuu athe niyamam aavarthichu (mansi, VIII, 475-480). prashasthamaaya irupathiyettaamathe canon (rominu thottupinnaale sthiramaaya rank nalkunnathu) athinethire maarppaappayude prathishedhavum adhehavum chakravarty chakravarty thammilulla kooduthal kathidapaadukalkku kaaranamaayi. leonis I., sii. vii, sii. vii. aii; mansi, vi, 187,195), pakshe avarude nalla bandhangale thadassappeduthiyilla. maarshyante niyamangal sthiramaaya janangalilum sarkkaarinte ayalpakkangalilum ekathvam srishtichuvenkilum syriayilum eejiptilum avaa vijayakaramaayi nadappakkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. addehathinte bharanakalam muzhuvan eee pravishyakalile viplavam moolam aswasthamaayirunnu, ithu rund noottaandukalaayi addehathinte pingaamikalude keezhilulla sarkkaarinte pradhana budhimuttukalilonnaayi thudarnnu. syrian, eejipshyan monoficitukalkku maarshyan oru elavum nalkiyilla. addehathinte sarkkar dioscuresine kuttavimukthanaakkukayum alexandriayude yaadhaasthithika pithavaaya proteriyasine amgeekarikkunnathinu kanatha shikshakal nalkanamennu 452 juulai 28-leeii oru saasanam nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. oru valia senaye (2000 sainikar) eejipthilekk ayachu. maarshyante maranashesham aaspaarinteyum anatoliasinteyum keezhil konstantinoppile oru party mathavirudharumaayi vittuveezhcha cheyyaan thudangi. 453ll attila marichu. attilayude maranasamayathu, thante valia shathruvinte villu thakarnnathayi maarshyan swapnam kandathayi parayappedunnu. athe varsham thanne pulturia chakravarthini marichu. catholicar yaadhaasthithikarum avale vishudhayaakkunnu; rund kalandarukalilum septambar 10 nuu avalude virunnaanullath. maarshyan bharya naalu varsham athijeevichu. addehathinte bharanathinte avasaanam eejipthile vardhichuvarunna prasnangalaal pidichadakkappettu. addehathinte pingamiyaayi lioo aii (<aii. dii. 1>) adhikaaramettu. vivaahathiloode theodosius onnaamante kudumbatthile avasaanathe chakravartthiyaayirunnu maarshyan. yaadhaasthithikar addehathe vishudhanaakkukayum februvari 17 nuu addehathinte virunnukal (palchariyayodoppam) aacharikkukayum cheythu. adrian kotta.

catholic vishvakosh (1913)/marxian <unk> juiceppe marchi marcian  marcian (marcianus, microsoft), constantinople yetheel roman samrat, buub. thressmadhye sumare 390; dii. janewari 457. too eka sainik banala; tyachya suruvatichya aayushyat too garib hota aanee asey mhatale jaate qee tyane udhar ghetalelya sonyachya keval donashe nota gheuun too sthir lokanparyant pohochala. tyane ardaburius alaan aanee tyacha mulga espar yanchya netrutvakhali sainyat seva kelee; pertian aanee hansaviruddhachya yuddhanmadhye tyane swatahla vegale kele. espar haah eka prakarcha raja-nirmata aanee purvesathi ('magister millitum parr orientem') general-inn-chief hota, joou kahee kalasathi constantinopalmadhil sarvat shaktishali manus dekhil hota. pann too paradeshi aanee arian asalyane too swatah samrat houu shakala nahee. tyaeivaji tyane tyachya aavadatya kheladuncha eka uttaradhikari sinhasanavar basavala. tyapaiki eka marcian hota. constantinopalmadhye marcian heey sinetara banale aanee eka suprasiddha aanee lokpriy vyakti hote. too eka vidhur hota; pahilya lagnapasoon tyachi mulgi, saumyokti, nantar pashchimetil samrat, anthemiusshy (467-472) vivahabaddha jhaali. theodosius dusra maran pavala tevha too sumare saath varshancha hota (450). theodosius dusra (408-450) haah tyache vadil arcadius (395-408) yanche lahan mool mhanoon uttaradhikari jhaale hote. tyachya karkirdichya bahutansh kalat tyachi mothee baheen palacheriya sarkar chalvat asey. aadhich theodosiuschya karkirdit palacheriya "augusta" hota. arcadia aanee marina yaa tichya done bahininsobat tine brahmacharyachi sarvajanik shapath ghetali. jevha tichya bhavacha mrutyu jhaala tevha tichya (jyane byanch kalapasoon rajyala kharokhar margadarshan kele hote) samradnyi mhanoon sarvanumate nivadimule uttaradhikarabaddalchya serve adachani sampalya. asha prakare pulturiache rajya suru jhaale. tiche sthan majboot karnyachya ichchhene (roman sinhasanavar basaleli hii pahilich ghatana hotee) tine lagechach marxianshi nammatra vivah keela. tee nivadu shakanari sarvottam vyakti too asalyache disate; asparchi maitri tasech tyachi swatachi pratishtha byanch kalapasoon tyala kahee uchch sthanasathi soochit karat hotee. asey mhatale jaate qee theodosiusne tyachya mrutyushayyevar tyala sangitale hoteh "mallah asey sanganyat aale aahe qee tuu majhe uttaradhikari hoshil."25 august 450 roji, kulgurunni marciancha rajyabhishek keela. rajyabhishekachya dharmik sohalyache heey pahile udaharan aahe, jeey nantar pashchimemadhye anukaran kele gele aanee tyache durgami parinam honar hote. naveen rajvatichi pahili krutee mhanje chrysaphius yaa eka napunsak aanee darbaratil pravinyapurn dirghkalapasun apriy asalelya crysaphiuschi sunavani aanee fashi, jyane theodosiusla apmanaspad maafee magitali hotee aanee atilachya hatyecha ayashasvi cutt karoon motha dand thothavala hota. marcian haah sudharana pakshacha sadasya hota, jyacha sansthapak theodosiuschya netrutvakhali anthemius hota. too samrat hotach tyane sanyam dhoran suru kele, visheshtah curr aakaranimadhye, jyamule tyache rajya samruddha jhaale aanee swatah lokpriy jhaale, jaree tyane nehmich atikraman karananya huns aanee romchya itar shatrunvar dadapshahi karnyasathi shastranchya balavar farse kahee kele nahee. tyane khajinyacha aanee rajdarbaratil kharch qamee keela aanee uchchavargachya malmattevaril visheshtah apriy asalela 'gleba' kinwa 'folis' haah dadapshahi curr kadhoon takala. eka kathor vyavastha hotee jyadvare konatyahi senatorla 'pretura' chaa avanchhit sanman swikaranyas bhag padale jaau shakate. eka snrakshak mhanoon tyala tyachya karyakalachya kalat sthir lokanmadhye rahane aanee khel aanee karyakram pradan karnyasathi mothya pramanat kharch karane bandhankarak hote. prantanmadhye rahana cinetersasathi heey visheshtah katheen hote, jyanna rajdhanit yeuun vinashkari kharchane tethe mahine rahave lagale. shaharapasun door rahana lokanna maaf karnyasathi marcianne yaa kayadyat badal kele aanee tyane vanijyadutanna kharchatil tyancha vaataa ghenyache aadesh dile. tyanni adhik kifayatshir aadharavar naudalat sudharana kelya. tyaa velee varanvar bhookamp hott asat, jyamule sampoorn shahare uddhvast hott asat. yaa prakarananmadhye, shahee khajinyatoon puravatha karoon, marcian aanee pulturia heey piditanchya madatila udarpane aale. tyachya karyalayachya jababdamyambaddal marcianla pramanik kalpana hotee. tyachya sanhitachya dusya "kadambari" madhye too samratachya kartvyabaddalcha tyacha drushtikon paribhashit karatoh "manavjatichi kalji ghene heey aapale kaam aahe."aanee tyachya purvavartinchya atee curr aakaranimule aanee samanya gairvyavasthapananmule nirman jhalelya sankatachi tyala jaaniv hotee. pahili kadambari jaheer karate qee takrardar serve bajunni sarkarkade aale aahet, tethe "yachikakartyanchi antaheen gardi" aahe; yache kaaran nyayadhishanmadhil "sachoti aanee tivrata" qamee asane heey aahe. yaa adchanincha samna karnyasathiche marcianche kayade heey arthpurn aanee yashasvi prayatna aahet. theodosius dusra yane niyamitpane dileli khandani atilala denyas nakar dene haah eka atishay lokpriy upay hota. yaa nakaramule motha kharch vachala aanee itakya mothya apmanamule adhogati jhalelya samrajyachi pratishtha punha prasthapit jhaali. hunn lock phrank lokanshi tyanche bhandan nuktech suru karat asalyane tyanna samrajyashi yuddh karane parvadat navhate. jevha tyane tyanna virodh keela tevha marxianla heey maheet hote yaat shanka nahee. parantu yaa rajvatichi mukhya ghatana mhanje mahan monophysite bhandanachi aanee chalcedonchya parishadechi suruvat hotee. marxian spashtapane dharmik aanee rudhivadi hota. tyacha rajyabhishek hotach tyane pope lio pahila (440-461) yala eka atishay maitripurna aanee aadaryukt patra lihile, jyala too shraddhecha palak mhanato, tyachya prathna magto aanee utis, diascurus aanee tyanchya mitranni (eae. pii.) upasthit kelelya prashnache nirakaran karnyasathi popane prastavit kelelya parishadela pathimba denyasathi swatahla utsuk ghoshit karato. seent madhye lxxiii. leochi akshare; mansi, vi, 99). palacheriyane dekhil lihile; tee dekhil mhanate qee popchya adhikaradvare parishad bolavili jaeel. leone aadhich theodosius dusra yala parishad bolavanyas sangitale hote (eae. pii. xliv, 3; pru. ell.leave, 826); marxiancha spasht hetu keval theodosiuscha uttaradhikari mhanoon heey kaam paar padane haah hota. darmyan, diascurus aanee tyachya pakshala changle maheet hote qee marcian tyancha mitra honar nahee. tyanni egyptmadhye tyachi manyata rokhanyacha prayatna keela aanee ayashasvi tharale; yaa prayatnanmule sarkarshi tyanchi paristhiti aanakhi white jhaali. ephysus parishad (431) aanee nestorian samasyenantar lagechach yootichesachya shikavanimule purvekadil church aswasth jhaale hote. 448 madhye dorilliumchya eusebiusne utis aanee tyachya sutravar 'eka nisarg nantarche millen' ('meta teena' anocin miah pusis ') assa aarop keela hota. alexandriachya diascurusne yutichesache kaaran ghetale hote aanee 449 madhye efficeschya darodekhor parishadet diaphysismcha nishedh keela hota (yaa sarvansathi pahaa). pope leone dusya samanya parishadeshivay shantata punarsanchayit karnyasathi kahee kaal apekshit keela (marxian, lxvi, pulseria, lxxx aanee constantinopalachya pitrusattak anatolius, lxxx yanna lihileli tyanchi patre). parantu darmyan, leochya purvichya prastavavar karvai karat, marcianne 17 meey 451 roji samrajyachya serve mahanagaranna sambodhit patrandvare parishad bolavali. heey spasht aahe qee tyane eka gairsamajavar kaam kele aanee tyala adyap popache nantarche patra (hefele-leclerk, II, 239) midale navhate. tyanantar leone jeey ghadale teey sweekarle aanee tyache varas mhanoon pascasius, sisilimadhil lilibeyamche bishop aanee padari boniface (eae. pii.) yanchi niyukti kelee. lxxx; manasi, vi, 125). parishadechi baithak nikea yethe honar hotee; anek bishop 451 chya unhalyat aadhich tithe pohochale hote, jevha samratane tyanna tyanchyabarobar sameel hoiparyant pratiksha karnyas sanganyasathi lihile (tyache patra mansi, vi, 553). too samrajyachya simevar hananviruddha tyachya sanrakshanachi vyavastha karnyat vyast hota. bishapanni vilamb jhalyachi takrar karnyasathi lihile aanee marcianne tyanchya patrache uttar dett tyanna phosphoruschya dusya bajula asalelya rajdhanichya samore asalelya chalcedonla jaanyas sangitale (mancy, v, 557); asha prakare too constantinople naan sodata parishademadhye upasthit rahoo shakat hota. church auph sentmadhye parishadeche udghatan jhaale. 8 aktoobar 451 roji chalseddon yethe saumyokti aanee 1 novembarparyant tikali. sumare 600 bishop upasthit hote. shahee aayukt upasthit hote aanee pratyek satrat bahya kamache niyaman karat asat. popcha varas, paschasius yane parishad ughadali. sahavya satrat (25 aktoobar) marcian aanee pulturia yanni madat kelee. samratane tyaa divashi lattin bhashetil bhashanane (mansi, VIII, 129) karyavahichi suruvat kelee. eka lakshat yete qee, samrajyachi adhikrut bhasha ajunahi jee hotee tee vishesh pavitra prasangi vaparali jaat asey. tyanantar tyachya bhashanachi greek bhashet punaravrutti jhaali. yaa adhiveshanat parishadecha aadesh vachanyat aala (pahaa.) 27 februwari 452 roji, marcianne tyacha pashchatya sahkari, valentinian tisra (423-455) yachyabarobar miloon, samrajyacha kayada mhanoon parishadecha hukum aanee kayade lagoo karnara kayada keela aanee tyanchyavishayi vaad ghalana sarvanvar kathor dand thothavanyachi dhamki dilee. 13 march roji (muns, VIII, 475-480) ektya marcianne tyach kayadyachi punaravrutti kelee. prasiddha aththavisava siddhant (rome nantar lagechach sthirank manankan) aanee popchya tyaviruddhachya nishedhachya parinami too aanee samrat aanee samradnyi yanchyat aanakhi patravyavahar jhaala. leonis I., see. vhee., see. vhee. aay.; mansi, vhee. aay., 187,195), parantu tyanchya changlya sambandhanmadhye vyatyay aanala nahee. marxianchya kayadyanmule sthir lokanmadhye aanee sarkarchya parisarat eksamanta nirman jhaali, parantu siiriya aanee egyptmadhye too tyanchi itaki yashasviritya amalbajavani karoo shakala nahee. tyachya urvarit karkirdit yaa prantanmadhil krantimule tras jhaala, jee done shatake tyachya uttaradhikanyanchya netrutvakhalil sarkarchya pramukh adchaninpaiki eka rahili. marcianne syrian aanee egyptian monofizitesasathi konatihi savalat dilee nahee. tyachya sarkarne diascuruschi saksh dilee aanee 28 julai 452 chya aadeshat alekzandriyacha rudhivadi kulguru proteriuschya manyatevar mothya shikshesah aagrah dharala. eka mothe sainya (2000 sainik) egyptala pathvanyat aale. marcianchya mrutyunantarach espar aanee anatolius yanchya netrutvakhali constantinopalmadhil eka pakshane vidharmi lokanshi tadjod karnyas suruvat kelee. 453 madhye atilacha mrutyu jhaala. asey mhatale jaate qee atilachya mrutyuchya kshani, marxianne swapna pahile qee tyane tyachya mahan shatruche dhanushya tutalele pahile. tyach varshi samradnyi pulturiacha mrutyu jhaala. teela catholic aanee orthodox yaa doghankadunhi sant mhanoon manyata midali aahe; donhi dindarshikanmadhye 10 september roji ticha sann asato. marcian tyachya patnipasoon chaar varshe jagala. tyachya rajvaticha shevat egyptmadhil vadhatya sankatanni vyapala hota. tyachya jaagi leo aay (457-474) aala. vivahane, marxian haah pahila theodosiuschya gharanyacha shevatcha samrat hota. rudhivadi lokanni tyala sant mhanoonahi manyata dilee aahe aanee 17 februvarila tyacha sann (pulturias) sajra keela aahe. adrian fortsque.

catholic vishwakosh (1913)/marcian giusep marchi marcian â marcian (marcianus, awahκινος), constantinoplema roman samrata, bee. thresma lagbhag 390; dee. janawari, 457. uni sipahi bane; afno prarambhik jiwanma uni garib thie, rar bhaninchha kii uni kewal dui saya sunko tukra liera sthira manisharuma puge, june unle udharo lieka thie. unle ardaburious alan rar unka chhora esparko netritwama senama sewa gare; unle persiali rar hunharu wiruddhako yudhama afulai pratishthit gare. asper ek prakarko raja-nirmata thie, rar purvaka lagi general-inn-chief ("magistrate milicium prati orientum"), ek samayaka lagi constantinoplema sabaibhanda shaktishali manis pani thie. tara uni videshi rar ariane bhaekale uni afai samrata banna sakenan. yasako satta unle sinhasanma afna manaparneharuko uttaradhikar rakhe. yee madhye marcian thie. constantinoplema marcian cineter bane rar ek prasidha rar lokpriya wyakti thie. uni ek vidhur thie; pahilo vivahabata unaki chhori, euphamia, pachhi pashchimka samrata anthemiussanga vivaha gare (467-472). theodocius dwitiyako mrityu hunda uni lagbhag 60 warshaka thie (450). theodocius dwitiya (408-450) afno buba arcadius (395-408) ko uttaradhikariko rupma sano bachchako rupma aeka thie. unko shasankalko thulo bhagma unaki jethi bahini palacheriyale sarkar chalaaunthin. theodosiusko shasankalma pahile nai pulcheria "augusta" thiyo. afna dui bahiniharu, arcadia rar marinasanga, unle brahmacharyako sarvajanik pratigya garin. jab unko bhaiko mrityu bhayo, uttaradhikarko barema sabai kathinaiharu maharaniko rupma unko (jasle lamo samayadekhi rajyalai margadarshan gareka thie) sarwasammatile chhanauta garera samapta bhayo. yasari pulcheriako shasson suru bhayo. afno sthiti baliyo banauna chahandai (roman sinhasanma safal mahilako yo pahilo ghatana thiyo) unle turuntai marciansanga naam matra vivaha garin. uni afule rojna sakne sabaibhanda ramro wyakti bhaeko dekhinchha; esparko mitrata rar afnai pratishthale unlai lamo samayadekhi uccha sthanka lagi aunlyaeko thiyo. bhaninchha kii theodociusle afno mrityushayyama unlai bhaneka thieh "yo malai prakat garieko chha kii tapain mero uttaradhikari hunuhunechha."marcianlai kulpatile 25 august, 450 maa taz lagaeko thiyo. yo rajyabhishekko dharmik samarohako pahilo udaharan how, pachhi paschimma nakkal garieko thiyo, rar yasako durgami parinamharu hunupardacha. nayan shasankalko pahilo karya thiyo chrisfiusko mudda rar mrityudanda, ek napunsak rar adalatko manaparne lamo samayadekhi alokpriya, jasle theodosiuslai apamanjanak mafi rar atilako hatyako asafal shadyantradwara thulo jariwana bhuktani gareko thiyo. marcian sudhar partyko thiyo, jasko sansthapak theodosiusko netritwama anthemius thie. samrata bannuaghi nai unle sanyamko niti suru gare, vishesh gari karma, jasle unko shasankallai samridha banayo rar afulai lokpriya banayo, yadyapi unle kahilyai-atikraman garne huns rar romka anya shatruharulai daman garna hatiyarko baldwara thorai gare. unle khajana rar darbarko kharcha cum gare, rar "gleba", wa "folis", sampattima euta damankari curr jo uccha wargaka lagi vishesh rupma apriya thiyo, hatae. tyahan euta kathora pranali thiyo jasdwara kunai pani cineterlai "pretura" ko awanchhit samman swikar garna badhya parne sakinchha. ek preterko rupma uni afno officeko samayama constantinoplema basna badhya thie, rar khel rar karyakramharu pradan garna thulo rakam kharcha garna badhya thie. prantaharuma basne cineterharuka lagi yo vishesh rupma gahro thiyo, jasle rajdhani auna rar vinashkari kharchama tyahan mahinaunsamma basnuparyo. marcianle saharbata tadha basne manisharulai maff garna yo kanuna parimarjan gare, rar unle wanijya dutharulai kharchako afno hissa lyne adesh die. unle adhik arthik adharma nausenama sudhar gare. tyas samayama barambar bhukampa aune gardathyo, jasbata sampurna saharharu nashta hune gardathe. yee awasthama marcian rar pulcheria shahi khajanabata apurti garera piditharuko maddatma udaratapurwak ae. marcianlai afno karyalayaka jimmewariharuko barema kartawyanishtha vichar thiyo. afno sanhitako dosro "upanyas" maa unle samratko kartawyako barema afno drishtikonlai paribhashit garchhanh "manav jatiko herchahko wyawastha garnu hamro kaam how."anie uni afna purwawartiharuko atyadhik curr rar samanya kushasanka karan bhaeko sankatprati sachet thie. pahilo "upanyas" ley ghoshana gardacha kii ujurikartaharu sabai pakshbata sarkarma bhela bhaeka chhan, tyahan "yachikakartaharuko ananta bhid" chha; yo nyayadhishharuma "akhandata rar gambhirta" ko kamiko karan how. marcianka kanunharu yee kathinaiharuko samana garne sarthak rar safal prayasharu hun. theodocius dwitiyadwara niyamit rupma bhuktan garieko curr atilalai tirna aswikar garnu euta dherai lokpriya upaya thiyo. yass aswikarle duwaile thulo kharcha bachat गऱ्yo rar yati thulo apamanle apamanit bhaeko samrajyako garima punarsthapit गऱ्yo. hunharule frankharusanga afno jhagada suru garekai karan, uniharule samrajyasanga yuddha garna sakne samarthya paeka thienan. yasama kunai sha is्का chhaina kii marcianlai yo thaha thiyo jab unle tiniharulai awahelana gare. tara yass shasankalko mukhya ghatana mahan monophysite jhagada rar chalcedonko parishadko suruwat thiyo. marcian spashta rupma pawitra rar rudhiwadi thie. unlai taz lagaiepachhi unle pope leo aie (440-461) lai dherai maitripurna rar sammanjanak patra lekhe, jaslai unle wishwasko abhibhawaklai bolaunchhan, unko prarthanako lagi sodhchan, rar pope ("soo ae 'उथेन्टोन्टोस") dwara prastawit parishadlai samarthan garna afulai chintit ghoshana garchhan. centko bichma lxxiii. leoka patraharu; mancy, vi, 99). palacheriyale pani lekhe; uni pani bhanchhan kii popko adhikardwara parishad bolaune chha. leole pahile nai theodocius dwitiyalai parishad bolauna agraha garisakeka thie (ipi. xliv, 3; p. ell., libh, 826); marcian spashta rupma theodosiusko uttaradhikariko rupma yo ayoglai pura garna matra abhipret thiyo. yasaibich dioscurus rar unko partylai marcian uniharuko sathi hune chhaina bhanne ramrari thaha thiyo. tiniharule egyptma unko manyata rokna prayas gare rar asafal bhae; prayasle sarkarsanga uniharuko mamla ajha kharab banayo. affices (431) ko parishad rar nestorian samasyaharu pachhi turuntai यूटिचहrarूko shikshabata purvi church wichlit bhaeko thiyo. 448 maa doriliumka yusebiyasle youtich rar unko sutra "union pachhi ek prakriti" ("meta tenne 'anocine miya fusis") ko arop constantinoplema lagaeka thie. alekjandriaka dioscurusle yutisko karan lieka thie, rar 449 maa efficesko daku parishadma डाyoफिजिज्मko ninda gareka thie (yee sabaika lagi hernuhos). pope leole arko samanya parishadbina shanti punarsthapana garne samayako asha gare (marcian, lxxbhiai, pulseria, lxxx, rar constantinopleko pitrisattak anatolius, lxxx). tara yasaibich marcianle leoko purva prastawama karya gardai 17 mey 451 maa samrajyaka sabai mahanagarharulai sambodhan garera patraharudwara euta parishad bolae. yo spashta chha kii unle galatfahmima kaam gare, rar ajhai samma popko pachhillo patra (hefele-leclerk, II, 239) prapta gareka thienan. leole tyasapachhi jey bhaeko thiyo tyo swikar gare, rar sisilima lilibiumka bishop, rar pujari boniface (ipi) ko rupma niyukta gare. lxxx; mancy, vi, 125). parishad nikiyama bhetne thiyo; dherai bishapharu 451 ko garmima tyahan aipugeka thie, jab samratle tiniharulai samel huna nabhaesamma parkhanu parne bhani bhane (unko patra mancy, vi, 553). uni samrajyako simanama hunharu viruddha yasako rakshako wyawastha garna wyasta thie. bishapharule dhilaiko gunaso garna lekhe, rar marcianle uniharulai basfarasko arko chheuma raheko rajdhaniko viparitma (mancy, v, 557) chalcedon zahn bhandai uniharuko patrako jawaf die; yass tarikale unle constantinople nachhode councilma upasthit huna sakthe. centko charchama parishad kholiyo. 8 october, 451 maa chalcedonma saumyokti, rar 1 novembersamma chalyo. lagbhag 600 bishapharu upasthit thie. shahi ayuktaharu upasthit thie rar pratyek satrama bahya wyawasayalai winiyamit garthe. popka uttaradhikari pascasiusle parishad khole. chhaitaun satra (october 25) maa marcian rar pulturiale sahayog gare. samratle tyas dina lattin (mancy, VIII, 129) maa bhashan diera karyawahi suru gare. samrajyako adhikarik bhasha ajhai pani vishesh rupma pawitra awasarharuma prayog garieko thiyo bhanne kura kasaile thaha paunchha. tyasapachhi unko bhashan grick bhashama दोhowऱ्याइekो thiyo. yass satrama parishadko adesh padhiyo (hernuhos.) 27 february, 452 maa, marcianle afna paschimi sahakarmi, valentine III (423-455) sanga milera, samrajyako kanunko rupma parishadko decree rar kanunharu lagu garne kanuna banae, rar tee sabailai bhari sajaya dine dhamki die jasle vivad gare. marcian eklaile 13 marchma uhi kanuna दोhowऱ्याae (mancy, VIII, 475-480). prasidha athaisaun anushasana (rompachhi turuntai constantinople shreni dine) rar popko virodhle uni rar samrata rar maharani (epi) bitch thap patracharko karan banyo. leonis I., cv, cvi; mancy, vi, 187,195), tara uniharuko ramro sambandhalai khalal paryo. marcianka kanunharule constantinople rar sarkarko chhimekma ekrupta utpanna गऱ्yo, tara unle syria rar egyptma tiniharulai yati safalatapurwak lagu garna sakenan. unko baanki shasankal yee prantaharuma bhaeko krantile garda wichlit bhaeko thiyo, june dui shatabdisamma unka uttaradhikariharuantargat sarkarko mukhya kathinaiharu madhye ek thiyo. marcianle syriali rar egyptian monophysiteहrarूप्rarति kunai chhuta die. unko sarkarle dioscurusko bayan diyo, rar 28 july, 452 ko ek adeshle alekjandriaka rudhiwadi kulpita proteriusko manyatama bhari sajayako adhinma jode diyo. euta thulo sena (2000 sainik) egypt pathaieko thiyo. marcianko mrityupachhi espar rar anatoliusko netritwama constantinoplema raheko euta partyle widharmiharusanga samjhauta garna thalyo. sann 453 maa atilako mrityu bhayo. bhaninchha kii marcianle atilako mrityuko kshanma sapana dekheka thie kii unle afno thulo shatruko dhanush bhaanchieko dekheka thie. maharani pulcheriako tyahi warsha mrityu bhayo. unlai catholic rar rudhiwadi duwaidwara manyata prapta chha; unko bhoj duwai calenderma september 10 maa hunchha. marcian afnie shrimatilai chaar warsha baanche. unko shasankalko antya egyptma badhdo samasyaharule ogateko thiyo. uni leo aie (457-474) dwara uttaradhikari bane. marcian, vivahadwara, theodocius prathamko gharanako antim samrata thie. rudhiwadiharule unlai pani canonize gareka chhan, rar 17 februaryma unko bhoj (palcheriyasanga) rakhchhan. adrian fortscue.

catholic encyclopedia (1913)/marcian <unk> juicep marchy marcian  marcian (marcianus, αρκινος), constantinoplere roman samrat, kha. thresare praiah 390; dii. januari, 457. shay jane sainika hoithile; taanka prarambhika jeebanare shay gariba thile, ebong kuhajae je shay kebala dui shaha suna khanda nei sthira lokanka nikatare pahanchithile, jaahaa shay dhaar karithile. shay ardaburious alan ebong taanka pua asparnka adheenare senare karjya karithile; shay parasya ebong hannka biruddhare juddhare nijaku pratisthita karithile. aspara eka prakarara raja-nirmata ebong purba paain general-inn-chief ("majester millitum purr orientum") thile, eka samai paain constantinoplere sabutharu shaktishali byakti madhya thile . kintu shay jane bideshi ebong ariane hoithibaru shay nije samrat hoiparinathile. ehaa paribarte shay nijara prijamananka madhyaru ekaku singhasanare sthapana karithile. egudika madhyaru marcian thile. constantinople markian jane sinetara hoithile ebong jane janashuna ebong lokpriya byakti thile . shay jane bidhaba thile; pratham bibaha dwara taanka jhia, euphemia, parey paschimare samrat (467-472) ethenijasnku bibaha karithile. theodocious dwiteejanka mrutyu samajare tanku praiah shathie barsha bayasa hoithila (450). theodocious-2jaiah (408-450) taanka pita archadius (395-408) nka parey eka chhot pila bhabare karjya karithile. taanka shasanakalare taanka budd bhaunee palacheria sarkar parichalana karuthile. purbaru theodosijasnka shasson kaalare palacheria "augusta" thila. tankara dui bhaunee arcadia ebong marinanka saha shay brahmacharjyara eka sarbajaneena shapath neithile. jetebele taanka bhainka mrutyu hoithila, uttaradhikara sambandheeah samasta asubidha taanka sarbasammatikrame chayan (jie dirgha deane dhari prakrutare rajyaku margadarshan karithile) dwara samapta hoithila. ehipari pulturier shasson arambha hoithila . nijara sthitiku sudrudha karibaku chahunthile (ehaa roman singhasanare jane mahilanka uttaradhikari hebara pratham mamla thila) shay turanta marciananka saha eka namamatra bibaha karithile. shay sabutharu bhal byakti thile bolly janapade jaahaa shay bachhi parithante; asparanka bandhuta tatha tankara nijaswa pratistha dirgha deane dhari tanku kichhi uccha sthana paain suchita karithila . kuhajae je mrutyu shajyare thiba samajare theodocious tanku kahithileh "ehaa moe nikatare prakash paichi je apana more uttaradhikari hebe."marsijananku pitrupurushanka dwara mukut pindhajaithila, 25 august, 450. ehaa rajyabhishekara dharmika samarohara pratham udaharana, jaahaa parey paschimare anukaran karajaithila, ebong ehara suduraprasari parinam thila . nutan shasanakalara pratham karjya thila kraisaphijasnka bichara ebong fashi, jane napunsaka ebong darbarar priya deerghakaleena apriya, jie kii theodosijasnku eka apamanajanaka khyama prarthana ebong aatilaaku hatya karibara eka biphal sadajantra dwara eka budd zorimana pradan karithile. marcian sanskara dalara thile, jahara pratisthata, theodosijasnka adheenare, anthemius thile. samrat heba matre shay eka sanjamata neeti arambha karithile, bisesh curry ticks byabastha, jaahaa taanka shasanaku samruddha ebong lokpriya karithila, jadio shay sarbada-anuprabeshakaree hohn ebong romer anya satrumananku daman kariba paain astrashastra bala dwara kichhi karinathile. shay koshagara ebong darbarar kharcha hrass karithile, ebong "gleba", kimba "folis" ku hatai deithile, jaahaa sampatti upare eka damanakaree ticks jaahaa uccha barganka paain bisesh bhabare ghrunya thila . eka kathore byabastha thila jaahaa dwara jekaunasi sinetara "prechura" rahr abanchhita sammana grahan karibaku badhya hoiparanti . jane preter bhabe shay taanka karjyakalare sthajee bhabe basabasa karibaku badhya thile, ebong khela ebong shoe 'pradan kariba paain bipula parimanara artha kharcha karithile. ehaa bisesh curry sehi pradeshagudikare rahuthiba cinetermananka paain kastakara thila, jeunmananku rajadhaniku aasi sethare maasa maasa dhari dhwansatmaka kharchare rahibaku padithila. marcian ehi aainare sanshodhana karithile, jahadwara sahararu doorare rahuthiba lokanku khyama karidiajaithila, ebong shay banijya dootamananku kharchara semananka ansha nebaku nirdesh deithile. shay adhika arthika bhittire nausenare sanskara aanithile. sehi samajare barambar bhukampa asuthila, jeunthire samagra sahara dhwansa hoijaithila. ehi khetrare, markian ebong palcheria samrajya koshagararu jogaana sahita peeditamananka sahajya paain udaratara saha aasithile. taanka karjyalajara dajitwagudika bishajare marsijanankara eka bibekabana dharana thila . taanka sanhitara dwiteeja "upenyas" ray shay jane samratanka karttabya bishajare taanka drustikonaku byakhya karichantih "manab jaatira jatna neba ammer karjya ."ebong shay taanka purbasurimananka atyadhika ticks ebong sadharana asadacharana dwara srusti hoithiba sankata bishajare sachetan thile. pratham "upenyas" ghoshana kare je abhijogakareemane sabu digaru sarakaranku bhida karichanti, "aabedanakareenka antahina bhida" achhi; ehaa bicharapatimananka madhyare "sachotata ebong gambhiratara" abhaba hetu . ehi asubidhagudikara mukabila kariba paain marcianra nijamagudika heuchhi suchintita ebong saphala prayasa. eka lokpriya padakhyepa thila je shay atilaku sehi shradhanjali debaku manah karideithile jaahaa nijamita bhabe theodocious-2ଯ଼ଙhକ dwara pradan karajauthila. ehi pratyakhyana ubhaja eka budd kharcha sanchai karithila ebong samrajyara marjyadaku punaruddhara karithila jaahaa ete budd upman dwara abnamit hoithila . jehetu hanmane frankamananka sahita semanankara jhagada arambha karuthile, semane samrajya sahita juddha karibaku jaiparinathile. ethire kaunasi sandeha naahin je jetebele shay semananku asweekara karithile setebele marcian ehaa janithile. kintu ehi shasanakalara mukhya ghatana thila mahan monophysite bibada ebong chalcedon parisadara arambha . marcian spust bhabare dharmika ebong gonda thile . mukut pindhiba matre shay pope leo-1 (440-461) nku eka atyanta bandhutwapurna ebong sammanajanaka chithi lekhithile, jaahaaku shay biswasara abhibhabaka bolly dakuthile, taanka prarthana magithile, ebong pope ("suu 'aaa' uthento") nka dwara prastabita parishadaku samarthan karibaku nijaku agrahi ghoshana karithile utics, dioscures ebong semananka bandhu (epi) nka dwara uthajaithiba prashnara samadhan kariba paain. sentanka madhyare lxxiii. lionka akhyara; mancy, vi, 99). palacheria madhya lekhithile; shay madhya kahichanti je popnka kartupakhyanka dwara parishad dakajiba. leo purbaru theodocious 2janku parishadaku dakaibaku kahithile (epi. xliv, 3; p. ell., libh, 826); marcian spust bhabare kebala theodosijasnka uttaradhikari bhabare ehi commission karjyakaree karibaku chahunthile . ehi samajare dioscures ebong taanka dala bhal bhabe janithile je marcian semanankara bandhu hebe naahin. semane misarare tankara swekruti rokibaku chesta karithile ebong biphal hoithile; ehi prayasa sarakaranka sahita semananka mamla kebala kharap karideithila . ephisus parishad (431) ebong nestorian samasya parey turanta utics sikhya dwara purba charchati bichalita hoithila . 448 masihare doriliumer eusebius yutich ebong taanka sutra "union parey eka prakruti" ("meta tenne 'anocine miah physis") ku constantinoplere abhijoga karithile. alekjandriar dioscures utics karanaku grahan karithile, ebong 449 ray ephisasra dakajata parishadare diophysigismku ninda karithile (esabu paain dekhantu). pope leo anya eka sadharana parishad bina shanti punaruddhara karibaku eka samai aasha karithile (marcian, lxvi, palacheria, lxxx, ebong constantinopler pitrupurusha anatolius, lxxxku tankara chithi). kintu ehi samajare, lionka purba prastaba upare karjya curry, marcian samrajyara samasta mahanagaraku sambodhita patra madhyamare meey 17,451 ray eka parishad dakaithile. ehaa spust je shay eka bhul bujhamana upare karjya karithile, ebong eparjyanta popnka parabarti chithi (hefel-leclerk, dwiteeja, 239) paai nathile. ehapare leo jaahaa ghatithila taaha sweekara karithile, ebong taanka uttaradhikari pascasius, sisilire lilibiamer bishop ebong jane purohita boniface (epi) bhabare nijukta hoithile. lxxx; mancy, vi, 125). parishad nikeare baithaka karibara thila; 451 masiha grishma ruture aneka bishop sethare pahanchi sarithile, jetebele samrat semananku semananka sahita jogadeba parjyanta apekhya karibaku kahithile (mancy, vi, 553ray tankara chithi). shay samrajyara seemaare hanmanka biruddhare ehara pratirakhya byabastha karibare byasta thile. bishapamane bilamba bishajare abhijoga karibaku lekhithile, ebong marcian semananka chithira uttara deithile, jaahaa semananku fasafarasra anya parsware thiba rajdhani sammukhare thiba chalcedon (mancy, bhi, 557) ku jibaku kahithile; ehipari shay constantinopleku naah chhadi parishadare joga deiparibe . cent charchare ehi parishad kholithila. 451 masiha october 8 tarikhare chalcedonre euphemia hoithila ebong ehaa navember 1 tarikh parjyanta chalithila. praiah 600 bishop ethire joga deithile. samrajya commissionermane upasthita thile ebong pratyeka adhibeshanare bahya byabasajaku nijantrana karuthile. popara uttaradhikari, pascasius, parishadaku kholithile. shastha adhibeshanare (october 25) marcian ebong palacheria sahajata karithile. samrat sehi deane latin bhasare (mancy, 7maha, 129) eka bhashana dei karjyanusthana arambha karithile. jane lakhya karichanti je samrajyara sarkari bhasha jaahaa thila taaha bisesh bhabare pabitra absarare byabahruta heuthila . ehapare taanka bhashana greek bhasare punarabrutti karajaithila. ehi adhibeshanare parisadara decree paath karajaithila (dekhantu.) februari 27,452 ray, marcian taanka paschatya sahakarmee valentinian III (423-455) nka saha mishi eka ine pranajan karithile jaahaa parisadara decree ebong nijamaku samrajyara ine bhabare karjyakaree karithila, ebong jeunmane semananka birodhare bibada karithile semananka biruddhare bhaari dandara dhamaka deithile. march 13 tarikhare kebala marcian hinn samaana einer punarabrutti karithile (mancy, 7maha, 475-480). prasidha astadasha anushasana (rome parey turanta sthira sadharana padabee pradan kariba) ebong popnka pratibada taanka ebong samrat ebong samragyee (epi) nka madhyare adhika jogajoga srusti karithila. leonis I., sii. bhi., sii. bhi. aai.; mancy, vi, 187,195), kintu semananka bhal samparkaku byahata karinathila. marsijananka aainagudika sthajee lock ebong sarakaranka padoshi anchalare ekatara srusti karithila, kintu shay siria ebong egyptare segudiku ete saphalatara saha karjyakaree kariparinathile. taanka abasista sasanakala ehi pradeshagudikare biplaba dwara bichalita hoithila, jaahaa dui shatabdi dhari taanka uttaradhikareenka adheenare sarakaranka mukhya asubidha madhyaru gotie thila. marcian syriane ebong egyptiah monophysite prati kaunasi rihati deinathile. taanka sarkar dioscuresra bibrutti karjyakaree karithile, ebong july 28,452rahr eka adesh, alekjandriar orthodox pitrupurusha proteriyasra swekruti upare bhaari danda adheenare jore deithile. eka budd bahini (2000 sainika) misharaku pathajaithila. marciananka mrutyu parey, aspara ebong enatolijasnka adheenare eka dala dharmabirodheenka saha aposh bujhamana kariba arambha karithile. 453 masihare atilanka mrutyu hoithila. kuhajae je atilanka mrutyu samajare marcian swapna dekhithile je shay taanka mahan shatrunka dhanu bhangi jaithiba dekhithile. sehi barsha samragyee palacherianka mrutyu hoithila. ubhaja catholic ebong orthodox dwara shay canonize hoichhanti; ubhaja calendarare september 10 ray tankara bhoji achhi . marcian taanka patneenku chaari barsha banchai rakhithile. taanka shasanakalara seshabhaga misarare brudhi pauthiba samasyagudika dwara adhikruta hoithila. taanka parey leo aai (<aai. dii. 1>) nka dwara uttaradhikari hoithile. bibaha dwara, marcian theodocious-1manka paribarara shesh samrat thile. rudhibadimane tanku madhya santa ghoshana karichanti, ebong februari 17 ray tankara bhoji (palacheria sahita) palana karanti . adrian fortscue.

catholic encyclopaedia (1913)/marcian <unk> juzeppe marchi marcian  marcian (marcians, αρκινος), constantinople vikhe roman samrat, bee. thrace witch lagbhag 390; dee. janwari, 457. uh ikk sipahi bann giaa; aapne shuruati jeevan dauran uh garib see, atey kiha jaanda haii kii uh sone dey siraf doou saun tukde lae keey lokan cole pahunchiaa, joe usne udhaar lae sunn. uss neey ardaburius alaan atey uss dey puttar asper dey adheen fauj witch seva keeti; uss neey faarsiaan atey hoonan dey virudh yuddhan witch aapne aap noon vakkhra keeta. esper ikk kisam daa raaja-nirmata see, atey purab laee general-inn-cheef ("magister militum parr orientum") see, ikk samein laee constantinople witch sabh toon shaktishali aadmi vee see. parr kiunki uh ikk videshi atey ikk ariane see, uh khud samrat naheen bann sakda see. iss dee bajaae uss neey aapne manpasandan dee ikk luddy noon singhasan utte rakkhiaa. inhan vicchon marcian see. marcian ikk senator bann giaa atey ikk prasidh atey prasidh viakati see. uh ikk vidhur see; pahile viaah toon uss dee dhee, euphamia, neey baad witch pachham witch samrat anthemius naal viaah karwa liaa (467-472). uh lagbhag sathh saal daa see jadon theodocius II dee maut hoow gaee (450). theodocius II (408-450) ikk chhote bacche dey roop witch aapne pitaa, arcadius (395-408) dee thaan lae chukka see. uss dey shasan dey vadde hisse dauran uss dee vaddi bhainn palcheria neey sarkaar daa parbandhan keeta. pahilan hii theodocius palcheria dey shasan dauran "augusta" see. aapniaan doou bhainan, arcadia atey marina naal, usne brahmchari daa jantak sankalap liaa. jadon uss dey bharaa dee maut hoow gaee taan uttradhikari baare saariaan mushkilan uss dee (jiss neey lambe samein toon raaj dee agvai keeti see) samrajvi vajon sarabsanmati naal chonh naal khatam hoow gaeeaan sunn. iss tarahan palcheria daa raaj shuru hoiaa. aapni sathiti noon mazboot curran dee ichha naal (ih roman singhasan utte pahunchan vaali aurat daa pahila mamla see) usne turant marcian naal namatar viaah karwa liaa. uh sabh toon vadhiaa viakati japda haii jiss noon uh chunh sakadi see; aspar dee dosti dey naal-naal uss dee aapni pratishtha neey lambe samein toon uss noon kise ucch sathaan laee darsaiaa see. ih kiha jaanda haii kii theodocius neey aapni maut dey bistre utte uss noon kiha seeuuu "ih merey sahmane pragat keeta giaa haii kii tusin merey uttradhikari hovoge."marcian noon 25 agast, 450 noon kulpati duaara taaj pahinaiaa giaa see. ih tajposhi dey dharmik samaroh dee pahili udaharan haii, jiss dee baad witch pachham witch nakal keeti gaee see, atey iss dey durgami natije hone sunn. navein shasan daa pahila kamm chrysphius daa mukaddama atey fansi see, joe ikk hijda atey adalat daa pasandida lambe samein toon alokpriya see, jiss neey theodocius noon apmanjanak muafi mangi see atey atila dey katal dee asfal sajish duaara ikk vadde jurmane dee adaigi keeti see. marcian sudhar dee party naal sabandhat see, jiss daa sansthapak, theodocius dey adheen, anthemius see. jiven hii uh samrat baniaa, usne sanjam dee neeti shuru keeti, khaskar taxation witch, jiss neey uss dey shasan noon khushhal atey aapne aap noon prasidh banaiaa, halanki usne hamesha-kabza curran vaale hoonan atey rome dey horr dushmanan noon dabaun laee hathiaaran dee taakat naal bahut ghatt keeta. uss neey khazane atey adalat dey kharchiaan noon ghataa ditta, atey "gleba" jaan "folis" noon khatam qarr ditta, joe kii ucch vargan laee vishesh taur 'teey ashleel jaidad' teey ikk damankari taiks see. ikk sakhat pranali see jiss duaara kise vee senator noon "pretura" dey anchahe sanman noon savikar curran laee majbur keeta jaa sakda see. ikk preter dey roop witch uh aapne daftar dey samein dauran nirantar lokan witch rahinn laee majbur see, atey khedan atey shoa pardan curran laee vaddi rakam kharach karda see. ih vishesh taur utte unhan senatoran laee mushkal see joe subiaan witch rahinde sunn, jinhan noon iss laee rajdhani aauna piaa atey vinashkari keemat utte mahiniaan takk utthe rahina piaa. marcian neey iss kanoon noon sodhiaa taan joe shehar toon door rahinn vaale lokan noon muaf keeta jaa sake, atey uss neey kaunsalan noon kharchiaan daa aapna hissa lainn daa adesh ditta. unhan neey jall saina witch vadhere kifaiti adhaar utte sudhar keeta. uss samein aksar bhuchal aaunde sunn, jiss naal saare shehar tabah hoow jaande sunn. inhan mamlian witch marcian atey palcheria shaahi khazane toon saplai dey naal peedat lokan dee madad laee khullh keey aae. marcian noon aapne daftar deeaan zimmevariaan daa ikk imandar vichaar see. aapne code dey dooje nawal witch uh ikk samrat dey faraz baare aapne drishtikon noon paribhashit karda haiyav "manukkhi jaati dee dekhbhal pardan karna saada kamm haii."atey uh aapne purvajan dey bahut ziaada taxes atey aam kushasana caarn paida hoye sankat toon jaanhu see. pahila "nawal" ailaan karda haii kii shikaitkarta harr paase toon sarkaar cole aae hunn, "patishnaran dee beant bheed" haii; ih jajjan witch "imandari atey gambhirta" dee ghaat caarn haii. marcian dey kanoon inhan mushkilan naal najithan laee changi tarahan arth rakkhde hunn atey safal yatan hunn. ikk bahut hii prasidh upaa atila noon uh shardhanjali denh toon inkaar karna see joe theodosius II duaara niyamit taur 'teey ditti jaandi see. iss inkaar neey ikk vaddi keemat bachai atey samraj dee izzat noon bahaal keeta joe inni vaddi beizzati naal ghatee see. jiven kii hoonn frank naal aapna jhagda shuru qarr rahey sunn, uh samraj naal yuddh curran daa samrath naheen sunn. iss witch koee shakk naheen kii marcian noon ih udon pataa see jadon usne unhan dee avaggiaa keeti see. parr iss shasan dee mukkh ghatna mahaan monophysite jhagde atey chalsdon dee consul dee shuruat see. marcian spasht taur utte pavittar atey kattadvadi see. jiven hii uss noon taaj pahinaiaa giaa, uss neey pope leo I (440-461) noon ikk bahut hii dostana atey satikaryog pattar likhiaa, jiss noon uh dharam dey sarprast noon bulaunda haii, aapniaan prarthnavan dee mung karda haii, atey aapne aap noon pope duaara prastavit consul daa samarthan curran laee utsuk ghoshit karda haii ("suu aii 'uthentantos") youtich, dioscures atey unhan dey dostan (ee. pee.) duaara uthaae gaye swal daa niptara curran laee. cent dey vichkaar lxxiii. leo dey akkhar; mansi, vi, 99). palcheria neey ih vee likhiaa; uh vee kahindi haii kii pope dey adhikar duaara consul noon bulaiaa javega. leo neey pahilan hii theodocius II noon consul (ee. pee.) noon bulaun laee kiha see. xliv, 3; p. aill., liv, 826); marcian daa sapshat taur utte udesh siraf theodocius dey uttradhikari vajon iss commission noon poora karna see. iss dauran dioscures atey uss dee party noon changi tarahan pataa see kii marcian unhan daa dosat naheen hovega. unhan neey misser witch uss dee maanta noon rokann dee koshish keeti atey asfal rahey; iss koshish neey sarkaar naal unhan dey mamle noon siraf badtar bnaa ditta. purbi church afsus dee consul (431) atey nestorian samassiaavan toon turant baad toon youtich dee sikkhiaa toon preshan see. 448 witch dorillium dey eusebius neey utichs atey uss dey farmule "union toon baad ikk kudrat" ("maita taine 'anocin miaa fusis") utte constantinople vikhe dosh lagaiaa see. alegzandria dey dioscures neey youtich daa caarn chukkiaa see, atey 449 witch effices dee dakaiti consul witch diophysism dee ninda keeti see (iss sabh laee dekho). pope leo neey ikk horr general consul toon binan shanti bahaal curran laee ikk samein dee umeed keeti (uss dey pattar marcian, lxxviii, palcheria, lxxix, atey constantinople dey paterariarch anatolius, lxxx). parr iss dauran marcian neey leo dey sabka prastav 'teey karvai karde hoye 17 maee, 451 noon samraj dey saare mahanagran noon sambodhan keete pattran raahin ikk consul saddi. ih spasht haii kii uss neey ikk galat samajh utte kamm keeta, atey haale takk pope dee baad dee chitthi (hefeley-lacklerk, II, 239) prapat naheen keeti see. leo neey firr joe hoiaa see uss noon savikar qarr liaa, atey aapne vaaras paschasius, sisili witch lilibium dey bishop atey ikk padri boniface (ee. pee.) vajon niyukat keeta. lxxx; mancy, vi, 125). consul neey nikeaa vikhe mulakat curney see; bahut saare bishop 451 deeaan garmiaan witch pahilan hii utthe pahunch chukke sunn, jadon samrat neey unhan noon udon takk udeek curran laee kiha jadon takk uh unhan naal shamal naheen hoow sakde (mansi, vi, 553 witch unhan daa pattar). uh samraj dee sarhadd utte hannan virudh iss dee rakkhiaa daa parbandh curran witch rujhiaa hoiaa see. bishpan neey deree dee shikait curran laee likhiaa, atey marcian neey unhan dey pattar daa jawab ditta jiss witch unhan noon phosphorus dey dooje paase rajdhani dey sahmane (mancy, v, 557) chlesdon jaanh laee kiha giaa see; iss tarahan uh constinople noon chadde binan consul witch shamal hoow sakda see. church aaf cent witch consul kholhi gaee. 8 aktubar, 451 noon chalciden vikhe euphimia atey 1 navambar takk challiaa. iss witch lagbhag 600 bishpan neey hissa liaa. shaahi kamishnar maujood sunn atey harek saishan witch baahari carobar noon niyantrit karde sunn. pope dey vaaras, paschesius neey consul kholhi. chheven saishan (25 aktubar) witch marcian atey palcheria neey sahaita keeti. samrat neey uss dinn latini (mansi, VIII, 129) witch bhashan dey naal karvai dee shuruat keeti. koee dhiaan dinda haii kii joe ajey vee samraj dee sarkari bhasha see, uh vishesh taur 'teey pavittar maukiaan' teey varti jaandi see. uss daa bhashan firr yunani witch duhraiaa giaa see. iss saishan witch consul daa ferman padhiaa giaa (dekho.) 27 farvari, 452 noon, marcian neey aapne pachmi sehyogi, valentinian III (423-455) naal mill keey, samraj dey kanoon vajon consul dey ferman atey kanoonan noon lagu curran vaala ikk kanoon banaiaa, atey uhanan saare virudh bhaari jurmane dee dhamki ditti jinhan neey uhanan naal vivaad keeta. ikalle marcian neey 13 march noon uhee kanoon duhraiaa (mansi, VIII, 475-480). prasidh athaivin cannon (rome toon turant baad sathir lock darja denna) atey pope dey virodh neey uss dey atey samrat atey samrat (ee. pee.) dey vichkaar horr pattar vihaar daa caarn baniaa. leonis I., see. vee., see. vee. aaee.; mansi, vi, 187,195), parr uhanan dey change sabandhan noon vigadada naheen see. marcian dey kanoonan neey lokan atey sarkaar dey guaandh witch iksarta paida keeti, parr uh siria atey misser witch unhan noon inni safaltapurvak lagu naheen qarr sake. uss daa baaki raaj inhan subiaan witch hoee kranti toon preshan see, joe doou sadiaan takk uss dey uttradhikariaan dey adheen sarkaar deeaan mukkh mushkilan vicchon ikk rahee. marcian neey cri atey misari monophysites pratee koee riaait naheen ditti. uss dee sarkaar neey dioscures dee gawahi ditti, atey 28 julai, 452 dey ikk ferman witch, alegzandria dey orthodox patrarch proterius dee maanta utte bhaari jurmane dey tehat zor ditta giaa. ikk vaddi fauj (2000 sipahi) noon misser bhejiaa giaa see. ih marcian dee maut toon baad takk naheen see kii asper atey anatolius dey adheen constantinople witch ikk party neey dharam-virodhiaan naal samjhauta karna shuru qarr ditta. saal 453 witch atila dee maut hoow gaee. ih kiha jaanda haii kii marcian neey atila dee maut dey samein supna dekhiaa see kii uss neey aapne mahaan dushman daa dhanush tuttiaa hoiaa vekhiaa see. samrat palcheria dee use saal maut hoow gaee. uss noon catholic atey orthodox dovan duaara sanyasi ditti gaee haii; uss daa tiuhar dovan calendaran witch 10 satambar noon haii. marcian aapni patni noon chaar saal takk bachaiaa. uss dey shasan dey ant witch misser witch vadhdiaan samassiaavan daa kabza hoow giaa see. uss toon baad leo aaee (457-474) neey ahuda sambhaliaa. mercian, viaah duaara, theodocius I dey gharr daa aakhri samrat see. kattadpanthiaan neey uss noon vee santan dey roop witch maanta ditti haii atey 17 farvari noon uss daa tiuhar (palcheria dey naal) manaiaa haii. adrian fortscue.

catholic-vishvakoshaha (1913)/marcian gyooseppe marchi martiane a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a marcian (marcianus, αρκινος), constantinople ityatra roman-samraajnah, b. thress madhye praayah 390; dee. janavaree-457 tame varshe saha sainikah abhavat; praarambhikajeevane saha daridrah aasit, saha kevalam dwishataadhikaih suvarna-khandaih saha, yat saha runam krutavaan, sthira-janaan prati aagatah iti kathyate. saha ardaburius alan ityasya, tasya putrasya asper ityasya cha adheene senayam karyam krutavaan; saha pertian-huns-viruddheshu yuddheshu swasya vishishtatam praapnot. asper ityeshah ekaprakaarah raja-nirmata aasit, poorvadishi ("magister milisham purr orientum") senaapatih cha aasit, api cha kinchitkalam constantinople-madhye sarwaadhikah shaktishaalee purushah aasit. parantu saha videsheeyah arian cha aasit ataha saha svayameva samraat bhavitum naa shaktavaan. tasya sthaane saha swapriyaan uttaradhikaran simhaasanasya upari sthapitavan. eteshu marcian aasit. constantinople-nagare marcian ityeshah senator abhavat, prasidhah lokapriyah cha vyaktihi aasit. saha vidhurah aasit; prathamavivaahaat tasya putree, saumyoktih, anantaram paschimadishi samraajnam ethanatheus ityenam parineetavatee (467-472). theodosius dwiteeyah yadaa mrutah tadaa saha praayah shashtawarsheeyah aasit (450). theodosius dwiteeyah (408-450) swasya pituhu arcadius ityasya (395-408) uttaraadhikaari balyakale aasit. tasya shasanakale tasya jyeshtasahotree palcheria sarvakaarasya prabandham krutavatee. theodosius ityasya shasanakale eva palcheria "augusta" iti aasit. arcadia, marina ityetabhyam bhaginyabhyam saha saa brahmacharyasya saarvajanikam pratijnaam krutavatee. yadaa tasyaah bhrata mrutah tadaa uttaradhikarasya vishaye sarwaah kashtaah tasyaah (yah dirghakaalaat rajyasya sakshat margadarshanam krutavaan) samraajneeroopena sarvasammati-chayanena samaaptaah abhavan. evam palcheria-rajyasya shasanam aarabdham. swasthaanam sudrudham kartum icchantee saa tatkshanameva marcian ityanena saha namakam vivaaham krutavatee (roman-simhaasanasya uttaraadhikaari mahilayaha eshaa prathamaa ghatana aasit). saa chinot uttamah vyaktihi aasit iti bhaasate; asper ityasya mitratvam tathaa tasya pratishtaam cha dirghakalam yaavat tam ucchasthaanam prati suchayata. kathitamaaste yat theodosius ityeshah mrutyumshaye avadat yat, "tvam mama uttaraadhikaari bhavishyati iti mahyam prakatitam."marcian-varyaha, 25 august 450 tame dine, pitrupradhaanena rajyabhishekam praptavan. pashchat paschimadishi anukrutya, ayam rajyabhishekasya dharmikasya prathamam udaaharanam asti, tasya duragamihi parinaamah bhavitum arhati sma. nootanashaasanasy prathamam krutyam, chrisophius ityasya vichaaranasya tathaa mrutyudandasya cha aasit, yah napumsakah tathaa sadasyaah chirakalat aprasidhah aasit, yah theodosius-ityenam apamanakaram kshamaapanaay, atilaayaah hatyayaha asafal-shadayantrasya dwara bruhad-dandasya cha pradaay. marcian-varyaha sudharapakshasya sadasyah aasit, yasya samsthaapakah theodosius ityasya adheene anthemius aasit. yadaa saha samraat abhavat tadaa saha mitavaadinee neetim aarabdhavaan, visheshatah curr-vyavasthaayaam, yena tasya shasanam samruddham, swayam cha lokapriyam cha abhavat, yadyapi saha sarvadaa akramitan hunn-janaan, rome-deshasya anyaan shatroon cha damanartham shastrabalena alpam krutavaan. saha koshagarasya, nyayalayasya cha vyayam nyunikrutavan, api cha "gleba" athavaa "folis" iti sampattih upari visheshatayaa ucchavargasya krute apriyam damanakaari karam cha nirasitavaan. tatra katoravyavasthaa aasit yasya dwara kashchan senator "pretura" ityasya avaamchhitam sammanam sweekartum baadhyah bhavet. preter iti rupena saha swasya karyakale sthira-prajaasu nivasitum baadhyah aasit, tathaa cha kridaanaam pradarshanam cha pradaane cha mahatee dhanam vyayam kartum baadhyah aasit. praanteshu nivasantah senator-janebhyah etat visheshatayaa kathinam aasit, ataha rajadhanim aagaty vinaashakaramoolyen massan yaavat nivasitum cha badhyatam praapnot. marcian ityeshah nagaraat doore nivasantah janaah kshamyet iti vidhim parivartayat, tathaa cha saha raajadootaih vyayasya swabhaagam sweekartum aadishat. saha adhika-aarthikaroopen nausenaayaah samskaaram krutavaan. tasmin samaye praayah bhookampaah abhavan, yena sampoornaani nagaraani nashtaani abhavan. eteshu sandarbheshu, martian tathaa palcheria cha samrajyasya koshagarat aapurtyaa saha piditanam sahayyam udarataya krutavantah. marcian ityasya karyalayasya dayitvanam vishaye kartavyanishtah vichaarah aasit. swasya samhitaayaah dwiteeye "upanyaase" saha samraat-kartavyasya vishaye swasya drushtim vyaakhyaayatah asti-"manavajatyaha rakshanm daatum asmakam karyam bhavati."tathaa cha svapoorvavartinaam atyadhika-karadhanena samanya-kuprashaasanen cha utpannasya kashtasya vishaye saha avachetanah aasit. prathamam "upanyasam" ghoshayati yat sarvapakshaat abhiyoginah sarvakaarasya sameepam aagacchan, tatra "yachakanam ananta-janasamooh" asti; idam nyayadhisheshu "satyanishtaa, gambhirata" ityetayoho abhaavasya karanat asti. etaaha kashtaan nivaarayitum martian ityasya niyamaah saarthakaani safalaani cha prayasaha santi. theodosius-dwiteeyena niyamitaroopen pradattam karam atilaay daatum tasya nirakaranam atyantam lokapriyam upayam aasit. anena asweekrutena ubhayoho mahatee vyayah rakshita, etaihi mahatee apamanena kshiptasya samrajyasya pratishtaam punah sthaapitam. yadaa hunn-janaah frank-janaihi saha swayuddheh arambham kurwantah aasan, tadaa samrajyena saha yuddham kartum naa shaktavantah. nihsandehe, yadaa marxian teshaam avajnaam krutavaan tadaa saha etat jaanaati sma. parantu asya shasanasya mukhyah ghatana mahaan monophysat-vivaadasya, chalcedon-parishadasya cha aarambhah aasit. marcian-vyaktihi spashtatayaa pavitrah, roodichutaa cha aasit. yadaa saha rajyabhishekam krutavaan tadaa saha pope leo-1 (440-461) ityasmai atyantam snehee, aadarapornam cha patram likhitavaan, yasyaah krute saha vishvaasasya rakshakam aahvayati, prarthanam praarthayati, tathaa cha pope ("soo a 'uthentoontos") ityanena prastaavitasya parishadasya samarthanam kartum swayam utkantitah iti ghoshayati yena utichs, dioscurus, teshaam mitraihi (ee. pi.) utthaapitam prashnam samadhane shakyate. sa. madhye lxxiii. leo ityasya aksharaani; mancy, vi, 99). palcheria api likhati; saa api vadati yat pope ityasya adhikaaren parishadah aahootah bhavishyati iti. leo ityeshah poorvamev theodosius-dwiteeyah parishadam aahooyitum prayatat (ee. pi.). xliv, 3; p. a., liv, 826); marxian ityasya spashtatayaa kevalam theodosius ityasya uttaraadhikaareeroopen etat kaaryam sampaadayitum uddeshitam aasit. etasmin samaye dioscurus tathaa tasya dalah cha martian teshaam mitrah naa bhavishyati iti samyak jaananti sma. easypt-deshe tasya manyatam nivaarayitum te prayatantum asaphalau cha abhavan; yat prayatanam tasya shasanasya vishaye teshaam prakaranam kevalam durlabhasham cha krutavatee. ephesas-parishadasya (431) nestorian-samasyanam cha anantaram tatkshanaat eva yootich-shikshaya poorveeya-charch-samsthaa vyathitah aasit. 448 tame varshe dorillium ityasya eusebius ityeshah utiques ityetam tasya sootram "eka-prakrutihi, samyogasya anantaram" ("metaa tenne 'anocin miah foosis") ityetam cha constantinople ityatra aropitavan. alexandria-deshasya dioscurus ityeshah yootich-rogasya kaaranam agruhnaat, 449 tame varshe ephesas-nagarasya dasyak-parishade diophysism ityasya nindaam krutavaan (etaavat pashyatu). pope leo anyena samanya-parishadah vinaa shaantim punahsthaapayitum kaalasy asha krutavaan (marcian, ell. eksa. vee. aii., pulseria, ell. eksa. eksa. aii. ess, constantinople ityasya pitrusattaak-anatolius, ell. eksa. eksa. ess.). parantu etasmin kaale, leo ityasya poorwaprastaawen kaaryam akarot, marcian ityeshah 17 mey 451 dinaanke, samrajyasya sarvaan mahanagaran sambodhayan patraihi parishadam aahuya. saha apaarthen karyam krutavaan iti spashtam, tathaa cha pope ityasya uttarapatram adyaapi naa praapnot (hefele-leclerk, II, 239). tatah leo-varyaha yat ghatitam aasit tatt sveekrutavaan, tathaa cha sisilee-nagare lilibeyam-ityasya bishap-pascasius-ityenam, paadri-boniface (ee. pi.) ityenam cha swasya uttaradhikara-rupena niyuktavaan. lxxx; mancy, vi, 125). parishad-sabhaa nike-nagare militum arhati sma; 451 tame varshe grishmakaale eva bahavah bishap-janaah tatra aagataah aasan, yadaa samraat taan teshaam saha sammilayitum yaavat naa pratiksham kartum vadati iti likhitavaan (mansee, vi, 553 ityasmin tasya patram). saha samrajyasya simayam hunn-janaanaam viruddham tasya rakshanasy vyavasthaam kartum vyagrah aasit. bishap-janaah vilambasya abhiyogam kartum likhitavantah, marxian-varyaha teshaam patrasya uttaram dattvaa taan chalcedon-nagaram gantum, rajadhanyaha viruddham, phosphorus-ityasya aparapaarshve (mancy, v, 557), iti uktavaan; evam saha constantinople-ityetam naa vadan parishadam prati upasthitum shaknoti sma. charch aaf sent ityatra parishadah udghatita. 8 october 451 dinaanke chalcedon-nagare saumyoktih, 1 november-paryantam avirata. praayah 600 bishap-janaah upasthitau aasan. saamraajy-aayuktaah upasthitaah aasan, pratyekasmin satre baahya-karyam niyantreetawantah cha. pope-shaasakah paschasius ityeshah parishadam udghatitavan. shashta-satre (25 october) marcian tathaa palcheria cha sahayyam krutavantah. samraajah tasmin dine lattin-bhashayam (mancy, VIII, 129) bhashanena kaaryavaahinah udghatitavan. samrajyasya rajabhasha adyaapi yat aasit, saa vishesheshu pavitra-sandarbheshu upayujyate iti ekaha drashtum shaknoti. tatah tasya bhashanam greek-bhashayam punaraavartitam. asmin satre parishadena adeshah pathitah (pashyatu.) 27 februvari 452 tame dine, marcian-varyaha, swasya pashchatyasahayogi, valentini-III (423-455) ityanena saha, samrajyasya vidhihi iti parishadena aadesham, niyamah cha pravartayan, teshaam virodham kurvataam sarwebhyah viruddham bhaaree-dandasya bheetih cha dattavaan. kevalam marcian eva 13 maarch dinaanke (mancy, VIII, 475-480) samaanam vidhim punaraavartayat. prasidham ashtaavimshat-anushaasanam (rome ityasya anantaram tatkshanameva sthira-lock-padam adadat) tathaa cha pope ityasya tasya viruddham virodhah cha tasya tathaa samraat-samraajnee (ee. pi.) madhye agre patravyavahaaram praavartayat. leonis I., see. vee., see. vee. aii.; mancy, vee. aii., 187,195), parantu teshaam uttama-sambandhaan naa baadhayat. marcian ityasya niyamaah constantinople-nagare, sarvakaarasya sameepastheshu cha ekarupata utpannavantah, parantu saha syria-easypt-desheshu taan safalatayaa pravartayitum naa shaktavaan. tasya sheshashasana eteshu praanteshu kraanteh kleshitam aasit, yat tasya uttaradhikarinam shasanasya pramukhaasu samasyasu anyatam aasit. marcian-varyaha syrian-egyptian-monophysats ityetayoho vishaye kimapi riyayatam naa dattavaan. tasya sarwakaarah dioscurus ityasya nikshepanam krutavaan, tathaa cha julai 28,452 tame dine, aleksaandriyasy roodichutaa-pitrupurushasya proterius ityasya manyatayaha vishaye kathor-dandena adhyujyat. ekam vishaalam sainyadalam (2000 sainikaah) easypt-desham preshitam. marcian ityasya mrutyoho anantaram api ess-paar tathaa anatolius ityetayoho adheene constantinople ityatra ekaha dalah matabhrashtaih saha aaposham kartum aarabdhavaan. 453 tame varshe atila mrutah. atilaayaah mrutyoho samaye, marxian swamahaat shatroho dhanuhu bhagnah iti swapnaat iti kathyate. samraajnee palcheria saa eva varshe mrutaa. saa catholic-roodhi-mata-paksha-paksha-dwara santah iti ghoshitaa asti; tasyaah bhojah september 10 dinaanke dwayoh panchaangeshu bhavati. marcian swapatneem chaturvarshaani yaavat jeevitavaan. tasya shasanasya antah easypt-deshe vardhamaanaih samasyaih vyaapitah aasit. tasya uttaraadhikaari leo-aii (457-474) abhavat. marcian, vivaahadvaaraa, theodosius-1 ityasya gruhasya antimah samraajnah aasit. roodichustaih api tam santatvena ghoshitam, februvari-masasya 17 dinaanke tasya bhojah (palcheria ityanena saha) aacharati. adrian-durgah.

catholica kalaikkalanjchiyam (1913)/marsian <unk> cuseb maarsi marsian  maarsiyan (marcianus, muuu. aarr. chii. aii. enn. ooo. ess), constantinoplil romanian paerarasar, pii. sumar 390; ii. janavari 457. avar oru sippaayaaga aanaar; avarathu aarambagaala vaazhkkaiyil avar aezhaiyaaka irunthaar, maelum avar cuddon vaangkiya irunooru thangath thundugaludan mattumae makkalaich sentrathaagak koorappadugiradhu. avar aradapurius aalan mattrum avarathu magan aspar aagiyoarin keezh iraanuvaththil paniyaattrinaar; avar paaraseekarkalukkum hangalukkum ethiraana poarkalil thannai vaerupaduththinaar. aspar oru vagaiyaana mannar-thayaarippaalaraagavum, kizhakkirkaana general-inn-seef ("magister milittam perr ooriyandam") aagavum irunthaar, maelum oru kaalaththirku constantinoplil migavum sakthivaaintha manithar aavaar. aanaal avar oru velinaattavar mattrum oru ariane enbathaal avaraal beararasaraaga irukka mudiyavillai. adharku pathilaaka avar thanakku pidiththavargalai ariyanai meethu vaitthaar. ivatrtrul marsian irunththathu. marsian oru senattar aanaar mattrum nanku ariyapatta mattrum pirabalamaana nabaraaga irunthaar. avar oru vidhavai; muthal thirumanaththin moolam avarathu magal, euphamia, pinnar maerkil paerarasar antimiusai mananthaar (467-472). irandaam theodosius (450) iranththapoathu avarukku sumar arupathu vayathu. theodosius II (408-450) thanathu thanthaiyaana aarkaediyasukkup piragu (395-408) oru siru kuzhandhaiyaaga irunthaar. avarathu aatchiyin perumbaguthiyil avarathu mooththa chakoothari balseria arasaangkaththai nirvagittaar. aerkanavae theodosius balseria aatchiyin poathu "agusta" aaga irunththathu. thanathu irandu cakootharikalaana arcadia mattrum marinaavudan, avar brahmachariyam kuriththa podhu uruthimozhiyai eduththaar. avarathu cakootharar iranththapoathu, vaarisurimaiyaip pattriya anaitthu siramangalum paerarasi (neenda kaalamaaga unmaiyilaeyae maanilatthai vazhinadaththiyavar) endra avarathu orumittha therwal mudivukku vanthana. ivvaaru pulseriavin aatchi thodangiyathu. thanathu nilaiyai valuppaduththa virumbinaar (romanian simmaasanaththil oru penn vettri pettra muthal vazhakku idhu) avar udanadiyaaga maarsiyanudan peyaralavilaana thirumanatthai nadaththinaar. avar thaerntheduththirukkakku sirantha nabaraaga avar irunththathaakath therikirathu; asparin natpum avarathu sontha narpeyarum neenda kaalamaaga avarai sila uyarnththa idangkalukku suttikkaattiyathu. theodosius thanathu marana padukkaiyil avaridam ivvaaru kooriyadhaaga koorappadugiradhu "nee enakkup pinn varuvaai endru enakku velippaduththappattullathu."august 25,450 andru, matchiyan thalaivaraal mudisoottappattaar. idhu madha mudisoottalin muthal nigazhvaagum, idhu pinnar maerkil pinpattrappattathu, maelum idhu tholainoakku vilaivugalai aerpaduththiyathu. puthiya aatchiyin muthal seyal, neenda kaalamaaga pirabalamattra nabarum, arasavaikku migavum pidiththavarumaana chrysabius meethu vazhakkuth thodarappattu, avarai thookkiliduvathaagum, avar theodosiusai avamaanagaramaana mannippukkum, attilaavaik kolla oru thoalviyuttra sathiththittaththin moolam oru periya abaraathaththaiyum seluththiyirunthaar. theodosiusine keezh niruvanar antemius irunththa seerthiruththak katchiyaich sernthavar maarsiyan. avar beararasaraaga aanavudan, avar mithamaana kolgaiyaith thodangkinaar, kurippaaga varivithippil, idhu avarathu aatchiyai valamaanathaakavum pirabalamaagavum maattriyathu, iruppinum avar eppoathum aakkiramiththa hankal mattrum roamin pira ethirigalai adakka aayutha palaththaal sirithum seiyavillai. avar karuvoolam mattrum neethimandraththin selavugalaik kuraitthaar, maelum uyar varkkaththirku kurippaaga aruvarupaana soththin meethaana adakkumurai variyaana "cleba" allathu "pholis" aii agattrinaar. endhavoru senattarum "bredura" inn virumbaththagaatha mariyaathaiyai aetrtrukkolla vaendiya kattaayaththil oru kadumaiyaana amaippu irunththathu. oru munivaraaga avar thanathu pathaviyil irunththa kaalaththil nilaiyaana makkaludan vaazha vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, maelum vilaiyaattukal mattrum nigazhchchigalai vazhangka periya thogaiyai selavaliththaar. maakaanangkalil vaalnththa senattarkalukku idhu kurippaaga kadinamaaga irunththathu, enavae avarkal thalainagarukku vandhu pala maathangkal angku azhivugaramaana selavil vaazha vaendiyirunththathu. nagaraththilirunthu vilagi vasikkum makkalai mannikkum vagaiyil marsian inththa sattaththai maattriyamaithaar, maelum selavugalil thangal pangai eduththuk kollumaaru thootharkalukku uttaravittaar. avar kadarpadaiyai migavum porulaathaara adippadaiyil seerthiruththiyirunthaar. antha neraththil adikkadi nilanadukkangkal aerpattana, ithanaal muzhu nagarangalum azhikkappattana. inththa santharppangalil, margian mattrum balseria iraajiya karuvoolaththilirunthu porutkalai vazhangkuvathan moolam paathikkappattavarkalukku thaaraalamaaga udhavinar. thanathu aluvalagaththin poruppugal kuritthu marsian manasaatchiyudan irunthaar. thanathu kuriyeettin irandaavathu navalil avar oru beararasarin kadamai kuriththa thanathu paarvaiyai varaiyarukkiraar "manitha inaththai kavanippathu namathu vaelai."maelum, thanathu munnoadigalin athigappadiyaana varivithippu mattrum podhu nirvaaga muraikaedugalaal aerpadum thuyaratthai avar arinthirunthaar. muthal "naaval" anaitthu pakkangkalilirunthum pugaarthaarargal arasaangkaththirku thirandullanar endru arivikkirathu, "manuthaarargalin mudivattra koottam" ullathu; idharkuk kaaranam neethipathigalil "orumaippaadu mattrum theeviram" illaathathuthaan. inththa siramangalai samaalippatharkaana marsian sattangal nalla arthamullavai mattrum vetrtrikaramaana muyarchigal. irandaam theodosius thavaraamal seluththiya kappatthai attilaavukku vazhangka avar maruththathu migavum pirabalamaana nadavadikkaiyaagum. inththa maruppu irandumae perum selavaich semiththu, ivvalavu periya avamaanatthaal seerazhikkappatta paerarasin kanniyatthai meetteduththathu. hankal frankugaludan thangal sandaiyaith thodangiyathaal, avarkalaal paerarasudan poarukkuch sella mudiyavillai. avarkalai meeriyapoathu idhu marshiyanukkuth theriyum enbathil santhegamillai. aanaal inththa aatchiyin mukiya nigazhvu periya monophysite sandaiyin thodakkamaagavum, salcedone councilin thodakkamaagavum irunththathu. marsian velippadaiyaaga pakthiyullavaraakavum marabuvazhi sinthanai kondavaraagavum irunthaar. avar mudisoottappattavudan, avar poap leoo I (440-461) kku migavum natpaana mattrum mariyaathaikkuriya kadidhaththai ezhuthinaar, avarai avar visuvaasaththin paathukaavalar endru alaikkiraar, avarathu piraarththanaigalaik koorugiraar, maelum yoottikkugal, dioscurus mattrum avarkalin nanbarkal (epi. saint matthiyil lxxiii. leovin ezhuththukkal; monsey, vi, 99). balseria maelum ezhuthinaar; avarum poappin athikaaraththaal sabai varavazhaikkappadum endru koorukiraar. leoo aerkanavae theodosius II aii councilai varavazhaikkumaaru kaettuk kondaar (eee. pii. xliv, 3; p. ell., liv, 826); theodosiusine vaarisaaga inththa kamishanai niraivaettra mattumae marsian thelivaaga irunthaar. idharkidaiyil dioscrussum avarathu katchiyum marsian thangal nanbaraaga irukka mattar enbathai nanku arinthirunthanar. egypthil avarathu angkeekaaraththaith thaduka avarkal muyantranar, thoalviyadainthanar; inththa muyarchi arasaangkaththudan avarkalin valakkai moasamaakkiyathu. epasus sabai (431) mattrum nestorian pirachchanaikalukkup piragu udanadiyaaga yoottikkugal karpippathaal kilakku devalayam thontharavu seiyappattathu. 448 aam aandil doriliathin eusibius yoodichchugal mattrum avarathu sooththiram "ontrinaippukkup piragu oru iyarkai" ("metta tenne 'enosine miah fusis") constantinoplil kuttram saattiyirunthaar. alexandriavin dioscurus yoottikkugal kaaranatthai eduththukkondaar, maelum 449 aam aandil ephacesine kollai councilil diophysisathai kanditthaar (ivai anaiththirkum paarkkavum). poap leoo mattroru podhu sabai illaamal amaithiyai meettedukka oru kaalatthai nambinaar (marsian, elxxv, balseria, elxx mattrum constantinopline thalaimaip poruppudaiya anatolius, elxx kku ezhuthiya kadidhangal). aanaal idharkidaiyil, leovin munththaiya munmolivukku inangka, margian, mae 17,451 andru paerarasin anaitthu perunagarangkalukkum anuppiya kadidhangal moolam oru sabaiyai varavalaiththaar. avar oru thavaraana purithalin adippadaiyil seyalpattaar enbathu thelivaagirathu, maelum poappin pirkaala kadidhaththai innum peravillai (heffel-lecklerg, II, 639). leoo pinnar enna nadanthathu enbathai aetrtrukkondaar, maelum avarathu vazhiththoantralgal bassasius, siliyil lilibiumin bishab mattrum oru poosaari ponyphace (epi. lxxx; monsey, vi, 125). sabai nikkiyaavil koodiyirukka vaendum; pala aayarkal aerkanavae 451 koadaiyil angku vanthirunththanar, paerarasar avarkaludan saerum varai kaaththirukkach solla ezhuthinaar (monsey, vi, 553 ill avarathu kadidham). avar paerarasin ellaiyil vaettaikkaarargalukku ethiraaga adhan paathukaappai aerpaadu seivathil pisiyaaga irunthaar. aayarkal thaamatham kuritthu bugar seiya ezhuthinar, maelum phosphorasine marupuraththil ulla thalainagarukku ethirae ulla saalchedaanukkuch sellumaaru marsian avarkalin kadithaththirku pathilaliththaar (monsey, vii, 557); inththa vazhiyil avar constantinoply vittuch sellaamal councilil kalandhu kollalaam. saint devalayaththil sabai thirakkappattathu. 451 october 8 andru salcedonil euphamia, navambar 1 varai neediththathu. sumar 600 aayarkal kalandhu kondanar. aekaathipaththiya aanaiyarkal ovvoru amarvilum kalandhu kondu velippura vanigaththai ozhungkupaduththiyirunthanar. poappin vaarisaana passius, sabaiyaith thiranthaar. aaraavathu amarvil (october 25) maarsiyan mattrum balseria udhavinar. paerarasar andru latheen mozhiyil (monsey, VIII, 129) oru uraiyudan nadavadikkaigalaith thodangkinaar. paerarasin athikaarappoorva mozhiyaaga irunththa mozhi, visaeshamaana punithamaana santharppangalil payanpaduththappattathai oruvar kavanikkiraar. avarathu urai pinnar kiraekka mozhiyil meendum seiyappattathu. inththa amarvil councilin aanai vaachikkappattathu (paarkkavum.) pipravari 27,452 andru, maarsiyan, thanathu merkaththiya saga uuzhiyaraana valentinian III (423-455) udan saernthu, paerarasin sattamaaga councilin aanai mattrum sattangalai amalpaduththum oru sattaththai uruvaakkinaar, maelum avarkalai ethirththu poaraadiya anaivarukkum kadumaiyaana thandanaigalai achuruththiyathu. maarch 13 andru (maansi, VIII, 475-480) maarsiyan mattumae athae sattaththai meendum valiyurutthinaar. pugazhpettra irupaththettaavathu niyamanam (roam nagaraththirkup piragu udanadiyaaga nilaiyaana makkal tharavarisaiyai vazhangkuthal) mattrum poappin ethirppu aagiyavai avarukkum beararasarukkum beararasikkum idaiyae maelum thodarbai aerpaduththiyathu (epi. leonis I., chii. vii, chii. vii. aii; monsey, vi, 187,195), aanaal avarkalin nalla uravugalai thontharavu seiyavillai. marsian sattangal nilaiyaana makkalilum arasaangkaththin suttruppurangalilum seeraana thanmaiyai uruvaakkina, aanaal siriya mattrum egypthil avattrai vetrtrikaramaaka amalpaduththa mudiyavillai. avarathu aatchiyin enjchiya kaalam inththa maakaanangkalil aerpatta puratchiyaal thontharavu seiyappattathu, idhu irandu noottraandugalaaga avarathu vaarisugalin keezh irunththa arasaangkaththin mukiya siramangalil ontraaka irunththathu. siriya mattrum egypthiya monophycitegalukku marsian endha salugaigalaiyum vazhangkavillai. avarathu arasaangkam dioscresike kuttranjchaattuvathai maerkondathu, maelum juulai 28,452 aam thaethi oru kattalai, alexandriavin marabuvazhi thalaivaraana proteriusai angkeekarippatharku kadumaiyaana thandanaigalin keezh valiyuruththiyathu. oru periya padai (2000 veerargal) egipthukku anuppappattathu. maarsiyan iranththa piragu thaan aspar mattrum anatolius aagiyoarin keezh constantinoplil oru katchi mathachchaarpattravarkaludan samarasam seiyath thodangiyathu. 453aam aandil attila iranthaar. adilaavin maranaththin poathu, thanathu periya ethiriyin will udainthiruppathaik kandathaaga maarsiyan kanavu kandathaaga koorappadugiradhu. paerarasi balseria athae aandil iranthaar. avar catholickergal mattrum marabuvazhip pazhamaivaathigalaal punidhar aakkappattaar; avarathu virunththu septumber 10 andru iru naatkaattikalilum ullathu. marsian thanathu manaiviyai naanku aandugal uyirppudan kaappaatrinaar. avarathu aatchiyin mudivu egypthil adhigariththu varum prachchanaikalaal aakkiramikkappattathu. avarukkup piragu leoo aii (457-474) pathaviyaettraar. thirumanaththin moolam, muthalaam theodosius illaththin kadaisi paerarasar maarsiyan aavaar. marabuvazhip pazhakkam kondavargalum avarai punidhar endru arivitthu, pipravari 17 andru avarathu virunththai (palseeriyaavudan) vaithullanar. adrian koattai.

catholic encyclopedia (1913)/marcian <unk> eusape marchie marcian  marcian (marcianus, mαρκινος), constantinople vadda roman chakravarthy, b. sumaru 390; d. janavari, 457. athanu sainikudu ayyadu; thana prarambha jeevitamlo athanu paedavaadu, mariyu athanu appuga teesukunna rendu vandala bangaaru mukkalatho matrame sthiramaina prajala vaddaku vacchaadani chebutaaru. athanu ordaburius alan mariyu athani kumarudu aspar aadhvaryamlo sainyamlo panicheesaadu; athanu pertianlu mariyu hanlaku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina yuddhaalalo tananu taanu pratyekinchukunnadu. aspar oka rakamaina raaju-nirmaata, mariyu thoorpuku general-inn-cheef ("magister militum purr orientem"), kontakaalam constantinople vadda atyanta saktivantamaina vyakti kooda. conny athanu videsheeyudu mariyu arian ayinanduna athanu swayamgaa chakravarthy kalekapoyadu. badulugaa athanu simhaasanampai thana abhimanula vaarasatvaanni unchaadu. veetilo martian undhi. constantinople vadda marcian senator ayyadu mariyu prasiddha mariyu prajaadarana pondina vyakti. athanu vitantuvu; modati vivaham dwara athani kumarte, soumyokti, taruvaata paschimaana chakravarthy ayina aanthemiyasnu vivaham chesukunnadu (467-472). rendava theodosius maraninchinappudu (450) ataniki sumaru aravai samvatsaraalu. theodosius II (408-450) chinnatanamlo thana tandri arcadius (395-408) taruvaata vacchaadu. ayana paalanalo ekkuva bhaagam ayana akka palcheria prabhutvaanni nirvahinchedi. appatike theodosius paalinchina kaalamlo palcheria "augusta" gaa undedi. thana iddaru sodareemanulu, arcadia mariyu mareenaatho kalisi, aame brahmacharyaaniki bahiranga pratigna chesindi. aame sodarudu maraninchinappudu, vaarasatvaaniki sambandhinchina anni kashtalu aame (chaalaa kaalamgaa raashtraaniki nijamgaa maarganirdesam chesina) saamraagnigaa ekagreevamgaa empika cheyadam dwara mugisai. eee vidhamgaa palcheria paalana praarambhamaindi. thana sthaanaanni balopetam chesukovalanukunna aame (roman simhasananni adhishtinchina mahilaku idhi modati kesu) ventane marcian thoo naamamaatrapu vivaham chesukundi. athanu aame enchukogaligina uttama vyaktigaa kanipistaadu; aspar sneham mariyu athani sonta keerti chaalaa kaalamgaa atanni unnata sthaanaaniki suuchimchaayi. maranasayyapai unna theodosius athanitho ilaa annadu "meeru naa taruvaata vastaarani naaku velladaindi."marcian kuu, 450 augustu 25naa, pitruswamya pattabhishekam chesaaru. idhi pattabhishekam yokka mataparamaina vedukaku modati udaaharana, idhi taruvaata paschimaana anukarinchabadindi, mariyu suduura parinaamaalanu kaligi undalsi undhi. kotta paalanalo modati charya emitante, chaalaa kaalamgaa aprasiddhamaina napumsaka mariyu aasthaana priyamaina chrysophius vichaarana mariyu uriteeyadam, athanu theodosiusnu avamaanakaramaina kshamaapanaku mariyu atilaanu hatya cheyadaaniki viphalamaina kutra dwara pedda jarimana chellinchadaaniki teesukuvacchaadu. marcian samskaranala paarteeki chendinavaadu, dheeni vyavasthaapakudu theodosius aadhvaryamlo anthemiusga undevaadu. athanu chakravarthy ayina ventane, mukhyamgaa pannuloo, mitavaada vidhananni praarambhinchaadu, idhi athani palananu susampannamgaa mariyu prajaadarana pondindi, ayinappatikee athanu nirantaram aakraminche hanlanu mariyu rome yokka itara satruvulanu anachiveyadaaniki aayudhaala balamtho peddagaa cheyaledu. athanu khazana mariyu nyayasthaanam kharchulanu tagginchaadu mariyu unnata vargaalaku pratyaekamgaa asahyakaramaina aastipai "glayba" ledhaa "folis" anae anachiveta pannunu tolaginchaadu. priyatura" yokka avaanchaneeya gowravaanni yea senator ayina angeekarinchavalasi vachhe kathinamaina vyavastha undedi. oka pradhanudigaa athanu thana padaveekaalamlo sthiramaina prajalalo nivasinchavalasi vachindi, mariyu atalu mariyu pradarsanalanu andinchadaaniki pedda mottaanni kharchu cheyalsi vachindi. provinceulalo nivasinche senatorlaku idhi pratyaekamgaa kashtamgaa undedi, anduvalla vaaru raajadhaaniki vacchi akkada vinaasakaramaina kharchutho nelala tarabadi nivasinchaalsi vachindi. nagaraniki dhooramgaa nivasinche prajalanu kshaminchataaniki marcian eee chattanni savarinchaadu, kharchulalo vaari vatanu teesukoovaalani consulsnu aadesinchaadu. ayana naavikaadalaanni marinta aardhika praatipadikana samskarinchaaru. aaa samayamlo tarachugaa bhookampaalu sambhavinchaayi, dheeni dwara mottam nagaralu naasanam cheyabaddaayi. eee sandarbhaalalo, raacharika khajanala nundi sarafaraalato badhitudi sahaayaaniki marcian mariyu palcheria udaaramgaa vacchaaru. marcian thana karyalayam yokka baadhyatala gurinchi manassakshigala aalochana kaligi unnadu. thana code yokka rendava "navala" loe athanu chakravarthy yokka kartavyam gurinchi thana drukpathaanni nirvachinchaaduh "maanava jaathi samrakshananu andinchadam mana pani."mariyu thana puurveekula adhika pannu mariyu saadhaarana paripalana valla kalige baadha gurinchi aayanaku telusu. modati "navala" anni vaipula nundi firyaadudaarulu prabhutvam vaddaku tharalivachaarani, "petitionerla antuleni gumpu" undani prakatinchindi; dheeniki kaaranam nyaayamuurtulaloo "samagrata mariyu teevrata" lekapovadam. eee ibbandulanu edurkovataniki martian chattalu manchi ardhamgalavi mariyu vijayavantamaina prayatnaalu. rendava theodosius kramam tappakunda chellinche kappam attilaku chellinchadaaniki ayana niraakarinchadam chaalaa prajaadarana pondina charya. eee tiraskarana rendoo goppa kharchunu aadaa chesaayi mariyu intha goppa avamaanamtho digajaarina saamrajyam yokka gowravaanni punaruddharinchayi. hanlu fraanklatho tama godavanu ippude praarambhistunnanduna, vaaru saamraajyamtho yuddhaaniki vellalekapoyaru. vaarini dhikkarinchinappudu marcianku idhi telusani anadamlo sandeham ledhu. conny eee paalana yokka pradhana sanghatana goppa monophysite poraatam mariyu chalsedon council prarambham. martian spashtamgaa pavitramaina mariyu sanaatanavaadi. athanu pattabhishekam chesina ventane athanu pope leo I (440-461) kuu chaalaa snehapoorvaka mariyu gouravapradamaina lekha raasaadu, aayananu athanu vishwaasam yokka samrakshakudini pilustaadu, athani praarthanalanu koorutuu, mariyu pope pratipaadinchina mandaliki maddatu ivvadaaniki tananu taanu aatrutagaa prakatinchukunnadu ("suu aaa 'uthentuu") utiches, dioscurus mariyu vaari snehitulu levanettina prasnanu parishkarinchadaaniki (EP. seyint madhya lxxiii. leo yokka aksharalu; mansi, vi, 99). palcheria kooda rasindi; pope adhikaram dwara council pilavabadutundani aame kooda chebutundi. leo appatike rendava theodosiusnu kounsilnu pilavamani koraadu (ipi. xliv, 3; p. ell., liv, 826); marcian spashtamgaa theodosius varasudiga eee kamishannu amalu cheyadaaniki matrame uddesinchaaru. intalo dioscurus mariyu athani paarteeki marcian tama snehitudu kaadani baga telusu. egyptulo ayana gurtimpunu nirodhinchadaaniki vaaru prayatninchaaru, viphalamayyaru; eee prayatnam prabhutvamtho vaari kesunu marinta digajaarchindi. ephesus council (431) mariyu nestorian samasyala taruvaata ventane utiches bodhanatho thoorpu charchi chediripoyindi. 448loe dorilianku chendina eusebius utches mariyu athani suutram "union tarvaata oka swabhaavam" ("meta tenn 'anosine miah pusis") constantinople vadda aaropinchaadu. alegzandriaku chendina dioscurus utiches kaaranaanni teesukunnadu mariyu 449loe ephesus yokka dopideedaarula mandalilo diophysismnu khandinchaadu (veetannintikee chudandi). pope leo maroka saadhaarana mandali lekunda saantini punaruddharinchadaaniki kontha samayam kaavaalani aasinchaaru (marcian, lxviii, pulseria, lxxix, mariyu constantinople yokka pitruswamya anatoliusku ayana raasina lekhalu, lxxx). conny intalo, leo yokka puurva pratipaadanapai martian, mae 17,451naa saamraajyamloni anni mahanagaralanu uddesinchi lekhala dwara oka mandalini pilichadu. athanu apaarthampai vyavaharinchaadani, pope yokka taruvaati lekhanu inca andukoledani spashtamavutundi (hefeley-leclerk, II, 639). leo appudu jariginadaanni angeekarinchi, sisileeloo lillibium bishop ayina paschasiusnu, poojaari boniface (epi. lxxx; mansi, vi, 125). council nikeyaalo samavesamavvalsi undhi; chaalaa mandhi bishaplu appatike 451 vesavilo akkadiki vacchaaru, chakravarthy vaaritho cherentha varaku vechi undamani cheppadaniki vrasadu (mansey, vi, 553 loe athani lekha). athanu saamrajyam yokka sarihaddulo hanlaku vyatiraekamgaa daani rakshananu erpaatu cheyadamlo bijeegaa unnadu. bishaplu alasyam gurinchi firyadu cheyadaaniki raasaaru, mariyu marcian vaari lekhaku samadhanam istuu, bhaswaram yokka maroka vaipuna unna raajadhaaniki edurugaa unna chalsedon (mansi, v, 557) kii vellamani chepparu; eee vidhamgaa athanu constantinopalnu vadiliveyakundaa mandaliki haajaru kagaladu. council seyint charchilo praarambhinchabadindi. 451 aktobaru 8naa chalsedon vadda soumyokti, mariyu november 1 varaku konasaagindi. sumaru 600 mandhi bishaplu hajarayyaru. saamraajya commissionerlu prati sessionlo bahya vyapaaraanni kaligi undi niyantrinchevaaru. papal legate, paschasius, kounsilnu praarambhinchaaru. aarava sessionlo (october 25) marcian mariyu pulseria sahayapaddaru. chakravarthy aaa roeju latin bhaashalo prasamgamtho karyakalapalanu praarambhinchaadu (mansi, VIII, 129). saamrajyam yokka adhikaarika bhasha ippatikee pratyekinchi gambheeramaina sandarbhaalalo upayoginchabadutundani okaru gamaninchaaru. ayana prasangam greeku bhaashalo punaraavrutamaindi. eee samavesamlo council yokka decree chadavabadindi (chudandi.) fibravari 27,452naa, marcian, thana paaschaatya sahodyogi valentinian III (423-455) thoo kalisi, council yokka decree mariyu niyamaalanu saamrajyam yokka chattamgaa amalu chestu, vaaripai vivaadam chesina vaarandarikee bhaarii jarimaanaalu vidhistaamani bediristuu oka chattanni roopondinchaadu. marchi 13naa (mansi, VIII, 475-480) marcian okkade adhe chattanni punaraavrutam chesaadu. prasiddha iravai enimidava connon (rome tarvaata ventane constantinople rank ivvadam) mariyu daaniki vyatiraekamgaa pope yokka nirasana ataniki mariyu chakravarthy mariyu saamraagni (epi. leonis I., sivi, cvi; mansi, vi, 187,195), conny vaari manchi sambandhaalaku bhangam kaliginchaledu. marcian chattalu sthiramaina prajalalo mariyu prabhutva parisaraalalo ekaruupatanu srushtinchaayi, conny athanu vaatini siriya mariyu egyptulo antha vijayavantamgaa amalu cheyalekapoyadu. athani paalanalo migilina bhaagam eee provinceulalo jarigina viplavam valla ibbandi padindi, idhi rendu sataabdaala paatu athani vaarasula aadhvaryamlo prabhutvaaniki pradhana ibbandulalo okatigaa migilipoyindi. syrian mariyu eejiptu monophysitelaku marcian etuvanti raayiteelu ivvaledu. athani prabhutvam dioscurus nikshepananu nirvahinchindi, mariyu juulai 28,452 naati saasanam, alegzandriaku chendina sanaatana pithrusvaamyamaina proterius gurtimpupai bhaarii jarimaanaala kinda pattubattindi. pedda dalam (2000 mandhi sainikulu) eejiptuku pampabadindi. marcian maranam taruvaata varaku aspar mariyu anatolius aadhvaryamlo constantinople vadda oka party matavisvaasaalatoe rajipadatam praarambhinchindi. 453loe atila maraninchaadu. atila maraninchina samayamlo, thana goppa satruvu villu virigipovadaanni martian kalalu kannarani chebutaaru. adhe samvatsaramlo saamraagni palcheria maraninchindi. aamenu kaathalikkulu mariyu sanaatanulu iddaroo canonize chesaaru; aame vindu rendu calenderlalo september 10naa untundi. marcian thana bhaaryatho naalugu samvatsaraalu jeevinchaadu. athani paalana mugimpu egyptulo perugutunna samasyalatho aakraminchabadindi. ayana taruvaata leo ii (457-474) adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. marcian, vivaham dwara, theodosius I intiki chivari chakravarthy. sampradaayavaadulu atanni kooda canonize chesaaru, fibravari 17naa athani vindunu (palcheriyaatho) jarupukuntaaru. adrian koota.

catholic encyclopaedia (1913)/marcian <unk> geosepy maarchi marcine  marcian (marcians mαρκινος)yee constinople mein roman shahanshah b. tharees mein taqriba 390 vovo daad. januri 457. wah eek spahi bunn gayaa. apnee ibtadayi zindagi mein wah gharib thaa aur kahaa jaataa hay kahh wah sarf duu sue sonay kay takday lay kirr logon kay paas pahuncha juu iss nay adhaar liye thay. iss nay aarda bors alaan aur iss kay betay asper kay maatehat foj mein khidmaat anjaam dain. iss nay faarsiyon aur hunon kay khalaaf jangon mein khood kuu mamtaz kiyaa. asper eek qasm kaa baadshah bananay waalaa aur mashriq kay liye general inn cheef ("majister militum phee aurentium") thaa juu eek waqat kay liye constinople kaa sabb say taqatwar aadmi bhee thaa. leakin chonkah wah eek ghair milki aur eek aaryaan thaa iss liye wah khood shahanshah nahein bunn saktaa thaa. iss kay bajaye iss nay apnay pasandidah kii janishini takht parr rakhee. inn mein say eek marsiyayi thaa. constinople mein marcine senitor bunn gayey aur eek mashhur aur maqbool shaqs thay. wah eek bewah thaa vovo pehli shaadi say iss kii betty euphamia baad mein maghrab mein shahanshah anthemius say shaadi kii (467-472). wah taqriba saath saal kaa thaa jabb theodosis dom kaa inteqal hawaa (450). theodosis dom (408-450) apnay waalid arcadius (395-408) kay baad eek chhotay bachay kay toor parr aayaa thaa. iss kay door hukumat kay ziyadah tarr hasay mein iss kii bury behan pulturia nay hukumat kaa intezam sanbhala. theodosis kay door hukumat mein pehley say hyee pulturia "augusta" thaa. apnee duu behanon arcadia aur marina kay saath iss nay brahamchari kaa awami ahed kiyaa. jabb iss kay bhayee kaa inteqal hawaa tuu janishini kay baaray mein tamaam mashkalaat kaa khaatima iss kay mutafaqah intekhaab (jiss nay taweel arsey say riyasat kii rehnumayi kii thee) kay zariye hawaa. iss tarah pulturia kaa door sharoo hawaa. apnee position kuu mazboot karnay kii khwahish say (yaha roman takht parr faiz honay waali aurat kaa pehla muamilah thaa) iss nay foraa marcine kay saath baraye naam shaadi kirr lee. aisa lagtaa hay kahh wah behtareen shaqs thaa jasay wah muntakhib kirr sakti thee. spir kii dosti kay saath saath iss kii apnee saakh nay taweel arsey say asay kasee aalee maqaam kii taraf asharah kiyaa thaa. kahaa jaataa hay kahh theodosis nay apnee moth kii bastar parr asay bataya thaa: "yaha miray saamney zahir how gayaa hay kahh tamm meeri jagah lay low gay."marcine kuu 25 agast 450 kuu sarparast nay taaj pehnaya thaa. yaha tajposhi kii mazhabi taqrib kii pehli misaal hay jiss kii baad mein maghrab mein nql kii gayee aur iss kay door russ nataij baraamad honay thay. nayey door hukumat kaa pehla amal cresfuce kaa moqhadhima aur phansi thee juu eek khwajah saraa aur adaalat kaa taweel arsey say ghair maqbool pasandidah thaa jiss nay theodosis kuu zulat aamiz maafi aur atela kuu qatal karnay kii nakaam sazish kay zariye eek baday jarmanay kii adayegi kii thee. marcine kaa taaluq aslaah kii jamaat say thaa jiss kaa baanee theodosis kay tahat anthemius thaa. jeesay hyee wah shahanshah banaa iss nay aitedal pasandi kii palisi sharoo kii khaas toor parr teks mein jiss nay iss kay door hukumat kuu khushhaal aur khood kuu maqbool banaa diyaa halankah iss nay hamishah tajawaz karnay waalay hunon aur room kay deegar dushmanon kuu dabanay kay liye hathiyaron kii taaqat say behat kumm kaam kiyaa. iss nay khazanay aur darbaar kay ikhrajat kuu kumm kiyaa aur "galiba"yee yaa "folis"yee jayedad parr eek jabranah teks juu aalee tabqat kay liye khaas toor parr nagwar thaa kuu khatam kirr diyaa. eek sakht nazaam thaa jiss kay zariye kasee bhee senitor kuu "pretora" kay naapsandidah aizaz kuu qabool karnay parr majbur kiyaa jaa saktaa thaa. eek preter kay toor parr wah apnay ahday kay waqat mein mustaqil logon kay saath rehney aur games aur shoz farahim karnay parr bury raqam kharch karnay kaa paband thaa. yaha khaas toor parr inn senitors kay liye mashkal thaa juu soobon mein rehtay thay janhein iss liye darulhukumat aanaa padaa aur tabaah kunn qeemat parr maheenon wahaan rehna padaa. marcine nay iss qanoon mein tarmim kii taakah shehar say door rehney waalay logon kuu maaf kiyaa jaa sakay aur iss nay qonsalon kuu ikhrajat kaa inn kaa hasah leenay kaa hakam diyaa. inhon nay bahriyah mein ziyadah iqtesadi bunyaad parr aslahaat kein. iss waqat aksar zalzalay aatay thay jiss say puray shehar tabaah how jaatay thay. inn suraton mein maarsi aur pulturia shaahi khazanay say rasd kay saath dall khool kirr mutasireen kii madad kay liye aayey. marcine kuu apnay daftar kii zamah daariyon kaa mukhlisana andazah thaa. apnay zabtay kay dosray "naawal" mein wah shahanshah kay farz kay baaray mein apnay naqtah nazar kii wazahat kartay haine: "insani nasal kii deekh bhaal farahim karnaa humara kaam hay."aur wah apnay paishroon kay zarurat say ziyadah teks aur amumi badantazami kii wajah say honay waali preshani say aagah thaa. pehla "naawal" aalaan kartaa hay kahh shikayat kanandgan harr taraf say hukumat kay paas jamaa how gayey haine "darkhwast guzaron kaa lamtanahi hujum" hay vovo iss kii wajah jajon mein "diyanat daari aur shadat" kii kamee hay. marcine kay qawanin inn mashkalaat say namatnay kay liye maanee khaiz aur kamiyab koshishein haine. eek behat maqbool aqdaam yaha thaa kahh iss nay atela kuu wah kharaaj adaa karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa juu theodosis dom kay zariah baqayedgi say adaa kiyaa jaataa thaa. iss ankaar say donon nay eek bury qeemat bachayi aur sultanat kay waqaar kuu bahaal kiyaa juu atnee bury zulat say badnaam hawaa thaa. chonkah hunn ubhee frank kay saath apnee ladayi sharoo kirr rahay thay iss liye wah sultanat kay saath jung karnay kay muthamil nahein how saktay thay. iss mein koyee shakk nahein kahh marcine kuu yaha iss waqat malum thaa jabb iss nay inn kii mukhalifat kii thee. leakin iss door hukumat kaa aham waaqiah azeem mono physite jhagday aur chelsedan kii konsal kaa aaghaz thaa. marsiyayi waazah toor parr mutaqi aur qadamat pasand thaa. jeesay hyee iss kaa taaj pehnaya gayaa iss nay pope liyo awal (440-461) kuu eek behat hyee dostana aur qaabil ehteram khath likhaa jasay wah aqeede kay sarparast kehta hay iss kii duayein maangta hay aur khood kuu pope kii tajweez kardah konsal kii himayat karnay kay liye bay cheen qaraar deeta hay ("sue aaa authentoventos") taakah uteaches deoscourse aur inn kay doston (ayee pee) kii taraf say uthaye gayey sawaal kuu hall kiyaa jaa sakay. sent kay darmiyan eel aiks aiks aayee aayee. liyo kay khatut vovo maansi viyee 99). pulturia nay yaha bhee likhaa vovo wah bhee kehti hay kahh konsal kuu pope kay akhtiyar say talab kiyaa jaaye gaa. liyo pehley hyee theodosis dom say konsal kuu talab karnay kuu kahah chakaa thaa (ayee pee. xlivyee 3 vovo p. eel.yee liyo 826) vovo marcine kaa waazah toor parr sarf theodosis kay jansheen kay toor parr iss commission kuu anjaam deenay kaa aradah thaa. iss doraan deoscourse aur iss kii jamaat achhi tarah say jaanti thee kahh marcine inn kaa dost nahein hoga. inhon nay misar mein iss kii pehchaan kuu roknay kii koshish kii aur nakaam rahay. iss koshish nay hukumat kay saath inn kay muamile kuu mazeed kharaab kirr diyaa. mashriqi church konsal aaf afsas (431) aur nestoriyayi preshaniyon kay foraa baad say uteach kii taleem say preshan thaa. 448 mein dorilium kay yousibius nay constinople mein uteaches aur iss kay farmolay "union kay baad eek fitrat" ("meeta teen annocin miyaa fosus") parr alzaam lagaya thaa. alegzender kay deoscourse nay uteaches kaa sabab uthaya thaa aur 449 mein drawar konsal aaf afsas mein daiyo fazzam kii mazmat kii thee (iss sabb kay liye dekhein). pope liyo nay eek aur general konsal kay baghair aman kii bahaali kay liye eek waqat kii ameed zahir kii (marcine eel aiks aiks wee aayee palchariya eel aiks aiks aiks aur patrioric anatolis aaf constinople eel aiks aiks aiks kuu inn kay khatut). leakin iss doraan marcine nay liyo kii sabqah tajweez parr amal kartay hoay 17 mayee 451 kuu sultanat kay tamaam baday shehron kuu khaton kay zariye eek konsal talab kii. yaha waazah hay kahh iss nay eek ghalat fehmi parr kaam kiyaa aur ubhee takk pope kaa baad kaa khath (haifil-leclaric IIyee 639) mosul nahein hawaa thaa. iss kay baad liyo nay juu kachh hawaa thaa asay qabool kiyaa aur apnay waaris paschasius sasli mein lalibium kay bashp aur eek paadri boneface (ayee pee) kay toor parr muqarar kiyaa. lxxx vovo maansi viyee 125). konsal kaa ajlaas nekiya mein honaa thaa. behat say bashp 451 kay mosam garma mein pehley hyee wahaan pahunch chakay thay jabb shahanshah nay inhein inn kay saath shaamil honay takk intezar karnay kay liye kahaa (maansi viyee 553 mein inn kaa khath). wah sultanat kii sarhad parr hunon kay khalaaf iss kay dafaa kaa intezam karnay mein masruf thaa. bashpon nay takhir kii shikayat karnay kay liye likhaa aur marcine nay inn kay khath kaa jawaab deetay hoay kahaa kahh wah phosphorce kay dosri taraf darulhukumat kay saamney (maansi vyee 557) chalseedan jayein vovo iss tarah wah constinople kuu chhoday baghair konsal mein sharkat kirr saktaa thaa. sent kay charch mein konsal kaa iftatah hawaa. 8 aktobar 451 kuu chalsden mein afaali aur 1 nomber takk jaari rahee. taqriba 600 bashpon nay sharkat kii. shaahi commissioner mojud thay aur harr ajlaas mein beruni karobar kuu manzam kartay thay. pope kay walee ahed paskees nay konsal kaa iftatah kiyaa. chhatay seeshan (25 aktobar) mein marcine aur pulturia nay madad kii. shahanshah nay iss dunn laatini zabaan mein taqrir kay saath kararwai kaa aaghaz kiyaa (maansi VIIIyee 129). koyee yaha baath dekhta hay kahh juu abb bhee sultanat kii sarkaari zabaan thee wah khaas toor parr muqadas mawaqa parr istemaal hoti thee. iss kay baad iss kii taqrir yunani mein dohrayi gayee. iss ajlaas mein konsal kaa farmaan padhaa gayaa (dekhein.) 27 faroori 452 cow marcine nay apnay maghrabi saathi valentinin III (423-455) kay saath mill kirr sultanat kay qanoon kay toor parr konsal kay farmaan aur qawanin kuu naafiz karnay waala qanoon banaya aur inn sabb kay khalaaf bhaari sazaon kii dhamki dee jinhon nay inn say ikhtelaaf kiyaa. akilay marcian nay 13 maarch kuu asee qanoon kuu dohraya (maansi VIIIyee 475-480). mashhur athayeeswein cannon (room kay foraa baad mustaqil awami darjah deena) aur iss kay khalaaf pope kay ahtajaj nay inn kay aur shahanshah aur maharani kay darmiyan mazeed khath woo kitaabat kaa sabab banaa (ayee pee. leons I.yee see wee see wee aayee vovo maansi viyee 187yee 195)yee leakin inn kay achhay taluqat kuu kharaab nahein kiyaa. marcine kay qawanin nay awaam mein aur hukumat kay pados mein yaksaniyat paida kii leakin wah shaam aur misar mein inhein atnee kamiyabi say naafiz nahein kirr sakay. inn kaa baaqi door hukumat inn soobon mein honay waalay inqilaab say preshan thaa juu duu sadiyon takk inn kay janashinon kay maatehat hukumat kii sabb say bury mashkalaat mein say eek rehaa. marcine nay shaami aur masri mono physitis kay liye koyee riayat nahein dee. iss kii hukumat nay deoscourse kaa biyaan jaari kiyaa aur 28 jolayi 452 kay eek farmaan mein alegzender kay orthodocs padar proterius kay aiteraf parr bhaari sazaon kay tahat asraar kiyaa gayaa. eek bury foj (2000 foji) misar bheji gayee. marcine kii moth kay baad takk asper aur anatolis kay tahat constinople mein eek jamaat nay mutabark logon kay saath samjhutah karnaa sharoo nahein kiyaa. saal 453 mein atela kaa inteqal hawaa. kahaa jaataa hay kahh marcine nay atela kii moth kay waqat khwaab dekha thaa kahh iss nay apnay azeem dashman kaa kamaan tutaa hawaa dekha thaa. maharani pulturia kaa asee saal inteqal hawaa. asay catholic aur orthodocs donon nay muqadas qaraar diyaa hay. donon calenders mein iss kii daawat 10 satambar kuu hay. marcine apnee bewi kay saath chaar saal zindah rehaa. iss kay door hukumat kaa ikhtatam misar mein badhti hoyee preshaniyon kaa shikaar thaa. iss kay baad liyo aayee (457-474) nay kamiyabi haasil kii. marcine shaadi kay zariye theodosis awal kay gharanay kaa aakhri shahanshah thaa. qadamat pasandon nay asay bhee muqadas qaraar diyaa hay aur 17 faroori kuu iss kii daawat (pulturia kay saath) manayi hay. adrian fortescue.

0006df3e55e1b0c01d17ecab5c97b2bbc3595be408f961ce595965549d19ee82

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62943807

Pure Gold on EMI

Pure Gold on EMI

ee. aim. aaee. parr shuddh sonaa

aa. emm. aii. mele suddha chinna

eiii. emm. aii. yill shudhamaaya swarnam

aii. emm. aay. varr shuddha sone

aii. emm. aai. upare shudha suna

ee. aimm. aaee. utte shudh soona

eee. emm. aii. yill thooya thangam

0006f34ba6f3d1fa08b3bbe98c41f97c952b78d31b6928601fb7801a143df383

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=4040456

If the Shoe Fits—/Chapter 3

If the Shoe Fits—/Chapter 3 <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Chapter 2 Chapter 4 →   III <templatestyles src="Dropinitial/styles.css" />IT was all confusion to John Rand. He knew that they had gone into a night court; he knew that his lawyers, Jasper Ruud's lawyers, had appeared; and that there had been money spent. He had heard something about a warrant for a man's murder being no warrant at all when the man who was supposed to have been murdered hadn't died, but was sitting up eating soft-boiled eggs. It appeared that a case of assault with a billiard cue was a matter which with money and management might be relegated to the domain of things of no moment. All of this and the scores of considerations by the way merged into a kaleidoscopic chaos, And one thing, one thing only was perfectly clear and simple—and stupefying! There were the lights of the court; there sat the judge whose gravity had been for once disturbed. Yonder was an automobile with whirring motor from which District Attorney McAdams and Jasper Ruud's attorneys were waving their hats to him, across the street curved another car carrying Captain Hudson and his retainers back up the river, and at his side, her hand pressing his arm, was the most tantalizingly lovely maiden he had ever set his eyes upon. In her delight at the happy ending of the day's tragedy she had, openly and shamelessly, hugged him in the very face of the judge. And now she was saying coaxingly: “Here's our car, Cootsie. It's dreadfully late. Let's hurry home!” John Rand hesitated and selected his words carefully before he spoke. He had denied so much to-night, and so frantically and so earnestly, that he scarcely dared deny again. Nobody believed him, no one would listen seriously to him. “We'll get into the machine,” he said gravely. “And we'll drive around a little, to the park, anywhere. I want to talk with you.” She looked up at him curiously. “It's nearly four o'clock,” she said, gently. “And after a day like this... Oh, you must be tired to death!” “I want to talk with you,” he insisted. And with another quick glance into his eyes she pulled her gay-colored cloak close about her slim young body and hurried to the car. Now, in the roomy comfort of the tonneau with one heavy rug drawn over their knees, with the girl insisting on nestling close to him, her hand seeking for his, John Rand began his explanation. He did not want to accuse her brother of the thing that Jasper Ruud had done, he did not want to show her that if her brother were not guilty of murder he was none the less guilty of a cowardly and mean action. So he said nothing about the meeting in the freight yards. But he told her how he had gone to the police station and how he had been seized, how the whole thing was an absurd mistake, how he was John Rand, a mining engineer but lately returned from South America, how he had lost what money he had there, and being anxious to get on to New York had “beat his way.” How, in a word, he was a rather reckless young man with large hopes in his heart and big holes in his pockets. And, he hurried on to his conclusion, her brother was all right and would show up within a few hours and— And when he finished and turned to her, the little squeeze which she gave his hand and the tender, half reproachful look in her eyes told him that she hadn't believed a word he had said. “Jasper, old boy,” she said with a little laugh which was all full of quivers, “you've had an awfully bad day. It has been enough to do you all up. And now you're coming straight home, and have a hot toddy and go to bed. Tom,” quickly to the chauffeur, “home!” “Home, nothing!” cried Rand. “Let me out first!” “Home, Tom!” very emphatically from Miss Audrey Ruud. “But,” snapped Rand impolitely and with no intention of being polite, “I can't go home with you this way. I'm not your brother, hang it! I'm not even a married man, and what would people say when the truth came out?” “We don't care about people, Jasper, dear—and, Tom, hurry!” Rand flung aside the lap robe. “I'm going to get out,” he said shortly. “If he doesn't slow up I'll probably break my neck!” “Hurry, Tom! He won't jump. He's just—just bub-bub-bluffing!” She was sobbing wretchedly, and both arms were again around Rand's neck. “I'll go,” he told her suddenly, taking her arms away. “Only I'd be much obliged if you could manage to pick up a chaperone somewhere.” “Mum-mama's there,” he made out her choking voice to say, “And she can chaperone us, can't she?” And then she laughed a little and cried a little and John Rand told himself that he wasn't going to hurt her again or frighten her, let the consequences be what they might. Tom, knowing dimly that something was amiss and clearly that it was late and he was sleepy, sent his machine along merrily through the quiet streets and to the Ruud mansion on the Drive. Rand got down and gave his hand to the girl. Until the last minute he was tempted to break and run for it, but knowing that she already feared for her brother's sanity and that he must humor her now or hurt her, let her hand cling to his arm and went with her up the broad steps. A servant flung the door open, bowing gravely as though the Ruud home had not been in the turmoil of terror since morning, and informed them quietly, as though they were just returning from the theater, that a supper was waiting for them in the little dining-room. “Come on,” coaxed Audrey Ruud, “let's get something to eat. And don't make a noise. Mama's upstairs and she'd only scold you if she came down. Come on,” dragging at his arm. “You must be just starved, Cootsie!” John Rand planted his feet widely and stubbornly apart. “I'll come on just one condition,” he said emphatically. “And that is that you don't call me 'Cootsie' any more! I don't like it!” “All right, Jas—” “And don't call me Jasper. That's worse than Cootsie. Call me John Rand—because,” with a final attempt to make his stand firm, “because that's my name.” “Then, John Rand, dear, come with me to get something to eat!” And John Rand, dear, went. She seated him in his own particular chair ... he knew that it was his own particular chair because she told him that it was ... she sent the servant away and waited on him herself. She fluttered about him with her hair down in a thick brown braid across each shoulder, and in a gossamery, filmy, lacy “thing”—she had flung her gay-colored cloak upon a chair—that he was very much afraid was not quite a proper thing to wear before a young gentleman whom she had just met. But it was very pretty for all that, and he could not again insist that he was not her brother, so he tried not to look too much at her. She made him a hot toddy... the way he liked it, as she also told him ... and poured his coffee and set fruit and cold meats before him. And then she climbed up on top of the table, and taking her own cup of coffee in her hand, watched him while he ate. Now she was the gayest, and the tenderest little body he had ever dreamed of. And he was suddenly happy, happy just to be with her, and suddenly glad that the whole thing had happened. She would learn after a while that she had made a mistake, and she might be sorry that she had hugged him before the court. But he would know her and he would make her forget the embarrassing portions of their evening, and she would remember that he had tried hard and persistently not to take advantage of her. So he drank his toddy to her good health and young beauty, and ate his cold meats and had his cigarette in almost untroubled enjoyment, “And now, Coot—” she caught his eye and changed it quickly to “John Rand, dear—don't you feel a whole lot better?” He leaned back and smiled at her. “I do. I feel like a white man again. That's the first real meal I've had since I left San Francisco.” She put down her own cup, clasped her hands about her knees, and looked at him intently. He knew what she was thinking. And he was not surprised when she said gently: “Now I'm going to make you go right straight to bed. You're all tired out. And we'll have breakfast together, a late breakfast.” She slipped down from the table. “Come on, Coot—John Rand, dear. I'll go with you and see if everything is all comfy for you.” So they went upstairs, John Rand following, Audrey flitting ahead and flinging open the door of Jasper Ruud's bedroom. She threw back the covers of the bed for him, laid his bathrobe across the back of a chair, placed his slippers for him by the fireplace, put cigarettes and matches on the little table by the bed ... even turned on the water in the bath. And then she came back to him and stood before him, her rosy face lifted wistfully to his. “Good night—and go to sleep right away like a good old boy. And aren't you going to kiss me good night?” For a wonderful tantalizing second he hesitated. And then he turned his eyes away from her. “Audrey Ruud,” he said, almost sternly to keep from saying it entirely sentimentally, “you are driving me to distraction. I'd rather kiss you good night than own the Great Golconda. And—” “Then why don't you do it?” coaxingly. “Because I haven't any right to. Because I'm a sort of a sheep in wolf's clothing. Because—oh, just because my name is John Rand.” And then quickly, as he saw the distress coming back into her eyes: “Will you explain to me why my shoes don't fit me?” He held out towards her a foot with its loose shoe, shaking it back and forth as he had done for McAdams, until the shoe dropped off. And she laughed at him. “You great big goose! Is that what's bothering you? I was in such a hurry, and I couldn't find anything—and those shoes are Talcott, the butler's!” She wafted him a kiss from the tips of her fingers and the door closed behind her. And John Rand searched feverishly until he found a pair of Ruud's shoes. They fitted him like a glove made to order. Seeing nothing else for it he plunged into his hot bath, tumbled into bed and went to sleep.

jodi jutatu khaap khaay-/ odhyay 3 odhyay 2 4 nong odhyay → iii. john rendor baabe ei xokolubur bibhranti aasil. teu janisil je teuluke etaa nixar aadalotoloi goise; teu janisil je teur odhibokta, jespar rudor odhibokta uposthito hoisil; aaru dhon khoros koraa hoisil. teu ejon puruxor hotyar warrantor bixoye kiba etaa xunisil jetiya hotya koraa hoh 'bob poraa manuhjonor mrityu huwa nasil, kintu kumol utolai diya konee khaai uthi bohi aasil. ene lagisil je billiard kiure aakromonor ghotona etaa bixoy aasil jitu dhon aaru byowosthaponar xoite kunu muhurtor bostur khetroloi protisthapito hoh 'bob paare. ei xokolubur aaru bohutu bibesona ek caledoscopic bisringkholat ekotrito hoisil, aaru etaa kotha, kewol etaa bostu xompurnorupe sposto aaru xorol aasil-aaru bismoyokor! aadalotor lightbur aasil; taat nyayadhixjon bohi aasil jaar gurutwo exomoyot bighnito hoisil. yondor aasil wiring motor thoka ekhon automobile, jaar poraa jilaa etornee mcdams aaru jespar rudor etornixokole teur faale tupee jukari aasil, rastar uporere captain hudson aar logote teur rokhyonkarixokolok loi aan ekhon gaari bogai loi nodir uporoloi goisil, aaru teur faale, taair haattuwe teur haat sapiyai teur sokur uporot rokha ataitkoi akorxoniyobhabe priyo mohila aasil. dintur dukhjonok ghotonar xukhor onto porat taair aanondot taai mukolibhabe aaru lojjahinbhabe teuk bisarokor mukhot aalingon korisil. aaru etiya taai protipalonore koi aasiloh eiya aamar gaari, kutxi. bhoyanokbhabe polom hoise. ghoroloi xunkale jaau!" john rende didhabudh korisil aaru kotha kuwar aagote teur xobdobur xabodhane basoni korisil. teu ratitu imaan besi oswikar korisil, aaru imaan unmottobhabe aaru imaan antorikotare je teu punor oswikar korar xahox koraa nasil. kuneu teuk biswax koraa nasil, kuneu teur kotha guruttoxohokare xuna nasil. aami jontrotur bhitoroloi jaam", teu gurutorbhabe koo "ley. aaru aami olop gaari solai parkoloi, jikunu thailoi jaam. moi tumar logot kotha patibo bisaru." taai koutuholi hoi taak saai thakil. pray chaari bojise", taai mridubhabe koo "ley. aaru enekuwa etaa dinor pisot... oh ', tumi mrityur baabe bhagoruwa hoi poraa!" moi aapunar xoite kotha patibo bisaru", teu jure di koo 'ley. aaru teur sokut aan etaa drut soku di taai nijor xomokamitar rongor kapurkhon nijor paatol juwo xoriror usoroloi tunny aanile aaru garir faale douri go "lo. etiya, tunaur bixal swaschondyot aathur uporot etaa godhur galisa tunny, suwaligorakiye teur usorot baax koriboloi jure di, taair haattuwe teur haat bisari thokar baabe john rende teur byakhya aarombho korr korisil. jespar rude koraa kaamor baabe teu taair bhayekok obhijukto koribo nibisarile, taai taik dekhuwabo nibisarile je jodi taair bhayek hotyar baabe duxi nohoy tente teu karusit aaru orthohin karjyor baabe kunu komm duxi nohoy. xeyehe teu malbahi jordot onusthito boithokhonor bixoye eku kuwa nasil. kintu teu taik koichil je teu kenekoi aarokhyi thanaloi goisil aaru kenekoi teuk jobdo koraa hoisil, kenekoi gutei bixoitu etaa ojouktik bhul aasil, kenekoi teu john rend aasil, ejon khoni obhijonta kintu xehotiyakoi dokhyin aamerikar poraa ubhoti aahisil, kenekoi teu taat thoka dhon heruwaisil, aaru niuyorkoloi jaboloi aagrohi hoi teu "nijor pothot probhab pelaisil.kenekoi, etaa xobdot, teu ejon beporiya juwok aasil jaar hridoyot brihot aaxa aaru poketot dangor dangor chidro aasil. aaru, teu xunkalei teur xiddhantoloi go "lo, taair bhayek bhaal aase aaru keighontamanor bhitorote aahi paab aaru - aaru jetiya teu kotha xex kori taair faale ghuri aahil, taair haator xoru sepi luwa aaru taair sokut kumol, aadha nindoniyo drishyoi taak koichil je taai teu kuwa etaa xobdo biswax koraa nasil. jesper, buru lo" raa ", taai olop hahiboloi dhorile, ji xokoluwe koponire bhori aasil," tumar dintu oti beyaa aasil. aapunaluk xokoluke xohay koriboloi eyaa jothesto hoise. aaru etiya aapuni punpotiyakoi ghoroloi aahise, aaru etaa gorom tody khaai bisanaloi jauk. tomm, "xunkale salokor usoroloi", ghoroloi!" ghor, eku nohoy!rande kandisil. prothome muk bahiroloi ulai jaboloi diyok!" ghor, tomm!miss audry rudor poraa oti drirhobhabe. kintu," rendok oxotbhabe aaru binoyi huwar obhiprai obihone subai pelaisil ", moi tumar xoite enedore ghoroloi jaabo nuwarim. moi tumar bhai nohoy, iyak bondho kori diya! moi bibahito puruxou nohoy, aaru xotyo puhoroloi ohaar pisot manuhe ki koo 'bob?" aami manuhor kotha chinta nokoru, jesper, priyo-aaru, tomm, xunkale!" rende kuchor kapurtur kaxoloi furi go "lo. moi bahiroloi ulai jaam", teu olop xomoyor bhitorote koo 'ley. jodi teur goti komi nayay tente moi hoyotu mur dingy bhangi dim!" xunkale, tomm! teu laaf dibo nuware. teu kewol-kewol baab-baab-bluffing!" taai durbhagyojonokbhabe kandisil, aaru duyu bahuwe punor rendor dingir sariufale aasil. moi jaam", taair haat aatorai loi hothate taai koo 'ley. jodi aapuni koo" robat ejon odhyokhyok lo "bob paare tente moi bohut badhyo hoh" moo." maa-maa aase", taair swaxorudh kori thoka konthoswortu teu koo "boloi koo" ley, "aaru taai aamak dhori rakhibo paare, nohoyone?" aaru taar pisot taai olop hahisil aaru olop kandisil aaru john rende nijoke koichil je teu taik punor aaghat koribo nuware baa bhoy koribo nuware, porinambur ji hoh 'bob paare tene hoh' bob diyok. tome, kiba etaa bhul hoise aaru spostobhabe je deri hoise aaru teur tuponi aahise buli jaani, teur jontrotu aanondore xanto rastar maajere aaru drivot thoka rudd mesesionoloi pothiyai disil. rend naami aahil aaru suwalijonok haat dile. xex muhurtoloike teu iyak bhangiboloi aaru douriboloi proluvito hoisil, kintu taai itimodhye taair bhayekor manoxik swasthyor baabe bhoy korisil aaru teu etiya taik haisyorox koribo lagibo baa aaghat koribo lagibo buli jaani taair haattu teur bahut laagi thakok aaru taair xoite bohol khujbur uporoloi jaabo diyok. ejon sakoriye duwarkhon khuli diye, zen ratipuwar poraa rudd ghortu aatongkor oxantito poraa naai, aaru teulukok xantobhabe obogoto kore, zen teuluke eimatro theater poraa ubhoti aahise, je xoru dining rumot teulukor baabe etaa raatir aahar opekhya korr korr kori aase. jaau", oh 'dree rude maat maari koo' ley, "jaau, kiba etaa khaabo. aaru kunu xobdo nokoribo. maama uporot aase aaru teu tololoi naami elehe aapunak gaali disil. aahi jauk, "teur baahur faale tunny loi goi aase. tumi nischoy bhukot aas, kutxi!" john rende teur bhori byapokbhabe aaru jedire prithok kori rakhisil. moi maatro etaa sortot aahim", teu drirhotare koo "ley. aaru xeitu hoh 'lo je aapuni muk aaru' kutchi 'nokoy! mur bhaal nalage!" thik aase, jes- aaru muk jesper nok 'baa. xeitu kutsitkoi beyaa. muk john rend buli kouk-kaaron, "nijor sthiti drirho korar suranto prochestare", kiyonu xeituwei mur naam." teneh" ley john rend, priye, mur logot kiba khaboloi aahi jaa!" aaru john rend, priye, go "lo. taai teuk nijor bixex seyorot bohisil... teu janisil je eitu teur nijor bixex aaxon kiyonu taai teuk koichil je xeitu aasil... taai sakorik aatorai pothiyaisil aaru nijei taar baabe opekhya korisil. taai protitu kandhot daath badami rongor berot suli dhaaki taar sariufale furisil, aaru etaa gusemeri, filmozukto, lesi "bostu"-taai nijor xomokami rongor kapur ekhon seyorot firai disil-je taai oti bhoy khaai aasil je taai eimatro log puwa ejon jubokor xonmukhot pindhiboloi ekebare upojukto bostu nohoy. kintu ei xokoluburor baabe ee oti xundor aasil, aaru teu punor teur bhatri nohoy buli jure di koribo nuwarile, xeyehe teu taair faale besi suwar chesta koraa nasil. taai taak gorom tody kori pelaisil... teur bhaal logar dore, jenekoi taiu teuk koichil... aaru teur kofi dhaali dile aaru teur xonmukhot foll aaru thanda maangxo rakhile. aaru taar pisot taai tebulor uporot uthi go "lo, aaru nijor kaap kofi haatot loi teu khawar xomoyot taak saai thakil. etiya taai aasil ataitkoi xomokami, aaru teur xopunot dekha ataitkoi kumol xoru xorir. aaru teu hothate xukhi hoisil, kewol taair logot thakiboloi paai xukhi hoisil, aaru hothate xukhi hoisil je gutei ghotonatu ghotisil. kichu xomoyor pisot taai janibo paribo je taai etaa bhul korise, aaru hoyotu taai aadalotor aagot taik aalingon korar baabe dukkhito hoh 'bob paare. kintu teu taik chini paab aaru taair xondhiyar lojjajonok ongxobur paahori jaabo, aaru taai monot rakhibo je taair xubidha noll 'boloi teu kothur por chesta korisil aaru obirambhabe chesta korisil. xeyehe teu taair xuswasthyo aaru juwo xoundorjyor baabe nijor tody khaisil, aaru taar thanda maangxo khaisil aaru pray opraxongik aanondot chigaret khaisil, aaru etiya, kutt-" taai taar soku dhori lo 'ley aaru taak drutogotit "john rend, priye-tumi xompurno bhaal onubhob koraa naai neki?" xi pisfale saai taik saai hahisil. moi koru. moi punor ejon bogaa manuhor dore onubhob korisu. moi chaan francisoku eraar pisot eituwei mur prothom prokrito aahar." taai nijor kaapkhon raakhi aathur usorot haat dhori taak monujugore saai thakil. teu janisil je taai ki bhabise. aaru taai mridubhabe koo "ley teu aasorit noho" loh etiya moi tumak punpotiyakoi bisanaloi loi jaam. aapunaluk xokolu bhagoruwa hoi porise. aaru aami ekeloge ratipuwar aahar khaabo, etaa derikoi ratipuwar aahar.taai tebulor poraa naami aahil. jaa, kutt-john rend, priyo. moi aapunar logot jaam aaru xokolu aapunar baabe aramdayok hoy ney naai sauk." xeyehe teuluke uporoloi go "lo, john rendoi teuk onuxoron korile, odriye aagbarhi goi jespar rudor xuwoni kuthar duwarkhon khuli dile. taai bisonar aworonbur taar baabe ghurai pelai disil, teur bathorobo ekhon seyaror pisfale rakhisil, teur baabe teur soppolbur sopuwar kaxot rakhisil, chigaret aaru mesbur bisonar usoror xoru tableot rakhisil... aanoki gaa dhuwar paniu jwolai disil. aaru taar pisot taai teur usoroloi ubhoti aahisil aaru teur xonmukhot thiyo hoisil, taair rujal mukhkhon asoritbhabe teur faale uporoloi tuli loisil. xubho nixa-aaru ejon bhaal briddho lo" raar dore totkhyonat xuboloi jauk. aaru tumi muk xubho nixa sumbon koribo nuwara neki?" etaa xundor muhoniyo muhurtor baabe teu didhabudh korisil. aaru taar pisot teu taair poraa soku aatorai loisil. oh 'dree rudd", teu pray kothurbhabe koichil, iyak xompurnorupe abegikbhabe kuwar poraa aatori thakiboloi, "aapuni muk bibhrantir dixe theli dise. moi bhaal go 'loconder maalik huwatkoi aapunak xubho nixa sumbon koribo bisaru. aaru- teneh" ley tumi kiyo nokora?protipalon kori. kiyonu mur kunu odhikar naai. kaaron moi nekorer puchak pindhi thoka ek dhoronor bhera. kaaron-oh ', kewol mur naam john rend.aaru taar pisot xunkale, teu dukhtu taair sokut ghuri ohaa dekhisiloh" mur jutatuwe muk kiyo khaap nakhay aapuni muk bujai dibo neki?" teu taar aaloga jutare taair faale etaa bhori dhori rakhisil, jutatu pori juwaloike mekadamor baabe korar dore iyak aagoloi-pisoloi jukari disil. aaru taai taak dekhi hahisil. bohut dangor horin! xeituwei neki aapunak bisolito kori aase? moi imaan drut hoi porilu, aaru moi eku bisari puwa nasilu-aaru xei jutabur telcott, batoloror!" taai nijor aangulir tupular poraa teuk suma maari dile aaru taar pisfale duwarkhon bondho kori dile. aaru john rende rudor jutaa etaa nupuwaloike tibrovabe onuxondhan korisil. teuluke teuk order diyar baabe toiyar koraa hatmujar dore loguwaisil. iyar baabe aan eku dekha nupuwar baabe teu gorom gaa dhuwat dubo porisil, bisanat pori xui porisil aaru xuboloi goisil.

jodi juto maniye yaay-/ adhyay 3 adhyay 2 adhyay 4 Â 3. john rander kachhe sabkichui bibhrantikar chhilo. tini janten jey taaraa ekti night courte geche; tini janten jey taanr aainjibira, jasper ruder aainjibira hajir hoyechen; ebong sekhane ortho byoy koraa hoyeche. tini ekjon byaktir hotyar jonno ekti paroana somporke kichhu shunechilen jey konao paroana chhilo naa jokhon jey byaktike hotya koraa hoyechilo boley money koraa hoyechilo seey maaraa yayni, kintu norom siddho dima khachchilo. money hoyechilo jey billiard cue diye akromoner ekti mamla emon ekti vishay chhilo jaa ortho ebong byabosthaponar saathe konao muhurter jiniser khettre abonomito hotey paare. eyi samasta kichhu ebong anekguli bibechona ekti caledoscopic bishrinkhalar modhye mishe geche, ebong ekti jinis, cable ekti jinis chhilo puropuri sposhto ebong sahaj-ebong vismayakar! adaloter alo chhilo; sekhane bicharok bosechilen jaar gurutto eksamoy bighnito hoyechilo. iyandara chhilo ekti huaring motorjukto gaadi, jekhan theke zela attorney mcadams ebong jasper ruder attornira taanr dike tupi nadchilen, rastar opare captain hudson ebong taanr rakkhanshilder niye arekti gaadi bankiye niye nadeer dike firey jachchilen ebong taar paashe, taar haat taar haat chepe dhorey, sabcheye akarshaniyabhabe sundari mohila jetir dike tini kokhono nojor rekhechilen. diner tragedyr sukher sheshe taar anande seey prokashye ebong nirlojjobhabe bicharoker mukhe taake alingan korey. ebong ekhon seey swastir sange bolchiloh eyi jey amader gaadi, kutsi. bhayanak deri hoye geche. choll tadatadi baadi firey jaai!" john ranned dwidhabodh korechilen ebong kotha bolar agey taanr kothagulo sabdhane beche niyechilen. tini etotai unmottobhabe ebong antorikbhabe, jey tini arr kokhono aswikar korar sahos korenni, etotai raate aswikar korechilen. keu taake biswas koreni, keu taar kotha syriously shunbe naa. amra meshine ddhukab", gombhirbhabe bollol seey. ebong amra parke, jey konao jaiga, ektu gaadi chaliye jaab. aami upner sange kotha bolte chaai." seey kautuhali chokhe or dike takal. pray charta baaje", seey aste korey boley. ebong erokom eka deane porr... oh, tumi nischoyi morte morte klanto hoye padechh!" aami upner sange kotha bolte chaai", seey jore korey boley. ebong taar chokher dike druto arekbar takale seey taar samakami ronger jamata taar patla torun deher kachakachi teney niye druto gaadir dike egiye yaay. ekhon, hantute taanaa ekti bharee galicha niye tonauer proshosto swachchonde, meyeti taar kachakachi thucker jonno jore korey, taar haat taar haat khunjche, john ranned taar byakhya shuru korey. jasper rudd jey kaajti korechilo taar jonno seey taar bhaike abhijukto korte chayni, seey taake dekhate chayni jey taar bhai jodi hotyar jonno doshi naa hoy tobey seey kapurushochito ebong tuchcho kaajer jonno qama doshi noy. taai tini malbahi earde boithok somporke kichui bolenni. kintu seey taake boley jey seey kibhabe thanay giechilo ebong kibhabe taake greptar koraa hoyechilo, kibhabe puro vishayti ekti ajouktik bhul chhilo, kibhabe seey john ranned, ekjon khanir prakaushali kintu samprati dakkhin america theke firey esechilo, kibhabe seey sekhane taar jaa taaka chhilo taa hariechilo, ebong neu iyarke yawar jonno udwigno haoya "taar pothke aghat korechilo.eka kothai, tini kemon ekjon beproa jubok chhilen jaar hridaye prachur aasha ebong pokete borh borh chhidro chhilo. ebong, seey tadatadi taar uposonghare pouchoy, taar bhai thhik achhe ebong koyek ghantar modhye uposthito hobey ebong - ebong jokhon seey shesh korey taar dike firey takay, tokhon seey jey chhotto chepe dhorey taar haat deyo ebong taar chokher komal, ardhek nindaniya chehara taake boley jey seey taar bolla ekti kothao biswas koreni. jasper, budo chhele", seey ektu hesse boley, "tomar dinta khub kharap keteche. apnader sobaike egiye niye yawar jonno etai jotheshto. ebong ekhon upney soja barite aschen, ebong ekti gorom toddy kheye bichhanai zaan. tomm, "druto chaloker kachhe", baadi!" baadi, kichhu naa!ranned kende othe. agey amake berr korey daao!" baadi, tomm!miss audrey ruder kachh theke khub joralovabe. kintu," randke asatbhabe ebong binoyi howar konao abhiprai chharai ", aami eibhabe upner saathe baadi jete paari naa. aami tomar bhai noi, etaa jhuliye daao! aami bibahito purushou noi, ebong satyita jokhon beriye asbe tokhon lokera qee bolbe?" amra manusher kotha chinta corry naa, jusper, priya-ebong, tomm, tadatadi!" ranned coley jamata ekpashe feley dill. aami berr hachchi", seey ektu porei boley. seey jodi dheer naa hoy, tahle aami sombhoboto amar ghaad venge debo!" tadatadi coro, tomm! seey luff debe naa. seey shudhu-- shudhu boob-baab-bluffing!" seey khub kharapbhabe kandchilo ebong rander ghaade abar dui haat chhilo. aami choley jaab", seey hothat haat tuley boley. aami khub badhyo thakab jodi upney kothao ekjon prodhanke nitey paren." maa-maa eshe geche", seey taar domm bondho korey diye boley, "ebong seey amader ador korte parbe, taai naa?" ebong tarpor seey ektu hesechilo ebong ektu kendechilo ebong john ranned nijeke bolechilo jey seey taake arr aghat korbe naa baa bhoy dekhabe naa, porinoti jaa hotey paare taai hoke. tomm, osposhtobhabe jaante perechilo jey kichhu bhul hoyeche ebong sposhtotoi jey deri hoye geche ebong seey ghumiye poreche, taar meshinti anander saathe shanto rastaguli ebong driver rudd prasade pathiyechilo. ranned neme eshe meyetir haate haat deyo. shesh muhurta porjonto seey bhangar jonno prolubdho hoyechilo ebong err jonno daude giechilo, kintu seey jey itimodhyei taar bhaiyer mansikotar jonno bhoy peyechilo ebong taake ekhon taake haste hobey baa taake aghat korte hobey taa zene, taar haat taar bahute aankde dhorey taake niye chaoda sindi porjonto jete deyo. ekjon chakor darja khule diye emanbhabe matha noto korey jeno sokal theke badita atongker modhye nei, ebong taader nisshobdobhabe boley, jeno taaraa sobematro theater theke firey asche, jey chhotto dining rume taader jonno ekti dinner apekkha korche. esso", audrey rudd boley, "choll kichhu ekta kheye assie. arr awaz tulben naa. maa upore achhen ebong seey jodi niche neme aase tobei seey aponake tiroskar korbe. esso, "or bahute teney niye jaa. tumi nischoyi khudharto, kutsi!" john ranned taar paa byapokbhabe ebong ekguyevabe alada korey rekhechilen. aami shudhu ekti shorte asob", seey joralovabe boley. ebong seta holl jey upney amake arr 'kutsi' bollen naa! amar valo laage naa!" thhik achhe, jasses- ebong amake jasper bolben naa. etaa kotsir cheyeo kharap. amake john ranned boley dakun-kaaron, "taar abosthan dridha korar chudanta prochestai", kaaron etty amar naam." tahle, john ranned, priya, amar sange kichhu khete esso!" ebong john ranned, priya, choley geela. tini taake taar nijer bishesh cheyare bosiyechilen... tini janten jey etty taanr nijer nirdishto cheyara kaaron tini taake bolechilen jey etty chhilo... seey chakorke pathiye diye taar jonno apekkha korey. tini taar charpashe chull niye protiti kandhe ekti puru badami benite ebong ekti gosamari, film, lessie jinis-seey taar samakami ronger poshakti ekti cheyare feley diyechilo-jey seey khub bhoy peyechilo jey ekjon torun bhadraloker saamone poraa thhik noy jaar saathe taar sobematro dekha hoyechilo. kintu eyi sabkichur jonno etty khub sundar chhilo, ebong seey arr jore korey bolte pareni jey seey taar bhai noy, taai seey taar dike khub beshi naa takanor chesta korechilo. seey taake gorom toddy korey toley... jebhabe seey etaa pochondo korechilo, jemon seey taake bolechilo... ebong taar coffey ddhele taar saamone foll oo thhanda mangs rekhe deyo. tarpor tabiler upore uthhe nijer cup coffey haate niye seey jokhon khachche tokhon taake dekhchilo. ekhon seey chhilo sabcheye samakami, ebong taar swapner sabcheye komal shorir. ebong seey hothat korey khushi hoye yaay, shudhu taar sange thakte perey khushi hoy ebong hothat korey khushi hoy jey puro byaparti ghoteche. seey kichhu somoyer porey jaante parbe jey seey ekti bhul koreche ebong seey hoyto dukkhito jey seey taake adalte joriye dhoreche. kintu seey taake chinoto ebong seey taake taader sondhyar bibratkar ongshoguli bhule jete badhyo koroto ebong seey money rakhbe jey seey taar sujog naa neoar jonno kathor ebong abichchinnobhabe chesta korechilo. taai seey taar suswastho ebong tarunyer jonno taar toddy paan korey ebong taar thhanda mangs khaay ebong pray nirobochchinno anande taar cigaret khaay. ebong ekhon, coat-" seey taar chokh dhorey ebong druto setike "john ranned, priya-upney kii khub vall bodh korchen naa?" seey firey eshe or dike takiye hussel. aami corry. aami abar saadaa manusher moto onubhob korchi. shaan francisco chhadar porr etai amar prothom asol khabar." seey nijer kapta namiye, hantute haat bendhe or dike monojog diye takal. seey janoto seey qee bhabche. ebong seey abak hoyney jokhon seey mridubhabe boleh ekhon aami aponake soja bichhanai niye jaab. apnara sobai klanto. ebong amra eksange sokaler nasta korob, ekti deri sokaler nasta.tabil theke lafiye porey seey. esso, coat-john ranned, priya. aami upner sange jaab ebong dekhab sabkichu upner jonno aramdayak kina." taai taaraa upore choley yaay, john ranned anusaran korey, audry egiye yaay ebong jasper ruder shobar ghorer darja khule deyo. seey taar jonno bichhanar aboronguli feley deyo, taar bathrobti ekti cheyarer pichoner dike rakhe, taar jonno taar chappalguli agnikunder kachhe rakhe, bichhanar pasher chhotto tabile cigaret ebong matchguli rakhe... emonki snaner jolo chaalu korey. tarpor seey firey eshe taar saamone dandal, taar golapi mukhti taar dike tikhnobhabe tuley nill. shubh ratri-ebong ekhoni ekjon valo briddho chheler moto ghumate zaan. arr tumi kii amake shubh ratri chumban korbe naa?" eka vismayakar kkhoner jonno seey dwidhabodh korey. tarpor taar theke chokh sariye nill. audrey rudd", seey boley, "etaa puropuri abegprobonbhabe bolla theke biroto thucker jonno, tumi amake bibhrantir dike thhele dichcho. aami borong aponake shubh raate chumban korob greta goalconder malik howar cheye. ebong- tahle keena korbe naa?swastir sange. kaaron amar konao adhikar nei. kaaron aami nekader poshake eka dharaner bheda. kaaron-oh, kaaron amar naam john ranned.ebong tarpor druto, jokhon seey taar chokhe jontrona firey aste dekheh" upney kii amake byakhya korben keena amar juto amar saathe manansoi noy?" seey taar alga juto diye taar dike eka paa dhorey rekhechilo, juto porey yawa porjonto mcadamer moto taa pichhone pichhone nadchila. ebong seey hesse othe. tumi borh borh chhagol! etai kii aponake birokto korche? aami eto tadahudo karchilam, ebong aami kichui khunje paini-ebong seii jutoguli talcott, buttler!" seey taar anguler dogga theke ekti chumban korey ebong taar pichhon theke darja bondho korey deyo. ebong john ranned tibrovabe anusandhan korey jotokkhon naa seey ruder eka jodaa juto khunje paay. taaraa taake order korar jonno toiri gloves-err moto phita korechilo. err jonno arr kichui naa dekhe seey taar gorom snaner modhye porey yaay, bichhanai porey yaay ebong ghumiye porey.

jooe jutaa bandhbese-/ prakaran 3 prakaran 2 prakaran 4 Â III john rained maate aaa badhee munjhavan hatee. teo jaantaa hataa keey teo raatri adalatma gayaa hataa; teo jaantaa hataa keey temnaa vakeelo, jasper rudnaa vakeelo haajar thayaa hataa; aneey paisa kharchvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tene aek maanasnee hatyaana warrant vishe kaneek saambhalyu hatoo keey jyaare hatyaa karaayel hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo teey maanas mrutyu paamyo naa hato, parantu naram bafela indaa khaaine betho hato tyaare teey koee warrant nahotu. aevu laagtu hatoo keey billiard kyu saathe humalaano cases aek aevee baabat hatee jeey naanaa aneey vyavsthaapan saathe koee kshannee vastuonaa kshetramaa fervi shakaay chhe. aaa badhu aneey ghanee badhee vichaarnaao aek reete caledoscopic andhadhundhima bhalee gaee, aneey aek vastu, maatra aek jaj vastu sampurnpane spasht aneey saral hatee-aneey aashcharyajanak! tyaan darbaarni lighto hatee; tyaan nyayadhish bethaa hataa jaimnee gambhirta aek samaythi khalel pahonchaadi rahee hatee. yonder aee wheering motarwali automobile hatee, jemathi jilla vakeel mcdams aneey jasper rudnaa vakeelo temnee topeeo temnee taraf laheraavi rahyaa hataa, shereeni paar beejee kaar valaankvaadi hatee jemaa capton hudson aneey tenaa retainer nadeeni paachhal paachha jataa hataa, aneey tenee bajuma, teno haath dabaavine teno haath, sauthee aakarshak reete sunder yuvati hatee jenaa parr tene kyaarey najar raakhi hatee. divasni karunantikaona sukhad anta parr teneeni khushima teneeae, khulleaam aneey nirlajj reete, tene nyayadhishna chahera parr jaj alingan aapyu. aneey havey teey dilthi bollie rahee hateeh aaa amaari kaar chhe, kootee. ghanoo modu thaee gayoo chhe. chaalo ghare jaldi aaveeae!" john rained achakaata hataa aneey bolata pahelaa temnaa shabdo kaljipurvak pasand kartaa hataa. tene raatre aatalo incar karyo hato, aneey aetali unmattathi aneey aetali nishthapurvak keey tene fareethi nakaarvaani bhagye jaj himmat curry hatee. koiae tenaa parr vishvaas karyo nahee, koee tenee vaat gambhirtathi sambhalshe nahee. amey machinema besishu", tene gambhirtathi kahyoo. aneey amey parkma, game tyaan, thodee gaadee chalavishu. maare tamaari saathe vaat karvee chhe." teneeae tene aaturtathi joyo. lagbhag chaar vaagyaa chhe", teneeae narmashthi kahyoo. aneey aavaa aek divas pachhi... oh, tame mrutyu sudhee thaaki gayaa hasho!" huun tamaari saathe vaat karvaa mangu chhu", tene aagrah karyo. aneey tenee aankhoma beejee zadpi najar saathe teneeae tenaa paatala yuvan shareerni aaspaas tenaa geey rangnaa zabbhane khenchee leedho aneey kaar taraf dodee gaee. havey, temnaa ghoontan parr khenchaayel aek bhaare gaadalu saathe tonouni vishaal aaramma, chhokari tenee najik besvaano aagrah raakhe chhe, teno haath tenee shodhamaa chhe, john rende tenu samajooti sharoo curry. jasper rude jeey karyoo hatoo tenaa maate teey tenaa bhaai parr aarop mukavaa maangato naa hato, teey tene bataavvaa maangato naa hato keey jooe teno bhaai hatyaano doshee naa hoya too teey kaayartaapurn aneey neach krutya maate koee ochha doshee nathee. tethee temane malvahak yardma bethak vishe kanee kahyoo nahee. parantu tene tene kahyoo keey teey kevee reete police station gayo hato aneey tene kevee reete pakadvama aavyo hato, kevee reete aakhee baabat aek vaahiyaat bhool hatee, teey kevee reete john rained hato, aek khankam angineer parantu taajetarma dakshin americathi paachho faryo hato, tene kevee reete gumaavyaa hataa tyaan tenee paase jeey paisa hataa, aneey newyork javaa maate aatur hovaa "tenaa maargne haraavi deedho hato.kevee reete, aek shabdma kaheeae too, teey aek avichari yuvan hato, jenaa hradayma motee aashaao hatee aneey khissama motaa chhidro hataa. aneey, teey utavalma tenaa nishkarsh parr pahonchyo, teno bhaai theek chhe aneey thodaa kalaakoma jaj aavee jashe aneey - aneey jyaare tene kaama purun karyoo aneey tenee taraf valyo, tyaare tene jeey naano sankocho aapyo aneey tenee aankhoma komal, adadhi nindaatmak drashtiae tene kahyoo keey tene jeey kahyoo hatoo tenaa parr teneeae vishvaas karyo nathee. jasper, budho chhokaro", teneeae thodu haasy saathe kahyoo jeey badhaa kampariothi bharelu hatoo, "tamaaro divas khoob kharaab rahyo chhe. teey tamane badhaane karvaa maate puratu chhe. aneey havey tame seedha ghare aavee rahyaa chho, aneey garam todee khaao aneey pathaarimaa jaao. tooma, "zadapthi driver paase", ghare!" ghar, kanee nahee!rained ruddy padyo. maney pahelaa bahaar javaa doo!" ghar, tooma!miss odree rudd tarafthi khoob jaj bhaarpurvak. pann," rendne abhadra reete aneey namr banvaanaa koee irada vinaa ", huun tamaari saathe aaa reete ghare jaee shakato nathee. huun tamaaro bhaai nathee, tene latkavi doo! huun parineet purush pann nathee, aneey jyaare satya bahaar aavashe tyaare loko shun kaheshe?" amane lokonee chinta nathee, jasper, preey-aneey, tooma, utaaval karoo!" rende lepano zabbho bajuae fenki deedho. huun bahaar jaish", tene toonk samayma kahyoo. jooe teey dheemo nahee karey too huun kadaach maaree gardan todee nakhish!" utaaval karoo, tooma! teey koodashe nahee. teey maatra-maatra bub-bub-bluffing!" teey kharaab reete ruddy rahee hatee, aneey banne haath fareethi rendnaa galaamaa hataa. huun jaaun chhu", tene achaanak tenaa haath door kareene kahyoo. jooe tame kyaay pann aek malikne pasand curry shako too jaj huun khoob aabhaari raheesh." mamma-maama tyaan chhe", tene teno ghonghaat karato avaaj bahaar kaadhyo, "aneey teey amaaro saath aapee shake chhe, kharoo neey?" aneey pachhi teey thodee hasyo aneey thodee ruddy padyo aneey john rende potaane kahyoo keey teey tene fareethi nuksan pahonchaadashe nahee athavaa tene daravshe nahee, parinam jeey teey hoi shake teey thavaa doo. tooma, jaane keey kaneek khotu chhe aneey spasht reete keey modu thaee gayoo chhe aneey tene ungh aavee gaee chhe, tene tenu machine aanandthi shaant sheriomathi aneey drive parnee rudd haveleemaa mokalyu. rained neeche utaree gayo aneey chhokarine potaano haath aapyo. chhelli ghadee sudhee teey tene todvaa aneey tenaa maate dodvaa maate lalchaavto hato, parantu teey jaanine keey teneene pahelethee jaj tenaa bhaaini viveksheelta maate darr chhe aneey tene havey tene ramooj karvee joiae athavaa tene nuksan pahonchaadvu joiae, teneeno haath tenaa haath saathe valgee rahevaa doo aneey tenee saathe paholaa pagathiyaano parr javaa doo. aek nokre darvaajo kholnaar, gambhir reete maathu namavine jaane keey ghar savaarthi aatankni garbadma naa hoya, aneey temne shaantithi jaana curry, jaane keey teo hamanaa jaj theatermathi parat pharii rahyaa hoya, keey naana dining roomma ratribhojan temnee raah joee rahyu chhe. aavo", audary rude kahyoo, "chaalo aapane khaava maate kaneek laeae. aneey avaaj naa karoo. maama upar chhe aneey jooe teey neeche aave too jaj teey tamane thapako aape chhe. aavo, "tenaa haath parr khencho. toon bhukhyo jaj hashe, kootee!" john rende tenaa pug vyaapak aneey hatheela reete alag rakhyaa. huun maatra aek jaj sharat parr aaveesh", tene bhaarpurvak kahyoo. aneey teey aee chhe keey tame maney havey 'kootee' nathee kaheta! maney teey gamatu nathee!" theek chhe, jeey.- aneey maney jasper naa kaho. teey kotsi karataa pann kharaab chhe. maney john rained kaho-kaaran keey, "tenaa valanne majboot banavvana anteem prayaas saathe", kaaran keey teey maarun naam chhe." too pachhi, john rained, preey, maaree saathe kaneek khaava maate aavo!" aneey john rained, preey, gayo. teneeae tene tenee potaani khaas khurshi parr besaadyo... teey jaanato hato keey teey tenee potaani khaas khurshi hatee kaaran keey teneeae tene kahyoo hatoo keey teey hatee... teneeae nokarne door mokali deedho aneey pote tenee raah joee. teneeae tenaa vaadne darek khabhaama jaadaa badaami rangnee veneemaa neeche laavya, aneey aek gosamari, fiilmii, lessie "vastu" maan-teneeae tenaa geey rangno zabbho khurshi parr fenkyo hato-keey teey khoob jaj darto hato keey teey aek yuvan sajjanni saame pahervaa maate ekdam yogya vastu naa hatee jene teey hamanaa jaj malee hatee. parantu teey badhaa maate teey khoob jaj sunder hatoo, aneey teey fareethi aagrah curry shakyo nahee keey teey teno bhaai nathee, tethee tene tenee taraf vadhaare naa jovaano prayaas karyo. teneeae tene garam todee banaavi... jeey reete tene teey gamyoo, jaim keey teneeae pann tene kahyoo hatoo... aneey tenee kofee redatee aneey tenee saame fala aneey thandu maans mooke chhe. aneey pachhi teey tableni toach parr chadee gaee, aneey haathmaa coffeeno potaano cup laeene, jyaare teey khaato hato tyaare tene joto hato. havey teey sauthee samlaingik aneey tene kyaarey sapnu joyu hoya tevu sauthee naanu shareer hatoo. aneey teey achaanak khush thayo, maatra tenee saathe raheene khush thayo, aneey achaanak khush thayo keey badhu jaj thaee gayoo chhe. thodaa samay pachhi teneene khabar padashe keey teneeae bhool curry chhe, aneey teneene kadaach khed thashe keey teneeae tene adalat samaksh alingan aapyu hatoo. parantu teey teneene jaanato aneey teey teneene temnee saanjnaa sharamjanak bhagone bhooli javaa maate majboor karato, aneey teneene yaad hashe keey tene teno laabh naa levaa maate sakhat aneey satat prayaas karyo hato. tethee tene tenaa saaraa svaasthya aneey yuvan sundarta maate tenee todee pidhee, aneey tenu thandu maans khaadhu aneey lagbhag nirankush aanandma tenee cigaret khaai. aneey havey, qota-" teneeae tenee najar pakadi aneey tene zadapthi badaline "john rained, preey-shun tamane sampoorn reete saaru laagtu nathee?" teey paachhal valeene tenee saame hussy padyo. huun karoo chhu. huun fareethi safed maanas jevo anoobhav karoo chhu. meyn saana francisco chhodyu tyaarthi meyn jeey pratham vaastavik bhojan leedhu chhe." teneeae potaano cup neeche mookyo, tenaa ghoontanma haath pakadyo aneey tene dhyanthi joyo. teey jaanati hatee keey teey shun vichaaree rahee hatee. aneey jyaare teneeae narmashthi kahyoo tyaare tene aashchary thayu naa hatuh havey huun tamane seedha jaj pathaarimaa laee jaish. tame badhaa thaaki gayaa chho. aneey amey saathe savaarno naasto, modo naasto khaishu.teey table parthee neeche puddy gaee. aavo, qota-john rained, preey. huun tamaari saathe jaish aneey joish keey tamara maate badhu aaramdayak chhe keey nahee." tethee teo upar gayaa, john rained paachhal padyo, audary aagad udee rahyo hato aneey jasper rudnaa shayankhandno darvaajo kholee rahyo hato. teneeae tenaa maate pathaarinaa aavarano paachha fenki deedhaa, khurshini paachhal teno bathrobe mookyo, tenaa maate tenaa champalne sagadi paase mookyaa, cigaret aneey maachisne pathaarinaa naana table parr mookie... snaanmaa paanee pann chaalu karyoo. aneey pachhi teey tenee paase paachhi aavee aneey tenee saame oobhi rahee, teno gulabi chahero aaturtathi tenee taraf uncho thayo. shubh raatri-aneey tarat jaj aek saaraa vruddh chhokarani jaim suee jaao. aneey shun tame maney shubh raatri chumban nahee karoo?" aek adbhut aakarshak kshan maate teey achakaato hato. aneey pachhi tene tenee aankho tenaathi door curry. audary rudd", tene kahyoo, lagbhag sakhat reete, teey sampurnpane bhavnatmak reete kahevaanu taalvaa maate, "tame maney vichaleet curry rahyaa chho. huun mahaan goalkondani maliki karataa tamane shubh raatri chumban karoo chhu. aneey- too pachhi tame qema nathee kartaa?dilthi. kaaran keey maney teno koee adhikaar nathee. kaaran keey huun varunaa vastromaa aek prakaarnu ghetu chhu. kaaran keey-oh, kaaran keey maarun naam john rained chhe.aneey pachhi zadapthi, jyaare tene tenee aankhoma taklif paachhi aavtee joih" shun tame maney samjavsho keey maaraa pagarkhaa maney qema bandhbesta nathee?" tene tenaa chhutak jutaa saathe aek pug tenee taraf raakhyo, jyaan sudhee jutaa naa padey tyaan sudhee tene mcdam maate karyoo hatoo tema tene aagad aneey paachhal halaavyo. aneey teey hussy puddy. toon too bahoo motee vaans! shun aaa jaj tamane pareshaan karey chhe? huun aetali utavalma hato, aneey maney kanee jaj naa malyun-aneey teey pagarkhaa telcoat chhe, butlernaa!" teneeae tene potaani aangalioni toach parthee chumban aapyu aneey tenee paachhalno darvaajo bundh curry deedho. aneey john rende jyaan sudhee tene rudnaa jutaani jodee naa malee tyaan sudhee ugrataathi shodh curry. teoae tene order karvaa maate banaavela hathmojani jaim feat karyo. tenaa maate beeju kanee naa joine teey tenaa garam snaanmaa puddy gayo, pathaarimaa puddy gayo aneey suee gayo.

aggar jootaa fitt baithata haye-/ adhyaay 3 adhyaay 2 adhyaay 4 Â iii. johnn raind key liye yeh sub bhram thaa. vaha jaanata thaa kii way ack raat kii adalat mein gaye they; vaha jaanata thaa kii usake vakeel, jasper rudd key vakeel, pesh hue they; aur paisa kharch kiya gayaa thaa. usane ack aadami kii hatyaa key liye warrant key baare mein kuchh sunaa thaa kii koee warrant naheen thaa jaba jiss aadami kii hatyaa kii jaani thee, vaha marr naheen gayaa thaa, lekin naram ubale hue andey khaa rhaa thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii billiard kyu key saath hamale kaa mamla ack aisaa mamla thaa jise dhana aur prabandhan key saath kuchh hii samay kii cheejon key kshetra mein sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh sub aur kaee vichaar ack caleidoscopic arajakta mein vilay hoe gaye, aur ack baat, kewal ack baat poori tarah seey spasht aur saral thee-aur hairan karane vaali! vahaan adalat kii roshni thee; vahaan nyayadhish baithe they jinaki gambhirta ack baar key liye baadhit hui thee. yonder ack chakkar vaali motor vaali automobile thee, jisamen seey jilaa vakeel mcadams aur jasper rudd key vakeel apani topi unhein lahula rahey they, sadak key paar ack aur kaar kaptan hudson aur unake anucharon koo nadee key peechhe leey jaa rahee thee, aur usake buggle mein, uska haath usaki baanh koo dabaakar, sabse aakarshak roop seey pyaari ladki thee jiss parr usane kabhi apani nazar rakhee thee. dinn kii trasdi key sukhad anta parr apani khushi mein, usane khule taur parr aur besharmi seey usey nyayadhish key saamane galey lagaa liya. aur abb vaha munn lagaakar kaha rahee theeh yeh hamari gaadi haye, cootsey. bahut dair hoe chuki haye. jaldi ghar chalo!" johnn raind sankoch karate they aur bolane seey pahale apane shabdon koo saavdhaanipoorvak chunate they. usane raat koo itna incar kiya thaa, aur itane gusse mein aur itani imandari seey, kii usane shayed hii kabhi phir seey incar karane kii himmat kii. kissy ney una parr vishvaas naheen kiya, koee bhee unaki baat gambhirta seey naheen sunega. humm machine mein ghus jaayenge", usane gambhirta seey kahaa. aur humm thodi gaadi seey park mein kaheen bhee jaayenge. main aapse baat karna chaahata huun." vaha utsukta seey usaki or dekh rahee thee. lagbhag chaar buzz chuke hain", usane dheere seey kahaa. aur iss tarah key ack dinn key baad... oh, tum marate dumm taka thuck gaye honge!" main aapse baat karna chaahata huun", usane jore dekar kahaa. aur usaki aankho mein ack aur twarit nazar daalate hue usane apane samlaingik rung key labada koo apane patale yuva shareer key paas kheench liya aur gaadi kii or daud padee. abb, ghutanon parr ack bhaari kaaleen kheencha huaa tono key vishal aaraam mein, ladki usake paas rahane parr jore dey rahee thee, uska haath usaki talash mein thaa, johnn raind ney apana spashteekaran shuru kiya. vaha apane bhaai parr usa kaam kaa aarop naheen lagaana chaahata thaa joe jasper rudd ney kiya thaa, vaha usey yeh naheen dikhaana chaahata thaa kii aggar uska bhaai hatyaa kaa doshi naheen haye tou vaha kayartapurna aur ghatiya kaarravaai kaa doshi haye. isaliye unhone maal yard mein baithak key baare mein kuchh naheen kahaa. lekin usane usey bataaya kii vaha kaise pulis station gayaa thaa aur usey kaise pakada gayaa thaa, kaise yeh sub ack betuki galati thee, kaise vaha johnn raind thaa, ack khanan engineer thaa lekin haal hii mein dakshin america seey lauta thaa, kaise usane khou diyaa thaa kii usake paas vahaan kyaa paisa thaa, aur newyork jaane key liye utsuk honey key kaaran "usane apana raasta toda diyaa thaa.kaise, ack shabd mein, vaha ack laparwah yuvak thaa jisake dill mein badee ummeeden theen aur usaki jeb mein badey chhed they. aur, vaha jaldi seey apane nishkarsh parr pahuncha, uska bhaai thheek haye aur kuchh hii ghanton mein aaa jaayega aur - aur jaba vaha samaapt huaa aur usaki or mudaa, tou usane joe chhota saa nichod diyaa aur usaki aankho mein komal, aadhaa nindaniya roop seey usey bataaya kii usane joe kahaa thaa usa parr usey vishvaas naheen huaa thaa. jasper, boodha ladka", usane thodi see hansee key saath kahaa, joe sabhi compcompy seey bharee hui thee, "aapka dinn bahut buraa rhaa haye. yeh aap sabhi koo taiyar karane key liye paryaapt rhaa haye. aur abb aap seedhe ghar aaa rahey hain, aur ack germ toddy khaao aur bistar parr jaao. tomm, "jaldi seey driver key paas", ghar!" ghar, kuchh naheen!raind roya. pahale mujhe baahar jaane dou!" ghar, tomm!miss audry rudd seey bahut dridhata seey. lekin," raind koo abhadrata seey aur vinamra honey key iraade key binaa, "main aapke saath iss tarah seey ghar naheen jaa sakata. main tumhara bhaai naheen huun, ise latka dou! main shadishuda aadami bhee naheen huun, aur sach saamane aaney parr loga kyaa kahenge?" humm logon kii parwah naheen karate, jasper, priya-aur, tomm, jaldi karo!" raind god key vastra koo ack taraf fenk diyaa. main baahar jaa rhaa huun", usane jald hii kahaa. aggar vaha dheema naheen kartaa haye tou main shayed merrie gardan toda doonga!" jaldi karo, tomm! vaha koodata naheen haye. vaha buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-buss-gadbad!" vaha buri tarah row rahee thee, aur donon haath phir seey raind key galey key aspas they. main jaaoonga", usane achaanak usaki baahen door karate hue kahaa. kewal main bahut aabhaari rahoonga aggar aap kaheen ack sanrakshak koo lene kaa prabandhan curr sakate hain." maan-maan vahaan hain", usane usaki goongi hui aavaaz mein kahaa, "aur vaha hamein sambhal sakati haye, haye naa?" aur phir vaha thodi see hans padee aur thodi row padee aur johnn raind ney khud seey kahaa kii vaha usey phir seey chot naheen pahunchaayega yaa usey daraane vaalaa naheen haye, parinam joe hoe sakata haye, honey dein. tomm, yeh jaanate hue kii kuchh gadbad haye aur spasht roop seey kii dair hoe chuki haye aur usey neend aaa rahee haye, apani machine koo khushi-khushi shaant sadakon seey aur drive parr rudd haveli mein bhej diyaa. raind neeche aaya aur ladki koo apana haath diyaa. antim samay taka vaha usey todane aur usake liye bhaagne key liye lubha rhaa thaa, lekin yeh jaanate hue kii vaha pahale seey hii apane bhaai kii viveksheelta seey darti haye aur usey abb uska majaak udaanaa hoga yaa usey chot pahunchaani hogi, uska haath usaki bhuja seey chipak gayaa aur usey chaudi seedhiyaan chadhaane key liye chalaa gayaa. ack naukar ney darwaja khola, gambhir roop seey jhukate hue, jaise kii subah seey hii ghar mein dahashat kii koee sthiti naheen thee, aur unhein chupchaap soochit kiya, jaise kii way abhee theatre seey laut rahey houn, kii chhote seey bhojan kaksh mein ack ratribhoj unakaa intezar curr rhaa haye. chalo", audry rudd ney kahaa, "chalo kuchh khaane key liye leey aatey hain. aur shore mutt karo. maama oopar hain aur vaha aapako kewal tabhi danti thee jaba vaha neeche aatee. chalo, "apani bhuja parr kheenchate hue. tum tou abhee-abhee bhookhe hoe, cootsey!" johnn raind ney apane pair vyaapak roop seey aur jiddi tareeke seey alag kiye. main sirf ack shart parr aaunga", unhone dridhata seey kahaa. aur vaha yeh haye kii aap mujhe abb 'kootee' naheen kahate hain! mujhe yeh pasand naheen haye!" thheek haye, jais- aur mujhe jasper mutt kaho. yeh kootee seey bhee badatar haye. mujhe johnn raind kahein-kyonki, "apane rukh koo majboot karane key antim prayaas key saath", kyonki yeh meraa naam haye." tou, johnn raind, priya, merey saath kuchh khaane key liye aao!" aur johnn raind, priya, chalaa gayaa. usane usey apani vishesh kursi parr baithaa diyaa... vaha jaanata thaa kii yeh usaki apani vishesh kursi thee kyonki usane usey bataaya kii yeh thee... usane naukar koo door bhej diyaa aur khud uska intezar kiya. vaha usake chaaron or apane baal pratyek kandhe parr ack motee bhoore rung kii venee mein utaarati thee, aur ack gupshup, filmi, lessie "cheez" mein-usane apana samlaingik rung kaa labada ack kursi parr fenk diyaa thaa-kii usey bahut darr thaa kii ack yuva sajjan key saamane pahanana bilkul uchit cheez naheen thee, jisase vaha abhee-abhee millie thee. lekin yeh sub bahut sunder thaa, aur vaha phir seey iss baat parr jore naheen dey sakaa kii vaha uska bhaai naheen haye, isaliye usane usey bahut adhik naa dekhane kii koshish kii. usane usey ack germ toddy banaa diyaa... jiss tarah seey usey yeh pasand aaya, jaisa kii usane usey bataaya... aur apani coffey daal curr usake saamane phal aur thandaa maans rakh diyaa. aur phir vaha mez key oopar chadh gaee, aur apane haath mein coffey kaa cup laker, usey dekhate hue jaba vaha khaa rhaa thaa. abb vaha sabse samlaingik aur sabse komal shareer thaa jiska usane kabhi sapana dekhaa thaa. aur vaha achaanak khush hoe gayaa, buss usake saath rahane key liye khush thaa, aur achaanak khush thaa kii sub kuchh hoe gayaa thaa. usey kuchh samay baad pataa chalega kii usane galati kii haye, aur usey khed hoe sakata haye kii usane adalat key samaksh usey galey lagaa liya thaa. lekin vaha usey jaanata aur vaha usey unaki shaam key sharmanak hisson koo bhoolaane key liye majboor kartaa, aur usey yaad hoga kii usane uska fayda naa uthaane key liye kadee mehnat kii thee aur lagaatar koshish kii thee. isaliye usane usake achche swaasthya aur yuva sundarta key liye apani todi pee, aur uska thandaa maans khaaya aur lagbhag binaa kissy pareshani key anand mein apani sigaret pee, aur abb, coat-" usane usaki nazar pakadi aur jaldi seey ise badalkar "johnn raind, priya-kyaa aap bahut behtar mahsoos naheen curr rahey hain?" vaha peechhe jhuk gayaa aur usey dekh curr muskura diyaa. main kartaa huun. main phir seey ack gorey aadami kii tarah mahsoos kartaa huun. saine francisco chhodane key baad seey yeh pahala vaastavik bhojan haye joe maine khaaya haye." usane apana pyala neeche rakhaa, apane ghutanon mein haath rakhaa aur usey dhyaan seey dekhaa. vaha jaanati thee kii vaha kyaa soch rahee thee. aur usey ashcharya naheen huaa jaba usane dheere seey kahaah abb main aapako seedhe bistar parr leey jaaoonga. aap sub thuck gaye hain. aur humm ack saath nashta karenge, dair seey nashta.vaha mez seey neeche gir gaee. chalo, coat-johnn raind, priya. main aapke saath jaaoonga aur dekhunga kii kyaa sub kuchh aapke liye aramdayak haye." isaliye way oopar gaye, johnn raind peechhe hoe gaye, audry aage bhaag rhaa thaa aur jasper rudd key shayankaksh kaa darwaja khol rhaa thaa. usane usake liye bistar key aavaran vaapas fenk diye, usaki bathrobe koo kursi key peechhe rakh diyaa, usake liye usaki chappal koo chimani key paas rakh diyaa, sigaret aur machis koo bistar key paas kii chhoti see mez parr rakh diyaa... yahaan taka kii nahaane kaa paani bhee chaalu curr diyaa. aur phir vaha usake paas vaapas aaee aur usake saamane khadee hoe gaee, uska gulabi chehra hosh seey usake paas uthaa. shubh raatri-aur ack achche boodhe ladke kii tarah turant sou jaao. aur kyaa tum mujhe shubh raatri choomane naheen jaa rahey hoe?" ack adbhut aakarshak kshan key liye vaha sankoch kartaa thaa. aur phir usane apani aankhen usase door curr leen. audry rudd", unhone kahaa, ise poori tarah seey bhaavnaatmak roop seey kahane seey bachane key liye, "aap mujhe vichalit curr rahey hain. main aapako achchi raat choomana pasand karoongi, bajaay isake kii main mahaan golakonda kaa malik banoon. aur- tou phir aap aisaa kyon naheen karate?munn mein khushi. kyonki mujhe koee adhikaar naheen haye. kyonki main bhediye key kapadon mein ack tarah kii bhed huun. kyonki-oh, sirf isaliye kii meraa naam johnn raind haye.aur phir jaldi seey, jaise hii usane usaki aankho mein dukh vaapas aatey dekhaah" kyaa aap mujhe samajhaayenge kii merey joote mujhe kyon naheen fitt karate hain?" usane usake dheele joote key saath uska ack pair pakad liya, aur usey aage-peechhe hilaaya, jaisa kii usane mcadams key liye kiya thaa, jaba taka kii jootaa gir naa gayaa. aur vaha usa parr hans padee. tum bahut badey huns hoe! yahee aapako pareshan curr rhaa haye? mujhe itani jaldi thee, aur mujhe kuchh naheen milaa-aur way joote talcott hain, butler key!" usane apani ungaliyon key sire seey usey chooma aur usake peechhe seey darwaja bund hoe gayaa. aur johnn raind ney taba taka teji seey khoj kii jaba taka kii usey rudd key jooton kii ack jodee naheen mill gaee. unhone usey adesh key liye banaae gaye dastaane kii tarah fitt kiya. isake alawa aur kuchh naheen dekhkar vaha apane germ snan mein doob gayaa, bistar parr gir gayaa aur soney chalaa gayaa.

shoo sarihondidare-/ adhyaya 3 adhyaya 2 adhyaya 4 Â III zaan randge idu gondalamayavagittu. avaru ratri nyayalayakke hogiddaarendu aatanige tilidittu; jasper rudna vakilaru, tamma vakilaru haajaraagiddaarendu aatanige tilidittu; mattu hanavannu kharchu maadalaagide endu aatanige tilidittu. koleyagabahudendu bhaavisalaagidda vyakti sayalilla, aadare mruduvaada beyisida mottegalannu tinnutta kulitaaga, obba vyaktiya kolege warrant yaavude warrant agiralilla endu avanu enannaadaroo keliddanu. billiard kyoo moolaka daali prakaranavu hana mattu nirvahaneyondige kshanardhadalli vastugala vyaaptige iliyabahudaada vishayavaagide endu toruttade. ivellavoo mattu halavaaru parigananegalu caledoscopic avyavastheyalli vileenagondavu, mattu ondu vishaya, kevala ondu vishaya maatra sampoornavaagi spashtavagittu mattu saralavagittu-mattu digbhramegolisuvudu! allie nyaayaalayada deepagaliddavu; allie nyayadhisharu kulitiddaru, avara gambhirateyannu omme bhangagolisalaagittu. yonder embudu tiruguva motaru vaahanavaagiddu, allinda jilla vakeela mcdums mattu jasper rudd avara vakilaru tamma topigalannu avanige beesuttiddaru, beediyalli capton hudson mattu avana hiditagaararannu hotta mattondu kaarannu bagisi nadiya mele saagisuttiddaru, mattu avana badiyalli, avala kaii avana tolannu ottidaaga, avanu tanna kannugalannu itta atyanta aakarshakavaada sundaravaada kanyeyagiddalu. aaa dinada durantada santoshada antyadalli aake santoshadinda, bahirangavagi mattu naachikeyillade, nyayadhishara mukhadalliye avanannu appikondalu. mattu eega avalu samaadhaanadinda heluttiddaluh idu namma kaaru, kootsi. idu bhikaravagi tadavagide. bega manege hogona!" zaan raand hinjariyuttaane mattu maatanaaduva modalu tanna padagalannu echcharikeyinda ayke maaduttaane. avanu ratriyidi eshtu nirakarisiddano, eshtu huchchutanadinda mattu shraddheyinda, avanu matte nirakarisalu dhairya madalilla. yaaroo aatana matannu nambalilla, yaaroo aatana matannu gambhiravagi keluttiralilla. naavu yantradolage hogutteve", aata gambhiravagi helida. mattu naavu swalpa doora oduttaa, udyaanavanakke, elliyaadaroo hogutteve. naanu nimmondige maatanaadalu bayasuttene." kutuhaladinda avalannu noduttiddalu. sumaru naalku ganteyagide", avalu nidhaanavaagi helidalu. mattu ee reetiya ondu dinada nantara... oh, neevu saayuvavarege danididdiri!" naanu nimmondige maatanaadalu bayasuttene", endu avaru ottayisidaru. mattu avana kannugalalli mattondu tvarita notadinda avalu tanna salingakami bannada melangiyannu tanna tellagina yuva dehada suttaloo eledu kaarina kadege dhavisidalu. eega, monakaalugala mele ondu bhaaravaada kambali eleyuva tonovina vishaalavaada soukaryadalli, hudugi avana hattira nelesalu ottaayisuttaale, avala kaii avanannu hudukuttide, zaan raand tanna vivaraneyannu praarambhisidanu. jasper rudd maadida krutyada bagge aakeya sahodarana mele aaropa maadalu avanu bayasalilla, aakeya sahodara koleya tappitasthanalladiddare taanu heditanada mattu neecha krutyada tappitasthanendu avalige torisalu avanu bayasalilla. aaddarinda avaru saraku sagane angaladalli nadeda sabeya bagge enannoo helalilla. aadare avanu taanu police thaanege hege hogidde mattu hege aatanannu bandhisalaayitu, hege ellavoo asambaddha tappu, hege avanu zaan raand, obba ganigara enginiyar aadare ittichege daksina americadinda maralida, hege tanna bully idda hanavannu kaledukondanu, mattu newyorkge hogalu utsukanagiddanu endu avalige helidanu.ondu padadalli heluvudaadare, aata hrudayadalli dodda bharavasegalannu mattu tanna jebugalalli dodda randhragalannu hondidda swalpa ajagarooka yuvakanagiddanu. mattu, avanu tanna tirmaanakke taraturi maadidanu, avala sahodaranu chennaagiruttaane mattu kelave gantegalalli kanisikolluttane mattu - avanu maatu mugisi avala kadege tirugidaaga, avalu avanige needida sanna hinduvike mattu avala kannugalallina mruduvaada, ardha nindaneeya notavu avanu helida matannu avalu nambalilla endu avanige tilisitu. jasper, boodu huduga", avalu swalpa nagutta, adhu ellah kampisuvikeyinda tumbittu, "neevu tumba ketta dinavannu hondiddiri. nimmellarannoo melakkettalu idu saakaagide. mattu eega neevu neravagi manege baruttiddiri, mattu bisiyaada tuddy tindu malagalu hogi. tomm, "chalakana balige bega", manege!" maney, enoo illa!endu raand aluttaane. modalu nannannu horage bidi!" maney, tomm!miss audry rudninda bahala drudhavaagi. aadare," "asabhyavaagi mattu sabhyateya uddeshavillade raand annu hodeda", naanu ee reetiyalli nimmondige manege hogalu sadhyavilla. naanu nimma sahodaranalla, adannu nenu hakiri! naanu vivaahita purushanoo alla, mattu satya horabandaaga janaru enu heluttaare?" naavu janara bagge talekedisikolluvudilla, jasper, priya-mattu, tomm, bega!" raand lyap vastravannu pakkakke esedanu. naanu horatu hoguttene", endu aata swalpa hottinalle helida. avanu nidhaanagolisadiddare naanu bahushah nanna kuttigeyannu muriyuttene!" bega, tomm! avanu jigita maduvudilla. avanu summane-kevala bub-bub-bluffing!" avalu dukkhadinda aluttiddalu, mattu eradoo tolugalu matte randna kuttigeya suttaloo iddavu. naanu hoguttene", endu iddakkiddante tanna kaigalannu tegedukondu avalige helidanu. neevu ello obba meladhikaariyannu tegedukollalu sadhyavadare maatra naanu tumba baddhanagiruttene." amma-amma iddaare", endu aata aakeya usirugattisuva dhwaniyannu horahaakidaru, "mattu avalu nammannu poshisaballalu, allave?" tadanantara avalu swalpa nakkalu mattu swalpa aluttiddalu mattu zaan raand taanu matte avalannu noisuvudilla athawa avalannu hedarisuvudilla, parinamagalu enaagabahudu endu swatah helikondanu. eno tappagide mattu tadavagide mattu aata niddege jaariddaane endu spashtavagi tilida tomm, tanna yantravannu shaanta beedigalalli mattu vaahanadallidda rudd mahalige santoshadinda kaluhisidanu. raand kelagilidu hudugiya kaige tanna kaiyannu kottanu. koneya nimishadavaregoo avanu adannu muriyalu mattu odalu prachodisalpattanu, aadare avalu eegaagale tanna sahodarana vivekakkagi hedaruttiddalu mattu avanu eega avalannu haasya maadabeku athawa avalannu noisabeku endu tilidukondu, avala kaii avana tolige antikonditu mattu avalondige vishaalavaada mettilugalannu airalu avakasha maadikottanu. obba sevakanu baagilannu teredu, belaginindale aaa maney bhayada praksubdha sthitiyallilla embante gambhiravagi talebagutta, avaru chitramandiradinda hindiruguttiruvante, aaa chikka uutada kooneyalli avarigaagi uuta kayuttide endu avarige mounavaagi tilisidanu. baa", endu audry rudd koogikondalu, "naavu tinnalu enaadaroo tarona. mattu shabda madabedi. amma melantastinalliddu, aake kelagilidare maatra nimmannu gadarisuttiddalu. ," tanna tolina kadege eledukolluttaa. neevu hasivininda balaluttirabeku, kootsi!" zaan raand tanna padagalannu vyaapakavaagi mattu mondutanadinda pratyekavagi nettanu. naanu kevala ondu sharattina mele baruttene", endu avaru drudhavaagi helidaru. mattu adendare neevu nannannu innu munde 'kootsi' endu kareyuvudilla! nanage ishtavilla!" surry, jaas- mattu nannannu jasper endu kareyabedi. idu kootsiginta kettadaagide. nannannu zaan raand endu kareyiri-ekendare, "tanna niluvannu drudhapadisuva antima prayatnadinda", ekendare adhu nanna hesaru." aaga, zaan raand, priya, nannondige bandu tinnalu enaadaroo kodi!" mattu zaan raand, priya, hodanu. avalu avanannu avanade aada kurchiyalli kulitalu... adhu tannade aada nirdishta kurchi endu avanige tilidittu ekendare avalu adannu heliddalu... avalu aaa sevakanannu horage kaluhisi, swatah avanigaagi kayuttiddalu. avalu tanna koodalannu eradoo bhujagala mele dappa kandu bannada heneyuvikeyalli mattu ondu gossemariyalli, chalanachitramaya, lesi "vastuvina" mele beesuttiddalu-avalu tanna salingakami bannada melangiyannu kurciya mele esediddalu-taanu eegashte bhetiyaada yuva sajjanar munde dharisuvudu sariyaguvudilla endu avanu tumba hedaruttiddanu. aadare adhu elladakkoo tumba sundaravagittu, mattu avanu matte taanu avala sahodaranalla endu ottaayisalu sadhyavagalilla, aaddarinda avanu avalannu hecchu nodadiralu prayatnisidanu. avalu avanannu hott tody maadidalu... avalu avanige helidante avanige ishtavaada reeti... mattu tanna kaafhiyannu suridanu mattu hannugalannu mattu tampaada mamsavannu avana munde ittanu. tadanantara avalu mejina mele airidalu, mattu tanna swanta kaafhi cup annu tanna kaiyalli tegedukondu, avanu tinnuttiruvaaga avanannu noduttiddalu. eega avalu salingakami, mattu avanu kanasu kanda atyanta komalavaada dehavagiddalu. mattu avanu iddakkiddante santoshagondanu, avalondige iruvude santoshavagittu, mattu iddakkiddante ellavoo sambhaviside endu santoshapattanu. swalpa samayada nantara taanu tappu maadiddene endu avalu tilidukolluttaale, mattu nyaayaalayada munde taanu avanannu appikondiddene endu avalu vishaadisabahudu. aadare avanu avalannu tilidiruttaane mattu avanu avara sanjeya mujugarada bhagagalannu maretubiduttaane, mattu avanu tanna laabhavannu padeyadiralu kathinavaagi mattu nirantaravagi prayatnisiddanendu avalu nenapisikolluttaale. aaddarinda avanu tanna tuddy kudiyutta avala uttama aarogya mattu yuva soundaryakkaagi, mattu tanna tampaada mamsavannu tindu, tanna cigarate annu bahuteka tondaregolagaagada anandadalli tegedukondanu. mattu eega, coot-" avalu avana kannugalannu hididu adannu tvaritavagi "zaan raand, priya-neevu sampoornavaagi uttamavaguttillave?" avanu hindakke tirugi avalannu nodi nagatodagidanu. naanu maaduttene. naanu matte biliya manushyanante bhasavaguttene. naanu syaan fraansiskovannu toreda nantara naanu sevisida modala nijavaada uuta idu." avalu tanna swanta cup annu kelagilisi, tanna kaigalannu monakaalugala suttaloo hididalu mattu avanannu sookshmavaagi nodidalu. avalu enu yochisuttiddalu embudu avanige tilidittu. mattu avalu nidhaanavaagi helidaaga avanige ashcharyavagalillah eega naanu ninnannu neravagi malagisalu heluttene. neevellaroo danididdiri. mattu naavu ottige belagina upaahaaravannu, tadavagi belagina upaahaaravannu sevisutteve.avalu tableninda kelagilidalu. baa, coot-zaan raand, priya. naanu nimmondige hogi nimage ellavoo aaramadaayakavaagideye endu noduttene." aaddarinda avaru melantastinalli hodaru, zaan raand avarannu himbaalisidaru, audry munde haarihogi jasper rudna malaguva kooneya baagilannu teredaru. aake haasigeya hodikegalannu avanigaagi hindakke esedu, kurciya himbhagadalli avana snaanada batteyannu hockey, avana chappaligalannu aggistike bully irisi, haasigeya pakkadallidda chikka mejina mele cigarate mattu mejugalannu irisidalu... snaanada nirinannoo aun maadi. tadanantara avalu avana balige hintirugi bandu avana munde nintalu, avala gulabi mukhavu avana kadege kutuhaladinda melakkettitu. good nait-mattu olleya vruddha huduganante takshana malagi. mattu neevu nanage good nait kiss maaduttillave?" ondu adbhutavaada kshanada kaala aata hinjariyuttaane. nantara aata tanna kannugalannu aakeyinda doora tirugisidanu. audry rudd", avaru helidaru, idannu sampoornavaagi bhavanatmakavagi heluvudannu tappisalu, "neevu nannannu vichalitagolisuttiddiri. naanu dodda golkondavannu hondiruvudakkinta good nait annu chumbisalu bayasuttene. mattu- hagadare neeveke maduttilla?samaadhaanadinda. ekendare nanage yaavude hakkilla. ekendare naanu tolada udupinallidda ondu reetiya kuri. ekendare-oh, nanna hesaru zaan raand.mattu nantara begane, aakeya kannugalalli novu matte baruvudannu avanu nodidagah" nanna bootugalu nanage eke hondikeyaguvudilla endu neevu nanage vivarisuttira?" avanu adara sadilavaada paadaraksheyinda ondu padavannu avala kadege hididukondu, shoo beeluvavarege, myakadamgaligagi maadidante adannu hindakke mattu mundakke alugaadisidanu. mattu avalu avanannu nodi nakkalu. dodda dodda goose! idu nimage tondare niiduttideyee? naanu tumba avasaradallidde, mattu nanage enoo sigalilla-mattu aaa bootugalu talcott, buttler navu!" avalu tanna beralugala tudigalinda avanige chumbisidalu mattu baagilu avala hinde muchchalpattitu. mattu zaan raand rudna ondu jodie bootugalannu kandukolluvavaregu tivravagi hudukidanu. avaru aadeshisida kaigavasugalante avanannu alavadisidaru. bere enannoo nodade bisineerina snanakke ilidu haasigeyalli biddu malagidanu.

shhoo anuyojyamaanengil-/ adhyayam 3 adhyayam 2 adthyaayam 4 Â III ithellaam joonn raandine aashayakkuzhappathilaakki. avar oru ratri kodathiyil pooyittundennu addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu; jasper rudinte abhibhashakaraaya thante abhibhashakaraanu hajarayathennum panam chelavazhichathaayum addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu. kollappettathayi karuthappettirunna aal marikkathe, mriduvaaya vevicha muttakal kazhikkave, ezhunnettu irikkumbol oru manushyante kolapaathakathinulla vaarand vaarant allennu addeham kettirunnu. billiard kyoo upayogichu oru akramanam nadatthiya cases panavum maanejmentum upayogichu nimishangalkakam kaaryangalude domainilekku tharamthaazhthappedaavunna oru kaaryamaanennu thonni. ithellaam, niravadhi parigananakal oru caleidoscopic kuzhappathilekku layichu, oru kaaryam, oru kaaryam maathram thikachum vyakthavum lalithavumaayirunnu-athishayakaravum! avide kodathivilakkukal undaayirunnu; oru kaalath gauravathe thadassappeduthiyirunna jadji avide irunnu. jilla attorni mcdamsinteyum jasper rudinteyum abhibhaashakar avarude thoppikal addehathinu nere uyarthippidichukonnu oru automobilaaya yonder, kyapttan hudson addehathinte sookshippukaarum vahikkunna mattoru kaar theruvinu kuruke nadiyilekku valanju, ayaalude vashath, avalude kaii avante kaii amarthippidichukondu, avante annukal vecha ettavum aakarshakamaaya sundariyaaya kanyakayaayirunnu. aaa divasathe duranthatthinte santhoshakaramaaya avasaanathil avalkk undaaya santhoshathil, aval jadjiyude mukhathu thanne avane parasyamaayum lajjayillathe kettippidichu. ippol aval shaanthamaayi parayukayaayirunnu ithu njangalude kaar aanu, kootsy. valare vaikiyirikkunnu. namukk vegam veettilekku pookaam!" joonn rand madikkukayum samsaarikkunnathin munbu thante vaakkukal shradhaapoorvvam thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. raathriyil addeham valareyadhikam nishedhikkukayum, valare deshyathodeyum aathmaarthathayodeyum, veendum nishedhikkaan dhairyappedaathirikkukayum cheythu. aarum avane vishwasichilla, aarum avane gauravamaayi shradhichilla. njangal yanthrathil kayaram", addeham gauravathode paranju. njangal paarkkilekk, evideyum, alppam drive cheyyum. enikku ningalodu samsaarikkanam." aval kauthukathode avane nokki. ekadesham naalu munny kazhinjirikkunnu", aval melle paranju. ithupoloru divasathinushesham... ooo, ningalkk maranam vare maduthu!" enikku ningalodu samsaarikkanam", addeham urappichu paranju. ayaalude annukalilekku oru pettennulla nottatthode aval thante swavarganuraga niratthilulla vasthram thante melinja yuvashareerathinaduthu valichidukayum vegathil kaarilekk neengukayum cheythu. ippol, kaalmuttukalkk mukalil oru bharameriya paravatani valichedutha tonauvinte vishalamaaya sukhasoukaryathil, penkutty avanodu aduthu kooduvaan nirbandhichappol, avalude kaii avane thirayunnu, joonn rand thante vishadeekaranam aarambhichu. jasper ruud cheytha kaaryathekkurichu avalude sahodarane kuttappedutthaan addeham aagrahichilla, avalude sahodaran kolapaathakatthil kuttakkaaranallengil bheeruthvavum neechavumaaya oru pravartthanatthil thaan kuttakkaaranallenn avale kaanikkan addeham aagrahichilla. athinaal charakk yaardukalile yogathekkurichu addeham onnum paranjilla. ennaal thaan engane police steshanil pooyi, engane pidikoodappettu, ellaam engane oru asambandhamaaya thettayirunnu, thaan enganeyaanu joonn rand, oru khanana enchineeyar, ennaal aduthide thekke amerikkayil ninnu madangiyethiyathu, engane panam nashtappettu, newyorkkilekku pookaan aakamksha prakadippichathukondu ayaal avale "vazhithettichu" ennu ayaal avalodu paranju.otavaakkil paranjaal, hridayathil valia pratheekshakalum pokkattil valia dwaarangalumulla oru ashradhanaaya cheruppakkaaranaayirunnu addeham. pinne, avan thidukkathil thante nigamanatthiletthi, avalude sahodaran sukhamaayirikkunnu, eathaanum manikkoorukalkullil avan vannucherum - avan athu poortthiyaakki avalude nere thirinjappol, aval kaii koduttha cheria njerukkavum avalude annukalile aardravum paathi nindayullathumaaya kazhchayum avan paranja oru wack aval vishwasichillennu avanodu paranju. jasper, vrudhan", ellaam virayal niranja oru cheria chiriyode aval paranju, "ningalkk valare mosham divasamaayirunnu. ningalkkellavarkkum athu mathiyayi. ippol ningal nere veettilekku varunnu, oru choodulla tody kazhichu urangaan pookuka. toom, "vegam driverude aduthekku", veettil!" veettil, onnumilla!rand karanju. aadyam enne purathirangikkoloo!" veedu, toom!miss oodri rudil ninnu valare urachuparayaam. pakshe," maryaadayillaathe maryaadayillaathe rand pottichirichu ", enikku ningalodoppam eee vazhikk veettilekku pookaan kazhiyilla. njaan ningalude sahodaranalla, athu thookkiyidoo! njaan vivahithanaaya oru purushan polum allah, sathyam purathuvarumbol aalukal enthu parayum?" njangal aalukalekkurich shradhikkunnilla, jasper, priya-toom, vegam!" rand madakkupaathrathinte purakil veenu. njaan puratthirangaan pookunnu", addeham paranju. avan vegatha koottunnillengil njaan orupakshe ente kazhuthu takarkkum!" vegam, toom! avan chaadukayilla. avan veruthe-verum bub-bub-bluffing!" aval dayaneeyamaayi karayukayaayirunnu, rund kaikalum veendum raandinte kazhuthil chuttapettu. njaan pookaam", avan avalude kaikal eduthukondu pettennu avalodu paranju. ningalkk evideyengilum oru chapparonine edukkaan kazhiyumenkil maathrame njaan valare kadappettirikkoo." amma-amma avideyundu", ayaal avalude shwaasammuttunna shabdathil paranju, "avalkk njangale paripalikkaan kazhiyum, alle?" pinne aval cheruthaayi chirichu, cheruthaayi karanju, joonn rand avale veendum vedanippikkaano bhayappeduthaano pokunnillennu svayam paranju, anantharafalangal avarkk enthaayirikkaam. entho kuzhappamundennum vaikiyathaayum urakkathilaanennum vyakthamaayi arinja toom, thante yanthram shaanthamaaya theruvukaliloodeyum drivile ruud maalikayilekkum santhoshathode ayachu. rand thaazhekku erangi penkuttikku kaii kodutthu. avasana nimisham vare avan athilninnu rakshapettu oodaan pralobhippikkappettu, pakshe aval ithinakam thanne avalude sahodarante vivekathe bhayappedunnundennum avan ippol avale rasippikkukayo vedanippikkukayo cheiyumennu arinjappol avalude kaii avante kaiyil pattippidichu vishalamaaya padikal kayarukayum cheythu. oru velakkaaran vaathil thurakkukayum, raavile muthal bheethiyude prakshubdhathayilallaathu gauravamaayi kuninj, thiyettaril ninnu madangiyethunnathupole, cheria daining roomil oru athaazham thangalkkayi kaathirikkukayaanennu avare nishabdamaayi ariyikkukayum cheythu. varoo", oodre ruud paranju, "namukk enthengilum kazhikkaam. pinne shabdamundaakkaruthu. amma mukalilathe nilayilaanu, aval thaazhekku vannal maathrame aval ningale shaasikkoo. varoo, "ayaalude kaikondu valichidunnu. ningal pattiniyilayirikkanam, kootsy!" joonn rand thante kaalukal vishalamaayum dhaarshtyathodeyum verthirichu. njaan oru vyavasthayil maathrame varukayulloo", addeham urachuparanju. ningal enne inii 'kootsy' ennu vilikkilla ennathaanu! enikkithu ishtamalla!" sharee, jaas- enne jasper ennu vilikkaruthu. athu kootsinekkaal moshamaan. enne joonn rand ennu vilikkuka-kaaranam, "thante nilapad urappikkunnathinulla avasana shramathiloode", kaaranam athaanu ente peru." appol, joonn rand, priyane, ennodoppam enthengilum kazhikkaan varoo!" joonn rand, priya, pooyi. aval avane swantham kaserayil iruthi... athu thante prathyeka kaserayaanennu avan arinju, kaaranam aval athu thanneyaayirunnu ennu avanodu paranju... aval velakkaarane ayachu, avanethanne kaathirunnu. oro tholilum kattiyulla thavittuniratthilulla oru vesham dharichu aval avane chuttipattiyum, oru thamashayilum, chalachithratthilum, lessie "kaaryatthilum"-aval thante swavarganuraga niratthilulla anki oru kaserayil erinjirunnu-aval ippol kandumuttya oru yuvaavinte munnil dharikkan pattiyath sariyallennu avan bhayapettu. ennaal athellam valare manoharamaayirunnu, thaan avalude sahodaranallennu veendum nirbandhikkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla, athinaal avale adhikam nokkathirikkaan addeham shramichu. aval avane oru choodulla tody aakki... aval paranjathupole avanum eshtappettu... avan kaappi ozhichu, pazhangalum thanutha mamsavum avante munbil vechu. pinne aval meshayude mukalil kayari, swantham kapp kaappi kayyil eduthu, avan bhakshanam kazhikkumbol avane nokki. ippol aval ettavum swavargaanuraagiyum avan swapnam kandittullathil vachu ettavum aardramaaya cheria shareeravumaayirunnu. avan pettennu santhoshavaanaayirunnu, avalodoppam undayathil santhoshavaanaayirunnu, ellaam sambhavichathil pettennu santhoshavaanaayirunnu. thaan oru thettu cheythuvennu kurachu samayathinu sesham aval manassilakkum, kodathiyil avane kettippidichathil aval khedichekkaam. ennaal avan avale ariyukayum avarude vaikunnerathe naanamketta bhagangal avan avale marakkukayum cheyyum, avale muthaledukkaathirikkaan avan kadinamaayi parishramichuvennum avale nirantharam oormmippikkukayum cheyyum. angane avan avalude aarogyathinum yuvathvathinum vendi thante tody kudichu, thanuppulla maamsam kazhichu, sigaratt eathaandu aswasthathayillaatha aanandathil kazhichu. ippol, koott-" aval ayaalude shradha pidichupatti athu vegam "joonn rand, priyam-ningalkk sukham thonnunnille?" avan thirinju nokki avale nokki chirichu. njaan cheiyunnu. enikku veendum oru vellakkaaraneppoleyaanu thonnunnathu. saan francisco vittathinushesham njaan kazhikkunna aadyathe yadhaartha bhakshanamaanith." aval swantham paanapaathram thaazhtthi, kaikal muttukutthi avane sookshumamaayi nokki. aval enthaanu chinthikkunnathennu avanu ariyamaayirunnu. aval soumyamaayi paranjappol avan aascharyappettilla ippol njaan ninne nere kidathaanaayi kondupookunnu. ningal ellaavarum thalarnnirikkunnu. njangal orumichu prabhaathabhakshanam kazhikkum, oru vaikiyulla prabhaathabhakshanam.aval meshappurathu ninnu thaazhekku therichu. varoo, koott-joonn rand, priya. njaan ningalodoppam pooyi ellaam ningalkk sukhakaramaano ennu nokkaam." angane avar mukalilathe nilayil chennu, joonn rand pinthudarnnu, oodri munnott parannuyarnnu jasper rudinte kidappumuriyude vaathil thurannu. aval kattilinte kavarukal avanu vendi valicherinju, oru kaserayude pinbhaagathu avante bathrobe ittu, avante cheruppukal aduppilvechu, sigarattum cheeppukalum kattilinaduthulla cheria meshayil vechu... kulimuriyile vellam polum oonaakki. pinne aval avante aduthekku madangivannu avante munbil ninnu, avalude thilangunna mukham avante nere uyarthi. good naitt-oru nalla vridhaneppole udan thanne urangaan pookoo. neeyenne good naitt chumbikkan pookunnille?" oru athbhuthakaramaaya nimishathekku addeham madichu. pinne avan avalilninnu annukal thirinju. oodre ruud", addeham paranju, ithu poornnamaayum vaikaarikamaayi parayaathirikkaan, "ningal enne shradha vyathichalippikkukayaan. valia goalkonda svanthamaakkunnathinekkaal njaan ninne good naitt chumbik. oppam- pinnenthinaa athu cheyyaathathu?shaanthamaayi. kaaranam enikku athinulla avakashamilla. kaaranam njaan chennaayayude vasthrathilulla orutharam aadaanu. kaaranam-ooo, ente peru joonn rand ennathukondu.pinne vegam, avalude annukalilekku vedana thirichuvarunnathu avan kandappol" ente shoos enikku cheraathathenthukondaanne nee ennodu vishadeekarikkumo?" avan athinte ayanja shhoo upayogichu avalude aduthekku oru call neetti, shhoo veezhunnathuvare, mcdumsinu vendi cheythathupole athu angotum ingottum kulukki. aval avane nokki chirichu. nee valia vavvaalaan! athaano ningale vishamippikkunnath? njaan valare thidukkathilaayirunnu, enikku onnum kandethaan kazhinjilla-aaa shoos talcott aanu, buttlerintethaanu!" aval viralukalude agrangalil ninnu avane chumbikkukayum vaathil avalude pinnil adaykkukayum cheythu. joonn rand oru jodi rudinte shoos kandethunnathuvare kadinamaayi anweshichu. oordar cheyyaan nirmmicha oru kayyura pole avar avane gadippichu. mattonnum kaanathe ayaal chooduvellatthil kulikkukayum kattilil veezhukayum urangaan pookukayum cheythu.

jarr padatrane julali-/ adhyay 3 adhyay 2 adhyay 4 Â 3. johnn randsathi heey serve gondhalalele hote. teey ratri nyayalayat gele aahet heey tyala maheet hote; tyala maheet hote qee tyache vakeel, jasper rudche vakeel hajar jhaale aahet aanee paise kharch jhaale aahet. jyaa vyaktichi hatya jhaali asavi asey manale jaat hote too manus melah navhata, parantu mauu-ukalaleli undy khaat basoon hota, tevha tyane eka vyaktichya hatyechya warrantbaddal kahitari aikale hote, too warrant navhata. billiard kyune hallah karane hii eka ashee baab hotee jee paise aanee vyavasthapanasah kshanakshanat goshtinchya kshetrat aanali jaau shakate asey disun aale. heey serve aanee anek vichar eka caleidoscopic gondhalat villin jhaale aanee eka gosht, fakt eka gosht agadi spasht aanee sopee hotee-aanee aashcharyakarak! tithe nyayalayache dive hote; tethe nyayadhish basala hota jyache gambhirya ekekali vichalit jhaale hote. yonder hii viring motor asaleli eka motargadi hotee, jithun jilha vakeel mcadams aanee jasper rudd yanche vakeel tyachyakade tyanchya topya halwat hote, rastyachya palikade capton hudson aanee tyachya sanrakshakanna gheuun jaanari dusari qaar vakr hotee aanee tyachya bajula, ticha haat tyacha haat dabat hota, tee sarvat aakarshak sunder mulgi hotee jyavar tyane dolhe thewale hote. tyaa divasachya shokantikecha sukhad shevat jhalyane tine anandane, ughadpane aanee nirlajjapane, nyayadhishasamorach tyala mithee marley. aanee aata tee manmokalipane mhanat hotih hii aamchi gaadee aahe, kootee. khoop usheer jhaala aahe. chala lavkar gharee jaauya!" johnn randney sankoch keela aanee bolanyapurvi tyache shabd kaljipurvak nivadle. tyane ratri itake saare nakarle hote, aanee itake vedepanane aanee manapasoon, qee tyane punha nakarnyache dhadas kvachitach kele. konihi tyachyavar vishvas thewala nahee, konihi tyache gambhiryane aikanar nahee. aamhi yantrat jaau", too gambhirpane mhanala. aanee aamhi thode firoon, udyanat, kuthehi jaau. mallah tumchyashi bolayache aahe." tine tyachyakade kutuhalane pahile. chaar vajale aahet", tee halooch mhanali. aanee asha eka divasanantar... arey, tuu marunahi thaklas!" mallah tujhyashi bolayache aahe", tyane aagrah dharala. aanee tyachya dolhyat aanakhi eka najar taktana tine ticha samalingi rangacha poshakh tichya patal tarun sharirachya jawal odhala aanee gadikade dhaav ghetali. aata, gudghyanvar eka judd galicha odhoon gheuun, tonauchya vishal aaramat, mulgi tyachya jawal basanyacha aagrah dharat asatana, ticha haat tyachya shodhat asatana, johnn randney tyache spashtikaran suru kele. jasper rudney kelelya goshtibaddal tyala tichya bhavavar aarop karayache navhate, jarr ticha bhau hatyecha doshi nasel tarr too bhyad aanee neech krutisathi konatyahi arthane qamee doshi nahee heey tyala teela dakhvayache navhate. tyamule malvahatuk yardmadhil baithakibaddal teey kahihi bolale naheet. pann tyane teela sangitale qee too police thanyat kassa gela aanee tyala kase pakadale gele, hii sagali gosht kashee betuki hotee, too kassa johnn rand hota, eka khaan abhiyanta hota parantu alikadech dakshin ameriketun paratala, tyane tithe jeey paise hote teey kase gamavale aanee newyorkla jaanyachya utsukatene 'tyacha marg modala hota.eka shabdat sangayache tarr, too eka beparva tarun manus hota jyachya manat mothya aasha hotya aanee tyachya khishat mothe chhidra hote. aanee, too ghaighaine tyachya nishkarshaparyant pohochala, ticha bhau theek aahe aanee kahee tasantach too yeil aanee - aanee jevha tyane kaam sampavale aanee tichyakade valala, tevha tine tyacha haat dilela chhota daab aanee tichya dolhyantil komal, ardhi nindaniy drushti tyala mhanali qee tyane sangitalelya eka shabdavar ticha vishvas basala nahee. jasper, mhatara mulga", tee thodyasha hasoon mhanali, "tuza divas khoop white gela aahe. tumhala serve kahee varr nenyasathi heey purese aahe. aanee aata tumhi thet gharee yet aahat, aanee garam toddy ghya aanee zopi jaa. tomm, "driverkade patkan", gharee!" gharee, kahee nahee!rand radat hota. aadhi mallah baher kaadh!" tomm, gharee!miss audry rudkadoon khoop thampane. pann," randla anadarane aanee vinamra honyacha hetu nastana, mea tujhyabarobar asha prakare gharee jaau shakat nahee. mea tuza bhau nahee, too bund curr! mea agadi vivahit purushahi nahee aanee satya baher aalyavar lock kaay mhanatil?" aamhala lokanchi parva nahee, jasper, priy-aanee, tomm, ghaee qaraa!" randney mandicha poshakh bajula fekala. mea baher nighanar aahe", too lavkarach mhanala. jarr tyane veg qamee keela nahee tarr mea kadachit majhi maan modanar!" tomm, lavkar! too udee marnar nahee. too fakt-fakt badbad karat aahe!" tee atyant white ritine radat hotee aanee donhi haat punha randchya manebhovati hote. mea nighato", tyane tiche haat bajula karat achanak teela sangitale. jarr tumhi kuthetari eka snrakshak uchaloo shakalat tarach mea khoop runee asen." aaee-aaee tithe aahe", tyane ticha damchhak karnara aavaj keela, "aanee tee aamhala sambhalu shakate, nahee qaa?" aanee mug tee thodishi husley aanee thodi rudley aanee johnn randney swatahla sangitale qee too teela punha dukhavanar nahee kinwa teela ghabaravanar nahee, tyache parinam jeey houu shakatat teey houu dya. kahitari gadbad aahe aanee tyala usheer jhaala aahe aanee tyala zope lagali aahe heey spashtapane kalalyavar tomney tyache yantra shantpane shant rastyanvarun aanee gadichya rudd havelimadhye anandane pathavale. rand khalee utarala aanee tyane muleela aapala haat deela. shevatchya kshanaparyant tyala todun tyasathi dhavanyacha moh hota, parantu teela aadhich tichya bhavachya vivekbuddhichi bheeti vatate aanee tyane aata ticha vinod keela pahije kinwa teela dukhavale pahije heey jaanun, ticha haat tyachya hatala chikatoon rahoo dya aanee tichyabarobar rund payya varr jaau dya. eka nokarane daar ughadun, agadi gambhirpane zukun, janoo sakalpasoon ghar dahashatichya gondhalat navhate, aanee teey nuktech natyagruhatun paratat asalyasarkhe, tyanna shantpane sangitale qee, chhotya jevanachya kholeet eka jevan tyanchi vaat pahat aahe. chala, chala kahitari khayala aanuya", audry rudd mhanala. aanee aavaj karoo nakaa. aaee varchya majalyavar aahe aanee tee khalee aalee tarach tee tumhala fatkarat asey. chala, "tyachya hatakade odhat. tuu fakt upashi rahilas, cootsey!" johnn randney tyache paay mothya pramanavar aanee hattipane vegale thewale. mea fakt eka ativar yein", too thampane mhanala. aanee teey mhanje tumhi mallah aata 'kootee' mhanat nahee! mallah aavadat nahee!" theek aahe, jaas- aanee mallah jasper mhanoo nakaa. teey kotipeksha white aahe. mallah johnn rand mhana-kaaran, "tyachi bhoomika thaam thevanyachya antim prayatnat", kaaran teey majhe naav aahe." mug, johnn rand, priy, kahitari khayala aananyasathi majhyabarobar yeey!" aanee priy, johnn rand gela. tine tyala tyachya swatachya vishisht khurchivar basavale... tyala maheet hote qee tee tyachi swatachi vishisht khurchi aahe kaaran tine tyala sangitale qee tee hotee... tine nokarala door pathavale aanee swatah tyachi vaat pahili. tine tichya pratyek khandyavar jaad tapkiri venimadhye tiche cases thevun aanee eka gossammer, fiilmii, lessie 'gosht' madhye tichya bhovati udya marlya-tine ticha samalingi rangacha poshakh khurchivar fekala hota-qee teela khoop bheeti vatat hotee qee tee nuktich bhetalelya eka tarun sajjanasamor ghalane yogya gosht nahee. pann yaa sagalyasathi teey khoop sunder hote aanee too punha aagrah dharoo shakala nahee qee too ticha bhau nahee, mhanoon tyane tichyakade jaast naan pahanyacha prayatna keela. tine tyala eka garam toddy banavale... jyaa prakare tyala teey aavadale, jase tine tyala sangitale... aanee tyane tyachi coffey otali aanee tyachyapudhe fale aanee thund maans thewale. aanee mug tee tablower chadhali aanee tichya hatat coffeecha swatacha pyala gheuun, too khaat asatana tyachyakade baghat rahili. aata tee sarvat samalingi aanee tyane swapna pahilele sarvat komal lahan shareer hote. aanee too achanak anandi jhaala, fakt tichyasobat rahanyat anandi jhaala aanee achanak anand jhaala qee heey serve ghadale. kahee kalanantar teela kalel qee tine chook kelee aahe aanee tine nyayalayasamor tyala mithee marley yabaddal teela khed vatel. pann too teela olakhat asey aanee too teela tyanchya sandhyakalche lajirvane bhag visaroo dett asey aanee teela aathvel qee tyane ticha gairfayda naan ghenyacha khoop prayatna keela hota aanee satatyane prayatna keela hota. mhanoon tyane tiche aarogya aanee tarun saundarya rakhanyasathi tyachi todi pyayali aanee tyache thund maans khalle aanee jawaljawal aswasth aanandat tyachi cigaret ghetali. aanee aata, coat-" tine tyache laksh vedhale aanee patkan teey badaloon "johnn rand, priy-tumhala barey vatat nahee qaa?" too mage valala aanee tichyakade pahoon hasala. mea karato. mallah punha pandhya mansasarkhe vatate. mea sann francisco sodalyanantarche heey majhe pahile kharey jevan aahe." tine swatacha pyala khalee thewala, gudghyanmadhye haat dharale aanee tyachyakade lakshpurvak pahile. teela maheet hote qee tee kaay vichar karat hotee. aanee jevha tee halooch mhanali tevha tyala aashchary vatale naheeh aata mea tumhala thet zopayala gheuun jaanar aahe. tumhi sagale thakalele aahat. aanee aamhi ekatra nashta karoo, usheera nashta.tee tablavarun khalee ghasarali. chala, coat-johnn rand, priy. mea tujhyabarobar jaeen aanee baghen qee tujhyasathi serve kahee aaramdayak aahe qaa." mhanoon teey varchya majalyavar gele, johnn rand tyachya mage gela, audry pudhe udya marat aanee jasper rudchya shayankakshacha darvaja ughadat hota. tine tyachyasathi khatanche aavaran mage fekale, tyacha snangruh khurchichya magchya bajula thewala, tyachya chappal shekotijaval thevalya, cigaret aanee chake bedjavalachya chhotya tablower thewale... agadi aangholitil panihi chaloo kele. aanee mug tee tyachyakade parat aalee aanee tyachyasamor ubhi rahili, ticha gulabi chehara tyachyakade hushshane varr uchalala. shubh ratri-aanee eka changlya mhatanya mulapramane lagech zopi jaa. aanee tuu mallah good nite chumban ghenar nahees qaa?" eka adbhut kshanasathi too sankoch karat hota. aanee mug tyane tichyapasoon dolhe mitale. audry rudd", too mhanala, jawaljawal kathorpane heey purnapane bhavnikpane sangnyapasun door rahnyasathi, "tuu mallah vichalit karat aahes. mea uttam goalkonda ghenyapeksha tula shubh ratriche chumban ghein. aanee- mug tumhi qaa karat nahee?manmokalepanane. kaaran mallah tyavar konatahi adhikar nahee. kaaran mea landgachya kapadyatil eka prakarchi mendhar aahe. kaaran-arey, kaaran majhe naav johnn rand aahe.aanee mug lagech, jevha tyane tichya dolhyat dukkh parat yetana pahileh" majhe boot mallah qaa basat naheet heey tuu mallah samajavun sangshil qaa?" tyane tichya sail butane tichya dishene eka paay dharala, too boot kosalanyaparyant too mcademsasathi kelyapramane pudhe-mage halwat rahila. aanee tee tyachyakade pahoon husley. tuu khoop motha huns! hetch tumhala tras dett aahe qaa? mallah itaki ghaee hotee qee mallah kahich sapadale nahee-aanee teey boot talcotche aahet, butlerche!" tine tichya botanchya tokanvarun tyache chumban ghetale aanee tichya mage darvaja bund jhaala. aanee johnn randney rudchya butanchi jodee mileparyant tivratene shodh ghetala. tyanni tyala maganinusar banavalelya hatmojyapramane basavale. tyasathi dusare kahee naan disalyane too tyachya garam snanat padala, antharunavar padala aanee zopi gela.

yadi jutta fitt hunchha bhane-/ adhyaya 3 adhyaya 2 adhyaya 4 â III yo sabai john randka lagi bhram thiyo. unlai thaha thiyo kii tiniharu ratko adalatma gaeka thie; unlai thaha thiyo kii unka wakilharu, jasper rudka wakilharu upasthit bhaeka thie; rar tyahan paisa kharcha garieko thiyo. unle ek wyaktiko hatyako warrantko barema kehi suneka thie jab hatya garieko manieko wyaktiko mrityu bhaeko thiena, tara naram umaleko anda khaandai baseko thiyo. billiard kyule akraman gareko mamla yasto kura thiyo june paisa rar wyawasthapanko sath kunai kshanko chijharuko domenma tall jharna sakinchha. yee sabai rar dherai vicharharu ek caleidoscopic arajaktama misie, rar euta kura, kewal euta kura purna rupma spashta rar saral thiyo-rar chakit parney! tyahan darbarka battiharu thie; tyahan nyayadhish base jasko gambhirta ek patakaka lagi wichlit bhaeko thiyo. yonder whirring motor bhaeko automobile thiyo jahanbata zilla wakil mcdam rar jasper rudka wakilharule unlai afno topi hilo gardai thie, sadak parr arko karle kaptan hudson rar unka retainerharulai nadima firta bokeko thiyo, rar unko chheuma, unko hatle unko haat thichera, unle afno aankha rakheka sabaibhanda akarshak rupma pyari yuwati thiin. dinko trasadiko sukhad antyama unle khushika sath, unle khula rar nirlajja rupma, nyayadhishko anuharma unlai angaleki thiin. anie ab uni manasayai bhandai thiinh yo hamro carr how, kutsi. yo bhayanak dhilo chha. ghar zahn daudane how!" john ranned hichkichae rar bolnuaghi afna shabdaharu sawadhanipurwak chayan gare. unle az raati yati dherai aswikar gareka thie, rar yati unmatta rar yati gambhiratapurwak, kii unle feri aswikar garne sahas garenan. kasaile pani unlai vishwas garenan, kasaile pani unko kura gambhiratapurwak sunne thienan. hammy mesinbhitra pasna sakchaun", unle gambhiratapurwak bhane. rar hammy alikati gadima parkma, jahaan pani janchhaun. mahm tapainsanga kura garna chahanchhu." unle usalai jigyasutapurwak here. lagbhag chaar bajisakeko chha", unle bistarai bhanin. anie yastai ek dinpachhi... oh, timi marnaka lagi thakit hunuparchha!" mahm tapainsanga kura garna chahanchhu", unle jode die. anie usako ankhama arko druta najarle unle afno samalingi rangko labada afno patlo jawan sharirko najik tanchhin rar kartira hatar bhain. ab, tonoko vishal aramma, ghunda mathi euta bhari gadaharu khichieko chha, ketile usako najik basna jode diiraheko chha, unko hatle usako khoji gariraheko chha, john randley afno wyakhya suru gare. jasper rudle gareko kamka lagi uni unka bhailai dosh dina chahandainathe, yadi unka bhai hatyako doshi thienan bhane uni kayartapurna rar tuchcha karyaka lagi kunai cum doshi chhainan bhanera uni unlai dekhauna chahandainathe. tyasaile unle malwahak yardma bhaeko baithakka barema kehi bhanenn. tara unle unlai batae kii uni kasari police stationma gaeka thie rar kasari unlai pakrau garieko thiyo, kasari sabai kura betuka galti thiyo, kasari uni john ranned thie, ek khani engineer tara bharkharai dakshin americabata farke, kasari unle tyahan key paisa gumae, rar newyork zahn utsuk hunule "afno bato haraeko thiyo.kasari, ek shabdama, uni hridayama thulo asha rar jebma thula pwalharu bhaeka ek laparwah yuwak thie. anie, uni hatar bhaera afno nishkarshma puge, unko bhai thik chha rar kehi ghantabhitrai dekha parne thiyo rar - anie jab usale kaam pura गऱ्yo rar tintira farkie, unle unko haat dieko sano nichod rar unko ankhama komal, adha nindaspad najarle unlai bhanyo kii unle bhaneka shabdaharu vishwas gareki thiinan. jasper, budho keta", unle alik haanseki thiin june sabai kwaibharle bharieko thiyo, "tapainko dina nikai kharab rahyo. tapainharu sabailai tayar parne yo paryapta bhaeko chha. rar ab tapain sidhai ghar aaundai hunuhunchha, rar tato tody linuhos rar ochhyanma januhos. tom, "chaandai chalaklai", ghar!" ghar, kehi pani hoina!rand roe. pahile malai bahira nikalnuhos!" ghar, tom!miss adrey rudbata dherai dridhatapurwak. tara," randlai abhadratapurwak rar vinamra hune kunai irada bina khichieko ", mahm yass tarikale tapainsanga ghar zahn sakdinan. mahm timro bhai hoina, jhundyaunuhos! mahm vivahit purush pani hoina, rar satya bahira aepachhi manisharule key bhannechhan?" hamilai manisharuko chinta chhaina, jasper, priya-rar, tom, hatar!" randley lyapko lugako chheuma jhuke. mahm bahira niskanechhu", unle kehi samayapachi bhane. yadi usale dhilo garena bhane mahm sayed mero ghaanti todnechhu!" hatar ger, tom! usale ufrane chhaina. uu bus chha-bus bub-bub-bluffing!" uni dayaniya rupma roiraheki thiin, rar duwai haat feri randko ghantima thie. mahm jandaichhu", unle achanak unko haat liera bhane. yadi tapainle katai pani euta gurulai lyne saknu bhayo bhane mahm matra dherai badhya hunechhu." amah-amah tyahan chhan", unle unko dam ghutairaheko awazma bhane, "rar unle hamilai palanposhan garna sakchhan, hoina?" rar tyasapachhi uni alik haanse rar alik roe rar john randley afulai bhane kii unle unlai feri chot puyaune wa daraune chhainan, parinam uniharule jey huna sakchhan tyo huna dinuhos. kehi galat bhaeko rar dhilo bhaeko rar uni sutiraheka chhan bhanne spashta rupma thaha paera tamale afno messinlai shanta sadakharu rar drivema raheko rudd hawelima khushisath pathae. ranned tall jharera ketilai afno haat die. antim minetsamma uni yasalai todna rar daudane pralobhanma thie, tara uni pahile nai afno bhaiko viveka lagi daraeki thiin rar usale ahile unko majak garnuparchha wa unlai chot puyaunu parchha bhanera thaha paera unko haat unko hatma tansiera chauda sindhiharu mathi gae. ekjana nokarle dhoka kholera bihandekhi nai darko ashantiko awasthama nabhaeko jasto gambhir rupma naman gardai uniharulai chupchap jankari die, tiniharu thieterbata farkeka chhan jasto, sano bhojan kakshama uniharuko lagi ratiko khana parkhiraheko thiyo. aunuhos", adri rudle bhane ", kehi khanka lagi lyaun. anie halla nagarnuhos. amah mathi chhin rar uni tall aema matra tapainlai danthe. aunuhos, "afno hatma tandai. tapain bhokai hunuhunchha, kutsi!" john randley afno khutta wyapak rupma rar ziddi rupma alag rakhe. mahm euta shartama aunechhu", unle dridhatapurwak bhane. rar tyo key how bhane tapainle malai ab 'kutsi' bhannuhaunna! malai yo munn pardaina!" thik chha, jass- anie malai jasper nabanos. yo kutsiभन्दा kharab chha. malai john ranned bolaunuhos-kinbhane, "afno sthiti baliyo banaune antim prayasko sath", kinbhane yo mero naam how." tyasapachhi, john ranned, priya, masanga khanka lagi kehi lyauna aunuhos!" rar john ranned, priya, gae. unle usalai afnai vishesh kursima basain... unlai thaha thiyo kii yo unko afnai vishesh kursi how kinbhane unle unlai bhane kii yo thiyo... unle sewaklai tadha pathae rar afaile unko pratiksha garin. unle unko waripari afno kapal pratyek kandhama baklo khairo venima jhukeki thiin, rar ek गसmahmrarी, filmy, lessy "cheej" maa-unle afno samalingi rangko latta kursima fyaankeki thiin-kii uni dherai daraeka thie kii uni bharkharai bheteka jawan sajjanko agadi lagauna ekdam uchit cheej thiena. tara yo sabaika lagi dherai sunder thiyo, rar usale feri afu unko bhai hoina bhanera jode dina sakena, tyasaile usale unlai dherai nadekheko prayas गऱ्yo. unle usalai tato tody banaeki thiin... jasari usalai munn paryo, jasari unle pani usalai bhanin... anie afno kafi dhale rar fall rar chiso masu unko agadi rakhe. anie tyasapachhi uni tableko mathi chadhin, rar afno cup kafi hatma liera, usale khaandai garda usalai heriraheki thiin. ab uni sabaibhanda samalingi rar unle sapana dekheko sabaibhanda komal sharira thiin. rar uni achanak khusi bhae, unisanga huna paunda khusi bhae, rar achanak sabai kura bhaekoma khusi bhae. unle kehi samayapachi afule galti gareko thaha paaunchhin, rar uni adalat agadi usalai angalekoma uni mafi magna sakchhan. tara usale unlai chinne thiyo rar usale unlai uniharuko saanjhako lajmardo bhagharu birsin badhya parthyo, rar unle unlai faida nalagauna kada rar nirantar prayas gareko kura samjhane thiin. tyasaile unle unko ramro swasthya rar jawan sundartaka lagi afno tody pie, rar unko chiso masu khae rar lagbhag kunai samasya nabhaeko anandama afno churot khae. rar ab, kote-" unle unko aankha samatchhin rar yasalai chaandai "john ranned, priya-key tapain dherai ramro mahasus garnuhaunna?" uni pachhadi farkie rar unlai herera haanse. mahm garchhu. mahm feri seto manis jasto mahasus garchhu. maile saan francisco chhodepachhi maile khaeko yo pahilo wastawik khana how." unle afnai pyala tall rakhe, afno ghundama haat rakhe rar usalai dhyanpurwak here. uni key sochdai thiin bhanne unlai thaha thiyo. anie jab unle bistarai bhanin, uni ashcharyachakit bhaenanh ab mahm tapainlai sidhai ochhyanma halna jandaichhu. tapainharu sabai thakit hunuhunchha. anie hammy sangai bihanko khaja, dhilo bihanko khaja khuwaun.uni tablebata tall jhareko thiyo. aunuhos, kote-john ranned, priya. mahm tapainsanga gaera tapainka lagi sabai kura aramdayak chha kii chhaina hernuhos." tyasaile tiniharu mathi gae, john ranned pachhi lage, adri agadi ufryo rar jasper rudko shayankakshako dhoka kholyo. unle unka lagi ochhyanko awaran firta fyaanke, unko bathrobe kursiko pachhadi rakhe, unka lagi chappalharu fireplacema rakhe, ochhyanko chheuma raheko sano tablema churot rar matchharu rakhe... snanko pani pani unn gare. anie tyasapachhi uni unikahan farkiin rar unko agadi ubhiin, unko gulabi anuhar unkotira uchaiyo. shubh ratri-rar ek asal budho ketajastai turuntai sutna januhos. rar key tapain malai shubh ratri chumban garna jaandai hunuhunna?" ek adbhut akarshak kshanka lagi uni hichkiche. anie tyasapachhi unle unibata aankha hatae. odri rudd", unle bhane, yasalai purna rupma bhawanatmak rupma bhannabata rokna lagbhag kada rupma, "tapainle malai wichlit gardai hunuhunchha. mahm asal golkondako malik hunubhanda timilai shubh ratri chumban garna chahanchhu. anie- tyaso bhae tapain kinn garnuhaunna?manmutao. kinbhane malai kunai adhikar chhaina. kinbhane mahm bwaansoko pahiranma bheda jastai hun. kinbhane-oh, mero naam john ranned how.anie tyasapachhi turuntai, jab unle unko ankhama dukha farkiraheko dekheh" key tapain malai mero jutta kinn malai fitt hundaina bhanera wyakhya garnuhunecha?" usale yasako dhilo juttale unko ek khutta samate, jutta jharnesamma mcdamharuka lagi garejhain yasalai agadi-pachhadi halyo. anie uni usalai dekhera haanse. timi thula thula huns hau! key yahi kurale tapainlai pareshan gariraheko chha? mahm yati hatarma thien, rar maile kehi pani fela parne sakina-rar tee jutta talkotka hun, buttlerka!" unle afno aunlaako tuppobata usalai chumban garin rar unko pachhadi dhoka banda bhayo. rar john randley rudko juttako jody nabhetiesamma kada khoji gare. tiniharule usalai arder garna banaieko hatlajstai fitt gare. yasaka lagi aru kehi nadekhepachi uni afno tato snanma dubae, ochhyanma pase rar sutna gae.

jadi jotati fitt kare-/ adhyaja 3 2jaiah adhyaja adhyaja 4 Â 3. zohn randanka paain ehaa sabukichhi dwandwa thila. shay janithile je semane eka ratri adalataku jaichanti; shay janithile je taanka okil, jasper rudnka okilamane hazar hoichhanti; ebong tanka kharcha hoichhi. shay jane byaktinka hatya paain eka warrant bishajare kichhi sunithile jetebele hatya karajaithiba byakti mrutyubarana karinathile, kintu naram-sijha anda khaai basithile . ehaa janapadila je billiard kyu sahita aakraman mamla epari eka mamla thila jaahaa tanka ebong parichalana sahita kichhi muhurtara jinishar khetraku abnamit hoipare . esabu ebong aneka bicharadhara eka caleidoscopic bishrunkhalare mishigala, ebong gotie kathaa, kebala gotie kathaa sampurna spust ebong sarala thila-ebong ashcharjyajanaka! sethare nyajalajara aloka thila; sethare bicharapati basithile, jahankara gambhirata thare byahata hoithila. younder thila eka automobile jeunthire huiring motor thila jeunthiru zillah atterni mcdams ebong jasper rudnka okilamane taanka aadaku tupi halai deuthile, rasta paara curry anya eka kaaraku bakra karithile jaahaa captain hudson ebong taanka retainermananku nadee upare nei jauthila, ebong taanka parsware, taanka haata taanka bahuku dabaiba, sabutharu aakarshaneeah bhabare sunder mahila jaahaa upare shay aakhi rakhithile . dinara duhkhada ghatanara sukhad abasanare shay khusi hoi, kholakholi ebong nirlajja bhabare, bicharapatinka sammukhare tanku alingana karithile. ebong ebe shay shant bhabare kahuthilah eithi ammer carr, kutsi. bhajankara bilamba hoigalani. chaal, gharaku shighra jiba!" zohn randa dwidhabodha kale ebong kahiba purbaru tankara shabdagudiku jatnapurbaka bachithile. shay aaji raatire ete matrare asweekara karithile, ebong ete unmatta ebong antarikatara saha, je shay aau thare asweekara karibaku sahasa karinathile. kehi tanku biswasa karinathile, kehi taanka kathaa gambhiratara saha suninathile. aame messin bhitaraku jibu", gambhiratara saha shay kahile. ebong aame parkaku, jekaunasi sthanaku, tka gaadi chalaibu. mun aapananka sahita kathaa hebaku chahunchhi." shay taa 'aadaku kautuhalara saha chahinla. praiah charita bajijaichhi", shay dheere dheere kahila. ebong ehipari gotie deane parey..... oh, apana nischai thaki jaichanti mrutyu parjyanta!" mun aapananka sahita kathaa hebaku chahunchhi", shay jore dei kahile. aau taa 'aakhire aau eka druta nazar pakai shay taa' samalingi rangara poshakaku taa 'patala joubanara charipakhare taani aani kaara aadaku dhaingala. ebe, tonoure thiba aaramadajaka sthanare, aanthu upare eka bhaari galicha taani, jhiati taanka pakhare basibaku zid dhari, taanka haata taanka haata khojuthila, zohn rand taanka byakhya arambha kale. jasper rudd karithiba karjya paain shay taanka bhainku dosh debaku chahunanathile, shay tanku dekhaibaku chahunanathile je jadi taanka bhai hatya paain doshi nuhnti, tebe shay eka kapurushochita ebong arthahina karjya paain kaunasi doshare comm nuhnti. tenu shay mall paribahana jardare baithaka bishajare kichhi kahile naahin. kintu shay tanku kahithile je shay kipari police stationku jaithile ebong tanku kipari girapha karajaithila, kipari sampurna jinish eka abastaba bhul thila, shay kipari zohn rand, jane khani engineer thile kintu nikatare dakhina aamerikaru pherithile, shay kipari sethare thiba tanka haraithile, ebong nyujarka jibaku agrahi heba "taanka bataku marithila.gotie shabdare kahile, shay jane beparua jubaka thile, jahanka manare bahuta aasha thila ebong paketare budd budd chhidra thila. ebong, shay tartar hoi niz siddhantare pahanchile, taa 'bhai thick achhi ebong kichhi ghanta madhyare aasi pahanchiba ebong - ebong jetebele shay shesh kale ebong taanka aadaku pherile, shay taanka haatare deithiba chhot chaap ebong taanka aakhire komal, adhaa nindaniah drushya tanku kahila je shay taanka kahithiba gotie shabdaku biswasa karinahanti. jasper, brudha pua", shay eka chhot huss sahita kahila jaahaa samasta kampanare bharithila, "tumara eka bhajankara kharap deane achhi . aapanamananku samastanku sambhaliba paain ehaa yathesta hoichhi. ebong ebe apana sidha gharaku aasuchanti, ebong eka garam tody khaai soibaku jaantu. tomm, "shighra driver pakhaku", ghara!" ghara, kichhi naahin!rand chitkara kallah. mote prathame baharaku jibaku dia!" ghara, tomm!miss audrey rudnka thaaru bahuta drudha bhabare. kintu," avadra bhabare ebong binamra hebara kaunasi uddeshya bina rand chitkara kale ", mun tum sahita ehi upaajare gharaku jaiparibi naahin. mun tumara bhai nuhen, ehaaku fashi dia! mun jane bibahita purush madhya nuhen, ebong jetebele satya samnaku asib lokamane qa "naa kahibe?" aame lokanka kathaa chinta karunahun, jasper, priya-ebong, tomm, tartar hua!" randa kolare thiba poshakatiku ekapakhare phingi delah. mun baharaku jibi", shay kahile. jadi shay dheera naah huanti, mun bodhahue moe bekare aaghata lagaidebi!" shighra curr, tomm! shay deinba naahin. shay kebala-kebala bub-bub-blafing!" shay duhkhara saha kanduthila, ebong ubhaja baahu puni randanka bekare thila . mun jibi", shay hathat taa 'haata kadhi taaku kahila. mun kebala bahuta runee hebi jadi apana keunthi jane gurunku uthaibare sakhyama hebe." maa-maa 'sethare achanti", shay taa' rahr swasaruddha swaraku kahibaku bahara kallah, "ebong shay aamaku sambhali pariba, nuhen kii?" ebong taa 'parey shay tike hasithila ebong tike kandithila ebong zohn rand nijaku kahila je shay tanku aau aaghata deba naahin kimba tanku bhajabhita kariba naahin, parinam jaahaa hoipare taaha hebaku dia . kichhi bhul achhi ebong spust bhabare bilamba hoichhi ebong shay soichhanti bolly jaani tomm, anandare shant rasta dei ebong draivare rudd mahalaku taanka messin pathaithile . randa talaku olhai jhiatiku haata delah. shesh muhurta parjyanta shay ehaaku bhangiba ebong daudiba paain pralubdha hoithile, kintu shay janithile je shay purbaru taanka bhainka manasika sthiti paain bhaja karuthile ebong shay bartamana tanku hasya karibaku padiba kimba tanku aaghata karibaku padiba, taa 'haataku taanka baahure bandhi rakhibaku diantu ebong taanka sahita prasasta padakhyepaku jibaku diantu . jane sebaka kabata kholi gambhira bhabe munda nuani epari kahile, jemiti sakalaru gharati aatankara ashantire naahin, ebong semananku neerabare suchana dele, jemiti semane thietararu pheruchanti, je eka ratribhojana chhot bhojan kakhyare semananka paain apekhya karichhi. aasa, chaal kichhi khaibaku nei asiba.", "audrey rudd jorare kahila. ebong kaunasi sabda karantu naahin. maa 'upara mahalare achanti ebong shay kebala talaku aasile aapananku gaali deithanti. aasa, "taa baahure taani. apana kebala bhokila hoithibe, kutsi!" zohn rand nijara padaku byapaka ebong zid dhari alga rakhithile. mun kebala gotie sarttare asibi", shay drudhatara saha kahile. ebong taaha heuchhi je apana mote aau 'kutsi' dakanti naahin! mote bhal laguni!" thick achhi, jaas- ebong mote jasper kuh naahin. ehaa kutsi thaaru madhya kharap. mote zohn rand bolly dakantu-kaaran, "nijara sthiti drudha karibara antim prayasa sahita", kaaran taaha heuchhi more naama." tebe, zohn randa, priya, moe sahita kichhi khaibaku aasa!" ebong zohn rand, priya, galaa. shay tanku niz nirdista chejarare basaithile..... shay janithile je ehaa tankara nijaswa nirdista cheyara kaaran shay tanku kahithile je ehaa thila..... shay sehi sebakaku pathaideithile ebong nije tanku apekhya karithile. shay taanka charipate taa 'rahr keshaku pratyeka kandhare eka mota badami beneere talaku aani, ebong eka gup, chalachitra, lessy jinishare-shay eka chejarare nijara samalingi rangara poshaka phingithile-je shay bahuta bhaja karuthile je jane jubaka bhadralokanka sammukhare pindhiba thick nuhen jaahaaku shay nikatare bhetithile . kintu ehaa sabu paain bahuta sunder thila, ebong shay puni jore deiparile naahin je shay taa 'rahr bhai nuhnti, tenu shay taa' aadaku adhika naah dekhiba paain chesta kale . shay tanku eka garam tody karidele ..... jepari shay ehaaku pasanda karithile, jepari shay madhya tanku kahithile..... ebong taa 'kaphi dhaali taa' sammukhare phala oh thanda maansa rakhila. taa 'parey shay tebul upare uthi niz cop kaphi haatare nei shay khauthiba samajare tanku dekhuthila. ebe shay sabutharu samalingi ebong sabutharu komal sharira thila jaahaa shay kebe swapna dekhithile. ebong shay hathat khusi hele, kebala taanka sahita rahi khusi hele, ebong hathat khusi hele je sabukichhi ghatichhi. shay kichhi samai parey janibe je shay eka bhul karichanti, ebong shay adalatare tanku alingana karithibaru shay duhkhita hoiparanti . kintu shay tanku janithante ebong shay tanku semananka sandhyara lajjajanaka anshagudiku bhulai deuthile, ebong shay maneh rakhibe je shay taanka faida naah neba paain kathina ebong nirantara chesta karithile. tenu shay taa 'rahr susthata ebong jubabastha paain taa' rahr tody piela, ebong taa 'rahr thanda maansa khaila ebong praiah nirabachhinna anandare cigaret khaila. ebong ebe, kutt-" shay taa 'aakhi dharila ebong shighra ehaaku "zohn rand, priya-tume bahuta bhal anubhaba karu naahn?" shay pachaku helly ebong taa 'aadaku chaahin hasidela. mun kare. mun puni thare jane dhalaa manish bhali anubhaba karuchhi. mun shaan francisco chhadiba parey ehaa more pratham prakruta bhojan ." shay niz piala talaku rakhi, aanthure haata bandhi, ebong tanku tikhnatara saha chahinla. shay janithila shay qa "naa bhabuchhi. ebong shay ashcharjya hoinathile jetebele shay dheere dheere kahileh ebe mun aapananku sidha bichanaku neijibi. apana samaste klanta. ebong aame ekathi sakaala jalakhiaa khaibu, eka bilambita jalakhiaa.shay tebularu talaku khasi padila. aasa, coat-zohn rand, priya. mun aapananka sahita jibi ebong dekhibi je aapananka paain sabukichhi aaramadajaka achhi kii naahin." tenu semane upara mahalaku gale, zohn randa anusarana kale, audrey aagaku daudi palaile ebong jasper rudnka shoiba kotharira dwara kholi dele. shay taanka paain shajyara kabharaku phingi deithile, chejarara pachapate taanka bathrobe rakhithile, taanka paain chapalaku agnikunda nikatare rakhithile, bichana pakhare thiba chhot tebulare cigaret ebong match rakhithile..... epariki gadhoiba ghare thiba paani madhya chaluthila. taa 'parey shay taanka pakhaku ferry aasile ebong taanka sammukhare thia hoithile, tankara golapi muhn taanka aadaku utsahara saha uthila . subha ratri-ebong turanta jane bhal brudha balaka bhali shoi pada. ebong apana mote subha ratri chumban karibaku jaau nahanti kii?" eka chamatkara aakarshaneeah muhurta paain shay dwidha kale. taa 'parey shay taa' thaaru aakhi feraila. audrey rudd", shay kahile, ehaaku sampurna bhabe bhabaprabanatara saha kahiba thaaru doorei rahiba paain, "apana mote bibhranta karuchanti. mun bhalare bhalare tumaku subha ratri chumban karibi, budd goalkonda paibara apekhya. ebong- tebe apana kahinki taaha karunahanti?swagatara saha. kaaran more kaunasi adhikara naahin. kaaran mun gadhiaa poshakare eka prakarara mendha . kaaran-oh, kebala moe naama zohn rand.ebong taa 'parey shighra, jetebele shay taanka aakhire jantrana pheruthiba dekhilah" moe jota kahinki moe sahita khap khauchhi naahin taaha mote bujhai deba kii?" shay taa 'rahr eka paada taa' aadaku taa 'alga jota sahita dharithila, jotati khasiba parjyanta, shay mccadam paain karithiba pari ehaaku aagaku ebong pachaku halaithila . ebong shay tanku dekhi hasithile. budd budd ghushuri! ehaa hinn qa "naa aapananku byathita karuchhi? mun ete tarabaria thili, ebong mun kichhi paili naahin-ebong sehi jota gudika talcut, batalarnkara!" shay taanka anguthira agrabhagaru tanku chumban deithile ebong taanka pachapakhe kabata banda hoijaithila. ebong zohn randa rudnka jota naah paiba parjyanta tibra bhabare khojile . semane tanku order kariba paain tiari hoithiba globhas pari fitt karithile . aau kichhi naah dekhi shay garam snanare budijai shajyare padi shoigala.

jey jutti fitt hoow jaandi haii-/ adhiaai 3 adhiaai 2 adhiaai 4 Â III ih sabh jauhan raind laee ulajhan see. uh janhda see kii uh ikk raat dee adalat witch gaye sunn; uh janhda see kii uss dey vakeel, jaispar rudd dey vakeel, pesh hoye sunn; atey ih kii paise kharach keete gaye sunn. uss neey ikk aadmi dey katal dey warrant baare kujh suniaa see kii koee warrant naheen see jadon uss aadmi dee maut naheen hoee see, parr uh naram ubale hoye andey khaa riha see. ih japda see kii billiard kioo naal hamle daa mamla ikk ajiha mamla see jiss noon paise atey parbandhan naal kujh hii palaan deeaan cheezan dey khetar witch tabdil keeta jaa sakda see. ih sabh atey kaee tarahan dey vichaar ikk caleidoscopic arajakta witch mill gaye, atey ikk gall, siraf ikk cheez puurii tarahan sapshat atey saral see-atey hairan curran vaali! adalat deeaan lightan sunn; utthe jajj baitha see jiss dee gambhirta ikk vaar laee vigaad gaee see. yunder ikk vaddi motor vaali qaar see jiss vicchon zilha attarney mcadems atey jaispar rudd dey vakeel uss vall aapniaan topiaan lahira rahey sunn, sadak dey paar ikk horr qaar modd keey kaptani hudson atey uss dey rakkhan valiaan noon nadee dey uppar lae jaa rahee see, atey uss dey paase, uss daa hatth uss dee baanh noon dabaa riha see, sabh toon manmohak sunder kuddi see jiss utte uss neey aapniaan nazaran rakkhiaan sunn. uss dinn dey dukhant dey khushhal ant 'teey aapni khushi witch, usne khulheaam atey besharmi naal jajj dey moonh witch uss noon jaffi paaee. atey hunn uh sanjida hoow keey kahi rahee seeuuu ih saadi qaar haii, kotsi. bahut dair hoow gaee haii. aao gharr turant challiye!" john raind neey chijakde hoye aapne shabdan noon dhiaan naal chunhiaa. uss neey ajj raat inni gusse witch atey dilon inkaar keeta see kii uss neey shayed hii dubara inkaar curran dee himmat keeti. kise neey uss utte vishwas naheen keeta, koee vee uss dee gambhirta naal naheen sunada. aseen masheen witch dakhal hoow javange", uss neey gambhirta naal kiha. atey aseen park, kitey vee, thodhi jihi gaddi chalaunde haan. main tuhade naal gall curney chahunda haan." uh utsukta naal uss vall vekhadi rahee. lagbhag chaar vaje hoow gaye hunn", uss neey hauli naal kiha. atey iss tarahan dey ikk dinn baad... oh, tusin maut takk thakk gaye hovoge!" main tuhade naal gall curney chahunda haan", usne zor dey keey kiha. atey uss deeaan akkhan witch ikk horr tez nazar naal usne aapne sangi rung dey kappde noon aapne patle jawan sareer dey nede khichiaa atey qaar vall turr paee. hunn, tonau dey vishal aaram witch, ikk bhaari galicha aapne godiaan utte khichiaa hoiaa haii, ladki neey uss dey nede rahinn laee zor ditta, uss daa hatth uss dee bhaal witch, john raind neey aapni viaakhiaa shuru keeti. uh uss dey bharaa utte uss cheez daa dosh naheen lagauna chahunda see joe jaispar rudd neey keeti see, uh uss noon ih naheen dikhauna chahunda see kii jey uss daa bharaa katal daa doshi naheen see taan uh kairta atey ghatiaa karvai daa ghatt doshi naheen see. iss laee uss neey maal-dhuaai vihdiaan witch hoee meating baare kujh naheen kiha. parr uss neey uss noon dassiaa kii uh kiven thaane giaa see atey uss noon kiven griftar keeta giaa see, ih saaree gall kiven betuki see, uh kiven john raind see, ikk mining engineer see parr haal hii witch dakkhni amrica toon waps aaiaa see, uss neey kiven guaa ditta see kii uss cole utthe qee paisa see, atey newyork jaanh laee chintat honn caarn uss neey aapna raah todd ditta see.ikk shabad witch, uh ikk laparvah naujwan see jiss dey dill witch vaddiaan umeedan sunn atey uss deeaan jeban witch vadde chhek sunn. atey, uh jaldi naal aapne sitte 'teey pahunchiaa, uss daa bharaa theek haii atey kujh hii ghantiaan witch aaa javega atey - atey jadon uss neey aapna kamm khatam keeta atey uss vall mudiaa, taan uss neey uss daa hatth joe chhota jiha dabaa ditta atey uss deeaan akkhan witch komal, addhi nindanyog nazar neey uss noon dassiaa kii uss neey uss dey ikk shabad utte vishwas naheen keeta see. jaispar, buddha munda", uss neey thodhi jihi huss naal kiha, "tuhada dinn bahut buraa riha haii. ih tuhade laee kaafi hoow giaa haii. atey hunn tusin siddhe gharr aaa rahey hoow, atey ikk garam tody khao atey saunn jaao. tomm, "turant driver cole", gharr!" gharr, kujh vee naheen!raind roiaa. pahilan mainoon bahr kaddh dio!" gharr, tomm!miss audri rudd toon bahut zor naal. parr," raind noon beizzati naal atey nimmer honn dey iraade toon binan, main tuhade naal iss tarike naal gharr naheen jaa sakda. main tuhada bharaa naheen haan, iss noon latkava dio! main ikk viaahiaa hoiaa aadmi vee naheen haan, atey jadon sachchai sahmane aavegi taan lock qee kahinge?" saanoon lokan dee parwah naheen haii, jaispar, piaare-atey, tomm, jaldi crow!" raind godd dey kappde noon paase qarr ditta. main bahr jaa riha haan", uss neey jaldi hii kiha. jey uh hauli naheen karda taan main shayed merrie gardan todd devanga!" jaldi crow, tomm! uh chhaal naheen marega. uh buses-buses-babb-babb-bulfing!" uh buri tarahan roow rahee see, atey doven hatth firr toon raind dey galey duaale sunn. main jaa riha haan", uss neey achanak uss deeaan baahan lae keey kiha. main taan hii bahut ziaada zimmevar hovanga jey tusin kitey vee ikk padri chukkan daa parbandh qarr sco." mammi-mammi utthe haii", uss neey uss dee goonjdi hoee aavaaz witch kiha, "atey uh saanoon bacha sakadi haii, haii naa?" atey firr uh thodhi hassi atey thodhi roiaa atey john raind neey aapne aap noon dassiaa kii uh uss noon dubara nuksan naheen pahunchayega jaan uss noon draun vaala naheen haii, natije joe hoow sakde hunn uh honn dio. tomm, ih jaanh keey kii kujh galat haii atey spasht taur 'teey kii dair hoow gaee haii atey uss noon neend aaa gaee haii, neey aapni masheen noon khushi naal shaant galiaan vicchon atey drive utte rudd haveli witch bhej ditta. raind hethan aaa giaa atey uss neey kuddi noon aapna hatth ditta. aakhri mint takk uh iss noon todan atey bhajjan laee lubhaunda see, parr ih jaanh keey kii uh pahilan hii aapne bharaa dee samajhdari toon dardi haii atey uss noon hunn uss naal mazak karna chahida haii jaan uss noon zakhmi karna chahida haii, uss daa hatth uss dee baanh naal chipkiaa rahinn dio atey uss dey naal chaudiaan paudiaan utte chalaa giaa. ikk naukar neey darwaza kholhiaa, gambhir roop witch jhukiaa jiven kii savere toon hii gharr dahishat dee gadbad witch naheen see, atey unhan noon chupchap dassiaa, jiven kii uh theatre toon waps aaa rahey sunn, kii chhote khaane dey kamre witch ikk raat daa khaana unhan dee udeek qarr riha see. aao", audri rudd neey kiha, "aao kujh khaann laee lae keey challiye. atey raula naa paao. mamma uppar haii atey uh tuhanun siraf udon hii jhidakdi jey uh hethan aaundi. aao, "uss dee baanh vall khichde hoye. tusin bhukhe hoow, kutti!" john raind neey aapne pair viaapak atey ziddi tarike naal vakkh keete. main siraf ikk sharat 'teey aavanga", uss neey zor dey keey kiha. atey ih haii kii tusin mainoon hunn 'kotsi' naheen kahinde! mainoon ih pasand naheen haii!" theek haii, jais- atey mainoon jaispar naa kaho. ih kutti toon vee bhaida haii. mainoon jauhan raind kaho-kiunki, "aapne pakkh noon mazboot curran dee antam koshish naal", kiunki ih meraa naam haii." taan firr, john raind, piaare, merey naal khaann laee kujh liao!" atey john raind, piaare, chaley gaye. uss neey uss noon aapni vishesh kursi utte bithaiaa... uh janhda see kii ih uss dee aapni vishesh kursi see kiunki uss neey uss noon dassiaa see kii ih see... uss neey naukar noon door bhej ditta atey khud uss dee udeek keeti. uh aapne vaalan noon harr modhe utte ikk sanghani bhure rung dee venee witch hethan lae keey, atey ikk gasse witch, filmi, lessie "cheez" witch-usne aapna samlingi rung daa kappda ikk kursi utte sutt ditta see-kii uh bahut darda see kii ikk naujwan sajjan dey sahmane pahinana bilkul sahee cheez naheen see jiss noon uh hune-hune millie see. parr ih sabh bahut sunder see, atey uh firr toon zor naheen dey sakiaa kii uh usda bharaa naheen see, iss laee usne uss vall bahut ziaada naa vekhan dee koshish keeti. uss neey uss noon ikk garam tody bnaa ditta... jiss tarahan uss noon ih pasand see, jiven kii uss neey uss noon dassiaa see... atey aapni kaufi paa keey uss dey agge fall atey thande meat rakkh ditte. atey firr uh mez dey uppar chadh gaee, atey aapne hatth witch kaufi daa aapna piala lae keey, uss noon vekh rahee see jadon uh khaa riha see. hunn uh sabh toon samlingi see, atey sabh toon komal chhota sareer jiss daa usne kadey supna dekhiaa see. atey uh achanak khush hoow giaa, siraf uss dey naal rahi keey khush see, atey achanak khush see kii sabh kujh hoow giaa see. uss noon kujh samein baad pataa lagg javega kii uss neey galti keeti haii, atey uss noon shayed iss gall daa afsos hovega kii uss neey adalat dey sahmane uss noon jaffi paaee see. parr uh uss noon janhda atey uh uss noon unhan dee shaam dey sharminda hissiaan noon bhull jaanda, atey uss noon yaad hunda kii uss neey uss daa faida naa chukkan laee sakhat atey lagatar koshish keeti see. iss laee uss neey aapni tandrusti atey jawan sundarta laee aapni tody peeti, atey uss daa thanda meat khaadha atey lagbhag binan kise musibat dey anand witch aapni ciggert peeti. atey hunn, coat-" uss neey uss dee nazar fadd laee atey iss noon tezi naal badal keey "jauhan raind, piaare-qee tusin bahut bihtar mahisus naheen karde?" uh pichhe mudd keey uss vall vekh keey muskaraun lagg paee. main karda haan. main firr toon ikk chitte aadmi wang mahisus karda haan. sainn francisco chaddan toon baad ih meraa pahila asal bhojan haii." uss neey aapna piala hethan rakkhiaa, aapne godiaan noon hatth naal fadiaa atey uss vall dhiaan naal vekhiaa. uh janhdi see kii uh qee soch rahee see. atey uh hairan naheen hoiaa jadon usne hauli naal kihaau hunn main tuhanun siddha saunn laee lae jawanga. tusin saare thakk gaye hoow. atey aseen ikkathe sware daa khaana khawange, dair naal sware daa khaana.uh mez toon hethan aaa gaee. aao, coat-jauhan raind, piaare. main tuhade naal jawanga atey dekhanga kii qee sabh kujh tuhade laee aaramdaik haii." iss laee uh uppar gaye, jauhan raind pichhe-pichhe, audri agge bhajjdi hoee atey jaispar rudd dey bedroom daa darwaza kholhdi hoee. uss neey uss laee bistre dey cover waps sutt ditte, uss dey bathrobe noon kursi dey pichle paase rakkhiaa, uss laee uss deeaan chapplan noon chappal dey cole rakkhiaa, ciggert atey machisan noon bistre dey chhote mez utte rakkhiaa... ithon takk kii nahaun vaale paanee noon vee chalu qarr ditta. atey firr uh waps uss cole aaee atey uss dey sahmane khadhi hoow gaee, uss daa gulabi chihra uss vall chupp hoow giaa. shubh raat-atey ikk change buddhe munde wang turant saun jaao. atey qee tusin mainoon shubh raat chumman naheen jaa rahey hoow?" ikk shandar khich vaale pall laee uh chijakda see. firr uss neey aapniaan akkhan uss toon door qarr dittiaan. audri rudd", uss neey kiha, lagbhag puurii tarahan bhavnatmak taur 'teey ih kahinn toon bachann laee, "tusin mainoon dhiaan bhatkaun vall lae jaa rahey hoow. main mahaan golkonda dey maalak honn dee bajaae tuhanun changi raat noon chummana pasand karanga. atey- taan firr tusin ajiha kiun naheen karde?sanjam naal. kiunki mainoon iss daa koee huck naheen haii. kiunki main baghiaad dey kappde witch ikk kisam dee bhed haan. kiunki-oh, siraf iss laee kii meraa naam john raind haii.atey firr jaldi hii, jiven hii uss neey uss deeaan akkhan witch dukkh waps aaa riha vekhiaao" qee tusin mainoon samjhaoge kii merey jutte merey naal kiun naheen fitt hunde?" uss neey iss dey dhille jutte naal uss vall ikk pair fadiaa, iss noon agge-pichhe hilaunde hoye jiven kii usne mcadem laee keeta see, jadon takk jutti naheen digg gaee. atey uh uss noon vekh keey huss paee. tusin bahut vadde huns hoow! qee ih tuhanun pareshan qarr riha haii? main inni jaldi witch see, atey mainoon kujh vee naheen miliaa-atey uh juttiaan telcott hunn, buttler deeaan!" uss neey aapniaan unglan dey nokan toon uss noon chummiaa atey uss dey pichhe darwaza bnd hoow giaa. atey john raind neey udon takk bukhar naal khoj keeti jadon takk uss noon rudd dey juttiaan dee ikk jodee naheen millie. unhan neey uss noon arder curran laee baney dastane wang fitt keeta. iss toon ilava horr kujh naheen vekh keey uh aapne garam nahaun witch digg giaa, bistre utte digg giaa atey saun giaa.

yadi paduka yojayati-/ adhyayah 3 adhyayah 2 adhyayah 4 a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a III jaan rend ityasya krute etat sarvam bhramm aasit. te raatrau nyayalayam pravishtavantah iti saha jaanaati sma; tasya adhivaktaah, jasper rood ityasya adhivaktaah upasthitaah iti, dhanam vyayata iti cha jaanaati sma. saha ekasmin purushasya hatyayaha aadeshasy vishaye kimapi shrutavaan yat, yadaa saha purushah mrutah iti manyate sma, saha naa mrutah aasit, parantu mrudu-utkeern-andaani bhakshayan upavishyata. billiard-kyoo ityanena saha aakramanasy prakaranam ekam prakaranam aasit, yat dhanasya, prabandhasya cha vishaye, kshanaat api vastoonaam kshetre nyastam bhavitum arhati iti prateeyate. etavan, tathaa cha anekaan vicharan, caledoscopic-avyavasthaayaam vileenam krutavantah, ekam, kevalam ekam karyam sarvathaa spashtam, saralam-vismayam cha aasit! tatra nyaayapeetasya jyotihi aasan, tatra nyayadhishaha upavishyata yasya gurutvaakarshanam ekadaa eva vyagram aasit. yonder iti vhiring motor yuktah vaahanah aasit, yasmaat mandal-adhivaktaa macadoms tathaa jasper rood ityasya vakeelaah tasya prati swa-topeem hastaantarena pravartayan aasan, margasya param anyam kaaram vakram krutvaa capton hudson tathaa tasya rakshakan nadyaah upari cha vahan, tasya paarshve tasyaah hastah tasya baahum nudwarshayan, saa eva sarvadhika aakarshaniyaa rupakiya balika aasit yaa tasya netram sthaapitavatee. divasasya dukhasya sukhadasamaptyartham prasannatam praapya saa, khulyena nirlajjatayaa cha, nyayadhishasya sammukhe tam aalingayat. idaaneem saa samyatataya kathayati smah. idam asmakam kaar asti, kootsee. bhayanakam vilambah. twaraam gruham gacchataam!iti. jaan rend ityeshah sankochitah, bhashanat poorvam savadhanataya swashabdaan chinot. saha raatrau etaavat niraakarot, etaavat utkatataya, etaavat nishtayaa cha, yat punah niraakartum saha naa sahasam krutavaan. naa kenaapi tam vishvasitavaan, naa kenaapi tasya vishaye gambhirataya shrutavaan. vayam yantram pravishaamah", saha gambhirataya avadat. vayam kinchitkalam vaahanachaalanam krutvaa udyaanam prati, kutraapi gamishyaamah. aham bhavatah saha vaartaalaapam kartum icchaami.iti. saa kutuhalya tam drushtavatee. praayah chaturvaadane", saa mrudubhaashe avadat. tathaa etaadrushe dinena... are, tvam mriyitum nishchayen vyagrah syaat!iti. aham bhavatah saha vaartaalaapam kartum icchaami", saha aagraham akarot. tasya netreshu punah drutadrushtyaa saa swasyaah samalingeevarnasya vastram swasyaah ksheen-yuvashareerasya sameepe taan apaakrutya drutagatyaa kaaram prati agacchat. idaaneem, tonaau ityasya vishaal-saukaryasya madhye, ekena bharayutena karpasena saha, yaa padasya upari nibaddham aasit, saa balika tasya sameepe basitum aagraham akarot, tasyaah hastah tasya krute anvishyat, jaan rend ityeshah tasya vivaranam prarabhata. jasper rood ityanena krutasya karyasya krute saha tasyaah bhraataram doshaaropayitum naa icchati sma, yadi tasyaah bhrata hatyayaha aparadhi naasti tarhi saha kapurushochitasya nichasya cha karyasya aparadhi iti naa darshayitum icchati sma. ataha saha malavahya-yards madhye sabhaayaah vishaye kimapi naa uktavaan. parantu saha tasyaah avadat yat saha katham aarakshak-sthaanam gatavaan, katham saha gruheetah, katham sarvam asammanakaram aasit, saha katham jaan rend iti khanan-abhiyantah aasit, parantu sadyah dakshina-amerikaatah pratyaagatah, katham tasya dhanam nashtam abhavat, nyuyaark-nagaram gantum utsukah cha "tasya maargam apaakarot.katham, ekavaakyen, saha hrudayasya vishaal-aashaayuktah, tathaa cha swasya jebasya vishaal-chhidrayuktah, alpa-vichaaraheenah yuvakah aasit. tathaa, saha sheeghram nishkarsham prati agacchat, tasyaah bhrata sarwah swasthah aasit, katipayeshu ghantaasu eva aagacchati sma, - yadaa saha samaptva tasyaah prati nivartyata, tadaa saa hastam yat laghu-nikshayam adadaati, tasyaah netre komalam ardha-nindaayuktam roopam cha tam avadat yat saa tasya ukttam vaakyam naa vishvasitavatee iti. jasper, boodaah", saa alpena hasyena avadat, yat sarvam utkantayaa pooritam aasit, "bhavatah dinam atyantam durdinam aasit. bhavatah sarvanam krute eva paryaaptam. idaaneem bhavaan sakshat gruham aagacchati, ushnam tody chaalayatu, shayanam cha karotu. taam, "sheeghram chalakam prati", gruham!iti. gruham, naa kimapi!raand-rodayat. prathamam maam bahihi vadatu!iti. gruham, taam!miss audrey rudd ityatah ateeva drudatayaa. parantu", rend-varyaha ashobhitah, vinayasheelah bhavitum naa icchati cha, aham etasmaat margena bhavatah gruham gantum naa shaknomi. aham bhavatah bhrata naa asmi, tam sthagaya. aham parineetah purushah api naa, satyasya prakaashane janaah kim vadanti?iti. vayam jananam vishaye naa chintayaamah, jasper, priyah-tathaa, taam, tvarayaa!iti. rend iti lep-vastram apasarayat. aham bahihi gacchaami" iti saha sheeghramev avadat. yadi saha mandam naa karoti tarhi praayah aham mama kamtham bhagnam karishyaami!iti. sheeghram karotu, taam! saha naa udhvasishyati. saha kevalam-kevalam bub-bub-bluffing!iti. saa durdashayaa vilaapayati sma, ubhau baahavah punah rend ityasya kanthasya paritah aasan. aham gacchaami" iti saha hathaat tasyaah bahunaha apagacchati iti avadat. kevalam aham eva bahu runee bhavitum shaknomi yadi bhavaan kutraapi gurum sweekartum shaknoti.iti. mama-maataa tatra asti" iti saha tasyaah utkataswaram krutvaa uktavaan, "saa asman paalayitum shaknoti, naa?iti. tatah saa alpam hasya alpam vilaapayat, jaan rend ityeshah swasyaah avadat yat saha punah tasyaah haanim naa karishyati, naa bhayaan karishyati, parinamam yathaa bhavitum arhati. taam, kimapi doshapooritam asti iti, spashtatayaa cha vilambah asti, saha nidritah cha iti dnyaatvaa, shaanta-veethishu, vaahanachaalane sthitam rudd-bhavanam cha anandena swasya yantram preshitavaan. raand ityeshah adhah patitvaa balikayaha krute hastam dattavaan. antimanimeshe yaavat saha tasya krute bhangam dhaavitum pralobhitah aasit, parantu saa poorvamev swabhraaturyasya vivekasya bhayam anwawartat iti tathaa cha saha idaaneem tasyaah haasyam karishyati athavaa tasyaah haanim karishyati iti jaanaati sma, tasyaah hastam tasya bahuna saha baddhvaa vishaalaani sopanani uttolayat. ekaha sewakah dwaaram udghaatya, pratahkalat durdashaamahite gruhe naa aasit iva gambhirataya namrata, tathaa cha nishshabdataya taan soochitavaan, yena te kevalam naatyagruhaat pratyaagantavantah, yat laghubhojanaagruhe teshaam krute bhojah prateekshate iti. aagaccha", audree rudd ityanena saha, "vayam kimapi khaaditum aahuyaama. tathaa shabdam maa karotu. maama upari asti, kevalam adhah aagaty eva saa bhavantam nindati sma. aagaccha, "tasya bahunam agruhnaat. bhavaan kevalam kshudhaa eva syaat, kootsee!iti. jaan rend ityayam swapadan vyaapakaroopen, drudatayaa cha pruthak krutavaan. aham kevalam ekaa sharte aagamishyaami", saha drudatayaa avadat. tathaa cha bhavaan mahyam 'kootsee' iti naa aahvayati! aham naa rochate!iti. theekam, jaas- tathaa cha mahyam jasper iti maa aahvayatu. tatt kootsee-taha api adhama. mahyam jaan rend iti aahvayatu-yatah, "swasya sthitim drudham kartum antimaprayaase", yatah tatt mama naam.iti. tatah, jaan rend, priyah, mama saha kimapi khaaditum aagaccha!iti. jaan rend, priyah, gatavaan. saa tam swakeeye kurchyaam upavishtavatee... saha jaanaati yat tatt tasya swakeeyam vishishtam peetham asti iti, yatah saa tam avadat yat tatt tasye asti iti... saa dasam preshayitvaa swayam tasya pratiksham krutavatee. saa tasya paritah pratishena sthool-godhoom-venee-yuktena keshaih, tathaa cha gassamari-chalacchitra-lessy-vastre-saa swasamalingee-varnasya vastram kurchee-upari visarjayat-yat saha ateeva bhayaat aasit yat saa sadya militasya yuvaayaah sajjanasya samaksham dharitum uchitam vastunah naasti iti. parantu etaavat ateeva sundarah aasit, api cha saha tasyaah bhrata naa iti punah naa drudham kartum shaktah, ataha saha tasyaah upari adhikam naa drashtum prayatat. saa tam ushnam todeem akarot... yathaa saha rochat, tathaiva saa api avadat... saha swasya kaafeem udvelya tasya sammukhe phalaani sheetaleeni maamsaani cha sthaapayat. tatah saa mejaihi upari upavishtvaa swahastena kaafeepaatram sveekrutya, tasya bhojanasamaye tam drushtavatee. adhunaa saa samalingi aasit, tasya swapnam adrushat komalatamm cha laghu shareeram cha aasit. saha akasmaat prasanah, kevalam tasyaah saha upasthitah, achire eva sarvvam ghatitam iti harshitah cha abhavat. saa kinchitkalam anantaram jaanaati yat saa ekam apakaram akarot iti, nyayalayasya samaksham tam alinganartham saa bahushah khedam jaanaati. parantu saha tam jaanaati sma, tathaa cha teshaam sayankalasya lajjajanakani bhaagaani vismarayitum tena preryate sma, tathaa cha saa smaryate yat saha tasyaah laabham naa praaptum kathinam nirantaram cha prayatat iti. ataha saha tasyaah suswaasthyaay, yuvasaundaryaaya cha swa-tody-paaniyam krutvaa, tasya sheetal-maamsam khaadat, tam cigaret-panam praayah asahyam anandena krutavaan. idaaneem, kott-" saa tasya netram gruheetvaa sheeghram parivartya "jaan rend, priyah-kim bhavaan sampurnataya uttamm naa anubhavati?iti. saha pashchadasthitva tasyaah upari hasitavan. aham. aham punah shwetapurushah iva anubhavaami. syaan-francisco-nagaram nishkasanat param idam prathamam vaastavikam bhojanam asti.iti. saa swapakaranam adhah sthapayitva, swahastaan ghutane samaakrutya, avadhaanam drushtavatee. saa kim chintayati iti saha jaanaati sma. yadaa saa mrudubhaashe uktavatee tadaa saha naa aashcharyitah. idaaneem aham bhavantam sakshat shayanam kartum gacchaami. bhavaan sarwah vyagrah asti. vayam militvaa praatahbhojanam karishyaamah, praatahbhojanam vilambena karishyaamah.saa mejaihi adhah patitaa. aagaccha, kott-jaan rend, priyah. aham bhavatah saha gatvaa pashyaami yat bhavatah krute sarvam sukhakaram asti vaa iti.iti. ataha te oordhvastham gatvaa jaan rend ityasya anugamam krutavantah, audree agre palaayanam krutvaa jasper rood ityasya shayanakashasy dwaaram udghaatayat. saa tasya krute shayyayaha aacchadanaani punah visarjayat, tasya snaanavastram peetasya upari sthaapitavatee, tasya padatranani agnyantrena sthapayitva, cigaret, meju cha shayyayaha sameepe laghumekhe sthaapayat... api cha snanasya jalam api prajwaalayat. tatah saa tasya sameepamaagaty tasya sammukhe upasthitavatee, tasyaah gulabimukhah tasya prati utkantayaa utthaapitah. shubh raatrih-tathaa sheeghramev uttamah vruddhah baalakah iva nidraam karotu. kim tvam mahyam shubh raatri chumbayishyati?iti. adbhutam mohapravanam kshanartham saha sankochitah. tatah saha tasyaah drushtihi apasaritavan. audree rudd" iti saha avadat, praayah drudatayaa purnataya bhaavapoornaroopen naa vaditum, "tvam mahyam vichalitam karoti. mahatee golkonda ityasya malikasya apekshayaa aham bhavantam shubh raatri chumbayitum icchaami. tathaa- tatah kim naa karoti?sahrudayena. yatah mama kimapi adhikaarah naasti. yatohi aham wolf ityasya vastradhaarinah meshaah. yato hii-o, kevalam yatah mama naam jaan rend iti.tatah twaraam, tasyaah netre punah klesham aagacchan, kim mama padatranani kimartham naa yojayanti iti maam vivarishyasi?iti. saha tasya shithil-padapanena ekapaadam tasyaah sameepe agruhnaat, yaavat padapata naa patitah, yaavat saha mecadams-krute naa krutavaan, tathaiva agre cha agram chaalayat. saa tam drushtvaa hasata. mahaan gus! kim tatt bhavatah kashtam asti? aham etaavat tvarayam aasit, kimapi naa anveshtum asamarthah-te shoos talkat, buttler ityasya santi!iti. saa svaviralaanaam agrabhagat tam chumbayat, tasya prushtatah dwaaram baddham. jaan rend ityeshah rudd ityasya paadatraanayoh yugmam naa prapnuyat taavat jwarena anvishyat. te tam adeshartham nirmitam hastavastram iva upaakrutya. anyat kimapi naa drushtvaa saha swau ushna-snaan-gruhe nimagnah, shayane nimagnah, nidraamagnah cha abhavat.

kaalani porunthinaal-/ aththiyayam 3 aththiyayam 2 aththiyayam 4 Â III john raendirku idhu kuzhappamaaga irunththathu. avarkal oru iravu neethimantraththirkuch sentrathai avar arinthirunthaar; jaspar rutin vazhakkarinyarkalaana avarathu vazhakkarinyarkal aajaraanathaiyum, panam selavazhikkappattathaiyum avar arinthirunthaar. kolai seiyappattirukka vaendum endru karudhappatta nabar irakkavillai, aanaal menmaiyaana vaekavaiththa muttaikalai saappidum poathu oru manithanin kolaikaana warrand endha vaarandum illai endru avar kelvippattirundhaar. billiard kyoovaik kondu thaakkuthal nadaththiya vazhakku enbathu panam mattrum nirvaagaththudan endha neraththilum vishayangkalin kazhaththirkuth thallappadakkoodiya oru vishayamaagath thoantriyathu. ivai anaiththum mattrum ennattra karuththukkal oru caletoscopic kuzhappaththil ontrinainththana, oru vishayam, oru vishayam mattumae muttrilum thelivaaga irunththathu mattrum elimaiyaanathu-mattrum aachchariyamaaka irunththathu! neethimandraththin vilakkugal irunththana; oru kaalaththil thontharavu seiyappatta neethipathi angku amarnthirunthaar. yonder enbathu suzhalum motor konda oru automobile aagum, athil irunthu mavatta vazhakkarinyar mccaudams mattrum jaspar ruud aagiyoarin vazhakkarinyarkal thangal thoppikalai avarukku asaiththanar, theruvin kurukkae capton hutson mattrum avarathu thakkavaippaalarkalai aattrin meethu sumanthu sellum mattroru kaarai valaiththanar, maelum avarathu pakkaththil, avarathu kaiyai aluththi, avar thanathu kankalai vaittha miga kavarchchigaramaana azhagaana penn. andraiya sogaththin magizhchchiyaana mudivil aval magizhchchiyadainthathaal, aval velippadaiyaagavum vetkappadaamalum, neethipathiyin mugaththil avarai kattippiditthaal. ippoathu aval mananiraivudan koorinaal idhoa engkal kaarr, coodsey. migavum thaamathamaakivittathu. veettirku viraivoam!entraar. john rand thayangi, avar paesuvatharku munbu thanathu vaarththaigalai kavanamaaga therntheduththaar. avar eravilum, migavum veriththanamaagavum, aarvaththudanum maruthathaal, avar meendum marukkath thuninthaar. yaarum avarai nambavillai, yaarum avar solvathai theeviramaaga kaetka maattaargal. naam iyanththiraththirkul nuzhaivoam", endru avar theeviramaaga koorinaar. naangkal poongkaavirku, engkum, sirithu thooram suttri varuvoam. naan ungkaludan paesa virumbukiraen.entraar. aval aarvaththudan avanai nokkinaal. kittatthatta naanku manii aakivittathu", aval methuvaagach sonnaal. idhu poantra oru naalukkup piragu... ooo, neengkal irakkum varai soarvaaga irukka vaendum!entraar. naan ungkaludan paesa virumbukiraen", endru avar valiyurutthinaar. maelum avarathu kankalil mattroru viraivaana paarvaiyudan, aval thanathu orinachchaerkkai nira aadaiyai thanathu melithaana ilam udalukku arugil izhuththu, kaarai noakki virainththaal. ippoathu, muzhangkaalgalil oru kanamaana kambalaththai izhuththu, donavin vasathiyaana vasathiyil, anthap penn avarukku arugil koodu katta vaendum endru valiyuruththiyapoathu, avarathu kaiyaith thaedum john rand thanathu vilakkatthaith thodangkinaar. jaspar ruud seitha kaariyaththirkaaga thanathu cakoothararai kuttram saatta avar virumbavillai, avarathu cakootharar kolai kuttravaali illaiyendraal, avar oru kozhaiththanamaana mattrum moasamaana nadavadikkaiyil kuraivillai enbathai avalukkuk kaatta virumbavillai. enavae sarakku yaardugalil nadantha koottam kuritthu avar ethuvum sollavillai. aanaal avar eppadi kaaval nilaiyaththirkuch sentraar, eppadi avar kaithu seiyappattaar, eppadi ellaam oru abaththamaana thavaru, eppadi john rand, oru surangap poriyaalar, aanaal sameepaththil thenn amerikkaavilirunthu thirumbinaar, eppadi avar angku irunththa panaththai ilanththaar, newyoarkkirkuch sella aavalaaka irunthaar endru avaridam koorinaar.oru vaarththaiyil kooruvathaanaal, avar eppadi oru poruppattra ilainyaraaka irunthaar, avarathu idhayaththil periya nambikkaikalum, avarathu paakkettil periya thulaikalum irunththana. maelum, avar avasaramaaga thanathu mudivukku vanthaar, avaludaiya cakootharar nalamaaga irukkiraar, sila manii nerangalukkul varuvaar, maelum - avar adhai mudiththu avalai noakki thirumbiyapoathu, aval kaiyaik koduttha siriya kasivum, aval kankalil menmaiyaana, paathi ninthanaiyaana thoattramum avar sonna oru vaarthaiyaiyum aval nambavillai endru sonnathu. jaspar, muthiya baiyan", endru aval oru siriya sirippudan sonnaal, adhu anaiththum athirvukalaal nirambiyathu, "neengkal oru moasamaana naalaik kondirundheergal. ungkal anaivarin manathai eerkka idhu poathumaanathaaka irunththathu. ippoathu neengkal neraaga veettirku vandhu, oru soodaana doddy eduththu padukkaikkuch selkireerkal. daam, "viraivaaga oottunaridam", veettirku!entraar. illa, onnumae illa!endru randon azhuthaar. muthalil ennai veliyae vidungkal!entraar. veedu, daam!miss audry ruud enbavaridamirunthu migavum uruthiyaaka. aanaal," "mariyaathaiyattra muraiyil mattrum kanniyamaaga irukkum nokkamintri rand adiththaar", "ennaal inththa vazhiyil ungkaludan veettirku sella mudiyaathu". naan ungkal cakootharan alla, adhai thongavidungal! naan tirumanamaana aann kooda alla, unmai velivarumpoathu makkal enna solvaargal?entraar. naangkal makkalaip pattri kavalaippaduvathillai, jaspar, anbe-mattrum, daam, avasarappadungkal!entraar. raand madiyil aninthiruntha aadaiyai odhukki erinththaar. naan veliyae poakiraen", endru avar viraivil koorinaar. avar methuvaagach sellaavittaal naan enn kaluththai udaippaen!entraar. avasarappadungkal, daam! avar kuthikka mattar. avar verum-verum kumizhi-puup-bluffing!entraar. aval migavum varuththaththudan azhuthaal, irandu kaikalum meendum raendin kaluththaich suttri irunththana. naan poakiraen", endru thideerendru aval kaikalai eduththukkondu avalidam sonnaan. neengkal engkaavathu oru paeranai alaiththuch sella mudinthaal mattumae naan migavum kadamaippattiruppaen.entraar. amma-amma angkaeyae irukkiraar", endru aval moochchuththinaral kuralai avar koorinaar, "avalaal engkalaith thaangkikkolla mudiyum, illaiyaa?entraar. pinnar aval konjam siriththaal, konjam azhuthaal, john rand thannai meendum kaayappaduthavoo allathu avalai payamuruththavo poavathillai endru thannidam koorinaar, vilaivugal avai ennavaaga irukkattum. aethoa thavaru nadanthiruppathai thelivaagavum, thaamathamaakivittathu endrum, avar thoongkukiraar endrum thelivaagavum arintha daam, amaithiyaana therukkal vazhiyaaga magizhchchiyudan thanathu iyanththiraththai anupinaar. raand keezhae irangki thanathu kaiyai sirumiyidam kodutthaar. kadaisi nimidam varai avar udaiththu atharkaaka oada aasaippattaar, aanaal aval aerkanavae thanathu cakoothararin mananilaikku anjukiraal enbathaiyum, avar ippoathu avalai nagaichchuvaiyaaga nadaththa vaendum allathu kaayappadutha vaendum enbathaiyum arinthukondu, aval kaiyai avarathu kaiyil ottikkondu avaludan agalamaana padigalai noakkich sellattum. oru vaelaikkaaran kadhavaith thiranthu, kaalaiyilirunthae payankaramaana kondhalippil illaathathu poal kadumaiyaaga thalaivanangki, avarkal theattarilirunthu thirumbuvathu poal amaithiyaaga avarkalukkuth therivitthaar, siriya saappaattu araiyil oru iravu unavu avarkalukkaagak kaaththirukkirathu. vaarungkal", endru audry ruud koorinaar, "saappida aethaavathu kondu varuvoam. maelum saththam poada vaendaam. amma maelae irukkiraar, aval keezhae vanthaal mattumae aval unnai thittuvaal. vaarungkal, "endru thann kaiyil izhuththuch sentraan. neengkal pattiniyaal vaada vaendum, coodsey!entraar. john rand thanathu kaalgalai paravalaakavum pidivaathamaagavum nattaar. naan oray oru nibanthanaiyin paeril varuvaen", endru avar uruthiyaaka koorinaar. neengkal inii ennai 'coodsey' endru alaikka maatteerkal! enakku pidikkavillai!entraar. paravaayillai, jaas- ennai jaspar endru alaikka vaendaam. adhu coodsey vida moasamaanathu. ennai john rand endru azhaikkavum-aenentraal, "avarathu nilaipaattai urudhippaduththuvatharkaana iruthi muyarchiyudan", aenentraal adhu enn peyar.entraar. piragu, john rand, anbe, ennudan vandhu saappida aethaavathu kondu vaarungkal!entraar. john rand, anbe, sentraar. aval avarai avarathu sontha naarkaaliyil amara vaithaal... adhu thanathu sontha kuripitta narkali endru avarukkuth theriyum, aenentraal aval athaich sonnaal... aval vaelaiyaatkalai anuppivittu, avarukkaagak kaaththirunthaal. ovvoru thoalpattaiyilum oru adarththiyaana paluppu nirap pinniyil thanathu thalaymudi keezhae kondu, oru koochal, thiraippada, laesi "vishayam"-aval oru naarkaaliyil thanathu orinachchaerkkai nira aadaiyai veechinaal-aval ippoathu santhiththa oru ilam manitharukku muun anivathu sariyaana vishayam alla endru avar migavum bayanthaar. aanaal adhu ellaavattrirkum migavum azhagaaga irunththathu, maelum avar meendum thanathu cakootharar alla endru valiyuruththa mudiyavillai, enavae avar avalai adhigam paarkka muyarchikkavillai. aval avanai oru soodaana doddy aakkinaal... aval sonnathu poal, avarukku adhu pidiththirunthathu... avar thanathu kaabiyai uutrtri, pazhangkalaiyum kulirntha iraichchigalaiyum avarukku munnaal vaitthaar. pinnar aval maejaiyin mael aeri, thanathu sontha kapp kaabiyai kaiyil eduththu, avar saappidumpoathu avaraip parththaal. ippoathu aval oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraakavum, avar kanavu kanda miga menmaiyaana siriya udalaagavum irunththaal. avar thideerendru magizhchchiyaaga irunthaar, avaludan iruppathil magizhchchiyaaga irunthaar, thideerendru ellaam nadanthathil magizhchchiyadainthaar. sirithu neeraththirkup piragu thaan oru thavaru seithuvittathai aval arinthu kolvaal, maelum neethimandraththin muun avarai kattippidiththadharkaaga aval varunthalaam. aanaal avar avalai arinthiruppaar, maelum avarkalin maalaiyin sankadamaana pakuthikalai avar avalai maranthuviduvaar, maelum avar avalaip payanpaduththik kollaamal irukka kadumaiyaagavum thodarnthu muyarchiththathaiyum aval ninaivil kolvaal. enavae avar thanathu taattiyai avarathu nalla aaroakkiyaththirkum ilamaikkum kuditthaar, maelum avarathu kulirntha iraichchigalai saapittu, kittatthatta thontharavu seiyappadaatha magizhchchiyil thanathu sigarettaip pettraar, ippoathu, cood-" aval avanudaiya kankalaip pidiththu adhai viraivaaga "john rand, anbe-neengkal migavum nandraaga unaravillaiya?entraar. aval pinnadi saainthu avalaip paarththuch siriththaal. naan seikiraen. naan meendum oru vellai manithanaip poala unarkiraen. naan chaan franciscovil irunthu veliyaeriya piragu naan saapitta muthal unmaiyana unavu idhudhaan.entraar. aval thann sonthak kooppaiyai keezhae vaiththu, muzhangkaalgalil kaikalaip pidiththuk kondu, avaraik kavanamaagap parththaal. aval enna ninaitthuk kondirundhaal enbathu avarukkuth theriyum. aval methuvaagach sonnapoathu avar aachariyappadavillai ippoathu naan unnai neraaga padukkaikku alaiththuch selvane. neengkal anaivarum soarvaaga irukkireerkal. naam ontraaka kaalai unavu saappiduvoam, oru thaamathamaana kaalai unavu.aval maejaiyilirunthu keezhae vizhunththaal. vaarungkal, cood-john rand, anbe. naan ungkaludan sendru ellaam ungkalukku vasathiyaaga irukkirathaa endru parpane.entraar. enavae avarkal maelae sendranar, john rand pinthodarnthaar, audry munnaal paranthu sendru jaspar rutin padukkaiyaraiyin kadhavaith thiranthaar. padukkaiyin maraippugalai avarukkaagath tiruppi erinththuvittu, avarathu kuliyalaraiyai oru naarkaaliyin pinpuraththil vaitthaar, avarathu seruppugalai neruppil vaitthaar, sigaret mattrum poruththuthalkalai padukkaiyin siriya maesaiyil vaitthaar... kuliyalaraiyil irunththa thanneerai kooda iyakkinaar. pinnar aval avanidam thirumbi vandhu avarukku munnaal nindraal, avaludaiya roas mugam aarvaththudan avanai noakki uyarnthathu. good nite-oru nalla muthiya paiyanaip poala udanae thoongkach sellungal. neengkal enakku good nite muththam kodukkap poavathillai?entraar. oru arputhamaana kavarchchigaramaana nodikku avar thayanginaar. pinnar avar thanathu kankalai avalidamirunthu tiruppinaar. audry ruud", endru avar koorinaar, adhai muttrilum unarchchipoorvamaaga solvathaith thavirkka, "neengkal ennai thisaithiruppuvatharkuth thoondugireergal. periya kolkondavai sonthamaaga vaiththiruppathai vida naan unnai good nite muththamida virumbukiraen. mattrum- appadiyaanaal aen athaich seiyak koodaathu?mananiraivudan. aenentraal enakku endha urimaiyum illai. aenentraal naan oonaayin aadaiyil oru vagaiyaana aadu. aenentraal-ooo, enn peyar john rand enbathaal.pinnar viraivaaga, thuyaram aval kankalil thirumbuvathai avar parthapothu" enn kaalanigal aen enakku porunthavillai enbathai enakku vilakkuveerkalaa?entraar. avar adhan thalarvaana kaalaniyudan oru kaalaip pidiththuk kondu, mekkaadamgalukkaagach seithathu poal, kaalani vizhum varai adhai munnum pinnumaaga asaitthaar. aval avanaip paarththuch siriththaal. periya muyal! adhuvae ungkalai thontharavu seikirathaa? naan ivvalavu avasaraththil irunththaen, ennaal ethaiyum kandupidikka mudiyavillai-antha kaalanigal dalcott, pattlarin!entraar. aval thanathu viralgalin nunigalil irunthu avarai muththamittaal, kadhavu avalukkup pinnaal moodappattathu. john rand oru jody rutin kaalanigalaik kandupidikkum varai theeviramaaga thaedinaar. arder seiyap patta kaiyurai poala avaraip poruthikkondanar. vaeru ethuvum paarkaamal, avar thanathu soodaana kuliyalaraiyil vilunththu, padukkaiyil vilunththu thoongkinaar.

shoe saripotundi unte-/ adhyayam 3 chapter 2 adhyayam 4 Â III idantaa zaan raandku gandaragolamgaa maarindi. vaaru raatri kortuku vellaarani ataniki telusu; jasper ruud yokka nyaayavaadulu ayina thana nyaayavaadulu haajarayyaarani, dabbu kharchu cheyabadindani ataniki telusu. hatyaku guraina vyakti chaniponi, conny mettagaa udikinchina gudlu tintuu kuurchunnappudu, oka vyakti hatyaku warrant gurinchi athanu edho vinnadu, adhi warrant kaadu. billiard kyootho daadi kesu anedi dabbu mariyu nirvahanato yea kshanamloonuu vishayaala domainku digajaarchabadagala vishayam anie kanipinchindi. ivanni mariyu aneka parigananalu caledoscopic gandaragolamlo kalisipoyayi, mariyu oka vishayam, oka vishayam matrame khachitamgaa spashtamgaa mariyu saralamgaa undhi-mariyu aascharyaparichedi! kortu laitlu undevi; akkada nyaayamuurti kuurchunnaaru, ayana gurutvakarshana okappudu bhangaparichindi. yonder anedi tirugutunna motaru kaligina oka automobile, dheeni nundi jilla nyaayavaadi mcadems mariyu jasper ruud yokka nyaayavaadulu athani vaipu tama topeelanu ooputunnaaru, veedhiki addamgaa kepten hudson mariyu athani samrakshakulanu nadipaiki teesukuvelutunna maroka kaaru vangi undhi, mariyu athani vaipu, aame cheyi athani chetini nokkadam, athanu eppuduu thana kallanu unchina atyanta aakarshanheeyamaina andamaina kanya. aaa roeju vishaadam yokka santoshakaramaina mugimpulo aame aanandamgaa, aame bahirangamgaa mariyu siggupadakunda, nyaayamuurti mukhamlone atanni kougilinchukundi. ippudu aame oppamgaa ilaa cheppindih idigo maa kaaru, cootsey. idhi chaalaa alasyam. twaragaa intiki veldaam!anie. zaan raand sankochinchi, matlade mundu thana padaalanu jagrattagaa enchukunnadu. athanu raatriki enthagaa niraakarinchaado, entha kopamgaa, entha shraddhaga, athanu mallii tiraskarinche dhairyam cheyaledu. evaruu atanini nammaledu, evaruu athani maata teevramgaa vinaledu. memu yantramloki pravesistaamu", annadu teevramgaa. mariyu memu konchem drive chestaamu, parkuku, ekkadainaa. neenu meetho matladalanukuntunnanu.anie. aame aasaktigaa athani vaipu chusindi. daadaapu naalugu gantalayyindi", aame mellaga cheppindi. mariyu ilanti oka roeju taruvaata... oh, meeru chachipoyenta alasipoyi undaali!anie. neenu meetho matladalanukuntunnanu" anie athanu pattubattadu. mariyu athani kallaloki maroka sheeghra veekshanhato aame thana sannani yuva sareeram chuttoo swalinga samparkula rangu dustulanu laagutuu kaaru vaipu vaegamgaa vellindi. ippudu, mokaallapai oka bhaarii raggutho tono yokka visaalamaina soukaryavantamaina pradaesamloe, ammai ataniki daggaragaa undamani pattubattadamtho, aame cheyi athani kosam vetukutuu, zaan raand thana vivarananu praarambhinchaadu. jasper ruud chesina pani gurinchi aame sodarudini nindinchadaaniki athanu ishtapadaledu, aame sodarudu hatyaku doshi kakapothe piriki mariyu neechamaina charyaku taanu takkuva doshi kaadani aameku choopinchadaaniki athanu ishtapadaledu. anduvalla athanu saruku ravana yaardulalo jarigina samavesam gurinchi aemee matladaledu. conny athanu police stationku elaa vellaadu mariyu tananu elaa swaadheenam chesukunnadu, mottam vishayam elaa asambaddhamaina porapaatu, athanu elaa zaan raand, maining injanir, conny iteevala dakshina america nundi tirigi vacchaadu, athanu akkada unna dabbunu elaa kolpoyadu, mariyu newyork velladaaniki aatrutagaa undatam "thana marganni debbateesindi" anie aameku cheppadu.okka maatalo cheppalante, athanu hrudayamlo pedda aasalu mariyu jebullo pedda randhraalu unna chaalaa nirlakshyamgaa unna yuvakudu. mariyu, athanu thana nirnayaaniki twarapaddaadu, aame sodarudu bagane unnadu mariyu konni gantallone kanipistaadu mariyu - athanu thana pani puurti chesi aame vaipu tirigi, aame thana chetiki icchina chinna pindi mariyu aame kallalo sunnitamaina, sagam nindaatmakamaina look athanu cheppina maatanu aame nammaledani ataniki cheppindi. jasper, buudida abbai", anie aame konchem navvutuu, anthaa gandaragolamto nindipoyindi, "meeku chaalaa chedda roeju vachindi. mea andarikee idhi saripotundi. ippudu meeru neerugaa intiki vastunnaaru, vaedi vaedi tagandi mariyu padukondi. tomm, "twaragaa driver daggariki", intiki!anie. intlo, aemee ledhu!anie randki arichindi. nannu mundu bayataku ranivvandi!anie. intiki, tomm!miss audrey ruud nundi chaalaa gattiga. conny," maryadapurvakamga undaalane uddesyam lekunda raandnu asabhyamgaa kottanu ", neenu meetho eee vidhamgaa intiki vellalenu. neenu nee sodarudini kaadu, daanini velaadadeeyandi! neenu pellayina vyaktini kooda kaadu, nijam bayataku vachinappudu prajalu emi chebutaaru?anie. memu prajala gurinchi pattinchukomu, jasper, priyamaina-mariyu, tomm, tondarapadandi!anie. raand lyap dustulanu pakkaku visiraadu. neenu bayataku veltunnaanu", annadu kasepatlo. athanu vegam tagginchakapothe neenu bahusha naa medanu virigipotaanu!anie. twaragaa vellu, tomm! athanu dookadu. athanu kevalam-kevalam bub-bub-bluffing!anie. aame chaalaa badhaga edustu, rendu chetulu mallii raand meda chuttoo unnaayi. neenu veltaanu", anie akasmaattugaa aame chetulu teesi aametho annadu. meeru ekkado oka chota oka guruvunu teesukogaligithene neenu chaalaa baadhyata vahistaanu.anie. amma-amma akkada unnaaru", anie aame oopiraadaka gonthu vippi, "aame mammalni aadarinchagaladu, kaadaa?anie. aapai aame konchem navvi, konchem edchindi, zaan raand tananu taanu mallii badhapettanani ledhaa aamenu bhayapettanani, parinaamaalu elaa undavachho tanaku taanugaa cheppadu. edho tappu jarigindani, alasyam ayindani, nidrapotunnanani spashtamgaa telisi, tomm thana yantraanni prasaantamaina veedhula gundaa mariyu drive looni ruud bhavananiki aanandamgaa pampaadu. raand kindaki digi aaa ammayiki thana chetini icchaadu. chivari nimisham varaku athanu daanini vichchinnam chesi daani kosam parugettadaaniki sodinchabaddaadu, conny aame appatike thana sodarudi telivi kosam bhayapadindani mariyu athanu ippudu aamenu haasyam cheyali ledhaa aamenu gayaparachali anie telusukuni, aame chetini athani chetiki atukkupoyi, aametho paatu visaalamaina metlu paiki vellanivvandi. oka sevakudu talupu terichi, udayam nundi aaa intlo bhayam laeni gandaragolamlo laenatlugaa teevramgaa namaskarinchi, vaaru theatre nundi tirigi vastunnatlugaa, chinna bhojana gadilo vaari kosam vindu vechi undani nissabdamgaa vaariki teliyajesaadu. randi", anie adri ruud oppinchaadu, "tinadaaniki edainaa techukundam. mariyu sabdam cheyavaddu. amma metlapai undhi, aame kindiki vasthe matrame aamenu tittutundi. randi, "thana chetini laagutuu. meeru aakalitho undalsi untundi, cootsey!anie. zaan raand thana paadaalanu vistrutamgaa mariyu mondi pattudalatho vaerugaa nataru. neenu oke oka sharatuto vastaanu", anie ayana gattiga chepparu. mariyu meeru nannu ika 'cootsey' anie pilavaru! naaku ishtam ledhu!anie. sarae, jaas- nannu jasper anie pilavavaddu. idhi cootsey kante ghoramainadi. nannu zaan raand anie pilavandi-endukante, "thana vaikharini drudhamgaa unchukune tudi prayatnamtho", endukante adhi naa paeru.anie. appudu, zaan raand, priyamaina, naatho kalisi tinadaaniki edainaa teesukurandi!anie. mariyu zaan raand, priyamaina, vellaadu. aame atanni thana sonta kurcheelo koorchobettindi... adhi thana sonta kurchi anie ataniki telusu endukante adhi tanade anie aame ataniki cheppindi... aame aaa sevakudini pampi, thana kosam vechi undindi. aame thana juttunu prati bhujaniki addamgaa mandapati godhuma rangu vellalo, mariyu oka gollupotlu, chalanachitra, lacey "vishayam" loe-aame thana swalinga samparkula rangu dustulanu kurcheepai visirindi-athanu chaalaa bhayapaddadu, aame ippude kalusukunna yuva peddamanishi mundu dharinchadam saraina vishayam kaadani. conny adhi annintikee chaalaa andamgaa undhi, mariyu athanu mallii taanu aame sodarudu kaadani nokki cheppalekapoyadu, kabatti athanu aamenu ekkuvagaa chudakudadani prayatninchaadu. aame atanni hott todyga chesindi... aame kooda ataniki cheppinatlugaa, athanu daanini ishtapade vidhamgaa... mariyu thana kaafeeni poesi, pandlu mariyu challani mamsalanu athani mundu unchaaru. aapai aame table painiki ekki, thana sonta kappu kaafeeni thana chetilo teesukoni, athanu tintunnappudu atanni chusindi. ippudu aame swalinga samparkuraalu, mariyu athanu kalaluganna athi sunnitamaina chinna sareeram. mariyu athanu akasmaattugaa santoshamgaa unnadu, aametho undatam santoshamgaa undhi, mariyu akasmaattugaa anthaa jarigindani santoshinchaadu. kontakaalam tarvaata taanu porapaatu chesanani telusukuni, kortu mundu atanni kougilinchukunnanduku aame vicharam vyaktam cheyavachu. conny athanu aamenu telusukuntaadu mariyu athanu vaari saayantram ibbandikaramaina bhaagaalanu marchipovela chestaadu, mariyu athanu aamenu sadviniyogam chesukokunda undataaniki teevramgaa mariyu nirantaram prayatninchaadani aame gurthunchukuntundi. kabatti athanu aame manchi aarogyam mariyu yuva andam kosam thana taddiini traagi, thana challani mamsanni tinnadu mariyu daadaapu ibbandi laeni aanandamlo thana sigaret teesukunnadu, ippudu, coot-" aame athani drushtini aakarshinchi, daanini twaragaa "zaan raand, priyamaina-meeru chaalaa baga bhaavinchadam ledhaa?anie. athanu venakki tirigi aamenu chuusi navvutuu annadu. neenu chestaanu. neenu mallii tella manishila bhaavistunnaanu. neenu shaan francisco nundi bayaludaerina tarvaata neenu tinna modati nijamaina bhojanam idhi.anie. aame thana sonta ginneni kinda unchi, mokaalla chuttoo chetulu pattukuni, athani vaipu nisitamgaa chusindi. aame emanukuntunnaro ataniki telusu. mariyu aame sunnitamgaa cheppinappudu athanu aascharyapoleduh ippudu neenu ninnu neerugaa padaka meedaki teesukellabotunnanu. meerandaroo alasipoyaru. mariyu memu kalisi alpaharam, aalasyamgaa alpaharam chestaamu.aame table nundi kindaki jaaripoyindi. randi, coat-zaan raand, priyamaina. neenu meetho velli meeku anthaa soukaryavantamgaa undho ledho chuustaanu.anie. kabatti vaaru metlapaiki vellaaru, zaan raand anusarinchaadu, audrey munduku egiripoyi, jasper ruud padakagadi talupu terichaadu. aame athani kosam mancham yokka kavarlanu venakki visiri, athani snaanapu dustulu kurchi venuka bhaagamlo unchindi, athani cheppulanu poyyi daggara unchindi, sigaretlu mariyu myaachlanu mancham pakkana unna chinna tablepy unchindi... snaanamlo neetini kooda aann chesaaru. aapai aame athani vaddaku tirigi vacchi athani mundu nilabadindi, aame gulabi mukham athani vaipu utsaahamgaa paiki lechindi. good nait-mariyu ventane oka manchi vruddhudila nidrapo. mariyu meeru naaku good nait muddu pettukoru?anie. oka adbhutamaina aakarshanheeyamaina kshanam kosam athanu sankochinchaadu. aapai aame nundi thana kallu tippukunnadu. audrey ruud", anie athanu annadu, puurtigaa bhavodvegamto cheppakunda undataaniki, "meeru nannu paradhyanam vaipu nadipistunnaru. neenu goppa golkondanu kaligi undatam kante good nait nii muddu pettukuntaanu. mariyu- appudu meeru enduku cheyaru?utsaahamgaa. endukante naaku aaa hakku ledhu. endukante neenu thodelu dustulu dharinchina gorre laantivaadini. endukante-oh, naa paeru zaan raand kabatti.aapai ventane, aame kallaloki baadha tirigi ravadam athanu chusinappudu" naa bootlu naaku enduku saripovanivi anie meeru naaku vivaristaaraa?anie. athanu daani vadulugaa unna shootho aame vaipu oka adugu pattukuni, shoe padee varaku, athanu mcadems kosam chesinatlugaa munduku venukaku kadilinchaadu. mariyu aame atanini chuusi navvindi. meeru goppa pedda goose! adena mimmalni ibbandi pedutondi? neenu chaalaa aaturutalo unnaanu, naaku aemee dorakaledu-mariyu aaa bootlu talcott, butler yokkavi!anie. aame thana vella kona nundi atanni muddupettukuni, talupu aame venuka moosivesindi. zaan raand oka jatha ruud bootlu dorakenta varaku teevramgaa vetikaaru. vaaru arder cheyadaaniki tayaaru chesina chethi todugulaa atanni amarcharu. daaniki vaerae aemee kanipinchaka, athanu thana vaedi snaanamlo munigi, mancham meeda padi nidrapoyaadu.

agar jotaa fitt how-/ baab 3 baab 2 baab 4 Â III jaan rend kay liye yaha sabb aljhan thee. wah jaanta thaa kahh wah eek night court mein gayey thay. wah jaanta thaa kahh iss kay wakeel jaispar road kay wakeel paish hoay thay vovo aur yaha kahh paisay kharch how chakay thay. iss nay eek aadmi kay qatal kay warrant kay baaray mein kachh sunaa thaa kahh iss kaa koyee warrant nahein thaa jabb wah shaqs jiss kaa qatal honaa thaa marr nahein gayaa thaa balkah wah naram abli hoyee anday khaa rehaa thaa. aisa zahir hawaa kahh blared kiyo kay saath hamlay kaa muamilah eek aisa muamilah thaa jiss kay saath paisah aur intezam kuu kasee lamhay kii cheezon kay domain mein muntaqil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. yaha sabb aur mutadid tahfuzat eek caledoscopic afratafri mein zam how gayey aur eek baath sarf eek cheez balkal waazah aur saadah thee-aur hairan kunn! adaalat kii lights thein vovo wahaan wah jajj betha thaa jiss kii kashash eek baar preshan thee. younder eek aisi automobile thee jiss mein ghomti hoyee motor thee jiss say distrikt attarni mcdams aur jaispar road kay wakeel apnee tupiyan iss kii taraf lehra rahay thay sadak kay paar eek aur kaar murh gayee jiss mein kaptaan hudson aur iss kay muhafiz daryaa kay oopar waps jaa rahay thay aur iss kii taraf iss kaa haath iss kaa baazo dabaa rehaa thaa wah sabb say ziyadah dilkash khubsurat ladki thee jiss parr iss nay apnee aankhein rakhee thein. dunn kay saanhay kay khushgawar ikhtatam parr apnee khushi mein iss nay khalay aam aur bay sharmi say jajj kay saamney asay gulay lagaa liyaa. aur abb wah perscon andaaz mein kahah rahee thee: yaha hamaari gaadi hay kotsi. behat deer how chaki hay. chalo jaldi gahar chaltay haine!” jaan rend hichkichaye aur bolnay say pehley apnay alfaz kuu ahtiyaat say muntakhib kiyaa. iss nay raat kuu atnee ziyadah ankaar kiyaa thaa aur atnee bay cheen aur dall say kahh iss nay dobarah ankaar karnay kii shayed hyee hamat kii. kasee nay iss parr yaqeen nahein kiyaa koyee bhee iss kii baath sanjeedgi say nahein sunay gaa. humm masheen mein daakhil how jayein gay" iss nay sanjeedgi say kahaa. aur humm thodi gaadi chalaa kirr paark mein kahein bhee jayein gay. mein aap say baath karnaa chahta hoan.” iss nay hairat say iss kii taraf dekha. taqriba chaar bajay how chakay haine" iss nay aahista say kahaa. aur iss tarah kay eek dunn kay baad... awah aap kuu marnay takk thakk jaana chahiye!” mein aap say baath karnaa chahta hoan" iss nay asraar kiyaa. aur iss kii aankhon mein eek aur teez nazar daaltay hoay iss nay apnay humm jans parsat rung kay labaas kuu apnay patlay naujawan jasm kay qareeb khainch liyaa aur jaldi say kaar kii taraf badhee. abb tonao kay wasee aaraam mein ghatnon parr eek bhaari qaleen khainch kirr ladki kay iss kay qareeb ghasnay parr asraar kartay huay iss kaa haath iss kii talaash mein jaan rend nay apnee wazahat sharoo kii. wah apnay bhayee parr iss kaam kaa alzaam nahein lagaana chahta thaa juu jaispar road nay kiyaa thaa wah asay yaha nahein dikhana chahta thaa kahh agar iss kaa bhayee qatal kaa mujaram nahein hay tuu wah buzdilana aur mamuli kararwai kaa mujaram hay. iss liye iss nay maal bardaar sahan mein honay waali metting kay baaray mein kachh nahein kahaa. leakin iss nay asay bataya kahh wah kiss tarah police station gayaa thaa aur asay kisay pakda gayaa thaa yaha sabb kisay eek bay maanee ghalti thee wah kisay jaan rend thaa eek kaan kanee engineer thaa leakin haal hyee mein janubi america say waps aayaa thaa iss nay kisay khoo diyaa thaa kahh wahaan iss kay paas kiyaa paisah thaa aur neoyork jaanay kay liye bay cheen honay kii wajah say iss nay "apnaa raastah toad diyaa thaa.kiss tarah eek lafz mein wah eek laparwah naujawan thaa jiss kay dall mein bury ameedein thein aur iss kii jeebon mein baday surakh thay. aur wah jaldi say apnay natijay parr pahuncha iss kaa bhayee theek hay aur chand ghanton mein aaa jaaye gaa aur - aur jabb iss nay kaam khatam kiyaa aur iss kii taraf murh gayaa tuu iss nay juu chhota saa nichod diyaa aur iss kii aankhon mein juu naram aadhi milamat thee iss nay asay bataya kahh asay iss kay kahnay parr yaqeen nahein aayaa. jaispar bodha ladkaa" iss nay thodi see hansi kay saath kahaa juu sabb kachh qahqon say bharaa hawaa thaa "aap kaa dunn behat braa guzra hay. yaha aap sabb kuu karnay kay liye kaafi how gayaa hay. aur abb aap seedhay gahar aaa rahay haine aur eek garm tuddy khaa kirr bastar parr jayein. tomm "driver kay paas jaldi crow" gahar!” gahar kachh nahein!rend ruu padaa. pehley majhay baahir jaanay duu!” gahar tomm!behat zoor say miss audry road kii taraf say. leekan" rend nay bay hayayi say aur shayesta honay kay araday kay baghair "mein aap kay saath iss tarah gahar nahein jaa saktaa. mein aap kaa bhayee nahein hoan asay latka dain! mein shaadi shadah aadmi bhee nahein hoan aur jabb sach saamney aayey gaa tuu loag kiyaa kahein gay?” hamein logon kii parwah nahein hay jaispar piyaray-aur tomm jaldi crow!” rend god kay labaas kuu eek taraf phaink diyaa. mein baahir jaa rehaa hoan" iss nay jaldi say kahaa. agar wah sast nahein hawaa tuu mein shayed meeri girdan toad doon gaa!” jaldi crow tomm! wah chhalang nahein lagaye gaa. wah buss-buss bubb-bubb-buffing!” wah badtamiz andaaz mein ruu rahee thee aur donon baazo dobarah rend kii girdan kay gird thay. mein jaa rehaa hoan" iss nay achanak iss kay baazo door kartay hoay kahaa. sarf mein behat ziyadah paband hoan gaa agar aap kahein eek chapron leenay kaa intezam kirr sakein.” maama maama wahaan haine" iss nay iss kii dumm ghatnay waali aawaz mein kahaa "aur wah hamein paal sakti hay hay naa?” aur phir wah thodi see huns padee aur thodi see ruu padee aur jaan rend nay khood say kahaa kahh wah asay dobarah taklif nahein pahunchaye gaa yaa asay khufzadah nahein karay gaa nataij juu how saktay haine wah honay dain. tomm yaha mubham toor parr jaantay hoay kahh kachh ghalat hay aur waazah toor parr kahh deer how chaki hay aur asay naind aaa rahee hay apnee masheen kuu perscon galiyon say aur drive parr road haweeli mein khushi say bhej diyaa. rend neechey utraa aur iss nay apnaa haath ladki kuu diyaa. aakhri lamhaat takk wah asay todnay aur iss kay liye bhagnay kaa lalch mein thaa leakin yaha jaantay hoay kahh wah pehley hyee apnay bhayee kii aqal say khufzadah hay aur asay abb iss kaa mazaaq adaana chahiye yaa asay choot pahunchani chahiye iss kaa haath iss kay baazo say lapta rehney dain aur iss kay saath chodi seedhiyan chadh jaanay dain. eek nokar nay darwazah kholaa iss tarah sarr jhakaa kirr jeesay sabah say hyee gahar mein dehshat kii lehar nahein thee aur inhein khamushi say bataya goyaa wah ubhee theater say waps aarhay haine kahh chhotay say khaaney kay kamray mein eek khaana inn kaa intezar kirr rehaa hay. chaloo" audry road nay kahaa "chalo kachh khaaney kay liye lay aatay haine. aur shoar naha karein. maama oopar hay aur wah aap kuu sarf tubb dantati jabb wah neechey aatee. chaloo "iss kay baazo parr khainchte hoay. aap kuu bhok lagee hogi coats!” jaan rend nay apnay paaon baday paimanay parr aur jakad kirr alg rakhay. mein sarf eek sharat parr aaon gaa" iss nay zoor say kahaa. aur yaha hay kahh aap majhay abb 'kotsi' nahein kehtay! majhay pasand nahein hay!” theek hay jees- aur majhay jaispar naha kahoo. yaha kotsi say bhee badtar hay. majhay jaan rend kahoo-keunkah "apnay moqaf kuu mustahkam karnay kii aakhri koshish kay saath"yee keunkah yaha miraa naam hay.” pahar jaan raind piyaray miray saath kachh khaaney kay liye aao!” aur jaan raind piyaray chalaa gayaa. iss nay asay apnee makhsus karsi parr bathaya... wah jaanta thaa kahh yaha iss kii apnee makhsus karsi hay keunkah iss nay asay bataya kahh yaha thee... iss nay nokar kuu door bhej diyaa aur khood iss kaa intezar kiyaa. wah apnay baalon kuu harr kandhay parr eek motee bhuri chooti mein neechey laatay hoay iss kay ard gird lehra rahee thee aur eek gusmari filmi leesi "cheez" mein-iss nay apnaa humm jans parsat rung kaa labaas karsi parr phaink diyaa thaa-kahh asay behat darr thaa kahh yaha eek naujawan shareef aadmi kay saamney pehanna balkal munasib cheez nahein thee jiss say wah ubhee milly thee. leakin yaha sabb kay liye behat khubsurat thaa aur wah dobarah asraar nahein kirr sakaa kahh wah iss kaa bhayee nahein hay iss liye iss nay iss kii taraf ziyadah naha dekhnay kii koshish kii. iss nay asay eek garm tuddy banaa diyaa... jiss tarah say asay yaha pasand aayaa jaisa kahh iss nay asay bhee bataya... aur iss nay apnee kaafi ddaali aur iss kay saamney phal aur thandaa gosht rakhaa. aur phir wah meez kay oopar chadh gayee aur apnay haath mein kaafi kaa cup lay kirr asay deekh rahee thee jabb wah khaa rehaa thaa. abb wah sabb say humm jans parsat thee aur sabb say naram jasm jiss kaa iss nay kabhi khwaab dekha thaa. aur wah achanak khush hawaa sarf iss kay saath rehney parr khush hawaa aur achanak khush hawaa kahh yaha sabb kachh how gayaa hay. asay thodi deer baad patah chull jaaye gaa kahh iss nay ghalti kii hay aur asay afsoos how saktaa hay kahh iss nay adaalat kay saamney asay gulay lagaya thaa. leakin wah asay jaanta aur wah asay inn kii shaam kay sharmanak hasoon kuu bhulnay parr majbur kartaa aur asay yaad hoga kahh iss nay iss kaa fayedah naha uthanay kii sakht aur muslisil koshish kii thee. iss liye iss nay iss kii achhi sehat aur jawaan khubsurati kay liye apnaa tuddy piyaa aur iss kaa thandaa gosht khaaya aur taqriba bay cheen lataf mein apnee segrate pee lee. aur abb coat-" iss nay iss kii aankh pakad lee aur asay teezi say badal kirr "jaan raind piyaray-kiyaa aap balkal behatar mahsus nahein kirr rahay haine?” wah peeche murh kirr iss kii taraf deekh kirr maskara dee. mein kartaa hoan. mein dobarah safed faam aadmi kii tarah mahsus kartaa hoan. saan francesco chhodnay kay baad say yaha pehla haqeeqi khaana hay juu mein nay khaaya hay.” iss nay apnaa pyalah neechey rakhaa apnay ghatnon mein haath jakday aur asay ghoor say dekha. wah jaanti thee kahh wah kiyaa soch rahee thee. aur asay hairat nahein hoyee jabb iss nay narmi say kahaa: abb mein aap kuu seedha bastar parr lay jaa rehaa hoan. aap sabb thakk chakay haine. aur humm eek saath naashtah karein gay deer say naashtah karein gay.wah meez say neechey girr gayee. chalo coat-jaan raind piyaray. mein aap kay saath jaa kirr dekhon gaa kahh kiyaa sabb kachh aap kay liye aaraam dhah hay.” tuu wah oopar gayey jaan rend peeche chull rehaa thaa audry aagay badh rahee thee aur jaispar road kay sonay kay kamray kaa darwazah khool rahee thee. iss nay iss kay liye bastar kay dahkan waps phaink diye iss kaa baath room karsi kay pachlay hasay mein rakh diyaa iss kay liye iss kii chapal chamni kay paas rakh dain segrate aur meech bastar kay qareeb chhoti meez parr rakh diye... yahaan takk kahh ghasal khaaney kaa paani bhee aann kirr diyaa. aur phir wah iss kay paas waps aayee aur iss kay saamney khadee how gayee iss kaa gulaabi chehrah iss kii taraf bay dalee say uthaa. shab bakheer-aur foraa eek achhay bodhay ladkay kii tarah sue jayein. aur kiyaa tamm majhay gudd night chomnay nahein jaa rahay how?” eek hairat angez moharrik lamhay kay liye wah hichkichaya. aur phir iss nay iss say apnee aankhein mitaa lain. audry road" iss nay kahaa taqriba sakhti say asay makmal toor parr jazbati toor parr kahnay say bachnay kay liyay "aap majhay preshan kirr rahay haine. mein iss azeem golkandah kay maalik honay kay bajaye aap kuu gudd night chomna pasand karoon gaa. aur- phir aap aisa kiyon nahein kartay?perscon. keunkah majhay iss kaa koyee haqh nahein hay. keunkah mein bhediya kay labaas mein eek qasm kii bhed hoan. keunkah-awah sarf iss wajah say kahh miraa naam jaan rend hay.aur phir jaldi say jeesay hyee iss nay iss kii aankhon mein taklif waps aatee dekhi:" kiyaa aap majhay batayein gay kahh miray jotay majh parr kiyon nahein fitt hotay?” iss nay iss kay dahilay jotay say iss kii taraf eek paaon pakdaa asay aagay peeche halatay hoay jaisa kahh iss nay mcdum kay liye kiyaa thaa jabb takk kahh jotaa girr naha gayaa. aur wah iss parr huns padee. tamm behat baday huns how! kiyaa yahee cheez aap kuu preshan kirr rahee hay? mein atnee jaldi mein thaa aur majhay kachh nahein milaa-aur wah jotay telcoat haine butler kay!” iss nay apnee angliyon kay nook say asay bosah diyaa aur iss kay peeche darwazah bund how gayaa. aur jaan rend nay iss waqat takk shadat say talaash kii jabb takk kahh asay road kay jotay kii eek jodee naha mill gayee. inhon nay asay hakam kay mutabiq banaye hoay dastanay kii tarah fitt kiyaa. iss kay elawah kachh nahein deekh kirr wah apnay garm ghasal khaaney mein girr gayaa bastar parr girr gayaa aur sue gayaa.

0006f4d1233075a91e31d52b9c1986cb7659a037f67a752e5404c2741f719fce

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69331540

1981 NFL All-Pro Team

1981 NFL All-Pro Team

1981 eno. ef. el. ol-pro 'doll

1981 aena. aef. aela. ola-proo team

1981 aine. aff. ell. aul-pro team

1981 enn. eph. ell. ool-proo team

1981 aine. eff. ell. aul-pro sangh

1981 enn. aif. ell. all-pro dala

1981 ainn. aif. ail. aal-pro team

1981 enn. ef. ell. aal-pro-dalam

0006faef91b934b9a902c55d49df1fd97925b0c33653797bdc8aed91dab5b683

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=382805

Cantor–Bernstein theorem

Cantor–Bernstein theorem There are equally many countable order types and real numbers In set theory and order theory, the Cantor–Bernstein theorem states that the cardinality of the second type class, the class of countable order types, equals the cardinality of the continuum. It was used by Felix Hausdorff and named by him after Georg Cantor and Felix Bernstein. Cantor constructed a family of countable order types with the cardinality of the continuum, and in his 1901 inaugural dissertation Bernstein proved that such a family can have no higher cardinality. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kentar-bernstein upopadyo set totwo aaru krom totwot, kentar-bernstein upopadyot kuwa hoise je dwitiyo prokaror shrenir cardinality, gononajugyo kromor prokaror shreni, obirotor cardinalityr xoman. iyak felix housedorfe byobohar korisil aaru teu jorgo kentor aaru felix bernsteinor naamere naamkoron korisil. kentare obirotor mulotwor xoite gononajugyo kromor prokaror etaa poriyal nirman korisil, aaru 1901 sonot teur udwudhoni gowexonapotro bernsteine proman korisil je ene etaa poriyalor kunu uscho mulotwo thakibo nuware. jihetu dwitiyo prokaror shrenit gononajugyo kromik xongkhya aase, jaar cardinality xutro _ 1 aase, ei folafole proman kore (swabhabikbhabe xongyayito set ontorbhukto kori) je xutro _ 2, ei dutaa aalef xongkhyar maajor xomporko jitu (posondor swotoxiddho dharona nokorakoi) aagote jonaa nasil.

cantor-bernstein upopaddo seeta totto ebong krom totte, cantor-bernstein upopaddo boley jey dwitiya prokarer shrenir cardinality, gananajogya kromer prokarer shreni, dharabahikatar cardinality soman. etty felix hosdorf dwara byabohrito hoyechilo ebong george cantor ebong felix bernsteiner naame namkaran koraa hoyechilo. cantor dharabahikatar mulatwa soho gananajogya kromer prokarer ekti poribar toiri korechilen ebong 1901 saale taanr udwodhoni gobeshonapotre bernstein proman korechilen jey eyi dharaner poribarer konao uchchotoro mulatwa thakte paare naa. jehetu dwitiya prokarer shrenite gananajogya kromik sankhya royeche, jaar cardinality sootro _ 1 royeche, eyi folafolti proman korey (prakritikbhabe sangyayita setgulir antarbhuktir madhyome) jey sootro _ 2, eyi duti alef sankhyar modhye ekti somporko jaa (pochonder swatahsiddha anuman naa korey) agey jaanaa chhilo naa.

qentara-bernstein pramey samooh siddhaant aneey krama siddhaantmaa, qentara-bernstein pramey janaave chhe keey beeja prakaarnaa vargnee mukhyata, ganataripaatra kramnaa prakaarono varg, saatatyani mukhyata samaan chhe. teno upyog felix hosdorf dwara karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey temnaa dwara tenu naam jyorg qentara aneey felix bernsteinna naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. kentare saatatyani mukhyata saathe ganataripaatra kramnaa prakaarono parivaar banaavyo hato aneey aneey temnaa udghaatan mahanibandhma bernstene saabit karyoo hatoo keey aavaa parivaarmaa koee vadhu mukhyata naa hoi shake. kaaran keey beeja prakaarnaa vargmaa ganataripaatra krameek sankhyao hoya chhe, jemaa cardinality sootra _ 1 hoya chhe, aaa parinam (koodarti reete vyakhyayit samuhonaa samaavesh dwara) teey sootra _ 2 saabit karey chhe, jeey aaa beey eleph sankhyao vachcheno sambandh chhe jeey (pasandaginaa svayamsiddhne dhaaran karyaa vinaa) agau jaanito naa hato.

cantor-bernstein pramey sett siddhant aur crum siddhant mein, cantor-bernstein pramey bataata haye kii dusare prakaar key varg kii cardinality, ganana yogya crum prakaron kaa varg, nirantarta kii cardinality key barabar haye. iska upayog felix hasdorff dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur unakaa naam george cantor aur felix bernstein key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. cantor ney nirantarta kii mukhyata key saath ganana yogya crum prakaron key ack parivaar kaa nirmaan kiya, aur apane 1901 key udghaatan shodh prabandh mein bernstein ney saabit kiya kii aise parivaar mein koee uchch mukhyata naheen hoe sakati haye. kyonki dusare prakaar key varg mein ganana yogya kramik sankhyaaen hoti hain, jinamen cardinality sootra _ 1 hotaa haye, yeh parinam (praakritik roop seey paribhaashit seton koo shamil karke) yeh saabit kartaa haye kii sootra _ 2, inn dou alef sankhyaon key beach ack sambandh haye joe (pasand key swayamsiddh koo maane binaa) pahale gyaat naheen thaa.

cantor-bernstein prameya sett siddhaanta mattu krama siddhaantadalli, cantor-bernstein siddhaantavu eradane vargada cardinality, enisabahudaada kramada prakaaragala vargavu nirantarateya cardinalitige samanagiruttade endu heluttade. idannu felix hasdorff balasidaru mattu georg cantor mattu felix bernstein avara hesarannu ittiddaru. cantor avaru nirantarateya pradhaanateyondige enisabahudaada krama prakaaragala kutumbavannu nirmisidaru mattu 1901 rahra udghatana prabandhadalli bernstein antaha kutumbavu hecchina pramukhateyannu hondiralu sadhyavilla endu sabitupadisidaru. eradane vidhada vargavu enisabahudaada kramabaddha sankhyegalannu hondiruvudarinda, avu cardinality sootra _ 1 annu hondiruttave, ee phalitaamshavu (naisargikavagi vyakhyaanisalaada setgalannu serisuva moolaka) sootra _ 2 annu sabitupadisuttade, idu ee eradu alef sankhyegala naduvina sambandhavaagide (aykeya svayamsiddhateyannu uhisikollade).

kaantor-bernstain sidhaantham settu sidhaanthathilum krama sidhaanthathilum, kaantor-bernstain sidhaantham parayunnath randaam tharam klaasinte cardinality, kanakkakkavunna krama tharangalude klaas, thudarchayude cardinalitic thulyamaanu ennaanu. ithu felix hosdorff upayogikkukayum jorg kaantarinteyum felix bernstainteyum peril addeham ithu namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. kaantar thudarchayude kardinaalithyathode kanakkakkavunna oordar tharangalude oru kudumbam nirmmichu, 1901 leeii udghaadana prabandhatthil bernstain atharamoru kudumbatthinu uyarnna kardinaalathvam undaakillenn theliyichu. randaam tharam classil cardinality formula _ 1 ulla kanakkakkavunna oordinal nambarukal adangiyirikkunnathinaal, eee phalam (swaabhaavikamaayi nirvachikkapetta settukal ulppeduthunnathiloode) eee rund alef samkhyakal thammilulla bandhamaaya formula _ 2 theliyikkunnu (thiranjedukkunna svayamsidham anumaanikkathe) munbu ariyapettirunnilla.

cantor-bernstein pramey sanch siddhant aanee kram siddhantat, cantor-bernstein pramey asey sangato qee kaaran prakarchya vargachi, mojanyayogya kramachya prakaranchi, mukhyata hii satatyachya mukhyateshi samaan aahe. yacha vapar felix hosdorfney keela hota aanee tyala george cantor aanee felix bernstein yanchya navavarun heey naav denyat aale hote. canterne satatyachya mukhytesah mojata yenyajogya kram prakaranche eka kutumb tayar kele aanee 1901 chya tyachya udghatan prabandhat bernsteinne heey siddha kele qee asha kutumbat yapeksha jaast mukhyata asoo shakat nahee. kaaran kaaran prakarchya vargat ganana karnyayogya kramvari sankhya asatat, jyat cardinality sootra _ 1 asate, haah parinam (naisargikaritya paribhashit sanchancha samavesh karoon) heey sootra _ 2 siddha karato, jeey yaa done alef sankhyanmadhil sambandh aahe jeey (nivadicha svayamsiddha gruheet dharalyashivay) purvi dnyat navhate.

cantor-bernstein prameya sett siddhanta rar kram siddhantama, cantor-bernstein prameyale dosro prakarko wargako cardinality, ganana yogya kram prakarharuko warga, continumko cardinality barabar hunchha bhanera bataunchha. yo felix hasdorfdwara prayog garieko thiyo rar unle george cantor rar felix bernsteinko nambata namkaran gareka thie. canterle continumeko cardinalityka sath ganana yogya kram prakarharuko pariwar nirman gare, rar afno 1901 ko udghatan shodh prabandhama bernsteinle yasto pariwarma kunai uccha cardinality huna sakdaina bhanera pramanit gare. kinbhane dosro prakarko wargama ganana yogya kramik sankhyaharu hunchhan, jasma cardinality sutra _ 1 hunchha, yo natijale (prakritik rupma paribhashit setharuko samaweshdwara) tyo sutra _ 2 pramanit gardacha, yee dui alef sankhyaharu bichko sambandha june (chhanotko swayamsiddha mannu bina) pahile thaha thiena.

cantor-bernstein siddhanta sett siddhanta ebong krama siddhantare, cantor-bernstein siddhantare kuhajaichhi je dwiteeja prakarara shrenira cardinality, gananajogya krama prakarara shreni, dharabahikatara cardinality sahita samaana . ehaaku felix hosdorf byabahara karithile ebong taanka dwara george cantor ebong felix barnastainnka naamare namit karajaithila. cantor dharabahikatara mukhyata sahita gananajogya krama prakaragudikara eka paribara nirmana karithile, ebong 1901 ray taanka udaghatani gabeshanapatra barnstein pramana karithile je ehipari paribarara kaunasi ucchatara mukhyata hoipariba naahin . jehetu dwiteeja shreneere gananajogya kramika sankhya rahichhi, jahara cardinality sutra _ 1 achhi, ehi phalaphal pramana kare (prakrutika bhabare paribhashita sett gudikar antarbhukta dwara) je sutra _ 2, ehi duiti alef sankhya madhyare eka samparka jaahaa (pasanda rahr swatahsiddha anumana nakari) purbaru janaa nathila .

cantor-bernstein thiooram sett thioori atey arder thioori witch, cantor-bernstein thiooram dassdi haii kii duji kisam dee class dee cardinality, ginti yog arder kisman dee class, nirantarta dee cardinality dey barabar haii. iss dee varton felix hosdorf duaara keeti gaee see atey uss duaara jaarg cantor atey felix bernstein dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. cantor neey nirantarta dee muddhalapan dey naal ginti yog kram deeaan kisman daa ikk parivaar banaiaa, atey aapne 1901 dey udghatni khoj nibandh witch bernstein neey saabat keeta kii ajihe parivaar witch koee ucch mukhta naheen hoow sakadi. kiunki duji kisam dee class witch ginti yog kramvaar number hunde hunn, jinhan witch cardinality farmula _ 1 hunda haii, ih natija (kudrati taur 'teey paribhashit settan noon shamal karke) ih saabat karda haii kii farmula _ 2, inhan doou alef nambran dey vichkaar ikk sabndh haii joe (chonh dey sway-sidhant noon manne binan) pahilan naheen janhiaa giaa see.

kentor-bernstein siddhantah samohasiddhaantasy tathaa kramasiddhaantasy, kenter-bernstein-siddhaantasy matena dviteeyavargasya, gananiya-kramaprakaranam vargasya, cardinality iti, satatyasya cardinality ityasya samaanam asti iti. asya upayogah felix hasdorf ityanena krutah, tathaa cha saha jaarj kenter tathaa felix bernstein ityetayoho naamnah namna namitavan. kenter ityeshah, satatyasya mukhyatayai gananiya-kramaprakaranam parivaaram niramaat, tathaa 1901 tame varshe swasya udghatana-shodhaprabandhe bernstein ityanena, etaadrushe parivaarasya adhika-pradhanatayam naa bhavitum shakyate iti siddham akarot. yatah dwiteeyaprakaare gananeeyaani kramasankhyaah santi, yeshu cardinality-sootram _ 1 asti, ataha etat parinamam (svaabhaavikatayaa paribhashita-samucchayasya samaveshena) siddham karoti yat sootram _ 2 iti, eteshaam elef-sankhyaayoh madhye sambandhah yat (vikalpasya swayamsiddham naa gruhya) poorvam naa dnyaatam aasit.

contar-bernstein thaettram chett koatpaadu mattrum varisai koatpaattil, kaandar-bernstein thaettram, irandaavathu vagai vaguppin cardinality, kanakkidakoodiya varisai vagaikalin vaguppu, thodarchchiyin cardinaliticu samam endru koorukirathu. idhu felix hostorf enbavaraal payanpaduththappattu, jork kaandar mattrum felix bernstein aagiyoarin peyaraal peyaridappattathu. conter thodarchchiyin cardinalityudan kanakkidakoodiya varisai vagaikalin kudumbaththai uruvaakkinaar, maelum 1901 aam aandu thanathu thodakka aaivarikkaiyil bernstein aththagaiya kudumbaththirku adhiga cardinality irukka mudiyaathu enbathai niroopittaar. irandaavathu vagai vaguppil cardinality sooththiram _ 1 konda ennakkoodiya varisai enngal iruppathaal, inththa mudivu (iyarkaiyaagavae varaiyarukappatta thoguppukalaich serppathan moolam) inththa irandu alef enngalukkum idaiyilaana uravaana sooththiram _ 2 aii niroobikkirathu, idhu (viruppaththin koatpaattaik karudhaamal) munbu ariyappadavillai.

contore-bernstein siddhaantam sett siddhaantam mariyu krama siddhaantamlo, contor-burnstein siddhaantam rendava rakam taragati yokka cardinality, lekkinchadagina kramam rakaala taragati, konasagimpu yokka cardinalityki samanamani perkondi. dheenini felix hasdorf upayoginchaaru mariyu georg contor mariyu felix bernstein paeru meeda ayana dheeniki paeru pettaru. contor nirantarata yokka cardinalitytho lekkinchadagina arder rakaala kutumbaanni nirminchaadu mariyu thana 1901 prarambha vyaasamlo bernstein atuvanti kutumbaaniki ekkuva cardinality undadani niroopinchaadu. rendava rakam taragatilo cardinality formula _ 1 unna lekkinchadagina ordinal sankhyalu untaayi kabatti, eee phalitam (sahajamgaa nirvachinchina setlanu cherchadam dwara) formula _ 2, eee rendu alef sankhyala madhya sambandham (empika yokka suutraanni oohinchakundaa) gatamlo teliyadu.

cantor-brunstein theorium seet theori aur arder theori mein cantor-brunstein theorium mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh dosri qasm kii klaas kii cardinality qaabil shamaar arder kii aqsaam kii klaas taslasal kii cardinality kay baraabar hay. asay felks hosdwarf nay istemaal kiyaa thaa aur iss nay iss kaa naam jaarj cantor aur felks brunstein kay naam parr rakhaa thaa. cantor nay taslasal kii bunyadi haisiyat kay saath qaabil shamaar tartib kii aqsaam kaa eek khaandaan banaya aur 1901 mein apnay iftatahi maqalay brunstein nay saabat kiyaa kahh iss tarah kay khaandaan mein koyee aalee bunyadi haisiyat nahein how sakti. chonkah dosri qasm kii klaas qaabil shamaar ardinal nambaron parr mushtamil hay jiss mein cardinality farmola 1 hay iss wajah say yaha natijah (qadarti toor parr mutayin seeton kuu shaamil karkay) saabat kartaa hay kahh farmola 2yee inn duu alf nambaron kay darmiyan eek taaluq hay juu (intekhaab kay mahur kuu farz kiye baghair) pehley malum nahein thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7190539

East Coast Road

East Coast Road Road in Tamil Nadu, India East Coast Road (ECR), combination of SH-49, NH-332A, NH-32, officially known as Mutthamizh Arignar Kalaignar Road without public voting, is a two-lane highway (now being partially widened to four-lane way from Chennai to Mamallapuram) in Tamil Nadu, India, built along the coast of the Bay of Bengal connecting Tamil Nadu's state capital city Chennai with Kanyakumari via Puducherry, Cuddalore, Chidambaram, Sirkali, Thirukkadaiyur, Tharangambadi, Karaikal, Nagore, Nagapattinam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Muthupet, Adirampattinam, Manora,Peravurani,Manamelkudi, Mimisal, Ramanathapuram, Rameswaram,Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur, Uvari, Kudankulam. The total length of the road is about 777 km between Chennai and Kanyakumari. ECR once existed from Chennai to Puducherry, later it has been extended to Cuddalore and then to Nagapattinam and then Tuticorin via Ramanathapuram and finally up to Kanyakumari. The highway is a state highway maintained by the Government of Tamil Nadu under the Department of Highways and Minor Ports and Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNRIDC). It was a two-lane highway, and has plans to widen into four-lane divided highway till Kanyakumari. It is the most preferred alternate route for southern districts of Tamil Nadu. The Chennai neighbourhoods on ECR are Thiruvanmiyur, Kottivakkam, Palavakkam, Neelankarai, Injambakkam, Panaiyur, Uthandi, Muttukadu, Covelong and Vilambur. History. Prior to its completion, the East Coast Road mainly consisted of village roads. The connecting link then was the Old Mahabalipuram Road (SH-49A) till Mahabalipuram. Pondicherry was reached from Chennai through the still existent route via Tambaram, Tindivanam along NH45. In 2000, the State government signed a concessionaire agreement with the TNRDC in order to improve the road, at a cost of ₹ 60 crore. The 113-km long stretch from Akkarai to Pondicherry, dotted with resorts and beach houses, became a toll facility in March 2002 and was widened into a two-lane road from a small winding road passing through 154 villages. In 2010, TNRDC announced that toll collections had reached an all-time high at ₹ 1.08 crore in December 2009 against the ₹ 54.67 lakh collected in April 2002 when toll operations started. Four laning ECR. The ECR starts at Thiruvanmiyur in Chennai and is a part of the Chennai City roads till Uthandi. From Uthandi the beachway section starts as a toll road. The speed of the vehicles on this road is restricted to a maximum of 80 km/h. The State Government widened most of East Coast Road to a four lane divided, open access highway by 2015. The ECR was made a toll road in April 2002. The ECR till Hanumanthai near Pondicherry is 113.2 km long and has a total of 22 bends. On an average 10,000 passenger car units (PCUs) use the road during rush hour and a total of 40,000 PCUs daily, up from about 5,000 daily before the construction of the road. The process of acquiring land for widening the 11.4-km stretch from Thiruvanmiyur to Akkarai covering six revenue villages (including Thiruvanmiyur, Kottivakkam, Palavakkam, Neelankarai, Injambakkam and Vettuvankani), which is under the control of the Highways Department, is under way. The stretch currently has width varying between 50 ft and 80 ft. After widening at a sanctioned cost of ₹ 3,540 million, the stretch would be uniformly wide and would have six lanes, a 1.2-m-wide median, footpath-cum-stormwater drain. ECR extends up to Hanumanthai. On the way to Hanumanthai, a famous location Marakkanam is situated. On the ECR road right side famous Bhoomiswarar Temple is situated. It is believed that Sri Bhoomiswara is the God for Bhoomi, hence, many perform pooja before buying land placing the sale agreement on his holy feet. Hence real estate promoters also rush to this location. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pubo upokul poth isto coust road (ee. chi. aar.), swo-49, eno. eis.-332e, eno. eis.-32, anusthanikbhabe muthamiz origonar kaligonar road naamere jonajat, bharotor tamilnadur ekhon dwimargi ghaipoth (bortoman chennair poraa mamollopurmoloi sarimargi potholoi angxikbhabe bohol koraa hoise), jitu bongupxagoror upokulor kaxot nirman koraa hoise, jiye tamilnadur rajdhani sohor sennoik konyakumarir xoite puduseri, kuddalur, sidamborom, sirokoli, tirukkadaiyur, tharongambadi, karaikal, nagur, nagapattinam, tiruturaipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manura, manukadel, mimaramel, tirusuramuram, tuthurukuram, turusuramuram, turusuramuram, turururamuram chennai aaru konyakumarir maajot pothor muth doirghyo pray 777 kilometer. exomoyot ee. chi. aar. chennair poraa puduseriloi aasil, pisoloi iyak kuddaluroloi aaru taar pisot nagapattinam aaru taar pisot ramanathapuram hoi tutikurinoloi aaru xexot konyakumariloi xomproxarito koraa hoisil. ghaipothtu hoise tamilnadu sorkaror dwara rajyik ghaipoth aaru khyudro bondor bibhag aaru tamilnadu poth antohgathoni unnoyon nigom (tnridc) ror odhinot porisalona koraa ekhon rajyik ghaipoth. eitu etaa du-lenor ghaipoth aasil, aaru konyakumariloike chaari lenor bibhokto ghaipotholoi bohol korar porikolpona aase. tamilnadur dokhyin jilaar baabe ee ataitkoi posondor bikolpo poth. ee. chi. aaror chennai suburiya oncholxomuh hoh "lo tiruwonomiyur, kutibhakkom, palabhakkom, nilankorai, injambakkom, panaiyur, uthandi, muttukadu, covelong aaru bhilambur. itihax. iyar xompurno huwar purbe, pubo upokul pothtu mulotoh gaonr pothore gothito aasil. tetiya xongzug koraa xongzug aasil mohabolipurmoloike puroni mohabolipurom poth (ess. eis.-49e)।. chennair poraa eno. eis. 45ror kaxot thoka tumberum, tindivanom hoi etiyau bidyoman pothor joriyote pondiserit uposthito hoisil. 2000 sonot rajyo sorkare 60 kuti tokaa byere pothtu unnot korar baabe ti. eno. aar. di. chi.-ror xoite ek rehai sukti swakhyor korisil. regeort aaru bischo housere abrito aakkarair poraa pondiseriloi 113 kilometer dighol ei pothtu 2002 sonor march maahot tool xubidha hisape porigonito hoisil aaru 154khon gaonr maajere juwa etaa xoru ghuroniya pothor poraa du-lenor potholoi bohol koraa hoisil. 2010 sonot ti. eno. aar. di. chi.-ye ghuxona korisil je 2009 sonor disembor maahot tool xongroho xorbokalor xorbadhik 1 kuti 08 laakhot uponeet hoisil, zo "too 2002 sonor april maahot tulor kaam aarombho huwar xomoyot xongroho koraa <aai. di. 1> laakh aasil. chaari lenor ee. chi. aar. ee. chi. aar. chennair tiruwanmiyurot aarombho hoy aaru chennai sohoror pothor etaa ongxo ji utandiloi yaay. uthandir poraa xomudrotir ongxotu tool poth hisape aarombho hoy. ei pothot baahonor gotibeg xorbadhik 80 kilometer/ghontat ximabodho. rajyo sorkare 2015 sonor bhitorot pubo upokulor besibhag poth chaari lenor bibhokto, mukoli prowex ghaipotholoi bohol korisil. 2002 sonor aprilot ee. chi. aar. koo tool poth hisape gorhi tulaa hoisil. pondiserir usoror honumanthailoike ee. chi. aar.-ror doirghyo <aai. di. 1> kilometer aaru iyar muth 22taa beka aase. gorh hisapot 10,000 jatribahi garir gutt (pi. chi. eu. ess.) ye bhir xomoyor xomoyot poth byobohar kore aaru doinik muth 40,000 pi. chi. eu.-ror poriman briddhi paay, ji poth nirmanor purbe doinik pray 5,000 aasil. ghaipoth bibhagor niyontronot thoka soikhon raajoh gaau (tiruwonomiyur, kutibhakkom, palabhakkom, nilangkorai, immangbakkom aaru vettubhankanike dhori) xamori loi tiruwonomiyuror poraa aakkorailoi 11.4-km xomproxaronor baabe bhumi odhigrohonor prokriya soli aase. bortoman ei khondotur prostho 50 futor poraa 80 futor bhitorot beleg beleg. 3540 nijutor onumudit byere bohol korar pisot, ei pothtu ekedhorone bohol hoh 'bob aaru iyat choy lena, etaa modhyomiya, podopoth-kaam-dhumuhar panir niskaxon thakibo. ee. chi. aar. hanumonthailoike bistrito. hanumanthai juwar pothot marokkanam naamor ek bikhyat sthan owosthito. ee. chi. aar. rudor xufale bikhyat bhumisworar mondir owosthito. eitu biswax koraa hoy je shree bhumiswar hoise bhumir debota, xeyehe bohute teur pobitro bhorit bikri sukti raakhi bhumi kroy korar aagote puja kore. xeyehe real istet promuterxokoleu ei sthanoloi douri yaay.

purbo upokul sadak east coast road (ee. shee. arr), esha.-49, enn. enn, enn. eich.-32, jaa anusthanikbhabe muthamiz origner kigner road naame porichito, bharoter tamilnadute abosthito ekti dwitol mahasadak (bortomane chennai theke mamallapuram porjonto angshikbhabe proshosto hoye chaar lener pothe), jaa bangopsagar upokul borabor nirmito hoyeche, jaa tamilnadur rajyer rajdhani shohor chennaike kanyakumarir saathe puducherry, kuddalor, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadayur, tharangambadi, karaikal, nagor, nagapattinam, tiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manoram, manekamel, mimalu, tiuthuchuri, tuthuchuri, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, mimalu, mimalu, manukamel, mimlu, mimud, tiuchuri, tiuchuri, chennai ebong kanyakumarir modhye rastar moat doirgho pray 777 kilometres. eka somoy ee. shee. arr-err astitto chhilo chennai theke puducherry porjonto, porey etty kuddalor ebong tarpor nagapattinam ebong tarpor ramanathapuram hoye tuticorin ebong abosheshe kanyakumari porjonto prosarito hoy. mahasadakti tamilnadu sarkar kortrik mahasadak oo chhoto bondor bibhag ebong tamilnadu sadak porikatthamo unnayan nigomer (tnridc) adhine porichalito ekti rajyo mahasadak. etty ekti dwitol mahasadak chhilo ebong kanyakumari porjonto chaar lener bivokto mahasadke proshosto korar parikalpana royeche. etty tamilnadur dakkhinanchaliya jelagulir jonno sabcheye pochonder bikalpa poth. ee. shee. arr-err chennaiyer ashepasher elakaguli holl tiruvanmiyur, kotivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, injambakkam, panaiyur, uthandi, muttukadu, kovlong ebong vilambur. itihas. err samaptir agey, purbo upokul sadakti mulat gramer sadak niye gothito chhilo. tokhon sangjogkari sangjog chhilo mahavalipuram porjonto purano mahavalipuram sadak sadak. chennai theke tambadam, tindivanom hoye ekhono vidyaman pother madhyome enn. eich. 45-err madhyome pondicherry pouchano hoyechilo. 2000 saale, rajyo sarkar 60 kotee taaka byeye sadaktir unnotir jonno tii. enn. arr. dii. shee-rawr saathe ekti chhaad chukti swakkhar korey. akkarai theke pondicherry porjonto 113 kilometres deergho eyi elakati resort ebong saikat baadi diye ghera, 2002 saaler march maase ekti toll subidhar modhye porinoto hoy ebong 154tii gramer modhyo diye yawa ekti chhoto ghurnayman rasta theke ekti dui lener rastai porinoto hoy. 2010 saale, tii. enn. arr. dii. shee ghoshana korey jey, 2009 saaler decembere toll sangraha sorbokaler sorbochcho 1 kotee 08 lokkhe poucheche, jekhane 2002 saaler april maase toll porisheba shuru howar somoy eyi poriman chhilo 1 lokkho taaka. chaar leena ee. shee. arr. ee. shee. arr chennaiyer tiruvanmiyur theke shuru hoy ebong chennai shohorer rastagulir ekti ongsho jaa utandi porjonto bistrito. uthandi theke saikatpath bibhagti toll road hisabe shuru hoy. eyi rastai janbahoner gotibeg sorbochcho 80 kilometres/ghanta porjonto seemaboddho. rajyo sarkar 2015 saaler modhye purbo upokuler beshirbhag rastake chaar lener bivokto, unmukto probesh mahasadaker moto proshosto koreche. 2002 saaler april maase ee. shee. arr-keey toll road koraa hoy. pondicherry kachhe hanumathai porjonto ee. shee. arr-err doirgho <aaee. dii. 1> kilometres ebong err moat 22tii baank royeche. gadey 10,000 jatribahi gaadi unit (pii. shee. eu. esha) bhider somoy rastati byabohar korey ebong protidin moat 40,000 pii. shee. eu. esha, jaa rasta nirmaner agey protidin pray 5,000 chhilo. mahasadak bibhager niyantrane thaka chhoyti rajaswa grama (tiruvanmiyur, kotibhakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, injambakkam ebong vettuvankani soho) judey tiruvanmiyur theke akkarai porjonto 11.4-km prosarito korar jonno jommy adhigrahaner prokriya cholche. bortomane eyi ongshotir prostho 50 foot theke 80 futer modhye poribortito hoy. 3540 million onumodito byeye proshosto korar porr, eyi ongshoti somanbhabe proshosto hobey ebong etey chhoyti leena, ekti modhyoma, futpat-soho-jhoro joler nishkashon thakbe. ee. shee. arr hanumanthai porjonto bistrito. hanumanthai yawar pothe ekti bikhyato sthan marakkanam abosthito. ee. shee. arr roader dandike bikhyato bhumiswarar mondir abosthito. etaa biswas koraa hoy jey shree bhumiswar hollen bhumir debota, taai oneke jommy kenara agey taanr pobitro payer upor bikroy chukti rekhe puja corren. taai real estater probortokrao eyi jaiga chhute asen.

purv keenareno maarg ist coast rooad (ee. see. aar.), aesa.-49, aena. aech.-332aee, aena. aech.-32noon sanyojan, jeey sattavaar reete muthamiz arignar kalaignar rooad tareeke odakhaay chhe, teey bhaaratnaa tamilnaadumaa beey lenano dhorimaarg chhe (havey tene chennaithi mamallapuram sudhee aansheek reete paholo kareene chaar lenano rasto karvaamaa aavyo chhe), jeey bangaalni khaadinaa dariyakanthe bandhvama aavyo chhe, jeey tamilnaaduni raajyani raajdhaani chennaine kanyakumari saathe puducherry, cuddalore, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadaiyur, tharangambadi, karaikal, nagpur, nagapattinam, tiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manora, manmud, meemal, meemal, thulam, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutuku chennai aneey kanyakumari vachcheno maarg coole 777 kimee laambo chhe. aek samaye ee. see. aar. chennaithi puducherry sudhee astitvamaa hatoo, pachhi tene cuddalore aneey pachhi nagapattinam aneey pachhi ramanathapuram thaine tuticorin aneey ante kanyakumari sudhee vistarvama aavyu chhe. dhorimaarg aee tamilnadu sarkaar dwara dhorimargo aneey naana bandaro vibhag aneey tamilnadu maarg maalkhaagat vikaas nigam (tii. aena. aar. aaee. dii. see.) hethal jalavama aavto raajy dhorimaarg chhe. teey beey lenano dhorimaarg hato aneey kanyakumari sudhee chaar lennaa vibhajit dhorimaargmaa paholo karvaanee yojnaa dharaave chhe. teey tamilnaadunaa dakshin jeellaao maate sauthee vadhu pasand karaayelo vaikalpik maarg chhe. ee. see. aar. parr chennaina padoshmaa thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, imambakkam, panayur, uthaandi, muttukadu, covelong aneey vilambur chhe. itihas. tenee purnataa pahelaa, purv keenareno maarg mukhyatve gaamadana rastaaono samaavesh karato hato. teey samaye jodati kadee mahabalipuram sudheeno juno mahabalipuram maarg (aesa. aech.-49aee) hato. chennaithi pondichery sudhee tambaram, tindivanam thaine haju pann astitvamaa rahela maarg dwara aena. aech. 45 saathe pahonchyu hatoo. 2000maan raajy sarkaare 60 carode rupeeyana kharche maarg sudhaarvaa maate tii. aena. aar. dii. see. saathe chhutchhaat karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. akkaraithi pandicherry sudheeno 113 kilometer laambo vistaar, jeey resort aneey beach housethi bharelo chhe, teey march 2002maan toll suveedha bunny gayo hato aneey 154 gamadaomathi pasaar thataa naana valankvala margmathi tene beey lennaa rastaama vistrut karvaamaa aavyo hato. 2010maan, tii. aena. aar. dii. see. aee jaaherat curry hatee keey december 2009maan toll collection ₹1.08 carode sudhee pahonchi gayoo hatoo, jyaare april 2002maan jyaare toll operation sharoo thayu tyaare ₹1 laakh aektra karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. phora lenning ee. see. aar. ee. see. aar. chennaina tiruvanmiyurthi sharoo thaay chhe aneey teey chennai shahernaa rastaaono aek bhaag chhe. uthandithi beechave vibhag toll rooad tareeke sharoo thaay chhe. aaa maarg parr vaahanoni zadap mahattam 80 kimee/kalaak sudhee maryadit chhe. raajy sarkaare 2015 sudhimaa purv dariyakanthana motabhagna rastaane chaar lennaa vibhajit, khulla pravesh dhorimaarg sudhee paholo karyo hato. april 2002maan ee. see. aar. neey toll rooad banavvama aavyo hato. pondichery najik hanumathai sudheeno ee. see. aar. 113.2 kimee laambo chhe aneey coole 22 valaank dharaave chhe. sarerash 10,000 passenger kaar aekamo (pii. see. yuu. aesa.) bhidnaa samay darmiyan aneey darroj coole 40,000 pii. see. yuu. aesa. noow upyog karey chhe, jeey rastaana nirmaan pahelaa darroj aashre 5,000 hato. dhorimaarg vibhagna niyantran hethalnaa chh mahesul gaamo (thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immabakkam aneey vettuvankni saheet) neey aavari letaa tiruvanmiyurthi akkarai sudhinaa 11.4-km vistaarne paholo karvaa maate jameen sampadan karvaanee prakriyaa chaali rahee chhe. haalmaa aaa vistaarni paholai 50 foothi 80 footni vachche chhe. 3540 millionna manjur kharche paholo karyaa pachhi, aaa vistaar eksarakho paholo hashe aneey temaa chh leena, aek madhyam, footpath-qama-stormwater drain hashe. ee. see. aar. hanumanthai sudhee vistare chhe. hanumanthaina maarg parr, aek prakhyaat sthal marakanam aavelu chhe. ee. see. aar. roadnee jamani bajuae prakhyaat bhumishwar mandeer aavelu chhe. aevu manvama aave chhe keey shree bhumishwar bhumeena bhagvaan chhe, tethee ghanaa loko temnaa pavitra charanoma vechaan karaar mookine jameen khareedata pahelaa pujaa karey chhe. tethee real estetnaa promotero pann aaa sthale dodee aave chhe.

purvi tata sadak purvi tata sadak (ee. see. aar.), aiss.-49, aine. aich.-332aeye, aine. aich.-32aeye., jise aadhikarik taur parr muthmiz arignar kalaignar road key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack dou laine vaalaa rajmarg haye (abb chennai seey mamallapuram taka chaar laine key raaste mein aanshik roop seey chauda kiya jaa rhaa haye), joe bhaarat key tamilanadu mein haye, joe tamilanadu kii khaadi key tata key saath banaaya gayaa haye, joe tamilanadu kii rajdhani chennai koo kanyakumari key saath puducherry, cuddalore, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukadiyur, tharangambadi, curracle, nagor, nagapattinam, tiruthuraipondi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manmudda, manmudda, meemudda, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, thulam, tha chennai aur kanyakumari key beach sadak kii kull lambai lagbhag 777 kii. mee. haye. ack samay mein ee. see. aar. chennai seey puducherry taka astitva mein thaa, baad mein ise cuddalore aur phir nagapattinam aur phir ramanathapuram key madhyam seey tuticorin aur anta mein kanyakumari taka vistaarit kiya gayaa. rajmarg ack raajya rajmarg haye jiska rakharkhaav tamilanadu sarkaar dwara rajmarg aur laghu bandargah vibhaag aur tamilanadu sadak avasanrachana vikas nigam (tnrdc) key tahat kiya jaataa haye. yeh dou laine kaa rajmarg thaa aur kanyakumari taka chaar laine vaale vibhajit rajmarg mein chauda karane kii yojana haye. yeh tamilanadu key dakshini jilon key liye sabse pasandida vaikalpik maarg haye. chennai key aspas key ilaakon mein thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, injambakkam, panayur, uthandi, muttukadu, kovlong aur vilambur hain. itihas. isake puuraa honey seey pahale, purvi tata sadak mein mukhya roop seey gaanv kii sadaken shamil theen. taba judane vaalaa link purana mahabalipuram road (aiss.-49aeye) thaa joe mahabalipuram taka thaa. chennai seey abhee bhee maujood maarg seey tambaram, tindivanam key madhyam seey aine. aich. 45 key madhyam seey pandicherry pahuncha gayaa thaa. 2000 mein, raajya sarkaar ney sadak mein sudhaar key liye 60 karod kii laagat seey tii. aine. aar. dee. see. key saath ack riyayat samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. akkarai seey pandicherry taka 113 kilometres lamba, resorts aur samudra tata gharon seey bharaa, march 2002 mein ack toll suvidha bunn gayaa aur 154 gaanvon seey gujarane vaali ack chhoti ghumaavdaar sadak seey dou laine vaali sadak mein chauda kiya gayaa. 2010 mein, tii. aine. aar. dee. see. ney ghoshana kii kii disambar 2009 mein toll sangrah 1 karod 08 laakh key sarvakaalik uchch star parr pahunch gayaa thaa, jabaki aprail 2002 mein jaba toll sanchaalan shuru huaa thaa taba yeh 1 laakh thaa. chaar laine vaalaa ee. see. aar. ee. see. aar. chennai key thiruvanmiyur seey shuru hotaa haye aur chennai shahar kii sadakon kaa ack hissa haye joe uthandi taka jaati haye. uthandi seey samudra tata khand ack toll sadak key roop mein shuru hotaa haye. iss sadak parr vaahanon kii gati adhikatam 80 kimmy/ghanta taka seemit haye. raajya sarkaar ney 2015 taka purvi tata kii adhikansh sadak koo chaar laine vibhajit, khule pravesh rajmarg taka chauda curr diyaa. aprail 2002 mein ee. see. aar. koo ack toll road banaaya gayaa thaa. pandicherry key paas hanumanthai taka ee. see. aar. 113.2 kimmy lamba haye aur isamen kull 22 modd hain. ausatan 10,000 yatri kaar ikaaiyaan (pee. see. yuu. aiss.) bheed key samay sadak kaa upayog karati hain aur sadak key nirmaan seey pahale pratidin lagbhag 5,000 seey badhkar pratidin kull 40,000 pee. see. yuu. aiss. hoti hain. rajmarg vibhaag key niyantran mein chhah rajaswa gaanvon (thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, injambakkam aur vettuvankani sahit) koo shamil karate hue thiruvanmiyur seey akkarai taka key 11.4-km khand koo chauda karane key liye bhoomi adhigrahan kii prakriya chala rahee haye. vartamaan mein iss khand kii chaudaai 50 feat aur 80 feat key beach haye. 3, 540 million kii sweekrit laagat seey chaudikaran key baad, yeh khand samaan roop seey chauda hoga aur isamen chhah laine, ack madhya, footpath-saha-toofaan jall nikasi hogi. ee. see. aar. hanumanthai taka faila huaa haye. hanumanthai key raaste mein ack prasiddh sthaan marakanam sthit haye. ee. see. aar. road key daahine taraf prasiddh bhumishwar mandir sthit haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii shree bhumishwar bhoomi key devta hain, isaliye kaee loga bhoomi khareedane seey pahale apane pavitra charanon mein bikri samjhaute koo rakhate hue pooja karate hain. isaliye achal sampatti key pravartak bhee iss sthaan parr aatey hain.

purva karavali raste purva karavali raste (ii. sii. aarr), adhikrutavaagi muttemiz arignar kalaignar raste endu kareyalpaduva ess. etch-49, enn. enn, enn. enn samyojaneyu bhaaratada tamilunaadinalli eradu pathada heddaariyaagide (eega bhagashah chennaiyinda mamallapurange naalku pathada maargavaagi agalagolisalaagide), idu bangala kolliya karaavaliyalli nirmisalaagide, idu tamilunaadina raajya rajadhani chennai annu kanyakumariyondige puducherry, kadaluru, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadaiyur, tarangambadi, caraical, nagore, nagapatnam, tiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manora, manamuda, mimalu, meemalu, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi moolaka samparkisuttade. chennai mattu kanyakumari naduvina rasteya ottu udda sumaru 777 kii. mea. aagide. ondu kaaladalli ii. sii. aarr. chennaiyinda puducheriyavarege astitvadallittu, nantara adannu kadaluru mattu nantara nagapatnam mattu nantara ramanathapuram moolaka tuticorin mattu antimavagi kanyakumariyavarege vistarisalaagide. ee heddaariyu tamilunadu sarkaaravu heddaarigalu mattu sanna bandarugala ilakhe mattu tamilunadu raste moolasoukarya abhivruddhi nigama (tii. enn. aarr. aii. dii. sii) adiyalli nirvahisuttiruva raajya heddaariyaagide. idu eradu pathada heddaariyaagiddu, kanyakumariyavarege naalku pathada vibhajita heddaariyaagi vistarisuva yojaneyannu hondide. idu tamilunaadina daksina jillegalige atyanta aadyateya paryaya maargavaagide. ii. sii. aarr. nalliruva chennai nerehoregalendare thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, injambakkam, panayur, utandi, muttukaadu, kovelong mattu vilambur. itihaasa. poornagolluva modalu, purva karavali rasteyu mukhyavaagi grameena rastegalannu olagondittu. aaga samparkisuva maargavu haleya mahabalipuram rasteyagittu (ess. (ess. chennaiyinda pandicherryannu innoo astitvadalliruva tambaram, dindivanam moolaka moolaka moolaka talupalaayitu. 2000 ralli, raajya sarkaaravu rasteyannu sudhaarisuva saluvaagi 60 koti vechchadalli tnrdcyondige riyayiti oppandakke sahi haakitu. akkaraininda pandicheriyavaregina 113 kii. mea. uddada resortgalu mattu kadalatirada manegalu iruva ee rasteyu 2002rahra marchnalli toll soulabhyavaayitu mattu 154 gramagala moolaka haaduhoguva sanna ankudonkaada rasteyinda eradu pathada rasteyagi vistarisalaayitu. vistarisalaayitu, tii. enn. aarr. dii. sii. yuu, toll sangrahavu 2009rahra decembernalli saarvakaalika garishta mattavaada 1 koti 08 lakshavannu talupide endu ghoshisitu, aadare 2002rahra aprilnalli toll karyacharane prarambhavadaga adhu ₹1 lakshadashtittu. naalku laining ii. sii. aarr. ii. sii. aarr. chennaina tiruvanmiyoorinalli praarambhavaagi chennai nagarada rastegala ondu bhagavagiddu, utandiyavarege ide. utandiyinda kadalatirada vibhagavu toll rasteyagi praarambhavaaguttade. ee rasteyalli vaahanagala vegavannu gantege garishta 80 kii. mea. ge simitagolisalagide. raajya sarkaaravu 2015rahra velege purva karavali rasteya hecchina bhagavannu naalku pathagala vibhajita, mukta pravesha heddaariyaagi vistariside. 2002rahra aprilnalli ii. sii. aarr. annu toll rasteyagi maadalaayitu. pandicherry baliya hanumantaiyavarege ii. sii. aarr. yuu <aii. dii. 1> kii. mea. uddaviddu, ottu 22 baguvikegalannu hondide. raste nirmaanada modalu pratidina sumaru 5,000 idda ee sankhyeya, jananibida samayadalli sarasari 10,000 prayanikara kaaru ghatakagalu (pcus) mattu pratidina ottu 40,000 pcus rasteyannu balasuttave. heddaari ilaakheya niyantranadalliruva aaru kandaya gramagalannu (thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immabakkam mattu vettuvankani seridante) olagondiruva tiruvanmiyooradinda akkaraivarege <aii. dii. 1> vistaranege bhoomiyannu svadhinapadisikolluva prakriye nadeyuttide. ee maargavu prastuta 50 addi mattu 80 addi agalavannu hondide. 3, 540 dasalaksha manjooraada vechchadalli agalavaada nantara, ee maargavu ekaroopavaagi agalavagiruttade mattu aaru pathagalannu hondiruttade, ondu madhyama, footpath-cum-starm water drain. ii. sii. aarr. hanumantainavarege vistariside. hanumantaige hoguva daariyalli, prasiddha sthala marakkanam ide. ii. sii. aarr. rasteya balabhagadalli prasiddhavaada bhumishwar devaalayavide. sribhumishwaranu bhoomige devaru endu nambalaagide, aaddarinda, anekaru bhoomi khareedisuva modalu marata oppandavannu avara pavitra paadagala mele ittukondu pooje maaduttaare. aaddarinda real estate pravartakaru saha ee stalakke dhavisuttare.

kizhakkan theera rooad thamizhnaadinte thalasthaana nagariyaya chennai kanyakumaariyumaayi puthucheri, kadalur, chidaambaram, sirkali, thirukkadayoor, tharangambadi, kaaraykkal, nagore, nagapattanam, thiruthuraippoondi, muthuppettu, aadirampattinam, manora, manamala, meemal, thoothukkuda, thoothukkuda, thoothukkuda, thoothukkuda, thoothukkuda, thoothukkuda, thoothukkuda, thoothukkudiyiloode bandhippikkunna indiayile thamizhnaattile oru dvithala haiveyaanu (ippol bhaagikamaayi chennail ninnu mamallapuram vare naaluvarippathayaayi veethikoottappettirikkunu) eest koost rooad (ecr). chennaiykkum kanyakumarikkum edayilulla roadinte aake neelam ekadesham 777 kilometres. orikkal chennai muthal puthucheri vare nilaninnirunna iii. sii. aarr pinneedu kadaloorilekkum pinneedu nagapattanam, thudarnnu ramanathapuram vazhi thoothukkudi, oduvil kanyakumari vare vyapippichu. haiway, cherukida thuramukhangal, thamizhnaad rooad infrastructure development korppareshan (tii. enn. aarr. aii. dii. sii) ennivayude keezhil thamizhnaad sarkkar paripaalikkunna samsthaana haiveyaanu haiway. ithu oru dvithala haiway aayirunnu, kanyakumari vare naaluvari vibhajicha haiveyayi veethikoottaan padhathiyundu. thamizhnaattile thekkan jillakalkku ettavum ishtamulla ithara paathayaanit. thiruvanmiyur, kottivaakkam, palavakkam, neelankarai, injambackam, panaiyur, uthandi, muttukaad, kovlong, vilamboor ennivayaanu chennai iii. sii. aarile ayalpradeshangal. charithram. poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu, kizhakkan theera roadukalil pradhaanamaayum grama rodukalaayirunnu. mahabalipuram vareyulla pazhaya mahabalipuram rodaayirunnu (ezz. echu.-49eiii) appol bandhippikkunna link. chennail ninnu ippozhum nilanilkkunna vazhiyaya thambaaram, tindivanum vazhi enh 45 vazhiyaan pondicheriyiletthiyath. 2000-ll rooad mechappeduthunnathinaayi samsthaana sarkkar 60 kodi roopa chelavil tnrdcumaayi oru elavu karar oppittu. resortukalum beach houseukalum niranja aakkarai muthal pondicherry vareyulla 113 kilometer dairkhyamulla eee rooad 2002 maarchil oru toll soukaryamaayi maarukayum 154 graamangaliloode kadannupokunna oru cheria valanja roadle ninnu iruvazhiyulla rodaayi vikasippikkukayum cheythu. toll piriv 2002 eprilil toll pravartthanangal aarambhichappol shekharicha aii. dii. 1 lakshathil ninnu 2009 desemberil ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nirakkaya 1 kodi 80 lakshathilethiyathayi 2010ll tii. enn. aarr. dii. sii prakhyaapichu. naalu varii iii. sii. aarr. chennaiyile thiruvanmiyooril ninnu aarambikkunna iii. sii. aarr. chennai sitti rodukalude bhagamaaya uthandi vareyulla rodukalude bhagamaanu. uthandiyil ninnu beach way sekshan oru toll rodaayi aarambikkunnu. eee roadile vaahanangalude vegatha manikkooril paramavadhi 80 kilometeraayi parimithappedutthiyirikku. samsthaana sarkkar 2015 oode kizhakkan theera rodukalude bhooribhaagavum naalu varii vibhajicha, thuranna praveshana haiveyayi vyapippichu. 2002 eprilil iii. sii. aarr. toll rodaayi. pondicherikkadutthul hanumanthay vareyulla iii. sii. aarinu <aii. dii. 1> kilometer neelavum motham 22 valayangalumundu. rooad nirmmaanathinu munbu prathidinam 5,000 ayirunna sharashari 10,000 passenture kaar yoonittukalum (pii. sii. yuu. ezz) tirakkeriya samayangalil prathidinam 40,000 pii. sii. yuz rooad upayogikkunnu. haiway vakuppinte niyanthranatthilulla aarr ravanyoo gramangalaaya (thiruvanmiyur, kottivaakkam, palavakkam, neelankarai, injambackam, vettuvankani ennivayulppede) thiruvanmiyur muthal akkarai vareyulla <aii. dii. 1> veethi koottunnathinulla bhoomi ettedukkunna prakriya purogamikkukayaanu. nilavil 50 adii muthal 80 adii vare veethiyullathaanu eee paatha. anuvadicha 3,540 dasalaksham roopa chelavil veethi koottiyathinushesham, eee paathaykk orepole veethiyundaakum, koodaathe aarr pathakal, oru median, footpath-kamm-stoom vaattar draine undaakum. iii. sii. aarr hanumantai vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. hanumanthaiyilekkulla vazhiyil prashasthamaaya oru sthalamaanu marakkanam. iii. sii. aarr roadinte valathuvashath prashasthamaaya bhoomeeswarar shethramundu. sreebhoomeeswaranaanu bhoomiyude daivamennu vishwasikkappedunnathil, palarum bhoomi vaangunnathin munbu vilppana karar addehathinte vishudha paadangalil vechukondu pooja nadathunnu. athinaal riyal estettu promotermaarum eee sthalathekku thirakkukoottunnu.

purv kinarpatticha rasta east coast road (eae. see. aar.), ess.-49, aine. etch.-332aii, aine. etch.-32, adhikrutpane muthmiz arignar kalaignar road mhanoon olakhala jaanara, haah bharatachya tamilanadutil eka dwimargi mahamarg aahe (aata chennai teey mamallapuramparyantchya chaar padari margane anshatah rund keela jaat aahe), joou bangalchya upasagarachya kinanyavar bandhala gela aahe, joou tamilanaduchi rajdhani chennaila kanyakumarishi pudducherry, cuddalore, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadaiyur, tharangambadi, karaikal, nagpur, nagapattinam, tiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manora, manmud, mima, manmud, thoolam, tudukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tuu chennai aanee kanyakumari darmyanchya rastyachi ekoon lambi sumare 777 qii. mea. aahe. ekekali eae. see. aar. chennaipasun pudducheriparyant astitvat hote, nantar teey kuddalorparyant aanee nantar nagapattinam aanee nantar ramanathapuram marge tutikorinparyant aanee shevati kanyakumariparyant vistarle gele. mahamarg haah eka rajya mahamarg aahe jyachi dekhbhal tamilanadu sarkar mahamarg aanee kirkol bandare vibhag aanee tamilanadu raste payabhoot suvidha vikas mahamandal (tii. aine. aar. dii. see.) yanchya antargat karate. haah done padari mahamarg hota aanee kanyakumariparyant chaar padari vibhajit mahamargat rund karanyachi yojana aahe. tamilanaduchya dakshinekadil jilhyansathi haah sarvat pasantis asalela paryayi marg aahe. eae. see. aar. varr chennaiche shejari thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immambakkam, panayur, uthandi, muttukadu, covelong aanee vilambur aahet. itihas. purn honyapurvi, purv kinarpattivaril rastyamadhye pramukhyane grameen raste hote. tevha jodanara duva mhanje juna mahabalipuram rasta (ess. etch.-49aii) mahabalipuramparyant hota. chennaihun pandicherryla 45 vya kramankachya tambaram, tindivanam marge ajunahi astitvat asalelya margavarun pohochavanyat aale. 2000 saalee rajya sarkarne 60 kotee rupaye kharchoon rasta sudharanyasathi tii. aine. aar. dii. see. sobat savalat karar keela. aswar aanee samudrakinanyavaril gharanni vedhalela akkarai teey pandicheriparyantcha 113 kilometer lambicha haah bhag march 2002 madhye toll suvidha banala aanee 154 gavanmadhun jaananya chhotya valandar rastyapasoon done padari rastyat rund karnyat aala. 2010 madhye tii. aine. aar. dii. see. neey jaheer kele qee december 2009 madhye toll sankalan 1 kotee 08 lakhanchya sarvoch patalivar pohochale hote, tarr april 2002 madhye toll vyavhar suru jhaale tevha teey 1 lakhanpeksha jaast hote. chaar padari eae. see. aar. eae. see. aar. chennaitil thiruvanmiyur yethoon suru hote aanee uthandiparyant chennai shaharatil rastyancha eka bhag aahe. uthandipasun samudrakinara vibhag toll road mhanoon suru hoto. yaa rastyavaril vahanancha veg tashi 80 kiimii itka maryadit aahe. rajya sarkarne 2015 paryant purv kinarpattivaril bahutansh rastyacha chaupadari vibhagalela, khula pravesh mahamarg mhanoon vistar keela. april 2002 madhye eae. see. aar. laa toll road banavanyat aale. pandicherijavalil hanumathaiparyantcha eae. see. aar. 113.2 kiimii lamb aahe aanee tyat ekoon 22 vakya aahet. gardichya velee sarasari 10,000 pravasi qaar unit (pii. see. yuu. ess.) aanee darroj ekoon 40,000 pii. see. yuu. ess., rastyachya bandhkamachya aadhi darroj sumare 5,000 hote, teey vadhoon rastyacha vapar karatat. mahamarg vibhagachya niyantranakhalil (thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, imambakkam aanee vettuvankanisaha) sahaa mahasool gavancha samavesh asalelya thiruvanmiyur teey akkaraiparyantchya 11.4-km rundikaranachya vistarachi jameen sampadan karanyachi prakriya suru aahe. yaa pattyachi rundi sadhya 50 phoot teey 80 phoot darmyan aahe. 3540 dashalaksh manjur kharchane rundikaranantar haah marg eksaman rund asel aanee tyat sahaa padari, madhyam, padpath-saha-vadalachya panyacha nichara asel. eae. see. aar. hanumathaiparyant vistarlela aahe. hanumanthaichya margavar, eka prasiddha thikan marakkanam aahe. eae. see. aar. rastyachya ujavya bajula prasiddha bhumishwar mandir aahe. sribhumishwar haah bhoomicha dev aahe asey manale jaate, mhanoon anekjan tyachya pavitra charnanvar vikri karar thevun jameen kharedi karnyapurvi pooja karatat. tyamule sthavar malmatta pravartak dekhil yaa thikani dhaav ghetat.

purvi tata sadak purvi tata sadak (ei. sii. arr.), ess-49, enn. enn, enn. etch.-32 ko sanyojan, adhikarik rupma muthamijh arignar kalaiganar road bhanera chininchha, bharatko tamilnaduko euta dui lenko rajmarg how (ahile chennaidekhi mamallapuramsamma chaar lenma anshik rupma chauda garieko chha), yo bengalko khadiko tatama nirman garieko how, jasle tamilnaduko rajya rajdhani chennailai kanyakumarisanga puducherry, kuddalore, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadaiyur, tharangambadi, karaikal, nagpur, nagapattinam, tiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manora, manmud, mimaludi, mimal, thiruchun, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthur, tuthukudi, tuthur, tuthur, tuthur, tuthur, tuthur, tuthur, tuthur, chennai rar kanyakumaribichko sadakko kull lambai lagbhag 777 kilometer chha. ek samaya chennaidekhi pudducherisamma ei. sii. arr. astitwama thiyo, pachhi yasalai kuddalore rar tyasapachhi nagapattinam rar tyasapachhi ramanathapuram hundai tuticorin rar antatah kanyakumarisamma wistar garieko chha. rajmarg rar sanah bandargah vibhag rar tamilnadu sadak purwadhar vikas nigam (tnridc) antargat tamilnadu sarkarle marmat gareko rajmarg rajya rajmarg how. yo dui lenko rajmarg thiyo rar kanyakumarisamma chaar leine vibhajit rajmargma chauda garne yojana chha. yo tamilnaduka dakshini jillaharuka lagi sabaibhanda manaparne vaikalpik marga how. ei. sii. arr. maa chennaika chhimekharu tiruvanmiyur, kottiwakkam, palawakkam, nilangkarai, injambakkam, panayur, uthandi, muttukadu, kobhlong rar vilambur hun. itihas. yasako nirman pura hunuaghi, purvi tata sadak mukhyataya gaunka sadakharu samawesh thiyo. tyas samayama jodne link purano mahabalipuram sadak sadak mahabalipuramsamma thiyo. chennaibata tambaram hundai ajhai awasthit margabata pandicherry pugeko thiyo, tindivanam nh 45 batt hundai. sann 2000 maa rajya sarkarle sadak sudhar garna 60 karodko lagatma tienardisisanga riyayat samjhauta gareko thiyo. resort rar samudra tata gharharule bharieko akkaraidekhi pondicherysamma 113 kilometer lamo khanda march 2002 maa toll suwidha banyo rar 154 gaaunharu hundai jaane sano ghumauro sadakbata dui lenko sadakma chauda garieko thiyo. sann 2010 maa, tnrdcle ghoshana garyo kii december 2009 maa toll sankalan 1 karod 08 lakhma pugeko thiyo jabki april 2002 maa toll sanchalan suru hunda jamma garieko garieko lakh thiyo. chaar leine ecr. ei. sii. arr. chennaiko tiruwanmiyurbata suru hunchha rar chennai saharko uthandisammako sadakko euta bhag how. uthandibata samudra tata khanda toll rodko rupma suru hunchha. yass sadakma sawari sadhanko gati adhikatam 80 kilometer pratighantama simit chha. rajya sarkarle sann 2015 sammama purvi tatako adhikansh sadaklai chaar leine vibhajit, khula pahunch rajmargma chauda gareko thiyo. ei. sii. arr. lai april 2002 maa toll sadak banaieko thiyo. pondichery najikaiko hanumathaisammako ei. sii. arr. <ai. dii. 1> kilometer lamo chha rar yasama kull 22 wata baankchhan. ausatma 10,000 yatru carr ekaiharu (pisiyues) ley bhidbhadko samayama sadak prayog garchhan rar dainik kull 40,000 pisiyues, sadak nirman hunu aghi dainik lagbhag 5,000 batt mathi. rajmarg vibhagko niyantranma raheka chhawata rajaswa gaaunharu (tiruvanmiyur, kottiwakkam, palawakkam, nilankarai, immambakkam rar wettuwangkanisahit) lai sametne tiruwanmiyurdekhi akkaraisammako 11.4-km khanda chaudai garna jagga adhigrahan garne prakriya chaliraheko chha. hall yo khandako chaudai 50 fitadekhi 80 fitko bichma chha. 3540 millionko swikrit lagatma chaudai garepachhi, yo khanda saman rupma chauda hunechha rar yasama chha leine, ek 1.2-m-wide madhya, footpath-saha-aandhibehariko pani nikasi hunechha. ei. sii. arr. hanumantaisamma failieko chha. hanumanthaiko batoma euta prasidha sthan marakkanam awasthit chha. ei. sii. arr. sadakko dayanpatti prasidha bhumiswarar mandira awasthit chha. shree bhumiswar bhumiko devta hun bhanne vishwas garinchha, tyasaile dheraile afno pawitra khuttama bikri samjhauta rakhera jagga kharid garnuaghi puja garchhan. tyasaile ghar jagga pramotarharu pani yass sthanma daudinchhan.

purba upakula sadaka purba upakula sadaka (ee. sii. aarr.), ess.-49, enn. enn, enn. etch.-32, jaahaa sarkari bhabe muthamijha ariganara kalignar road naamare janashuna, bharatara tamilanadure eka dui leena bisista rajpath (bartamana chennairu mamallapuram parjyanta aanshika bhabe chaari leena bisista), jaahaa bangopasagara upakoolare nirmita hoichhi, jaahaa tamilnadur rajya rajdhani chennaiku kanyakumari sahita puducherry, cuddalore, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadaijura, tharangambadi, caraical, nagore, nagapattinam, tiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manora, manekamel, mimalu, tiuthukudi, tuthuchuri, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, mimaludi, mimaludi, mimaludi, mimaludi, mimaludi, mimaludi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tuthukudi, tudukudi, tuu chennai ebong kanyakumari madhyare ehi rastara mote dairghya praiah 777 kilometer. eka samajare ee. sii. aarr. chennairu puducherry parjyanta bidyamana thila, parey ehaaku cuddalore ebong taa 'parey nagapattinam ebong taa' parey ramanathapuram dei tuticorin ebong sheshare kanyakumari parjyanta bistara karajaithila. rajpath heuchhi eka rajya rajpath jaahaa tamilanadu sarakaranka dwara rajpath ebong khudra bandara bibhaga ebong tamilanadu sadaka bhittibhumi bikash nigama (tii. enn. aarr. aai. dii. sii.) adheenare rakhyanabekhyana karajaithae. ehaa eka dui leena bisista rajpath thila ebong kanyakumari parjyanta ehaaku chaari leena bisista bibhajita rajapathare parinata karibara yojana rahichhi. tamilnadur dakhina zillah paain ehaa sabutharu pasandajogya bikalpa marga. ee. sii. aara. ray chennai padoshimane heuchhanti tirubanamiyur, kotibhakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immabakkam, panaijur, utandi, muttukadu, kovalonga ebong bhilambur. itihas. sampurna heba purbaru, purba upakula sadaka mukhyatah grameena sadakaku nei gathita thila. setebele sanjogakaree sanjoga thila puruna mahabalipuram sadaka sadaka mahabalipuram parjyanta . chennairu ebebi bidyamana thiba rasta dei tambaram, tindibanam dei enn. etch. 45 dei pandichereere pahanchithila. 2000 masihare rajya sarkar 60 koti tanka byajare sadaka nirmana paain tii. enn. aarr. dii. sii. sahita eka rihati chukti swakhyara karithile. akkarai thaaru pandicherry parjyanta 113 kilometer dirgha ehi rasta, researt ebong belabhumi gharagudika dwara aachadita, march 2002 ray eka toll subidha hoigala ebong 154 tii gramm dei jauthiba eka chhot ghurnajamana rastaru dui leena rastare prasasta hoithila . |, tii. enn. aarr. dii. sii. ghoshana karithila je december december toll sangraha sarbakaleena sarbocha 1 koti 08 lakhyare pahanchithila, jetebele kii april april toll parichalana arambha heba samajare ehaa 1 lakhya aai. dii. thila. chaari leena bisista ee. sii. aarr. ee. sii. aarr. chennaira tirubanamijuraru arambha hoi utandi parjyanta chennai saharar rastara eka ansha . uthandiru belabhumi bibhaga eka toll sadaka bhabare arambha hue . ehi rastare janabahanara bega sarbadhika 80 kilometer/ghanta madhyare seemita rahichhi. rajya sarkar 2015 suddha purba upakula rastara adhikansha anshaku chaari leena bisista bibhajita, mukta prabesha rajapathare parinata karichanti. 2002 masiha april maasare ee. sii. aarr. ku eka toll roadre parinata karajaithila. pandicherry nikatare hanumanthai parjyanta ee. sii. aarr. rahr lumb <aai. dii. 1> kii. mea. ebong ehara mote mote banka rahichhi. harahari 10,000 jatribahi carr unit (pii. sii. jayu. ess.) bhida samajare ehi rasta byabahara karanti ebong dainika mote 40,000 pii. sii. jayu., jaahaa sadaka nirmana purbaru dainika praiah 5,000 thila. rajpath bibhagara nijantranare thiba chhaati rajaswa gramm (tirubanamiyur, kotibhakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immabakkam ebong bhettubhankani sameth) ku antarbhukta curry tirubanamijuraru akkarai parjyanta <aai. dii. 1> samprasarana paain jami adhigrahan prakriya chalichi. bartamana ehi khander osara 50 phutaru 80 phuta madhyare rahichhi. 3, 540 nijuta manjur byajare ehara samprasarana parey, ehi anshati samaana bhabe prasasta heba ebong ethire chhaati leena, eka eka madhyama, footpath-tatha-jhada jala nishkasana byabastha rahiba. ee. sii. aarr. hanumanthai parjyanta prasarita. hanumanthai jiba baatare eka prasidha sthana marakanam abasthita. ee. sii. aarr. rastara dahana parsware prasidha bhumiswara mandira abasthita. ehaa biswasa karajae je shree bhumiswara heuchhanti bhumira debata, tenu aneka lock jami kiniba purbaru taanka pabitra paadare bikrai chukti rakhi pooja karanti . tenu real estate pramotaramane madhya ehi sthanaku dhaain aasanti .

purbi tatt sadak purbi tatt sadak (ee. see. aar.), aiss. aich.-49, ainn. ainn, ainn. aich.-32 daa sumel, jiss noon adhikarat taur utte muthmiz arignar clegnar road vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, bharat dey tamilnadu witch ikk doou-laine vaala rajmarg haii (hunn chenai toon mamallapuram takk chaar-laine dey raste witch anshak taur utte chauda keeta jaa riha haii), joe bangal dee khaadi dey tatt dey naal baniaa haii, joe tamilnadu dee raaj dee rajdhani chenai noon kanyakumari naal puducherry, cuddlore, chidambaram, sarkali, tirukkdaiur, tharangambadi, crycle, nagpur, nagapattinam, thiruthuraipundi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manoram, manmul, meemal, meemal, meemal, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi, tutukudi chenai atey kanyakumari darmiaan sadak dee kull lambai lagbhag 777 kilometer haii. ee. see. aar. kadey chenai toon puducherry takk maujood see, baad witch iss noon cuddlore atey firr nagapattinam atey firr ramanathapuram hunde hoye tuticorin atey ant witch kanyakumari takk vadha ditta giaa. rajmarg ikk raaj rajmarg haii joe tamilnadu sarkaar duaara rajmarg atey chhotiaan bandargahan vibhag atey tamilnadu sadak buniaadi dhancha vikas nigam (tii. ainn. aar. aaee. dee. see.) dey adheen banayi rakkhiaa jaanda haii. ih doou-laine vaala rajmarg see atey kanyakumari takk chaar-laine vaale vande hoye rajmarg witch chauda curran dee yojna haii. ih tamilnadu dey dakkhni zilhiaan laee sabh toon pasandida badalvan maarag haii. ee. see. aar. utte chenai dey guaandh thiruvanmiar, kotivakkam, palwakkam, nilankarai, immbakkam, panayur, uthandi, muttukadu, covelong atey vilambur hunn. itihaas. iss dey mukammal honn toon pahilan, purbi tatt sadak witch mukkh taur utte pind deeaan sadkan shamal sunn. uss vele mahabipuram takk purani mahabipuram sadak (aiss. (aiss noon joden vaala link see. chenai toon tambram, tindivanam raahin ajey vee maujood raste raahin pandicherry pahunchiaa giaa see. saal 2000 witch raaj sarkaar neey sadak noon bihtar banaun laee 60 croad rupaye dee laagat naal tii. ainn. aar. dee. see. naal ikk riaaiti samjhaute 'teey hastakhar keete sunn. resortan atey beach haoosan naal bhariaa akkarai toon pandicherry takk 113 kilometer lamba hissa march 2002 witch ikk toll sahulat bann giaa atey 154 pindan vicchon langhan vaali ikk chhoti jihi ghumdi sadak toon doou-laine vaali sadak witch chauda keeta giaa. saal 2010 witch, tii. ainn. aar. dee. see. neey ailaan keeta see kii dasambar 2009 witch toll sangrah 1 croad 08 lakkh dey sarav-ucch paddhar 'teey pahunch giaa see, jadon kii aprail 2002 witch jadon toll sanchalan shuru hoiaa see taan ih ikk lakkh rupaye see. chaar laine vaala ee. see. aar. ee. see. aar. chenai dey thiruvanmiar toon shuru hunda haii atey uthandi takk chenai shehar deeaan sadkan daa ikk hissa haii. uthandi toon beachway section ikk toll road dey roop witch shuru hunda haii. iss sadak utte vaahanan dee gatee vaddh toon vaddh 80 kilometer pratee ghanta takk seemat haii. raaj sarkaar neey 2015 takk purbi tatt sadak dey ziaadaatar hisse noon chaar margi vande hoye, khulleh pahunch vaale rajmarg witch chauda qarr ditta haii. ee. see. aar. noon aprail 2002 witch ikk toll road banaiaa giaa see. pandicherry dey nede hanumanthai takk ee. see. aar. 113.2 kilometer lamba haii atey iss dey kull 22 modd hunn. austan 10,000 yaatari qaar ikaiaan (pee. see. yuu. aiss.) bheed dey samein dauran sadak dee varton kardiaan hunn atey kull 40,000 pee. see. yuu. aiss. rozana, joe kii sadak dey nirman toon pahilan rozana lagbhag 5,000 see. rajmarg vibhag dey niyantaran heth chhe maal pindan (thiruvanmiar, kotivakkam, palwakkam, nilankarai, immambakam atey vettuvankani samet) noon cover karde hoye thiruvanmiar toon akkarai takk dey 11.4-km hisse noon chauda curran laee zameen prapat curran dee prakiriaa chall rahee haii. iss vele iss hisse dee chaudai 50 futt toon 80 futt dey vichkaar haii. 3540 million dee manzurshuda laagat naal chauda curran toon baad, ih hissa ikko jihi chaudi hovegi atey iss witch chhe laine, ikk median, footpath-qam-storm water drain hovegi. ee. see. aar. hanumanthai takk failiaa hoiaa haii. hanumanthai dey raste witch, ikk prasidh sathaan marakkanam sathit haii. ee. see. aar. road dey sajje paase prasidh bhumishwar mandar sathit haii. ih manniaa jaanda haii kii shree bhumishwar bhumi dey devta hunn, iss laee bahut saare lock zameen kharidan toon pahilan aapne pavittar charnan utte vikri samjhauta rakkh keey pooja karde hunn. iss laee real astet promoter vee iss sathaan 'teey pahunchade hunn.

poorvatateeyah maargah eastcoast-road (ee. see. aar.), ess.-49, enn. ech.-332e, enn. ech.-32, aadhikaarikaroopen muthamiz arignaar-kalaignaar-road iti namna prasidhah, bharatasya tamilunadurajye dwimaargeey-rajamargaha (adhunaa chennai-nagaraat mamallapuram-nagaraparyantm aamshikaroopena chaturmaargeey-maargaroopen vistrutah) asti, yah bangaal-upasagariya-tatasya paarshve nirmitah asti, yat tamilunaadu-rajyasya rajadhani-nagaram chennai-nagaram kanyakumarya saha puducheri, kadalur, chidambaram, sirkali, tirukkadaiyoor, tarangambadi, caracle, nagor, naagapattinam, tiruthuraipoondi, muthupet, adirampattinam, manoraa, manmud, mimaludi, mimaludi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, tudukudi, chennai-kanyakumari-nagarayoho madhye margasya kula-dirghata praayah 777 kii. mee. asti. ee. see. aar. poorvam chennai-nagaraat puduccheree-nagaraparyantm aasit, anantaram kuddaaloram yaavat, tatah naagapattinam yaavat, tatah ramanathapuram maarge tuteekorin-nagaram yaavat, ante kanyakumari-nagaram yaavat cha vistaaritah. rajamargaha iti rajyamargaha asti yasya paripaalanam tamilunaadu-sarvakaarena rajamarg-vibhaagasya laghu-naukaashraya-vibhaagasya antargatam tathaa cha tamilunaadu-maarga-aadhaarabhotasamrachanaa-vikasa-nigamasya (tii. enn. aar. aii. dii. sii.) adheenam asti. ayam dwimaargeey-rajamargaha aasit, kanyakumariparyantam chaturmaargeey-vibhajita-rajamargarupena vistaarayitum yojanaa asti. tamilunaadu-rajyasya dakshinamandalebhya ayam sarwaadhikah vikalpah maargah asti. ee. see. aar. ityatra chennai-nagarasya sameepasthaani santi tiruvanmiyoor, kotteevakkam, palavakkam, neelaankarai, immambakkam, panayur, utandee, muttukaadu, kovaleng, vilambur cha. itihaasah. tasya nirmanat poorvam purvatatiyarasta mukhyataya graamamaargaih yukttaa aasit. tadaa mahabalipuram yaavat puratanam mahabalipuram-maargah (ess.-49e) samparka-samparkah aasit. chennai-nagaraat, enn. ech. 45-dwara, tambaram-tindivanam-margena, adyaapi vidyamaanamaargena, pondicheri-nagaram praapnot. 2000 tame varshe, raajyasarvakaaren 60 koti-vyayayukte margasya sudharartham tea. enn. aar. dee. see. ityanena saha riyaayat-karaarah krutah. akkarai-taha pandicheri-paryantam 113 kii. mee. deerghah, resorts-samudratata-gruhaihi cha yuktah, 2002 maarch-maase toll-suvidhaa abhavat, 154 graameshu gacchatah laghu-vruttamaargaat dwimaargeey-maarge vistaaritah cha abhavat. 2010 tame varshe tea. enn. aar. dee. see. ityanena ghoshitam yat 2009 tame varshe december-maase toll-sangrahah sarvakaalikam uccham 1 koti-laksham aasit, yadaa 2002 tame varshe april-maase toll-sanchaalanam aarabdham aasit, tadaa sangruhitam <aii. dee. 1> laksham aasit. chatuhu-lenning ee. sii. aar. ee. see. aar. chennai-nagarasya tiruvanmiyoor-nagaraat aarabhy utandee-paryantam chennai-nagarasya marganam bhaagah asti. utandee-nagaraat samudratata-khandah toll-maargaroopen arabhyate. asmin maarge vaahanaanaam vegaha adhikatamm 80 kii. mee./ghantaa parimitam bhavati. raajyasarvakaaren 2015 tamavarshaparyantam poorvatateeyaraastaah adhikaamshaah chaturvaargeeyavibhaajitah, mukta-pravesha-rajamargaha iti vistrutaa abhavat. 2002 april-maase ee. see. aar. iteedam toll-maargaroopen nirmitam. pandicheri-nagarasya sameepe hanumantai-paryantam ee. see. aar. iteedam <aii. dee. 1> kii. mee. deergham asti, yatra aahaty 22 vanaah santi. samanyataha 10,000 yaatri-kaar-unit (pee. see. yoo. ess.) janaah vyastakaale margasya upayogah kurvanti, pratidinam cha 40,000 pee. see. yoo. ess. janaah, margasya nirmanat poorvam pratidinam praayah 5,000 janaah, ete cha adhikatayaa upayunjanti. raajamaargavibhaagasy niyantrane sthitasya, tiruvanmiyoor-taha akkarai-paryantam, 11.4-km khandasya vistaaraartham, shut rajaswagraman (tiruvanmiyoor-, kotteevakkam-, palavakkam-, neelankarai-, immambakkam-, vettuvankaanee-ityadeen) aacchaadayan bhoomi-adhigrahana-prakriya prachalitaa asti. samprati asya khandasya prasthe 50 feet-taha 80 feet-paryantam bhinnatayam bhavati. 3540 dashalakshasy sveekrutavyayena vistaarasya anantaram, ayam bhaagah samaanaroopen vistrutah bhavishyati, tathaa cha shut maargaah, 1.2-m-wide madhyika, padachari-saha-vrushtajala-pravaahah cha bhavishyati. ee. see. aar. hanumaanthai paryantam vistrutaa asti. hanumantaay-nagarasya maarge prasidham marakkanam-kshetram vartate. ee. see. aar. margasya dakshinabhaage prasidham bhoomeeshwar-mandiram vartate. shreebhoomeeshwarah bhoomyaah dewah iti manyate, ataha bahavah bhoomi-krayanaat poorvam, vikraya-karaaram tasya pavitrapaate sthapayitva, poojaah kurvanti. ataha sthaawar-sampatti-pravartakaah api asmin sthale dhaavanti.

kilakku kadarkarai saalai kilakku kadarkaraich saalai (eee. chii. aarr), ess.-49, enn. ech.-332aee, enn. ech.-32 aagiyavattrin kalavaiyaaga, athikaarappoorvamaaga muththiyam arignar kalaignar saalai endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu inthiyaavin tamilnaattil ulla oru iru vazhi nedunjaalaiyaagum (ippoathu chennaiyilirunthu mamallapuram varai naanku vazhippaathaiyaaga oralavu agalappaduththappadukirathu), idhu vangkaala virigudaavin kadarkaraiyil kattappattullathu, idhu tamilnaattin maanilath thalaynagaraana chennaiyai kanniyaakumariyudan puducherry, kadalur, sidhambaram, sirkaali, thirukkadaiyur, tharangampadi, karaikal, nagur, nagapattinam, thiruthuraipoondi, muthupettai, athirampattinam, manora, manigalgamalli, meesamalli, meesamalli, thooththukkuda, thooththukkuda, thooththukkuda, thooththukkuda, thooththukkuda, thooththukkuda, chennaikkum kanniyaakumarikkum idaiyilaana saalaiyin moththa neelam sumar 777 kii. mee aagum. oru kaalaththil chennaiyilirunthu puducherry varai irunththa eee. chii. aarr., pinnar kadalur varai virivupaduthappattu, pinnar nagapattinam varai, pinnar ramanathapuram vazhiyaaga thooththukudi varai, iruthiyaaka kanniyakumari varai virivupaduththappattathu. nedunjaalai enbathu nedunjaalaigal mattrum siru thuraimugangal thurai mattrum tamilnadu saalai ulkattamaippu maempaattuk kazhagaththin (dii. enn. aarr. aii. dii. chii) keezh tamilnadu arasaal paraamarikkappadum oru maanila nedunjaalaiyaagum. idhu iru vazhi nedunjaalaiyaaga irunththathu, maelum kanniyakumari varai naanku vazhi prikkappatta nedunjaalaiyaaga agalappaduththa thittamittullathu. tamilnaattin therku maavattangkalukku idhu migavum viruppamaana maattru paathaiyaakum. thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immambakkam, panaiyur, udhandi, muttukkaadu, govalong mattrum vilampur aagiyavai chennai eee. chii. aarin suttruppurangal aagum. varalaaru. adhan panii niraivadaiyum muun, kilakku kadarkaraich saalai mukkiyamaaga gramach saalaigalaik kondirundhadhu. appoathu mahabalipuram varai pazhaiya mahapalipuram saalai (ess. ech-49aee) inaikkappattathu. chennaiyilirunthu paandicheriyai, tharpoothulla vazhiththadamaana thambaram, thooththukudi vazhiyaaga, 45aam enn vazhiyaaga adaiyappattathu. 2000aam aandil, saalaiyai maempaduththuvatharkaaka maanila arasu 60 koadi roopaai selavil tamilnadu thaesiya nedunjaalai maempaattu kazhagaththudan salukaithaarar oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittathu. aakkaaraiyilirunthu pandicherry varai 113 kii. mee. neelamulla inththa pakuthi, oaivu viduthigal mattrum kadarkarai illangkal nirainthathaaga irunththathu, idhu 2002 maarch maatham sungach saavadiyaaga maariyathu, maelum 154 kiraamangal vazhiyaagach sellum oru siriya suzhal saalaiyilirunthu irandu vazhich saalaiyaaga virivupaduththappattathu. 2010 aam aandil, dnrtc, sungach saevai thodangiyapoathu aepral 2002 ill vasoolitha aidi1 latchaththirku ethiraaga disambar 2009 ill sungach saevai vasool 1 koadiyae 8 latchatthai ettiyathaaka ariviththathu. naanku vazhi eee. chii. aarr. chennai thiruvanmiyooril thodangi udhandi varai chennai nagara saalaigalin oru paguthiyaagum. uthandiyil irunthu kadarkaraip pakuthi sungach saalaiyaagath thodangukirathu. inththa saalaiyil vaaganangkalin vaegam athigapatchamaaga manikku 80 kimee varai kattuppaduththappattullathu. maanila arasu 2015aam aandukkul kilakku kadarkarai saalaiyin perumbaguthiyai naanku vazhi vagukkappatta, thirantha anugal nedunjaalaiyaaga virivupaduththiyathu. 2002 aepralil eee. chii. aarr. sungach saalaiyaaga maattrappattathu. paandicherikku arugilulla hanumandhai varayilaana eee. chii. aarr. 113.2 kimee neelamum moththam 22 valaivugalaiyum kondullathu. saalai kattumaanaththirku munbu oru naalaikku sumar 5,000 aaga irunththa saraasariyaaga 10,000 payanigal kaarr alagugal (pcus) nerisal neraththil saalaiyaip payanpaduththukintrana, maelum oru naalaikku moththam 40,000 pcus aagum. nedunjaalaith thuraiyin kattuppaattil ulla aaru varuvaai kiraamangalai (thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, nilankarai, immambakkam mattrum vaettuvangani udpada) ulladakkiya thiruvanmiyoorilirunthu akkarai varai neelvattappaduththa nilam kaiyagappaduththum panii nadanthu varukirathu. inththa neetchiyin agalam tharpoothu 50 addii muthal 80 addii varai vaerupadukirathu. 3, 540 million oppalikappatta selavil agalappaduththappatta piragu, inththa paathai oray maathiriyaaga agalamaaga irukkum, maelum aaru vazhichchaalaigal, oru naduththara, nadaipaathai mattrum mazhaineer vadikaal irukkum. eee. chii. aarr hanumandhai varai neendullathu. hanumanthaikku sellum vazhiyil, oru pirabalamaana idam marakanam amainthullathu. eee. chii. aarr. saalaiyin valathu pakkaththil pugazhpettra bhoomeeswarar koayil amainthullathu. sree bhoomeeswarar poomiyin kadavul endru nambappadugirathu, enavae, palar nilam vaangkuvatharku munbu avarathu punitha kaaladiyil virpanai oppanthaththai vaiththu poojai seikiraargal. enavae riyal estate vilambarathaarargalum inththa idaththirku viraikiraargal.

thoorpu theera rahadari thoorpu theera rahadari (ecr), adhikarikamga muttamalij arignar kalaignar road anie piluvabade eshetch-49, enhetch-332eah, enhetch-32 kalayika, bharatadesamloni tamilanadulo rendu laenla rahadari (ippudu chennai nundi mamallapuram varaku naalugu laenla maargamgaa paakshikamgaa vedalpu cheyabadindi), idhi tamilanadu rashtra rajadhani nagaram chennaini kanyaakumaarito puducherry, kadalur, chidambaram, sirkali, thirukkadaiyur, tarangambadi, karaikal, nagore, nagapattanam, tiruthuraipuundi, muthupeta, adirampattinam, manora, manamale, meemasal, thoothukudi, thoothukudi, thoothukudi, thoothukudi, thoothukudi, thoothukudi dwara kaluputuu nirminchabadindi. chennai mariyu kanyakumari madhya rahadari mottam podavu 777 kii. mea. okappudu chennai nundi puducherry varaku ecr unikilo undhi, taruvaata idhi kadaluru varaku, taruvaata nagapattanam varaku, taruvaata ramanathapuram meedugaa tuticorin varaku, chivaraku kanyakumari varaku vistarinchabadindi. haive anedi tamilanadu prabhutvam, rahadaarulu mariyu chinna naukaasrayaalu mariyu tamilanadu roddu moulika sadupayala abhivruddhi samstha (tnridc) aadhvaryamlo nirvahinche rashtra rahadari. idhi rendu laenla rahadari, kanyakumari varaku naalugu laenla vibhajinchabadina rahadaarulugaa vistarinchaalani pranaalikalu unnaayi. idhi tamilanaduloni dakshina jillaalaku atyanta ishtapade pratyaamnaaya maargam. ecr looni chennai parisaraalu thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, neelankarai, injambakkam, panayur, utandi, muttukaadu, kovelong mariyu vilambur. charitra. idhi poortayye mundu, thoorpu theera rahadari pradhanamgaa graameena rahadaarulanu kaligi undedi. appati connecting link mahabalipuram varaku paatha mahabalipuram rahadari (eshetch-49eah). chennai nundi inca unna maargam dwara taambaram, dindivanam dwara enhetch45 venta pandicherry cherukunnaru. 2000loe rashtra prabhutvam 60 kotla roopaayala vyayamtho rahadaarini meruguparachadaaniki tnrdcto raayitee oppandampai santakam chesindi. akkarai nundi pandicherry varaku 113 kilometres podavaina eee praantam, resortlu mariyu beach houselatho nindi undhi, marchi 2002loe toll sadupaayamgaa maarindi mariyu 154 graamaala gundaa vellae chinna winding road nundi rendu-laine rahadaarulugaa vistarinchabadindi. toll karyakalapalu prarambhamainappudu 2002 eprillo vasoolu chesina idi1 lakshaku vyatiraekamgaa 2009 decemberlo toll vasoollu 1.08 kotlaku cherukunnayani 2010loe tnrdc prakatinchindi. naalugu laning ii. sii. aarr. ecr chennailooni thiruvanmiyur vadda praarambhamai utandi varaku chennai nagara rahadaarulalo oka bhaagam. utandi nundi beach vae vibhagam toll rahadaaritho praarambhamavutundi. eee rahadaaripai vaahanaala vegam garishtamgaa gantaku 80 kimeeki parimitam cheyabadindi. rashtra prabhutvam 2015 natiki thoorpu theera rahadaarini chaalaa varaku naalugu laenla vibhajinchabadina, open access haivegaa vistarinchindi. 2002 eprillo ecrnu toll rahadarila marcharu. pandicherry sameepamloni hanumanthai varaku ecr 113.2 kimmy podavu mariyu mottam 22 vampulu kaligi undhi. sagatuna 10,000 prayaaneekula kaaru unitlu (pcus) raddi samayamlo rahadaarini upayogistaayi mariyu rahadari nirmaanaaniki mundu rojuku sumaru 5,000 nundi rojuku mottam 40,000 pcus unnaayi. rahadaarula saakha niyantranalo unna aaru revenue gramalu (thiruvanmiyur, kottivakkam, palavakkam, neelankarai, immambakkam, vettuvankani) vistarinchi unna thiruvanmiyur nundi akkarai varaku 11.4-km vistarana kosam bhoomini sekarinche prakriya jarugutondi. eee stretch prastutam 50 adugula nundi 80 adugula madhya vedalpu kaligi undhi. 3, 540 millionla manjuru chesina vyayamtho vistarinchina taruvaata, eee maargam oke vidhamgaa vedalpugaa untundi mariyu aaru daarulu, oka madhya sthaayi, footpath-cuum-tuphaanu neeti kaaluva untundi. ecr hanumanthai varaku vistarinchi undhi. hanumanthai velle maargamlo, oka prasiddha pradaesam marakkanam undhi. eee. sii. aarr. rahadari kudi vaipuna prasiddha bhumishwarar aalayam undhi. shree bhoomeeswarudu bhoomiki devudani nammutaaru, anduvalla, chaalaa mandhi bhoomini konugolu chese mundu ammakapu oppandaanni ayana pavitra paadaalapai unchi pooja chestaaru. anduvalla real estate promoterlu kooda eee pradaesaaniki vastaaru.

aist coast road aist coast road (ayee see aar)yee aiss aiss aine aich-332 aey aine aich-32 kaa majmuah jasay sarkaari toor parr muthamajh aregnar kleegnar road kay naam say jaana jaataa hay hindustan kay taamil naado mein eek duu leane waali shahrah hay (jasay abb jazwi toor parr chunayi say mamlapuram takk chaar leane kay raastay takk chodaa kiyaa jaa rehaa hay)yee juu khaleej bangaal kay saahil kay saath tameer kii gayee hay juu taamil naado kay riyasati darulhukumat chunayi kuu kanekamari say padocheri kadlor chadambaram circli trokdiyor tharangambadi crycle naagor nagapatnam tarothori pondi mathupet adirampatnam manura mankodi mankodi memcomal tatokador tatokador tatokdoram tatokdoram tatokuram tatokoor tatokoor tatokoor tatokoor tatokoor torokur toru toru thee chunayi aur kunya kamaari kay darmiyan sadak kii kill lambayi taqriba 777 chlometer hay. ayee see aar kabhi chunayi say padocherry takk mojud thaa baad mein asay kadlor aur phir nagapatnam aur phir raam naath poram kay raastay toticorin aur aakhir kaar kunya kamaari takk badhaa diyaa gayaa. hayee way eek riyasati hayee way hay jiss kii deekh bhaal hukumat taamil naado kay zariah mohkamah shahrahon aur chhoti bandargahon aur taamil naado road infrastructure development corporation (tye aine aar aayee ddee see) kay tahat kii jaati hay. yaha duu leane waali shahrah thee aur kunya kamaari takk chaar leane waali taqsim shadah shahrah mein chodi karnay kaa mansubah hay. yaha taamil naado kay janubi azlaa kay liye sabb say ziyadah tarjihi muthbadil raastah hay. ayee see aar parr chunayi kay mahley troonmeir kotee wakam plavkam nilankarai ankam bakam panayur athandi matokado covelong aur walambar haine. tareekh. iss kii takmeel say pehley mashriqi saahili sadak bunyadi toor parr gaaon kii sadkon parr mushtamil thee. iss waqat jodnay waala raabtah mahabili poram takk praani mahabili poram road (aiss aich-49 aey) thee. chunayi say pondichery takk aine aich 45 kay saath saath tambaram tundionum kay raastay abb bhee mojud raastay say pahuncha gayaa thaa. 2000 mein riyasati hukumat nay sadak kuu behatar bananay kay liye 60 karod rupay kii laagat say tye aine aar ddee see kay saath eek riayati muahide parr dastakhat kiye. aakarayi say pandichery takk 113 chlometer taweel hasah juu resorts aur beach houses say bharaa hawaa hay maarch 2002 mein toal kii sahulat bunn gayaa aur asay 154 dehaton say guzarnay waali eek chhoti see ghomti sadak say duu leane waali sadak mein wasee kirr diyaa gayaa. 2010 mein tye aine aar ddee see nay aalaan kiyaa kahh toal kii wasooli dasambar 2009 mein 1.08 karod kii abb takk kii buland tareen satah parr pahunch gayee hay jabb kahh apreel 2002 mein toal operation sharoo honay parr jamaa honay waalay 1 laakh say ziyadah kii raqam thee. chaar lenning ayee see aar. ayee see aar chunayi kay troonmeir say sharoo hotaa hay aur yaha chunayi shehar kii sadkon kaa hasah hay juu athandi takk hay. authandi say beach way section toal road kay toor parr sharoo hotaa hay. iss sadak parr gaadiyon kii raftaar ziyadah say ziyadah 80 chlometer phee ghantah takk mahdud hay. riyasati hukumat nay 2015 takk mashriqi saahil kii ziyadah tarr sadak kuu chaar leane waali taqsim shadah khalee rasayi waali shahrah takk wasee kirr diyaa. ayee see aar kuu apreel 2002 mein toal road banaya gayaa thaa. pandichery kay qareeb hanumanthai takk ayee see aar 113.2 chlometer taweel hay aur iss mein kill 22 moad haine. austa 10,000 musafir kaar yount (pee see yuu aiss) rash kay auqaat mein sadak kaa istemaal kartay haine aur rozanah kill 40,000 pee see yuu aiss juu sadak kii tameer say pehley rozanah taqriba 5,000 thay. chh reunio gaaon (bashmol troonmeir kotee wakam plavkam nilankarai anambakam aur vetovenkani)yee juu mohkamah shahrahon kay zeer intezam hay kuu shaamil kartay hoay troonmeir say aakrayi takk kay 11.4-km hasay kuu chodaa karnay kay liye zameen haasil karnay kaa amal jaari hay. iss waqat iss hasay kii chodayi 50 fitt aur 80 fitt kay darmiyan hay. 3540 millin kii manzoor shadah laagat say chodaa honay kay baad yaha hasah yaksaan toor parr chodaa hoga aur iss mein chh leane eek 1.2-m-wide medine fitt paath-kumm-storm waater drain hogi. ayee see aar hanumanthai takk phaila hawaa hay. hanumanthai kay raastay mein eek mashhur maqaam marknum waaqa hay. ayee see aar road kay daayein jaanib mashhur bhumeshwar mandar waaqa hay. yaha maanaa jaataa hay kahh sharee bhumeshwar bhumi kaa devta hay iss liye behat say loag zameen khareedne say pehley apnay muqadas peeron parr farokhat kaa muahidah rakhtay hoay poja kartay haine. iss liye raeel steat kay promoter bhee iss maqaam parr aatay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27926881

Collegiate church of Santa María la Mayor (Toro)

Collegiate church of Santa María la Mayor (Toro) Church in Toro, Zamora, Spain The Collegiate church of Santa María la Mayor is a medieval church in Toro, province of Zamora, Spain. It is dedicated to Saint Mary the Great (a Marian devotion, it is a common name for churches and sites). Construction. One of the most characteristic examples of transitional Romanesque architecture in Spain, the church of Santa María la Mayor is inspired by the Cathedral of Zamora, in turn, inspired by the Old Cathedral of Salamanca. The tower-dome is usually listed as one of the four most typical in León together with those in the cathedrals of Salamanca, Plasencia and Zamora. It was begun around 1170 and was finished in the mid-13th century. Two different directors of the work have been identified, according to the different types of stone used (limestone in the old sections, sandstone in the most recent ones), and by the barrel vaults in the transept. The church is on the basilica plan, with a nave and two aisles, with a transept over whose crossing is the hendecagonal dome. The transept ends with three semicircular apses. Notable is the Majesty Portico ("Pórtico de la Majestad"), which houses the southern entrance. It was built in the reign of Sancho IV of Castile and León (1284–1295) and is decorated with polychrome sculptures depicting scenes of the life of the Virgin, Christ, and the Final Judgement. Interior. Also in the church are the Flemish painting "La Virgen de la Mosca" ("Virgin of the Fly") and an unusual sculpture of a Pregnant Virgin, dating to the 13th century. The painting of the Virgin of the Fly is especially unusual because of the realistic portrayal of a fly on the tunic which covers the Virgin's knee. Studies of the work demonstrate that this insect was added later. These same studies have pointed out numerous touchings-up in the original painting, such as the halo that surrounds the head of the Virgin, previously covered by a veil, or the rich embroidery on the dress of Saint Catherine of Alexandria, whose face has a great resemblance to some paintings of Isabella I of Castile.

collegiate girja owo xanta maria laa meyor (toru) xanta maria laa meyoror collegiate girja hoise spainor jamura prodexor torur etaa modhyojugiyo girja. ee saint meree dyo greator proti utxorgito (ek mariane bhokti, ee girja aaru sthanor baabe ek xadharon naam). nirman. spainor poribortonxil romanesk sthapotyor ataitkoi boixistyopurno udahoronxomuhor bhitorot etaa, xanta maria laa meyoror girjatu jamurar kethedrelor dwara onupranito, iyar pholsworupe, salamankar puroni kethedrelor dwara onupranito. tawar-gombujtu xadharonote salamanka, placencia aaru jamurar kethedrelor xoite liunor sarita ataitkoi xadharon gombujor bhitorot etaa hisape talikabhukto koraa hoy. ee 1170 sonor aaxe-paxe aarombho hoisil aaru 13 xotikar majbhagot xompurno hoisil. bibhinno prokaror xil (puroni ongxot sunxil, xehotiya ongxot balixil), aaru trenseptot thoka berel voltor dwara byobohar koraa karjyor dutaa prithok porisalok sinakto koraa hoise. girjatu basilica porikolponat aase, etaa naav aaru dutaa aaijolor xoite, etaa trensepor xoite jaar paar hoi juwar uporot handecagonal gombuj aase. trenseptu tinita ordhobrittiyo epsir xoite xex hoy. ullekhjugyo hoise majesty portiku ("portiku dey laa majestad"), zo 'too dokhyin probexdwar aase. iyak kestail aaru liun (1284-1295) ror sansu IV ror rajotwokalot nirman koraa hoisil aaru iyak kumari, khristor jiwanor drishyo aaru suranto bisarok sitrito koraa polycrom bhaskorjyore xojuwa hoise. bhitorot. girjat "laa bharjen dey laa moska" ("maakhir kumari") naamor flamish chitro aaru 13xo xotikar egoraki gorbhoboti kumarir ek oswabhabik bhaskorjyou aase. kuwar aathu dhaaki thuwa dingito thoka maakhir bastobik sitronor baabe maakhir kumarir sitrangkon bixexbhabe oswabhabik. ei kaamor odhyoyonxomuhe dekhuway je ei pukbidh pisot jug koraa hoisil. ei eke odhyoyonxomuhe mool sitrokhonot bohutu sporxor kotha anguliyai dise, jene kumarir murtur sariufale thoka prodeep, purbote pordare abrito, baa alekjendriyar saint ketherinor puchakot thoka xomridho embroidary, jaar mukhkhon kestailor isabela 1 ror kisuman sitror xoite jothesto xadrisyo aase.

santa maria laa meyorer collegiate church (toro) santa maria laa meyorer collegiate girja spener jamora prodesher torote abosthito ekti madhyayugiya girja. etty seenta merry dya gretke utsarga koraa hoyeche (ekti marian bhakti, etty girja ebong sitegulir jonno ekti sadharan naam). nirman. spener antarbartikalin roman sthapotter onnotomo baisishtapurna udaharan, santa maria laa meyorer girjati jamora cathedral dwara anupranito, falaswarup, salamankar purano cathedral dwara anupranito. tower-gombujti sadharonoto salamanka, placencia ebong jamora cathedralgulir saathe leoner charti sabcheye sadharan gombujer modhye ekti hisabe talikabhukto koraa hoy. etty 1170 khristabder dike shuru hoy ebong 13shha shatabdir majhamajhi somoye shesh hoy. byabohrito bivinno dharaner pathor (purno ongshe chunapathar, samprotiktomo ongshe belepathar) ebong transepter barrell volt onusare kaajer duti vinno porichalok chinnito koraa hoyeche. girjati basilica porikolponai royeche, ekti naav ebong duti aail soho, jaar upor ekti transept royeche jaar crossingti hendecagonal gombuj. transpot tinti ardhobrittakar epis diye shesh hoy. ullekhjoggo holl magesty portico ("portico deey laa magestad"), jekhane dakkhin probeshdwar royeche. etty castill ebong leoner (1284-1295) sancho choturther rajottokale nirmito hoyechilo ebong kumari, khrister jeeboner drishya ebong chudanta bitcher chitrito korey polychrome bhaskorjo diye sajjito. abhyantare. echhadao girja royeche 13shha shatabdir ekti gorbhoboti kumarir aswabhabik bhaskorjo ebong 'laa virgine deey laa mosco' ('machhi kumari'). kumarir hantuke ddheke rakha tunike ekti machhi bastobsommotobhabe chitrito howar karone machhitir kumarir chitrokormoti biseshbhabe aswabhabik. eyi kaajer gobeshonai dekha yaay jey eyi pokamakadti porey jog koraa hoyechilo. eyi ekoi gobeshonai mool chitrokolai asankhya sporsher dike ingito koraa hoyeche, jemon kumarir mathar charpashe jey alo, jaa agey ekti porda dwara abrito chhilo, baa alekjandria seenta cathryn err poshake samriddha suchikarma, jaar mukher saathe castiller isabella 1 err kichhu chitrer durdanto mill royeche.

collegiate church off santa maria laa mayer (toro) santa maria laa mayernun collegiate church spainnaa zamora praantnaa toromaa aavelu madhyayugin church chhe. teey sant meerii dhaa greta (aek marian bhaktee, teey charcho aneey sthalo maatenu saamanya naam chhe) neey samarpeet chhe. bandhkam. spainma sankramankalin romansk sthaapatyana sauthee lakshaneek udaaharanomaanu aek, saanta maria laa mayernun church zamorana cathedralthi prereet chhe, jeey badalaama, salamankana junaa cathedralthi prereet chhe. tower-dooma saamanya reete salamanka, plasencia aneey zamorana cathedralma aavela chaar sauthee saamanya gumbajomathi aek tareeke soochibaddh chhe. tenee sharuaat 1170nee aaspaas thaee hatee aneey 13mee sadeena madhyamaa purn thaee hatee. upyogmaa levaata viveedh prakaarnaa patthar (junaa vibhagoma chunaanaa pattharo, taajetarnaa vibhagoma reteena patthar) aneey transeptma beral walts dwara aaa kaarynaa beey alag-alag nirdeshakoni odakh karvaamaa aavee chhe. church basilica yojnaa parr chhe, jemaa aek naabhi aneey beey pankhadio chhe, jenee paar aek paar chhe jenee upar handecogonal gumbaj chhe. transept trana ardhvartulaakaar apsis saathe samaapt thaay chhe. nondhpaatra bhavya portico ("portico dha laa majested") chhe, jeey dakshin praveshdwaar dharaave chhe. teey castill aneey leone (1284-1295) naa saancho IV naa shasankalma banavvama aavyu hatoo aneey teey kumarika, kharistna jeevannaa drashyo aneey anteem chukaadaane darshaavtaa polychrome shilpothi shangarvama aavyu chhe. aantarik. churchma flamish painting "laa virgine deey laa moska" ("flyni virgine") aneey 13mee sadeeni garbhavati kumarikanu asamanya shilp pann chhe. maakhini kumarikanu cheetra khaas kareene asamanya chhe kaaran keey kurkuriana ghoontanne aavari letaa tunic parr maakhinu vaastavik chitran chhe. aaa kaarynaa abhyaso darshaave chhe keey aaa jantu pachhithi umervaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa jaj abhyasoae mool chitramaa asankhya sparsha taraf dhyaan doryu chhe, jaim keey kumarina maathaani aaspasno prabhaamandal, jeey agau padadothi dhankayelo hato, athavaa alexandriana sant kethareenna poshaak parnee samruddh bharatkaam, jeno chahero castilenaa isabella prathamnaa ketlaak chitro saathe khoob saamyata dharaave chhe.

saanta maria laa meyer kaa collegiate church (toro) saanta maria laa meyer kaa collegiate church spen key zamora praant key toro mein ack madhyayugeen church haye. yeh sant mairi dha grate (ack marian bhakti, yeh churchon aur sthalon key liye ack aam naam haye) koo samarpit haye. nirmaan. spen mein sankramankalin roman vastukala key sabse vishisht udaharanon mein seey ack, saanta maria laa meyer kaa church zamora key cathedral seey prerit haye, joe salamanka key puraane cathedral seey prerit haye. meenar-gumbad koo aamtaur parr salamanka, placencia aur zamora key cathedral key saath leone mein chaar sabse vishisht gumbadon mein seey ack key roop mein soochibaddh kiya jaataa haye. yeh 1170 key aspas shuru huaa thaa aur 13veen shatabdi key madhya mein samaapt huaa thaa. upayog kiye gaye vibhinn prakaar key pattharon (puraane khandon mein choona patthar, sabse haal key khandon mein balua patthar) aur transipt mein bairal walt key anusaar, kaam key dou alag-alag nideshakon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye. church basilica yojana parr haye, jisamen ack naabhi aur dou galiyare hain, ack transept key saath jiska paar karna handecognal gumbad haye. transept teen ardhvrittakar apses key saath samaapt hotaa haye. ullekhaniya haye bhavya portico ("portico dee laa majested"), jisamen dakshini pravesh dwaar haye. yeh castile aur leone (1284-1295) key saancho IV key shasankal mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur ise kunwari, masih aur antim nirnay key jeevan key drishyon koo darshaane vaali polychrome moortiyon seey sajaaya gayaa haye. aantarik. church mein flamish painting "laa virgine day laa moska" ("virgine off dha fly") aur ack garbhavati kunwari kii ack asamanya moorti bhee haye, joe 13veen shatabdi kii haye. makkhi kii kunwari kii painting vishesh roop seey asamanya haye kyonki kurte parr ack makkhi kaa yathaarthvaadi chitran joe kunwari key ghutane koo dhakta haye. iss kaary key adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii iss keat koo baad mein jodaa gayaa thaa. inn hii adhyayanon ney mool chitrakala mein kaee sparshon kii or ishara kiya haye, jaise kii kunwari key sir koo gherne vaalaa prabhamandal, joe pahale ack ghoonghat seey dhakaa huaa thaa, yaa alexandaria kii sant catherine kii poshak parr samriddh kadhaai, jiska chehra castile key isabella I key kuchh chitron seey bahut milata-julata haye.

collegiate church off saantaa maria laa mayer (toro) saantaa maria laa mayer kaaleju church spaine jamora praantyada torodalliruva madhyakaalina church aagide. idu santa merrie dhii gratege samarpitavagide (ondu marian bhakti, idu charchugalu mattu taanagalige saamaanya hesaraagide). nirmaana. spennallina parivartaneya roman vaastushilpada atyanta vishishta udaaharanegalalli ondaada saantaa maria laa mayer church, jamora cathedralninda sphurti padedide, pratiyagi, haleya cathedral off salamaankaadinda sphurti padedide. gopura-gummatavannu samanyavagi salamanka, placencia mattu jamorada kethedralgalalliruvante leonnalliruva naalku atyanta vishishta gummatagalli ondendu patti maadalaagide. idu sumaru 1170ralli praarambhavaayitu mattu 13neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli poornagonditu. vividha reetiya kallugala prakara (haleya vibhagagalalli sunnada kallu, ittichinavugalalli maralugallu) mattu transeptinallina barrell valtgala moolaka ee kelasada eradu vibhinn nirdeshakarannu gurutisalaagide. church basilica yojaneyalliddu, ondu nave mattu eradu hazaaragalannu hondide, adara mele hendecoganal gummatavannu daatuva transept ide. ee kandaravu mooru arevruttaakaarada epgalondige konegolluttade. dakshinada praveshadvaaravannu hondiruva bhavyavaada portico ("portico deey laa majestad") gamanarhavagide. idannu castile mattu leone (1284-1295) naa sancho IV rahra aalvikeyalli nirmisalaayitu mattu kanye, kristana jeevanada drashyagalannu mattu antima tirpannu chithrisuva polychrome shilpagalinda alankarisalaagide. olaangana. charchnalli "laa virgine deey laa moska" ("nonada kanye") emba flemish chitrakale mattu 13neey shatamanakke serida garbhini kanyeya asaamaanya shilpavoo ide. kanyeya monakalu aavarisiruva angiya mele nonavannu vaastavikavaagi chithrisuvudarinda nonada kanyeya varnachitravu visheshavaagi asaamaanyavaagide. ee kitavannu nantara serisalaagide endu ee krutiya adhyayanagalu torisuttave. idhe adhyayanagalu moola varnachitradalli halavaaru sparshagalannu soochisive, udaaharanege kanyeya taleyannu suttuvarediruva prabhamandala, hinde musukugalinda muchchalpattide, athawa alexandriyada santa catherine avara udupina mele srimanta kasootiyu, avara mukhavu castylene isabella I rahra kelavu varnachitragalondige hecchina holikeyannu hondide.

santa maria laa mayer (toro) yude koleju palli speyinile samora pravishyayile toroyil sthithicheyyunna oru madhyakala palliyaan santa maria laa mayer collegit palli. ithu mahanaaya vishudha merikku samarppichirikkunnu (oru marian bhakti, ithu pallikaludeyum saittukaludeyum pothuvaaya peraanu). nirmmaanam. speyinile parivartthana romanesk vaasthuvidyayude ettavum savisheshamaaya udaaharanangalilonnaaya santa maria laa mayer palli, salomankayile pazhaya cathedralil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda samora cathedralil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanu. salamanga, plasensia, samora ennividangalile katheedralukalkkoppam leone ettavum saadhaaranamaaya naalu gopurangalil onnaayi gopuram-dome saadhaaranayaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. 1170ll aarambhicha ithu 13-aamm noottaandinte madhyathil poortthiyaayi. upayogicha vyathyastha tharam kallukal (pazhaya bhaagangalil chunnaambukallum ettavum puthiyavayil manalkallum), traansepttile barrell nilavarakal enniva anusarichu srishtiyude rund vyathyastha directormaare thiricharinjittundu. basilica plaanilaan palli, oru naavum rund edanaazhikalum, oru traanseptum athinte crossinginu mukalilaayi hendecagonal thaazhikakkudavumund. traansept moonnu ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla epsukalil avasaanikkunnu. thekkan kavaadam sthithicheyyunna mejasti portico ("portico dii laa majastad") sradheyamaanu. kaastilinteyum leoninteyum (1284-1295) sancho IV-nte bharanakaalathaanu ithu nirmmichathu, koodaathe kanyaka, kristhuvinte jeevita ramgangalum anthima vidhiyum chithreekarikkunna polychrome silpangalaal alankarichirikkunnu. akathalathil. palliyil "laa virjan dii laa moska" ("eechayude kanyaka") enna flemish painting pathimoonnaam noottaandile garbhiniyaya kanyakayude asaadhaaranamaaya shilpavum undu. kanyakayude kalmut moodunna adivasthrathil oru eechayude yaadhaarthyabodhamulla chithreekaranam kaaranam eechayude kanyakayude painting prathyekichum asaadhaaranamaanu. eee praniye pinneedu cherthathaayi padanangal theliyikkunnu. kanyakayude thalaye chuttipattiyulla haalo, munbu oru moodupadam kondu moodappettirikkunna haalo, allengil alexandriayile vishudha kaatharinte vasthrathil sambannamaaya embroidery, avarude mukham kaasattilile isabella onnaamante chila paintingukalumaayi valia saamyamund.

santa maria laa mahapour mahavidhyalayin church (toro) santa maria laa meyarache mahavidhyalayin church heey spainchya zamora prantatil toro yetheel madhyayugeen church aahe. heey sant merrie daad gret (eka marian bhakti, church aanee sthalansathi heey eka samanya naav aahe) yanna samarpit aahe. bandhkam. spainmadhil sankramankalin romnesk vastukalechya sarvat vaishishtyapurn udaharananpaiki eka, santa maria laa meyarache church zamorachya cathedralpasoon prerit aahe, tyaa badalyat, salamankachya junya cathedralpasoon prerit aahe. tower-dome samanyatah salamanka, plasencia aanee zamorachya cathedrals leonemadhil chaar sarvat vaishishtyapurn gumbadanpaiki eka mhanoon soochibaddha kele jaate. tyachi suruvat 1170 chya sumaras jhaali aanee 13 vya shatkachya madhyat tee purn jhaali. vaparlelya vegvegalya prakarchya dagadannusar (junya vibhaganmadhye chunkhadi, sarvat alikadchya vibhaganmadhye valukashma) aanee transeptmadhil baryl waltsdware yaa kamache done bhinn sanchalak olakhale gele aahet. church basilica yojnevar aahe, jyat eka nabhi aanee done galiyare aahet, jyachya paravar eka parmarg aahe jyachya varr hendecagonal ghumat aahe. teen ardhvartulakar episus transept sampate. ullekhaneey mhanje bhavya portico ('portico dii laa majestad'), jyamadhye dakshinekadil praveshdwar aahe. heey castill aanee leone (1284-1295) chya sancho IV chya karkirdit bandhale gele hote aanee virgine, khrist aanee antim nirnayache drushya darshavina polychrom shilpanni sushobhit kele aahe. aateel. charchmadhye 'laa virgine day laa moska' ('mashichi kumari') heey chitra aanee 13 vya shatkatil garbhavati kumariche eka asamanya shilp dekhil aahe. mashichya kumariche chitra visheshtah asamanya aahe kaaran kumarichya gudghyala jhakana angavastravaril mashiche vastavadi chitran aahe. yaa kamacha abhyas darshavito qee haah keetak nantar jodala gela. yach abhyasanni mool chitrat anek sparshankade laksh vedhale aahe, jase qee kumarichya dokyala vedhalela prabhamandal, joou purvi burkhyane jhakalela asato, kinwa alexandriachya sant catherinechya poshakhavaril samruddha bharatkam, jyacha chehara castillchya isabela I chya kahee chitranshi khoop samya aahe.

santa maria lah meyarko collegiate church (toro) santa maria lah meyarko collegiate church spainko jamora prantako toroma raheko madhyayugin church how. yo cent merry da greatlai samarpit chha (ek marian bhakti, yo church rar siteharuko lagi samanya naam how). nirman. spenma sankramankalin romansk wastuklako sabaibhanda wishishta udaharanharu madhye ek, santa maria lah meyarko church jamorako cathedralbata prerit chha, falaswarup, salamankako purano cathedralbata prerit chha. tower-dome samanyataya salamanka, placencia rar jamorako cathedralharuma raheka leonma chaar sabaibhanda samanya madhye ekko rupma suchibadha chha. yo sann 1170 ko asapas suru bhaeko thiyo rar 13 aun shatabdiko madhyama samapta bhaeko thiyo. prayog garieka vibhinna prakarka dhungaharu (purana khandaharuma chuna patthar, sabaibhanda halaika khandaharuma balaute dhunga), rar transeptma barrel bhaltaharudwara, kamko dui farak nirdeshakharu pahichan garieko chha. church basilica yojanama chha, euta nabh rar dui galiyaraharuka sath, jasko parr garne hendecognal gumbaj chha. transept tean ardhawrittakar episharusanga samapta hunchha. ullekhaniya bhawya portiko ("portyko day lah majestad") how, jasma dakshini praweshdwar chha. yo castill rar leone (1284-1295) ko sancho IV ko shasankalma nirman garieko thiyo rar kumari, khrishtako jiwan rar antim nirnayako drishyaharu chitran garne palikrom murtiharule sajaieko chha. bhitri. charchama flamish penting "lah bharjen day lah moska" ("flyco bharjin") rar 13 aun shatabdiko garbhawati bharjinko asamanya murti pani chhan. kumariko ghunda dhakne kurtama makkhiko yatharthawadi chitranka karan jhingako kumariko chitra vishesh gari asamanya chha. kamko adhyayanle yo kiralai pachhi thapieko dekhaunchha. yee adhyayanharule muel chitrama dherai sparshaharu aunlyaeka chhan, jastai kumariko taukolai gherieko prabhamandal, pahile parda dwara dhakieko, wa alekjandriako santa catherineko pahiranma samridha kadhai, jasko anuhar castileko isabela prathamko kehi chitraharusanga thulo mildojuldo chha.

santa maria laa mejaranka collegiate church (toro) santa maria laa mejaranka collegiate church heuchhi spainer jamora pradeshar torore thiba eka madhyajugeeja church . ehaa mahan santha mereenku samarpita (eka marian bhakti, ehaa church ebong site paain eka sadharana naama) . nirmana. spainer paribartanashila roman sthapatyara sabutharu baisistyapoorna udaharana madhyaru gotie, santa maria laa mejaranka church jamora cathedral dwara anupranita, jaahaa salamankara puruna cathedral dwara anupranita . tawara-gumphaku sadharanatah leonra charoti sadharana gumpharu gotie bhabare talikabhukta karajaichi, jaahaa sahita salamanka, plagencia ebong jamora cathedralare achhi . ehaa 1170 masiha pakhapakhi arambha hoithila ebong 13shaa shatabdir madhyabhagare shesh hoithila. byabahruta bibhinna prakarara pathara (puruna bibhagare chunapathara, ati sampratikatamare baluka pathara) ebong tranaseptare barrell valta dwara karjyara dui bhinna nirdeshaka chinhat karajaichi. ehi charchati basilica planre rahichhi, jeunthire eka nabhi ebong duiti dwarapatha rahichhi, jahara eka transept rahichhi, jahara krasing upare hendecagonal gambuja rahichhi. ehi transcept tinoti ardhabruttakara epis sahita shesh hue . ullekhaneeah heuchhi mahima portico ("portico dii laa majestad"), jeunthire dakhina prabesha dwara rahichhi. ehaa kastil ebong leone (1284-1295) rahr sancho IV nka shasson kaalare nirmita hoithila ebong kumari, khristanka jeebner drushya ebong chudanta bicharaku chitrana karuthiba palychrom bhaskarjyare sajjit . aabhyantareen. charchare madhya flemish penting "laa bharjin day laa mosca" ("machhi kumari") ebong 13shaa shatabdir jane garbhabati kumarinka eka aswabhabika murti rahichhi. kumarira aanthu aachadita karuthiba tunic upare eka machhi rahr bastaba chitrana hetu machhi rahr kumari chitra bisesh bhabare aswabhabika . ehi karjyara adhyajanaru janapade je ehi keetaku parey jodajaithila. ehi samaana adhyajanagudika moola chitrakalatire aneka sparshaku suchai deichhanti, jepariki kumarinka mundaku gheri rahithiba prabhamulaka drushya, jaahaa purbaru eka parada dwara aachadita, kimba alekjandriar santha kyatharinanka poshakare samruddha embroidary, jahara muhn castylera isabella 1 rahr kichhi chitra sahita bahuta samanata achhi .

saanta maria laa mayer daa colgiate church (toro) saanta maria laa mayer daa colgiate church toro, zamora, spain dey soobe witch ikk madhkali church haii. ih mahaan sant mairi noon samarpit haii (ikk marian bhagti, ih charchan atey sathanan laee ikk aam naam haii). usari. spain witch parivartansheel romanskioo architecture deeaan sabh toon vishesh udaharnan vicchon ikk, saanta maria laa mayer daa church zamora dey girjaghar toon prerit haii, badle witch, salamanka dey purane girjaghar toon prerit haii. tower-dome noon aam taur utte leone witch chaar sabh toon aam dey roop witch suchibadh keeta jaanda haii, jiss witch salamanka, placencia atey zamora dey girjaghar shamal hunn. ih 1170 dey aas paas shuru hoiaa see atey atey sadee dey maddh witch poora hoiaa see. kamm dey doou vakkh-vakkh directoran dee pachanh keeti gaee haii, vakkh-vakkh kisman dey pathran (purane bhagan witch choona patthar, sabh toon taaza witch retla patthar), atey transpt witch bairal valtan duaara. church basilica yojna utte haii, ikk naabhi atey doou galiaariaan dey naal, ikk transpt dey naal jiss dey paar curran utte handecagonal gumbad haii. transept tinn aradh-circular apps naal khatam hunda haii. mahattavpuran haii majesty portico ("portico dee laa majested"), jiss witch dakkhni pravesh duaar haii. ih castill atey leone (1284-1295) dey sancho IV dey shasan witch banaiaa giaa see atey kuaari, masih dey jeevan dey drishan atey antam faisle noon darsaundiyan polychrome murtiaan naal sajaae gaye hunn. andruni. church witch flamish painting "laa virgin dee laa moska" ("makkhi dee kuaari") atey ikk garbhavati kuaari dee ikk asadharan murti vee haii, joe 13 veen sadee dee haii. kuaari dey gode noon dhakkan vaale tunic utte ikk makkhi dey yatharathvadi chittaran dey caarn makkhi dee kuaari dee painting vishesh taur utte asdharan haii. kamm dey adhiaenan toon pataa chalda haii kii iss keede noon baad witch jodiaa giaa see. ihanan hii adhiaenan neey mool painting witch kaee chhohan vall ishara keeta haii, jiven kii kuaari dey sir noon gheran vaala prabhashit, pahilan ikk parade naal dhakkiaa hoiaa, jaan alegzandria dee sant catherine dey kappde utte ameer kadhayi, jiss daa chihra castill dey isabella I deeaan kujh pentingan naal bahut milda julda haii.

santa maria laa meyar (toro) ityasya mahaavidyaalayeena-charcha santa maria laa meyar ityasya mahaavidyaalayeeya-charch iti spen-deshasya zamora-prantasya toro-nagare sthitah madhyayugeen-charch asti. ayam sent-merry-da-gret ityasmai samarpitah asti (marian-bhakttih, churchs-sthalanam cha samanyam naam). nirmaanam. spen-deshe sankramanakaaleen-romanesk-vaastukalaayaah vishishtatamaasu udaaharaneshu anyatam santa-maria-laa-meyar-charch, zamora-kethedral-ityanena preritam asti, tathaa cha salamanka-nagarasya puratanena kethedral-ityanena preritam asti. gopuram-gambujah samanyataya leone-nagarasya chaturnam vishishteshu kethedral-madhye anyatamah iti soochitah asti, yatra salamanka, placencia, zamora cha santi. praayah 1170 tame varshe asya aarambhah abhavat, 13 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage cha samaaptah abhavat. prayuktaanaam vividhaprakaaraanaam shilanam (puraataneshu shilalekhaha, naveenatameshu vaalukaashilaani), tathaa cha transept-madhye byaaral-walts ityetayoho aadhaaren, karyasya dwau bhinna-nirdeshakau abhidnyaapitaah santi. charcha basilica-yojanayam asti, yatra nev, dvivaaram cha asti, yasya param hendecagonal gambujam asti. tribhihi ardhavruttaakaar-eps-ityanena saha transept samaaptam bhavati. mahatee portiko ("portiko dey laa majestad") iti ullekhaneeyah asti, yatra dakshina-praveshadvaaram vartate. etat castell tathaa leone (1284-1295) ityasya saancho IV ityasya shasanakale nirmitam aasit, api cha kanyayaha, kristasya, antimanirnayasya cha jeevanasya drushyaan chitrayantah paalikrom-shilpaihi alankrutaah santi. antarikam. charch-madhye "laa varjin dey laa mosca" ("varjin aaf da flai") iti flamish-chitram api asti, 13 shataabdyaam garbhinee kanyayaha asamanyam shilpam api asti. kanyayaha kanyayaha chitranam visheshatayaa asamanyam asti yatah kanyayaha ghutanam aacchaadite angavastrasya upari makkhyaah yathaarthavaadee chitram bhavati. karyasya adhyayanaani darshayanti yat etat keetam pashchat yojitam iti. ete eva adhyayanaani mulachitreshu anekaan sparshaan soochayanti, yathaa kanyayaha shiraha paritah vidyamaanah prabhaamandapah, poorvam pardayaa aacchaaditah, athavaa alexandria-nagarasya santa-kethareen ityasya vastrasya samruddhah mudranayantrah, yasya mukham castell-nagarasya isabella-1 ityasya chitraihi saha ateeva samyam vartate.

sanda maria laa maeyarin kalluri devalayam (doro) sanda maria laa maeyarin kalluri devalayam spainin jamora maagaanaththin torovil ulla oru idaikkaala devalayam aagum. idhu punitha maeri thii grateukku arppanikkappattullathu (oru marian pakthi, idhu devaalayangal mattrum thalangalukkaana podhuvaana peyar). kattumanam. speyinil ulla idaikkaala romanian kattidakkalaiyin migavum sirappiyalbu eduththukkaattukalil ontraana sanda maria laa mayer devalayam jamora katheetralaal eerkkappattullathu, idhaiyotti, pazhaiya cathetral salamangawal eerkkappattathu. koopuram-kuvimaadam podhuvaaga leonil migavum podhuvaana naanku devaalayangalil ontraaka pattiyalidappattullathu, avai salamanga, placencia mattrum jamora aagiya devaalayangalil ullana. idhu 1170 aam aandil thodangappattu 13 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil mudikkappattathu. payanpaduththappadum palvaeru vagaiyaana karkal (pazhaiya pakuthikalil sunnambukkal, miga sameepaththiyavattril manarkal) mattrum transeptil ulla peeppaai nilavaraigal aagiyavattrin puddy, paniyin irandu vevvaeru iyakkunarkal adaiyaalam kaanappattullanar. devalayam basilica thittaththil ullathu, oru naakku mattrum irandu idaikazhigaludan, oru transeptudon adhan kurukkae hendegananal kuvimaadam ullathu. transept moontru arai vatta kuchchigaludan mudivadaigirathu. therku nuzhaivaayilaik konda majesty portico ("portico dii laa majestat") kurippidaththakkathu. idhu castile mattrum leone (1284-1295) sanso IV inn aatchik kaalaththil kattappattathu mattrum kanni, kiristhuvin vaalkkaik kaatchigalaiyum iruthi theerppaiyum siththarikkum baligrom sirpangalaal alangarikkappattullathu. udpuram. devalayaththil "laa virjan dii laa moska" ("eeyin kanni") endra flemish ooviyam mattrum 13 aam noottraandaich saerntha oru karppinip kanniyin asaathaarana sirpam ullana. kanniyin muzhangkaalai moodum ullaadaiyil oru eeyin yathaarththamaana siththarippu iruppathaal, eeyin kanniyin ooviyam kurippaaga asaathaaranamaanathu. inthap poochchiyin aaivugal pinnar serkkappattana enbathai niroobikkindrana. idhae aaivugal asal ooviyaththil aeraalamaana thoduthalkalai suttikkaattiyullana, athaavathu kanniyin thalaiyaich suttriyulla olirum olii, munbu oru mukkaadu moodappattirunthathu, allathu alexandriavin punitha keththarin udaiyil valamaana emproidery, avarathu mugam castillin isabella I inn sila ooviyangkaludan perum ottrumaiyaik kondullathu.

shanta maria laa mayer yokka collegiate charchi (toro) shanta maria laa mayer yokka collegiate charchi speyinlooni jamora provinceloni torolo unna madhyayuga charchi. idhi seyint maerii dhi grate (oka marian bhakti, idhi charchilu mariyu pradaesaalaku saadhaarana paeru) kuu ankitam cheyabadindi. nirmaanam. speyinlooni parivartana romanesque nirmaanaaniki atyanta vilakshanhamaina udaaharanalalo okati, shanta maria laa mayer charchi jamora cathedral nundi prerana pondindi, idhi salamanka yokka paatha cathedral nundi prerana pondindi. tower-dome saadhaaranamgaa salamanka, plasensia mariyu jamora cathedrallalo unna vaatitho paatu leonelo atyanta vilakshanhamaina naalugu gopuraalalo okatigaa jabita cheyabadindi. idhi 1170 loe praarambhamai 13va sataabdam madhyalo puurtayimdi. upayoginchina vividha rakaala raathi (paatha vibhagalalo sunnapurayi, iteevali vaatilo isukaraayi) mariyu transeptloni baarel khajanala dwara pani yokka rendu ververu directorlu gurtinchabaddaaru. charchi basilica pranaalikaloo undhi, oka guha mariyu rendu nadavalu unnaayi, dheeni daatadam hendecagonal gopuram. transept moodu ardha vruttaakaara epsto mugustundi. dakshina pravesha dwaaram unna majesty portico ("portico dii laa majestad") gurtinchadaginadi. idhi castile mariyu leone (1284-1295) yokka saancho IV paalanalo nirminchabadindi mariyu kanya, kreestu jeevita drushyaalanu mariyu tudi teerpunu varninche polychrome silpaalatoe alankarinchabadindi. antargata. charchilo flemish painting "laa virgine dii laa moska" ("fly yokka virgine") mariyu 13va sataabdaaniki chendina garbhinii kanya yokka asaadhaarana shilpam kooda unnaayi. kanya mokaaliki kappabadina lodustula meeda oka fly yokka vaastavika chitrana kaaranamgaa fly yokka kanya yokka painting mukhyamgaa asaadhaaranamainadi. eee pani yokka adhyayanalu eee purugu taruvaata jodinchabadindani niroopinchaayi. eee adhyayanalu asalu paintingloo aneka sparsalanu etthi chupayi, kanya thala chuttoo unna haalo, gatamlo musugutho kappabadi, ledhaa alegzandriaku chendina seyint catherine dustulapai goppa embroidery, dheeni mukham castile yokka isabella I yokka konni chitraalato goppa polikanu kaligi undhi.

saanta maariyah laa mear kaa college charch (toro) saanta maariyah laa mear kaa college charch toru subah zamura speen mein eek qaroon wastee kaa charch hay. yaha sent meeri dee great (eek maaryaan aqeedat yaha girja gharoon aur maqamat kaa eek aam naam hay) kay liye waqaf hay. tameer. speen mein aburi romansak funn tameer kii sabb say khaas misalon mein say aike saanta maariyah laa mear kaa charch zamura kay girja gahar say mutasir hay badlay mein salamanka kay paraaney girja gahar say mutasir hay. tower dome kuu aam toor parr leone mein chaar sabb say aam mein say eek kay toor parr darj kiyaa jaataa hay jinn mein salamanka placentia aur zamura kay girja gahar shaamil haine. yaha 1170 kay aas paas sharoo hawaa aur 13 wein sadee kay wast mein makmal hawaa. istemaal honay waalay pathar kii mukhtalif aqsaam (paraaney hasoon mein chonaa pathar haaliyah hasoon mein reet kaa pathar)yee aur transept mein biral walts kay mutabiq kaam kay duu mukhtalif directors kii shanakhat kii gayee hay. charch baselica plaan parr hay jiss mein eek naaf aur duu gulyaray haine jiss kay paar eek transept hay jiss parr handicgnal gunbad hay. transept teen neem gardashi appses kay saath khatam hotaa hay. qaabil zakar shandar portico ("portico ddee laa measurestad") hay jiss mein janubi darwazah hay. yaha castile aur leone (1284-1295) kay saanchi IV kay door mein banaya gayaa thaa aur asay pouli crome majsamon say sajaya gayaa hay jiss mein kunwari maseeh kii zindagi kay munazir aur hatmi faislay kii akaasi kii gayee hay. androni. charch mein fleemish penting "laa warjan ddee laa moska" ("makhee kii kunwari") aur eek haamilah kunwari kaa eek ghair mamuli mujasmah bhee hay juu 13 wein sadee kaa hay. makhee kii kunwari kii penting khaas toor parr ghair mamuli hay keunkah iss mein iss teunic parr makhee kii haqeeqat pasandanah tasveer kashee kii gayee hay juu kunwari kay ghatnay kuu dhanpti hay. kaam kay mutalay say patah chalta hay kahh iss keeday kuu baad mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. inn hyee mutaliat nay asl penting mein mutadid touching kii taraf asharah kiyaa hay jeesay kunwari kay sarr kay gird haloo juu pehley pardah say dahkaa hawaa hay yaa alegzendriya kii sent catherine kay labaas parr bharpur kadhayi jiss kaa chehrah castile kii asabila awal kii kachh pentings say behat ziyadah mashabahat rakhta hay.