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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=855306

Apollo (1910 automobile)

Apollo (1910 automobile) The Apollo was a German automobile manufactured by Ruppe & Son of Apolda in Thuringia from 1910 to 1927; the company had previously offered a car called the Piccolo. The first Apollo was called the "Mobbel", and featured an air-cooled 624cc single-cylinder ioe engine. The company also offered air-cooled 1608 cc in-line fours and a 1575 cc V-4. Four separate cylinders inline powered the model "E" (1770cc). The model "B", designed by racing driver Karl Slevogt, had an ohv 960 cc four-cylinder engine. Another of the designer's fine creations had an ohv 2040 cc engine. Other Apollos had sv four-cylinder engines of up to 3440 cc; some post-1920 models featured wishbone suspension. The last cars produced by the company had ohv 1200 cc four-cylinder engines; some had sv 1551 Steudel four-cylinder power units instead. The famous designer of two-stroke engines, Hugo Ruppe, was the factory founder's son; in 1920 Apollo took over his air-cooled MAF cars. During the mid-1920s, Slevogt raced cars of this marque with streamlined Jaray bodies.

epulu (1910 automobile) 1910 sonor poraa 1927 sonoloike thuringiyat ruppe aaru oppolder putroi nirman koraa epulu aasil ekhon german automobile; companytuwe purbe pikulu naamor ekhon garir prostab disil. prothom epulutuk "moo 'bail" buli kuwa hoisil, aaru iyat etaa eyar-cooled eyar-cooled singol-cylinder aaio "ee injin aasil. companytuwe eyar-cooled 1608 sisi inn-line fur aaru 1575 sisi bhi-4. sarita prithok xilinder inline model "ee" (1770 sisi) salit korisil. resing salok carl slave 'gte design koraa model "bi" too etaa oh "eisobhi 960 sisi chaari-cylinder injin aasil. designerjonor aan etaa xundor sristir etaa oh "hobhi 2040 sisi injin aasil. aan epulur 3440 sisi porjontor esbhi chaari-silandar injin aasil; 1920 sonor pisor kisuman modelot wisbun nilombon aasil. companytuwe prostut koraa xexorkhon garit oh "hobhi 1200 sisi chaari-silandar injin aasil; kisumanor poriworte esbhi 1551 stewdel chaari-silandar xokti unit aasil. tu-stroke enginor bikhyat designor hiugu rupe aasil karkhanar protisthapokor putro; 1920 sonot epuluwe teur bayu-xitol meph garixomuhor dayitwo grohon korisil. 1920 sonor majbhagot, slibgote ei markor garibur xusarurupe jaare bodir xoite dourisil.

apollo (1910 automobile) apollo chhilo 1910 theke 1927 saal porjonto thuringia upolder putro roppe dwara nirmito ekti german automobile; companity agey picolo naame ekti gaadi sarbaraha korechilo. prothom apollocay "mobel" bolla hoto ebong etey ekti aire-cooled 624 sisi ekok cylinder ioe injina chhilo. companity aire-cooled 1608 sisi inn-line phore ebong ekti 1575 sisi vee-4. charti prithak cylinder inline model "ee" (1770 sisi) chaalito korey. racing chaalok curl slavegot dwara porikolpito model "bii"-teey ekti ohvi 960 sisi chaar cylinder injina chhilo. designer arekti sundar srishtir modhye ekti ohvi 2040 sisi injina chhilo. anyanno apolote 3440 sisi porjonto esvi chaar cylinder injina chhilo; 1920-poroborti kichhu modele uishbone sasapenashana chhilo. company dwara utpadito shesh gadigulite ohvi 1200 sisi chaar cylinder injina chhilo; kichute esvi 1551 studel chaar cylinder pawar unit chhilo. dui-stroka enginer bikhyato designer, hugo ruppe, karkhanar protisthatar putro chhilen; 1920 saale apollo taanr bayu-sheetal myapa gadiguli grohon corren. 1920-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye, slibgot eyi marker gadigulite sushrinkhal jaare boddy diye daud dito.

apolo (1910 automobile) apollo aee 1910 thee 1927 sudhee thuringiyama apoldana putra aneey rappe dwara utpaadit german automobile hatoo; kampaniae agau picolo naamnee kaarnee rajuaat curry hatee. pratham apollone "mobbell" kahevama aavtu hatoo, aneey temaa air-cooled 624 seesee single-cylinder aaee. oo. ee. angine hatoo. kampaniae air-cooled 1608 seesee ina-line phora aneey 1575 seesee vee-4 ofara karyaa hataa. chaar alag alag cylinder inline model "ee" (1770 seesee) neey sanchaalit karey chhe. racing driver carle sleevogt dwara design karaayel model "bii" maan oaechvee 960 seesee chaar cylinder angine hatoo. designerni anya aek sunder rachnaamaa oo. aech. vee. 2040 seesee angine hatoo. anya apoloma 3440 seesee sudhinaa chaar cylindernaa aesvee angine hataa; 1920 pachhinaa ketlaak modelomaa wishbone suspension darshavvama aavyu hatoo. kampani dwara utpaadit chhelli kaarmaa oaechvee 1200 seesee chaar cylinder angine hataa; ketaleekma tenaa badale aesvee 1551 steadle chaar cylinder power aekamo hataa. too-stroqa angine prakhyaat designer, hyugo rappe, factoryna sthaapaknaa putra hataa; hataa; apollo temnee air-cooled mepha kaarno kabajo sambhaalyo. sambhaalyo daykana madhyamaa, sleevogte suvyavasthit jaare bodee saathe aaa marknee kaarnee dodmaa bhaag leedho hato.

apolo (1910 automobile) apolo 1910 seey 1927 taka thuringia mein apolda key bete dwara nirmit ack german automobile thaa; company ney pahale picolo naamak ack kaar kii peshkash kii thee. pahale apolo koo "mobel" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur isamen ack air-cooled 624 cc single-cylinder aaee. oh. ee. injan thaa. company ney air-cooled 1608 cc inn-line phore aur 1575 cc vee-4 kii bhee peshkash kii. chaar alag-alag cylinder inline model "ee" (1770 cc) koo sanchaalit karate hain. racing driver carle sleevogt dwara design kiye gaye model "bee" mein ohv 960 cc chaar-cylinder injan thaa. designer kii ack anya behtareen rachana mein oh. aich. vee. 2040 cc injan thaa. anya apolo mein 3440 cc taka key sv chaar-cylinder injan they; 1920 key baad key kuchh models mein wishbone suspension kii suvidha thee. company dwara utpaadit antim kaaron mein ohv 1200 cc chaar-cylinder injan they; kuchh mein isake bajaay sv 1551 steadle chaar-cylinder bijli ikaaiyaan theen. too-stroke injan key prasiddh designer, hyugo rappe, karkhane key sansthaapak key bete they; 1920 mein apolo ney apani air-cooled maif kaaron koo apane haath mein leey liya. 1920 key dashak key madhya key dauran, sleevogt ney suvyavasthit jaare boddy key saath iss maark kii kaaron kii daud lagaai.

apollo (1910 automobile) apollo embudu 1910rinda 1927ravarege thuringiyaadalli apolda maga rappe tayaarisida german vaahanavaagittu; kampaniyu ee hinde piccolo emba kaarannu niiduttittu. modala apollovannu "mobbel" endu kareyalaaguttittu mattu idu air-cooled 624 sisi single-cylinder aioi engine annu hondittu. kampaniyu air-cooled 1608 sisi inn-line forgalannu mattu 1575 sisi vii-4 annu saha needitu. naalku pratyeka silindargalu inline maadariyu "ii" (1770 sisi) annu chaalitagolisitu. racing chalaka carle sleevogt vinyaasagolisida maadari "bii" ohv 960 sisi naalku-cylinder engine annu hondittu. vinyaasakara mattondu atyuttama srushti ohv 2040 sisi engine annu hondittu. itara apollogalu 3440 sisi varegina naalku-cylinder engingalannu hondiddavu; 1920rahra nantarada kelavu maadarigalu vishbone amanatugalannu hondiddavu. kampaniyu tayaarisida koneya kaarugalu ohv 1200 sisi naalku-cylinder engingalannu hondiddavu; kelavu esvi 1551 steadle naalku-cylinder vidyut ghatakagalannu hondiddavu. eradu-stroke engingala prasiddha vinyaasaka hugo ruppe, karkhaneya sthapakara maganagiddanu; 1920ralli apollo tanna air-cooled moff kaarugalannu vahisikondanu. 1920rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli, sleevogt ee markna kaarugalannu suvyavasthita jaare dehagalondige odisidaru.

apolo (1910 automobile) apolo hii 1910 teey 1927 yaa kalat thuringiyatil apoldachya putanyane tayar keleli german motar hotee; companyne yapurvi picolo navachi qaar deu kelee hotee. pahilya apolola 'mobel' asey mhatale gele aanee tyat air-cooled 624 cc single-cylinder ioe engine hote. companyne air-cooled 1608 cc inn-line phoor aanee 1575 cc vhee-4. chaar swatantra cylinder inline model 'eae' (1770 cc) laa chalavatat. racing chalak carl sleevogtne tayar kelelya model 'bii' madhye oo. etch. vhee. 960 cc. chaar-cylinder engine hote. designerchya utkrusht nirmitipaiki aanakhi ekamadhye oo. etch. vhee. 2040 cc engine hote. itar apolomadhye 3440 sisiparyantchi esvi chaar-cylinder injine hotee; 1920 nantarchya kahee modelmadhye wishbone suspension hote. companyne tayar kelelya shevatchya gadyanmadhye oo. etch. vhee. 1200 cc chaar-cylinder engine hote; kahinmadhye tyaeivaji ess. vhee. 1551 steadle chaar-cylinder power unit hote. done-stroke engineche prasiddha designer, hugo rappe, karkhanyachya sthapakacha mulga hota; 1920 madhye apolone tyachya air-cooled maff qaar tabyat ghetalya. 1920 chya dashakachya madhyat, sleevogtne yaa markchya gadyanmadhye suvyavasthit jaare bodyjs sharyat kelee.

apolo (1910 automobile) apolo sann 1910 dekhi 1927 samma thuringiama apoldaka chhora rappedwara nirmit german automobile thiyo; companyle pahile pikolo namak carr prastawa gareko thiyo. pahilo apololai "mobel" bhaninthyo, rar yasama air-cooled 624 cc ekal-cylinder ioe injin thiyo. companyle air-cooled 1608 cc inn-line fore rar 1575 cc wee-4. chaar chhuttai cylinder inlinele model "eae" (1770 cc) lai sanchalit gareko chha. resing chalak carle slavegtdwara design garieko model "bee" maa oechbhi 960 cc chaar cylinder injin thiyo. designerko arko utkrishta rachanaharuma ohabhi 2040 cc injin thiyo. anya apoloharuma 3440 ccsammako esabhi chaar-cylinder injinharu thie; sann 1920 pachhika kehi modelharuma wishbone nilambanko suwidha thiyo. companyle utpadan gareko antim karharuma ohabhi 1200 cc chaar cylinder injinharu thie; kehima yasako satta esabhi 1551 studel chaar cylinder pawar unitharu thie. dui-stroke injinka prasidha designer, hugo ruppe, karkhanaka sansthapakka chhora thie; sann 1920 maa apolole afno air-cooled maff karharu samhaleka thie. sann 1920 ko dashakko madhyama, slivgtle suwyawasthit jaare badiharusanga yass markaka karharu daudyo.

apollo (1910 automobile) apollo eka german automobile thila jaahaa 1910 ru 1927 parjyanta thuringiaare apoldanka pua rappenka dwara nirmita hoithila; company purbaru picolo namaka eka kaara pradan karithila . pratham aapoloku "mobbell" kuhajauthila, ebong ethire eka eyaara-cooled 624 sisi singal-cylinder ioe injin thila. company eyaara-cooled 1608 sisi inn-line fore ebong 1575 sisi bhi-4 pradan karithila. charoti alga alga inline cylinder model "ee" (1770 sisi) ku shakti jogaithila. resing driver carle slebhagatnka dwara design karajaithiba model "bii" ray eka oh. etch. bhi. 960 sisi chaari cylinder injin thila. designernka anya eka sunder srujanare eka oh. etch. bhi. 2040 sisi injin thila. anya aapolore 3440 sisi parjyanta esabhi chaari-cylinder injin thila; 1920 masiha parabarti keteka madelare wisbone nilamban thila . company dwara utpadita shesh karagudikare oh. etch. bhi. 1200 sisi chaari-cylinder injin thila; ketekare ehaa paribarte ess. bhi. 1551 stewdel chaari-cylinder pawara unit thila . dui-stroke enginer prasidha designer, hugo rupe, karakhanara pratisthatanka pua thile; 1920 ray apollo taanka baaju-shital maff kaaraku grahan karithile . 1920 dashkar madhyabhagare, slibogat ehi marker karagudiku subyabasthita jaare buddy sahita doudidele .

apolo (1910 automobile) apolo ikk german automobile see joe 1910 toon 1927 takk thuringia witch apolda dey puttar duaara nirmit keeti gaee see; company neey pahilan piccolo namak ikk qaar dee peshkash keeti see. pahile apolo noon "mobbell" kiha jaanda see, atey iss witch ikk air-cooled 624 cc single-silandar ioe injan see. company neey air-cooled 1608 cc inn-line fore atey 1575 cc vee-4 dee peshkash keeti. chaar vakkhre silandar inline maadal "ee" (1770 cc) noon sanchalit karde hunn. racing driver carle slackwogt duaara design keete maadal "bee" witch ou. aich. vee. 960 cc chaar silandar injan see. designer deeaan vadhiaa rachnavan vicchon ikk witch ou. aich. vee. 2040 cc injan see. horr apolose witch 3440 cc takk dey sv chaar-silandar injan sunn; 1920 toon baad dey kujh maadlan witch wishbone suspension dee visheshta see. company duaara tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan aakhri kaaran witch ou. aich. vee. 1200 cc chaar-silandar injan sunn; kujh witch iss dee bajaae aiss. vee. 1551 steadle chaar-silandar pawar unit sunn. doou-stroke injanan dey prasidh designer, hugo rupe, factory dey sansthapak daa puttar see; 1920 witch apolo neey aapniaan air-cooled maif kaaran noon aapne hatth witch lae liaa. 1920 dey dahake dey maddh dauran, selivogat neey iss maarak deeaan kaaran noon sucharu jaare bodys naal daudiaa.

apolo (1910 automobile) apolo iti german-deshasya vaahan-yaanam aasit, yat 1910 taha 1927 paryantam thuringia-nagare apolda-ityasya putrena rappe ityanena nirmitam aasit, tathaa cha eshaa samsthaa poorvam picolo-namakam kaar-yaanam adadat. prathamam apolo "mobbel" iti namna prasidham aasit, yatra vaataanukoolit-624 sisi-eka-cylinder-aioe-angine aasit. kampanee, vaayu-sheetalak-1608 see. see. inn-lain-fore ityetaan api pradat, 1575 see. see. vee-4 iti cha, "ee" (1770 see. see.) iti maadel ityasya cha cha, vividhaani cylinder-inlain ityetaani cha pradadat. resing chalakena carl sleevogt ityanena parikalpitam "bii" iti maadel-madhye o. ech. vi. 960 see. see.-fore-cylinder-angine aasit. vinyaasakartuh anyat uttamm srushtim o. ech. vee. 2040 see. see. yantram aasit. anyeshu apolos-madhye 3440 see. see. yaavat esa. vee.-chatushkoneey-yantraani aasan; 1920 tamaat varshaat anantaram keshuchit pratimanani vishbon-suspension ityetaani aasan. kampenee-dwara nirmitanam antimanam kaar-yananam o. ech. vee. 1200 see. see.-chatushkoneey-yantraamshaani aasan; keshuchit ess. vee. 1551 steedel-chatushkoneey-vidyut-yantraamshah aasan. dwi-stroke-yantranam prasidhah vinyaasakah hyoogo ruppe, karakhanayaha samsthaapakah putrah aasit; 1920 tame varshe apolo, swasya vaayu-sheetalak-maaf-kaar-yaanaani swyakarot. 1920 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage, sleevogt-varyaha suvyavasthitaihi jaare-shareeraih saha asya maark-nagarasya kaar-yaanaani dhaavayat.

appallo (1910 automobile) 1910 muthal 1927 varai thuringiyaavil apoltavin magan ruppe enbavaraal thayaarikkappatta oru jerman automobile appallo aagum; niruvanam munbu picolo endra kaarai valangkiyathu. muthal appallo "mabel" endru azhaikkappattathu, maelum idhu kaattru kuliroottappatta 624 sisi ottrai silindar aiee iyanththiraththaik kondirundhadhu. aer-kooldu 1608 sisi inn-line forkal mattrum 1575 sisi vii-4. naanku thanithani silindargal inn-line maadal "ii" (1770 sisi) aii iyakkiyathu. racing driver carle sleevoct vadivamaiththa maadal "pii", oechvi 960 sisi naanku silindar enjinaik kondirundhadhu. vadivamaippaalarin mattroru sirantha padaippil oechvi 2040 sisi iyanththiram irunththathu. mattra appalloakkal 3440 sisi varai naanku silindar enginegalaik kondirunthana; 1920 kkup pinththaiya sila maadalgalil vishpone suspension irunththathu. niruvanam thayaariththa kadaisi kaarkalil oechvi 1200 sisi naanku silindar enginegal irunththana; silavattril esvi 1551 steadle naanku silindar power unitugal irunththana. irandu-stroke enjinkalin pugazhpettra vadivamaippaalaraana hugo ruppe, thozhirchaalai niruvanar magan aavaar; 1920 aam aandil appallo thanathu kaattru kuliroottappatta maff kaarkalai eduththuk kondaar. 1920 kalin naduppaguthiyil, sleevkat inththa markin kaarkalai nerippadutthappatta jaare udalgaludan panthayaththil eedupattaar.

apolo (1910 automobile) apollo anedi 1910 nundi 1927 varaku thuringialo apolda kumarudu rappe tayaaru chesina german automobile; company gatamlo piccolo anae kaarunu andinchindi. modati apolonu "mobbel" anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu air-cooled 624 sisi single-cylinder ioe injinnu kaligi undhi. company air-cooled 1608 sisi inn-line fores mariyu 1575 sisi vii-4. naalugu ververu cylinderlu inline modal "ii" (1770 sisi) kii saktini andinchaayi. racing driver carle sleevogt roopondinchina modal "bii" loe oechvi 960 sisi naalugu cylinderla injin undhi. designer yokka maroka chakkati srushtilo ohechvi 2040 sisi injin undhi. itara apolololu 3440 sisi varaku naalugu cylinderla enginelanu kaligi unnaayi; 1920 taruvaata konni namuunaalu wishbone suspensionnu kaligi unnaayi. company utpatti chesina chivari kaarlalo oechvi 1200 sisi naalugu cylinderla enginelu undevi; konnintiloo esvi 1551 steadle naalugu cylinderla power unitlu undevi. rendu-stroke enginela prasiddha designer hugo rappe factory vyavasthaapakudi kumarudu; 1920loe apolo thana air-cooled maaph kaarlanu swaadheenam chesukunnadu. 1920la madhyalo, sleevogt eee maark yokka kaarlanu kramabaddheekarinchina jaare baadiilatoe rays chesindi.

apolo (1910 automobile) apolo eek german automobile thee jasay 1910 say 1927 takk thorangia mein apolada kay betay aur rapee nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. company nay pehley pakolo naami kaar kii paishkash kii thee. pehley apolo kuu "mobal" kahaa jaataa thaa aur iss mein aiyar couled 624 see see sangal slunder aayee awo ayee anjan thaa. company nay aiyar couled 1608 see see inn line four aur 1575 see see wee 4 paish kiye. chaar alg alg slunder inn line maadal "ayee" (1770 see see) kuu taaqat deetay haine. maadal "bee"yee jasay resing driver carle slovgt nay design kiyaa thaa iss mein awo aich wee 960 see see chaar slunder anjan thaa. designar kii eek aur emdah takhliq mein awo aich wee 2040 see see anjan thaa. deegar apoloz mein 3440 see see takk kay aiss wee chaar slunder anjan thay vovo 1920 kay baad kay kachh models mein washabon maatli kii khususiyat thee. company kii tayaar kardah aakhri kaaron mein awo aich wee 1200 see see chaar slunder anjan thay vovo kachh mein iss kay bajaye aiss wee 1551 steodal chaar slunder pawar yount thay. duu stroke anjanon kay mashhur designar heogo rapee factory kay baanee kay betay thay. 1920 mein apolo nay apnee aiyar couled maif kaaron kuu sanbhaal liyaa. 1920 kii dahayi kay wast kay doraan slovgt nay iss maark kii kaaron kuu hamwaar jaaray bodys kay saath dodh diyaa.

000703d32d02f4ce0803e6d3604bbb24f700f33b01a88c4c454fa14c66e5e850

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11975579

Valencia (DO)

Valencia (DO) Valencia is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) () for wines located in the Province of Valencia within the Valencian Community and is divided into two separate zones and four sub-zones, each of which produces a different type of wine. History. Grape growing and wine production has been present in this area for thousands of years as attested by several archaeological finds, including Neolithic tombs containing remains of grapes. The wine from Sagunto was mentioned in texts by Juvenal and Marcial in the 2nd century BC. In the 13th century the valencian citizen Arnau de Vilanova wrote one of the first treatises on Spanish wine. Sub-zones. Valentino. The Valentino sub-zone, located to the northwest, is the largest one and its vineyards slope gently upwards from the coastal plain towards the interior of the province. This sub-zone is in turn divided in three geographically distinct areas: Alto Turia. The Alto Turia sub-zone is located to the west of Valentino at a height of between 700 m and 1,100 m above sea level and is characterised by its sandy soils. Moscatel. The Moscatel sub-zone is located at the western boundary of the city of Valencia and the vineyards rise from sea level to an altitude of 100 m. Clariano. The Clariano sub-zone is to the south, further away from the other three sub-zones and close to the towns of Xàtiva and Gandia. It is geographically divided into two different areas: Soils. In general, the subsoils vary from fluvial type at low altitudes, to lime bearing at the higher altitudes, and sandy type at the intermediate altitudes. They are generally soils from the Miocene and the Quaternary period, very permeable and therefore do not give rise to drainage problems. Climate. The coastal vineyards have a Mediterranean climate but the majority which are further inland have a mild continental climate (long, hot dry summers and cold winters). Temperatures can vary up to 30°C on a daily basis. Maximum temperature in summer can reach over 40°C and in winter drop to -5°C. Some areas are classified as arid or semi-arid, though violent storms are common in summer and autumn. Hailstones fall occasionally and strong winds can sometimes cause damage in the Cheste sub-zone. Drought has always been a problem for grape growers, though today drip irrigation is permitted by the Regulatory Council of the DOP. Grapes. Merseguera is the most characteristic white variety in the area, though many different grape varieties are authorised in Valencia DOP: Two different types of vineyards are present in the DOP depending on the climate. In the hot areas, the vines are planted as low bushes ("en vaso") at a distance of 2.5 m from each other, as they are better protected from the heat if they are closer to the ground. In milder climates the vines tend to be planted on trellises ("en espaldera"). The most common rootstock is the 41-B clone due to its high resistance to drought. Vine planting density is low and ranges from a minimum of 1,600 vines/ha to 2,500 vines/ha. Wines. Apart from the conventional wines made in a similar way to other wine producing regions, Valencia DOP has two unusual characteristics: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

valencia (korok) valencia hoise valencian xomprodayor bhitorot valencia prodexot owosthito winer baabe etaa spanis denaminacion di orijen protegida (dodd 'poo) () aaru iyak dutaa prithok onchol aaru sarita upo-oncholot bibhokto koraa hoise, jaar protituwe ek beleg dhoronor wine utpadon kore. itihax. aanguror owoxisto thoka noboprostoriyo xomadhir logote keibatau puratatwik abiskaror dwara promanito huwa onuxori haajar haajar bosor dhori ei oncholot aanguror kheti aaru xura utpadon soli aahise. khristopurbo 2yoy xotikat kixur aaru marchielor gronthot saguntur xurar kotha ullekh koraa hoisil. 13 xotikat valencier nagorik aarnau di bhilanubhai spanis xurar uporot prothom grontho likhisil. upo-oncholxomuh. valentinu. uttor-poschim dixot owosthito valentinu upo-oncholtu ataitkoi dangor aaru iyar aanguror bagisa upokuliyo xomobhumir poraa prodexor obhyontorin dixoloi laahe laahe uporoloi dhaluwai aase. ei upo-oncholtuk bhougulikbhabe tinita prithok oncholot bibhokto koraa hoiseh altu turia. altu turia upo-oncholtu valentinur poschime xagorpristhor poraa 700 mitter aaru 1,100 mitaror maajot uschotat owosthito aaru iyar balimoy maatir dwara sinhito koraa hoy. moscatel. moscatel upo-onchol valencia sohoror poschim ximat owosthito aaru aanguror bagisabur xagorpristhor poraa 100 mitter uschotaloi unnit hoy. clarianu. clarianu upo-oncholtu dokhyine aase, aan tinita upo-oncholor poraa odhik durot aaru jetiva aaru gandia sohoror usorot. bhougulikbhabe iyak dutaa bhinno oncholot bibhokto koraa hoiseh maati. xadharonote, nimno uschotat nodir prokaror poraa aarombho kori uscho uschotat sun aaru modhyomiya uschotat balimoy prokaroloike upomrittikar prokar bhinno hoy. eibur xadharonote miyo 'chinn aaru soturtho jugor maati, oti pargomyo aaru xeyehe niskaxon xomosyar sristi nokore. jolobayu. upokuliyo aangur bagisar jolobayu bhumodhyoxagoriyo jodiu odhik obhyontorin besibhag oncholor jolobayu mridu mohadexiyo (digholiya, gorom xukan grishmokal aaru thanda xitkal). doinik bhittit tapmatra 30 degree selsiyasoloike beleg beleg hoh "bob paare. grishmokalot xorbadhik tapmatra 40 degree selsiyasotkoi odhik hoh "bob paare aaru xitkalot-5 degree selsiyasoloi hraax paab paare. kisuman oncholok xusko baa ordho-xusko hisape shrenibodho koraa hoy, jodiu grishmokal aaru xorotkalot hingxatmok dhumuha xadharon. maaje maaje xilabristi hoy aaru tibro botahor folot ketiyaba sesto upo-oncholot khyoti hoh "bob paare. aangur kheti korutaxokolor baabe khorang xodayei ek xomosya hoi aahise, jodiu aaji dodd 'por niyontrok porixode drip joloxinchonor onumoti dise. aangur. merseguyera hoise oncholtur ataitkoi boixistyopurno bogaa prokar, jodiu valencia dodd 'poto bohutu bibhinno aanguror prokar onumudit hoiseh jolobayur uporot nirbhor kori dodd 'poto dutaa bhinno dhoronor aangur bagisa aase. gorom oncholot, lotabur ijone xijonor poraa 2.5 mitter durotwot komm jupuha ("eno bhasu") hisape ruwa hoy, kiyonu jodi xeibur maatir usorot thaake tente xeibur goromor poraa xurokhito hoi thaake. mridu jolobayut lotar lotabur tralisot ("eno espaldera") rupon korar probonota thaake. khorangro proti iyar uscho protirudhor baabe ataitkoi xadharon mulor stuptu hoise 41-bi clone. drakhyalota ruponor ghonotwo komm aaru iyar porixor komeu 1,600 lotaa/hectoror poraa 2,500 lotaa/hectoroloike hoy. modd. onyanyo xura utpadonkari oncholor dore eke dhorone toiyar koraa poromporagot xurar uporiu, valencia dodd 'por dutaa oswabhabik boixistyo aaseh

valencia (doo) valencia holl valencian sampradayer modhye valencia prodeshe abosthito winegulir jonno ekti spanish denamionion dii origen protegida (dope) () ebong etty duti prithak anchal ebong charti upo-johne bivokto, jaar protiti ekti vinno dharaner wine utpadon korey. itihas. hazar hazar bochor dhorey eyi anchale angur chaash ebong modd utpadon koraa hachche, jaa angurer aboshistangsho sombolito nabyaprastarayugiya samadhi soho besh koyekti protnotattik abishkar dwara promanito. sagunto theke assa moder ullekh khristopurbo khristopurbo shotabdite kishore ebong marquial gronthe koraa hoyeche. 13shha shotabdite valencier nagrik arnau dii vilanova spanish wine niye prothom ekti grontho likhechilen. upo-anchal. valentino. uttor-poschime abosthito valentino upo-anchalti brihottomo ebong err drakkhakhetroguli upokuliyo samabhumi theke prodesher abhyantarer dike alto korey uporer dike ddhaal. eyi upo-anchalti bhougolikbhabe tinti swatantra anchale bivoktoh alto turia. alto turia upo-anchalti valentinor poschime samudraprishtha theke 700 mitter theke 1,100 mitter uchchotai abosthito ebong err balukamoy mutty dwara chinnito koraa hoy. moskatel. moskatel upo-anchal valencia shohorer poschim seemante abosthito ebong drakkhakhetroguli samudraprishtha theke 100 mitter uchchotai uthhe aase. clariano. clariano upo-anchalti dakkhine, anyanno tinti upo-anchal theke arow doore ebong jativa oo gandia shohorer kachakachi abosthito. etty bhougolikbhabe duti vinno anchale bivoktoh mutty. sadharonbhabe, nimnomatrai jolashoy theke shuru korey uchchotai choon ebong modhyoborti uchchotai balukamoy mrittika porjonto poribortito hoy. eguli sadharonoto mayosin ebong quaternary juger mutty, jaa khub byaptijoggo ebong taai nishkashon samasyar jonmo deyo naa. jalbayu. upokuliyo drakkhakhetrogulir jalbayu bhumadhyasagariya, tobey arow abhyantarin beshirbhag anchale halka mahadeshiya jalbayu (deergho, gorom shushko grisso ebong thhanda shitkal) royeche. daeenik tapmatra 30 degree celsius porjonto poribortito hotey paare. grissokale sorbochcho tapmatra 40 degree celsiuser beshi ebong shitkale-5 degree celsiuse neme jete paare. kichhu anchal shushko baa adha-shushko hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoyeche, jodio grisso ebong sharatkale sohingso jhor sadharan. majhe majhe shilabrishti hoy ebong probol batas kokhono kokhono chest upo-anchale khoti korte paare. drakkha chashider jonno khora sabsamoi ekti samasya hoye dandiyeche, jodio aaz doper niyantrak porishod dwara dripa secher anumati deoa hoy. angur. marceguera eyi anchaler sabcheye baisishtapurna saadaa jaat, jodio valencia dope bivinno dharaner angur onumodito hayah jalbayur upor nirbhar korey dope duti vinno dharaner drakkhakkhetro royeche. gorom elaka, lataa eke oporer theke 2.5 mitter doore qama jhopjhad ("enn vaso") hisabe ropon koraa hoy, kaaron taaraa jodi maatir kachakachi thaake tobey taap theke arow bhalbhabe surokkhito thaake. halka jalbayute lataa gachguli trellise ("enn espaldera") ropon koraa hoy. khorar biruddhe uchcho protirodher karone 41-bii clone holl sabcheye sadharan shikad. drakkhalota roponer ghonotto qama ebong sorbonimno 1,600 lataa/hector theke 2,500 lataa/hector porjonto hoy. wine. anyanno wine utpadonkari anchaler moto procholito wine chharao, valencia doper duti aswabhabik baisishtya royeche

valencia (karoo) valencia aee valencian samudayma valencia praantmaa stheet wine maate spanish sampradaay dii origion protegida (doopa) () chhe aneey teey beey alag alag zoan aneey chaar petaa-zonmaa vahenchaayelu chhe, jemathi darek alag prakaarnaa wine utpaadan karey chhe. itihas. drakshna avshesho dharaavati navpashan qabara saheet anek puratatviy shodho dwara pramanit thaay chhe tema aaa vistaarmaa drakshnu vaavetar aneey wine utpaadan hajaaro varshothi astitva dharaave chhe. ee. saes. purve beejee sadimaa kishore aneey martial dwara lakhanoma saguntona wine ullekh karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato sadimaa valenciana nagrik arnau dha vilanova spanish wine parr pratham granthomathi aek lakhyo hato. petaa-zoan. valentino. valentino petaa-zoan, jeey uttarpashchimma stheet chhe, teey sauthee moto chhe aneey tenaa drakshavadio dariyakanthana medanthi dhimethi upar taraf praantnaa aantarik bhaag taraf dhholaav karey chhe. aaa petaa-kshetra badalaama trana bhaugolik reete alag vistaroma vahenchaayelu chheh olto turia. alto turia petaa-kshetra valentinoni pashchimma dariyani sapatithi 700 meater aneey 1,100 meterni vachcheni unchaiae stheet chhe aneey tenee retaal jameen dwara vargikrut thayel chhe. mosketel. moskatel petaa-kshetra valencia shahernee pashchim sarhad parr stheet chhe aneey drakshavadio dariyani sapatithi 100 meterni unchaiae chhe. clariano. clariano petaa-zoan dakshinma chhe, anya trana petaa-zonthi vadhu door aneey zetiva aneey gandiya nagaroni najik chhe. bhaugolik reete teey beey alag alag kshetroma vahenchaayelu chheh jameen. saamanya reete, neecheni maatee ochhi unchaiae nadeena prakaarthi laeene vadhu unchaiae choono aneey madhyavarti unchaiae retaal prakaar sudhee badalaay chhe. teo saamanya reete myosene aneey chaturthansh samaygalani maatee chhe, jeey khoob jaj paargamya chhe aneey tethee gutterni samasyaone janm aaptee nathee. aabohva. dariyakanthana drakshavadioma bhumadhya aabohva hoya chhe parantu motabhagna jeey vadhu antardesheey chhe temaa hadvaa khandeey aabohva (laambaa, garam sookaa unaalaa aneey thandaa sheeyala) hoya chhe. taapmaan dainik dhorane 30 degree celsius sudhee badlai shake chhe. unalama mahattam taapmaan 40 degree celsiusthi vadhu sudhee pahonchi shake chhe aneey shiyaalaamaa-5 degree celsius sudhee ghatee shake chhe. ketlaak vistaarone shushk athavaa ardh-shushk tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aave chhe, joke unaalaa aneey pankharma hinsak tofaano saamanya chhe. kyarek qaraa padey chhe aneey bhaare pawan kyarek chest petaa-zonmaa nuksan pahonchaadi shake chhe. drakshna utpaadako maate dushkaal hammesha aek samasya rahee chhe, joke aaje dopnee niyamankari parishad dwara tapak sinchaaini manjuri aapvama aavee chhe. draksh. merceguera aee aaa vistaarni sauthee lakshaneek safed vividhataa chhe, jooe keey valencia dopmaa drakshni ghanee viveedh jaato adheekrut chheh aabohvaane aadhare dopmaa beey alag alag prakaarnaa draksh bageechao haajar chhe. garam vistaroma, velaao aekbeejathi 2.5 meternaa antare neecha zaad ("aena vaaso") tareeke vavvama aave chhe, kaaran keey jooe teo jameenni najik hoya too teo garameethi vadhu saaree reete suraksheet rahe chhe. hadvaa aabohvama velaao trillies ("aena espaldera") parr vaavetar karvaamaa aave chhe. dushkaal saame tenaa uchch pratikaarne kaarane sauthee saamanya rutstock 41-bii clone chhe. velaana vaavetarni ghanata ochhi chhe aneey ochhama ochhi 1,600 velaa/hectorthi laeene 2,500 velaa/hector sudhini chhe. wine. anya wine utpaadak pradeshoni jaim jaj banavvama aavtee paramparagat wine upraant, valencia dopmaa beey asamanya lakshaniktao chheh

valencia (doo) valentia valentian samudaay key bheetar valencia praant mein sthit wine key liye ack spanish sampradaay dee origion protegida (dope) haye aur ise dou alag-alag kshetron aur chaar upa-kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey pratyek ack alag prakaar kii wine kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. itihas. iss kshetra mein hajaaron varshon seey angur ugaane aur sharaab kaa utpaadan maujood haye jaisa kii kaee puraataatvik khojon seey pramaanit hotaa haye, jisamen angur key avasheshon vaali navpashan kabrein bhee shamil hain. doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv mein kishore aur martial dwara paathon mein sagunto seey sharaab kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. 13veen shatabdi mein valentian nagrik arnau dee vilanova ney spanish sharaab parr pahala granth likhaa. upa-kshetra. valentino. uttar-paschim mein sthit valentino upa-kshetra sabse badaa haye aur isake daakh kii baariyan tateey maidan seey praant key aantarik bhaag kii or dheere-dheere oopar kii or dhalaan parr hain. yeh upa-kshetra bhaugolik roop seey teen alag-alag kshetron mein vibhajit haih alto turia. alto turia upa-kshetra samudra tala seey 700 meater aur 1,100 meater key beach kii oonchaai parr valentino key paschim mein sthit haye aur isaki visheshta isaki retili mitty haye. masco. moscatel upa-kshetra valencia shahar kii paschimi seema parr sthit haye aur daakh kii baariyan samudra tala seey 100 meater kii oonchaai taka badh jaati hain. clariano. clariano upa-kshetra dakshin mein haye, anya teen upa-kshetron seey aur door aur zativa aur gandia shaharon key karib haye. bhaugolik roop seey yeh dou alag-alag kshetron mein vibhajit haih mitty. samanya taur parr, upa-mitty cumm oonchaai parr nadee key prakaar seey laker uchch oonchaai parr choone key prakaar aur madhyavarti oonchaai parr retile prakaar taka bhinn hoti haye. way aam taur parr myosine aur chaturthak avadhi kii mitty hain, joe bahut pargamya hain aur isaliye jall nikasi kii samasyaon koo janm naheen detee hain. jalavaayu. tateey daakh kii bariyon mein bhoomadhyasagariya jalavaayu haye lekin adhikansh joe aage antardeshiya hain, unamen halki mahadvipiya jalavaayu (lambi, germ shushk grishmakaal aur thhandi sardiyaan) haye. tapman dainik aadhar parr 30 degree celsius taka bhinn hoe sakata haye. garmiyon mein adhikatam tapman 40 degree celsius seey adhik hoe sakata haye aur sardiyon mein-5 degree celsius taka gir sakata haye. kuchh kshetron koo shushk yaa ardh-shushk key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, halanki garmiyon aur sharad ritu mein hinsak toofaan aam hain. kabhi-kabhi olavrishti hoti haye aur tej havaaen kabhi-kabhi chest upa-kshetra mein nuksan pahuncha sakati hain. sookhe ney hamesha seey hii angur utpadakon key liye ack samasya bunny hui haye, haalaanki aaj dop kii niyaamak parishad dwara drip sinchai kii anumati dee gaee haye. angur. merceguera iss kshetra mein sabse vishisht safed kism haye, halanki kaee alag-alag prakaar key angur valencia dop mein adhikrit hainh jalavaayu key aadhar parr dop mein dou alag-alag prakaar key daakh kii baariyan maujood hain. germ kshetron mein, belon koo ack dusare seey dhaaee meater kii doori parr cumm jhaadiyon ("aine vaso") key roop mein lagaaya jaataa haye, kyonki yadi way jameen key karib hain tou way garmi seey behtar tareeke seey surakshit hain. halki jalavaayu mein belon koo trailis ("aine espaldera") parr lagaaya jaataa haye. sabse aam jarh 41-bee clone haye joe sookhe key prati apane uchch pratirodh key kaaran haye. bell ropan kaa ghanatva cumm haye aur yeh cumm seey cumm 1,600 belon/hectare seey laker 2,500 belon/hectare taka haye. sharaab. anya sharaab utpaadak kshetron key samaan paaramparik sharaab key alawa, valencia dope kii dou asamanya visheshtaen hainh

valencia (du) valencia embudu valencian samudaayadolage valencia praantyadalliruva vaingalige spanish denaminatian dii origen protegida (dop) aagide mattu idannu eradu pratyeka valayagalu mattu naalku upa-valayagalaagi vingadisalaagide, pratiyondoo vibhinn reetiya wine annu utpaadisuttade. itihaasa. drakshigala avasheshagalannu hondiruva navashilaayugada samadhigalu seridante halavaaru puratatva samshoodhanegalinda drudhikarisalpattante, ee pradeshadalli saaviraaru varshagalinda drakshi beleyuvudu mattu wine utpaadaneyu astitvadallide. saguntoda wine annu cree. poo. 2neey shatamaanadalli baalaaparaadhigalu mattu maarshiyalgalu patyagalalli ullekhisiddaare. 13neey shatamaanadalli valencyada prajeyaada arnau dii vilanova spanish wine bagge modala granthagalalli wandannu baredaru. upa valayagalu. valentino. vayuvya dikkinalliruva valentino upa valayavu atidoddadagide mattu adara drakshitotagalu karavali bayalu pradeshadinda praantyada olabhaagada kadege nidhaanavaagi melmukhavaagi ilijaarinallive. ee upa valayavannu bhougolikavagi mooru vibhinn pradeshagalaagi vingadisalaagideh alto turia. alto turia upa-valayavu valentinoda pashchimadalli samudra mattadinda 700 meater mattu 1,100 meater ettaradallide mattu adara maralina mannininda niroopitavaagide. masco. muscatel upa-valayavu valencia nagarada paschima gadiyallide mattu drakshitotagalu samudra mattadinda 100 meater ettarakke airuttave. clariano. clariano upa valayavu dakshinadallide, itara mooru upa valayagalinda mattashtu dooradallide mattu xativa mattu gandia pattanagalige hattiradallide. idannu bhougolikavagi eradu vibhinn pradeshagalaagi vingadisalaagideh mannu. samanyavagi, kelamannugalu kadime ettaradalli jalacharagala prakaaradinda hididu hecchina ettaradalli sunnada baring mattu madhyantara ettaradalli maralina prakaaradavarege badalaaguttave. avu samanyavagi mayosene mattu chatushkona avadhiya mannugalaagiddu, bahala praveshasaadhyavaagiruttave mattu aaddarinda olacharandi samasyegalige karanavaguvudilla. havamana. karavali drakshitotagalu mediterranian havaamaanavannu hondive aadare mattashtu olanaadina bahupalu soumya bhookhandada havaamaanavannu hondive (deergha, bisi ona besige mattu tampaada chaligaala). taapamaanavu pratidina 30 degree celsius varege badalaagabahudu. besigeyalli garishta ushnaamshavu 40 degree celsius talupabahudu mattu chaligaaladalli-5 degree selsiyasge iliyabahudu. kelavu pradeshagalannu shushka athawa arey-shushka endu vargeekarisalaagide, aadaagyoo besige mattu sharatkaaladalli himsaatmaka birugaaligalu saamaanyavaagide. aalikallu maleyu sandarbhikavagi beeluttade mattu balavaada gaaliyu kelavomme cheste upa-valayadalli haaniyannuntumaaduttade. drakshi belegaararige baragaalavu yavagalu samasyeyagiddaroo, indu honey niraavarige dopna niyantraka mandaliyu anumati niidide. drakshi. merceguera ee pradeshada atyanta vishishtavaada bili prabhedavagide, aadaagyoo aneka vibhinn drakshi prabhedagalannu valencia dapnalli adhikrutagolisalaagideh havaamaanavannu avalambisi eradu vibhinn reetiya drakshitotagalu dapnalli iruttave. bisi pradeshagalalli, balligalannu paraspara 2.5 meater dooradalli kadime podegalaagi ("enn vaso") nedalaaguttade, ekendare avu nelakke hattiradalliddare shakhadinda uttamavaagi rakshisalpaduttave. soumya havaamaanadalli balligalannu trellis ("enn espaldera") mele nedalaaguttade. baragalakke hecchina pratirodhavannu hondiruvudarinda 41-bii tadrupu atyanta samanyavada beru. drakshi neduvikeya saandrateyu kadime mattu kanishta 1,600 balligalu/hectareninda 2,500 balligalu/hectare varege iruttade. wine. itara wine utpaadisuva pradeshagalanteye tayaarisalaada saampradaayika vaingala horataagi, valencia dop eradu asaamaanya gunalaksanagalannu hondideh

valencia (duu) valencia communitikkullil valencia pravisyayil sthithicheyyunna vainukalkkayulla oru spanish denamination dii orijan protegida (dopa) aanu valencia, ithu rund vyathyastha sonukalaayum naalu sub sonukalaayum thirichirikkunnu, avaa oronnum vyathyastha tharam veenju ulppaadippikkunnu. charithram. munthirippazhathinte avashishtangal adangiya puthiya shilayuga shavakudeerangal ulppede niravadhi puraavastu kandethalukal saakshyappeduthunnathu pole aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi eee pradeshathu munthirippazham valarthunnathum veenjinte ulppaadanavum nadakkunnundu. bisi randaam noottaandil juvenal, maarshyal grandhangalil sagundoyil ninnulla veenjinekkurichu paraamarshichittundu. 13-aamm noottaandil valencian pouranaaya arnau dii vilanova spanish veenjinekkurichulla aadya grandhangalilonnu ezhuthi. sub sonukal. vaalantaino. vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithi cheiyunna valentino sub soonn ettavum valuthaanu, athinte munthirithottangal theeradesha samathalathil ninnu pravishyayude ulbhaagathekku pathukke mukalilekku charinjirikkunnu. eee upamekhala bhoomishaasthraparamaayi moonnu vyathyastha mekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu alto touria. samudranirappil ninnu 700 meterinum 1,100 meterinum idayil uyarathil vaalantinoyude padinjaaru bhagathaayi sthithi cheiyunna alto touria sub soninte savisheshatha manal niranja mannaan. moscadel. valencia nagaratthinte padinjaaran athirthiyilaanu moscadal upamekhala sthithicheyyunnathu, munthirithottangal samudranirappil ninnu 100 meter uyarathilekku uyarunnu. clario. mattu moonnu upamekhalakalil ninnu kooduthal akale thekk clariano upamegham saattiva, gandiya pattanangalkk sameepamaan. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi ithu rund vyathyastha mekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu mannu. pothuve, thaazhnna uyarathilulla neerchaalukal muthal uyarnna uyarathilulla chunnaambu vare, idatharam uyarathilulla manal tharam vare upamanmannu vyathyaasappedunnu. avaa saadhaaranayaayi mayoseen, quaternary kaalaghattatthil ninnulla mannaan, valare praveshikkaavunnathinaal drainage prashnangalkk kaaranamakunnilla. kaalavastha. theeradesha munthirithottangalil medittareniyan kaalaavasthayundengilum kooduthal ulnaadan pradeshangalil mithamaaya bhookhanda kaalavasthayaanu (neenda, choodulla varanda venalkkaalavum thanutha shaithyakaalavum). thaapanila prathidinam 30 digri selshyas vare vyathyaasappedaam. venalkkaalath paramavadhi thaapanila 40 digri selshyasilum shaithyakaalath-5 digri selshyasilum ethaam. venalkkaalathum sharathkaalathum akramasakthamaaya kodunkaattukal saadhaaranamaanenkilum chila pradeshangale varandatho ardha varandatho aayi tharamthirichittundu. idaykkide aalippazhakkaatt veezhukayum sakthamaaya kaatt chilappol chestte sub sonil kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheyyum. varalcha ellaayppozhum munthiri karshakarkk oru prasnamaanu, ennirunnaalum innu drip irrigation doppinte regulatory kaunsil anuvadikkunnu. munthirippazham. merseguera eee pradeshathe ettavum savisheshamaaya velutha inamaanu, ennirunnaalum palatharam munthiri enangalkku valencia doppil amgeekaaram nalkiyittunda kaalaavasthaye aashrayich rund vyathyastha tharam munthirithottangal doppil undu. choodulla pradeshangalil, munthirivallikal parasparam 2.5 meter akale thaazhnna kuttikkadukalaayi ("enn vasso") nattupidippikkunnu, kaaranam avaa nilathodu aduthaanengil choodil ninnu mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedunnu. mithamaaya kaalaavasthayil munthirivallikal trelisukalil ("enn espaldera") nadunnu. varalchaykkethiraaya uyarnna prathirodham kaaranam 41-bii kloon aanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya rutstokku. munthirivallikal nadunna saandrata kuravaanu, kuranjathu 1,600 munthirivallikal/hector muthal 2,500 munthirivallikal/hector vareyaanu. wine. mattu veenju uthppaadippikkunna pradeshangalkk samanamaaya reethiyil nirmmicha parambaraagatha vainukalkku purame, valencia doppinu rund asaadhaarana swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu

valencia (qaraa) valencia haah valencian samudayatil valencia prantat sthit asalelya vainsathi spanish sampraday dii origion protegida (dope) () aahe aanee too done swatantra vibhag aanee chaar up-vibhaganmadhye vibhagalela aahe, jyapaiki pratyek prakar bhinn prakarcha wine tayar karato. itihas. drakshanche avashesh asalelya navpashan kalatil kabarinsah anek puratatviy shodhandvare pramanit kelyapramane yaa bhagat drakshanchi lagwad aanee madya utpadan hajaro varshanpasun astitvat aahe. ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat kishoravayin aanee markiel yanni saguntochya draksharsavishayi granthat ullekh keela hota. 13 vya shatkat valencian nagrik arnau dii vilanovane spanish wineveryl pahilya granthanpaiki eka lihila. up-kshetre. valentino. vayvyes sthit valentino upkshetra heey sarvat mothe aahe aanee tyachi drakshamale kinarpattichya maidanapasun prantachya aateel bajus haluvarpane varchya dishene sarakatat. heey upkshetra bhaugolikdrushtya teen bhinn kshetranmadhye vibhagale gele aaheh aulto turia. aulto turia upkshetra valentinochya paschimela samudraspatipasun 700 meater teey 1,100 meater unchivar aahe aanee tyache vaishishtya mhanje valukamay maatee aahe. mosco. moskatel upkshetra valencia shaharachya paschim simevar aahe aanee drakshamale samudraspatipasun 100 meater unchiparyant vadhatat. clariano. clariano up-kshetra dakshinekade aahe, itar teen up-kshetranpasun aanakhi door aanee zativa aanee gandia shaharanchya jawal aahe. bhaugolikdrushtya teey done vegvegalya kshetranmadhye vibhagale aaheh maatee. sarvasadharanpane, qamee unchivaril panthal prakarapasoon, jaast unchivaril chunkhadiparyant aanee madhyavarti unchivaril valukamay prakaraparyant, upmruttika badaltat. tee samanyatah myosene aanee chaturthansh kalatil maatee aahet, jee atishay pargamya aahet aanee tyamule sandpanyachya samasya udbhavat naheet. hawaman. kinarpattivaril drakshmalyanmadhye bhoomadhya hawaman asate parantu jeey pudhe antardeshiy aahet tyapaiki bahutansh bhagat saumya khandiy hawaman (lamb, ushna korade unhale aanee thund hiwala) asate. tapman darroj 30 ansh celsiasparyant badaloo shakate. unhalyat kamal tapman 40 ansh selsiaspeksha jaast aanee hivalyat-5 ansh celsiasparyant khalee jaau shakate. kahee bhaganna shushk kinwa ardh-shushk mhanoon vargikrut kele jaate, jaree unhala aanee sharad rututil hinsak vadale samanya aahet. adhunmadhun garpeat hote aanee jordar vaare kadhikadhi chest up-kshetrat nuksan pohochavu shakatat. draksh utpadkansathi dushkal hii nehmich eka samasya rahili aahe, jaree aaj dopchya niyamak parishadene thibak sinchanas parvanagi dilee aahe. drakshe. jaree valencia dopmadhye drakshanchya anek vegvegalya jaatinna adhikrut manyata dilee gelee asali taree, merceguera haah yaa bhagatil sarvat vaishishtyapurn pandhara prakar aaheh havamananusar dopmadhye done vegvegalya prakarchi drakshamale asatat. ushna bhagat, biya ekmekanpasun 2.5 meater antaravar qamee zudupanmadhye (aine vaso) lavalya jaatat, kaaran jarr tyaa jaminichya jawal asateel tarr ushnatepasun tyanche adhik changle sanrakshn hote. saumya havamanat drakshanchya biya pattyanvar (aine espaldera) lavalya jaatat. dushkalala uchch pratikarshakti asalyamule 41-bii clone haah sarvat samanya mool satha aahe. drakshanchya ropanchi ghanata qamee aahe aanee tee kiman 1600 drakshanchya/hector teey 2,500 drakshanchya/hectorparyant aahe. madya. itar madya utpadak pradeshanpramanech banavalelya paramparik madyavyatirikt, valencia dopchi done asamanya vaishishtye aaheth

bhyalensia (do) bhyalensia bhyalensian samudayabhitra bhyalensia prantama awasthit wineka lagi spanis dinmonician day origine protegida (dope) () how rar yasalai dui chhuttai khetra rar chaar upa-kshetraharuma vibhajan garieko chha, jasmadhye pratyekle farak prakarko wine utpadan gardacha. itihas. angurko awashesh bhaeka nawapashan chihanharusahit dherai puratatwik khojharudwara pramanit rupma yass kshetrama angur kheti rar raksi utpadan hajaraun warshadekhi awasthit chha. saguntoko raksiko ullekha isapurva dosro shatabdima kishore rar marceldwara pathharuma garieko thiyo. 13 aun shatabdima bhyalensiaka nagarik arnau day bhilanobhale spanis winema pahilo granthaharu madhye euta lekhe. upakshetraharu. bhyalentino. uttarapashchimma awasthit bhyalentino upa-khetra sabaibhanda thulo how rar yasako dakhabariharu tatiya maidanbata prantako bhitri bhagatira bistarai mathitira dhalanma chhan. yo upa-khetra bhaugolik rupma tinawata bhinna kshetraharuma vibhajit chhah alto turia. alto turia upa-khetra bhyalentinoko paschimma samudra satahabata 700 mitter rar 1,100 mitterko uchaima awasthit chha rar yasako balaute matole visheshta dinchha. maskatal. muscatel upa-khetra bhyalensia saharko paschimi simama awasthit chha rar dakhabariharu samudra satahabata 100 mitterko uchaima pugchha. clariano. clariano upa-khetra dakshinma chha, anya tean upa-kshetraharubata tadha rar jatiwa rar gandia saharharuko najik chha. bhaugolik rupma yasalai dui farak kshetraharuma vibhajan garieko chhah mato. samanyataya, upamrittika cum uchaima nadika prakardekhi, uccha uchaima chuna rar madhyawarti uchaima balaute prakarsamma bhinna hunchhan. tiniharu samanyataya myocene rar chaturthakalin awadhiko mato hun, dherai pargamya rar tyasaile jaal nikasi samasyaharu nimtyaundainan. mausam. tatiya dakhabariharuma bhumadhyasagariya jalawayu chha tara dheraijaso jo thap bhitri chhan halka mahadwipiya jalawayu (lamo, tato sukhkha garmi rar chiso jado) chha. tapakram dainik adharma 30 degree celciussamma bhinna huna sakchha. garmima adhikatam tapakram 40 degree selsiyasabhanda mathi rar jadoma-5 degree celciussamma jharna sakchha. kehi kshetraharulai shushka wa ardha-shushkka rupma wargikrit garieko chha, yadyapi garmi rar sharad rituma hinsatmak aandhibehariharu samanya hunchhan. kahilekaahin asina parchhan rar tiwra hawale kahilekaahin chest upa-kshetrama kshati puyauna sakchha. ankha utpadakharuka lagi khaderi sadhain samasya baneko chha, yadyapi az dopko niyamak parishadle drip sinchailai anumati dieko chha. angur. merceguera yass kshetrako sabaibhanda wishishta seto prajati how, yadyapi bhyalensia dopma dherai farak angurka prajatiharu adhikrit chhanh mausamko adharma dopma dui farak prakarka dakhabariharu upasthit chhan. tato kshetraharuma, belharu ekarkadekhi 2.5 mitterko durima cum jhadi ("enn bhaso") ko rupma ropinchha, kinki yadi tiniharu jaminko najik chhan bhane garmibata ramro surakshit hunchhan. halka mausamma belharu trailises ("enn aspaldera") maa ropinchha. khaderiko uccha pratirodhka karan sabaibhanda samanya rootstok 41-bee clone how. bayle ropne ghanatwa cum chha rar nyunatam 1,600 bayle/hectordekhi 2,500 bayle/hectorsamma hunchha. wine. anya wine utpadan garne kshetraharuma jastai paramparagat wineharu bahek, bhyalensia dopma dui asamanya wisheshtaharu chhanh

valencia (du) valencia heuchhi valencia sampradai madhyare valencia pradeshare abasthita wine paain eka spanis denamion dii arijen protegida (dop) ebong ehaa duiti pruthaka john ebong charoti upa-jonre bibhakta, jaahaa pratyeka eka bhinna prakarara wine utpadana kare . itihas. ehi anchalare hazar hazar barsha dhari angura utpadana ebong mudd utpadana hoiasuchhi, jaahaa aneka pratnatatwika abishkara dwara pramanita hoichhi, jeunthire angurara abashesh thiba nutan prastara prastarakara samadhi antarbhukta . saguntore drakhyaras bishajare khreestapoorba 2jaiah shatabdire kishore ebong markialnka dwara likhita granthare ullekha karajaithila. 13shaa shatabdire valencier nagarika arnau dii bhilanova spanian mudd upare pratham nibandhagudika madhyaru gotie lekhithile. upa-anchala. valentino. uttara-paschimare abasthita valentino upa-khetra heuchhi sarbabruhata ebong ehara drakhyakhetragudika upakula samatala anchalaru pradeshar aabhyantareen anchala aadaku dheere dheere uparaku dhaluchhi. ehi upa-khetrati bhougolika drustiru tinoti bhinna anchalare bibhaktah alto turia. alto turia upa-khetra valentinore paschimare samudra prustharu 700 mitararu 1,100 mitter uchchatare abasthita ebong ehara balukamai mruttika dwara chinhita . muscatel. muscatel upa-khetra valencia saharar paschima seemaare abasthita ebong drakhyakhetragudika samudra prustharu 100 mitter uchchataku uthithae. clariano. clariano upa-anchala dakhinare, anya tinoti upa-anchalatharu ahuri doorare ebong jatibha ebong gandia sahara nikatare achhi . bhougolika drustiru ehaa duiti bhinna bhinna khetrare bibhaktah mruttika. sadharanatah, nimna mruttika nimna uchchatare nadee prakara thaaru arambha curry uccha uchchatare chunara bahaka ebong madhyabarti uchchatare balukamai prakara parjyanta bhinna bhinna hoithae. segudika sadharanatah miocene ebong quaternary samaira mruttika, jaahaa atyanta prabeshajogya ebong tenu jala nishkasana samasya srusti kare naahin. jalabaju. upakula drakhyakhetragudikare eka bhumadhyasagarija jalabaju rahichhi, kintu ahuri aabhyantareen anchalare thiba adhikansha anchalare eka mrudu mahadeshiah jalabaju (dirgha, garam shukhila grishma ebong thanda sheeta rutu) rahichhi. tapmatra dainika 30 degree celsius parjyanta bhinna hoipare . grishma ruture sarbadhika tapmatra 40 degree selasijasaru adhika hoipare ebong sheeta ruture-5 degree celsius parjyanta khasi jaipare. keteka anchalaku sushka kimba ardha-sushka bhabe bargeekruta karajaichi, jadio grishma ebong sharat ruture hinsatmaka jhada sadharana atte. belebele kuapathara barsha hoithae ebong prabala pabana belebele chest upa-anchalare khyati ghataipare . drakhya chashimananka paain marudi sabubele eka samasya hoi rahichhi, jadio aaji dopra nijamaka parishad dwara drip jalasechanaku anumathi diajaichhi. angura. merceguera heuchhi ehi anchalara sabutharu baisistyapoorna dhalaa prajati, jadio valencia dopare aneka bhinna bhinna prakarara angura anumodita . jalabaju upare nirbhara curry dopre dui prakarara drakhyakhetra rahichhi. garam anchalare, ehi drakhyalata gudika parasparatharu 2.5 mea. doorare nimna buda ("enn bhaso") bhabare ropana karajae, kaaran jadi segudika maati nikatatar hue tebe segudika uttaparu adhika surakhita . mrudu jalabajure ehi drakhyalata sadharanatah trailis ("enn espaldera") ray ropana karajae. marudi prati ehara uccha pratirodha hetu sabutharu sadharana rutstock heuchhi 41-bii clone . drakhya ropanara ghanatwa comm ebong ehaa sarbanimna hector pichha 1,600ru hector pichha 2,500 drakhya parjyanta rahithae. mudd. anya mudd utpadanakari anchala bhali paramparika mudd byatita valencia dop rahr duiti aswabhabika baisistya rahichhih

valencia (crow) valencia valencian bhaichare dey ander valencia prant witch sathit wine laee ikk spanish sanskaran dee origion protegida (dope) haii atey iss noon doou vakkhre zonan atey chaar upp-zonan witch vandiaa giaa haii, jinhan vicchon harr ikk vakkhari kisam dee wine paida karda haii. itihaas. angur ugaun atey wine daa utpadan iss khetar witch hazaran saalan toon maujood haii jiven kii kaee puratattav khojan duaara pramanit keeta giaa haii, jiss witch angur dey avsheshan valiaan navv-patthar deeaan kabran shamal hunn. sagunto dee wine daa zikar duji sadee ee. poo. witch nabalag atey marcial duaara granthan witch keeta giaa see. 13veen sadee witch valenci nagrik arnau dee vilanova neey spanish wine utte pahila granth likhiaa. upp-khetar. valentino. valentino upp-khetar, joe uttar-pachham witch sathit haii, sabh toon vadda haii atey iss dey anguran dey baag tattvarti maidaan toon soobe dey andruni hisse vall hauli hauli uppar vall dhalaan karde hunn. ih upp-khetar tinn bhugolik taur utte vakkhre khetran witch vandiaa hoiaa haiyav alto turia. alto turia upp-khetar valentino dey pachham witch samunder tall toon 700 meeter atey 1,100 meeter dee uchaee utte sathit haii atey iss dee retli mitty duaara darsai gaee haii. mascatal. mascatel upp-khetar valencia shehar dee pachmi sarhadd utte sathit haii atey anguran dey baag samunder dey paddhar toon 100 meeter dee uchaee takk uthade hunn. clarino. clarino upp-khetar dakkhan vall haii, horr tinn upp-khetran toon door atey zativa atey gandia dey kasbiaan dey nede haii. ih bhugolik taur utte doou vakkh-vakkh khetran witch vandiaa hoiaa haiyav mitty. aam taur utte, ghatt uchaee utte nadiaan dee kisam toon lae keey ucchi uchaee utte choone dee kisam atey vichkarli uchaee utte retli kisam takk, upp-mitty vakkhari hundi haii. ih aam taur utte miocene atey quaternary period dee mitty hundi haii, bahut pargamya hundi haii atey iss laee ih drainage samassiaavan noon janam naheen dindi. jalvayu. tattvarti anguran dey baagan witch ikk mediterian jalvayu haii parr ziaadaatar joe andruni hunn, ikk halka mahandeepi jalvayu (lambi, garam khushak garmiaan atey thandiaan sardiaan) haii. rozana tapman 30 digri celsius takk vakkh-vakkh hoow sakda haii. garmiaan witch vaddh toon vaddh tapman 40 digri celsius toon vaddh hoow sakda haii atey sardiaan witch-5 digri celsius takk digg sakda haii. kujh khetran noon sukke jaan aradh-sukke vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa haii, halanki garmiaan atey patjhad witch hinsk toofan aam hunn. kadey-kadey gadey pae jaande hunn atey tez havavan kaee vaar chest upp-khetar witch nuksan pahuncha sakdiaan hunn. angur utpadakan laee soka hamesha ikk samassiaa rahee haii, halanki ajj dope dee regulatory consul duaara tupka sinchai dee aagiaa haii. angur. merceguera iss khetar witch sabh toon vaddh visheshta vaali chitty kisam haii, halanki angur deeaan bahut saariaan vakkh-vakkh kisman valencia dope witch adhikarat hann jalvayu dey adhaar utte dope witch doou vakkh-vakkh kisman dey anguran dey baag maujood hunn. garam khetran witch, anguran noon ikk dooje toon 2.5 meeter dee doori 'teey ghatt jhadiaan ("ainn vaso") dey roop witch lagaiaa jaanda haii, kiunki jey uh zameen dey nede hunn taan uh garmi toon bihtar dhang naal surakhiat rahindiaan hunn. halke mausam witch anguran noon trailis ("ainn espaldera") utte lagaiaa jaanda haii. soke pratee iss dey ucch pratirodh dey caarn 41-bee clone sabh toon aam rootstock haii. angur lagaun dee ghanta ghatt haii atey ghatto ghatt 1,600 anguran/hectare toon lae keey 2,500 anguran/hectare takk haii. wine. horr wine utpadak khetran dey samaan ravaiti wine toon ilava, valencia dope deeaan doou asadharan visheshtavan hann

valencia (doo) valencia iti spanish-deshasya denaminatian dey origin protegida (dope) iti vain ityasya vibhaagah asti, yat valencia-samudaayasy valencia-pradeshe sthitah asti, tathaa cha pruthak-pruthak kshetreshu, chatwaarah upa-kshetreshu cha vibhaktah asti, yeshu pratyekah bhinna-prakarasya vain-utpaadayati. itihaasah. asmin kshetre sahasraabdaan yaavat draksharasya utpaadanam, madyasya utpaadanam cha prachalati, yat anekebhyah puraatatveeya-aavishkaaraih pratyakshyte, yathaa angurasya avasheshayuktaah navapaashaan-samaadhih api santi. sagunto-nagarasya madyasya ullekhah saa. sha. poo. dwiteeyashataabdyaam kishor-martial-janeshu grantheshu krutah. 13 shataabdyaam valentia-deshasya naagarikah arnau dee vilanova ityayam spanish-madyasya vishaye prathamah granthah alikhat. upakshetraani. valentino. vaayavyadishi sthitah vailentino-upakshetra bruhattamah asti, tasya drakshakshetrani tateeya-samatalatah prantasya antahbhaagam prati mruduhu oordhvagaamee cha santi. ayam upakshetra kramashah bhaugolikadrushtyaa trishu bhinneshu kshetreshu vibhaktah asti. tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu alto-turia-upa-kshetram samudratalaat 700 meater taha 1,100 meater paryantam oordhvataayaam valentino-nagarasya paschimadishi sthitam asti, tasya balukimandalam cha vishishtatayaa drushyate. maasko. mascatel-upakshetram, valencia-nagarasya pashchimasimaayaam sthitam asti, tathaa cha drakshakshetrani samudratalaat 100 meater-yaavat oordhvataam praaptavantah. clario. clariano-upa-kshetram dakshinadishi asti, anyatrayam upa-kshetraat adhikam doore, zaativaa-gandia-nagarayoho sameepe asti. bhaugolikadrushtyaa etat bhinna-kshetradwaye vibhaktam asti. mruttikaa. samanyataya, upamruttikaah nyoon-ucchasthaaneshu nadee-prakarat, uccha-ucchasthaaneshu chunah-vaahakaat, madhya-ucchasthaaneshu balukaprakarat cha bhinnani bhavanti. te samanyataya myocene-chaturtha-kaalasy cha mruttikaah santi, ateeva paragamyani santi, ataha jalanirgaman-samasyam naa janayanti. vaayugunah. tateeya-drakshakshetreshu bhumadhya-vaayugunah bhavati, parantu adhikatayaa antardesheeyeshu adhikaamsheshu mrudu-mahadvipiya-vaayugunah (deerghah, ushna-shushka-greeshmakaalah, sheet-sheetakaalah cha) bhavati. pratidinam taapamaanam 30 mase. paryantam parivartayitum shakyate. grishmakaale adhikatamm taapamaanam 40 mase. taha adhikam, shitakale-5 mase. paryantam cha gantum shaknoti. kechan kshetraani shushkaani vaa ardhashushkaani vaa iti vargeekrutaah santi, yadyapi grishmakaale sharadartau cha himsaatmakavaatah samanyaha bhavati. kadaa kadaa shilaabrushtihi bhavati, prabalawaayuh api kadaachit chest-upakshetre kshatim janayati. draksha-utpaadakebhyah anaawrushtih sarvadaa samasyaa aasit, yadyapi adya dope-ityasya niyaamak-parishadah drip-irrigation ityasya anumatim dadati. draakshah. asmin kshetre merceguera iti shwetawarneeyah vishishtah prakaarah asti, yadyapi valencia dope ityasmin aneke bhinna-bhinna-draksha-prakaraha adhikrutaah santi. vaayugunasya aadhaaren dope-madhye dwayoh bhinnaprakaarayoh drakshakshetrau stah. ushnakshetresh parasparm 2.5 meater doore nimna-vrukshaah (enn vaaso) rupena vrukshaah ropitaani bhavanti, yatah yadi te bhoomyaah sameepe santi tarhi ushnaat uttamatayaa rakshitaah bhavanti. mrudu-vaayuguneshu vrukshavrukshaah trailisus ("enn espaldera") ityatra ropitaani bhavanti. 41-bee-clone iti sarvaadhikam samanyam mool-stack asti, yatah asya anaavrushteh uccha-pratirodha asti. draakshaavruksha-ropana-ghanatvam nyoonam bhavati tathaa cha nyunatamam 1600 draakshaavruksha-prati-hector taha 2,500 draakshaavruksha-prati-hector paryantam bhavati. madyam. anyaih madyotpaadakapradeshaih saha samaanaroopen nirmitanam paaramparika-madyaih vihaay, valencia-daap ityasya dwau asaamaanyavisheshau stah.

valencia (seiya) valencia enbathu valencia samoogaththirkul valencia maagaanaththil amainthulla oyingalukkaana spanish tinominatian dii arijen protegida (toop) aagum, maelum idhu irandu thanithani mandalangkal mattrum naanku thunai mandalangkalaaka pirikkappattullathu, avai ovvondrum vevvaeru vagaiyaana oyin urpaththi seigindrana. varalaaru. thiraatchai valarppu mattrum oyin urpaththi aayirakkanakkaana aandugalaaka ippaguthiyil ullathu, idhu thiraatchaiyin echchangkalaik konda puthiya karkaala kallaraigal udpada pala tholporul kandupidippugalaal urudhippaduththappattullathu. sagundovilirunthu varum madhu kimu 2 aam noottraandil ilam mattrum martial noolgalil kurippidappattullathu. 13 aam noottraandil valenciya kudimagan arnav dii vilanova spanish oyin kuriththa muthal katturaigalil ontrai ezhuthinaar. thunai mandalangkal. kaathalar. vadamaerkil amainthulla valentino thunai mandalam migapperiyathu mattrum adhan thiraatchaith thoattangal kadaloara samaveliyil irunthu maagaanaththin udpuraththai noakki methuvaaka melnoakki saaikintrana. inththa thunai mandalam puviyiyal reethiyaaga moontru thaniththuvamaana paguthigalaagap prikkappattullathu alto duria. alto duria thunai mandalam valentinovin maerkae kadal mattaththilirunthu 700 meettar muthal 1,100 meettar varai uyaraththil amainthullathu mattrum adhan manal mannaal vagaippaduththappadukirathu. masco. moscodal thunai mandalam valencia nagarin maerku ellaiyil amainthullathu mattrum thiraatchaith thoattangal kadal mattaththilirunthu 100 meettar uyaraththirku uyarkintrana. clario. clariano thunai mandalam therkae ullathu, mattra moontru thunai mandalangkalilirunthu maelum tholaivil ullathu mattrum sativa mattrum gandhia nagarangalukku arugil ullathu. idhu puviyiyal reethiyaaga irandu vevvaeru paguthigalaagap prikkappattullathu mann. podhuvaaga, kuraindha uyaraththil ulla neernilaigal vagai muthal, adhiga uyaraththil sunnaambu vagai mattrum idainilai uyaraththil manal vagai varai maarupadum. avai podhuvaaga myosene mattrum gwaternary kaalatthaich saerntha mann, migavum uuduruvakkoodiyavai, enavae vadikaal pirachchanaikalukku vazhivagukkaathu. kaalanilai. kadaloara thiraatchaith thoattangal matthiya tharaikkadal kaalanilaiyaik kondullana, aanaal maelum ullnaattil ulla perumbaalaanavai laesaana kanda kaalanilaiyaik kondullana (neenda, soodaana varanda koadaikaalam mattrum kulirntha kulirkaalam). veppanilai thinasari 30 digiri celsius varai maarupadum. koadaiyil adhigapatcha veppanilai 40 digiri selsiyasukkum, kulirkaalaththil-5 digiri selsiyasukkum kurayalaam. sila pakuthikal varanda allathu arai varandathaaka vagaippaduththappattulana, iruppinum koadai mattrum ilaiyuthirkaalaththil vanmurai puyalgal podhuvaanavai. avvappoathu alangatti mazhai peikirathu mattrum palaththa kaattru sila nerangalil sest thunai mandalaththil sethaththai aerpaduththum. thiraatchai vivasaayigalukku varatchi eppoathum oru pirachchanaiyaaga irunthu varukirathu, iruppinum intru sottu neerppasanam topin ozhungkumurai councilaal anumathikkappadukirathu. thiraatchai. mersekuvera ippaguthiyil migavum sirappiyalbu vellai vagaiyaagum, iruppinum pala vevvaeru thiraatchai vagaikal valencia toppil angkeekarikkappattullana kaalanilaiyaip porutthu irandu vevvaeru vagaiyaana thiraatchaith thoattangal toppil ullana. veppamaana pakuthikalil, kodigal ondrukkondru 2.5 meettar tholaivil kuraindha putharkalaakap ("enn vaso") nadappadugindrana, aenenil avai tharaiyil nerukkamaaga irunthaal veppaththilirunthu sirappaagap paathukaakkappadum. mithamaana kaalanilaigalil kodigal treliskalil ("enn espaultera") nadappadugindrana. varatchikku adhiga ethirppu iruppathaal 41-pii clone migavum podhuvaana vaer moolamaagum. thiraatchai nadavu adarththi kuraivaaga ullathu mattrum kurainthapatcham 1,600 kodigal/ector muthal 2,500 kodigal/ector varai irukkum. oyingal. mattra oyin urpaththi pakuthikalaip poalavae thayaarikkappadum valakkamaana oyingalaith thavira, valencia toop irandu asaathaarana panbugalaik kondullathuh

valencia (cheyandi) valencia anedi valencia communityloni valencia provincelo unna vainla kosam spanish denaminatian dii origen protegida (dop) () mariyu idhi rendu ververu mandalaalu mariyu naalugu upa-mandalaluga vibhajinchabadindi, veetilo prati okkati ververu rakaala vainlanu utpatti chestundi. charitra. draksha avasheshaalanu kaligi unna noothana silaayuga samaadhulatoe sahaa aneka puraavastu anveshanhala dwara dhruvikarinchabadinatlugaa vaelaadi samvatsaraalugaa eee praantamloo draksha saagu mariyu wine utpatti jarugutondi. sagunto nundi vacchina wine gurinchi cree puu 2va sataabdamloo baala mariyu martial grandhaalalo prastaavinchabadindi. 13va sataabdamloo valencia pourudu arnau dii vilanova spanish vainpai modati grandhaalalo okadaanni rachinchaadu. upa mandalaalu. valentino. vaayuvya disalo unna valentino upa-john atipeddadi mariyu daani drakshatotalu teerapraanta maidaanam nundi provins lopali vaipu sunnitamgaa paiki valuga untaayi. eee upa-praantam bhougolikamgaa moodu vibhina praantalugaa vibhajinchabadindih alto turia. alto turia upa-john samudra mattaniki 700 mea mariyu 1,100 mea madhya ettulo valentino kii paschimaana undhi mariyu daani isuka neelalatoe vargeekarinchabadindi. mascatel. mascatel upa-john valencia nagaraniki paschima sarihaddulo undhi mariyu drakshatotalu samudra mattam nundi 100 meterla ettuku perugutaayi. clario. clariano upa-praantam dakshinaana, itara moodu upa-mandalaalaku marinta dhooramlo mariyu jativa mariyu gandia pattanaalaku daggaragaa undhi. idhi bhougolikamgaa rendu ververu praantalugaa vibhajinchabadindih neelalu. saadhaaranamgaa, upa matti takkuva ettulo neeti rakam nundi, adhika ettulo sunnam baring varaku mariyu madhyantara ettulo isuka rakam varaku maarutuu untundi. avi saadhaaranamgaa myosene mariyu quaterinary kaalam nundi vacchina matti, chaalaa paaragamyamainavi mariyu anduvalla paarudala samasyalaku daariteeyavu. vaataavaranam. teerapraanta drakshatotalu madhyadhara vaataavaranaanni kaligi untaayi, ayithe marinta lothattu praantaalalo telikapati khandantara vaataavaranam (podavaina, vaedi podi vesavi mariyu challani sheethaakaalam) untundi. ushnogratalu rojuvaaree 30 masim varaku maaravacchu. vesavilo garishta ushnograta 40 degreela celsius kante ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu sheethaakaalamlo-5 degreela celsius varaku padipotundi. konni praantaalu shushka ledhaa pakshika-shushkamgaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi, ayithe vesavi mariyu saradrutuvulo himsaatmaka tuphaanulu sarvasaadhaaranam. appudappudu vadagallu kurustaayi mariyu balamaina gaalulu konnisaarlu cheste upa-mandalamlo nashtanni kaligistaayi. draksha saagudaarulaku karuvu ellappuduu oka samasyaga undhi, ayithe nedu bindu neetipaarudalanu dop yokka niyantrana mandali anumatistundi. draksha. merseguera eee praantamloo atyanta vilakshanhamaina tellani rakam, ayithe aneka rakaala draksha rakalu valencia doplo adhikaram pondai vaataavaranaanni batti doplo rendu ververu rakaala drakshatotalu unnaayi. vaedi pradaesaalaloo, teegalu okadaanikokati 2.5 meterla dhooramlo takkuva podalugaa ("enn vaso") naatabadataayi, endukante avi bhoomiki daggaragaa unte vaedi nundi baga rakshinchabadataayi. telikapati vaataavaranaalaloo teegalu trelises ("enn espaldera") paie naatabadataayi. karuvuku adhika nirodhakata kaaranamgaa 41-bii clone atyanta saadhaarana moolavastuvu. wine naatadam saandrata takkuvagaa untundi mariyu kaneesam 1,600 teegalu/hectorla nundi 2,500 teegalu/hectorla varaku untundi. wine. itara wine utpatti praantaalatoo samanamga tayaaru cheyabadina saampradaaya vainlatho paatu, valencia dop rendu asaadhaarana lakshanaalanu kaligi undih

valencia (duu) valentia eek hispanvi denomenation ddee aurejan protegeda (dope) hay juu valention community kay andar subah valentia mein waaqa sharaab kay liye hay aur asay duu alg alg zonz aur chaar zeeli zonz mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay jinn mein say harr eek mukhtalif qasm kii sharaab tayaar kartaa hay. tareekh. iss elaqay mein hazaaron saalon say angor kii kaasht aur sharaab kii paidawar mojud hay jaisa kahh kayee aasaar qadimah kii driyafaton say tasdiq hoti hay bashmol nopathic maqbaray jinn mein angor kii baqiyat mojud haine. saganto kii sharaab kaa zakar dosri sadee qabal maseeh mein nabalighon aur maarshil kay zariye mutan mein kiyaa gayaa thaa. 13 wein sadee mein valenciayi shehri arnaao ddee walanowa nay hispanvi sharaab parr pehla maqalah likhaa. zeeli zoon. valentine. valentino sabb zoon juu shamaal maghrab mein waaqa hay sabb say badaa hay aur iss kay takistan saahili medaan say soobay kay androni hasay kii taraf aahista aahista oopar kii taraf dhalwan kartay haine. yaha zeeli zoon badlay mein teen geografiyayi toor parr alg alg elaqon mein taqsim hay: alto toriya. alto toriya zeeli zoon valentino kay maghrab mein satah samandar say 700 metter aur 1,100 metter kay darmiyan kii oonchayi parr waaqa hay aur iss kii khususiyat iss kii riteli mutty hay. maasko. moscatil zeeli zoon valentia shehar kii maghrabi sarhad parr waaqa hay aur daah kii baari satah samandar say 100 metter kii bulandi takk pahunch jaati hay. clarino. clarino zeeli zoon janub mein hay juu deegar teen zeeli zonon say mazeed door hay aur zatiwa aur gandiya kay qasbon kay qareeb hay. yaha geografiyayi toor parr duu mukhtalif elaqon mein taqsim hay: mutty. aam toor parr zeeli mutty kumm oonchayi parr bahao kii qasm say lay kirr ziyadah oonchayi parr chonay kii qasm aur darmiyani oonchayi parr riteli qasm takk mukhtalif hoti hay. wah aam toor parr meusin aur kawatarneri door kii mutty haine juu behat pargamya haine aur iss wajah say nikasi aab kay masail kuu janam nahein deeti haine. aab woo hawaa. saahili daah kii baariyon mein bahirah room kii aab woo hawaa hoti hay leakin ziyadah tarr juu mazeed andron milk haine inn mein halki barazmi aab woo hawaa (lumby garm khashak garmiyan aur sard sardiyan) hoti hay. rozanah kii bunyaad parr darjah hararat 30 digri celsis takk mukhtalif how saktaa hay. garmiyon mein ziyadah say ziyadah darjah hararat 40 digri celsis say ziyadah aur sardiyon mein-5 digri celsis takk girr saktaa hay. kachh elaqon kuu banjar yaa neem banjar kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa gayaa hay halankah garmiyon aur khazaan mein pratashdad toofan aam haine. kabhi kabhaar aulay girtay haine aur teez hawayein kabhi kabhi cheest zeeli zoon mein nqsan pahuncha sakti haine. khashak saali hamishah say angor kay kashatkaron kay liye eek masilah rehaa hay halankah aaj drop aabpashi kii ajazat dope kii regulatory konsal kay zariye dee jaati hay. angor. marsigira iss elaqay kii sabb say khaas safed qasm hay halankah valentia dope mein behat see mukhtalif aqsaam kuu akhtiyar diyaa gayaa hay: aab woo hawaa kay lahaaz say dope mein duu mukhtalif qasm kay takistan mojud haine. garm elaqon mein bailon kuu eek dosray say 2.5 metter kay fasilay parr kumm jhaadiyon ("aine waaso") kay toor parr lagaya jaataa hay keunkah agar wah zameen kay qareeb hoan tuu garmi say behatar toor parr mahfuz rehtay haine. halki aab woo hawaa mein bailon kuu trailsz ("aine espuldera") parr lagaya jaataa hay. khashak saali kay khalaaf aalee mazahimat kii wajah say sabb say aam judd 41-bee clone hay. bail kii bawai kii kasafat kumm hay aur kumm az kumm 1,600 bailon/hector say lay kirr 2,500 bailon/hector takk hoti hay. sharaab. sharaab paida karnay waalay deegar elaqon kii tarah banayi gayee rawayati sharaab kay alawah valentia dope kii duu ghair mamuli khususiyat haine:

000706c8dd0f2ac5b7ada4125ab0231d2ddd0a6a14e6dfd7ef48e4fb920dccfa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26465279

Scandia (theme parks)

Scandia (theme parks) Family amusement center chain Scandia is a brand name of Scandinavian-themed family amusement centers in California. Although each location shares a similar name, nearly each location is owned and operated by different companies. Scandia Fun Center in Sacramento, Scandia Family Fun Center in Victorville, and the former Scandia Amusement Park in Ontario are owned by Scandia Amusements. The Ontario location was sold in February 2019 to an unknown buyer, who will convert the property for other uses. Some of the attractions will be moved to the Victorville location while others, including the Miler Big Coaster, have been listed for sale. Scandia Family Fun Center in Rohnert Park, California is owned and operated by "Skandia Funland Inc.", while Scandia Golfland in Fairfield, California is owned and operated by Golfland. All locations are adjacent to a major freeway, and include attractions such as an arcade, bumper boats, batting cages, miniature golf, and a go-kart track. Scandia Amusement Park in Ontario was the only location to include a full amusement park, including two roller coasters, called the "Scandia Screamer" and "Little Screamer", along with twelve other amusement rides. The locations in Sacramento and Victorville also include an attraction called "Scandia Screamer"; not a roller coaster, but a . On March 26, 2007, noise complaints from neighboring residents caused Scandia Fun Center in Sacramento to implement a "No-Shrieking" policy for riders on the Scandia Screamer. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

scandia (thim park) scandia hoise californier scandinavian-thimjukto poriyalor monuronjon kendror etaa brend naam. jodiu protitu sthanor eke naam aase, pray protitu sthan bibhinno companyr malikanadhin aaru porisalito. sekramentur scandia faan center, victorvilor scandia paribarik faan center, aaru ontorio "ror purbor scandia amusement park scandia amusementor malikanadhin. ontorio "ror owosthantu 2019 sonor februaryt ejon ogyat kretak bikri koraa hoisil, jiye xompotitu aan byoboharor baabe rupantor koribo. kisuman aakorxon victorville owosthanoloi sthanantorito koraa hoh 'bob aanhate milor big cousteroke dhori aanbur bikrir baabe talikabhukto koraa hoise. californier rohnert parkot thoka scandia poriyalor aamud-promud kendrotu "scandia funland inok" ror malikanadhin aaru porisalito.", fairfieldor scandia go 'lflandor biporite, california go' lflandor malikanadhin aaru porisalito. xokolu sthan etaa prodhan mukto pothor kaxot aase, aaru iyar bhitorot aase arcade, bumper naau, batting kej, khyudro golf, aaru gu-cart trekor dore aakorxon. ontorio "ror scandia amusement park aasil ekmatro sthan zo" too aan barta amusement raidor logote "scandia screamer" aaru "little screamer" naamor dutaa rular cousteroke dhori etaa xompurno amusement park ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. sekramentu aaru victorvilor sthanburot "scandia scrimer" naamor etaa aakorxonu ontorbhukto aase; rular couster nohoy, kintu etaa. 2007 sonor 26 marchot suburiya baxindaxokolor xobdor obhijugor folot scandia skrimarot thoka riderxokolor baabe "nu-swiking" niti rupayan koriboloi secramentur scandia faan center sristi hoisil.

scandia (thim park) scandia holl californier scandinavian-thimjukto paribarik binodan kendrogulir ekti branned naam. jodio protiti abosthaner ekti ekoi naam royeche, pray protiti abosthan bivinno sangosthar malikanadhin ebong porichalito hoy. sacramentote scandia phaan center, victorviller scandia family phaan center ebong ontarior praktan scandia binodan park scandia binodangulir malikanadhin. ontarior abosthanti 2019 saaler februaryte ekjon ajana kretar kachhe bikri koraa hoyechilo, jini sompottitike anyanno byaboharer jonno rupantar korben. kichhu akarshan victorviller sthane sthanantorito hobey ebong miller bigg coaster soho anyanyaguli bikroyer jonno talikabhukto koraa hoyeche. californier rohanert parke scandia paribarik binodan kendroti scandia funland incorporateder malikanadhin ebong porichalito.", jekhane fairfielde scandia golfland, california golflander malikanadhin ebong porichalito. samasta abosthan ekti prodhan muktopother sanglagna, ebong err modhye ekti toron, bumper nauka, batting khanchai, khudro golph ebong ekti goo-curt tracker moto akarshan royeche. ontarior scandia binodan park chhilo ekmatro sthan jekhane ekti purno binodan park antarbhukta chhilo, jaar modhye duti roller coaster, jaake "scandia screamer" ebong "little screamer" bolla hoy, ebong anyanno baroti binodan raida antarbhukta chhilo. sacramento ebong victorviller abosthangulite "scandia screamer" naame ekti akarshano royeche; roller coaster noy, borong ekti. 2007 saaler 26shhey march, protibeshi basindader golmaler abhijog scandia scrameray arohider jonno ekti "noo-shering" neeti bastobayoner jonno sacramentote scandia phaan center kaaron hoy.

skendiya (theem paark) skendiya aee californiama scandinavian-theem aadharit paarivaarik manoranjan kendronu brand naam chhe. darek sthaannu naam samaan hovaa chhataa, lagbhag darek sthaannee maliki aneey sanchalan viveedh companyo dwara karvaamaa aave chhe. secramentomaa skendiya phana center, victorvillema skendiya femili phana center aneey ontariyoma bhutpurv skendiya amusement paark skendiya amusementsnee malikina chhe. ontario sthaan februari 2019 maan aek agnaat khareeddaarne vechvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey meelkatne anya upyogo maate rupantarit karashe. ketlaak aakarshanone victorville sthaan parr khasedvama aavashe jyaare anya, jemaa miller bigg coasterno samaavesh thaay chhe, teey vechaan maate soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. keliforniyana rohant parkma skendiya femili phana centerni maliki aneey sanchalan skendiya funland ink dwara karvaamaa aave chhe.", jyaare fairfieldma skendiya golfland, california golflandnee maliki aneey sanchalan karey chhe. tamaam sthalo mukhya freeveni bajuma chhe, aneey temaa arcade, bumper booat, batting panjra, laghuchitra golph aneey goo-cart track jevaa aakarshanono samaavesh thaay chhe. ontariyoma skendiya amusement paark ekmatra aevu sthal hatoo jemaa sampoorn amusement parkno samaavesh thato hato, jemaa "skendiya screamer" aneey "little screamer" tareeke odakhaata beey roller coasterno samaavesh thaay chhe, saathe saathe anya baar amusement savaariono samaavesh thaay chhe. secramento aneey victorvillena sthalomaa "skendiya screamer" naamnaa aakarshanno pann samaavesh thaay chhe; roller coaster nahee, parantu aek. 26 march, march roj, padoshi rahevasio tarafthi avaajnee fariyaadoae skendiya screamer parr savaaro maate "noow-sharing" neetee laagu karvaa maate sanskarma skendiya phana centernu kaaran banyu.

scandia (theem park) scandia california mein scandinavian-theem vaale parivarik manoranjan kendron kaa ack brand naam haye. haalaanki pratyek sthaan kaa naam ack samaan haye, lagbhag pratyek sthaan kaa swaamitva aur sanchaalan alag-alag companiyon dwara kiya jaataa haye. sacramento mein scandia funn center, victorville mein scandia parivaar manoranjan kendra, aur ontario mein poorv scandia manoranjan park scandia manoranjan key swaamitva mein hain. ontario sthaan koo farwari 2019 mein ack agyaat kharidar koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa, joe sampatti koo anya upayogon key liye parivartit karega. kuchh akarshanon koo victorville sthaan parr sthanantarit curr diyaa jaayega, jabaki anya, jisamen miller bigg coaster bhee shamil haye, bikri key liye soochibaddh kiye gaye hain. california key rohnert park mein scandia parivaar kaa manoranjan kendra scandia funland ink dwara swaamitva aur sanchaalit haye.", jabaki fairfield mein scandia golfland, california kaa swaamitva aur sanchaalan golfland dwara kiya jaataa haye. sabhi sthaan ack pramukh mukt maarg key nikat hain, aur inmein ack arcade, bumper naukaaen, ballebaji pinjare, laghu golf aur ack goo-cart track jaise aakarshan shamil hain. ontario mein scandia manoranjan park ekmatra aisaa sthaan thaa jahan baarah anya manoranjan sawari key saath dou roller coaster, jinhen "scandia screamer" aur "little screamer" kahaa jaataa haye, sahit ack poorna manoranjan park shamil thaa. sacramento aur victorville mein sthaanon mein "scandia screamer" naamak ack aakarshan bhee shamil haye; ack roller coaster naheen, balki ack. 26 march, 2007 koo, padosi nivaasiyon kii shore-sharabe kii shikayaton key kaaran scandia screamer parr savaaron key liye "noo-shering" neeti lagu karane key liye sacramento mein scandia funn center banaaya gayaa.

scandia (theem parkgalu) scandia embudu californiada scandinavian-vishayada kutumba manaranjana kendragala brand hesaraagide. pratiyondu sthalavoo onde hesarannu hanchikondaru, bahuteka pratiyondu sthalavoo vividha kampanigala odetanadallide mattu nirvahisuttade. syakramentodalliruva scandia mojina kendra, viktarvilleyalliruva scandia kutumba mojina kendra mattu ontaariyodalliruva hindina scandia amusement park scandia amusementsna odetanadallive. ontario sthalavannu phebravari 2019 ralli aparichita khareedidaararige marata maadalaayitu, avaru aastiyannu itara balakegaligaagi parivartisuttaare. kelavu akarshanegalannu victorville stalakke sthalaantarisalaaguvudu, aadare miller bigg coaster seridante itaravugalannu maratakke patti maadalaagide. californiada rohnert paarknalliruva scandia kutumba mojina kendravu scandia funland ink odetanadallide mattu nirvahisuttade.", fairfieldnalliruva scandia galph land, californiavannu galph land odetanadallide mattu nirvahisuttade. ellah sthalagalu pramukha mukta maargada pakkadallive mattu arcade, bumper doonigalu, batting panjaragalu, chikani galph mattu goo-cort trackgalantaha akarshanegalannu olagondive. ontaariyoda scandia amusement park, "scandia screamer" mattu "little screamer" endu kareyalaaguva eradu roller kostargalannu olagondante, hanneradu itara amusement raidgalannu olagondiruva sampoorna amusement park annu olagondiruva ekaika sthalavagide. sacramento mattu viktarvilleyallina sthalagalu "scandia screamer" emba akarshaneyannu saha olagondive; roller coaster alla, aadare aa. march 26,2007 randu, nereya nivasigalinda shabda doorugalu scandia kiruchaaduvikeya savaararige "noow-shirring" nitiyannu jaarige taralu samskaaradalli scandia vinoda kendravannu untumaadidavu.

scandia (thim parkharu) scandia californiama scandinavian-vishayavastu pariwarik manoranjan kendraharuko brand naam how. yadyapi pratyek sthanle saman naam sajha gardacha, lagbhag pratyek sthan vibhinna companyharudwara swamitwa rar sanchalan garinchha. sacramentoma scandia funn centre, bhiktorbhilma scandia pariwar funn centre, rar ontarioma raheko purva scandia manoranjan park scandia amusementko swamitwama chhan. ontario sthan february 2019 maa agyat kretalai bechieko thiyo, jasle anya prayogka lagi sampatti rupantaran garnechha. kehi akarshanharu wictorbhill sthanma sarinuhunechha jabki anya, miller bigg coaster sahit, bikrika lagi suchibadha garieko chha. californiako rohnet parkma raheko scandia pariwar ramailo kendra scandia funland inkko swamitwa rar sanchalanma chha.", jabki fairfieldma scandia galfland, californiako swamitwa rar golflandwara sanchalit chha. sabai sthanharu pramukh mukta margako chheuma chhan, rar yasama arcade, bumper dungaharu, batting pinjare, laghu golf, rar go-cart track jasta akarshanharu samawesh chhan. ontarioko scandia amusement parkma purna amusement park samawesh garne ek matra sthan thiyo, jasma dui roller coasterharu, jaslai "scandia screamer" rar "little screamer" bhaninchha, sathai bahra anya amusement rideharu samawesh thie. sacramento rar bhiktorbhilka sthanharuma "scandia screamer" bhanine akarshan pani samawesh chha; roller coaster hoina, tara ae. march 26,2007 maa, chhimeki basindaharubata aeko awajko ujurile scandia scraimerma sawarharuka lagi "no-scracking" niti lagu garna sanskarma scandia funn centreko karan banyo.

scandia (thim park) scandia heuchhi californier skandinevian-thim paribarika manoranjan kendra eka brand naama . jadio pratyeka sthanara naama samaana, praiah pratyeka sthana bibhinna company dwara malikanadhin ebong parichalita . sakramentore thiba scandia fann centre, bhiktorabhilare thiba scandia paribarika fann centre ebong ontariora purbatana scandia manoranjan park scandia amusementer malikanare rahichhi. ontario sthana februari 2019 ray jane ajana kretanku bikri karajaithila, jie anya byabahara paain sampattiku rupantarita karibe . keteka aakarshanaku victorville sthanaku sthanantara karajaithiba bele anyagudika, jeunthire miller bigg coaster madhya samil rahichhi, bikrai paain talikabhukta karajaichi. californier rohnert parkre thiba scandia paribarika manoranjan kendra scandia funland incorporated dwara parichalita ebong parichalita.", phejaraphildre thiba scandia galfland, californier galfland malikanare ebong parichalita. samasta sthana eka pramukh muktapathara sanlagna, ebong eka arcade, bumper danga, byating pinjara, khudra galph, ebong eka goo-cart track pari akarshana antarbhukta . ontariora scandia amusement park ekamatra sthana thila jeunthare eka purna amusement park antarbhukta thila, jeunthire "scandia screamer" ebong "little screamer" namaka duiti roller coaster sahita anya barati manoranjan ryde antarbhukta thila . sacramento ebong viktoravilara sthanagudikare "scandia screamer" namaka eka akarshana madhya antarbhukta; eka roller coaster nuhen, barang eka. march 26,2007 ray, padoshi basindanka sabda abhijoga scandia skramarare aarohinka paain eka "noe-shrick" neeti karjyakaree kariba paain sakramentore scandia fann centre srusti karithila .

scandia (theem park) scandia california witch scandinavian-theem vaale parivarak manoranjan kendran daa ikk brand naam haii. halanki harek sathaan daa ikko jiha naam haii, lagbhag harek sathaan vakkh-vakkh companyan duaara malkiat atey sanchalit keeta jaanda haii. secremento witch scandia funn center, victorville witch scandia parivarak funn center atey ontario witch sabka scandia manoranjan park scandia manoranjan dee malkiat hunn. ontario sathaan farvari 2019 witch ikk anjaan khariddar noon wetch ditta giaa see, joe jaidad noon horr varton laee badal devega. kujh aakarshanan noon victorville sathaan 'teey lijaiaa javega jadon kii horr, jinhan witch miller vadde coaster shamal hunn, noon vikri laee suchibadh keeta giaa haii. rohert park, california witch scandia parivarak manoranjan kendra dee malkiat atey sanchalan scandia funland ink duaara keeta jaanda haii.", jadon kii fairfield witch scandia golfland, california dee malkiat atey sanchalan golfland duaara keeta jaanda haii. saare sathaan ikk pramukh freeway dey naal laggde hunn, atey ikk arcade, bumper kishtiaan, ballebazi pinjre, chhote golf atey ikk goo-cart track varge aakarshan shamal hunn. ontario witch scandia manoranjan park ikko ikk ajihi jagha see jiss witch ikk poora manoranjan park shamal see, jiss witch doou roller coaster, jinhan noon "scandia screamer" atey "little screamer" kiha jaanda haii, dey naal-naal baaran horr manoranjan swariaan shamal sunn. secremento atey victorville witch sathanan witch ikk aakarshan vee shamal haii jiss noon "scandia screamer" kiha jaanda haii; ikk roller coaster naheen, balki ikk. 26 march, 2007 noon, guandhi vasnikan deeaan shore shikaitan neey scandia cheek utte swaran laee "naa-cheekan" dee neeti noon lagu curran laee secramento witch scandia funn center daa caarn baniaa.

scandia (vishaya-udyaane) scandia iti california-deshasya scandinavian-vishayavastoonaam paarivaarik-manoranjanakendranam brand-naam asti. yadyapi pratyekam sthaanam samaanam naam asti, tathaapi praayah pratyekam sthaanam bhinna-bhinna-kampanee-dwara svaamitvam, sanchaalanam cha bhavati. saakremento-nagare scandia-vinoda-kendram, victorville-nagare scandia-parivaar-vinoda-kendram, ontario-nagare poorvam scandia-manoranjana-udyaanam cha scandia-vinodayaatraayaah swaaminyah santi. ontario-nagarasya sthaanam 2019 februvari-maase ajnaata-kretrubhyah vikreeyat, yah anya-upayogartham sampattim parivartayishyati. kechan aakarshanaah victorville-sthale sthaanaantaritaah bhavishyanti, anye cha miller-bigg-coaster-sahitam vikrayanaartham soochitaah santi. california-rajyasya rohnert-paark-nagare scandia-parivaar-vinoda-kendrasya svaamitvam scandia-funn-lyand-ink ityanena cha kriyate.", ferr-feeled-madhye scandia-golfland-nagare, california-pradeshe golfland-ityasya svaamitvam, sanchaalanam cha bhavati. sarvaani sthanani pramukha-muktamaargasya sameepe santi, tathaa cha arcade, bumper-naukaani, batting-pinjaraah, laghu-golf, go-cart-track ityadini aakarshanaah santi. ontario-nagarasya scandia amusement-paark-madhye ekamaatram poorna-amusement-paark aasit, yasmin "scandia-screamer" tathaa "little-screamer" iti roller-coaster-dwau cha, anyatra dvaadasha amusement-rads ityetau cha antarbhavanti. sacramento tathaa victorville ityeteshu sthaleshu "scandia screamer" iti aakarshanam api antarbhavati; roller coaster iti naa, apitu e. 2007 maarch 26 dinaanke, sameepasthavaasinaam shabda-aakshepaih, scandia-screamer-madhye savaranam krute "no-shraiking" neetim pravartayitum saakremento-nagare scandia-vinodam kendram abhavat.

scandia (theem poongkaakkal) scandia enbathu californiavil ulla scandinavian karupporul konda kudumba pozhuthupoakku maiyangkalin brand peyar aagum. ovvoru idamum oray peyaraip pagirnthu kondaalum, kittatthatta ovvoru idamum vevvaeru niruvanangalukkuch sonthamaanathu mattrum iyakkappadukirathu. punithamaana idaththil ulla scandia vaedikkai maiyam, victorville ulla scandia kudumba vaedikkai maiyam mattrum onraariyoavil ulla munnaal scandia pozhuthupoakku poongaa aagiyavai scandia pozhuthupoakkugalukku sonthamaanavai. onrariyoa iruppidam pipravari 2019 ill oru ariyappadaatha vaangkubavarukku virkappattathu, avar antha soththai mattra payanpaadugalukkaaga maattruvaar. sila idangkal victoorvil idaththirku maattrappadum, athae neraththil miller bick coaster udpada pira idangkal virpanaikku pattiyalidappattullana. californiavin rohnerd poongaavil ulla scandia kudumba vaedikkai maiyam scandia funland ink niruvanaththirku sonthamaanathu mattrum iyakkappadukirathu.", fairfieldil ulla scandia goalf nilam, californiavukku sonthamaanathu mattrum goalf laendirkuch sonthamaanathu. anaitthu idangkalum oru periya suthanthirap paathaiyai ottiyullana, maelum oru arcate, bumber padagugal, batting koondugal, miniature goalf mattrum coow-cord track poantra eerppugalai ulladakkiyathu. onraariyoavil ulla scandia kelikkai poongaa mattumae oru muzhu kelikkai poongaavai ulladakkiya oray idamaaga irunththathu, idhil "scandia screamer" mattrum "little screamer" endru azhaikkappadum irandu roller koostarkal udpada, maelum pannirandu pozhuthupoakku savaarigalum adangkum. sacramento mattrum victorville ulla idangkalil "scandia screamer" endra eerppum adangkum; oru roller coaster alla, aanaal oru. maarch 26,2007 andru, andai kudiyiruppaalargalidamir varum saththam pukaarkal scandia saththam poadupavarukku "cookural vaendaam" kolgaiyai seyalpaduththuvatharkaaga punithach sadangkil scandia vaedikkai myyaththai aerpaduththiyathu.

scandia (theem paarkulu) scandia anedi californialoni scandinavian-nepathya kutumba vinoda kendraala brand paeru. prati pradaesam oke paerunu panchukunnappatiki, daadaapu prati pradaesam ververu companyla yajamanyamlo mariyu nirvahinchabadutundi. sacramentoloni scandia funn center, victorvilleloni scandia family funn center mariyu antarioloni maajee scandia amusement park scandia amusementsku chendinavi. antario pradaesaanni fibravari 2019loe oka teliyani konugoludaarudiki vikrayinchaaru, athanu aastini itara upayogaala kosam maarustaadu. konni aakarshanhalu victorville pradaesaaniki taralinchabadataayi, miller bigg costertho sahaa marikonni ammakaniki jabita cheyabaddaayi. californialoni rohnert paarkulooni scandia family funn center scandia funland ink yajamanyamlo mariyu nirvahinchabadutundi.", fairfieldloni scandia golph land, california golph land yajamanyamlo mariyu nirvahinchabadutundi. anni pradaesaalu pradhana freeway prakkane unnaayi, mariyu arcade, bumper botlu, batting bonulu, suukshma golph mariyu goo-cart track vanti aakarshanhalu unnaayi. antarioloni scandia amusement park loe pannendu itara vinoda savaareelatoo paatu "scandia screamer" mariyu "little screamer" anie piluvabade rendu roller costerlatho sahaa puurti vinoda paarku undhi. sacramento mariyu victorvilleloni pradaesaalaloo "scandia screamer" anae aakarshana kooda undhi; roller coaster kaadu, conny oka. marchi 26,2007naa, porugu nivaasitula nundi shabda firyadulu scandia screamerpy unna raidarla kosam "noo-shreaking" vidhananni amalu cheyadaaniki sacramentolo scandia funn centarnu kaliginchaayi.

scandia (theem parks) scandia california mein scandinivia theem waalay khaandaani tafrihi marakaz kaa eek braand naam hay. agarcha harr maqaam kaa eek hyee naam hay taqriba harr maqaam mukhtalif companiyon kii malkiyat aur inn kay zeer intezam hay. secramento mein scandia funn center victor weel mein scandia femli funn center aur oontario mein saabiq scandia tafrihi paark scandia tafrihi kii malkiyat haine. oontario kaa maqaam faroori 2019 mein eek namalum kharidar kuu farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa juu jayedad kuu dosray istemaal kay liye tabdil karay gaa. kachh parkashish maqamat kuu victor weel kay maqaam parr muntaqil kirr diyaa jaaye gaa jabkah deegar bashmol miller bugg couster farokhat kay liye darj kiye gayey haine. california kay rohnert paark mein scandia femli funn center scandia funn lend incorporated kii malkiyat aur iss kaa intezam hay."yee jabkah fair feld mein scandia golf lend california golf lend kii malkiyat aur iss kaa intezam hay. tamaam maqamat eek baday free way say mutsil haine aur inn mein arcade bumper kashtiyan batting panjray chhotay golf aur gow cart track jeesay parkashish maqamat shaamil haine. oontario mein scandia amusement paark waahid maqaam thaa jiss mein eek makmal tafrihi paark shaamil thaa jiss mein baarah deegar tafrihi sawariyon kay saath duu roller cousters jinhein "scandia scrimer" aur "luttle scrimer" kahaa jaataa hay shaamil thay. secramento aur victor weel kay maqamat mein "scandia screamer" naami eek kashash bhee shaamil hay vovo roller couster nahein balkah eek. 26 maarch 2007 cow padosi baashindon kii shoar kii shikayaat nay scandia screener parr sawaron kay liye "shoar naha karnay" kii palisi kuu naafiz karnay kay liye secramento mein scandia funn center kaa sabab banaa.

000708d51150f773da1d1262f4a4ca4d20732ef6c218d84c769b80059f728cc6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56917919

Katie George (cricketer)

Katie George (cricketer) English cricketer Katie Louise George (born 7 April 1999) is an English cricketer who plays for Hampshire, Central Sparks and Manchester Originals. A right-handed batter and left-arm pace bowler, she made her Hampshire debut in 2013. She has played 5 T20Is and 2 ODIs for England, all in 2018. Early life. George was born on 7 April 1999 in Haywards Heath, West Sussex. Domestic career. George made her debut for Hampshire in a 2013 Women's County Championship relegation play-off match against Oxfordshire. She took two wickets and scored 18 runs as her side won by 5 wickets. She did not play again until 2015, but had a successful season in both the County Championship and the Twenty20 Cup, taking 8 and 7 wickets, respectively. George was thereafter a regular in Hampshire's side, and was their second highest wicket-taker in their Championship winning season in 2018. George was part of the Southern Vipers squad in the Women's Cricket Super League between 2016 and 2018, winning the tournament with them in 2016. In 2019, she played for Yorkshire Diamonds, and took 4 wickets with an economy of 6.85. In 2020, George played two matches for Western Storm in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy, taking two wickets and scoring 19 runs. Injury limited her to just batting in the 2021 season, where she played one Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy match for Western Storm, scoring 37, and five Charlotte Edwards Cup matches, scoring 87 runs including 47* to guide her side to victory over North West Thunder. She also played 8 matches for Welsh Fire in The Hundred. She played eleven matches for Western Storm in 2022, across the Charlotte Edwards Cup and the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. She scored one half-century, hitting 74 from 43 deliveries in Storm's Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy victory over Sunrisers. She was ever-present for Welsh Fire in The Hundred, scoring 23 runs and taking one wicket. In November 2022, it was announced that George had signed for Central Sparks for the following season. In 2023, she played 19 matches for Central Sparks, across the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy and the Charlotte Edwards Cup, including scoring 251 runs and taking 18 wickets in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. She also played six matches for Manchester Originals in The Hundred. International career. In March 2018, George was named in the England squad for their tri-series against India and Australia. In a warm-up match prior to the series, she took a hat-trick against India A Women. She played three matches in the tri-series, but failed to make an impact. In June 2018, George was named in the squad for part of England's tri-series against New Zealand and South Africa. She played two matches, and took two wickets, including her first at international level of Amy Satterthwaite. She made her Women's One Day International cricket (WODI) debut for England Women in the following series against New Zealand Women on 7 July 2018, and took one wicket. She performed better in the second match of the series, being one of the "stand-out" bowlers as she took 3/36 from 7 overs. In February 2019, George was awarded a rookie contract by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for 2019 and in 2020 she was named in a squad of 24 players to begin training following the COVID-19 pandemic, but she has not yet played another game for England. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

keti jorjo (cricketer) keti luiz jorjo (jonmo 7 april 1999) ejon ingraj cricketer ji hampswire, centrel sparks aaru menchester orijinalsor hoi khele. xuhere batting koraa aaru bauhere pess koraa bob "laar hisape 2013 sonot hempswayarot aatmoprokax korisil. teu englandor hoi 5taa ti-20 aaru 2taa udiai khelise, xokolubur 2018 sonot. prarombhik jiwan. jorjor jonmo hoisil 1999 sonor 7 aprilot west susexor haywards hithot. ghoruwa jiwan. jorjoi 2013 sonot oxfordswire biruddhe mohila county championswipor relegation play-off mesot hampswire hoi aatmoprokax korisil. teu dutaa wicket loisil aaru 18 raan xongroho korisil aaru teur doltuwe 5 wicketot joylabh korisil. 2015 sonoloike teu punor khelibo poraa nasil, kintu county championswip aaru tuwenti20 kaap duyutate krome 8 aaru 7taa wicket loi xofol sijon laabh korisil. iyar pisot jorjo hampswire dolot niyomiya aasil, aaru 2018 sonot teulukor championswip bijoyi sijonot teulukor dwitiyo xorbadhik wicket luwa kheluwoi aasil. jorjo 2016 sonor poraa 2018 sonor bhitorot mohila cricket supar leegot dokhyin vipers dolor ongxo aasil, 2016 sonot teulukor xoite protijugitakhonot joylabh korisil. 2019 sonot teu iyorkoswayar hirar hoi khelisil, aaru 6.85 tokar orthonitire 4taa wicket loisil. 2020 sonot jorjoi rasel heihu flint tropheet poschimiya dhumuhar baabe dukhon khel khelisil, dutaa wicket loisil aaru 19 raan xongroho korisil. aaghator folot teu 2021 sonor sijonot kewol batting korat ximabodho hoi porisil, zo 'too teu western sto "rmor baabe ekhon rasel heihu flint trophy mess khelisil, 37khon aaru pasta charlot edwards kaap mess khelisil, zo' too 47 * rey 87 raan xongroho kori teuk uttor-poschimor bojropator biruddhe joylabh koriboloi poth dekhuwaisil. teu welswo fayar inn dyo chendur babeu 8khon mess khelisil. teu 2022 sonot charlot edwards kaap aaru rasel heihu flint trophir maajere western stormor baabe egharkhon mess khelisil. taai etaa ordhoxotok orjon korisil, 43taa delivarit 74taa maari starmor rasel heihu flint tropheet sanraijaror biruddhe joylabh korisil. teu xototut welswo firer baabe xoday uposthito aasil, 23 raan korisil aaru etaa wicket loisil. 2022 sonor novembor maahot ghuxona koraa hoisil je jorjoi poroborti sijonor baabe kendriyo sfulingor baabe swakhyor korise. antohrastriyo keriyar. 2018 sonor march maahot jorjok bharot aaru australier biruddhe teulukor tri-sringkholar baabe englandor dolot namakoron koraa hoisil. sringkholar purbe etaa prostuti khelot teu bharotor biruddhe egoraki mohilar hetrik loisil. teu tri-sringkholakhonot tinita mess khelisil, kintu probhab pelabo nuwarile. 2018 sonor june maahot newzealand aaru dokhyin africar biruddhe englandor tri-sringkholar ongxo hisape jorjok dolot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. teu dutaa mess khelisil, aaru dutaa wicket loisil, jaar bhitorot aasil emai setarthoweitor antohrastriyo porzayot teur prothomtu wicket. 2018 sonor 7 julyte newzealandor mohilar biruddhe poroborti sringkholatut teu englandor mohilar baabe mohila ediniya antohrastriyo cricket (wody) too aatmoprokax korisil aaru etaa wicket loisil. teu sringkholatur dwitiyo mesot bhaal prodorxon korisil, teu 7 obharor poraa 3/36 luwar baabe "stand-out" bolarxokolor bhitorot egoraki aasil. 2019 sonor februaryt jorjok 2019 sonor baabe england endo wels cricket bob "rde (ee. chi. bi.) ek notun sukti prodan korisil aaru 2020 sonot koo" vid-19 mohamarir pisot proxikhyon aarombho koriboloi teuk 24 john kheluoir dolot naam diya hoisil, kintu teu etiyau englandor hoi aan ekhon khel khelaa naai.

catty george (cricketer) catty lui george (jonmo 7 april 1999) ekjon ingrez cricketer jini hampshire, central sparks ebong manchester originalser hoye khelen. ekjon danhati batsman ebong baan-haati pesha bowler, tini 2013 saale hampshirey atmoprokash corren. tini englander hoye 5tii tii-toenti ebong 2tii odi khelechen, sabgulii 2018 saale. prathomik jeebon. george 1999 saaler 7ee april oyesta sussexer haywards hithe jonmogrohon corren. gharoa karmajiban. 2013 saale oxfordshire bipokkhe mohila county championshiper abanman play-off matche george hampshire hoye atmoprokash corren. tini duti wicket nene ebong 18 raan corren ebong taanr doll 5 wickete joyee hoy. tini 2015 saal porjonto arr khelenni, tobey county championship ebong ebong cup ubhoy morshumei sofol chhilen, jothakrome 8 ebong 7 wicket niyechilen. george erpor hampshire doley niyamita chhilen ebong 2018 saale taader championship vijayi morshume taader dwitiya sorbochcho wicket-shikari chhilen. george 2016 theke 2018 saaler modhye mohila cricket super lige dakkhin bhaiparder doler ongsho chhilen, 2016 saale taader saathe turnament jitechilen. 2019 saale, tini earkshire diamondser hoye khelechilen ebong 6,85 err orthonitite 4 wicket niyechilen. 2020 saale, george rachel heiho flint trophyte western stormer hoye duti match khelechilen, duti wicket niyechilen ebong 19 raan korechilen. injurir karone tini 2021 saaler morshume cable battingye seemaboddho chhilen, jekhane tini western stormer hoye ekti rakel heiho flint trophy match khelechilen, 37 raan korechilen ebong panchti charlot edwards cup match khelechilen, 47 * soho 87 raan korechilen, jaa taake uttor-poschim bojrer biruddhe joyer dike porichalito korechilo. tini welsh fayara inn dya senchuri-err jonno 8tii matchow khelechen. tini 2022 saale poschima jhorer hoye egaroti match khelechilen, charlot edwards cup ebong rakel heiho flint trophy judey. tini ekti ordho-shatran corren, 43tii delivarite 74 raan corren, sunriserser biruddhe jhorer rachelle heiho flint trophy joye. tini sarbadai welsh fayara-err hoye uposthito chhilen, 23 raan korechilen ebong ekti wicket niyechilen. 2022 saaler novembore ghoshana koraa hoy jey, george poroborti morshumer jonno kendriya sphulinger jonno chuktiboddho hoyechen. antorjatik karmajiban. 2018 saaler march maase, bharat oo australier biruddhe trideshiya sirijer jonno georgeke ingland doley rakha hoy. sirijer agey ekti prostuti matche tini bharoter biruddhe mohilader hattrick corren. tini trideshiya sirije tinti match khelechilen, kintu konao prabhab felte byartho hoyechilen. 2018 saaler june maase, newzealand ebong dakkhin africar bipokkhe englander trideshiya sirijer ongsho hisebe georgeke doley rakha hoy. tini duti match khelechen ebong duti wicket niyechen, jaar modhye antorjatik porjaye taanr prothom ammy satterthwaite. 2018 saaler 7ee julai newzealander mohilader bipokkhe poroborti sirije tini englander mohilader hoye ekodiner antorjatik crickete (odi) atmoprokash corren ebong ekti wicket nene. tini sirijer dwitiya matche arow vall perform corren, ekjon "stanned-out" bowler hisebe 7 over theke 3/36 nene. 2019 saaler februaryte, georgeke 2019 saaler jonno ingland ebong oyelasa cricket board (ee. shee. bii) dwara ekti notun chuktite bhushito koraa hoyechilo ebong 2020 saale covid-19 mahamarir porey proshikkhon shuru korar jonno 24 john kheloader ekti doley taar naam deoa hoyechilo, tobey tini ekhono englander hoye onno konao khela khelenni.

ketee george (cricketer) ketee luis george (janm 7 april 1999) aek angreji cricketer chhe jeey hampshire, central sparks aneey manchester originals maate ramey chhe. jamnaa haathnaa batsmen aneey daaba haathnaa zadpi boolara, temane 2013 maan hampshirema padaarpan karyoo hatoo. temane ingland maate 5 5 aneey 2 odi ramyaa chhe, jeey tamaam 2018 maan ramyaa hataa. praarambhik jeevan. georgeno janm 7 april april roj vesta suseksana haywards heethamaa thayo hato. sthaaneek karkirdi. george george oxfordshire saameni maheela kaauntii championship relegation play-off mechamaa hampshire maate padaarpan karyoo hatoo. teneeae beey wicket zadpi hatee aneey 18 runn banaavya hataa, jemaa teneeni team 5 vikete jeetee hatee. teey 2015 sudhee fareethi ramyo naa hato, parantu kaauntii championship aneey aneey cup bannemaa safal season hatee, jemaa tene anukrame 8 aneey 7 wicket zadpi hatee. tyarbad george hampshireni team niyameet hataa aneey juuna temnee championship jitvani seasonma teo beeja kramnaa sauthee vadhu wicket lenar boolara hataa. george 2016 aneey 2018 vachche maheela cricket super leegma dakshin wipers teamno bhaag hataa, hataa temnee saathe tournament jeetee hatee. februari, teo yorkshire diamonds maate ramyaa hataa aneey aneey economy saathe 4 wicket zadpi hatee. aneey, george pashchimi tofan maate rachel heho flint trophyma beey match ramee hatee, jemaa beey wicket zadpi hatee aneey 19 runn banaavya hataa. ijaane kaarane tenee tenee seasonma maatra batting karvaa sudhee maryadit rahee hatee, jyaan teneeae pashchimi tofan maate aek rachel heho flint trophy match ramee hatee, jemaa 37 runn banaavya hataa aneey paanch charlot edwards cup mecho ramee hatee, jemaa 47 * saheet 87 runn banaavya hataa, jeey teneeni teamne uttar pashchimna garjanaa parr jeet taraf margdarshan aape chhe. temane velsha fayara ina dhaa centuary maate 8 match pann ramee hatee. teneeae november pashchimi tofan maate ageeyar match ramee hatee, jemaa charlot edwards cup aneey ratchell heho flint trophy saamel hatee. tene sunrisers saame tofanni ratchell heho flint trophy jeetma 43 bolmaa 74 runn banaaveene aek adadhi sadee fatkari hatee. teey sadimaa velsha fayara maate hammesha haajar hatee, 23 runn banaaveene aneey aek wicket zadpi hatee. november november, aevee jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey george aagaami season maate kendreey sparks maate hastakshar karyaa chhe. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. march juuna, georgene bhaarat aneey austreliya saameni trikoneey shrenee maate englandnee team saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato. shrenee pahelaa aek worm-up mechamaa, temane bhaarat saame maheelaoni hetrick leedhi hatee. teneeae trikoneey shreneema trana match ramee hatee, parantu prabhaav padvama nishfal rahee hatee. juuna juuna, georgene newzealand aneey dakshin africa saameni englandnee trikoneey shreneena bhaag maate team saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato. teneeae beey match ramee hatee aneey beey wicket zadpi hatee, jemaa aantarrashtriy stare aemee setarathavetnee pratham wicketno samaavesh thaay chhe. temane 7 julai julai roj newzealandnee maheelao saameni shreneema englandnee maheelao maate maheela aek divaseey aantarrashtriy cricket (vodee) maan padaarpan karyoo hatoo aneey aek wicket zadpi hatee. teneeae shreneeni beejee mechamaa vadhu saaru pradarshan karyoo hatoo, "stenned-out" bolaromaanee aek hatee kaaran keey teneeae 7 overmathi 3/36 leedho hato. februari februari, georgene ingland aneey wells cricket booard (ecb) dwara 2019 maate rookie karaar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey aneey covid-19 rogchaalaane pagale taaleem sharoo karvaa maate 24 khelaadioni team tenu naam rakhvama aavyu hatoo, parantu tene haju sudhee ingland maate beejee ramat ramee nathee.

ketty george (cricketer) ketty luis george (janm 7 aprail 1999) ack angreji cricketer hain joe hampshire, central sparks aur manchester originals key liye khelate hain. daaen haath kii ballebaaj aur baaen haath kii tej gendbaaz, unhone 2013 mein hampshire mein apani shuruat kii. unhone ingland key liye 5 tii20 aur 2 odi khele hain, sabhi 2018 mein. praarambhik jeevan. george kaa janm 7 aprail 1999 koo haywards heath, west sussex mein huaa thaa. gharelu currier. george ney 2013 mein oxfordshire key khilaf mahila county championship nirvaasan play-off match mein hampshire key liye apani shuruat kii. unhone dou wicket liye aur 18 runn banaae kyonki unaki team 5 wicket seey jeeti. vaha 2015 taka phir seey naheen kheli, lekin county championship aur twenty20 cup donon mein ack safal season thaa, jisamen kramshah 8 aur 7 wicket liye gaye they. george isake baad hampshire key paksh mein niyamit they, aur 2018 mein apane championship jeetane vaale satra mein unake dusare sabse adhik wicket lene vaale gendbaaz they. george 2016 aur 2018 key beach mahila cricket super leag mein dakshini wipers team kaa hissa theen, jinhone 2016 mein unake saath tournament jeetaa thaa. 2019 mein, unhone yorkshire heere key liye khela, aur 6.85 kii arthavyavastha key saath 4 wicket liye. 2020 mein, george ney paschimi toofaan key liye rachel heho flint trophy mein dou match khele, dou wicket liye aur 19 runn banaae. chot ney unhein 2021 key season mein sirf ballebaji karane taka seemit curr diyaa, jahan unhone paschimi toofaan key liye ack rachel heho flint trophy match khela, 37 runn banaae, aur paanch charlot edward cup match khele, jisamen 47 * sahit 87 runn banaae, jisase vaha uttar paschim garjan parr apani team kaa margadarshan karane mein safal raheen. unhone sou mein velsh fayer key liye 8 match bhee khele. unhone 2022 mein paschimi toofaan key liye gyaarah match khele, charlot edward cup aur rachel heho flint trophy key paar. unhone ack ardhashatak banaaya, jisamen unhone 43 gendon mein 74 runn banaakar sunrisers parr toofaan kii rachel heho flint trophy jeet hassil kii. vaha shatak mein 23 runn banaakar aur ack wicket lete hue hamesha velsh fayer key liye maujood theen. navambar 2022 mein, yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii george ney agale satra key liye kendriya chingari key liye hastakshar kiye they. antarrashtriya currier. march 2018 mein, george koo bhaarat aur australia key khilaf unaki trikoniya shrinkhala key liye ingland kii team mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. shrinkhala seey pahale ack abhyaas match mein, unhone bhaarat key khilaf ack mahila key roop mein hatrick lii. unhone trikoniya shrinkhala mein teen match khele, lekin prabhaav daalane mein whiffle raheen. juuna 2018 mein, george koo newzealand aur dakshin africa key khilaf ingland kii trikoniya shrinkhala key hisse key liye team mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone dou match khele aur dou wicket liye, jisamen antarrashtriya star parr unakaa pahala ammy satterthwaite bhee shamil thaa. unhone 7 julaai 2018 koo newzealand kii mahilaaon key khilaf agali shrinkhala mein ingland kii mahilaaon key liye apani mahila ack divasiya antarrashtriya cricket (wodi) kii shuruat kii, aur ack wicket liya. unhone shrinkhala key dusare match mein behtar pradarshan kiya, "stand-out" gendbaajon mein seey ack honey key naate unhone 7 ovaron mein 3/36 liya. farwari 2019 mein, george koo ingland aur wells cricket board (ee. see. bee.) dwara 2019 key liye ack nae anubandh seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa aur 2020 mein unhein covid-19 mahamari key baad prashikshan shuru karane key liye 24 khilaadiyon key ack dall mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhone abhee taka ingland key liye ack aur khel naheen khela haye.

keti georg (cricketiga) keti louis georg (janana 7 april 1999) obba inglish kriketigaraagiddu, avaru hampshire, central sparks mattu manchester originals para aduttare. balagai batsmen mattu edagai vegada boular aagiruva avaru avaru hampshirege paadaarpane maadidaru. avaru inglend para 5 5 mattu 2 oidigalannu adiddare, ivellavoo zoon. arambhika jeevana. georg avaru april 7,1999 randu west sussexna haywards heetnalli janisidaru. deshiya vrutti. georg avaru 2013rahra mahila kaunti championship gadiparu play-off pandyadalli oxfordshire viruddha hampshire para paadaarpane maadidaru. aake eradu viketgalannu padedu 18 runn galisi 5 viketgalinda jayagalisidaru. avaru 2015 ravarege matte aadalilla, aadare kaunti championship mattu mattu cup eradaralloo yashasvi rtuvannu hondiddaru, kramavagi 8 mattu 7 viketgalannu padedaru. georg nantara hampshire tandadalli niyamitavaagiddaru mattu 2018 ralli avara championship geluvina rtuvinalli avara eradane athi hecchu wicket padeda boular aagiddaru. georg avaru 2016 mattu 2018rahra naduve mahila cricket suuper leagnalli daksina wipers tandada bhagavagiddaru, avarondige avarondige pandyaavaliyannu geddaru. geddaru, avaru yorkshire diamonds para aadidaru mattu 6.85 rahra aarthikateyondige 4 viketgalannu padedaru. mattu, georg avaru rockell heho flint trophiyalli pashchimatya chandamarutakkagi eradu pandyagalannu audy, eradu viketgalannu padedaru mattu 19 runn galisidaru. gayavu 2021rahra rtuvinalli kevala battinge simitagolisitu, allie avaru pashchatya chandamarutakkagi ondu rockell heho flint trophy pandyavannu aadidaru, 37 runn galisidaru, mattu aidu charlotte edwards cup pandyagalannu aadidaru, 47 * seridante 87 runn galisi vayuvya gudugugala viruddha tanna tandavannu gellalu margadarshana maadidaru. avaru velsh fire inn dha senchurigaagi 8 pandyagalannu saha aadidaru. avaru 2022 ralli pashchatya chandamarutakkagi hannondu pandyagalannu aadidaru, charlotte edwards cup mattu rockell heho flint trophiadyanta. avaru ondu ardhashatakavannu galisidaru, 43 esetagalalli 74 runn galisi, chandamarutada rachel heho flint trophiyalli sunrisers viruddha jaya saadhisidaru. avaru shatakadalli 23 runn galisi ondu wicket padedu velsh fairgaagi sadaa upasthitariruvaru. 2022rahra novembernalli, mundina rtuvinalli georg avaru kendra kidigalige sahi haakiruvudaagi ghooshisalaayitu. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. march zoon, bhaarata mattu australia viruddhada trikona saranigaagi georg avarannu inglend tandadalli hesarisalaayitu. saraniya modalu abhyasa pandyadalli, avaru bhaaratada viruddha mahileyara viruddha hatrick padedaru. avaru trikona saranialli mooru pandyagalannu aadidaru, aadare prabhaava beeralu viphalaraadaru. zoon zoon, newzealand mattu daksina africa viruddhada inglendna trikona saraniya bhagavagi georg avarannu tandadalli hesarisalaayitu. avaru eradu pandyagalannu aadidaru mattu eradu viketgalannu padedaru, idaralli antararashtriya mattadalli amii satterthwhiten modala pandyavoo seride. avaru 7 julai 2018 randu newzealand mahileyara viruddhada mundina saranialli inglend mahileyara mahila ekadina antaaraashtriya cricket (vodi) ge paadaarpane maadidaru mattu ondu wicket padedaru. avaru saraniya eradane pandyadalli uttama pradarshana niididaru, avaru 7 ovargalinda 3/36 tegedukonda kaarana "stand-out" boulargalalli obbaraagiddaru. 2019rahra phebravariyalli, georg avarige 2019rahra inglend mattu wales cricket mandali (ii. sii. bii) rookie oppandavannu needitu mattu mattu covid-19 saankraamika rogada nantara tarabetiyannu prarambhisalu 24 atagarara tandadalli avarannu hesarisalaayitu, aadare avaru innoo inglend para mattondu pandyavannu aadilla.

kaatti jorj (krikkatt tharam) hamshire, central sparks, maanchastar orijinal ennivaykkaayi kalikkunna oru engleesh krikkatt kalikkaranaanu kaatti luis jorj (jananam epril 7,1999). valamkaiyyan battsmaanum idamkaiyyan pays boularumaaya avar 2013 ll hamshareil arangettam kurichu. 2018 ll englandinu vendi 5 tii20kalum 2 odikalum kalichittundu. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1999 epril 7 nuu vestt sussexile haywards heethilaanu jorj janichathu. aabhyanthara currier. 2013 leeii vanita kaundi chaambyanshippu relagation play-oof malsarathil ooksfordshayarinethire hamshareinaayi jorj arangettam kurichu. rund vikkattukal veezhthiya avar 18 runs nedi avarude team 5 vikkattin vijayichu. 2015 vare avar veendum kalichillengilum kaundi chaambyanshippilum twenty20 kappilum yathaakramam 8 umm 7 umm vikkattukal nedi. athinusesham hamshareinte teamil sthiramaayi kalichirunna jorj 2018leeii chaambyanshippu vijaya seasonil avarude randaamathe uyarnna vikkatt vettakkaaranaayirunnu. 2016num 2018num idayil vanita krikkatt suuppar leagil southu vaipezhs teaminte bhagamaayirunna jorj 2016ll avarodoppam toornament nedi. 2019ll yorkshare diamondinaayi kalikkukayum 6.65 enna sambadvyavasthayode 4 vikkattukal nedukayum cheythu. 2020ll, rachal heho flint trophiyil jorj vestten stomsinaayi rund malsarangal kalichu, rund vikkattukal nedukayum 19 runs nedukayum cheythu. parikk avare 2021 seasonil baatt cheiyunnathil parimithappedutthi, avide avar oru rachal heho flint trophy malsaram kalichu, 37 ransum anchu charlot edwards kapp malsarangalum nedi, 47 * ulppede 87 runs nedi north vestt idiminnalinethiraaya vijayathilekku teamine nayichu. velsh fayar inn dhaa senchwarik vendi avar 8 malsarangalum kalichu. 2022 ll charlot edwards kappilum rachal heho flint trophyilum avar pathinonnu malsarangal kalichu. sanraisezhsinethiraaya staarminte rachell heho flint trophy vijayathil 43 panthil ninnu 74 ranseduthu avar oru ardhasenchuri nedi. 23 ransum oru vikkattum nedi avar senchwariyil velsh fayarinaayi eppozhum undaayirunnu. 2022 novemberil, adutha seasonile central spaarkkukalkkayi jorj karar oppittathayi prakhyaapichu. anthaaraashtra currier. 2018 maarchil indiaykkum australiyaykkum ethiraaya trirashtra parambaraykkulla englandu teamil jorjine ulppeduthi. parambaraykku munnodiyaayi nadanna oru pariseelana malsarathil avar indiaykkethire hatrick nedi. trirashtra parambarayil moonnu malsarangal kalichenkilum oru swaadheenam cheluthunnathil avar parajayappettu. 2018 juunil nyoosilandinum dakshinaafrikkaykkum ethiraaya englandinte trirashtra parambarayude bhagamaaya teamil jorjine ulppeduthi. avar rund malsarangal kalikkukayum anthaaraashtra thalatthil aadyamaayi aami saattarthveyt ulppede rund vikkattukal nedukayum cheythu. 2018 juulai 7 nuu nyoosiland vanithakalkkethiraya adutha parambarayil englandu vanithakalkkayi vanita ekadina anthaaraashtra krikkattil (voody) arangettam kuricha avar oru vikkatt nedi. parambarayile randaam malsarathil mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavecha avar 7 oovaril ninnu aii. dii. 1 eduthathinaal "staand-outtu" boularmaaril oraalaayirunnu. 2019 februvariyil, jorjinu 2019-leeii englandu aandu weils krikkatt board (iii. sii. bii) oru puthiya karar nalki, 2020-ll covid-19 pakarchavyaadhiyetthudarnna pariseelanam aarambhikkunnathinayi 24 kalikkaarude teamil avare ulppeduthi, pakshe avar ithuvare englandinu vendi mattoru geyim kalichittilla.

catty george (kriketpatu) catty louis george (janm 7 april 1999) haah eka ingraji kriketpatu aahe joou hampshire, central sparks aanee manchester originalskadun khelato. ujavya hatacha falandaj aanee davya hatacha vegwan golandaj asalelya tine 2013 madhye hampshiremadhye padarpan kele. tine englandsathi 5 tii-20 aanee 2 odi khelale aahet, heey serve 2018 madhye. prarambhik jeevan. georgecha janm 7 april 1999 roji west susaxchya haywards heath yethe jhaala. deshantargat karkird. georgene 2013 madhye oxfordshireviruddhachya mahila county championship nirvasana play-auph samnyat hampshiresathy padarpan kele. tine done balee ghetale aanee 18 dhawa kelya aanee tichya sanghane 5 gadee rakhoon vijay midavala. tee 2015 paryant punha khelali nahee, parantu county ajinkyapad aanee twenty-20 chashak yaa donhimadhye hangam yashasvi jhaala, jyat tine anukrame 8 aanee 7 balee ghetale. tyanantar george hampshirechya sanghat niyamitpane khelat hota aanee 2018 madheel tyanchya ajinkyapad vijetya hangamat too tyancha dusra sarvadhik balee ghenara golandaj hota. george 2016 teey 2018 darmyan mahila crickett super leegmadhye sadarn vipers sanghacha bhag hota, 2016 madhye tyanchyasobat spardha jinkla. 2019 madhye tee yorkshire diamondsasathi khelali aanee 6.85 chya economies 4 balee ghetale. 2020 madhye, georgene ratchell heho flint chashakat pashchatya vadalasathi done samne khelale, done balee ghetale aanee 19 dhawa kelya. dukhapatimule tee 2021 chya hangamat keval falandajipurati maryadit rahili, jithe tine western stormsathi eka rachel heho flint trophy samna khelala, 37 dhawa kelya aanee charlot edward kapchya paach samnyanmadhye 47 * saha 87 dhawa kelya, jyamule tichya sanghala vayavya gadgadatavar vijay midvoon denyat madat jhaali. tine velsh phayar inn daad senchyurisathi 8 samanehi khelale. tine 2022 madhye western stormsathi charlot edwards cup aanee ratchell heho flint trophymadhye akra samne khelale. tine eka ardhashatak jhalkavle, 43 chendut 74 dhawa karat, vadalanchya rachel heho flint chashakat sunrisersver vijay midavala. 23 dhawa karoon aanee eka wickett ghet, tee shatkat velsh fayarsathi nehmich upasthit hotee. november 2022 madhye, georgene pudhil hangamasathi madhyavarti sparksasathi karar kelyachi ghoshana karnyat aalee. aantarrashtriy karkird. march 2018 madhye, bharat aanee austreliyaviruddhachya trikoni malikesathi georgela englandchya sanghat sthan denyat aale. malikepurvichya sarav samnyat tine bharataviruddha mahilanviruddha hattrick ghetali. tine trikoni maliket teen samne khelale, parantu prabhav padnyat tee apayashi tharali. juuna 2018 madhye, newzealand aanee dakshin aafrikeviruddhachya englandchya trikoni malikesathi georgela sanghat sthan denyat aale. tine done samne khelale aanee done balee ghetale, jyat aantarrashtriy staravar emee satterthwaite tichya pahilya wicketcha samavesh aahe. tine 7 julai 2018 roji newzealandchya mahilanviruddhachya pudhil maliket englandchya mahilansathi mahila ekdivasiy aantarrashtriy cricketmadhye (vodi) padarpan kele aanee eka wickett ghetali. malikechya dusya samnyat tine changli kamgiri kelee, tee 7 shatkant 3/36 ghetalyamule 'utkrusht' golandajanpaiki eka hotee. februwari 2019 madhye, georgela ingland aanee wells crickett mandalane (eae. see. bii.) 2019 sathee naveen karar deela aanee 2020 madhye covid-19 mahamarinantar prashikshan suru karnyasathi 24 kheladunchya sanghat tichi nivad karnyat aalee, parantu tine adyap englandsathi dusra samna khelalela nahee.

ketty george (cricketer) ketty luis george (janma 7 april 1999) ek angreji cricketer hun jasle hampshire, central sparks rar manchester originalka lagi khelchhan. dahine hatko batter rar bayan hatko paces baller, unle sann 2013 maa hampsirema debue gareki thiin. unle sann 2018 maa englandka lagi 5 wata tea-20 rar 2 wata odiai kheleki thiin. prarambhik jiwan. georgeko janma 7 april 1999 maa heywards heath, west susasexma bhaeko thiyo. gharelu currier. georgele sann 2013 maa oxfordsire wiruddhako mahila county championship nirvasana play-aff khelma hampsireka lagi debue gareki thiin. unle dui wicket lie rar 18 runn banae rar unko tolile 5 wicketle jityo. unle sann 2015 samma feri khelenan, tara county championship rar twanty-20 cup duwaima kramashah 8 rar 7 wicket liera safal sijan garin. george tyasapachhi hampsireko pakshama niyamit thie, rar 2018 maa uniharuko championship jitne sijanma uniharuko dosro sabaibhanda dherai wicket line kheladi thie. george sann 2016 rar 2018 ko bichma mahila cricket super ligma dakshini bhaipers toliko hissa thiin, uniharusanga 2016 maa pratiyogita jitin. sann 2019 maa unle yorksayar diamondska lagi khelin, rar 6,85 ko ikonomika sath 4 wicket lieki thiin. sann 2020 maa georgele paschimi aandhika lagi rakel heho flint trafima duiwata khel khele, duiwata wicket lie rar 19 runn banae. chotle unlai 2021 sijanma matra battingma simit rakhyo, jahaan unle paschimi aandhika lagi euta rachel heho flint trophy match khelin, 37 runn banae, rar paanch charlote edward cup matchharu khelin, 47 * sahit 87 runn banae jasle unko pakshalai uttar paschim garjanmathi vijayako lagi margadarshan गऱ्यो।. unle welsh fire inn da centurica lagi 8 wata khel pani khelin. unle sann 2022 maa paschimi aandhika lagi eghar khelharu khelin, charlote adwards cup rar rakel heho flint trafima. unle sunrisersmathi aandhiko rachel heho flint trafiko vijayama 43 deliveryma 74 runn banaera ek ardhashatak banae. uni 23 runn banaera rar ek wicket lindai shatakma welsh fireka lagi sadhain upasthit thiin. november 2022 maa, yo ghoshana garieko thiyo kii georgele arko sijanka lagi kendriya sparkska lagi hastakshar gareka thie. antarrashtriya currier. march 2018 maa, georgelai bharat rar astrelia wiruddhako trikoniya shringkhalaka lagi englandko tolima naam diieko thiyo. shringkhalaaghi euta abhyas khelma unle bharatwiruddha ek mahilawiruddha hatrick liin. unle trikoniya shringkhalama tinawata khel kheleki thiin tara prabhawa parne asafal bhain. june 2018 maa, georgelai newzealand rar dakshin afrikawiruddhako englandko trikoniya shringkhalako bhagka lagi tolima naam diieko thiyo. unle dui khel khelin, rar dui wicket lie, jasma antarrashtriya starma unko pahilo ammy satterthwaite pani samawesh chha. unle 7 july 2018 maa newzealand mahilawiruddhako arko shringkhalama england mahilaharuka lagi mahila ekdiwasiya antarrashtriya cricket (wody) maa padarpan garin rar euta wicket liin. unle shringkhalako dosro khelma ramro pradarshan garin, unle 7 obharbata 3/36 linda "stanned-out" ballerharu madhye ek thiin. february 2019 maa, georgelai 2019 kaa lagi england rar wells cricket board (isibi) dwara ek rookie anubandha pradan garieko thiyo rar 2020 maa unlai covid-19 mahamaripachhi prashikshan suru garna 24 kheladiharuko tolima naam diieko thiyo, tara unle ahilesamma englandka lagi arko khel kheleki chhainan.

ketty george (cricketer) ketty luiz george (janma 7 april 1999) jane ingraji cricketer jie hampshire, central sparks ebong manchester ariginal paain khelanti . jane dahanahati batter ebong bamahati paces boller, shay 2013 ray hampshire debyu karithile. shay englanda paain 5 tii tii-20 ebong 2 odi khelichanti, samasta 2018 ray . prarambhika zeeban. george 7 april 1999 ray haywards heath, westa sussexre janmagrahana karithile. gharoi kyariyara. george 2013 mahila county championship relegation play-off myachare oxfordshire bipakhyare hampshire paain debyu karithile. shay duiti wicket neithile ebong 18 runn karithile, jeunthire taanka dala 5 wicketre bijai hoithila. shay 2015 parjyanta punarbara kheli nathile, kintu ubhaja county championship ebong twenty-20 kapare eka saphala rutu thila, jathakrame 8 ebong 7 wicket neithile. ehapare george hampshire dalare nijamita thile, ebong 2018 ray semanankara championship bijai sijinare semanankara dwiteeja sarbadhika wicket-tekara thile . george 2016 ru 2018 madhyare mahila cricket super ligre dakhina bhaipars dalara ansha thile, semananka sahita 2016 ray turnament jitithile. 2019 ray, shay jarkashajara heera paain khelithile, ebong 6,85 rahr arthabyabastha sahita 4 wicket neithile . 2020 ray, george rachel heho flint traphire paschatya jhada paain duiti match khelithile, duiti wicket neithile ebong 19 runn karithile. aaghata tanku 2021 sijinare kebala byating kariba parjyanta seemita rakhithila, jeunthare shay westarna sterm paain gotie rachel heho flint trophy match khelithile, 37 runn karithile, ebong panchti charlot edward cop match khelithile, 47 * sahita 87 runn curry taanka dalaku uttara-paschima bajrapata upare bijajare margadarshan karithile. shay wels fire inn daa senduri paain paain match madhya khelithile. shay 2022 ray westarna sterm paain egarati match khelithile, charlot edward cop ebong rakel heho flint trophy sahita. shay eka ardhashataka hassel karithile, karithile delivari dei 74 runn curry, jhadara rachel heho flint trophy bijajare sunrisers upare bijai hassel karithile. shay shatakare wels fire paain sarbada upasthita thile, 23 runn karithile ebong gotie wicket neithile . navember 2022 ray, ehaa ghoshana karajaithila je george parabarti rutu paain kendriah spark paain swakhyara karichanti. antarjatija kyariyara. march 2018 ray, bharat ebong astrelia bipakhya trikonian sirij paain jarjanku englanda dalare namit karajaithila. sirij purbaru eka abhyasa myachre shay bharat bipakhyare jane mahila khelalinka saha hatrick neithile. shay trikonian sirijare tinoti match khelithile, kintu prabhaba pakaibare biphal hoithile. june 2018 ray, george nyujilyand ebong dakhina africa bipakhyare englandara trikonian sirijara anshabisesha paain dalare namit hoithile. shay duiti match khelithile ebong duiti wicket neithile, jeunthire antarjatija starare tankara pratham emi saterthwaite antarbhukta . shay 7 july 2018 ray nyujilyanda mahila bipakhyare parabarti sirijare englanda mahila paain mahila dinikia antarjatija cricket (wodi) debyu karithile ebong gotie wicket neithile. shay sirijara dwiteeja myachare bhal pradarshan karithile, jane "stand-out" boller thile kaaran shay 7 obhararu 3/36 neithile. februari 2019 ray, jarjanku englanda ebong wels cricket board (ee. sii. bii.) dwara 2019 paain eka nooa chuktinama pradan karajaithila ebong 2020 ray kovida-19 mahamari parey talim arambha karibaku tanku 24 john khelalinka dalare namit karajaithila, kintu shay eparjyanta englanda paain anya eka khela kheli nahanti .

catty jaaraj (cricketer) catty luis jaaraj (janam 7 aprail 1999) ikk angrezi cricketer haii joe hampshire, central sparks atey manchester origional laee khedada haii. sajje hatth dee ballebaaz atey khabbe hatth dee tez gendbaaz, uss neey 2013 witch hampshire witch aapni shuruat keeti see. uss neey england laee 5 tii-20 atey 2 odi khede hunn, ih saare 2018 witch. mudhla jeevan. jaaraj daa janam 7 aprail 1999 noon haywards heath, pachmi susex witch hoiaa see. gharelu carrier. jaaraj neey oxfordshire dey virudh 2013 dee mahila kaoonti championship dey nirvasana play-aaf match witch hampshire laee aapni shuruat keeti. uss neey doou vikatan laeeaan atey 18 daudan banaiaan jiss naal uss dee team neey 5 vikatan naal jitt daraj keeti. uh 2015 takk dubara naheen khedi, parr county championship atey tii-20 kapp dovan witch kramvaar 8 atey 7 vikatan lae keey ikk safal season see. jaaraj iss toon baad hampshire dee team witch niyamat see, atey 2018 witch aapne championship jittan vaale season witch unhan daa dooja sabh toon vaddh vikat lainn vaala khidari see. jaaraj 2016 atey 2018 dey vichkaar mahila cricket super leeg witch dakkhni vipers team daa hissa see, jiss neey 2016 witch unhan naal tournament jittiaa see. 2019 witch, uh yorkshire diamonds laee khedi, atey 6,85 dee aarthikta naal 4 vikatan laeeaan. saal 2020 witch, jaaraj neey pachmi toofan laee rachel heho flint trophy witch doou match khede, doou vikatan laeeaan atey 19 daudan banaiaan. satt neey uss noon 2021 dey season witch siraf ballebazi curran takk seemat qarr ditta, jitthe uss neey pachmi toofan laee ikk rachel heho flint trophy match khediaa, 37 daudan banaiaan, atey panj charlot edwards kapp match khede, jiss witch 47 * samet 87 daudan banaiaan, jiss naal uss dee team noon uttar pachmi garaj utte jitt laee sedh millie. uss neey welsch fire inn dha sanctuary laee 8 match vee khede. uss neey 2022 witch pachmi toofan laee charlot edwards kapp atey rachel heho flint trophy dey paar giaaran match khede. uss neey ikk aradh sainkada banaiaa, jiss witch 43 gendan witch 74 daudan bnaa keey toofan dey rachel heho flint trophy witch sunrisers utte jitt daraj keeti. uh sainkade witch velash fire laee hamesha maujood rahee, 23 daudan banaiaan atey ikk vikat laee. navambar 2022 witch, ih ailaan keeta giaa see kii jaaraj neey agle season laee kendri changiaadiaan laee dastkhat keete sunn. antarashtari carrier. march 2018 witch, jaaraj noon bharat atey australia virudh tikoni luddy laee england dee team witch shamal keeta giaa see. luddy toon pahilan ikk abhiaas match witch, uss neey bharat dey khilaf hatrick laee. uss neey tinn match khede parr prabhav paunh witch asfal rahee. juun 2018 witch, jaaraj noon newzealand atey dakkhni africa virudh england dee tikoni luddy dey hisse laee team witch shamal keeta giaa see. uss neey doou match khede atey doou vikatan laeeaan, jiss witch antarashtari paddhar 'teey aimee setterthwaite dee pahili vikat vee shamal haii. uss neey 7 julai 2018 noon newzealand deeaan aurtan virudh agli luddy witch england deeaan aurtan laee aapni ikk dinaa antarashtari cricket (vody) dee shuruat keeti atey ikk vikat laee. uss neey luddy dey dooje match witch bihtar pardarshan keeta, "shandar" gendbazan vicchon ikk see kiunki uss neey 7 ovran witch 3/36 liaa see. farvari 2019 witch, jaaraj noon england atey wells cricket board (ee. see. bee.) duaara 2019 laee ikk navaan ikrarnama ditta giaa see atey 2020 witch uss noon covid-19 mahamari toon baad sikhlai shuru curran laee 24 khidariaan dee team witch namzad keeta giaa see, parr uss neey ajey takk england laee ikk horr khed naheen khedi haii.

ketty jaarj (cricket-kreedakah) ketty louis jaarj (janma 7 april 1999) ekaha aangl-cricket-kreedakah asti yah hempshair, central sparks, tathaa maanchestar-originals krute kreeditavaan. dakshinahastasya batter tathaa vaamahastasya pess-baular ityeshaa saa 2013 tame varshe hempshair-nagare padaarpanam krutavatee. saa england-deshasya krute 5 5 tathaa 2 odeeai-kreedaasu kreeditavatee, sarvaani 2018 tame varshe. praarambhikajeevanam. jaarj ityasya janma 7 april 1999 dinaanke haywards heath, west-susex ityatra abhavat. antarikam vruttihi. jaarj ityeshaa 2013 tame varshe oxfordshair-nagarasya viruddham mahilaa-kaunti-championship-nirvaasan-play-aaf-spardhayam hempshair-nagarasya krute padaarpanam krutavatee. saa wicket-dwayam gruheetvaa 18 runn ankayat, yatah tasyaah pakshah 5 wicket-dwara vijayee abhavat. saa 2015 tamavarshaparyantam punah naa kreeditavatee, parantu kauntee-championship tathaa twenty-20 cup-kreedaasu cha saphalah rutuhu aasit, kramashah 8 tathaa 7 wicket praapnot. tatah jaarj ityeshah hempshair-deshasya dale niyamitah aasit, 2018 tame varshe teshaam championship-vijetru-rutau dwiteeyah sarvaadhikam wicket-graahee aasit. jaarj ityeshaa 2016 taha 2018 paryantam mahilaa-cricket-soopar-leag-kridaayaam dakshina-vapers-dalasya bhaagah aasit, 2016 tame varshe tena saha pratiyogitaam jitavatee. 2019 tame varshe saa yaarkshair-daimand-krute kreeditavatee, 6.85 pratishatam aarthik-kshamatayaa 4 wicket cha praapnot. 2020 tame varshe jaarj ityeshah raachel heho flint trophy ityasmin paashchatyavaatasya krute dwe spardhayam kreeditavaan, wicket-dwe praapnot, 19 runn cha praapnot. aghataha saa 2021 tame varshe kevalam batting-kridaayaam eva seemitavatee, yatra saa paashchatyavaatasya krute ekam raakel heho flint trophy-spardhaam kreeditavatee, 37 ankaan praapnot, pancha charlot edwards cup-spardhaasu cha 47 * sahitam 87 runn ankya naart-west-garjanasya upari swapakshasya vijayaay margadarshanam krutavatee. saa wells-fair-krute shata-kridaayaam 8 spardhaah api akreedat. saa 2022 tame varshe paashchaty-prabhanjanasy krute, charlot-edwards-cup, rachelle-heho-flint-trophy cha madhye ekaadasha-kreedaah akreedat. saa ekam ardhashatakm krutavatee, 43 prasaadeshu 74 ankaan krutavatee, sunressors-viruddham starm-ityasya raakel heho flint-trophy-vijayam. saa shatake wells-fair krute sarvadaa upasthitavatee, 23 runn krutvaa ekam wicket cha praapnot. 2022 tame varshe november-maase, jaarj ityeshah agrimasya rutoho kendriya-sparks krute hastaaksharam krutavaan iti ghoshitam. antarashtriya-vruttihi. 2018 maarch-maase, bhaarat-australia-deshayoho viruddham trikonee-shrunkhalaayaah krute england-dale jaarj ityasya namakaranam krutam. shrunkhalaayaah poorvam abhyasakridayam saa bharatasya viruddham mahilayaha hatrick-kreedaam krutavatee. saa trikonee-shrunkhalaayaam treeni spardhaah akreedat, parantu prabhaavam kartum asaphalavatee. 2018 joon-maase, jaarjah newzealand-dakshina-africa-deshayoho viruddham england-deshasya trikoniya-shrunkhalaayaah bhagasya krute dale namankitaha abhavat. saa dwayoh spardhayoho kreeditavatee, wicket-dwe cha praapnot, yasmin antarashtriyastare amee saatarthwait ityasya prathamam cha aasit. saa 2018 julai 7 dinaanke newzealand-mahilanam viruddham agrime shrunkhalaayaam england-mahilanam krute mahilaa-ekadivasee-antarashtriya-cricket (vodee) madhye padaarpanam krutvaa, ekam wicket praapnot. saa shrunkhalaayaah dwiteeyaayaam spardhayam uttamm pradarshanm krutavatee, "asaadhaaran-baular-madhye anyatama aasit, yatah saa 7 over-madhye 3/36 gruheetavatee. 2019 februvari-maase, jaarj-varyaha 2019 tamavarshasya england-end-wells-cricket-board (ee. see. bee.) ityanena nootan-anubandham praptavan, 2020 tame varshe covid-19-mahamarim anvavartya prashikshanm aarabhayitum 24 kridapatunam dale tasyaah namakaranam krutam, parantu saa adyaapi england-deshasya krute anyat kreedaam naa kreeditavatee.

kaetti jaarj (crickett veerar) kaetti luis jaarj (prappu aepral 7,1999) oru aangkila crickett veerar aavaar, avar hampshire, central sparks mattrum monsester original anikkaaga vilaiyaadugiraar. valathu kaii batsman mattrum idathu kaii vaekappanththu veechchaalar, avar 2013 aam aandil hampshire arimugamaanaar. avar englaanththukkaaga 5 dii20 mattrum 2 ods poattikalil vilaiyaadiyullaar, anaiththum 2018 ill. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. jaarj aepral 7,1999 andru maerku sussexil ulla haywards heathil piranthaar. ullnaattu thozhil. jaarj 2013 magalir kavundi saambiyanship veliyaettra pilae-off poattiyil oxfortshireukku ethiraaga hampshire anikkaaga arimugamaanaar. avar irandu vikkettukalai veelththi 18 rangal eduththu avarathu anii 5 wickett vidhyaasaththil vettri pettrathu. avar 2015 varai meendum vilaiyaadavillai, aanaal kavundi saambiyanship mattrum irupathukku-20 kooppai aagiya irandilum muraiyae 8 mattrum 7 vikkettukalai veelththi vetrtrikaramaana paruvatthaik kondirundhaar. jaarj pinnar hampshire aniyil oru valakkamaana veeraraaga irunthaar, maelum 2018 aam aandil avarkalin saambiyanship ventra paruvaththil irandaavathu adhiga wickett veelththiya veeraraaga irunthaar. 2016 mattrum 2018 kku idaiyil penkal crickett suuppar leakil therku vibers aniyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththa jaarj, 2016 aam aandil avarkaludan poattiyai ventraar. 2019 aam aandil, avar yorkshire vairangkalukkaaga vilaiyaadinaar, maelum 6,85 porulaathaaraththudan 4 vikkettukalai veelththinaar. 2020 aam aandil, jaarj rachel haehoo flind kooppaiyil merkaththiya puyalukkaaga irandu poattikalil vilayaadi, irandu vikkettukalai veelththi 19 rangal eduththaar. kaayam avarai 2021 seasonil batting seivathil mattuppaduththiyathu, angku avar merkaththiya puyalukkaaga oru rachel haehoo flind kooppai poattiyil vilaiyaadinaar, 37 rangalaiyum, ainthu charlot edvardu kooppai poattikalaiyum adiththaar, 47 * udpada 87 rangalai eduththu vadamaerku idimuzhakkaththirku ethiraaga thanathu aniyai vetrtripera vazhinadaththinaar. avar velsh fayarukkaaga 8 poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. avar 2022 aam aandil merkaththiya puyalukkaaga, chaarlat edvardu kooppai mattrum rachal haehoo flind kooppai muzhuvathum pathinoru poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. avar oru araisatham adiththaar, 43 pandhugalil 74 oottangkalai adiththu, suunn risers anikku ethiraana starmin rachel haehoo flind kooppai vetrtriyil adiththaar. avar sathaththil velsh fayarukkaaga eppoathum irunthaar, 23 rangal eduththu oru wickettai veelththinaar. navambar 2022 ill, aduththa seesanukkaana maiya theepporigalukku jaarj kaiyezhuththittathaaga arivikkappattathu. sarvadesa thozhil. maarch 2018 ill, india mattrum australiavukku ethiraana muttharappu thodarukkaana englaanthu aniyil jaarj peyaridappattaar. thodarukku munbu oru payirchi poattiyil, avar inthiyaavukku ethiraaga haadrik eduththaar. muttharappu thodaril avar moontru poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar, aanaal thaakkatthai aerpaduththa mudiyavillai. juun 2018 ill, newsilaandhu mattrum thennaapirikaavukku ethiraana englaandhin muttharappu thodarin oru paguthikkaana aniyil jaarj peyaridappattaar. avar irandu poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar, maelum irandu vikkettukalai veelththinaar, idhil sarvadesa mattaththil amii sattertwitein muthal wickett udpada. juulai 7,2018 andru newsilaandhu penkalukku ethiraana aduththa thodaril englaanthu penkalukkaaka thanathu magalir orunaal sarvadesa crickettle (voadi) arimugamaanaar, maelum oru wickettai veelththinaar. thodarin irandaavathu poattiyil avar sirappaaga vilaiyaadinaar, avar 7 ovarkalil irunthu 3/36 eduththathaal "thaniththuvamaana" pandhu veechchaalargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. pipravari 2019 ill, jharjukku 2019 aam aandirkaana englaanthu mattrum wales crickett vaariyatthaal (eee. chii. pii) oru puthiya oppantham vazhangkappattathu, maelum 2020 aam aandil koovit-19 thottrunoayaith thodarnthu payirchiyaith thodanga 24 veerargal konda aniyil avar peyaridappattaar, aanaal avar innum englaanththukkaaga mattroru vilayaattai vilaiyaadavillai.

catey georg (cricketer) catey luis georg (jananam april 7,1999) hampshire, central sparks mariyu manchester originals tarapuna aadee oka aangla cricketer. kudicheti vaatam batter mariyu edamacheti vaatam pays bowler ayina aame aame hampshireloki adugupettindi. aame ingland tarafuna 5 5 mariyu 2 odilu aadindi, annee juun. prarambha jeevitam. georg april 7,1999naa west sussexloni haywards heathlo janminchaadu. desheeya vrutti. georg 2013 mahilala county championship bahishkarana play-off matchlo oxfordshiretho jarigina matchlo hampshire tarafuna arangetram chesindi. aame rendu viketlu teesi 18 parugulu chesi, aame jattu 5 viketla thedaatho vijayam saadhinchindi. aame 2015 varaku mallee aadaledu, conny county championship mariyu mariyu cup rendintiloonuu vijayavantamaina seejannu kaligi, varusaga 8 mariyu 7 viketlu teesindi. aaa taruvaata georg hampshire jattulo regular gaa unnadu mariyu juun vaari championship vijaeta seasonlo vaari rendava atyadhika viketlu teesina bowlerga unnadu. georg 2016 mariyu 2018 madhya mahilala cricket suupar leaglo dakshina vipers jattulo bhaagamgaa unnaaru, vaaritho vaaritho tornamentnu geluchukunnaru. fibravari, aame yorkshire diamonds tarapuna aadindi mariyu 6.65 ekaanameetho 4 viketlu teesindi. mariyu, georg rachel heho flint trophylo paaschaatya tuphaanu kosam rendu matchlu aadadu, rendu viketlu teesi 19 parugulu chesaadu. gaayam aamenu 2021 seasonlo batting cheyadaaniki parimitam chesindi, akkada aame paaschaatya tuphaanu kosam oka rockell heho flint trophy match aadindi, 37 parugulu chesindi, mariyu aidu charlotte edwards cup matchlu, 47 * thoo sahaa 87 parugulu chesi vaayuvya urumulato thana jattunu vijayaniki maarganirdesam chesindi. aame velsh fair inn dhi century kosam 8 matchlu kooda aadindi. aame november paaschaatya tuphaanu kosam, charlotte edwards cup mariyu rachel heho flint trophy antataa padakondu matchlu aadindi. aame oka ardha senchareeni saadhinchindi, 43 banthulalo 74 parugulu chesi, sunrisers paie starm yokka rockell heho flint trophy vijayamlo saadhinchindi. aame 23 parugulu chesi, oka wicket teesukoni, centurylo velsh fair kosam eppuduu undhi. november november, taruvaati season kosam georg central sparks kosam santakam chesinatlu prakatinchaaru. antarjaateeya vrutti. marchi juun, bharatadesam mariyu australiatho jarigina trividha syries kosam ingland jattulo georg empikayyaadu. siriisku mundu jarigina sannahaka matchlo, aame bhaaratto oka mahilatho hatrick saadhinchindi. aame trividha siriisloo moodu matchlu aadindi, conny prabhavam choopalekapoyindi. juun juun, newzealand mariyu dakshinaafrikaato ingland yokka trividha siriisloo bhaagamgaa georg jattulo empikayyaadu. aame rendu matchlu aadindi, mariyu rendu viketlu teesindi, indulo antarjaateeya sthaayilo amee satterthwaite modatidi kooda undhi. aame 7 juulai 2018naa newzealand mahilalatho jarigina tadupari siriisloo ingland mahilala kosam mahilala vande antarjaateeya cricket (vodi) loe arangetram chesi, oka wicket teesindi. syries yokka rendava matchlo aame merugaina pradarsana kanabarichindi, aame 7 ovarla nundi 3/36 teesukunnanduna "stand-avt" bowlerlaloo okarigaa nilichindi. fibravari fibravari, jaarjku ingland mariyu wales cricket boardu (ecb) 2019 samvatsaraaniki rookie contractunu pradaanam chesindi mariyu mariyu covid-19 mahammari taruvaata sikshana praarambhinchadaaniki 24 mandhi aatagaalla jattulo aame paeru pettaru, conny aame inca ingland kosam maroe aata aadaledu.

keaty jaarj (crickter) keaty lois jaarj (paidaish 7 apreel 1999) eek angrez crickter hay juu hampshire central spirks aur manchister originals kay liye kheelta hay. daayein haath kii blay baaz aur bayein haath kii teez gaind baaz inhon nay 2013 mein hampshire mein apnaa debio kiyaa. inhon nay england kay liye 5 tye 20 aur 2 awo ddee aayee khelay haine yaha sabb 2018 mein hoay. ibtadayi zindagi. jaarj 7 apreel 1999 kuu hewards haith vest susex mein paida hoay. gharilo carrier. jaarj nay oxfordshire kay khalaaf 2013 kii khwatin kii county champine ship relegation play aaf meech mein hampshire kay liye apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. inhon nay duu waktein lain aur 18 runn banaye jiss say inn kii team 5 vikton say jeeth gayee. wah 2015 takk dobarah nahein khaili leakin county champine ship aur twenty 20 cup donon mein kamiyab seezan rehaa jiss mein baltarteeb 8 aur 7 waktein haasil kein. iss kay baad jaarj hampshire kii team mein baqayedah thay aur 2018 mein champine ship jeetnay waalay seezan mein inn kay dosray sabb say ziyadah waktein leenay waalay thay. jaarj 2016 aur 2018 kay darmiyan khwatin kii karkat spir leeg mein saotharan wipers schwad kaa hasah thein inhon nay 2016 mein inn kay saath tornament jeeta. 2019 mein inhon nay yarkshire diamonds kay liye khaila aur 6.85 kii akanomi kay saath 4 waktein haasil kein. 2020 mein jaarj nay racheel haiho flint trophy mein maghrabi toofan kay liye duu meech khailay duu waktein haasil kein aur 19 runn banaye. choot nay asay 2021 kay seezan mein sarf batting takk mahdud kirr diyaa jehaan iss nay maghrabi toofan kay liye eek racheel haiho flint trophy meech khaila 37 runn banaye aur charlot edwards cup kay paanch meech khailay jiss mein 47 * sameet 87 runn banaye taakah wah apnee team kuu shamaal maghrabi girj parr fatah kii taraf lay jaaye. inhon nay velish fayer inn dee sanchari kay liye 8 meech bhee khelay. iss nay 2022 mein maghrabi toofan kay liye charlot edwards cup aur racheel haiho flint trophy kay doraan gayarah meech khelay. iss nay eek nasf sanchari banayi jiss mein 43 deliveries mein 74 runn banaye toofan kii racheel haiho flint trophy mein sunn risers kay khalaaf fatah haasil kii. wah sanchari mein velish fayer kay liye hamishah mojud rahein 23 runn banaa kirr aur eek vikat lay kirr. nomber 2022 mein yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh jaarj nay aglay seezan kay liye markazi changariyon kay liye dastakhat kiye haine. beenn alaqwami carrier. maarch 2018 mein jaarj kuu hindustan aur australia kay khalaaf sah rakhee seerez kay liye england kay schwad mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa. seerez say pehley eek waarim app meech mein inhon nay bhaarat kay khalaaf eek khaatun kay toor parr heat trick lee. inhon nay sah rakhee seerez mein teen meech khailay leakin asar andaaz honay mein nakaam rahein. joone 2018 mein jaarj kuu newzi lend aur janubi afriqah kay khalaaf england kii sah rakhee seerez kay hasay kay liye schwad mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay duu meech khailay aur duu waktein haasil kein jinn mein beenn alaqwami satah parr amee seterthwaite kii pehli vikat bhee shaamil hay. inhon nay 7 jolayi 2018 kuu newzi lend kii khwatin kay khalaaf agli seerez mein england kii khwatin kay liye khwatin kii eek rozah beenn alaqwami karkat (vody) mein debio kiyaa aur eek vikat haasil kii. iss nay seerez kay dosray meech mein behatar karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa "stend aaot" bowlers mein say eek honay kay naatay iss nay 7 overs say 3/36 liyaa. faroori 2019 mein jaarj kuu england aind wells karkat board (ayee see bee) nay 2019 kay liye eek nokaranah muahidah diyaa aur 2020 mein coved-19 wabayi amraz kay baad tarbiyat sharoo karnay kay liye inhein 24 khiladiyon kay schwad mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa leakin inhon nay ubhee takk england kay liye eek aur kheel nahein kheela hay.

0007093f4fa66d77c726e3576070d10fde9e8360a75f75e823fe6bc21df0ca6c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55304683

1984 Kansas Jayhawks football team

1984 Kansas Jayhawks football team American college football season <templatestyles src="Standings table start/styles.css" /> The 1984 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Mike Gottfried, the Jayhawks compiled a 5–6 record (4–3 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 298 to 218. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. The Jayhawks defeated in-state opponent Wichita State 31–7 in what was the final game the two schools played before Wichita State eliminated their football program following the 1986 season. The team's statistical leaders included Mike Norseth with 1,682 passing yards, Lynn Williams with 776 rushing yards, and Richard Estell with 500 receiving yards. Sylvester Byrd, Willie Pless, and Bennie Simecka were the team captains. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1984 kanchas joyhokoch football doll 1984 sonor eno. chi. e. e. bibhag aai-e football sijonor xomoyot big eit xonmilonot 1984 sonor kanchas joyhokoch football dole kanchas biswobidyaloyok protinidhitwo korisil. mukhyo proxikhyok maik go 'tofriedor odhinot teulukor dwitiyo sijonot, joyhokxokole 5-6 ror obhilekh (xonmilonor birudhir biruddhe 4-4) xongkolon korisil, xonmilonot soturtho sthanot xomapto hoisil, aaru bipokhyor dwara muth 298-218 ror dwara porasto hoisil. teuluke kanchasor lorenceor mem "real stadiumot teulukor ghoruwa khelxomuh khelisil. 1986 sonor sijonor pisot wisita rajyoi teulukor football karzoxusi aatorai peluwar aagote duyuta bidyaloi khelaa suranto khelot joyhokxokole rajyik protidondi wisita rajyo 31-7 koo porasto korisil. doltur porixongkhyar netaxokolor bhitorot aasil 1,682 taa pasing yardor xoite maik norseth, 776 taa rasing yardor xoite linn uiliams, aaru 500 taa receiving yardor xoite rechard estel. silvester byrd, willy place aaru beni simeka doltur odhinayok aasil.

1984 cansus joyhox football doll 1984 saaler ncaa dibhishana aaee-ayee football morshume bigg eit conference 1984 saaler cansus joyhox football doll cansus bishwobidyaloyer protinidhitto korechilo. prodhan coach maik gottfrieder adhine taader dwitiya morshume, joyhox ekti 5-6 record (conferences protipokkher biruddhe 4-4) sangkalan korey, sommelone choturtho sthane shesh korey ebong protipokkher dwara sommilitobhabe 298 theke 218-err byabodhane porajito hoy. taaraa kansaser laurencer memorial stadiume taader home gema khelechilo. joyhox rajyer abhyantare protidwondi uichita rajyoke porajito korey, jaa 1986 saaler morshumer porey uichita rajyo taader football karmasuchi batil korar agey duti school jey chudanta khelati khelechilo. doler porisongkhangoto netader modhye 1,682 pussing eard soho maik norseth, 776 rossing eard soho lynne uilliams ebong 500 receiving eard soho richarda estela antarbhukta chhilen. sylvester bard, uili place ebong benny simeka chhilen doler adhinayak.

1984 cansas jaihox football team 1984 cansas jaihox football teame 1984 ncaa division aaee-aee football season darmiyan bigg ait parishadma cansas universitynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. mukhya coach mike gottfried hethal temnee beejee seasonma, jaihoxe 5-6noow vikram (parishadna virodheeo saame 4-3) banaavyo, parishadma chothaa sthaane rahyaa, aneey virodheeo dwara coole 298 thee 218naa sanyukt skorthee paachhal rahee gayaa. teo laurence, kensasna memorial stadium temnee gharaanganaani ramato ramyaa hataa. jaihoxe rajyanaa andarnaa pratispardhi vichita raajyane haraavyo hato, jeey 1986nee season pachhi vichita raajy dwara temnaa football kaarykramne nabud karvaamaa aave teey pahelaa beey shaalaoae ramelee anteem ramat hatee. teamnaa aankadaakiy netaoma 1,682 passing yards saathe mike norseth, 776 rushing yards saathe lyne williams aneey 500 receiving yards saathe richard estelano samaavesh thaay chhe. sylvester burd, veelee places aneey benee simeka teamnaa sukani hataa.

1984 kansas jaihox football team 1984 kansas jaihox football team ney 1984 aine. see. aeye. aeye. division aaee-aeye football season key dauran badey aathh sammelanon mein kansas vishvavidyalaya kaa pratinidhitva kiya. apane dusare satra mein mukhya coach mike gottfried key tahat, jaihox ney 5-6 kaa record (sammelan virodhiyon key khilaf 4-3) banaaya, sammelan mein chauthe sthaan parr rahey, aur virodhiyon dwara kull 298 seey 218 key sanyukt score seey baahar hoe gaye. unhone laurence, kansas mein memorial stadium mein apane gharelu khel khele. jaihox ney raajya mein pratidvandi vichita raajya koo haraaya joe antim khel thaa joe 1986 key satra key baad vichita raajya dwara apane football karyakram koo samaapt karane seey pahale donon schools ney khela thaa. team key saankhyikiya netaaon mein 1,682 passing yard key saath mike norseth, 776 rushing yard key saath linn williams aur 500 receiving yard key saath richard estel shamil they. sylvester byrd, villie place aur benny simeka team key kaptan they.

1984 consas jayahox football tanda 1984rahra consas jayahox football tandavu 1984rahra enn. sii. aa. aa. vibhaga aii-aa football rtuvinalli nadeda bigg ett sammelanadalli consas vishvavidyaalayavannu pratinidhisitu. mukhya tarabetudaara mike gottfried avara netrutvadalli tamma eradane rtuvinalli, jayahox 5-6 daakhaleyannu (conferences eduraaligala viruddha 4-3) sangrahisi, sammelanadalli nalkane sthaanadalli mugisidaru, mattu ottu 298 rinda 218 rondige eduraaligalinda meerisidaru. avaru consasna laarensnalliruva smaaraka kridaanganadalli tamma tavaru aatagalannu aadidaru. 1986rahra kridaartuvina nantara vichita raajyavu tamma football kaaryakramavannu tegeduhaakuva modalu eradu shalegalu aadida antima aatadalli jayahox rajyadolagina eduraali vichita rajyavannu solisidaru. tandada sankhyaashaastriya nayakaralli 1,682 paas maaduva gajagalondige mike narset, 776 rushing gajagalondige linn villiams mattu 500 receiving gajagalondige richard estell seriddaare. sylvester byred, villie pless mattu bennie simeka tandada naayakaraagiddaru.

1984 kansas jaihox football team 1984 enn. sii. eiii. eiii division aii-eiii football seasonil bigg ettu konfaransil 1984 kansas jaihox football team kansas sarvakalashalaye prathinidheekarichu. randaam seasonil mukhya pariseelakanaaya mike gottfriedinte keezhil jaihox 5-6 enna record (konfarans athiraalikalkkethire 4-4) undaakki, konfaransil naalam sthaanathethi, athiraalikale 298-218 enna koottupalishayode marikadannu. avar kansaasile laurencile memorial stadiyathil avarude hoome geyimukal kalichu. 1986 seasoninushesham vichitha samsthaanam avarude football paripadi illaathaakkunnathinu munbu rund schoolukalum kalicha avasana kaliyil jaihox inn-stettu ethiraaliyaaya vichitha stettu <aii. dii. 1> neey paraajayappeduthi. 1, 682 passing yaardukalulla mike norseth, 776 rushing yaardukalulla lyne vilyams, 500 reseaving yaardukalulla richard estel enniva teaminte stattistikkal leadermaaril ulppedunnu. silvesttar byrd, villi pless, bennie simeca ennivaraayirunnu team captanmaar.

1984 cances jaihox football sangh hangamat aine. see. aii. aii. vibhag aay-aii. football hangamat hangamat cances jaihox football sanghane bigg aath parishadet cances vidyapithache pratinidhitva kele. mukhya prashikshak mike goatfried yanchya netrutvakhali tyanchya tyanchya hangamat, jaihoxne 5-6 (conferences pratispardhyanviruddh 4-3) chaa vikram keela, conferencemadhye chauthya sthanavar rahile aanee pratispardhyanni ektritpane 298 teey 218 ashee aaghadi ghetali. tyanni laurence, cansas yetheel memorial stadiummadhye tyanche gharche samne khelale. 1986 chya hangamanantar vichita rajyane tyancha football karyakram radd karnyapurvi khelalelya antim samnyat jaihoxne rajyatil pratispardhi vichita rajyala parabhoot kele. sanghachya sankhyikeey netyanmadhye 1,682 passing yards mike norseth, 776 rushing yards lyne williams aanee 500 receiving yards richard estel yancha samavesh hota. sylvester burd, viilii places aanee benny simeka heey sanghache karnadhar hote.

1984 cansas jayahaks football tolly sann 1984 cansas jayahaks football tolile sann 1984 nca division aie-ae football sijanko samayama bigg atha sammelanma cansas wishwawidyalayako pratinidhitwa गऱ्यो।. mukhya prashikshak mick gottfriedko netritwama afno dosro sijanma, jayahaksle 5-6 record (sammelan virodhiharu viruddha 4-3) sankalan gare, sammelanma chautho sthanma samapta bhae, rar wipakshiharule sanyukta rupma 298 dekhi 218 ley harae. uniharule kansasko larensko memorial stadiumma afno gharelu khelharu khele. jayahaksle rajyama pratidwandi vichita rajya 31-7 lai parajit gare june antim khel thiyo june vichita rajyale 1986 sijan pachhi afno football karyakram samapta garnu aghi dui vidyalayaharule kheleka thie. tolika tathyanka netaharuma 1,682 passing yardka sath mick norseth, 776 russing yardka sath lyne williams rar 500 receiving yardka sath richard astell samawesh thie. sylvester bird, willy place rar benny simeka tolika kaptan thie.

1984 cansas joyhox football dala 1984 cansas joyhox football dala 1984 ncaa divijana aai-aii football rutu samajare bigg aatha sammilaneere cansas biswabidyalajara pratinidhitwa karithila. mukhya prashikhyaka mick gotafriednka adheenare semanankara dwiteeja sijinare, joyhox 5-6 record (sammilani pratidwandinka bipakhyare 4-4) sangraha karithile, sammilaneere chaturtha sthanare samapta hoithile, ebong pratidwandinka dwara milita bhabare 298 ru 218 ray parasta hoithile. semane kanasasara larensare memorial stadijamare semanankara gharoi khela khelithile. joyhox rajya bhitare pratidwandee wichita rajya 31-7 ku parasta karithile jaahaa wichita rajya 1986 sijin parey semanankara football karjyakramaku samapta kariba purbaru duiti bidyalaja khelithiba antim khela thila . dalara parisankhyana netrutwa neuthiba byaktimananka madhyare 1,682 paasing yard sahita mick narseth, 776 russing yard sahita lyn william ebong 500 risibhing yard sahita richard estel antarbhukta thile. silvester bard, wili places ebong beni simeka dalara adhinajaka thile.

1984 kansas jehox football team 1984 dee kansas jehox football team neey 1984 ncaa division aaee-aii football season dauran vaddi atth conferences witch kansas university dee numaindagi keeti. aapne dooje season witch mukkh coach mike gottfried dee agvai witch, jehox neey 5-6 (conferences virodhiaan dey virudh 4-4) daa ricard tiaar keeta, conferences witch chauthe sathaan 'teey rahey, atey virodhiaan duaara kull 298 toon 218 dey sanyukat ank naal pachad ditta giaa. jehox neey raaj dey virodhi vichita raaj noon haraiaa joe 1986 dey season toon baad vichita raaj duaara aapne football program noon khatam curran toon pahilan dovan schoolan duaara khedi gaee aakhri khed see. team dey ankada netavan witch 1,682 passing gaz dey naal mike norseth, 776 russing gaz dey naal linn villiams atey 500 receiving gaz dey naal richard estel shamal sunn. sylvester byred, villie place atey benny simeka team dey kaptan sunn.

1984 cansas-jayahaks-football-dalam 1984 tame varshe cansas-jayahaks-football-dalasya 1984 enn. see. e. e. vibhaagasya aii-e football-creedaa-rutau bigg-ett-sammelane cansas-vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhitvam abhavat. mukhya-prashikshakasya maik-gott-fraid ityasya adheene dwiteeya-satre, jayahaks-janaah 5-6 abhilekhaan (sammelan-pratidwandweenaam viruddham 4-4) sankalitavantah, sammelane chaturthasthaane samapya, pratidwandweebhih samyuktena 298 taha 218 yaavat ankaihi parajitaha abhavan. te kanasas-rajyasya laurence-nagarasya smaarak-kreedaagruhe svagruha-kreedaasu kreeditavantah. jayahaks-janaah rajyantargatam pratidwandweem vichitaa-raajyam 31-7 parajayata, yat 1986 tamavarshasya kreedaarutuvinantaram vichitaa-raajyam swa-football-karyakramam nishkasanat poorvam vidyaalayadvayam kreedaamapi antimakreedaa aasit. dalasya saankhyikeeyanetrushu 1,682 passing-yards yuktah maik naarseth, 776 rashing-yards yuktah linn viliums, 500 receiving-yards yuktah richard estel cha aasan. sylvester baird, vilee place, bennie simekaa cha dalasya naayakau aasan.

1984 kansas jaigox kaalpandhu anii 1984 kansas jaihas kaalpandhu anii 1984 enn. chii. aee. aee pirivu aii-aee kaalpandhu paruvaththin poathu bick ettu maanaatil kansas palkalaikkazhagaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. thalaimai payirchiyaalar maik cadfrietin keezh irandaavathu seasonil, jaigox 5 muthal 6 varai (maanattu ethirigalukku ethiraaga 4 muthal 4 varai) saathanaiyai uruvaakki, maanaatil naankaavathu idaththil mudiththu, ethirigalaal moththam 298 muthal 218 varai vikkettukalai veezhththinar. avarkal consassin laurencil ulla ninaivu maithaanaththil thangal sontha aattangkalai vilaiyaadinar. 1986 paruvatthaith thodarnthu vicita maanilam thangal kaalpandhu thittatthai agattruvatharku munbu irandu palligalum vilaiyaadiya iruthi aattaththil jaigox maanila ethiriyaana vicita maanilatthai thoarkadiththanar. aniyin pullivivarath thalaivarkalil 1,682 kadanthu sellum kejam konda maik narzat, 776 viraivu kejam konda linn villiams mattrum 500 peruthal kejam konda richard estell aagiyoar adangkuvar. sylvester bired, villie plesses mattrum bennie simeka aagiyoar aniyin kaeptangalaaga irunththanar.

1984 consas jayahaks football jattu 1984 consas jayahaks football jattu 1984 NCAA division i-a football seasonlo bigg ait conferencelo consas vishwavidhyaalayaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchindi. pradhana coach mike gottfried aadhvaryamlo vaari rendava seasonlo, jayahaks 5-6 rikaardunu (conferences pratyarthulaku vyatiraekamgaa 4-3) sankalanam chesi, samavesamlo naalugo sthaanamlo nilichaaru, mariyu pratyarthulachae kalipi mottam 298 nundi 218 thoo adhigaminchaaru. vaaru consasloni laurensloni memorial stadiumlo tama sonta atalanu aadaru. 1986 season taruvaata vichita rashtram tama football karyakramanni tolaginchadaaniki mundu rendu paatasaalalu aadina chivari aatalo jayahaks raashtramloni pratyarthi vichita statenu oodinchaaru. jattu ganaanka naayakulalo 1,682 passing yaardulatoe mike narset, 776 rushing yaardulatoe linn villiams mariyu 500 receiving yaardulatoe richard estel unnaaru. sylvester byred, villie pless mariyu bennie simeka jattu keptenlugaa unnaaru.

1984 kensas jay hocks fitt baal team 1984 kii kansaas jay hocks fitt baal team nay 1984 kay aine see aey aey devision aayee-aey fitt baal seezan kay doraan bugg aett conference mein kansaas university kii numaindagi kii. apnay dosray seezan mein head coach mayik goat fried kay tahat jay hocks nay 5-6 kaa record (conference kay mukhalifen kay khalaaf 4-4) martab kiyaa conference mein choothay number parr rahay aur mukhalifen kay zariah mushtarkah toor parr 298 say 218 say peeche rahh gayey. inhon nay larns kansaas kay memorial steadium mein apnay gharilo kheel khelay. jay hocks nay riyasat kay andar hareef wakita riyasat kuu shakast dee juu kahh aakhri kheel thaa juu donon schoolon nay wakita riyasat kay 1986 kay seezan kay baad apnay fitt baal prograam kuu khatam karnay say pehley kheela thaa. team kay shumariyati qaideen mein 1,682 paasing guz kay saath mayik narseeth 776 rushing guz kay saath linn waleems aur 500 receiving guz kay saath richard estel shaamil thay. silvester boyd walee pulse aur beeni samika team kay kaptaan thay.

00070afda515538c7a3e3c10dafb6ef450d03b409aa4be5ea70a9fa4e420c1e2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5211180

Liverpool Social Forum

Liverpool Social Forum The Liverpool Social Forum (LSF) is a fortnightly meeting held in Liverpool, England. It is influenced by the alter-globalisation principles of the European Social Forum (ESF), and a number of Liverpudlians attended the 2004 ESF in London. In 2005, one focus of activity was preparations for the G8 summit in Scotland. Since 2006, activists have been working towards establishing a social centre in Liverpool city centre, which officially opened on 15 September 2007. The LSF works collectively and non-hierarchically - no one person or group is in charge. Broadly, participants share a desire to create and live out a fair, peaceful world, free of oppression, where people are more important than profit. At meetings, Merseyside activists share ideas, skills and resources, while organising events and actions. The agenda is compiled at the start of each meeting, and is open to all. A weekly vegan cafe is held on a Saturday staffed by members of the collective who sign up and plan the menu autonomously. Much of the meals that are prepared come from ingredients donated by local independent stores. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

libharpul xamajik moncho libharpul cho "siyel pho" raam (lsf) hoise englandor libharpulot onusthito ek pakhyik boithok. ee europiyo xamajik moncho (esf) ror poriworton-biswayon nitir dwara probhabito, aaru londonot onusthito 2004 sonor esfot keibajonu liverpudlian uposthito aasil. 2005 sonot, karzokolapor etaa kendrobindu aasil scotlandot ji8 xonmilonor baabe prostuti. 2006 sonor poraa kormixokole libharpul sohoror kendrot etaa xamajik kendro sthaponor dixot kaam kori aahise, jitu anusthanikbhabe 2007 sonor 15 septemborot mukoli koraa hoisil. el. ess. ef.-e xamuhikbhabe aaru oh-kromanuwortoniyobhawe kaam kore-kunu ejon byokti baa gutt iyar dayitwot nathake. bistritobhabe, ongxogrohonkarixokole nirzaton mukto ek nirpekhyo, xantipurno biswo sristi koraa aaru jiyai thokar issa bhag kore, zo 'too labhotkoi manuh odhik guruttopurno. xobhat, merchichaid kormixokole onusthan aaru karjyoxomuh aayujon korar xomoyot dharona, dokhyota aaru xompodxomuh bhag botora kore. protitu boithokor aarombhonite karzoxusitu xongkolit koraa hoy, aaru xokolure baabe mukoli. xonibare etaa xaptahik bhegan kephe onusthito hoy zo 'too xamuhik xodosyoxokole kormosari hisape kaam kore, jixokole saain aap kore aaru menutu swotontrobhabe porikolpona kore. prostut koraa khadyor besibhag sthaniyo swotontro dukanxomuhe daan koraa upadanor poraa aahe.

liverpul samajik forum liverpul soshyala forum (ell. esha. eff) englander liverpule onusthito ekti pakkhik sova. etty europea samajik forumer (ee. esha. eff) poribortito-vishwayaner neeti dwara probhabito ebong besh koyekjon liverpudlian 2004 saale londone onusthito ee. esha. eff-ayee ongsho niyechilen. 2005 saale, scotlande scotlande sheersho sommeloner prostuti chhilo ekti kormokander kendravindu. 2006 saal theke, sakriya karmira liverpul shohorer kendre ekti samajik kendra protisthar jonno kaaj korche, jaa anusthanikbhabe 15 septembara 2007-ayee khola hoyechilo. ell. esha. eff sommilitobhabe ebong aaa-shreniboddhobhabe kaaj korey-konao ekjon byakti baa gosthi dayitte nei. motamutibhabe, ongshogrohonkarira nipidan mukto ekti sushthu, shantipurno bishwa toiri ebong banchte chaay, jekhane manush laver cheye beshi guruttopurno. sovagulite, merceside karmira anusthan ebong kormer ayojan korar somoy dharona, dokkhota ebong sompod bhag korey neyo. protiti boithoker shurute eyi karmasuchi sangkalita hoy ebong etty sokoler jonno unmukto. shanibar ekti saptahik niramish caffe onusthito hoy, jekhane joutho sadasyader dwara karmi niyog koraa hoy ebong jaaraa menute swashasitobhabe parikalpana korey. prostuto khabarer beshirbhagi sthaniya swadhin dokangulir daan koraa upadan theke aase.

liverpool saamaajik munch liverpool soshiyal forum (aela. aesa. aef.) englandnaa livarpulma yojaati pakhvadiyani bethak chhe. teey european soshiyal forum (ee. aesa. aef.) naa parivartan-vaishvikikaranna siddhantothi prabhaavit chhe, aneey sankhyaabandh liverpudliyanoae londonma 2004 ee. aesa. aef. maan haajari aapee hatee. hatee, pravruttionu aek kendra skotlendmaa skotlendmaa shikhar sammelanni taiyario hatee. 2006 thee, kaaryakaro liverpool ciity centermaa aek saamaajik kendra sthaapit karvaa maate kaama curry rahyaa chhe, jeey sattavaar reete 15 september 2007 naa roj kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aela. aesa. aef. saamuhik aneey biin-padanukrameet reete kaama karey chhe-koee aek vyaktee athavaa jooth prabhaari nathee. vyaapak reete, sahbhagio daman mukt, nyaayi, shaantipurn vishvanu nirmaan karvaanee aneey jeevani ichcha dharaave chhe, jyaan loko nafaa karataa vadhu mahatvapurn chhe. bethakomaa, mercesidena kaaryakaro kaarykramo aneey kriyaaonu aayojan karatee vakhate vichaaro, kushalataa aneey sansadhno vahenche chhe. darek bethaknee sharuaatmaa agenda sankaleet karvaamaa aave chhe aneey teey badhaa maate khullo chhe. saaptaahik shakahari kaafe shanivaare yojaay chhe, jemaa saamuhik sabhyo dwara kaama karvaamaa aave chhe, jeo nondhani karaave chhe aneey menuni yojnaa svayamsanchalit reete banaave chhe. taiyar karvaamaa aavtu motaabhaagnu bhojan sthaaneek swatantra dukaano dwara daanmaa aapvama aavela ghatakomathi aave chhe.

liverpool samajik munch liverpool soshal forum (ell. aiss. aff.) ingland key liverpool mein aayojit ack pakhwade kii baithak haye. yeh europeeya samajik munch (ee. aiss. aff.) key parivartan-vaishvikaran siddhanton seey prabhaavit haye, aur kaee leaverpudlians ney landan mein 2004 ee. aiss. aff. mein bhaag liya. 2005 mein, gatividhi kaa ack kendra scotland mein jee8 shikhar sammelan kii taiyari thee. 2006 seey, karyakarta liverpool shahar key kendra mein ack samajik kendra sthaapit karane kii disha mein kaam curr rahey hain, jise aadhikarik taur parr 15 sitambar 2007 koo khola gayaa thaa. ell. aiss. aff. saamoohik roop seey aur gair-padaanukramit roop seey kaam kartaa haye-koee ack vyakti yaa samooh prabhaari naheen haye. motey taur parr, pratibhaagi ack nishpaksh, shantipurna duniya banaane aur jeene kii ichcha saajha karate hain, joe utpeedan seey mukt haye, jahaan loga laabh seey adhik mahatvapurna hain. baithakon mein, merceside karyakarta karyakramon aur karyon kaa ayojan karate hue vichaaron, kaushal aur sansadhanon koo saajha karate hain. pratyek baithak kii shuruat mein agenda sankalit kiya jaataa haye, aur yeh sabhi key liye khula hotaa haye. ack saptahik shakahari kaife shaniwar koo saamoohik sadasyon dwara aayojit kiya jaataa haye joe saain upp karate hain aur menu kii yojana swayamsevi tareeke seey banaate hain. taiyar kiye jaane vaale bhojan kaa adhikansh hissa sthaaniya swatantra dukaanon dwara daan kii gaee samagri seey aataa haye.

liverpool samajika vedike liverpool samajika vedike (ell. ess. eff) inglendna livarpoolnalli nadeyuva hadinaidu dinagala sabheyagide. idu european samajika vedikeya (ii. ess. eff) jagatikaranada tatvagalinda prabhaavitavaagide mattu landannalli nadeda 2004rahra ii. ess. eff. nalli halavaaru liver pudliyannaru bhagavahisiddaru. 2005ralli, scotlendnalli nadeda zii8 shrungasabheya siddhategalu chatuvatikeya ondu kendrabinduvagiddavu. 2006rinda, kaaryakartaru liverpool city centernalli samajika kendravannu sthaapisuva nittinalli kelasa maduttiddare, idannu adhikrutavaagi 15 september 2007 randu tereyalaayitu. ell. ess. eff. saamuhikavaagi mattu shrenikrutavagi kaaryanirvahisuttade-yaavude obba vyakti athawa gumpu ustuvaari vahisuvudilla. vishaalavaagi, bhagavahisuvavaru dabbaalikeyinda muktavaada nyaayayuta, shaantiyuta jagattannu rachisuva mattu badukuva bayakeyannu hanchikolluttare, allie janaru laabhakkinta hecchu mukhyaragiddare. sabhegalalli, merceside kaaryakartaru kaaryakramagalu mattu kaaryagalannu ayojisuvaga aalochanegalu, kaushalyagalu mattu sampanmoolagalannu hanchikolluttare. kaaryasoochiyannu prati sabeya praarambhadalli sangrahisalaaguttade mattu idu ellarigoo muktavagiruttade. shanivaaradandu vaarada sasyahari kepheyannu nadesalaaguttade, idaralli saine up maaduva mattu svayampreritavagi menuvannu yojisuva tandada sadasyaru kelasa maaduttaare. tayaarisida hecchina uutagalu sthaliya swatantra maligegalu daana maadida padaarthagalinda baruttave.

livarpool soshyal phooram englandile livarpoolil nadakkunna randaazhchathe yogamaanu livarpool soshyal phooram (ell. ezz. eph). europian soshyal foratthinte (iii. ezz. eph) alter-globalisation thathwangalaal ithu swaadheenikkappedunnu, koodaathe niravadhi liverpudlianmaar landanil nadanna 2004 iii. ezz. ephil pankedutthu. 2005ll skotlandil nadanna jii8 uchakodikkulla thayyaareduppaayirunnu pravartthanatthinte oru kendram. 2007 septambar 15nuu audyogikamaayi thuranna livarpool sitti sentaril oru saamoohika kendram sthaapikkunnathinaayi 2006 muthal pravartthakar pravartthikkunnu. ell. ezz. eph koottaayum kramarahithamayum pravartthikkunnu-oru vyakthiyo groupo utharavaadikalalla. vishaalamaayi paranjaal, aalukal laabhathekkaal pradhaanamaaya adichamarthal rahithamaya, neethiyukthavum samaadhaanaparavumaaya oru lokam srishtikkaanum jeevikkanumulla aagraham pankaalikal pankidunnu. yogangalil, merceside aaktivistukal paripaadikalum pravartthanangalum samghadippikkumbol ashayangalum kazhivukalum vibhavangalum pankidunnu. oro yogathinteyum thudakkathil thayyarakkiya ajanda ellaavarkkumaayi thurannirikkunnu. oru aazhchathorumulla sasyahara kaphe shaniyazhcha samghadippikkunnu, avayil saine upp cheyyukayum svayambharanathode menu aasoothranam cheyyukayum cheiyunna koottatthile amgangal jolie cheiyunnu. praadeshika swatantra storukal sambhavana cheiyunna cheruvakalil ninnaan thayyarakkunna bhakshanangalil bhooribhaagavum varunnath.

liverpool samajik munch liverpool soshal forum (ell. ess. eff.) hii englandmadhil liverpool yethe aayojit kelee jaanari pandharvadyachi baithak aahe. european soshal forumchya (eae. ess. eff.) badal-jagatikikaranachya tattvancha tyavar prabhav aahe aanee anek liverpudlian londonmadhye jhalelya 2004 eae. ess. eff. madhye sahbhagi jhaale hote. 2005 madhye, skotlandmadhil jee8 shikhar parishadechi tayari haah eka kendrabindu hota. 2006 pasoon, karyakarte liverpool ciity centermadhye eka samajik kendra sthapan karnyachya dishene kaam karat aahet, jeey adhikrutpane 15 september 2007 roji ughadale gele. ell. ess. eff. ektritpane aanee kramanusar kaam karat nahee-konihi vyakti kinwa gut prabhari nasato. vyapakpane, sahbhaginna dadapshahimukt, eka nyayya, shantatapurn jug nirman karanyachi aanee jaganyachi ichcha aahe, jithe lock nafyapeksha adhik mahattvache aahet. baithakanmadhye, merceside karyakarte karyakram aanee krutee aayojit kartana kalpana, kaushalye aanee sansadhane samayik karatat. pratyek baithakichya suruvatila karyakram sankalit keela jaato aanee too sarvansathi khula asato. shaniwari saptahik shakahari cafey aayojit keela jaato, jyamadhye samoohik sadasya kaam karatat, jeey nondani karatat aanee menuche swayatt niyojan karatat. tayar kelele bahutek jevan sthanik swatantra dukanandware daan kelelya ghatakanmadhun yete.

liverpul samajik forum liverpul samajik forum (lsf) liverpul, englandma ayojit ek pakhawadia baithak how. yo europeli samajik forum (esf) ko pariwartan-vaishwikaran siddhantaharubata prabhawit chha, rar dherai liverpudlianharule londonma sann 2004 esfma bhag lieka thie. sann 2005 maa, gatiwidhiko euta kendra scotlandma zee8 shikhar sammelanko tayari thiyo. sann 2006 dekhi, karyakartaharule liverpul city centrema samajik kendra sthapana garne dishama kaam gariraheka chhan, june adhikarik rupma 15 september 2007 maa kholieko thiyo. lsfle samuhik rar gaira-padanukramit rupma kaam gardacha-kunai ek wyakti wa samuha prabhari hundaina. wyapak rupma, sahabhagiharule utpidanbata mukta, nishpaksha, shantipurna sansar sirjana garne rar baanchne iccha sajha garchhan, jahaan manisharu labhbhanda badhi mahatwapurna chhan. baithakharuma, mercyside karyakartaharule karyakram rar karyaharu ayojana garda vicharharu, sipharu rar srotharu sajha garchhan. karyasuchi pratyek baithakko suruma sankalit garinchha, rar sabaika lagi khula hunchha. saptahik shakahari cafe shanibar samuhik sadasyaharudwara karmachariharudwara ayojit garinchha jasle sine up garchhan rar menu swayatta rupma yojana banaunchhan. tayar garieka dheraijaso khana sthaniya swatantra storeharule daan gareka samagriharubata aunchhan.

liverpul samajika forum liverpul social forum (ell. ess. aif.) heuchhi englandara libharapulre ajojita eka pander dinia baithaka. ehaa europeah samajika mancha (ee. ess. aif.) rahr paribartana-jagatikarana neeti dwara prabhabita, ebong aneka libharapudalijan landanare 2004 ee. ess. aif. ray joga deithile. 2005ray, karjyakalapara eka kendrabindu thila skatalyandare jii8 shikhar sammilani paain prastuti. 2006 masiharu, karjyakartamane liverpul city sentarare eka samajika kendra pratistha kariba digare karjya karuchanti, jaahaa 15 september 2007 ray aanusthanika bhabare kholajaithila. ell. ess. aif. samuhika ebong anah-kramanusare karjya kare-kaunasi jane byakti kimba gosthi dajitware nahanti. byapaka bhabe, anshagrahanakareemane eka nirapekhya, shantipurna biswa srusti kariba ebong banchibara ichha byakta karanti, jaahaa atyachara mukta, jeunthare lokamane laabh apekhya adhika gurutwapurna . sabhagudikare, merceside karjyakartamane karjyakram ebong karjyara ayojan kariba samajare bichara, dakhyata ebong sambala bantanti . pratyeka baithaka aarambhare karjyasuchi prastuta karajaithae ebong ehaa samastanka paain unmukta rahithae. shanibara deane eka saptahika shakahari cafe anusthita hue, jeunthire samuhika sadasyamane nijojita hoithanti, jeunmane swajangsasita bhabe suchi prastuta kariba paain shine up karithanti. prastuta karajauthiba adhikansha khadya sthaniah swadheena store dwara daana karajaithiba samagriru asithae .

liverpool smajik forum liverpool smajik forum (aill. aiss. eff.) england dey liverpool witch aayojit ikk pandarwade dee meating haii. ih european smajik forum (ee. aiss. eff.) dey badalde-vishvikaran dey sidhantan toon prabhavit haii, atey kaee leverpudlian neey london witch 2004 ee. aiss. eff. witch hissa liaa. 2005 witch, gatividhi daa ikk kendra scotland witch witch sikhar sammelan deeaan tiaariaan sunn. 2006 toon, karkun liverpool city center witch ikk smajik kendra sathapat curran dee disha witch kamm qarr rahey hunn, joe adhikarat taur utte 15 satambar 2007 noon kholhiaa giaa see. lsf samoohak atey gair-ladiwar taur 'teey kamm karda haii-koee vee ikk viakati jaan samooh incharge naheen haii. viaapak taur utte, bhagidar ikk nirpakh, shantipuran sansar banaun atey jeeunh dee ichha sanjhi karde hunn, joe zulam toon mukat haii, jitthe lock laabh naalon vadhere mahattavpuran hunn. meetingan witch, merceside karkun programan atey kaarjan daa ayojan karde hoye vicharan, hunran atey sarotan noon sanjha karde hunn. ejanda harek meating dee shuruat witch sanklit keeta jaanda haii, atey saariaan laee khullah hunda haii. ikk haftavari shakahari kaife shanivar noon aayojit keeta jaanda haii jiss witch samooh dey member shamal hunde hunn joe sine upp karde hunn atey menu dee yojna khudmukhtiaari naal banaunde hunn. ziaadaatar bhojan joe tiaar keeta jaanda haii uh sathanak sutantar storan duaara daan keeti samaggari toon aaunda haii.

liverpool samajika-manchah da-liverpool-social-forum (ell. ess. ef.) iti england-deshasya liverpool-nagare ayojita pakshikalina sabhaa asti. europeeyasaamaajik-manchasya (ee. ess. ef.) parivarta-vaishveekarana-siddhaantaih ayam prabhaawitah asti, tathaa cha aneke liverpudlian-janaah 2004 tame varshe landan-nagare aayojitasy ee. ess. ef.-madhye upasthitau aasan. 2005 tame varshe scatland-deshe scatland-deshe shikharasammelanaay sajjataam, ekaha kriyaakalaapah aasit. 2006 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, karyakartaraha liverpool-nagarakendre saamaajikakendrasy sthapanartham karyam kurwantah santi, yat 2007 tame varshe september-masasya 15 dinaanke adhikrutaroopena udghaatitam. ell. ess. ef. samsthayaa saamohikaroopen, padanukrama-nirantarena cha karyam bhavati-naa kashchan vyaktihi, naa samoohah cha prabhaari asti. sthulataya, pratibhaaginah, shoshanamuktam, nyaayyam, shaantimatam jagatam nirmaay jeevitum cha icchanti, yatra janaah labhat adhikam mahattvapoornam bhavanti. sabhaasu, mercysad-karyakartaraha karyakraman karyan cha ayojayan vicharan, kaushalaan, samsadhanan cha panktayanti. kaaryasoochih pratyekasya sabhaayaah aarambhe sankalitah bhavati, sarvanam krute api udghaatitah bhavati. saptahikaha shakahari-kefe-samsthaa, shanivaasare, saamoohik-sadasyaih karya-karturoopen aayojyate, ye panjeekaranam krutvaa svayameva bhojan-soochee-yojanaa kurvanti. praayah, sthaniya-swatantra-bhandaarebhyah danarupena dattat saamagreeh eva bhojanasya krute upaakrutaah bhavanti.

liverpool samooga mandram liverpool samooga mandram (ell. ess. eff) enbathu englaandhin liverpoolil nadaiperum oru pathinainthu naall koottamaagum. iroappiya samooga mandraththin (eee. ess. eff) maattra ulakamayamaakkal kolgaigalaal idhu paathikkappattullathu, maelum pala livarputliyargal landanil nadantha 2004 eee. ess. eff. ill kalandhu kondanar. 2005 aam aandil, scatlandil jii8 uchimaanaattirkaana thayaarippukal seyalpaattin oru maiyamaaga irunththana. 2006 muthal, aarvalargal liverpool nagara maiyaththil oru samooga myyaththai niruvuvathil paniyaattri varukintranar, idhu septumber 15,2007 andru athikaarappoorvamaaga thirakkappattathu. ell. ess. eff koottaagavum, varisaippaduththappadaatha muraiyilum seyalpadugirathu-endhavoru nabarum allathu kuzhuvum poruppil illai. parantha alavil, pankerpaalarkal ilaapaththai vida makkal mukkiyamaana odukkumurai illaatha oru niyayamaana, amaithiyaana ulagaththai uruvaakki vaazha vaendum endra virupaththaip pagirnthu kolgiraargal. koottangalil, mercesite aarvalargal nigazhvugal mattrum seyalgalai aerpaadu seiyum poathu yoasanaikal, thirankal mattrum valangkalaip pagirnthu kolgiraargal. ovvoru koottaththin thodakkaththilum nigazhchchi niral thogukkappattu, anaivarukkum thiranthirukkum. vaaraanthira saiva unavu viduthigal sanikkizhamaiyandru nadaththappadugindrana, idhil kuzhu uruppinarkal pathivuseithu, suyaatheenamaaga menuvaith thittamidugiraargal. thayaarikkappadum unavugalil perumbaalaanavai ulloor suyaatheena kadaikalaal nankodaiyaaga valangkappatta porutkalilirunthu varukintrana.

liverpool saamaajika phoram liverpool soshal phoram (lsf) anedi inglaandlooni livarpoollo jarige paksham rojula samavesam. idhi european soshal phoram (esf) yokka alter-globalisation suutraalachae prabhaavitamaindi, mariyu aneka mandhi liver pudliyanlu londonlo jarigina 2004 esfku hajarayyaru. 2005loe scatlandlo jarigina zii8 sikharagra samavesaniki sannahalu cheyadam karyakalapalalo oka kendramgaa undedi. 2006 nundi, kaaryakartalu liverpool city centerlo oka saamaajika kendraanni sthaapinchadaaniki krushi chestunnaru, idhi adhikarikamga 15 september 2007naa praarambhinchabadindi. lsf samishtiga mariyu kramaanugatamgaa panichestundi-yea okka vyakti ledhaa samuuham baadhyata vahinchadu. vistrutamgaa, paalgonevaaru labham kante prajalu ekkuva mukhyamaina anachiveta laeni, nyaayamaina, saantiyuta prapanchaanni srushtinchi, jeevinchaalane korikanu panchukuntaaru. samavesalalo, merceside kaaryakartalu karyakramalu mariyu charyalanu nirvahistuunae aalochanalu, naipunyaalu mariyu vanarulanu panchukuntaaru. prati samavesam praarambhamlo agenda sankalanam cheyabadutundi mariyu andarikee andubaatulo untundi. varapu saakaahaari cafe sanivaaram naadu nirvahinchabadutundi, indulo samuuha sabhyulu saine up chesi, svayampratipattigaa menoonu plaan chestaaru. tayaruchese bhojanamlo ekkuva bhaagam sthaanika swatantra dukaanaalu viraalamgaa icchina padaarthaala nundi vastundi.

leuropol soshal forum leuropol soshal forum (eel aiss aif) england kay leuropol mein munaqid honay waali eek pandrah rozah metting hay. yaha europi soshal forum (ayee aiss aif) kay badaltay aalamgiriyat kay asulon say mutasir hay aur mutadid leaver podliyon nay landan mein 2004 kay ayee aiss aif mein sharkat kii. 2005 mein srgarmi kaa eek markaz scott lend mein jee 8 sarbarahi ajlaas kii tayari thee. 2006 say karknan leuropol stee center mein eek samaji markaz qayem karnay kay liye kaam kirr rahay haine juu bazabtah toor parr 15 satambar 2007 kuu khola gayaa. eel aiss aif ijtemayi aur ghair darjah bundi kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay-koyee eek shaqs yaa grop incharge nahein hay. wasee paimanay parr sharkaa eek munsifana praman duniya bananay aur iss mein rehney kii khwahish rakhtay haine juu jabar say paak how jehaan loag munafa say ziyadah aham hoan. metingon mein marsi side kay karknan taqribaat aur karwaiyon kaa ahtamam kartay hoay khayalat maharat aur wasail kaa ashtaraak kartay haine. agenda harr metting kay aaghaz mein martab kiyaa jaataa hay aur sabb kay liye khilaa hotaa hay. haftah kuu eek haftah waar vigan kaifay kaa anaqad kiyaa jaataa hay jiss mein ijtemayi arkaan kaa emlah hotaa hay juu saain app kartay haine aur mino kii khood mukhtar mansubah bundi kartay haine. ziyadah tarr khaana juu tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay wah maqami aazaad stores kay atiyah kardah ajzaa say aataa hay.

0007116dcaa393f9910ac892b7ebeb7f48e588b73f78de66a3286f91089ba9aa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4191

BCG vaccine

BCG vaccine Vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). It is named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is given by injection into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial. Serious side effects are rare. Often, redness, swelling, and mild pain occur at the site of injection. A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after healing. Side effects are more common and potentially more severe in those with immunosuppression. Although no harmful effects on the fetus have been observed, there is insufficient evidence about the safety of BCG vaccination during pregnancy and therefore, vaccine is not recommended for use during pregnancy. The vaccine was originally developed from "Mycobacterium bovis", which is commonly found in cattle. While it has been weakened, it is still live. The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. As of 2004[ [update]], the vaccine is given to about 100 million children per year globally. <templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" /> Medical uses. Tuberculosis. The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials conducted in the UK have consistently shown a protective effect of 60 to 80%, but those conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. Differences in effectiveness depend on region, due to factors such as genetic differences in the populations, changes in environment, exposure to other bacterial infections, and conditions in the laboratory where the vaccine is grown, including genetic differences between the strains being cultured and the choice of growth medium. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19–27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. The studies included in this review were limited to those that used interferon gamma release assay. The duration of protection of BCG is not clearly known. In those studies showing a protective effect, the data are inconsistent. The MRC study showed protection waned to 59% after 15 years and to zero after 20 years; however, a study looking at Native Americans immunized in the 1930s found evidence of protection even 60 years after immunization, with only a slight waning in efficacy. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. The 100th anniversary of BCG was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO), although the development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress. Efficacy. A number of possible reasons for the variable efficacy of BCG in different countries have been proposed. None has been proven, some have been disproved, and none can explain the lack of efficacy in both low tuberculosis-burden countries (US) and high tuberculosis-burden countries (India). The reasons for variable efficacy have been discussed at length in a WHO document on BCG. Mycobacteria. BCG has protective effects against some nontuberculosis mycobacteria. Cancer. BCG has been one of the most successful immunotherapies. BCG vaccine has been the "standard of care for patients with bladder cancer (NMIBC)" since 1977. By 2014 there were more than eight different considered biosimilar agents or strains used for the treatment of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Method of administration. A tuberculin skin test is usually carried out before administering BCG. A reactive tuberculin skin test is a contraindication to BCG due to the risk of severe local inflammation and scarring; it does not indicate any immunity. BCG is also contraindicated in certain people who have IL-12 receptor pathway defects. BCG is given as a single intradermal injection at the insertion of the deltoid. If BCG is accidentally given subcutaneously, then a local abscess may form (a "BCG-oma") that can sometimes ulcerate, and may require treatment with antibiotics immediately, otherwise without treatment it could spread the infection, causing severe damage to vital organs. An abscess is not always associated with incorrect administration, and it is one of the more common complications that can occur with the vaccination. Numerous medical studies on treatment of these abscesses with antibiotics have been done with varying results, but the consensus is once pus is aspirated and analysed, provided no unusual bacilli are present, the abscess will generally heal on its own in a matter of weeks. The characteristic raised scar that BCG immunization leaves is often used as proof of prior immunization. This scar must be distinguished from that of smallpox vaccination, which it may resemble. When given for bladder cancer, the vaccine is not injected through the skin, but is instilled into the bladder through the urethra using a soft catheter. Adverse effects. BCG immunization generally causes some pain and scarring at the site of injection. The main adverse effects are keloids—large, raised scars. The insertion to the deltoid muscle is most frequently used because the local complication rate is smallest when that site is used. Nonetheless, the buttock is an alternative site of administration because it provides better cosmetic outcomes. BCG vaccine should be given intradermally. If given subcutaneously, it may induce local infection and spread to the regional lymph nodes, causing either suppurative (production of pus) and nonsuppurative lymphadenitis. Conservative management is usually adequate for nonsuppurative lymphadenitis. If suppuration occurs, it may need needle aspiration. For nonresolving suppuration, surgical excision may be required. Evidence for the treatment of these complications is scarce. Uncommonly, breast and gluteal abscesses can occur due to haematogenous (carried by the blood) and lymphangiomatous spread. Regional bone infection (BCG osteomyelitis or osteitis) and disseminated BCG infection are rare complications of BCG vaccination, but potentially life-threatening. Systemic antituberculous therapy may be helpful in severe complications. When BCG is used for bladder cancer, around 2.9% of treated patients discontinue immunotherapy due to a genitourinary or systemic BCG-related infection, however while symptomatic bladder BCG infection is frequent, the involvement of other organs is very uncommon. When systemic involvement occurs, liver and lungs are the first organs to be affected (1 week [median] after the last BCG instillation). If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient (e.g., an infant with severe combined immune deficiency), it can cause disseminated or life-threatening infection. The documented incidence of this happening is less than one per million immunizations given. In 2007, the WHO stopped recommending BCG for infants with HIV, even if the risk of exposure to tuberculosis is high, because of the risk of disseminated BCG infection (which is roughly 400 per 100,000 in that higher risk context). Usage. The age of the person and the frequency with which BCG is given has always varied from country to country. The WHO currently recommends childhood BCG for all countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or high leprosy burden. This is a partial list of historic and current BCG practice around the globe. A complete atlas of past and present practice has been generated. Manufacture. BCG is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (virulence-reduced) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, "Mycobacterium bovis", that has lost its ability to cause disease in humans. It is specially subcultured in a culture medium, usually Middlebrook 7H9. Because the living bacilli evolve to make the best use of available nutrients, they become less well-adapted to human blood and can no longer induce disease when introduced into a human host. Still, they are similar enough to their wild ancestors to provide some degree of immunity against human tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine can be anywhere from 0 to 80% effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years; however, its protective effect appears to vary according to geography and the lab in which the vaccine strain was grown. A number of different companies make BCG, sometimes using different genetic strains of the bacterium. This may result in different product characteristics. OncoTICE, used for bladder instillation for bladder cancer, was developed by Organon Laboratories (since acquired by Schering-Plough, and in turn acquired by Merck & Co.). A similar application is the product of Onko BCG of the Polish company Biomed-Lublin, which owns the Brazilian substrain M. bovis BCG Moreau which is less reactogenic than vaccines including other BCG strains. Pacis BCG, made from the Montréal (Institut Armand-Frappier) strain, was first marketed by Urocor in about 2002. Urocor was since acquired by Dianon Systems. Evans Vaccines (a subsidiary of PowderJect Pharmaceuticals). Statens Serum Institut in Denmark markets BCG vaccine prepared using Danish strain 1331. Japan BCG Laboratory markets its vaccine, based on the Tokyo 172 substrain of Pasteur BCG, in 50 countries worldwide. According to a UNICEF report published in December 2015, on BCG vaccine supply security, global demand increased in 2015 from 123 to 152.2 million doses. To improve security and to [diversify] sources of affordable and flexible supply," UNICEF awarded seven new manufacturers contracts to produce BCG. Along with supply availability from existing manufacturers, and a "new WHO prequalified vaccine" the total supply will be "sufficient to meet both suppressed 2015 demand carried over to 2016, as well as total forecast demand through 2016–2018." Supply shortage. In 2011, the Sanofi Pasteur plant flooded, causing problems with mold. The facility, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, produced BCG vaccine products made with substrain Connaught such as a tuberculosis vaccine and ImmuCYST, a BCG immunotherapeutic and bladder cancer drug. By April 2012 the FDA had found dozens of documented problems with sterility at the plant including mold, nesting birds and rusted electrical conduits. The resulting closure of the plant for over two years caused shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis vaccines. On 29 October 2014 Health Canada gave the permission for Sanofi to resume production of BCG. A 2018 analysis of the global supply concluded that the supplies are adequate to meet forecast BCG vaccine demand, but that risks of shortages remain, mainly due to dependence of 75 percent of WHO pre-qualified supply on just two suppliers. Dried. Some BCG vaccines are freeze dried and become fine powder. Sometimes the powder is sealed with vacuum in a glass ampoule. Such a glass ampoule has to be opened slowly to prevent the airflow from blowing out the powder. Then the powder has to be diluted with saline water before injecting. History. The history of BCG is tied to that of smallpox. By 1865 Jean Antoine Villemin had demonstrated that rabbits could be infected with tuberculosis from humans; by 1868 he had found that rabbits could be infected with tuberculosis from cows, and that rabbits could be infected with tuberculosis from other rabbits. Thus, he concluded that tuberculosis was transmitted via some unidentified microorganism (or "virus", as he called it). In 1882 Robert Koch regarded human and bovine tuberculosis as identical. But in 1895, Theobald Smith presented differences between human and bovine tuberculosis, which he reported to Koch. By 1901 Koch distinguished "Mycobacterium bovis" from "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Following the success of vaccination in preventing smallpox, established during the 18th century, scientists thought to find a corollary in tuberculosis by drawing a parallel between bovine tuberculosis and cowpox: it was hypothesized that infection with bovine tuberculosis might protect against infection with human tuberculosis. In the late 19th century, clinical trials using "M. bovis" were conducted in Italy with disastrous results, because "M. bovis" was found to be just as virulent as "M. tuberculosis". Albert Calmette, a French physician and bacteriologist, and his assistant and later colleague, Camille Guérin, a veterinarian, were working at the Institut Pasteur de Lille (Lille, France) in 1908. Their work included subculturing virulent strains of the tuberculosis bacillus and testing different culture media. They noted a glycerin-bile-potato mixture grew bacilli that seemed less virulent, and changed the course of their research to see if repeated subculturing would produce a strain that was attenuated enough to be considered for use as a vaccine. The BCG strain was isolated after subculturing 239 times during 13 years from virulent strain on glycerine potato medium. The research continued throughout World War I until 1919, when the now avirulent bacilli were unable to cause tuberculosis disease in research animals. Calmette and Guerin transferred to the Paris Pasteur Institute in 1919. The BCG vaccine was first used in humans in 1921. Public acceptance was slow, and the Lübeck disaster, in particular, did much to harm it. Between 1929 and 1933 in Lübeck, 251 infants were vaccinated in the first 10 days of life; 173 developed tuberculosis and 72 died. It was subsequently discovered that the BCG administered there had been contaminated with a virulent strain that was being stored in the same incubator, which led to legal action against the manufacturers of the vaccine. Dr. R. G. Ferguson, working at the Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium in Saskatchewan, was among the pioneers in developing the practice of vaccination against tuberculosis. In Canada, more than 600 children from residential schools were used as involuntary participants in BCG vaccine trials between 1933 and 1945. In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations (predecessor to the World Health Organization (WHO)). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely used after World War II. From 1945 to 1948, relief organizations (International Tuberculosis Campaign or Joint Enterprises) vaccinated over eight million babies in eastern Europe and prevented the predicted typical increase of tuberculosis after a major war. BCG is very efficacious against tuberculous meningitis in the pediatric age group, but its efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis appears to be variable. Some countries have removed BCG from routine vaccination. Two countries that have never used it routinely are the United States and the Netherlands (in both countries, it is felt that having a reliable Mantoux test and therefore being able to accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a condition that is now relatively rare there). Other names include "Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin vaccine" and "Bacille de Calmette et Guérin vaccine". Research. Tentative evidence exists for a beneficial non-specific effect of BCG vaccination on overall mortality in low income countries, or for its reducing other health problems including sepsis and respiratory infections when given early, with greater benefit the earlier it is used. In rhesus macaques, BCG shows improved rates of protection when given intravenously. Some risks must be evaluated before it can be translated to humans. Type 1 diabetes. As of 2017[ [update]], BCG vaccine is in the early stages of being studied in type 1 diabetes (T1D). COVID-19. Use of the BCG vaccine may provide protection against COVID-19. However, epidemiologic observations in this respect are ambiguous. The WHO does not recommend its use for prevention as of 12  2021[ [update]]. As of  2021[ [update]], twenty BCG trials are in various clinical stages. As of  2022[ [update]], the results are extremely mixed. A 15-month trial involving people thrice-vaccinated over the two years before the pandemic shows positive results in preventing infection in BCG-naive people with type 1 diabetes. On the other hand, a 5-month trial shows that re-vaccinating with BCG does not help prevent infection in healthcare workers. Both of these trials were double-blind randomized controlled trials. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bi. chi. ji. protixedhok basilas kelmet-gurin (bi. chi. ji.) bhekchin hoise jokhma (ti. bi.) ror biruddhe prodhankoi byobohar koraa ek bhekchin. iyar udbhawok elbert kelmet aaru kemil gerinor naamere iyar naamkoron koraa hoise. jokhma baa kustho rug xadharon dexxomuhot, jonmor pisot jiman xunkale xombhob xustho xixur baabe etaa paali luwar poramorxo diya hoy. jokhma xadharon nohoy ene oncholxomuhot, kewol uscho bipodaxongka thoka xixuxokolok xadharonote protixedhok diya hoy, aanhate jokhmar xondehjonok ghotonaburor byoktigotobhabe porikhya koraa hoy aaru sikitsa koraa hoy. jixokol praptoboyosko lukor jokhma rug naai aaru purbote protixedhok diya huwa naai, kintu xoghonai xongosporxoloi aahe, teulukokou protixedhok diya hoh 'bob paare. bi. chi. ji.-ror buruli aalsar xongkromon aaru onyanyo jokhmabihin mycobacterial xongkromonor biruddheu kichu pholoproxuta aase. iyar uporiu, iyak ketiyaba mutraxoyor korkot rugor sikitsar ongxo hisape byobohar koraa hoy. jokhma xongkromonor poraa xurokhyar haar byapokbhabe prithok hoy aaru xurokhya 20 bosoroloike thaake. xixur maajot ee pray 20 xotangxo xongkromito huwat baadha diye aaru jixokol xongkromito hoy teulukor bhitorot ee aadha rug bikoxito huwar poraa rokhya kore. ei protixedhoktu salot bejir dwara diya hoy. otirikto paali upokari buli kunu promanoi dekhuwai naai. gurutor parswokriya birol. praye bezi diya sthanot ronga huwa, fuli uthaa aaru mridu bix hoy. aarugyo huwar pisot kichu daagor xoite etaa xoru alsaru hoh "bob paare. immunosupression thoka lukoxokolor khetrot parswokriya odhik xadharon aaru xombhabyobhabe odhik gurutor. jodiu bhrunor uporot kunu kyotikarok probhab poraa naai, tothapiu iyar xurokhyar bixoye porzapto proman naai. gorbhawosthar xomoyot bi. chi. ji. tikakoron aaru xeyehe, gorbhawosthar xomoyot byoboharor baabe bhekchinor poramorxo diya nohoy. ei vaccintu mulotoh "mycobacterium bovis" ror poraa prostut koraa hoisil, jitu xadharonote goru-moo 'horr maajot puwa yaay. jodiu ee durbol hoi porise, tothapiu ee jiyai aase. bi. chi. ji. protixedhoktu prothombaror baabe 1921 sonot sikitsar baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. ee biswo swasthyo xongsthar otyawosyokiyo ouxodhor talikat aase. ei bhekchin biswobyapi proti bosore pray 10 kuti xixuk diya hoy. sikitsar byobohar. jokhma. bi. chi. ji.-ror prodhan byobohar hoise jokhmar biruddhe tikakoronor baabe. jonmor pisot bi. chi. ji. protixedhok antohdexiyobhabe prodan koribo paari. bi. chi. ji. tikakoronor folot etaa bhul positive mentax porikhya hoh "bob paare. bi. chi. ji.-ror ataitkoi bitorkito dixtu hoh 'lo bibhinno clinical porikhyat puwa poribortonxil karjyokolap, ji bhugulor uporot nirbhorxil zen laage. eu. key. too koraa porikhyaxomuhot dharabahikbhabe 60ror poraa 80 xotangxo xurokhyamulok probhab dekha goise, kintu aan thait koraa porikhyaxomuhot kunu xurokhyamulok probhab dekha puwa naai, aaru bixuborekhar usoroloi juwar loge loge karjyokorita hraax puwa dekha yaay. 1994 sonor ek poddhotigot porzaluchonat dekha goisil je bi. chi. ji.-ye jokhma huwar axongka pray 50 xotangxo hraax kore. jonoxongkhyar aanubongxik parthokyo, poriwexor poriworton, onyanyo bacteria xongkromonor xongosporxoloi ohaa, aaru protixedhok utpadon koraa gowexonagaror owostha, xongoskriti koraa strainxomuhor maajot aanubongxik parthokyo aaru briddhir madhyomor basoni aadir dore karokxomuhor baabe karjyokoritar parthokyo oncholor uporot nirbhor kore. 2014 sonot koraa ek poddhotigot porzaluchona aaru metaa-bislexone dekhuwaisil je bi. chi. ji. protixedhoktuwe xongkromon <aai. di. 1> hraax korisil aaru xokriyo jokhma rugoloi progoti 71 xotangxo hraax korisil. ei porzaluchonat ontorbhukto odhyoyonbur interferon gaama rilij ese byobohar koraa odhyoyonburot ximabodho aasil. bi. chi. ji. ror xurokhyar xomoikal spostobhabe jonaa nayay. xurokhyamulok probhab dekhuuwa xei odhyoyonxomuhot, tothyobur oxamonjosyopurno. em. aar. chi.-ror odhyoyonot dekha goise je 15 bosoror pisot xurokhya 59 xotangxoloi hraax paise aaru 20 bosoror pisot xunyoloi hraax paise; obosye, 1930-ror doxokot protixedhok diya sthaniyo aamerikanxokolok suwa ek odhyoyonot protixedhok diyar 60 bosoror pisotu xurokhyar proman puwa goise, karjyokolap maatro xamanyo hraax paise. bi. chi. ji.-ror milliary jokhma baa jokhma meningitis protirudhot iyar xorbadhik probhab thoka zen laage, xeyehe ee etiyau ene dexburotu byapokbhabe byobohar koraa hoy zo 'too palmunery jokhmar biruddhe karjyokorita nogonyo. bi. chi. ji.-ror 100 xongkhyok barxiki 2021 sonot aasil. ee jokhmar biruddhe onugyapotroprapto ekmatro bhekchin hoi aase, jitu ek soli thoka mohamari. jokhma nirmulkoron biswo swasthyo xongsthar (hu) ek lokhyo, jodiu praptoboyosko palmunery jokhmar biruddhe odhik karjyokori notun bhekchinor bikaxor proyujon hoh 'bob paare. karzokarita. bibhinno dexot bi. chi. ji.-ror poribortonxil karjyokoritar keibatau xombhabyo karonor prostab diya hoise. kunutu promanito huwa naai, kisuman oswikar koraa hoise, aaru kunuwe komm jokhma-buja thoka dex (aamerika) aaru uscho jokhma-buja thoka dex (bharot) duyutate karjyokoritar obhab byakhya koribo nuware. bi. chi. ji.-ror uporot hu dokumentot poribortonxil karjyokoritar karonxomuhor bixoye digholiya alusona koraa hoise. mycobacteria. bi. chi. ji.-ror kisuman jokhmabihin mycobacteriar biruddhe xurokhyamulok probhab aase. korkot rug. bi. chi. ji. hoise ataitkoi xofol immunotherapyxomuhor bhitorot etaa. 1977 sonor poraa bi. chi. ji. protixedhok hoise "mutraxoyor korkot rugir (eno. em. aai. bi. chi.) jotnor mandondo". 2014 sonoloike aathtatkoiu odhik bhinno bibesito joibo-xomotulyo agent baa strain aasil jibur mangxopexi-aakromonatmok mutraxoyor korkot rugor sikitsar baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. proxaxonor poddhoti. xadharonote bi. chi. ji. diyar aagote tuberculin chaal porikhya koraa hoy. protikriyaxil tuberculin chaal porikhya hoise bi. chi. ji.-ror biporit protibimbo kaaron iyar folot gurutor sthaniyo prodah aaru daagor axongka thaake; ee kunu rug protirudh khyomotar ingito nidiye. il-12 receptor pathober truti thoka kisuman lukor khetrotu bi. chi. ji.-ror protibimbo aase. bob 'chi. ji. delt' idd xumuwai diyar xomoyot ekok antohdoliyo bezi hisape diya hoy. jodi bi. chi. ji.-koo bhulboxotoh saalor tolot diya hoy, tente etaa sthaniyo fuha (e "bi. chi. ji-u. em. e") hoh "bob paare ji ketiyaba ulcerate hoh" bob paare, aaru totkhyonat antibuy "tikor dwara sikitsar proyujon hoh" bob paare, onyotha sikitsa obihone ee xongkromon biyopabo paare, jaar folot guruttopurno ongoxomuhor gurutor khyoti hoh "bob paare. fuha xoday bhul proyugor xoite xomporkito nohoy, aaru ee tikakoronor xoite hoh 'bob poraa ataitkoi xadharon jotilotar bhitorot etaa. antibuy "tikor xohayot ei fuhar sikitsar uporot oxongkhyo sikitsa odhyoyon bibhinno folafolor xoite koraa hoise, kintu ekmot hoise je ebaar puj akangkhito aaru bislexon korar pisot, jodihe kunu oswabhabik besili nathake, fuhatu xadharonote kichu xoptahor bhitorot nijei aarugyo hoh" bob. bi. chi. ji. tikakoronor patburot thoka boixistyojukto uporoloi uthaa dagtu praye purbor tikakoronor proman hisape byobohar koraa hoy. ei dagtu gutir protixedhokor poraa prithok koribo lagibo, jitu hoyotu eke hoh 'bob paare. mutraxoyor korkot rugor baabe diyar xomoyot, ei protixedhoktu saalor joriyote injection diya nohoy, kintu kumol kethetar byobohar kori mutronolir joriyote mutraxoyot prowex koraa hoy. protikul probhab. bi. chi. ji. tikakoronor folot xadharonote bezi diya sthanot kichu bix aaru daag pore. iyar prodhan protikul probhawxomuh hoh "lo calloid-dangor, uporoloi uthaa daag. deltoid pexit xonnibex koratu xoghonai byobohar koraa hoy kiyonu xei sthan byobohar korar xomoyot sthaniyo jotilotar haar ataitkoi komm hoy. tothapiu nitombotu proxaxonor ek bikolpo sthan kiyonu ee unnot proxadhonmulok folafol prodan kore. bi. chi. ji. protixedhok antohdexiyobhabe dibo laage. jodi samorar tolot diya hoy, ee sthaniyo xongkromonor sristi koribo paare aaru ancholik lymph nudoloi biyopibo paare, jaar folot hoy separative (pujor utpadon) aaru nono-separative lymphadenitis hoy. xadharonote nonspurative lymphadenitisor baabe rokhyonxil byowosthapona porzapto. jodi xopureson hoy, tente iyar baabe bejir akangkhyar proyujon hoh 'bob paare. xomadhan nuhuwa xopiuresyonor baabe ostrupsaror proyujon hoh "bob paare. ei jotilotar sikitsar proman komm. oswabhabikbhabe, hematogenous (tejor dwara bohon koraa) aaru lymphangiomatus proxaror baabe ston aaru glutiel fuha hoh 'bob paare. ancholik haaror xongkromon (bi. chi. ji. ostio "mailaitis baa osti" laitis) aaru prosarito bi. chi. ji. xongkromon bi. chi. ji. tikakoronor birol jotilota, kintu xombhabyobhabe jiwanor baabe bipodjonok. pronaligot jokhma-birudhi sikitsa gurutor jotilotat xohayok hoh "bob paare. jetiya mutraxoyor korkot rugor baabe bi. chi. ji. byobohar koraa hoy, sikitsa koraa rugeexokolor pray 2.9% luke jenit "rinori baa systemic bi. chi. ji.-xomporkiyo xongkromonor baabe immunotherapy bondho kore, obosye lokhyonmulok mutraxoy bi. chi. ji. xongkromon xoghonai huwar biporite, onyanyo ongor jorito huwatu oti oswabhabik. jetiya pronaligot jorito huwa dekha yaay, jokrito aaru haufau prothom ongo hisape probhabito hoy (xexor bi. chi. ji. proxaror 1 xoptahor pisot [modhyomiya]). jodi bi. chi. ji. bhulboxotoh ejon imiun "kompro" mized rugeek diya hoy (udahji., gurutor xongzukto rug protirudh khyomotar obhab thoka xixu), ee proxarito baa jiwan-bhabukir xongkromonor sristi koribo paare. ei ghotonar nothibhukto ghotona proti nijutot ekotkoi komm tikakoron diya hoise. 2007 sonot, eis. aai. bhi. thoka xixuxokolor baabe bi. chi. ji. ror poramorxo diya bondho korisil, aanoki jokhma rugor xongosporxoloi ohaar axongka besi hoh 'leu, prosarito bi. chi. ji. xongkromonor axongkar baabe (ji xei uscho bipodaxongkar xondorbhot pray 100,000-too 400). byobohar korok. byoktigorakir boyox aaru bi. chi. ji. diyar xongkhya xoday dexbhede beleg beleg hoi thaake. jokhma aaru/baa uscho kustho rugor buja thoka xokolu dexor baabe bortoman xoixowor bi. chi. ji. ror poramorxo diya hoy. eitu xomogro biswor oitihaxik aaru bortomanor bi. chi. ji. onuxilonor ek aangxik talika. otit aaru bortomanor onuxilonor ek xompurno etlax sristi koraa hoise. utpadon. bi. chi. ji. prostut koraa hoy jiwito goru jokhma basilas, "mycobacterium bovis" ror etaa projatir poraa, jiye manuhor rug sristi korar khyomota heruwaise. iyak bixexkoi xongoskritir madhyom etaar upo-xongoskriti koraa hoy, xadharonote middlebrook 7h9. jihetu jiwito besili upolobdho pustir xorbuttom byobohar koriboloi bikoxito hoy, xeyehe xeibur manuhor tejor xoite komm bhaldore khaap khuwa hoy aaru manuhor puxokot porinot hoh 'ley rugor sristi koribo nuware. tothapiu, teulukor bonyo purbopuruxxokolor xoite jothesto mill aase jiye manuhor jokhmar biruddhe kichu porimane rug protirudh khyomota prodan kore. bi. chi. ji. protixedhoktu 15 bosoror baabe jokhma rug protirudhot 0ror poraa 80 xotangxor bhitorot jikunu thaite pholoproxu hoh 'bob paare; obosye, iyar xurokhyamulok probhab bhugul aaru protixedhokor prokartu kheti koraa porikhyagar onuxori beleg beleg dekha yaay. keibatau bhinno companye bi. chi. ji. prostut kore, ketiyaba bacterier bibhinno aanubongxik projati byobohar kore. iyar folot bibhinno xamogrir boixistyo thakibo paare. mutraxoyor korkot rugor baabe mutraxoyor proxaror baabe byobohrito onkutisok orgenon gowexonagare bikoxito korisil (jihetu swering-haalor dwara aahoron koraa hoisil, aaru iyar pholsworupe mark endo companye aahoron korisil.). ekedhoronor proyug hoise brazilian substrain em-ror goraki polich company biomed-lublinor ungku bixiji-ror utpadito xamogri. bovis bixiji murau ji onyanyo bixiji strainoke dhori bheksinotkoi komm reactogenic. montreyal (institut armand-frapier) strainor poraa toiyar koraa pesis bi. chi. ji. prothombaror baabe 2002 sonot eur "kore bojar korisil. ivanos bhekchin (pouderject pharmaceuticalsor etaa xohayok). denmarkot statens chiram protisthane denis strain 1331 byobohar kori prostut koraa bixiji bhekchin bojar kore. jaapan bixiji gowexonagare biswojuri 50 khon dexot pester bixijir tokuo "172 substrainor uporot aadharito kori iyar bhekchin bojar kore. 2015 sonor disembor maahot prokaxito unicefor ek protibedon onuxori, bi. chi. ji. bhekchin jugan xurokhyar uporot, 2015 sonot biswobyapi sahida 123ror poraa <aai. di. 1> nijut paliloi briddhi paisil. xurokhya unnot koriboloi aaru xulobh aaru nomoniyo juganor utxoxomuhor [boisitryomoy] koriboloi, unicefe bi. chi. ji. utpadonor baabe xatota notun nirmatak sukti prodan kore. bortomanor nirmataxokolor poraa juganor upolobdhotar logote, aaru "notun jiye praak-jugyo protixedhok" prodan kore, muth jugan "2016 sonoloike koraa 2015 sonor domon koraa sahida, logote 2016-2018 ror joriyote muth purbanuman sahida duyutai puron koriboloi porzapto hoh 'bob." juganor obhab. 2011 sonot, sanufi pester prokolpotu plabito hoisil, jaar folot sasor xomosya hoisil. kanadar ontorio "ror torontut owosthito ei xubidhai jokhmar bhekchin aaru bixiji immunotherapeutic aaru mutraxoyor korkot rugor ouxodh immusistor dore substrain contore toiyar koraa bixiji bhekchin xamogri utpadon korisil. 2012 sonor april maahor bhitorot ef. di. e.-ye udbhidtut bornitwor xoite dozon dozon nothibhukto xomosya bisari paisil, jaar bhitorot aase sas, baxa bandhi thoka sorai aaru joliyo boidyutik nolee. dubosororu odhik xomoy dhori ei prokolpotu bondho hoi thokar folot mutraxoyor korkot rug aaru jokhmar protixedhokor obhab hoisil. 2014 sonor 29 octoborot healoth kanadai sanufik bi. chi. ji.-ror utpadon punor aarombho korar onumoti disil. 2018 sonot biswor juganor ek bislexone ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je juganxomuh purbanuman bi. chi. ji. bhekchinor sahida puron koriboloi porzapto, kintu xei obhawor axongka etiyau aase, mukhyotoh kewol dujon jugankarir uporot purbo-jugyo jugan dhora 75 xotangxor nirbhorxilotar baabe. xukai yaay. kisuman bi. chi. ji. protixedhok himayito kori xukan kori xukhmo powderot porinot koraa hoy. ketiyaba powdertu etaa kasor empulot vekuwamore bondho koraa hoy. ene etaa kasor empul laahe laahe khulibo lagibo jaate bayu prowahe powdertu bahiroloi ulai juwar poraa rokhya koribo paare. taar pisot injection diyar aagote powdertu lobonjukto panire paatol koribo lagibo. itihax. bi. chi. ji.-ror itihax gutirugor xoite jorito. 1865 sonor bhitorot jinn ent 'inn villemine prodorxon korisil je gahoribur manuhor poraa jokhma rugot xongkromito hoh' bob paare; 1868 sonor bhitorot teu gom paisil je gahoribur gorur poraa jokhma rugot xongkromito hoh 'bob paare, aaru gahoribur aan gaahorir poraa jokhma rugot xongkromito hoh' bob paare. eidore, teu ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je jokhma kisuman ogyat onujiwor (baa "bhairas", jaak teu koichil) joriyote xongkromito hoisil. 1882 sonot robert kuche manuh aaru gorur jokhma rugok eke buli gonyo korisil. kintu 1895 sonot theobald smithe manuh aaru gorur jokhmar maajor parthokyo uposthapon korisil, jitu teu kuchok prokax korisil. 1901 sonor bhitorot kuche "mycobacterium bovis" koo "mycobacterium jokhma" ror poraa prithok korisil. ostadox xotikat protistha huwa gutirug protirudhot tikakoronor xofolotar pisot, bigyanixokole gorur jokhma aaru coupoxor maajot xomantoral chitro aaki jokhmar etaa porinoti bisari uliuwar kotha bhabisiloh onuman koraa hoisil je gorur jokhmar xongkromone manuhor jokhmar xongkromonor poraa xurokhya dibo paare. 19 xotikar xexor faale, "em" byobohar kori clinical porikhya koraa hoisil. italyt "bovis" ror byortho folafolor xoite porisalona koraa hoisil, kaaron "em". bovis "em" ror dore bixakto buli puwa goisil. jokhma ". francer sikitsok aaru jiwanubigyani elbert kelmet aaru teur xohokari totha poroborti xohokormi kemil gerin, egoraki poxu sikitsok, 1908 sonot institut pester di lilly (lilly, france) too kaam kori aasil. teulukor kaamot jokhma basilasor virulent strainor upo-xongoskriti aaru bibhinno xongoskriti madhyom porikhya koraa ontorbhukto aasil. teuluke lokhyo korisil je etaa glycherine-pitto-aalur misrone besili briddhi korisil jitu komm virulent zen lagisil, aaru baare baare upo-culchering korile ene etaa strain utponno hoh 'bob neki jitu bhekchin hisape byobohar koriboloi bibesona koribo porakoi jothesto khyin hoi poribo ney naai saboloi teulukor gowexonar gotipoth xoloni korisil. glycherine aalur madhyomor uporot virulent strainor poraa 13 bosorot 239 baar upo-kheti korar pisot bi. chi. ji. straintu prithok koraa hoisil. gowexonatu 1919 sonoloike xomogro biswojudhote obyahot aasil, jetiya bortomanor porischonno besiliye gowexona koraa praniburot jokhma rugor sristi koriboloi okhyom hoisil. 1919 sonot kelmet aaru gerin peris pestur institutoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. 1921 sonot prothombaror baabe manuhor khetrot bixiji bhekchin byobohar koraa hoisil. jonoxadharonor grohonjugyota monthor aasil, aaru bixexkoi lubek durjugoi iyar bohut khyoti korisil. 1929 sonor poraa 1933 sonor bhitorot lubekot jiwanor prothom 10 dinot 251 john xixuk tikakoron koraa hoisil; 173 john jokhma rugot akranto hoisil aaru 72 jonor mrityu hoisil. poroborti xomoyot eitu abiskar koraa hoisil je taat prodan koraa bi. chi. ji. eketa incubatorot xongrokhyon koraa etaa virulent strainor dwara duxito hoisil, jaar folot bhekchin nirmataxokolor biruddhe aainee byowostha grohon koraa hoisil. daah. aar. ji. saskatsewanor fort ku 'appel swasthyoxewa kendrot kaam koraa farguson jokhmar biruddhe tikakoronor onuxilon bikoxito korar pothoprodorxokxokolor bhitorot aasil. kanadat 1933 sonor poraa 1945 sonor bhitorot awaxik bidyaloyor bidyaloyor odhik xixuk bi. chi. ji. protixedhok porikhyat onischakrito ongxogrohonkari hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. 1928 sonot bi. chi. ji. koo leeg owo nesyonsor swasthyo xomitiye (biswo swasthyo xongsthar purboxuri) grohon korisil. obosye birudhitar baabe dwitiyo biswojudhor pisote iyak byapokbhabe byobohar koraa hoisil. 1945 sonor poraa 1948 sonoloike xahajyo xongsthaxomuhe (antohrastriyo jokhma obhijan baa jutiya udyug) pubo europor 80 lakhotkoiu odhik xixuk tikakoron korisil aaru ek dangor juddhor pisot jokhmar purbabhax diya xadharon briddhi protirudh korisil. xixur boyoxor gutor jokhma rugor meninjaitisor biruddhe bi. chi. ji. oti pholoproxu, kintu palmunery jokhmar biruddhe iyar karjyokolap poribortonxil zen laage. kisuman dexe niyomiya tikakoronor poraa bi. chi. ji. aatorai dise. ji dukhon dexe iyak ketiyau niyomiyabhabe byobohar koraa naai xeibur hoise aamerika juktorastro aaru netherland (duyukhon dexot, eitu onubhob koraa hoy je ek nirbhorjugyo mentox porikhya koraa aaru xeyehe xokriyo rug xothikbhabe sinakto koriboloi xokhyom huwatu xomajor baabe odhik upokari jitu etiya tulonamulokbhabe birol owosthar biruddhe tikakoron koratkoi). aan naamxomuhor bhitorot aase "bhekchin biliye di kelmet ett gurin bhekchin" aaru "besil di kelmet ett gurin bhekchin". gowexona koraa. komm uparjon thoka dexxomuhot xamogrik mrityur haarot bi. chi. ji. tikakoronor ek upokari oh-nirdisto probhawor baabe baa sepsis aaru swax-proswaxor xongkromonoke dhori onyanyo swasthyo xomosya hraax korar baabe, xunkale diyar baabe, iyak jiman xunkale byobohar koraa hoy ximan odhik laabhor xoite, osthayi proman aase. risas mekakchot, bi. chi. ji.-ye xirar bhitorot dile xurokhyar unnot haar dekhuway. manuholoi iyak onubad korar aagote kisuman bipodor mulyayon koribo lagibo. type 1 diabetis. bi. chi. ji. protixedhoktu type 1 diabetis diabetis ror khetrot odhyoyon korar prarombhik porzayot aase. koo "vid-19. bi. chi. ji. bhekchinor byobohare koo koo biruddhe xurokhya prodan koribo paare. obosye, ei khetrot mohamari bigyanor porzobekhyonxomuh osposto. jiye protirudhor baabe iyar byoboharor poramorxo nidiye. bixota bi. chi. ji. porikhya bibhinno clinical porzayot aase. , folafolxomuh otyonto misrito. mohamarir purbe dubosor dhori tinibar tikakoron koraa lukoxokolok jorito kori koraa 15 maahor porikhyai type 1 diabetis thoka bi. chi. ji-nive lukoxokolor xongkromon protirudh korat itibasok folafol dekhuwaise. aanhate, 5 maahor porikhyai dekhuwaise je bi. chi. ji.-ror xoite punor tikakorone swasthyo kormixokolor xongkromon protirudh korat xohay nokore. duyutai aasil daabol-blind randomized niyontrito porikhya.

bcg tika basillus calmet-guerine (bcg) tika holl jokkhar biruddhe prathomikbhabe byabohrito ekti tika. err udbhabok albert calmet ebong camill guerine-err naame err namkaran koraa hoyeche. jey deshgulite jakshma baa kushtho roga sadharan, sekhane jonmer joto tadatadi sombhob sustho shishuder jonno ekti dozer poramorsho deoa hoy. jey jaigagulite jakshma sadharan noy, sekhane shudhumatra uchcho jhunkipurno shishuderi sadharonoto tika deoa hoy, jekhane jokkhar sondehojonok khettre prithokbhabe porikkha koraa hoy ebong chikitsa koraa hoy. praptoboyoskoder jaader jakshma nei ebong jaader agey tika deoa hoyney, kintu prayashai unmukto koraa hoy, tadero tika deoa hotey paare. buruli alsar sankraman ebong anyanno aaa-jakshma mycobacterial sankramaner biruddheo bcgr kichhu karjokarita royeche. uporontu, etty kokhono kokhono mutrashayer cancer chikitsar ongsho hisabe byabohrito hoy. jakshma sankraman theke surakkhar haar byapokbhabe poribortito hoy ebong surakkha 20 bochor porjonto sthayi hoy. shishuder modhye, etty pray 20 shotangshoke sangkramito hotey badha deyo ebong jaaraa sangkramito hoy taader modhye, etty ardhekke roga bikash theke rakkha korey. twake injectioner madhyome tika deoa hoy. konao proman dekhay naa jey atirikto doze upokari. gurutoro parshoprotikriya biral. prayashai, inajekashana deoar jaiga lalchevab, folavab ebong halka byatha hoy. niramoyer porey kichhu daag soho ekti chhoto alsaro toiri hotey paare. jaader immunospression royeche taader modhye parshoprotikriya arow sadharan ebong sombhabbo arow gurutoro. jodio bhruner upor konao khotikarok prabhab dekha yayni, tobey bhruner nirapatta somporke aporjapto proman royeche. gorbhabosthai bcg tika deoa ebong taai, gorbhabosthai byaboharer jonno tika superish koraa hoy naa. eyi tikati mulat "mycobacterium bovis" theke toiri koraa hoyechilo, jaa sadharonoto gobadi poshur modhye pawa yaay. jodio etty durbal hoye poreche, etty ekhono jeebito. bcg tikati 1921 saale prothom chikitsagotovabe byabohar koraa hoyechilo. etty bishwa swastho sangosthar prayojaniya oshudher talika royeche. bishwobyapi proti bochor pray 10 kotee shishuke eyi tika deoa hoy. chikitsa byabohar. jakshma. bcgr prodhan byabohar holl jokkhar biruddhe tika deoar jonno. bcg tika jonmer porey antahdeshiyabhabe deoa jete paare. bcg tika ekti mithya itibachak mantax porikkhar kaaron hotey paare. bcgr sabcheye bitorkito dick holl bivinno clinical triale pawa poribortonshil karjokarita, jaa bhugoler upor nirbhar korey boley money hoy. juktorajye porichalito porikkhaguli dharabahikbhabe 60 theke 80 shotangsho surakkhamulak prabhab dekhiyeche, tobey onno kothao porichalito porikkhaguli konao surakkhamulak prabhab dekhayani ebong nirakshiya anchaler kachakachi yawar saathe saathe karjokarita hrass peyeche boley money hoy. 1994 saaler ekti poddhotigoto porjalochonai dekha geche jey bcg jakshma howar jhunki pray 50 shotangsho hrass korey. jonosongkhar modhye genetic parthokyo, poribesher poriborton, anyanno bacteria sankramaner sangosparshe assa ebong porikkhagarer abostha jekhane tikati chaash koraa hoy, jaar modhye kalchar koraa hachche emon strain ebong briddhir madhyomer pochonder modhye genetic parthokyo royeche, err moto karongulir karone karjokaritar parthokyo anchaler upor nirbhar korey. 2014 saale porichalito ekti poddhotigoto porjalochona ebong metaa-bishleshan dekhay jey bcg tika sankramanke 19-27% dwara hrass koreche ebong sakriya jokkhar aggrogoti 71 shotangsho hrass koreche. eyi porjalochonai antarbhukta gobeshonaguli interferon gaama rilija assay byaboharkarider modhye seemaboddho chhilo. bcgr surakkhar samaykal sposhtobhabe jaanaa yaay naa. jey samasta gobeshonai surakkhamulak prabhab dekha jachche, seii samasta tothyer modhye samanjasya nei. emm. arr. shee-rawr gobeshonai dekha geche jey 15 bochor porr surakkha 59 shotangshe ebong 20 bochor porr shunye neme eseche; tobey, 1930-err doshke tikadaner 60 bochor poreo sthaniya americander upor koraa ekti gobeshonai surakkhar proman pawa geche, jaar karjokarita samanno hrass peyeche. bcg-rawr sabcheye borh prabhab royeche boley money hoy, jaa milliary tuberculosis baa tuberculosis meningitis protirodhe kaaj korey, taai etty ekhono emon deshgulite byapokbhabe byabohrito hoy jekhane fusfuser jokkhar biruddhe karjokarita naganya. bcgr 100tomo barshiki chhilo 2021 saale. etty jokkhar biruddhe licensprapt ekmatro tika, jaa ekti chalman mahamari. jakshma nirmul koraa bishwa swastho sangosthar (keey) ekti lakkhya, jodio praptoboyosko fusfuser jokkhar biruddhe arow beshi karjokarita soho notun tika bikasher prayojan hotey paare. karjokarita. bivinno deshe bcgr poribortonshil karjokaritar besh koyekti sombhabbo kaaron prostab koraa hoyeche. konotii promanito hoyney, kichhu aswikar koraa hoyeche ebong keui qama jokkhar bojha thaka desh (markin juktorashtro) ebong uchcho jokkhar bojha thaka desh (bharat) ubhoy khettrei karjokaritar abhab byakhya korte paare naa. bcg-rawr upor ekti hoo nothite poribortonshil karjokaritar karonguli niye bistarito alochona koraa hoyeche. mycobacteria. kichhu jakshma-biheen mycobacteria biruddhe bcgr surakkhamulak prabhab royeche. cancer. bcg sabcheye sofol immunotherapygulir modhye ekti. 1977 saal theke bcg tika "mutrashayer cancer (nmibc) rogider jotner maan" hoye dandiyeche. 2014 saal nagad nonn-peshi-akromonattok mutrashayer cancer chikitsar jonno attiro beshi vinno bibechito biosemiller agent baa strain byabohrito hoyechilo. proshashoner poddhoti. sadharonoto bcg deoar agey tuberculin twak porikkha koraa hoy. ekti protikriyashil tuberculin twak porikkha gurutoro sthaniya prodaho ebong dager jhunkir karone bcgr ekti biporito nirdesh; etty konao onakromyota nirdesh korey naa. icg emon kichhu loker khettreo biporitmukhi hoy jaader il-12 receptor pathway truti royeche. bow. shee. zii. deltoid sonnibesher somoy ekok intradermal inajekashana hisabe deoa hoy. jodi bcg durghatanakrame subcutaniusvabe deoa hoy, tobey ekti sthaniya foda (ekti "bcg-oma") toiri hotey paare jaa kokhono kokhono alsar hotey paare ebong abilambe antibiotic diye chikitsar prayojan hotey paare, onnothai chikitsa chhada etty sankraman chhoriye ditey paare, jaa guruttopurno angagulir gurutoro khoti korte paare. foda sabsamoy bhul proshashoner saathe jukto hoy naa ebong etty tika deoar saathe ghotote paare emon arow sadharan jotiltagulir modhye ekti. antibiotic diye eyi fodder chikitsar upor asankhya chikitsa gobeshona bivinno folafoler saathe koraa hoyeche, tobey aikamatya holl ekbar punj akangkhito ebong bishleshan koraa holey, jodi konao aswabhabik basily uposthito naa thaake, fodati sadharonoto koyek saptaher modhye nijei niramoy hoye jaabe. bcg tikadaner patay jey baisistyajukta dagti uthhe aase taa prayashai purbo tikadaner proman hisabe byabohrito hoy. eyi dagti aboshyoi gutibosonter tika theke alada korte hobey, jaa err anurup hotey paare. mutrashayer cancer jonno deoa holey, tikati twaker madhyome inajekashana deoa hoy naa, tobey ekti norom catheter byabohar korey mutranalir madhyome mutrashaye ddhokano hoy. birup prabhab. bcg tikadan sadharonoto injectioner jaiga kichhu byatha ebong daag srishti korey. prodhan protikul prabhabguli holl calloid-borh, utthito daag. deltoid peshite sannibesh prayashai byabohrito hoy kaaron seii sthanti byabohar korar somoy sthaniya jotilotar haar sabcheye qama hoy. zaihok, nitambati proshashoner ekti bikalpa sthan kaaron etty arow vall prosadhoni folafol pradan korey. bcg tika intradermalvabe deoa uchito. jodi subcutaniusvabe deoa hoy, tobey etty sthaniya sankramanke prorochito korte paare ebong anchalik lymph nodey chhoriye padte paare, jaar foley hoy supperative (punj utpadon) ebong nonsperative lymphadenitis hotey paare. rakkhanshil byabosthapona sadharonoto nonsuperative lymphadenitiser jonno jotheshto. jodi syapareshana ghote, tobey err jonno sui aspirationer prayojan hotey paare. samadhan naa korar jonno, ostropocharer prayojan hotey paare. eyi jotiltagulir chikitsar proman khub qama. aswabhabikbhabe, ston ebong glutail foda hematogens (rokto dwara bohon koraa) ebong lymphangiomatus bistarer karone ghotote paare. anchalik haader sankraman (bcg osteomyelities baa ostitis) ebong chhoriye padaa bcg sankraman bcg tika deoar biral jotilota, tobey sombhabbo jeebon-humkir kaaron. systemic antituberculus therapy gurutoro jotilotai sahayak hotey paare. jokhon bcg mutrashayer cancer jonno byabohar koraa hoy, tokhon pray 2.9% chikitsa koraa rogee jounango baa systemic bcg-somporkito sankramaner karone immunotherapy bondho korey deyo, tobey lokkhongoto mutrashayer bcg sankraman ghono ghono holeo, anyanno angagulir jorito haoya khub biral. jokhon systemic sampriktata ghote, tokhon libhara ebong fusfus holl prothom ongo jaa probhabito hoy (shesh bcg instillationer 1 saptaha [modhyoborti]). jodi bcg durghatanakrame konao immunocompromised rogike deoa hoy (jemon.zii.gurutoro sommilito protirodher ghatoti soho ekti shishu), etty chhoriye padaa baa jeebon-humkir kaaron hotey paare. eyi ghotonar nothibhukto ghotona proti millione ektiro qama tikadan deoa hoyeche. 2007 saale, jaaraa eich. aaee. vee akranto shishuder jonno bcg superish koraa bondho korey deyo, emonki jokkhar sangosparshe aasaar jhunki beshi holeo, kaaron chhoriye padaa bcg sankramaner jhunki (jaa seii uchcho jhunkir prekkhapote proti 100,000-ayee pray 400). byabohar korun. byaktir boyce ebong jey frequency diye bcg deoa hoy taa sarbada deshbhede poribortito hoy. bortomane jakshma ebong/athoba uchcho kushthoroge akranto samasta desher jonno shoishober bcg superish koraa hoy. etty vishwajude oitihasik ebong bortoman bcg onushiloner ekti angshik talika. atito ebong bortoman onushiloner ekti sampurna atlus toiri koraa hoyeche. utpadon. bcg toiri koraa hoy autenuated (viral-reud) jeebonto bovine tuberculosis basillus, "mycobacterium bovis"-err ekti strain theke, jaa manusher modhye roga srishti korar khomota hariye feleche. etty biseshbhabe ekti kalchar madhyomer upo-sangaskriti koraa hoy, sadharonoto middlebrook 7h9. jehetu jeebito basily upolobdho pushtir sarbottama byabohar korar jonno bikoshito hoy, taaraa manusher rokter saathe qama bhalbhabe khaap khaiye neyo ebong manusher poshoker modhye probesh koranor porey arr rogke prorochito korte paare naa. tobuo, taaraa taader bonno purbopurushder moto manusher jokkhar biruddhe kichhu matra protirodh khomota pradan korey. bcg tika 15 bochorer jonno jakshma protirodhe 0 theke 80 shotangsho porjonto karjokor hotey paare; tobey, err surakkhamulak prabhab bhugol ebong jey porikkhagare vacciner strainti chaash koraa hoyechilo taar upor nirbhar korey poribortito hoy boley money hoy. bivinno company bcg toiri korey, kokhono kokhono bacteria bivinno genetic strain byabohar korey. err foley ponner bivinno baisishtya dekha ditey paare. mutrashayer cancer jonno mutrashaya probortoner jonno byabohrito oncotis organon laboratories dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo (jehetu shering-langol dwara arjito, ebong poriborte marqa anned koo dwara arjito.). anurup ekti prayog holl brazilian substrain emm-err malik polish company biomed-lublin-err onko bcgr ponno. bovis bcg moreu jaa anyanno bcg strain soho vacciner tulna qama protikriyashil. passis bcg, montrial (institute armand-frappier) strain theke toiri, pray 2002 saale eurokar dwara prothom bajarjat koraa hoyechilo. eurokar tokhon theke dianon system dwara adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo. evance tika (pouderject pharmaceuticalser ekti sahayak sangostha). denmarker bajare stattens siram protisthan 1331 saale dennish strain byabohar korey toiri bcg tika bajarjat korey. japaner bcg laboratory bishwobyapi 50tii deshe pastier bcgr tokio 172 storer upor vitti korey taar tika bajarjat korey. 2015 saaler decembere prokashito unicefer ekti protibedon anujayi, bcg tika sarbaraha surakkhar bishoye, 2015 saale bishwobyapi chahida 123 theke bede 1 million doze hoyeche. nirapatta unnoto korte ebong sashrayi mulyer ebong namanian sorboraher utsogulike [boichitromoy] korte, unicef bcg utpadoner jonno satti notun prostutkarker chukti pradan korey. vidyaman prostutkarokder kachh theke sorboraher prapyota ebong ekti "notun jaaraa purbo-jogyo tika" soho moat sarbaraha "2016 saal porjonto 2015 saaler dabir pashapashi 2016-2018-err madhyome moat purbabhas chahida ubhayi puron korar jonno jotheshto hobey." sorboraher abhab. 2011 saale, sanofi pastur plant plabito hoy, jaar foley chhancher samasya hoy. kanadar ontarior torronto abosthito eyi kendroti jakshma tika ebong bcg immunotherapeutic ebong mutrashaya cancer oshudh immusister moto substrain connot diye toiri bcg tika ponno toiri korey. 2012 saaler apriler modhye eff. dii. ayee. udbhider bondhyatter saathe koyek dozon nothibhukto samasya khunje peyeche jaar modhye royeche chhanch, bassa bandhar pakhi ebong jongjukto boidyutik naalee. dui bochorero beshi somoy dhorey karkhanati bondho thucker foley mutrashaya cancer ebong jakshma vacciner abhab dekha deyo. 2014 saaler 29shhey octobor swastho kanada sanofike bcgr utpadon punra shuru korar anumati deyo. 2018 saale baishwik sorboraher ekti bishleshone eyi siddhante uponeeto hoyeche jey, bcg vacciner chahida puroner jonno sarbarahguli porjapto, tobey ghatotir jhunki roye geche, mulat 75 shotangsher nirbhorotar karone jaaraa matro dui sorborahokarir upor purbo-jogyo sarbaraha korechilo. shukiye yaay. kichhu bcg tika himayit korey shukiye sukkho pouderey porinoto hoy. kokhono kokhono pouderty ekti kacher ampule vacuum diye seal koraa hoy. eyi dharaner ekti kancher ampul dheere dheere khulte hobey jaate bayu probaho pouderty udiye ditey naa paare. tarpor inajekashana deoar agey pouderty labonakto joll diye patla korte hobey. itihas. bcgr itihas gutibosonter sange jukto. 1865 saaler modhye zina antoine villemin dekhiyechilen jey khargoshguli manusher yakshmai sangkromito hotey paare; 1868 saaler modhye tini abishkar korechilen jey khargoshguli gorur yakshmai sangkramito hotey paare ebong khargoshguli anyanno khargosher yakshmai sangkramito hotey paare. eibhabe, tini eyi uposonghare pouchechilen jey jakshma kichhu oggato anujiber (baa "virus", jaake tini etty bolechilen) madhyome sangkramito hoyechilo. 1882 saale robbert coach manob oo gobadi poshur jokkhake abhinno boley money corren. kintu 1895 saale theobold smith manob ebong gobadi poshur jokkhar modhye parthokyo uposthapon corren, jaa tini kochke zanan. 1901 saaler modhye coach "mycobacterium bovis" keey "mycobacterium tuberculosis" theke alada korey. ashtadash shotabdite protisthito gutibosonto protirodhe tikadaner safalyer porr, bigyanira gobadi poshu jakshma ebong coupoxer modhye ekti samantaral onkon korey jokkhar ekti foll khunje berr korar kotha bhebechilenoh etty anuman koraa hoyechilo jey gobadi poshu jokkhar sankraman manob jokkhar sankraman theke rakkha korte paare. 19 shotoker shesher dike, "emm" byabohar korey clinical trial koraa hoy. italite bovis "viparyakar folafol soho porichalito hoyechilo, kaaron" emm. bovis "emm"-err motoi bishakto boley money koraa hoyechilo. jakshma ". albert calmet, ekjon farasi chikitsak ebong byakateriyabigyani, ebong taanr sahokari ebong porey sahakarmi, kemil guerine, ekjon poshuchikitsok, 1908 saale institute pastur dii lill (lill, france)-ayee kaaj korchilen. taader kaajer modhye chhilo jakshma basilluser viral strainer upo-chaash ebong bivinno kalchar midia porikkha koraa. taaraa lakkhya koreche jey ekti glycerine-pitto-alur mishran basily utpadon korey jaa qama bishakto boley money hoyechilo ebong taader gobeshonar gotipoth poriborton korey dekheche jey punorabritto upo-chaash emon ekti strain toiri korbe kina jaa ekti tika hisabe byaboharer jonno bibechona korar jonno jotheshto ksheen koraa hoyechilo. glycerine alur madhyome bhairasjonito prabhab theke 13 bochore 239 barr upo-chasher porr bcg strainke alada koraa hoyechilo. gobeshonati prothom bishwojuddho judey 1919 saal porjonto abyahoto chhilo, jokhon ekhonkar chokchoke basily gobeshona pranider modhye jakshma roga srishti korte akkham chhilo. 1919 saale pyariser pastur institute calmet ebong gerin sthanantorito hoy. 1921 saale bcg tika prothom manusher modhye byabohar koraa hoy. jonosadharoner grohonjoggota dheer chhilo ebong biseshoto lubeck biporjoy etir khoti korar jonno onek kichhu korechilo. 1929 theke 1933 saaler modhye lubeke jeeboner prothom 10 diney 251 john shishuke tika deoa hoyechilo; 173 john jakshma rogey akranto hoyechilo ebong 72 john maaraa giechilo. porobortikale etty abishkrito hoy jey sekhane deoa bcg ekti marattok strain dwara dushito hoyechilo jaa ekoi incubatore sanrakkhan koraa hoyechilo, jaar foley tika nirmatader biruddhe aini byabostha neoa hoyechilo. daa. arr. zii. fergusson, saskatcheyaner phorta koo 'appel swasthokendre kaaj korchilen, jokkhar biruddhe tika deoar anushilan bikasher aggrogamider modhye chhilen. kanada, abasik bidyalayer 600-row beshi shishuke 1933 theke 1945 saaler modhye bcg tika porikkhai anichchakrito ongshogrohonkari hisabe byabohar koraa hoyechilo. 1928 saale, bcg leeg off nationser swastho committy (bishwa swastho sangosthar purbosuri) dwara grihito hoyechilo. tobey, birodhitar karone, etty dwitiya bishwojuddher porei byapokbhabe byabohrito hoy. 1945 theke 1948 saal porjonto, trano sangosthaguli (antorjatik jakshma abhijan baa joutho uddog) purbo europe 80 lokkhero beshi shishuke tika diyechilo ebong ekti borh juddher porey jokkhar purbabhaskrito sadharan briddhi protirodh korechilo. shishu-sangkranta boyoser modhye jokkhajonito meningitiser biruddhe bcg khub karjokor, tobey fusfuser jokkhar biruddhe err karjokarita poribortonshil boley money hoy. kichhu desh niyamita tika theke bcgke sariye diyeche. jey duti desh etty niyomitovabe byabohar koreni seguli holl markin juktorashtro ebong netherlands (ubhoy deshei, etty anubhuto hoy jey ekti nirbhorjoggo mantax porikkha koraa ebong taai sakriya roga sathikbhabe sonakto korte sokkhom haoya samajer jonno emon ekti abosthar biruddhe tika deoar cheye beshi upokari jaa ekhon tulonamulokbhabe biral). anyanno namgulir modhye royeche "vaccine biliye dii calmet ett guerine vaccine" ebong "basil dii calmet ett guerine vaccine". gobeshona. swalpo ayer deshgulite samogrik mrityur upor bcg tikadaner ekti upokari aaa-nirdishto probhaber jonno baa sepsis ebong shashjontrer sankraman soho anyanno swastho samasya hrass korar jonno sombhabbo proman royeche, jokhon etty agey deoa hoy, joto tadatadi etty byabohar koraa hoy toto beshi subidha soho. risas mcaxer khettre, bcg shiray deoa holey surakkhar unnoto haar dekhay. kichhu jhunki manusher modhye anubad korar agey aboshyoi mulyayan koraa uchito. type 1 diabetes. bcg tika type 1 diabetes (tii1dii)-ayee adhyayaner prathomik porjaye royeche. covid-19. bcg vacciner byabohar covid-19-err biruddhe surakkha pradan korte paare. tobey, eyi khettre mahamaribidyar porjobekkhonguli osposhto. jaaraa protirodher jonno err byaboharer poramorsho deyo naa. kuditi bcg trial bivinno clinical porjaye royeche. folafol atyanta mishra. mahamarir agey dui bochore tinbar tika deoa byaktider niye 15 maaser ekti trial type 1 diabetese akranto bcg-nive byaktider modhye sankraman protirodhe itibachak folafol dekhay. onnodike, 5 maaser ekti triale dekha yaay jey bcg diye punra tika deoa swasthoseba karmider modhye sankraman protirodhe sahayata korey naa. ubhayi chhilo double-blind randomized niyantrita trial.

bii. see. jee. russie basilus calmet-guerine (bii. see. jee.) russie aee mukhyatve kshay rooga (tii. bii.) saame upyogmaa levaati russie chhe. tenu naam tenaa shodhako albert calmet aneey kemili guerinna naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. jeey deshomaa kshay rooga athavaa raktpitt saamanya chhe, tyaan janm pachhi shakya tetali vahelee takey tandurast baadakoma aek matrani bhalaaman karvaamaa aave chhe. jyaan kshay rooga saamanya nathee tevaa vistaroma, maatra uchch jokham dharaavtaa baadakone jaj saamanya reete russie aapvama aave chhe, jyaare kshay rognaa shankaspad kissaao maate vyaktigat reete parikshan karvaamaa aave chhe aneey saarvaar karvaamaa aave chhe. pukht vayanaa loko keey jaimne kshay rooga nathee aneey jaimne agau russie aapvama aavee nathee, parantu vaaramvaar samparkma aave chhe, temne pann russie aapvama aavee shake chhe. bii. see. jee. buruli alsar chep aneey anya biin-tuberculus mycobacterial chep saame pann thodee asarkarakta dharaave chhe. vadhumaa, teno upyog ketalikvaar mutraashaynaa kensarnee saarvaarna bhaag rupe thaay chhe. kshay rognaa chep saame rakshanna darr vyaapak reete badalaay chhe aneey rakshan 20 varsh sudhee chaale chhe. baadakoma, teey lagbhag 20 takaa lokone chep lagvathi atkaave chhe aneey jeo chep laage chhe, taomathi adadhaa lokone rooga vikasaavvaathi rakshan aape chhe. russie tvachaama injection dwara aapvama aave chhe. koee puraava nathee keey vadharana dose faydakarak chhe. gambhir aadaasaro durlabh chhe. ghanivaar, injection sthale lalash, sojo aneey hadvo dukhaavo thaay chhe. saajaa thayaa pachhi ketlaak daagh saathe aek naano alsar pann bunny shake chhe. rogpratikarak shaktee daman dharaavtaa lokomaa aadaasaro vadhu saamanya aneey sambhaveet reete vadhu gambhir hoya chhe. garbh parr koee haanikaarak asaro jovaa malee nathee, tema chhataa garbhnee salaamati vishe apurtaa puraava chhe. garbhaavastha darmiyan bii. see. jee. rasikaran aneey tethee, garbhaavastha darmiyan upyog maate raseeni bhalaaman karvaamaa aavtee nathee. aaa russie mulroope "mycobacterium bovis" maanthi vikasavvama aavee hatee, jeey saamanya reete pashuoma jovaa maley chhe. jyaare teey nabalu puddy gayoo chhe, teey haju pann jivant chhe. bii. see. jee. raseeno pratham vakhat 1921maan tabibi reete upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. teey vishva aarogya sansthaani aavashyak davaaoni yaadimaa chhe. aaa russie vaishvik stare darr varshe aashre 10 carode baadakone aapvama aave chhe. tabibi upyogo. kshay rooga. bii. see. jee. noow mukhya upyog kshay rooga saame rasikaran maate thaay chhe. janm pachhi bii. see. jee. russie aantar-maukheek reete aapee shakaay chhe. bii. see. jee. rasikaran khotaa sakaratmak mantox parikshannu kaaran bunny shake chhe. bii. see. jee. noon sauthee vivadaspad paasu viveedh clinical parikshanoma jovaa malatee chull asarkarakta chhe, jeey bhugol parr aadharit hovaanu janaay chhe. yukemaa haath dharvaamaa aavela parikshanoae satat 60 thee 80 takaani rakshanatmak assar darshaavi chhe, parantu anyatra haath dharvaamaa aaveli parikshanoae koee rakshanatmak assar darshaavi nathee, aneey vishuvvrutni najik pahonchata asarkarakta ghatati janaay chhe. 1994nee aek vyavsthit samikshaamaa jaanvaa malyun chhe keey bii. see. jee. kshay rooga thavaanu jokham lagbhag 50 takaa ghataade chhe. vastimaa aanuvanshik tafavto, paryavaranma ferfaro, anya bacteriana chepnaa samparkma aavvu aneey prayogshalama jyaan russie ugadvama aave chhe teey paristhitio, jemaa samvardhan karvaamaa aavtaa taana aneey vrudhdhi maadhyamni pasandagi vachchena aanuvanshik tafavto saamel chhe, teey pareebalone kaarane asarkaraktama tafaavat pradesh parr aadhaar raakhe chhe. 2014maan haath dharvaamaa aaveli vyavsthit samiksha aneey metaa-vishleshan darshaave chhe keey bii. see. jee. raseeae 19-27% dwara chep ghataadyo hato aneey sakreey kshay rognee pragatimaa 71 takaano ghataado karyo hato. aaa samikshaamaa samavisht abhyaso interferon gaama prakaashan parikshanno upyog karnaaraao sudhee maryadit hataa. bii. see. jee. naa rakshanno samaygaalo spasht reete jaanee shakayo nathee. rakshanatmak assar darshaavtaa abhyasoma, maahitee asangat chhe. aema. aar. see. abhyasma darshavvama aavyu hatoo keey 15 varsh pachhi rakshan ghateene 59 takaa aneey 20 varsh pachhi shunya thaee gayoo chhe; jooe keey, 1930naa daykama rasikaran karaayela mool americanone jotaa aek abhyasma rasikaranna 60 varsh pachhi pann rakshanna puraava malyaa hataa, jemaa asarkaraktama thodo ghataado thayo hato. pitt kshay athavaa kshay maningitisne rokvaamaa bii. see. jee. nee sauthee motee assar hoya tevu laage chhe, tethee teey haju pann aevaa deshomaa pann vyaapakpane upyogmaa levaay chhe jyaan pulmonary tuberculosis saame asarkarakta nagany chhe. bii. see. jee. nee 100mee varshgaanth 2021maan hatee. teey kshay rooga saame licenses dharaavati ekmatra russie chhe, jeey aek chaalu rogchaalo chhe. kshay rooga nabudi aee vishva aarogya sanstha (jeey) noon lakshya chhe, jooe keey pukht pulmonary tuberculosis saame vadhu asarkarakta dharaavati navee raseeona vikaasnee jaroor puddy shake chhe. asarkarakta. viveedh deshomaa bii. see. jee. nee chull asarkarakta maate sankhyaabandh sambhaveet kaarano prastaavit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. koee saabit thayu nathee, ketalaakne nakaari kadhvama aavyaa chhe, aneey koee pann ochha kshay rognaa bojwala desho (us) aneey uchch kshay rognaa bojwala desho (bhaarat) bannemaa asarkaraktana abhavne samjavi shakatu nathee. bii. see. jee. parr 'koona' dastavejma chull asarkarakta maatena kaaranoni vistrut charcha karvaamaa aavee chhe. mycobacteria. bii. see. jee. ketlaak biin-kshay rooga mycobacteria saame rakshanatmak asaro dharaave chhe. kensar. bii. see. jee. sauthee safal immunotherapyomani aek chhe. 1977thee bii. see. jee. russie mutraashaynaa kensar (aena. aema. aaee. bii. see.) naa dardeeo maate "sambhaalni pramanbhut" chhe. 2014 sudhimaa none-mussel-invasive mutraashaynaa kensarnee saarvaar maate aaththi vadhu alag-alag manvama aavtaa biosemiller agento athavaa taanno upyog thato hato. vaheevatni paddhati. saamanya reete bii. see. jee. aaptaa pahelaa tuberculin tvachaa parikshan karvaamaa aave chhe. pratikriyashil tuberculin tvachaa parikshan aee gambhir sthaaneek baltaraa aneey daghna jokhamne kaarane bii. see. jee. maate binsalahbharyu chhe; teey koee rogpratikarak shaktee soochavtu nathee. il-12 receptor pathve khaamee dharaavtaa amuk lokomaa bii. see. jee. pann binsalahbharya chhe. bii. see. jee. deltoid dakhal karatee vakhate aek jaj intradermal injection tareeke aapvama aave chhe. jooe bii. see. jee. neey aakasmik reete chaamadini neeche aapvama aave, too sthaaneek follo (aee "bii. see. jee-oo. aema. aee") bunny shake chhe jeey ketalikvaar alsar curry shake chhe, aneey taatkaalik antibiotics saathe saarvaarni jaroor puddy shake chhe, anyatha saarvaar vinaa teey chep felaavi shake chhe, jenaathi mahatvapurn avyavone gambhir nuksan thaee shake chhe. follo hammesha khotaa vaheevat saathe sankalaayelo nathee, aneey teey vadhu saamanya gunchavanomaanee aek chhe jeey rasikaran saathe thaee shake chhe. antibiotics saathe aaa follaaoni saarvaar parr asankhya tabibi abhyaso viveedh parinaamo saathe karvaamaa aavyaa chhe, parantu sarvasanmati aee chhe keey aekvaar parunu mulyankan aneey vishleshan karvaamaa aave, jooe koee asamanya basily haajar naa hoya, too follo saamanya reete thodaa athvadiyama tenaa potaana parr matadashe. lakshanikta oobhi thayel daagh keey jeey bii. see. jee. rasikaran pandadao ghanivaar agaauna rasikaranna puraava tareeke vapraay chhe. aaa daghne shitalaanaa rasikaranthi alag paadvo joiae, jeey tenaa jevo jaj hoi shake chhe. mutraashaynaa kensar maate aapvama aave tyaare, raseene tvachaa dwara inject karvaamaa aavtee nathee, parantu naram kethetarno upyog kareene mutramaarg dwara mutrashayma dakhal karvaamaa aave chhe. pratikool asaro. bii. see. jee. rasikaran saamanya reete injection sthale thodee pidaa aneey daghnu kaaran baney chhe. mukhya pratikool asaro calloids chhe-motaa, ubhaa thayela daagh. deltoid snaayuma dakhal karvaano upyog mote bhaage thaay chhe kaaran keey jyaare teey sthalno upyog karvaamaa aave chhe tyaare sthaaneek gunchavanno darr sauthee ochho hoya chhe. tema chhataa, nitamb aee vahivatnu vaikalpik sthal chhe kaaran keey teey vadhu saaraa cosmetic parinaamo pradaan karey chhe. bii. see. jee. russie aantar-aantarik reete aapvi joiae. jooe subcutaneous reete aapvama aave, too teey sthaaneek chepne prereet curry shake chhe aneey praadeshik lasika gaanthoma felai shake chhe, jeey kaan too suppertative (parunu utpaadan) aneey nonspertative lymphadenitisnu kaaran bunny shake chhe. biin-poshak lymphadenitis maate saamanya reete rudhichust vyavsthaapan puratu hoya chhe. jooe suppuration thaay, too tene soya aspirationni jaroor puddy shake chhe. biin-ukelaatmak suppuration maate, shastrakriyani jaroor puddy shake chhe. aaa gunchavanoni saarvaar maatena puraava durlabh chhe. asamanya reete, stana aneey glutial follaao hematogenous (lohee dwara vahan) aneey lymphangiomates felaavaane kaarane thaee shake chhe. praadeshik haadkaano chep (bii. see. jee. osteomyelitis athavaa ostities) aneey felaato bii. see. jee. chep aee bii. see. jee. rasikaranni durlabh gunchavano chhe, parantu sambhaveet reete jeevalen chhe. pranaligat antituberculus upchaar gambhir gunchavanomaa madadarup thaee shake chhe. jyaare mutraashaynaa kensar maate bii. see. jee. noow upyog karvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare saarvaar karaayela lagbhag 2.9% dardeeo jannang athavaa pranaligat bii. see. jee.-sambandhit chepne kaarane rogpratikarak chikitsane bundh karey chhe, jooe keey jyaare mutrashayma rognaa lakshano vaaramvaar jovaa maley chhe, tyaare anya avyavoni sandovani khoob jaj asamanya chhe. jyaare pranaligat sandovani thaay chhe, tyaare yakrut aneey fefasaa aee asargrast thanara pratham ango chhe (chhella bii. see. jee. uadbhav pachhi 1 athvadiya [madhyam]). jooe bii. see. jee. aakasmik reete rogpratikarak shaktee nabalee puddy gayelaa dardine aapvama aave (daa. taa.jee.gambhir sanyukt rogpratikarak shaktini unap dharaavtu shishu), teey felaato athavaa jeevalen chepnu kaaran bunny shake chhe. aaa thavaani dastaveji ghatanao aapvama aavel pratee dass laakh rasikaran karataa ochhi chhe. 2007maan, jemane aech. aaee. vee. dharaavtaa shishuo maate bii. see. jee. nee bhalaaman karvaanu bundh curry didhu hatoo, bhale kshay rognaa samparkma aavvaanu jokham vadhaare hoya, kaaran keey prasaarit bii. see. jee. chepnaa jokhamne kaarane (jeey teey uchch jokhamnaa sandarbhma 100,000 deeth aashre 400 chhe). upyog. vyaktini ummar aneey jeey aavartan saathe bii. see. jee. aapvama aave chhe teey hammesha desh pramaane alag alag hoya chhe. jeo haalmaa kshay rooga aneey/athavaa uchch raktpitnaa bojnee unchee ghatanao dharaavtaa tamaam desho maate baadpanna bii. see. jee. nee bhalaaman karey chhe. aaa vishvbharma aitihasik aneey vartmaan bii. see. jee. prathaani aansheek yaadee chhe. bhutkaal aneey vartmanni prathaano sampoorn etlas pedaa thayo chhe. utpaadan. bii. see. jee. aee ksheen (virulance-ghatadela) jivant bowine tuberculosis basilus, "mycobacterium bovis" naa taanmathi taiyar karvaamaa aave chhe, jene manushyamaa rooga pedaa karvaanee kshamata gumaavee deedhi chhe. teey khaas kareene samvardhan maadhyamma upasanskruti karvaamaa aave chhe, saamanya reete middlebrook 7h9. kaaran keey jivant basily uplabdh poshak tattvono shreshth upyog karvaa maate vikaseet thaay chhe, teo manav lohee maate ochhi saaree reete anookool baney chhe aneey jyaare manav yajmanma dakhal karvaamaa aave tyaare rogne prereet curry shaktaa nathee. tema chhataa, teo temnaa jungley purvajo jevaa jaj chhe jeey manav kshay rooga saame amuk anshe rogpratikarak shaktee puurii paade chhe. 15 varshnaa samaygaalaa maate kshay rogne rokvaamaa bii. see. jee. russie 0 thee 80 takaa sudhee asarkarak hoi shake chhe; jooe keey, tenee rakshanatmak assar bhugol aneey prayogshaalaa anusaar badalaay chhe jemaa raseeno prakaar ugadvama aavyo hato. sankhyaabandh judee judee companyo bii. see. jee. banaave chhe, ketalikvaar bacteriana viveedh aanuvanshik taanno upyog karey chhe. aaa utpadanni viveedh lakshaniktaoma parinmi shake chhe. mutraashaynaa kensar maate mutraashaynaa uadbhav maate upyogmaa levaati oncotis, organan prayogshaalaao dwara vikasavvama aavee hatee (tyaarthi sharing-hala dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey badalaama merck anned kampani dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee.). samaan upyog polisha kampani biomed-lublinna onco bii. see. jee. noon utpaadan chhe, jeey brazilian substrain aema. nee maliki dharaave chhe. bovis bii. see. jee. morau jeey anya bii. see. jee. taana saheet raseeo karataa ochhi pratikriyashil chhe. montriyal (institute armond-frapier) strainmathi banaavel paces bii. see. jee. noon pratham vakhat eurocor dwara 2002maan vechaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tyaarthi eurocorne dionon systems dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. ivaan raseeo (pouderject pharmaceuticalsni petacompany). denmarkma statains seeram institute dennish strain 1331 noow upyog kareene taiyar karaayelee BCG raseenu bajaar karey chhe. japan BCG prayogshaalaa vishvbharnaa 50 deshomaa pasteur BCG naa tokyo 172 substrain parr aadharit tenee raseenu vechaan karey chhe. december 2015maan prakashit unicefna ahewal anusaar, bii. see. jee. russie purvathaa suraksha parr, 2015maan vaishvik maang 123thee vadheene 152.2 million dose thaee gaee. surakshama sudhaaro karvaa aneey parvade tevaa aneey lavcheek purvathaanaa strotomaa [vaividhyakaran] karvaa maate, "unicefe bii. see. jee. noon utpaadan karvaa maate saat navaa utpadakone karaar aapyaa. vartmaan utpaadako pasethi purvathani uplabdhataa aneey "navaa jemane raseene purv laaykaat aapee chhe" saathe coole purvatho "2016 sudhee 2015nee dabaavi devaayelee maang temaj 2016-2018 dwara coole aagaahi maang bannene pahonchi vadvaa maate purato hashe." purvathani achhat. 2011maan, sanofi pasteur plantma puur aavyu hatoo, jenaa kaarane moldmaan samasya oobhi thaee hatee. torrento, ontario, kenedama stheet aaa suvidha kshay rognee russie aneey bii. see. jee. immunotherapeutic aneey mutraashaynaa kensarnee davaa, immusist jevee substrain konotthi banelee bii. see. jee. raseenu utpaadan karyoo hatoo. april 2012 sudhimaa fdane plantma vandhyatva saathe dozneck dastaveji samasyao malee hatee jemaa molled, maalo baandhtaa paksheeo aneey katvalan vidhyut naleeono samaavesh thaay chhe. beey varshthi vadhu samay sudhee plant bundh rahevathi mutraashaynaa kensar aneey kshay rognee raseeni achhat sarjai hatee. 29 october 2014naa roj health keneda sanofeene bii. see. jee. noon utpaadan pharii sharoo karvaanee manjuri aapee hatee. vaishvik purvathaanaa 2018naa vishleshanma taaran kadhvama aavyu chhe keey purvatho bii. see. jee. raseeni maangnee aagaahine pahonchi vadvaa maate purato chhe, parantu achhatnu jokham rahe chhe, mukhyatve 75 takaa lokonee nirbhartaane kaarane jeo maatra beey suppliero parr purvatho puuro paadvaa maate purv-laayak hataa. sookavi. ketalik bii. see. jee. raseeo freeze kareene sukavvama aave chhe aneey bareek powder bunny jaay chhe. ketalikvaar powederne kaachnaa empulemaa vacuumthi seal karvaamaa aave chhe. havaana pravaahne powederne bahaar kaadhvaathi rokvaa maate aavaa kaachnaa empulene dheeme dheeme kholvu padey chhe. pachhi injection aaptaa pahelaa powederne khaara paanithi paatalu karavu padey chhe. itihas. bii. see. jee. noow itihas sheetala saathe jodaayelo chhe. 1865 sudhimaa jiina antoin veelemeene darshaavyu hatoo keey sasalaane manushyomathi kshay rogno chep laagee shake chhe; 1868 sudhimaa temane shodhee kaadhyu hatoo keey sasalaane gayomathi kshay rogno chep laagee shake chhe, aneey sasalaane anya saslamathi kshay rogno chep laagee shake chhe. aama, temane taaran kaadhyu keey kshay rooga koee ajanya sukshmasjivo (athavaa "viruses", jene teo tene kahe chhe) dwara felaay chhe. 1882maan roobert koche manav aneey bowine tuberculosisne samaan ganaavya hataa. parantu 1895maan, theobald smithe manav aneey bowine tuberculosis vachchena tafavto rajoo karyaa, jenee jaana temane kochane curry. 1901 sudhimaa koche "mycobacterium bovis" neey "mycobacterium tuberculosis" thee alag paadyu. 18mee sadee darmiyan sthaapit shitalaane rokvaamaa rasikaranni safalataane pagale, vaignanikoae govani kshay rooga aneey coupox vachcheni samaantar rekhaa doreene kshay rogmaa parinam shodhvaanu vichaaryu aevee dhaarnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee keey govani kshay rogno chep manav kshay rognaa chep saame rakshan aapee shake chhe. 19mee sadeena antamaa, "aema" noow upyog kareene clinical parikshano karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. bovis "italyma vinashak parinaamo saathe haath dharvaamaa aavyaa hataa, kaaran keey" aema. bovis "aema" jetalu jaj zerii hovaanu jaanvaa malyun hatoo. kshay rooga ". french chikitsak aneey bacteriologist albert calmet aneey temnaa sahayak aneey pachhinaa sahyogi, kemili guerine, aek pashuchikitsak, 1908maan institute pasteur dii lillie (lillie, france) maan kaama curry rahyaa hataa. temnaa kaaryamaa kshay rognaa jivanuona oop-samvardhan aneey viveedh sanskruti maadhyamonu parikshan saamel hatoo. teoae nondhyu keey glycerine-pitt-batatanu mishran basilynu utpaadan karey chhe jeey ochhu zerii laagtu hatoo, aneey temnaa sanshodhanno maarg badaline aee jovaa maate keey shun punraavartit oop-samvardhan aek taana pedaa karashe keey jeey russie tareeke upyog karvaa maate dhyanma levaa maate purtaa pramanma ksheen thaee gayoo hatoo. glycerine batatana maadhyam parr zerii taanthi 13 varsh darmiyan 239 vakhat oop-samvardhan karyaa pachhi bii. see. jee. taanane alag karvaamaa aavee hatee. sanshodhan pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan 1919 sudhee chaalu rahyu, jyaare havenaa tejasvi basily sanshodhan pranioma kshay rognoo kaaran bunny shakyaa naa hataa. 1919maan calmet aneey gurinne paris pasteur institutemaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. bii. see. jee. raseeno upyog saupratham 1921maan manushyamaa karvaamaa aavyo hato. jaaher sveekruti dheemee hatee, aneey khaas kareene lubec aapattiae tene nuksan pahonchadva maate ghanoo karyoo. 1929 aneey 1933 nee vachche leubekma, jeevannaa pratham 10 divasma 251 shishuone russie aapvama aavee hatee; 173 neey kshay rooga thayo hato aneey 72 mrutyu pamya hataa. tyarbad jaanvaa malyun keey tyaan aapvama aavel bii. see. jee. aek jaj incubatormaa sangraheet karvaamaa aavtaa zerii taanthi dusheet hatoo, jenaa kaarane raseena utpaadako saame kaanuni kaaryvaahi karvaamaa aavee hatee. doow. aar. jee. saskatchevanma phorta kwopel sanatorium kaama kartaa fergusson, kshay rooga saame rasikaranni prathaa vikasavvama agraniomaanaa aek hataa. kenedama, rahenank shaalaona 600 thee vadhu baadakono upyog 1933 aneey 1945 nee vachche bii. see. jee. raseena parikshanoma anaichchik sahbhagio tareeke karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1928 maan, bii. see. jee. neey leag off nations (vishva aarogya sanstha (jeey) naa purogami) nee aarogya sameeti dwara apnavvama aavyo hato. joke, virodhne kaarane teno vyaapak upyog beeja vishvyuddh pachhi jaj thayo hato. 1945 thee 1948 sudhee, raahat sansthao (aantarrashtriy kshay rooga abhiyaan athavaa sanyukt saahso) aee purveey europema 80 lakhthi vadhu baadakone russie aapee hatee aneey motaa yuddh pachhi kshay rognaa anumanit lakshaneek vadharane atkaavyo hato. baadrog vaya juthamaa tuberculus meningitis saame bii. see. jee. khoob jaj asarkarak chhe, parantu pulmonary tuberculosis saame tenee asarkarakta badalaati hovaanu janaay chhe. ketlaak deshoae niyameet rasikaranmathi bii. see. jee. neey door curry didhu chhe. beey desho keey jemane teno kyaarey niyameet upyog karyo nathee teey united states aneey natherland chhe (banne deshomaa, aevu anubhavaay chhe keey vishvasneey mantox parikshan karaavvu aneey tethee sakreey rogne chokkaspane shodhvaamaa saksham banvu aee samaaj maate vadhu faydakarak chhe, jeey sthitee saame rasikaran karataa havey tyaan pramanma durlabh chhe). anya naamoma "vaccin biilii dha calmet aeta guerine russie" aneey "basil dha calmet aeta guerine russie" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. sanshodhan. ochhi aavak dharaavtaa deshomaa ekandar mrutyudar parr bii. see. jee. rasikaranni faydakarak biin-vishisht assar maate athavaa jyaare vahelaa aapvama aave tyaare sepsis aneey shvasan chep saheetni anya aarogya samasyao ghatadva maate kaamchalaau puraava astitvamaa chhe, jeno upyog vahelee takey karvaamaa aave tetalaa vadhu laabh saathe. recess makakma, jyaare nasmaa aapvama aave tyaare bii. see. jee. rakshanna sudharela darr darshaave chhe. ketlaak jokhamonu mulyankan karavu aavashyak chhe teey pahelaa teey manushyamaa anuvaadit thaee shake chhe. prakaar 1 diabetes. bii. see. jee. russie prakaar 1 diabetes (tii1dii) maan abhyaas karvaanaa praarambhik tabakkama chhe. covid-19. bii. see. jee. raseeno upyog covid-19 saame rakshan purun paadee shake chhe. jooe keey, aaa sandarbhma rogchalana avalokno aspasht chhe. jeo nivaaran maate tenaa upyogni bhalaaman kartaa nathee. vees bii. see. jee. parikshano viveedh tabibi tabakkama chhe. parinaamo atyant mishra chhe. rogchaalo faatee nikalyaa pahelaa beey varshmaa trana vakhat russie apaayela lokone sandovta 15 maheenani ajmayash prakaar 1 diabetes dharaavtaa bii. see. jee.-nive lokomaa chep atkavvama hakaaraatmak parinaamo darshaave chhe. beejee taraf, 5 maheenani ajmayash darshaave chhe keey bii. see. jee. saathe fareethi rasikaran aarogya sambhaal karmchaariomaa chepne rokvaamaa madad karatu nathee. banne double-blind randomised controlled trials hataa.

bee. see. jee. teeka basilus calmet-guerin (bee. see. jee.) teeka mukhya roop seey tapedik (tii. bee.) key khilaf upayog kiya jaane vaalaa teeka haye. iska naam isake aavishkaarak albert calmet aur kemili guerine key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. una deshon mein jahaan tapedik yaa kushth roga aam haye, swasth shishuon mein janm key turant baad ack khuraak kii sifarish kii jaati haye. una kshetron mein jahaan tapedik aam naheen haye, kewal uchch jokhim vaale bachchon koo aam taur parr pratirakshit kiya jaataa haye, jabaki tapedik key sandigdh mamalon kaa vyaktigat roop seey pareekshan aur ilaaj kiya jaataa haye. jinn vayaskon koo tapedik naheen haye aur jinhen pahale teekaakaran naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin aksar sampark mein aatey hain, unhein bhee teekaakaran kiya jaa sakata haye. bee. see. jee. mein buruli alsar sankraman aur anya gair-tuberculus mycobacterial sankramanon key khilaf bhee kuchh prabhavsheelta haye. isake alawa, iska upayog kabhi-kabhi mootrashay key cancer key upchaar key hisse key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. tapedik sankraman seey suraksha kii darein vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoti hain aur suraksha 20 varshon taka rahati haye. bachchon mein, yeh lagbhag 20 pratishat koo sankramit honey seey rokta haye aur joe loga sankramit hotey hain, yeh aadhe koo bimari vikasit honey seey bachaata haye. teeka twacha mein injection dwara diyaa jaataa haye. koee saboot naheen dikhaata haye kii atirikt khuraak fayademand hain. gambhir dushprabhaav durlabh hain. aksar, injection key sthaan parr lalima, soojan aur halka dard hotaa haye. thheek honey key baad kuchh nishan key saath ack chhota saa alsar bhee bunn sakata haye. pratiraksha daman vaale logon mein dushprabhaav adhik aam aur sambhaavit roop seey adhik gambhir hotey hain. halanki bhroon parr koee hanikarak prabhaav naheen dekhaa gayaa haye, lekin bhroon kii suraksha key baare mein aparyaapt saboot hain. garbhavastha key dauran bee. see. jee. teekaakaran aur isaliye, garbhavastha key dauran upayog key liye teeke kii anushansa naheen kii jaati haye. yeh teeka mool roop seey "mycobacterium bovis" seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, joe aamtaur parr maveshiyon mein paaya jaataa haye. jabaki yeh kamjor hoe gayaa haye, yeh abhee bhee jeevit haye. bee. see. jee. teeke kaa pahali baar 1921 mein chikitsakiya roop seey upayog kiya gayaa thaa. yeh vishva swaasthya sangathan kii aavashyak davaaon kii soochi mein haye. yeh teeka vishva star parr prati varsh lagbhag 10 karod bachchon koo diyaa jaataa haye. chikitsa upayog. tapedik. bee. see. jee. kaa mukhya upayog tapedik key khilaf teekaakaran key liye haye. bee. see. jee. teeka janm key baad antahsthaayi roop seey diyaa jaa sakata haye. bee. see. jee. teekaakaran ack galat sakaratmak mentox pareekshan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. bee. see. jee. kaa sabse vivadaspad pahalu vibhinn naidaanik parikshanon mein paaee jaane vaali parivartansheel prabhavkarita haye, joe bhugol parr nirbhar karati prateet hoti haye. britten mein kiye gaye parikshanon ney lagaatar 60 seey 80 pratishat kaa surakshaatmak prabhaav dikhaaya haye, lekin kaheen aur kiye gaye parikshanon ney koee surakshaatmak prabhaav naheen dikhaaya haye, aur prabhavkarita bhoomadhya rekha key karib pahunchane parr girati prateet hoti haye. 1994 kii ack vyavasthit sameeksha mein paaya gayaa kii bee. see. jee. seey tapedik honey kaa khatra lagbhag 50 pratishat taka cumm hoe jaataa haye. prabhavsheelta mein antar kshetra parr nirbhar kartaa haye, jaise kii aabaadi mein aanuvanshik antar, paryaavaran mein parivartan, anya jeevaanu sankramanon key sampark mein aanaa, aur prayogshala mein sthitiyaan jahan teeka ugaaya jaataa haye, jisamen samvardhit kiye jaa rahey upbhedon aur vikas madhyam key chayan key beach aanuvanshik antar shamil hain. 2014 mein kii gaee ack vyavasthit sameeksha aur metaa-vishleshan seey pataa chalaa kii bee. see. jee. teeke ney sankraman koo 19-27% seey cumm kiya aur sakriya tapedik kii pragati koo 71 pratishat taka cumm curr diyaa. iss sameeksha mein shamil adhyayan una logon taka seemit they jinhone interferon gaama release parakh kaa upayog kiya thaa. bee. see. jee. kii suraksha kii avadhi spasht roop seey gyaat naheen haye. una adhyayanon mein joe ack surakshaatmak prabhaav dikhaate hain, detta asangat hain. aim. aar. see. key adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii suraksha 15 varshon key baad 59 pratishat taka aur 20 varshon key baad shoonya hoe gaee; haalaanki, 1930 key dashak mein pratirakshit mool amerikiyon koo dekhane vaale ack adhyayan mein teekaakaran key 60 saal baad bhee suraksha key pramaan mille, jisamen prabhavkarita mein mamuli kamee aaee. aisaa lagata haye kii bee. see. jee. kaa sabse badaa prabhaav pitt tapedik yaa tapedik meningitis koo rokane mein padata haye, isaliye iska vyaapak roop seey una deshon mein bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye jahaan fuffusiya tapedik key khilaf prabhavkarita nagany haye. bee. see. jee. kii 100veen varshgaanth 2021 mein thee. yeh tapedik key khilaf licenses praapt ekmatra teeka haye, joe ack chala rahee mahamari haye. tapedik unmoolan vishva swaasthya sangathan (joe) kaa ack lakshya haye, halanki paryaapt pragati karane key liye vayask fuffusiya tapedik key khilaf adhik prabhavkarita vaale nae teekon key vikas kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. prabhavkarita. vibhinn deshon mein bee. see. jee. kii parivartansheel prabhavkarita key kaee sambhaavit kaaran prastaavit kiye gaye hain. koee bhee saabit naheen huaa haye, kuchh koo galat saabit kiya gayaa haye, aur koee bhee cumm tapedik-bojh vaale deshon (america) aur uchch tapedik-bojh vaale deshon (bhaarat) donon mein prabhavkarita kii kamee kii vyakhya naheen curr sakata haye. bee. see. jee. parr aeye. huu. dastaavez mein parivartaniya prabhavkarita key karanon parr vistaar seey charcha kii gaee haye. mycobacteria. bee. see. jee. mein kuchh gair-tapedik mycobacteria key khilaf surakshaatmak prabhaav hotey hain. cancer. bee. see. jee. sabse safal pratirakshaatmak chikitsaon mein seey ack rhaa haye. bee. see. jee. teeka 1977 seey "mootrashay cancer (aine. aim. aaee. bee. see.) key rogiyon key liye dekhbhal kaa maanak" rhaa haye. 2014 taka gair-manspeshi-aakramak mootrashay cancer key ilaaj key liye aathh seey adhik alag-alag maane jaane vaale biosemiller agent yaa upbhedon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. prashaasan kii vidhi. aamtaur parr bee. see. jee. dene seey pahale tubercullin twacha pareekshan kiya jaataa haye. ack pratikriyaasheel tubercullin twacha pareekshan gambhir sthaaniya soojan aur nishan key jokhim key kaaran bee. see. jee. key liye ack virodhabhas haye; yeh kissy bhee pratiraksha kaa sanket naheen detaa haye. bee. see. jee. kuchh logon mein bhee pratibandhit haye jinake paas aaee. ell.-12 receptor maarg dosh hain. bee. see. jee. koo deltoid key daalane parr ekal intradermal injection key roop mein diyaa jaataa haye. yadi bee. see. jee. koo galati seey twacha key neeche diyaa jaataa haye, tou ack sthaaniya fodaa (ack "bee. see. jee-oh. aim. aeye") bunn sakata haye joe kabhi-kabhi alsar curr sakata haye, aur turant antibiotic davaaon key saath upchaar kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, anyatha upchaar key binaa yeh sankraman faila sakata haye, jisase mahatvapurna angon koo gambhir nuksan hoe sakata haye. fodaa hamesha galat prashaasan seey judaa naheen hotaa haye, aur yeh teekaakaran key saath honey vaali adhik samanya jatilataon mein seey ack haye. antibiotic davaaon key saath inn fodon key upchaar parr kaee chikitsa adhyayan alag-alag parinamon key saath kiye gaye hain, lekin aam sahamati haye kii ack baar jaba puss koo aspirated aur vishleshan kiya jaataa haye, basharte koee asamanya basily maujood naa hoe, tou fodaa aam taur parr kuchh hafton mein apane aap thheek hoe jaayega. bee. see. jee. teekaakaran key kaaran honey vaale vishisht chot kaa upayog aksar poorv teekaakaran key pramaan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. iss nishan koo chechak teekaakaran seey alag kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe kii aisaa hii hoe sakata haye. mootrashay key cancer key liye diye jaane parr, teeka twacha key madhyam seey injection naheen diyaa jaataa haye, balki ack naram catheter kaa upayog karke mootramaarg key madhyam seey mootrashay mein daala jaataa haye. pratikool prabhaav. bee. see. jee. teekaakaran aam taur parr injection key sthaan parr kuchh dard aur nishan paida kartaa haye. mukhya pratikool prabhaav calloid hain-badey, badhe hue nishan. deltoid maanspeshiyon mein daalane kaa upayog aksar kiya jaataa haye kyonki usa sthaan kaa upayog karane parr sthaaniya jatilata darr sabse cumm hoti haye. phir bhee, nitamb prashaasan kaa ack vaikalpik sthaan haye kyonki yeh behtar saundarya sambandhi parinam pradaan kartaa haye. bee. see. jee. teeka antahsthaayi roop seey diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. yadi twacha key neeche diyaa jaataa haye, tou yeh sthaaniya sankraman koo prerit curr sakata haye aur kshetriya lymph nodes mein fail sakata haye, jisase yaa tou suppurative (mavaad kaa utpaadan) aur nonsupurative lymphadenitis hoe sakata haye. roodhivaadi prabandhan aamtaur parr gair-anupurak lymphadenitis key liye paryaapt hotaa haye. yadi supperation hotaa haye, tou ise suee aspiration kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. gair-samadhankari chushan key liye, shalya chikitsa kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. inn jatilataon key upchaar key liye sakshya durlabh hain. asamanya roop seey, stun aur glutial phode raktajanan (rakt dwara wahan) aur lymphangiomatous prasaar key kaaran hoe sakate hain. kshetriya huddy sankraman (bee. see. jee. austiomyelitis yaa austitis) aur prasaarit bee. see. jee. sankraman bee. see. jee. teekaakaran kii durlabh jatilataaen hain, lekin sambhaavit roop seey jeevan key liye khatra hain. pranaaleegat antituberculus therapy gambhir jatilataon mein sahayak hoe sakati haye. jaba mootrashay key cancer key liye bee. see. jee. kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou lagbhag 2.9% ilaaj kiye gaye rogi jannang yaa pranaaleegat bee. see. jee.-sambandhit sankraman key kaaran pratirakshaatmak chikitsa bund curr dete hain, halanki mootrashay key lakshanaatmak bee. see. jee. sankraman aksar hotaa haye, anya angon kii bhagidari bahut asamanya haye. jaba pranaaleegat bhagidari hoti haye, tou yakrit aur fefde prabhaavit honey vaale pahale anga hotey hain (antim bee. see. jee. key preran key baad 1 saptah [madhyak]). yadi bee. see. jee. galati seey kissy pratirakshaatmak rogi koo diyaa jaataa haye (udaa.jee.gambhir sanyukt pratiraksha kii kamee vaalaa shishu), yeh prasaarit yaa janleva sankraman kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. iss ghatana kii pralekhit ghatana prati duss laakh teekaakaran seey bhee cumm haye. 2007 mein, jinhone aich. aaee. vee. vaale shishuon key liye bee. see. jee. kii sifarish karna bund curr diyaa, bhale hii tapedik key sampark mein aaney kaa khatra adhik hoe, kyonki prasaarit bee. see. jee. sankraman kaa khatra (joe usa uchch jokhim key sandarbh mein lagbhag 400 prati 100,000 haye). upayog karein. vyakti kii ayu aur jiss aavritti key saath bee. see. jee. diyaa jaataa haye, vaha hamesha desh-darr-desh bhinn hotaa haye. joe vartamaan mein tapedik aur/yaa uchch kushth roga key bojh vaale sabhi deshon key liye bachpan key bee. see. jee. kii sifarish karate hain. yeh duniya bhar mein aitihaasik aur vartamaan bee. see. jee. abhyaas kii ack aanshik soochi haye. ateet aur vartamaan abhyaas kaa ack poorna atlus utpann kiya gayaa haye. nirmaan. bee. see. jee. ksheen (vishaanu-cumm) jeevit gojaatiya tapedik basilus, "mycobacterium bovis" key ack prakaar seey taiyar kiya jaataa haye, jisane manushyon mein bimari paida karane kii apani kshamata khou dee haye. yeh vishesh roop seey ack samvardhan madhyam mein upasanskriti kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr middlebrook 7h9. kyonki jeevit basily upalabdh poshak tatvon kaa sarvottam upayog karane key liye vikasit hoti haye, way maanav rakt key liye cumm achchi tarah seey anukoolit hoe jaati hain aur maanav mezban mein pesh kiye jaane parr bimari koo prerit naheen curr sakati hain. phir bhee, way apane jangli poorvajon key samaan hain joe maanav tapedik key khilaf kuchh hudd taka pratiraksha pradaan karate hain. bee. see. jee. teeka 15 varshon kii avadhi key liye tapedik koo rokane mein 0 seey 80 pratishat taka prabhaavi hoe sakata haye; haalaanki, iska surakshaatmak prabhaav bhugol aur usa prayogshala key anusaar bhinn prateet hotaa haye jisamen teeka upabhed ugaaya gayaa thaa. kaee alag-alag companiyaan bee. see. jee. banaati hain, kabhi-kabhi bacteria key vibhinn aanuvanshik upbhedon kaa upayog karati hain. isake parinamswarup vibhinn utpaad visheshataaen hoe sakati hain. oncotis, mootrashay key cancer key liye mootrashay key udvasana key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, jise organon prayogshalaon dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa (jaba seey shering-hull dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa, aur badale mein merck aind company dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa.). isi tarah kaa ack anuprayog polish company biomed-lublin key onco bee. see. jee. kaa utpaad haye, joe brazil key upa-tala aim. kaa malik haye. bovis bee. see. jee. morau joe anya bee. see. jee. upbhedon sahit teekon kii tulanaa mein cumm pratikriyaasheel haye. paisis bee. see. jee., joe montrial (institute armond-frapier) strain seey banaa thaa, pahali baar eurocor dwara lagbhag 2002 mein vipanan kiya gayaa thaa. eurocor koo taba seey dynon system dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa. evance teeke (pouderject pharmaceuticals kii ack sahayak). denmark mein statance seeram ney dennish strain 1331 kaa upayog karke taiyar kiya gayaa bee. see. jee. teeka duniya bhar key 50 deshon mein vikasit kiya haye. disambar 2015 mein prakaashit unicef kii ack report key anusaar, bee. see. jee. vaccine aapoorti suraksha parr, 2015 mein vaishvik maang 123 seey badhkar 152.2 million khuraak hoe gaee. suraksha mein sudhaar karane aur kifayati aur lachili aapoorti key sroton mein vividhata laane key liye, unicef ney bee. see. jee. key utpaadan key liye saat nae nirmaataon koo anubandh diye. maujooda nirmaataon seey aapoorti kii upalabdhata key saath, aur ack "nayaa joe poorv-yogya teeka" kull aapoorti "2016 taka kii gaee 2015 kii dabaa dee gaee maang key saath-saath 2016-2018 key madhyam seey kull purvanuman maang donon koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt hogi." aapoorti kii kamee. 2011 mein, sanofi pasteur sanyantra mein baadh aaa gaee, jisase mould mein samasyaaen paida hoe gaeen. torrento, ontario, kanada mein sthit iss suvidha ney tapedik key teeke aur ack bee. see. jee. immunotherapetic aur mootrashay cancer dawa, immusist jaise substrain konot seey baney bee. see. jee. vaccine utpaadon kaa utpaadan kiya. aprail 2012 taka aff. dee. aeye. ney paudhe mein baanjhapan key saath darjanon pralekhit samasyaon kaa pataa lagaaya thaa, jisamen mould, ghonsale banaane vaale pakshi aur jung vaali vidyut nalikaaen shamil theen. dou saal seey adhik samay taka sanyantra key bund rahane key parinamswarup mootrashay key cancer aur tapedik key teekon kii kamee hoe gaee. 29 octuber 2014 koo swaasthya kanada ney sanofi koo bee. see. jee. kaa utpaadan phir seey shuru karane kii anumati dee. vaishvik aapoorti key 2018 key vishleshan ney nishkarsh nikala kii aapoorti purvanuman bee. see. jee. vaccine kii maang koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt haye, lekin kamee kaa jokhim banaa huaa haye, mukhya roop seey 75 pratishat kii nirbharta key kaaran joe kewal dou aapurtikartaon parr poorv-yogya aapoorti karate hain. sookh jaataa haye. kuchh bee. see. jee. teekon koo freeze karke sukhaaya jaataa haye aur maheen pouder bunn jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi pouder koo kaanch key empool mein vacuum key saath seal curr diyaa jaataa haye. iss tarah key kaanch key empool koo dheere-dheere kholna padata haye taaki havaa key pravaah koo pouder koo baahar nikalane seey rokaa jaa sakey. phir injection dene seey pahale pouder koo khaare paani seey patala karna padata haye. itihas. bee. see. jee. kaa itihas chechak seey judaa huaa haye. 1865 taka jeane antene villemin ney pradarshit kiya thaa kii khargosh manushyon seey tapedik seey sankramit hoe sakate hain; 1868 taka unhone paaya thaa kii khargosh gaayon seey tapedik seey sankramit hoe sakate hain, aur khargosh anya khargoshon seey tapedik seey sankramit hoe sakate hain. iss prakaar, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii tapedik kissy agyaat sookshmajeev (yaa "virus", jaisa kii unhone ise kahaa) key madhyam seey failata thaa. 1882 mein robbert coach ney maanav aur gojaatiya tapedik koo samaan maanaa. lekin 1895 mein, theobald smith ney maanav aur gojaatiya tapedik key beach antar prastut kiya, jisaki soochana unhone coach koo dee. 1901 taka coach ney "mycobacterium bovis" koo "mycobacterium tuberculosis" seey alag kiya. 18veen shatabdi key dauran sthaapit chechak koo rokane mein teekaakaran kii safalata key baad, vaigyaanikon ney gojaatiya tapedik aur coupox key beach ack samanantar rekhaachitra banaakar tapedik mein ack upsamhaar khojane key baare mein sochaah yeh parikalpana kii gaee thee kii gojaatiya tapedik key saath sankraman maanav tapedik key saath sankraman seey bachaa sakata haye. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, "aim" kaa upayog karke naidaanik pareekshan. bovis "vinashkari parinamon key saath itali mein aayojit kiye gaye they, kyonki" aim. bovis "aim" key samaan hii vishaila paaya gayaa. tapedik ". albert calmet, ack francisi chikitsak aur jeevaanuvigyaani, aur unake sahayak aur baad mein sahayogi, camill guerine, ack pashu chikitsak, 1908 mein institute pastier dee lilly (lilly, france) mein kaam curr rahey they. unake kaam mein tapedik basilus key vishaakt upa-samvardhan aur vibhinn sanskriti media kaa pareekshan shamil thaa. unhone nott kiya kii ack glycerine-pitt-aaloo mishran mein basily ugati haye joe cumm vishaakt lagati haye, aur yeh dekhane key liye kii kyaa baar-baar upa-samvardhan ack tanaav kaa utpaadan karega jise teeke key roop mein upayog key liye paryaapt roop seey cumm kiya gayaa thaa, unake shodh key pathyakram koo badal diyaa. glycerine aaloo madhyam parr vishaakt tanaav seey 13 varshon key dauran 239 baar upa-samvardhan key baad bee. see. jee. nasl koo alag kiya gayaa thaa. shodh 1919 taka pratham vishva yuddh key dauran jaari rhaa, jaba abb raseele basily shodh jaanvaron mein tapedik roga kaa kaaran banane mein asamarth they. calmet aur guerine koo 1919 mein peris pasteur sansthaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. bee. see. jee. vaccine kaa pahali baar 1921 mein manushyon mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa. saarvajanik sweekriti dheemi thee, aur vishesh roop seey, lubec aapada ney ise nuksan pahunchaane key liye bahut kuchh kiya. 1929 aur 1933 key beach lubec mein, jeevan key pahale 10 dinon mein 251 shishuon koo teeka lagaaya gayaa thaa; 173 koo tapedik vikasit huaa aur 72 kii mrityu hoe gaee. baad mein yeh pataa chalaa kii vahaan diyaa gayaa bee. see. jee. ack hii incubator mein sangraheet kiye jaa rahey vishaakt tanaav seey dooshit thaa, jisake kaaran teeke key nirmaataon key khilaf kanuni kaarravaai kii gaee. dow. aar. jee. saskatchevan mein fort kwapel sanatorium mein kaam karane vaale fergusson, tapedik key khilaf teekaakaran key abhyaas koo vikasit karane mein agrani logon mein seey they. kanada mein, aavaasiya vidyaalayon key 600 seey adhik bachchon kaa upayog 1933 aur 1945 key beach bee. see. jee. vaccine parikshanon mein anaichhik pratibhagiyon key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. 1928 mein, bee. see. jee. koo leag off nations (vishva swaasthya sangathan (joe) key poorvavarti) kii swaasthya samiti dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, virodh key kaaran, iska vyaapak roop seey upayog dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad hii kiya jaane lagaa. 1945 seey 1948 taka, raahat sangathanon (antarrashtriya tapedik abhiyaan yaa sanyukt udyam) ney purvi europe mein 80 laakh seey adhik bachchon kaa teekaakaran kiya aur ack badey yuddh key baad tapedik kii anumaanit vishisht vriddhi koo rokaa. bee. see. jee. baal ayu varg mein tuberculus meningitis key khilaf bahut prabhaavi haye, lekin fuffusiya tapedik key khilaf isaki prabhavsheelta parivartansheel prateet hoti haye. kuchh deshon ney niyamit teekaakaran seey bee. see. jee. koo hataa diyaa haye. dou desh jinhone iska niyamit roop seey upayog naheen kiya haye, way hain sanyukt raajya america aur neetherland (donon deshon mein, yeh mahsoos kiya jaataa haye kii ack vishvasaniya mentox pareekshan honah aur isaliye sakriya bimari kaa sateek pataa lagaane mein saksham honah samaaj key liye ack aisee sthiti key khilaf teekaakaran karane kii tulanaa mein adhik fayademand haye joe abb apekshaakrit durlabh haye). anya naamon mein "vaccine billy dee calmet aitt guerine vaccine" aur "besil dee calmet aitt guerine vaccine" shamil hain. shodh karein. cumm aaya vaale deshon mein samagr mrityu darr parr bee. see. jee. teekaakaran key laabhkaari gair-vishisht prabhaav key liye yaa jaldi diye jaane parr sepsis aur shwasan sankraman sahit anya swaasthya samasyaon koo cumm karane key liye, adhik laabh key saath, iska upayog pahale kiya jaataa haye, isake liye sambhaavit pramaan maujood hain. reesus makak mein, bee. see. jee. antahshira mein diye jaane parr suraksha kii behtar darr dikhaata haye. manushyon mein iska anuvaad karane seey pahale kuchh jokhimon kaa mulyankan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. type 1 madhumeh. bee. see. jee. teeka type 1 madhumeh madhumeh mein adhyayan kiye jaane key praarambhik charan mein haye. covid-19. bee. see. jee. teeke kaa upayog covid-19 key khilaf suraksha pradaan curr sakata haye. haalaanki, iss sambandh mein mahamari vigyaan sambandhi avalokan aspasht hain. joe roktham key liye isake upayog kii sifarish naheen kartaa haye. bees bee. see. jee. pareekshan vibhinn naidaanik charanon mein hain. parinam behad mishrit hain. mahamari seey pahale dou varshon mein teen baar teekaakaran kiye gaye logon koo shamil karate hue 15 maheene key pareekshan mein type 1 madhumeh vaale bee. see. jee.-nive logon mein sankraman koo rokane mein sakaratmak parinam dikhaai dete hain. doosari or, 5 maheene key pareekshan seey pataa chalata haye kii bee. see. jee. key saath phir seey teekaakaran swaasthya karmiyon mein sankraman koo rokane mein madad naheen kartaa haye. donon dohare-andhe yaadrichhik niyantrit pareekshan they.

bcg lasike basilus calmette-guerin (bcg) lasikeyu prathamikavagi kshayarogada (tb) viruddha balasalaaguva lasikeyagide. idara samshoodhakaraada albert calmette mattu camille gerrin avara hesarannu idakke idalaagide. kshayaroga athawa kushtarogavu saamaanyavaagiruva desagalalli, aarogyakara shishugalige jananada nantara saadhyavaadashtu bega ondu doses annu shipharasu maadalaaguttade. kshayarogavu saamaanyavallada pradeshagalalli, hecchina apaayadalliruva makkalige maatra samanyavagi roganirodhaka shakti nidalaaguttade, aadare kshayarogada shankita prakaranagalannu pratyekavagi parikshisalaaguttade mattu chikitse nidalaaguttade. kshayarogavannu hondirada mattu ee hinde roganirodhaka shaktiyannu hondirada, aadare aagaagge oddikolluva vayaskarigoo roganirodhaka shaktiyannu niidabahudu. buruli hunnu sonku mattu itara kshayavallada mycobacterial sonkugala viruddhavoo bii. sii. zii. swalpa parinaamakaaritvavannu hondide. hechchuvariyagi, idannu kelavomme galigulleya cancern chikitseya bhagavagi balasalaaguttade. kshayarogada sonkina viruddha raksaneya pramanavu vyaapakavaagi badalaaguttade mattu raksaneyu 20 varshagalavarege iruttade. makkalalli, idu sumaru 20 pratishatadashtu soonkige olagaaguvudannu tadeyuttade mattu soonkige olagaaguvavaralli, idu ardhadashtu janarannu rogavannu abhivraddhipadisuvudarinda rakshisuttade. lasikeyannu chucchumaddina moolaka charmakke nidalaaguttade. hechchuvari pramanagalu prayojanakaariyaagive embudakke yaavude puravegalilla. gambhira addaparinamagalu aparupa. samanyavagi, chucchumaddina sthaladalli kempu, uuta mattu soumya novu sambhavisuttade. gunavaada nantara swalpa gayagalondige sanna hunnu saha roopugollabahudu. pratirakshana nigraha hondiruvavaralli addaparinamagalu hecchu saamaanyavaagiruttave mattu hecchu tivravagiruttave. bhrunada mele yaavude hanikaraka parinamagalu kandubandillavadaru, bhrunada surakshateya bagge saakashtu puravegalilla. garbhavastheyalli bcg lasike mattu aaddarinda, garbhavastheyalli lasikeyannu balasalu shipharasu madalaguvudilla. ee lasikeyannu moolatah januvarugalalli samanyavagi kandubaruva "mycobacterium bovis" ninda abhivraddhipadisalaagide. idu durbalagondiddaroo, adhu innoo jivantavagide. bcg lasikeyannu modala baarige baarige vaidyakeeyavaagi balasalaayitu. idu vishwa aarogya samstheya agatya aushadhigala pattiyalli seride. ee lasikeyannu jagatikavagi varshakke sumaru 100 dasalaksha makkalige nidalaaguttade. vaidyakeeya balakegalu. kshayaroga. kshayarogada viruddha lasike haakuvudu bcg mukhya balakeyagide. bcg lasikeyannu jananada nantara intradermal aagi niidabahudu. bcg lasikeyu sullu dhanaatmaka mantox parikshege kaaranavaagabahudu. vividha vaidyakeeya prayogagalalli kandubaruva badalaaguva parinaamakaaritvavu bii. sii. zii. yaya atyanta vivaadaatmaka amshavaagide, idu bhougolikateyannu avalambiside. yukeyalli nadesida prayogagalu sthiravaagi shekada 60 rinda 80 rashtu rakshanaatmaka parinaamavannu torisive, aadare berede nadesidavugalu yaavude rakshanaatmaka parinaamavannu torisilla, mattu parinaamakaaritvavu bhoomadhyarekhege hattiravaguttiddante kusiyuttade. 1994rahra vyavasthita vimarseyu bii. sii. zii. yuu kshayarogavannu padeyuva apaayavannu sumaru 50 pratishatadashtu kadime maaduttade endu kanduhididide. janasankhyeyallina aanuvamshika vyatyaasagalu, parisaradallina badalaavanegalu, itara byaaktiriyaada sonkugalige oddikolluvudu mattu lasikeyannu beleyuva prayogaalayadallina paristhitigalu, samskarisalaaguva taligala naduvina aanuvamshika vyatyaasagalu mattu belavanigeya madhyamada ayke muntaada amshagalindaagi parinaamakaaritvadallina vyatyaasagalu pradeshavannu avalambisiruttade. avalambisiruttade nadesida vyavasthita vimarshe mattu meta-vishleshaneyu bcg lasikeyu sonkugalannu 19-27% rashtu kadime maadide mattu sakriya kshayarogakke munnadeyuvikeyannu 71 pratishatadashtu kadime maadide endu toriside. ee vimarsheyalli serisalaada adhyayanagalu interferon gaama bidugade vishleshaneyannu balasida adhyayanagalige simitavagive. bcg raksaneya awadiyu spashtavagi tilidilla. rakshanaatmaka parinaamavannu torisuva aaa adyayanagalalli, dattaamshavu asamanjasavagide. mrc adhyayanavu 15 varshagala nantara raksaneyu 59 pratishatakke mattu 20 varshagala nantara shunyakke ilidide endu toriside; aadaagyoo, 1930 rahra dasakadalli pratirakshane padeda sthaliya americannarannu noduva adhyayanavu pratirakshaneya 60 varshagala nantaravoo raksaneya puraavegalannu kandukondide, parinaamakaaritvadalli swalpa kadimeyagide. pittarasada kshayaroga athawa kshayarogada meningitis annu tadegattuvalli bcg tanna hecchina parinaamavannu toruttade, aaddarinda shvasakoshada kshayarogada viruddha parinaamakaaritvavu teeraa kadime iruva deshagalallu idannu innoo vyaapakavaagi balasalaaguttade. balasalaaguttade bii. sii. zii. yaya 100neey vaarshikotsavavu nadeyitu. idu kshayarogada viruddha paravaanagi padeda ekaika lasikeyagi ulidide, idu nadeyuttiruva saankraamika rogavagide. kshayaroga nirmoolane vishwa aarogya samstheya (etch. oo.) guriyagide, aadaagyoo vayaska shvasakoshada kshayarogada viruddha hecchina parinaamakaaritvavannu hondiruva hosa lasikegala abhivruddhiyu gananeeya pragatiyannu sadhisalu agatyavagabahudu. parinaamakaaritva. vividha desagalalli bcg badalagabahudada parinaamakaaritvakke halavaaru sambhaavya kaaranagalannu prastaapisalaagide. yaavudoo sabitagilla, kelavannu niraakarisalaagide, mattu kadime kshayaroga-horey iruva desagalalli (yuu. ess) mattu hecchina kshayaroga-horey iruva desagalalli (bhaarata) parinaamakaaritvada korateyannu yaaroo vivarisalu sadhyavilla. bii. sii. zii. yaya mele hoo documentinalli badalaaguva parinaamakaaritvada kaaranagalannu sudeerghavaagi charchisalaagide. mycobacteria. bcg kelavu kshayarogavallada mycobacteriagala viruddha rakshanaatmaka parinaamagalannu hondide. cancer. bcg atyanta yashasvi immunotherapygalli ondaagide. bcg lasikeyu lasikeyu "galigulleya cancer (ainmbc) rogigalige gunamattada aaraike" yagide. 2014rahra velege snaayu-aakramanasheelavallada galigulleya cancern chikitsegaagi entu vibhinn biosemiller agentgalu athawa taligalannu balasalaaguttittu. aadalitada vidhana. samanyavagi bii. sii. zii. yannu needuva modalu tuberaculin charmada pariksheyannu nadesalaaguttade. pratikriyaatmaka tuberculin charmada pariksheyu bisijige viruddhachihneyaagiddu, tivravaada sthaliya uriyoota mattu gurutugala apaayadindaagi; idu yaavude pratiraksheyannu suchisuvudilla. aiel-12 grahaka maarga doshagalannu hondiruva kelavu generalli bii. sii. zii. yannu saha virodhisalaaguttade. deltoid annu alavadisidaaga bcgyannu onde intradermal injection aagi nidalaaguttade. bii. sii. zii. yannu aakasmikavaagi subcutaneous aagi niididare, sthaliya hunnu (aa "bii. sii. zii-oma") roopugollabahudu, adhu kelavomme hunnu maadabahudu, mattu takshanave pratijeevakagala chikitseya agatyavirabahudu, illadiddare chikitseyillade adhu sonkannu haradabahudu, idu pramukha angagalige teevra haaniyannuntumaaduttade. baavu yavagalu tappaada nirvahaneyondige sambandha hondiruvudilla, mattu idu lasikeyondige sambhavisabahudaada saamaanya todakugalalli ondaagide. pratijeevakagala moolaka ee hunnugala chikitseya bagge halavaaru vaidyakeeya adhyayanagalannu vividha phalitaamshagalondige maadalaagide, aadare keevu bayasida nantara mattu vishleshisida nantara, yaavude asaamaanya besilliyu illadiddare, hunnu samanyavagi vaaragala avadhiyalli tannashtakke taane gunavaguttade. bcg roganirodhaka elegala lakshanavannu hechchisida gayavannu aagaagge purva roganirodhakada puraaveyaagi balasalaaguttade. ee gayavannu sidubina lasikeyinda pratyekisabeku, adhu holuttade. mootrakooshada cancerge niididaaga, lasikeyannu charmada moolaka chuchchalaguvudilla, aadare mrudu catheter annu balasikondu mootranaalada moolaka mootrakooshakke haakalaaguttade. pratikoola parinamagalu. bcg roganirodhakavu samanyavagi chucchumaddina sthaladalli swalpa novu mattu gurutugalannu untumaaduttade. mukhya pratikoola parinamagalu kelaaydgalu-dodda, ettarisida gurutugalu. deltoid snaayuge alavadisuvikeyannu hechchaagi balasalaaguttade ekendare aaa sthalavannu balasuvaaga sthaliya todakugala pramanavu chikkadaagide. aadaagyoo, prushthavu uttama soundaryavardhaka phalitaamshagalannu odagisuvudarinda idu paryayavada aadalitada sthalavagide. bcg lasikeyannu intradermal aagi niidabeeku. subcutaneous aagi niididare, idu sthaliya sonkannu prachodisabahudu mattu praadeshika dugdharasa granthigalige haradabahudu, idu suppurative (keevu utpaadane) mattu naan suppurative lymphadenitisge kaaranavaaguttade. samanyavagi asahaneeya lymphadenitisge sampradaayavaadi nirvahaneyu saakaaguttade. hirikolluvikeyu sambhavisidare, adakke sooji aspiration agatyavirabahudu. pariharisada hirikolluvikege, shastrachikitseya chedanada agatyavirabahudu. ee todakugala chikitsege puraavegalu viralavagive. asamanyavagi, hematogenous (raktadinda saagisalpaduttade) mattu lymphangiomatus haraduvikeyinda stana mattu glutial hunnugalu sambhavisabahudu. praadeshika moole sonku (bcg osteomyelities athawa austatitis) mattu haraduva bcg sonku bcg lasikeya aparoopada todakugalaagive, aadare sambhaavyavaagi jeevakke apaayakaariyaagive. tivravaada todakugalalli vyavasthita antituberculus chikitseyu sahayakavagabahudu. galigulleya cancerge bcgyannu balasidaaga, chikitse padeda sumaru 2.9% rogigalu jananangada athawa vyavasthita bcg-sambandhita soonkinindaagi roganirodhaka chikitseyannu nillisuttaare, aadaagyoo rogalakshanada galigulleya bcg sonku aagaagge kandubaruttiddaroo, itara angagala olagolluvikeyu tumba aparoopavaagide. vyavasthita olagolluvike sambhavisidaaga, yakruttu mattu shvasakoshagalu parinama beeruva modala angagalaagive (koneya bcg prachodaneya nantara 1 vaara [madhyama]). roganirodhaka shakti kadimeyaada rogige aakasmikavaagi bcgyannu niididare (udaa.zii.tivravaada samyojita roganirodhaka korateyannu hondiruva shishu), idu haraduva athawa jeevakke apayakariyada sonkannu untumaadabahudu. ee ghataneya daakhalita ghataneyu prati dasalakshakke wandakkinta kadime roganirodhakagalannu nidalaagide. nidalaagide, aichvi hondiruva shishugalige bcg shipharasu maaduvudannu nillisidavaru, kshayarogakke oddikolluva apaayavu hechchiddaru saha, haraduva bcg sonkina apaayadindaagi (idu aaa hecchina apaayada sandarbhadalli sandarbhadalli sarisumaaru 400 aagide). balakege. vyaktiya vayassu mattu bcgyannu needuva aavartanavu yavagalu deshadinda deshakke badalaaguttade. prastuta kshayaroga mattu/athawa hecchina kushtarogada horey iruva ellah deshagalige baalyada bcgyannu shipharasu maaduvavaru. idu jagattinaadyantada aitihaasika mattu prastuta bcg abhyaasada bhagashah pattiyagide. hindina mattu prastuta abhyaasada sampoorna atlas annu rachisalaagide. tayaarike. bii. sii. zii. yannu manushyaralli rogavannu untumaaduva saamarthyavannu kaledukondiruva "mycobacterium bovis" emba kshinagonda (virus-kadime) jeevanta bovin tuberaculosis byasilasninda tayaarisalaaguttade. idannu visheshavaagi samskruti madhyamadalli upasamskarane maadalaaguttade, samanyavagi middlebrook 7h9. ekendare jeevanta besilliyu labhyaviruva poshakaamshagalannu atyuttamavagi balasalu vikasanagolluttade, avu manava raktakke kadime hondikolluttave mattu manava aatitheyakke parichayisidaaga rogavannu prachodisuvudilla. aadaroo, avu tamma kaadu poorvajarannu holuttave mattu manavana kshayarogada viruddha svalpamattige pratirakshaneyannu odagisuttave. 15 varshagala avadhiyavarege kshayarogavannu tadegattuvalli bcg lasikeyu 0 rinda 80 pratishatadashtu parinaamakaariyaagabahudu; aadaagyoo, adara rakshanaatmaka parinaamavu bhougolikate mattu lasikeya tali belesida prayogaalayakke anugunavagi badalaaguttade. halavaaru vividha kampanigalu bcgyannu tayaarisuttave, kelavomme byaaktiriyaada vividha aanuvamshika taligalannu balasuttave. idu utpannada vibhinn gunalakshanagalige kaaranavaagabahudu. mootrakooshada cancerge mootrakooshada ubbuhaakuvikege balasalaaguva ancotise annu arganon prayogaalayagalu abhivraddhipadisidavu (nantara skerring-plouninda swadhinapadisikondavu, mattu merck & koo swadhinapadisikondavu.). idhe reetiya anvayavu brazilian substrain emm annu hondiruva palish kampaniya biomed-lublin onko bcg utpannavaagide. itara bcg taligalu seridante lasikegaliginta kadime pratikriyaatmakavaagiruva bovis bcg morov. montrial (institute armond-fropier) taligalinda tayaarisida paces bcgyannu modala baarige eurocar eurocar marata maaditu. eurocar annu nantara dianon vyavasthegalu swadhinapadisikondavu. evance lasikegalu (pudi project pharmaceuticalsna angasamsthe). denmarkn marukattegalalli stattons seeram samstheyu danish tali 1331 annu balasikondu tayaarisida bcg lasikeyannu sthaapiside. japan bcg prayogaalayavu pasteur bcg tokio 172 substrain annu aadharisi tanna lasikeyannu vishvadaadyanta 50 desagalalli marata maaduttade. december bagge prakatavaada unicef varadiya prakara, bcg lasike puraike bhadrateya bagge, bagge jagatika bedikeyu bedikeyu 123rinda dasalakshakke airitu. bhadrateyannu sudharisalu mattu kaigetakuva mattu hondikolluva puraikeya moolagalannu [vaividhyagolisalu], unicef bcgyannu utpaadisalu elu hosa tayaarakara oppandagalannu needitu. astitvadalliruva tayaarakarinda puraike labhyate mattu "purva arha lasike hondiruva hosa" ottu puraikeyu puraikeyu 2015rahra ottadavannuntumadida bedike mattu 2016-2018 moolaka ottu munsuchaneya bedike eradannoo puraisalu saakaaguttade"." puraikeya korate. korate, sanofi pasteur sthaavaravu pravaahakke silukitu, idu acchugala samasyegalige kaaranavaayitu. kenadaada ontaariyoda torontodalliruva ee soulabhyavu, kshayarogada lasike mattu bcg immunotherapeutic mattu galigulleya cancer aushadhiyaada immusistnantaha substrain konatninda tayaarisida bcg lasike utpannagalannu utpaadisitu. 2012rahra april velege eff. dii. aa. yuu sasyadalli banjetana, goodukattuva pakshigalu mattu tukku hidida vidyut vaahakagalu seridante dajangattale daakhalita samasyegalannu kanduhididide. eradu varshagala kaala ee sthaavaravannu muchchida parinaamavaagi galigulleya cancer mattu kshayarogada lasikegala korate untaayitu. 2014rahra october october aarogya kenadaavu sanophige bcg utpaadaneyannu punaraarambhisalu anumati needitu. jagatika puraikeya 2018rahra vishleshaneyu, bcg lasikeya bedikeya munsuchaneyannu puraisalu puraikegalu saakashtive endu tirmaaniside, aadare korateya apayagalu ulidive, mukhyavaagi kevala ibbaru puraikedaarara mele purva-arha pooraikeyannu hondiruva 75 pratishatadashtu avalambitavagide. onagisi. kelavu bcg lasikegalannu freeze maadi onagisalaaguttade mattu sukshma pudiyaguttave. kelavomme pudiyannu gaajina ampulenalli nirvatadinda muchchalaaguttade. gaaliya harivu pudiyannu horahaakuvudannu tadeyalu antaha gaajina ampule annu nidhaanavaagi tereyabeku. nantara chucchumaddina modalu pudiyannu lavanayukta nirininda durbalagolisabeku. itihaasa. bcg itihaasavu sidubina itihaasadondige sambandha hondide. 1865rahra hottige zeane antoin villemin molagalu manushyarinda kshayarogadinda soonkige olagaagabahudu endu torisikottanu; 1868rahra hottige molagalu hasugalinda kshayarogadinda soonkige olagaagabahudu mattu molagalu itara molagalinda kshayarogadinda soonkige olagaagabahudu endu kanduhididanu. heegaagi, kshayarogavu kelavu gurutisalagada sookshmajeevigala moolaka haraduttade endu avaru tirmaanisidaru (athawa avaru adannu "virus" endu karedaru). karedaru) robbert koch manava mattu govina kshayarogavannu onde endu pariganisidaru. aadare aadare, theobald smith avaru manava mattu govina kshayarogagala naduvina vyatyaasagalannu prastutapadisidaru, adannu avaru kochge varadi maadidaru. 1901rahra hottige koch "mycobacterium bovis" annu "mycobacterium tuberaculosis" ninda pratyekisidaru. 18neey shatamaanadalli sthaapaneyaada sidubannu tadegattuvalli lasikeya yashassina nantara, vignaanigalu govina kshayaroga mattu coupox naduve samaanaantaravannu chithrisuva moolaka kshayarogadalli parinaamavannu kanduhidiyalu yochisidaru govina kshayarogada sonkininda manava kshayarogada sonkininda rakshisabahudu endu uhisalaagide. 19neey shatamaanada koneyalli, "m" annu balasikondu clinical prayogagalu nadedavu. bovis annu italyalli vinashakari phalitaamshagalondige nadesalaayitu, ekendare "m. bovis "emm" nashte vishakaariyaagide endu kandubandide. kshayaroga ". french vaidya mattu bacteriologist albert calmette mattu avara sahayaka mattu nantara sahodyogi, pashuvaidyaraada camille guerin, 1908 ralli institute paceture dii lille (lille, france) nalli kelasa maaduttiddaru. avara kelasavu kshayarogada basilusna vishakaari taligalannu upasamskarane maaduvudu mattu vividha samskruti madhyamagalannu parikshisuvudannu olagondittu. glycerine-pittarasa-aloogaddeya mishranavu kadime vishakariyagi kaanuttidda besilliyannu belesuvudannu avaru gamanisidaru mattu punaraavartita upasamskaraneyu lasikeyagi balasalu pariganisuvashtu ksheenisida taliyannu utpaadisuttadeye endu nodalu tamma samshoodhaneya haadiyannu badalaayisidaru. glycerine alugedde madhyamada mele vishakaari ottadadinda 13 varsagalalli 239 baari upasamskarane maadida nantara bcg taligalannu pratyekisalaayitu. pratyekisalaayitu modalaneya mahayuddhaduddakku ee samshoodhaneyu munduvariyitu, aaga eega hulukullaada besilliyu samshodhanaa pranigalalli kshayarogavannu untumaadalu sadhyavagalilla. calmette mattu gerrin gerrin paris pasteur institutege vargaavaneyaayitu. bcg lasikeyannu modala baarige baarige manavaralli balasalaayitu. saarvajanika sweekaaravu nidhaanavaagittu, mattu visheshavaagi, lubec durantavu adakke haaniyannuntumaaditu. 1929 mattu 1933rahra naduve, lubeknalli, jeevanada modala 10 dinagalli 251 shishugalige lasike haakalaayitu; 173 shishugalige kshayarogavu kaanisikonditu mattu 72 sisugalu saavannappidavu. allie niidalaada bcg adhe incubatornalli sangrahisalaaguttidda vishakaari taligalinda kalushitavaagide endu taruvaaya kanduhidiyalaayitu, idu lasikeya tayaarakara viruddha kaanoonu kramakke kaaranavaayitu. daa. aarr. zii. saskaatchevaannalliruva fort kwapelle aarogyadhaamadalli kelasa maaduttidda fergusson, kshayarogada viruddha lasike haakuva abhyasavannu abhivraddhipadisuvalli munchooniyalliddaru. kenadaadalli, vasati shalegala shalegala hecchu makkalannu 1933 mattu 1945rahra naduve bcg lasike prayogagalalli anaichchikavaagi bhagavahisalu balasalaayitu. balasalaayitu, bcgyannu leigh off nations (vishwa aarogya samsthe (yaaru) yaya purvavarti) aarogya samitiyu alavadisikonditu. aadaagyoo, virodhadindagi, idu eradane mahayuddhada nantarave vyaapakavaagi balasalpattitu. balasalpattitu 1945rinda, parihara samsthegalu (antaaraashtriya kshayaroga abhiyana athawa junty udyamagalu) purva europnalli entu dashalakshakku hecchu shishugalige lasike haakidavu mattu ondu dodda yuddhada nantara kshayarogada uhisalpatta saamaanya hechchalavannu tadedavu. makkala vayomanadavaralli kshayarogada meningitis viruddha bcg bahala parinaamakaariyaagide, aadare shvasakoshada kshayarogada viruddha adara parinaamakaaritvavu badalaaguvante toruttade. kelavu deshagalu bcgyannu vaadikeya lasikeyinda tegeduhaakive. idannu endigoo vaadikeyante balasada eradu deshagalu united states mattu netherlands (eradoo desagalalli, vishvasarha mantox pariksheyannu nadesuvudu mattu aaddarinda sakriya rogavannu nikharavaagi pattehachchalu saadhyavaaguvudu samajakke hecchu prayojanakaariyaagide endu bhaavisalaagide. itara hesarugalalli "vaxine biliye dii calmette ett guerin lasike" mattu "basil dii calmette ett guerin lasike" serive. samshoodhane. kadime aadaayada desagalalli ottare maranada mele bcg lasikeya prayojanakaari nirdishtavallada parinamakke athawa munchitavaagi niididaaga sepsis mattu usiraatada sonkugalu seridante itara aarogya samasyegalannu kadime maadalu, adannu modale balasidaaga hecchina prayojanadondige taatkaalika puraavegalu astitvadallive. reasus makakgalalli, bcgyannu intravenous aagi niididaaga, adhu raksaneya sudhaarita pramaanavannu torisuttade. kelavu apayagalannu manushyarige bhashantarisuva modalu moulyamaapana maadabeku. type 1 madhumeha. bii. sii. zii. lasikeyu type 1 diabetisnalli diabetisnalli adhyayanada arambhika hantadallide. covid-19. bcg lasikeya balakeyu balakeyu viruddha raksaneyannu odagisabahudu. aadaagyoo, ee nittinalli saankraamika rogashaastrada avalokanagalu aspashtavagive. tadegattuvikegaagi adara balakeyannu yaaru shipharasu maduvudilla. ippattu bcg prayogagalu vividha vaidyakeeya hantagalallive. phalitaamshagalu atyanta mishravaagive. saankraamika rogada modalu eradu varsagalalli mooru baari lasike haakida janarannu olagonda 15 tingala prayogavu type 1 madhumeha hondiruva bcg-nive generalli sonkannu tadegattuvalli sakaaraatmaka phalitaamshagalannu torisuttade. mattondede, 5 tingala prayogavu bisijiyondige maru-lasike haakuvudarinda aarogya kaaryakartaralli sonkannu tadeyalu sahaaya maduvudilla endu torisuttade. iveradoo double-blind yaadruchchika niyantrita prayogagalaagiddavu.

bisiji vaxine kshayarogathinethire (tibi) praadhamikamaayi upayogikkunna oru vaaksinaan basilus kaalmett-guerine (bisiji) vaxine. athinte kandupiduthakkaraya albert kaalmettinteyum kaamili gyoorinteyum perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. kshayarogamo kushtarogamo saadhaaranamaaya rajyangalil, aarogyamulla kunjungalil jananashesham ethrayum vegam oru doses shupaarsha cheiyunnu. kshayarogam saadhaaranamallaatha pradeshangalil, uyarnna apakadasaadyathayulla kuttikalkk maathrame saadhaaranayaayi prathirodha kuthivayppu nalkoo, athesamayam kshayarogam undennu samshayikkunna kesukal vyakthigathamayi parisodhikkukayum chikilsikkukayum cheiyunnu. kshayarogam illaathavarum munbu prathirodha kuthivayppu edukkaathavarum ennaal idaykkide rogavyaapanathin vidheyaraakunnavarumaaya muthirnnavarkkum prathirodha kuthivayppu nalkaam. buruli alsar anubaadhaykkum mattu noonn tuberculus micobacterial anubaadhakalkkumethire bii. sii. jick kurachu falapraapthiyundu. koodaathe, ithu chilappol moothrasanchi kaansarinte chikilsayude bhaagamaayi upayogikkunnu. kshayaroga anubaadhaykkethiraaya samrakshana nirakk vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu, samrakshanam 20 varsham vare neendunilkkum. kuttikalkkidayil ithu ekadesham 20 sathamaanam pere rogabaadhitharaakunnathil ninnu thadayunnu, rogabaadhitharaakunnavaril ithu pakuthiyeyum rogam vikasikkunnathil ninnu samrakshikkunnu. charmmathilekku kuthivayppiloodeyaanu vaxine nalkunnathu. adhika dosukal prayojanakaramaanennu thelivukalonnumilla. gurutharamaaya paarshwafalangal apoorvamaanu. palappozhum, kuthivayppu nadatthiya sthalathu chuvapp, veekkam, neriya vedana enniva sambhavikkunnu. sukhappettathinushesham chila paadukalulla oru cheria alsar roopappedaam. paarshwafalangal kooduthal saadhaaranavum rogaprathirodhasheshi kuranjavaril kooduthal kadinavumaanu. garbhapindatthil doshakaramaaya phalangalonnum nireekshikkappettillettim, garbhapindatthinte surakshayekkurich mathiyaya thelivukalilla. garbhaavasthayil bisiji prathirodha kuthivayppu, athinaal, garbhaavasthayil upayogikkaan shupaarsha cheiyunnilla. kannukaalikalil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunna "micobacterium bovis" ll ninnaan eee vaxine aadyam vikasippicheduthath. durbalamaayengilum athu ippozhum sajeevamaan. maatti bisiji vaxine aadyamaayi vaidyashaasthraparamaayi upayogichathu. ithu lokaarogya samghadanayude avashya marunnukalude pattikayil ulppedunnu. aagolathalathil prathivarsham ekadesham 100 dasalaksham kuttikalkkaanu vaxine nalkunnathu. medical upayogangal. kshayarogam. kshayarogathinethiraaya prathirodha kuthivayppinaanu bcjiyude pradhana upayogam. bisiji vaxine jananathinushesham intradermaly aayi nalkaam. bisiji prathirodha kuthivayppu thettaaya positteev mantox parishodhanaykk kaaranamakum. bhoomishaasthrathe aashrayichirikkunna vividha klinikkal pareekshanangalil kaanapedunna variable falapraapthiyaanu bcjiyude ettavum vivaadaparamaaya vasham. yukeyil nadatthiya pareekshanangal sthiramaayi 60 muthal 80 sathamaanam vare samrakshana phalam kaanikkunnundengilum mattidangalil nadathiyava samrakshana phalam kaanichittilla, koodaathe bhoomadhyarekhayodu adukkumbol falaprapti kurayunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. kaanapedunnu oru chittayaya avalokanathil bisiji kshayarogam varaanulla saadhyatha 50 sathamaanam kuraykkunnathaayi kandethi. janasamkhyayile janithaka vyathyaasangal, paristhithiyile mattangal, mattu bacteria anubaadhakalkk vidheyamaakal, vaxine valarunna laborattariyile avastha, samskarikkunna strainukalum valarchaa maadhyamathinte thiranjeduppum thammilulla janithaka vyathyaasangal enniva ulppedeyulla gadakangal kaaranam falapraapthiyile vyathyaasangal pradeshathe aasrayichirikkunnu. 2014ll nadatthiya chittayaya avalokanavum mettaa vishakalanavum bisiji vaxine anubaadhaye 19-27% kuraykkukayum sajeevamaaya kshayarogathilekkulla purogathi 71 sathamaanam kuraykkukayum cheythuvennu theliyichu. eee avalokanathil ulppeduthiyittulla padanangal interferon gaama release aseh upayogichavayil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. bcjiyude samrakshana kaalayalav vyakthamaayi ariyilla. samrakshana prabhavam kaanikkunna padanangalil, daatta asthiramaanu. emrc patanam kaanikkunnath 15 varshathinusesham samrakshanam 59 sathamaanamaayum 20 varshathinusesham poojyamaayum kuranjuvennu; ennirunnaalum, 1930-kalil prathirodha kuthivayppu nadatthiya thaddesheeya amerikkakkaare nokkunna oru padanatthil prathirodha kuthivayppu kazhinju 60 varshathinu sheshavum samrakshanathinte thelivukal kandethi, falapraapthiyil cheria kuravu maathram. milliary tuberculosis allengil tuberculosis meninchaitis thadayunnathil bysigic ettavum valia falamundennu thonnunnu, athinaal shwaasakosha kshayarogathinethiraaya falaprapti valare kurravulla rajyangalil polum ithu ippozhum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. bcjiyude nooram vaarshikam 2021-layirunnu. kshayarogathinethire licensulla eaka vaxine ithaanu, ithu oru pakarchavyaadhiyaanu. kshayaroga nirmmarjanam lokaarogya samghadanayude (aarr) oru lakshyamaanu, ennirunnaalum muthirnnavarude shwaasakosha kshayarogathinethire kooduthal falapraapthiyulla puthiya waxinukal vikasippikkunnath ganyamaaya purogathi kaivarikkendathundu. falaprapti. vividha rajyangalil bcjiyude variable falapraapthikkulla niravadhi kaaranagal nirddeshikkappettittund. kshayarogam kuranja raajyangalilum (yuu. ezz) uyarnna kshayarogam baadhicha raajyangalilum (india) falapraapthiyude abhavam vishadeekarikkaan arcum kazhiyilla, chilath theliyikkappettittilla, chilath nishedhikkappettittund. bcjiyile huu documentil variable falapraapthiyude kaaranagal vishadamaayi charcha cheythittundu. micobacteria. chila noonn-tuberculosis micobacteriakalkkethire bysigic samrakshana falangalundu. kyaansar. ettavum vijayakaramaya rogaprathirodha chikilsakalilonnaanu bisiji. 1977 muthal "moothraashaya cancer (enmbc) rogikalkkulla paricharanatthinte maanadandamaanu bisiji vaxine. 2014 aayappozhekkum noonn-massal-invasive moothraashaya kaansarinte chikilsaykkaayi ettu vyathyastha biosemiller ejantukalo strainukaloo upayogichu. bharana reethi. bisiji nalkunnathinumumbu saadhaaranayaayi oru tuberculin charmma parisodhana nadathunnu. oru reactive tuberculin charmma parisodhana gurutharamaaya praadeshika veekkavum paadukalum undakanulla saadhyatha kaaranam bysigic oru virudhachihnamaanu; ithu prathirodhasheshiye soochippikkunnilla. ail-12 risapttar pathway vaikalyangalulla chila aalukalilum bisiji virudhamaanu. deltoid ulppeduthumbol orotta intradermal injectionaayi bisiji nalkunnu. abadhathil bii. sii. jii. subcutanus aayi nalkiyaal, chilappol alsarettu cheyyaavunna oru praadeshika kurukkal (oru "bii. sii. jii-omaa") roopappedaam, koodaathe udan thanne antibioticukal upayogichu chikitsa aavashyamaayi vannekkaam, allengil chikilsayillaathe anubadha padarukayum supradhana avayavangalkk gurutharamaaya kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheyyum. oru kuruk ellaayppozhum thettaaya paripalanavumaayi bandhappettirikkilla, ithu prathirodha kuthivayppiloode sambhavikkaavunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya sankeernathakalilonnaanu. antibioticukal upayogichu eee kurukkal chikilsikkunnathinekkurathu niravadhi medical padanangal vyathyastha falangalumaayi nadathiyittundu, ennaal pazhuppu aspirated cheyyukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheythaal, asaadhaaranamaaya basilli illengil, kuruk saadhaaranayaayi aazhchakalkkullil svayam sukhappedum ennathaanu samavayam. bisiji rogaprathirodham elakal uyarthunna swabhaavasavisheshatha palappozhum munkoor rogaprathirodhathinte thelivaayi upayogikkunnu. eee vadu vasuri prathirodha kuthivayppil ninnu verthirichariyanam, athu saamyamullathaayirikkam. moothrasanchi cancerinu nalkumbol, vaxine charmmatthiloode kuthivaykkunnilla, marichu mriduvaaya katheettar upayogichu moothranaaliyiloode moothrasanchil kuthivaykkunnu. prathikoola phalangal. bisiji prathirodha kuthivayppu saadhaaranayaayi kuthivayppu nadatthiya sthalathu kurachu vedana paadukalum undaakkunnu. pradhana prathikoola phalangal keloidukalaanu-valia, uyarnna paadukal. deltoid peshiyil ulppeduthunnathu mikkappozhum upayogikkunnu, kaaranam aaa saitt upayogikkumbol praadeshika sankeernnatha nirakk cheruthaanu. ennirunnaalum, mikacha soundaryavardhaka phalangal nalkunnathinaal nithambam oru badal niyanthrana sthalamaanu. bisiji vaxine intradermaly nalkanam. subcutanus aayi nalkiyaal, ithu praadeshika anubaadhaykk kaaranamaakukayum praadeshika lymph nodukalilekku vyaapikkukayum cheyyum, ithu suppurative (pazhuppu uthppaadippikkal), nonsappuretteev lymphadenitis ennivaykku kaaranamakum. nonsaptetteevu lymphadenitisinu saadhaaranayaayi yaadhaasthithika maanejment mathiyakum. sappureshan sambhavikkukayaanenkil, athinu soochi aaspireshan aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. pariharikkappedaatha sappureshanu vendi, sasthrakriya aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. eee sankeernathakalude chikilsaykkulla thelivukal viralamaan. asaadhaaranamaayi, hematogenous (raktham vahikkunna), lymphangiomatus vyaapanam enniva kaaranam sthanathilum glutyalilum kurukkal sambhavikkam. praadeshika asthi anubadhayum (bisiji austiomyelitis allengil austaitis) pracharippicha bisiji anubadhayum bisiji prathirodha kuthivayppinte apoorva sankeernathakalaanu, pakshe jeevanu bheeshaniyaanu. gurutharamaaya sankeernathakalkku systemic antituberculus therapy sahaayakamaayekkaam. moothraashaya arbudathinu bisiji upayogikkumbol, chikilsikkappedunna rogikalil ekadesham 2.9% perum janithaka allengil systemic bcjiyumaayi bandhapetta anubadha kaaranam rogaprathirodha chikitsa nirtthunnu, ennirunnaalum rogalakshanamulla moothraashaya bisiji anubadha pathivayi undaakumbol, mattu avayavangalude edapedal valare apoorvamaanu. systemic edapedal sambhavikkumbol, karalineyum shwaasakoshatheyum aadyam badhikkunna avayavangalaanu (avasana bisiji instileshanushesham orazhcha [median]). oru rogaprathirodha sheshi kuranja rogikk abadhathil bisiji nalkiyaal (udha.jii.gurutharamaaya samyojitha rogaprathirodakkuravulla oru sisuvinu), ithu pakarunnatho jeevanu bheeshaniyaakunnatho aaya anubaadhaykk kaaranamakum. ithu sambhavikkunnathinte rekhappeduthappetta sambhavangal nalkunna prathirodha kuthivayppukalil oru dashalakshathil thaazhe maathramaan. 2007ll, kshayarogam varaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanengilum, echuaivi baadhicha sisukkalkku bisiji shupaarsha cheiyunnathu nirtthiyavar, kaaranam bisiji anubaadhayude apakadasaadhyatha (aaa uyarnna apakadasaadhyatha pashchaathalatthil 100,000 ll ekadesham 400). upayogam. vyakthiyude praayavum bisiji nalkunna aavruthiyum ellaayppozhum oro rajyathinum vyathyasthamaan. shayarogavum koodaathe/allengil uyarnna kushtaroga bharamullah ellah rajyangalkkum nilavil kuttikkaalatthe bisiji shupaarsha cheiyunnavar. lokamembaadumulla charitraparavum nilavilullathumaaya bisiji parisheelanatthinte bhagika pattikayaanith. bhoothakaalathinteyum varthamaanakaalathinteyum samboornna atlas srishtikkappettittundu. nirmmaanam. manushyaril rogam undakkaanulla kazhivu nashtappetta "micobacterium bovis" enna sajeeva bowine tuberculosis baasilasinte oru vakabhedathil ninnaan bisiji thayyarakkunnathu. saadhaaranayaayi middlebrook 7h9 enna oru saamskaarika maadhyamathil ithu prathyekamaayi upasamskaaram cheyyappedunnu. labhyamaya poshakangal mikacha reethiyil upayogikkunnathinu jeevichirikkunna baasillikal vikasikkunnathinaal, avaa manushya rakthavumayi nannayi poruthappedunnilla, koodaathe oru manushya aathidheyanil avatharippikkumbol rogathe prerippikkaan kazhiyilla. ennirunnaalum, manushya kshayarogathinethire oru paridhivare prathirodhasheshi nalkunnathinu avayude vanya poorvvikarumaayi saamyamullavayaan. 15 varshathekku kshayarogam thadayunnathil bisiji vaxine 0 muthal 80 sathamaanam vare falapradamaanu; ennirunnaalum, bhoomishaasthrathinum vaxine vakabhedam valarthiya labin anusarichu athinte samrakshana prabhavam vyathyaasappedunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. niravadhi vyathyastha kambanikal bisiji nirmmikkunnu, chilappol bacteriayude vyathyastha janithaka vakabhedangal upayogikkunnu. ithu vyathyastha uthppanna savisheshathakalkk kaaranamaayekkam. moothraashaya arbudathinu moothraashayathil kuthivayppinaayi upayogikkunna aungotis oorgaanon laborattarikalaanu vikasippicheduthath (shering-ploo etteduthathinushesham, merck & qoo swanthamaakki.). brazilian substrain emm udamasthathayilulla poolish kambaniyaaya biomed-lublinte oongoo bcjiyude ulppannamaanu samanamaaya oru aaplikkeshan. mattu bisiji strainukal ulppedeyulla vaaksinukale apekshichu reactogenic kurravulla bovis bisiji morau. montriyal (instittyoott armand-frapier) vakabhedathil ninnu nirmmicha paces bisiji aadyamaayi vipananam cheythath 2002 ll eurocoranu. athinusesham dianon sistangalaanu eurocor svanthamaakkiyathu. evans waxinukal (poudarjakt faarmasyoottikkalsinte oru anubandha sthaapanam). denmarkile staattans serem instittyoott danish strain 1331 upayogichu thayyarakkiya bisiji vaxine vipaniyilethikkunnu. lokamembaadumulla 50 rajyangalil jappan bisiji laborattari athinte vaxine, pasture bcjiyude tokkiyo 172 substraine adisthaanamaakki vipananam cheiyunnu. 2015 desemberil prasidheekaricha unicefinte report anusarichu, bisiji vaxine vitharana surakshayekkurich, 2015 ll aagola aavasyam 123 ll ninnu 152.2 dasalaksham dosukalaayi uyarnnu. suraksha mechappeduthunnathinum thaangavunnathum vazhakkamullathumaya vitharanathinte srothassukal [vaividhyavalkkarikkunnathum], "unicef bisiji uthppaadippikkunnathin ezhu puthiya nirmmaathaakkalkk karaarukal nalki. nilavilulla nirmmaathaakkalil ninnulla vitharana labhyathaykkum "munkootty yogyathayulla oru puthiya vaxine" kkum oppam motham vitharanam "2016 vare adichamarthappetta 2015 leeii aavasyavum 2016-2018 vazhiyulla motham pravachana aavasyavum niravettaan mathiyakum"." vitharanakkurav. 2011ll sanofi pasture plaant vellappokkathil mungi, ithu pooppal prasnamundaakki. kaanadayile ontaariyoyile torrentoyil sthithi cheiyunna eee kendram, kshayaroga vaxine, bisiji immunotherapic, bladder cancer marunnaaya immusist thudangiya substrain konot upayogichu nirmmicha bisiji vaxine uthppannangal nirmmichu. 2012 eprilode pooppal, koodundaakkunna pakshikal, thurumbulla vaidyutha kuzhikal ennivayulppede plaantile vandhyathayumayi bandhapetta dussen kanakkinu rekhakal eph. dii. eiii kandethi. rund varshathilereyaayi plaant adachupoottiyathinethundar moothrasanchi cancerinteyum kshayaroga vaaksinukaludeyum kuravu undaayi. 2014 october october health canada sanofiykk bcjiyude uthpaadanam punaraarambhikkaan anumathi nalki. aagola vitharanathekurichulla 2018 leeii vishakalanam, pravachanam bisiji vaxine aavasyam niravettaan supplies paryaapthamaanennu nigamanam cheythu, ennaal kshaamatthinte apakadasadhyathakal nilanilkkunnu, pradhaanamaayum rund vitharanakkaare maathram pree-yogyathayulla 75 sathamaanam vitharanakkaare aashrayikkunnath moolamaanu. unangiyathaan. chila bisiji waxinukal freeze cheyth unakki nalla podiyaayi maarunnu. chilappol podi oru glass aampoolil vaakvam upayogichu adaykkunnu. vaayu podi puratthekku ozhukunnathu thadayaan atharamoru glass ampool pathukke thurakkendathundu. kuthivaykkunnathinu munbu podi uppuvellathil layippikkanam. charithram. bcjiyude charithram vasuri rogavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 1865 aayappozhekkum jeane aantoyin villemin muyalukalkk manushyaril ninnu kshayarogam baadhikkaamenn theliyichirunnu; 1868 aayappozhekkum muyalukalkk pashukkalil ninnu kshayarogam baadikkaamennum muyalukalkk mattu muyalukalil ninnu kshayarogam baadikkaamennum addeham kandethi. angane, kshayarogam pakarunnath chila anjjaatha sookshumaanukkaliloodeyaanu (allengil addeham athine "vairas" ennu vilikkunnathupole) ennu addeham nigamanam cheythu. 1882ll roobert coach manushyan kannukaalikalum kshayarogam orepole kanakkakki. ennaal 1895-ll theobald smith manushyan kannukaali shayarogavum thammilulla vyathyaasangal avatharippikkukayum athu addeham kochinodu report cheyyukayum cheythu. 1901 aayappozhekkum coach "micobacterium bovis" neey "micobacterium tuberculosis" ll ninnu verthirichu. pathinettaam noottaandil sthaapithamaaya vasuri thadayunnathil prathirodha kuthivayppinte vijayathethudarnnu, bowine tuberculosis kaupoksum thammil samaantharamaayi varachukondu kshayarogathil oru anantharafalamundaakkaan shaasthranjar chinthichu bowine tuberculosis anubadha manushya kshayaroga anubaadhayil ninnu samrakshikkumennu anumanikkappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, "emm" upayogichulla klinikkal pareekshanangal. italiyil bovis "vinashakaramaaya falangalumaayi" nadathappettu, kaaranam "emm. bovis "emm" pole thanne vairal aanennu kandethi. kshayarogam ". franch vaidyan baakteeriyolajistumaaya albert kaalmettum addehathinte sahayiyum pinneedu sahapravarthakanumaaya mrugadoktaraaya kaamili guerinum 1908 ll instittyoott pasture dii lille (lillie, france) jolie cheiyukayaayirunnu. avarude pravarthanangalil kshayarogam baasilasinte vairalant strainukal upakrishi cheiyunnathum vividha saamskaarika maadyamangal parisodhikkunnathum ulppedunnu. glycerine-byle-urulakkizhangu misritham kuranja vairalayi thonnunna basilli valarthiyathayi avar shradhikkukayum aavarthichulla upakrishi oru vaaxinaayi upayogikkaan paryapthamaaya oru strain uthpaadippikkumo ennu parisodhikkaan avarude gaveshanathinte gathi maattukayum cheythu. glycerine urulakkizhangu maadhyamathil vairal strain moolam 13 varshathinide 239 thavana upakrishi cheythathinu sheshamaan bisiji strain verthirichathu. 1919 vare onnaam lokamahaayudhathiludaneelam gaveshanam thudarnnu, ippol parukkan baasillikalkk gaveshana mrugangalil kshayarogam undakkaan kazhinjilla. 1919ll kaalmettum guerinum paarees pasture instittyoottilekk maatti. maatti bisiji vaxine aadyamaayi manushyaril upayogichathu. pothujanangalude sveekaaryatha mandagathiyilaayirunnu, prathyekichu lubec durantham athine doshakaramaayi baadhichu. baadhichu 1929num idayil lubeckil jeevithathinte aadya 10 divasathinullil 251 sisukkalkku prathirodha kuthivayppu nalki; 173 perkku kshayarogam baadikkukayum 72 perr marikkukayum cheythu. avide nalkia bisiji athe inkubettaril sookshichirunna vairal strain malinamakkiyathaayi pinneedu kandethi, ithu vaxine nirmmaathaakkalkkethire niyamanadapadikalkku kaaranamaayi. doow. aarr. jii. suscatchevanile fort kyu 'appelle aarogyakendrathil jolie cheiyunna ferguson kshayarogathinethiraaya prathirodha kuthivayppu vikasippikkunnathil munnirayilundaayirunnu. kaanadayil, residential skoolukalil ninnulla 600 ladhikam kuttikale 1933 num 1945 num idayil bisiji vaxine pareekshanangalil swamedhayaa pankedukkunnavaraayi upayogichu. 1928 ll bcj leag oof neshansinte (lokaarogya samghadanayude (aarr) mungamiyaaya) aarogya samiti sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, ethirppu kaaranam, randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham maathramaan ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogichathu. 1945 muthal 1948 vare, durithaashwaasa samghadanakal (anthaaraashtra kshayaroga kaambeyn allengil samyuktha samrambhangal) kizhakkan europile ettu dashalakshathiladhikam kunjungalkku prathirodha kuthivayppu nalkukayum oru valia yudhathinu sesham kshayarogathinte saadhaarana vardhanavu thadayukayum cheythu. pediatric praayathilullavaril tuberculus meninchittisinethire bisiji valare falapradamaanu, ennaal pulmonary tuberculosisinethiraaya athinte falaprapti vyathyasappettathaayi kaanapedunnu. chila rajyangal saadhaarana prathirodha kuthivayppukalil ninnu bcj neekkam cheythittundu. america netherland (iru raajyangalilum, vishwasaneeyamaaya oru mantox parisodhana nadathunnathum athinaal sajeevamaaya rogam krithyamaayi kandethaan kazhiyunnathum ippol thaarathamyena apoorvamaaya oru avasthaykkethire prathirodha kuthivayppu edukkunnathinekkaal samoohathinu kooduthal gunam cheiyumennu thonnunnu). vaxine biliye dii kaalmett ettu guerine vaxine", "baasille dii kaalmett ettu guerine vaxine" ennivayaanu mattu perukal. gaveshanam. kuranja varumaanamulla raajyangalile mothatthilulla marananirakkil bisiji prathirodha kuthivayppinte prayojanakaramaaya nirddishtamallaatha phalathinu allengil neratthe nalkumbol sepsis, shwaasakosha anubadhakal ennivayulppedeyulla mattu aarogya prasnangal kuraykkunnathinu thaalkkaalika thelivukal nilavilundu, neratthe upayogikkunnathinu kooduthal prayojanam labikkum. reases makkaakkukalil, bii. sii. jii. sirakaliloode nalkumbol mechappetta samrakshana nirakk kaanikkunnu. manushyarilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnathinumumbu chila apakadasadhyathakal vilayiruthendathundu. type 1 prameham. bii. sii. jii vaxine type 1 pramehathil pramehathil padikkunnathinte prarambha ghattathilaanu. covid-19. bisiji vaxine upayogam covid-19 ll ninnu samrakshanam nalkiyekkaam. ennirunnaalum, eee kaaryatthil epidemiological nireekshanangal avyakthamaanu. prathirodhatthinaayi ithu upayogikkaan shupaarsha cheyyaathavar. irupathu bisiji pareekshanangal vividha klinikkal gattangalilaanu. , phalangal valare sammisramaanu. pakarchavyaadhikku rund varshathinide moonnu thavana kuthivaypu edutha aalukal ulppedunna 15 maasathe trial type 1 pramehamulla bisiji-naivu aalukalil anubadha thadayunnathil nalla phalangal kaanikkunnu. maruvashathu, bisiji upayogichu veendum prathirodha kuthivayppu edukkunnathu aarogya pravartthakaril anubadha thadayaan sahaayikkunnillenn 5 maasathe trial kaanikkunnu. randum eratta-andhamaya kramarahithamaya niyantritha pareekshanangalaayirunnu.

bii. see. jee. lus basilus calmet-guerine (bii. see. jee.) lus hii pramukhyane kshayarogachya (tii. bii.) virodhat vaparali jaanari lus aahe. tyache naav tyache shodhak albert calmet aanee camilly guerine yanchya navavarun thevanyat aale aahe. jyaa deshanmadhye kshayrog kinwa kushtharog samanya aahe, tyaa deshanmadhye janmanantar shakya titkya lavkar nirogi balanna eka matra denyachi shifaras kelee jaate. jyaa bhagat kshayrog samanya nahee, tethe keval uchch dhoka asalelya mulanche lasikaran kele jaate, tarr kshayarogachya sanshayit prakarananchi vaiyaktikaritya chachani kelee jaate aanee tyanchyavar upchar kele jaatat. jyaa praudhanna kshayrog nahee aanee jyanna purvi lasikaran kele gele nahee, parantu varanvar samparkat aale aahet, tyanna dekhil lasikaran kele jaau shakate. buruli alsar sansarg aanee itar kshayrog nasalelya mycobacterial sansarganviruddhahi bii. see. jee. chee kahishi parinamkarakta aahe. yavyatirikt, kadhikadhi mutrashayachya karkarogachya upcharacha bhag mhanoon yacha vapar keela jaato. kshayarogachya sansargapasun sanrakshanache praman mothya pramanat badalate aanee sanrakshn 20 varshanparyant tikate. mulanmadhye, heey sumare 20 takke lokanna sansarg honyapasoon rokhate aanee jyanna sansarg hoto, tyapaiki ardhe rog honyapasoon vachavate. hii lus tvachevar injectiondware dilee jaate. atirikt matra fayadeshir aahet asey konatehi purave darshavat naheet. gambhir dushparinam durmil aahet. anekada, injectionchya thikani lalsarpana, sooj aanee saumya vedna hotat. barey jhalyanantar kahee jakhmansah eka lahan vran dekhil tayar houu shakato. rogpratikarak shakti qamee karnaanyaanmadhye dushparinam adhik samanya aanee sambhavyatah adhik gambhir asatat. garbhavar konatehi hanikarak parinam disun aale nasale taree, garbh surakshitatebaddal apura purava aahe. garbhadharanedarmyan bii. see. jee. lasikaran aanee mhanunach, garbhadharanedarmyan vaparnyasathi lasichi shifaras kelee jaat nahee. hii lus mulat 'mycobacterium bovis' pasoon vikasit karnyat aalee hotee, jee samanyatah guranmadhye aadhalate. too kamkuvat jhaala asala taree too ajunahi jiwant aahe. bii. see. jee. lus pratham 1921 madhye vaidyakiyadrushtya vaparali gelee. tee jaagtik aarogya sanghatanechya aavashyak aushadhanchya yadeet aahe. hii lus jaagtik staravar darvarshi sumare 10 kotee mulanna dilee jaate. vaidyakeey vapar. kshayrog. bii. see. jee. chaa mukhya vapar kshayrogaviruddha lasikaranasathi hoto. bii. see. jee. chee lus janmanantar antargarbhachya madhyamatoon dilee jaau shakate. bii. see. jee. lasikaranamule khotee sakaratmak mantox chachani houu shakate. bii. see. jee. chaa sarvat vadgrast pailu mhanje vividh vaidyakeey chachanyanmadhye aadhalanari parivartanshil parinamkarakta, jee bhoogolavar avalambun asalyache disate. brittenmadhye kelelya chachanyanmadhye satatyane 60 teey 80 takke sanrakshanatmak parinam disun aale aahet, parantu itaratra kelelya chachanyanmadhye konatahi sanrakshanatmak parinam disun aalela nahee aanee vishuvavruttajaval pohochatach parinamkarakta qamee hott asalyache disate. 1994chya paddhatshir punaravalokanat asey aadhalun aale qee bii. see. jee. mule kshayrog honyacha dhoka sumare 50 takkyanni qamee hoto. loksankhyetil anuvanshik farak, vatavaranatil badal, itar jivanusansarganchya samparkat yene aanee lus vadhavali jaat asalelya prayogshaletil paristhiti, jyamadhye sanwardhan kele jaat asalelya prabhedanmadhil anuvanshik farak aanee vadhichya madhyamachi nivad yasarkhya ghatakanmule parinamkaraktetil farak pradeshavar avalambun asato. 2014 madhye kelelya paddhatshir punaravalokan aanee meta-vishleshanane dakhavun dile qee bii. see. jee. laseene sansarg 19-27% neey qamee keela aanee sakriy kshayarogachi pragati 71 takkyanni qamee kelee. yaa punaravalokanat samavisht kelele abhyas interferon gamma releases asecha vapar karnadhyanpurte maryadit hote. bii. see. jee. chya sanrakshanacha kalavadhi spashtapane dnyat nahee. sanrakshanatmak parinam darshavina abhyasanmadhye, mahitee visangat aahe. emm. aar. see. chya abhyasat asey disun aale qee 15 varshannantar sanrakshn 59 takkyanparyant aanee 20 varshannantar shunyavar aale; tathapi, 1930 chya dashakat lasikaran kelelya mool american lokanvar kelelya abhyasat lasikarananantar 60 varshannihi sanrakshanache purave aadhalale, jyachi parinamkarakta kinchit qamee jhaali. pittjanya kshayrog kinwa kshayrog mendujwar rokhanyasathi bii. see. jee. chaa sarvat motha parinam disun yeto, mhanoon fuffusiy kshayarogaviruddhachi parinamkarakta nagany asalelya deshanmadhyehi ajunahi tyacha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaato. bii. see. jee. chaa 100 vaa vardhapandin 2021 madhye hota. kshayrogaviruddha parwana asaleli hii ekmev lus aahe, jee sadhya suru asaleli mahamari aahe. kshayrog nirmulan heey jaagtik aarogya sanstheche (kona) eka uddisht aahe, jaree praudh fuffusiy kshayarogachya virodhat adhik prabhavi naveen lasincha vikas karane lakshaniy pragati karnyasathi aavashyak asoo shakate. parinamkarakta. vividh deshanmadhye bii. see. jee. chya parivartanshil parinamkaraktechi anek sambhavya karane prastavit kelee gelee aahet. kshayarogache oze qamee asalelya deshanmadhye (america) aanee uchch kshayrog-oze asalelya deshanmadhye (bharat) parinamkaraktecha abhav konihi spasht karoo shakat nahee, kahee siddha jhalele naheet, aanee kahee nakarle gele aahet. bii. see. jee. vareel 'huu' dastaivajat parivartaneey parinamkaraktechya karananvar vistarane charcha karnyat aalee aahe. mycobacteria. bii. see. jee. chey kahee kshayrog nasalelya mycobacteriavar sanrakshanatmak parinam aahet. karkarog. bii. see. jee. hii sarvat yashasvi rogpratikarak upcharanpaiki eka aahe. 1977 pasoon bii. see. jee. lus hii mutrashayachya karkarogachya (aine. emm. aay. bii. see.) rugnansathi kaljiche manak aahe. 2014 paryant snayu-aakramak mutrashayachya karkarogachya upcharasathi aathpeksha jaast bhinn manalya jaananya biosemiller agents kinwa straincha vapar keela jaat hota. prashasanachi paddhat. bii. see. jee. denyapurvi samanyatah tuberculin tvacha chachani kelee jaate. pratikriyashil tuberculin tvacha chachani hii gambhir sthanik jaljal aanee daganchya jokhamimule bii. see. jee. sathee eka matbhed aahe; tee konatihi pratikarshakti darshavat nahee. aay. ell.-12 receptor pathve dosh asalelya kahee lokanmadhye bii. see. jee. dekhil pratibandhit aahe. deltaoid ghalalyavar bii. see. jee. heey ekach intradermal injection mhanoon dile jaate. jarr bii. see. jee. chukun tvachekhali dile gele, tarr sthanik phood (aii "bii. see. jee.-oo. emm. aii.) tayar houu shakato joou kadhikadhi vran houu shakato aanee tyala tabadtob pratijaivikanni upcharanchi aavashyakta asoo shakate, anyatha upcharashivay too sansarg pasaravu shakato, jyamule mahattvapoorn avayavanche gambhir nuksan houu shakate. phood haah nehmich chukichya prashasanashi sambandhit nasato aanee lasikaranamule udbhavu shakananya adhik samanya guntaguntinpaiki eka aahe. pratijaivikanni yaa fodanchya upcharanvar anek vaidyakeey abhyas vegvegalya parinamansah kele gele aahet, parantu ekada pooche parikshan aanee vishleshan kele qee ekmat hote, jarr konatihi asamanya besili nasel tarr, phood samanyatah kahee aathvadyant swatach barah hoil. bii. see. jee. lasikaranatun nighanare vaishishtyapurn vadhalele daag heey anekada purv lasikaranacha purava mhanoon vaparale jaatat. haah daag sheetjwar lasikaranashi vegala asala pahije, joou kadachit tyachyasarkha asoo shakato. mutrashayachya karkarogasathi dilee jaate tevha lus tvachedvare dilee jaat nahee, parantu mauu catheter vaparoon mutramargadware mutrashayat otali jaate. pratikool parinam. bii. see. jee. lasikaranamule samanyatah injectionchya thikani kahee vedna aanee daag hotat. mukhya pratikool parinam cayloids aahet-mothe, vadhalele daag. deltoid snayumadhye antarbhut karane bahutek vela vaparale jaate kaaran jevha tee jaaga vaparali jaate tevha sthanik guntaguntiche praman sarvat qamee asate. tathapi, nitamb heey prashasanache paryayi thikan aahe kaaran teey adhik changle saundaryaprasadhan parinam pradan karate. bii. see. jee. chee lus antargrehi dilee pahije. tvachekhali dilyas, too sthanik sansargas pravrutt karoo shakato aanee pradeshik lasika granthimadhye pasaru shakato, jyamule ektar shoshak (pooche utpadan) aanee shoshak nasalela lasikashoth houu shakato. gair-shoshak lymphadenitisasathi samanyatah puranmatvadi vyavasthapan purese asate. jarr suppuration jhaale tarr tyala suee aspirationchi aavashyakta asoo shakate. nirakaran naan karnyasathi, shastrakriyedvare chhatanichi aavashyakta asoo shakate. yaa guntaguntinvar upchar karnyasathi purave durmil aahet. asamanyapane, stun aanee glutial fode hematogenous (raktadvare vahoon nele jaanare) aanee lymphangiomates prasaramule houu shakatat. pradeshik hadancha sansarg (bii. see. jee. austiomyelitis kinwa austitis) aanee prasarit bii. see. jee. sansarg hii bii. see. jee. lasikaranachi durmil guntagunt aahe, parantu sambhavyatah jivgheni aahe. pranaligat kshayarogavirodhi upcharpaddhati gambhir guntaguntinmadhye upayukt tharoo shakate. jevha mutrashayachya karkarogasathi bii. see. jee. chaa vapar keela jaato, tevha upchar kelele sumare 2.9% rugna jananendriyashi sambandhit kinwa pranaligat bii. see. jee.-sambandhit sansargamule rogpratikarak upchar thambavtat, tathapi mutrashayacha bii. see. jee. sansarg varanvar hott asatana, itar avayavancha sahbhag khoop asamanya aahe. jevha pranaligat sahbhag udbhavato, tevha yakrut aanee fuffuse heey prabhavit honare pahile avyav asatat (shevatchya bii. see. jee. pratishthapanantar 1 aathvada [madhyam]). jarr bii. see. jee. chukun rogpratikarak shakti qamee jhalelya rugnala dile gele asel (udaa.jee.gambhir sanyukt rogpratikarakshaktichi kamatarata asalele baal), yamule prasar houu shakato kinwa jivghena sansarg houu shakato. heey ghadanyachya nondavalelya ghatana prati daha laakh lasikaranapeksha qamee aahet. 2007 madhye, jyanni etch. aay. vhee. asalelya arbhakansathi bii. see. jee. chee shifaras karane bund kele, jaree kshayarogachya samparkat yenyacha dhoka jaast asala taree, prasarit bii. see. jee. sansargachya jokhamimule (jeey tyaa uchch jokhamichya sandarbhat andaje prati 100,000 madhye 400 aahe). vapar. vyaktiche vay aanee jyaa varanvartesaha bii. see. jee. dile jaate teey nehmich deshanusar badalate. jeey sadhya kshayrog aanee/kinwa uchch kushtharogache oze asalelya serve deshansathi balpanatil bii. see. jee. chee shifaras karatat. jagbharatil aitihasik aanee sadhyachya bii. see. jee. prathechi hii aanshik yadee aahe. bhootkal aanee vartaman prathecha eka sampoorn atlus tayar karnyat aala aahe. utpadan. bii. see. jee. haah ksheen jhalelya (vishanu-qamee jhalelya) jiwant bovine tuberculosis basilus, "mycobacterium bovis" yaa prakaratoon tayar keela jaato, jyane manavanmadhye rog nirman karanyachi kshamata gamavali aahe. heey visheshtah sanwardhan madhyamat upasanskruti kele jaate, samanyatah middlebrook 7h9. kaaran jiwant besili upalabdh poshak tattvancha sarvottam vapar karnyasathi vikasit hotat, teey manvi raktasathi qamee anukool hotat aanee manvi yajmanamadhye pravesh kelyavar rogas pravrutt karoo shakat naheet. tarihi, teey tyanchya jangali purvajansarkhech aahet jyamule manvi kshayrogaviruddha kahee pramanat pratikarshakti milate. bii. see. jee. lus 15 varshanchya kalavadhisathi kshayrog rokhanyasathi 0 teey 80 takkyanparyant kuthehi prabhavi asoo shakate; tathapi, tyacha sanrakshanatmak parinam bhoogol aanee jyaa prayogshalet lasacha prakar vadhavala gela hota tyanusar badalat asalyache disate. anek vegvegalya kampanya bii. see. jee. tayar karatat, kahivela jivanuche vegvegale anuvanshik prabhed vapartat. yamule utpadanachi vegvegali vaishishtye disu shakatat. mutrashayachya karkarogasathi mutrashayat otanyasathi vaparale jaanare oncotis heey orgenan prayogshalanni vikasit kele hote (jyanantar sharing-lalidware adhigrahit kele gele aanee tyaa badalyat merc andd companyne adhigrahit kele.). asach eka vapar mhanje brazilian substrain emm. chya malkichya biomed-lublin yaa polish companychya onco bii. see. jee. chey utpadan aahe. bovis bii. see. jee. moro jeey itar bii. see. jee. prabhedansah lasinpeksha qamee pratikriyashil aahe. montriyal (institute armond-frapier) strainpasoon banavalelya passis bii. see. jee. chey, eurocorne sumare 2002 madhye pratham vipanan kele. tyanantar eurocor dynon pranalinni vikat ghetale. evance lus (powederject pharmaceuticalschi upakampani). denmarkmadhil statains seeram sansthene danish strain 1331 vaparoon tayar keleli bii. see. jee. lus bajarat aanali. japanchya bii. see. jee. prayogshalene jagbharatil 50 deshanmadhye, pasteur bii. see. jee. chya tokio 172 substrainver aadharit tyachi lus bajarat aanali. december 2015 madhye prakashit jhalelya unicefchya ahavalanusar, bii. see. jee. lus puravatha surakshevar, 2015 madhye jaagtik magani 123 varoon 152.2 dashalaksh matranparyant vadhali. suraksha sudharanyasathi aanee parvadananya aanee lavchik purvathyachya strotanmadhye [vaividhyapurn] karnyasathi, "unicefne bii. see. jee. chya utpadanasathi saat naveen utpadakanche karar dile. vidyaman utpadkankadun purvathyachi upalabdhata aanee 'navyane tayar jhaleli lus' yaa donhisah ekoon puravatha '2016 paryantchi 2015 chee dabaleli magani, tasech 2016-2018 dware ekoon andajit magani' yaa donhichi purtata karnyasathi puresa asel." purvathyachi kamatarata. 2011 madhye, sanophy pasteur prakalpala puur aala, jyamule burashichi samasya nirman jhaali. canadatil auntario yetheel toronto yethe asalelya yaa kendrane kshayrog lus aanee bii. see. jee. immunotherapeutic aanee mutrashayachya karkarogache aushadh, immusist yasarkhya substrain connots banavalelya bii. see. jee. lus utpadananchi nirmiti kelee. april 2012 paryant eff. dii. aii. laa vanaspatimadhye vandhyatvachya dazanbhar dastaivajikaran samasya aadhalalya hotya jyat burshi, gharate bandhanare pakshi aanee jung lavalelya vidyut vahinyansah. parinami done varshanhun adhik kaal haah prakalp bund rahilyane mutrashayacha karkarog aanee kshayarogachya lasinchi kamatarata bhasali. 29 aktoobar 2014 roji health canadane sanofila bii. see. jee. chey utpadan punha suru karanyachi parvanagi dilee. jaagtik purvathyachya 2018 chya vishleshanane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee bii. see. jee. lasichya maganicha andaj purn karnyasathi puravatha puresa aahe, parantu tanchaicha dhoka kayam aahe, pramukhyane 75 takke lokanche avalambun rahane, jyanni keval done puravathadaranvar purv-patra puravatha keela. valalele. kahee bii. see. jee. lussy gothvoon valavalya jaatat aanee bareek puud banatat. kadhikadhi kachechya ampoolmadhye nirvatane puud seal kelee jaate. havecha pravah piloon baher padoo naye yasathi asha kachechya ampoolala haloohaloo ughadave lagate. nantar injection denyapurvi tee puud kharat panyane patal karavi lagate. itihas. bii. see. jee. chaa itihas shitpittashi jodalela aahe. 1865 paryant jeane antoin villeminne dakhavun dile hote qee sase manavankadun kshayarogacha sansarg houu shakatat; 1868 paryant tyanna aadhalale hote qee sase gayinpasoon kshayarogacha sansarg houu shakatat aanee sase itar sase pasoon kshayarogacha sansarg houu shakatat. asha prakare, tyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee kshayrog kahee adnyat sukshmajivandvare (kinwa 'vishanu', jyala teey mhanatat) sankramit jhaala hota. 1882 madhye robbert koch yanni manav aanee govansh kshayaroganna samaan manale. parantu 1895 madhye, theobald smithne manvi aanee govansh kshayarogacha farak sadar keela, jyachi mahitee tyane kochala dilee. 1901 paryant kochane 'mycobacterium bovis' laa 'mycobacterium tuberculosis' pasoon vegale kele. 18 vya shatkat sthapan jhalelya sheetpitt pratibandhat lasikaranachya yashanantar, shastradnyanni bovine tuberculosis aanee coupox yanchyat samantar rekhatoon kshayarogamadhye eka parinam shodhanyacha vichar kelah asey gruhit dharale gele hote qee bovine tuberculosischa sansarg manvi kshayarogamule honanya sansargapasun sanrakshn karoo shakato. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat, 'emm' vaparoon chikitsalayin chachanya. bovis 'vinashkari parinamansah italimadhye aayojit kele gele, kaaran' emm. bovis 'emm' sarkhach vishari asalyache aadhalun aale. kshayrog ". albert calmet, eka french vaidya aanee jivanuvidnyani aanee tyanche sahayyak aanee nantarche sahkari, camill guerine, eka pashuvaidya, 1908 madhye institute pasteur dii lilly (lilly, france) yethe kaam karat hote. tyanchya kamat kshayrog basiluschya vishari prabhedanchi upasanskruti karane aanee vividh sanskruti madhyamanchi chachani ghene samavisht hote. tyanni nondavale qee glycerine-pitt-batatyachya mishranane basilis vadhavale jeey qamee vishari disat hote aanee varanvar up-sanwardhan kelyane eka taana nirman hoil qee nahee heey pahanyasathi tyanchya sanshodhanacha marg badalala joou lus mhanoon vaparnyasathi vicharat ghetala jaau shakel. glycerine batatyachya madhyamavaril vishari tanamule 13 varshant 239 vela upkrushi kelyanantar bii. see. jee. prabhed vegala karnyat aala. 1919 paryant heey sanshodhan pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan suru rahile, jevha aatache chakchakit basily sanshodhan pranyanmadhye kshayarogache kaaran bananyas asamarth hote. calmet aanee guerine 1919 madhye parris pasteur institutemadhye hastantarit karnyat aale. bii. see. jee. lus pratham 1921 madhye manavanmadhye vaparali gelee. sarvajanik sweekruti mand hotee aanee visheshtah lubec aapattine tyache khoop nuksan kele. 1929 teey 1933 darmyan lubekmadhye, aayushyachya pahilya 10 divasant 251 arbhakanche lasikaran karnyat aale; 173 jananna kshayrog jhaala aanee 72 janancha mrutyu jhaala. tyanantar asey aadhalun aale qee tethe denyat aalela bii. see. jee. tyach ushmayan yantrat sathavalelya vishari prabhedane dooshit jhaala hota, jyamule lus utpadkanvar kayadeshir karvai jhaali. dow. aar. jee. saskachevanmadhil phorta kwapel aarogya kendrat kaam karnare fergusson heey kshayarogachya virodhat lasikaranachi pratha vikasit karnyat agraganya hote. canadamadhye, 1933 teey 1945 darmyan nivasi shalanmadhil 600 hoon adhik mulancha bii. see. jee. lasichya chachanyanmadhye anaichhik sahbhagi mhanoon vapar karnyat aala. 1928 madhye, bii. see. jee. laa rashtranchya sanghatanechya aarogya samiteene (jaagtik aarogya sanghatanecha (joou) purvavarti hota) sweekarle. matra, virodhamule, dusya mahayuddhanantarach tyacha mothya pramanat vapar houu lagla. 1945 teey 1948 paryant, madat sansthanni (aantarrashtriy kshayrog moheem kinwa sanyukt upkram) purv europemadhil 80 lakhanhun adhik balanna lasikaran kele aanee mothya yuddhanantar kshayarogachya andajit vishisht vadhis rokhale. balrogatadnyanchya vayogatatil tuberculus meningitischya virodhat bii. see. jee. khoop prabhavi aahe, parantu fuffusiy kshayarogachya virodhat tyachi parinamkarakta badalanari disate. kahee deshanni niyamit lasikaranatun bii. see. jee. kadhoon takale aahe. jyaa done deshanni teey niyamitpane kadhihi vaparale nahee teey america aanee netherlands aahet (donhi deshanmadhye, asey vatate qee vishvasarh mantox chachani ghene aanee tyamule sakriy rog achookpane shodhanyat saksham asane heey samajasathi aata tulanene durmil asalelya sthitiviruddha lasikaran karnyapeksha adhik fayadeshir aahe). itar navanmadhye 'vaccine biilii dii calmet ett guerine lus' aanee 'basil dii calmet ett guerine lus' yancha samavesh aahe. sanshodhan. qamee utpann asalelya deshanmadhil ekoon mrutyudaravar bii. see. jee. lasikaranachya fayadeshir gair-vishisht parinamache kinwa lavkar dilyavar sepsis aanee shwasan sansargasah itar aarogya samasya qamee karnyasathi, tyacha vapar jitka lavkar keela jaato titka adhik fayda hoto, asey tatpurte purave astitvat aahet. recess makakmadhye, bii. see. jee. heey shiranmadhye dilyavar sanrakshanache sudharit darr darshavate. manavanmadhye tyache bhashantar karnyapurvi kahee jokhaminche moolyankan karane aavashyak aahe. type 1 madhumeh. bii. see. jee. chee lus hii prakar 1 madhumehachya (tii1dii) abhyasachya suruvatichya tappyat aahe. covid-19. bii. see. jee. lasicha vapar covid-19 pasoon sanrakshn puravu shakato. tathapi, yaa sandarbhat mahamarishastriy nirikshane sandigdha aahet. jeey pratibandhasathi tyacha vapar karanyachi shifaras karat naheet. vees bii. see. jee. chachanya vividh vaidyakeey tappyat aahet. parinam atyant sammishra aahet. mahamarichya aadhi done varshant teen vela lasikaran kelelya lokanvar 15 mahinyanchya chachanimadhye, bii. see. jee.-nive type 1 madhumeh asalelya lokanmadhye sansarg rokhanyat sakaratmak parinam disun aale. dusarikade, 5 mahinyanchya chachanivarun asey disun yete qee bii. see. jee. neey punha lasikaran kelyane aarogya karmchanyanmadhye sansarg rokhanyat madat hott nahee. donhi duheri andh yadruchchik niyantrit chachanya hotya.

bisiji khop basilus calmett-guerin (bisiji) khop mukhyataya kshayarog (tibi) viruddha prayog garine khop how. yasako naam yasaka awishkarak albert calmett rar camill gyurinko nambata rakhieko how. kshayarog wa kushtha rog samanya bhaeka deshharuma, swastha bachchaharuma janma pachhi sakesamma chaando ek khurak sifaris garinchha. kshayarog samanya nabhaeko kshetraharuma, uccha jokhimma raheka bachchaharulai matra samanyataya khop lagainchha, jabki kshayarogka sandigdha mamilaharuko wyaktigat rupma parikshan rar upchar garinchha. kshayarog nabhaeka rar pahile khop nalagaeka, tara barambar pardafas bhaeka wayaskaharulai pani khop lagauna sakinchha. buruli ulcer sankraman rar anya gaira-tuberculus mycobacterial sankramanharu viruddha pani bisijiko kehi prabhawkarita chha. thap rupma, yo kahilekaahin mutrashayako cancerko upcharko bhagko rupma prayog garinchha. kshayarog sankramanbata suraksha darharu wyapak rupma bhinna hunchhan rar suraksha 20 warshasamma rahanchha. bachchaharuma, yasale lagbhag 20 pratishatlai sankramit hunbata rokchha rar sankramit huneharuma, yasale adha rog vikas hunbata jogaunchha. khop chhalama injeksondwara diinchha. kunai pramanle dekhaundaina kii atirikta khurakharu labhadayak chhan. gambhir side effectharu durlabh chhan. prayaha, injectionko thaunma rato, sujan rar halka dukhai hunchha. niko bhaepachi kehi dagka sath sano ulcer pani banna sakchha. pratiraksha daman bhaeka manisharuma side effectharu adhik samanya rar sambhawit rupma adhik gambhir hunchhan. yadyapi bhrunma kunai hanikarak prabhawharu awalokan garieko chhaina, bhrunko surakshako barema aparyapta pramanharu chhan. garbhawasthama bisiji khop rar tyasaile, garbhawasthama prayogka lagi khop sifaris garindaina. yo khop muel rupma "mycobacterium bobhis" batt wiksit garieko thiyo, june samanyataya gaiwastuharuma painchha. yo kamjor bhae tapani ajhai jiwit chha. bisiji khop pahilo patak 1921 maa chikitsakiya rupma prayog garieko thiyo. yo vishwa swasthya sangathanko awashyak aushadhiharuko suchima chha. yo khop vishwawyapi rupma prati warsha lagbhag 10 karod balbalikaharulai diinchha. chikitsa prayog. kshayarog. bi. sii. zi. ko mukhya prayog kshayarog wiruddhako khopka lagi how. bisiji khop janmapachhi intradermaly rupma prashasit garna sakinchha. bisiji khople galat sakaratmak mantox parikshanko karan banna sakchha. bi. sii. zi. ko sabaibhanda vivadaspad paksha vibhinna clinical parikshanharuma paine pariwartanshil prabhawkarita how, june bhugolma nirbhar dekhinchha. belayatma garieko parikshanharule lagatar 60 dekhi 80 pratishatko surakshatmak prabhawa dekhaeko chha, tara anyatra sanchalitharule kunai surakshatmak prabhawa dekhaeko chhaina, rar prabhawkarita bhumadhyarekhako najik pugda ghatdai gaeko dekhinchha. sann 1994 ko ek wyawasthit samikshale patta lagayo kii bisijile kshayarog hune jokhimlai lagbhag 50 pratishatle ghataunchha. prabhawakaritama bhinnata kshetrama nirbhar gardacha, janasankhyama anuwanshik bhinnata, watawaranma pariwartan, anya bacteria sankramanko jokhim, rar prayogshalama awastha jahaan khop ubjainchha, jasma sanwardhan bhairaheko tanawa rar bichko anuwanshik bhinnata samawesh chha. sann 2014 maa garieko ek wyawasthit samiksha rar meta-vishleshanle dekhaunchha kii bisiji khople 19-27% ley sankraman ghataeko chha rar sakriya kshayarogko pragati 71 pratishatle ghataeko chha. yass samikshama samawesh garieka adhyayanharu tiharuma simit thie jasle interferon gama rilij ese prayog gare. bisijiko surakshako awadhi spashta rupma thaha chhaina. surakshatmak prabhawa dekhaune tee adhyayanharuma, deta asangat chhan. mrcko adhyayanle 15 warshapachhi suraksha 59 pratishatma rar 20 warshapachhi shunyama jhareko dekhaeko chha; yadyapi, sann 1930 ko dashakma khop lagaeka muel amerikiharulai hereko euta adhyayanle khop lagaisakepachi 60 warshapachhi pani surakshako praman fela pareko chha, prabhawakaritama thorai kami aeko chha. bisijile milliary tuberculosis wa tuberculosis meningitis rokna yasako sabaibhanda thulo prabhawa pareko dekhinchha, tyasaile yo ajhai pani fuffusiya kshayarog wiruddhako prabhawkarita naganya bhaeka deshharuma pani wyapak rupma prayog garinchha. bisijiko 100 aun warshikotsawa 2021 maa bhaeko thiyo. yo kshayarog viruddha ijajatpatra prapta ek matra khop how, june chaliraheko mahamari how. kshayarog unmulan vishwa swasthya sangathan (hoo) ko lakshya how, yadyapi wayaska fuffusiya kshayarog viruddha badhi prabhawkaritaka sath nayan khopharuko vikas paryapta pragati garna awashyak huna sakchha. prabhawkarita. vibhinna deshharuma bisijiko pariwartanshil prabhawkaritaka lagi dherai sambhawit karanharu prastawit garieko chha. kunai pani pramanit bhaeko chhaina, kehilai aswikar garieko chha, rar kasaile pani cum kshayarog-bojha bhaeka deshharu (america) rar uccha kshayarog-bojha bhaeka deshharu (bharat) duwaima prabhawkaritako kamiko wyakhya garna sakdaina. bee. sii. zee. maa hoo kagajatma pariwartanshil prabhawkaritaka karanharu vistarma chhalfal garieko chha. mycobacteria. bisijile kehi gaira-kshayarog mycobacteria viruddha surakshatmak prabhawharu rakhchha. cancer. bisiji sabaibhanda safal immunotherapyharu madhye ek how. bisiji khop 1977 dekhi "mutrashayako cancer (nmibc) bhaeka biramiharuko herchahko manak" bhaeko chha. 2014 sammama gaira-mansapeshi-akramankari mutrashayako cancerko upcharka lagi atha bhanda badhi farak manine biosemiller agent wa strainharu prayog garinthyo. prashasanko vidhi. kshayarogko chhalako parikshan samanyataya bisiji garnu aghi garinchha. ek pratikriyashil tuberculin chhala parikshan gambhir sthaniya sujan rar dagko jokhimko karan bisijiko lagi ek matabhed how; yasale kunai pratiraksha sanket gardaina. il-12 receptor marga dosh bhaeka kehi wyaktiharuma pani bisijilai pratibandhit garinchha. bisiji deltoidko sammilit garda ekal intradermal injectionko rupma diinchha. yadi bisijilai galtile subcutaneous rupma diiyo bhane, taba sthaniya foda (ek "bisiji-oma") banna sakchha jasle kahilekaahin ulcerate garna sakchha, rar turuntai antibioticko upchar awashyak parna sakchha, anyatha upchar bina yasale sankraman failauna sakchha, jasle mahatwapurna angaharulai gambhir kshati पुऱ्याउँछ।. foda sadhain galat prashasansanga sambandhit hundaina, rar yo khopko sath huna sakne samanya jatiltaharu madhye ek how. antibioticle yee foharaharuko upchar garne thuprai chikitsa adhyayanharu farak-farak parinamka sath garieko chha, tara sahamati yo chha kii ek patak pus aspirated rar vishleshan gariyo bhane, kunai asamanya besily upasthit nabhae, foda samanyataya haptako ek mamalama afaile niko hunechha. BCG khopbata niskane visheshta uthaeko daglai prayaha purva khopko pramanko rupma prayog garinchha. yo daglai chechak khopbata chhutyaunuparchha, june yo mildojuldo huna sakchha. mutrashayako cancerka lagi diiema, khop chhalama inject garindaina, tara naram catheter prayog garera mutramarga marfat mutrashayama lagainchha. pratikul prabhawa. bisiji khople samanyataya injectionko sthanma kehi dukhai rar dag nimtyaunchha. mukhya pratikul prabhawharu calloids hun-thula, udaeka dagharu. deltoid mansapeshima sammilit garne prayaha prayog garinchha kinbhane tyo site prayog garda sthaniya jatilta darr sabaibhanda sano hunchha. jey hose, nitamba prashasanko ek vaikalpik site how kinbhane yasale ramro cosmetic parinamharu pradan gardacha. bisiji khop intradermaly diinu parchha. yadi subcutaneous rupma diiyo bhane, yasale sthaniya sankramanlai prerit garna sakchha rar khetriya lymph nodharuma failin sakchha, jasle garda yaa tata sapuratibh (pasako utpadan) rar nonasuparatibh lymphadenitis hunchha. conservative wyawasthapan samanyataya gaira-anupurak lymphadenitiska lagi paryapta hunchha. yadi suppuration bhayo bhane, yasalai sui aspiration chahinchha. samadhan nagarne samashodhanka lagi, shalyakriyabata chhedne awashyak huna sakchha. yee jatiltaharuko upcharko praman durlabh chha. asamanya rupma, stan rar glutial foda hematogenous (ragatle bokeko) rar lymphangiomates failawatko karan huna sakchha. khetriya haddiko sankraman (bisiji osteomyelitis wa ostitis) rar prasarit bisiji sankraman bisiji khopko durlabh jatiltaharu hun, tara sambhawit jiwanlai khatara how. pranaligat antituberculus therapy gambhir jatiltaharuma sahayogi huna sakchha. jab bisiji mutrashayako cancerka lagi prayog garinchha, upchar garieka lagbhag 2.9% biramiharule jannang wa pranaligat bisiji-sambandhit sankramanko karan immunotherapy banda garchhan, yadyapi lakshanatmak mutrashaya bisiji sankraman barambar hundachha, anya angaharuko sanlagnata dherai asamanya chha. jab pranaligat sanlagnata hunchha, kalejo rar fokso prabhawit hune pahilo angaharu hun (antim bisiji instillation pachhi 1 hapta [madhyika]). yadi bee. see. zee. galtile immunocompromised biramilai diinchha (uda.zee.gambhir sanyukta pratiraksha kami bhaeko shishu), yasale failin wa jiwanlai khatarama parney sankraman nimtyauna sakchha. yo ghatanako dastaweji ghatana prati das lakh khopharu bhanda cum diieko chha. sann 2007 maa, jasle hiv bhaeka shishuharuka lagi bisiji sifaris garna chhode, kshayarogko jokhim uccha bhae pani, prasarit bisiji sankramanko jokhimko karan (june tyo uccha jokhimko sandarbhama lagbhag 400 prati 100,000 how). prayog garnuhos. wyaktiko umera rar jis awrittima bisiji diinchha tyo sadhain desh-desh bhinnai hunchha. jasle hall kshayarog rar/wa uccha kushtharogko uccha ghatana bhaeka sabai deshharuka lagi balyakalko bi. sii. zi. sifaris gardacha. yo vishwabharka aitihasik rar wartaman bisiji abhyasko anshik suchi how. vigat rar wartaman abhyasko purna atlus utpanna bhaeko chha. utpadan. bisiji kshin (bhairulens-cum) jiwit bovine tuberculosis basilus, "mycobacterium bobhis" ko ek strainbatt tayar garinchha, jasle manisma rog nimtyaune kshamata gumaeko chha. yo vishesh gari sanskriti madhyamma upasanskriti garieko chha, samanyataya middlebrook 7h9. kinki jiwit besiliharu upalabdha poshak tatwaharuko uttam prayog garna wiksit hunchhan, tiniharu manav ragatma cum ramrosanga anukul hunchhan rar manav hostma prawesh garda roglai prerit garna sakdainan. ajhai pani, tiniharu afna jungley purkhaharusanga manav kshayarog viruddha kehi hadasamma pratiraksha pradan garna paryapta chhan. bisiji khop 15 warshako awadhika lagi kshayarog rokna 0 dekhi 80 pratishatsamma prabhawkari huna sakchha; yadyapi, yasako surakshatmak prabhawa bhugol rar khopko strain ubjani garieko prayogshala anusar farak dekhinchha. dheraiwata vibhinna companyharule bisiji banaunchhan, kahilekaahin bacteriaco vibhinna anuwanshik strainharu prayog garera. yasale vibhinna utpadan visheshtaharuma parinam dina sakchha. mutrashayako cancerka lagi mutrashayako sthapanaka lagi prayog garine onkotislai arganan prayogashalaharule vikas gareka thie (jabadekhi scaring-hulodwara adhigrahan garieko thiyo, rar falaswarup merck anned companydwara adhigrahan garieko thiyo.). yastai anuprayog brazilian substrain emko swamitwama raheko police company biomade-lublinko ongko bisijiko utpadan how. bobhis bisiji morau june anya bisiji strainharu sahit khopharu bhanda cum pratikriyatmak chha. pesis bisiji, montrial (instut armond-frappier) strainbatt baneko thiyo, pahilo patak yurokordwara lagbhag 2002 maa bazar garieko thiyo. yurokorlai tyasapachhi dianon pranaliharudwara adhigrahan garieko thiyo. evance khopharu (pouderject pharmaceuticalsko sahayak). denmarkma statains siram institutele denis strain 1331 prayog garera tayar garieko bisiji khop bazar garchha. japan bisiji prayogshalale paster bisijiko tokiyo 172 substrainma adharit yasako khoplai vishwabharka 50 deshharuma bazar garchha. december 2015 maa prakashit unicefko reportanusar, bisiji khop apurti surakshama, sann 2015 maa vishwawyapi mag 123 batt badhera 152.2 million dose bhayo. suraksha sudhar garna rar kifayati rar lachilo apurtiko srotharu [vividhikaran] garna, "unicefle bisiji utpadan garna saat nayan nirmataharulai anubandha pradan garyo. vidyaman nirmataharubata apurti upalabdhata, rar "nayan jasle purva-yogya khop" kull apurti "2016 samma garieko dabaeko 2015 mag, sathai 2016-2018 marfat kull purvanuman mag duwai pura garna paryapta hunechha." apurti abhawa. sann 2011 maa, sanofi paster plantma badhi ayo, jasle moldma samasya nimtyayo. toranto, ontario, canadama awasthit suwidhale kshayarogko khop rar immusist, ek bisiji immunotherapeutic rar mutrashayako cancer aushadhi jasta substrain konotbata baneka bisiji khop utpadanharu utpadan garyo. april 2012 sammama fdale biruwama biruwako nasabandika darjanaun dastawej samasyaharu patta lagaeko thiyo jasma mold, ghonsala banaune charaharu rar jung lageko vidyutiya naliharu samawesh chhan. dui warshabhanda badhi samayasamma plant banda bhaeko karan mutrashayako cancer rar kshayarogko khopko abhawa bhayo. 29 october 2014 maa health canadale sanofilai bisijiko utpadan punah suru garna anumati diyo. sann 2018 maa vishwawyapi apurtiko vishleshanle nishkarsh nikalchha kii apurti purvanuman bisiji khopko mag pura garna paryapta chha, tara tyo abhawako jokhim rahanchha, mukhyataya 75 pratishatko nirbhartako karan jasle kewal dui apurtikartaharuma purva-yogya apurti gare. sukeko. kehi bisiji khopharu friz gari sukeka hunchhan rar ramro pouder banchhan. kahilekaahin pouderlai gillas empulma bhyakumle sill garinchha. hawako prawahale pouder bahira niskanbata rokna yasto gillas empullai bistarai kholnuparchha. tyasapachhi injekson dinuaghi pouderlai nunilo panile patlo parnu parchha. itihas. bi. sii. zi. ko itihas chechaksanga jodieko chha. sann 1865 sammama zin antoine willeminle kharagoshharu manisbata kshayarogbata sankramit huna sakchhan bhanera pradarshan gareka thie; sann 1868 sammama unle kharagoshharu gaibata kshayarogbata sankramit huna sakchhan rar kharagoshharu anya kharagoshharubata kshayarogbata sankramit huna sakchhan bhanera patta lagaeka thie. yasari, unle nishkarsh nikale kii kshayarog kunai agyat sukshmajiva (wa "bhairas", jaslai unle yasalai bolae) marfat sarchha. sann 1882 maa robert kochle manav rar bowine tuberculosislai saman maneka thie. tara sann 1895 maa theobald smithle manav rar bovine tuberculosisabichko bhinnata prastut gare, jaslai unle kochlai report gare. sann 1901 sammama kochle "mycobacterium bobhis" lai "mycobacterium tuberculosis" batt chhutyae. 18 aun shatabdima sthapit chechak rokathamma khopko safalta pachhi, vaigyanikharule bowine tuberculosis rar coupox bichko samanantar rekhachitra banaera kshayarogma euta parinam fela parney socheh bowine tuberculosisko sankramanle manav kshayarogko sankramanbata jogauna sakchha bhanne anuman garieko thiyo. 19 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama, "emm" prayog garera clinical parikshanharu. bobhis "vinashkari parinamka sath italyma sanchalan garieko thiyo, kinbhane" emm. bobhis "emm" jattikai vishakta bhaeko fela pareko thiyo. kshayarog ". albert calmett, ek francelli chikitsak rar bacteriologist, rar unko sahayak rar pachhi sahakarmi, camill guerin, ek pashu chikitsak, sann 1908 maa institute pestur day lilly (lilly, france) maa kaam gariraheka thie. tiniharuko kamma kshayarog besilasko vishakta upa-kheti rar vibhinna sanskriti mediako parikshan samawesh thiyo. uniharule glycerine-pitta-alu mishranle besily badheko ullekha gare june cum vishakta dekhinchha, rar barambar upa-khetile ek tanawa utpadan gardacha kii bhanera hernka lagi uniharuko anusandhanko pathyakram pariwartan garyo june khopko rupma prayog garna paryapta rupma kshin thiyo. glycerine alu madhyamma vishakta tanawabata 13 warshama 239 patak upa-kheti garepachhi bisiji strainlai alag garieko thiyo. sann 1919 samma pahilo vishwayuddhabhari anusandhan jaari rahyo, jab ahileka chakachke besilile anusandhan janawarharuma kshayarog rog nimtyauna asamartha thie. sann 1919 maa calmett rar guerin peris paster sansthanma hastantaran gariyo. bisiji khop pahilo patak 1921 maa manisma prayog garieko thiyo. sarvajanik swikriti dhilo thiyo, rar vishesh gari lubeck prakople yasalai dherai hani puyaeko thiyo. 1929 rar 1933 ko bichma lubekma, jiwanko pahilo 10 dinma 251 shishuharulai khop lagaieko thiyo; 173 maa kshayarog wiksit bhayo rar 72 janako mrityu bhayo. pachhi tyahan prashasit bisiji uhi incubatorma bhandaran bhairaheko vishakta strainle dushit bhaeko patta lageko thiyo, jasle khop nirmataharu viruddha kanuni karbahiko netritwa गऱ्यो।. dah. arr. zee. saskatchewanko fort kwapel sanitoriumma kaam garne fergusson kshayarog wiruddhako khopko abhyas vikas garne agragamiharu madhye ek thie. canadama, awasiya vidyalayaharuka 600 bhanda badhi balbalikaharulai 1933 rar 1945 ko bichma bisiji khop parikshanma anaichik sahabhagika rupma prayog garieko thiyo. 1928 maa, bisijilai rashtraharuko ligg (vishwa swasthya sangathan (jo) ko purwawarti) ko swasthya samitile apanaeko thiyo. yadyapi, virodhka karan, yo dosro vishwayuddhapachhi matra wyapak rupma prayog bhayo. sann 1945 dekhi 1948 samma, rahat sangathanharu (antarrashtriya kshayarog abhiyan wa sanyukta udyamharu) purvi europema 80 lakh bhanda badhi bachchaharulai khop lagae rar ek thulo yuddha pachhi kshayarogko anumanit samanya wriddhi rokthe. balrog umera samuhama tuberculus meningitis viruddha bisiji dherai prabhawkari chha, tara fuffusiya kshayarog viruddha yasako prabhawkarita pariwartanshil dekhinchha. kehi deshharule niyamit khopbata bi. sii. zi. hataeka chhan. yasalai kahilyai niyamit rupma prayog nagarne dui deshharu sanyukta rajya america rar netherlands hun (duwai deshharuma, yo mahasus garinchha kii bharapardo montoux parikshan garnu rar tyasaile sakriya roglai sahi rupma patta lagauna saksham hunu samajka lagi ek awasthako viruddhama khop lagauna bhanda badhi faidajanak chha june ahile tyahan apekshakrit durlabh chha). anya namharuma "bhyaksin billy day calmett att guerin khop" rar "besil day calmett att guerin khop" samawesh chhan. anusandhan. cum aya bhaeka deshharuma samagra mrityudarma bisiji khopko faidajanak gaira-wishishta prabhawka lagi wa sepsis rar shwasprashwasko sankramansahit anya swasthya samasyaharu cum garna prarambhik rupma diie, yasalai pahile prayog garda badhi labhka sath asthayi pramanharu awasthit chhan. risas makakharuma, bi. sii. zi. ley shirama diiema surakshako sudharieko darr dekhaunchha. kehi jokhimharu manisharuma anuwad garnaghi mulyankan garnuparchha. type 1 madhumeha. , bisiji khop type 1 madhumeha (tii1dee) maa adhyayan hune prarambhik charanma chha. covid-19. bisiji khopko prayogle covid-19 viruddha suraksha pradan garna sakchha. yadyapi, yass sandarbhama mahamari vigyan awalokanharu aspashta chhan. jasle rokathamka lagi yasako prayogko sifaris gardaina. beas bisiji parikshanharu vibhinna clinical charanharuma chhan. parinamharu atyanta mishrit chhan. mahamari aghi dui warshama tean patak khop lagaeka wyaktiharu samawesh bhaeko 15 mahinako parikshanle type 1 madhumeha bhaeka bisiji-naibh manisharuma sankraman rokna sakaratmak parinam dekhaunchha. arkotarf, 5 mahinako parikshanle dekhayo kii bisijiko sath punah khop lagaunda swasthya karyakartaharuma sankraman rokna maddat gardaina. duwai double-andha aniyamit niyantrit parikshanharu thie.

bcg tika basils calmet-guerine (bcg) tika heuchhi eka tika jaahaa mukhyatah yakshma (tibi) biruddhare byabahruta hue . ehara udbhabaka albert calmet ebong kamil gerinnka naamare ehara namakarana karajaichi. jeun deshagudikare yakshma kimba kustha roga sadharana, sethare janma parey jete shighra sambhaba sustha sisunka paain gotie matra suparish karajae. jeun anchalare yakshma sadharana nuhen, sethare kebala adhika bipada thiba pilamananku sadharanatah tikakarana karajae, jetebele yakshmara sandigdha mamla byaktigata bhabare parikhya ebong chikitsa karajae . jeun bajaskankara yakshma roga naahin ebong purbaru tikakarana karajainahni, kintu barambar sansparshare aasichanti, semananku madhya tikakarana karajaipare. buruli alsara sankramana ebong anyanya anah-yakshma mycobacterial sankramana biruddhare bii. sii. jii. rahr kichhi prabhabasalita madhya rahichhi. ehaa byatita, belebele ehaa mutrashai karkata chikitsara ansha bhabare byabahruta hue . yakshma sankramanaru surakhya haara byapaka bhabare bhinna hoithae ebong surakhya 20 barsha parjyanta rahithae . pilamananka madhyare, ehaa praiah 20 pratishata sankramita hebaru rakhya karithae ebong jeunmane sankramita huanti, semananka madhyaru adhaa roga bikashita hebaru rakhya karithae. ehi tika twachare injection dwara diajae. kaunasi pramana darshae naahin je atirikta matra labhadajaka . gurutara parswa pratikrija birala . aneka samajare, injection diajaithiba sthanare lalbhab, phula ebong samanya jantrana hoithae. aarogya heba parey kichhi daaga sahita eka chhot alsara madhya srusti hoipare . parswa pratikrija adhika sadharana ebong sambhabya bhabare adhika gurutara roga pratirodhaka shakti daman thiba lokanka madhyare . jadio bhruna upare kaunasi khyatikaraka prabhaba dekhibaku milinahin, tathapi ehara surakhya bishajare parjyapta pramana naahin. garbhabastha samajare bcg tikakarana ebong tenu, garbhabastha samajare byabahara paain tika suparish karajae naahin . ehi tika moolatah "mycobacterium bobhis" ru bikashita hoithila, jaahaa sadharanatah gorumanankathare dekhajae . ehaa durbala hoijaithiba bele, ehaa ebebi jibanta rahichhi. bcg tika pratham thara paain 1921 ray daktari bhabare byabahruta hoithila. ehaa biswa swasthya sangathnar atyabashyaka oushadha talikare achhi . biswa starare pratibarsha praiah 10 koti pilanku ehi tika diajauchhi. daktari byabahara. yakshma. yakshma biruddhare tikakarana paain bisijir mukhya byabahara . janma parey bii. sii. jii. tika intradermal bhabare diajaipare. bcg tikakarana eka mithya sakaratmaka mantox parikhya srusti karipare . bisijir sabutharu bibadiah diga heuchhi bibhinna clinical parikhyanare miluthiba paribartanashila prabhabasheelata, jaahaa bhugol upare nirbharashila bolly janapade . britenare karajaithiba parikhyanagudika kramagata bhabe 60 ru 80 pratishata surakhyatmaka prabhaba dekhaichhanti, kintu anyatra karajaithiba parikhyanagudika kaunasi surakhyatmaka prabhaba dekhaichhanti, ebong bishubarekhara nikatatar heba sahita ehara prabhaba hrass pauthiba dekhajae. 1994 masihar eka byabasthita samikhyare janapadichhi je bcg yakshma hebara aashanka praiah 50 pratishata hrass karithae. janasankhyare aanubanshika parthakya, paribeshare paribartana, anya jeebaanu sankramanara sansparshare asiba, ebong parikhyagarare tika utpadana karajauthiba sthiti, jeunthire prajnan karajauthiba strain ebong chayan madhyare aanubanshika parthakya antarbhukta, prabhabeetare parthakya anchala upare nirbhara kare . 2014ray karajaithiba eka byabasthita samikhya ebong meta-bishleshanaru janapadichhi je bcg tika sankramanaku 19-27% hrass karichhi ebong sakriya yakshma rogaku 71 pratishata hrass karichhi. ehi samikhyare antarbhukta adhyajanagudika sehi adhyajanagudika madhyare seemita thila jeunmane interferon gamma releases aase byabahara karithile. bisijir surakhyara abadhi spust bhabare janaa naahin . eka surakhyatmaka prabhaba dekhaithiba adhyajanagudikare, tathya asangata . emm. aarr. sii. adhyajanaru janapadichhi je 15 barsha parey surakhya 59 pratishataku hrass paithila ebong 20 barsha parey shunyaku hrass paithila; tathapi, 1930 dashakare tikakarana karajaithiba sthaniah aamerikeejamananku anudhyana karuthiba eka adhyajanare teekakaranara 60 barsha parey madhya surakhyara pramana milithila, jahara prabhaba samanya hrass paithila. pitta yakshma kimba yakshma meningitis pratirodhare bisijir sabutharu budd prabhaba thiba pari manehue, tenu ehaa ebe madhya sehi deshagudikare byapaka bhabare byabahruta hue jeunthare fusfus yakshma biruddhare prabhabasheelata naganya . 2021 masihare bisijir 100tama barshiki thila. yakshma biruddhare licensprapta ehaa ekamatra tika, jaahaa eka chaluthiba mahamari. yakshma durikarana heuchhi biswa swasthya sangathana (kie) rahr eka lakhya, jadio yathesta agragati kariba paain bayaska fusfus yakshma biruddhare adhika prabhabasali nutan tika bikash aabasyaka hoipare . phalapradata. bibhinna deshare bisijir paribartanashila prabhabasheelata paain aneka sambhabya kaaran prastaba diajaichhi. kaunasiti pramanita hoinahin, ketekaku asweekara karajaichi, ebong ubhaja comm yakshma-bojha thiba desh (america) ebong adhika yakshma-bojha thiba desh (bharat) ray karjyakaritara abhabaku kehi byakhya kariparibe naahin . bii. sii. jii. upare 'aii hoo' dakyumentare paribartanashila prabhabeetara karanagudika bistruta bhabare alochana karajaichi. mycobacteria. kichhi anah-yakshma mycobacteria biruddhare bisijir surakhyatmaka prabhaba rahichhi. karkata roga. bcg sabutharu saphala immunotherapy madhyaru gotie. 1977 masiharu bcg tika "mutrashai karkata (enn. emm. aai. bii. sii.) rogeenka paain jatnara manaka" rahichhi. 2014 suddha anah-mansapeshi-aakramanakaree mutrashai karkata chikitsa paain aatharu adhika bhinna bhinna bibechita biosemillar agent kimba strain byabahruta hoithila . prashasana paddhati. sadharanatah bcg deba purbaru eka tuberculin charma parikhya karajae . eka pratikrijasheela tuberculin charma parikhya heuchhi gurutara sthaniah pradaha ebong dagara bipada hetu bcg paain eka bipareet sanketa; ehaa kaunasi pratirakhya suchai naahin . aai. ell.-12 receptor pathaway truti thiba keteka lokanka khetrare bii. sii. jii. madhya bipareet sanketa deithae. deltoid bhartti kariba samajare bcg ekaka intradermal injection bhabare diajae . jadi bhulabashatah bcg subcutaneous bhabare diajae, tebe eka sthaniah phoda (eka "bcg-oma") srusti hoipare jaahaa belebele ulcerate karipare, ebong turanta antibajotika sahita chikitsa aabasyaka karipare, nachet chikitsa bina ehaa sankramana bistara karipare, jaahaa gurutwapurna angagudiku gurutara khyati pahanchaithae . phoda sabubele bhul parichalana sahita jadita nuhen, ebong ehaa tikakarana sahita ghatibara eka sadharana jatilata . antibajotika dwara ehi phoda chikitsa upare aneka daktari adhyajana bibhinna phalaphal sahita karajaichi, kintu sahamati heuchhi thare poosha aakankhita ebong bisleshana karajae, jadi kaunasi aswabhabika besili upasthita nathaae, phoda sadharanatah kichhi saptaha madhyare nije bhal hoijiba . bcg tikakarana patrare thiba bisheshatwajukta khyatachinhaku prajatah purba teekakaranara pramana bhabare byabahara karajae . ehi dagaku gutibasanta tikakarana thaaru alga karajiba aabasyaka, jaahaa ehaa sadrusha hoipare . mutrashai karkata paain diajaithiba samajare, ehi tika twacha madhyamare injection diajae naahin, barang eka naram catheter byabahara curry mutranali madhyamare mootrashajare bhartti karajae . pratikula prabhaba. bcg tikakarana sadharanatah injection sthanare kichhi jantrana ebong daaga srusti kare . ehara mukhya pratikula prabhaba heuchhi calloid-budd, uthita khyata. deltoid mansapeshire bhartti kariba prajatah byabahruta hue kaaran sehi sthana byabahara kariba samajare sthaniah jatilata haara sabutharu comm . tathapi, nitamba heuchhi parichalanara eka bikalpa sthana kaaran ehaa unnat prasadhan phalaphal pradan kare . bcg tika intradermal bhabare diajiba uchit . jadi subcutaneous bhabare diajae, ehaa sthaniah sankramanaku prabartaipare ebong anchalika lymph nodku byapithae, jaahaa sapyuretiv (pusra utpadana) ebong anah-sapyuretiv lymphadenitis srusti kare . sadharanatah anah-anupajogee lymphadenitis paain rakhyanashila parichalana yathesta. jadi sapureshan hue, tebe ehara sui espirationera abashyakata padipare. samadhan nahoithiba pariposhana paain, astropacharara abashyakata padipare. ehi jatilatara chikitsa paain pramana durlabh . aswabhabika bhabe, stana ebong glutail phoda hematogenous (rakta dwara bahita) ebong lymphangiomats bistara karanaru hoipare . anchalika asthi sankramana (bcg osteomyelities kimba astititis) ebong prasarita bcg sankramana bcg teekakaranara birala jatilata, kintu sambhabya zeeban-bipada. gurutara jatilatare systemic antituberculus therapy sahajaka hoipare . jetebele bii. sii. jii. mutrashai karkata paain byabahruta hue, chikitsa karajaithiba rogeenka madhyaru praiah 2.9% janananga kimba systemic bii. sii. jii.-sambandheeah sankramana hetu immunotherapy banda karidianti, jadio lakhyanatmaka mutrashai bii. sii. jii. sankramana barambar hoithae, anya angagudikara sampruktata atyanta birala . jetebele byabasthita sampruktata ghate, jakruta ebong fushfush heuchhi pratham anga jaahaa prabhabita hue (shesh bcg instillation parey 1 saptaha [madhyama]) . jadi bii. sii. jii. bhulabashatah jane pratirakhyaheena rogeeku diajae (jathahji.gurutara milita roga pratirodhaka shakti abhaba thiba shishu), ehaa bistara kimba zeeban-bipadjanaka sankramana srusti karipare. ehi ghatanatira documented ghatana heuchhi prati nijuta teekaakaranare ekaru comm. 2007 masihare, jeunmane etch. aai. bhi. thiba sisunka paain bcg suparish kariba banda karidele, jadio yakshma sansparshare asibara aashanka adhika, kaaran prasarita bcg sankramanara aashanka (jaahaa sehi adhika bipada sandarbhare 100,000 ray praiah 400). byabahara karantu. byaktinka bayasa ebong jeun thara bcg diajae taaha sarbada desh anusare bhinna bhinna hoithae. jie bartamana yakshma ebong/kimba uccha kustharogi bojha thiba samasta desh paain piladin bcg suparish karanti . ehaa saaraa bisware aitihasika ebong barttamanara bcg abhyasara eka aanshika talika . ateeta ebong barttamanara abhyasara eka sampurna atlas srusti hoichhi . utpadana. bcg, manishare roga srusti karibara khyamata haraithiba, jibanta bovaina tuberculosis basils, "mycobacterium bobhis" rahr eka strain ru prastuta karajae. ehaa eka sanskruti madhyamare swatantra bhabare upa-sanskruti karajae, sadharanatah middlebrock 7h9. jehetu jibanta besili upalabdha poshaka tatwara sarbottama byabahara karibaku bikashita hue, semane manab raktare comm anukula huanti ebong manab poshakare prabesha kariba parey rogaku aau prabartai paribe naahin . tathapi, semane semanankara banya purbapurushanka sahita yathesta samaana jaahaa manab yakshma biruddhare kichhi matrare pratirakhya pradan kare . 15 barsha parjyanta yakshma pratirodhare bcg tika 0 ru 80 pratishata parjyanta prabhabasali hoipare; tathapi, ehara surakhyatmaka prabhaba bhougolikata ebong jeun parikhyagarare tika strain chaash karajaithila taaha anujai bhinna bhinna dekhajae . aneka bhinna bhinna company bcg tiari karithanti, belebele bacteriar bhinna bhinna aanubanshika prabhed byabahara karithanti. ehaa bibhinna utpada baisistya srusti karipare. mutrashai karkata paain mutrashai sthapana paain byabahruta uncoatis arganan parikhyagara dwara bikashita hoithila (jehetu shering-hool dwara adhigrahan karajaithila, ebong phalaswaroopa merck anded coe dwara adhigrahan karajaithila .). anuroopa prajoga heuchhi brazilara substrain emm rahr malikanare thiba palish company biomed-lublin rahr onko bisijir utpada . bovisa bcg morao jaahaa anya bcg strain sameth tika tulanare comm pratikrijasheela . montreal (institute armand-frappiyara) strain ru nirmita pesis bcg, praiah 2002 ray yurokar dwara pratham bikrai karajaithila. yurokar dynon system dwara adhigrahan karajaithila . evance tika (pouderject pharmaceuticalsara eka sahajaka). denamarkare stattons seram pratisthana danish strain 1331 byabahara curry prastuta bcg tika bajaarare bikri kare. japan bcg laboretory biswara 50 tii deshare pastur bisijir tokio 172 substrain upare aadharita ehara tika bajaara kare . december 2015ray prakashita eka unicef report anujai, bcg tika jogaana surakhya upare, 2015ray biswastareeja chahida 123ru <aai. dii. 1> nijuta dojaku brudhi paithila. surakhyare unnati aaniba ebong sulabh ebong namaniah joganara utsagudiku [bibidhata] aaniba paain, "unicef bcg utpadana paain satati nutan utpadanakareenku chukti pradan karithila. barttamanara utpadanakarimananka thaaru jogaana upalabdhata ebong "nutan jie purbaru jogya tika" sahita mote jogaana "2016 parjyanta ubhaja daman karajaithiba 2015 chahida, tatha 2016-2018 madhyamare mote purbanumana chahida purana karibaku yathesta heba." jogaana abhaba. 2011 ray, sanofi paster plant banya srusti karithila, jaahaa chhanchare samasya srusti karithila . kanadara ontariora torantore abasthita ehi subidha, substrain konat sahita nirmita bcg tika utpada utpadana karithila jepariki eka yakshma tika ebong eka bcg immunotherapeutic ebong mutrashai karkata oushadha immusist . 2012 masiha april maasa suddha aif. dii. aii. udbhidare bandhyatwa janita dozen dozen documented samasya paijaithila, jeunthire chhancha, basna karuthiba pakhi ebong janjalajukta bidyuta nalee antarbhukta thila. dui barsharu adhika samai dhari karkhana banda rahiba phalare mutrashai karkata ebong yakshma tika abhaba srusti hoithila. 29 october 2014 ray swasthya kanada sanophinku bisijir utpadana punah arambha karibaku anumathi deithila. 2018 masihare biswa joganara eka bishleshanaru janapadichhi je, bcg tika chahida purana kariba paain jogaana yathesta, kintu abhabara aashanka rahichhi, mukhyatah 75 pratishata lokanka upare nirbharasheelata karanaru jeunmane kebala dui john joganakarinka upare purba-jogyatara jogaana karithile. shukhijae. keteka bcg tika frijre shukhai diajae ebong sukshma paudarare parinata hue . belebele paudaraku eka catch aampiulare shunyasthana sahita sil karajae . baaju prabahaku pouder baharaku prabahita hebaru rokiba paain ehipari eka catch aampiulaku dheere dheere kholibaku padiba . taa 'parey injection deba purbaru paudaraku labanakta panire patala karibaku padiba. itihas. bisijir itihas smalpox sahita jadita . 1865 masiha suddha zin antoine villemin pradarshan karithile je kharagoshamane manishamananka dwara yakshma dwara sankramita hoiparanti; 1868 masiha suddha shay janibaku paithile je kharagoshamane gaimananka dwara yakshma dwara sankramita hoiparanti, ebong kharagoshamane anya kharagoshamananka dwara yakshma dwara sankramita hoiparanti. tenu, shay ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je yakshma kaunasi ajana anujeeba (kimba "bhutanu", jaahaaku shay ehaaku kahithile) madhyamare sankramita hoithila. 1882 masihare robert coach manab ebong gobargara yakshma rogaku samaana bolly bibechana karithile. kintu 1895 masihare, theobald smith manab ebong gobargara yakshma madhyare parthakya upasthapana karithile, jaahaa shay kochanku report karithile. 1901 masiha suddha coach "mycobacterium bobhis" ku "mycobacterium tuberculosis" ru pruthaka karithile. astadasha shatabdire sthapita, gutibasanta pratirodhare teekakaranara saphalata parey, baigyanikamane gobargara yakshma ebong coupox madhyare eka samantarala rekhachitra ankana curry jakhmare eka parinam khojibaku chinta karithileh ehaa anumana karajaithila je gobargara yakshma sankramana manab yakshma sankramanaru rakhya karipare . 19shaa shatabdir shesh bhagare, "m" byabahara curry clinical parikhyana karajaithila. bovisa "italyre biparjyajapurna phalaphal sahita parichalita hoithila, kaaran" m ". bovisa "emm" bhali bishakta bolly janapadithila. yakshma ". albert calmet, jane farasi chikitsaka ebong jeebaanu bisheshagya, ebong taanka sahakaree tatha parabarti sahakarmee, kemili guerine, jane pashu chikitsaka, 1908 ray institute paster dii lilly (lilly, frances) ray karjya karuthile. semananka karjyare yakshma basilsra jeebanujanita prabhed upa-chaash ebong bibhinna sanskruti madhyamara parikhya antarbhukta . semane lakhya kale je eka glycerine-pitta-aalu mishran basili utpadana karithila jaahaa comm bishakta laguthila, ebong semanankara gabeshanara gatipath badalai deithila je barambar upa-chaash eka strain utpadana kariba kii naahin jaahaa eka tika bhabare byabahara paain bichara karibaku yathesta kheena hoithila . glycerine aalu madhyama upare bishakta chaparu 13 barsha madhyare 239 thara upa-chaash parey bcg strenku pruthaka karajaithila. 1919 masiha parjyanta pratham biswajudha samajare ehi gabeshana jaari rahithila, jetebele bartamana prachlita basili gabeshana karuthiba pranimananka madhyare yakshma roga srusti karibare asamartha thila. 1919 masihare pyarisra paster instichyutaku calmett ebong gerin sthanantarita hoithila. bcg tika pratham thara paain 1921 masihare manishamananka paain byabahara karajaithila. janasadharananka swekruti manthara thila, ebong bisesh curry lubec biparjya ehaaku khyati pahanchaiba paain bahuta kichhi karithila . 1929 ru 1933 madhyare lubec ray, jeebner pratham 10 deane madhyare 251 tii sisuku tika diajaithila; 173 tii yakshma bikashita hoithila ebong 72 janankara mrutyu hoithila . parabarti samajare ehaa janibaku milithila je sethare diajaithiba bcg eka bhutanujanita strain dwara dushita hoithila jaahaa sehi incubatorare gachhita thila, jaahaa tika nirmatanka birodhare aaingata karjyanusthana grahan karithila. dodd. aarr. jii. saskatachewanara fort quappel sanitorijamare karjya karuthiba fergussion yakshma biruddhare tikakarana abhyasa bikashita karibare agraneemananka madhyare thile. kanadare, abasic bidyalajara 600 ru adhika pilamananku 1933 ru 1945 madhyare bcg tika parikhyanare anichakruta anshagrahanakaree bhabare byabahara karajaithila. 1928 ray, bcgku ligg off nesanra swasthya kamiti (biswa swasthya sangathana (kie) rahr purbasuri) dwara grahan karajaithila. tebe, birodha karanaru, ehaa dwiteeja biswajudha parey byapaka bhabare byabahruta hoithila. 1945 ru 1948 parjyanta, releaf sangathana (antarjatija yakshma abhijana kimba milita udyoga) purba juropare 80 lakhyaru adhika shishumananku tikakarana karithile ebong eka budd juddha parey yakshmara purbanumana karajaithiba sadharana brudhiku atakaithile. sisujanita bayasa bargare yakshma janita meningitis biruddhare bcg atyanta prabhabasali, kintu fusfus sambandheeah yakshma biruddhare ehara prabhaba paribartanashila bolly dekhajae . keteka desh nijamita teekakaranaru bcgku hatai deichhanti. jeun duiti desh ehaaku nijamita bhabe byabahara karinahanti, semane heuchhanti america ebong netherland (ubhaja deshare, ehaa anubhaba karajae je eka biswasaneeja mantox parikhya kariba ebong tenu sakriya rogaku sathik bhabare chinhat karibare sakhyama heba samaj paain eka abastha biruddhare tikakarana kariba apekhya adhika labhadajaka jaahaa bartamana sethare apekhyakruta birala). anya namagudika madhyare rahichhi "tika bilie dii calmet ait guerine tika" ebong "basil dii calmet ait guerine tika". gabeshana karantu. swalpa aajakaree deshagudikare samagrika mrutyuhara upare bcg teekakaranara eka labhadajaka anah-nirdista prabhaba paain kimba sepsis ebong swasakrija sankramana sameth anyanya swasthya samasyaku hrass kariba paain, jetebele ehaaku shighra diajae, adhika laabh sahita, ehara byabahara shighra karajae, asthajee pramana bidyamana achhi . recess makak ray, bcg shirare deba samajare surakhyara unnat haara darshae . manishaku anubada kariba purbaru kichhi bipadaku mulyankana karajiba aabasyaka . type 1 madhumeh. bcg tika type 1 madhumeh (tii1dii) ray adhyajana hebara prarambhika parjyajare achhi. kovida-19. bcg tikara byabahara kovida-19 biruddhare surakhya pradan karipare. tebe, ehi prasangare mahamari bigyana sambandheeah parjyabekhyana aspasta . jie ehara pratirodha paain ehara byabahara suparish karanti naahin. kodie bcg parikhyana bibhinna clinical parjyajare achhi. , phalaphal atyanta mishrit . mahamari purbaru dui barsha madhyare tini thara tika neithiba lokanku nei 15 masser parikhyana type 1 madhumehare bcg-naibh lokanka sankramanaku rokiba paain sakaratmaka phalaphal darshauchhi . anyapakhyare, 5 masser parikhyanaru janapadichhi je bcg dwara punah tikakarana swasthyaseba karmacharinka sankramanaku rokibare sahajya kare naahin. ubhaja double-blind randomised controled trial thila.

bee. see. jee. teeka basils calmet-guerin (bee. see. jee.) teeka ikk teeka haii joe mukkh taur utte tii. bee. (tii. bee.) dey virudh vartiaa jaanda haii. iss daa naam iss dey khojiaan albert calmet atey camill guerin dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. uhanan deshan witch jitthe tii. bee. jaan kodh aam haii, tandrusti vaale bacchiaan witch janam toon turant baad ikk khurak dee sifarash keeti jaandi haii. uhanan khetran witch jitthe tii. bee. aam naheen haii, siraf ucch jokham vaale bacchiaan noon aam taur utte teeka lagaiaa jaanda haii, jadon kii tii. bee. dey shakki mamlian dee viaktigat taur utte jaanch atey ilaaj keeta jaanda haii. jinhan balgan noon tii. bee. naheen haii atey jinhan noon pahilan teeka naheen lagaiaa giaa haii, parr aksar samparak witch aaunde hunn, unhan noon vee teeka lagaiaa jaa sakda haii. bee. see. jee. dee buruli alsar dee laag atey horr gair-tuberculus mycobacterial laagan dey virudh vee kujh prabhavsheelta haii. iss toon ilava, iss noon kaee vaar bladder cancer dey ilaaj dey hisse vajon vartiaa jaanda haii. tii. bee. dee laag toon surakhiaa deeaan daraan viaapak taur 'teey vakkhariaan hundiaan hunn atey surakhiaa 20 saalan takk rahindi haii. bacchiaan witch, ih lagbhag 20 pratishat noon sankarmit honn toon rokada haii atey joe sankarmit hunde hunn, ih addhe noon bimari dey vikas toon bachaunda haii. ih teeka chamdi witch teeke duaara ditta jaanda haii. koee saboot naheen darsaunda kii vadhu khurakan labhdaik hunn. gambhir maade prabhav bahut ghatt hunde hunn. aksar, teeke dee jagha 'teey laali, soj atey halka darad hunda haii. theek honn toon baad ikk chhota jiha alsar vee hoow sakda haii jiss witch kujh nishan hoow sakde hunn. immunospression vaale lokan witch mandey prabhav vadhere aam atey sambhavat taur 'teey vadhere gambhir hunde hunn. halanki garabhsath shishu utte koee nuksandeh prabhav naheen dekhiaa giaa haii, parr garabhsath shishu dee surakhiaa baare nakafi saboot hunn. garabh avastha dauran bee. see. jee. tikakaran atey iss laee, garabh avastha dauran teeke dee varton dee sifarash naheen keeti jaandi. ih teeka mool roop witch "mycobacterium bovis" toon tiaar keeta giaa see, joe aam taur utte pashuaan witch paaiaa jaanda haii. jadon kii ih kamzor hoow giaa haii, ih ajey vee jeevat haii. bee. see. jee. teeka pahili vaar 1921 witch medical taur 'teey vartiaa giaa see. ih vishav sihat sangathan dee zaruri davaiaan dee suchi witch haii. ih teeka vishav paddhar utte pratee saal lagbhag 10 croad bacchiaan noon ditta jaanda haii. medical varton. tii. bee. bee. see. jee. dee mukkh varton tii. bee. virudh tikakaran laee haii. bee. see. jee. daa teeka janam toon baad andruni taur utte lagaiaa jaa sakda haii. bee. see. jee. tikakaran ikk galat skaratmak mantox test daa caarn bann sakda haii. bee. see. jee. daa sabh toon vivadpuran pahilu vakkh-vakkh clinical azmaishan witch paaiaa jaanh vaala parivartansheel prabhav haii, joe bhugol utte nirbhar karda japda haii. yuu. keey. witch keete gaye azmaishan neey lagatar 60 toon 80 pratishat daa surakhiaa prabhav dikhaiaa haii, parr horr kitey keete gaye azmaishan neey koee surakhiaa prabhav naheen dikhaiaa haii, atey bhumadh rekha dey nede pahunchan naal prabhavsheelta ghatt hundi jaapadi haii. 1994 dee ikk yojnabadh samikhiaa witch paaiaa giaa kii bee. see. jee. tii. bee. honn dey jokham noon lagbhag 50 pratishat takk ghataunda haii. prabhavsheelta witch antar khetar utte nirbhar karda haii, jiven kii aabadi witch genetic antar, vatavaran witch tabdiliaan, horr bacteria deeaan laagan dey samparak witch aauna, atey prayogshala witch sathitiaan jitthe teeka ugaiaa jaanda haii, jiss witch sanskrit keete jaa rahey tanaa atey vikas madhiam dee chonh dey vichkaar genetic antar shamal hunn. 2014 witch keeti gaee ikk yojnabadh samikhiaa atey maita-vishleshan neey dikhaiaa kii bee. see. jee. teeke neey laag noon 19-27% duaara ghataiaa atey sargaram tii. bee. dey vikas noon 71 pratishat takk ghataa ditta. iss samikhiaa witch shamal adhiaen uhanan takk seemat sunn jinhan neey interferon gaama rileez parakh dee varton keeti see. bee. see. jee. dee surakhiaa dee miaad spasht taur 'teey jaanhi naheen jaandi. uhanan adhiaenan witch joe ikk surakhiaa prabhav dikhaunde hunn, ankade asangat hunn. aimm. aar. see. dey adhiaen neey dikhaiaa kii surakhiaa 15 saalan baad 59 pratishat takk ghatt gaee atey 20 saalan baad ziro hoow gaee; halanki, 1930 dey dahake witch tikakaran keete gaye mool amrikiaan noon vekhan vaale ikk adhiaen witch tikakaran dey 60 saalan baad vee surakhiaa dey saboot mille, jiss dee prabhavsheelta witch thodhi jihi qamee aaee. bee. see. jee. daa sabh toon vadda prabhav miliri tii. bee. jaan tii. bee. meningitis noon rokann witch japda haii, iss laee ih ajey vee unhan deshan witch vee viaapak taur 'teey vartiaa jaanda haii jitthe pulmonary tii. bee. dey virudh prabhavsheelta bahut ghatt haii. bee. see. jee. dee 100veen varehgandh 2021 witch see. ih tii. bee. dey virudh laisanshuda iklauta teeka haii, joe kii ikk chall rahee mahamari haii. tii. bee. daa khatma vishav sihat sangathan (joe) daa ikk teecha haii, halanki baalag pulmonary tii. bee. dey virudh vadhere prabhavsheelta vaale navein tikiaan dey vikas dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii taan joe kaafi tarakki keeti jaa sake. prabhavsheelta. vakkh-vakkh deshan witch bee. see. jee. dee parivartansheel prabhavsheelta dey kaee sambhavit kaarnan daa prastav ditta giaa haii. koee vee saabat naheen hoiaa haii, kujh noon galat saabat keeta giaa haii, atey koee vee ghatt tii. bee.-bojh vaale deshan (yuu. aiss.) atey ucch tii. bee. bojh vaale deshan (bharat) dovan witch prabhavsheelta dee ghaat dee viaakhiaa naheen qarr sakda. bee. see. jee. utte aii huu dastavez witch parivartansheel prabhavsheelta dey kaarnan baare lammi charcha keeti gaee haii. mycobacteria. bee. see. jee. dey kujh gair-tii. bee. mycobacteria dey virudh surakhiaa prabhav hunde hunn. cancer. bee. see. jee. sabh toon safal immunotherapies vicchon ikk rahee haii. bee. see. jee. teeka 1977 toon "bladder cancer (ainn. aimm. aaee. bee. see.) dey mareezan laee dekhbhal daa miaar" riha haii. 2014 takk atth toon vaddh vakkh-vakkh manne jaande biosemiller agent jaan tanaa sunn joe gair-maspeshi-hamlawar bladder cancer dey ilaaj laee varte jaande sunn. parshasana daa tarika. aam taur utte bee. see. jee. denh toon pahilan ikk tuberculin chamdi daa test keeta jaanda haii. ikk pratikriyashil tuberculin chamdi daa test gambhir sathanak sojash atey daagh dey jokham caarn bee. see. jee. laee ikk ulat haii; ih kise vee pratirodhak shakti daa sanket naheen dinda haii. bee. see. jee. noon kujh lokan witch vee ulat keeta jaanda haii jinhan noon aaee. ail.-12 receptor maarag dey nuks hunde hunn. bee. see. jee. noon deltoid dey sammilit honn 'teey ikk single intradermal teeke dey roop witch ditta jaanda haii. jey bee. see. jee. noon galti naal chamdi dey hethan ditta jaanda haii, taan ikk sathanak foda (ikk "bee. see. jee-ou. aimm. aii.") bann sakda haii joe kaee vaar alsar hoow sakda haii, atey turant antibiotics naal ilaaj dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii, naheen taan ilaaj toon binan ih laag faila sakda haii, jiss naal mahattavpuran angaan noon gambhir nuksan hoow sakda haii. foda hamesha galat parbandhan naal judiaa naheen hunda, atey ih tikakaran naal hoow sakann valiaan vadhere aam pechidgiaan vicchon ikk haii. antibiotics naal inhan fodiaan dey ilaaj baare kaee medical adhiaen vakkh-vakkh natijiaan naal keete gaye hunn, parr aam sehmati ih haii kii ikk vaar puss dee ichha atey vishleshan keeta jaanda haii, basharte koee asdharan besili maujood naa howay, foda aam taur 'teey kujh haftiaan witch aapne aap theek hoow javega. bee. see. jee. tikakaran dey pattiaan dee visheshta uccha daag aksar purav tikakaran dey saboot vajon vartiaa jaanda haii. iss daag noon chechak tikakaran toon vakkhra keeta jaanha chahida haii, joe kii iss naal milda julda hoow sakda haii. jadon bladder cancer laee ditta jaanda haii, taan teeka chamdi raahin naheen lagaiaa jaanda, balki ikk naram catheter dee varton karke mootar raahin bladder witch paaiaa jaanda haii. ulat prabhav. bee. see. jee. tikakaran aam taur utte teeke dee jagha utte kujh darad atey nishan daa caarn banada haii. mukkh maade prabhav calloid hunn-vadde, ucche nishan. deltoid maspeshi witch sammilit curran dee varton aksar keeti jaandi haii kiunki jadon uss site dee varton keeti jaandi haii taan sathanak gunjhalta dee darr sabh toon ghatt hundi haii. firr vee, choota parbandhan daa ikk badalvan sathaan haii kiunki ih bihtar cosmetic natije pardan karda haii. bee. see. jee. teeka andruni taur utte ditta jaanha chahida haii. jey subcutaneous taur 'teey ditta jaanda haii, taan ih sathanak laag noon prerit qarr sakda haii atey khetri lasika nodan witch fail sakda haii, jiss naal jaan taan sprative (puss daa utpadan) atey nonspirative lymphadenitis hoow sakda haii. conservative parbandhan aam taur utte gair-spurative lymphadenitis laee kaafi hunda haii. jey spooreshan hundi haii, taan iss noon suee dee ichha dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii. gair-hall curran vaale spurition laee, cergical accission dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii. inhan pechidgiaan dey ilaaj laee saboot bahut ghatt hunn. asdharan taur utte, chhaati atey glutel fode hematogenous (khoon duaara keete gaye) atey lymphangiomats failan caarn hoow sakde hunn. khetri haddiaan dee laag (bee. see. jee. osteomyelitis jaan ostititis) atey prasarit bee. see. jee. dee laag bee. see. jee. tikakaran deeaan durlabh pechidgiaan hunn, parr sambhavat taur 'teey jeevan laee khatarnak hunn. pranaligat antituberculus therapy gambhir pechidgiaan witch madadgaar hoow sakadi haii. jadon bee. see. jee. dee varton bladder cancer laee keeti jaandi haii, taan lagbhag 2.9% ilaaj keete gaye mareez ikk jannan jaan pranaligat bee. see. jee.-sabandhat laag caarn immunotherapy bnd qarr dinde hunn, halanki lachhan vaale bladder bee. see. jee. dee laag aksar hundi haii, parr horr angaan dee shamuliat bahut asdharan haii. jadon pranaligat shamuliat hundi haii, taan jigar atey fefde prabhavit honn vaale pahile anga hunde hunn (aakhri bee. see. jee. instillation toon baad 1 hafta [median]). jey bee. see. jee. galti naal ikk immunocompromised mareez noon ditta jaanda haii (udaharan vajon.jee.ikk baccha jiss witch gambhir sanyukat imioon dee ghaat haii), ih faildi jaan janleva laag daa caarn bann sakda haii. iss ghatna dee dastavezi ghatna pratee million tikakaran toon ikk ghatt haii. 2007 witch, jinhan neey aich. aaee. vee. vaale bacchiaan laee bee. see. jee. dee sifarash karna bnd qarr ditta, bhaven kii tii. bee. dey samparak witch aaunn daa khatra ziaada howay, kiunki prasarit bee. see. jee. laag dey jokham (joe kii uss ucch jokham dey sandrabh witch lagbhag 400 pratee 100,000 haii). varton. viakati dee umar atey jiss barambarta naal bee. see. jee. ditta jaanda haii, uh hamesha desh toon desh witch vakkhra hunda haii. joe varatman witch tii. bee. atey/jaan ucch kodh dey bojh vaale saare deshan laee bachpan dey bee. see. jee. dee sifarash karde hunn. ih dunia bharr witch itihasak atey maujuda bee. see. jee. abhiaas dee ikk anshak suchi haii. ateet atey varatman abhiaas daa ikk sampuran attles tiaar keeta giaa haii. nirman. bee. see. jee. noon jeevat bovine tii. bee. basils, "mycobacterium bovis" dey ikk tanaa toon tiaar keeta jaanda haii, jiss neey manukkhan witch bimari paida curran dee aapni yogta guaa ditti haii. ih vishesh taur utte ikk culture madhiam witch upp-sanskriti keeti jaandi haii, aam taur utte middlebrook 7h9. kiunki jeevat besili upalbadh paushtik tattan dee sabh toon vadhiaa varton curran laee vikast hundi haii, uh manukkhi khoon laee ghatt anukool hoow jaandi haii atey manukkhi mezban witch pesh keete jaanh utte bimari noon prerit naheen qarr sakadi. firr vee, uh aapne jangli purvajan dey samaan hunn joe manukkhi tii. bee. dey virudh kujh hadd takk pratirodhak samratha pardan karde hunn. bee. see. jee. teeka 15 saalan dee miaad laee tii. bee. noon rokann witch 0 toon 80 pratishat takk prabhavshali hoow sakda haii; halanki, isda surakhiaa prabhav bhugol atey uss prayogshala dey anusar vakkhra japda haii jiss witch teeka strain ugaiaa giaa see. kaee vakkh-vakkh companyan bee. see. jee. banaundiyan hunn, kaee vaar bacteria dey vakkh-vakkh genetic strain dee varton kardiaan hunn. iss dey natije vajon vakkh-vakkh utpaad visheshtavan hoow sakdiaan hunn. oncotis, joe bladder cancer laee bladder instillation laee vartiaa jaanda haii, noon arganan prayogshalavan duaara vikast keeta giaa see (kiunki sharing-hull duaara prapat keeta giaa see, atey badle witch merck aind company duaara prapat keeta giaa see.). isey tarahan dee application polish company biomade-lublin dey onco bee. see. jee. daa utpaad haii, joe braazeel dey substrain aim. daa maalak haii. bovis bee. see. jee. morau joe kii horr bee. see. jee. strain samet tikiaan naalon ghatt pratikriyashil haii. paisis bee. see. jee., joe kii montrial (institute armend-frapier) strain toon baniaa haii, noon pahili vaar eurocor duaara lagbhag 2002 witch markeet keeta giaa see. evence teeke (podder project pharmaceuticals dee ikk sahaik company). denmark witch stattens seeram sanstha neey danish strain 1331 dee varton karke tiaar keeta bee. see. jee. teeka dunia bharr dey 50 deshan witch peshar bee. see. jee. dey tokio 172 substrain dey adhaar 'teey aapna teeka markeet keeta. dasambar 2015 witch prakashit unicef dee ikk report dey anusar, bee. see. jee. teeke dee saplai surakhiaa baare, vishwaviaapi mung 2015 witch 123 toon vadh keey 152.2 million khurakan hoow gaee. surakhiaa witch sudhar curran atey kifaiti atey lachakdaar saplai dey sarotan noon [vibhinn] curran laee, "unicef neey bee. see. jee. dey utpadan laee satt navein nirmatavan noon theka ditta. maujuda nirmatavan toon saplai dee uplabbadhta dey naal-naal, atey ikk "navaan joe pahilan toon yog teeka" kull saplai "2016 takk 2015 dee dabaun vaali mung dey naal-naal 2016-2018 duaara kull bhavikhbani mung noon poora curran laee kaafi hovegi." saplai dee ghaat. saal 2011 witch, sanofi paster plant witch hadah aaa giaa see, jiss naal ulli naal samassiaavan paida hoow gaeeaan sunn. torranto, ontario, canada witch sathit iss sahulat neey substrain kanaut naal baney bee. see. jee. teeke utpadan daa utpadan keeta jiven kii ikk tii. bee. teeka atey immusist, ikk bee. see. jee. immunotherapeutic atey bladder cancer dee dawai. aprail 2012 takk eff. dee. aii. neey paude witch nasbandi naal judiaan darjanan dastavezi samassiaavan labbhiaan sunn jinhan witch ulli, aalhane banaun vaale panchhi atey jangal bijli deeaan nalian shamal hunn. doou saalan toon vaddh samein takk plant dey bnd rahinn caarn bladder cancer atey tii. bee. tii. tii. dee ghaat hoow gaee. 29 aktubar 2014 noon sihat canada neey sanofi noon bee. see. jee. daa utpadan mudd shuru curran dee aagiaa ditti. vishwaviaapi saplai dey 2018 dey vishleshan neey sitta kaddhiaa kii saplai bee. see. jee. teeke dee mung dee bhavikhbani noon poora curran laee kaafi haii, parr ih ghaat daa jokham baniaa hoiaa haii, mukkh taur 'teey 75 pratishat dee nirbharta dey caarn jinhan neey siraf doou splieran' teey purav-yog saplai keeti haii. sukk jaanda haii. kujh bee. see. jee. teeke freeze karke sukk jaande hunn atey vadhiaa paa powderdarr bann jaande hunn. kaee vaar paaoond noon ikk kacch dey ampool witch vacuum naal seel qarr ditta jaanda haii. havaa dey pravaah noon paudar noon bahr kaddhan toon rokann laee ajihe shishe dey ampool noon hauli-hauli kholhna painda haii. firr teeke lagaun toon pahilan paudar noon khaare paanee naal petli curney pavegi. itihaas. bee. see. jee. daa itihaas chechak naal judiaa hoiaa haii. 1865 takk jeane antine villemin neey pradarshit keeta see kii khargosh manukkhan toon tii. bee. naal sankarmit hoow sakde hunn; 1868 takk usne paaiaa see kii khargosh gaavan toon tii. bee. naal sankarmit hoow sakde hunn, atey khargosh horr khargoshan toon tii. bee. naal sankarmit hoow sakde hunn. iss tarahan, uss neey ih sitta kaddhiaa kii tii. bee. kise anjaan sookham jeev (jaan "viruses", jiven kii uss neey iss noon kiha) raahin failda see. 1882 witch robert coach neey manukkhi atey bovine tii. bee. noon ikko jiha manniaa. parr 1895 witch, theobald smith neey manukkhi atey bovine tii. bee. dey vichkaar antar pesh keeta, jiss dee report usne coach noon ditti. 1901 takk coach neey "mycobacterium bovis" noon "mycobacterium tii. bee" toon vakkh keeta. 18veen sadee dauran sathapit chechak noon rokann witch tikakaran dee safalta toon baad, vigiaaniaan neey bovine tii. bee. atey coppox dey vichkaar ikk samanantar khich keey tii. bee. witch ikk upp-prabhav labbhan baare sochiaao ih anuman lagaiaa giaa see kii bovine tii. bee. naal laag manukkhi tii. bee. naal laag toon bacha sakadi haii. 19veen sadee dey akheer witch, "m" dee varton karde hoye clinical azmaishan. bovis itali witch vinashkari natijiaan naal aayojit keete gaye sunn, kiunki "m. bovis "m" jinna hii khatarnak paaiaa giaa see. tii. bee.". albert calmet, ikk franch doctor atey bacteriologist, atey uss dey sahaik atey baad witch sehyogi, camill guerin, ikk veterinary doctor, 1908 witch institute paster dee lillie (lillie, france) witch kamm qarr rahey sunn. unhan dey kamm witch tii. bee. basils dey khatarnak upp-sanskriti upp-sanskriti atey vakkh-vakkh sabheyachar media dee jaanch shamal see. uhanan neey nott keeta kii ikk glycerine-byle-aaloo daa mishran besili noon vadhaunda haii joe ghatt khatarnak japda haii, atey ih vekhan laee aapni khoj dey course noon badal ditta kii qee vaar-vaar upp-paalan ikk tanaa paida karega joe ikk teeke vajon varton laee vicharan laee kaafi ghatt keeta giaa see. glycerine aaloo madhiam utte khatarnak tanaa toon 13 saalan dauran 239 vaar upp-kheti curran toon baad bee. see. jee. tanaa noon alagg keeta giaa see. ih khoj pahile vishav yuddh dauran 1919 takk jaari rahee, jadon hunn tang curran vaale besili khoj janwaran witch tii. bee. dee bimari daa caarn bannan witch asamrath sunn. calmet atey gurin noon 1919 witch paris paster institute witch tabdil keeta giaa see. bee. see. jee. teeka pahili vaar 1921 witch manukkhan witch vartiaa giaa see. jantak savikarta hauli see, atey luback tabahi, vishesh taur 'teey, iss noon nuksan pahunchaun laee bahut kujh keeta. 1929 atey 1933 dey vichkaar, jeevan dey pahile 10 dinan witch 251 bacchiaan noon teeka lagaiaa giaa see; 173 noon tii. bee. hoow giaa atey 72 dee maut hoow gaee. baad witch ih pataa laggiaa kii utthe ditta giaa bee. see. jee. ikk khatarnak strain naal dooshit see joe use incubator witch store keeta jaa riha see, jiss caarn teeke dey nirmatavan virudh kanunni karvai keeti gaee. daa. aar. jee. fergusson, saskatchevan witch fort kioo 'appel sanitorium witch kamm qarr riha see, joe tii. bee. virudh tikakaran dey abhiaas noon vikast curran witch mohri see. canada witch, rihaishi schoolan dey 600 toon vaddh bacchiaan noon 1933 atey 1945 dey vichkaar bee. see. jee. teeke dey azmaishan witch annichat bhagidaran vajon vartiaa giaa see. 1928 witch, bee. see. jee. noon leeg aaf nations (vishav sihat sangathan (joe) dey puravgami) dee sihat kameti duaara apnaiaa giaa see. virodh dey caarn, halanki, ih dooje vishav yuddh toon baad hii viaapak taur 'teey vartiaa jaanh lagga. 1945 toon 1948 takk, raahat sangathanan (antarashtari tii. bee. muhim jaan sanjhe uddman) neey purbi yoorap witch 80 lakkh toon vaddh bacchiaan daa tikakaran keeta atey ikk vadde yuddh toon baad tii. bee. dey bhavikhbani keete gaye aam vaadhe noon rokiaa. bee. see. jee. bacchiaan dey umar samooh witch tuberculus meningitis dey virudh bahut prabhavshali haii, parr pulmonary tii. bee. dey virudh iss dee prabhavsheelta parivartansheel jaapadi haii. kujh deshan neey bee. see. jee. noon rutein tikakaran toon hataa ditta haii. doou desh jinhan neey iss dee niyamat taur 'teey varton naheen keeti haii uh hunn sanyukat raaj amrica atey needarlands (dovan deshan witch, ih mahisus keeta jaanda haii kii ikk bharoseyog mantox test honaa atey iss laee sargaram bimari daa sahee dhang naal pataa lagaun dey yog honaa samaaj laee ikk ajihi sathiti dey virudh tikakaran curran naalon vadhere labhdaik haii joe hunn utthe mukabaltan durlabh haii). horr naavan witch "vaccin billie dee calmet aett guerin vaccine" atey "baisil dee calmet aett guerin vaccine" shamal hunn. khoj. ghatt aamdan vaale deshan witch samucchi maut darr utte bee. see. jee. tikakaran dey labhkari gair-vishesh prabhav laee, jaan jadon jaldi ditta jaanda haii taan sepsis atey saah dee laag samet horr sihat samassiaavan noon ghataun laee, iss dee varton jinni jaldi keeti jaandi haii, vadhere laabh dey naal asthai saboot maujood hunn. reesus makakas witch, bee. see. jee. surakhiaa deeaan bihtar daraan noon darsaunda haii jadon naadi raahin ditta jaanda haii. manukkhan witch anuvad curran toon pahilan kujh jokhman daa mulankan keeta jaanha chahida haii. type 1 shugar. bee. see. jee. teeka type 1 shugar (tii1dee) witch adhiaen keete jaanh dey shuruati padavan witch haii. covid-19. bee. see. jee. teeke dee varton covid-19 toon surakhiaa pardan qarr sakadi haii. halanki, iss sabndh witch mahamari vigiaan dey nirikhan aspasht hunn. joe roktham laee iss dee varton dee sifarash naheen karda. bee. see. jee. dey veeh azmaish vakkh-vakkh clinical padavan witch hunn. natije bahut mishrat hunn. mahamari toon pahilan doou saalan witch tinn vaar tikakaran keete gaye lokan noon shamal karde hoye 15 mahiniaan daa ikk azmaish type 1 shugar vaale bee. see. jee-naiv lokan witch laag noon rokann witch skaratmak natije darsaunda haii. dooje paase, 5 mahiniaan dey azmaish toon pataa chalda haii kii bee. see. jee. naal dubara tikakaran sihat sambhal karamchariaan witch laag noon rokann witch sahaita naheen karda haii. doven double-anneh betartibe niyantrit azmaishan sunn.

bee. see. jee. teeka basilus-calamet-guerin (bee. see. jee.) iti teeka mukhyataya kshayarogasy (tea. bee.) viruddham upayujyate. asya aavishkartrubhih albert calamet tathaa camille guerin ityetayoho namna asya namakaranam krutam asti. yatra desheshu kshayrogah athavaa kushtarogah samanyaha asti, tatra janmaat anantaram yathashighram swastha-shishunam krute ekam matra anushamsyate. yatra kshetreshu kshayrogah samanyaha naasti, tatra kevalam adhika-apaayayuktaah baalakaah eva samanyataha pratirakshitaah bhavanti, api cha yakshmaa-rogasya shankita-prakaranaani vyaktigataroopen pareekshitaah chikitsitaah cha bhavanti. ye praudaah kshayarogen naa peeditaah, poorvam pratirakshitam naa, parantu bahudhaa anaavrutaah santi, te api pratirakshitaah bhavitum arhanti. buruli-ulcer-sankramanam, anye cha kshay-rahita-macobacterial-sankramanam cha prati bee. see. jee. ityasya prabhaawah kinchitkramah asti. api cha kadaachit mootraashay-karkarogasya chikitsayaha bhagarupena api asya upayogah bhavati. kshayarogasy sankramanaat rakshanasy matra vyaapakaroopen bhinnah bhavati, 20 varshaparyantam rakshanm cha bhavati. balakeshu, etat praayah 20 pratishatam sankramanam nivaarayati, api cha ye sankramitaah bhavanti teshu ardham rogaat rakshayati. twak-madhye injekshan dwara teeka deeyate. atirikta-maatraah laabhapradah iti kimapi pramanam naa darshayati. gambheeraani dushprabhaavaani viralaani santi. praayah, raktaksharanam, soojanam, mrudu-vedanaam cha injekshan-sthale bhavati. swasthataayaah anantaram keshaanchan vranena saha laghu-vranaha api bhavitum arhati. rogapratirodhak-damana-rogena piditanam krute dushprabhaawah adhika-samanyaha, sambhaawyen adhika-teevrah cha bhavati. yadyapi bhrunasya upari naa haanikaraprabhaawah drushtah tathaapi bhrunasya surakshayaha vishaye aparyaaptam sakshyam vartate. garbhaavasthaayaam bee. see. jee.-vyaaksineshan, ataha garbhaavasthaayaam waxine ityasya upayogam naa anushamsyate. praayah pashunam madhye drushyamaanam "macobacterium bovis" ityatah moolatah teeka vikasitam. yadyapi durbalah asti tathaapi jeevati. bee. see. jee. ityasya vyaakkseen prathamavaaram 1921 tame varshe chikitsayaha krute prayuktam aasit. etat vishva-swaasthya-sanghatanasy aawashyak-aushadha-suchyam asti. vishvavyaapyena prativarsham praayah 10 koti-baalakebhyah etat vyaakkseen deeyate. chikitsayaha upayogah. kshayrogah. bee. see. jee. ityasya mukhyah upayogah kshayarogasy viruddha-vyaaksineshan krute bhavati. janmaat anantaram bee. see. jee.-vyaakkseen antah-rogena daatum shakyate. bee. see. jee.-vyaaksineshan ityanena faals-positive-mantoux-parikshanam bhavitum arhati. bee. see. jee. ityasya sarvaadhikam vivaadaaspadam amsham bhinna-bhinna-naidaanika-parikshaneshu drushyamaana-parivartaneeya-prabhavakarita asti, yaa bhugolasya aadhaaren avalambyate iti drushyate. yoo. key.-deshe aayojitaah pareekshanaani nirantaram 60 taha 80 pratishatam yaavat surakshaatmakaprabhaavam darshayanti, parantu anyatra sanchaalitaah pareekshanaani naa surakshaatmakaprabhaavah darshayanti, tathaa cha vishuvavruttasya sameepastham bhavati taavat prabhaavasheelam nyoonam bhavati iti drushyate. 1994 tame varshe vyavasthita-samikshayam dnyaatam yat bee. see. jee. ityanena kshayarogasy apaayah praayah 50 pratishatam nyooneebhavati iti. prabhavashilatayaha bhedah kshetrasya upari avalambate, janasankhyaayaam aanuvamshikavibhedaha, paryaavaranasya parivartanam, anyasya jivanunam sankramanasya samparkah, prayogashalayaha sthitihi yatra vyaakkseen vardhate, samskrutim jatasya prabhedasya cha cha madhye aanuvamshikavibhedaha, vikasamadhyamam cha. 2014 tame varshe aayojite vyavasthita-sameekshayaha, metaa-vishleshanasya cha pramaanam aasit yat bee. see. jee.-vyaakkseen ityanena sankramanam <aii. dee. 1> ityanena nyunikrutam, sakriya-kshayarogasy pragatihi 71 pratishatam nyunikrutam. asmin samikshayam samaavishtaah adhyayanaani, tebhyah eva seemitaani aasan ye interferran-gaama-vimochana-parikshanasya upayogam akurvan. bee. see. jee. ityasya samrakshanasya avadhihi spashtatayaa naa dnyaayate. rakshaatmakaprabhaavah darshayantah adhyayanaani dattaamshaani asangatipoornaani santi. emm. aar. sii. ityasya adhyayanasya anusaaram 15 varshaanaam anantaram 59 pratishatam yaavat, 20 varshaanaam anantaram shoonyam yaavat cha rakshanm nyunikrutam iti, parantu 1930 tame dashake pratiraksham dattanam deshiyaramarikanam vishaye drushtam adhyayanm, pratirakshayaha 60 varshaanaam anantaram api samrakshanasya pramanam praapnot, yasya prabhavakarita tu alpatayaa nyunikrutam. pitta-kshay-rogasya athavaa kshayarog-meningetis ityasya nivaarane bee. see. jee. ityasya sarwaadhikah prabhaawah drushyate, ataha yatra fuffuseeya-kshayarogasy viruddham prabhavakarita naa tu asti, teshu desheshu api asya vyaapakah upayogah bhavati. bee. see. jee. ityasya 100 tama-vaarshikotsavah 2021 tame varshe abhavat. kshayarogasy viruddham anudnyaapatram praaptam ekamaatram vyaakkseen asti, yat prachalitaa mahamari asti. kshayarogasy nirmoolanam vishva-swaasthya-sanghatanasy (key) lakshyam asti, yadyapi paryaaptam pragatim kartum vayaska-pulmanary-tuberculosis ityasya viruddham adhika-prabhaavakaarinaam nootan-vaccines-ityasya vikaasah aavashyakah bhavet. prabhaavasheelam bhavati. vividheshu desheshu bee. see. jee. ityasya parivartaneeya-prabhaavakaaritvasya anekaani sambhaavyaani kaaranaani prastooyante. naa kimapi siddham, kaanichan naa niroopitaah, naa cha nyoon-kshayarog-bhaarayukteshu desheshu (america), uccha-kshayarog-bhaarayukteshu desheshu (bhaarat) prabhaavakaaritaaroopen abhaawah iti kimapi vyaakhyaatum naa shaknoti. bee. see. jee. ityatra e. hoo. iti abhilekhe parivartaneeya-prabhaavakaaritaaroopen kaaranaani vistaaren charchitaah santi. macobacteria. bee. see. jee. ityasya keshuchit kshayarogarahitasy macobacteria-rogaat rakshanaatmakaprabhaavah asti. karkarogah. bee. see. jee. iti roganirodhak-chikitsayaha saphalatamah chikitsaa asti. 1977 tamaat varshaat bee. see. jee.-vyaakkseen "mootraashay-karkarogasya (enn. emm. aii. bee. see.) roginaam krute chikitsayaha maanakam" asti. 2014 tamaat varshaparyantam, snayurahita-akramanatmaka-mootraashay-karkarogasya chikitsaartham ashtatah adhikaani bhinnani biosemiller-agents athavaa strains iti pariganitaah aasan. prashasanasya paddhatihi. bee. see. jee. ityasya prabandhanaat poorvam samanyataya tuberculin-twak-parikshanam kriyate. pratikriyaatmak-tuberculin-twak-parikshanam bee. see. jee. ityasya prati pratikoolam bhavati, yatah teevra-sthaniya-shothasya, dagasya cha apaayah bhavati; tatt kasyaapi pratiraksham naa soochayati. ail-12 receptor-maarga-doshayukteshu katipayeshu janeshu api bee. see. jee. ityasya nishedhah bhavati. bee. see. jee. iteedam deltoid ityasya niveshane ekena intradermal-injekshan rupena deeyate. yadi bee. see. jee. durghatanayaha karanat twak-adhah dattam bhavati, tarhi sthaaneeyah fodaa (e "bee. see. jee-o. ema. e.) bhavet, yah kadaachit vranaat bhavitum arhati, tathaa tatkshanameva pratijaivikaih chikitsayaha aavashyakataa bhavet, anyathaa chikitsavina saha sankramanam prasarishyati, mahattvapoorna-anganam teevram kshatim janayati. phodaah sarvadaa anuchitaprashaasanen saha naa sambadhah bhavati, api cha etat adhika-samanya-jatilatasu anyatam asti yat vyaaksineshan ityanena saha bhavitum arhati. etaan phodaah pratijaivikaih chikitsayaha vishaye anekaani chikitsaa-adhyayanaani bhinna-parinaamaih saha krutaani santi, parantu ekadaa pooh abhiprayojyate, vishleshanam cha bhavati, yadi asamanyam basily naa bhavati tarhi fodaa samanyataya saptaaheshu eva swakeeyaroopen swasthah bhavishyati iti sarwasammatih bhavati. bee. see. jee.-roganirodhakatayaha patranam laxan-utthita-vranaha praayah poorva-roganirodhasya pramaanaroopen upayujyate. ayam vranaha smolpox-vyaaksineshan-rogaat pruthak bhavet, yat saa iva syaat. mootraashay-karkarogasya krute yadaa deeyate tadaa twak-dwara teeka naa deeyate, parantu mrudu-catheter-dwara mootranalee-dwara mootraashay-madhye deeyate. pratikoolaprabhaawaah. bee. see. jee.-roganirodhakam samanyataya injection-sthaane kinchidapi vedanaam, vranaan cha janayati. mukhyaani pratikoolaprabhaawaah calloids-bruhad, utthitaah vranaah santi. deltoid-snaayuve niveshah bahudhaa upayujyate yatah yadaa tasya upayogah bhavati tadaa sthaniya-sankocha-daraha nyoonah bhavati. tathaapi nitambah prashasanasya vaikalpikasthalam asti yatah saha uttamm saundarya-utpaadanam pradadaati. bee. see. jee. ityasya vyaakkseen antah-rogena daatavyam. yadi subcutaneous-rupena dattam bhavati tarhi tatt sthaaneeyasankramanam prerepayitvaa kshetriya-lymph-nodes-madhye prasaranam kartum shaknoti, yena suppurative (poo ityasya utpaadanam), naan-suppurative lymphadenitis cha bhavati. nansupurative lymphadenitis ityasya krute praayah roodhi-vyavasthaapanaa paryaaptam bhavati. yadi sapyureshan bhavati tarhi soochyah aspiration aavashyakam bhavet. nirakaranam naa kartum shalyakriyayaha ksharanasya aavashyakataa bhavet. eteshaam sankatakanam chikitsayaha pramaanaani viralaani santi. asamanyataya, stanasya glutial-phodaah cha rakta-janitena (raktena vaahite) lymphangiomates-prasaranena cha bhavitum arhanti. kshetriya-asthi-sankramanam (bee. see. jee. osteomalitis athavaa ostitis) tathaa cha prasaaritam bee. see. jee. sankramanam cha bee. see. jee.-vyaaksineshan ityasya durlabh-sankeeraah santi, parantu jeevanaayu hanikarah bhavitum arhanti. systemic-antituberclus-therapy gambhir-jatilatasu sahaayakah bhavitum arhati. yadaa mootraashay-karkarogasya krute bee. see. jee. ityasya upayogah bhavati, tadaa praayah 2.9 pratishatam chikitsitaah roginah janana-mootra-janita-vaa pranaaleegat-bee. see. jee.-sambaddh-sankraamanen pratirakshaatmak-chikitsaam naa tyaajayanti, tathaapi lakshanaatmak-mootraashay-bee. see. jee. sankramanam praayah bhavati, anya-anganam samlagnataayaah ateeva asamanyata bhavati. yadaa pranaaleegat-samlagnataayaah sthitihi bhavati, tadaa yakrut, fuffusah cha prathameshu angayoho prabhaawah bhavati (antimasya bee. see. jee.-pratishtaapanasya 1 saptahah [madhyika]). yadi bee. see. jee. iti roganirodhakashakti-nyunatayaha roginaam akasmikataya dattam bhavati (udaa.jii.teevra-samyukta-roganirodhak-nyunatayaha shishuhu), saha prasaarita-sankramanasya athavaa pranaghataka-sankramanasya kaaranah bhavitum arhati. asya ghatanaayaah pralekhitaani ghatanaah prati dashalaxam ekatah nyoonaah pratirakshakah santi. 2007 tame varshe, prasaritasya bee. see. jee. sankraamanah (yat uccha-sankraamak-sandarbhe praayah prati 1,00,000 400 bhavati) iti sankraamanen, kshayarogasy prakopasya ashanka adhikah syaat, tathaapi, echa. aii. vee. rogena piditanam shishunam krute bee. see. jee. ityasya anushamsaam naa niraakrutavaan. upayogah. vyaktehe aayuh, bee. see. jee. ityasya aavruttihi cha deshantarena sarvadaa bhinnah bhavati. samprati yakshmaa-rogasya tathaa/athavaa uccha-kushtarogasya bharayuktanam deshanam krute baalyam bee. see. jee. iti anushamsayati. eshaa sampoorne vishve aitihaasikasya vartamaanasya cha bee. see. jee. abhyasasya aamshikasuchikaa asti. ateeta vartamaan abhyasa kaa poorna atlus utpanna huaa hai. utpaadanam. bee. see. jee. iteedam, manushyeshu roga-kaarakam kartum kshamatam nashteekrutasya "macobacterium bovis" iti jeevasya jeevasya (vishaanu-nyoonah) jeevasya kshayarogasy basilus iti prabhedat siddham asti. samskruti-madhyamena, samanyataya middlebrook 7h9 iti upasamskruteh madhyamena etat visheshatayaa prachalati, yatah jeevantah basilly-sasyaani upalabhyamananam poshakanam uttama-upayogartham vikasanti, te maanav-raktasya krute nyunataya anukoolitaah bhavanti, tathaa cha maanav-poshaka-granthe praavartite sati rogan prerayitum naa shaknuvanti. tathaapi te svavanteenaam purvajanam sadrushaah santi yena maanavasya kshayarogasy viruddham kinchitkalam pratiraksham prapnuyat. bee. see. jee.-teeka 15 varshaani yaavat kshayarogasy nivaarane 0 taha 80 pratishatam yaavat prabhaavashaalini bhavitum arhati; tathaapi, asya surakshaatmakaprabhaavah bhugolasya, prayogashalayaha cha anusaaram bhinnah drushyate yatra teeka-prabhedah utpaadyata. aneke bhinna-samsthah bee. see. jee. ityetam nirmeeyante, kadaachit bacteriousy bhinna-aanuvamshika-prabhedaan upayujya. anena utpaadasya bhinnavisheshataah bhavitum arhanti. mootraashay-karkarogasya mootraashay-pravardhanaartham prayuktah ancotais-granthim arganan-prayogashaalaih vikasitam (yatah skering-plau ityanena praaptam, tathaa cha merck-end-ko ityanena praaptam.) iti. polish-kampanee-biomed-lublin ityasya onko-bee. see. jee. ityasya utpaadah api tathaiva asti, yasyaam brazili-substrain-emm asti. bovis bee. see. jee. morau iti teekaah, anyaanaam bee. see. jee. prabhedanam apekshayaa nyunaa pratikriyaatmakah asti. montriyal (instut armand-frapier) prabhedat nirmitam pesis bee. see. jee. prathamam 2002 tame varshe euroker ityanena vipanitam aasit. tatah euroker dianan-pranalya praaptam. evens-vaccines (churna-pariyojanaa-aushadha-utpadanasya sahaayak-samsthaa). denmark-deshe statens seeram-samsthayaa denish-prabhedasya 1331 ityasya upayogena nirmitam bee. see. jee. vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaakkseen-vyaa 2015 december-maase prakashitasya unicef-ityasya prativedanasya anusaaram, bee. see. jee. vyaakkseen-aapoorti-surakshayaha vishaye, 2015 tame varshe vaishvika-chahida 123 taha <aii. dee. 1> dashalax-maatraah yaavat vardhitaa. surakshayaha unnatehe, sulabhasya lacheele cha aapoorteh mulanam [vividheekaranasya] cha krute, "unicef-samsthaa bee. see. jee. ityasya utpadanartham sapta nootanaani nirmaatru-anubandhaani pradanam krutavatee. vidyamaananirmaatrubhyah aapoorti-upalabdhata, tathaa "nootanah yah poorva-yogyatam praptavan vyaakkseen" ityetaih saha, samagra-aapoortih "2016 tamavarshaparyantam nyoonatamaanen 2015 tamavarshasya apekshaam, tathaa cha 2016-2018 dwara kula-poorvaanumaan-apekshaam cha poorayitum paryaaptah bhavishyati." aapoorti abhaawah. 2011 tame varshe sanofi-pasteur-sasyasya jalapralayah abhavat, yena shilaalekhe samasyaah abhavan. kenada-deshasya ontario-nagarasya torrento-nagare sthite asmin suvidhaayaah, kshay-roga-teeka, bee. see. jee. immunotherapeutic-mootraashay-karkarog-aushadhihi immusist ityadinam substrain-konaat ityanena nirmitanam bee. see. jee.-vyaakkseen-utpadanam utpaadanam krutam. 2012 april-maasaparyantam ef. dee. e. samsthayaa sasyasya vandhyatvasya dozen-dozen-sankhyaayaah pralekhita-samasyaah praaptaah, yathaa-shleshma, gruhapaalita-pakshina, janjaalayukta-vidyutvaahikaah cha. phalatah varshadvayebhyah api adhikam kaalam yaavat sasyasya bandhasya karanat mootraashayasy karkarogasya, kshayarogasy cha vaccines ityasya abhaawah abhavat. 2014 october 29 dinaanke health-kenada-deshah sanofi-samsthaayai bee. see. jee. ityasya utpaadanam punah aarabhy anumatim dattavaan. 2018 tame varshe vaishvika-aapoorteh vishleshanam nishkarsham praapnot yat bee. see. jee. ityasya purvasuchana-vyaakkseen-apekshaam poorayitum aapoortih paryaaptah asti, parantu tasya abhaavasya aashankaah eva asti, mukhyataya 75 pratishatasya avalambanasya karanat, ye kevalam dwau aapoortikartau poorva-yogyatayaa aapoortim akurvan. shushkam. kechan bee. see. jee.-vaccines-teekaah freeze-shushkaani bhavanti, sukshma-choornam cha bhavanti. kadaachit choornam glass-empool ityasmin nirvaatena mudritam bhavati. vaayuh choornam bahihi naa prasaritum etaadrusham glass-empool-kramena udghaataneeyam asti. tatah injekshan-deyakat poorvam choornam lavanajalena pataneekaranam kartavyam. itihaasah. bee. see. jee. ityasya itihaasah smolpox ityanena saha sambadhah asti. 1865 tame varshe jeane antoine villemin ityanena praadrushat yat shalabhah manavasrushta kshayarogen sankramitaah bhavitum arhanti iti; 1868 tame varshe saha dnyaatavaan yat shalabhah gabhihi kshayarogen sankramitaah bhavitum arhanti, tathaa cha shalabhah anyaih shalabhaihi kshayarogen sankramitaah bhavitum arhanti iti. evam saha nishkarsham krutavaan yat kshayrogah kasyaapi ajnaatasya sookshmajeeveh (athavaa "vairas" ityanena, yathaa saha tatt aahvayati) dwara sankramitah aasit iti. 1882 tame varshe rabert koch ityayam maanavam tathaa govamshasya kshayrogam samaanam iti abhinishyat. parantu 1895 tame varshe theobald smit ityayam maanavasya govamshasya cha kshayarogasy madhye bhedam prastutee, yat saha koch ityasmai soochitavaan. 1901 tame varshe koch ityanena "macobacterium bovis" ityenam "macobacterium tubericulosis" ityatah pruthak krutam. 18 shataabdyaam sthaapitasya smolpox ityasya nivaaranasya vyaaksineshan ityasya safalataayaah anantaram, vaidnyaanikaih gayoho kshayarogasy coupox ityasya cha madhye samaantaram ankya kshayarogasy parinamam anveshtum vichaarah krutah yat bowain-kshayarogasy sankramanam maanav-kshayarogasy sankramanam prati rakshayitum shaknoti iti anumanam aasit. 19 shataabdyaah ante, "emm" ityasya prayogena naidaanikapareekshah abhavan. bovis "iteedam italian-deshe vinaashakaraphalaih saha sanchaalitam, yatah" mall "iti. bovis "iti" emm "ityanena iva vishaaktah iti dnyaatam. kshayrogah "iti. albert kaalamette, ekaha french-vaidyah jeevaanuvidnyaanee cha, tasya sahaayakah tathaa pashchat sahakarmee camille guerin, pashuchikitsakah, 1908 tame varshe institute pasteur day lille (lille, france) ityatra karyam kurvan aasan. teshaam kaarye kshayarogasy vishaakta-vamshasya upasamskaranam, vividha-samskruti-madhyamanam parikshanam cha antarbhavati sma. te ullikhan yat glycerine-pitta-aalu-mishranena basily-sasyam utpaadyata yat vishaaktam nyooneebhavati sma, tathaa cha punaraawartit-upasamskaranena vishaamshaha utpadyate vaa iti dnyaatum teshaam shodhasya gatim parivartayat, yat vyaakkseen-rupena upayogaay paryaaptam ksheenitam jaatam iti. glycerine-aalookaay-madhyamena vishaakta-prabhedat 13 varsheshu 239 praavashyam upasamskaranaat param bee. see. jee. prabhedah pruthak krutah. 1919 tamavarshaparyantam, yadaa adhunaa evuralant-basily-roginah shodha-pashunam madhye kshayarog-rogasya karanama bhavitum asamarthah abhavan, yaavat sampoorne prathamavishvayuddhe shodhah anwawartat. 1919 tame varshe, calamet tathaa guerin ityetaani pyaris-pasteur-samsthaam prati sthaanaantaritaah. 1921 tame varshe, bee. see. jee. ityasya vyaakkseen prathamavaaram maanaveshu prayuktam. saarwajanik-sveekrutihi mandah aasit, visheshatah lubec-vipattaa tasya haanih bahu krutavatee. 1929 taha 1933 paryantam lubec-nagare, jeevanasya prathamadashak-dineshu 251 shishunam vyaaksineshan krutam; 173 janeshu kshayrogah abhavat, 72 janaah mrutaah cha. tadanantaram dnyaatam yat tatra pradattah bee. see. jee. vishaakta-prabhedena dooshitah aasit yah tasmin eva incubator madhye sanchitah aasit, yena vyaakkseen nirmatrunam viruddham vidhi-kriyaam jaatam. daa. aar. jii. saskatchevan-nagarasya kwaapel-durgasya aarogya-kendre karyam kurvan fargusan, kshayarogasy viruddham vyaaksineshan-abhyasasya vikaasasya agragaamishu anyatamah aasit. kenada-deshe 1933 taha 1945 paryantam bee. see. jee.-vyaakkseen-parikshaneshu anaicchika-sahabhaagi-rupena aawaaseey-vidyaalayaanaam 600 taha adhikaah baalakaah upayujyant. 1928 tame varshe bee. see. jee.-ityasya sweekaranam leag-aaf-neshans-ityasya swaasthya-samityaa (vishva-swaasthya-sanghatanasy poorvavartinah (hoo)) krutam. parantu virodhasya karanat dviteeyavishvayuddhasya anantaram eva asya vyaapakah upayogah abhavat. 1945 taha 1948 paryantam, saahaayyasamsthah (antarashtriya-kshayarog-abhiyanam athavaa samyukta-udyamah) poorva-europe-deshe 80 lakshat adhikaah shishunam vyaaksineshan krutavantah, tathaa cha pramukhayuddhasy anantaram kshayarogasy poorvaanumeh vishishtavruddhim nivaarayan. baal-aayuh-samoohe tuberculus-meningetis ityasya viruddham bee. see. jee. ateeva prabhaavashaalini bhavati, parantu pulmanary-tuberculosis ityasya viruddham tasya prabhavakarita parivartitaa drushyate. kechan deshaah niyamita-vyaaksineshan-taha bee. see. jee.-rogam apasaaritavantah. yadwayam deshau kadaapi niyamitaroopen naa upayunjat te samyuktarajyamerika, netherlands cha (dwayoh deshayoho, vishvaasaarhasya mentox-parikshanasya, ataha sakriyarogasya yatharthataya nidanasya cha parinaamah, adhunaa tatra viralasya sthityaah viruddham vyaaksineshan ityasya apekshayaa samajasya krute adhikam labhadayakaha iti anubhooyate). anyeshu naameshu "vaccine bilee day kaalamete ett guerin vaccine" tathaa "besil day kaalamete ett guerin vaccine" cha antarbhavanti. anusandhaana. alpa-aay-desheshu samagra-mrutyu-avasthaayaam bee. see. jee.-vyaaksineshan ityasya laabhapradasy anirdishta-prabhaavasya krute, athavaa yadaa sheeghram dattam bhavati tadaa sepsis, shvasana-sankramanam ityadinam anyaan swaasthya-samasyaan nyooneekartum, yathaa poorvam upayujyate tadadhikena labhena, asthayee-pramaanaani santi. reesas-makaak-madhye, bee. see. jee.-rogah, shirayaha antah pradadite samrakshanasya unnata-manam darshayati. maanaveshu anuvaaditaat poorvam keshaanchan vipattayah mulyamkanam avashyam karaneeyaah. prakaarah 1 madhumehah. bee. see. jee. ityasya vyaakkseen prakaar-1 madhumehasya madhumehasya adhyayanasya praarambhik-avasthaayaam asti. covid-19. bee. see. jee. vyaakkseen ityasya upayogah covid-19 ityasya viruddham rakshanm pradadaati. tathaapi, asmin vishaye mahaamaareewidnyaan-avalokanaah aspashtaani santi. yah nivaaranaartham tasya upayogam naa anushamsati. vimshati bii. sii. jii. pareekshanaani vividhaah chikitsaatmak-charaneshu santi. parinaamaani atyantam mishraani santi. 15-masasya parikshanam, yasmin roga-mahamarihi poorvavarshadvaye trivaaram vaccinet-janaan sammilitam aasit, prakaar-1 madhumehayukteshu bee. see. jee-naiv-janaanaam sankramanam nivaarayitum sakaratmakam parinamam darshayati. aparam, 5-masasya parikshanam darshayati yat bee. see. jee. ityanena punah vyaaksineshan svaasthyasevakeshu sankramanam nivaarayitum sahayyam naa karoti iti. ubhau dwi-andha-yaadrucchika-niyantrita-pareekshanau aasan.

bisiji thaduppoosi basilus calmet-quirin (bisiji) thaduppoosi muthanmaiyaaga kaasanoaikku (dibi) ethiraagap payanpaduththappadum oru thaduppoosi aagum. idhu adhan kandupidippaalargalaana albert calmette mattrum camill kerrin aagiyoarin peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu. kaasanoi allathu thozhunoai podhuvaana naadugalil, aaroakkiyamaana kuzhandhaigalukku mudinthavarai viraivil oru toas parinthuraikkappadukirathu. kaasanoi podhuvaaga illaatha pakuthikalil, adhiga aapaththil ulla kuzhandhaigalukku mattumae podhuvaaga noiththaduppu oosi poadappadukirathu, athae neraththil kaasanoi iruppathaaka santhekikkappadum noayaaligal thaniththaniyaaga parisoathikkappattu sigichchaiyalikkappadugir. kaasanoi illaatha mattrum munbu noiththaduppu oosi poadappadaatha, aanaal adikkadi velippadum periyavarkalukkum noiththaduppu oosi poadappadalaam. buruli punn thottru mattrum pira kaasanoi allaatha mycopacterial noaiththottrukalukku ethiraaga pii. chii. jii sila seyalthiranaik kondullathu. koodudhalaaga, idhu sila nerangalil siruneerppai puttrunoai sigichchaiyin oru paguthiyaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu. kaasanoi noiththottrilirunthu paathukaappu vigithangkal paravalaaka vaerupadugindrana mattrum paathukaappu 20 aandugal varai needikkum. kuzhandhaigalidaiye, idhu sumar 20 sathaveetham paerukku noaiththottru aerpaduvathaith thadukkirathu, maelum noaiththottru aerpadupavarkalil paathiyai noai varuvathilirunththu paathukaakkirathu. thaduppoosi thoalil oosi moolam vazhangkappadukirathu. koodudhal alavugal payanullathaaka irukkum enbatharku endha aathaaramum illai. kadumaiyaana pakka vilaivugal arithaanavai. perumpaalum, oosi poadappatta idaththil sivaththal, veekkam mattrum laesaana valii aerpadukirathu. gunamadaindha piragu oru siriya punn sila vadukkaludan uruvaagalaam. noiththaduppu kuraipaadu ullavargalukku pakka vilaivugal migavum podhuvaanavai mattrum migavum kadumaiyaanavai. karuvil theengku vilaivikkum vilaivugal ethuvum kaanappadavillai entraalum, karuvin paathukaappu kuritthu poathumaana saandrugal illai. karppa kaalaththil bisiji thaduppoosi mattrum enavae, thaduppoosi karppa kaalaththil payanpaduththa parinthuraikkappadavillai. inththa thaduppoosi muthalil "mycopacterium povis" ilirunththu uruvaakkappattathu, idhu podhuvaaga kaalnadaigalil kaanappadugiradhu. adhu palaveenamadainthaalum, adhu innum uyirudan ullathu. pii. chii. jii thaduppoosi muthanmuthalil 1921 aam aandil maruththuva reethiyaaga payanpaduththappattathu. idhu ulaga sugaathaara amaippin aththiyaavasiya marunththugalin pattiyalil ullathu. inththa thaduppoosi ulagalavil aandukku sumar 100 million kuzhandhaigalukku vazhangkappadukirathu. maruththuva payanpaadugal. kaasanoi. kaasanoaikku ethiraana thaduppoosi poaduvathae bisijiyin mukiya payanpaadu. pii. chii. jii thaduppoosi piranthu piragu utpuramaaga nirvagikkappadalaam. bisiji thaduppoosi oru thavaraana nermaraiyaana montowx soathanaiyai aerpaduththum. bisijiyin migavum sarchaikkuriya amsam vevvaeru maruththuva parisoathanaikalil kaanappadum maarupatta seyalthiran aagum, idhu puviyiyalaip poruththathu. englaanththil nadatthappatta soathanaigal thodarnthu 60 muthal 80 sathaveetham varai paathukaappu vilaivaik kaattiyullana, aanaal vaeru idangkalil nadatthappattavai endha paathukaappu vilaivaiyum kaattavillai, maelum poomaththiya raekaikku nerukkamaaga irukkumpoathu seyalthiran kuraindhu varuvathaagath therikirathu. 1994 aam aandu muraiyaana mathippaaivu, bisiji kaasanoi varuvatharkaana abaayatthai sumar 50 sathaveetham kuraikkirathu endru kandarindhadhu. makkalthogaiyil ulla marabanu vaerupaadugal, soozhalil aerpadum maattrangkal, pira bacteria noaiththottrukalukku aalaakuthal mattrum thaduppoosi valarkkappadum aaivagaththil ulla nilaimaigal, valarkkappadum vikaarangkalukkum valarchi uudakaththin thaervukkum idaiyilaana marabanu vaerupaadugal ullitta kaaranigalaal seyalthiranil ulla vaerupaadugal piraanthiyaththaip poruththathu. 2014 aam aandil nadatthappatta oru muraiyaana mathippaaivu mattrum metta pakuppaaivu, bisiji thaduppoosi noaiththottrukalai 19-27% kuraiththathu mattrum seyalil ulla kaasanoaikkaana munnaettraththai 71 sathaveetham kuraiththathu enbathai niroopiththathu. inththa mathippaaivil serkkappatta aaivugal interferon kaamaa veliyeettu mathippeettaip payanpaduththiyavargalukku mattuppaduthappattana. bisijiyin paathukaappu kaalam thelivaaga theriyavillai. oru paathukaappu vilaivaik kaattum antha aaivugalil, tharavu seerattrathu. emrc aaivu 15 aandugalukkup piragu 59 sathaveethamaagavum, 20 aandugalukkup piragu poojjiyamaagavum paathukaappu kurainthullathu enbathaik kaattiyadhu; iruppinum, 1930 kazhil noiththaduppu oosi poadappatta poorveega amerikkarkalaip paarkkum oru aaivil, noiththaduppu oosi poatta 60 aandugalukkup piragum kooda paathukaappukkaana saandrugalaik kandarindhadhu, seyalthiranil laesaana veelchchi mattumae aerpattathu. piththak kaasanoi allathu kaasanoi moolaikkaaichchalaith thaduppathil bisiji adhan migapperiya vilaivaik kondiruppadhaagath therikirathu, enavae nuraiyeeral kaasanoaikku ethiraana seyalthiran migak kuraivaaga irukkum naadugalilum idhu innum virivaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu. bisijiyin 100 vadhu aandu vizhaa 2021 ill irunththathu. idhu kaasanoaikku ethiraaga urimam pettra oray thaduppoosi aagum, idhu oru thodarchchiyaana thottrunoayaagum. kaasanoayai ozhippathu ulaga sugaathaara amaippin (yaar) oru kurikkoal, iruppinum vayathu vantha nuraiyeeral kaasanoaikku ethiraaga adhiga seyalthiran konda puthiya thaduppoosigalai uruvaakkuvathu kanisamaana munnaettraththai adaiya thevaippadalaam. seyalthiran. palvaeru naadugalil bisijiyin maarupatta seyalthiranukkaana pala saathiyamaana kaaranangal munmozhiyappattullana. ethuvum niroopikkappadavillai, sila niroopikkappadavillai, kuraindha kaasanoi sumai konda naadugal (america) mattrum adhiga kaasanoi sumai konda naadugal (india) aagiya irandilum seyalthiran illaathathai yaaraalum vilakka mudiyaathu. maarupadum seyalthiranukkaana kaaranangal bisiji meethu oru huu aavanaththil virivaaga vivaathikkappattullana. mycopacteria. pii. chii. jii sila kaasanoi allaatha micopacteriavilirundhiru paathukaappu vilaivugalaik kondullathu. puttrunoai. pii. chii. jii migavum vetrtrikaramaana noayethirppu sigichchaigalil ontraakum. 1977 muthal pii. chii. jii thaduppoosi "siruneerppai puttrunoayaal (enn. emm. aii. pii. chii) paathikkappatta noayaaligalukkaana paraamarippin tharamaaga" irunthu varukirathu. 2014 vaakkil thasai allaatha-aakiramippu siruneerppai puttrunoai sikitchaikku ettu vevvaeru karudhappadum biosemiller mugavargal allathu thiribugal payanpaduththappattana. nirvaaga murai. podhuvaaga pii. chii. jii. yaii nirvagippatharku munbu kaasanoi thoal soathanai maerkollappadukirathu. oru ethirvinai kaasanoi thoal soathanai kadumaiyaana ulloor veekkam mattrum vadukkal aabaththu kaaranamaaga bisiji oru muranpaadaaga ullathu; idhu endha noai ethirppu sakthi kurikkavillai. ill-12 aerpi paathai kuraipaadugal ulla silarukku bisiji muranpaadaaga ullathu. deltoid serugappadum poathu bisiji ottrai intradermal uusiyaaka vazhangkappadukirathu. pii. chii. jii thartcheyalaaka sarumaththirkuk keezhae kodukkapattaal, oru ulloor punn (oru "pii. chii. jii-ooo. emm. aee") uruvaagalaam, adhu sila nerangalil punn aerpadalaam, maelum udanadiyaaga nunnuyir ethirppikaludan sigichchai thevaippadalaam, illaiyenil sigichchai illaamal adhu noiththottraip parappalaam, idhu mukiya uruppugalukku kadumaiyaana sethaththai aerpaduththum. oru punn eppoathum thavaraana nirvaagaththudan thodarpudaiyathu alla, maelum idhu thaduppoosiyil aerpadakkoodiya migavum podhuvaana sikkalkalil ontraakum. nunnuyir ethirppikal moolam inththa punn sigichchaiyil pala maruththuva aaivugal vevvaeru mudivugaludan seiyappattullana, aanaal seezh thaeiththu pakuppaaivu seiyappattavudan, asaathaaranamaana pasilli ethuvum illai endraal, punn podhuvaaga sila vaarangkalil thaanaagavae gunamadaiyum. pii. chii. jii noiththaduppu ilaikalil ulla panbukkooru uyarthappatta vadu perumpaalum muun noiththaduppu marunthukkaana saantraagap payanpaduththappadukirathu. inththa vadu periyammai thaduppoosi vida vaerupaduththappada vaendum, idhu othirukkalaam. siruneerppai puttrunoaikku kodukkappadumpoathu, thaduppoosi thoal vazhiyaaga seluthappaduvathillai, aanaal oru menmaiyaana katheettaraip payanpaduththi siruneerppai vazhiyaaga siruneerppaikkul seluththappadukirathu. paathakamaana vilaivugal. bisiji noiththaduppu podhuvaaga oosi poadappatta idaththil sila valiyaiyum vadukkalaiyum aerpaduththukirathu. mukiya paathakamaana vilaivugal kelaaidugal-periya, uyarthappatta vadukkal. deltoid thasaiyil seruguvathu perumpaalum payanpaduththappadukirathu, aenenil antha thalaththaip payanpaduththumpoathu ulloor sikkal vigitham migak kuraivaaga irukkum. iruppinum, pittam nirvaagaththin oru maattru thalamaagum, aenenil idhu sirantha oppanai vilaivugalai valangkukirathu. bisiji thaduppoosi utpuramaaga kodukkappada vaendum. sarumaththirkuk keezhae kodukkapattaal, adhu ulloor noaiththottraith thoondi piraanthiya ninaneer munaigalukku paravakkoodum, ithanaal supperative (seezh urpaththi) mattrum nonsupperative lympateneties aerpadukirathu. podhuvaaga nonsuberative lympatenedisukku pazhamaivaatha maelaanmai poathumaanathu. neerththal aerpattaal, adharku oosi auspiration thevaippadalaam. theerkkappadaatha urinchuthalukku, aruvai sigichchai agattral thevaippadalaam. inththa sikkalkalukku sigichaiyalippatharkaana saandrugal migak kuraivu. asaathaaranamaaga, maarbagam mattrum clutial punn iraththaththil ulla iraththaththin (raththaththaal kondu sellappadum) mattrum ninaneerchaththu paravuthal kaaranamaaga aerpadalaam. piraanthiya elumbu thottru (bisiji osteomyelidies allathu austities) mattrum paraviya bisiji thottru aagiyavai bisiji thaduppoosiyin ariya sikkalkalaakum, aanaal uyirukku aabaththaanavai. kadumaiyaana sikkalkalukku muraiyaana kaasanoi ethirppu sigichchai uthaviyaaga irukkalaam. siruneerppai puttrunoaikku bisiji payanpaduththappadumpoathu, sigichchai pettra noayaaligalil sumar 2.9 sathaveetham paer pirapuruppu allathu muraiyaana bisiji thodarpaana thottru kaaranamaaga noayethirppu sigichchaiyai niruththukiraarkal, iruppinum arikuri siruneerppai bisiji thottru adikkadi irukkumpoathu, mattra uruppugalin eedupaadu migavum arithaanathu. muraiyaana eedupaadu aerpadum poathu, kalleeral mattrum nuraiyeeral aagiyavai paathikkappadum muthal uruppugal (kadaisi bisiji thoondalukkup piragu 1 vaaram [sarasari]). noai ethirppu sakthi kuraipaadulla noayaalikku pii. chii. jii thartcheyalaaka valangkappattaal (eeyee.jii.kadumaiyaana orunginaintha noayethirppu kuraipaadu konda oru kuzhandhai), idhu paravum allathu uyirukku aabaththaana noaiththottrai aerpaduththalaam. idhu nigazhum aavanappaduthappatta nigazhvu oru milliyanukku ondrukkum kuraivaana noiththaduppu marunththugal kodukkappattullana. 2007 aam aandil, ech. aii. vii ulla kuzhandhaigalukku pii. chii. jii parinthuraikkuvathai niruththiyavargal, kaasanoi velippadum aabaththu athigamaaga irunththaalum, paravum pii. chii. jii noaiththottrin aabaththu kaaranamaaga (idhu antha adhiga aabaththu soozhalil 100,000 kku sumar 400 aagum). payanpaadu. nabarin vayathu mattrum bisiji vazhangkappadum athirven eppoathum naattukku naadu maarupadum. tharpoothu kaasanoi mattrum/allathu adhiga thozhunoai sumai ulla anaitthu naadugalukkum kuzhandhai paruva pii. chii. jii. yaii parinthuraikkiraar. idhu ulagengkilum ulla varalaattru mattrum tharpoothaiya bisiji nadaimuraigalin oru pakuthi pattiyalaakum. kadantha kaala mattrum nigazhkaala nadaimuraiyin muzhumaiyaana adless uruvaakkappattullathu. urpaththi. manitharkalil noayai aerpaduththum thiranai ilanththa "mycopacterium povis" endra uyirulla pasu kaasanoi paasilasin oru thiripilirunthu bisiji thayaarikkappadukirathu. idhu oru kalaachaara uudakaththil kurippaaga thunai valarkkappadukirathu, podhuvaaga middlebrook 7h9. aenenil uyirulla pasilli kidaikkakoodiya uuttachchaththukkalai sirantha muraiyil payanpaduththa uruvaagirathu, avai manitha iraththaththirku nanku thazhuvappaduvathillai, maelum manitha puravalanil arimugappaduththappadumpoa noyaith thoonda mudiyaathu. iruppinum, avai manitha kaasanoaikku ethiraaga oralavu noai ethirppu sakthiyai vazhangkum alavukku thangal kaattu moothaathaiyarkalaip poalavae ullana. bisiji thaduppoosi 15 aandugalukku kaasanoayaith thaduppathil 0 muthal 80 sathaveetham varai engkum payanullathaaka irukkum; iruppinum, adhan paathukaappu vilaivu puviyiyal mattrum thaduppoosi thiribu valarkappatta aaivagaththirku aerpa maarupadum endru therikirathu. pala vevvaeru niruvanangal bisiji uruvaakkukintrana, sila nerangalil bacteriavin vevvaeru marabanu vigaarangkalaip payanpaduththukintrana. idhu vevvaeru thayaarippu panbugalukku vazhivagukkalaam. siruneerppai puttrunoaikku siruneerppai utcheluththuvatharku payanpaduththappadum ancodies, arganon aaivagangkalaal uruvaakkappattathu (skerring-piloa moolam perappattathilirunthu, merk & coow moolam perappattathu.). idhae poantra payanpaadu brazil addii moolakkooru emm-aii vaiththirukkum balish niruvanamaana biomet-lublin oongkoa bisijiyin thayaarippu aagum. mattra bisiji vikaarangkal ullitta thaduppoosigalai vida kuraivaana ethirvinaiyaattrum thanmai konda povis bisiji morev. montrial (institute armond-frafier) thiripilirunthu thayaarikkappatta basis bisiji, muthanmuthalil eurogarh niruvanatthaal 2002 aam aandil santhaippaduththappattathu. eurogarh pinnar dianon amaippugalaal vaangkappattathu. eevans thaduppoosigal (thool thayaarippu marunththugalin thunai niruvanam). denmarkil staddens seeram niruvanam dinish thiribu 1331 aip payanpaduththi thayaarikkappatta bisiji thaduppoosi ulagalavil 50 naadugalil santhaippaduththukirathu. jappan bisiji aaivagam adhan thaduppoosiyai, basteur bisijiyin tokyo 172 addii moolakkoorai adippadaiyaagak kondu santhaippaduththukirathu. disambar 2015 ill veliyidappatta unicef arikkaiyinpadi, bisiji thaduppoosi vazhangkal paathukaappu kuritthu, ulagalaaviya thaevai 2015 aam aandil 123 muthal 152.2 million doskalaaka athikariththathu. paathukaappai maempaduththuvatharkum, malivu mattrum negizhvaana viniyoagaththin aathaarangkalai [panmugappaduththuvatharkum], unicef bisiji urpaththi seiya aezhu puthiya urpaththiyaalargalukku oppanthangkalai valangkiyathu. tharpoothulla urpaththiyaalargalidamirunthu vazhangkal kidaikkum thanmai mattrum "munkoottiyae thaguthi pettra puthiya thaduppoosi" aagiyavattrudan, moththa vazhangkal "2016 varai merkollappatta 2015 aam aandin thaevai mattrum 2016-2018 moolam moththa munnarivippu thaevai aagiya irandaiyum poorthi seiya poathumaanathaaka irukkum"." vazhangkal pattraakkurai. 2011 aam aandil, sanofi bastcher aalai vellaththil moozhgiyathu, idhu achil sikkalkalai aerpaduththiyathu. kanadaavin onraariyoavin torrandovil amainthulla inththa vasathi, kaasanoi thaduppoosi mattrum bisiji immunotherabutic mattrum siruneerppai puttrunoai marunthu poantra addii moolakkooru konaattudan thayaarikkappatta bisiji thaduppoosi thayaarippukalai urpaththi seithathu. aepral 2012kkul, eff. dii. aee aalaikalil malattuththanmaiyudan dajan kanakkaana aavanappaduthappatta sikkalkalaik kandarindhadhu, idhil achu, koodu kattum paravaikal mattrum thuruppidikkum minn kuzhaaigal adangkum. irandu aandugalukkum maelaaga aalai moodappattathan vilaivaaga siruneerppai puttrunoai mattrum kaasanoi thaduppoosigal pattraakkurai aerpattathu. october 29,2014 andru kanada sugaathaaram pii. chii. jii urpaththiyai meendum thodanga sanoficu anumathi aliththathu. ulagalaaviya viniyoagaththin 2018 pakuppaaivu, bisiji thaduppoosi thevaiyai poorthi seiya porutkal poathumaanavai endru mudivu seithathu, aanaal pattraakkuraiyin abaayangkal ullana, mukkiyamaaga irandu saplaiyarkal meethu munkoottiyae thaguthi pettra 75 sathaveetha saplaiyarkalai nambiyiruppathaal. ularththappattathu. sila bisiji thaduppoosigal urainthu ularthappattu nandraaga thoolaaga maarum. sila nerangalil thool oru kannadi amboolil vetrtridaththudan moodappadugirathu. kaattru paaivu thoolai veliyae veesuvathaith thaduka aththagaiya kannadi aamboolai methuvaagath tirakka vaendum. pinnar thoolai oosi poaduvatharku munbu uppuneeril neerththa vaendum. varalaaru. bisijiyin varalaaru periyammai noayudan inaikkappattullathu. 1865 vaakkil jeane andoin villemin muyalgal manitharkalidamirunthu kaasanoayaal paathikkappadalaam enbathai niroopittaar; 1868 vaakkil muyalgal pasukkalilirunthu kaasanoayaal paathikkappadalaam enbathaiyum, muyalgal mattra muyalgalilirunthu kaasanoayaal paathikkappadalaam enbathaiyum avar kandarindhaar. ithanaal, kaasanoi sila adaiyaalam theriyaatha nunnuyirigal (allathu "virus", avar azhaiththapadi) vazhiyaaga paravukirathu endru avar mudivu seithaar. 1882 aam aandil robbert kooch manitha mattrum kaalnadaigalin kaasanoayai oray maathiriyaagak karuthinaar. aanaal 1895 aam aandil, theopault smith manithanukkum pasu kaasanoaikkum idaiyilaana vaerupaadugalai munvaitthaar, adhai avar koasukku therivitthaar. 1901 vaakkil kooch "mycopacterium povis" aii "mycopacterium kaasanoi" ilirunththu vaerupaduththinaar. periyammaiyaith thaduppathil thaduppoosi poatta vetrtriyaith thodarnthu, 18 aam noottraandil niruvapatta, vinjnaanigal, maattuk kaasanoaikkum kaupaaksukkum idaiyae oru inaiyai varaivathan moolam kaasanoi oru vilaivaik kandariya ninaitthanar maattuk kaasanoi thottru manitha kaasanoi noiththottrilirunthu paathukaakkakkoodum endru karudhappattathu. 19 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil, maruththuva parisoathanaikal "emm" aip payanpaduththi. itaaliyil povis "paerazhivu vilaivugaludan nadaththappattathu, aenenil" emm. povis "emm" aip poalavae visham nirainthathaaga iruppathu kandariyappattathu. kaasanoi ". pirenchu maruththuvarum pacteriologistm, avarathu uthaviyaalarum pinnar saga oozhiyarumaana camill kerrinum, kaalnadai maruththuvarum, 1908 aam aandil institute basteur dii lillie (lillie, brance) niruvanaththil panipurinthanar. avarkalin vaelaiyil kaasanoi paasilasin virus thiribukalai udpaduththuthal mattrum palvaeru kalaachaara uudakangkalai soathippathu aagiyavai adangkum. oru kilisarin-piththa-urulaikkizhangku kalavai kuraindha nachchuththanmaiyudan valarntha paakilliyai avarkal kurippittanar, maelum meendum meendum thunai valarppu oru thaduppoosiyaagap payanpaduththuvatharku poathumaana alavu kuraikapatta oru tribai urpaththi seiyumaa enbathaip paarkka avarkalin aaraaychchiyin poakkai maattrinar. pii. chii. jii thiribu 13 aandugalil 239 murai clycerine urulaikkizhangku uudakaththil ulla kadumaiyaana thiripilirunthu thunai valarppukkup piragu thanimaippaduththappattathu. muthalaam ulagap poar muzhuvathum aaraaichi thodarnthathu, 1919 varai, ippoathu koppulamaana pasilliyaal aaraaichi vilangkugalil kaasanoayai aerpaduththa mudiyavillai. calmette mattrum kerrin 1919 aam aandil baris baster niruvanaththirku maattrappattathu. bisiji thaduppoosi muthanmuthalil 1921 aam aandil manitharkalil payanpaduththappattathu. podhumakkalin aetrtrukkolluthal methuvaaka irunththathu, maelum kurippaaga lubeck paerazhivu, adharku niraiya theengku vilaiviththathu. 1929 mattrum 1933 kku idaiyil lubeckil, vaazhkkaiyin muthal 10 naatkalil 251 kuzhandhaigalukku thaduppoosi poadappattathu; 173 paerukku kaasanoi aerpattathu mattrum 72 paer iranththanar. pinnar angku valangkappatta bisiji athae incupatoril saemikkappadum oru virus tripal maasupattiruppathu kandariyappattathu, idhu thaduppoosi urpaththiyaalargalukku ethiraaga satta nadavadikkaikku vazhivaguththathu. doctor. aarr. jii. suscotsevenil ulla koattai kuuu 'appel sugaathaara nilaiyaththil panipuriyum ferkusson, kaasanoaikku ethiraana thaduppoosi nadaimuraiyai valarppathil munnoadigalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. kanadaavil, 1933 mattrum 1945 kku idaiyil bisiji thaduppoosi soathanaigalil kudiyiruppu palligalaich saerntha 600 kkum maerpatta kuzhandhaigal thannichaiyaana pankerpaalarkalaaka payanpaduththappattanar. 1928 aam aandil, bisiji leak off nations (ulaga sugaathaara amaippin munnoadiyaana) sugaathaarak kuluvaal aetrtrukkollappattathu. iruppinum, ethirppin kaaranamaaga, idhu irandaam ulagap poarukkup piraguthaan paravalaagap payanpaduththappattathu. 1945 muthal 1948 varai, nivarana amaippugal (sarvadesa kaasanoi prachaaram allathu koottu niruvanangal) kilakku iroappaavil ettu milliyanukkum athigamaana kuzhandhaigalukku thaduppoosi poattana, maelum oru periya poarukkup piragu kasanoin valakkamaana athikarippu kanikkappattathu. kuzhandhai vayathuk kuzhuvil kaasanoi moolaikkaaichchalukku ethiraaga pii. chii. jii migavum payanullathaaka irukkum, aanaal nuraiyeeral kaasanoaikku ethiraana adhan seyalthiran maarupadum endru therikirathu. sila naadugal valakkamaana thaduppoosiyil irunthu bisiji agattriyullana. america mattrum netherlandhu aagiya irandu naadugal idhai orupoathum vazhakkamaaga payanpaduththaatha irandu naadugal (iru naadugalilum, nambagamaana montowx soathanaiyai vaiththiruppathu mattrum enavae seyalil ulla noayai thulliyamaaga kandariya mudiyum enbathu samoogaththirku migavum payanullathaaka irukkum endru unarappadugirathu. mattra peyarkalil "thaduppoosi piliyae dii calmette edd kerrin thaduppoosi" mattrum "paesil dii calmette edd kerrin thaduppoosi" aagiyavai adangkum. aaraaichi. kuraindha varumaanam konda naadugalil ottumoththa irappu vigithaththil bisiji thaduppoosiyin nanmai payakkum kuripitta vilaivu illai enbatharkaana thartkaalika saandrugal ullana, allathu sepsis mattrum suvaasa noaiththottrukal ullitta pira sugaathaarap pirachchanaikalaik kuraippatharkaana aaramba kaalaththil kodukappadum poathu, adhu payanpaduththappadum muun adhiga nanmaiyudan ullathu. reases magaakkugalil, pii. chii. jii narambugalukkul kodukkappadumpoathu maempatta paathukaappu vigithangkalaik kaattukirathu. sila abaayangkal manitharkalukku mozhipeyarppatharku munbu mathippeedu seiyappada vaendum. vagai 1 neerizhivu noai. bisiji thaduppoosi vagai 1 neerizhivu noai (dii1dii) ill aaivu seiyappadum aaramba kattangalil ullathu. koovit-19. bisiji thaduppoosiyin payanpaadu koovit-19 kku ethiraaga paathukaappai vazhangkakkoodum. iruppinum, inththa vishayathil thottrunoayiyal avathaanippukal thelivattravai. yaar thaduppu adhan payanpaattai parinthuraikkavillai. irupathu bisiji soathanaigal palvaeru maruththuva nilaigalil ullana. mudivugal migavum kalavaiyaanavai. thottrunoaikku munththaiya irandu aandugalil moontru murai thaduppoosi poadappattavargalai ulladakkiya 15 maatha soathanai vagai 1 neerizhivu noayaal paathikkappatta bisiji-naiv nabarkalil noaiththottraith thaduppathil nermaraiyaana mudivugalaik kaattukirathu. marupuram, 5 maatha soathanai bisiji moolam meendum thaduppoosi poaduvathu sugaathaarap paniyaalarkalukku noaiththottraith thaduka udhavaathu enbathaik kaattukirathu. irandum irattai kuruttu seerattra kattuppadutthappatta soathanaigal.

bisiji teaca basillus kalmette-guerin (bisiji) teaca anedi pradhanamgaa kshayavyadhi (tibi) kii vyatiraekamgaa upayoginche teaca. dheeniki daani aavishkartalu albert kalmette mariyu kamille guerin paeru pettaru. kshayavyadhi ledhaa kushtu vyaadhi saadhaaranam ayina deshaalalo, puttina ventane aarogyakaramaina sisuvulaku oka motaadu sifaarsu cheyabadutundi. kshayavyadhi saadhaaranam kaani praantaalalo, adhika pramaadam unna pillalaku matrame saadhaaranamgaa teekaalu vaeyabadataayi, ayithe kshayavyadhi anumaanita kesulanu vyaktigatamgaa pareekshinchi chikitsa chestaaru. kshayavyadhi laeni mariyu gatamlo roganirodhakata laeni, conny tarachugaa bahirgatamayye peddalu kooda roganirodhakata pondavacchu. buruli pundu sankramana mariyu itara kshayavyadhi laeni mycobacterial infectionlaku vyatiraekamgaa kooda bisiji kontha prabhavanni kaligi untundi. adanamgaa, idhi konnisaarlu muutraasayam cancer chikitsalo bhaagamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. kshayavyadhi sankramana nundi rakshana raetlu vistrutamgaa maarutuu untaayi mariyu rakshana 20 samvatsaraala varaku untundi. pillalalo, idhi sumaru 20 saatam mandiki vyaadhi sokakunda nirodhistundi mariyu sokina vaarilo, idhi vyaadhi abhivruddhi chendakunda sagam mandini rakshistundi. teekaanu charmamloki injection dwara istaaru. adanapu motaadulu prayojanakaramgaa unnayani etuvanti aadharalu choopinchavu. teevramaina dushprabhaavaalu chaalaa arudu. tarachugaa, injection icchina pradaesamloe erupu, vaapu mariyu telikapati noppi sambhavistaayi. nayam ayina tarvaata kontha macchalatho oka chinna pundu kooda yerpadavachhu. roganirodhaka saktini anachivese vaarilo dushprabhaavaalu marinta saadhaaranam mariyu marinta teevramgaa untaayi. pindam meeda etuvanti haanikaramaina prabhavalu gamaninchabadanappatiki, pindam yokka bhadrata gurinchi taginanta aadharalu laevu. garbhadhaarana samayamlo bisiji teekaalu veyadam mariyu anduvalla, garbhadhaarana samayamlo teaca upayoginchadam sifaarsu cheyabadadu. eee teaca modata "mycobacterium bovis" nundi abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa pasuvulalo kanipistundi. idhi balaheenapadinappatiki, ippatikee sajeevamgaa undhi. bisiji teekaanu modatisaarigaa 1921loe vaidyaparamgaa upayoginchaaru. idhi prapancha aarogya samstha yokka avasaramaina aushadhaala jaabitaalo undhi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa samvatsaraaniki sumaru 100 millionla mandhi pillalaku eee teaca ivvabadutundi. vaidya upayogaalu. kshayavyadhi. bisiji yokka pradhana upayogam kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa teekaalu veyadam. bisiji teekaanu puttina tarvaata intradermalliga ivvavacchu. bisiji teaca tappudu saanukuula montox pareekshaku kaaranamavutundi. bisiji yokka atyanta vivaadaaspada amsam vividha clinical trialslo kanipinche variable samarthatha, idhi bhougolikam meeda aadharapadi unnatlu kanipistundi. UKloe nirvahinchina trials sthiramgaa 60 nundi 80 saatam rakshana prabhavanni choopinchaayi, conny vaerae chota nirvahinchinavi etuvanti rakshana prabhavanni choopinchaledu, mariyu bhoomadhyarekhaku daggaragaa vachinappudu samarthatha taggutunnatlu kanipistundi. 1994loe kramabaddhamaina sameekshalo bisiji kshayavyadhi vachhe pramaadaanni daadaapu 50 saatam taggistundani kanugonnaru. janabhalo janyu thedaalu, paryaavaranamloo maarpulu, itara bacteria infectionlaku gurikavadam mariyu teaca pandinche prayogasaalaloni paristhitulu, pempakam cheyabadutunna jaatulu mariyu perugudala madhyamam empika madhya janyu vyatyaasaalato sahaa prabhaavaseelataloo thedaalu praantampai aadharapadi untaayi. 2014loe nirvahinchina kramabaddhamaina sameeksha mariyu meta-vislaeshanhaloo bisiji teaca antuvyaadhulanu 19-27% tagginchindani mariyu kriyaaseela kshayavyaadhiki purogatini 71 saatam tagginchindani niroopinchindi. eee sameekshalo cherchabadina adhyayanalu interferon gaama vidudala vislaeshanhanu upayoginchina vatiki matrame parimitam cheyabaddaayi. bisiji rakshana vyavadhi spashtamgaa teliyadu. rakshana prabhavanni choopinche aaa adhyayanaalalo, dayta asthiramgaa untundi. mrc adhyayanam 15 samvatsaraala taruvaata rakshana 59 saataaniki mariyu 20 samvatsaraala taruvaata sunnaki tagginatlu choopinchindi; ayithe, 1930laloe teekaalu vesina sthaanika americanlanu pariseelinchina oka adhyayanamlo roganirodhakata tarvaata 60 samvatsaraala tarvaata kooda rakshanaku aadharalu kanugonabaddayi, samarthathalo konchem taggudala matrame undhi. pitta kshayavyadhi ledhaa kshayavyadhi meningitisnu nivaarinchadamlo bisiji daani goppa prabhavanni chuuputunnatlu anipistundi, kabatti pulmonary kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa samarthatha takkuvagaa unna deshaalalo kooda idhi ippatikee vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. bisiji yokka 100va vaarshikotsavam 2021loe jarigindi. idhi konasagutunna mahammari ayina kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa licenses pondina ekaika teaca. kshayavyadhi nirmuulana anedi prapancha aarogya samstha (hechovi) yokka lakshyam, ayinappatikee gananeeyamaina purogati saadhinchadaaniki vayojana pulmonary kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa ekkuva samarthatha kaligina kotta teekaala abhivruddhi avasaram kaavacchu. samarthatha. vividha deshaalalo bisiji yokka asthira samarthataku aneka kaaranaalu pratipaadinchabaddaayi. edhee niroopinchabadaledu, konni niroopinchabadaledu, mariyu takkuva kshayavyadhi-bhaaram unna deshaalu (us) mariyu adhika kshayavyadhi-bhaaram unna deshaalu (india) rendintiloonuu samarthatha lekapovadam gurinchi evaruu vivarinchaleru. bcgpy hoo document loe variable samarthataku kaaranaalu sudeerghamgaa charchinchabaddaayi. mycobacteria. bisiji konni kshayavyadhi kaani mycobacteria nundi rakshana prabhavalanu kaligi untundi. cancer. bisiji atyanta vijayavantamaina immunotherapylalo okati. bisiji teaca 1977 nundi "muutraasayam cancer (nmibc) unna rogulaku praamaanika samrakshana" gaa undhi. 2014 natiki kandaraalu kaani invasive muutraasayam cancer chikitsa kosam enimidi kante ekkuva ververu biosemiller agentlu ledhaa jaatulu upayoginchabaddaayi. paripalana paddhati. saadhaaranamgaa bisiji ichhe mundu tuberculin charma pareeksha nirvahistaaru. reactive tuberculin charma pareeksha anedi teevramaina sthaanika vaapu mariyu macchala pramaadam kaaranamgaa bisijiki viruddhamgaa untundi; idhi etuvanti roganirodhaka saktini suuchimchadu. ill-12 grahaka maarga lopaalu unna kontamandi vyaktulalo kooda bisiji viruddhamgaa untundi. deltoid choppinchinappudu bisiji oke intradermal injectionga ivvabadutundi. okavela BCGని anukokunda subcutaneousga isthe, appudu sthaanika cheemu yerpadavachhu (a "BCG-oma"), idhi konnisaarlu vranotpattini kaligistundi, mariyu ventane antibioticsto chikitsa avasaram kaavacchu, lekapothe chikitsa lekunda idhi sankramananu vyaapti chesi, keelaka avayavalaku teevramaina nashtanni kaligistundi. cheemu ellappuduu tappu nirvahanato mudipadi undadu, mariyu idhi teekaatho sambhavinche atyanta saadhaarana samasyalalo okati. antibioticsto eee cheemalu chikitsapai aneka vaidya adhyayanalu vividha phalitaalato jarigaayi, ayithe cheemunu aasinchi, vislaeshimchina tarvaata, asaadhaaranamaina basilli lenatlayithe, cheemu saadhaaranamgaa konni varalalo swayamgaa nayam avutundi. bisiji roganirodhakata aakulu tarachugaa mundastu roganirodhakataku rujuvugaa upayoginche lakshanamgaa perigina maccha. eee macchanu mashoochi teaca nundi vaeru cheyali, idhi pooli undavacchu. muutraasaya cancer kosam icchinappudu, teaca charmam dwara inject cheyabadadu, conny mruduvaina kaathetarnu upayoginchi moothranaalhamlo dwara muutraasayamlooki choppinchabadutundi. pratikuula prabhavalu. bisiji roganirodhakata saadhaaranamgaa injection icchina pradaesamloe kontha noppi mariyu macchalanu kaligistundi. pradhana pratikuula prabhavalu calloids-pedda, perigina macchalu. deltoid kandaraalaku choppinchadam chaalaa tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundi endukante aaa saitnu upayoginchinappudu sthaanika sanklishtata raetu takkuvagaa untundi. edemaina, pirudulu merugaina soundarya phalitaalanu andistaayi kabatti idhi pratyaamnaaya nirvahana pradaesam. bisiji teekaanu intradermalliga ivvali. subcutaneousga isthe, idhi sthaanika sankramananu prerepinchi, praantiiya shosharasa kanupulaku vyaapinchavacchu, idhi suppurative (cheemu utpatti) mariyu naan-suppurative lymphadenitis kaligistundi. naan-supperative lymphadenitis kosam sampradaayavaada nirvahana saadhaaranamgaa saripotundi. suppuration sambhaviste, daaniki suudi aspiration avasaram kaavacchu. parishkaram kaani shoshanam kosam, shastrachikitsa tolagimpu avasaram kaavacchu. eee samasyalaku chikitsaku aadharalu chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi. asadhaaranamgaa, rommu mariyu glutial cheemalu raktaheenata (raktam dwara teesukuvellabade) mariyu lymphangiomatus vyaapti kaaranamgaa sambhavinchavachhu. praantiiya emuka sankramana (bisiji osteomyelitis ledhaa austatitis) mariyu vyaapti chendina bisiji sankramana bisiji teaca yokka arudaina samasyalu, conny praanaantakam kaavacchu. teevramaina samasyalalo systemic antituberculus therapy sahaayapadavachhu. muutraasaya cancer kosam bisijini upayoginchinappudu, chikitsa pondina rogulalo sumaru 2.9% mandhi jananasaya ledhaa daihika bisiji-sambandhita sankramana kaaranamgaa immunotherapyni nilipivestaaru, ayithe rogalakshana muutraasaya bisiji sankramana tarachugaa unnappatikee, itara avayavaala prameyam chaalaa asaadhaaranam. daihika prameyam sambhavinchinappudu, kaaleyam mariyu oopiritittulu prabhaavitamayye modati avayavalu (chivari bisiji prerana tarvaata 1 vaaram [madhyastham]). roganirodhaka shakti lopinchina rogiki anukokunda bisiji ichinatlayithe (udhaa.zii.teevramaina ummadi roganirodhaka lopam unna sisuvu), idhi vyaapti chendina ledhaa praanaantakamaina sankramanaku kaaranamavutundi. idhi jariginatlu namodu cheyabadina sanghatanalu icchina roganirodhaka saktiki oka million kante takkuva. 2007loe, hechaivi unna sisuvulaku bisiji sifaarsu cheyadam maanesina vaaru, kshayavyaadhiki gurayye pramaadam ekkuvagaa unnappatikee, vyaapti chendina bisiji sankramana pramaadam kaaranamgaa (idhi aaa adhika pramaada sandarbhamlo 100,000 mandiki sumaru 400). vadakam. vyakti vayassu mariyu bisiji ichhe frequency ellappuduu desham nundi deshaaniki maarutuu untundi. prastutam kshayavyadhi mariyu/ledhaa adhika kushtu vyaadhi bhaaram unna anni deshaalaku baalya bisijini sifaarsu chestunna vaaru. idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa chaaritraka mariyu prastuta bisiji abhyasam yokka pakshika jabita. gatha mariyu prastuta abhyasam yokka puurti atlas srushtinchabadindi. tayari. maanavulalo vyaadhini kaliginche saamarthyaanni kolpoyina attenuated (virus-tagginchina) live bovin tuberaculusis basillus, "mycobacterium bovis" yokka jaathi nundi bisiji tayaaru cheyabadutundi. idhi pratyaekamgaa oka samskruti maadhyamamlo upasamskarana cheyabadutundi, saadhaaranamgaa middlebrook 7h9. endukante sajeeva basillilu andubaatulo unna poeshakaalanu uttamamgaa upayoginchukovadaaniki abhivruddhi chendutaayi, avi maanava raktaaniki baga anugunamgaa undavu mariyu maanava atidheyaloki pravesapettinappudu vyaadhini prerepinchavu. ayinappatikee, avi maanava kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa kontavaraku roganirodhaka saktini andinchadaaniki vaari adavi puurveekulatoo samanamga untaayi. bisiji teaca 15 samvatsaraala paatu kshayavyaadhini nivaarinchadamlo 0 nundi 80 saatam varaku prabhaavavantamgaa untundi; ayithe, daani rakshana prabhavam bhougolikam mariyu teaca jaatini penchina prayogasaala prakaram maarutuu untundi. aneka companylu bisijini tayaaru chestaayi, konnisaarlu bacteria yokka vividha janyu jaatulanu upayogistaayi. idhi vividha utpatti lakshanaalaku daariteeyavachchu. muutraasayam cancer kosam muutraasayam prerepana kosam upayoginche aankotaisnu organon prayogasaalalu abhivruddhi chesaayi (shering-plau dwara pondinappati nundi, merk & koo dwara konugolu cheyabadindi.). idhe vidhamaina anuvartanam brazilian uparitala m nuu kaligi unna polish company biomed-lublin yokka onko bisiji yokka utpatti. itara bisiji jaatulato sahaa teekaala kante takkuva reactogenic ayina bovis bisiji morau. montrial (institute armond-frappier) jaatito tayaaru cheyabadina passis bisiji, mottamodata 2002loe eurocar dwara vikrayinchabadindi. eurocarnu dianon vyavasthalu konugolu chesaayi. evans teekaalu (pouder project pharmaceuticals yokka anubandha samstha). denmark marketlalo stattens seeram samstha danish jaathi 1331 upayoginchi tayaaru chesina bisiji teaca. japan bisiji prayogasaala prapanchavyaaptamgaa 50 deshaalalo paster bisiji yokka tokyo 172 uparitalam aadhaaramgaa daani teekaanu vikrayistundi. december 2015loe prachurinchina unicef nivedika prakaram, bisiji teaca sarafara bhadratapai, 2015loe prapancha demand 123 nundi 152.2 million motaadulaku perigindi. bhadratanu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu sarasamaina mariyu soukaryavantamaina sarafara yokka muulaalanu [vaividhyaparachadaaniki], "unicef bisiji utpatti cheyadaaniki edu kotta tayaareedaarulaku oppandaalanu pradaanam chesindi. ippatike unna tayaareedaarula nundi sarafara labhyata, mariyu "mundugaa arhata kaligina kotta teaca" thoo paatu mottam sarafara "2016 varaku saaginchina 2015 demandnu, alaage 2016-2018 dwara mottam anchanaa demandnu teerchadaaniki saripotundi"." sarafara korata. 2011loe, sanofi paster plant varadalu vacchi, achutho samasyalanu kaliginchindi. kenadaaloni ontarioloni torrentolo unna eee soukaryam, kshayavyadhi teaca mariyu bisiji immunotherapetic mariyu muutraasayam cancer aushadham ayina immusist vanti uparitala konat thoo tayaaru chesina bisiji teaca utpattulanu utpatti chesindi. april 2012 natiki, mokkalo booju, goodu katte pakshulu mariyu tuppu pattina vidyut vaahikalatoe sahaa vandhyathvamtho dozenla koddi document cheyabadina samasyalanu fda kanugondi. phalitamgaa rendu samvatsaraalaku paiga karmagaram moosiveyadam valla muutraasayam cancer mariyu kshayavyadhi teekaala korata erpadindi. 29 october 2014naa health kenada sanofeeki bisiji utpattini tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki anumati ichindi. prapancha sarafara yokka 2018 vislaeshanha prakaram, bisiji teaca demandnu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki sarafara saripotundani, ayithe korata pramaadaalu migili unnayani nirdhaarinchindi, pradhanamgaa kevalam iddaru sarafaraadaarulapai mundastugaa arhata kaligina sarafaraalo 75 saatam mandhi aadharapadatam valla. endabettandi. konni bisiji teekaalu freeze chesi endabetti, chakkati podigaa maarataayi. konnisaarlu podini gaaju aampoullo vaakyuumtoe muusivaestaaru. gaali pravaham podini bayataku visireyakunda nirodhinchadaaniki atuvanti gaaju aampoulnu nemmadigaa teravali. appudu podini injection ichhe mundu lavaneeya neetitho paluchana cheyali. charitra. bisiji charitra mashoochi charithratho mudipadi undhi. 1865 natiki zeane antoin villemin kundellaku maanavula nundi kshayavyadhi sokavachani niroopinchaadu; 1868 natiki kundellaku aavula nundi kshayavyadhi sokavachani, kundellaku itara kundella nundi kshayavyadhi sokavachani kanugonnadu. anduvalla, kshayavyadhi konni gurtinchabadani suukshmajeevula dwara (ledhaa "virus" anie ayana pilichinatlugaa) vyaapinchindani ayana nirdhaarinchaaru. 1882loe robbert coach maanava mariyu bovin kshayavyaadhini okela bhaavinchaaru. conny 1895loe, theobald smith maanava mariyu bovin kshayavyadhi madhya thedaalanu pradarsinchaadu, daanini athanu kochku nivedinchaadu. 1901 natiki coach "mycobacterium bovis" nuu "mycobacterium tuberaculosis" nundi vaeru chesaaru. 18va sataabdamloo sthaapinchabadina mashoochi nivaaranaloo teaca vijayavantam ayina taruvaata, saastravettalu bovin kshayavyadhi mariyu coupox madhya samaantaramgaa geeyadam dwara kshayavyaadhilo paryavasananni kanugonaalani bhavincharu bovin kshayavyadhi sankramana maanava kshayavyadhi sankramana nundi rakshinchagaladani oohinchabadindi. 19va sataabdam chivaralo, "m" nuu upayoginchi clinical trials jarigaayi. bovis "italeelo vinaasakaramaina phalitaalato nirvahinchabaddaayi, endukante" m. bovis "m" valene vishapuuritamainadigaa kanugonabadindi. kshayavyadhi ". french vaidyudu mariyu bacteriologist ayina albert kalmette, mariyu athani sahayakudu mariyu taruvaata sahodyogi ayina pasuvaidyudu ayina kamille guerin 1908loe institute pasteur dii lille (lille, france) loe panicheestunnaaru. vaari paniloo kshayavyadhi basillus yokka vishapuurita jaatulanu upasamvardhakamgaa mariyu vividha samskruti maadhyamaalanu pareekshinchadam unnaayi. vaaru oka glyzerine-pitta-bangaalaadumpa misramam takkuva vishapuuritamgaa kanipinche baasillini penchindani gamaninchaaru, mariyu punaraavruta upasamskarana anedi teekaga upayoginchadaaniki taginantagaa ksheeninchina jaatini utpatti chestundo ledho chuudataaniki vaari parisoedhana yokka gamananni marcharu. glyzerine bangaalaadumpa maadhyamampai vishapuurita ottidi nundi 13 samvatsaraalalo 239 saarlu upasamvardhaka tarvaata bisiji jaatini vaeru chesaaru. modati prapancha yuddham antataa parisoedhana 1919 varaku konasaagindi, appudu ippudu paksulunna basillilu parisoedhanaa jantuvulalo kshayavyaadhini kaliginchalekapoyayi. kalmette mariyu gerrin 1919loe paris pasteur instituteku badilee cheyabaddaayi. bisiji teaca modatisaarigaa 1921loe maanavulalo upayoginchabadindi. prajala angeekaaram nemmadigaa undhi, mukhyamgaa lubec vipattu daaniki chaalaa haani chesindi. 1929 mariyu 1933 madhya, lubeclo, jeevitam yokka modati 10 rojullo 251 mandhi sisuvulaku teekaalu veyabaddaayi; 173 mandiki kshayavyadhi vachindi mariyu 72 mandhi maraninchaaru. akkada icchina bisiji adhe incubatorlo nilva cheyabadina vishapuurita jaatito kalushitamaindani taruvaata kanugonabadindi, idhi teaca tayaareedaarulapai chattaparamaina charyalaku daariteesindi. daa. aarr. zii. saskaatchevaanloni fort kwapelle aarogya kendramlo panichestunna fergusson, kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa teaca paddhatini abhivruddhi cheyadamlo maargadarsakulalo okaru. kenadaalo, 1933 mariyu 1945 madhya bisiji teaca pareekshalalo nivaasa paatasaalalaku chendina 600 mandiki paiga pillalu asankalpita palgonevaruga upayoginchabaddaaru. 1928loe, bisijini leag off nations (prapancha aarogya samsthaku mundunnadi) yokka aarogya kamitee sweekarinchindi. ayithe, vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa, idhi rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata matrame vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi. 1945 nundi 1948 varaku, sahaya samsthalu (antarjaateeya kshayavyadhi pracharam ledhaa ummadi samsthalu) thoorpu airopalo enimidi millionlaku paiga pillalaku teekaalu vaesaayi mariyu oka pedda yuddham tarvaata kshayavyadhi yokka anchanaa vesina saadhaarana perugudalanu nirodhinchaayi. pediatric vayassu samuuhamloo kshayavyadhi meningitisku vyatiraekamgaa bisiji chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa untundi, ayithe pulmonary kshayavyaadhiki vyatiraekamgaa daani saamarthyam maarutuu untundi. konni deshaalu saadhaarana teaca nundi bisijini tolaginchaayi. dheenini eppuduu mamuluga upayoginchani rendu deshaalu united states mariyu netherlands (rendu deshaalalo, nammadagina montox pareekshanu nirvahinchadam mariyu anduvalla kriyaaseela vyaadhini khachitamgaa gurtinchagalagadam anedi samaajaaniki marinta prayojanakaramgaa untundani bhaavistaaru, ippudu akkada chaalaa arudaina paristhitiki vyatiraekamgaa teekaalu veyadam kante). itara paerlaloo "vaccine bilii dii kalmette ett guerin vaccine" mariyu "basil dii kalmette ett guerin vaccine" unnaayi. parisoedhana. takkuva aadaaya deshaalalo mottam maranaala meeda bisiji teaca yokka prayojanakaramaina nirdishta prabhavam ledhaa mundugaane icchinappudu sepsis mariyu swaasakosha infectionlatho sahaa itara aarogya samasyalanu tagginchadaaniki, mundugaane upayoginchinanta ekkuva prayojanamtho, taatkaalika aadharalu unnaayi. reasus makaaklalo, bisiji sirala dwara icchinappudu merugaina rakshana retlanu chooputundi. konni pramaadaalanu manavulaku anuvadinchadaaniki mundu anchanaa veyali. type 1 diabetes. bisiji teaca type 1 diabetes (tii1dii) loe adhyayanam cheyabadina prarambha dasallo undhi. covid-19. bisiji teaca vadakam covid-19 nundi rakshananu andinchavacchu. ayithe, eee vishayamlo epidemiologic pariseelanalu aspashtamgaa unnaayi. nivaarana kosam daani vadakanni evaru sifaarasu cheyaru. iravai bisiji trials vividha clinical dasallo unnaayi. , phalitaalu chaalaa mishramamgaa untaayi. mahammariki mundu rendu samvatsaraalalo moodusaarlu teekaalu vesina vyaktulatoe kuudina 15 nelala trial type 1 diabetes unna bisiji-naiv vyaktulalo sankramananu nivaarinchadamlo saanukuula phalitaalanu chooputundi. marovaipu, bisijito tirigi teekaalu veyadam aarogya kaaryakartalalo sankramananu nivaarinchadamlo sahayapadadani 5 nelala vichaarana choopistundi. rendoo double blind yaadruchchika niyantrita trials.

bee see jee wexin basilis calamty-goran (bee see jee) wexin eek wexin hay juu bunyadi toor parr tapp daq (tye bee) kay khalaaf istemaal hoti hay. iss kaa naam iss kay mojad albert calmit aur camely gairan kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. inn mamalik mein jehaan tapp daq yaa jazaam aam hay sehat mund bachon mein paidaish kay foraa baad eek khuraak kii sfarish kii jaati hay. inn elaqon mein jehaan tapp daq aam nahein hay sarf ziyadah khatray waalay bachon kuu aam toor parr hifazati teekay lagaye jaatay haine jabkah tapp daq kay mushtabah muamilat kii infiradi toor parr jaanch aur alaaj kiyaa jaataa hay. jinn balighon kuu tapp daq nahein hay aur jinhein pehley hifazati teekay nahein lagaye gayey haine leakin aksar bay nqab hotay haine inhein bhee hifazati teekay lagaye jaa saktay haine. bee see jee broli alsar infection aur deegar ghair tapp daq waalay mycobacterial infection kay khalaaf bhee kachh taasir rakhta hay. iss kay alawah yaha baaz auqaat misaney kay cancer kay alaaj kay hasay kay toor parr istemaal hotaa hay. tapp daq kay infection say tahfuz kii sharhein wasee paimanay parr mukhtalif hoti haine aur tahfuz 20 saal takk rehta hay. bachon mein yaha taqriba 20 faisad kuu mutasir honay say rokta hay aur juu loag mutasir hotay haine inn mein say yaha nasf kuu bemari kii nashonuma say bachata hay. wexin jald mein injection kay zariye dee jaati hay. koyee sabut nahein dikhata kahh izaafi khurakein fayedah mund haine. sangeen zamni asraat shaaz woo naadir hyee hotay haine. aksar injection kii jagah parr laali sojan aur halka dard hotaa hay. theek honay kay baad kachh daagon kay saath eek chhota alsar bhee bunn saktaa hay. amyuno superation waalay logon mein zamni asraat ziyadah aam aur mamkanah toor parr ziyadah shadeed hotay haine. agarcha janeen parr koyee nqsan dhah asraat nahein dekhay gayey haine leakin janeen kii hifazat kay baaray mein nakafi sabut mojud haine. hamal kay doraan bee see jee vaccination aur iss wajah say hamal kay doraan istemaal kay liye wexin kii sfarish nahein kii jaati hay. yaha wexin asl mein "mycobacterium bovees" say tayaar kii gayee thee juu aam toor parr maveshiyon mein payee jaati hay. agarcha yaha kamzor how chakaa hay leakin abb bhee zindah hay. bee see jee wexin pehli baar 1921 mein tabee toor parr istemaal kii gayee thee. yaha aalimi idaarah sehat kii zaruri adviyaat kii fehrist mein shaamil hay. yaha wexin aalimi satah parr harr saal taqriba 10 karod bachon kuu dee jaati hay. tabee istemaal. tapp daq. bee see jee kaa bunyadi istemaal tapp daq kay khalaaf teekah kaaree kay liye hay. bee see jee wexin paidaish kay baad entradermily toor parr dee jaa sakti hay. bee see jee vaccination ghalat masbat mentox test kaa sabab bunn sakti hay. bee see jee kaa sabb say mutnazah pehlu mukhtalif tabee aazmaishon mein payee jaanay waali mutaghir afadiyat hay juu geografiya parr munhasir dikhayi deeti hay. bartaniah mein kiye gayey trials mein muslisil 60 say 80 faisad hifazati asar dikhaya gayaa hay leakin juu kahein aur kiye gayey haine inn mein koyee hifazati asar nahein dikhaya gayaa hay aur astwa kay qareeb pahunchnay parr afadiyat mein kamee aatee dikhayi deeti hay. 1994 kay eek manzam jaizay say patah chalaa hay kahh bee see jee tapp daq kay khatray kuu taqriba 50 faisad takk kumm kirr deeta hay. aabadi mein jinyati farq maahul mein tabdiliyan deegar bacterial infections kii numaish aur libartry mein jehaan wexin agayee jaati hay bashmol culture kiye jaanay waalay tanao aur tarqi kay zariah kay intekhaab kay darmiyan jinyati farq jeesay awamil kii wajah say taasir mein farq khatay parr munhasir hay. 2014 mein kiye gayey eek manzam jaizay aur meeta tajziya say patah chalta hay kahh bee see jee wexin nay infection kuu 19-27% takk kumm kiyaa aur faal tapp daq kii taraf badhnay mein 71 faisad takk kamee kii. iss jaizay mein shaamil mutaliat inn logon takk mahdud thay jinhon nay interferon gaama release asay kaa istemaal kiyaa thaa. bee see jee kay tahfuz kii madat waazah toor parr malum nahein hay. hifazati asar zahir karnay waalay inn mutaliat mein aidaad woo shamaar mutzad haine. ayem aar see kay mutalay say patah chalta hay kahh tahfuz 15 saal kay baad 59 faisad takk aur 20 saal kay baad safar how gayaa. tahim 1930 kii dahayi mein hifazati teekon waalay maqami americiyon kuu dekhnay waalay eek mutalay mein hifazati teekon kay 60 saal baad bhee tahfuz kay sabut milay jiss kii afadiyat mein mamuli kamee waaqa hoyee. aisa lagtaa hay kahh bee see jee kaa sabb say badaa asar maliri tapp daq yaa tapp daq kay dimaghi amraz kii rook thaam mein hotaa hay iss liye yaha abb bhee inn mamalik mein baday paimanay parr istemaal hotaa hay jehaan palmonary tapp daq kay khalaaf afadiyat naha honay kay baraabar hay. bee see jee kii 100 wein salgrah 2021 mein thee. yaha tapp daq kay khalaaf license yaaftah waahid wexin hay juu kahh eek jaari wabayi bemari hay. tapp daq kaa khaatima aalimi idaarah sehat (juu) kaa eek maqsad hay halankah baaligh palmonary tapp daq kay khalaaf ziyadah afadiyat waali nayee wexin tayaar karnay kii zarurat how sakti hay taakah khaatir khwah paish raft how sakay. afadiyat. mukhtalif mamalik mein bee see jee kii mutaghir afadiyat kii mutadid mamkanah wajuhaat tajweez kii gayee haine. koyee bhee saabat nahein hawaa hay kachh kuu mustarid kiyaa gayaa hay aur koyee bhee kumm tapp daq kay bojh waalay mamalik (america) aur ziyadah tapp daq kay bojh waalay mamalik (hindustan) donon mein afadiyat kii kamee kii wazahat nahein kirr saktaa hay. bee see jee parr aey how dastaviz mein mutaghir afadiyat kii wajuhaat parr tafsil say tabadlah khayaal kiyaa gayaa hay. mycobacteria. bee see jee mein kachh ghair tapp daq mycobacteria kay khalaaf hifazati asraat hotay haine. cancer. bee see jee sabb say kamiyab amyuno tharaapi mein say eek rehaa hay. bee see jee wexin 1977 say "misaney kay cancer (aine ayem aayee bee see) kay mareezon kii deekh bhaal kaa mayaar" rehaa hay. 2014 takk ghair pathon parr hamlah aawar misaney kay cancer kay alaaj kay liye aath say ziyadah mukhtalif samjhay jaanay waalay biosemailer agent yaa tanao istemaal kiye gayey thay. intezamiya kaa tariqah. aam toor parr bee see jee laganay say pehley tubercolin jald kaa test kiyaa jaataa hay. eek radh amal waala tubercolin jald kaa test shadeed maqami sozish aur daagh kay khatray kii wajah say bee see jee kay liye eek tazaad hay vovo yaha kasee qoot madafat kii nishandahi nahein kartaa hay. bee see jee baaz logon mein bhee ghair mutayinah hay jinn mein aayee eel-12 receptor kay raastay kay nqayes haine. bee see jee deltwide kay daakhil honay parr eek waahid entradermal injection kay toor parr diyaa jaataa hay. agar bee see jee kuu ghalti say sabb katinio toor parr diyaa jaataa hay tuu eek maqami phoda (eek "bee see jee awo ayem aey") bunn saktaa hay juu baaz auqaat alsert how saktaa hay aur asay fouri toor parr ainti biotics kay saath alaaj kii zarurat parh sakti hay basurat deegar alaaj kay baghair yaha infection phaila saktaa hay jiss say aham aizaa kuu shadeed nqsan pahunch saktaa hay. phoda hamishah ghalat intezamiya say waabistah nahein hotaa hay aur yaha ziyadah aam paicheedgiyon mein say eek hay juu vaccination kay saath how sakti hay. ainti biotics kay zariye inn phodon kay alaaj parr mutadid tabee mutaliat mukhtalif nataij kay saath kiye gayey haine leakin ittefaq raaye yaha hay kahh eek baar jabb mawaad kaa tajziya aur tajziya kiyaa jaaye bashartikah koyee ghair mamuli baisli mojud naha how tuu phoda aam toor parr chand hafton mein khood hyee theek how jaaye gaa. bee see jee ammunization kay patoon mein numayan toor parr uthaya gayaa daagh aksar pehley say hifazati teekon kay sabut kay toor parr istemaal hotaa hay. iss daagh kuu cheechak kii wexin say alg kiyaa jaana chahiye juu iss say milta jaltaa how saktaa hay. jabb misaney kay cancer kay liye diyaa jaataa hay tuu wexin kuu jald kay zariye injection nahein kiyaa jaataa hay balkah naram catheter kaa istemaal kartay hoay peshaab kii naali kay zariye misaney mein daala jaataa hay. manfi asraat. bee see jee teekah kaaree aam toor parr injection kii jagah parr kachh dard aur daagh kaa sabab banti hay. aham manfi asraat calvides haine-buray uthaye hoay daagh. deltwide pathon mein daakhil karnaa aksar istemaal hotaa hay keunkah jabb iss jagah kuu istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay tuu maqami paicheedgi kii sharah sabb say kumm hoti hay. tahim kolhay intezamiya kaa eek muthbadil maqaam hay keunkah yaha behatar cosmetic nataij farahim kartaa hay. bee see jee wexin kuu androni toor parr diyaa jaana chahiye. agar sabb katinio toor parr diyaa jaaye thoo yaha maqami infection kuu janam day saktaa hay aur elaqayi lamaf nodes mein phail saktaa hay jiss kii wajah say yaa tuu sporative (mawaad kii paidawar) aur naan sporative lymphadenitis how saktaa hay. qadamat pasand intezam aam toor parr ghair maawan lamphadenitis kay liye kaafi hotaa hay. agar superation hotaa hay tuu asay soyee kii khwahish kii zarurat parh sakti hay. ghair hall shadah supersion kay liyay jarahi kay zariye katwane kii zarurat parh sakti hay. inn paicheedgiyon kay alaaj kay sabut kumm haine. ghair mamuli toor parr chhaati aur gloteel kay phoday hematogens (khoon kay zariye lay jaanay waalay) aur lamphangeomates kay phailao kii wajah say how saktay haine. elaqayi hadiyon kaa infection (bee see jee osteomalitis yaa austites) aur failnay waala bee see jee infection bee see jee vaccination kii nayaab paicheedgiyan haine leakin mamkanah toor parr jaan leeva haine. systematic ainti tubercols tharaapi shadeed paicheedgiyon mein madadgaar saabat how sakti hay. jabb bee see jee kuu misaney kay cancer kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay tuu taqriba 2.9 faisad alaaj shadah mareez jinyati yaa nizami bee see jee say mutaliq infection kii wajah say amunothropy bund kirr deetay haine tahim jabb kahh alamati misaney bee see jee infection aksar hotaa hay dosray aizaa kii shamoliyat behat ghair mamuli hay. jabb nizami shamoliyat hoti hay tuu jigar aur phephde sabb say pehley mutasir honay waalay aizaa hotay haine (aakhri bee see jee kay baad 1 haftah [medeen]). agar bee see jee ghalti say kasee amunocompromised mareez kuu diyaa jaataa hay (misaal kay toor parr.jee.eek bachah jiss mein shadeed mushtarkah madafati kamee how)yee yaha failnay waalay yaa jaan leeva infection kaa sabab bunn saktaa hay. iss waaqiye kay dastawezi waaqiaat eek phee millin teekay laganay say bhee kumm haine. 2007 mein jinhon nay aich aayee wee kay shikaar bachon kay liye bee see jee kii sfarish karnaa bund kirr dee chahay tapp daq kii numaish kaa khatrah ziyadah how keunkah failnay waalay bee see jee infection kaa khatrah (juu iss ziyadah khatray kay tanazar mein taqriba 400 phee 100,000 hay). istemaal karein. shaqs kii amar aur jiss taadad kay saath bee see jee diyaa jaataa hay wah hamishah milk say milk mein mukhtalif hotaa hay. juu phee alhaal tapp daq aur/yaa jazaam kay ziyadah bojh waalay tamaam mamalik kay liye bachpan kay bee see jee kii sfarish kartaa hay. yaha duniya bhar mein tarikhi aur maujudah bee see jee mashqon kii eek jazwi fehrist hay. maazi aur haal kii mashq kaa eek makmal atlas tayaar kiyaa gayaa hay. menofecturing. bee see jee kuu maveshiyon kay zindah tapp daq basilis "mycobacterium bovees" kay eek tanao say tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay jiss nay insaanon mein bemari paida karnay kii salahiyat khoo dee hay. yaha khaas toor parr eek culture medium mein zeeli culture kiyaa jaataa hay aam toor parr muddle brok 7h9. keunkah zindah baisli dastiyaab ghazayi ajzaa kay behtareen istemaal kay liye tayaar hoti hay wah insani khoon kay liye kumm achhi tarah say dahaal leeti hay aur insani mezban mein daakhil honay parr bemari kuu mazeed janam nahein day sakti. phir bhee wah apnay jangli aabao ajdaad say kaafi miltay jaltay haine juu insani tapp daq kay khalaaf kachh hadd takk qoot madafat farahim kartay haine. bee see jee wexin 15 saal kii madat takk tapp daq kii rook thaam mein 0 say 80 faisad takk moasir how sakti hay vovo tahim iss kaa hifazati asar geografiya aur iss leeb kay mutabiq mukhtalif nazar aataa hay jiss mein wexin kaa tanao paida kiyaa gayaa thaa. mutadid mukhtalif companiyan bee see jee banaati haine baaz auqaat bacteria kay mukhtalif jinyati tanao kaa istemaal kartay hoay. iss kay natijay mein masnuaat kii mukhtalif khususiyat how sakti haine. oncoats juu misaney kay cancer kay liye misaney kii tansibaat kay liye istemaal hotaa hay aarganon libartriyon kay zariye tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa (chonkah sheering-hull kay zariye haasil kiyaa gayaa thaa aur badlay mein merck aind company kay zariye haasil kiyaa gayaa thaa.). asee tarah kii apply cashion poland kii company biomed-lablan kay oonko bee see jee kii paidawar hay juu brazeel kay substrain ayem kaa maalik hay. bowas bee see jee morao juu deegar bee see jee tanao sameet vaccinon kay muqabilay mein kumm ree actiogenic hay. paisis bee see jee juu montriyal (insity teut armend freeper) tanao say banaa hay pehli baar eurocor kay zariah 2002 mein farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa. eurocor kuu iss kay baad say diyanon systems nay haasil kiyaa thaa. aiwans wexin (powder project pharmaceuticals kaa zeeli idaarah). dunmark mein statens seeram insity teut nay densh strain 1331 kaa istemaal kartay hoay tayaar kardah bee see jee wexin kii marketein kein. japaan bee see jee libartry duniya bhar kay 50 mamalik mein pester bee see jee kay tokiyo 172 substrain parr mubni apnee wexin kii marketing karti hay. dasambar 2015 mein shaye honay waali unicife kii eek report kay mutabiq bee see jee wexin kii farahami kii hifazat parr 2015 mein aalimi maang 123 say badh kirr 152.2 millin khuraak how gayee. salamati kuu behatar bananay aur sastee aur lachakdar farahami kay zaraye kuu [matnua] bananay kay liyay unicife nay bee see jee kii paidawar kay liye saat nayey menofecturers kay muahidon kuu nawaza. maujudah menofecturers kii farahami kii dastiyabi kay saath aur "eek nayee juu pehley say ahal wexin" kii kill farahami "2016 takk kii gayee 2015 kii dabay hoay mutalibe kay saath saath 2016-2018 kay zariye kill paish goyee kii talab donon kuu poraa karnay kay liye kaafi hogi." supplie kii kamee. 2011 mein sanofi pester plant mein sailaab aagiya jiss say mould mein masail paida hoay. torrento oontario canada mein waaqa iss sahulat nay zeeli tanao say bunny bee see jee wexin masnuaat tayaar kein jeesay kahh tapp daq kii wexin aur ammo sist bee see jee amyuno thropatic aur misaney kay cancer kii dawaa. apreel 2012 takk aif ddee aey nay poday mein nasbandi kay darjanon dastawezi masail paaye thay jinn mein sadnaa ghonslay laganay waalay parinday aur zing aalud barqi naaliyan shaamil haine. plant kay duu saal say ziyadah arsey takk bund rehney kay natijay mein misaney kay cancer aur tapp daq kii wexin kii qalat paida how gayee. 29 aktobar 2014 kuu health canada nay sanofi kuu bee see jee kii paidawar dobarah sharoo karnay kii ajazat dee. aalimi supplie kay 2018 kay tajziye nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh supplie paish goyee bee see jee wexin kii talab kuu poraa karnay kay liye kaafi hay leakin qalat kay khatraat baaqi haine bunyadi toor parr 75 faisad kay inhasaar kii wajah say jinhon nay sarf duu suppliers parr pehley say ahal supplie kii thee. khashak kirr diyaa. kachh bee see jee vaccines kuu manjamad kirr kay khashak kirr diyaa jaataa hay aur barek powder bunn jaatay haine. baaz auqaat powder kuu sheeshe kay empoil mein vacuum say sail kirr diyaa jaataa hay. iss tarah kay sheeshe kay empoil kuu aahista aahista kholna padta hay taakah hawaa kay bahao kuu powder kuu baahir nikalnay say rooka jaa sakay. phir powder kuu injection laganay say pehley namkeen paani say patla karnaa padta hay. tareekh. bee see jee kii tareekh cheechak say jadee hoyee hay. 1865 takk jaine antwine waleemeen nay yaha zahir kirr diyaa thaa kahh khargosh insaanon say tapp daq say mutasir how saktay haine. 1868 takk inhon nay paaya thaa kahh khargosh gaaye say tapp daq say mutasir how saktay haine aur khargosh dosray khargosh say tapp daq say mutasir how saktay haine. iss tarah inhon nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh tapp daq kasee namalum khard hayatiyat (yaa "wires"yee jaisa kahh inhon nay asay kahaa) kay zariye muntaqil hawaa thaa. 1882 mein raabart coach nay ansaan aur maveshiyon kii tapp daq kuu eek jaisa samjha. leakin 1895 mein theobuild samath nay insani aur maveshiyon kii tapp daq kay darmiyan farq paish kiyaa jiss kii atlaa inhon nay coach kuu dee. 1901 takk coach nay "mycobacterium bovees" kuu "mycobacterium tapp daq" say mamtaz kiyaa. 18 wein sadee kay doraan qayem honay waali cheechak kii rook thaam mein vaccination kii kamiyabi kay baad science daanon nay maveshiyon kii tapp daq aur copox kay darmiyan matwazi khainch kirr tapp daq mein eek natijah talaash karnay kaa socha: yaha qayaas kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh maveshiyon kii tapp daq say honay waala infection insani tapp daq kay infection say bachaa saktaa hay. 19 wein sadee kay aakhir mein "ayem" kaa istemaal kartay hoay tabee aazmaish. boveez "tabaah kunn nataij kay saath atlee mein munaqid kiye gayey thay keunkah" m. bovees "ayem" kii tarah hyee khatarnaak paaya gayaa. tapp daq ". albert calmut eek francisi mualij aur bacteria kay mahir aur inn kii maawan aur baad mein saathi camely gairan juu eek veterinary doctor thein 1908 mein insity teut pester ddee lalee (lalee france) mein kaam kirr rahay thay. inn kay kaam mein tapp daq basels kay zahrile tanao kuu zeeli kaasht karnaa aur mukhtalif culture mediya kii jaanch karnaa shaamil thaa. inhon nay nott kiyaa kahh glycerin-putt-aalo kaa markab baisli paida kartaa hay juu kumm zahrila lagtaa hay aur yaha dekhnay kay liye kahh aayaa baar baar zeeli culture karnay say eek aisi kashidgi paida hogi jasay wexin kay toor parr istemaal karnay kay liye kaafi kumm kiyaa gayaa thaa inn kii tehqeeq kaa rakh badal gayaa. bee see jee tanao kuu 13 saalon kay doraan 239 baar zeeli kaasht kay baad gulsareen aalo medium parr zahrile tanao say alg kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha tehqeeq pehli jung azeem kay doraan 1919 takk jaari rahee jabb abb tezabi baisli tehqiqi janwaron mein tapp daq kii bemari kaa sabab bannay say qaasir thee. calmit aur gory 1919 mein peers pester insity teut mein muntaqil kiyaa gayaa. bee see jee wexin pehli baar 1921 mein insaanon mein istemaal hoyee thee. awami qabuliyat sast thee aur khaas toor parr leubeck kii tabahi nay asay behat nqsan pahunchaya. 1929 aur 1933 kay darmiyan leubeck mein zindagi kay pehley 10 dunon mein 251 bachon kuu wexin dee gayee. 173 kuu tapp daq hoyee aur 72 kii moth hogayi. baad mein yaha driyafat hawaa kahh wahaan dee jaanay waali bee see jee eek zahrili qasm say aaludah thee juu asee incubator mein zakhirah kii jaa rahee thee jiss kii wajah say wexin bananay waalon kay khalaaf qanuni kararwai kii gayee. doctor. aar. jee. fargosan saskachwan kay fort kuu apple senitrium mein kaam kirr rahay thay tapp daq kay khalaaf vaccination kay amal kuu farogh deenay mein paish paish thay. canada mein rehaishi schoolon kay 600 say ziyadah bachon kuu 1933 aur 1945 kay darmiyan bee see jee wexin kay trials mein ghair araadi sharkaa kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa gayaa. 1928 mein bee see jee kuu leeg aaf nations (aalimi idaarah sehat (juu) kay paishro) kii sehat committy nay apnaya. tahim mukhalifat kii wajah say yaha dosri jung azeem kay baad hyee baday paimanay parr istemaal honay lagaa. 1945 say 1948 takk amdadi tanzimon (beenn alaqwami tapp daq muham yaa mushtarkah karobari idaaron) nay mashriqi europ mein 80 laakh say ziyadah bachon kuu wexin dee aur eek bury jung kay baad tapp daq kay matuqa aam izaafe kuu rooka. bee see jee bachon kii amar kay grop mein tubercols meningitis kay khalaaf behat mosar hay leakin palmonary tapp daq kay khalaaf iss kii afadiyat mutaghir dikhayi deeti hay. kachh mamalik nay bee see jee kuu mamul kii vaccination say hataa diyaa hay. duu mamalik jinhon nay asay kabhi mamul kay mutabiq istemaal nahein kiyaa wah america aur netherlands haine (donon mamalik mein yaha mahsus kiyaa jaataa hay kahh eek qaabil aetemad mentox test karnaa aur iss wajah say faal bemari kaa darsat patah laganay kay qaabil honaa muashiray kay liye iss haalat kay khalaaf wexin laganay say ziyadah fayedah mund hay juu abb wahaan nasbata nayaab hay). deegar naamon mein "wexin bully ddee colmet aett goran wexin" aur "besil ddee colmet aett goran wexin" shaamil haine. tehqeeq. kumm aamadni waalay mamalik mein majmuyi amwaat parr bee see jee vaccination kay fayedah mund ghair makhsus asar kay liyay yaa jald diye jaanay parr sepsis aur saans kay infection sameet deegar sehat kay masail kuu kumm karnay kay liyay aarizi shawahid mojud haine jiss say ziyadah fayedah hotaa hay. reces makaak mein bee see jee jabb nasoon mein diyaa jaataa hay tuu tahfuz kii behatar sharhon kuu zahir kartaa hay. insaanon mein iss kaa tarjumah karnay say pehley kachh khatraat kaa jaizah leena zaruri hay. type 1 ziyabetas. bee see jee wexin type 1 ziyabetas (tye 1 ddee) mein mutalah kiye jaanay kay ibtadayi marahil mein hay. coved-19. bee see jee wexin kaa istemaal coved-19 kay khalaaf tahfuz farahim kirr saktaa hay. tahim iss silsilay mein wabayi amraz kay mashahidat mubham haine. juu iss kay istemaal kii rook thaam kay liye sfarish nahein kartaa hay. bees bee see jee trials mukhtalif tabee marahil mein haine. nataij intehayi milay jalay haine. 15 maah kii aazmaish jiss mein logon kuu duu saalon mein teen baar teekah lagaya gayaa thaa iss say pehley kahh wabayi marz type 1 ziyabetas waalay bee see jee-naiyo logon mein infection kuu roknay mein masbat nataij dikhata hay. dosri taraf 5 maah kay trial say patah chalta hay kahh bee see jee kay saath dobarah wexin laganay say sehat kii deekh bhaal karnay waalay karkanon mein infection kuu roknay mein madad nahein milti hay. donon double blind bay tartib control trials thay.

000713755ab9ece3263ce3aed88160716bcbbd571db395a4b908b490015af313

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60593315

Bionda Castana

Bionda Castana Bionda Castana is a luxury women’s footwear brand founded in 2007 by London-based entrepreneurs Natalia Barbieri and Jennifer Portman. The brand closed in late 2016 and relaunched in November 2018 with a sustainable, direct-to-consumer business strategy. History. Bionda Castana was founded by Natalia Barbieri and Jennifer Portman. The friends met in London while studying economics at the University of Westminster. In 2007 they quit their corporate jobs and launched their company, naming it Bionda Castana, ‘blonde brunette’ in Italian. Their first stockist was London boutique Browns who began carrying the collection in 2009. The duo’s designs also caught the eye of Vogue Italia Editor-in-Chief Franca Sozzani, and in 2010 the company was honored with the publication’s ‘Who Is On Next?’ award. Dubai’s Level Shoes became a stockist in 2012, and luxury British department store Harvey Nichols followed in 2013. In 2015, Bionda Castana was named among Walpole’s Brands of Tomorrow, and secured London department stores Selfridges and Harrods as wholesale stockists. In June of that year, the brand opened a boutique on London’s Elizabeth Street, offering a made-to-order service in addition to the main collection. In January 2016, the brand launched a collaboration with high street brand LK Bennett, and by May 2016, the brand had already met its financial targets for the year and moved into a larger boutique on Elizabeth Street. Bionda Castana’s Spring/Summer 2016 collection launched with a campaign shot by photographer Dima Hohlev, featuring a ballet dancer as the model. The images saw Hohlov named Best Fashion Photographer in the LeBook Connections Awards 2016. The brand shuttered in late 2016 to allow the founders to separate from their investors. Barbieri later explained: "We weren’t aligned with our external investment team". Relaunch. In November 2018, Bionda Castana relaunched after a two-year hiatus with a direct-to-consumer, sustainable business model. The zero-waste strategy sees just four archive styles available to buy for a limited period at the beginning of each month. The shoes are then made-to-order using surplus fabric from the brand’s old stock, and shipped direct from the factory to the buyer. On the decision to relaunch, Barbieri said: "There was a process where you have to break up and then start back up again… Taking the break gave us the foresight to think about how would we be able to approach it in a smarter way and still be able to be creative and meet our customers’ demands." When the surplus archive fabrics run out, the company plans to use surplus fabrics from other fashion houses in order to maintain its zero-waste policy. Collaborations. Bionda Castana has been collaborating with designer fashion brands on their London Fashion Week catwalk shows since 2012, including Osman, Matthew Williamson and Tala and Lina Samman. The Fall/Winter 2013 collection was launched with a short film directed by actor David Schwimmer and starring model David Gandy. In November 2015 the brand created a capsule collection to raise funds for HIV prevention and support charity Mothers2Mothers References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

biyuna castana biyuna castana hoise 2007 sonot londonsthito udyugi natalia barbieri aaru jenifer poo 'rtmanor dwara protistha koraa ek bilaxbohul mohilar jutar brend. brendtu 2016 sonor xexor faale bondho hoisil aaru 2018 sonor novembor maahot ek bohonkhyom, proityokhyo-poraa-upobhukta byowoxayik kouxolor xoite punor aarombho koraa hoisil. itihax. bayonoda castana natalia barbieri aaru jenifer poo 'rtmane protistha korisil. bondhuxokolor log hoisil londonot westminster biswobidyaloyot orthoniti odhyoyon kori thokar xomoyot. 2007 sonot teuluke teulukor korpo "rett sakori eri diye aaru teulukor company aarombho kore, iyak italy bhaxat 'brond brunet' buli namakoron kore. teulukor prothom stokisto aasil london butik brouns jiye 2009 sonot xongrohotu bohon koriboloi aarombho korisil. duyure designbure bho 'go italier mukhyo xompadok franka cho' jaanir dristi aakorxon korisil, aaru 2010 sonot companytuwe prokax koraa 'poroborti sthanot coon aase?' rey xonmanito hoisil.botaa. 2012 sonot dubair storor jutaa stokisto hoi porisil, aaru 2013 sonot bilaxbohul britis department sto 'ror harbhe nikuls onuxoron koraa hoisil. 2015 sonot, bho 'lopulor kailoir brandxomuhor bhitorot biyo' ndaa castanak naam diya hoisil, aaru londonor department sto 'roxomuhor celfories aaru hardxomuh paikari stokisto hisape xurokhito koraa hoisil. xei bosoror june maahot brandtuwe londonor elijeboth streetot etaa butik mukoli korisil, zo 'too mool xongrohor uporiu etaa maid-tu-order xewa aagborhuwa hoisil. 2016 sonor januaryt brandtuwe haai street brend el. key. benetor xoite ek xohojugita aarombho korisil, aaru 2016 sonor mey "maahor bhitorot brandtuwe itimodhye bosoror baabe iyar bittiyo lokhyo puron korisil aaru elizabeth streetor etaa dangor butikoloi sthanantorito hoisil. photographer dima holevor dwara swot koraa ek prosaror xoite biyuna custaner boxonto/grishmokalin 2016 xongroho mukoli koraa hoisil, zo 'too model hisape egoraki bele nrityoxilpi aasil. sobiburot huholovok 2016 sonor lebuk kanekson awardsot shrestho feswan photographer hisape naam diya hoisil. protisthapokxokolok teulukor biniyugkarixokolor poraa prithok hoh 'boloi onumoti diboloi 2016 sonor xexor faale brendtu bondho koraa hoisil. barbiriye pisot byakhya korisiloh "aami aamar bahyik biniyug dolor xoite xongzukto nasilu. punor aarombho korok. novembor 2018-too, bayonoda kastanai dubosoror birotir pisot proityokhyo-poraa-upobhukta, bohonkhyom byowoxayik modelor xoite punor aarombho korisil. xunyo-aworjonar kouxoltuwe protitu maahor aarombhonite ximito xomoyor baabe kroy koriboloi maatro sarita archive xoili upolobdho kore. iyar pisot brendor puroni stokor poraa otirikto kapur byobohar kori jutabur order koraa hoy, aaru karkhanar poraa kretaloi punpotiyakoi preron koraa hoy. punor aarombho korar xiddhantor xondorbhot barbieriye koichiloh "etaa prokriya aasil zo 'too aapuni bisched koribo lagibo aaru taar pisot punor aarombho koribo lagibo... ei biroti luwatuwe aamak kenekoi aami iyak odhik smartbhabe lo 'bob parim aaru tothapiu sristixil hoh' bob parim aaru aamar grahokxokolor sahida puron koribo parim xei bixoye chinta korar durodorxon disil."jetiya otirikto archive kapur xex hoi yaay, companytuwe iyar xunyo-aworjona niti bojai rakhiboloi onyanyo feswan housor otirikto kapur byobohar korar porikolpona kore. xohojugita. biyuna kastanai 2012 sonor poraa teulukor london feswan wick ketwak swo 'too designer feswan brendor xoite xohojugita kori aahise, jaar bhitorot aase uxman, metthyu uiliamson aaru taala aaru linaa saamon. obhineta david swuimare porisalona koraa aaru model david gendi obhineet ekhon suti solositror xoite 2013 sonor poton/xitkalin xongrohotu mukoli koraa hoisil. 2015 sonor novembor maahot brandtuwe eis. aai. bhi. protirudh aaru datobyo matrir xohayor baabe puji xongroho koriboloi etaa kepsul xongroho sristi korisil.

biona castana biona castana ekti bilasbahul mohilader juto branned jaa 2007 saale london vittik uddokta natalia barbieri ebong jennifer portman dwara protisthito hoyechilo. brandti 2016 saaler shesher dike bondho hoye yaay ebong 2018 saaler novembore ekti teksoi, sarasari-grahok byabasayik kaushal niye punra chaalu hoy. itihas. bayanda castana natalia barbieri ebong jennifer portman dwara protisthito hoyechilo. westminster bishwobidyaloye arthaniti niye padashona korar somoy londone taader dekha hoy. 2007 saale taaraa taader corporate chakri chhede deyo ebong taader company chaalu korey, etir naam deyo bionda castana, italian bhasay 'swarnakeshi shyamali'. taader prothom stockist chhilen london butic browns, jini 2009 saale sangrahati bohon korte shuru korechilen. eyi jutir nakshaguli procholito italia editor-inn-chiff franca sajjanir drishti akarshan korechilo ebong 2010 saale companytike 'poroborti keey?' prokashona diye sommanito koraa hoyechilo.puraskar. dubaier level juto 2012 saale stockist hoye othe ebong bilasbahul british department store harve nichols 2013 saale anusaran korey. 2015 saale, bayanda custaner naam walpoler kaloker brander modhye rakha hoyechilo ebong paikari stockist hisabe londoner department store cellfries ebong harrod surokkhito korechilo. seii bochorer june maase, brandti londoner elizabeth streete ekti butic khulechilo, jaa mool sangraher pashapashi ekti order-koraa porisheba pradan korechilo. 2016 saaler januaryte, brandti hye strita branned elke benneter saathe ekti sahojogita chaalu korey ebong 2016 saaler meey maaser modhye, brandti itimadhye bochorer jonno taar arthik lakkhya puron korey ebong elizabeth streete ekti brihottor butike choley yaay. bionda custaner bosonto/grissokalin 2016 sangrahati photographer dima holever ekti procharabhijaner shoter saathe chaalu hoyechilo, jekhane model hisabe ekjon byale nrityoshilpike dekhano hoyechilo. chhobigulite dekha geche jey hohlov 2016 saaler book kanekashana awarde sera fashion photographer naam peyechen. brandti 2016 saaler shesher dike bondho hoye yaay jaate protisthatara taader biniyogkarider theke alada hotey paren. barbieri porey byakhya korechilenoh "amra amader bahyik biniyog doler saathe jukto chhilam naa. punra chaalu korun. navembar 2018-ayee, biona castana ekti direct-too-conzumer, teksoi byabasayik modeler saathe dui bochorer birotir porey punra chaalu hoyechilo. shunno-borjyo kaushalti proti maaser shurute seemit somoyer jonno kenara jonno matro charti sanrakkhanagar shaili upolobdho dekhe. erpor brander purno stock theke udwritto kapad byabohar korey juto order koraa hoy ebong karkhana theke sarasari kretar kachhe pathano hoy. punra chaalu korar siddhanter bishoye barbieri bolenoh "ekti prokriya chhilo jekhane aponake venge abar shuru korte hobey... biroti neoa amaderke chinta korar durodorshita diyeche jey amra kibhabe etike arow smart upaye byabohar korte sokkhom hobb ebong ekhono srijanshil hotey ebong amader grahokder chahida metate sokkhom hobb."jokhon udwritto sanrakkhanagar kapad shesh hoye yaay, tokhon companity taar shunno-borjyo neeti bojay rakhar jonno anyanno fashion house theke udwritto kapad byabohar korar parikalpana korey. sahojogita. bionda castana 2012 saal theke designer fashion brandgulir saathe taader london fashion wick catwack shote sahojogita korche, jaar modhye royeche osman, mathu uilliamson ebong taalaa ebong lina sammon. abhineta david schuimer porichalito ebong model david gandy abhineet ekti swalpodoirgho cholochchitro diye 2013 saaler shorot/shitkalin sangrahati chaalu koraa hoyechilo. 2015 saaler novembore brandti aichiv protirodh ebong datobbo mayeder samarthan korar jonno tehbil sangraher jonno ekti capsul sangraha toiri korey.

biyonada castana bionda castana aee aek vaibhavi maheela footware brand chhe, jenee sthaapnaa 2007maan london stheet udhyogsahsiko natalia barbiery aneey jennifer portman dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. brand 2016naa antamaa bundh thaee hatee aneey takaau, direct-too-consumer business vyooharachnaa saathe november 2018maan pharii sharoo thaee hatee. itihas. biyonda castana sthaapnaa natalia barbiery aneey jennifer portman dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa mitro londonma westminster universityma arthshashtrano abhyaas karatee vakhate malyaa hataa. 2007maan teoae temnee corporate nokareeo chhodi deedhi aneey temnee kampani sharoo curry, tenu naam bionda castana, italianma 'soneri shyamali' raakhyu. temno pratham stockist london boutic braaun hato jene 2009 maan sangrah vahan karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. aaa jodeeni designae prachaleet italian editor-ina-chief franca sojaaninu dhyaan pann khenchyu hatoo, aneey 2010 maan companyne prakashanna 'koona aagad chhe?' thee sanmanit karvaamaa aavee hatee.award. dubaina leval shooze 2012maan stockist banyaa hataa aneey 2013maan vaibhavi british department store haarve nicholls anusaryaa hataa. 2015maan, biyonda castana volpolni aavtikaalni brandsma naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, aneey london department storsemaa cellfries aneey herodne jaththaabandh stockist tareeke suraksheet karyaa hataa. teey varshnaa junamaa, brande londonni elizabeth street parr aek boutic kholyu hatoo, jemaa mukhya sangrah upraant meeyd-too-order sevaa pann aapvama aavee hatee. january 2016maan, brande haai street brand aela. keey. bennet saathe sahyog sharoo karyo hato aneey meey 2016 sudhimaa, brand varsh maate tenaa nanakiy lakshyankone pahelethee jaj purn curry chooki hatee aneey elizabeth street parr aek motaa butikma khasedvama aavee hatee. bionda castana vasant/unaalo 2016 sangrah photographer dimaa hollev dwara shhoot karvaamaa aavela abhiyaan saathe sharoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa aek bele nrutyaangnaane model tareeke darshavvama aavee hatee. aaa chhabioma holovne book connection award 2016maan shreshth fashion photographer tareeke namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. sthaapakone temnaa rokankarothi alag thavaani manjuri aapvaa maate 2016naa antamaa brand bundh thaee gaee hatee. barbieri paachhalthi samjaavyu "amey amaari baahy rokaan team saathe sanrekheet nahota". pharii sharoo karoo. november 2018maan, bionda castana beey varshnaa veeram pachhi direct-too-consumer, takaau vyavsaay model saathe pharii sharoo karyoo. shunya-kacharo vyooharachnaa darr maheenani sharuaatmaa maryadit samaygaalaa maate khareedava maate maatra chaar archive shaileeo uplabdh juae chhe. pachhi brandnaa junaa stockmathi vadharana kaapadno upyog kareene pagarkhaane order karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey factorymathi seedha khareeddaarne mokalvaamaa aave chhe. fareethi sharoo karvaanaa nirnay parr, barbieri kahyunh "aek prakriyaa hatee jyaan tamaare alag thavu padashe aneey pachhi fareethi sharoo karavu padashe... veeram levaathi amane teey vishe vichaarvaani durdarshita malee keey aapane tene vadhu smart reete kevee reete pahonchi shakishu aneey haju pann sarjanatmak bunny shakishu aneey amara graahakoni maangne pahonchi vadvaa saksham bunny shakishu."jyaare vadharana archive kaapad khatam thaee jaay chhe, tyaare kampani tenee ziro-vesta neetee jalava maate anya fashion housena vadharana kaapadno upyog karvaanee yojnaa dharaave chhe. sahyog. bionda castana 2012 thee designer fashion brands saathe temnaa london fashion weak catwalk shomaa sahyog curry rahee chhe, jemaa osman, methyu williamson aneey taalaa aneey leana sammaanno samaavesh thaay chhe. dhaa phola/winter 2013 collection abhineta david schwemer dwara nirdeshit aneey model david gandy abhineet tunkee film saathe sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. november 2015maan brande aech. aaee. vee. naa nivaaran aneey charity maataaone teko aapvaa maate bhandol aektra karvaa maate capsule sangrah banaavyo hato.

biyonda castana biyonda castana ack vilasita vaali mahilaaon key joote kaa brand haye jisaki sthaapana 2007 mein landan sthit udyamiyon natalia barbiri aur jennifer portman dwara kii gaee thee. brand 2016 key anta mein bund huaa aur navambar 2018 mein ack sthaayi, pratyaksh-seey-upabhokta vyaapaar ranneeti key saath phir seey shuru huaa. itihas. biyonda castana kii sthaapana natalia barbiri aur jennifer portman ney kii thee. doston kii mulakat landan mein westminster vishvavidyalaya mein arthshastra kaa adhyayan karate hue hui thee. 2007 mein unhone apani corporate naukariyon koo chhod diyaa aur apani company shuru kii, jiska naam italvi mein 'bionda castana,' 'blond brunette' rakhaa gayaa. unakaa pahala stockist landan buteek braun thaa jisane 2009 mein sangrah koo leey jaanaa shuru kiya. donon key designs ney prachalit italia key pradhaan sampaadak franca sozani kaa dhyaan bhee kheencha, aur 2010 mein company koo prakaashan key 'agale kaun haye?' seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.puraskar. dubai key star key joote 2012 mein ack stockist bunn gaye, aur 2013 mein lakjari british department store harvey nicholls kaa anusaran kiya gayaa. 2015 mein, biyonda castana koo walpole key cull key brandon mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur thoke stockist key roop mein landan department store selfries aur harrad koo surakshit kiya gayaa thaa. usa varsh juuna mein, brand ney landan kii elizabeth street parr ack buteek khola, jisamen mukhya sangrah key alawa ack maid-too-order seva kii peshkash kii gaee. janwari 2016 mein, brand ney hyee street brand ell. key. bennet key saath ack sahyog shuru kiya, aur maee 2016 taka, brand pahale seey hii varsh key liye apane vittiya lakshyon koo puuraa curr chuka thaa aur elizabeth street parr ack badey buteek mein chalaa gayaa thaa. bionda castana kaa vasant/grishmakaaleen 2016 sangrah photographer deema holev dwara ack abhiyaan shott key saath shuru kiya gayaa, jisamen model key roop mein ack baile nartaki koo dikhaaya gayaa. chhaviyon mein holov koo 2016 key book connection puraskaron mein sarvshreshth fashion photographer kaa naam diyaa gayaa. brand koo 2016 key anta mein bund curr diyaa gayaa taaki sansthaapak apane niveshakon seey alag hoe sakein. barbiri ney baad mein samajhaayah "humm apani baahari nivesh team key saath gathbandhan naheen curr rahey they. punah praarambh karein. navambar 2018 mein, bayonda castana ney dou saal key antaral key baad ack pratyaksh-seey-upabhokta, tikaau vyavasaay model key saath phir seey shuru kiya. shoonya-apashisht ranneeti pratyek maheene kii shuruat mein seemit avadhi key liye khareedane key liye kewal chaar sangrah shailiyon koo upalabdh dekhti haye. isake baad brand key puraane stock seey atirikt kapade kaa upayog karke joote order kiye jaate hain, aur karkhane seey seedhe kharidar koo bheje jaate hain. phir seey shuru karane key nirnay parr, barbiri ney kahaah "ack prakriya thee jahan aapako tootana padata haye aur phir seey shuru karna padata haye... iss viram ney hamein yeh sochane kii doordarshita dee kii humm ise behtar tareeke seey kaise dekh sakate hain aur phir bhee rachanaatmak honey aur apane grahakon kii maangon koo puuraa karane mein saksham honge."jaba adhishesh sangrah kapade samaapt hoe jaate hain, tou company apani shoonya-apashisht neeti koo banaae rakhane key liye anya fashion gharon seey adhishesh kapadon kaa upayog karane kii yojana banaati haye. sahyog. biyonda castana 2012 seey apane landan fashion weak catwalk show mein designer fashion brandon key saath sahyog curr rahee haye, jisamen usman, mattheau williamson aur taalaa aur leana sammon shamil hain. sharad ritu/sheetkaleen 2013 sangrah abhineta david schwimmer dwara nirdeshit aur model david gandy abhineet ack laghu film key saath launch kiya gayaa thaa. navambar 2015 mein brand ney hiv kii roktham aur daan maataon kaa samarthan karane key liye dhana jutaane key liye ack capsule sangrah banaaya.

beonda castana beonda castana embudu aisharami mahila padarakshegala brand aagiddu, idannu 2007ralli london moolada udyamigalaada natalia barbieri mattu jennifer portman sthaapisidaru. brand 2016rahra koneyalli muchchalpattitu mattu susthira, nera-grahaka vevahaara kaaryatantradondige 2018rahra novembernalli marupraarambhagonditu. itihaasa. bianda castanavannu natalia barbieri mattu jennifer portman sthaapisidaru. westminster vishvavidyaalayadalli arthashaastravannu adhyayana maduvaga sneehitaru landannalli bhetiyaadaru. 2007ralli avaru tamma corporate udyogagalannu toredu, tamma kampaniyannu praarambhisi, adakke italian bhasheyalli 'hombannada shyamale' endu hesarisidaru. avara modala dastanugara london angadi braun aagittu, avaru 2009 ralli sangrahavannu sagisalu praarambhisidaru. ee jodiya vinyaasagalu wog itaaliyaada mukhya sampaadaka franca sojania gamanavannu seledavu, mattu 2010 ralli kampanige prakataneya 'mundinavaru yaaru?prashasti. dubaina levell shoogalu 2012ralli daastaanudaararaadavu mattu aisharami british department store harvey nicholls 2013ralli maaraatagaararaadaru. 2015ralli, bionda castanavannu valpolna naalina brandgalalli hesarisalaayitu, mattu london department storgala selfriedjgalu mattu harodgalannu sagatu dastanudararagi bhadrapadisikonditu. aaa varshada joonnalli, brand london elizabeth streetnalli ondu angadiyannu tereyitu, mukhya sangrahada jotege maid-tuu-arder seveyannu needitu. 2016rahra janavariyalli, ee brand hye streat brand ell. keey. bennetna sahayogadondige praarambhavaayitu, mattu 2016rahra mayee velege, ee brand eegaagale aaa varshada tanna arthika gurigalannu pooraisittu mattu elizabeth streetnalliruva dodda angadige sthalaantaragonditu. chayagrahaka dima hohlev chitrikarisida abhiyaanadondige beonda castanada spring/summer 2016 sangrahavannu praarambhisalaayitu, idaralli byale nartakiyobbalu roopadarshiyaagi kanisikondiddalu. ee chitragalu holov avarannu 2016rahra lebook connection prashastigalalli atyuttama fashion chayagrahaka endu hesarisiddannu kandavu. samsthaapakaru tamma hoodikedaararinda berpadalu avakasha maadikodalu 2016rahra koneyalli brand annu muchchalaayitu. barbieri nantara vivarisidah "naavu namma baahya hoodike tandadondige hondaanike hondiralilla". maruprarambhisi. november 2018 ralli, beonda castana eradu varshagala viraamada nantara nera-grahaka, susthira vyapara maadariyondige marupraarambhagonditu. shoonya-tyajya kaaryatantravu prati tingala aarambhadalli seemita avadhige khareedisalu kevala naalku archive shailigalu labhyaviruvudannu noduttade. nantara brandna haleya stockninda hechchuvari batteyannu balasikondu bootugalannu arder maadalaaguttade mattu karkhaneyinda neravagi khareedidaararige ravaanisalaaguttade. punah praarambhisuva nirdhaarada bagge, barbieri helidaru "neevu berpadisuva mattu nantara matte praarambhisuva prakriyeyittu... virama tegedukolluvudarinda naavu adannu hege churukaagi sameepisabahudu mattu innoo srujanasheelaraagalu mattu namma grahakara bedikegalannu puraisalu saadhyavaaguttade embudara bagge yochisuva dooradrushti namage sikkitu."hechchuvari archive battegalu khaliyadaga, kampaniyu tanna shoonya-tyajya nitiyannu kapadikollalu itara fashion manegalinda hechchuvari battegalannu balasalu yojiside. sahayoga. bionda castana avaru 2012 rinda tamma london fashion weak catwack pradarshanagalalli designer fashion bryandgalondige sahakarisuttiddaare, idaralli osman, mathue villiamson mattu taalaa mattu lina samman seriddaare. nata david schwimmer nirdeshanada mattu rupadarshi david gandy natisida kiruchitradondige phaal/winter 2013 sangrahavannu praarambhisalaayitu. 2015rahra novembernalli, aichvi tadegattuvike mattu datti taayandirige bembala needalu hanavannu sangrahisalu brand capsul sangrahavannu rachisitu.

bionda kaastaana lunden aasthaanamaayulla samrambhakaraaya natalia barbiery jennifer portman chernnu 2007ll sthaapicha adambara vanita paadarakshakalude brandaanu bionda kaastaana. 2016 avasaanathode brand adachupoottukayum susthiravum nerittulla upabhokthru bisinesses thanthravumaayi 2018 novemberil veendum aarambikkukayum cheythu. charithram. natalia barbiery jennifer portman chernnaanu bionda kaastaana sthaapichathu. westminstar sarvakalashaalayil saambathikashaasthram padikkumbozhaanu suhruthukkal landanile kandumuttiyath. 2007ll avar korpparettu jolie upekshichu thangalude kambani aarambhichu, athinu itaaliyan bhashayil 'svarnnanirathilulla shyaamalakkaaran' ennu perittukondu beonda kaastaana ennu perittu. 2009ll shekharam vahikkaan thudangiya lunden botic brauns aayirunnu avarude aadya stokkist. iruvarum roopakalppana cheythavar itaaliyan edittar-inn-cheef franca sosaniyude shradha pidichupatti, 2010ll kambanikku 'aduthathu aaraan?' enna prasidheekaranatthinte bahumati labhichu.award. 2012ll dubaayiyude level shoos oru stokkistaayi maari, 2013ll adambara britiish department store harvy nichols pinthudarnnu. 2015ll, vaalpolinte naalatthe braandukalil bionda kaastaanayum lunden department storukalile selfriedjukalum haarodukalum motha stokkistukalaayi surakshithamaakki. aaa varsham juunil, pradhana shekharathinu purame maid-tuu-oordar sevanam vaagdaanam cheiyunna oru botic landanile elisabath streettil brand thurannu. 2016 januvariyil, brand hye street brandaya elke bennattumaayi sahakarichu 2016 meyy aayappozhekkum brand ithinakam thanne aaa varshathe saambathika lakshyangal kaivarikkukayum elisabath streettile oru valia bottikkilekku maarukayum cheythu. photographer dima holev chithreekaricha oru kaambeyn shottiloode oru baale narthakiye modalaayi avatharippichu beonda kaastaanayude spring/summer 2016 shekharam aarambhichu. 2016 leeii lebook connections awardil hollov mikacha fashion photographeraayi thiranjedukkappettathayi chithrangal kandu. sthaapakarkku avarude nikshepakaril ninnu verpiriyaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi 2016 avasaanathode brand adachupootti. barbierry pinneedu vishadeekarichu "njangal njangalude baahya nikshepa teamumayi sakhyamundaakkiyirunnil". veendum aarambikkuka. 2018 novemberil, direct-tuu-kansyoomar, susthiramaaya bisinesses modalumaayi rund varshathe edavelaykku sesham bionda kaastaana veendum aarambhichu. seero vesttu straattaji oro maasathinteyum thudakkathil parimithamaaya kaalayalavilekku vaangaan naalu archive shailikal maathrame labhyamaakoo. braandinte pazhaya stokkil ninnulla adhika thuni upayogichu shoos oordar cheyyukayum faaktariyil ninnu nerittu vaangunnayaalkk ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. veendum samaarambhikkaanulla theerumaanathekkurichu barbieri paranju "ningal verpiriyukayum thudarnnu veendum aarambikkukayum cheyyenda oru prakriya undaayirunnu... edavela edukkunnathu engane athine mikacha reethiyil sameepikkaanum sargaathmakatha pularthaanum upabhokthaakkalude aavasyangal niravettaanum kazhiyumennu chinthikkaanulla deerghaveekshanam nalki."micha archive thunitharangal theernnupokumbol, malinyarahitha nayam nilanirthunnathinaayi mattu fashion houseukalil ninnulla micha thunitharangal upayogikkaan kambani padhathiyidunnu. sahakaranagal. oosmaan, maathyoo vilyamsan, thaala aandu lina sammaan ennivayulppede 2012 muthal designer fashion braandukalumaayi avarude lunden fashion weak kaatt vaakk shokalil beonda kaastaana sahakarikkunnu. nadan david schwimmer samvidaanam cheythathum model david gandy abhinayichathumaaya oru hraswachithrathodeyaanu phaal/vintar 2013 kalakshan aarambhichath. 2015 novemberil echuaivi prathirodhatthinum chaarity ammamaare pinthunaykkunnathinumaayi fund swaroopikkunnathinaayi brand oru capsule shekharam srishtichu.

beyonda castana beyonda castana haah mahilancha eka lakzari padatrane brand aahe, jyachi sthapana 2007 madhye londonsthit udhyojak natalia barbieri aanee jennifer portman yanni kelee hotee. haah brand 2016 chya uttaradhat bund jhaala aanee november 2018 madhye shashvat, thet-grahak vyavasay dhoranasah punha suru jhaala. itihas. bionda castanachi sthapana natalia barbieri aanee jennifer portman yanni kelee hotee. westminster vidyapithat arthshastracha abhyas karat asatana heey mitra londonmadhye bhetale. 2007 madhye tyanni tyanchya corporate corporate sodalya aanee tyanchi company suru kelee, tyala beonda castana, italian bhashet 'soneri shyamali' asey naav dile. tyancha pahila stockist london boutic braun hota, jyane 2009 madhye sangrah vahoon nenyas suruvat kelee. yaa jodichya designsney prachalit italian sampadak-inn-chief franca sojaniche laksh vedhale aanee 2010 madhye companyla 'pudhil kona aahe?' yaa prakashanasah sanmanit karnyat aale.puraskar. dubaiche patalivaril boot 2012 madhye sathvandar banale aanee vilasi british department store harvey nicholls 2013 madhye aale. 2015 madhye, beyonda castanala valpolchya udyachya brandmadhye naav denyat aale aanee tyane londonchya department stoarmadhye swayamsanchalan aanee harrod heey ghauk satha mhanoon surakshit kele. tyach varshi junmadhye, brandney londonchya elizabeth rastyavar eka boutic ughadale, jyat mukhya sangrahavyatirikt maid-too-aurder seva dilee gelee. janewari 2016 madhye, brandney hye street brand ell. keey. benetsobat sahkarya suru kele aanee meey 2016 paryant, brandney varshasathichi tyachi aarthik uddishte aadhich purn kelee hotee aanee elizabeth streetvaril eka mothya butikmadhye sthalantarit jhaala hota. chhayachitrakar dima hohlevne chitrit kelelya mohimesah beyonda castanacha vasant/unhala 2016 sangrah suru karnyat aala, jyat model mhanoon eka balley nartak aahe. yaa pratimanmadhye holovla 2016 chya lebook connection puraskaranmadhye sarvotkrusht fashion chhayachitrakar mhanoon naav denyat aale. sansthapkansathi tyanchya guntavanukdaranpasun vegale honyachi parvanagi denyasathi 2016 chya uttaradhat haah brand bund karnyat aala. barbierine nantar spasht keleh "aamhi aamchya bahya guntavanuk chamushi sanlagn navhato". punha suru qaraa. november 2018 madhye, bionda castana done varshanchya viramanantar thet-teey-grahak, shashvat vyavasay models punha suru karnyat aale. shoonya-kachara dhoranat pratyek mahinyachya suruvatila maryadit kalavadhisathi kharedi karnyasathi keval chaar sangrah shaili upalabdh aahet. tyanantar brandchya junya sathyatoon atirikt kapad vaparoon boot magavale jaatat aanee karkhanyatun thet kharedidarakade pathvile jaatat. punha suru karnyachya nirnayavar, barbieri mhanalah "eka prakriya hotee jithe tumhala break up karave lagel aanee nantar punha prarambh karava lagel... vishranti ghetalyane aamhi adhik husharine tyakade kase jaau shakoo aanee tarihi sarjansheel houu shakoo aanee aamchya grahakanchya maganya purn karoo shakoo, yacha vichar karanyachi doordrashti aamhala midali."jevha atirikt sangrahit kapad sampate, tevha company aapale shoonya-kachara dhoran rakhanyasathi itar fashion gharanmadhil atirikt kapad vaparanyachi yojana aakhate. sahkarya. beonda castana 2012 pasoon designer fashion brandsobat tyanchya london fashion weak catwalk shomadhye sahyog karat aahe, jyat osman, mathyu williamson aanee taala aanee lina summon yancha samavesh aahe. abhineta david schwimmer digdarshit aanee model david gandy abhineet laghupatasah 'daad phaul/winter 2013' sangrah suru karnyat aala. november 2015 madhye etch. aay. vhee. pratibandhasathi nidhi gola karnyasathi aanee dharmaday matanna pathimba denyasathi brandney capsule sangrah tayar keela.

bionda castana bionda castana ek vilasi mahila juttako brand how june 2007 maa londonma adharit udyami natalia barbiery rar jennifer portmandwara sthapit garieko thiyo. brand sann 2016 ko antyama banda bhayo rar november 2018 maa digo, pratyaksha-dekhi-upabhokta wyapar rananitiko sath punah suru bhayo. itihas. bionda castanako sthapana natalia barbiery rar jennifer portmanle gareka thie. yee sathiharu londonma westminster vishwavidyalayama arthashastra adhyayan garda bheteka thie. sann 2007 maa uniharule afno corporate jagira chhode rar afno company suru gare, yasalai italianma 'gora shyamli', bionda castana naam die. tiniharuko pahilo stokist london boutic braunharu thie jasle sann 2009 maa sangraha bokna thale. jodiko designharule prachalit italia sampadak-inn-chief franca sojaniko aankha pani samatyo, rar sann 2010 maa companylai prakashanko 'arkoma ko chha?' ley sammanit gariyo.puraskar. dubaiko starka jutta 2012 maa stokist banyo, rar lakjari britis department store harway nikolsle 2013 maa pachhyae. sann 2015 maa, bionda castanalai bholapolko bholiko brandharu madhye naam diieko thiyo, rar london department storeharu selfriesharu rar herodharulai thok stokistharuko rupma surakshit gariyo. tyas warshako junema, brandley mukhya sangrahako atirikta maid-too-arder sewa pradan gardai londonko elizabeth stritma boutic kholyo. janawari 2016 maa, brandley hai street brand elke benetsanga sahakarya suru garyo, rar maee 2016 samma, brandley yass warshaka lagi afno wittiya lakshyaharu pura garisakeko thiyo rar elizabeth streetma thulo butikma sareko thiyo. bionda castanako wasanta/grishma 2016 sangraha photographer dima holebhdwara chhayangkan garieko abhiyanko sath suru bhayo, jasma modelko rupma byale nartaklai prastut garieko thiyo. tasbirharule holobhlai lebook jadan award 2016 maa sarwashreshtha fasion photographerko naam dieko dekhyo. sansthapakharulai uniharuka laganikartaharubata alag huna anumati dina sann 2016 ko antyama brand banda bhayo. barbieryle pachhi wyakhya gareh "hammy hamro bahya lagani tolisanga sambadha thienaun. punah suru garnuhos. november 2018 maa, bionda castanale dui warshako antaralpachi pratyaksha-dekhi-upabhokta, digo wyapar modelko sath punah suru garyo. shunya-fohor rananitile pratyek mahinako suruma simit awadhika lagi kinnaka lagi kewal charawata abhilekh shailiharu upalabdha dekhcha. juttaharu tyasapachhi brandko purano stockbatt atirikta kapada prayog garera arder garinchha, rar karkhanabata sidhai kretalai pathainchha. punah suru garne nirnayma, barbieryle bhaneh "tyahan euta prakriya thiyo jahaan tapainle break up garnuparchha rar tyasapachhi feri suru garnuparchha... break linule hamilai kasari yasalai smart tarikama pugna saksham hunechha rar ajhai pani rachanatmak huna rar hamra grahakharuko magharu pura garna saksham hunechha bhanne bare sochnako lagi duradarshita diyo."jab adhishesh abhilekh kapada samapta hunchha, companyle afno shunya-fohor niti kayam rakhna anya fasion gharanaharubata adhishesh kapada prayog garne yojana banaeko chha. sahakarya. bionda castanale osman, mathyu williamson rar tala rar lina sammansahit 2012 dekhi afno london fasion saptaha catwack shoharuma designer fasion brandharusanga sahakarya gardai aeko chha. sharad/shitkalin 2013 sangraha abhineta devid swimardwara nirdeshit rar model devid gandile abhinaya gareko chhoto chalchitrako sath suru garieko thiyo. november 2015 maa brandley hiv rokatham rar paropkari amaharulai samarthan garna kosh jutauna capsule sankalan sirjana garyo

beonda castana biyonda castana heuchhi eka bilasapurna mahila jota brand jaahaa 2007 ray londner udyogi natalia barbijeree ebong jennifer portamyanka dwara sthapita hoithila . brand 2016 rahr shesh bhagare banda hoithila ebong navember 2018 ray eka sthajee, pratyakhya-upabhokta byabasai ranneeti sahita punah arambha hoithila . itihas. natalia barbijeree ebong jennifer portamyanka dwara biyonda castana pratistha karajaithila. westminster biswabidyalajare arthaneeti adhyajana karuthiba samajare ehi bandhumane landanare sakhyata karithile. 2007 ray semane semanankara corporate chakiri chadideithile ebong semanankara company arambha karithile, ehara naama italiah bhasare 'beonda castana,' 'subarna shyamala' rakhajaithila. semanankara pratham stockist london boutic braun thile jie 2009 ray sangraha bahn kariba arambha karithile. ehi jodinka design madhya lokpriya italiah mukhya sampadaka phranka sojaninka drusti akarshana karithila, ebong 2010 ray company prakashanara 'parabarti kie?puraskara. dubaira stara jota 2012 ray eka stockist hoigala, ebong bilasapurna british department store harabhe nicholls 2013 ray anusarana kallah . 2015 ray, bajonda castana walpolara kalira brand madhyare namit hoithila, ebong londner department store selfries ebong harodku paikari stockist bhabare surakhita karithila . sehi barsha junre, brand londner elizabeth stritare eka boutic kholithila, jeunthire mukhya sangraha byatita eka maid-tuu-order seba pradan karajaithila. januari 2016 ray, brand haai street brand ell. kee. benetnka saha eka sahjog arambha karithila, ebong meey 2016 suddha, brand barsha paain ehara arthika lakhya purana karisarithila ebong elizabeth street ray eka bruhata butikaku sthanantarita hoithila . beonda castananka basanta/grishma 2016 sangraha photographer dima holebhnka dwara suting hoithiba eka abhijana sahita arambha hoithila, jeunthire jane byale nrutyashilpi model bhabare abhinai karithile . ehi chitragudika dekhila je holava 2016rahr lebook sanjoga puraskarare shrestha fashion photographer bhabe manoneet hoithile. pratisthatanku semananka nibeshakamananka thaaru alga hebaku anumathi deba paain 2016rahr shesh bhagare brandti banda hoijaithila. barbijeree parey bujhaithileh "aame ammer bahya nibesh dala sahita jodi hoi nathilu. punahprabartana karantu. navember 2018 ray, bajonda castana dui barshar birati parey eka pratyakhya-upabhokta, sthajee byabasai model sahita punah arambha hoithila . shunya-barjya ranneeti prati masser prarambhare eka seemita abadhi paain kiniba paain kebala charoti sanrakhyana sailee upalabdha dekhe . ehapare brander puruna stakru balaka kapada byabahara curry jota order karajaithae ebong karakhanaru sidhasalakha kretanku pathajae. punahprasarana nishpatti upare, barbijeree kahileh "eka prakriya thila jeunthare aapananku bhangibaku padiba ebong taa 'parey punarbara arambha karibaku padiba..... birati neba dwara aame kipari ehaaku adhika chaturatara saha byabahara kariparibu ebong srujanashila hoiparibu ebong ammer grahakanka daabi purana kariparibu shay bishajare chinta karibara dooradrusti milithila."jetebele balaka sanrakhyanagara bastra shesh hoijiba, company ehara shunya-barjya neetiku bajaiah rakhiba paain anya fashion houser balaka bastra byabahara karibaku yojana kariba. sahjog. beonda castana 2012 masiharu designer fashion brand sahita semananka london fashion wika kyatawaka shoe 'ray sahjog kariasuchhanti, jeunthire osman, myathiu williamson ebong taalaa ebong lina sammana antarbhukta . sharat/shitakalina 2013 sangraha abhineta devida swimaranka nirdeshita ebong model devida gandi abhineet eka khudra chalachitra sahita arambha hoithila . navember 2015 ray brand etch. aai. bhi. pratirodha ebong databya maa 'mananku samarthan kariba paain panthi sangraha karibaku eka capsule sangraha srusti karithila

beonda castana beonda castana ikk lagzari aurtan dey juttiaan daa brand haii jiss dee sathapana 2007 witch london sathit uddmiaan natalia barbiri atey jennifer portman duaara keeti gaee see. brand 2016 dey akheer witch bnd hoiaa atey navambar 2018 witch ikk tikaoo, siddhe-toon-khaptkar vaparak ranniti naal dubara shuru keeta giaa. itihaas. beonda castana dee sathapana natalia barbiri atey jennifer portman duaara keeti gaee see. ih dosat london witch university aaf westminster witch arth shastar dee padahi karde hoye mille sunn. sann 2007 witch uhanan neey aapniaan corporate naukariaan chhadd dittiaan atey aapni company dee shuruat keeti, iss daa naam beonda castana rakkhiaa, joe kii italvi witch 'sunhire shishuni' haii. uhanan daa pahila stockist london buteek braoons see jiss neey 2009 witch sangrah noon lae keey jaanha shuru keeta see. dovan dey design neey prasidh italia dey mukkh sampadak franca sojani daa dhiaan vee khichiaa, atey 2010 witch company noon parkashan dey 'kaunn agle' naal sanmanit keeta giaa see?puraskar. dubai dey paddhar dey jutte 2012 witch ikk stockist bann gaye, atey lagzari british department store haarve nichols neey 2013 witch iss dee palna keeti. saal 2015 witch, beonda castana noon valpol dey kallh dey brandan witch shamal keeta giaa see, atey london department storan dey selfridge atey herods noon thoke stockistan vajon surakhiat keeta giaa see. uss saal juun witch, brand neey london dee elizabeth street utte ikk buteek kholhiaa, jiss witch mukkh sangrah toon ilava ikk maid-too-arder seva dee peshkash keeti gaee. janwari 2016 witch, brand neey hyee street brand aill. keey. bannet naal sahiyog shuru keeta, atey maee 2016 takk, brand pahilan hii saal laee aapne vitti teechiaan noon poora qarr chukka see atey elizabeth street utte ikk vadde buteek witch chalaa giaa see. beonda kastana daa basant/garmiaan 2016 daa sangrah photographer deema holev duaara shaat keeti gaee ikk muhim naal shuru keeta giaa, jiss witch ikk baile dancer noon maadal vajon pesh keeta giaa haii. chittran witch holov noon leebook connection award 2016 witch sarbottam fashion photographer daa naam ditta giaa. sansthapkan noon aapne niveshakan toon vakkh honn dee aagiaa denh laee brand noon 2016 dey akheer witch bnd qarr ditta giaa. barbiri neey baad witch samjhaiaai "aseen aapni baahari nivesh team naal jude naheen see. mudd shuru crow. navambar 2018 witch, beonda castana neey doou saal dey break toon baad ikk siddhe-toon-khaptkar, tikaoo vaparak maadal naal dubara shuruat keeti. ziro-west ranniti harr maheene dee shuruat witch ikk seemat miaad laee kharidan laee siraf chaar puralekh shailiaan upalbadh vekhadi haii. firr brand dey purane stock toon vadhu kappde dee varton karke juttiaan noon arder keeta jaanda haii, atey siddhe karkhane toon khariddar noon bhejiaa jaanda haii. dubara lanch curran dey faisle 'teey, barbiri neey kihaau "ikk prakiriaa see jitthe tuhanun tuttna painda haii atey firr dubara shuru karna painda haii... break lainn naal saanoon ih sochan dee durandeshi millie kii aseen iss noon chusat tarike naal kiven pahunch sakde haan atey firr vee rachnatmak bannan atey aapne gaahkan deeaan mangan noon poora curran dey yog hovange."jadon vadhu puralekh kappde khatam hoow jaande hunn, taan company aapni ziro-west neeti noon kaaim rakkhan laee horr fashion haoosan dey vadhu kappdiaan dee varton curran dee yojna bnaa rahee haii. sahiyog. beonda castana 2012 toon aapne london fashion weak catwalk shoa witch designer fashion brandan naal sahiyog qarr rahee haii, jiss witch osman, maithioo villiamson atey taala atey leena saman shamal hunn. patjhad/sardiaan 2013 sangrah noon adakar david schwimmer duaara nirdeshit atey maadal david gandy duaara abhinai keeti gaee ikk laghu film naal lanch keeta giaa see. navambar 2015 witch brand neey aich. aaee. vee. dee roktham atey charity maavan dee sahaita laee fund ikkathe curran laee ikk capsule sangrah banaiaa.

bionada castana beonda castana iti vilasita mahilaa padatrananam brand asti, yasya sthapana 2007 tame varshe landan-nagarasya udyaminah natalia barbiery tathaa jennifer portman ityetabhyam krutam. 2016 tamasya varshasya ante brand-samsthaa samapta, 2018 tame varshe november-maase susthirena, pratyaksha-upabhoktru-vyaapaar-rananitya saha punah arabdha. itihaasah. beonda castana ityasya sthapana natalia barbiery tathaa jennifer portman ityetabhyam krutam. mitrau landan-nagare westminster-vishvavidyaalaye arthashaastrasya adhyayanakaale militavantah. 2007 tame varshe te swakaarmika-karyan parityajy, swasamsthaam praarabdhavantah, tasya naam italian-bhashayam 'bionda castana,' 'blaund brunet' iti. teshaam prathamah stockist landan-boutic-braun-ityasya aasit yah 2009 tame varshe sangraham vahantum aarabdhavaan. dwayoh vinyasanam cha italia-patrikaayaah mukhya-sampaadikaa franka-sojani ityasya api drushtihi akarshita, 2010 tame varshe kampanee 'hoo eez aan next?' iti prakaashanam krutvaa sammanita abhavat.puraskaarah. 2012 tame varshe dubai-nagarasya starasya paadukaah stockist abhavat, 2013 tame varshe vilaasapoorn-british-department-store-haarve-nicoles-ityasya anusaranam abhavat. 2015 tame varshe, beonda castana-ityasya naam valpol-ityasya shwah brand-madhye krutam, tathaa cha landan-department-stores-celfriedges-haroads-ityetaan thoka-stockist-rupena surakshitam krutavaan. tasmin varshe joon-maase, landan-nagarasya elizaabet-maarge, brand-samsthaa ekaha boutic udghaatayat, yasmin mukhyasangrahaat atiriktam medd-too-arder sevaa pradatta aasit. 2016 janavaree-maase, brand-samsthaa hai-street-brand-ell. key. benet-ityanena saha sahayogam praarabdhavatee, 2016 mey-maasaparyantam, brand-samsthaa varshasya vitteeyalakshyaani poorvamev poorayat, elizaabet-street-ityatra bruhattaram boutic-nagaram prati gatavatee. bionda castana ityasya spring/sammar 2016 sangrahah chaayaachitrakaaren dimaa hohlev ityanena chitrayakena abhiyanena arabdha, yasmin byaale-nartikaa rupadarshika aasit. chitraani 2016 tame varshe lebook-connection-puraskaareshu holov-varyaha sarvashreshtam fyaashan-photographer iti namankitam drushtavaan. samsthaapakaah svaniveshakaihi pruthak bhavitum 2016 tamasya varshasya ante brand-samsthaa bandhitaa abhavat. barbiery ityeshah pashchat avadat yat "vayam baahyaniveshadalen saha naa sahabandhitaah smau" iti. punah praavartayatu. 2018 tame varshe november-maase, beonda castana-samsthaa, varshadvayaanantaram, pratyaksha-upabhoktru-susthira-vyaapaar-pratimaanena punah arabdha. shunya-apashisht-rananeetih pratimaasasya aarambhe simitakalaparyantam krayanartham kevalam chatwaarah abhilekhan-shailyaah upalabhyante iti drushyate. tatah brand ityasya puratanam stack ityasya atirikta-vastrasya upayogena paadukaah arder-kartum nirmeeyante, karakhanataha kretrum prati sakshat preshyante. punah aarambhasy nirnayasya vishaye barbieri avadat yat, "ekam prakriya aasit yatra bhavantam vighatanam krutvaa punah arabhetam... viraamam sveekrutya vayam katham chanabhyam margena tatt sameepayitum shaknuyaat, tatah api cha srujanaatmakam bhavitum, grahakanam apekshaam pooryitum cha shaknuyaat iti chintayitum dooradrushtim dattam."yadaa adhishesh-abhilekhan-vastraani samaaptaani bhavanti, tadaa kampanee anyaih fyaashan-gruhaihi adhishesh-vastraan upayoktum yojanam karoti yena tasya shunya-apashisht-neetih rakshitum shakyate. sahayogah. bionda castana ityeshaa 2012 tamaat varshaat landan-fyaashan-veek-catwack-sho ityasmin desainer-fyaashan-brand-ityanena saha sahayogam kurvatee asti, yasmin osman, myathyoo-williamson, taala tathaa lina-sammaan ityete santi. 2013 tamasya varshasya sharatkaalasy/sheetakaalasy sangrahasya aarambhah abhinetaa david schwimmer ityanena nirdeshite tathaa cha maadel david gaindee ityanena abhinitena laghupatena abhavat. 2015 tame varshe november-maase, echa. aii. vee. ityasya nivaaranaartham tathaa daatrutva-matanam samarthanartham cha nidhisankulanam kartum brand-samsthaa capsul-sangraham krutavatee.

beonta castana beonta castana enbathu 2007 aam aandil landanai thalamaagak konda thozhilmunaivoar nadalia paarpiyari mattrum jennifer portman aakiyoaraal niruvapatta oru aadambara penkal kaalani brand aagum. inththa brand 2016 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil moodappattathu mattrum navambar 2018 ill oru nilaiyaana, neradi-nugarvoar vaniga mooloapaayaththudan meendum thodangappattathu. varalaaru. beonta castana nadalia paarpiyari mattrum jennifer portman aakiyoaraal niruvappattathu. nanbarkal landanil westminster palkalaikkazhagaththil porulaathaaram padikkumpoathu santhiththanar. 2007 aam aandil avarkal thangal corporate vaelaigalai vittuvittu, thangal niruvanatthaith thodangkinar, adharku beonda castana, itaaliya mozhiyil 'ponniramaana brunet' endru peyarittanar. avarkalin muthal banguthaarar lundon puuttik provunce aavaar, avar 2009 aam aandil sekarippai eduththuch sellath thodangkinaar. iruvarin vadivamaippugalum pirabala italia edittar-inn-seef franca sosaniyin kavanaththai eerththana, maelum 2010 aam aandil niruvanam 'yaar aduththa idaththil ullathu?viruthu. thubaayin nilai kaalanigal 2012 aam aandil oru pangkuthaararaaga maariyathu, maelum aadambara british department store haarvae nicholls 2013 ill pinpattrappattathu. 2015 aam aandil, valbolin naalaiya piraandugalil beonta castana peyaridappattathu, maelum lundon department storkalil suyavalaiyangkal mattrum haaroatkalai moththa kaiyiruppaalargalaaga paathukaakkappattathu. antha aandu juun maatham, brand landanin elisabeth theruvil oru poottikkaith thiranthathu, mukiya sekarippukku koodudhalaaga arder seiyappatta sevaiyai valangkiyathu. janavari 2016 ill, brand hye street brand ell. kae. pennettudan oru oththulaippaith thodangiyathu, maelum mae 2016 kkul, brand aerkanavae aandirkaana adhan nidhi ilakkugalai poorthi seithu elisabeth theruvil oru periya poottikkirku maariyathu. beonta castanavin vasantha/koadai 2016 thoguppu pugaippadak kalaignar dima holev oru prachchaara shhaat moolam thodangappattathu, idhil oru paalae nadanak kalaignar maathiriyaaga idampettraar. inthap padangkal 2016 aam aandin lebuk inaippugal viruthugalil sirantha fasion pugaippadak kalaignaraaga holov peyaridappattathaik kandana. niruvanarkal thangal muthaleettaalargalidamirunthu pirikka anumathippatharkaaga 2016 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil brand moodappattathu. parpiyeri pinnar vlakkinaar "naangkal engkal veli muthaleettuk kuzhuvudan inaikkappadavillai". meendum thuvakkungkal. navambar 2018 ill, beonta castana irandu aandu idaivelikkup piragu neradi-nugarvoar, nilaiyaana vaniga maathiriyudan meendum thodangappattathu. poojjiya-kazhivu mooloabaayam ovvoru maathaththin thodakkaththilum oru kuripitta kaalaththirku vaangka naanku kaappaka paanigal mattumae kidaikkindrana. pinnar, antha brandin pazhaiya bangkilirunthu upari thuniyaip payanpaduththi shookkal arder seiyappattu, thozhirchaalaiyilirunthu neradiyaaga vaangkubavarukku anuppappadugindrana. meendum thodanguvatharkaana mudivu kuritthu, parpiyeri koorinaar "neengkal pirinthu pinnar meendum thodanga vaendiya oru seyalmurai irunththathu... idaivaelai eduththukkolvathu, adhai evvaaru puththisaaliththanamaaga anuga mudiyum enbathaip pattri sinthikkavum, innum aakkappoorvamaaga irukkavum, engkal vaadikkaiyaalargalin koorikkaikalai poorthi seiyavum mudiyum enbathaip pattri sinthikkavum engkalukku tholainoakkup paarvaiyai aliththathu."upari kaappaka thunigal theernthupoagumpoathu, niruvanam adhan poojjiya-kazhivuk kolgaiyai paraamarippatharkaaka mattra fasion havuskalilirunthu upari thunigalaip payanpaduththa thittamittullathu. koottuppanigal. beonta castana 2012 muthal vadivamaippaalar fasion piraandugaludan thangal lundon fasion veek gadewack shovil oththulaiththu varukiraar, idhil osman, methe villiamson mattrum thaalaa mattrum lina samman adangkum. veelchchi/kulirkaala 2013 thoguppu nadigar davit schwimmer iyakkiya mattrum maadal davit kaendi nadiththa oru kurumpadaththudan thodangappattathu. navambar 2015 ill, ech. aii. vii thaduppu mattrum thondu thaaimaarkalukku aatharavalikka nidhi thiratta oru copsule sekarippai brand uruvaakkiyathu.

bionda castana bionda castana anedi kalusukunnaru londonku chendina paarisraamikavettalu natalia barbiary mariyu gennifer portman sthaapinchina vilaasavantamaina mahilala paadarakshala brand. eee brand 2016 chivarilo moosiveyabadindi mariyu sthiramaina, pratyaksha-viniyogadaarula vyapara vyuuhamtoe november november tirigi praarambhinchabadindi. charitra. bionda castananu natalia barbiary mariyu gennifer portman sthaapinchaaru. westminster vishwavidhyaalayamlo aardhikasaastram chaduvutunnappudu snehitulu londonlo kalusukunnaru. kalusukunnaru vaaru tama corporate udyogaalanu vidichipetti, tama companyni praarambhinchaaru, daaniki italianlo 'bianda castana,' 'bland brunet' anie paeru pettaru. vaari modati stoxt london botic brownlu, vaaru vaaru sekarananu teesukelladam praarambhinchaaru. veeriddari designlu italia editor-inn-cheef franca sojani drushtini kooda aakarshinchayi, mariyu mariyu company 'taduparidi evaru?' anae prachuranatho satkarinchabadindi.avaardu. dubay yokka sthaayi bootlu bootlu stackistga marai, mariyu lagjari british department store harway nicolus nicolus anusarinchindi. november, bionda castana valpole yokka repati brandlalo okatigaa paeru pettabadindi, mariyu london department storela selfriedgelu mariyu haarodsnu toku stacklistuluga bhadraparichindi. aaa samvatsaram juunloo, brand landanlooni elizabeth veedhiloo oka dukaanaanni praarambhinchindi, pradhana sekaranaku adanamgaa maid-tuu-arder sevanu andinchindi. janavari janavari, brand hye streat brand ell. keey. bennetto kalisi oka sahakaranni praarambhinchindi, mariyu mae 2016 natiki, brand ippatike samvatsaraaniki daani aardhika lakshyalanu cherukoni elizabeth streat looni oka pedda shahpuloki maarindi. bionda castana yokka spring/summer 2016 sekarana photographer dima hohlev chithreekarinchina prachaaramtho praarambhinchabadindi, indulo ballet nartaki modalga unnaaru. eee chitraalalo holov 2016 lebook connection avaardulalo uttama fyaashan photographerga empikayyaadu. vyavasthaapakulu tama pettubadidaarula nundi vaeruchaeyadaaniki veelugaa 2016 chivarilo brand moosiveyabadindi. barbiary taruvaata ilaa vivarinchaaduh "memu maa bahya pettubadi brundamtho pottu pettukoledu". tirigi praarambhinchandi. november november, bionda castana rendu samvatsaraala viramam tarvaata pratyaksha-nundi-viniyogadaarula, sthiramaina vyapara namuunaatoe tirigi praarambhinchabadindi. sunna-vyardhaala vyuuham prati nela praarambhamlo parimita kaalaaniki konugolu cheyadaaniki kevalam naalugu archive sailulu andubaatulo unnaayi. aaa tarvaata brand yokka paatha stock nundi migulu fabricnu upayoginchi bootlu arder cheyabadataayi, factory nundi neerugaa konugoludaarudiki ravana cheyabadataayi. tirigi praarambhinchaalanae nirnayampai, barbiary ilaa annadu "meeru vidipoyi, aapai mallee praarambhinchaalsina prakriya undhi... viramam teesukovadam valla manam daanini telivigaa elaa sampradinchagalamo mariyu inca srujanaatmakamgaa undi, maa viniyogadaarula demandlanu teerchagalamani aalochinchadaaniki maaku dooradrushtini ichindi."migulu archive battalu aipoinappudu, company thana sunna-vyardhaala vidhananni konasaaginchadaaniki itara fyaashan housela nundi migulu battalanu upayoginchaalani yochistondi. sahakaram. bionda castana 2012 nundi vaari london fyaashan weak catwack sholalo designer fyaashan brandlatho kalisi panichestondi, indulo osman, mathue villiamson mariyu taalaa mariyu lina samman unnaayi. natudu david schwimmer darsakatvam vahinchina mariyu modal david gandy natinchina laghu chithramtho phaal/winter 2013 sekarana praarambhinchabadindi. november november hechaivi nivaarana mariyu daatrutva tallulaku maddatu ivvadaaniki nidhulanu sekarinchadaaniki brand capsule sekarananu srushtinchindi.

beunda castana beunda castana khwatin kay joton kaa eek lagzari braand hay jiss kii bunyaad 2007 mein landan mein maqeem karobariyon nataliya barberi aur genifer port meen nay rakhee thee. braand 2016 kay aakhir mein bund hawaa aur nomber 2018 mein eek payedar braah raast saarfin kay liye karobari hakmat emli kay saath dobarah sharoo hawaa. tareekh. beunda castana kii bunyaad nataliya barberi aur genifer port meen nay rakhee thee. inn doston kii mulaqat landan mein vest minister university mein muashiyat kii taleem haasil kartay hoay hoyee. 2007 mein inhon nay apnee corporate nokariyan chhod dain aur apnee company kaa aaghaz kiyaa iss kaa naam bayawanda castana rakhaa juu atalvi zabaan mein 'sunhare baalon waali sunhare baalon waali' hay. inn kaa pehla stockst landan botech browns thaa jiss nay 2009 mein majmuah kuu lay jaana sharoo kiyaa. inn donon kay designon nay fashion ataliya editor inn cheef franka sozani kii taujah bhee haasil kii aur 2010 mein company kuu ashaat kay 'coone aagay hay?' say nawaza gayaa.aiward. dabayi kay leol jotay 2012 mein stockst bunn gayey aur lagzari british department store haarvi nakolas nay 2013 mein iss kii peervi kii. 2015 mein beunda castana kuu walpol kay kill kay brandz mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa aur landan kay department stores selfrages aur hairds kuu thok stockst kay toor parr mahfuz kiyaa. asee saal joone mein braand nay landan kii alzabth strait parr eek botech kholaa jiss mein markazi majmuah kay elawah eek meed tuu arder saros bhee paish kii gayee. januri 2016 mein braand nay hayee strait braand eel kay bennet kay saath taawan kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur mayee 2016 takk braand pehley hyee saal kay apnay maali ahdaaf kuu poraa kirr chakaa thaa aur alzabth strait parr eek baday dakaan mein muntaqil how gayaa thaa. beunda castana kaa spring/summer 2016 majmuah photographer deema holeef kii taraf say shoat kii gayee muham kay saath sharoo kiyaa gayaa jiss mein eek belay dancer kuu maadal kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay. tasavir mein holoof kuu kitaab concussions ewards 2016 mein behtareen fashion photographer kaa naam diyaa gayaa. braand kuu 2016 kay aakhir mein bund kirr diyaa gayaa taakah baaniyon kuu apnay sarmayah kaaron say alg honay kii ajazat dee jaa sakay. barberi nay baad mein wazahat kii: "humm apnee beruni sarmayah kaaree team kay saath mansalk nahein thay. dobarah sharoo karein. nomber 2018 mein beunda castana nay duu saal kay waqfe kay baad braah raast saarfin payedar karobari maadal kay saath dobarah aaghaz kiyaa. safar fazlah kii hakmat emli mein harr mahinay kay aaghaz mein mahdud madat kay liye khareedne kay liye sarf chaar archive style dastiyaab haine. iss kay baad joton kuu braand kay paraaney stock say izaafi kapday kaa istemaal kartay hoay arder kiyaa jaataa hay aur factory say braah raast kharidar kuu bhej diyaa jaataa hay. dobarah laanch karnay kay faislay parr barberi nay kahaa: "eek aisa amal thaa jehaan aap kuu tutna padta thaa aur phir dobarah sharoo karnaa padta thaa... waqafah leenay say hamein yaha soochney kii door andeshi milly kahh humm iss say hoshiyar tareeqe say kisay raabtah kirr sakein gay aur phir bhee takhliqi how sakein gay aur apnay saarfin kay mutalibat kuu poraa kirr sakein gay."jabb izaafi archive kapday khatam how jayein tuu company apnee safar fazlah kii palisi kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye dosray fashion houses kay izaafi kapday istemaal karnay kaa aradah rakhti hay. taawan. beunda castana 2012 say apnay landan fashion veek cate waak shoz mein designar fashion brandz kay saath taawan kirr rahee hay jiss mein asmaan methio waleemson aur taal aur leena samaan shaamil haine. faal/winter 2013 clection eek mukhtasir film kay saath sharoo kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kii hidayat kaaree adakaar dude shomar nay kii thee aur iss mein maadal dude gaindi nay adakari kii thee. nomber 2015 mein braand nay aich aayee wee kii rook thaam aur khairati maaon kii madad kay liye fund aktha karnay kay liye capsule kaa majmuah banaya.

000713afe7cb8dd91046ead62a5dbfe0db09875dd1bbc126d4a51d9aa0d44026

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1041458

Chaptalization

Chaptalization Process in wine production Chaptalization is the process of adding sugar to unfermented grape must in order to increase the alcohol content after fermentation. The technique is named after its developer, the French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal. This process is not intended to make the wine sweeter, but rather to provide more sugar for the yeast to ferment into alcohol. Chaptalization has generated controversy and discontent in the French wine industry due to advantages that the process is perceived to give producers in poor-climate areas. In response to violent demonstrations by protesters in 1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine. Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU. The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia, California, Italy, Portugal, Spain and South Africa. Germany prohibits the practice for making Prädikatswein. History. The technique of adding sugar to grape must has been part of the process of winemaking since the Romans added honey as a sweetening agent. While not realizing the chemical components, Roman winemakers were able to identify the benefits of added sense of body or mouthfeel. While the process has long been associated with French wine, the first recorded mention of adding sugar to must in French literature was the 1765 edition of "L'Encyclopedie", which advocated the use of sugar for sweetening wine over the previously accepted practice of using lead acetate. In 1777, the French chemist Pierre Macquer discovered that the actual chemical benefit of adding sugar to must was an increase in alcohol to balance the high acidity of underripe grapes rather than any perceived increase in sweetness. In 1801, while in the services of Napoleon, Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal began advocating the technique as a means of strengthening and preserving wine. In the 1840s, the German wine industry was hard hit by severe weather that created considerable difficulty for harvesting ripened grapes in this cool region. A chemist named Ludwig Gall suggested Chaptal's method of adding sugar to the must to help wine makers compensate for the effects of detrimental weather. This process of "Verbesserung" (improvement) helped sustain wine production in the Mosel region during this difficult period. At the turn of the twentieth century, the process became controversial in the French wine industry with vignerons in the Languedoc protesting the production of "artificial wines" that flooded the French wine market and drove down prices. In June 1907, huge demonstrations broke out across the Languedoc region with over 900,000 protesters demanding that the government take action to protect their livelihood. Riots in the city of Narbonne prompted Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to send the French army to the city. The ensuing clash resulted in the death of five protesters. The following day, Languedoc sympathizers burned the prefecture in Perpignan. In response to the protests, the French government increased the taxation on sugar and passed laws limiting the amount of sugar that could be added to wine. Process variations. Different techniques are employed to adjust the level of sugar in the grape must. In the normal chaptalization process, cane sugar is the most common type of sugar added although some winemakers prefer beet sugar or corn syrup. In many wine regions, brown sugar is an illegal additive, and in regions that disallow chaptalization altogether, grape concentrate may be added. After sugar is added to the must, naturally occurring enzymes break down the sucrose molecules in sugar into glucose and fructose, which are then fermented by the yeast and converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide. In warmer regions, where overripening is a concern, the opposite process of rehydration (dilution with water) and acidification is used. This is used in jurisdictions such as areas of California, where if the must has excess sugar for normal fermentation, water may be added to lower the concentration. In acidification, tartaric acid is added to the must to compensate for the high levels of sugar and low levels of acid naturally found in ripe grapes. In Champagne production, measured quantities of sugar, wine, and sometimes brandy are added after fermentation and prior to corking in a process known as dosage. Chaptalization, on the other hand, involves adding sugar prior to fermentation. Champagne producers sometimes employ chaptalization in their winemaking when the wine is still in the form of must. Some wine journalists contend that chaptalization allows wine makers to sacrifice quality in favor of quantity by letting vines overproduce high yields of grapes that have not fully ripened. Also, winemakers have been using technological advances, such as reverse osmosis to remove water from the unfermented grape juice, thereby increasing its sugar concentration, but decreasing the volume of wine produced. Current legality. Control of chaptalization is fairly strict in many countries, and generally only permitted in more northerly areas where grapes might not ripen enough. In the European Union, the amount of chaptalization allowed depends on the wine growing zone. Dispensation to add another 0.5% ABV may be given in years when climatic conditions have been exceptionally unfavorable. National wine regulations may further restrict or ban chaptalization for certain classes of wine. In some areas, such as Germany, wine regulations dictate that the wine makers must label whether or not the wines are "natural," i.e. without sugar. Other areas, such as France, do not have such label requirements. In the United States, federal law permits chaptalization when producing natural grape wine from juice with low sugar content. This allows chaptalization in cooler states such as Oregon, or in states such as Florida where the native grape (Muscadine) is naturally low in sugar. However, individual states may still create their own regulations; California, for example, prohibits chaptalization, although California winemakers may add grape concentrate. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

odhyayor rosona septelization hoise gajonor pisot xurar poriman briddhi koriboloi gaajon nokora aangurot cheni jug korar prokriya. ei kouxoltur naam iyar bikaxkari francer roxayonobid jinn-ent 'inn-cloud suptalor naamere rokha hoise. ei prokriyatur uddesyo xura mitha koraa nohoy, boroncho eistotu xurar poriworton koriboloi odhik cheni prodan koraa. suptalisatione francer xura udyugot bitorko aaru oxontustir sristi korise kaaron ei prokriyatuwe durbol-jolobayu oncholot utpadokxokolok diya buli dharona koraa hoy. 1907 sonot protibadkarixokolor hingxatmok prodorxonor protikriya hisape france sorkare xurar logot jug koribo poraa senir poriman niyontron koriboloi aarombho korisil. odhyayorikoronok ketiyaba xomridhi buli kuwa hoy, udahoronsworupe europiyo unionor xura niyomot europiyo unionor bhitorot onuxilonor boidhota nirdisto koraa hoy. odhyayor boidhota dex, onchol, aanoki xurar prokar onuxori prithok hoy. xadharonote, france, germany aaru aamerika juktorastror uttor oncholxomuhor dore komm senir poriman thoka aangur utpadon koraa oncholxomuhot ee boidho. obosye, argentine, australia, california, italy, portugal, spain aaru dokhyin africat odhyayor rosona nixidho. germanye pradikatswein toiyar korar protha nixidho korise. itihax. aangurot cheni jug korar kouxoltu modd prostut koraa prokriyar ongxo hoi aahise jihetu rumanxokole mouk mitha korar upadan hisape jug disil. raxayonik upadanbur upolobdhi nokorar biporite, ruman modd nirmataxokole xoriror otirikto budh baa mukhor onubhowor upokarxomuh sinakto koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. jodiu ei prokriyatu dirghodin dhori francer xurar xoite jorito hoi aase, forasi xahityot proyujoniyotakoi cheni jug korar prothom nothibhukto ullekh aasil "el 'encyclopedy" ror 1765 xongskoron, jiye xixa acetate byoboharor purbote grohon koraa prothar uporot xura mitha koriboloi senir byoboharor poramorxo disil. 1777 sonot francer roxayonobid piyere mekware abiskar korisil je proyujoniyot cheni jug korar prokrito raxayonik laabh aasil mithaar jikunu dhoronor briddhir poriworte komm pokaa aanguror uscho omlotar bharxamyo bojai rakhiboloi xurar briddhi. 1801 sonot nepolionor xewat thokar xomoyot jinn-ent 'inn-klo' dodd suptale xura xoktixali aaru xongrokhyonor ek upay hisape ei kouxoltur xomorthon koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1840-ror doxokot german xura udyugtu tibro botoror dwara prosondobhabe khyotigrosto hoisil jiye ei xitol oncholot pokaa aangur sopuwat jothesto oxubidhar sristi korisil. ludwig goal naamor ejon roxayonbidoi modd nirmataxokolok kyotikarok botoror probhawxomuhor porixudh korat xohay koriboloi proyujoniyot cheni jug korar suptalor poddhotir poramorxo disil. bharbeserung" (unnoti) ror ei prokriyai ei kothin xomoisuwat mujel oncholot xura utpadon bojai rokhat xohay korisil. bingxo xotikar aarombhonite, ei prokriyatu francer xura udyugot bitorkito hoi porisil aaru languadokot vigneronxokole "kritrim xura" utpadonor protibad korisil jiye francer xura bojarot plabito korisil aaru mulyo hraax korisil. 1907 sonor june maahot, maahot odhik protibadkariye sorkarok teulukor jiwika xurokhito koriboloi byowostha grohon korar daabi jonai xomogro languadok oncholot bixal protibad xabyosto kore. narbun sohorot xonghotit xonghorxor folot prodhanmontri georges clemens 'ye francer xoinyobahini sohoroloi preron koriboloi preron korisil. poroborti xonghorxot pasjon protibadkarir mrityu hoisil. pisdina, languadok xohanubhutixilxokole parpigonanor proxaxonik oncholtu jwolai disil. protibador protikriyat france sorkare senir uporot korr briddhi korisil aaru xura jug koribo poraa senir poriman ximito kori aain pronoyon korisil. prokriyar bhinnota. aangurot thoka senir stor xamonjosyo koriboloi bibhinno kouxol byobohar koraa hoy. xadharon suptalization prokriyat kuhiyaror cheni hoise jug koraa ataitkoi xadharon prokaror cheni jodiu kisuman modd nirmatai beat cheni baa mokair chirap posondo kore. bohutu xura oncholot, braun cheni ek oboidho jugatmok, aaru jibur oncholot septalization xompurnorupe onumoti diya nohoy, taat aanguror ghonotwo jug koribo paari. proyujoniyotat cheni jug korar pisot, prakritikbhabe huwa utxesokxomuhe senit thoka sukro 'jo onubur glucose aaru fruct' joloi bhangi pelay, jibur pisot jistor dwara gajai luwa hoy aaru xura aaru carbon daai oxideloi rupantorit koraa hoy. ushno oncholxomuhot, zo 'too otirikto pokatu ek chintar bixoy, punor paanee jugan (panir xoite paatol koraa) aaru omlotar biporit prokriya byobohar koraa hoy. iyak californier oncholxomuhor dore khetrokhyetrot byobohar koraa hoy, zo 'too jodi swabhabik gajonor baabe otirikto cheni thakibo laage, tente ghonotwo hraax koriboloi paanee jug koribo paari. omlikoronot, pokaa aangurot prakritikbhabe puwa uscho porimanor cheni aaru nimno porimanor acidor porixudh koriboloi tartarik acid jug koraa hoy. swempein utpadonot, gajonor pisot aaru corkingor aagote porimapito porimanor cheni, xura aaru ketiyaba brendy jug koraa hoy jaak dodd 'jo buli jonaa yaay. aanhate, suptalizationot gajonor aagote cheni jug koraa ontorbhukto thaake. swempein utpadonkarixokole ketiyaba teulukor wine nirmanot septelization byobohar kore jetiya wine etiyau proyujoniyo rupot thaake. kisuman xura xangbadikor mote, septelizatione xura nirmataxokolok xompurnorupe pokaa nuhuwa aanguror uscho utpadonor uporot aarup koriboloi di porimanor pokhyot gunogoto maan tyag koriboloi onumoti diye. logote, modd nirmataxokole projuktigot ogrogoti byobohar kori aahise, jene reverse oh 'somusisor dore gajanu nuhuwa aanguror roxor poraa paanee atoraboloi, jaar folot iyar senir ghonotwo briddhi paay, kintu utpadito xurar poriman hraax paay. bortomanor boidhota. bohutu dexot odhyayor niyontron jothesto kothur, aaru xadharonote kewol odhik uttor oncholot onumoti diya hoy zo 'too aangur porzapto porimane pokaa nayay. europiyo xonghot, onumudit odhyayor poriman xura utpadon koraa oncholor uporot nirbhor kore. jolobayur poristhiti byotikromibhabe protikul hoi thoka bosorburot aaru 0.5% e. bi. bhi. jug korar byowostha koribo paari. rastriyo xura niyome kisuman shrenir xurar baabe suptalization aaru odhik ximito baa nixidho koribo paare. germanyr dore kisuman oncholot, xurar niyome nirdex diye je xura nirmataxokole xura "prakritik" ney nohoy xeitu label dibo lagibo, orthat.ee. chini obihone. francer dore aan oncholxomuhot ene labelor proyujoniyota naai. aamerika juktorastrot, federal aaine komm senir poriman thoka roxor poraa prakritik aanguror xura utpadon korute odhyayor onumoti diye. ee oreg 'nor dore xitol rajyot baa fluoridar dore rajyot septalizationor onumoti diye zo' too sthaniyo aangur (mascadine) too prakritikbhabe cheni komm thaake. obosye, prithok prithok rajyoxomuhe etiyau nijor niyomawoli sristi koribo paare; udahoronsworupe, californiai suptalization nixidho kore, jodiu californier modd nirmataxokole aanguror ghonotwo jug dibo paare. dex aaru oncholxomuh. "dex aaru onchol zo 'too odhyayor onumoti diya hoise" "dex aaru onchol zo 'too odhyayor onumoti diya nohoy"

adhyayan chaptalization holl ganjan korar porey alcoholer poriman badanor jonno ganjan naa koraa angurer modhye chinny jog korar prokriya. eyi kaushaltir namkaran koraa hoyeche err bikashkari farasi rasayanabid zina-antoine-clode chaptaler naame. eyi prokriyati wineke mishti korar uddeshye noy, borong khamirke alcohole ganjan korar jonno arow chinny sarbaraha korar uddeshye koraa hoyeche. chaptalization farasi wine shilpe bitorko ebong asantosher srishti koreche kaaron eyi prokriyati durbal-jalbayu anchale utpadokder deoar jonno bibechito hoy. 1907 saale bikkhovkarider sohingso bikkhover protikriyay, farasi sarkar oyaine jog koraa jete paare emon chinir poriman niyantran korte shuru korey. adhyaykaranke kokhono kokhono samriddhakaran hisabe ullekh koraa hoy, udahoronsorup europea unioner wine niyamavalite eu-err modhye onushiloner boidhota nirdishto koraa hoy. adhyayer boidhota desh, anchal ebong emonki moder dharan onusare poribortito hoy. sadharonbhabe, france, germany ebong markin juktorashtrer uttoranchole jey anchalgulite chinir poriman qama, sekhane angur utpadon koraa boidho. tobey argentina, australia, california, itali, portugal, spena ebong dakkhin africa adhyaykaran nishiddho. germany pradikatoswein toirir anushilan nishiddho korey. itihas. angurer sange chinny jog korar kaushalti wine toirir prokriyar ongsho chhilo jehetu romanra mishti hisabe madhu jog koroto. rasayanik upadanguli upolobdhi naa korleo, roman wine prostutkarira atirikto deher anubhuti baa mukher anubhutir upokarita sonakto korte sokkhom hoyechilo. jodio prokriyati dirghadin dhorey farasi winer saathe jukto chhilo, farasi sahitye aboshyoi chinny jog korar prothom nothibhukto ullekh chhilo 1765 saaler sanskaran "ell 'enciclopid", jaa purbe grihito onushiloner cheye modke mishti korar jonno chinny byaboharer pokkhe sawal korechilo. 1777 saale farasi rasayanabid piyer macker abishkar corren jey, chinny jog korar prokrito rasayanik subidha holl mishti briddhir konao anubhuto briddhir poriborte qama paka angurer uchcho amlatar bharsamyo bojay rakhte alcoholer briddhi. 1801 saale, napoleoner sebay thakakalin, zina-antoine-clode chaptal wineke shaktishali oo sanrakkhaner upay hisabe kaushaltir pokkhe kotha bolte shuru korey. 1840-err doshke german wine shilp teebro abhawar karone marattokbhabe khotigrosto hoyechilo jaa eyi sheetal anchale paka angur cutter jonno jotheshto asubidha srishti korechilo. ludouig goll naame ekjon rasayanabid modd prostutkarokder khotikarok abhawar probhaber khatipuran korte sahayata korar jonno aboshyik chinny jog korar jonno chaptaler poddhotir poramorsho diyechilen. verbesserung" (unnoti)-err eyi prokriyati eyi kathin somoye mozel anchale wine utpadon bojay rakhte sahayata korechilo. bingsho shatabdir shurute, farasi wine shilpe eyi prokriyati bitorkito hoye othe ebong languadeker vigneronguli "kritrim wine" utpadoner protibad korey jaa farasi wine bajarke plabito korey ebong daam komiye deyo. 1907 saaler june maase, 900,000-ero beshi bikkhovkari taader jeebika rakkhar jonno sarkarer podokkheper dabite languadoc anchal judey bishal bikkhov shuru korey. narbon shohore danga prodhanmontri georges clemensoke shohore farasi senabahini pathate prorochito korey. poroborti sangharsher foley panchjon bikkhovkarir mrityu hoy. porer deane, languadoc sahanubhutishilra parpignane prefecturety pudiye deyo. bikkhover protikriyay, farasi sarkar chinir upor corr briddhi korey ebong oyaine jog koraa jete paare emon chinir poriman seemit korar aain pusses korey. prokriya boichitro. angurer chinir matra samanjasya korte bivinno kaushal byabohar koraa hoy. sadharan adhyaykaran prokriyay, beter chinny holl sabcheye sadharan dharaner chinny jaa jog koraa hoy jodio kichhu wine prostutkarok beat chinny baa corn sirap pochondo corren. onek wine anchale, braun sugar ekti aboidho sanjojankari, ebong jey anchalguli sampurnarupe chaptalizationke anumodan korey naa, sekhane angurer ghonotto jog koraa jete paare. chinny jog korar porey, prakritikbhabe uposthito enzymeguli chinir sukroz anugulike glucose ebong fructose venge deyo, jaa tarpor khamir dwara ganjano hoy ebong alcohol ebong carbon dye oxide rupantarita hoy. ushno anchale, jekhane atirikto paka haoya ekti udweger vishay, sekhane punorbyobohar (joler saathe patla koraa) ebong acidificationer biporito prokriya byabohar koraa hoy. etty californier moto elaka byabohar koraa hoy, jekhane swabhabik ganjan korar jonno atirikto chinny thaka aboshyok, ghonotto komate joll jog koraa jete paare. acidificatione, paka angurer uchcho matrar chinny ebong prakritikbhabe pawa nimno matrar assider khotipuroner jonno tartarika assid jog koraa hoy. shampen utpadone, ganjan korar porey ebong corkinger agey porimap koraa porimane chinny, wine ebong kokhono kokhono brandy jog koraa hoy jaa doze naame porichito. onnodike, adhyaykaraner sange ganjan korar agey chinny jog koraa jorito. shampen utpadonkarira kokhono kokhono taader wine toirite chaptalization byabohar korey jokhon winety ekhono aboshyok akare thaake. kichhu wine sangbadik jukti dekhan jey, adhyayer madhyome wine nirmatara sampurnarupe paka naa haoya angurer uchcho folonke drakkhalota atirikto utpadon korte diye porimaner pokkhe gunoman tyag korte paare. echhadao, wine prostutkarira projuktigoto aggrogoti byabohar korey asche, jemon biporito osmosiser madhyome ganjano angurer ross theke joll aposaron koraa, jaar foley err chinir ghonotto briddhi paay, kintu utpadito winer poriman hrass paay. bortoman boidhota. onek deshe adhyaykaraner niyantran motamuti kathor, ebong sadharonoto kebolmatro arow uttorer anchale onumodito jekhane angur jotheshto porimane paka naao hotey paare. europea unione, onumodito adhyayer poriman wine utpadonkari anchaler upor nirbhar korey. jalbayu poristhiti byatikramibhabe protikul hoye thakle arow 0.5 shotangsho abv jog korar jonno bitoron koraa jete paare. jatiya wine niyamavali nirdishto shrenir winer jonno adhyaykaranke arow seemaboddho baa nishiddho korte paare. germanyr moto kichhu anchale, wine niyamavali nirdesh deyo jey wine nirmatader aboshyoi weinguli "prakritik" kina taa lebel korte hobey, arthat.ee. chinny chhada. francer moto anyanno anchale eyi dharaner lebeler prayojaniyata nei. markin juktorashtre, federal aain qama chinir poriman soho ross theke prakritik angur wine utpadan korar somoy adhyayer anumati deyo. etty oregoner moto sheetal rajye baa floridara moto rajye jekhane sthaniya angur (mascadine)-ayee swabhabikbhabei chinny qama thaake sekhane chaptalization korar anumati deyo. zaihok, prithak rajyaguli ekhono taader nijaswa niyamkanun toiri korte paare; udahoronsorup, california adhyaykaran nishiddho korey, jodio california wine prostutkarira angurer ghonotto jog korte paare. desh oo anchal. "jey desh oo anchalgulite adhyaykaraner anumati deoa hoyeche" "jey desh oo anchalgulite adhyaykaran onumodito noy" ""

prakarankaran chaptalisation aee aatho laavya pachhi aalkoholnu pramaan vadhaarvaa maate biin-aatho laavela drakshma khaand umervani prakriyaa chhe. aaa takneeknu naam tenaa vikaskarta, french rasaayanshaastri jiina-antoin-claude chaptalna naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. aaa prakriyaano hetu wine vadhu meethee banaavvaano nathee, parantu khameerne alcoholma aatho laavvaa maate vadhu khaand puurii paadvaano chhe. aaa prakriyaa nabalaa aabohva dharaavtaa vistaroma utpadakone laabh aape chhe teey kaarane french wine udhogma prakarankaranthi vivaad aneey asantosh pedaa thayo chhe. 1907maan pradarshankario dwara hinsak pradarshanona javabma, french sarkaare winema umeree shakaay tevee khaandnee matrane niyantrit karvaanu sharoo karyoo. prakaranne ketalikvaar samvardhan tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, udaaharan tareeke european union wine niyamomaa iyuni andar prathaani kaaydesartaa spasht karey chhe. prakaranni kaaydesartaa desh, pradesh aneey daarunaa prakaar pramaane pann badalaay chhe. saamanya reete, france, germany aneey united statesnaa uttareey pradesho jevaa ochha khaandnaa pramanvala drakshnu utpaadan kartaa pradeshomaa teey kaydesar chhe. joke, argentine, austreliya, california, itali, portugal, spain aneey dakshin africama prakarankaran parr pratibandh chhe. germany pradikatswen banaavvaani prathaa parr pratibandh mooke chhe. itihas. romnoae madhane meethash agent tareeke umeryu hovathi drakshma khaand umervani takneek wine banaavvaani prakriyaano aek bhaag rahee chhe. rasayanik ghatakoni anoobhooti naa karatee vakhate, rooman winemakers shareerni vadhaaraani bhaavnaa athavaa monee laaganinaa fayadaone odakhvaamaa saksham hataa. jyaare aaa prakriyaa laambaa samaythi french wine saathe sankalaayelee chhe, tyaare french saheetyma aavashyak khaand umervaano pratham nondhaayelo ullekh "aela 'enciclopaedy" nee 1765nee aavrutti hatee, jene lead acetateno upyog karvaanee agau sveekrut prathaa karataa wine meethaa paadvaa maate khaandnaa upyogni himayat curry hatee. 1777maan, french rasaayanshaastri pier makeray shodhyu keey khaand umervaano vaastavik rasayanik fayado meethasma koee pann katheet vadharane badale ochhi pakeli drakshni uchch acidityne santulit karvaa maate alcoholma vadhaaro hato. 1801maan, jyaare nepoliyanni sevama, jiina-antoin-claude chaptley wine majboot karvaa aneey sachavvana saadhan tareeke aaa takneekni himayat karvaanu sharoo karyoo. 1840naa daykama, german wine udhyogne bhaare havaamaanni bhaare assar thaee hatee, jenaa kaarane aaa thandaa pradeshmaa pakela drakshni lanani maate nondhpaatra mushkeli oobhi thaee hatee. loodwig geela naamnaa rasayanshastri wine utpadakone haanikaarak havaamaanni asaroni bharpai karvaamaa madad karvaa maate jaroori khaand umervani chaptalni paddhati soochavi hatee. verbeserang" (sudhaarana) nee aaa prakriyaae aaa mushkel samaygaalaa darmiyan mosal pradeshmaa wine utpaadan takaavi rakhvama madad curry. visamee sadeena ante, french wine udhogma aaa prakriyaa vivadaspad bunny hatee, jemaa langudokma wignerones "krutrim wine" naa utpadanno veerodh kartaa hataa, jene french wine bajaarmaa puur laavee didhu hatoo aneey keematoma ghataado karyo hato. juuna 1907maan, 900,000thee vadhu pradarshankario saathe langudoc pradeshmaa vishaal dekhaavo faatee nikalyaa hataa, jemaa sarkaare temnee aajivikana rakshan maate pagalaa levani maang curry hatee. narbon shaherma ramkhaanoae vadaa pradhaan georges clemensone shaherma french sainya mokalvaa maate prereet karyaa. tyaarbaadni athadamanma paanch pradarshankariona mota thayaa hataa. beeja divase, langudoc sahanubhuti rakhnaraoae parpignanma praantne baadee nakhyo. virodhnaa javabma, french sarkaare khaand parnaa karveraamaa vadhaaro karyo aneey winema umeree shakaay tevee khaandnee matrane maryadit kartaa kaayadao pasaar karyaa. prakriyaamaa vividhataa. drakshma sharkarana starne vyavsthit karvaa maate viveedh takneekono upyog karvaamaa aave chhe. saamanya prakaran prakriyaamaa, sherdini khaand aee umervaamaa aavtee khaandno sauthee saamanya prakaar chhe, jooe keey ketlaak wine utpaadako beat khaand athavaa makaaini chaasanine pasand karey chhe. ghanaa wine pradeshomaa, braaun sugar aek gerkaydesar umeran chhe, aneey jeey pradesho chaptalisation sampurnpane manjuri aaptaa nathee, temaa drakshnu saandrata umeree shakaay chhe. jaroori khaandma khaand umeryaa pachhi, koodarti reete banata utsechako khaandma rahela sukrozna anuone glucose aneey fructosemaa tode chhe, jeey pachhi yeast dwara aatho lavvama aave chhe aneey alcohole aneey carbon dioxidema rupantarit thaay chhe. garam pradeshomaa, jyaan vadhu padatu paakvu chintaano vishhay chhe, tyaan punhydration (paanee saathe paatalu karavu) aneey acidification vipareet prakriyaano upyog thaay chhe. aano upyog keliforniyana vistaaro jevaa adhikarkshetroma thaay chhe, jyaan jooe saamanya aatho laavvaa maate vadhaaraani khaand hovi jaroori hoya, too saandrata ghatadva maate paanee umeree shakaay chhe. acidificationma, pakela drakshma koodarti reete jovaa maltaa khaandnaa unchaa star aneey acidna neecha starnee bharpai karvaa maate tartaric acid umervaamaa aave chhe. shampainna utpadanma, khaand, wine aneey ketalikvaar brandini mapeli maatraa aatho laavya pachhi aneey qorqa kartaa pahelaa maatraa tareeke odakhaati prakriyaamaa umervaamaa aave chhe. beejee taraf, prakaranmaa aatho laavtaa pahelaa khaand umervaano samaavesh thaay chhe. shampain utpaadako ketalikvaar temnaa wine banaavtaa samaye chaptalisation upyog karey chhe jyaare wine haju pann aavashyak swarupma hoya chhe. ketlaak wine patrakaaro daleel karey chhe keey prakaran wine utpadakone drakshni unchee upajne vadhu padatee pedaa karvaa devaathi jaththaani tarfenma gunvattaano tyaag karvaanee manjuri aape chhe jeey sampurnpane pakya nathee. wine utpaadako pann takneeki pragatino upyog curry rahyaa chhe, jaim keey aatho naa laavela drakshna rasmathi paanee door karvaa maate rivers osmosis, jenaathi tenee khaandnee sandratama vadhaaro thaay chhe, parantu utpaadit wine pramaan ghate chhe. vartmaan kaaydesartaa. ghanaa deshomaa prakarannu niyantran ekdam kadak chhe, aneey saamanya reete maatra vadhu uttareey vistaroma jaj manjuri aapvama aave chhe jyaan draksh puratee paaktee nathee. european unionma, manjuri aapvama aavel prakaranni maatraa wine ugaadtaa vistaar parr aadharit chhe. aabohvani paristhitio apvaadrupe pratikool hoya tevaa varshomaa vadhu 0.5 takaa abv umervani chhoot aapvama aavee shake chhe. raashtriy wine niyamo wine chokkas vargo maate prakaranne vadhu pratibandhit athavaa pratibandhit curry shake chhe. germany jevaa ketlaak vistaroma, wine niyamo soochave chhe keey wine utpadakoae label lagaavvu joiae keey wine "koodarti" chhe keey nahee, etale keey.ee. khaand vagar. france jevaa anya vistaroma aavee label jaruriyaato nathee. united statesma, federal kaayado ochhi khaandnee maatraa dharaavtaa rasmathi koodarti draksh wine utpaadan karatee vakhate prakaranne manjuri aape chhe. aaa oregon jevaa thandaa rajyoma athavaa florida jevaa rajyoma jyaan mool draksh (muscadine) maan koodarti reete khaand ochhi hoya chhe tyaan chaptalisation manjuri aape chhe. jooe keey, vyaktigat raajyo haju pann temnaa potaana niyamo banaavi shake chhe; udaaharan tareeke, california, prakaranne pratibandhit karey chhe, jooe keey california winemakers drakshnu saandrata umeree shake chhe. desho aneey pradesho. "aevaa desho aneey pradesho jyaan prakaranni manjuri chhe" "aevaa desho aneey pradesho keey jyaan prakaranni manjuri nathee"

adhyayikaran adhyayikaran kinwan key baad alcohol kii matra badhaane key liye binaa kinwan vaale angur mein cheeni jodane kii prakriya haye. takneek kaa naam isake vikaskarta, francisi rasaayanagya jeane-antoine-clod chaptal key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. iss prakriya kaa uddeshya sharaab koo meethaa banaana naheen haye, balki khameer koo alcohol mein kinvit karane key liye adhik cheeni pradaan karna haye. adhyayikaran ney francisi sharaab udyog mein vivaad aur asantosh paida kiya haye kyonki iss prakriya koo kharaab jalavaayu kshetron mein utpadakon koo dene key liye maanaa jaataa haye. 1907 mein pradarshankariyon dwara hinsak pradarshanon key jawab mein, francisi sarkaar ney sharaab mein cheeni kii matra koo viniyamit karna shuru curr diyaa. adhyayikaran koo kabhi-kabhi samvardhan key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye europeeya sangh key sharaab niyamon mein europeeya sangh key bheetar abhyaas kii vaidhata koo nirdisht kiya jaataa haye. adhyayakaran kii vaidhata desh, kshetra aur yahaan taka kii sharaab key prakaar key anusaar bhinn hoti haye. samanya taur parr, yeh una kshetron mein kanuni haye joe cumm cheeni samagri vaale angur kaa utpaadan karate hain, jaise kii france, germany aur sanyukt raajya america key uttari kshetra. haalaanki, argentine, australia, california, itali, purtagaal, spen aur dakshin africa mein adhyayakaran pratibandhit haye. germany pradikatswen banaane kii pratha koo pratibandhit kartaa haye. itihas. angur mein cheeni jodane kii takneek sharaab banaane kii prakriya kaa hissa rahee hogi kyonki romanon ney ack mithaas agent key roop mein shahad milaaya thaa. rasayanik ghatakon kaa ehsas naheen karate hue, roman wine nirmaata shareer kii atirikt bhavna yaa munh kii bhavna key laabhon kii pehchaan karane mein saksham they. jabaki yeh prakriya lambe samay seey francisi sharaab key saath judee hui haye, francisi saahitya mein cheeni koo jodane kaa pahala darj ullekh "ell 'enciclopedy" kaa 1765 sanskaran thaa, jisane seesa acetate kaa upayog karane key pahale seey sweekrit abhyaas parr sharaab koo meethaa karane key liye cheeni key upayog kii vakaalat kii thee. 1777 mein, francisi rasaayanagya piyare macker ney paaya kii cheeni koo jodane kaa vaastavik rasayanik laabh mithaas mein kissy bhee kathit vriddhi key bajaay cumm pakey hue angooron kii uchch amlata koo santulit karane key liye sharaab mein vriddhi thee. 1801 mein, jaba napolean kii seva mein, jeane-antoine-clod chaptal ney sharaab koo majboot karane aur sanrakshit karane key saadhan key roop mein takneek kii vakaalat karna shuru curr diyaa. 1840 key dashak mein, german sharaab udyog gambhir mausam seey buri tarah prabhaavit thaa, jisane iss thhande kshetra mein pakey hue angooron kii kataai key liye kaafee kathinaaee paida kii. ludwig galle naamak ack rasaayanagya ney sharaab nirmaataon koo hanikarak mausam key prabhaavon kii bharpai karane mein madad karane key liye aavashyak mein cheeni jodane kii chaptal kii vidhi kaa sujhaav diyaa. verbeserung" (sudhaar) kii iss prakriya ney iss kathin avadhi key dauran mossel kshetra mein sharaab utpaadan koo banaae rakhane mein madad kii. beesavin shatabdi key anta mein, francisi sharaab udyog mein yeh prakriya vivadaspad hoe gaee, jisamen languedock mein wigneron ney "kritrim sharaab" key utpaadan kaa virodh kiya, jisane francisi sharaab bajar mein baadh laa dee aur kimaton koo cumm curr diyaa. juuna 1907 mein, 900,000 seey adhik pradarshankariyon key saath poore langudoc kshetra mein bhaari pradarshan hue aur sarkaar seey unaki aajeevika kii raksha key liye kaarravaai karane kii maang kii gaee. narbone shahar mein dangon ney pradhaan mantri georges clemenso koo francisi senaa koo shahar mein bhejane key liye prerit kiya. isake baad hui jhadap mein paanch pradarshankariyon kii maut hoe gaee. agale dinn, langudoc sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon ney parpignan mein praant koo jalaa diyaa. virodh key jawab mein, francisi sarkaar ney cheeni parr curr badhaaya aur sharaab mein cheeni kii matra koo seemit karane vaale kaanoon paarit kiye. prakriya bhinnataaen. angur mein cheeni key star koo samaayojit karane key liye vibhinn takneekon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. samanya chaptalisation prakriya mein, ganna cheeni sabse aam prakaar kii cheeni haye jise jodaa jaataa haye, halanki kuchh wine nirmaata chukandar cheeni yaa makai kaa sirap pasand karate hain. kaee sharaab kshetron mein, braun shugar ack avaidh yojak haye, aur una kshetron mein joe poori tarah seey chaptalisation kii anumati naheen dete hain, angur sandrata koo jodaa jaa sakata haye. cheeni koo aavashyak mein jodane key baad, praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale enzyme cheeni mein sukroj anuon koo glucose aur fructose mein toda dete hain, jinhen phir khameer dwara kinvit kiya jaataa haye aur alcohol aur carbon dioxide mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. germ kshetron mein, jahaan adhik pakna ack chinta kaa vishay haye, punarjalikaran (paani key saath dilution) aur amlikaran kii vipareet prakriya kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. iska upayog california key kshetron jaise kshetradhikaron mein kiya jaataa haye, jahaan yadi samanya kinwan key liye atirikt cheeni honey chaahiye, tou sandrata koo cumm karane key liye paani jodaa jaa sakata haye. amlikaran mein, pakey hue angooron mein praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale cheeni key uchch star aur acid key nimn star kii bharpai key liye tartric acid koo aavashyak roop seey milaaya jaataa haye. shampen utpaadan mein, cheeni, sharaab aur kabhi-kabhi brandy kii maapi gaee matra koo kinwan key baad aur corking seey pahale ack prakriya mein jodaa jaataa haye jise khuraak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. doosari or, adhyayikaran mein kinwan seey pahale cheeni dalna shamil haye. shampen utpaadak kabhi-kabhi apane wine banaane mein chaptalisation kaa upayog karate hain jaba sharaab abhee bhee aavashyak roop mein hoti haye. kuchh sharaab patrakaron kaa tark haye kii chaptalisation sharaab nirmaataon koo matra key paksh mein gunavatta kaa tyag karane kii anumati detaa haye, jisamen belon koo una angooron kii uchch upaj kaa adhik utpaadan karane diyaa jaataa haye joe poori tarah seey pakey naheen hain. isake alawa, wine nirmaata takniki pragati kaa upayog curr rahey hain, jaise kii binaa kinvit angur key russ seey paani koo hataane key liye riverse ausmosis, jisase isaki cheeni kii sandrata badh jaati haye, lekin utpaadit sharaab kii matra cumm hoe jaati haye. vartamaan vaidhata. kaee deshon mein adhyayikaran kaa niyantran kaafee sakht haye, aur aam taur parr kewal adhik uttari kshetron mein anumati dee jaati haye jahaan angur paryaapt roop seey naheen pakate hain. europeeya sangh mein, anumat adhyaay kii matra sharaab ugaane vaale kshetra parr nirbhar karati haye. anya 0.5% abv jodane kii vyavastha una varshon mein dee jaa sakati haye jaba jalavaayu kii sthiti asadharan roop seey pratikool rahee haye. rashtriya sharaab niyam sharaab key kuchh vargon key liye adhyayikaran koo aur pratibandhit yaa pratibandhit curr sakate hain. germany jaise kuchh kshetron mein, sharaab key niyam yeh nirdhaarit karate hain kii sharaab nirmaataon koo label lagaana chaahiye kii sharaab "praakritik" haye yaa naheen, arthaat.ee. binaa cheeni key. france jaise anya kshetron mein iss tarah key label kii aavashyakta naheen haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, sanghiya kaanoon cumm cheeni samagri vaale russ seey praakritik angur kii sharaab kaa utpaadan karate samay adhyayikaran kii anumati detaa haye. yeh oregan jaise thhande raajyon mein yaa florida jaise raajyon mein chaptalisation kii anumati detaa haye jahaan deshi angur (muscadine) mein cheeni swabhavik roop seey cumm hoti haye. haalaanki, alag-alag raajya abhee bhee apane swayam key niyam banaa sakate hain; udaaharan key liye, california, adhyayikaran koo pratibandhit kartaa haye, haalaanki california wine nirmaata angur koo jodd sakate hain. desh aur kshetra. "way desh aur kshetra jahan adhyayakaran kii anumati haye" "way desh aur kshetra jahan adhyayakaran kii anumati naheen haye"

adhyayikarana chaptalisation endare huduguvikeya nantara alcohol amshavannu hechchisuva saluvaagi hudugisada drakshige sakkareyannu serisuva prakriye. ee tantrakke adara abhivardhakaraada french rasaayanashaastragna zeane-antoin-cloude chaptal avara hesarannu idalaagide. ee prakriyeyu wine annu sihiyagisuva uddeshavannu hondilla, badalige yeast annu hudugisi alcohol aagi parivartisalu hecchina sakkareyannu odagisuttade. chaptalisation french wine udyamadalli vivaada mattu asamaadhaanavannu srushtiside ekendare ee prakriyeyu kalape-havamana pradeshagalalli utpaadakarige niiduttade endu grahisalaagide. grahisalaagide pratibhatanaakaarara himsaatmaka pradarshanagalige pratikriyeyagi, french sarkaaravu vainge serisabahudaada sakareya pramaanavannu niyantrisalu praarambhisitu. chaptalisation annu kelavomme pushtikarana endu kareyalaaguttade, udaaharanege european union wine niyamagalalli iyu olage abhyaasada kaanunubaddhateyannu nirdishtapadisuttade. adhyayikaranada kaanunubaddhateyu desha, pradesha mattu wine prakarakkoo badalaaguttade. samanyavagi, kadime sakkare amshaviruva drakshigalannu utpaadisuva pradeshagalalli, udaaharanege france, germany mattu united statesna uttara pradeshagalalli idu kaanunubaddhavaagide. aadaagyoo, argentine, australia, california, itali, portugal, spain mattu daksina aafrikaadalli chaptalisation annu nisheedhisalaagide. germanyu pradikatswain tayaarisuva abhyasavannu nishedhisuttade. itihaasa. romannaru jenutuppavannu sihikarakavagi serisidaagininda drakshige sakkareyannu serisuva tantravu wine tayaarikeya prakriyeya bhagavagide. rasayanika ghatakagalannu aritukolladiddaroo, roman wine tayaarakaru hechchuvari deha pragne athawa bayiya bhavaneyindaguva prayojanagalannu gurutisalu saadhyavaayitu. ee prakriyeyu deerghakaaladavarege french vainge sambandhisiddaroo, french saahityadalli sakkare annu serisuva modala daakhalita ullekhavendare 1765rahra "ell 'enciclopedy" aavruttiyaagiddu, idu hinde angikarisalpatta seesada acetate balakeya abhyasakkinta hechchaagi wine annu sihiyagisalu sakareya balakeyannu pratipaadisitu. pratipaadisitu, french rasaayanashaastragna pier mcver, sakkare annu serisuvudarinda nijavaada rasayanika prayojanavendare sihitanadalli yaavude grahisida hechchalakkinta hechchaagi kadime maagida drakshigala hecchina aamleeyateyannu samatolanagolisalu alcoholn hechchalavu endu kanduhididaru. kanduhididaru, nepolian seveyalliddaaga, zeane-antoin-cloude chaptal ee tantravannu wine annu balapadisuva mattu samrakshisuva sadhanavagi pratipaadisalu praarambhisidaru. 1840rahra dasakadalli, germany wine udyamavu teevra havaamaanadinda tivravagi haanigolagaayitu, idu ee tampaada pradeshadalli maagida drakshigalannu koylu maadalu saakashtu tondare untumaaditu. ludwig gall emba rasaayanashaastragnaru wine tayaarakaru hanikaraka havaamaanada parinaamagalannu saridoogisalu sahaaya maadalu sakkare annu serisuva chaptaln vidhaanavannu soochisidaru. ee kashtada avadhiyalli mossel pradeshadalli wine utpaadaneyannu ulisikollalu "verbserang" (sudhaarane) prakriyeyu sahaaya maaditu. ippattane shatamaanada tiruvinalli, french wine udyamadalli ee prakriyeyu vivaadaatmakavaayitu, french wine marukatteyalli pravaahavannu untumaadida mattu belegalannu kadime maadida "krutaka wine" utpaadaneyannu langudocnalli vigneraangalu pratibhatisidavu. 1907rahra joonnalli, langudok pradeshadaadyanta pradeshadaadyanta hecchu pratibhatanaakaararu tamma jivanopayavannu rakshisalu sarkara krama kaigollabekendu ottayisi brihat pratibhatanegalu bhugileddavu. norbone nagaradalli nadeda galabhegalu pradhana mantri georges clemensou avarannu french sainyavannu nagarakke kaluhisalu prerepisidavu. nantarada gharsaneyu aivaru pratibhatanaakaarara saavige kaaranavaayitu. marudina, languedock sahaanubhutidaararu parpignannalli praantyavannu suttuhaakidaru. pratibhatanegala pratikriyeyagi, french sarkaaravu sakareya melina terigeyannu hechchisitu mattu vainge serisabahudaada sakareya pramaanavannu simitagolisuva kaanunugalannu jaarige tanditu. prakriyeya vyatyaasagalu. drakshi must nalliruva sakareya mattavannu sarihondisalu vividha tantragalannu balasalaaguttade. kelavu wine tayaarakaru beatroot sakkare athawa corn sirap annu bayasuttaare, aadaagyoo saamaanya chaptalisation prakriyeyalli, kabbina sakkareyu serisalaada atyanta saamaanya reetiya sakkareyagide. aneka wine pradeshagalalli, kandu sakkareyu kanunubahira samyojakavagide, mattu chaptalisation annu sampoornavaagi anumatisada pradeshagalalli, drakshi saandrateyannu serisabahudu. sakkare annu avashyakatege serisida nantara, naisargikavagi kandubaruva kinvagalu sakkareyalliruva sukros anugalannu glucose mattu fructose aagi wadeyuttawe, nantara avugalannu yeastninda hudugisalaaguttade mattu alcohol mattu ingaalada dioxide aagi parivartisalaaguttade. atiyagi maguvudu kalavalakariyada becchagina pradeshagalalli, maruhondisuvike (nirininda durbalagolisuvudu) mattu aamleekaranada viruddha prakriyeyannu balasalaaguttade. idannu californiada pradeshagalantaha nyayavyaptigalalli balasalaaguttade, allie saamaanya huduguvikege hechchuvari sakkareyannu hondirabekaadare, saandrateyannu kadime maadalu neerannu serisabahudu. aamlikaranadalli, maagida drakshiyalli naisargikavagi kandubaruva hecchina mattada sakkare mattu kadime mattada aamlavannu saridoogisalu tartaric aamlavannu serisalaaguttade. shampen utpaadaneyalli, huduguvikeya nantara mattu karkingge modalu alate maadida pramanada sakkare, wine mattu kelavomme brandiyannu dosage endu kareyalaaguva prakriyeyalli serisalaaguttade. mattondede, chaptalisation huduguva modalu sakkareyannu serisuvudannu olagondiruttade. wine innoo atyagatyavagiddaga shampen utpaadakaru kelavomme tamma wine tayaarikeyalli chaptalisation annu balasuttaare. kelavu wine patrakartaru vaadisuva prakara, adhyayikaranavu wine tayaarakaru sampoornavaagi magirada drakshigala hecchina iluvariyannu balligalu atiyagi utpaadisalu avakasha needuva moolaka pramaanavannu bembalisuva moolaka gunamattavannu tyaga maadalu anuvu maadikoduttade. wine tayaarakaru hudugisada drakshi rasadinda neerannu tegeduhakalu riverse asmosisnantaha taantrika pragatigalannu balasuttiddaare, idarindaagi adara sakkare saandrateyannu hechchisuttade, aadare utpattiyaguva wine pramaanavannu kadime maaduttade. prastuta kaanunubaddhate. aneka desagalalli chaptalisation niyantranavu saakashtu kattunittaagide, mattu samanyavagi drakshigalu saakashtu magade iruva hecchu uttarada pradeshagalalli maatra anumatisalaagide. european okkootadalli, anumatisalaada chaptalisation pramanavu wine beleyuva valayavannu avalambisiruttade. havamana paristhitigalu asadharanavagi pratikoolavaagiruva varsagalalli innoo 0.5% ebiviyannu serisuva vitaraneyannu niidabahudu. rashtriya wine niyamagalu kelavu vargada vaingalige chaptalisation annu mattashtu nirbandhisabahudu athawa nishedhisabahudu. germaniyantaha kelavu pradeshagalalli, wine tayaarakaru wine "naisargika" vagideye athawa illave endu label maadabeku endu wine niyamagalu nirdeshisuttave.ii. sakkare illade. fransnantaha itara pradeshagalu antaha label avashyakategalannu hondilla. samyukta samsthaanagalalli, federal kaanoonu kadime sakkare amshavannu hondiruva rasadinda naisargika drakshi wine annu utpadisuvaga chaptalisation annu anumatisuttade. idu oregaannantaha tampaada rajyagalli athawa sthaliya drakshi (muskadine) naisargikavagi sakareyalli kadime iruva floridadantaha rajyagalli chaptalisationge anuvu maadikoduttade. aadaagyoo, pratyeka rajyagalu innoo tammade aada niyamagalannu rachisabahudu; udaaharanege, california, chaptalisation annu nishedhisuttade, aadaagyoo california wine tayaarakaru drakshi saandrateyannu serisabahudu. deshagalu mattu pradeshagalu. "adhyayikaranakke anumati iruva deshagalu mattu pradeshagalu" "adhyayikaranavannu anumatisada deshagalu mattu pradeshagalu"

chaptalisation pulippichathinushesham madyathinte alavu vardhippikkunnathinu pulippikkaattha munthirippazhathil panchasaara cherkkunna prakriyayaan chaptalisation. franch rasathanthranjanaaya jeane-aantoyin-claude chapthaalinte perilaanu eee saankethikavidya ariyappedunnathu. eee prakriya veenjine maduramullathaakkaan uddeshichullathalla, marichu yeest alcohole pulippikkaan kooduthal panchasaara nalkunnathinaanu. eee prakriya mosham kaalavasthayulla pradeshangalile nirmmaathaakkalkk nalkunna gunafalangal kaaranam chaptalisation franch veenju vyavasaayathil vivaadavum asamthripthiyum srishtichu. 1907-ll prathishedhakkaarude akramasakthamaaya prakadanangalkku marupadiyaayi, franch sarkkar veenjil cherkkaan kazhiyunna panchasaarayude alavu niyantrikkaan thudangi. chaptalisatione chilappol sambushteekaranam ennu vilikkunnu, udaaharanathinu europian union wine chattangalil europian unionile parisheelanatthinte niyamasadhutha vyakthamaakkunnu. chaaptalaiseshante niyamasadhutha raajyam, pradesham, veenjinte tharam enniva anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. france, jarmmani, america thudangiya vadakkan pradeshangalile panchasaarayude alavu kurravulla munthiri uthppaadippikkunna pradeshangalil ithu niyamaparamaan. ennirunnaalum, arjanteena, austreliya, california, itali, porchugal, spain, dakshinaafrikka ennividangalil chaptalisation nirodhichirikkunnu. jarmmani praadikattsweyn nirmmikkunna reethi nirodhichu. charithram. romakkar madhuram nalkunna ejantaayi thaine chertthathinaal munthirippazhathil panchasaara cherkkunna saankethikavidya wine nirmmaana prakriyayude bhagamaanu. raasa gadakangal thirichariyaathe, roman wine nirmmaathaakkalkk adhika shareerabodhathinteyo vaaymozhiyudeyo gunangal thirichariyaan kazhinju. eee prakriya valarekkaalamaayi franch veenjumaayi bandhappettirikkumbol, franch saahithyathil panchasaara cherkkunnathinekkurichu aadyamaayi rekhappeduthappetta paramarsham 1765 leeii "ensiclopedy" pathippaanu, ithu munbu amgeekaricha sanbradaayathekkaal veenjine madhurappeduthunnathinu panchasaarayude upayogathe vaadichu. 1777-ll franch rasathanthranjanaaya piyari mccurr panchasaara cherkkunnathinte yadhaartha raasa gunam madhurathil vardhanavu kaanunnathinekkaal pazhutha munthirippazhathinte uyarnna acidity santhulithamaakkunnathilla madyathinte vardhanavaanennu kandethi. 1801-ll, neppoliyante sevanathil aayirikkumbol, jeane-aantoyin-claude chaptal veenju shakthippeduthunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinumulla oru maargamaayi eee saankethikavidyaye vadikkaan thudangi. 1840kalil, jarmman veenju vyavasaayathe kadutha kaalavastha saaramaayi baadhichu, ithu eee thanutha pradeshathu paakamaya munthiri vilaveduppinu ganyamaaya budhimuttu srishtichu. prathikoola kaalaavasthayude prathyaaghaathangal nikathaan veenju nirmmaathaakkale sahaayikkunnathin ludwig gall enna rasathanthranjan panchasaara cherkkunna chapthaalinte reethi nirddeshichu. eee dushkaramaaya kaalaghattatthil mosal mekhalayil veenjinte uthppaadanam nilanirthaan "verbesserang" (mechappeduthal) enna prakriya sahayichu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, franch veenju vipaniyil vellapokkam srishtikkukayum vila kuraykkukayum cheytha "krithrima vainukalude" ulppaadanathil prathishedhikkunna languedokkile vignaronukalode franch veenju vyavasaayathil eee prakriya vivaadamaayi. 1907 juunil, thangalude upajeevanamaargam samrakshikkaan sarkkar nadapadiyedukkanamennu aavasyappettu 900,000 thiladhikam prathishedhakkaar languedoc mekhalayiludaneelam valia prathishedhangal nadatthi. naarbon nagaratthile kalapam franch sainyathe nagaratthilekku ayaykkaan pradhaanamantri jorjas clemenzo prerippichu. thudarnnundaaya samgharsham anchu prathishedhakkaarude maranathil kalaashichu. pittennu, languedoc anubhaavikal perpignanile prefecture kathichu. prathishedhangalkku marupadiyaayi, franch sarkkar panchasaarayude nikuthi vardhippikkukayum veenjil cherkkaan kazhiyunna panchasaarayude alavu parimithappedutthunna niyamangal pasakkukayum cheythu. prakriya vyathiyanangal. munthirippazhathile panchasaarayude alavu krameekarikkaan vividha saankethikavidyakal upayogikkunnu. chila wine nirmmathaakkal beatoot panchasaarayo koonn syrapo eshtappedunnundengilum saadhaarana chaptalisation prakriyayil, karimbu panjasaarayaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya panchasaara. pala veenju pradeshangalilum, braun panchasaara oru niyamaviruddha aditeevaanu, koodaathe chaptalisation mothatthil anuvadikkaatha pradeshangalil, munthiri saandrata cherkkaam. panchasaara cherthathinushesham, swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna ensimeukal panchasaarayile sukros thanmaathrakale glucose, fructose ennivayaayi vibhajikkukayum avaa yeest pulippichu alcohol, kaarban dye ooksaid ennivayaayi parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. amithamaayi paakamaakuka ennathu aashankaajanakamaaya choodulla pradeshangalil, rehydration (vellathil layippikkuka), acidification ennivayude vipareeta prakriya upayogikkunnu. kaaliforniyayile pradeshangal polulla adikaaraparidhiyil ithu upayogikkunnu, avide saadhaarana pulippikkunnathinaayi adhika panchasaara undaayirikkanam, saandrata kuraykkunnathinu vellam cherkkaam. acidificationil, paakamaya munthirippazhathil swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna uyarnna alavilulla panchasarayum kuranja alavilulla assid nikathaan tartaric assid cherkkunnu. shampain ulppaadanathil, alanna alavilulla panchasaara, veenju, chilappol brandy enniva pulippichathinusheshavum corkingin munbum dosage ennariyappedunna oru prakriyayil cherkkunnu. maruvashathu, pulippikkunnathinumbu panchasaara cherkkunnath chaptalisationil ulppedunnu. shampain nirmmathaakkal chilappol avarude wine nirmmaanatthil veenju nirbandhamaaya roopathil aayirikkumbol chaptalisation upayogikkunnu. poornnamaayum paakamaakaattha munthirippazhathinte uyarnna vilavu amithamaayi ulppaadippikkaan munthirivallikale anuvadichukondu alavinu anukoolamaayi gunanilavaaram thyajikkaan veenju nirmmaathaakkale chaptalisation anuvadikkunnuvennu chila veenju pathrapravartthakar vaadikkunnu. koodaathe, pulippikkaattha munthiri jyoosil ninnu vellam neekkam cheiyunnathinu reverse oosmoosis polulla saankethika munnettangal wine nirmmathaakkal upayogikkunnu, athuvazhi athinte panchasaarayude saandrata vardhippikkukayum ennaal uthppaadippikkunna veenjinte alavu kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. nilavile niyamasadhutha. pala raajyangalilum chaptalisation niyanthranam valare karsanamaanu, munthirippazham vendathra paakamaakaattha kooduthal vadakkan pradeshangalil maathrame saadhaaranayaayi anuvadikkoo. europian yooniyanil, anuvadaneeyamaaya chaaptalaiseshante alavu veenju valarunna mekhalaye aasrayichirikkunnu. kalavastha saahacharyangal asaadhaaranamaamvidham prathikoolamaaya varshangalil 0.5 sathamaanam eiii. bii. vii koodi cherkkanulla vitharanam nalkaam. deseeya veenju niyanthranangal chila tharam veenjukalkku chaptalisation kooduthal niyanthrikkukayo nirodhikkukayo cheythekkaam. jarmmani polulla chila pradeshangalil, wine nirmmathaakkal wine "swaabhaavikamaano" ennu label cheyyanamennu wine niyanthranangal nirddeshikkunnu.iii. panchasaarayillaathe. france polulla mattu pradeshangalil atharam label aavasyakathakalilla. amerikkayil, kuranja panchasaara ulla jyoosil ninnu prakrithidatha munthiri veenju nirmmikkumbol federal niyamam chaptalisation anuvadikkunnu. origon polulla thanutha samsthaanangalilo florida polulla samsthaanangalilo thaddesheeya munthirippazhathil (muscaddin) swaabhaavikamaayi panchasaara kurravulla samsthaanangalilo ithu chaptalisation anuvadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oro samsthaanavum ippozhum avarudethaaya niyanthranangal srishtikkaam; udaaharanathinu, california chaptalisation nirodhikkunnu, ennirunnaalum california wine nirmmathaakkal munthiri saandrata cherkkaam. raajyangalum pradeshangalum. "chaptalisation anuvadaneeyamaaya raajyangalum pradeshangalum" "chaptalisation anuvadaneeyamallaatha raajyangalum pradeshangalum"

adhyayikaran chaptalization mhanje kinvananantar alcoholche praman vadhavanyasathi kinwan naan kelelya drakshat sakhar ghalanyachi prakriya aahe. yaa tantrala tyache vikasak, french rasayanshastradnya jeane-antoin-claude chaptal yanche naav denyat aale aahe. yaa prakriyecha uddesh wine god banavane haah nahee, tarr yeastla alcoholmadhye aambavanyasathi adhik sakhar pradan karane haah aahe. yaa prakriyemule kharab hawaman asalelya bhagat utpadakanna laabh milat asalyache manale jaat asalyane french wine udhyogat adhyayikaranamule vaad aanee asantosh nirman jhaala aahe. 1907 madhye nidarshakanni kelelya hinsak nidarshananna pratisad mhanoon, french sarkarne darumadhye samavisht karata karata sakharechya pramanache niyaman karnyas suruvat kelee. chaptalisationla kadhikadhi sanwardhan mhanoon sambodhale jaate, udaharanarth european union wine niyamanmadhye european unionmadhil prathechi kayadeshirata nirdisht kelee jaate. adhyaybaddhatechi kayadeshirata desh, pradesh aanee agadi madya prakaranusar badalate. sarvasadharanpane, france, germany aanee united stateschya uttarekadil pradeshansarkhya qamee sakhareche praman asalelya drakshe tayar qamee pradeshanmadhye heey kayadeshir aahe. tathapi, argentine, austreliya, california, itali, portugal, spain aanee dakshin aafriket adhyayachi varjana karnyas bandee aahe. germanyne pradikatswen banavanyachya prathevar bandee ghatali aahe. itihas. romchya lokanni god padarth mhanoon madh misalalyamule drakshanmadhye sakhar ghalanyache tantra heey wine banavanyachya prakriyecha eka bhag rahile asave. rasayanik ghatakanchi jaaniv nasatanahi, roman wine nirmate sharirachi atirikt bhavna kinwa tondachi bhavna yanche fayade olakhoo shakale. hii prakriya prakriya kalapasoon french wineshey sambandhit asali taree, french sahityat aavashyak asalelya sakharecha samavesh karnyacha pahila nond kelela ullekh 1765 saalee 'ell' enciclopedy 'chee aavrutti hotee, jyat seesa actate vaparnyachya purvi swikarlelya prathepeksha wine god karnyasathi sakharecha vapar karnyache samarthan kele gele hote. 1777 madhye, french rasayanshastradnya piyare macker yanni shodh lavala qee sakhar ghalanyacha vastavik rasayanik fayda mhanje godpanat konatyahi vadhiaivaji qamee pikalelya drakshanchi uchch aamlata santulit karnyasathi alcoholmadhye vaadh karane. 1801 madhye, nepoliyanchya sevet asatana, jeane-antoin-claude chaptalne daroo majboot karnyache aanee jatan karnyache sadhan mhanoon tantrache samarthan karnyas suruvat kelee. 1840 chya dashakat, german madya udyogala tivra havamanacha motha fatka basala hota, jyamule yaa thund pradeshat pikalelya drakshanchi kapani karnyasathi barich adchan nirman jhaali. ludwig gall navachya rasayanshastradnyane daroo utpadakanna hanikarak havamanachya parinamanchi bharpai karnyat madat karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya padarthanmadhye sakhar ghalanyachi chaptalchi paddhat suchavali. verbeserang' (sudharana) yaa prakriyemule yaa katheen kalat mosel pradeshat wineche utpadan tikavoon thevanyas madat jhaali. visavya shatkachya suruvatila, french wine udhyogat hii prakriya vadgrast bunley aanee french wine bajarat puur puur aanee kimmati qamee qamee "krutrim wine" chya utpadanacha nishedh langudockmadhil wigneronne keela. juuna 1907 madhye, 900,000 hoon adhik nidarshakanni tyanchya upajivikechya rakshanasathi sarkarne karvai karavi yaa maganisah sampoorn langedock pradeshat prachand nidarshane kelee. narbone shaharatil dangalimule pantpradhan georges clemenso yanna french sainya shaharat pathvanyas pravrutt kele. tyanantarchya sangharshat paach nidarshakancha mrutyu jhaala. jhaala divashi, langudock sahanubhooti vyakt vyakt parpignanmadhil prant jaalala. yaa nidarshananna pratisad mhanoon, french sarkarne sakharevaril curr vadhavala aanee darumadhye samavisht karata yenyajogya sakharechya pramanavar maryada ghalanare kayade parit kele. prakriyetil badal. drakshatil sakharechi patali samayojit karnyasathi vividh tantre vaparali jaatat. kahee wine utpadak beat sakhar kinwa makyacha rus pasant karat asale taree samanya chaptalisation prakriyet, oos sakhar haah sarvat samanya prakarcha sakhar jodala jaato. anek madya pradeshanmadhye, tapkiri sakhar heey eka bekaydeshir padarth aahe aanee jyaa pradeshanmadhye sampoorn chaptalisationla parvanagi nahee, tyaa pradeshanmadhye drakshanche sandrata jodali jaau shakate. aavashyaktemadhye sakhar misalalyanantar, naisargikaritya aadhalanare enzymes sakharetil sukroj renunche glucose aanee fructosemadhye vighatan karatat, jeey nantar yistdware aambavale jaatat aanee alcohole aanee carbon dioxidemadhye rupantarit hotat. jaast pikalelya bhagat, jethe jaast pikalelya bhagat, punarnirgam (panyane patal karane) aanee aamlikaran yaa viruddha prakriyecha vapar keela jaato. yacha vapar californiachya bhagansarkhya adhikarkshetranmadhye keela jaato, jethe samanya kinvanasathi jarr atirikt sakhar asane aavashyak asel tarr ekagrata qamee karnyasathi paanee misalale jaau shakate. aamlikaranamadhye, pikalelya drakshanmadhye naisargikaritya naisargikaritya sakharechya uchch patalichi aanee qamee pramanat asalelya aamlachi bharpai karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya tartaric aamlamadhye misalale jaate. shampenchya utpadanat, aambavalyanantar aanee corkingpoorvi mojalelya pramanat sakhar, wine aanee kadhikadhi brandychi matra dilee jaate, jyala doses mhanatat. dusarikade, chaptalisationmadhe kinwan karnyapurvi sakhar ghalane samavisht aahe. shampen utpadak kadhikadhi tyanchya winemakingmadhye chaptalisation vapar karatat jevha wine ajunahi aavashyak swarupat asate. kahee madya patrakarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee, adhyayalekhanamule drakshanchya velanna purnapane pikalelya drakshanchya uchch utpannache jaast utpadan houu deuun, madyanirmatyanna pramanasathi gunavattecha tyag karanyachi mubha milate. tasech, wine nirmate tantrik pragaticha vapar karat aahet, jase qee unformainted drakshanchya rasatoon paanee kadhanyasathi reverse ausmosis, jyamule tyache sakhareche praman vadhate, parantu utpadit wineche praman qamee hote. sadhyachi kayadeshirata. anek deshanmadhye adhyayache niyantran baryapaiki kadak aahe aanee samanyatah keval adhik uttarekadil bhagatach parvanagi aahe jithe drakshe pureshi pikat naheet. european unionmadhye, chaptalisationla parvanagi asalele praman madya vadhavanyachya kshetravar avalambun asate. hawaman paristhiti apavadatmakapane pratikool asatana aanakhi 0.5% aii. bii. vhee. jodanyachi tartud varshanmadhye dilee jaau shakate. rashtriy madya niyam winechya vishisht vargansathi chaptalisationvar aanakhi nirbandh ghaloo shakatat kinwa bandee ghaloo shakatat. germanysarkhya kahee bhagat, madyavishayak niyam asey tharavatat qee madya utpadakanni madya "naisargik" aahe qee nahee heey label karane aavashyak aahe, mhanje.eae. sakhareshivay. francesarkhya itar bhaganmadhye asha labelchya aavashyakta naheet. united statesmadhye, qamee sakhareche praman asalelya rasatoon naisargik drakshanchya drakshanchi nirmiti kartana federal kayada adhyaybaddh honyas parvanagi deto. yamule oregonsarkhya thund rajyanmadhye kinwa floridasarkhya rajyanmadhye jethe mool drakshamadhye (muscadine) naisargikaritya sakhar qamee asate, tethe chaptalization shakya hote. tathapi, vaiyaktik rajye ajunahi tyanche swatache niyam tayar karoo shakatat; udaharanarth, california, chaptalisationvar bandee ghalate, jaree california winemakers drakshanche sandrata jodu shakatat. desh aanee pradesh. "jyaa deshanmadhye aanee pradeshanmadhye adhyaybaddh honyas parvanagi aahe" "jyaa deshanmadhye aanee pradeshanmadhye adhyaybaddh honyas parvanagi nahee"

adhyajikarana chaptalisation heuchhi kinabina parey madyapana parimana brudhi kariba paain anah-kinabina angurare chini mishaiba prakriya . ehi kaushalara namakarana ehara bikashakaree, farasi rasayan bigyani zin-antoine-clod chaptalnka naamare karajaichi. ehi prakriya wainaku mitha kariba uddeshyare nuhen, barang madare kinibaku khiaaku adhika chini jogaiba paain uddista . chaptalisation francer wine shilpare bibada ebong asantosh srusti karichhi kaaran ehi prakrijati kharap-jalabaju anchalare utpadakamananku pradan karuthiba laabh bolly bibechana karajae . 1907 masihare bikhyobhakareenka dwara hinsatmaka bikhyobhara pratikrija swaroopa, frances sarkar madare joga karajauthiba chinira parimanaku nijantrana kariba arambha karithile. adhyajikaranaku belebele samruddhi bhabare ullekha karajae, udaharana swaroopa europeah union wine nijamare europeah sangha madhyare abhyasara baidhata nirdista kare . desh, anchala ebong epariki mudd prakara anujai adhyajakaranara baidhata bhinna bhinna hoithae. sadharanatah, comm chini thiba angura utpadana karuthiba anchala, jepariki frances, germany ebong juktarastra americara uttara anchalagudikare ehaa baidha. tebe argentine, astrelia, california, italy, partugal, spain ebong dakhina africare chaptalisation nishedha. germany pradikatswen tiari abhyasaku nishedha karichhi. itihas. aangurare chini mishaiba kaushala wine tiari prakrijara anshabisesha hoithiba, jehetu romanamane mahuku mitha karaka bhabe mishaithanti. rasajanika upadanagudiku naah bujhiba satwe, roman wine prastutakareemane atirikta sharira baa mukh anubhutira laabh chinhat karibare sakhyama hoithile. ehi prakrijati dirgha deane dhari french wine sahita jadita thibabele, farasi sahityare aabasyaka chini joga karibara pratham record ullekha thila "ell 'encyclopedy" rahr 1765 sanskarana, jaahaa purbaru swekruta abhyasa upare wainaku mitha kariba paain chini byabahara karibaku samarthan karithila. 1777 masihare, farasi rasayan bigyani piara makwara abishkara karithile je chini joga karibara prakruta rasajanika laabh heuchhi madhuratare kaunasi anubhuta brudhi paribarte underrip angurara uccha acdtku santulita kariba paain madare brudhi . 1801 masihare, nepolijanka sebare thibabele, zin-antoine-clod chaptal madaku majboot ebong sanrakhyana karibara eka madhyama bhabare ehi kaushalaku samarthan kariba arambha karithile. 1840 dashakare, german mudd shilpa kharap paaga dwara gurutara bhabare prabhabita hoithila jaahaa ehi thanda anchalare paripakwa angura amala paain yathesta asubidha srusti karithila . ludwig gall namaka jane rasayan bigyani mudd prastutakareenku khyatikaraka panipaga prabhabaku purana karibare sahajya kariba paain aabasyaka chini joga karibara chaptal paddhati paramarsha deithile. verbesserung" (unnati) rahr ehi prakriya ehi kathina samajare mosel anchalare wine utpadana bajaiah rakhibare sahajya karithila . binsha shatabdir prarambhare, ehi prakrijati french wine shilpare bibadiah hoigala ebong languedok ray bhiganaronmane "krutrima wine" utpadanaku birodha karithile jaahaa french wine bajaarare banya aanithila ebong mulya hrass karithila . 1907 masiha juna maasare, languedok anchalare byapaka bikhyobha pradarshan hoithila, jeunthire jeunthire adhika bikhyobhakaree semananka jeebika rakhya paain sarkar padakhyepa neba paain daabi karithile. narbone saharare danga pradhanamantri georges clemensaunku saharaku farasi sena pathaibaku prabartaithila . parabarti sangharshara phalaswaroopa pancha john bikhyobhakareenka mrutyu ghatithila. pardin, languedok sahanubhutishilamane parpigananre prefectureku jaali deithile. ehi pratibadara pratikrijare, frances sarkar chini upare ticks brudhi karithile ebong madare joga karajauthiba chinira parimanaku seemita karuthiba ine parita karithile. prakrijare paribartana. angurare thiba chinira staraku samajojana kariba paain bibhinna kaushala byabahara karajae. sadharana chaptalisation prakrijare, aakhu chini heuchhi sabutharu sadharana prakarara chini yoda jaithae jadio kichhi wine prastutakaree bitt chini kimba makaa sirap pasanda karanti . aneka mudd anchalare, braun chini eka beaina jogatmaka, ebong jeun anchalare chaptalisation sampurna bhabare anumathi die naahin, sethare angura sandrata joga karajaipare . aabasyaka parimanara chini joga kariba parey, prakrutika bhabare miluthiba enajaimagudika chinire thiba sukroj anugudiku glucose ebong fructose ray bhangidianti, jaahaa parey yista dwara kinajae ebong alcohol ebong carbon dioxide ray rupantarita hue . ushma anchalare, jeunthare atyadhika paripakwata eka chintara bishai, punahjaleekarana (paani sahita patala) ebong aamlikaranara bipareet prakriya byabahruta hue . ehaa californier anchala pari adhikara khetrare byabahruta hue, jeunthare jadi sadharana kinabasana paain atirikta chini rahiba aabasyaka, tebe sandrata hrass karibaku paani jodajaipare . acidification samajare, apariharjya tartaric acid mishajae, jaahaa uccha starar chini ebong comm starar acid prakrutika bhabare paripakwa angurare milithae . shampen utpadanare, kinabika parey ebong carc kariba purbaru mapa karajaithiba parimanara chini, wine ebong belebele brandy eka prakrijare mishajae jaahaaku matra kuhajae . anyapakhyare, chaptalisation, kinakarana purbaru chini joga kariba antarbhukta . shampen utpadanakareemane belebele semananka wine prastutire chaptalisation byabahara karanti jetebele wine tathapi aabasyaka aakarare thaae . keteka mudd sambadika jukti karanti je adhyajakarana mudd prastutakareemananku sampurna paripakwa hoinathiba drakhyalatara uccha utpadanaku adhika utpadana karibaku dei parimana sapakhyare gunabatta tyaga karibaku anumathi die . ahuri madhya, wine prastutakareemane baishajika pragatira upajoga karuchanti, jepariki reverse asmosis anah-kinakruta angura rasaru paani bahara kariba paain, jaahaa phalare ehara chini sandrata brudhi paae, kintu utpadita winera parimana hrass paae . barttamanara baidhata. aneka deshare chaptalisation nijantrana yathesta kathore, ebong sadharanatah kebala adhika uttara anchalare anumathi diajaichhi jeunthare angura yathesta pakei naah paare . europeah sanghare, anumodita chaptalisation parimana wine utpadana khetra upare nirbhara kare . jalabaju paristhiti atyanta pratikula thiba barshagudikare ahuri 0.5% ebibhi joga kariba paain byabastha diajaipare. jatiah mudd nijamabali keteka nirdista berger mudd paain chaptalisationku ahuri seemita kimba nishedha karipare . germany bhali keteka khetrare, mudd nijamabali nirdesh die je mudd prastutakareemane mudd "prakrutika" kii nuhen taaha lebel kariba aabasyaka, arthat.ee. chini bina. frances bhali anya anchalare ebhali lebel abashyakata naahin. juktarastrare, sangheeah ine comm chini thiba rasaru prakrutika angura wine utpadana kariba samajare chaptalisation anumathi die . ehaa oregon bhali thanda rajyare kimba florida bhali rajyare chaptalisation paain anumathi deithae, jeunthare deshi angura (muscadine) ray prakrutika bhabe chini comm thaae. tathapi, pruthaka rajyagudika tathapi semanankara nijaswa niam srusti kariparanti; udaharana swaroopa, california chaptalisation nishedha kare, jadio california wine prastutakareemane angura sandrata joga kariparanti . desh ebong anchala. "jeun desh ebong anchalagudikare adhyajikaranaku anumathi diajaichhi" "jeun desh ebong anchalagudikare adhyajikaranaku anumathi naahin" ""

chaptalisation chaptalisation khameer toon baad alcohol dee matra noon vadhaun laee binan khameer vaale angur witch khand joden dee prakiriaa haii. iss takneek daa naam iss dey developer, franch chemist jeane-antoin-cloud chaptal dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. iss prakiriaa daa udesh wine noon mittha banauna naheen haii, balki khameer noon alcohol witch khameer banaun laee vadhere khand pardan karna haii. adhiaaikaran neey franch wine udyog witch vivaad atey asantushtata paida keeti haii kiunki iss prakiriaa noon kharaab-jalvayu khetran witch utpadakan noon denh laee manniaa jaanda haii. sann 1907 witch pradarshankariaan duaara hinsk pardarshanan dey jawab witch, france dee sarkaar neey khand dee matra noon niyamat karna shuru qarr ditta joe wine witch shamal keeti jaa sakadi haii. adhiaaikaran noon kaee vaar sansadhan vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, udaharan vajon european union dey wine niyaman witch european union dey ander abhiaas dee kanunnita noon nirdharat keeta jaanda haii. adhiaaikaran dee kanunnita desh, khetar atey ithon takk kii wine dee kisam anusar vakkhari hundi haii. aam taur utte, ih uhanan khetran witch kanunni haii joe ghatt khand vaali angur daa utpadan karde hunn, jiven kii france, germany atey sanyukat raaj dey uttri khetar. halanki, argintine, australia, california, itali, puratgaal, spain atey dakkhni africa witch chaptalisation dee manahi haii. germany neey pradikatsween banaun dey abhiaas noon manha keeta haii. itihaas. angur witch khand joden dee takneek wine banaun dee prakiriaa daa hissa rahee haii kiunki romanan neey mitthe curran vaale agent vajon honey jodiaa see. rasayanak hissiaan daa ahsas naa karde hoye, roman wine nirmata sareer dee vadhu bhavna jaan moonh dee bhavna dey laabhan dee pachanh curran dey yog sunn. jadon kii ih prakiriaa lambe samein toon franch wine naal judee hoee haii, franch saahit witch khand noon lazmi taur 'teey joden daa pahila ricard keeta giaa zikar 1765 daa "ail' enciclopedy" daa sanskaran see, jiss neey leed acetate dee varton dey pahilan savikar keete abhiaas dee bajaae wine noon mittha curran laee khand dee varton dee vakalat keeti see. 1777 witch, franch chemist piar macker neey khoj keeti kii khand noon lazmi taur 'teey joden daa asal rasayanak laabh mithapan witch kise vee vaadhe dee bajaae ghatt pakke anguran dee ucch acidity noon santulit curran laee alcohol witch vaadha see. 1801 witch, jadon kii napolean deeaan sevavan witch, jeane-antoin-cloud chaptal neey wine noon mazboot curran atey surakhiat rakkhan dey saadhan vajon takneek dee vakalat curney shuru qarr ditti. 1840 dey dahake witch, german wine udyog gambhir mausam naal buri tarahan prabhavit hoiaa see jiss neey iss thande khetar witch pakke angur dee vaadhi laee kaafi mushkal paida keeti see. ludwig gaal naam dey ikk chemist neey chauptal dey khand noon lazmi taur 'teey shamal curran dey dhang daa sujhaa ditta taan joe wine nirmatavan noon nuksandeh mausam dey prabhavan dee bharpai curran witch madad mill sake. verbesserang" (sudhar) dee iss prakiriaa neey iss mushkal samein dauran mosel khetar witch wine dey utpadan noon kaaim rakkhan witch sahaita keeti. veehvin sadee dey ant witch, ih prakiriaa franch wine udyog witch vivadpuran hoow gaee atey langudok witch vigneron neey "nakli wine" dey utpadan daa virodh keeta jiss neey franch wine markeet witch hadah liaa ditta atey keematan noon ghataa ditta. juun 1907 witch, 900,000 toon vaddh pradarshankariaan neey sarkaar toon unhan dee rozzy-rotty dee rakkhiaa laee karvai curran dee mung kardiaan poore langudok khetar witch vadde pardarshan keete. narbone shehar witch hoye dangiaan neey pardhan mantri georges clemenso noon shehar witch francisi fauj bhejan laee prerit keeta. iss toon baad hoee jhadap witch panj pradarshankariaan dee maut hoow gaee. agle dinn, languadoc hamdard lokan neey parpignan witch prefecture noon saad ditta. virodh pardarshanan dey jawab witch, france dee sarkaar neey khand utte taiks vadha ditta atey khand dee matra noon seemat curran vaale kanoon paas keete joe wine witch shamal keete jaa sakde hunn. prakiriaa deeaan bhinntavan. angur witch khand dey paddhar noon anukool curran laee vakkh-vakkh taknikan dee varton keeti jaandi haii. aam chaptalisation prakiriaa witch, ganne dee khand sabh toon aam kisam dee khand haii joe kii shamal keeti jaandi haii halanki kujh wine nirmata beat khand jaan makki dee sharbat noon tarjih dinde hunn. bahut saare wine khetran witch, baraoon shugar ikk gair kanunni editive haii, atey uhanan khetran witch joe puurii tarahan chaptalisation dee aagiaa naheen dinde, angur daa sanghanekaran jodiaa jaa sakda haii. khand noon lazmi taur 'teey joden toon baad, kudrati taur' teey paae jaanh vaale paachak khand witch sukroz anuaan noon glucose atey frutose witch todd dinde hunn, joe firr khameer duaara khameer keete jaande hunn atey alcohol atey carbon dioxide witch badal jaande hunn. garam khetran witch, jitthe ziaada pakkna ikk chinta daa visha haii, rehydration (paanee naal petli) atey asidikaran dee ulat prakiriaa dee varton keeti jaandi haii. ih california dey khetran varge adhikar khetran witch vartiaa jaanda haii, jitthe jey aam fermentation laee vadhu khand honee chahidi haii, taan ikagarta noon ghatt curran laee paanee jodiaa jaa sakda haii. asidikaran witch, pakke angur witch kudrati taur utte paae jaanh vaale khand dey ucch paddhar atey ghatt paddhar dey tezab dee bharpai laee tartrick acid noon lazmi taur utte jodiaa jaanda haii. shampen dey utpadan witch, khand, wine atey kaee vaar brandy dee maapi hoee matra noon fermentation toon baad atey carking toon pahilan ikk prakiriaa witch jodiaa jaanda haii jiss noon khurak vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. dooje paase, chaptalisation witch fermentation toon pahilan khand shamal karna shamal haii. shampen utpadak kaee vaar aapni wine banaun witch chaptalisation dee varton karde hunn jadon wine ajey vee lazmi roop witch hundi haii. kujh wine pattarkaran daa kahina haii kii chaptalisation wine nirmatavan noon anguran dee ucch paidavar noon ziaada paida curran dey keey matra dey huck witch gunwatta dee bully denh dee aagiaa dindi haii joe puurii tarahan pakke naheen hoye hunn. iss toon ilava, wine nirmata takniki tarakki dee varton qarr rahey hunn, jiven kii binan khameer vaale angur dey rus toon paanee noon hataun laee riverse osmosis, jiss naal iss dee khand dee matra witch vaadha hunda haii, parr paida hoee wine dee matra ghatt hundi haii. maujuda kanunnita. bahut saare deshan witch chaptalisation daa niyantaran kaafi sakhat haii, atey aam taur utte siraf vadhere uttri khetran witch aagiaa ditti jaandi haii jitthe angur kaafi pakkan naheen sakde. european union witch, chaptalisation dee aagiaa dee matra wine ugaun vaale khetar utte nirbhar kardi haii. horr 0.5% abv noon joden dee vivastha uhanan saalan witch ditti jaa sakadi haii jadon jalvayu deeaan sathitiaan asadharan taur 'teey pratikul rahiaan hunn. rashtari wine niyam wine deeaan kujh shreniaan laee chaptalisation noon horr seemat jaan pabandi lagaa sakde hunn. kujh khetran witch, jiven kii germany witch, wine dey niyam ih nirdharat karde hunn kii wine nirmatavan noon label lagauna chahida haii kii wine "kudrati" haii jaan naheen, bhaav.ee. binan khand dey. horr khetran, jiven kii france witch, label deeaan ajihiaan zaruratan naheen hunn. sanyukat raaj witch, sanghi kanoon ghatt khand vaali samaggari vaale rus toon kudrati angur wine daa utpadan karde samein chaptalisation dee aagiaa dinda haii. ih oregan varge thande raajan witch jaan florida varge raajan witch chaptalisation dee aagiaa dinda haii jitthe mool angur (maskadeen) witch khand kudrati taur 'teey ghatt hundi haii. halanki, viaktigat raaj ajey vee aapne niyam bnaa sakde hunn; udaharan vajon, california, chaptalisation noon rokada haii, halanki california wine nirmata angur daa dhiaan kendrit qarr sakde hunn. desh atey khetar. "uh desh atey khetar jitthe adhiaaikaran dee aagiaa haii" "uh desh atey khetar jitthe adhiaaikaran dee aagiaa naheen haii"

adhyetrutvam chaptalisation iti kinvanasya anantaram madyasya matra vardhayitum avashyam kinvana-rahita-draaksheshu shakkarm yojayitum prakriya asti. asya tantrasya naam tasya vikaasakartuh, french-rasaayanashaastrajnasya jeane-antoine-claude chaptal ityasya namna asti. eshaa prakriya madyasya madhuratam nirmaatum naa, apitu yeast ityasya madyarupena kinvanam kartum adhika-sharkaraa pradayate. chaptalisation ityanena france-deshasya vain-udyame vivaadah asantoshah cha utpannah, yatah asya prakriyayaha labha durr-vaayugunakshetreshu utpaadakebhyah bhavati iti manyate. 1907 tame varshe pradarshanakaarinaam himsaatmakapradarshaneshu pratikriyaaroopen, france-sarwakaarah madyena saha yojayitum shakyate saankkarasy parimanam niyantum aarabdhavaan. adhyayikaranam kadaachit samruddheekaranam iti nirdishyate, udaharanartham yooropeeyasanghasy madyaniyameshu yooropeeyasanghasy antah abhyasasya vaidhataam nirdishtam bhavati. adhyaayeh vaidhataayaah deshanusaram, pradeshanusaram, madyaprakaarena cha bhinnatayam bhavati. samanyataya, france, germany, samyuktarajyamerika ityaadishu uttarpradesheshu, nyoon-sharkaraa-yuktaanaam anguraanaam utpadananam kshetreshu etat vidhisammatam asti. parantu argentina, australia, california, italee, portugal, spen, dakshina-africa cha ityeteshu pradesheshu adhyetrutvam nishiddham asti. germany-deshe pradikatswain ityasya nirmanasya abhyaasah nishedhitah asti. itihaasah. roman-janaah madhurakaarakaroopen madhum yojayan, ataha draksharase shakkarm yojayitum tantram vain-nirmanaprakriyayaha bhaagah aasit. rasayanika-ghatakam sakshatkaram naa kurvan, roman-vain-nirmataraha sharirasya atirikta-bhaavasya vaa mukha-bhaavasya vaa labhan dnyaatum samarthah abhavat. yadyapi eshaa prakriya dirghakaalaat french-vain-ityanena saha sambaddham asti, tathaapi french-saahitye avashyam sharkarayaha samyojanasya prathamam abhilekhitam ullekhah "ell 'enciclopedy" ityasya 1765 samskaranam aasit, yasmin sisa-acetate-ityasya upayogasya poorvam svikrutapratha apekshayaa madyasya madhuryartham sharkarayaha upayogasya samarthanam aasit. 1777 tame varshe, french-rasaayanashaastradnyah piyare mccurr ityeshah dnyaatavaan yat must ityasmin shakkarasy samyojanasya vaastavikah rasayanikaha labha madhuratayam kasyaapi anubhootavruddheh apekshayaa alpapakva-draakshah uccha-amlatvam santulayitum madyasya vruddhihi aasit iti. 1801 tame varshe napolean ityasya sevaayaam jeane-antoine-claude chaptal ityayam madyasya sudrudeekaranasya samrakshanasya cha saadhanaroopen tantram pratipaaditum aarabdhavaan. 1840 tame dashake german-deshasya madya-udyogah teevra-vaayugunaat teevratayaa prabhaawitah aasit, yena asmin sheetalakshetre pakwaan-draakshah chaalayitum mahatee samasyaa abhavat. ludwig gaal naamakah rasaayanashaastradnyah, vishaakta-vaayugunasya prabhaavasya pariharartham madyanirmaatrubhyah sahaayyam kartum, avashyam sharkarayaha samyojanasya chaptal ityasya paddhatim anushamsayat. varbeserang" (sudhaarah) ityasya eshaa prakriya asmin katinakaale mosel-pradeshe madyasya utpaadanam sthaatum sahayyam krutavatee. vimshatishataabdyaah aarambhe, french-madya-udyame eshaa prakriya vivadaspada abhavat, lyangudok-nagare wignerones ityanena saha "krutrima-vain" ityasya utpadanasya virodhah krutah, yena french-vain-vipanyaam jalaplaavanam jaatam, moolyaani cha nyunikrutani. 1907 joon-maase sampoorne languedok-pradeshe 900,000 taha adhikaah pradarshanakaareeh sarvakaarena teshaam jeevikaayaah rakshanarthm kaaryam aacharitum aagrahayan vishaalaani pradarshanani praarabdhavantah. narbon-nagare himsaayaah karanat pradhaanamantri georges clemenso ityayam french-sainyam nagaram prati preshayitum preritah. tadanantaram jatasya sangharshasya parinaamen pancha pradarshanakaari mrutaah. agrime dine, bhaashaawiwaran-sahaanubhooti-sadhakaha parpignan-pradeshe praantam prajwaalayan. virodhaanaam pratikriyaaroopen, french-sarwakaarah shakkarayaha upari karam vardhitavaan, tathaa cha madye yojayitum shakyate saankari ityasya parimanam seemitam vidhim cha paritavan. prakriyayaha bhinnataasu. angurasya aavashyakataayaam shakkarasy staram samaayojayitum vividhaah kaushalaah upayujyante. samanya-adhyaay-prakriyayam, ikshu-shakkarah sarvaadhikam samanyam prakaaram asti, yadyapi kechan vain-utpaadakaah beat-shakkarm vaa carn-sirap vaa icchanti. anekeshu madyakshetreshu, godhoom-shakkarah avaidhah yojakah asti, tathaa cha ye kshetreshu cha chaptalisation-sampurnataya naa anumanyate, teshu draksha-sandrata yojayitum shakyate. yadaa aavashyakam sharkarayaha samyojanam bhavati, tadaa swaabhaawikaroopen vidyamaanaani enzaim-jeevakaah sharkarayaha sukroj-anuhu glucos-fructose-madhye cha vighatayanti, ye tatah yeast-dwara kinvanam krutvaa alcohol-carbon-dai-oxad-madhye cha parivartyante. ushnatameshu pradesheshu, yatra atipakwatwam chintaneeyam asti, tatra punahjaleekaranasy (jalena saha draveekaranam) aamleekaranasy cha vipareetaprakriyaa prayujyate. etat california-pradeshasya kshetreshu yathaa adhikaarakshetreshu upayujyate, yatra samanya-kinvanaartham yadi atirikta-sharkaraa avashyam bhavet tarhi sandratam nyooneekartum jalam yojayitum shakyate. aamleekaranasy samaye, pakweshu draaksheshu praakrutikaroopen prapyamananam uccha-starasya sharkaraa-ksharasya cha kshatipoortim kartum aawashyak-tartaric-amlam yojyate. shyaampen-utpaadane, kinvanaanantaram, kaarking-ityasya poorvam cha matra-yuktaani sharkaraa-dravyaani, madya-dravyam, kadaachit brandy-dravyam cha, matra iti namna prasiddha prakriyayam yojyante. aparam, adhyayankane kinvanaat poorvam shakkarm yojayitum antarbhavati. shyaampen-utpaadakaah kadaachit swavain-nirmaane chaptalisation ityetam upayunjanti yadaa vain-ityasya roopam adyaapi aavashyakam bhavati. kechan madya-patrakaraha tarkayanti yat adhyayankanam, draakshaaras-nirmaatrubhyah, purnataya pakwam naa krutaanaam draksha-vrukshaanaam uccha-utpaadanam adhikatayaa utpaadayitum anumatim dattvaa, parimanasya krute gunavattaayaah tyaagam kartum anumanyate iti. api cha, vain-nirmataraha unformanted-grape-rus-taha jalam nishkaasayitum riverse-osmosis ityadinam praudyogikeeya-pragatim upayujyante, yena tasya sharkaraa-sandrata vardhate, parantu utpaaditasya vain-ityasya parimanam nyooneebhavati. vartamaanam vaidhaanikam. anekeshu desheshu adhyaayen niyantranam bahu kathoram asti, samanyataya kevalam uttaradishishu kshetreshu eva anumoditam asti yatra draakshah paryaptataya pakwam naa bhavet. yooropeeyasanghe, anumatasya adhyaayeh parimanam madya-utpaadana-kshetre avalambate. yadaa vaayugunah asadharanataya pratikoolah aasit tadaa varsheshu 0.5 pratishatam e. bee. vee. yojayitum vitaranam deeyate. rashtriya-madya-viniyamah katipayavargaanaam madyasya adhyaayen parimitim vaa nishedham vaa kartum shaknuvanti. germany-deshe ityaadayah keshuchit kshetreshu vain-niyamaah nirdishanti yat vain-nirmataraha vain-"praakrutikam" asti vaa naa iti mudranam avashyam kartum arhanti, arthaat.ee. vinaa shakkar. france-deshah ityadinam anyeshu kshetreshu etaadrushaah mudraamkasya aavashyakataah naa santi. samyuktarajyamerikadesha, sangheeyavidhih, nyoon-sharkaraa-yuktasya rasaat praakrutika-draksha-madyasya utpaadanam kurvan, adhyetrutvasya anumatim dadati. anena oregon ityaadishu sheetal-raajyeshu, athavaa florida ityaadishu raajyeshu, yatra deshiye draakshe (maskadain) madhye svaabhaavikatayaa nyoonam sharkaraa bhavati, chaptalisation-anumatim bhavati. tathaapi, pratyekam rajyani api swakiyaan niyamaan nirmaatum shaknuvanti; udaharanartham, california-raajyam chaptalisation-nishedhayati, yadyapi california-vain-nirmataraha draksha-saandram yojayitum shaknuvanti. deshaah, pradeshah cha. "deshaah kshetraani cha yatra adhyaayen anumatihi asti" "deshaah kshetraani cha yatra adhyaayen anumatihi naasti"

aththiyayam soptalisation enbathu pulikkavaiththa piragu alkahal ulladakkaththai athikarippatharkaaga pulikkaatha thiraatchaiyil sarkkaraiyaich saerkkum seyalmuraiyaagum. inththa nutpam adhan uruvaakkunaraana pirenchu vaethiyiyalaalar jeane-antoin-cload saptalin peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu. inththa seyalmurai madhuvai inippaakkum noakkil alla, maaraaga eest alkahal aaga pulikka adhiga sarkkaraiyai vazhangkuvatharkaaga. soptalisation pirenchu oyin thuraiyil sarchchaiyaiyum athirupthiyaiyum uruvaakkiyullathu, aenenil inththa seyalmurai moasamaana kaalanilai pakuthikalil urpaththiyaalargalukku vazhangkuvathaagak karudhappadugiradhu. 1907ill aarppaattakkaararkalin vanmurai aarppaattangkalukku pathilalikkum vithamaaga, pirenchu arasaangkam madhuvil serkkakkoodiya sarkkaraiyin alavai ozhungkupaduththath thodangiyathu. soptalisation sila nerangalil serivoottal endru kurippidappadugiradhu, eduththukkaattaaga iroappiya ontriyaththirkul nadaimuraiyin sattapoorvatthanmaiyaik kurippidum iroappiya ontriya oyin vithimuraigalil. aththiyayam ezhuthuvatharkaana sattapoorvamaana thanmai naadu, piraanthiyam mattrum madhu vagaiyaip porutthu maarupadum. podhuvaaga, kuraindha sarkkarai ulladakkam konda thiraatchaikalai urpaththi seiyum piraanthiyangkalaana brance, jermani mattrum americavin vadakkup pakuthikal poantra pakuthikalil idhu sattappoorvamaanathu. iruppinum, argentina, australia, california, itali, porchugal, speyin mattrum thennaapirikkaavil aththiyayam thadaiseiyappattullathu. jermani prodicatswein thayaarikkum nadaimuraiyai thadai seikirathu. varalaaru. thiraatchaiyil sarkkaraiyaich saerkkum nutpam roamargal thaenai inippu mugavaraagach serppathaal oyin thayaarikkum seyalmuraiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunthirukka vaendum. irasaayana koorugalai unaraathapoathu, roaman oyin thayaarippaalarkal koodudhal udal unarvu allathu vaai unarvin nanmaigalai adaiyaalam kaana mudinthathu. inththa seyalmurai neenda kaalamaaga pirenchu oyin udan thodarpudaiyathaaga irunththapoathilum, pirenchu ilakkiyaththil kattaayamaaga sarkkaraiyaich serppathu kuritthu muthanmuthalil pathivu seiyappatta kurippu 1765 aam aandu pathippaana "ell 'enciclopedy" aagum, idhu munbu aetrtrukkollappatta nadaimuraiyai vida madhuvai inippaaga maattra sarkkaraiyaip payanpaduththuvathai aathariththathu eeya acetate payanpaduththuthal. 1777 aam aandil, pirenchu vaethiyiyalaalar piyarae macker, inippil endhavoru athikarippaiyum vida kuraivaana pazhuththa thiraatchaiyin adhiga amilaththanmaiyai samanilaippaduththa alkahal athikarippathae sarkkaraiyai serppathan unmaiyana irasaayana nanmai endru kandupiditthaar. 1801 aam aandil, neppoliyanin sevaigalil irunththapoathu, jeane-antoin-cload saptal madhuvai valuppaduththuvatharkum paathukaappatharkum oru vazhimuraiyaaga inththa nutpaththai aatharikkath thodangkinaar. 1840kazhil, jerman oyin thozhil kadumaiyaana vaanilai kaaranamaaga kadumaiyaaga paathikkappattathu, idhu inththa kulirntha piraanthiyaththil pazhuththa thiraatchai aruvadaikku kanisamaana siramaththai uruvaakkiyathu. ludwick kaall endra vaethiyiyalaalar, theengku vilaivikkum vaanilai vilaivugalai oyin thayaarippaalarkal eeduseiya udhavum vagaiyil sarkkaraiyai saerkkum saptalin muraiyai parinthuraiththaar. inththa kadinamaana kaalakattathil mosal piraanthiyaththil oyin urpathtiyaith thakkavaikka "verbesserung" (maempaadu) seyalmurai uthaviyathu. irupathaam noottraandin thodakkaththil, pirenchu oyin santhaiyil vellam pukunthu vilaigalaik kuraittha "seyarkai oyingalin" urpaththiyai ethirththu langudokkil ulla wignerangaludan inththa seyalmurai pirenchu oyin thuraiyil sarchchaikkuriyathaaga maariyathu. juun 1907 ill, 900,000 kkum maerpatta aarppaattakkaararkal thangal vaalvaathaaraththaip paathukaakka arasaangkam nadavadikkai edukka vaendum endru koorii languitok piraanthiyam muzhuvathum perum aarppaattangkal vediththana. norbone nagaril nadantha kalavarangal pirenchu iraanuvaththai nagaraththirku anuppa pirathamar georges clemensovith thoondina. adhaith thodarnthu aerpatta moathalil ainthu poaraattakkaararkal kollappattanar. aduththa naall, languyatok anuthaapikal perbignonil ulla maagaanaththai eriththanar. poaraattangkalukku pathilalikkum vithamaaga, pirenchu arasaangkam sarkkarai meethaana variyai athikariththathu mattrum madhuvil serkkakkoodiya sarkkaraiyin alavaik kattuppadutthum sattangalai niraivaettriyathu. seyalmurai maarupaadugal. thiraatchaiyil ulla sarkkaraiyin alavai sariseiya palvaeru nutpangkal payanpaduththappadugindrana. sila oyin thayaarippaalarkal beatruit sarkkarai allathu soalam sirappai virumbukiraargal entraalum, saathaarana soptalisation seyalpaattil, karumbu sarkkarai migavum podhuvaana sarkkarai vagaiyaagum. pala oyin pakuthikalil, paluppu sarkkarai oru sattaviroatha saerkkai, maelum soptalisationai muttrilumaaka anumathikkaatha pakuthikalil, thiraatchai serivu serkkappadalaam. sarkkarai serkkappatta piragu, iyarkaiyaagavae nigazhum nodhigal sarkkaraiyil ulla sugros moolakkoorugalai clucose mattrum brectose aaga udaikkindrana, avai pinnar eestaal pulikavaikkappattu alkahal mattrum corbon dye aaksaidaaka maattrappadugindrana. adhiga pazhuththal oru kavalaiyaaga irukkum veppamaana pakuthikalil, maruseeramaippu (thanneerudan neerththal) mattrum amilamayamakkal aagiyavattrin ethir seyalmurai payanpaduththappadukirathu. idhu california poantra pakuthikalil payanpaduththappadukirathu, angku saathaarana nothiththal athigappadiyaana sarkkarai vaendum endraal, serivu kuraikka thanneer serkkappadalaam. amilamayamakkalil, pazhuththa thiraatchaiyil iyarkaiyaagavae kaanappadum adhiga alavu sarkkarai mattrum kuraindha alavu amilatthai eeduseiya dardaric amilam saerkkappadukirathu. shambain urpaththiyil, alavidappatta alavu sarkkarai, oyin mattrum sila nerangalil brandy nothiththal mattrum corking muun toas enappadum oru seyalpaattil saerkkappadugindrana. marupuram, aththiyayam, nothiththal muun sarkkarai serppathu adangkum. shambain urpaththiyaalargal sila nerangalil thangal oyin thayaarippil aththiyayam payanpaduththukiraarkal, madhu innum kattaaya vadivaththil irukkumpoathu. sila oyin paththirigaiyaalarkal, muzhumaiyaaga pazhukkaatha thiraatchaiyin adhiga vilaichalai athigappadiyaana thiraatchai urpaththi seiya anumathippathan moolam oyin thayaarippaalarkal alavukku aatharavaaka tharatthai thiyaagam seiya anumathikkirathu endru vaathidugindranar. maelum, oyin thayaarippaalarkal pulikkaatha thiraatchai saarilirunthu thanneerai agattra reverse osmosis poantra thozhilnutpa munnaettrangkalaip payanpaduththi varukintranar, idhan moolam adhan sarkkarai serivu athikarikkirathu, aanaal urpaththi seiyappadum oyin alavaik kuraikkirathu. tharpoothaiya sattapoorvamaana thanmai. pala naadugalil soptalisationike kattuppaduththuvathu migavum kadumaiyaanadhu, maelum podhuvaaga thiraatchai poathumaana alavu pazhukkaatha vadakkup pakuthikalil mattumae anumathikkappadukirathu. iroappiya ontriyaththil, anumathikkappatta aththiyayam alavu madhu valarum mandalaththaip poruththathu. kaalanilai nilaimaigal vithivilakkaaga saathakamattrathaaka irukkum aandugalil maelum 0.5 sathaveetham aepivi saerkka anumathikkappadalaam. thaesiya oyin vithimuraigal sila vagai oyin paadangkalukku soptalisationai maelum kattuppadutthalaam allathu thadai seiyalaam. jermani poantra sila pakuthikalil, oyin thayaarippaalarkal oyingal "iyarkaiyaanavaiyaa" illaiyaa enbathaik kurikka vaendum endru oyin vithimuraigal kattalaiyidugindrana.ii. sarkkarai illaamal. brance poantra pira pakuthikalil aththagaiya mutthirai thaevaigal illai. americavil, kuraindha sarkkarai ulladakkam konda saarilirunthu iyarkai thiraatchai oyin urpaththi seiyum poathu koottaatchi sattam soptalisationai anumathikkirathu. idhu oorigaan poantra kulirntha maanilangkalil allathu plorida poantra maanilangkalil iyarkaiyaagavae sarkkarai kuraivaaga irukkum ulloor thiraatchai (muscadine) poantra maanilangkalil soptalisationai anumathikkirathu. iruppinum, thanipatta maanilangkal innum thangal sontha ozhungkumuraigalai uruvakkalaam; california, eduththukkaattaaga, soptalisationith thadaiseikirathu, iruppinum california oyin thayaarippaalarkal thiraatchai serivaich serkkalaam. naadugal mattrum piraanthiyangkal. "aththiyayam anumathikkappadum naadugal mattrum piraanthiyangkal" "aththiyayam anumathikkappadaatha naadugal mattrum piraanthiyangkal"

chaptalisation chaptalisation anedi puliyabettina tarvaata alkahal kantentnu penchadaaniki puliyabettani draakshaku chakkeranu jodinche prakriya. eee saanketikataku daani developer ayina french rasayana shaastravetta zeane-antoin-cloude chaptol paeru pettaru. eee prakriya vynnu tiyyagaa cheyadaaniki uddesinchinadi kaadu, conny eest alcoholga puliyabettadaaniki ekkuva chakkeranu andinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. chaptalisation anedi french wine parisramalo vivaadaanni mariyu asantruptini srushtinchindi, endukante eee prakriya paelavamaina vaataavarana praantaalalo utpattidaarulaku andistundani bhaavinche prayojanaala kaaranamgaa. 1907loe nirasanakaarula himsaatmaka pradarsanalaku pratispandanagaa, french prabhutvam vainku jodinchagala chakkera mottaanni niyantrinchadam praarambhinchindi. chaptalisation konnisaarlu susampannatagaa suuchistaaru, udaaharanaku european union wine nibandanalalo EU lopala abhyasam yokka chattabaddhatanu perkontundi. chaptalisation yokka chattabaddhata desham, praantam mariyu wine rakanni batti maarutuu untundi. saadhaaranamgaa, france, germany mariyu united states yokka uttara praantaalu vanti takkuva chakkera content unna draakshanu utpatti chese praantaalalo idhi chattabaddhamainadi. ayithe, argentine, australia, california, italii, portugal, speyin mariyu dakshinaafrikaalo chaptalisation nishedhinchabadindi. germany pradikatswain tayari paddhatini nishedhinchindi. charitra. romanlu thenenu sweetening agentga jodinchinappati nundi draakshaku chakkeranu jodinche saanketikata wine tayari prakriyaloo bhaagamgaa undalsi untundi. rasayana bhaagaalanu grahinchanappatikii, roman wine tayaareedaarulu shareera bhaavam ledhaa noti anubhooti yokka prayojanaalanu gurtinchagaligaaru. eee prakriya chaalaa kaalamgaa french vaintho mudipadi unnappatikee, french saahityamlo tappanisarigaa chakkeranu jodinchadam gurinchi mottamodati namodu cheyabadina prastaavana "ell 'enciclopedy" yokka 1765 edition, idhi gatamlo aamodinchabadina paddhati kante vynnu tiyyagaa cheyadaaniki chakkeranu upayoginchadaanni samardhinchindi. 1777loe, french rasayana shaastravetta pierry mcver, tappanisarigaa chakkeranu jodinchadam valla kalige vaastava rasayana prayojanam emitante, tiyyati perugudala kante takkuva pandina draksha yokka adhika aamlatanu samatulyam cheyadaaniki madyam perugudala anie kanugonnaru. 1801loe, nepolian sevallo unnappudu, zeane-antoin-cloude chaptal vynnu balopetam cheyadaaniki mariyu samrakshinchadaaniki oka saadhanamgaa eee saanketikatanu samarthinchadam praarambhinchaadu. 1840laloe, germany wine parisrama teevramaina vaataavaranamtho teevramgaa debbatindi, idhi eee challani praantamloo pandina draakshanu pandinchadamlo gananeeyamaina ibbandulanu srushtinchindi. ludwig gall anae rasayana shaastravetta, wine tayaareedaarulu haanikaramaina vaataavaranam yokka prabhavalanu bharti cheyadamlo sahaayapadataaniki tappanisarigaa chakkeranu jodinche chaptal paddhatini suuchimchaaru. eee clishta samayamlo mosel praantamloo wine utpattini konasaaginchadaaniki "verbesserang" (merugudala) prakriya sahaayapadindi. iravayyava sataabdam praarambhamlo, french wine parisramalo eee prakriya vivaadaaspadamaindi, french wine marketnu munchettina mariyu dharalanu tagginchina "krutrima vainla" utpattini nirasistuu languedokloni vigneraanlu nirasana telipayi. 1907 juunloo, languedoke praantam antataa bhaarii pradarsanalu jarigaayi, 900,000 mandiki paiga nirasanakaarulu tama jeevanopaadhini kaapaadataaniki prabhutvam charyalu teesukoovaalani demand chesaaru. norbone nagaramlo jarigina allarlu pradhana mantri georges clemensownu french sainyanni nagaraniki pampamani prerepinchaayi. aaa taruvaata jarigina gharshanalo aiduguru nirasanakaarulu maraninchaaru. marusati roeju, languedoke saanubhootiparulu perpignon looni prefecturenu tagalabettaaru. nirasanalaku pratispandanagaa, french prabhutvam chakkerapai pannunu penchindi mariyu vainku jodinchagala chakkera mottaanni parimitam chese chattalanu aamodinchindi. prakriya vaividhyaalu. draakshalo chakkera sthaayini sardubaatu cheyadaaniki vividha paddhatulu upayoginchabadataayi. kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulu beatroot chakkera ledhaa mokkajonna sirapnu ishtapadataaru, ayithe saadhaarana chaptalisation prakriyaloo, cheraku chakkera anedi jodinchina atyanta saadhaarana rakam chakkera. aneka wine praantaalalo, braun shugarh anedi chattaviruddhamaina sankalitam, mariyu chaptalisation puurtigaa anumatinchani praantaalalo, draksha saandratanu jodinchavachhu. chakkeranu tappanisarigaa jodinchina tarvaata, sahajamgaa sambhavinche enjaimlu chakkeraloni sukroj anuvulanu glucose mariyu fructosega vichchinnam chestaayi, taruvaata veetini eest dwara puliyabettabadi alkahal mariyu carbon dioxidega maarchabadataayi. vecchani praantaalalo, atigaa pandadam aandolana kaliginche chota, rehydration (neetitho paluchana) mariyu aamleekarana yokka vyatiraeka prakriya upayoginchabadutundi. idhi california praantaalalo upayoginchabadutundi, ikkada saadhaarana puliyabettadaaniki adanapu chakkera undaali, yekagratanu tagginchadaaniki neetini jodinchavachhu. aamleekaranalo, pandina draakshalo sahajamgaa kanipinche adhika sthaayi chakkera mariyu takkuva sthaayi aamlanni bharti cheyadaaniki tartaric aamlam tappanisarigaa jodinchabadutundi. shampine utpattilo, kolichina parimaanamlo chakkera, wine mariyu konnisaarlu braandeeni puliyabettina tarvaata mariyu carkingku mundu motaadu anie piluvabade prakriyaloo jodistaaru. marovaipu, chaptalisation anedi puliyabettadaaniki mundu chakkeranu jodinchadam. shampine utpattidaarulu konnisaarlu wine inca tappanisari roopamlo unnappudu vaari wine tayaareeloo chaptalisation upayogistaaru. kontamandi wine paatrikeyulu, puurtigaa pandani draksha yokka adhika digubadini teegalu adhikamgaa utpatti cheyadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara parimaanaaniki anukuulamgaa naanhyatanu tyaagam cheyadaaniki wine tayaareedaarulanu anumatistundani vaadinchaaru. alaage, wine tayaareedaarulu puliyabettani draksha rasam nundi neetini tolaginchadaaniki riverse osmosis vanti saanketika purogatini upayogistunnaru, tadwara daani chakkera saandratanu penchutundi, conny utpatti ayye wine parimaanaanni taggistundi. prastuta chattabaddhata. aneka deshaalalo chaptalisation niyantrana chaalaa kathinamgaa untundi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa draksha taginantagaa pandani uttara praantaalalo matrame anumatinchabadutundi. european unionlo, anumatinchabadina chaptalisation mottam wine perugutunna praantampai aadharapadi untundi. vaataavarana paristhitulu anoohyamgaa ananukuulamgaa unna samvatsaraallo maroe 0.5 saatam abvni jodinchadaaniki pampinhee ivvavacchu. jaateeya wine nibandhanalu konni rakaala vainlaku chaptalisation marinta parimitam cheyavachu ledhaa nishedhinchavacchu. germany vanti konni praantaalalo, wine tayaareedaarulu vainlu "sahajamainavi" kaadaa ledhaa anie label cheyaalani wine nibandhanalu nirdesistaayi.ii. chakkera lekunda. france vanti itara praantaalaku atuvanti label avasaralu laevu. samyukta rashtraalalo, federal chattam takkuva chakkera content unna rasam nundi sahaja draksha vynnu utpatti chesetappudu chaptalisation anumatistundi. idhi oregon vanti challani rashtraallo ledhaa sthaanika draksha (muskadin) loe sahajamgaa chakkera takkuvagaa unna florida vanti rashtraallo chaptalisation anumatistundi. ayithe, vyaktigata rashtraalu ippatikee tama sonta nibandhanalanu roopondinchukovachhu; udaaharanaku, california, chaptalisation nishedhistundi, ayithe california wine tayaareedaarulu draksha saandratanu jodinchavachhu. deshaalu mariyu praantaalu. "chaptalisation anumatinchabadina deshaalu mariyu praantaalu" "chaptalisation anumatinchabadani deshaalu mariyu praantaalu"

baab saazi chaptilisation ghair khameer shadah angor mein cheeni shaamil karnay kaa amal hay taakah khameer kay baad alkahal kay mawaad kuu badhaya jaa sakay. iss taknik kaa naam iss kay developer francisi chemist jaine-antwine-clowed cheeptal kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. iss amal kaa maqsad sharaab kuu meetha banana nahein hay balkah khameer kuu alkahal mein khameer karnay kay liye ziyadah cheeni farahim karnaa hay. chaptilisation nay francisi sharaab kii sanaat mein tanazah aur adam atminan paida kiyaa hay keunkah iss amal kuu naqis aab woo hawaa waalay elaqon mein producer deenay kay liye samjha jaataa hay. 1907 mein muzahireen kay pratashdad muzahiron kay jawaab mein francisi hukumat nay cheeni kii maqdar kuu manzam karnaa sharoo kiyaa jasay sharaab mein shaamil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. baab saazi kuu baaz auqaat afzudgi kahaa jaataa hay misaal kay toor parr europi union kay sharaab kay zuabit mein europi union kay andar iss amal kii qanuni haisiyat kii wazahat kii jaati hay. baab saazi kii qanuni haisiyat milk khatay aur yahaan takk kahh sharaab kii qasm kay lahaaz say mukhtalif hoti hay. aam toor parr yaha inn elaqon mein qanuni hay juu kumm cheeni waalay angor tayaar kartay haine jeesay france germani aur riyasathaye muthadah kay shamali elaqay. tahim argentine australia california atlee partagaal speen aur janubi afriqah mein baab saazi mamnua hay. germani nay predects ween bananay kay rawaj parr pabandi lagaa dee hay. tareekh. angor mein cheeni shaamil karnay kii taknik sharaab bananay kay amal kaa hasah rahee hogi keunkah romiyon nay mithaas paida karnay waalay kay toor parr shehad shaamil kiyaa thaa. kimiyayi ajzaa kaa ahsaas naha honay kay bawajood roman sharaab bananay waalay jasm kay izaafi ahsaas yaa manah kay ahsaas kay fawaid kii shanakhat karnay mein kamiyab rahay. agarcha yaha amal taweel arsey say francisi sharaab say waabistah rehaa hay francisi adab mein cheeni kuu lazmi toor parr shaamil karnay kaa pehla record shadah zakar "eel enceclopady" kaa 1765 edition thaa jiss mein leed acetate kay istemaal kay pehley say qabool shadah amal kay muqabilay sharaab kuu meetha karnay kay liye cheeni kay istemaal kii wakalat kii gayee thee. 1777 mein francisi chemist paiyar mikor nay driyafat kiyaa kahh cheeni kuu lazmi toor parr shaamil karnay kaa asl kimiyayi fayedah mithaas mein kasee bhee mamkanah izaafe kay bajaye kumm pakay hoay angor kii aalee tezabiyat kuu matwazan karnay kay liye alkahal mein izafah thaa. 1801 mein jabb napoleen kii khidmaat mein jaine-antwine-clowed cheeptal nay sharaab kuu mazboot aur mahfuz karnay kay zariah kay toor parr iss taknik kii wakalat karnaa sharoo kii. 1840 kii dahayi mein german sharaab kii sanaat shadeed mosam kii wajah say sakht mutasir hoyee jiss nay iss thanday elaqay mein pakay hoay angor kii katayi kay liye kaafi mashkalaat paida kein. ladweg gaal naami eek chemist nay chaaptal kaa tariqah tajweez kiyaa kahh cheeni kuu lazmi mein shaamil kiyaa jaaye taakah sharaab bananay waalon kuu nqsan dhah mosam kay asraat kii talaafi karnay mein madad milay. verbesserung" (behtari) kay iss amal nay iss mashkal door mein mozal kay elaqay mein sharaab kii paidawar kuu barqarar rakhnay mein madad kii. beswein sadee kay ikhtatam parr francisi sharaab kii sanaat mein yaha amal mutnazah how gayaa aur langiodok mein vignaron nay "masnuyi sharaab" kii paidawar parr ahtajaj kiyaa jiss nay francisi sharaab kii mundy mein sailaab barpa kirr diyaa aur qeematon mein kamee kirr dee. joone 1907 mein 900,000 say ziyadah muzahireen kay saath langiodok kay puray elaqay mein baday mazahire hoay jinn mein hukumat say inn kii rozee roty kay tahfuz kay liye kararwai karnay kaa mutalibah kiyaa gayaa. narbon shehar mein honay waalay fasadaat nay wazeer aizam jarjaz clemenso kuu francisi foj kuu shehar bhejnay parr majbur kiyaa. iss kay natijay mein honay waali jhadap mein paanch muzahireen halaak how gayey. aglay dunn langwedok kay humdardon nay parpegnan mein prefecture kuu jalaa diyaa. muzahiron kay jawaab mein francisi hukumat nay cheeni parr teks mein izafah kiyaa aur sharaab mein shaamil kii jaanay waali cheeni kii maqdar kuu mahdud karnay kay liye qawanin manzoor kiye. amal kii taghiraat. angor mein cheeni kii satah kuu adjust karnay kay liye mukhtalif taknikein istemaal kii jaati haine. aam chaptilisation kay amal mein gunay kii cheeni shaamil kii jaanay waali cheeni kii sabb say aam qasm hay halankah kachh sharaab bananay waalay chaqandar kii cheeni yaa makayi kay sharbat kuu tarjih deetay haine. sharaab kay behat say elaqon mein brown shogar eek ghair qanuni izaafi hay aur inn elaqon mein juu chaptilisation kii makmal toor parr ajazat nahein deetay haine angor kii maqdar shaamil kii jaa sakti hay. cheeni kuu lazmi mein shaamil karnay kay baad qadarti toor parr paaye jaanay waalay inzaem cheeni mein mojud shakar kay molecules kuu glocoz aur fructose mein toad deetay haine juu phir khameer kay zariye khameer kiye jaatay haine aur alkahal aur carbon daayee oxide mein tabdil how jaatay haine. garm elaqon mein jehaan ziyadah pakna eek tashwesh kaa baais hay ree hydration (paani kay saath patla karnaa) aur tezabiyat kaa mukhalif amal istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha california kay elaqon jeesay dairah akhtiyar mein istemaal hotaa hay jehaan agar aam khameer kay liye izaafi cheeni hony chahiye tuu artakaz kuu kumm karnay kay liye paani shaamil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. tezabiyat mein cheeni kii aalee satah aur qadarti toor parr pakay hoay angooron mein paaye jaanay waalay tezaab kii kumm satah kii talaafi kay liye tartarch assed kuu lazmi toor parr shaamil kiyaa jaataa hay. shampen kii paidawar mein cheeni sharaab aur baaz auqaat brandy kii maapa hawaa maqdar khameer kay baad aur carking say pehley eek aisey amal mein shaamil kii jaati hay jasay khuraak kahaa jaataa hay. dosri taraf chaptilisation mein khameer say pehley cheeni shaamil karnaa shaamil hay. shampen bananay waalay baaz auqaat apnee sharaab saazi mein chaptilisation kaa istemaal kartay haine jabb sharaab ubhee bhee lazmi shakal mein hoti hay. sharaab kay kachh sahafiyon kaa kehna hay kahh chaptilisation sharaab bananay waalon kuu maqdar kay haqh mein mayaar kii qurbani deenay kii ajazat deeti hay jiss mein angor kii bury paidawar kuu ziyadah paidawar deenay kii ajazat dee jaati hay juu makmal toor parr pukk nahein chakay haine. iss kay alawah sharaab bananay waalay takniki tarqi kaa istemaal kirr rahay haine jeesay kahh reverse osmosis juu kahh bay khameer shadah angor kay russ say paani kuu hatata hay iss tarah iss kii cheeni kii maqdar mein izafah hotaa hay leakin sharaab kii paidawar kaa hajm kumm hotaa hay. maujudah qanuni haisiyat. behat say mamalik mein baab saazi kaa control kaafi sakht hay aur aam toor parr sarf ziyadah shamali elaqon mein ajazat hay jehaan angor kaafi nahein pakay hoan gay. europi union mein chaptalisation kii maqdar kaa inhasaar sharaab agaaney waalay elaqay parr hay. mazeed 0.5 vovo aey bee wee shaamil karnay kii taqsim inn saalon mein dee jaa sakti hay jabb aab woo hawaa kay halaat ghair mamuli toor parr ghair mawafiq rahay hoan. sharaab kay qomi zabtay sharaab kii baaz classes kay liye chaptilisation kuu mazeed mahdud yaa pabandi lagaa saktay haine. germani jeesay kachh elaqon mein sharaab kay zuabit yaha hakam deetay haine kahh sharaab bananay waalon kuu leebal lagaana chahiye kahh sharaab "qadarti" hay yaa nahein yauni.ayee. cheeni kay baghair. dosray alaaqon jeesay france mein iss tarah kay leebal kii zaruriyat nahein haine. riyasathaye muthadah mein wafaqi qanoon cheeni kay kumm mawaad waalay russ say qadarti angor kii sharaab tayaar kartay waqat baab saazi kii ajazat deeta hay. yaha auregon jaisi thandi riyasaton mein yaa fluoreda jaisi riyasaton mein jehaan maqami angor (miscadine) mein qadarti toor parr cheeni kumm hoti hay chaptilisation kii ajazat deeta hay. tahim infiradi riyasatein abb bhee apnay qawaid woo zuabit banaa sakti haine vovo misaal kay toor parr california chaptilisation parr pabandi aayed kartaa hay halankah california sharaab bananay waalay angor kii maqdar kuu shaamil kirr saktay haine. mamalik aur khaton. "wah mamalik aur elaqay jehaan baab saazi kii ajazat hay" "wah mamalik aur elaqay jehaan baab saazi kii ajazat nahein hay"

0007152e88ed14c5352109e73950beeb328ca199cda5799a54f9d02513eceb4f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33410235

CanSat

CanSat A CanSat is a type of sounding rocket payload used to teach space technology. It is similar to the technology used in miniaturized satellites. No CanSat has ever left the atmosphere, nor orbited the Earth. In CanSat competitions, the payload is required to fit inside the volume of a typical soda can (66mm diameter and 115mm height) and have a mass below 350g. Antennas can be mounted externally, but the diameter can't increase until the CanSat has left the launch vehicle. The CanSats are deployed from small rocket at height which varies depending on the competition. CanSats are equipped with a recovery system, usually a parachute, to limit damage upon recovery and to allow the CanSat to be reused. CanSats are used to teach space technology, because of their inexpensive price and small volume. History. In 1998, about 50 students and faculties from 12 universities from the United States and Japan met at a symposium held in Hawaii. It was the first "University Space Systems Symposium". Here, Bob Twiggs, professor emeritus at the Stanford University, proposed the initial idea of what later would become the nanosatellite projects. That idea was to launch a structure of the size of a soda can into space. Its volume should be around 350 milliliters and the mass, about 500 grams. This led to a project that began in 1999 called ARLISS, involving mostly American and Japanese Universities, carrying out the first launch on September, 11th of that year and continuing each year without interruption. The initial idea, still prevalent today, was to launch 3 satellites of 350 milliliters, or a satellite of greater volume. The means would be a rocket capable of moving 1.8 kilos and of ascending to 4000 meters, opening the door to low cost space flights -about $400. In 2000, the missions were very different: for instance, calculating the opening of a landing system using data provided by the barometer or making use of a differential GPS system. The project came to a more complex situation in 2001 when the ComeBack category was added, according to which the satellite should be directed to a particular target. This mission was very successful and, in 2002, students of Space Robotics Lab of the Tohoku University went up to 45 meters from the target and, in 2006, this figure dropped to 6 meters. Interest in this type of satellite has been growing and spreading. In 2003, the University of Tokyo placed into orbit two satellites CubeSat, satellites of a size slightly larger than the CanSats, and cube shaped. In recent years, several competitions have been developed following the same concept proposed by Prof. Bob Twiggs and reflected in ARLISS both national and internationally. Operation. Main elements. Some elements are shared by every CanSat: Battery. The battery supplies power for operation of all systems of the robot and they are essential to any robot or electronic system, the most commonly used due to its performance and current-weight ratio are lithium polymer batteries (LiPo). Microprocessor. The microprocessor is the heart of the satellite, as it is responsible for receiving signals from external sensors (such as the altimeter, accelerometer or the transmitter) and also processes them to act as programmed. CanSats generally use microcontrollers (MCU) and MCU boards which include an internal memory for data storage alongside the microprocessor, useful for storing information from various sensors during the flight. Some of the most common MCU choices are: Secondary elements. Apart from the above-mentioned elements, others may be added in keeping with the mission it is entrusted with. Barometer. The barometer consists of a pressure measuring cell which is connected to the microprocessor and sends a signal with a voltage value according to the pressure it feels. The microprocessor uses the standard atmospheric conditions to get the altitude. Example of barometer used in devices of this type: Thermometer. The thermometer carries out operations similar to the barometer but the voltage signal sent to the microprocessor depends on the temperature measured. The microprocessor interprets this signal by assigning a temperature value. These are examples of thermometers used: GPS module. The GPS is a land positioning system consisting on a satellite network orbiting around the Earth which continuously send their position and transmission time. From these data, the receiver triangulates its position with all the available satellites to get a higher accuracy. This position is sent to the microprocessor by a serial port as a data line. At design level, GPS receivers should be located in a place where satellites vision line is as direct as possible in order not to be out of range with these ones during the flight. In a metallic structure CanSat, the receivers should be always located where the structure does not affect this vision line. Camera. A mini camera can be included in the CanSat to photograph anything during the time the CanSat is descending in the air. Bearing in mind that the CanSat can not receive orders to operate the camera when the robot is in air so the microprocessor must be the one that orders the camera to take a picture. This is an example of a camera for CanSat: Cansats can also be used for 3d mapping. An example of such is on the link: https://cansat.unisec.info/ Accelerometer. This system is made of one or more accelerometers in different axes. All the accelerometers aside allow to measure accelerations in coordinated axes. Accelerometers can be used to collect data or to determine position (by integration). The best accelerometers made to determine positions are called Inertial Navigation System INS. These are used on some CanSat models. The uncertainty of this system depends on the error when calibrating sensors. The pros of this system go from the fact that GPS is not needed, to immunity to magnetic interference. This allows multiple locations inside the CanSat. Some of the most used accelerometers are: Electronic compass. Sometimes, it is necessary to know the direction the CanSat is following (for instance, to perform a controlled descent), in which case a compass sensor is a very small sensor which like a traditional compass measures the angle between its direction and the north. This angle is transmitted to the microprocessor via a potential difference. The microprocessor interprets the incoming signal and acts accordingly. Thus, if the CanSat was intended to arrive to a target without using a GPS receiver, this sensor would play a crucial role. Some models of compasses used are: Types. There are mainly two types of CanSats, though a third category is usually added for those machines that do not fit in the two first: Telemetry. This is the one whose primary purpose is to collect and transmit data from the flight and weather conditions in real time to be processed by a ground station. CanSats in this category do not use a steering system since its objective is not to fall at a particular point but to collect data while the descent (which is not usually controlled). Of the systems mentioned in the previous sections the most used are: barometer, thermometer, GPS and camera. Comeback. The main task of these is to land in a controlled manner as close as possible to a target marked by GPS coordinates. These devices can be guided by GPS or by and Inertial Navigation System INS. This position is sent to the microprocessor which compares the position of the target from the analysis of these data to calculate the angle at which it should turn to address the target and gives appropriate instructions to the steering system. This process is repeated continuously to make corrections. Such devices also store data on the flight but since the number of sensors that accompany them is less, information is more scarce than in the previous type. A ComeBack CanSat always carries a steering system that allows it to maneuver, to orient and to move towards the target. Normally such a mechanism is actuated by one or more actuators controlled by the microprocessor so that the servomotor rotates to one side or the other and so rotating CanSat. There are two main types depending on whether CanSat incorporates a parachute or glider or a rotor and wings. CanSats with parachutes or paragliders. These devices generally have a steering system consisting of threads that move asymmetrically so as to generate a difference in lift of the longitudinal axis so the CanSat rotates in one way or another. It uses fairly simple mechanics. These devices are difficult to govern due to the generally low rate of descent and the large surface area lifts it. CanSats with wings or rotors. Mechanically more complex and less vulnerable to weather conditions that CanSats with parachute or gliders. This kind of gadgets are much more harsh to govern and require an electronic system able to perform many more corrections per second due to its higher rate of descent. Openclass. In this category, any robot that is not included in any of the previous two categories can be submitted. Most CanSat presented in this category are robots testing new systems or new designs that have not yet been tested (technology demonstrators). Educational interest. The low cost of implementation, short preparation time and simplicity of design compared to other space projects make of this concept an excellent practical opportunity for students to take their first steps in space. Students are responsible for choosing the way the mission is fulfilled, the CanSat design, components integration, correct operation verification, launch preparation, data analysis and team organisation by distributing the workload. It is basically a scale replica of the design, creation and launch of a real satellite. The process required to develop a CanSat entails a learning process known as problem-based learning, a new teaching method in which the student is the main character and the one who must solve the problems. The main characteristic of this type of project is being carried out by teams facing open problems driven by successive challenges. The support given by teachers is declining in keeping with the experience the group is reaching to recognize that systems engineering also has to deal with the complexity of development and research of their own abilities. Space engineering discipline is one of the most typical methods used in education because it provides a wide range of attractive themes. Competitions. CanSat competitions are conducted in Europe, the United States and Asia, etc. United States. CanSat Competition. In the United States, one of the CanSat design-build-launch competitions is organized by the American Astronautical Society and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Other sponsors of the competition include the Naval Research Laboratory, NASA, AGI, Orbital Sciences Corporation, Praxis Incorporated, and SolidWorks. ARLISS. ARLISS Project is a collaborative effort between students and faculty Development Program Space Systems at Stanford University and other educational institutions to build, launch, test and recover prototype miniaturized satellites in preparation for launch into Earth orbit or Mars space. ARLISS proposes a challenge to obtain practical experience in the life cycle (about a year) of a space project. Each team designs and builds one or more satellites, and they move to the launch site at Black Rock, Nevada, to oversee the preparation, launch, operation and safe recovery of their experiments. ARLISS provides the rockets, each able to carry three CanSats parachute at an altitude of 3,500 meters, which allows each CanSat a flight time of about 15 minutes to the experiments, which simulates a horizon to horizon orbit low orbit pass. Europe. The European Cansat Competition is promoted by the European Space Agency and it's focused on high school students. It is a competition in which each CanSat must meet the traditional requirements of volume and not exceed 350 grams of mass along with others related to the flight time and to budget. In addition to measuring pressure and temperature and transmit this data in real time. Apart from this, the CanSat should play a secondary mission of free choice. Proposals for this mission are used to select the teams that will launch their CanSats on board a rocket that ascends to 1000 meters, where it opens and drops the two CanSats which are inside. India. The University CanSat Challenge by ARDL – CanSat comes to India is a design-build-fly competition that provides teams with an opportunity to experience the design life-cycle of an aerospace system. The University CanSat Challenge is designed to reflect a typical aerospace program on a small scale. The mission and its requirements are designed to reflect various aspects of real world missions including telemetry requirements, communications, and autonomous operations. Each team is scored throughout the challenge on real world deliverables such as schedules, design reviews, and demonstration flights. The event was on mid of August 2015 to the launch on 17 January 2016 at Hoskote, it was organised by Applied Research Development Laboratories and hosted by Indian Institute Science, Bangalore. The panelists who judged the event were eminent scientists of ISRO. Team NIT Surat Emerged Victorious after the Post Flight briefings. Czech Republic. Organized by ESERO Czech Republic it is a small sized competition serving as a qualification turn for the European CanSat Competition. Focus of the participants is, along with the construction of the satellite itself, mostly on an effective presentation of the project to the jury as well as the public as the presence on social networks and overall public representation of the project makes up for a significant portion of the final evaluation. Spain. The Laboratory for Space and Microgravity Research (LEEM) along with the help of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM) organize an International CanSat Competition since the First International CanSat Competition that took place in 2008. There are three categories in accordance with the types of CanSat detailed on the top of this page. There is another open category in which the size limitations are not so strict and the gadget can have a larger mass, of up to about 1 kilo. Just as in the European competition, some data should be sent by telemetry in real time and there are budget limitations for the participant teams. France. Organized by CNES (the French Space Agency) and the association Planète Sciences, the French competition takes place during the "C'Space" campaign, an outreach program of space-related technology for youngsters. In this competition CanSats are dropped from a static dirigible airship at an altitude around 200 m. Two categories are available : "international" and "open" in which the volume requirements are extended to allow a volume of up to 1 liter compared to the 330 milliliters of a traditional CanSat. Republic of Korea. From 2012, Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning has been sponsoring Korean CanSat competition / camp to popularize CanSat culture in Korea and enhance student's knowledge on satellite management. This competition, along with Korean CubeSat Competition, constitute two main satellite competitions that are offered by Korean government. The competition is maintained by SaTReC (Satellite Technology Research Center), a national satellite research center which is responsible for multiple successful Korean satellites, and is part of KAIST – one of the most prestigious science-oriented schools. All fees for developing CanSats are subsidized by the Korean government on need, as part of government's masterplan to develop space technology. High school students and undergraduate students can make team of 3 students to participate in this competition. High school students (grades 10~12) participate in Seulgi sector (슬기부), and is required to go through additional creative tasks using the basic CanSat platform. Examples of these tasks include 'Python-based base system', 'Modular Structure for CanSats'. Every May, all participating teams should submit their plan on developing CanSat, and performing team-specific tasks. Then, 20 teams that are chosen according to the viability of their task and basic knowledge on CanSat. These teams go through online-based education and get time to implement their tasks according to the base system they have built. Completeness of their tasks and base system is once again evaluated, to choose 10 teams that can finally launch their CanSat. After education session by Korean space researchers, these Cansat are launched in Goheung, which also the area Naro Space Center is located. Undergraduate students participate in Changjo sector (창조부), and goes through similar process like high school students do. The main difference is that whereas high school students receive base station programs to help students who are not used to programming, undergraduate students should program their base station programs for themselves. The basic schedule is same to those of high school students. Middle school and some primary school students (Grades 5–9) take part in what is called 'Korean CanSat Camp', maintained and sponsored by the same authorities. Based upon their interest and knowledge on CanSat, 30 teams, which are consisted of 2 student members, are chosen to participate in the CanSat camp. For 2 days, these students are educated by Korean space researchers. They develop their basic CanSat (with GPS, luminance sensor, inertial mass unit, etc.) during the camp. Japan. In Japan, this contest is organized by the UNISEC (University Space Engineering Consortium) and unlike other editions in which the CanSats are launched by a rocket, here it is a balloon that ascends to a certain height, after which the CanSat is dropped. This competition is all about reaching a certain position, either through modification of the flight path, or by the addition of wheels to allow the CanSat arrive to the required place. Argentina. In Argentina, there is a CanSat meeting, but it is not competitive; instead of this, the CanSat Program is a study methodology conducted through experimentation using self-built reusable launchers. This program is released for free and provides students satisfaction, involving them in the entire life cycle of a complex engineering project, ranging from conceptual design, integration, testing, and actual system operations, concluding with a meeting of post-mission summary. CanSat Program is organized annually by ACEMA (Association of Experimental Rocketry and Space Modeling of Argentina). The program was presented in September 2003 at an educative conference, and the first Argentine CanSat was launched in November 2004, prepared by students of Colegio San Felipe Neri. Iran. Iran Cansat Competition (ICC) is another competition held for design and manufacturing of Cansat, sponsored by Iran Astronautics Research Institute (ARI). The competition has been held every year since 2011 and contains two categories named Classical and Professional, The Classical category includes Atmospheric Sounding and Photo/Video Capturing missions, while the Professional one includes Bio-Payload Recovery and Comeback missions. Teams shall prepare PDR and CDR before the operation and PFR after the cansats were tested in the field. Students are expected to not only improve their knowledge on technical issues, but also gain the systematic view needed for a multidisciplinary project and get the experience of being involved in a project in the whole life cycle from scratch to the product. The fourth Iran International Cansat Competition (ICC2014) was scheduled to be held in October 2014. Eight competitions have been held.(2019-2020) In the eighth round of the competition (2019-2020),the two teams AUTSPACE and AUTSPACE-Pluse from Amirkabir University of Technology won the First and Third places under the supervision of Ahmadreza Karami and the advice of Dr.Kamran Raisi. A team from Yazd University of Iran can also win the Second title. South Africa. The first South African CanSat was carried to height of 1650m, as payload aboard a High Power Rocket, on 6 November 1999. Dubbed, ZACan-1, the Cansat was designed and built by Stéfan Stoltz and launched in the Roodewal FAR76 airspace (Limpopo Province) as part of a Technology Exhibition by the University of the North (now the University of Limpopo). In 2011/12, the University of Cape Town (UCT)) launched its first CanSat competition in association with the South African Astronomical Observatory. As of 2013, a number of South African universities have started evaluating and integrating CanSat projects into their curricula. It is anticipated that the South African National Space Agency will play a leading role in the future promotion of CanSat competitions within South Africa. Iraqi Kurdistan. A CanSat program in Kurdistan, known as the Computer Rocket Association of Iraqi Kurdistan (now defunct) was originally established in 1992 by Falah Mustafa Bakir. The Kurdistani government, at this time developing its short-range missile program, created the Association to encourage young students to join the military technology field. The program was a success and saw funding nearly triple towards the beginning of 2000. During Hussein's final years in power from 2000 until 2003, the Association received much more limited funding due to, according to Hussein's secretary, what was known as "subversive activity in the Rocketry Association to divert funds to the enemy". The justification was unfounded and the Association barely lasted until the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. In 2003 during the US-Coalition invasion of Iraq, the Association's funding was completely cut due to severe wartime strains on the government. The Association was disbanded after the invasion ended in late 2003, but American military figures saw the potential of a rocket program in the United States. Soon after, funding for a student-centered rocket association enabled 26 American schools to have the program. Ever since, multiple countries have adopted the student rocket programs and expanded funding into technology-based STEM associations, modeled after the success of the initial Computer Rocket Association of Iraqi Kurdistan. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kensat kenset hoise ek prokaror xobdojukto rocket payload jitu mohakax projukti xikuwat byobohar koraa hoy. ee khyudro upogrohxomuhot byobohrito projuktir xoite eke. kunu kensete ketiyau bayumondol eri juwa naai, baa prithibir sariufale ghuri ohaa naai. kenset protijugitat, pelloadtu etaa xadharon cho "daa kenor aayotonor bhitorot (66 mimi byax aaru 115 mimi uschota) khaap khuwabo laage aaru iyar bhor 350 graamor tolot thaake. angtenabur baahiror poraa loguwa hoh 'bob paare, kintu kensete utkhyepon bahonkhon eri juwaloike byax briddhi koribo nuware. kensetbur xoru rocketor poraa uschotat niyujit koraa hoy ji protijugitar uporot nirbhor kori beleg beleg hoy. punoruddharor pisot huwa khyoti ximito koriboloi aaru kensetu punor byobohar koriboloi onumoti diboloi cancetburot ek punoruddhar byowostha, xadharonote perasutor xoite xojjito koraa hoy. mohakax projukti xikuwar baabe kenset byobohar koraa hoy, kaaron iyar xosta mulyo aaru komm poriman. itihax. 1998 sonot aamerika juktorastro aaru japanor japanor biswobidyaloyor pray pray saatro-chatri aaru onuxod hawait onusthito ek alusonasokrot milito hoisil. eitu aasil prothom "biswobidyaloy mohakax pronali alusonasokro". iyat, stanford biswobidyaloyor emoritus odhyapok bobo tuige poroborti xomoyot nanocetalite prokolpobur ki hoh "bob taar prarombhik dharonatur prostab disil. xei dharonatu aasil etaa cho "daa kenor aakaror etaa gathoni mohakaxoloi mukoli koraa. iyar aayoton pray 350 millilitre aaru bhor pray 500 graam hoh 'bob laage. iyar folot 1999 sonot arlis naamor etaa prokolpo aarombho hoisil, zo "too besibhag aamerikan aaru japani biswobidyaloy jorito aasil, xei bosoror 11 septemborot prothom mukoli koraa hoisil aaru proti bosore kunu baadha nuhuwakoi obyahot aasil. prarombhik dharonatu, ji aajiu prosolito, aasil 350 milliliteror 3taa upogroho, baa odhik aayotonor etaa upogroho utkhyepon koraa. iyar upay hoh "bob 1.8 kilu ujonor aaru 4000 mitter uschotat uthi jaboloi xokhyom etaa rocket, jaar folot komm khorsi mohakax bimanor duwar mukoli hoh" bob-pray 400 dollar. 2000 sonot, obhijanbur oti beleg aasiloh udahoronsworupe, berumitere prodan koraa tothyo byobohar kori baa etaa differencial gps pronali byobohar kori owotoron pronali etaa khular gonona koraa. 2001 sonot prokolpotu odhik jotil poristhitit uponeet hoisil jetiya punor aagmon shrenitu jug koraa hoisil, jaar mote upogrohotu etaa nirdisto lokhyot nirdexito koraa usit. ei obhijan oti xofol hoisil aaru 2002 sonot, tuhuku biswobidyaloyor mohakax robtics porikhyagaror saatro-satrixokole lokhyor poraa 45 mitaroloike goisil aaru 2006 sonot ei xongkhya 6 mitaroloi hraax paisil. ei dhoronor upogrohor proti aagroh briddhi paise aaru biyopi porise. 2003 sonot, toku biswobidyaloykhone dutaa upogroho cubeset, kensetotkoi olop dangor aakaror upogroho, aaru ghono aakritir upogroho kokhyopothot sthapon korisil. xehotiya bosorburot, odhyapokor dwara prostawito eke dharona onuxori keibatau protijugita bikoxito koraa hoise. bobo twiggs aaru rastriyo aaru antohrastriyo ubhoyote aarlisot protipholito hoy. ostrupsar. mool upadanxomuh. kisuman upadan protitu kensetor dwara bhag koraa hoyoh betari. betariye robotor xokolu pronalir karjyokolapor baabe xokti jugan dhore aaru xeibur jikunu robot baa electronic pronalir baabe otyawosyokiyo, iyar prodorxon aaru bortoman-ujon onupator baabe ataitkoi xadharonote byobohar koraa lithiyam polimar betari (lipu). maikro 'prochesor. maikro "prosesortu hoise robotor hridoy, kiyonu ee bahyik sensorxomuhor (jene ultimeter, excelerometer baa trensmitter) poraa xongket prapto korar baabe daybodho aaru logote xeiburok progrem koraa hisape kaam koriboloi prokriya kore. besibhag maikro 'prosesorot tothyo xongrokhyonor baabe etaa abhyontorin memori ontorbhukto thaake baa ontorbhukto thakibo paare, ji uronor xomoyot bibhinno sensaror poraa tothyo xongrokhyonor baabe upojugi. ei storot byobohar koraa kisuman banijyik maikro 'prochesor hoh' loh gouno upadan. uporot ullekh koraa upadanxomuhor uporiu, iyak dayitwo diya obhijanor xoite xongoti raakhi aanbur jug koribo paari. berumeter. berumeterot etaa saap maapa kux thaake jitu maikro 'prosesoror xoite xongzukto aaru ee onubhob koraa saap onuxori voltage maanor xoite etaa xongket preron kore. maikro 'prosesortuwe uschota paboloi maanok bayumondoliyo poristhiti byobohar kore. ei dhoronor xojulixomuhot byobohrito berumeteror udahoronoh thermometer. thermometere berumeteror dore karjyo xompadon kore kintu maikro 'prosesoroloi preron koraa voltage xongket nirbhor kore porimapito taapmatrar uporot. maikro "prosesore taapmatrar maan nirdharon kori ei xongkettur byakhya kore. eibur byobohrito thermometeror udahoronxomuh hoh 'loh gps modiul. gps hoise prithibir sariufale kokhyopothot ghuri thoka etaa upogroho networkot gothito ek bhumi owosthan pronali ji nirontorbhabe teulukor owosthan aaru prosaror xomoy preron kore. ei tothyoxomuhor poraa, receivere odhik xothikota laabh koriboloi xokolu upolobdho upogrohor xoite iyar owosthan tribhuj kore. ei owosthantu etaa cyrial portor dwara daata line hisape maikro 'prosesoroloi preron koraa hoy. design storot, gps risibharbur ene thait owosthito hoh 'bob laage zo' too upogrohor dristi rekha jiman paari ximan punpotiya hoy jaate uronor xomoyot eiburor xoite porixoror bahirot nathake. etaa dhatobo gathonir kensetot, risibharbur xoday xei thait thakibo laage zo 'too gathonituwe ei dristi rekhatu probhabito nokore. kemera. kensetu botahot naami ohaar xomoyot jikunu bostur photu tuliboloi kensetot etaa mini kemera ontorbhukto koribo paari. monot rakhibo je robotu botahot thokar xomoyot kensete kemeratu soluwar order paab nuware xeyehe maikro 'prosesortuwei kemerak photu tuliboloi order dibo lagibo. eitu kensetor baabe etaa kemerar udahoron. 3di mappingor babeu kenset byobohar koribo paari. iyar etaa udahoron linkot aaseh HTTPS:// cansat.unicek.tothyo/ excelerometer. ei byowosthatu bibhinno okhyot ek baa totudhik excelerometerere gothito. xokolu excelerometere ekpar hoi xomonwito okhyot tworon porimap korar onumoti diye. tothyo xongroho koriboloi baa owosthan nirdharon koriboloi (ekotrikoronor dwara) excelerometer byobohar koribo paari. owosthan nirdharonor baabe nirmito xorbosrestho excelerometerxomuhok inorcial navigation sistem ins buli kuwa hoy. eibur kisuman kenset modelot byobohar koraa hoy. ei byowosthatur onischoyota nirbhor kore sensorbur calibrate korute huwa trutir uporot. ei pronalir xubidha gpsor proyujon nohoy, soumbokiyo hostokhyepor proti rug protirudh khyomotar poraa yaay. ee kensetor bhitorot ekadhik sthanor onumoti diye. xorbadhik byobohrito kisuman excelerometer hoh 'loh electronic compass. ketiyaba, kensete coon dixot aagbarhise (udahoronsworupe, etaa niyontrito owotoron koriboloi) janibo lagibo, ene khetrot compass xongbedok hoise etaa oti xoru xongbedok ji poromporagot compusor dore iyar dix aaru uttoror maajor kuntu porimap kore. ei kuntu etaa xombhabyo parthokyor joriyote maikro 'prosesoroloi preron koraa hoy. maikro 'prosesore aagot ohaa xongketor byakhya kore aaru xei onuxori kaam kore. xeyehe, jodi kensetu gps receiver byobohar nokorakoi lokhyot uponeet huwar uddesyere koraa hoisil, tente ei xongbedoktuwe ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon koribo. byobohrito compusor kisuman model hoh 'loh prokar. mulotoh dui prokaror kenset aase, jodiu xadharonote xei jontroburor baabe etaa tritiyo shreni jug koraa hoy jibur prothom dutar xoite khaap nakhayoh telemetry. eituwei hoise xeijon jaar prathomik uddesyo hoise biman aaru botoror poristhitir poraa tothyo xongroho aaru preron koraa jitu etaa ground stationor dwara prokriya koraa hoh 'bob. ei shrenir kensete staring sistem byobohar nokore kiyonu iyar uddesyo kunu nirdisto bindut pori juwa nohoy boroncho owotoronor xomoyot tothyo xongroho koraa (jitu xadharonote niyontron koraa nohoy). purbor khondoxomuhot ullekh koraa pronaliburor bhitorot ataitkoi besi byobohar koraa hoyoh berumeter, thermometer, gps aaru kemera. ghuri aahi. iyar mool kaam hoise gps sthanangkor dwara sinhito lokhyor jiman paari ximan usorot niyontritobhabe owotoron koraa. ei xojulibur gps baa inorcial navigation sistem insor dwara nirdexona koribo paari. ei owosthantu maikro 'prosesoroloi preron koraa hoy jiye ei tothyoxomuhor bislexonor poraa lokhyor owosthanor tulona kori lokhyotuk xombudhon koriboloi ji kunot ghuribo laage gonona kore aaru staring sistemok upojukto nirdexona diye. xongxudhon koriboloi ei prokriyatu nirontorbhabe punorabritti koraa hoy. ene xojulibure uronor xomoyot tothyo xongrokhyon kore kintu jihetu xeiburor logot thoka sensaror xongkhya komm, xeyehe purbor prokarotkoi tothyo odhik durlov. etaa reburn kensete xoday etaa staring sistem bohon kore jiye iyak kouxolgotovabe sola, dix nirdexona koriboloi aaru lokhyor faale jaboloi onumoti diye. xadharonote ene etaa pronali maikro 'prosesoror dwara niyontrito ek baa totudhik eksuwetaror dwara xokriyo koraa hoy jaate serve' moo 'taartu efale baa aan faale ghuri yaay aaru enedore ghurnaiman kenset hoy. kenset perasut baa glider baa rotar aaru wing ontorbhukto kore ney naai taar uporot nirbhor kori dutaa prodhan prokar aase. perasut baa paraglyderor xoite kenchet. ei xojuliburot xadharonote xutare gothito etaa staring sistem thaake ji oxomobhabe goti kore jaate onudoirghyo okhyor uttulonot parthokyo sristi hoy jaate kensetu kunu nohoy kunu dhorone ghure. ee jothesto xorol jantrik byobohar kore. xadharonote owotoronor haar komm huwar baabe aaru brihot pristhor elekai iyak uporoloi tuli luwar baabe ei xojulibur niyontron koratu kothin. wing baa rotaror xoite kenchet. jantrikbhabe odhik jotil aaru perasut baa glideror xoite kenset koraa botoror poristhitir proti komm durbol. ei dhoronor gazetbur niyontron koriboloi odhik kothur aaru iyar owotoror uscho haaror baabe proti sekendot bohutu xongxudhon koriboloi xokhyom etaa electronic pronalir proyujon hoy. mukto shreni. ei shrenit, purbor dutaa shrenir bhitorot kunu etat ontorbhukto nuhuwa jikunu robot daakhil koribo paari. ei shrenit prodorxito besibhag kenset hoise notun pronali porikhya koraa robot baa notun design jibur etiyau porikhya koraa huwa naai (projukti prodorxok). xikhyar proti aagroh. onyanyo mohakax prokolpor tulnat rupayonor komm khoros, komm prostutir xomoy aaru designor xorolotar baabe ei dharonatuk xikhyarthixokole mohakaxot teulukor prothom podokhyep luwar baabe ek utkristo byowoharik xujug hisape gorhi tulise. xikhyarthixokolor dayitwo hoise kaamor buja bitoron kori obhijantu xompurno korar poddhoti, kenset design, upadanor ekotrikoron, xothik karjyokori promanikoron, mukoli prostuti, tothyo bislexon aaru dolor xongothon basoni koraa. ee mulotoh etaa prokrito upogrohor design, sristi aaru utkhyeponor ek scale protilipi. etaa kenset bikoxito koriboloi proyujoniyo prokriyat xomosya-bhittik xikhyon naamere jonajat etaa xikhyon prokriya ontorbhukto thaake, ek notun xikhyon poddhoti zo 'too xikhyarthi hoise mukhyo soritro aaru ji xomosyabur xomadhan koribo lagibo. ei prokolpor mool boixistyo hoise ekerahe ohaa proityahbanor dwara salit mukoli xomosyar xonmukhin huwa dolxomuhe xompadon koraa. xikhyokxokole diya xomorthon doltuwe laabh koraa obhigyotar xoite xongoti raakhi hraax paise je sistem engineeringeu teulukor nijor xamorthyor bikax aaru gowexonar jotilotar xoite mukabila koribo lagibo. mohakax obhijantrik xakha hoise xikhyat byobohrito ataitkoi xadharon poddhotiburor bhitorot etaa kiyonu ee bibhinno dhoronor aakorxoniyo bixoybostu prodan kore. protijugitaxomuh. euroop, aamerika juktorastro aaru esiya aadit kenset protijugita onusthito hoy. aamerika juktorastro. kenset protijugita. aamerika juktorastrot aamerikan estro 'notikel cho' saiti aaru aamerikan institut owo er 'notics endo estro' notikxor dwara onusthito huwa kenset design-build-loncho protijugitar bhitorot etaa. protijugitar onyanyo pristhopuxokolor bhitorot aase nou gowexona gowexona porikhyagar, nasa, eji, orbital science korpureson, praxis inok 'rpo' rett, aaru solidwork. arlis. arlis prokolpo hoise prithibir kokhyopoth baa mongol grohor mohakaxot utkhyeponor prostutir baabe protutype khyudro upogroho nirman, utkhyepon, porikhya aaru punoruddharor baabe stanford biswobidyaloy aaru onyanyo xikhyanusthanor saatro-chatri aaru onuxod unnoyon karzoxusi mohakax pronalir maajot ek xohojugitamulok prochesta. aarlise etaa mohakax prokolpor jiwan sokrot (pray ebosor) byowoharik obhigyota laabh korar baabe ek proityahbanor prostab diye. protitu dole ek baa totudhik upogrohor design aaru nirman kore, aaru teuluke teulukor porikhya-nirikhyar prostuti, utkhyepon, xonsalon aaru xurokhito punoruddharor totwawodhan koriboloi nebhadar black rokor utkhyepon sthanoloi yaay. aarlise rocketxomuh prodan kore, protyekei 3,500 mitter uschotat tinita kenchet perasut korhiyai nibo paare, jiye protitu kensetok porikhyaxomuholoi pray 15 minutor uronor xomoy diye, ji digombor poraa digombor kokhyopotholoi etaa digonto onukoron kore. euroop. europiyo kenset protijugitakhon europiyo mohakax xongsthar dwara prosarito hoy aaru ee haiskulor saatro-satrixokolor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. eitu etaa protijugita zo 'too protitu kensete bholiumor poromporagot proyujoniyota puron koribo lagibo aaru uronor xomoy aaru bajetor xoite xomporkito aanburor xoite 350 gramotkoi odhik bhor hoh' bob nalage. saap aaru usnota porimap korar uporiu aaru ei tothyo bastob xomoyot preron koraa. iyar uporiu, kensete mukto posondor ek gouno obhijan paalon koribo laage. ei obhijanor baabe prostawxomuh xei dolbur basoni koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy jiye 1000 mitaroloi aaruhon koraa rocket ekhonot teulukor kenset mukoli koribo, zo 'too ee bhitorot thoka dutaa kenset khuli pelai. bharot. ardle-kensetor dwara biswobidyaloyor kenset proityahban bharotoloi aahe ek design-build-fly protijugita jiye dolxomuhok aerospace pronalir design jiwan-sokror obhigyota laabh korar xujug prodan kore. biswobidyaloyor kenset proityahbantu etaa xadharon er 'space karzoxusik xoru porixorot protipholito koriboloi design koraa hoise. ei obhijan aaru iyar proyujoniyotabur telemetrir proyujoniyota, jugajug aaru swayotoxaxito karjyokolapoke dhori bastob jogotor obhijanor bibhinno dix protipholito koriboloi design koraa hoise. protitu doltuk xomogro proityahbanor xomoyot xomoixusi, design ribhiu, aaru prodorxon bimanor dore bastob jogotor deliverableot sko "ror diya hoy. ei onusthantu 2015 sonor aagosto maahor majbhagot 2016 sonor 17 januaryt hoh 'scotot mukoli koraa hoisil, iyar aayujon korisil applied risars development laboratorir dwara aaru aayujon korisil indian institut science, bangalure. onusthantur bisar koraa penelistxokol aasil isorur bixisto bigyani. bimanor poroborti prosaror pisot doll nitt surat bijoyi hoisil. chek gonorajyo. eseru chess gonorajyor dwara ayujit eitu etaa xoru aakaror protijugita ji europiyo kenset protijugitar baabe jugyotar poriworton hisape xewa aagborhai. ongxogrohonkarixokolor monujug, upogroho nirmanor logote, besibhagei jureer logote jonoxadharonor aagot prokolpotur pholoproxu uposthaponor uporot thaake kiyonu xamajik networkot uposthiti aaru prokolpotur xamogrik rajohuwa protinidhitwoi suranto mulyayonor ek guruttopurno ongxo gothon kore. spain. 2008 sonot onusthito huwa prothom antohrastriyo kenchet protijugitar pisot mohakax aaru maikro "gravity gowexonar porikhyagare medridor polytechnic biswobidyaloyor (aapom) xohayot ek antohrastriyo kenchet protijugitar aayujon kore. ei pristhar uporot bixodbhabe bornona koraa kenchetor prokar onuxori tinita shreni aase. aan etaa mukoli shreni aase zo 'too aakaror ximabodhota imaan kothur nohoy aaru gazetur bhor pray 1 kiluloike hoh' bob paare. europiyo protijugitar dore, kisuman tothyo bastob xomoyot telemetrir dwara preron koribo laage aaru ongxogrohonkari dolxomuhor baabe bajetor ximabodhota aase. france. chi. eno. ee. (francer mohakax xongstha) aaru xongstha planet sayenchosor dwara ayujit ei france protijugita "chi 'space" obhijanor xomoyot onusthito hoy, ji hoise juwok-jubotixokolor baabe mohakax xomporkiyo projuktir ek prosar karzoxusi. ei protijugitat pray 200 mitter uschotat etaa sthir dirigible eyaroswipor poraa cancetxomuh pelai diya hoy. dutaa shreni upolobdhoh "antohrastriyo" aaru "mukoli" zo 'too bholiumor proyujoniyota etaa poromporagot kensetor 330 milliliteror tulnat 1 literoloike bholiumor onumoti diboloi xomproxarito koraa hoy. kuria gonorajyo. 2012 sonor poraa kurian bigyan, aai. chi. ti. aaru bhobisyot porikolpona montraloye kuriyat kenchet xongoskritik jonopriyo koriboloi aaru upogroho byowosthaponar uporot xikhyarthixokolor gyan briddhi koriboloi kurian kenchet protijugita/xibir pristhopuxokota kori aahise. ei protijugitai kurian cubeset protijugitar logote kurian sorkaror dwara aagborhuwa dutaa mukhyo upogroho protijugita gothon kore. ei protijugitar porisalona kore ekadhik xofol kurian upogrohor baabe daybodho rastriyo upogroho gowexona kendro chetrek (upogroho projukti gowexona kendro)-ee onyotomo xonmaniyo bigyan-bhittik bidyaloy kaistor ongxo. mohakax projuktir bikaxor baabe sorkaror masterplanor ongxo hisape proyujon onuxori kurian sorkare kenset bikoxito korar baabe xokolu masul rajsahajyo prodan kore. haiskulor saatro-chatri aaru snatok saatro-satrixokole ei protijugitat ongxogrohon koriboloi 3 john saatro-satrir doll gothon koribo paare. haiskulor saatro-satrixokole (10moo shrenir 12moo shrenir) selogi khondot ongxogrohon kore, aaru moulik kenset platform byobohar kori otirikto sristixil kaamor maajere jaabo lagibo. ei kamburor udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase 'paithon-aadharito aadhar byowostha', 'kenchetor baabe modular gothon'. proityek mey 'too, xokolu ongxogrohonkari dole kenset bikoxito koraa, aaru doll-nirdisto kaam xompadon korar baabe teulukor porikolpona daakhil koribo laage. taar pisot, 20taa doll jiburok teulukor kaamor xombhabyota aaru kensetor uporot moulik gyan onuxori basoni koraa hoy. ei dolbure online bhittik xikhyar maajere yaay aaru teuluke nirman koraa aadhar byowostha onuxori teulukor kamxomuh rupayan koriboloi xomoy paay. teulukor kaam aaru aadhar byowosthar xompurnota punor ebaar mulyayon koraa hoy, 10taa doll basoni koriboloi jiye owoxexot teulukor kenset mukoli koribo paare. kurian mohakax gowexokxokolor xikhya odhibexonor pisot, ei kensetbur guheungot mukoli koraa hoy, zo 'too naaru mohakax kendro owosthito. snatok saatro-satrixokole sangju khondot ongxogrohon kore, aaru haiskulor saatro-satrixokolor dore ekedhoronor prokriyar maajere yaay. mool parthokyotu hoh 'lo uscho bidyaloyor saatro-satrixokole programingor xoite obhyosto nuhuwa saatro-satrixokolok xohay koriboloi bes steson karzoxusi laabh korar biporite snatok saatro-satrixokole nijor baabe teulukor bes steson karzoxusi program koribo laage. haiskulor saatro-satrixokolor baabe moulik xomoixusi ekei. madhyomik bidyaloy aaru kisuman prathomik bidyaloyor saatro-satriye (5moo shrenir poraa 9moo shrenir) eke kortripokhyor dwara porisalona aaru pristhopuxokota koraa 'kurian kenset kemp' buli kuwa xibirot ongxogrohon kore. kensetor uporot teulukor aagroh aaru gyanor uporot bhitti kori, 2 john saatro-satrire gothito 30taa dolok kenset xibirot ongxogrohon koriboloi basoni koraa hoy. 2 dinor baabe ei xikhyarthixokolok kurian mohakax gowexokxokole xikhyito kore. teuluke teulukor moulik kenset (gps, lumenance sensar, inorcial bhor ekok aadir xoite) bikoxito kore.) xibiror xomoyot. jaapan. japanot, ei protijugita unicek (biswobidyaloy mohakax obhijantrik xongho)-ror dwara aayujon koraa hoy aaru aan xongoskoronor biporite zo 'too rocketor dwara kensetbur utkhyepon koraa hoy, iyat eitu etaa belun ji ek nirdisto uschotaloi uthi yaay, jaar pisot kensetu pelai diya hoy. ei protijugitatu hoh 'lo hoyotu uron pothor poribortonor joriyote, baa sakabur jug kori kensetu proyujoniyo sthanoloi uposthito hoh' boloi onumoti diyar joriyote etaa nirdisto sthanot uponeet huwar bixoye. argentine. argentinat, etaa kenset boithok hoy, kintu ee protijugitamulok nohoy; iyar poriworte, kenset karzoxusi hoise swo-nirmito punor byowoharjugyo lonchar byobohar kori porikhya-nirikhyar joriyote porisalito ek odhyoyon poddhoti. ei karzoxusi binamuliyabhabe mukoli koraa hoy aaru xikhyarthixokolok xontusti prodan kore, teulukok ek jotil obhijantrik prokolpor xomogro jiwan sokrot jorito kore, dharonagot design, ekotrikoron, porikhya, aaru prokrito pronali karjyokolapor poraa aarombho kori, obhijanor pisor xarangxor boithokor xoite xomapto hoy. kenset karzoxusi proti bosore esema (porikhyamulok rocketor xongothon aaru argentiner mohakax modeling) ror dwara aayujon koraa hoy. 2003 sonor septembor maahot ek xoikhyik xonmilonot ei karzoxusi uposthapon koraa hoisil aaru 2004 sonor novembor maahot collegio "chaan felip nerir saatro-satrixokole prostut koraa prothom argentine kenset mukoli koraa hoisil. iraan. iraan kenset protijugita (aai. chi. chi.) hoise kensetor design aaru nirmanor baabe onusthito huwa aan ek protijugita, jitu iraan mohakaxsari gowexona protisthan (e. aar. aai.) ror pristhopuxokotat onusthito hoy. 2011 sonor poraa proti bosore ei protijugita onusthito hoi aahise aaru iyat classical aaru pesadari naamor dutaa shreni aase, classical shrenit bayumondoliyo xobdo aaru photu/video 'capsering obhijan ontorbhukto aase, aanhate pesadaritut joibo-pey' lo 'dodd punoruddhar aaru punorborton obhijan ontorbhukto aase. dolxomuhe ostrupsaror aagote pi. di. aar. aaru chi. di. aar. prostut koribo aaru khelpotharot kenset porikhya korar pisot pi. ef. aar. prostut koribo. xikhyarthixokole kewol karikori bixoyot teulukor gyan unnot korai nohoy, boroncho etaa bohubixoyok prokolpor baabe proyujoniyo poddhotigot dristibhongiu laabh koribo aaru xomogro jiwan sokrot etaa prokolpot jorito huwar obhigyota laabh koribo buli aaxa koraa hoy. soturtho iraan antohrastriyo kenset protijugita protijugita 2014 sonor octobor maahot onusthito huwar kotha aasil. aathkhon protijugita onusthito hoise.(2019-2020) protijugitar ostom porzayot (2019-2020), aamirkabir projukti biswobidyaloyor poraa ohaa duyuta dole ahmedreza koramir totwawodhanot aaru dodd.kamran raisi. iranor iyazod biswobidyaloyor etaa doleu dwitiyo khitap joy koribo paare. dokhyin africa. 1999 sonor 6 novemborot dokhyin africar prothom kensetu 1650 mitter uschotat loi juwa hoisil, uscho xoktir roketot payload hisape. jaakan-1 naam diya hoisil, kensetu stephan stoltje design aaru nirman korisil aaru uttor biswobidyaloyor (bortomanor limpupu biswobidyaloy) ek projukti prodorxonir ongxo hisape rudewal rudewal akaxxima (limpupu prodex) too mukoli koraa hoisil. 2011/12 too kep taaun biswobidyaloy (eu. chi. ti.)-e dokhyin africar jyotirbigyan nirikhyon kendror xohojugitat iyar prothomkhon kenset protijugita aarombho korisil. 2013 sonoloike dokhyin africar keibakhonu biswobidyaloye teulukor pathyokromot kenset prokolpor mulyayon aaru xonghot koraa aarombho korise. dokhyin africar rastriyo mohakax xongsthai dokhyin africar bhitorot bhobisyote kenset protijugitar prosarot ek aagxarir bhumika paalon koribo buli aaxa koraa hoise. iraki kurdistan. kurdistanot etaa kenchet program, jaak iraki kurdistanor computer rocket ess "siyesyon (bortoman niskriyo) buli jonaa yaay, mulotoh 1992 sonot falah mustafa bokire protistha korisil. kurdistani sorkare ei xomoyot iyar komm durotwor misail karzoxusi bikoxito kori juwo saatro-satrixokolok xamorik projuktir khetrot jugdan koriboloi utxahito koriboloi ei xongsthatu gothon korisil. ei karzoxusi xofol hoisil aaru 2000 sonor aarombhonite pray tinigun puji puwa goisil. 2000 sonor poraa 2003 sonoloike huseinor xex bosorot, huseinor xosibor mote, "roketorit dhongxatmok karzokolap hisape jonajat" reketorit puji xotrur faale sthanantor korar baabe ", xongsthai odhik ximito puji laabh korisil. ei jukti bhittihin aasil aaru 2003 sonot iraak aakromon nuhuwaloike ei xongothonor karjyo xorol aasil. 2003 sonot irakor uporot aamerika-mitroxoktir aakromonor xomoyot, sorkaror uporot juddhokalin tibro sapor baabe ess "siyesyonor puji xompurnorupe hraax koraa hoisil. 2003 sonor xexor faale aakromon xomapto huwar pisot ei xongsthatu bhongo koraa hoisil, kintu aamerikar xamorik byoktixokole aamerikat rocket karzoxusir xombhawona dekhisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote, saatro-kendrik rocket xongsthar baabe puji jugan dhori 26 khon aamerikan bidyaloyok ei karzoxusitu xomponno koriboloi xokhyom korisil. tetiyar poraa, ekadhik dexe saatro rocket karzoxusi grohon korise aaru iraki kurdistanor prarombhik computer rocket xongsthar xofolotar pisot aarhi nirman koraa projukti-aadharito stem ess "siyesyonoloi puji xomproxaron korise.

cansat cansat holl eka dharaner sounding rockett payload jaa mahakash prajukti shekhanor jonno byabohrito hoy. etty khudro upogrohogulite byabohrito prajuktir anurup. konao cansat kokhono bayumandal chhede yayni, baa prithibike prodokkhin koreni. cansat protijogitai, ekti sadharan soda caner (66 mimmy byasha ebong 115 mimmy uchchota) aytoner modhye peey-lodti phita korte hoy ebong err bhor 350 gramer niche thaake. antenaguli bahyikbhabe lagano jete paare, tobey cansatty utkhepon jaanti chhede naa yawa porjonto byasha badte paare naa. cansatguli uchchotai chhoto rockett theke motayen koraa hoy jaa protijogitar upor nirbhar korey poribortito hoy. cansatguli ekti punoruddhar byabostha diye sajjito, sadharonoto ekti parashoot, punoruddharer porey khoti seemit korte ebong cansatty punra byabohar korar anumati deoar jonno. cansatguli taader sosta daam ebong qama porimaner karone mahakash prajukti shekhanor jonno byabohrito hoy. itihas. 1998 saale, markin juktorashtro ebong japaner 12tii bishwobidyaloyer pray 50 john shikkharthi ebong anushad hawaite onusthito ekti symposiume milit hoy. etty chhilo prothom "vishwavidyalaya mahakash byabostha symposium". ekhane, stanford bishwobidyaloyer emeritus adhyapak bobb tuigs prathomik dharonati prostab korechilen jey porey nano satellite prokolpoguli qee hobey. seii dharonati chhilo ekti soader caner akarer ekti kathamo mohakashe chaalu koraa. err ayton pray 350 millilitre ebong bhor pray 500 grama haoya uchito. err foley 1999 saale arlis naame ekti prokolpo shuru hoy, jaar beshirbhagi markin ebong japani vishwavidyalayguli jorito chhilo, seii bochorer 11ee septembara prothom chaalu koraa hoy ebong proti bochor konao badha chharai abyahoto thaake. prathomik dharonati, jaa aajo procholito, taa chhilo 350 millilitre 3tii upogroho baa arow beshi aytoner ekti upogroho utkhepon koraa. err madhyam hobey ekti rockett jaa 1.80 kilo ozon bohon korte sokkhom ebong 4000 mitter porjonto arohan korte sokkhom, jaa qama kharche mahakash uddayaner darja khule debe-pray 400 dollar. 2000 saale, missionguli khub alada chhiloh udahoronsorup, barometer dwara prodotto tothyo byabohar korey baa ekti deferential gps system byabohar korey ekti abataran byabosthar kholar ganana koraa. 2001 saale prokolpoti arow jotil poristhitite aase jokhon prottaborton bibhagti jukto koraa hoy, jaa onusare upogrohotike ekti nirdishto lakkhye porichalito koraa uchito. eyi missionti khub sofol hoyechilo ebong 2002 saale, tohoku bishwobidyaloyer mahakash robotics lyaber shikkharthira lakkhya theke 45 mitter porjonto giechilo ebong 2006 saale eyi sankhyati 6 mitare neme aase. eyi dharaner upogroher proti agroho briddhi pachche ebong chhoriye padche. 2003 saale, tokio vishwavidyalaya duti upogroho cubesat, cansater cheye kichuta borh akarer upogroho ebong cube akritir upogrohoke kokkhopothe sthapon korey. samprotik bochorgulite, adhyapoker prostabito ekoi dharona anusaran korey besh koyekti protijogita toiri koraa hoyeche. bobb tuigs ebong jatiya ebong antorjatik ubhoy khettrei arlise protifolito hoy. apareshana. prodhan upadan. kichhu upadan protiti cansat dwara bhag koraa hayah battery. battery roboter samasta system porichalonar jonno shakti sarbaraha korey ebong eguli jey konao robot baa boidyutin systemer jonno prayojaniya, err kormokhomota ebong bortoman ojoner onupater karone sabcheye beshi byabohrito hoy lithium polymer battery (lipo). microprocessor. microprocessor holl roboter pranakendra, kaaron etty bahyik censor (jemon ultimeter, accelerometer baa transmitter) theke sangket grohoner jonno dayee ebong programa hisabe kaaj korar jonno segulike prokriya korey. beshirbhag microprocessor modhye detta sanrakkhaner jonno ekti abhyantarin memory antarbhukta thaake baa antarbhukta thakte paare, jaa udaner somoy bivinno censor theke tothyo sanrakkhaner jonno darkari. eyi store byabohrito kichhu banijyik microprocessor holoh gouno upadan. uporokto upadanguli chharao, anyanyaguli taar upor arpito missioner saathe samanjasya rekhe jog koraa jete paare. barometer. barometer ekti chup porimapkari kosh niye gothito jaa microprocessor saathe sangjukto thaake ebong etty onubhob koraa chup anujayi voltage maan soho ekti sangket pathay. microprocessor uchchota petey adarsha bayumandaliya poristhiti byabohar korey. eyi dharaner jontre byabohrito barometer udaharan holoh thermometer. thermometer barometer moto kaaj korey kintu microprocessor kachhe pathano voltage sangket porimap koraa tapmatrar upor nirbhar korey. microprocessor ekti tapmatrar maan nirdharan korey eyi sangketti byakhya korey. eguli byabohrito thermometer udaharanh gps modiul. gps holl ekti sthol abosthan byabostha jaa prithibir charpashe prodokhinkari ekti upogroho networker upor gothito jaa kromagoto taader abosthan ebong sankraman somoy pathay. eyi tothyoguli theke, receiver uchchotoro nirbhulata petey samasta upolobdho upogroher saathe taar abosthanke trivuz korey. eyi abosthanti ekti kromik porta dwara detta line hisabe microprocessor kachhe pathano hoy. naksha store, gps receiverguli emon ekti jaiga abosthito haoya uchito jekhane upogroher drishti rekha jotota sombhob sarasari thaake jaate udaner somoy egulir saathe seamer baire naa thaake. ekti dhatob kathamo cansatte, receiverguli sarbada emon jaiga abosthito haoya uchito jekhane kathamoti eyi drishti rekhake probhabito korey naa. camera. cansat batase neme aasaar somoy jey konao kichur chhobi tolar jonno ekti minnie camera antarbhukta koraa jete paare. money rakhben jey robotti batase thakle cansat camera chaalaanor order petey paare naa taai microprocessorty aboshyoi cameratike ekti chhobi tolar adesh debe. etty cansater jonno ekti camera udaharanh cansatguli 3dii mappingyer jonnou byabohar koraa jete paare. err ekti udaharan linktite royeche HTTPS:// cansat.unisec.tothyo/ accelerometer. eyi byabosthati bivinno akkher eka baa ekadhik accelerometer diye toiri. samasta accelerometerguly ekpashe samanwito okkhogulite twaran porimap korar anumati deyo. accelerometerguly tothyo sangraha korte baa abosthan nirdharan korte (sanhatkaran dwara) byabohar koraa jete paare. abosthan nirdharoner jonno toiri sera accelerometergulicalic inertial navigation system inn bolla hoy. eguli kichhu cansat modele byabohrito hoy. eyi byabosthar anishchayata censor kromankon korar somoy trutir upor nirbhar korey. eyi byabosthar upokarita gps-err prayojan nei, chaumbakiya hostokkheper protirodh khomota theke shuru korey. etty cansater vitore ekadhik abosthaner anumati deyo. sorbadhik byabohrito kichhu accelerometer holoh boidyutin compass. kokhono kokhono, cansatty coone dick anusaran korche taa jaanaa prayojan (udahoronsorup, ekti niyantrita abataran sampadan korar jonno), eyi khettre ekti compass censor ekti khub chhoto censor jaa ekti oitijjobahi kompaser moto taar dick ebong uttorer modhye koona porimap korey. eyi konoti ekti sombhabbo parthokyer madhyome microprocessor kachhe preron koraa hoy. microprocessor agoto sangketke byakhya korey ebong seii anujayi kaaj korey. sutrang, jodi cansatty gps receiver byabohar naa korey konao lakkhye pouchanor uddeshye koraa hoy, tobey eyi censorti ekti guruttopurno bhumika palon korbe. byabohrito kompaser kichhu model holoh prokarbhed. mulat dui dharaner cansat royeche, jodio sadharonoto seii jontrogulir jonno ekti tritiya bibhag jukto koraa hoy jaa prothom duti jontrer saathe khaap khaay naah telemetry. ate seii byakti jaar prathomik uddeshya holl ekti ground steshana dwara prokriyajato korar jonno bastob somoye udan ebong abhawar poristhiti theke tothyo sangraha ebong preron koraa. eyi bibhager cansatguli steering system byabohar korey naa kaaron err uddeshya konao nirdishto bindute porey yawa noy borong abotoroner somoy tothyo sangraha koraa (jaa sadharonoto niyantrita hoy naa). purboborti bibhaggulite ullikhito byabosthagulir modhye sabcheye beshi byabohrito hayah barometer, thermometer, gps ebong camera. firey aase. egulir prodhan kaaj holl gps sthanangko dwara chinnito lakkhyer jotota sombhob kachakachi niyantrita poddhotite abataran koraa. eyi jontroguli gps baa inertial navigation system inn dwara porichalito hotey paare. eyi abosthanti microprocessor kachhe pathano hoy jaa eyi tothyer bishleshan theke lakkhyer abosthaner tulna korey lokkhoke sambodhan korar jonno coone koney etty ghurte hobey taa ganana korey ebong steering systemke jothajotho nirdesh deyo. sangshodhan korar jonno eyi prokriyati kromagoto punorabritti koraa hoy. eyi dharaner jontroguli udaner somoy tothyoo sanchaya korey kintu jehetu taader saathe thaka censorer sankhya qama, taai ager dharaner tulna tothyer abhab beshi. ekti prottaborton cansat sarbada ekti steering system bohon korey jaa etike porichalona korte, abhimukhi korte ebong lakkhyer dike egiye jete deyo. sadharonoto eyi dharaner ekti prokriya microprocessor dwara niyantrita eka baa ekadhik acututor dwara sakriya hoy jaate cervomotorty ekpashe baa onno dike ghore ebong taai ghurnayman cansat hoy. cansatte parashoot baa glider baa rotter ebong danna royeche kina taar upor nirbhar korey duti prodhan prokar royeche. parasuit baa paraglider soho canset. eyi jontrogulite sadharonoto ekti steering system thaake jaa threadgulir samanwaye gothito jaa osomovabe choley jaate onudoirgho akkher uttolone parthokyo toiri hoy jaate cansatty konao naa konovabe ghore. etty motamuti sahaj jantrik byabohar korey. sadharonoto abotoroner haar qama ebong borh pristher ayton etike tuley neoar karone eyi jontroguli porichalona koraa kathin. danna baa ghurnak soho cansat. jantrikbhabe arow jotil ebong abhawar abosthar proti qama jhunkipurno jaa parasuit baa glider diye canset korey. eyi dharaner jontroguli porichalona koraa onek beshi kathor ebong err abotoroner uchcho haarer karone proti sekende arow onek sangshodhan korte sokkhom ekti boidyutin byabosthar prayojan hoy. open classes. eyi bibhage, jey konao robot jaa ager duti bibhager modhye antarbhukta noy taa jomaa deoa jete paare. eyi bibhage uposthapito beshirbhag cansat holl robot jaa notun system baa notun design porikkha korche jaa ekhono porikkha koraa hoyney (prajukti prodorshonkari). shikkhagoto agroho. anyanno mahakash prokolper tulna bastobayoner qama kharach, prostutir swalpo somoy ebong nakshar sarlata eyi dharonake shikkharthider jonno mohakashe taader prothom podokkhep neoar jonno ekti durdanto byaboharik sujog korey deyo. kormovar bitoroner madhyome missionti kibhabe somponno koraa hoy, cansater naksha, upadangulir sanhatkaran, sothik apareshana jachaikaran, lonch prostuti, detta bishleshan ebong doll gathon beche neoar jonno shikkharthira dayabaddha. etty mulat ekti bastob upogroher naksha, srishti ebong utkheponer ekti scale protirup. ekti cansat bikasher jonno prayojaniya prokriyati samasya-vittik shikkha naame porichito ekti shekhar prokriya antarbhukta korey, ekti notun shikkhon poddhoti jekhane shikkharthi prodhan choritro ebong jaake aboshyoi samasyaguli samadhan korte hobey. eyi dharaner prokolper prodhan baisishtya holl dalguli jaa dharabahik challenge dwara chaalito unmukto samasyar mukhomukhi hoy. shikkhok-shikkhikader deoa samarthan hrass pachche, seii obhiggotar sange samanjasya rekhe jey gosthiti poucheche, taa sweekar korar jonno jey system engineering-keey taader nijaswa dokkhotar unnayan oo gobeshonar jotilotao mokabila korte hobey. mahakash prakaushal bibhag shikkhai byabohrito sabcheye sadharan poddhotigulir modhye ekti kaaron etty akarshaniya thimgulir bistrito porisor sarbaraha korey. protijogita. europe, markin juktorashtro ebong asia ityadite cansat protijogita onusthito hoy. markin juktorashtro. cansat protijogita. markin juktorashtre, cansat design-billed-lonch protijogitar ekti american astronautical society ebong american institute off aeronautics anned astronautics dwara ayojit hoy. protijogitar anyanno pristhoposhokder modhye royeche nou gobeshona porikkhagar, nassa, agi, orbital sciences karporeshana, praxis incorporated ebong solidworks. arlis. arlis prokolpo holl stanford vishwavidyalaya ebong anyanno shikkha protisthaner shikkharthi ebong anushad unnayan karmasuchi mahakash byabosthar modhye ekti sahojogitamulak prochesta jaa prithibir kokkhopoth baa mongol grohe utkheponer prostutir jonno prototype khudro upogroho toiri, utkhepon, porikkha ebong punoruddhar korey. arlis ekti mahakash prokolper jeebonchokrer (pray eka bochor) byaboharik obhiggota orjoner jonno ekti chyalenjer prostab deena. protiti doll eka baa ekadhik upogroher naksha toiri korey ebong toiri korey ebong taaraa nevadar black roke utkheponsthole taader porikkhar prostuti, utkhepon, porichalona ebong nirapada punoruddharer tadarki korte yaay. arlis rockett sarbaraha korey, protiti 3,500 mitter uchchotai tinti cansat parashoot bohon korte sokkhom, jaa protiti kyanke pray 15 minuter udaner somoy deyo, jaa digante diganter kokkhopother nimno kokkhopother paaser anukaran korey. europe. europea cansat protijogitati europea mahakash sangostha dwara procharito hoy ebong etty uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthider upor drishti niboddho korey. etty emon ekti protijogita jekhane protiti cansatke aboshyoi volumer oitijjobahi prayojaniyata puron korte hobey ebong udaner somoy ebong budget somporkito anyannogulir saathe 350 gramer beshi bhor bohon korte hobey naa. chup ebong tapmatra porimap korar pashapashi eyi tothyoti bastob somoye preron koraa hoy. echhadao, cansatke swadhinbhabe pochondo korar ekti gouno mission palon korte hobey. eyi missioner prostabguli seii dalguli nirbachan korte byabohrito hoy jaaraa 1000 mitter porjonto arohankari ekti roketer upor taader cansatguli chaalu korbe, jekhane etty vitore thaka duti cansat khole ebong feley. bharat. university cansat challenge ardle-cansat coms too india ekti design-billed-fly protijogita jaa dolgulike ekti mahakash byabosthar design jeebon-chokrer obhiggota orjoner sujog pradan korey. bishwobidyaloyer cansat chyalenjti ekti chhoto scaley ekti sadharan mahakash programa protifolito korar jonno design koraa hoyeche. mission ebong err prayojaniyataguli telemetry prayojaniyata, jogajog ebong swayattashasita criacollup soho bastob bishwer missioner bivinno dick protifolito korar jonno design koraa hoyeche. protiti doll samayasuchi, naksha porjalochona ebong prodorshon flaiter moto bastob bishwer bitoronjoggo vishaygulite challenge judey score korey. 2015 saaler auguster majhamajhi theke 2016 saaler 17 januari hoskote eyi anusthaner suchona hoy, etty folito gobeshona unnayan porikkhagar dwara ayojit hoyechilo ebong bengalurur indian institute sayensa dwara ayojit hoyechilo. panel sadasyara jaaraa eyi anusthaner bitcher korechilen taaraa chhilen isro bishishto bigyani. flaiter porey sangkhipto biboron deoar porey team nito surat vijayi hoy. check projatontro. esero check projatontro dwara ayojit etty ekti chhoto akarer protijogita jaa europea cansat protijogitar jonno jogyata orjon hisabe kaaj korey. ongshogrohonkarider monojog, upogroho nirmaner pashapashi, beshirbhag jurie ebong jonosadharoner kachhe prokolper karjokor uposthaponar upor, kaaron samajik networke uposthiti ebong prokolper samogrik jonosadharoner protinidhitto chudanta mulyayaner ekti ullekhjoggo ongsho toiri korey. spena. 2008 saale onusthito prothom antorjatik cansat protijogitar porr theke madrid polytechnic bishwobidyaloyer (apom) sahayatai mahakash oo microgravity gobeshonar (lima) gobeshonagar ekti antorjatik cansat protijogitar ayojan korey. eyi pristhar upore bistaritovabe bornito cansater dharan onusare tinti bibhag royeche. arekti unmukto bibhag royeche jekhane akarer simabaddhata eto kathor noy ebong gazeter bhor pray 1 kilo porjonto hotey paare. europea protijogitar moto, kichhu tothyo bastob somoye telemetry dwara pathano uchito ebong ongshogrohonkari dalgulir jonno bajeter simabaddhata royeche. france. shee. enn. ee (farasi mahakash sangostha) ebong association planette sciences dwara ayojit, farasi protijogitati "shee 'space" procharer somoy onusthito hoy, jaa torunder jonno mahakash-somporkito prajuktir ekti prochar karmasuchi. eyi protijogitai pray 200 mitter uchchotai ekti sthir dirigible airship theke cansatguli feley deoa hoy. duti bibhag pawa yaayah "antorjatik" ebong "unmukto" jekhane volumer prayojaniyata ekti oitijjobahi cansater 330 millilitre tulna 1 litter porjonto volumer anumati deoar jonno prosarito koraa hoy. koria projatontro. 2012 saal theke corrier bigyan, aaee. shee. tii ebong bhabishyat parikalpana montrok koria cansat sangaskritike janapriya korte ebong upogroho byabosthaponar bishoye shikkharthider gyan badanor jonno corian cansat protijogita/campke sponsor korche. corian cubesat protijogitar pashapashi eyi protijogitati corian sarkar kortrik prodotto duti prodhan upogroho protijogita gathon korey. protijogitati satrack (satellite prajukti gobeshona kendra) dwara porichalito hoy, ekti jatiya satellite gobeshona kendra jaa ekadhik sofol corian upogroher jonno dayee ebong kayster ongsho-jaa sabcheye morjadapurno bigyan-vittik vidyalaygulir modhye ekti. mahakash prajukti bikasher jonno sarkarer masterplaner ongsho hisabe corian sarkar prayojaniyatar vittite cansat bikasher jonno samasta phii bhartuki deyo. uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthi ebong snatok shikkharthira eyi protijogitai ongshogrohoner jonno 3 john chhatrer doll toiri korte paare. uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthira (10maum shreni theke 12maum shreni) seulogy sectore ongshogrohon korey ebong prathomik cansat platform byabohar korey atirikto srijanshil kaajer modhyo diye jete hoy. eyi kajgulir udahorongulir modhye royeche 'python-vittik bases system', 'cansater jonno modular kathamo'. proti meey maase, samasta ongshogrohonkari dolgulike cansat toiri ebong doll-nirdishto kaaj sampadaner jonno taader parikalpana jomaa ditey hobey. tarpor, 20tii doll jaaraa taader kaajer karjokarita ebong cansater moulik gyan anujayi nirbachito hoy. eyi dalguli online-vittik shikkhar modhyo diye yaay ebong taader toiri koraa vitti byabostha anujayi taader kajguli bastobayoner jonno somoy paay. taader kaaj ebong bases systemer sampurnata arow ekbar mulyayan koraa hoy, 10 tii doll beche neoar jonno jaaraa abosheshe taader cansat chaalu korte paare. corian mahakash gobeshokder shikkha odhibeshoner porr, eyi cansatguli gohing-ayee chaalu koraa hoy, jeti narro mahakash kendrao abosthito. snatok shikkharthira changjo sectore ongshogrohon korey ebong uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthider moto ekoi prokriyar modhyo diye yaay. prodhan parthokyo holl jey, uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthira programming-ayee abhyasta noy emon shikkharthider sahajyo korar jonno bases steshana programa grohon korey, snatok shikkharthider nijeder jonno taader bases steshana programa programa koraa uchito. prathomik samayasuchi uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthider jonno ekoi. madhyomik vidyalaya ebong kichhu prathomik bidyalayer shikkharthi (5-9 shreni) 'corian cansat camp' naame porichito campey ongsho neyo, jaa ekoi kortripokkher dwara rakkhanabekkhan ebong pristhoposhokota koraa hoy. cansat somporke taader agroho ebong gyaner vittite, cansat shibire ongshogrohoner jonno 2 john chhatro sadasyer samanwaye 30tii doll beche neoa hoy. 2 deane dhorey, eyi chhatroder corian mahakash gobeshokra shikkhito corren. taaraa taader moulik cansat (gps, luminance censor, inertial maas unit ityadi soho) toiri korey.) camp chalakalin. japan. japane, eyi protijogitati unisec (vishwavidyalaya mahakash prakaushal consortium) dwara ayojit hoy ebong anyanno sangaskaraner biporite jekhane ekti rockett dwara cansatguli chaalu koraa hoy, ekhane etty ekti belun jaa ekti nirdishto uchchotai arohan korey, jaar porey cansatty feley deoa hoy. eyi protijogitati ekti nirdishto abosthane pouchanor bishoye, hoy udaner pother poribortoner madhyome, athoba chaaka jog korey jaate cansatty prayojaniya jaiga pouchte paare. argentina. argentina, ekti cansat sova hoy, tobey etty protijogitamulok noy; err poriborte, cansat programti swa-nirmito punohbyoboharjoggo lonchar byabohar korey porikkhar madhyome porichalito ekti adhyayan poddhoti. eyi programti binamulye prokashito hoy ebong shikkharthider santushti pradan korey, ekti jotil engineering prokolper puro jeebonchokrer saathe jorito korey, dharonagoto naksha, sanhatkaran, porikkha ebong prokrito system apareshana theke shuru korey, mission-poroborti sangkhiptasarer ekti boithoker saathe shesh hoy. cansat programti proti bochor asema (poriikkhamulok raketbidya ebong argentiner space modeling) dwara sangathito hoy. 2003 saaler septembore ekti shikkhamulak sommelone eyi kormosuchiti uposthapon koraa hoy ebong 2004 saaler novembore collegio shaan felip nerir shikkharthider dwara prostuto prothom argentine cansat chaalu koraa hoy. iran. iran cansat protijogita (aaee. shee. shee) holl iran mahakashchari gobeshona institute (ayee. arr. aaee) dwara sponsor koraa cansater naksha ebong utpadoner jonno onusthito arekti protijogita. 2011 saal theke proti bochor eyi protijogita onusthito hoye asche ebong etey dhrupadi oo peshadar naame duti bibhag royeche, dhrupadi bibhage bayumandaliya sounding ebong photo/vdo capturing mission antarbhukta royeche, jekhane peshadar bibhage joibo-beton punoruddhar ebong prottaborton mission antarbhukta royeche. dalguli ostropocharer agey pii. dii. arr ebong shee. dii. arr prostuto korbe ebong maathe cansat porikkha korar porey pii. eff. arr prostuto korbe. shikkharthider kachh theke aasha koraa hoy jey taaraa cable projuktigoto bishoye taader gyaner unnoti korbe naa, borong ekti bohu-bibhagiya prokolper jonno prayojaniya niyamatantrik drishtibhongio orjon korbe ebong somogro jeebonchokrer scratch theke ponno porjonto ekti prokolpe jorito thucker obhiggota orjon korbe. choturtho iran antorjatik cansat protijogita (aaee. shee. shee. 2014) 2014 saaler octobore onusthito howar kotha chhilo. atti protijogita onusthito hoyeche.(2019-2020) protijogitar ashtam rounde (2019-2020), amirkavir university off technologyr dui doll otspace ebong otspace-plues ahmedreza karamir tottabodhane ebong daw.kamran raisi. iraner iazd bishwobidyaloyer ekti dolo dwitiya shiropa jitote paare. dakkhin africa. prothom dakkhin african cansat 1650 mitter uchchotai niye yawa hoyechilo, ekti uchcho shaktir roketer peey-laude hisabe, 6 navembar 1999-ayee. jacan-1 naame, cansatty stephan stoltz dwara design ebong nirmito hoyechilo ebong uttor bishwobidyaloyer (bortomane limpopo vishwavidyalaya) ekti prajukti prodorshonir ongsho hisabe rudewall rudewall akashsima (limpopo pradesh) chaalu koraa hoyechilo. dakkhin africar jyotirbigyan porjobekkhonagarer sahojogitai cape town vishwavidyalaya (eu. shee. tii) taar prothom cansat protijogita shuru korey. 2013 saal theke dakkhin africar besh koyekti vishwavidyalaya taader patthyokromer modhye cansat prokolpogulir mulyayan oo sanhatkaran shuru koreche. dakkhin africar jatiya mahakash sangostha dakkhin africar modhye cansat protijogitar bhabishyate prochare agrani bhumika palon korbe boley dharona koraa hachche. iraqi kurdistan. kurdistane ekti cansat programa, jaa iraqi kurdishistaner computer rockett association (bortomane bilupto) naame porichito, mulat 1992 saale falah mustafa bakir dwara protisthito hoyechilo. kurdi sarkar, eyi somoye taar swalpo-parisima kheponastro karmasuchi bikash korey, torun shikkharthider samrik prajukti khettre jogdan korte utsahito korar jonno samiti toiri korey. eyi kormosuchiti sofol hoyechilo ebong 2000 saaler shurute pray tingun arthayan dekha giechilo. 2000 theke 2003 saal porjonto hussener shesh bochorer khomotai thakakalin, husseiner sachiber motey, "shatrur kachhe tehbil sariye deoar jonno rockett associatione dhongshattok karjokolap" hisabe porichito howar karone associationty onek beshi seemit tehbil peyechilo. eyi jukti bhittihin chhilo ebong 2003 saale iraq akromoner agey porjonto eyi sangathanti sobematro sthayi hoyechilo. 2003 saale irake markin-joat akromoner somoy, sarkarer upor juddhokalin teebro chaaper karone associationer tehbil sompurnobhabe ketey deoa hoyechilo. 2003 saaler shesher dike akraman shesh howar porr associationty venge deoa hoy, kintu markin samrik byaktittora markin juktorashtre rockett karmasuchir sombhabona dekhechilen. err porpori, ekti chhatro-kendrik rockett associationer jonno arthayan 26tii american schoolke eyi kormosuchiti korte sokkhom korey. tarpor theke, ekadhik desh iraqi kurdistaner prathomik computer rockett associationer safalyer porr model koraa chhatro rockett karmasuchi grohon koreche ebong prajukti-vittik stema associatione tehbil prosarito koreche.

canset canset aee aek prakaarno dhvani roqeta payload chhe jeno upyog avkaash technology shikhavvaa maate thaay chhe. teey laghuchitra upgrahomaa upyogmaa levaati takneek jevee jaj chhe. koee canset kyaarey vatavaranmathi bahaar nikalyu nathee, naa too pruthvini parikramaa curry chhe. canset spardhaoma, payloadne saamanya sodaa qena (66 meemee vyaas aneey 115 meemee unchai) naa jaththaama fita karvaa maate jaroori chhe aneey tenu dada 350 graamthee ochhu hoya chhe. antenane baahy reete mount curry shakaay chhe, parantu jyaan sudhee canset prakshepan vaahanne chhodi naa jaay tyaan sudhee vyaas vadhee shakato nathee. canset unchai parr naana rockethi tainaat karvaamaa aave chhe jeey spardhana aadhare badalaay chhe. canset punahprapti pranalithi sajj hoya chhe, saamanya reete parachute, jeey punahprapti parr nukasaanne maryadit karey chhe aneey cansetno fareethi upyog karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. cansetno upyog temnee sastee keemat aneey ochhi matrane kaarane avkaash technology shikhavvaa maate thaay chhe. itihas. maan 1998, lagbhag 50 vidhyarthio aneey facultyo 12 universityo united states aneey japan maanthi havaai khaate yojaayeli parisamvaadmaa malyaa hataa. teey pratham "university spaces systems symposium" hatoo. aheen, stanford universityna prophesara emeritus boob twigse, pachhithi nanosatellite project shun banashe teno praarambhik vichaar rajoo karyo. teey vichaar sodaana kenanaa kadnaa maalkhaane avkashma chhodvano hato. tenu qada lagbhag 350 millilitre aneey dada lagbhag 500 graam hovu joiae. aaa aaa sharoo thayela arlis naamnaa project taraf doree gayoo, jemaa motaabhaage american aneey japanese universityo saamel hatee, jene teey varshnaa 11 septembernaa roj pratham prakshepan karyoo hatoo aneey darr varshe vikshep vinaa chaalu raakhyu hatoo. praarambhik vichaar, jeey aaje pann prachaleet chhe, teey 350 millilitres 3 upgraho athavaa vadhu jaththaana upgrahne prakshepit karvaano hato. aaa saadhan aek aevu roqeta hashe jeey 1.8 keelo vajan khasedi shake aneey 4000 meater sudhee chadhai shake, jenaathi ochhi keematni antariksh udaanono darvaajo khulshe-lagbhag 400 dollar. dollar, mission khoob jaj alag hataah udaaharan tareeke, barometer dwara pradaan karvaamaa aaveli maahiteeno upyog kareene utaraan pranaalinaa udghaatanni ganatari karvee athavaa vibhedak jee. pii. aesa. pranaalino upyog karvo. aaa project project vadhu jatil paristhitimaa aavyo hato jyaare punaragaman shrenee umervaamaa aavee hatee, jeey anusaar upgrahne chokkas lakshya taraf nirdeshit karvo joiae. aaa mission khoob jaj safal rahyu hatoo aneey aneey, tohoku universityni spaces robotics lebnaa vidhyarthio lakshyathi 45 meater sudhee gayaa hataa aneey aneey aaa aankado ghateene 6 meater thaee gayo hato. aaa prakaarnaa upgrahmaa rus vadhee rahyo chhe aneey felai rahyo chhe. hatoo, tokyo university beey upgrah samghan, canset kartaa sahej motaa kadnaa upgraho aneey samghan aakaarnaa upgrahne bhramankakshama sthaapit karyaa. taajetarnaa varshomaa, proo. dwara prastaavit samaan khyaalne anusareene ghanee spardhao vikasavvama aavee chhe. boob twiggs aneey raashtriy aneey aantarrashtriy banne arlisma pratibimbit thaay chhe. operation. mukhya ghatako. ketlaak ghatako darek canset dwara vahenchvaamaa aave chheh battery. battery robotnee tamaam pranaalionaa sanchalan maate shaktee puurii paade chhe aneey teey koipan robot athavaa electronic pranali maate aavashyak chhe, tenaa pradarshan aneey vartmaan vajanaa gunottarne kaarane sauthee vadhu upyogmaa levaati lithiyam polymer battery (lipo) chhe. microprocessor. microprocessor aee robotnu hraday chhe, kaaran keey teey baahy censor (jaim keey ultmeter, accelerometer athavaa transmitter) maanthi sanketo praapt karvaa maate jawabdar chhe aneey temne prograam tareeke kaary karvaa maate prakriyaa pann karey chhe. motabhagna microprocessorsmaa detaa sangrah maate aantarik memarino samaavesh thaay chhe athavaa temaa samaavesh thaee shake chhe, jeey udaan darmiyan viveedh censormathi maahitee sangraheet karvaa maate upyogi chhe. aaa stare upyogmaa levaata ketlaak vyaapaari microprocessoro aaa pramaane chheh gaun ghatako. uparokt ghatako upraant, anyane sonpavama aavela missionne dhyanma rakheene umeree shakaay chhe. barometer. barometerma dabaan maaptaa koshano samaavesh thaay chhe jeey microprocessor saathe jodaayel hoya chhe aneey teey anoobhave chhe teey dabaan anusaar voltage moolya saathe sanket mokale chhe. microprocessor unchai melavaa maate pramanbhut vaataavaraniy paristhitiono upyog karey chhe. aaa prakaarnaa upkaranomaa vaparaata barometernu udaaharan chheh thermometer. thermometer barometerni jaim jaj kamgiri karey chhe parantu microprocessorne mokalvaamaa aavto voltage signal mapvama aavela taapmaan parr aadhaar raakhe chhe. microprocessor taapmaan moolya sopeene aaa sanketnu arthghatan karey chhe. aaa thermometersnaa udaaharano chheh jee. pii. aesa. module. jee. pii. aesa. aee aek jameenni sthitee pranali chhe jeey pruthvini aaspaas paribhraman kartaa upgrah network parr banelee chhe jeey satat temnee sthitee aneey prasaaran samay mokale chhe. aaa mahitimathi, praaptkartaa vadhu choksai melavaa maate tamaam uplabdh upgraho saathe tenee sthiteene trikon banaave chhe. aaa sthitee microprocessorne detaa line tareeke cereal porta dwara mokalvaamaa aave chhe. design stare, gps receivero aevee jagyae stheet hovaa joiae jyaan upgrah drashti rekhaa shakya tetali seedhi hoya jethee udaan darmiyan aaa saathe shreneeni bahaar naa rahe. dhaatuna malkhama, receivero hammesha tyaan stheet hovaa joiae jyaan maalakhu aaa drashti rekhaane assar karatu nathee. camera. havaamaa canset neeche aavee rahyu hoya teey darmiyan koipan vastunaa photograph levaa maate cansetma miinii camera saamel curry shakaay chhe. dhyanma rakheene keey jyaare robot havaamaa hoya tyaare cansetne camera chalaavvaa maatena order praapt thaee shaktaa nathee tethee microprocessor teey jaj hovu joiae jeey camerane cheetra levaano aadesh aape chhe. aaa canset maatena cameranu udaaharan chheh cansetno upyog upyog mapping maate pann thaee shake chhe. aanun udaaharan link parr chheh HTTPS:// cansat.unisec.maahitee/ accelerometer. aaa pranali viveedh akshomaa aek athavaa vadhu pravegakmapiothi banelee chhe. badhaa pravegakmaapak aek bajuae sankaleet akshomaa pravegne maapvaa maate parvangi aape chhe. accelerometerno upyog maahitee aektrit karvaa athavaa sthitee nakki karvaa maate (ekikaran dwara) thaee shake chhe. sthitee nakki karvaa maate banavvama aavela shreshth pravegakmaapeeone jadatviy navigation system inns kahevama aave chhe. aano upyog ketlaak canset modelo parr thaay chhe. aaa pranalini anishchitataa censorne mapankan karatee vakhate bhool parr aadharit chhe. aaa pranaalinaa fayada aee hakeekathi jaay chhe keey jee. pii. aesa. nee jaroor nathee, chumbakeey dakhalgiri saame rogpratikarak shaktee. aaa cansetnee andar bahuveedh sthaanone manjuri aape chhe. ketlaak sauthee vadhu upyogmaa levaata pravegakmaapeeo chheh electronic hokayantra. ketalikvaar, canset kaee dishaamaa aagad vadhee rahyu chhe teey jaanvu jaroori chhe (udaaharan tareeke, niyantrit utartaa karvaa maate), aaa kissaamaa hokayantra samvedak khoob jaj naanu samvedak chhe jeey paramparagat hokayantrani jaim tenee disha aneey uttar vachchena konane maape chhe. aaa khoono sambhaveet tafaavat dwara microprocessormaa prasaarit thaay chhe. microprocessor aavtaa signalnu arthghatan karey chhe aneey teey mujab kaary karey chhe. aama, jooe cansetno hetu jee. pii. aesa. receiverno upyog karyaa vinaa lakshya sudhee pahonchvaano hato, too aaa censor nirnayak bhoomika bhajavashe. upyogmaa levaata hokayantranaa ketlaak namunaao aaa pramaane chheh prakaaro. mukhyatve beey prakaarnaa canset hoya chhe, joke saamanya reete teey masheeno maate triji shrenee umervaamaa aave chhe jeey pratham bemaa bandhbesta nathih telemetry. aaa teey chhe jeno praathmeek hetu ground station dwara prakriyaa karvaa maate vaastavik samayma udaan aneey havaamaanni sthitimathi maahitee aektrit karvaano aneey prasaarit karvaano chhe. aaa shreneema canset sanchalan pranaalino upyog kartaa nathee kaaran keey teno udesh koee chokkas bindu parr aavvaano nathee parantu jyaare utartaa hoya tyaare maahitee aektrit karvaano chhe (jeey saamanya reete niyantrit nathee). agaauna vibhagoma ullekheet pranaliomathi sauthee vadhu upyogmaa levaati pranaalio chheh barometer, thermometer, jee. pii. aesa. aneey camera. paachha aavo. aanun mukhya kaary gps coordinates dwara chinhit lakshyani shakya tetali najik niyantrit reete utaraan karvaanu chhe. aaa upkaranone jee. pii. aesa. athavaa inertial navigation system dwara margdarshan aapee shakaay chhe. aaa sthitee microprocessorne mokalvaamaa aave chhe jeey lakshyane sambodhvaa maate kayaa khoona parr vadvu joiae tenee ganatari karvaa maate aaa detaanaa vishleshanmathi lakshyani sthitini sarkhaamani karey chhe aneey sanchalan pranaaline yogya soochnaao aape chhe. sudhara karvaa maate aaa prakriyaane satat punraavartit karvaamaa aave chhe. aavaa upkarano udaan darmiyan maahiteeno sangrah pann karey chhe parantu temnee saathe aavtaa censorni sankhyaa ochhi hovathi, agaauna prakaar karataa maahitee vadhu durlabh chhe. punaragaman canset hammesha aek sanchalan pranali dharaave chhe jeey tene daavpech karvaa, disha nirdeshit karvaa aneey lakshya taraf aagad vadhvaa maate parvangi aape chhe. saamanya reete aavee paddhati microprocessor dwara niyantrit aek athavaa vadhu actuators dwara sakreey thaay chhe jethee sarvomotara aek baaju athavaa beejee baaju farey aneey tethee canset farey. cansetma parachute athavaa glider athavaa rootara aneey paankho shamel chhe keey qema tenaa aadhare beey mukhya prakaaro chhe. parachute athavaa paragliders saathe canset. aaa upkaranomaa saamanya reete aek steering system hoya chhe jemaa threado hoya chhe jeey asampramantama aagad vadhe chhe jethee rekhansh akshnee liftmaan tafaavat pedaa thaay jethee canset aek reete athavaa beejee reete farey. teey ekdam saral mechanicsno upyog karey chhe. saamanya reete utarvaanaa neecha darne kaarane aaa upkaranone sanchaalit karvaa mushkel chhe aneey vishaal sapaati vistaar tene unchkaave chhe. paankho athavaa rootara saathe canset. yaantrik reete vadhu jatil aneey havaamaanni paristhitio maate ochhi samvedansheel chhe jeey parachute athavaa glider saathe canset karey chhe. aaa prakaarnaa upkaranone sanchaalit karvaa maate vadhu kathor hoya chhe aneey tenaa utarvaanaa unchaa darne kaarane pratee second ghanaa vadhu sudhara karvaa maate saksham electronic systemnee jaroor padey chhe. open class. aaa shreneema, koipan robot keey jeey agaauni beey shreniomathi koipanma shamel nathee, teey submit curry shakaay chhe. aaa shreneema prastut motabhagna canset robots chhe jeey navee systemo athavaa navee designonu parikshan karey chhe jenu haju sudhee parikshan karvaamaa aavyu nathee (takneeki pradarshako). shaikshanik rus. amalikaranno ochho kharch, taiyarino tunko samay aneey anya avkaash pariyojanaaoni sarkhaamanimaa designni saraltaa aaa khyaalne vidhyarthio maate avkashma temnaa pratham pagalaa levaa maate aek uttam vyavhaaru taka banaave chhe. vidhyarthio kaarybhaarnu vitaran kareene mission kevee reete purn thaay chhe, canset design, ghatakonu ekikaran, yogya kamgiri chakasani, prakshepanni taiyari, detaa vishleshan aneey team sangathan pasand karvaa maate jawabdar chhe. teey mulbhoot reete vaastavik upgrahni rachnaa, nirmaan aneey prakshepanni pramaan pratikruti chhe. canset vikasavva maate jaroori prakriyaamaa samasya-aadharit shikshan tareeke odakhaati shikhvani prakriyaa saamel chhe, aek navee shikshan paddhati jemaa vidhyarthi mukhya paatra chhe aneey jene samsyaaonu samadhan karavu jaj padashe. aaa prakaarnaa projectnee mukhya lakshanikta aee chhe keey satat padkaaro dwara sanchaalit khulli samsyaono saamno karatee teamo dwara haath dharvaamaa aave chhe. shikshako dwara aapvama aavto teko aee anoobhavne dhyanma rakheene ghatee rahyo chhe keey jooth aee odakhvaa maate pahonchi rahyu chhe keey system angineeringne pann temnee potaani kshamataona vikaas aneey sanshodhanni jatilataano saamno karvo padey chhe. avkaash ijneri shaakha aee shikshanma upyogmaa levaati sauthee saamanya paddhatiomaanee aek chhe kaaran keey teey aakarshak vishhayoni vishaal shrenee pradaan karey chhe. spardhao. europe, united states aneey aesheeya vageremaa canset spardhao yojvama aave chhe. united states. canset spardhaa. united statesma, canset design-billed-lonch spardhaomathi aek american astronotical sosayati aneey american institute off aeronotics anned astronautics dwara aayojit karvaamaa aave chhe. spardhana anya prayojakomaa naukaadal sanshodhan prayogshaalaa, nassa, agi, orbital science corporation, praxis incorporated aneey solidworksno samaavesh thaay chhe. arlis. arlis project aee stanford university aneey anya shaikshanik sansthaoma vidhyarthio aneey faculty development prograam spaces systems vachcheno aek sahyogi prayaas chhe, jeey pruthvini bhramanksha athavaa mangalni jagyama prakshepanni taiyarima prototype laghuchitrit upgrahonaa nirmaan, prakshepan, parikshan aneey punahpraapt karvaa maate chhe. arlis avkaash projectnaa jeevan chakra (lagbhag aek varsh) maan vyavhaaru anoobhav melavaa maate aek padkaar rajoo karey chhe. darek team aek athavaa vadhu upgrahoni rachnaa karey chhe aneey tenu nirmaan karey chhe, aneey teo temnaa prayogoni taiyari, prakshepan, sanchalan aneey salaamat punahpraaptini dekhrekh raakhvaa maate black roqa, newada khaatena prakshepan sthal parr jaay chhe. arlis roqeta puuraa paade chhe, darek 3,500 meterni unchaiae trana canset parachute laee javaa maate saksham chhe, jeey darek cansetne prayogo maate lagbhag 15 minutena udaan samaynee manjuri aape chhe, jeey kshitijthi kshitij bhramankakshana neecha bhramankakshana paasnu anookaran karey chhe. europe. european canset spardhaane european avkaash agency dwara protsaahan aapvama aave chhe aneey teey uchch shaalaana vidhyarthio parr kendrit chhe. aaa aek aevee spardhaa chhe jemaa darek cansetma jaththaani paramparagat jaruriyaato puurii thavee joiae aneey udaannaa samay aneey budget saathe sambandhit anya loko saathe 350 graamthee vadhu vajan naa hovu joiae. dabaan aneey taapmaan maapvaa upraant aneey aaa maahiteene vaastavik samayma prasaarit karoo. aaa upraant, cansetae mukt pasandaginu gaun mission bhajavvu joiae. aaa mission maateni darkhastono upyog aevee teamony pasandagi karvaa maate thaay chhe jeey 1000 meater sudhee chadhata roqeta parr temnaa canset lonch karashe, jyaan teey andarnaa beey canset khole chhe aneey chhode chhe. bhaarat. university canset challenge baay erdle-canset cums ina india aee design-billed-fly spardhaa chhe jeey teamone aerospace systemna design jeevan-chakrano anoobhav karvaanee taka puurii paade chhe. university canset challenge naana paaye lakshaneek aerospace prograamne pratibimbit karvaa maate rachaayel chhe. aaa mission aneey tenee jaruriyaato vaastavik duniyana missionnaa viveedh pasaone pratibimbit karvaa maate rachvaamaa aavee chhe jemaa telemetry jaruriyaato, sandeshaavyavhaar aneey svaayatt kaamgeereeno samaavesh thaay chhe. darek teamne samaypatrak, design sameekshao aneey pradarshan udaan jevee vaastavik duniyani deliveryo parr samagr padkaar darmiyan guna aapvama aave chhe. aaa kaarykram august august madhyamaa hoskot khaate 17 january january roj sharoo thayo hato, tenu aayojan applied research development laboratories dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey bhaartiy vigyaan sanstha, bangalore dwara tenu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa ghatanaano nyaay karnara panelists isaronaa prakhyaat vaignaniko hataa. team neet surat udaan pachhini maahitee pachhi vijayi bunny hatee. check prajasattak. esero check prajasattak dwara aayojit aaa aek naanee kadnee spardhaa chhe jeey european canset spardhaa maate laaykaat valaank tareeke sevaa aape chhe. sahbhagionun dhyaan, upgrahnaa nirmanni saathe, mote bhaage jurie temaj jaaher janata samaksh projectnee asarkarak rajuaat parr kendrit chhe kaaran keey saamaajik networks parr haajari aneey projectnu ekandar jaaher pratinidhitva anteem mulyankanno nondhpaatra bhaag banaave chhe. spain. spaces anned microgravity research (leam) maateni prayogshaalaa medrid (yuu. pii. aema.) nee polytechnic universityni madadthi madadthi yojaayeli pratham aantarrashtriy canset spardhaa pachhi aantarrashtriy canset spardhaanu aayojan karey chhe. aaa prushthni toach parr vigatvaar vigatvaar cansetnaa prakaaro anusaar trana shreneeo chhe. aek anya khulli shrenee chhe jemaa kadnee maryadao aetali kadak nathee aneey gajetnu vajan lagbhag 1 keelo jetalu hoi shake chhe. european spardhani jaim, ketalik maahitee vaastavik samayma telemetry dwara mokalvi joiae aneey sahbhagi teamo maate bajetnee maryadao chhe. france. see. aena. ee. aesa. (french spaces agency) aneey association planet science dwara aayojit, french spardhaa "see 'spaces" abhiyaan darmiyan thaay chhe, jeey yuvaano maate avkaash-sambandhit takneekeeno outrich prograam chhe. aaa spardhama cansetne lagbhag 200 meterni unchaiae stheer dirigible airshipmathi chhodvama aave chhe. beey shreneeo uplabdh chheh "aantarrashtriy" aneey "khulli" jemaa paramparagat cansetnaa 330 millilitres sarkhaamanimaa 1 litter sudhee volumeni manjuri aapvaa maate volumeni jaruriyaato vadharvama aave chhe. koreeya prajasattak. 2012 thee, koreeyanu vigyaan, aaee. see. tii. aneey bhaavi aayojan mantralay koreeyama canset sanskrutine lokpreey banaavvaa aneey upgrah vyavsthaapan parr vidhyarthiona gnyanne vadhaarvaa maate corian canset spardhaa/shibirne prayojit curry rahyu chhe. aaa spardhaa, corian cubesset spardhaa saathe, beey mukhya upgrah spardhaaonu nirmaan karey chhe jeey corian sarkaar dwara rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa spardhaanu sanchalan setreka (satellite technology research center) dwara karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey aek raashtriy satellite sanshodhan kendra chhe, jeey bahuveedh safal corian upgraho maate jawabdar chhe, aneey teey sauthee pratishthit vigyaan-lakshi shalaomani aek-castno bhaag chhe. avkaash technology vikasavva maate sarkaarnaa masterplanna bhagroope, canset vikasavva maateni tamaam feene corian sarkaar dwara jaruriyaat parr subsidy aapvama aave chhe. uchch shaalaana vidhyarthio aneey snaatak vidhyarthio aaa spardhama bhaag levaa maate 3 vidhyarthioni team banaavi shake chhe. uchch shaalaana vidhyarthio (dhoran 10 ~ 12) seulgi kshetramaa bhaag leey chhe, aneey mulbhoot canset platformno upyog kareene vadharana sarjanatmak karyomathi pasaar thavu jaroori chhe. aaa kaaryona udaharanoma 'pythone-aadharit bays system', 'canset maate modular structure' noow samaavesh thaay chhe. darek meey maheenama, tamaam sahbhagi teamoae canset vikasavva aneey team-vishisht kaaryo karvaa maateni temnee yojnaa rajoo karvee joiae. pachhi, 20 teamo keey jeey temnaa kaarynee saddhartaa aneey canset parnaa mulbhoot gyaan anusaar pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa teamo online aadharit shikshanmathi pasaar thaay chhe aneey teoae banaavelee payani vyavastha anusaar temnaa kaaryone amalmaa mukavaa maate samay melve chhe. temnaa kaaryo aneey bays systemnee sampurntaanu pharii aekvaar mulyankan karvaamaa aave chhe, jethee 10 teamo pasand curry shakaay jeey aakhare temnaa cansetne lonch curry shake. corian avkaash sanshodhako dwara shikshan satra pachhi, aaa cansetne goheungma lonch karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey vistaar naaro avkaash kendra pann stheet chhe. snaatak vidhyarthio changjo seqtara (<unk>) maan bhaag leey chhe, aneey uchch shaalaana vidhyarthioni jaim samaan prakriyamathi pasaar thaay chhe. mukhya tafaavat aee chhe keey jyaare uchch shaalaana vidhyarthio prograaming maate tevaayela naa hoya tevaa vidhyarthione madad karvaa maate bays station kaarykramo melve chhe, tyaare snaatak vidhyarthioae temnaa bays station kaarykramo potaana maate prograam karvaa joiae. praathmeek samaypatrak uchch shaalaana vidhyarthio maate samaan chhe. maadhyameek shaala aneey ketlaak praathmeek shaalaana vidhyarthio (dhoran 5-9) 'corian canset camp' tareeke odakhaata shibirma bhaag leey chhe, jeey samaan adheekario dwara jalavama aave chhe aneey prayojit thaay chhe. canset parnee temnee ruchee aneey gnyanna aadhare, 30 teamo, jemaa 2 vidhyarthi sabhyo hoya chhe, tene canset shibirma bhaag levaa maate pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. 2 divas sudhee, aaa vidhyarthione corian avkaash sanshodhako dwara shikshit karvaamaa aave chhe. teo temnaa mulbhoot canset (jee. pii. aesa., luminance censor, jadatviy dada aekam vagere saathe) vikasaave chhe.) shibir darmiyan. japan. japanma, aaa spardhaanu aayojan unisec (university spaces engineering consortium) dwara karvaamaa aave chhe aneey anya aavruttiothi vipareet jemaa cansetne roqeta dwara lonch karvaamaa aave chhe, aheen teey aek baloon chhe jeey chokkas unchai parr chadhe chhe, jenaa pachhi cansetne chhodvama aave chhe. aaa spardhaa chokkas sthitee sudhee pahonchvaa vishe chhe, kaan too udaan maargmaa ferfar dwara, athavaa cansetne jaroori sthale pahonchvaa devaa maate wheelsnaa umera dwara. argentine. argentinama, canset meating hoya chhe, parantu teey spardhaatmak nathee; tenaa badale, canset prograam aee swa-nirmeet fareethi vaapari shakaay tevaa prakshepanno upyog kareene prayog dwara haath dharvaamaa aavtee abhyaas paddhati chhe. aaa kaarykram mafatma rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe aneey vidhyarthione santosh pradaan karey chhe, jemaa temne aek jatil ijneri projectnaa samagr jeevan chakramaa saamel karvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa vaichaarik design, ekikaran, parikshan aneey vaastavik system kaamgirithi laeene mission pachhinaa saranshni bethak saathe samaapan thaay chhe. canset kaarykramnu aayojan esma (prayogik rocketry aneey argentine spaces modelinganu sangathan) dwara darr varshe karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa kaarykram september hatoo aek shaikshanik parishadma rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey collegio saana felipa nerinaa vidhyarthio dwara taiyar karaayel pratham argentine canset november november sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. iraan. iraan canset spardhaa (icc) aee cansetnee rachnaa aneey utpaadan maate yojaati anya spardhaa chhe, jeey iraan avkashyatri sanshodhan sanstha (ari) dwara prayojit chhe. aaa spardhaa spardhaa darr varshe yojaay chhe aneey temaa shaastriy aneey vyaavsaayik naamnee beey shreneeo saamel chhe, shaastriy shreneema vaataavaraniy dhvani aneey photo/videeyo capturing missionno samaavesh thaay chhe, jyaare vyaavsaayik shreneema bayo-payload punahprapti aneey punaragaman missionno samaavesh thaay chhe. teamo operation pahelaa pdr aneey cdr taiyar karashe aneey medaan parr cansetnu parikshan karyaa pachhi pfr taiyar karashe. vidhyarthio pasethi apeksha rakhvama aave chhe keey teo maatra takneeki muddaao parr temnaa gnyanma sudhaaro jaj nahee karey, parantu bahushakhakiy project maate jaroori vyavsthit drashtikon pann melve aneey samagr jeevan chakramaa projectmaa saamel thavaano anoobhav melve. chothee iraan aantarrashtriy canset spardhaa spardhaa october october yojavani hatee. aath spardhao yojai chhe.(2019-2020) spardhana aathma roundma (2019-2020), amirkabir university off technologyni banne teamoae ahmadareza karaamini dekhrekh hethal aneey doow.kamran raisi. iranni yazad universityni team pann beejo khitaab jeetee shake chhe. dakshin africa. pratham dakshin african cansetne 6 november november roj uchch shaktee dharaavtaa roqeta parr payload tareeke 1650 meterni unchai sudhee laee javama aavyu hatoo. zakan-1 tareeke odakhaata aaa cansetnee rachnaa aneey nirmaan stephen staltz dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey uttar university (havey limpopo university) dwara takneeki pradarshanna bhaag rupe rudewal rudewal airspace (limpopo praant) maan lonch karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2011/12 maan, cape taaun university (yuu. see. tii.) aee dakshin african khagoleey vedhshaalaa saathe jodanma tenee pratham canset spardhaa sharoo curry. 2013 sudhimaa, sankhyaabandh dakshin african universityoae temnaa abhyaskramma canset projectnu mulyankan aneey ekikaran karvaanu sharoo karyoo chhe. aevee dhaarnaa chhe keey dakshin africani raashtriy avkaash agency dakshin africama canset spardhaaone bhavishyamaa protsaahan aapvama agranee bhoomika bhajavashe. iraqi kurdistan. kurdishistaanmaa aek canset kaarykram, jeey iraq kurdishistan (havey nishkreey) naa computer roqeta sangathan tareeke odakhaay chhe, tenee sthaapnaa mulroope mulroope falah mustafa bucker dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. kurdishistani sarkaare, aaa samaye tenaa tunkaa antarnaa missile kaarykramno vikaas kareene, yuvan vidhyarthione lashkari takneeki kshetramaa jodava maate protsaahit karvaa maate sangathanni rachnaa curry hatee. aaa kaarykram safal rahyo hato aneey aneey sharuaatmaa lagbhag trana gano bhandol malyun hatoo. hussainnaa sattaana anteem varsho darmiyan 2000 thee 2003 sudhee, hussainnaa sacheevna janaavya anusaar, "dushmanne bhandol aapvaa maate rocketary sangathanma vidhvansak pravrutee" tareeke odakhaati sansthaaone vadhu maryadit bhandol malyun hatoo. aaa samarthan payavihonu hatoo aneey hatoo iraq parr aakraman thayu tyaan sudhee aaa sangathan bhagye jaj chaalyu hatoo. hatoo iraq parr yuu. aesa.-gathbandhanna aakraman darmiyan, sarkaar parr yuddh samaynaa bhaare taanane kaarane sangathannu bhandol sampurnpane kaapee nakhvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo antamaa aakramanno anta aavyaa pachhi sangathanne vikheree nakhvama aavyu hatoo, parantu american lashkari hasteeoae united statesma roqeta kaarykramni sambhavna joee hatee. toonk samayma, vidhyarthi-kendrit roqeta sangathan maate bhandol 26 american shaalaaone aaa kaarykram maate saksham banaavyu. tyaarthi, bahuveedh deshoae vidhyarthi roqeta kaarykramone apnaavyaa chhe aneey iraqi kurdistaannaa praarambhik computer roqeta sangathanni safalataa pachhi taiyar karvaamaa aavela technology aadharit stame sangathanoma bhandolnu vistaran karyoo chhe.

cansat cansat ack prakaar kaa dhwani rockett payload haye jiska upayog antariksh praudyogiki sikhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh laghu upgrahon mein upayog kii jaane vaali takneek key samaan haye. naa tou cansat ney kabhi vayumandal chhoda haye aur naa hii prithvi kii parikrama kii haye. cansat pratiyogitaon mein, payload koo ack vishisht soda caine (66 mimi vyaas aur 115 mimi oonchaai) kii matra key ander fitt karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur iska dravyamaan 350 graam seey cumm hotaa haye. antena koo baahari roop seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye, lekin jaba taka cansat prakshepan vaahan koo naheen chhod detaa, taba taka vyaas naheen badh sakata haye. cansat koo oonchaai parr chhote rockett seey tainaat kiya jaataa haye joe pratispardha key aadhar parr bhinn hotaa haye. cansat ack punarpraapti pranali seey susajjit hotey hain, aamtaur parr ack parachute, taaki punarpraapti parr nuksan koo seemit kiya jaa sakey aur cansat koo punah upayog karane kii anumati dee jaa sakey. cansat kaa upayog antariksh praudyogiki sikhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye, kyonki unaki sastee keemat aur cumm matra hoti haye. itihas. 1998 mein, sanyukt raajya america aur japan key 12 vishvavidyalayon key lagbhag 50 chhaatr aur sankaay havaai mein aayojit ack sangoshthi mein mille. yeh pahala "vishvavidyalaya antariksh pranali sangoshthi" thaa. yahaan, steinford vishvavidyalaya mein maanad professor bobb twiggs ney praarambhik vichaar kaa prastaav rakhaa kii baad mein nanosatellite pariyojanaaen kyaa banengi. vaha vichaar ack soda caine key aakar kii sanrachana koo antariksh mein launch karna thaa. isaki matra lagbhag 350 millilitre aur dravyamaan lagbhag 500 graam honah chaahiye. isake kaaran 1999 mein shuru hui ack pariyojana jise arlis kahaa jaataa haye, jisamen jyaadaatar americi aur japani vishvavidyalaya shamil they, joe usa varsh 11 sitambar koo pahala prakshepan karate they aur pratyek varsh binaa kissy rukawat key jaari rahate they. praarambhik vichaar, joe aaj bhee prachalit haye, 350 millilitre key 3 upgrahon yaa adhik matra key upgrah koo prakshepit karna thaa. iska saadhan ack rockett hoga joe 1.8 kilo aur 4000 meater taka chadhane mein saksham hoga, jisase cumm laagat vaali antariksh udaanon key liye dwaar khulenge-lagbhag $400. 2000 mein, mission bahut alag theh udaaharan key liye, barometer dwara pradaan kiye gaye detta kaa upayog karke yaa ack antar jee. pee. aiss. pranali kaa upayog karke ack landing pranali key udghaatan kii ganana karna. pariyojana 2001 mein ack adhik jatil sthiti mein aaa gaee jaba vaapsee shreni koo jodaa gayaa, jisake anusaar upgrah koo ack vishesh lakshya kii or nirdeshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh mission bahut safal rhaa aur 2002 mein, tohoku vishvavidyalaya kii antariksh robotics prayogshala key chhaatr lakshya seey 45 meater taka gaye aur 2006 mein, yeh aankada 6 meater taka gir gayaa. iss prakaar key upgrah mein ruchi badh rahee haye aur fail rahee haye. 2003 mein, tokyo vishvavidyalaya ney dou upgrah cubesset, cansat seey thode badey aakar key upgrahon aur cube aakar key upgrahon koo kaksha mein sthaapit kiya. haal key varshon mein, pro. dwara prastaavit ack hii avadharana kaa paalan karate hue kaee pratiyogitaon koo vikasit kiya gayaa haye. bobb twiggs aur rashtriya aur antarrashtriya donon mein arlis mein pratibimbit huaa. operation. mukhya tatva. kuchh tatvon koo pratyek cansat dwara saajha kiya jaataa haih battery. battery robot key sabhi pranaliyon key sanchaalan key liye bijli kii aapoorti karati haye aur way kissy bhee robot yaa electronic pranali key liye aavashyak hain, isake pradarshan aur vartamaan-vajan anupaat key kaaran sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa lithium polymer battery (lipo) haye. microprocessor. microprocessor robot kaa dill haye, kyonki yeh baahari sensor (jaise kii ultimeter, accelerometer yaa transmitter) seey sanket praapt karane key liye jimmedaar haye aur unhein prograam key roop mein kaary karane key liye bhee sansaadhit kartaa haye. adhikansh microprocessors mein detta bhandaran key liye ack aantarik smriti shamil hoe sakati haye yaa shamil hoe sakati haye, joe udaan key dauran vibhinn sensors seey jaankaari sangraheet karane key liye upayogi haye. iss star parr upayog kiye jaane vaale kuchh vaanijyik microprocessor hainh dwiteeyak tatva. uparokt tatvon key alawa, anya koo usa mission koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue jodaa jaa sakata haye jise ise saunpa gayaa haye. barometer. barometer mein ack dabaav maapane vaali koshika hoti haye joe microprocessor seey judee hoti haye aur dabaav key anusaar voltage moolya key saath ack sanket bhejati haye. microprocessor oonchaai praapt karane key liye maanak vayumandaliya sthitiyon kaa upayog kartaa haye. iss prakaar key upkaranon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale barometer kaa udaaharan haih thermometer. thermometer barometer key samaan sanchaalan kartaa haye lekin microprocessor koo bheja gayaa voltage sanket maapa gayaa tapman parr nirbhar kartaa haye. microprocessor tapman moolya nirdhaarit karke iss sanket kii vyakhya kartaa haye. yeye upayog kiye jaane vaale thermometer key udaaharan hainh jee. pee. aiss. module. jee. pee. aiss. ack bhoomi sthiti pranali haye jisamen prithvi key chaaron or parikrama karane vaale ack upgrah network parr shamil haye joe lagaatar apani sthiti aur sancharan samay bhejata haye. inn aankadon seey, praaptakarta uchch sateekta praapt karane key liye sabhi upalabdh upgrahon key saath apani sthiti koo tribhuj kartaa haye. iss sthiti koo microprocessor koo ack crum-port dwara detta line key roop mein bheja jaataa haye. design star parr, jee. pee. aiss. receiver ack aisee jagah parr sthit honey chaahiye jahan upgrah drishti rekha udaan key dauran inn key saath seema seey baahar naa honey key liye yathasambhav seedhi hoe. ack dhaatu sanrachana cansat mein, receiver hamesha vahaan sthit honey chaahiye jahan sanrachana iss drishti rekha koo prabhaavit naheen karati haye. camera. dibbe mein ack chhota camera shamil kiya jaa sakata haye taaki dibbe key havaa mein utarane key dauran kissy bhee cheez kii tasveer lii jaa sakey. yeh dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii jaba robot havaa mein hotaa haye tou cansat koo cameray koo sanchaalit karane key adesh praapt naheen hoe sakate hain, isaliye microprocessor vaha honah chaahiye joe cameray koo tasveer lene kaa adesh detaa haye. yeh cansat key liye ack cameray kaa ack udaaharan haih cansats kaa upayog 3dee maanchitran key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. iska ack udaaharan link parr haih HTTPS:// cansat.ack-ack.jaankaari/ twaranmaapak. yeh pranali vibhinn akshon mein ack yaa adhik twaranmaapakon seey bunny haye. sabhi twaranmaapak ack taraf samanvit akshon mein twaran koo maapane kii anumati dete hain. accelerometer kaa upayog detta ekatra karane yaa sthiti nirdhaarit karane key liye (ekikaran dwara) kiya jaa sakata haye. sthiti nirdhaarit karane key liye banaae gaye sabse achche twaranmaapak koo jadatviya nauparivahan pranali kahaa jaataa haye. inca upayog kuchh cansat model parr kiya jaataa haye. iss pranali kii anishchitata sensor koo anshankan karate samay truti parr nirbhar karati haye. iss pranali key laabh iss tathya seey jaate hain kii jee. pee. aiss. kii aavashyakta naheen haye, chumbakiya hastakshep key liye pratiraksha key liye. yeh dibbe key ander kaee sthaanon kii anumati detaa haye. kuchh sabse adhik upayog kiye jaane vaale twarakmaapak hainh electronic kampas. kabhi-kabhi, yeh jaanana aavashyak haye kii cansat kiss disha mein jaa rhaa haye (udaaharan key liye, ack niyantrit avrohan karane key liye), iss mamle mein ack kampas samvedak ack bahut chhota samvedak haye joe ack paaramparik kampas kii tarah apani disha aur uttar key beach key konn koo maapata haye. yeh konn ack sambhaavit antar key madhyam seey microprocessor mein preshit hotaa haye. microprocessor aaney vaale sanket kii vyakhya kartaa haye aur tadnusar kaary kartaa haye. iss prakaar, yadi cansat kaa uddeshya jee. pee. aiss. receiver kaa upayog kiye binaa lakshya taka pahunchana thaa, tou yeh samvedak ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaayega. upayog kiye jaane vaale kampas key kuchh model hainh prakaar. mukhya roop seey dou prakaar key dibbe hotey hain, halanki aamtaur parr una machines key liye ack teesari shreni jodee jaati haye joe pahale dou mein fitt naheen hoti hainh telemetry. yeh vaha haye jiska praathamik uddeshya udaan aur mausam kii sthiti seey vaastavik samay mein detta ekatra karna aur sanchaarit karna haye jise ground station dwara sansaadhit kiya jaanaa haye. iss shreni mein cansat ack sanchaalan pranali kaa upayog naheen karate hain kyonki iska uddeshya kissy vishesh bindu parr girna naheen haye, balki detta ekatra karna haye jabaki utarana (joe aamtaur parr niyantrit naheen hotaa haye). pichhale khandon mein ullikhit pranaliyon mein seey sabse adhik upayog kiye jaane vaale hainh barometer, thermometer, jee. pee. aiss. aur camera. vaapsee. inca mukhya kaary jee. pee. aiss. nirdeshank dwara chihnit lakshya key jitna sambhav hoe sakey utanaa niyantrit tareeke seey utarana haye. inn upkaranon koo jee. pee. aiss. yaa jadatviya nauparivahan pranali dwara nirdeshit kiya jaa sakata haye. iss sthiti koo microprocessor koo bheja jaataa haye joe inn detta key vishleshan seey lakshya kii sthiti kii tulanaa kartaa haye taaki usa konn kii ganana kii jaa sakey jiss parr ise lakshya koo sambodhit karane key liye mudanaa chaahiye aur sanchaalan pranali koo uchit nirdesh detaa haye. sudhaar karane key liye iss prakriya koo lagaatar dohraya jaataa haye. aise upkaran udaan mein detta bhee sangraheet karate hain lekin choonki unake saath aaney vaale sensor kii sankhya cumm haye, isaliye pichhale prakaar kii tulanaa mein jaankaari adhik durlabh haye. ack vaapsee cansat hamesha ack sanchaalan pranali rakhta haye joe ise paintarebaazi karane, unmukh karane aur lakshya kii or badhane kii anumati detaa haye. aam taur parr iss tarah key tantra koo microprocessor dwara niyantrit ack yaa adhik actuator dwara sakriya kiya jaataa haye taaki servomotor ack taraf yaa doosari taraf ghoom sakey aur iss tarah seey ghoomata huaa cansat hoe. dou mukhya prakaar hain joe iss baat parr nirbhar karate hain kii cansat mein parachute yaa glider yaa rotter aur pankh shamil hain yaa naheen. parachute yaa paragliders key saath cansat. inn upkaranon mein aam taur parr ack sanchaalan pranali hoti haye jisamen dhaage hotey hain joe asmamit roop seey chalate hain taaki anudairdhya aksh key lift mein antar utpann hoe taaki cansat ack yaa dusare tareeke seey ghoom sakey. yeh kaafee saral yantriki kaa upayog kartaa haye. inn upkaranon koo niyantrit karna aam taur parr cumm darr key kaaran mushkil haye aur badey satah kshetra ney ise oopar uthaaya haye. pankhon yaa rotter key saath cansat. yaantrik roop seey adhik jatil aur mausam kii sthitiyon key prati cumm samvedansheel joe parachute yaa glider key saath cansat kartaa haye. iss tarah key upkaran niyantrit karane key liye bahut adhik kathor hotey hain aur isake utarane kii uchch darr key kaaran prati sekand kaee aur sudhaar karane mein saksham ack electronic pranali kii aavashyakta hoti haye. open class. iss shreni mein, koee bhee robot joe pichhali dou shreniyon mein seey kissy mein bhee shamil naheen haye, prastut kiya jaa sakata haye. iss shreni mein prastut adhikansh cansat robot hain joe naee pranaliyon yaa nae designs kaa pareekshan curr rahey hain jinka abhee taka pareekshan naheen kiya gayaa haye (praudyogiki pradarshan). shaikshik ruchi. anya antariksh pariyojanaon kii tulanaa mein karyanvayan kii cumm laagat, taiyari kaa cumm samay aur design kii saralata iss avadharana koo chhatron key liye antariksh mein apana pahala kadam uthaane kaa ack utkrisht vyaavhaarik avsar banaati haye. chhaatr mission koo puuraa karane key tareeke, cansat design, ghatakon key ekikaran, sahee sanchaalan satyapan, prakshepan taiyari, detta vishleshan aur kaary bhaar koo vitarit karke team sangathan koo chunane key liye jimmedaar hain. yeh mool roop seey ack vaastavik upgrah key design, nirmaan aur prakshepan kii ack paimaane kii pratikriti haye. ack cansat vikasit karane key liye aavashyak prakriya mein ack seekhane kii prakriya shamil hoti haye jise samasya-adharit seekhane key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack naee shikshan vidhi jisamen chhaatr mukhya charitra haye aur jise samasyaon koo hull karna chaahiye. iss prakaar kii pariyojana kii mukhya visheshta teams dwara kii jaa rahee haye joe lagaatar chunautiyon seey sanchaalit khuli samasyaon kaa saamana curr rahee hain. shikshakon dwara diyaa gayaa samarthan anubhav koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue cumm hoe rhaa haye kii samooh yeh pahchaanane key liye pahunch rhaa haye kii system engineering koo bhee apani kshamataon key vikas aur anusandhaan kii jatilata seey nipatna haye. antariksh engineering anushasana shiksha mein upayog kii jaane vaali sabse vishisht vidhiyon mein seey ack haye kyonki yeh aakarshak vishayon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala pradaan kartaa haye. pratiyogitaaen. cansat pratiyogitaaen europe, sanyukt raajya america aur asia aadi mein aayojit kii jaati hain. sanyukt raajya america. pratiyogita mein bhaag leey sakate hain. sanyukt raajya america mein, cansat design-billed-launch pratiyogitaon mein seey ack americi antariksh yatri samaaj aur americi sansthaan aeronautics aur antariksh yatri dwara aayojit kii jaati haye. pratiyogita key anya prayojakon mein nausena anusandhaan prayogshala, nassa, aeye. jee. aaee., kakshiya vigyaan nigam, pranxis nigamit aur solidworks shamil hain. arlis. arlis pariyojana steinford vishvavidyalaya aur anya shaikshanik sansthanon mein chhatron aur sankaay vikas karyakram antariksh pranaliyon key beach ack sahayogi prayaas haye taaki prithvi kii kaksha yaa mangal antariksh mein prakshepan kii taiyari mein laghu upgrahon key prototype kaa nirmaan, prakshepan, pareekshan aur punarpraapti kii jaa sakey. arlis ack antariksh pariyojana key jeevan chakr (lagbhag ack varsh) mein vyaavhaarik anubhav praapt karane key liye ack chunauti kaa prastaav rakhta haye. pratyek dall ack yaa adhik upgrahon kaa design aur nirmaan kartaa haye, aur way apane prayogon kii taiyari, prakshepan, sanchaalan aur surakshit punarpraapti kii dekhrekh key liye black rock, nevada mein prakshepan sthal parr jaate hain. arlis rockett pradaan kartaa haye, pratyek 3,500 meater kii oonchaai parr teen cansat parachute leey jaane mein saksham haye, joe pratyek caine koo prayogon key liye lagbhag 15 minut key udaan samay kii anumati detaa haye, joe kshitij seey nimn kaksha paas kii kaksha mein ack kshitij kaa anukaran kartaa haye. europe. europeeya cansat pratiyogita koo europeeya antariksh agency dwara badhaava diyaa jaataa haye aur yeh uchch vidyalaya key chhatron parr kendrit haye. yeh ack aisee pratiyogita haye jisamen pratyek cansat koo matra kii paaramparik aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karna chaahiye aur udaan key samay aur bajat seey sambandhit anya key saath 350 graam dravyamaan seey adhik naheen honah chaahiye. dabaav aur tapman koo maapane aur iss detta koo vaastavik samay mein sanchaarit karane key alawa. isake alawa, cansat koo swatantra vikalp kaa ack maadhyamik mission khelna chaahiye. iss mission key liye prastaavon kaa upayog una teams kaa chayan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe ack rockett parr apane cansat launch karenge joe 1000 meater taka chadhata haye, jahaan yeh khulata haye aur dou cansat koo giraa detaa haye joe ander hain. bhaarat. bhaarat mein aaney vaali cansat chunauti ack design-billed-fly pratiyogita haye joe teams koo ack aerospace pranali key design jeevan-chakr kaa anubhav karane kaa avsar pradaan karati haye. vishvavidyalaya cansat chunauti koo chhote paimaane parr ack vishisht aerospace karyakram koo pratibimbit karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. mission aur isaki aavashyaktaon koo telemetry aavashyaktaon, sanchaar aur swaayatt sanchaalan sahit vaastavik duniya key missions key vibhinn pahaluon koo pratibimbit karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. pratyek team koo vaastavik duniya mein vitarit karane yogya vastuon jaise anusuchi, design sameeksha aur pradarshan udaanon parr poore chunauti key dauran ank praapt kiye jaate hain. yeh karyakram agast 2015 key madhya mein hoskot mein 17 janwari 2016 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa, iska ayojan anuprayukt anusandhaan vikas prayogshalaon dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur bhaaratiya vigyaan sansthaan, bangalore dwara isaki mejbani kii gaee thee. iss ghatana kaa nyaay karane vaale panellist isro key prakhyaat vaigyaanik they. udaan key baad kii jaankaari key baad team night soorat vijayi hui. check ganarajya. esero check ganarajya dwara aayojit yeh ack chhoti see pratiyogita haye joe europeeya cansat pratiyogita key liye ack yogyata modd key roop mein kaary karati haye. pratibhagiyon kaa dhyaan, upgrah key nirmaan key saath-saath, jyaadaatar juurii key saath-saath janata key saamane pariyojana kii ack prabhaavi prastuti parr haye kyonki samajik network parr upasthiti aur pariyojana kaa samagr saarvajanik pratinidhitva antim mulyankan key ack mahatvapurna hisse key liye haye. spen. antariksh aur sookshm gurutvaakarshan anusandhaan (leam) key liye prayogshala, madrid (apam) key polytechnic vishvavidyalaya kii madad seey 2008 mein hui pahali antarrashtriya cansat pratiyogita key baad seey ack antarrashtriya cansat pratiyogita aayojit karati haye. iss prishth key sheersh parr vistrit cansat key prakaron key anusaar teen shreniyan hain. ack aur khuli shreni haye jisamen aakar kii seemaaen itani sakht naheen hain aur gazette kaa dravyamaan lagbhag 1 kilo taka hoe sakata haye. europeeya pratiyogita kii tarah, kuchh detta vaastavik samay mein telemetry dwara bheja jaanaa chaahiye aur pratibhaagi teams key liye bajat seemaaen hain. france. see. aine. ee. aiss. (francisi antariksh agency) aur association plante sciences dwara aayojit, francisi pratiyogita yuvaaon key liye antariksh seey sambandhit praudyogiki key ack outreach karyakram, "see 'space" abhiyaan key dauran hoti haye. iss pratiyogita mein lagbhag 200 meater kii oonchaai parr ack sthir dirigible airship seey cansat giraaye jaate hain. dou shreniyaan upalabdh hainh "antarrashtriya" aur "khula" jisamen ack paaramparik dibbe key 330 millilitre kii tulanaa mein 1 leater taka kii matra kii anumati dene key liye matra aavashyaktaon koo badhaaya jaataa haye. koria ganarajya. 2012 seey, koriyai vigyaan mantralaya, aaee. see. tii. aur bhavishya kii yojana koria mein cansat sanskriti koo lokpriya banaane aur upgrah prabandhan parr chhaatr key gyaan koo badhaane key liye koriyai cansat pratiyogita/shivir koo praayojit curr rhaa haye. yeh pratiyogita, koriyai cubesat pratiyogita key saath, dou mukhya upgrah pratiyogitaon kaa gathan karati haye joe koriyai sarkaar dwara prastut kii jaati hain. pratiyogita kaa rakharkhaav satrack (upgrah praudyogiki anusandhaan kendra) dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe ack rashtriya upgrah anusandhaan kendra haye joe kaee safal koriyai upgrahon key liye jimmedaar haye, aur cast kaa hissa haye-joe sabse pratishthit vigyaan-unmukh schools mein seey ack haye. antariksh praudyogiki vikasit karane key liye sarkaar kii masterplan key hisse key roop mein, cansat vikasit karane key liye sabhi shulkon koo koriyai sarkaar dwara aavashyakta parr subsidy dee jaati haye. iss pratiyogita mein bhaag lene key liye uchch vidyalaya key chhaatr aur snaatak chhaatr 3 chhatron kii team banaa sakate hain. hyee school key chhaatr (grade 10 ~ 12) seulgi kshetra mein bhaag lete hain, aur buniyaadi cansat platform kaa upayog karke atirikt rachanaatmak karyon seey gujarna aavashyak haye. inn karyon key udaharanon mein 'python-adharit aadhar pranali', 'cansats key liye modular sanrachana' shamil hain. pratyek bhaag lene vaali teams koo cansat vikasit karane aur team-vishisht karyon koo karane key liye apani yojana prastut karni chaahiye. phir, 20 teemen jinhen unake kaary kii vyavaharyata aur cansat parr buniyaadi gyaan key anusaar chunaa jaataa haye. yeye dall online adharit shiksha seey gujarate hain aur apane dwara banaai gaee aadhar pranali key anusaar apane karyon koo lagu karane key liye samay paate hain. unake karyon aur aadhar pranali kii poornata kaa ack baar phir mulyankan kiya jaataa haye, taaki 10 teams kaa chayan kiya jaa sakey joe antatah apane cansat koo launch curr sakein. koriyai antariksh shodhkartaon dwara shiksha satra key baad, inn cansat koo goheng mein launch kiya jaataa haye, joe kshetra naaro antariksh kendra bhee sthit haye. snaatak chhaatr changjo kshetra mein bhaag lete hain, aur uchch vidyalaya key chhatron kii tarah isi tarah kii prakriya seey gujarate hain. mukhya antar yeh haye kii uchch vidyalaya key chhaatr una chhatron kii madad key liye aadhar station karyakram praapt karate hain joe prograaming key aadee naheen hain, snaatak chhatron koo apane liye apane aadhar station karyakram prograam karane chaahiye. buniyaadi karyakram hyee school key chhatron key liye samaan haye. maadhyamik vidyalaya aur kuchh praathamik vidyalaya key chhaatr (grade 5-9) usee adhikaari dwara banaae aur praayojit 'koriyai cansat shivir' mein bhaag lete hain. cansat parr unaki ruchi aur gyaan key aadhar parr, 30 teams koo, jinamen 2 chhaatr sadasya shamil hain, cansat shivir mein bhaag lene key liye chunaa jaataa haye. 2 dinon key liye, inn chhatron koo koriyai antariksh shodhkartaon dwara shikshit kiya jaataa haye. way apane buniyaadi cansat (jee. pee. aiss., lumenance sensor, jadatviya dravyamaan ikai aadi key saath) vikasit karate hain.) shivir key dauran. japan. japan mein, yeh pratiyogita unisec (vishvavidyalaya antariksh engineering sangh) dwara aayojit kii jaati haye aur anya sanskaranon key vipareet jisamen cansat koo ack rockett dwara launch kiya jaataa haye, yahaan yeh ack gubbara haye joe ack nishchit oonchaai taka chadhata haye, jisake baad cansat giraaya jaataa haye. yeh pratiyogita ack nishchit sthiti taka pahunchane key baare mein haye, yaa tou udaan path key sanshodhan key madhyam seey, yaa pahiyon koo jodkar taaki dibbe koo aavashyak sthaan parr pahunchane kii anumati mill sakey. argentine. argentine mein, ack cansat baithak hoti haye, lekin yeh pratispardhi naheen haye; isake bajaay, cansat karyakram swa-nirmit punah prayojya lancharon kaa upayog karke prayog key madhyam seey aayojit ack adhyayan paddhati haye. yeh karyakram muft mein jaari kiya jaataa haye aur chhatron koo santushti pradaan kartaa haye, jisamen unhein ack jatil engineering pariyojana key poore jeevan chakr mein shamil kiya jaataa haye, jisamen vaichaarik design, ekikaran, pareekshan aur vaastavik pranali sanchaalan seey laker mission key baad key saransh kii baithak key saath samaapan hotaa haye. cansat karyakram kaa ayojan prativarsh esma (praayogik rocketary aur argentine key antariksh modeling kaa sangathan) dwara kiya jaataa haye. yeh karyakram sitambar 2003 mein ack shaikshik sammelan mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa, aur pahala argentine cansat navambar 2004 mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jise kolegio saine felip neri key chhatron dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. iran. iran cansat pratiyogita (aaee. see. see.) ack anya pratiyogita haye joe cansat key design aur nirmaan key liye aayojit kii jaati haye, jise iran antariksh yatri anusandhaan sansthaan (aeye. aar. aaee.) dwara praayojit kiya jaataa haye. pratiyogita 2011 seey harr saal aayojit kii jaati haye aur isamen shaastriya aur peshevar naamak dou shreniyan shamil hain, shaastriya shreni mein vayumandaliya dhwani aur photo/video pakadane key mission shamil hain, jabaki peshevar mein jaiv-bhugtan punarpraapti aur vaapsee mission shamil hain. dall operation seey pahale pdr aur cdr taiyar karenge aur maidan mein dibbon kaa pareekshan karane key baad pfr taiyar karenge. chhatron seey apeksha kii jaati haye kii way naa kewal takniki muddon parr apane gyaan mein sudhaar karenge, balki ack bahu-vishayak pariyojana key liye aavashyak vyavasthit drishtikon bhee praapt karenge aur poore jeevan chakr mein ack pariyojana mein shamil honey kaa anubhav praapt karenge. chauthi iran antarrashtriya cansat pratiyogita (aaee. see. see. 2014) octuber 2014 mein aayojit honey vaali thee. aathh pratiyogitaaen aayojit kii gaee hain.(2019-2020) pratiyogita key aathven daur (2019-2020) mein, amirkabir praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya seey dou teams ney ahmadareja karami kii dekhrekh mein aur dow.kamran raeesi. iran key yajad vishvavidyalaya kii ack team bhee doosara khitaab jeet sakati haye. dakshin africa. pahala dakshin african cansat koo 6 navambar 1999 koo ack uchch shakti vaale rockett parr payload key roop mein 1650 meater kii oonchaai taka leey jaaya gayaa thaa. zacon-1 naam diyaa gayaa, cansat koo stephen stoltz dwara design aur banaaya gayaa thaa aur uttar vishvavidyalaya (abb limpopo vishvavidyalaya) dwara ack praudyogiki pradarshani key hisse key roop mein rudewal phaar76 havaai kshetra (limpopo praant) mein launch kiya gayaa thaa. aaee. dee. 1. mein, cape town vishvavidyalaya (yuu. see. tii.) ney dakshin african khagoliya vedhshala key sahyog seey apani pahali cansat pratiyogita shuru kii. 2013 taka, kaee dakshin african vishvavidyalayon ney apane pathyakram mein cansat pariyojanaon kaa mulyankan aur ekikaran shuru curr diyaa haye. yeh anuman lagaaya jaa rhaa haye kii dakshin africa kii rashtriya antariksh agency dakshin africa key bheetar bhavishya mein cansat pratiyogitaon key prachaar mein agrani bhoomika nibhaayegi. iraqi kurdistan. kurdistan mein ack cansat karyakram, jise iraqi kurdistan (abb nishkriya) key computer rockett sangh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, mool roop seey 1992 mein faalaa mustafa bucker dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. kurdish sarkaar ney iss samay apane cumm doori key missile karyakram koo vikasit karate hue yuva chhatron koo sainya praudyogiki kshetra mein shamil honey key liye protsaahit karane key liye sangh banaaya. karyakram ack safalata thee aur 2000 kii shuruat mein lagbhag teen gunaa dhana dekhaa gayaa. hussain key sachiv key anusaar, 2000 seey 2003 taka satta mein antim varshon key dauran, sangh koo bahut adhik seemit dhana praapt huaa, jise "dushman koo dhana dene key liye rockett association mein vidhvansak gatividhi" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. yeh auchitya niradhar thaa aur yeh sangathan 2003 mein iraq parr aakraman taka mushkil seey chalaa. 2003 mein iraq parr americi-gathbandhan key aakraman key dauran, sarkaar parr yuddh key samay key gambhir tanaavon key kaaran sangh key vittaposhan mein poori tarah seey katauti kii gaee thee. 2003 key anta mein aakraman samaapt honey key baad sangh koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin americi sainya hastiyon ney sanyukt raajya mein ack rockett karyakram kii kshamata dekhi. isake turant baad, ack chhaatr-kendrit rockett sangh key liye dhana ney 26 americi schools koo karyakram karane mein saksham banaaya. taba seey, kaee deshon ney chhaatr rockett karyakramon koo apanaaya haye aur praudyogiki-adharit stame sanghon mein dhana kaa vistaar kiya haye, joe iraqi kurdistan key praarambhik computer rockett sangh kii safalata key baad banaaya gayaa haye.

cansut cansat embudu bahyakasha tantragyaanavannu kalisalu balasuva ondu reetiya sounding rockett payload aagide. idu chikkadaada upagrahagalalli balasuva tantragyaanavannu holuttade. yaava cansat kooda vatavaranavannu toredilla, athawa bhumiya suttaloo paribhramisilla. cansat spardegalalli, payload ondu vishishtavaada soda kyaan (66 mimee vyaasa mattu 115 mimee ettara) naa parimaanadolage hondikollabeku mattu 350 graanginta kadime dravyaraashiyannu hondirabeku. aantenaagalannu baahyavaagi alavadisabahudu, aadare cansat udavana vaahanavannu bittuhoguvavarege vyaasavannu hechhisalu sadhyavilla. cansatgalannu sanna raaketninda ettaradalli niyojisalaguttade, idu spardheyannu avalambisi badalaaguttade. cansatgalu chetarikeya mele haaniyannu mitigolisalu mattu cansat annu marubalake maadalu avakasha needalu recovery vyavastheyannu, samanyavagi parachute annu hondiruttave. aggada bele mattu kadime pramanada kaaranadindaagi canasatgalannu bahyakasha tantragyaanavannu kalisalu balasalaaguttade. itihaasa. 1998ralli, united states mattu japan 12 vishvavidyaalayagala sumaru 50 vidyaarthigalu mattu bodhakavargagalu havaayiyalli nadeda vichara sankiranadalli bhetiyaadavu. idu modala "vishvavidyaalaya bahyakasha vyavasthegala vichara sankirana" vagittu. illi, stanford vishvavidyaanilayada nivrutta pradhyapakarada baab twiggs, nantara nano upagraha yojanegalu enaguttave embudara arambhika kalpaneyannu prastapisidaru. soda dabbia gatrada rachaneyannu bahyakashakke udaayisuvudu aaa uddeshavaagittu. adara parimaanavu sumaru 350 milileetargalaagirabeku mattu dravyarashiyu sumaru 500 graangalaagirabeku. idu 1999ralli aarambhavaada, bahuteka american mattu japanese vishvavidyaalayagalannu olagonda, aaa varshada september 11randu modala udaavaneyannu nadesi, prati varshavoo yaavude adetadeyillade munduvariyuva, arlis emba yojanege kaaranavaayitu. indigoo prachalitadalliruva arambhika kalpaneyendare, 350 milliletergala 3 upagrahagalannu athawa hecchina pramanada upagrahavannu udaayisuvudu. saadhanavu 1.8 kilo chalisuva mattu 4000 meetarge eruva saamarthyavannu hondiruva rockett aagiruttade, idu kadime vechchada bahyakasha haaraatagalige baagilu tereyuttade-sumaru $400. 2000ralli, karyacharanegalu bahala bhinnavagiddavuhu udaaharanege, barometer odagisida dattaamshavannu balasikondu landing vevastheya tereyuvikeyannu lekka haakuvudu athawa differential gps vyavastheyannu balasuvudu. 2001ralli punaragamanada vargavannu serisidaaga ee yojaneyu hecchu sankeerna paristhitige banditu, adara prakara upagrahavannu nirdishta guriyatta nirdeshisabeku. ee mission bahala yashasviyaayitu mattu 2002ralli, tohoku vishvavidyaalayada bahyakasha robotics prayogaalayada vidyaarthigalu guriyinda 45 meetargalashtu doora hodaru mattu 2006ralli ee anki amshavu 6 meetargalige iliyitu. ee reetiya upagrahadalli asakti beleyuttide mattu haraduttide. 2003ralli, tokio vishvavidyaanilayavu eradu upagrahagalannu cubsat, cansatgaliginta swalpa dodda gatrada upagrahagalu mattu cube aakaarada upagrahagalannu kakshege irisitu. ittichina varsagalalli, pro. avaru prastapisida adhe parikalpaneyannu anusarisi halavaaru spardhegalannu abhivraddhipadisalaagide. baab triggs mattu rashtriya mattu antararashtriya mattadalli arlisnalli pratiphalisuttade. karyacharane. mukhya amshagalu. kelavu amshagalannu prati cansat hanchikolluttadeh battery. byatariyu robotna ellah vyavasthegala karyacharanege shaktiyannu pooraisuttade mattu avu yaavude robot athawa electronic vyavasthege atyagatyavagive, adara kaaryakshamate mattu prastuta-tukada anupaatadindaagi samanyavagi lithium polymer byatarigalu (lipo) balasalaaguttade. microprocessor. microprocessor robotna hrudayabhaagavaagide, ekendare idu baahya samvedakagalinda (altimeter, accelerometer athawa transmitter nantaha) sanketagalannu sweekarisuva javaabdaariyannu hondide mattu avugalannu kramabaddhavaagi kaaryanirvahisalu saha prakriyegolisuttade. hecchina microprocessorgalu dattaamsha sangrahanegaagi aantarika memoriannu olagondiruttave athawa olagondirabahudu, idu haaraatada samayadalli vividha samvedakagalinda maahitiyannu sangrahisalu upayuktavaagide. ee hantadalli balasalaaguva kelavu vanijya microprocessorgalu heegiveh dvitiya amshagalu. mele tilisalaada amshagalannu horatupadisi, itara amshagalannu adakke vahisalaada karyakke anugunavagi serisabahudu. barometer. barometer microprocessorge samparka hondiruva ottada alate koshavannu hondiruttade mattu adhu anubhavisuva ottadakke anugunavagi voltage moulyadondige sanketavannu kaluhisuttade. microprocessor ettaravannu padeyalu pramanita vatavaranada paristhitigalannu balasuttade. ee reetiya sadhanagalalli balasuva barometern udaaharaneh thermometer. thermometer barometernanteye karyacharanegalannu nadesuttade aadare microprocessorge kaluhisalaada voltage signal aleyalaada taapamaanavannu avalambisiruttade. microprocessor taapamaanada moulyavannu nigadipadisuva moolaka ee sanketavannu arthaisikolluttade. balasalaada thermometergala udaaharanegalu heegiveh gps module. gps embudu bhumiya sutta paribhramisuva upagraha jaalavannu olagondiruva bhoo sthana vyavastheyaagiddu, idu nirantaravagi tamma sthana mattu prasarana samayavannu kaluhisuttade. ee dattaamshadinda, hecchina nikharateyannu padeyalu receiver labhyaviruva ellah upagrahagalondige tanna sthaanavannu trikonagolisuttade. ee sthaanavannu microprocessorge dayta line aagi seeriyal port moolaka kaluhisalaaguttade. vinyasa mattadalli, gps riseevargalu haaraatada samayadalli ivugalondige vyaaptiyinda horagaagadante upagrahagala drashti rekheyu saadhyavaadashtu neravagiruva sthaladalli nelegollabeku. lohada rachaneya cansatnalli, riseevargalu yavagalu ee drashti rekheya mele parinama beerada sthaladalli irabeku. camera. dabbiyu gaaliyalli iliyuttiruva samayadalli enannaadaroo chitrikarisalu sanna cameravannu dabbiyalli serisabahudu. robot gaaliyalliddaaga cameravannu nirvahisalu cansatge aadeshagalannu sweekarisalu sadhyavilla embudannu nenapinallidi, aaddarinda microprocessor cameravannu chitravannu tegedukollalu aadeshisuvantirabeku. idu cansatgagy camerada udaaharaneyaagide 3dii mappingoo saha cansatgalannu balasabahudu. antaha ondu udaaharane ee kondiyallideh HTTPS:// cansat.ekaangi.mahiti/ accelerometer. ee vyavastheyannu vividha aksagalalli ondu athawa hecchina accelerometergalinda tayaarisalaaguttade. ellah accelerometergalu ekakaaladalli samyojita aksagalalli vegavardhanegalannu aleyalu anuvu maadikoduttave. dattaamshavannu sangrahisalu athawa sthaanavannu nirdharisalu (ekikaranada moolaka) accelerometergalannu balasabahudu. sthaanagalannu nirdharisalu maadida atyuttama accelerometergalannu jadatva navigation system ingalu endu kareyalaaguttade. ivugalannu kelavu cansat maadarigalalli balasalaaguttade. ee vevastheya anishchitateyu samvedakagalannu mapananka nirnayisuvaga doshavannu avalambisiruttade. ee vevastheya prayojanagalu gps agatyavilla emba amshadinda ayaskantiya hastakshepakke pratirakshege hoguttave. idu cansatnolage aneka sthalagalannu anumatisuttade. hecchu balasalaaguva kelavu accelerometergalu heegiveh electronic diksuchi. kelavomme, cansat yaava dikkannu anusarisuttide embudannu tilidukolluvudu agatyavagiruttade (udaaharanege, niyantrita ilikeyannu nirvahisalu), ee sandarbhadalli diksuchi samvedakavu bahala sanna samvedakavaagiddu, saampradaayika diksoochiyante adara diksuchiya mattu uttarada naduvina konavannu aleyuttade. ee konavannu sambhaavya vyatyaasada moolaka microprocessorge ravaanisalaaguttade. microprocessor olabaruva sanketavannu arthaisikolluttade mattu adakke anugunavagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. heegaagi, gps receiver annu balasade cansat guriyannu talupuva uddeshavannu hondiddare, ee samvedakavu nirnayaka patravannu vahisuttade. balasida diksuchigala kelavu maadarigalu heegiveh vidhagalu. mukhyavaagi eradu reetiya cansatgalive, aadaagyoo mooraneya vargavannu samanyavagi eradakkoo hondikeyagada yantragalige serisalaaguttadeh telemetry. ground station moolaka samskarisabekada naija samayadalli harata mattu havamana paristhitigalinda datawannu sangrahisuvudu mattu ravanisuvudu idara praathamika uddeshavaagide. ee vargada cansatgalu steering vyavastheyannu balasuvudilla ekendare adara uddeshavu ondu nirdishta hantadalli beeluvudalla, aadare iliyuvaaga dattaamshavannu sangrahisuvudu (idannu samanyavagi niyantrisalaaguvudilla). hindina vibhagagalalli ullekhisalaada vevasthegalalli hecchu balasalaadavuh barometer, thermometer, gps mattu camera. marali baruttaare. gps nirdeshaankagalinda gurutisalaada guriya hattira saadhyavaadashtu niyantrita reetiyalli iliyuvudu ivugala mukhya kaaryavaagide. ee sadhanagalannu gps athawa jadatva navigation system ingalinda margadarshana maadabahudu. ee sthaanavannu microprocessorge kaluhisalaaguttade, idu guriyannu uddeshisalu adhu yaava koonadalli tirugabeku embudannu lekka haakalu ee dattaamshada vishleshaneyinda guriya sthaanavannu holisuttade mattu steering systemge sookta soochanegalannu niiduttade. ee prakriyeyannu tiddupadigalannu maadalu nirantaravagi punaraavartisalaaguttade. antaha sadhanagalu haaraatadalli dattaamshavannu saha sangrahisuttave aadare avugala jotegina samvedakagala sankhyeyu kadimeyagiruvudarinda, hindina prakaarakkinta maahitiyu hecchu viralavaagide. punaragamanada cansat yavagalu steering vyavastheyannu hondiruttade, adhu adannu kushalateyinda nirvahisalu, dikkannu nirdeshisalu mattu guriyatta chalisalu anuvu maadikoduttade. samanyavagi antaha kaaryavidhaanavannu microprocessor niyantrisuva ondu athawa hecchina activatorgalu sakriyagolisuttave, idarindaagi survomotor ondu badige athawa innondu badige tiruguttade mattu aaddarinda tiruguttade. cansatnalli parachute athawa glider athawa rotter mattu rekkegaliveye embudara aadhaarada mele eradu mukhya vidhagalive. pyaaraachutgalu athawa paraglydergalondige cansatgalu. ee sadhanagalu samanyavagi uddaneya akshada liftnalli vyatyaasavannu untumaadalu asamavagi chalisuva daaragalannu olagondiruva steering vyavastheyannu hondiruttave, aaddarinda cansat ondu reetiyalli athawa innondu reetiyalli tiruguttade. idu saakashtu saralavaada yantrashaastravannu balasuttade. samanyavagi iliyuvikeya kadime daradindaagi ee sadhanagalannu niyantrisuvudu kashta mattu dodda melmai pradeshavu adannu melakkettuttade. rekkegalu athawa rotargalondige cansatgalu. yaantrikavaagi hecchu sankirnavaada mattu havamana paristhitigalige kadime durbalavagiruva parachute athawa glydergalondige cansatgalu. ee reetiya gazetgalu niyantrisalu hecchu kathinavagiruttave mattu adara hecchina iliyuvikeya daradindaagi sekendige hecchina tiddupadigalannu maadalu saadhyavaaguva electronic vevastheya agatyaviruttade. open classes. ee vibhagadalli, hindina yaavude eradu vargagalalli serisada yaavude robot annu sallisabahudu. ee vibhagadalli prastutapadisalaada hecchina cansatgalu hosa vyavasthegalannu parikshisuva robotgalu athawa innoo parikshisada hosa vinyaasagalu (tantragyaana pradarshanakaararu). shaikshanika asakti. itara bahyakasha yojanegalige holisidare anushthaanada kadime vechcha, kadime siddhate samaya mattu vinyaasada saralateyu ee parikalpaneyannu vidyaarthigalige bahyakashadalli tamma modala hejje idalu atyuttama prayogika avakashavannagi maaduttade. mission annu puraisuva vidhana, cansat vinyasa, ghatakagala ekikarana, sariyaada karyacharaneya parisheelane, udaavaneya siddhate, dattaamsha vishleshane mattu kelasada horey vitarisuva moolaka tandada sanghataneyannu ayke maaduva jawabdari vidyarthigala melide. idu moolatah naija upagrahada vinyasa, rachane mattu udaavaneya pramanada pratiroopavaagide. ondu cansatannu abhivraddhipadisalu agatyavaada prakriyeyu samasye-aadhaarita kalike endu kareyalpaduva kalikeya prakriyeyannu olagondiruttade, idu hosa bodhana vidhaanavaagiddu idaralli vidyarthiyu mukhya patra vahisuttaane mattu samasyegalannu pariharisabekadavanu. ee reetiya yojaneya mukhya lakshanavendare, satata savaalugalinda preritavaada mukta samasyegalannu edurisuttiruva tandagalu idannu nirvahisuttive. systems engineering saha tamma swanta saamarthyagala abhivruddhi mattu samshoodhaneya sankirnateyannu edurisabekaguttade embudannu gurutisalu gumpu taluputtiruva anubhavakke anugunavagi sikshakaru needuva bembalavu kadimeyaguttide. bahyakasha engineering vibhagavu sikshanadalli balasalaaguva atyanta vishishta vidhaanagalalli ondaagide ekendare idu vyapaka shreniya akarshaka vishayagalannu odagisuttade. spardhegalu. europe, united states mattu eshyaa ityaadigalalli cansat spardhegalannu nadesalaaguttade. united states. cansat spardhe. united statesnalli, cansat vinyasa-nirmaana-udavana spardegalalli wandannu american austronautical society mattu american institute off aeronautics und austronautics ayojisuttave. ee spardheya itara prayojakaralli nauka samshodhanaa prayogaalaya, nassa, aiji, arbital sciences corporation, proxis incorporated mattu salid works serive. arlis. arlis yojaneyu stanford vishvavidyaalaya mattu itara shaikshanika samsthegalallina vidyaarthigalu mattu bodhana vibhagada abhivruddhi karyakrama bahyakasha vyavasthegala naduvina sahayogada prayatnavagiddu, bhumiya kakshe athawa mangala grahada bahyakashakke udaavaneya tayaariyalli mulamaadariya chikkadaada upagrahagalannu nirmisalu, udaayisalu, parikshisalu mattu marupadeyalu prayatnisuttade. bahyakasha yojaneya jeevana chakradalli (sumaru ondu varsha) prayogika anubhavavannu padeyalu arlis ondu savaalannu prastaapisuttaare. prati tandavu ondu athawa hecchina upagrahagalannu vinyaasagolisuttade mattu nirmisuttade, mattu avaru tamma prayogagala siddhate, udaavane, karyacharane mattu surakshita chetarikeya melvichaaranegaagi nevaadaada black raknalliruva udavana stalakke teraluttaare. arlis kshipanigalannu odagisuttade, pratiyondoo 3,500 meater ettaradalli mooru cansat pyaaraachutgalannu sagisalu saadhyavaaguttade, idu prati cansatge sumaru 15 nimishagala haaraatada samayavannu prayogagalige anumatisuttade, idu digantadinda digantada kaksheya kela kaksheya haadiyannu anukarisuttade. europe. european cansat spardheyannu european bahyakasha samstheyu uttejisuttade mattu idu proudhashala vidyarthigala mele kendrikariside. idu prati cansat saampradaayika parimanada avashyakategalannu pooraisabeku mattu haaraatada samaya mattu bajetge sambandhisida itaravugalondige 350 graam dravyaraashiyannu meerabaaradu. ottada mattu taapamaanavannu aleyuvudara jotege ee dattaamshavannu naija samayadalli ravanisi. idallade, cansat mukta aykeya dvitiya dhyeyavannu nirvahisabeku. ee karyacharaneya prastapagalannu 1000 meater ettarakke eruva rocketnalli tamma cansatgalannu udaayisuva tandagalannu ayke maadalu balasalaaguttade, allie adhu olage iruva eradu cansatgalannu tereyuttade mattu beelisuttade. bhaarata. ardl-cansat cums tuu indiyaada university cansat challenge vinyasa-nirmaana-harata spardheyagiddu, idu tandagalige aerospace vevastheya vinyasa jeevana-chakravannu anubhavisalu avakaashavannu odagisuttade. vishvavidyaanilayada cansat challenge annu sanna pramaanadalli vishishtavaada aerospace kaaryakramavannu pratibimbisalu vinyaasagolisalaagide. mission mattu adara avashyakategalannu telemetry avashyakategalu, samvahana mattu svaayatta karyacharanegalu seridante naija prapanchada mishangala vividha amshagalannu pratibimbisalu vinyaasagolisalaagide. velaapattigalu, vinyasa vimarshegalu mattu pradarshana vimaanagalantaha naija jagattina vitaranaa sadhanagalalli prati tandavu savaalina uddakkoo ankagalannu galisuttade. ee kaaryakramavannu 2015rahra august madhyabhaagadalli 2016rahra janavari 17randu hoskoteyalli praarambhisalaayitu, idannu anvayika samshodhanaa abhivruddhi prayogaalayagalu ayojisiddavu mattu bengalurina bhaaratiya vignaana samstheyu ayojisittu. ee ghataneyannu nirnayisida panelistgalu isroda prakhyaata vignaanigalaagiddaru. vimaana haaraatada nantarada sankshipta vivaragala nantara nitt surat tandavu vijayashaaliyaayitu. jeck ganarajya. jeck ganarajyada esero ayojisiruva idu european cansat spardhege arhata tiruvu needuva sanna gatrada spardheyagide. bhagavahisuvavara gamanavu, upagrahada nirmaanada jotege, hechchaagi tirpugaararige mattu saarvajanikarige yojaneya parinamakari prastutiya mele kendrikrutavagide, ekendare samajika jaalataanagalalli upasthiti mattu yojaneya ottare saarvajanika praatinidhyavu antima moulyamaapanada gamanarha bhagavannu odagisuttade. spain. bahyakasha mattu sukshma gurutvakarshaneya samshodhanaa prayogaalayavu (leam) madrid polytechnic vishvavidyaalayada (yuu. pii. emm) sahayadinda 2008ralli nadeda modala antararashtriya cansat spardheya nantara antaaraashtriya cansat spardheyannu ayojisuttade. ee putada meelbhaagadalli vivarisalaada cansatna prakaaragalige anugunavagi mooru vargagalive. gatrada mitigalu ashtu kattunittaagillada mattu gazet sumaru 1 kilodashtu dodda dravyaraashiyannu hondirabahudaada mattondu mukta vargavide. european spardheyanteye, kelavu dattaamshavannu telemetry moolaka naija samayadalli kaluhisabeku mattu bhagavahisuva tandagalige budget mitigalive. france. cnes (french bahyakasha samsthe) mattu association planet sciences ayojisiruva french spardheyu "sii 'space" abhiyaanada samayadalli nadeyuttade, idu yuvakarige bahyakasha-sambandhita tantragyaanada outreach programme aagide. ee spardheyalli sumaru 200 meater ettaradalli sthiravaada dirigible airshipninda cansatgalannu beelisalaaguttade. eradu vargagalu labhyaviveh "antararashtriya" mattu "mukta" idaralli saampradaayika cansatna 330 milileetargalige holisidare 1 leater varegina parimaanavannu anumatisalu parimanada avashyakategalannu vistarisalaaguttade. koria ganarajya. 2012rinda, koriyaada vignaana, aii. sii. tii mattu bhavishyada yojane sachivaalayavu koriyaadalli cansat samskrutiyannu janapriyagolisalu mattu upagraha nirvahaneya bagge vidyarthigala gnaanavannu hechhisalu corian cansat spardhe/shibiravannu prayojisuttide. ee spardheyu, corian cubsat spardheyondige, corian sarkaaravu needuva eradu pramukha upagraha spardhegalannu olagondide. ee spardheyannu aneka yashasvi corian upagrahagalige javabdariyutavada rashtriya upagraha samshodhanaa kendravaada satreck (upagraha tantragyaana samshodhanaa kendra) nirvahisuttade mattu idu atyanta pratishthita vignaana-aadhaarita shalegalalli ondaada kaistna bhagavagide. bahyakasha tantragyaanavannu abhivraddhipadisuva sarkaarada master planne bhagavagi, cansatgalannu abhivraddhipadisuva ellah shulkagalannu corian sarkaaravu agatyakke anugunavagi subsidy maaduttade. proudhashala vidyaarthigalu mattu padavipurva vidyaarthigalu ee spardheyalli bhagavahisalu 3 vidyarthigala tandavannu rachisabahudu. proudhashala vidyaarthigalu (10rinda 12neey taragati) suligi valayadalli bhagavahisuttare mattu moolabhoota cansat vedikeyannu balasikondu hechchuvari srujanasheela karyagala moolaka hogabekaguttade. ee karyagala udaaharanegalalli 'paithan-aadhaarita bays system', 'cansatgalige modular rachane' serive. prati mayee, ellah bhagavahisuva tandagalu cansat annu abhivraddhipadisuva mattu tanda-nirdishta kaaryagalannu nirvahisuva tamma yojaneyannu sallisabeku. nantara, 20 tandagalannu avara kaaryada kaaryasaadhyate mattu canasatna moolabhoota gnaanada prakara ayke maadalaaguttade. ee tandagalu anline aadhaarita shikshanavannu padeyuttave mattu avaru nirmisida moola vyavasthege anugunavagi tamma kaaryagalannu kaaryagatagolisalu samayavannu padeyuttave. antimavagi tamma cansat annu prarambhisabahudada 10 tandagalannu ayke maadalu, avara kaaryagalu mattu moola vevastheya sampoornateyannu mattomme moulyamaapana maadalaaguttade. koriyaada bahyakasha samshoodhakara shikshanada nantara, ee cansatgalannu gohungnalli udaavane maadalaaguttade, idu pradesha naro bahyakasha kendravu aagide. padavipurva vidyaarthigalu changjo valayadalli bhagavahisuttare mattu proudhashala vidyaarthigalanteye idhe reetiya prakriyeya moolaka hoguttaare. mukhya vyatyaasavendare proudhashala vidyaarthigalu prograamingge oggikollada vidyaarthigalige sahaaya maadalu bays station kaaryakramagalannu svikarisuttaaraadaru, padavipurva vidyaarthigalu tamma bays station kaaryakramagalannu swatah programme maadabeku. praathamika velapatti proudhashala vidyarthigala velapattiyanteye iruttade. madhyama shaale mattu kelavu praathamika shaala vidyaarthigalu (5-9neey taragati) adhe adhikaarigalinda nirvahisalpaduva mattu prayojisalpatta 'corian cansat camp' endu kareyalpaduva shibiradalli bhagavahisuttare. cansat kurita avara asakti mattu gnaanada aadhaarada mele, 2 vidyarthi sadasyarannu olagondiruva 30 tandagalannu cansat shibiradalli bhagavahisalu ayke maadalaaguttade. 2 dinagala kaala, ee vidyaarthigalige koriyaada bahyakasha samshoodhakaru sikshana niiduttaare. avu tamma moola cansat annu (gps, luminance samvedaka, jadatva dravyarashi ghataka ityaadigalondige) abhivraddhipadisuttave.) shibirada samayadalli. japan. japannalli, ee spardheyannu unisec (university space engineering okkoota) ayojisuttade mattu itara aavruttigaliginta bhinnavagi, idaralli cansatgalannu rockett moolaka udaayisalaaguttade, illi idu ondu nirdishta ettarakke eruva baloon aagide, adara nantara cansat annu beelisalaaguttade. ee spardheyu ondu nirdishta sthaanavannu talupuvudara bagge, haaraatada maargavannu maarpadisuva moolaka, athawa cansat annu agatya stalakke talupalu avakasha maadikodalu chakragalannu serisuva moolaka. argentine. argentinaadalli, cansat sabhe ide, aadare idu spardhatmakavagilla; idara badalige, swayam-nirmita marubalake maadabahudaada lanchargalannu balasikondu prayogada moolaka nadesalaaguva adhyayana vidhaanavaagide. ee kaaryakramavannu uchitavaagi bidugade maadalaaguttade mattu vidyaarthigalige truptiyannu odagisuttade, parikalpaneya vinyasa, ekikarana, parikshe mattu nijavaada vevastheya karyacharanegalavarege sankeerna engineering yojaneya sampoorna jeevana chakradalli avarannu todagisikolluttade, mission nantarada saaraamshada sabheyondige muktaayagolluttade. cansat kaaryakramavannu vaarshikavaagi asma (prayogika rocketry mattu argenteenaada bahyakasha maadariya sangha) ayojisuttade. ee kaaryakramavannu september 2003 ralli shaikshanika sammelanadalli prastutapadisalaayitu, mattu modala argentine cansat annu november 2004 ralli praarambhisalaayitu, idannu collegio syaan felip neriya vidyaarthigalu siddhapadisidaru. iraan. iraan gaganayatri samshodhanaa samsthe (aari) prayojisida canasatna vinyasa mattu utpadanegagi iraan canasat spardhe (aisisi) mattondu spardheyagide. ee spardheyu 2011rinda prati varshavoo nadeyuttiddu, shaastriya mattu vruttipara emba eradu vibhagagalannu olagondide, shaastriya vibhagavu vatavaranada dhwani mattu photo/video serehidiyuva karyacharanegalannu olagondide, aadare vruttipara vibhagavu jaivika-pavati chetarike mattu punaragamana karyacharanegalannu olagondide. tandagalu karyacharaneya modalu pii. dii. aarr mattu sii. dii. aarr. annu siddhapadisuttave mattu maidaanadalli cansatgalannu parikshisida nantara pii. eff. aarr. annu siddhapadisuttave. vidyaarthigalu taantrika vishayagala bagge tamma gnaanavannu sudhaarisikolluvudu matravallade, bahushistiya yojanege agatyavaada vyavasthita drashtikonavannu saha padeyuttaare mattu idee jeevana chakradalli modalininda utpannadavarege yojaneyalli todagisikolluva anubhavavannu padeyuttaare endu nireekshisalaagide. nalkane iraan antaaraashtriya cansat spardheyannu (aii. sii. sii. 2014) october 2014ralli nadesalu nirdharisalaagittu. entu spardhegalannu nadesalaagide.(2019-2020) spardheya entane suttinalli (2019-2020), amirkabir university off technology eradu tandagalu ahmadreja karami avara melvichaarane mattu daa.kamran raisi. iranna yazed vishvavidyaanilayada tandavu eradane prashastiyannu saha gellabahudu. daksina africa. modala daksina aafrikaada cansat annu 1650 meater ettarakke, hecchina shaktiya rocketnalli payload aagi, november 6,1999 randu saagisalaayitu. jacon-1 endu dub maadalaada ee cansat annu stephan stoltz vinyaasagolisi nirmisidaru mattu uttara vishvavidyaanilayada (eega limpopo vishvavidyaalaya) tantragyaana pradarshanada bhagavagi rudewal phaar76 vayupradeshadalli (limpopo prantya) praarambhisalaayitu. daksina aafrikaada khagola vikshanaalayada sahayogadondige cape town vishvavidyaalayavu (yuu. sii. tii) tanna modala cansat spardheyannu praarambhisitu. 2013rahra hottige, daksina aafrikaada halavaaru vishvavidyaalayagalu tamma pathyakramadalli cansat yojanegalannu moulyamaapana maadalu mattu samyojisalu praarambhisive. daksina aafrikaada rashtriya bahyakasha samstheyu daksina africadolage cansat spardhegala bhavishyadalli prachaaradalli pramukha patra vahisuttade endu nireekshisalaagide. iraq kurdistan. irakki kurdistaanada computer rockett association (eega nishkriyavaagide) endu kareyalpaduva kurdistaanadalli cansat programme annu moolatah 1992 ralli faalaa mustafa bakir sthaapisidaru. ee samayadalli kurdistani sarkaaravu tanna alpa-shreniya kshipani kaaryakramavannu abhivraddhipadisutta, yuva vidyarthigalannu military tantragyaana kshetrakke seralu proothsaahisalu sanghavannu rachisitu. ee kaaryakramavu yashasviyaayitu mattu 2000dha aarambhadalli sumaru mooru pattu hanavannu kanditu. husain avara 2000rinda 2003ravaregina adhikaarada koneya varsagalalli, husain avara karyadarshiya prakara, "shatrugalige hanavannu tirugisalu rocketry sanghadalli vidhvamsaka chatuvatike" endu kareyalpaduva kaaranadindaagi sanghavu hecchu seemita hanavannu padeyitu. ee samarthaneyu aadhaararahitavaagittu mattu 2003rahra iraq melina akramanadavaregu ee sanghavu ashtenu munduvariyalilla. 2003ralli iraq mele yuu. ess.-okkootada aakramanada samayadalli, sarkaarada mele yuddhakaalada teevra ottadadindaagi sanghada nidhiyannu sampoornavaagi kaditagolisalaayitu. 2003rahra koneyalli akramanavu konegonda nantara ee sanghavannu visarjisalaayitu, aadare americada military vyaktigalu united statesnalli rockett kaaryakramada saamarthyavannu kandaru. shighradalle, vidyarthi kendrita rockett associationge dhanasahaayavu 26 american shaalegalige ee kaaryakramavannu hondalu anuvu maadikottitu. andininda, aneka deshagalu vidyarthi rockett kaaryakramagalannu alavadisikondive mattu irakki kurdistaanada arambhika computer rockett sanghada yashassina maadariyalli tantragyaana aadhaarita kaanda sanghagalige hanavannu vistarisive.

cansat bahirakasha saankethikavidya padippikkaan upayogikkunna oru tharam sounding rokkatt pelodaanu cansat. miniaturised upagrahangalil upayogikkunna saankethikavidyaykku samaanamaanith. oru kaansattum orikkalum anthareeksham vidukayo bhoomiye parikramanam cheiyukayo cheythitilla. cansat malsarangalil, payload oru saadhaarana sooda kyaaninte (66 milleemettar vyaasavum 115 milleemettar uyaravum) alavil gadippikkendathum 350 graamil thaazheyulla pindamullathum aavasyamaanu. aantinakal baahyamaayi gadippikkaan kazhiyum, pakshe cansat vikshepana vahanam vidunnathuvare vyaasam vardhippikkaan kazhiyilla. cheria rokkattil ninnu uyarathil kaansattukal vinyasikkunnu, athu malsarathe aashrayich vyathyaasappedunnu. veendedukkalinusheshamulla kedupaadukal parimithappeduthunnathinum cansat veendum upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnathinum kaansaattukalil oru veendedukkal samvidaanam, saadhaaranayaayi oru parachute sajjeekarichirikkunnu. vilakuranjathum cheria alavum kaaranam bahirakasha saankethikavidya padippikkaan kaansattukal upayogikkunnu. charithram. 1998ll amerikkayilum jappanilum ninnulla 12 sarvakalaashaalakalil ninnulla 50 oolam vidyaarthikalum adhyaapakarum havayiyil nadanna oru simposiyathil koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. yooniversitti space systems symposium" aayirunnu athu. ivide, stanford sarvakalaashaalayile professor emeritus bob twigs, pinneedu naanosaattalait projaktukalaayi maarunnathinekkurichulla prarambha ashayam nirddeshichu. oru sooda kyaaninte valippathilulla oru ghadana bahiraakaashathekku vikshepikkuka ennathaayirunnu aaa ashayam. athinte alavu ekadesham 350 millilittarum pindam ekadesham 500 grams aayirikkanam. ithu 1999ll aarambhicha arlis enna padhathiyilekku nayichu, athil kooduthalum american, japanese sarvakalashaalakal ulppedunnu, aaa varsham septambar 11 nuu aadya vikshepanam nadathukayum ellah varshavum thadassamillaathe thudarukayum cheythu. 350 millie littarinte 3 upagrahangal allengil kooduthal valippamulla oru upagraham vikshepikkuka ennathaayirunnu innum prachaarathilulla prarambha ashayam. ekadesham 400 dollar chelavil kuranja chelavil bahirakasha yaathrakalkkulla vaathil thurakkunna vidhathil, 1.8 kiloy 4000 meterilekkum kayaran kazhivulla oru rokkattayirikkum maarggam. 2000-ll, dauthyangal valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu udaaharanathinu, baarometer nalkia daatta upayogichu oru landing sisttam thurakkunnatho allengil deferential gps sisttam upayogikkunnatho kanakkaakkuka. 2001ll upagrahathe oru prathyeka lakshyathilekku nayikkenda thirichuvaravu vibhaagam cherthappol padhathi kooduthal sankeernamaaya saahacharyathilekku ethi. eee dauthyam valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, 2002-ll, tohoku sarvakalaashaalayile bahirakasha robotics laabile vidyaarthikal lakshyathil ninnu 45 meter vare pooyi, 2006-ll eee kanakk 6 meteraayi kuranju. itharathilulla upagrahangalodulla thaalparyam vardhikkukayum vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. 2003ll tokkiyo sarvakalashaala rund upagrahangal cubesat, kaansattukalekkaal alpam valuppamulla upagrahangal, cube aakruthiyilulla upagrahangal enniva bhramanapathathil sthaapichu. sameepa varshangalil, propha. nirddeshicha athe ashayam pinthudarnnu niravadhi malsarangal vikasippichittund. bob triggs deseeyavum anthardesheeyavumaaya aarlisil prathiphalichu. ooppareshan. pradhana gadakangal. chila gadakangal oro kaansattum pankidunnu baattari. robottinte ellah samvidaanangaludeyum pravarthanatthinu baattari vaidyuthi nalkunnu, avaa eathoru robotinum electronic systethinum athyanthaapekshithamaanu, athinte prakadanavum nilavile bhaara anupaathavum kaaranam ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnathu lythium polymer baattarikalaan (lipo). microprosessor. baahya censorukalil ninnu (altimetettar, accelerometer allengil traansmittar polullava) signalukal sweekarikkunnathinum prograam cheythathayi pravartthikkunnathinum utharavaadiyaaya microprosessor robottinte hridayamaanu. mikka microprosessorukalilum daatta sambharanathinayi oru aantharika memory ulppedukayo ulppeduthukayo cheythekkaam, ithu parakkal samayat vividha censorukalil ninnulla vivarangal sambharikkunnathin upayogapradamaanu. eee thalatthil upayogikkunna chila vaanijya microprosessorukal ivayaanu dvitheeya gadakangal. melpparanja gadakangalkku purame, athu ealppichirikkunna dauthyathinu anusrithamaayi mattullava cherkkaam. baarometer. microprosessorumaayi bandhippichirikkunna oru marddam alakkunna sell adangiyirikkunna baarometer, athu anubhavappedunna marddathinu anusarichu volteju moolyamulla oru signal ayaykkunnu. microprosessor uyaram nedunnathinu saadhaarana anthareeksha saahacharyangal upayogikkunnu. itharathilulla upakaranagalil upayogikkunna baarometerinte udaaharanam thermometer. thermometer baarometerinu samanamaaya pravartthanangal nadathunnu, ennaal microprosessorilekku ayaykkunna volteju signal alakkunna thapanilaye aasrayichirikkunnu. microprosessor oru thaapanila moolyam nalkikkond eee signal vyaakhyaanikkunnu. upayogikkunna thermometerukalude udaaharanagal ivayaanu gps module. bhoomiye parikramanam cheiyunna oru upagraha shringalayil adangiyirikkunna oru land positioning sistamaanu gps, athu avarude sthaanavum prakshepana samayavum thudarchayaayi ayaykkunnu. eee daattayil ninnu, reseiver uyarnna krithyatha nedunnathinaayi labhyamaya ellah upagrahangalumaayum athinte sthaanam trikonamaakkunnu. eee sthaanam oru dattaa lainayi oru seeriyal portt vazhi microprosessorilekku ayaykkunnu. roopakalppana thalatthil, gps reseaverukal upagrahangalude kazhcha line kazhiyunnathra nerittulla oru sthalathaayirikkanam, athinaal parakkalinide ivayumaayi paridikku purathaayirikkaruthu. oru loha ghadanayil, eee kaazhcharekhaye ghadana baadhikkaathidathu reseaverukal ellaayppozhum sthithicheyyanam. camera. cansat vaayuvil erangunna samayat enthum foto edukkaan oru miinii camera kaansaattil ulppeduthaam. robot vaayuvilaayirikkumbol camera pravarthippikkaanulla oordarukal kyaansaattin sweekarikkaan kazhiyillennu oormmikkuka, athinaal microprosessor aayirikkanam camerayode oru chithram edukkaan utharavidunnathu. kaansattinulla oru camerayude udaaharanamaanitha udaaharanamaanitha mappingin kaansattukal upayogikkaam. atharamoru udaaharanam linkle undu HTTPS:// cansat.ekopanam.vivarangal/ accelerometer. eee samvidaanam vyathyastha achuthandukalile onno athiladhikamo accelerometerukal kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. ellah accelerometerukalum maattinirthiyaal ekopitha achuthandukalile aaksilareshanukal alakkaan anuvadikkunnu. daatta shekharikkunnathino sthaanam nirnnayikkunnathino (samyojanathiloode) accelerometerukal upayogikkaam. sthaanangal nirnnayikkaan nirmmicha ettavum mikacha accelerometerukale inertial naavigeshan sisttam ins ennu vilikkunnu. chila cansat modalukalil iva upayogikkunnu. eee samvidaanathinte anishchithathvam censorukal kaalibrett cheiyumbozhulla pishakine aasrayichirikkunnu. eee samvidaanathinte gunangal gps aavasyamilla enna vasthuthayil ninnu kanthika edapedalinulla prathirodhasheshi vare pookunnu. ithu kaansattinullil onniladhikam sthalangal anuvadikkunnu. ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna aaksilaromettarukalil chilath ivayaanu electronic compass. chilappol, cansat pinthudarunna disha ariyendathu aavasyamaanu (udaaharanathinu, oru niyantritha irakkathinu), eee saahacharyathil oru compass sensor valare cheria sensaraanu, ithu oru parambaraagatha compass pole athinte dishayum vadakkum thammilulla koonn alakkunnu. eee koonn oru pottensial vyathyaasathiloode microprosessorilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. microprosessor incoming signal vyaakhyaanikkukayum athinanusarichu pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, gps reseiver upayogikkaathe oru lakshyathilethaan cansat uddeshichittundengil, eee sensor nirnaayaka punk vahikkum. upayogichirikkunna kombasukalude chila modalukal ivayaanu tharangal. pradhaanamaayum rund tharam kaansaattukalund, ennirunnaalum aadyathethil cheraatha yanthrangalkkaayi saadhaaranayaayi moonnaamathe vibhaagam cherkkunnu telemetry. oru graundu steshan prosess cheiyunnathinu thalsamayam flaitt, kalavastha saahacharyangalil ninnu daatta shekharikkukayum kaimarukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu ithinte praadhamika lakshyam. eee vibhaagathile kaansattukal oru steering sisttam upayogikkunnilla, kaaranam athinte lakshyam oru prathyeka pooyintil veezhukayalla, marichu erangunna samayat daatta shekharikkuka ennathaanu (ithu saadhaaranayaayi niyanthrikkappedunnil). muun vibhagangalil paraamarshichirikkunna samvidaanangalil ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunnathu baarometer, thermometer, gps, camera ennivayaanu. thirichuvaravu. gps kordinettukal adayaalappeduthiya lakshyathodu kazhiyunnathra aduthu niyantritha reethiyil irakkuka ennathaanu ivayude pradhana dauthyam. eee upakaranangale gps allengil inertial naavigeshan sisttam ins vazhi nayikkaan kazhiyum. eee sthaanam microprosessorilekku ayaykkunnu, ithu eee daattayude vishakalanathil ninnu taargettinte sthaanam thaarathamyam cheyyukayum taargettine abhisambodhana cheyyaan eathu konilekk thiriyanamenn kanakkaakkukayum steering systethinu uchithamaaya nirddeshangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu. thiruthalukal varuthaan eee prakriya thudarchayaayi aavarthikkunnu. atharam upakaranangal vimaanathil daatta sambharikkukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe avaykkoppam varunna censorukalude ennam kuravaayathinaal, muun tharathekkaal vivarangal valare kuravaanu. oru thirichuvaravu cansat ellaayppozhum oru steering sisttam vahikkunnu, athu kaikaaryam cheyyaanum ooriyanteshan cheyyaanum lakshyathilekku neengaanum anuvadikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi atharam oru samvidaanam microprosessor niyanthrikkunna onno athiladhikamo acuvatorukalaal pravarthippikkappedunna, angane servomotor oru vashatho mattoo karangukayum angane karangukayum cheiyunnu. kaansaattil parachute allengil glider allengil rotter chirakukalum ulppedunnundo ennathine aashrayich rund pradhana tharangalundu. paarachyoottukalo paragliderukalo ulla kaansattukal. eee upakaranagalkk saadhaaranayaayi cansat oru tharatthil allengil mattoru reethiyil karangunnathinu rekhamsha achuthandinte lifttil vyathyasam srishtikkunnathinaayi asamamaayi neengunna threadukal adangiya oru steering sisttam undu. ithu valare lalithamaaya mechanics upayogikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna nirakkilullathum valia uparithala vistheernnam uyarthunnathumayathinaal eee upakaranangal niyantrikkaan prayaasamaan. chirakukalo rottarukalo ulla kaansattukal. yaanthrikamaayi kooduthal sankeernavum parachute allengil glyderukal upayogichu cansat cheiyunna kaalaavasthaykku irayaakaanulla saadhyatha kuravumaanu. itharathilulla gadjettukal niyantrikkaan valare kadinamaanu, uyarnna irakkam kaaranam secondil kooduthal thiruthalukal nadatthaan kazhiyunna oru electronic sisttam aavasyamaanu. ooppan klaas. eee vibhaagathil, munbathe rund vibhagangalil onnil ulppeduthaatha eathu robotinum samarppikkam. eee vibhaagathil avatharippikkunna mikka kaansaattukalum puthiya samvidaanangal pareekshikkunna robottukalo ithuvare pareekshichittillaathu puthiya designukaloo aanu (saankethika prakadanakkaar). vidyaabhyaasa thaalparyam. mattu bahirakasha padhathikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol nadappakkaanulla kuranja chelavu, kuranja thayyaareduppu samayam, roopakalppanayude laalithyam enniva vidyaarthikalkku bahiraakaashath avarude aadya chuvadukal vaykkunnathinulla mikacha praayogika avasaramakki maattunnu. dauthyam engane poortheekarikkanamennu thiranjedukkuka, cansat design, gadakangalude samyojanam, sariyaaya pravartthana parisodhana, vikshepana thayyaareduppu, daatta vishakalanam, jolibharam vitharanam cheythukondu team oorganaiseshan enniva vidyaarthikalude utharavaadithamaanu. ithu adisthaanaparamaayi oru yadhaartha upagrahathinte roopakalppana, srishti, vikshepanam ennivayude oru skeyil replicaanu. oru cansat vikasippikkunnathin aavashyamaaya prakriyayil prashnathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla patanam ennariyappedunna oru patana prakriya ulppedunnu, ithu vidyaarthiyaanu pradhana kathaapaathravum prasnangal pariharikkenda oru puthiya adhyapana reethiyumaanu. thudarchayaaya velluvilikalaal nayikkappedunna thuranna prasnangal neridunna teamukalaanu itharathilulla padhathiyude pradhana savisheshatha. systems enchiniyaring avarude swantham kazhivukalude vikasanathinteyum gaveshanathinteyum sankeernathaye kaikaaryam cheyyendathundennu thirichariyaan group athicherunna anubhavathinu anusrithamaayi adhyapakar nalkunna pinthuna kurayunnu. aakarshakamaaya niravadhi vishayangal nalkunnathinaal vidyaabhyaasathil upayogikkunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya reethikalilonnaanu bahirakasha enchiniyaring vibhaagam. malsarangal. europe, america, eshya thudangiya rajyangalil cansat malsarangal nadathappedunnu. america. cansat malsaram. american bahirakasha sanjaara samoohavum american instittyoott oof aeronotics aandu astronotics chernnaanu amerikkayil cansat design-build-lonch malsarangalilonnu samghadippikkunnathu. naavika gaveshana laborattari, naasa, aiji, oorbittal sciences korppareshan, praxis incorporated, soolid varkkukal ennivayaanu malsarathinte mattu sponsermaar. arlis. bhoomiyude bhramanapathathilekko chovvayude bahiraakaashathekko vikshepikkunnathinulla thayyaareduppinaayi prototype miniaturised upagrahangal nirmmikkunnathinum vikshepikkunnathinum pareekshikkunnathinum veendedukkunnathinumaayi stanford sarvakalashaalayileyum mattu vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalileyum vidyaarthikalum faakkaltti development prograam bahirakasha samvidaanangalum thammilulla sahakarana sramamaanu arlis project. oru bahirakasha padhathiyude jeevithachakrathil (ekadesham oru varsham) praayogika parichayam nedunnathinulla oru velluvili arlis nirddeshikkunnu. oro team onno athiladhikamo upagrahangal roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe avarude pareekshanangalude thayyaareduppu, vikshepanam, pravartthanam, surakshithamaaya veendedukkal ennivaykku melnottam vahikkunnathinaayi avar nevadayile black rokkile vikshepana sthalathekku neengunnu. 3, 500 meter uyarathil moonnu kaansattukal vahikkaan kazhiyunna rokkattukal arlis nalkunnu, ithu oro kaansattinum ekadesham 15 minitt parakkaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu chakravaalatthilekkulla chakravaalatthe anukarikkunnu, ithu bhramanapathathile thaazhnna bhramanapatham kadannupokunnu. europe. europian cansat malsaram europian bahirakasha ejansi prolsaahippikkukayum haiskool vidyaarthikalil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. oro kaansattum parambaraagatha alavilulla alavukalum 350 graamil kaviyatha pindove, vimana samayavum bajattum sambandhicha mattu aavasyangalum niravettunna oru malsaramaanithu. mardhavum thapanilayum alakkunnathinum eee daatta thalsamayam kaimarunnathinum purame. ithinupurame, cansat swathanthramaaya thiranjeduppinte oru dvitheeya dauthyam nadatthanam. 1000 meter uyaramulla oru rokkattil avarude kaansattukal vikshepikkunna teamukale thiranjedukkaan eee dauthyathinulla nirddeshangal upayogikkunnu, avide athu akathulla rund kaansattukal thurakkukayum drope cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. india. ardle-cansat indiayilethunna yooniversitti cansat chalanchu oru aerospace sisttathinte design life saikkil anubhavikkan teamukalkk avasaram nalkunna design-build-fly malsaramaanu. oru saadhaarana aerospace prograam cheria thothil prathifalippikkunnathinna yooniversitti cansat chalanchu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. telemetry aavasyakathakal, ashayavinimayangal, svayambharana pravartthanangal ennivayulppede yadhaartha loka douthyangalude vividha vashangal prathifalippikkunnathinna dauthyavum athinte aavashyakathakalum roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. shedyoolukal, design avalokanangal, demonstration flaittukal thudangiya yadhaartha loka deliverabilukalil oro team velluviliyiludaneelam score cheiyunnu. 2015 august pakuthiyode 2016 januvari januvari hoskottil nadanna paripaadiyude udghaadanam uplied research development laborattarikal samghadippikkukayum baamgloorile indian instittyoott sayans aathidheyathvam vahikkukayum cheythu. isroyile pramukha shaasthranjaraayirunnu paripadi vilayiruthiya paanalistukal. vimaanathinu sheshamulla briefingukalkku sesham team nitt suurat vijayichu. check republic. esero check republic samghadippikkunna ithu europian cansat malsarathinulla yogyathaa teenn aayi pravartthikkunna oru cheria valippathilulla malsaramaanu. soshyal netvarkkukalile saannidhyavum padhathiyude mothatthilulla pothu praathinidyavum anthima moolyanirnnayathinte ganyamaaya bhagamaayathinaal, upagrahathinte nirmmaanathodoppam, juric pothujanagalkkum munnil padhathiyude phalapradamaaya avatharanathilaanu pankedukkunnavarude shradha kooduthalum. spain. 2008ll nadanna aadyathe anthaaraashtra cansat malsaram muthal madrid polytechnic sarvakalaashaalayude (yuu. pii. emm) sahaayathode laborattari phoor space aandu microgravity research (leam) oru anthaaraashtra cansat malsaram samghadippikkunnu. eee pejinte mukalil vishadamaakkiya kaansaattinte tharangalkk anusrithamaayi moonnu vibhaagangalund. valuppaparidhikal athra karshanamallaathathum gadjettinu ekadesham 1 kiloo vare valia pindam undakunnathumaaya mattoru ooppan kattagari undu. europian malsarathilennapole, chila daatta thalsamayam telemetry vazhi ayaykkanam, pankedukkunna teamukalkk bajatt parimithikalundu. france. sii. enn. iii. esum (franch bahirakasha ejansi) association plaanat sciences samghadippikkunna franch malsaram yuvakkalkkaayulla bahiraakaashavumaayi bandhapetta saankethikavidyayude aoutteechu programaaya "sii 'space" kaambeynil nadakkunnu. eee malsarathil ekadesham 200 meter uyarathil oru staatik diregible airshippil ninnu kaansattukal pathikkunnu. rund vibhagangal labhyamaanu "anthaaraashtra", "thuranna" ithil oru parambaraagatha kaansaattinte 330 millilittarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oru littar vare vooliyam anuvadikkunnathinu vooliyam aavasyakathakal vipuleekarikkunnu. republic oof korea. 2012 muthal corian shaasthra, aii. sii. tii, bhaavi aasoothrana mantraalayam koriyayile cansat samskaaram janapriyamakkunnathinum upagraha maanejmentinekkurichu vidyaarthikalude arivu vardhippikkunnathinam corian cansat malsaram/camp sponsor cheiyunnu. corian cubesat malsarathodoppam eee malsaravum corian sarkkar vaagdaanam cheiyunna rund pradhana upagraha malsarangalaanu. onniladhikam vijayakaramaya corian upagrahangalude utharavaadithamulla deseeya upagraha gaveshana kendramaaya satreck (saattalait teknolaji research sentar) aanu malsaram paripaalikkunnath, ithu ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya shaasthra adhishtitha skoolukalilonnaaya kaisttinte bhagamaanu. bahirakasha saankethikavidya vikasippikkunnathinulla sarkkaarinte maasttar plaaninte bhaagamaayi kaansattukal vikasippikkunnathinulla ellah pheesukalum corian sarkkar aavasyathinu subsidy nalkunnu. haiskool vidyaarthikalkkum biruda vidyaarthikalkkum eee malsarathil pankedukkaan 3 vidyaarthikalude teamine nirmmikkam. haiskool vidyaarthikal (10-12 klaasukal) syoolgi mekhalayil pankedukkunnu, adisthaana cansat plaattphom upayogichu adhika srishtiparamaaya jolikaliloode kadannupokendathundu. eee jolikalude udaaharanangalil 'paitthan adhishtitha bays sisttam', 'kaansattukalkkulla modular ghadana' enniva ulppedunnu. ellah meyy maasangalilum, pankedukkunna ellah teamukalum cansat vikasippikkunnathinum team nirddishta jolikal nirvahikkunnathinumulla avarude padhathi samarppikkanam. thudarnnu, avarude joliyude pravarthanakshamathaykkum kaansattinekkurichulla adisthaana arivinum anusarichu thiranjedukkunna 20 teamukal. eee teamukal oonlain adhishtitha vidyaabhyaasathiloode kadannupokukayum avar nirmmicha adisthaana samvidaanathinu anusrithamaayi avarude jolikal nadappilakkaan samayam labikkukayum cheiyunnu. avarude jolikaludeyum adisthaana samvidaanathinteyum poornnatha orikkal koodi vilayiruthunnu, oduvil avarude cansat samaarambhikkaan kazhiyunna 10 teamukale thiranjedukkunnu. corian bahirakasha gaveshakarude vidyaabhyaasa session sesham, eee cansat gohiyungil vikshepikkunnu, ithu pradeshamaaya naro bahirakasha kendram koodiyaanu. biruda vidyaarthikal changjo mekhalayil pankedukkukayum haiskool vidyaarthikaleppole samanamaaya prakriyayiloode kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu. haiskool vidyaarthikalkku prograaming sheelamillaatha vidyaarthikale sahayikkunnathinaayi bays steshan prograamukal labhikkumbol, biruda vidyaarthikal avarude bays steshan prograamukal svayam prograam cheyyanam ennathaanu pradhana vyathyasam. haiskool vidyaarthikalude adisthaana shedule orupoleyaanu. middle schoolukalum chila primery school vidyaarthikalum (5 muthal 9 vare klaasukal) ore adhikaarikal paripalikkukayum sponsor cheyyukayum cheiyunna 'corian cansat camp' ennu vilikkappedunnathil pankedukkunnu. kaansattinekkurichulla avarude thaalpparyathinteyum arivinteyum adisthaanathil, 2 vidyaarthi amgangal adangunna 30 teamukale cansat campil pankedukkaan thiranjedukkunnu. 2 divasathekku, eee vidyaarthikale corian bahirakasha gaveshakar padippikkunnu. avar avarude adisthaana cansat (gps, luminance sensor, inertial maas yoonit muthalaayava upayogichu) vikasippikkunnu.) campil. jappan. jappanil, eee malsaram samghadippikkunnathu unisec (yooniversitti space enchiniyaring kansorshyam) aanu, koodaathe oru rokkatt upayogichu kaansattukal vikshepikkunna mattu pathippukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ivide ithu oru nischitha uyarathilekku kayarunna oru baloon aanu, athinusesham cansat idunnu. eee malsaram onnukil flaitt paathayude parishkkaranatthiloodeyo allengil cansat aavashyamaaya sthalathekku ethaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi chakrangal cherkkunnathiloodeyo oru prathyeka sthaanathu athunnathinekkurichaanu. arjanteena. arjanteenayil, oru cansat meating undu, pakshe athu mathsaraadhishtithamalla; ithinu pakaram, svayam nirmmicha punarupayogikkaavunna launcherukal upayogichu pareekshanatthiloode nadathunna oru patana reethiyaanu cansat prograam. aashayaparamaaya roopakalppana, samyojanam, parisodhana, yadhaartha sisttam pravartthanangal enniva muthal oru sankeernna enchiniyaring padhathiyude muzhuvan jeevithachakrathilum vidyaarthikale ulppeduthi, dauthyaananthara samgrahathinte yogathode samapikkunna eee prograam soujanyamaayi purathirakkukayum vidyaarthikalkku samthrupthi nalkukayum cheiyunnu. ekkama (association oof experimental rokkatri aandu space modeling oof arjanteena) aanu cansat prograam samghadippikkunnathu. 2003 septambaril oru vidyaabhyaasa konfaransil paripadi avatharippikkukayum 2004 novemberil kolagio saan felip neriyile vidyaarthikal thayyarakkiya aadyathe arjanteeniyan cansat aarambikkukayum cheythu. iraan. iraan astronautics research instittyoott (aarii) sponsor cheytha kaansaattinte roopakalppanaykkum nirmmaanathinumaayi nadakkunna mattoru malsaramaanu iraan cansat malsaram (icc). 2011 muthal ellah varshavum nadakkunna eee malsarathil classical, professional ennee rund vibhaagangalund, classical vibhaagathil attormosphere sounding, foto/viidiyoo capturing dauthyangal ulppedunnu, athesamayam professionalil bio-payload recovery, reekamman mission enniva ulppedunnu. samghangal shasthrakriyaykk munbu pdr cdr thayyarakkukayum feeldil kaansattukal pareekshichathinu sesham pfr thayyarakkukayum venam. vidyaarthikal saankethika vishayangalil avarude arivu mechappeduthuka mathramalla, oru multidisciplinary projectinu aavashyamaaya chittayaya kaazhchappaad nedukayum oru projakttil aadyam muthal uthppannam vare muzhuvan jeevithachakrathilum earppettirikkunnathinta anubhavam nedukayum cheiyumennu prathekshikkunnu. naalaamathe iraan anthaaraashtra cansat malsaram (aii. sii. sii. 2014) 2014 octoberil nadatthaan theerumaanichirunnu. ettu malsarangal nadannittundu.(2019-2020) malsarathinte ettaam roundil (2019-2020), amarkabir yooniversitti oof teknolajiyil ninnulla rund teamukalum ottum ottum idam nedukayum onnaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum sthaanangal ahammadresa karamiyude melnottatthilum doow.kamran reysi. iraanile yasd sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla oru teaminu randaamathe kireedavum nedaanaakum. dakshinaafrikka. aadyathe dakshinaafrikkan cansat 1650 meter uyarathilekku uyarnna power rokkattil payload aayi kondupoyi, 6 november 1999. sacan-1 ennu vilikkappedunna cansat roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythath stephaan stolts aanu, koodaathe ruud vaal vaal vyomaathirthiyil (lympopo pravishya) vadakku sarvakalaashaalayude (ippol lympopo sarvakalashaala) saankethika pradarshanatthinte bhaagamaayi vikshepichu. 2011/12 ll, yooniversitti oof keppu taunn (yuu. sii. tii) dakshinaafrikkan jyotishaasthra nireekshanaalayavumaayi sahakarichu athinte aadyathe cansat malsaram aarambhichu. 2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu niravadhi dakshinaafrikkan sarvakalashaalakal avarude paatyapadhathiyil cansat padhathikal vilayiruthaanum samyojippikkaanum thudangi. dakshinaafrikkaykkullil cansat malsarangal bhaviyil prothsaahippikkunnathil dakshinaafrikkan deseeya bahirakasha ejansi oru pradhana punk vahikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. iraakhi kurdistan. iraakhi kurdisthaante computer rokkatt association (ippol pravarthanarahithamaaya) ennariyappedunna kurdisthaanile oru cansat prograam 1992 ll faalaa mustafa bakkeer aanu aadyam sthaapichathu. kurdistan sarkkar, eee samayat hraswadura misail paripadi vikasippichukondu, yuva vidyaarthikale sainika saankethika mekhalayil cheraan prolsaahippikkunnathi association srishtichu. 2000-nte thudakkathil ekadesham moonnirattiyolam dhanasahayam labhicha eee paripadi vijayakaramaayirunnu. 2000 muthal 2003 vareyulla hussainte adhikaarathile avasana varshangalil, hussainte sekrattariyude abhipraayathil, "sathruvilekku panam vazhithirichuvidunnathini rokkattari associationile attimari pravartthanam" ennariyappettirunnathil association valare parimithamaaya dhanasahayam labhichu. nyaayeekaranam adisthaanarahithamaayirunnu, 2003 leeii iraakh adhinivesham vare eee association nilaninnilla. 2003ll iraakhile yuu. ezz.-kalkari adhinivesha velayil, sarkkaarinethiraaya kadutha yudhakaala sammarddangal kaaranam associationte dhanasahayam poornnamaayum vettikkurachu. 2003 avasaanathode adhinivesham avasaanichathinethudarnnu association pirichuvittuvenkilum american sainika vyakthikal amerikkayil oru rokkatt prograaminte saadhyatha kandu. taamasiyaathe, vidyaarthi kendreekritha rokkatt associationulla dhanasahayam 26 american skoolukalkku eee paripadi nadatthaan praapthamakki. athinusesham, onniladhikam rajyangal vidyaarthi rokkatt prograamukal sweekarikkukayum iraakhi kurdisthaante prarambha computer rokkatt associationte vijayathin maathrkayaayi saankethikavidya adisthaanamaakkiyulla stem asosiyeshanukalilekku dhanasahayam vyaapippikkukayum cheythu.

cansat cansat heuchhi eka prakarara dhwani rocket payload jaahaa mahakash prajuktibidya sikhya deba paain byabahruta hue . ehaa khudra upagrahare byabahruta prajuktibidya sahita samaana . kaunasi cansat kebe bajumandala chhadi naahin, kimba pruthibeeku parikrama curry naahin . cansat pratijogitare, payload eka sadharana soda cannor ayatan (66 mimi byasa ebong 115 mimi uchchata) bhitare fitt heba aabasyaka ebong ehara bastutwa 350 gramaru comm . antenaku bahya bhabare lagajaipariba, kintu cansat lunch yaana chhadiba parjyanta byasa brudhi hoipariba naahin . cansat gudiku chhot raketaru uchchatare nijojita karajaithae jaahaa pratijogita upare nirbhara curry bhinna hoithae. cansatgudika punaruddhara parey khyatira parimana seemita kariba ebong cansat gudiku punahbyabahara kariba paain anumathi deba paain eka punaruddhara byabastha, sadharanatah eka parachute sahita sajjit . comm mulya ebong comm parimana jogun cansatgudika mahakash prajukti sikhya deba paain byabahruta hue . itihas. 1998 masihare, juktarastra america ebong japanara japanara biswabidyalajara praiah 50 john chhatrachhatri ebong adhyapaka hawaire ajojita eka alochanachakrare sakhyata karithile. ehaa thila pratham "biswabidyalaja mahakash byabastha alochanachakra". ethaare, stanford biswabidyalajara emerits professor bub twiggs, parabarti samajare nanosatellite prakalpa qa "naa heba shay bishajare prarambhika dharana prastaba deithile. sehi bichara thila eka soda cann akarara eka dhanchaku mahakashaku utakhyepana kariba . ehara ayatan pakhapakhi 350 millilitre ebong bastutwa pakhapakhi 500 gramm heba uchita. ehaa 1999 ray arlis namaka eka prakalpa arambha karithila, jeunthire adhikansha americae ebong japani biswabidyalaja antarbhukta thila, sehi barshar september 11 ray pratham lunch karithila ebong pratibarsha bina badhare jaari rahithila . prarambhika bichara, jaahaa aaji madhya prachlita, taaha thila 350 millilitre bisista bisista upgraha kimba adhika ajatanara eka upgraha utakhyepana kariba. ehara madhyama heuchhi eka rocket jaahaa 1.8 kilo ojana bahn karipariba ebong 4000 mitter parjyanta aarohan karipariba, jaahaa swalpa mulyara mahakash udaana paain dwara kholideba-praiah $400. 2000 masihare, missiongudika bahuta bhinna thilah udaharana swaroopa, barometer dwara pradan karajaithiba tathya byabahara curry eka abataran pranalira kholiba ganana kariba kimba eka bhinna gps system byabahara kariba . 2001 masihare ehi prakalpati adhika jatila paristhiti aadaku asithila, jetebele pratyabartana bargaku jodajaithila, jaahaa anujai upagrahaku eka nirdista lakhyaku pathajiba uchita. ehi abhijana atyanta saphala hoithila ebong 2002 masihare, tohoku biswabidyalajara mahakash robotics parikhyagarara chhatrachhatrimane lakhyatharu 45 mitter parjyanta jaithile ebong 2006 masihare ehi sankhya 6 mitaraku khasi asithila. ehi prakarara upgraha prati agraha brudhi pauchhi ebong bistara pauchhi. 2003 masihare, tokio biswabidyalaja duiti upgraha cubesat, cansat tulanare samanya budd akarara upgraha ebong kyuba aakrutira upagrahaku kakhyapathare sthapana karithila. nikata ateetare, prafesaranka dwara prastabita samaana dharana anusarana curry aneka pratijogita bikashita hoichhi. bub twiggs ebong ubhaja jatiah ebong antarjatija starare aarlisare pratiphalita . operation. mukhya upadan. keteka upadan pratyeka cansat dwara bantajaeh battery. battery roboter samasta systemer parichalana paain shakti jogaithae ebong segudika jekaunasi robot kimba electronic system paain atyabashyaka, ehara pradarshan ebong bartamana ojana anupata hetu sabutharu adhika byabahruta lithiam polymer battery (lipo) . microprocessor. microprocessor heuchhi roboter hrudai, kaaran ehaa bahya censor (jepariki altimeter, accelerometer kimba transmitter) ru sanketa grahan kariba paain daie ebong semananku programme hoithiba bhabare karjya kariba paain madhya prakrijakarana kare . adhikansha microprocesorare tathya sanrakhyana paain eka aabhyantareen smruti antarbhukta kimba antarbhukta hoipare, jaahaa udaana samajare bibhinna sensararu suchana sanrakhyana paain upajogee . ehi starare byabahruta keteka banijyika microprocessor heuchhih dwiteeja upadan. uparokta upadanagudika byatita, anyagudiku ehaa upare nyast karajaithiba missionku drustire rakhi jodajaipare. barometer. byaromitarare eka chaap mapa kosh thaae jaahaa microprocessor sahita sanjukta thaae ebong ehaa anubhaba karuthiba chaap anujai voltage mulya sahita eka sanketa pathaithae . microprocessor uchchata paiba paain manaka bajumandalija abasthaku byabahara kare . ehi prakarara upakaranare byabahruta barrometer udaharana - thermometer. thermometer barrometer bhali karjya karithae, kintu microprocesoraku pathajaithiba voltage sanketa mapa karajaithiba tapmatra upare nirbhara kare. microprocessor eka tapmatra mulya nirdharana curry ehi sanketaku byakhya kare . egudika heuchhi byabahruta thermometer udaharanah gps module. gps heuchhi eka bhumi abasthiti pranali jaahaa pruthibee charipate parikrama karuthiba eka upgraha netawarka upare gathita jaahaa kramagata bhabare semanankara sthiti ebong prasarana samai pathaithae . ehi tathyaru, adhika sathikata paiba paain receiver samasta upalabdha upgraha sahita ehara abasthaku tribhuja karithae. ehi sthiti microprocesoraku eka kramika port dwara eka data line bhabare pathajae . design starare, gps receiver epari eka sthanare rahiba uchit jeunthare upgraha bhijan line jathasambhaba sidhasalakha achhi, jaahaa dwara udaana samajare segudika sahita seema bahare naah thiba . eka dhataba dhanchare cansat, receiver sarbada sehi sthanare rahiba uchit jeunthare sanrachana ehi drusti rekha upare prabhaba pakaae naahin . camera. cansat bajure abataran karuthiba samajare jekaunasi jinishar phato uthaiba paain cansatare eka mini camera antarbhukta karajaipariba . ehaa dhyanare rakhi je robot bajure thibabele cansat camera chalaiba paain order grahan karipariba naahin, tenu microprocessor hinn cameratiku phato nebaku nirdesh deba aabasyaka . cansat paain ehaa eka camera udaharana ateh ateh myaping paain madhya cansat byabahara karajaipariba. ehara eka udaharana linkare achhih HTTPS:// cansat.unisec.suchana/ accelerometer. ehi pranaleeti bibhinna akshare eka kimba adhika accelerometer gathita . samasta accelerometergudic alga curry samanwita akshare twaranaku mapibaku anumathi deithae . accelerometergudic tathya sangraha kariba paain kimba sthiti nirdharana kariba paain (ekikarana dwara) byabahara karajaipariba. abasthana nirdharana kariba paain prastuta sarbottama accelerometerku inercial navigation system inn kuhajae . egudika keteka cansat madelare byabahruta hue . ehi byabasthara anishchitata sensaragudiku mapakathi kariba samajare truti upare nirbhara kare. ehi byabasthara labhagudika gps aabasyaka naah thibaru chumbakiah hastakhyepa prati pratirakhya parjyanta jaithae . ehaa cansat bhitare ekadhika sthana anumathi die . keteka sarbadhika byabahruta accelerometer heuchhih electronic compass. belebele, cansat keun digaku anusarana karuchhi taaha janiba aabasyaka (udaharana swaroopa, eka nijantrita abataran karibaku), ehi khetrare eka compass censor eka bahuta chhot censor jaahaa eka paramparika compass pari ehara diga ebong uttara madhyare konaku mapa kare . ehi konati eka sambhabya parthakya madhyamare microprocesoraku sancharita hue . microprocessor asuthiba sanketaku byakhya kare ebong sehi anujai karjya kare . tenu, jadi cansat gps receiver byabahara nakari eka lakhyare pahanchibaku uddista thila, tebe ehi censor eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan kariba . byabahruta kampasra keteka model heuchhih prakara. mukhyatah dui prakarara cansat achhi, jadio eka truteeja berg sadharanatah sehi messin paain jodajae jaahaa pratham duiti sahita khap khaae naahinh telemetry. ehaa heuchhi sehi byakti jahara prathamika uddeshya heuchhi eka ground station dwara prakrijakarana karibaku bastaba samajare udaana ebong panipaga sthitiru tathya sangraha ebong prerana kariba . ehi bargare thiba cansatgudika eka stijaring system byabahara karanti naahin kaaran ehara uddeshya eka nirdista bindure padiba nuhen barang abataran samajare tathya sangraha kariba (jaahaa sadharanatah nijantrita hue naahin) . purba bibhagagudikare ullekha karajaithiba pranaleegudika madhyaru sarbadhika byabahruta heuchhih barrometer, thermometer, gps ebong camera. pheriasiba. egudikara mukhya karjya heuchhi gps sthananka dwara chinhita lakhyara jathasambhaba nikatatar nijantrita dhangare abataran kariba . ehi upakaranagudiku gps kimba inercial navigation system inn dwara parichalita karajaipariba. ehi abasthaku microprocesoraku pathajae jaahaa ehi tathyara bishleshanaru lakhyara abasthaku tulana kare jaahaa lakhyaku sambodhita kariba paain keun konare ghunchiba uchita taaha ganana kare ebong stiaring sistamaku upajukta nirdesh die . sanshodhana kariba paain ehi prakriya kramagata bhabare punarabrutti karajae . ebhali upakaranagudika udaana samajare tathya madhya sanchai karithanti, kintu semananka sahita asuthiba censor sankhya comm thibaru purba prakara tulanare suchana adhika durlabh. eka pratyabartana cansat sarbada eka stiaring system bahn kare jaahaa ehaaku kaushala, abhimukhikarana ebong lakhya aadaku jibaku anumathi die . sadharanatah ebhali eka prakriya microprocessor dwara nijantrita eka kimba adhika accutuator dwara sakriya hoithae, jahadwara sarvamotara gotie kimba anya parswaku ghurithae ebong ehipari ghurithae. cansat eka parachute kimba glider kimba eka rotter ebong wing antarbhukta kare kii naahin taaha upare nirbhara curry duiti mukhya prakara achhi . parachute kimba paraglider sahita cansat . ehi upakaranagudikare sadharanatah eka stijaring system thaae jeunthire thread thaae jaahaa asama bhabare gati kare jaahaa dwara anudairghya akhyara uttolanare parthakya srusti hue jaahaa dwara cansat kaunasi naa kaunasi upaajare ghuruchhi . ehaa ati sarala jantrika byabahara karithae. sadharanatah nimna abataran haara ebong bruhata prustha khetra ehaaku uthaideba karanaru ehi upakaranagudiku nijantrana kariba kastakara . danga kimba rotter sahita cansat . jantrika bhabare adhika jatila ebong panipaga paristhiti paain comm sambedanashila jaahaa parachute kimba glider sahita cansat kare . ehi prakarara upakaranagudika nijantrana kariba paain adhika kathore ebong ehara abataran haara adhika thibaru prati sekendare aneka adhika sanshodhana karibaku sakhyama eka electronic system aabasyaka kare . khola shreni. ehi bargare, purbabarti duiti berg madhyaru kounasitire antarbhukta hoinathiba jekaunasi robot dakhal karajaipariba. ehi bargare upasthapita adhikansha cansat heuchhi robot jaahaa nutan system kimba nutan design parikhya karuchhi jaahaa eparjyanta parikhya karajai naahin (technology pradarshanakaree) . sikhyagata agraha. anya mahakash prakalpa tulanare karjyakaritara comm byaja, comm prastuti samai ebong designer saralata ehi dharanaku chhatrachhatrimananka paain mahakashare semanankara pratham padakhyepa neba paain eka utkrusta byabaharika sujogare parinata karichhi. missioner paripurana upaiah, cansat design, upadan ekikarana, sathik parichalana jancha, lunch prastuti, tathya bisleshana ebong karjyabhara bunton curry dala sangathana chayan kariba paain chhatrachhatrimane daie . ehaa moolatah eka bastaba upgraha design, srusti ebong utakhyepanara eka scale pratiroopa . eka cansat bikashita kariba paain aabasyaka prakrijare eka sikhyana prakriya antarbhukta jaahaa samasya-aadharita sikhyana bhabare janashuna, eka nutan sikhyadana paddhati jeunthire chhatra mukhya charitra ebong jie samasyara samadhan kariba aabasyaka . ehi prakarara prakalpara mukhya baisistya heuchhi dalagudika dwara parichalita jaahaa kramagata aahwana dwara parichalita khola samasyara sammukheen heuchhi . shikhyakamananka dwara diajaithiba samarthan hrass pauchhi, jeun abhigyata samooha hassel karuchhi, taaha anusare, system injinijaringku madhya niz samarthyara bikash ebong gabeshanara jatilataku mukabila karibaku padiba. sikhya khetrare byabahruta heuthiba sabutharu sadharana paddhatigudika madhyaru mahakash injinijaring bibhaga anyatama kaaran ehaa bibhinna prakarara aakarshaneeah bishajabastu pradan karithae. pratijogita. cansat pratijogita europe, america ebong acia ityadi ray ajojita hue . america. cansat pratijogita. aamerikare, cansat design-build-lunch pratijogita madhyaru gotie americae mahakashachari samaj ebong americae institute off aeronatics anded astronotics dwara ajojita hue . ehi pratijogitara anya prajojakamananka madhyare nausena gabeshana parikhyagara, nassa, aii. jii. aai., kakhiah bigyana nigama, praxis incorporated ebong salidawarka antarbhukta. arlis. arlis prakalpa heuchhi stanford biswabidyalaja ebong anyanya shikhyanushthanare chhatrachhatri ebong sikhyaka bikash karjyakram mahakash pranali madhyare eka sahajogatmaka prayasa jaahaa pruthibira kakhyapath kimba mangala grahare utakhyepana prastuti paain prototype khudra upgraha nirmana, utakhyepana, parikhya ebong punaruddhara kariba paain . arlis eka mahakash prakalpara zeeban chakra (praiah eka barsha) ray byabaharika abhigyata hassel kariba paain eka aahwana prastaba deichhanti. pratyeka dala eka kimba adhika upgraha design ebong nirmana karanti, ebong semane nebhadara black rock thaare thiba utakhyepana sthanaku jaai semananka parikhyanara prastuti, utakhyepana, parichalana ebong surakhita punaruddhara tadarakh karanti . arlis rocket pradan karithae, pratyeka 3,500 mitter uchchatare tinoti cansat parachute bahn karibaku sakhyama, jaahaa pratyeka canst ku parikhyana paain praiah 15 minitor udaana samai anumathi die, jaahaa digaru digaku digaku digaku digaku digaku anukaran kare. europe. europeah cansat pratijogita europeah mahakash agency dwara prostahita hue ebong ehaa haiskul chatramananka upare dhyana deithae . ehaa eka pratijogita jeunthire pratyeka cansat udaana samai ebong budget sahita jadita anya sahita bhaliumara paramparika aabashyakataaku purana kariba aabasyaka ebong 350 gramaru adhika bastutwa nuhen . chaap ebong tapmatra mapa kariba sahita ehi tathyaku bastaba samajare prerana karantu . ehaa byatita, cansat eka dwiteeja mission kheliba uchita jaahaa swadheena pasanda . ehi mission paain prastabagudika sehi dala chayan karibaku byabahruta hue jeunmane eka raketare semanankara cansat utakhyepana karibe jaahaa 1000 mitter parjyanta aarohan kare, jeunthare ehaa duiti cansat kholithae ebong talaku khasijae jaahaa bhitare achhi . bharat. ardle-cansat dwara biswabidyalaja cansat challenge bharataku aase eka design-build-fly pratijogita jaahaa dalagudiku eka aerospace systemer design zeeban-chakra anubhaba karibara sujoga pradan kare . biswabidyalaja cansat challenge eka chhot starare eka sadharana aerospace karjyakramaku pratiphalita kariba paain design karajaichi . ehi mission ebong ehara abashyakatagudika telemetry abashyakata, jogajoga ebong swajangsasita parichalana sameth bastaba biswa missioner bibhinna digaku pratiphalita kariba paain parikalpana karajaichi. pratyeka dala aahwana samajare karjyasuchi, design samikhya ebong pradarshan udaana bhali bastaba duniaare pradanajogya jinish upare score karanti. ehi karjyakram 2015 august masser madhyabhagare, 17 januari januari hoskotethare arambha hoithila, ehara ayojan prajogika gabeshana bikash parikhyagara dwara karajaithila ebong bangalorara bharatiah bigyana pratisthana dwara ajojita hoithila. ehi karjyakramara bichara karuthiba panelistmane thile isror bisista baigyanika. biman udaana parey dala nitt surat bijai hoithila. check ganarajya. esero check ganarajya dwara ajojita ehaa eka chhot akarara pratijogita jaahaa europeah cansat pratijogita paain jogyata mode bhabare karjya kare . anshagrahanakareenka dhyana, upgraha nirmana sahita, mukhyatah jurie tatha janasadharananka sammukhare prakalpara eka prabhabasali upasthapana upare rahichhi kaaran samajika netawarkare upasthiti ebong prakalpara samagrika janasadharananka pratinidhitwa chudanta mulyankana eka gurutwapurna ansha paain prastuta kare . spain. 2008 masihare anusthita pratham antarjatija cansat pratijogita paratharu madrider polytechnic biswabidyalaja (jayu. pii. emm.) rahr sahajatare mahakash ebong microgravity gabeshana (lim) paain parikhyagara eka antarjatija cansat pratijogita ayojan kare. ehi prusthara sheershare bistruta cansatra prakara anujai tinoti berg achhi . anya eka khola berg achhi jeunthire aakaar seema ete kathore nuhen ebong gazetra eka budd bastutwa hoipare, praiah 1 kilo parjyanta . europeah pratijogita bhali, kichhi tathya telemetry dwara bastaba samajare pathajiba uchita ebong anshagrahanakaree dalagudika paain budget seemabaddhata rahichhi. frances. sii. enn. ee. ess. (farasi mahakash agency) ebong association plante sines dwara ajojita, ehi farasi pratijogita "sii 'spaces" abhijana samajare anusthita hue, jaahaa jubakamananka paain mahakash sambandheeah technologyra eka outrich karjyakram . ehi pratijogitare praiah 200 mitter uchchatare eka sthira dirigible ejarasipru cansat nikhyepa karajae . duiti berg upalabdhah "antarjatija" ebong "khola" jeunthire eka paramparika cansator 330 millilitre tulanare 1 litter parjyanta ayatan anumathi deba paain ayatan abashyakata brudhi karajae . korea ganarajya. 2012 masiharu, koriara bigyana, aai. sii. tii. ebong bhabisyata yojana mantranalaja koriaare cansat sanskrutiku lokpriya kariba ebong upgraha parichalana upare chhatranka gyaana brudhi kariba paain korea cansat pratijogita/shibiraku prajojita karuchhi. korea sarkar dwara ajojita heuthiba duiti mukhya upgraha pratijogita corian cubesat pratijogita sahita ehi pratijogita gathan karithae. ehi pratijogita satrek (satellite technology research centre) dwara parichalita, eka jatiah upgraha gabeshana kendra jaahaa ekadhika saphala korea upgraha paain daie, ebong kaister anshabisesha-sabutharu sammanajanaka bigyana-bhittika bidyalaja madhyaru gotie . mahakash prajukti bikashita kariba paain sarakaranka masterplanara anshabisesha bhabe, cansat bikashita kariba paain samasta shulkaku korea sarkar abashyakata anujai sabasidi dianti. highschooler chhatrachhatri ebong snataka chhatrachhatrimane ehi pratijogitare anshagrahana kariba paain 3 john chhatrachhatrinku nei eka dala gathan kariparibe. highschooler chhatrachhatrimane (10maha shreniru 12maha shreni) seulgi khetrare anshagrahana karithanti, ebong moulika cansat platform byabahara curry atirikta srujanashila karjyagudika madhya dei jibaku padithae. ehi karjyagudikara udaharana madhyare 'python-aadharita bases system', 'cansat paain madyulara sanrachana' antarbhukta . pratyeka meey maasare, samasta anshagrahanakaree dala cansat bikashita kariba ebong dala-nirdista karjya sampadana kariba paain semanankara yojana dakhal kariba uchit. taa 'parey, 'parey dala, jeunmane semananka karjyara karjyakarita ebong cansat upare moulika gyaana anujai chayan huanti. ehi dalagudika unline aadharita sikhya dei gati karanti ebong semane jeun moola byabastha nirmana karichanti taaha anujai semananka karjyaku karjyakaree kariba paain samai paanti. semanankara karjya ebong bases systemer sampurnata puni thare mulyankana karajae, 10 tii dala chayan karibaku jaahaa sheshare semanankara cansat arambha karipariba . korea mahakash gabeshakamananka dwara sikhya adhibeshana parey, ehi cansat gudiku goheungare utakhyepana karajae, jaahaa madhya narro mahakash kendra anchalare abasthita. snataka chhatrachhatrimane chanzo sector (<unk>) ray anshagrahana karanti, ebong haiskul chhatrachhatrinka bhali samaana prakriya dei jaanti. mukhya parthakya heuchhi je highschooler chhatrachhatrimane programingre abhyasta nathiba chhatrachhatrinku sahajya kariba paain bases station karjyakram grahan karuthibabele snataka chhatrachhatrimane niz paain semananka bases station karjyakram programme kariba uchit. prathamika karjyasuchi highschooler chhatrachhatrinka paain samaana. madhyamika bidyalaja ebong keteka prathamika bidyalajara chhatrachhatri (5-9 shreni) 'korea cansat camp' namaka shibirare anshagrahana karithanti, jahara rakhyanabekhyana ebong prayojana samaana kartupakhyanka dwara karajaithae. cansat upare semanankara agraha ebong gyaana aadhaarare, cansat shibirare anshagrahana kariba paain 2 john chhatra sadasyanku nei gathita 30 tii dala chayan karajae . 2 deane paain, ehi chatramananku koriara mahakash gabeshakamane sikhya dianti. semane semanankara moulika cansat (gps, luminance censor, inercial maas unit ityadi sahita) bikashita karanti .) shibir samajare. japan. japanare, ehi pratijogita unisec (biswabidyalaja mahakash injinijaring sangha) dwara ajojita hue ebong anya sanskaranagudika tulanare jeunthire cansat eka rocket dwara utakhyepana karajae, ethaare ehaa eka belun jaahaa eka nirdista uchchataku aarohan kare, jaahaa parey cansat drop hue . ehi pratijogita heuchhi eka nirdista sthanare pahanchiba, udaana pathare paribartana madhyamare, kimba cansat aabasyaka sthanaku pahanchiba paain chakia joga kariba dwara . argentine. argentinere, eka cansat baithaka achhi, kintu ehaa pratidwanditamoolaka nuhen; ehaa paribarte, cansat karjyakram heuchhi eka adhyajana paddhati jaahaa swajang nirmita punahbyabaharajogya luncher byabahara curry parikhyana madhyamare parichalita . ehi karjyakram maganare jaari karajaithae ebong chhatrachhatrimananku santosh pradan karithae, jeunthire semane eka jatila injinijaring prakalpara samagra zeeban chakrare samil hoithanti, jeunthire dharanagata design, ekikarana, parikhyana ebong prakruta system parichalana antarbhukta, jaahaa mission parabarti saransha baithaka sahita samapta hoithae. canst karjyakram pratibarsha asema (association off experimental rocketry anded spaces madeling off argentine) dwara ajojita hue . ehi karjyakram september 2003 ray eka sikhyaneeah sammilaneere upasthapita hoithila, ebong pratham argentine cansat navember 2004 ray arambha hoithila, jaahaa collegio shaan felip nerira chatramananka dwara prastuta karajaithila . iran. iran cansat pratijogita (aai. sii. sii.) heuchhi anya eka pratijogita jaahaa cansatra design ebong utpadana paain ajojita hoithae, jaahaa iranara mahakashachari gabeshana pratisthana (aii. aarr. aai.) dwara prajojita. 2011 masiharu pratibarsha ehi pratijogita anusthita heuchhi ebong ethire shastriya ebong bruttigata naamare duiti berg rahichhi, shastriya bargare bajumandalija dhwani ebong phato/bhidio capture mission antarbhukta thibabele bruttigata bargare baio-payload punaruddhara ebong pratyabartana mission antarbhukta . dalagudika operation purbaru pii. dii. aarr. ebong sii. dii. aarr. prastuta karibe ebong padiaare cansat parikhya parey pii. aif. aarr. prastuta karibe. chhatrachhatrimane kebala baishajika prasangare semananka gyanare unnati karibe naahin, barang eka bahubishajaka prakalpa paain aabasyaka byabasthita drustikona madhya hassel karibe ebong samagra zeeban chakrare eka prakalpare scratcheru utpada parjyanta jadita hebara abhigyata paibe bolly aasha karajae . chaturtha iran antarjatija cansat pratijogita (aai. sii. sii. 2014) october 2014 ray anusthita hebara thila. thila। pratijogita anusthita hoichhi.(2019-2020) pratijogitara astama roundre (2019-2020), amirakabira technology biswabidyalajara dui dala autospace ebong autospace-plues ahammadareja karaminka tatwabadhanare ebong dodd.kamran raisi. iranara yazd biswabidyalajara eka dala madhya dwiteeja title jitipariba. dakhina africa. pratham dakhina african cansatku 1650 mitter uchchataku eka uccha shakti rocket ray payload bhabare 6 navember 1999 ray niajaithila, yakan-1 bhabare doub karajaithila, cansataku stephan stoltz dwara design ebong nirmana karajaithila ebong uttara biswabidyalaja (bartamana limpopo biswabidyalaja) dwara eka technology pradarshanira ansha bhabare rudewal rudewal airspaces (limpopo pradesh) ray lunch karajaithila . 2011/12 ray, cape tauna biswabidyalaja (jayu. sii. tii.) dakhina african jyotirbigyana abajarabhetori sahajogare ehara pratham cansat pratijogita arambha karithila. 2013 masiha suddha, dakhina africar aneka biswabidyalaja cansat prakalpagudikara mulyankana ebong segudiku semananka pathyakramare samil kariba arambha karichanti. ehaa anumana karajauchhi je dakhina africa madhyare cansat pratijogitara bhabishyatare pracharare dakhina africar jatiah mahakash agency eka pramukh bhumika grahan kariba. iraqi kurdistan. kurdistanare eka cansat programme, jaahaa iraqi kurdistanara computer rocket association (bartamana nishkriya) bhabare janashuna, moolatah 1992 ray falah mustafa bakeeranka dwara sthapita hoithila . ehi samajare kurdistani sarkar nijara swalpa-durgami khepanastra karjyakram bikashita curry juba chatramananku samarika prajukti khetrare jogadebaku utsahita kariba paain ehi sangathana gathan karithile. ehi karjyakram saphala hoithila ebong 2000 masiha prarambhare praiah tiniguna panthi milithila. milithila 2003 masiha parjyanta husennka shesh barsha khyamatare thibabele, husennka sachibanka anujai, "shatrunku panthi pathaiba paain rocket association ray ray karjyakalapa" bhabare janashuna, jaahaa jogun association adhika seemita panthi paithila . ehi jatharthata bhittihina thila ebong 2003 masihare iraq upare aakraman parjyanta ehi sangathana kwachit tisthi rahithila. 2003 masihare iraq upare america-ment aakraman samajare, sarakaranka upare judhakaleena chaap karanaru sanghara panthi sampurna bhabe hrass paithila. 2003 masiha sheshare aakraman shesh heba parey ehi sangathanaku bhangi diajaithila, kintu americae samarika byaktibisheshamane aamerikare eka rocket karjyakramara sambhabana dekhithile. ehara turanta parey, eka chhatra-kaindrika rocket sangha paain panthi jogaana jogaana americae bidyalajaku ehi karjyakram ayojan karibare sakhyama karithila. sebetharu, ekadhika desh chhatra rocket karjyakramaku grahan karichanti ebong iraqi kurdistanara prarambhika computer rocket sanghara saphalata parey model hoithiba technology-aadharita stame association ray panthi bistara karichanti.

canset canset ikk kisam daa sounding rocket payload haii joe pulad technology sikhaun laee vartiaa jaanda haii. ih laghu upgrahian witch varti jaanh vaali technology dey samaan haii. naa hii kise canset neey kadey vayumandal noon chaddiaa haii atey naa hii dharti dey duaale chakkar lagaiaa haii. canset mukabaliaan witch, payload noon ikk aam sodda caine (66 millimeter viaas atey 115 millimeter uchaee) dee matra dey ander fitt curran dee zaroorat hundi haii atey iss daa punj 350 graam toon ghatt hunda haii. antina noon baahron mount keeta jaa sakda haii, parr viaas udon takk naheen vadh sakda jadon takk canset lanch vaahan noon naheen chhadd dinda. cancetan noon chhote rocket toon uchaee 'teey tainat keeta jaanda haii joe mukabale dey adhaar' teey vakkhra hunda haii. cansts ikk rikavari system naal lais hunde hunn, aam taur utte ikk parachute, rikavari utte nuksan noon seemat curran atey cansts noon dubara vartan dee aagiaa denh laee. cancetan dee varton pulad technology noon sikhaun laee keeti jaandi haii, kiunki uhanan dee sasti keemat atey ghatt matra haii. itihaas. sann 1998 witch sanyukat raaj amrica atey japaan deeaan 12 universityan dey lagbhag 50 vidiaarthi atey faculty havaai witch aayojit ikk sammelan witch mille sunn. ih pahila "university pulad pranali sammelan" see. itthe, stanford university dey professor emirites baub twiggs neey shuruati vichaar pesh keeta kii baad witch nanosatellite project qee bann jaange. uh vichaar pulad witch ikk sodda dabbe dey aakaar dee banatar noon lanch karna see. iss dee matra lagbhag 350 millilitre atey punj lagbhag 500 graam honee chahidi haii. iss naal ikk project shuru hoiaa jiss noon 1999 witch arlis kiha jaanda haii, jiss witch ziaadaatar amriki atey japani universityan shamal sunn, jiss neey uss saal 11 satambar noon pahili shuruat keeti atey harr saal binan kise rukawat dey jaari rakkhiaa. shuruati vichaar, joe ajj vee prachlit haii, 350 millilitre dey 3 upgrah, jaan vadhere matra dey upgrah noon lanch karna see. saadhan ikk rocket hovega joe 1.8 kilo noon hilaun atey 4000 meeter takk chadhan dey samrath hovega, jiss naal ghatt laagat valiaan pulad udanan daa darwaza khullh javega-lagbhag $400. saal 2000 witch, mission bahut vakkhre sanauu udaharan vajon, barometer duaara pardan keete gaye detta dee varton karke jaan ikk defrential jee. pee. aiss. system dee varton karke ikk landing system dey khulhan dee ganna karna. ih project 2001 witch ikk vadhere gunjhaldar sathiti witch aaiaa jadon vaapsee shreni noon jodiaa giaa see, jiss anusar upgrah noon ikk vishesh teeche vall nirdeshit keeta jaanha chahida haii. ih mission bahut safal riha atey 2002 witch, tohoku university dee pulad robotics laib dey vidiaarthi teeche toon 45 meeter takk gaye atey 2006 witch, ih ankada 6 meeter takk digg giaa. iss kisam dey upgrah witch dilchaspi vadh rahee haii atey fail rahee haii. sann 2003 witch, tokio university neey doou upgrah cubeset, cansts naalon thode vadde aakaar dey upgrah atey kioob dey aakaar dey upgrah noon chakkar witch rakkhiaa. haal hii dey saalan witch, pro. duaara prastavit isey sankalap dee palna karde hoye kaee mukabale vikast keete gaye hunn. baub twiggs atey rashtari atey antarashtari dovan witch arlis witch pratibimbat hunda haii. appression. mukkh tatt. kujh tatt harek canset duaara sanjhe keete jaande hann battery. battery robot dey saare systeman dey sanchalan laee bijli dee saplai kardi haii atey uh kise vee robot jaan electronic system laee zaruri hunn, iss dee karguzari atey maujuda-bhaar anupat dey caarn sabh toon vaddh varti jaandi lithiam polymer baitariaan (lipo) hunn. microprocessor. microprocessor robot daa dill hunda haii, kiunki ih baahari censoran (jiven kii ultimeter, accelerometer jaan transmitter) toon sanket prapat curran laee zimmevar hunda haii atey uhanan noon program keete kamm curran laee vee prakiriaa karda haii. ziaadaatar microprocessoran witch daata storage laee ikk andruni mammery shamal hundi haii jaan shamal hoow sakadi haii, joe udaann dauran vakkh-vakkh censoran toon jankari noon store curran laee labhdaik haii. iss paddhar 'teey varte jaanh vaale kujh vaparak microprocessor hann secondary tatt. uppar dasse gaye tattan toon ilava, iss noon saunpe gaye mission noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye horr tatt shamal keete jaa sakde hunn. barometer. barometer witch ikk dabaa maapan vaala saill hunda haii joe microprocessor naal judiaa hunda haii atey iss dey dabaa dey anusar ikk voltage mull dey naal ikk sanket bhejda haii. microprocessor uchaee prapat curran laee standard vayumandal deeaan sathitiaan dee varton karda haii. iss kisam dey upkarnan witch varte jaanh vaale barometer dee udaharan thermometer. thermometer barometer dey samaan kamm karda haii parr microprocessor noon bhejiaa voltage sanket maapiaa tapman 'teey nirbhar karda haii. microprocessor tapman mull nirdharat karke iss sanket dee viaakhiaa karda haii. ih varte gaye thermometran deeaan udaharnan hann jee. pee. aiss. modiool. jee. pee. aiss. ikk bhumi sathiti pranali haii jiss witch ikk upgrah network hunda haii joe dharti dey duaale chakkar lagaunda haii joe nirantar aapni sathiti atey sanchar daa samaan bhejda haii. inhan ankadiaan toon, prapatkarta ucch shudhta prapat curran laee saare upalbadh upgrahan naal aapni sathiti noon tikonh dinda haii. ih sathiti ikk cereal port duaara ikk daata line dey roop witch microprocessor noon bheji jaandi haii. design paddhar 'teey, jee. pee. aiss. receiverse noon ajihi jagha' teey sathit honaa chahida haii jitthe upgrah drishti rekha jinni sambhav hoow sake siddhi howay taan joe udaann dauran inhan naal seema toon bahr naa howay. ikk dhatu banatar canset witch, receiver hamesha utthe sathit hone chahide hunn jitthe banatar iss drishti rekha noon prabhavat naheen kardi. camera. cancet dey havaa witch utaran dey samein dauran kise vee cheez dee foto khicchan laee ikk minni camera cancet witch shamal keeta jaa sakda haii. ih dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye kii jadon robot havaa witch hunda haii taan canset noon cameray noon chalaun dey adesh prapat naheen hoow sakde iss laee microprocessor uh honaa chahida haii joe cameray noon tasveer lainn daa adesh dinda haii. ih canset laee ikk cameray dee ikk udaharan haiyav cansets dee varton 3 dee mapping laee vee keeti jaa sakadi haii. iss dee ikk udaharan link utte haiyav HTTPS:// cansat.unisec.jankari/ accelerometer. ih system vakkh-vakkh dhuriaan witch ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh accelerometeran daa baniaa hunda haii. saare accelerometer ikk paase talmel vaale dhure witch acceleration noon maapan dee aagiaa dinde hunn. accelerometer dee varton daata ikkatha curran jaan sathiti nirdharat curran laee (ekikaran duaara) keeti jaa sakadi haii. sathitiaan nirdharat curran laee banaae gaye sabh toon vadhiaa accelerometeran noon inertial navigation system inns kiha jaanda haii. ih kujh canset maadlan utte varte jaande hunn. iss system dee anishchitta censoran noon calibrate curran vele galti 'teey nirbhar kardi haii. iss pranali dey faide iss tatth toon hunde hunn kii jee. pee. aiss. dee zaroorat naheen haii, chumbki dakhalandazi pratee pratirodhak shakti takk. ih canset dey ander kaee sathanan dee aagiaa dinda haii. sabh toon vaddh varte jaanh vaale accelerometer hann electronic compass. kaee vaar, ih jaanna zaruri hunda haii kii canset kiss disha witch jaa riha haii (udaharan vajon, ikk niyantrit utaran curran laee), jiss sathiti witch ikk compass censor ikk bahut chhota censor hunda haii joe ikk ravaiti compass dee tarahan iss dee disha atey uttar dey vichkaar dey konn noon mapada haii. ih konn ikk sambhavi antar raahin microprocessor noon sancharit keeta jaanda haii. microprocessor aaunn vaale sanket dee viaakhiaa karda haii atey uss anusar kamm karda haii. iss tarahan, jey canset daa udesh jee. pee. aiss. receiver dee varton keete binan kise teeche takk pahunchana see, taan ih censor ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhayega. varte gaye compass dey kujh maadal hann kisman. mukkh taur utte doou kisman dey canset hunde hunn, halanki ikk tiji shreni aam taur utte uhanan machines laee jodee jaandi haii joe pahilan dovan witch fitt naheen hundiaan telemetry. ih uh haii jisda muddhala udesh ikk graoond station duaara prakiriaa keete jaanh vaale asal samein witch udaann atey mausam deeaan sathitiaan toon detta ikattar karna atey sancharit karna haii. iss shreni witch canset ikk steering system dee varton naheen karde kiunki isda udesh kise vishesh bindu 'teey dhiggna naheen haii balki dhiggan dey dauran detta ikkatha karna haii (joe aam taur' teey niyantrit naheen hunda). pichle bhagan witch zikar keete gaye pranaliaan vicchon sabh toon vaddh varte jaande hann barometer, thermometer, jee. pee. aiss. atey camera. vaapsee. ihanan daa mukkh kamm ikk niyantrit tarike naal jee. pee. aiss. nirdeshank duaara chinhit teeche dey jinna sambhav hoow sake nede utarna haii. inhan upkarnan noon jee. pee. aiss. jaan inertial navigation system duaara sedh ditti jaa sakadi haii. ih sathiti microprocessor noon bheji jaandi haii joe inhan detta dey vishleshan toon teeche dee sathiti dee tulna kardi haii taan joe uss konn dee ganna keeti jaa sake jiss utte iss noon teeche noon sambodhan curran laee mudna chahida haii atey steering system noon uchit nirdesh dinda haii. sudhar curran laee iss prakiriaa noon lagatar duhraiaa jaanda haii. ajihe upkaran udaann witch detta vee store karde hunn parr kiunki uhanan dey naal aaunn vaale censoran dee ginti ghatt haii, iss laee jankari pichli kisam dee tulna witch vadhere ghatt haii. ikk vaapsee canset hamesha ikk steering system rakkhda haii joe iss noon chaal chalaun, disha denh atey teeche vall vadhan dee aagiaa dinda haii. aam taur utte ajihi vidhi noon microprocessor duaara niyantrit ikk jaan vadhere activatoran duaara sargaram keeta jaanda haii taan joe servomoter ikk paase jaan dooje paase ghumme atey iss tarahan ghumde hoye canset. iss gall utte nirbhar karde hoye kii qee cancet witch parachute jaan glider jaan rotter atey khambh shamal hunn, doou mukkh kisman hunn. parachute jaan paraglider naal canset. inhan upkarnan witch aam taur utte ikk steering system hunda haii jiss witch dhaage hunde hunn joe asamrupta naal chalde hunn taan joe lambkari dhure dee lift witch antar paida keeta jaa sake taan joe canset ikk jaan dooje tarike naal ghumda rahey. ih kaafi sadharan mechanics dee varton karda haii. aam taur utte utaran dee ghatt darr atey vadde satah khetar dey caarn inhan upkarnan noon niyantrit karna mushkal hunda haii. khambhan jaan rotaran naal dabbe. mechanical taur utte vadhere gunjhaldar atey mausam deeaan sathitiaan laee ghatt kamzor joe parachute jaan glider naal canset karde hunn. iss kisam dey yantar niyantaran laee bahut ziaada sakhat hunde hunn atey iss dey utaran dee ucch darr dey caarn pratee skint bahut saare horr sudhar curran dey yog ikk electronic pranali dee zaroorat hundi haii. open class. iss shreni witch, koee vee robot joe pichli doou shreniaan vicchon kise witch shamal naheen haii, pesh keeta jaa sakda haii. iss shreni witch pesh keete gaye ziaadaatar canset robot hunn joe navein pranaliaan jaan navein design dee jaanch qarr rahey hunn jinhan dee ajey takk jaanch naheen keeti gaee haii (technology pardarshankari). sikkhiaa witch dilchaspi. lagu curran dee ghatt laagat, ghatt tiaari daa samaan atey horr pulad projectan dee tulna witch design dee sadgi iss sankalap noon vidiaarthiaan laee pulad witch aapna pahila kadam chukkan daa ikk shandar viharak mauka banaundi haii. vidiaarthi mission noon poora curran dey tarike dee chonh curran, canset design, hissiaan dey ekikaran, sahee sanchalan tasdeek, lanch dee tiaari, detta vishleshan atey kamm dey bojh noon vandd keey team sangathan laee zimmevar hunn. ih mool roop witch ikk asal upgrah dey design, sirjan atey lanch dee ikk paimane pratikriti haii. ikk canset noon vikast curran laee lodindi prakiriaa witch ikk sikkhan dee prakiriaa shamal hundi haii jiss noon samassiaa-adharat sikkhan vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, ikk navaan adhiaapan vidhi jiss witch vidiaarthi mukkh paatar hunda haii atey jiss noon samassiaavan noon hall karna chahida haii. iss kisam dey project dee mukkh visheshta teaman duaara keeti jaa rahee haii joe lagatar chunotiaan duaara sanchalit khulhiaan samassiaavan daa sahmana qarr rahiaan hunn. samooh dey tazarbe noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye adhiaapkan duaara ditta giaa samarthan ghatt hoow riha haii taan joe ih pachaniaa jaa sake kii system engineering noon vee aapniaan yogtavan dey vikas atey khoj dee gunjhalta naal najithna haii. pulad engineering anushasana sikkhiaa witch varte jaanh vaale sabh toon aam tarikiaan vicchon ikk haii kiunki ih aakarshak vishiaan dee ikk vishal shreni pardan karda haii. mukabale. canset mukabale yoorap, sanyukat raaj amrica atey eshia aadi witch aayojit keete jaande hunn. sanyukat raaj amrica. canset mukabala. sanyukat raaj amrica witch, canset design-billed-lanch pratiyogtavan vicchon ikk amriki pulad yaatari suciety atey amriki institute aaf aeronautics aind astronautics duaara aayojit keeta jaanda haii. mukabale dey horr spanceran witch jall saina khoj prayogshala, naasa, aii. jee. aaee., aurbital sciences corporation, praxis incorporated atey solidworks shamal hunn. arlis. arlis project stanford university atey horr viddiak sansthavan witch vidiaarthiaan atey faculty vikas program pulad pranaliaan darmiaan ikk sehyogi yatan haii taan joe dharti dey chakkar jaan mangal pulad witch lanch curran dee tiaari witch prototype laghu upgrahian daa nirman, lanch, test atey rikavari keeti jaa sake. arlis neey ikk pulad project dey jeevan chakkar (lagbhag ikk saal) witch viharak tajraba prapat curran laee ikk chunhauti daa prastav ditta haii. harek team ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh upgrah tiaar kardi haii atey banaundi haii, atey uh aapne prayogan dee tiaari, lanch, sanchalan atey surakhiat rikavari dee nigrani curran laee black raak, nevada vikhe lanch site 'teey jaande hunn. arlis rocket pardan karda haii, harek 3,500 meeter dee uchaee 'teey tinn cancet parachute lijaan dey yog hunda haii, joe harek cancet noon prayogan laee lagbhag 15 mint dee udaann dey samein dee aagiaa dinda haii, joe kii ikk kiutij toon kiutij dey chakkar dey hethle chakkar dee nakal karda haii. yoorap. european canset mukabale noon european pulad agency duaara utshahit keeta jaanda haii atey ih hyee school dey vidiaarthiaan 'teey kendrit haii. ih ikk mukabala haii jiss witch harek canset noon valiam deeaan ravaiti zaruratan noon poora karna chahida haii atey udaann dey samein atey buzzet naal sabandhat horaan dey naal 350 graam punj toon vaddh naheen honaa chahida. dabaa atey tapman noon maapan atey iss detta noon real time witch sancharit curran toon ilava. iss toon ilava, canset noon sutantar chonh daa ikk secondary mission khedna chahida haii. iss mission laee prastavan dee varton uhanan teaman dee chonh curran laee keeti jaandi haii joe 1000 meeter takk chadhan vaale rocket utte swaar hoow keey aapne cancetan noon lanch karangiaan, jitthe ih andarle doou cancetan noon kholhdi atey suttdi haii. bharat. ardle-canset bharat witch aaundi haii, joe ikk design-billed-fly mukabala haii joe teaman noon ikk aerospace pranali dey design jeevan-chakkar daa anubhav curran daa mauka pardan karda haii. university canset chunhauti noon chhote paimane utte ikk aam aerospace program noon darsaun laee tiaar keeta giaa haii. mission atey iss deeaan zaruratan telemetry zaruratan, sanchar atey khudmukhtiaar sanchalan samet asal sansar dey missionan dey vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan noon darsaun laee tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. harek team noon asal sansar dey delivery yog jiven kii karajkram, design samikhiaavan atey pardarshan udanan 'teey chunhauti dauran ank ditte jaande hunn. ih program agast 2015 dey maddh witch 17 janwari 2016 noon hoskot vikhe lanch keeta giaa see, iss daa ayojan uplied risarch development labartariaan duaara keeta giaa see atey bharti sanstha vigiaan, banglaur duaara aayojit keeta giaa see. iss ghatna daa faisla curran vaale panelist aaee. aiss. aar. ou. dey ugghe vigiaani sunn. team nitt surat udaann toon baad dee jankari toon baad jetu bnee. check ganraj. asro check ganraj duaara aayojit ih ikk chhote aakaar daa mukabala haii joe european canset mukabale laee yogta modd vajon kamm karda haii. bhagidaran daa dhiaan, satellite dey nirman dey naal-naal, ziaadaatar jioori dey naal-naal janata noon project dee prabhavshali peshkari 'teey haii kiunki smajik network' teey maujudgi atey project dee samucchi jantak numaindagi antam mulankan daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa haii. spain. pulad atey microgravity khoj (leem) laee prayogshala medrid (yuu. pee. aimm.) dee polytechnic university dee madad naal 2008 witch hoye pahile antarashtari canset mukabale toon baad ikk antarashtari canset mukabale daa ayojan kardi haii. iss panne dey sikhar 'teey vistrit canset deeaan kisman dey anusar tinn shreniaan hunn. ikk horr khullhi shreni haii jiss witch akaar deeaan seemavan inniaan sakhat naheen hunn atey gazette daa punj lagbhag 1 kilo takk hoow sakda haii. jiven kii european mukabale witch, kujh detta real time witch telemetry duaara bhejiaa jaanha chahida haii atey bhagidar teaman laee buzzet deeaan seemavan hunn. france. see. ainn. ee. aiss. (franch pulad agency) atey association planet sciences duaara aayojit, franch mukabala "see 'space" muhim dauran hunda haii, joe naujwanan laee pulad naal sabandhat technology daa ikk pahunch program haii. iss mukabale witch cancetan noon lagbhag 200 meeter dee uchaee utte ikk sathir dirigible airship toon suttiaa jaanda haii. doou shreniaan upalbadh hann "antarashtari" atey "khullah" jiss witch ikk ravaiti canset dey 330 millilitre dey mukabale 1 leater takk dee matra dee aagiaa denh laee valiam deeaan zaruratan noon vadhaiaa jaanda haii. koria ganraj. 2012 toon, koriaai vigiaan mantrala, aaee. see. tii. atey bhavikh dee yojnabandi koriaai canset mukabale/camp noon spancer qarr riha haii taan joe koria witch canset sabheyachar noon prasidh banaiaa jaa sake atey satellite parbandhan baare vidiaarthi dey giaan noon vadhaiaa jaa sake. ih mukabala, koriaai cubeset mukabale dey naal, doou mukkh satellite mukabale daa gathan karda haii joe koriaai sarkaar duaara pesh keete jaande hunn. iss mukabale noon setrack (satellite technology risarch center) duaara banayi rakkhiaa jaanda haii, joe kii ikk rashtari satellite khoj kendra haii joe kii kaee safal koriaai upgrahan laee zimmevar haii, atey cast daa hissa haii-joe kii sabh toon vakkari vigiaan-mukhi schoolan vicchon ikk haii. pulad technology noon vikast curran laee sarkaar dee maastar plaan dey hisse vajon, koriaai sarkaar duaara load painn 'teey cancetan noon vikast curran laee saariaan feesan noon subsidy ditti jaandi haii. hyee school dey vidiaarthi atey undergraduate vidiaarthi iss mukabale witch hissa lainn laee 3 vidiaarthiaan dee team bnaa sakde hunn. hyee school dey vidiaarthi (grade 10 ~ 12) seuligi sector (<unk> Â) witch hissa lainde hunn, atey uhanan noon mudhle canset platform dee varton karde hoye vadhu rachnatmak kaarjan vicchon langhna painda haii. inhan kaarjan deeaan udaharnan witch 'python-adharat adhaar pranali', 'cansets laee modular banatar' shamal hunn. harr maee, saariaan hissa lainn valiaan teaman noon canset vikast curran atey team-vishesh kaarjan noon curran laee aapni yojna pesh curney chahidi haii. firr, 20 teaman joe aapne kamm dee vivharakta atey canset baare buniaadi giaan dey anusar chunhiaan jandiaan hunn. ih teaman online adharat sikkhiaa toon langhdiaan hunn atey aapne banaae adhaar pranali anusar aapne kamman noon lagu curran laee samaan prapat kardiaan hunn. uhanan dey kaarjan atey adhaar pranali dee sampuranta daa ikk vaar firr mulankan keeta jaanda haii, taan joe 10 teaman dee chonh keeti jaa sake joe ant witch aapne canset noon lanch qarr sakann. koriaai pulad khojkartavan duaara sikkhiaa saishan toon baad, ih canset gohung witch lanch keete jaande hunn, joe kii khetar naro pulad kendra vee sathit haii. undergraduate vidiaarthi changjo sector (<unk> <unk>) witch hissa lainde hunn, atey hyee school dey vidiaarthiaan wang isey tarahan dee prakiriaa vicchon langhde hunn. mukkh antar ih haii kii hyee school dey vidiaarthi uhanan vidiaarthiaan dee madad laee bases station program prapat karde hunn joe prograaming dey aadee naheen hunn, undergraduate vidiaarthiaan noon aapne laee aapne bases station program program karne chahide hunn. hyee school dey vidiaarthiaan laee muddhala samaan-saarnee ikko jihi haii. middle school atey kujh primary school dey vidiaarthi (grade 5-9) 'corian canset camp' witch hissa lainde hunn, jiss noon use adhikariaan duaara banayi rakkhiaa atey spancer keeta jaanda haii. canset camp witch hissa lainn laee 30 teaman, jinhan witch 2 vidiaarthi member shamal hunn, noon canset camp witch hissa lainn laee chunhiaa jaanda haii. 2 dinan laee, inhan vidiaarthiaan noon koriaai pulad khojkartavan duaara sikkhiaa ditti jaandi haii. uh aapne buniaadi canset (jee. pee. aiss., roshni censor, inertial punj ikai, aadi dey naal) daa vikas karde hunn.) camp dauran. japaan. japaan witch, ih mukabala unisec (university space engineering consortium) duaara aayojit keeta jaanda haii atey horr sanskarnan dey ulat jiss witch cansts noon ikk rocket duaara lanch keeta jaanda haii, itthe ih ikk gubara haii joe ikk nishchit uchaee takk chadahda haii, jiss toon baad cansts noon suttiaa jaanda haii. ih mukabala ikk nishchit sathiti takk pahunchan baare haii, jaan taan udaann maarag witch sodh duaara, jaan pairin noon jode keey taan joe dabbe noon lodindi jagha 'teey pahunchan dee aagiaa ditti jaa sake. argantina. argintine witch, ikk canset meating hundi haii, parr ih pratiyogi naheen haii; iss dee bajaae, canset program ikk adhiaen vidhi haii joe sway-nirmit mudd varton yog lancharan dee varton karke prayog duaara keeti jaandi haii. ih program mufat jaari keeta jaanda haii atey vidiaarthiaan noon santushti pardan karda haii, jiss witch uh ikk gunjhaldar engineering project dey poore jeevan chakkar witch shamal hunde hunn, jiss witch sankalpik design, ekikaran, testing atey asal system sanchalan shamal hunde hunn, jiss dee samapati mission toon baad dey sankhep dee ikk meating naal hundi haii. canset program daa ayojan harr saal essama (prayogatmak rocketary atey argitina dey pulad modeling dee association) duaara keeta jaanda haii. ih program satambar 2003 witch ikk sikkhiaa sammelan witch pesh keeta giaa see, atey pahila argentine canset navambar 2004 witch lanch keeta giaa see, jiss noon collegio sainn felip neri dey vidiaarthiaan duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. iraan. iraan canset mukabala (aaee. see. see.) canset dey design atey nirman laee aayojit keeta jaanh vaala ikk horr mukabala haii, jiss noon iraan pulad khoj sanstha (aii. aar. aaee.) duaara spancer keeta jaanda haii. ih mukabala 2011 toon harr saal aayojit keeta jaanda haii atey iss witch classical atey peshevar naam deeaan doou shreniaan shamal hunn, classical shreni witch vayumandal dee aavaaz atey foto/vdo capturing mission shamal hunn, jadon kii peshevar witch baio-payload rikavari atey vaapsee mission shamal hunn. teaman appression toon pahilan pdr atey cdr tiaar karangiaan atey feeled witch cancetan dee jaanch toon baad pee. eff. aar. tiaar karangiaan. vidiaarthiaan toon umeed keeti jaandi haii kii uh naa siraf takniki muddiaan 'teey aapne giaan witch sudhar karange, balki ikk bahu-anushasani project laee lodinde yojnabadh drishtikon noon vee prapat karange atey poore jeevan chakkar witch ikk project witch shamal honn daa tajraba prapat karange. chautha iraan antarashtari canset mukabala (aaee. see. see. 2014) aktubar 2014 witch aayojit keeta jaanha see. atth mukabale karvaae gaye hunn.(2019-2020) mukabale dey athven daur (2019-2020) witch, amirkabir university aaf technology deeaan doven teaman neey ahmedreza karami dee nigrani atey daa.kamran raeesi. iraan dee yajad university dee team vee dooja khitab jitt sakadi haii. dakkhni africa. pahila dakkhni african canset noon 6 navambar 1999 noon ikk ucch shakti vaale rocket utte payload dey roop witch 1650 meeter dee uchaee takk lijaiaa giaa see. zakan-1 vajon dabb keeta giaa, canset noon stephen stoltz duaara design atey banaiaa giaa see atey uttar dee university (hunn limpopo university) duaara ikk technology pardarshani dey hisse vajon rudewal rudewal havaai khetar (limpopo prant) witch lanch keeta giaa see. 2011/12 witch, cape taoon university (yuu. see. tii.) neey dakkhni african khagol vigiaan observatory dey sahiyog naal aapna pahila canset mukabala shuru keeta. 2013 takk, dakkhni africa deeaan kaee universityan neey aapne pathkram witch canset projectan daa mulankan atey ekikaran karna shuru qarr ditta haii. ih umeed keeti jaa rahee haii kii dakkhni africa dee rashtari pulad agency dakkhni africa dey ander canset mukabaliaan dey bhavikh dey prachar witch pramukh bhumika nibhayegi. iraqi kurdistan. kurdistan witch ikk canset program, jiss noon computer rocket association aaf iraqi kurdistan (hunn bnd hoow giaa haii) vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, dee sathapana mool roop witch 1992 witch flah mustafa bakir duaara keeti gaee see. kurdistan sarkaar neey iss samein aapne chhoti doori dey mizail program noon vikast karde hoye naujwan vidiaarthiaan noon fauji technology dey khetar witch shamal honn laee utshahit curran laee association banayi. ih program ikk safalta see atey 2000 dee shuruat witch lagbhag tinn gunna fund dekhiaa giaa. hussain dey satta witch 2000 toon 2003 takk dey aakhri saalan dauran, hussain dey sakattar dey anusar, association noon bahut ziaada seemat fund mille, jiss noon "rocket association witch vinashkari gatividhi vajon janhiaa jaanda see taan joe dushman noon fund ditte jaa sakann. ih jaaiz thehrauna bebuniaad see atey ih sangathan 2003 dey iraak dey hamle takk mushkil naal challiaa. sann 2003 witch iraak utte amriki-bhaiwali dey hamle dauran, sarkaar utte jangi samein dey gambhir dabaa caarn association dey fandan witch puurii tarahan katauti keeti gaee see. 2003 dey akheer witch hamle dey khatam honn toon baad association noon bhang qarr ditta giaa see, parr amriki fauji hastiaan neey sanyukat raaj witch ikk rocket program dee sambhavna vekhi. iss toon turant baad, ikk vidiaarthi-kendrit rocket association laee funding neey 26 amriki schoolan noon program curran dey yog banaiaa. udon toon, kaee deshan neey vidiaarthi rocket programan noon apnaiaa haii atey takniki adharat stam associationan witch funding daa vistaar keeta haii, joe kii iraqi kurdistan dey shuruati computer rocket association dee safalta toon baad tiaar keeta giaa haii.

kenst cansat iti ekam dhwanim rockett payload prakaarah asti yah antariksha-tantrajnaanasya shikshanartham upayujyate. laghu-upagraheshu prayukta-tantradnyaanam iva etat vartate. naa kadaapi kensyaat-upagrah vaayumandalaat bahihi gatavaan, naa pruthivyaa paribhramayat. cansat-spardhaasu, payload vishishtasya sodaa-kyaana ityasya parimanasya (66 mii. mee. vyaasaah 115 mii. mee. aunnatyam cha) antah yojayitum aavashyakam asti, tathaa cha dravyamaanam 350 graam-taha nyoonam bhavet. antenna-yantraani baahyaroopen sthaapayitum shakyante, parantu yaavat cansat-yantram prakshepana-yanat naa nishkaasayati taavat vyaasaah vardhayitum naa shakyate. canciat-yaanaani laghuraaket-dwara ucche sthaapyante, yat spardhayaha aadhaaren bhinnam bhavati. punahpraapteh kshatam parimitam kartum, punah upayogaay anumatim daatum cha, canset ityete punahpraaptim vyavasthayaa, samanyataya parashoot ityanena susajjante. cansat-yaanaani antariksha-tantrajnaanasya shikshanartham upayujyante, yatah teshaam moolyam nyoonam, parimanam cha nyoonam asti. itihaasah. 1998 tame varshe, samyuktarajyamerika-japaan-deshayoho 12 vishvavidyaalayaanaam praayah 50 chhaatraah adhyaapakaah cha havaayi-nagare aayojitasy symposium-madhye militavantah. idam prathamam "vishvavidyaalaya-antariksha-pranaali-symposium" aasit. atra, stanford-vishvavidyaalayasya pradhyapakaha bob twigs ityeshah, pashchat naino-upagraha-pariyojanaayaah vishaye prarambhikam vichaaram prastuvitavaan. sodaa-kyaana-aakaarasy samrachanaam antariksham prati praavartayitum tasya vichaarah aasit. asya parimanam praayah 350 millilitre yaavat, dravyamaanam praayah 500 graam yaavat cha bhavet. anena 1999 tame varshe arlis iti namna aarabhy, amerikaadeshasy japani-deshasya cha vishvavidyaalayaih saha, prathamaprakshepanm tasmin varshe september-masasya 11 dinaanke krutam, prativarsham vinaa badhaya cha prachalati. adyapi prachalitasya praarambhikah vichaarah 350 millilitre-yuktasya 3 upagrahan, athavaa adhika-parimanasya upagraham prakshepayitum aasit. saadhanam 1.8 kilo-bhaaram chaalayitum, 4000 meater-parimitam aarohanam kartum cha samarthah rockett bhavishyati, yena nyoonavyayasya antariksha-uddayananam dwaaram udghaatitam bhavishyati-praayah $400. 2000 tame varshe, abhiyanaha ateeva bhinnaah aasan-yathaa, barometer ityanena pradattam dattamshanam upayogena athavaa vibhedaka-jee. pee. ess.-vyavasthaayaah upayogena, avatarana-vyavasthaayaah udghaatanasy gananaa. 2001 tame varshe yadaa punaraagaman-shrenee samyojitaa tadaa iyam pariyojanaa adhika-sankirna-sthitim avaapnot, tadanusaram upagrah nirdishta-lakshyam prati nirdeshitah bhavet. etat abhiyanam ateeva safalam aasit, 2002 tame varshe, tohoku-vishvavidyaalayasya antariksha-robotics-prayogashalayaha chhaatraah lakshyat 45 meater yaavat agacchan, 2006 tame varshe etat sankhyaa 6 meater yaavat nyunikrutam. etaadrushe upagrahe ruchihi vardhamana, prasrutaa cha asti. 2003 tame varshe, tokyo-vishvavidyaalayaha kakshayam dwau upagrahau sthapitavan, yathaa-cubesat iti upagrahau, cansat-ityasya apekshayaa alpam bruhat upagrahau, cube-aakaarah cha. sadyah eva pro. varyena prastutah eva avadharana anusrutya anekaani spardhaah vikasitaani santi. baab-twigs iti rashtriya-antarashtriya-bhaashaasu arlis-bhashayam pratibimbitah. shalyakriya. mukhyaani tattvaani. kechan tattvaani pratyekam cansat dwara vibhajyante. battery. battery robot ityasya sarvanam pranalinam prachalanartham shakttih pradadaati tathaa cha taani kasyaapi robot athavaa vidyunmaanavyavasthayah krute aavashyakaani santi, tasya karyakshamatayaha vartamaan-bhaar-anupatasya cha karanat sarvaadhikam prayuktaani lithium-paalimar-batteries (lipo) santi. macroprocessor. macroprocessor robot ityasya hrudayam asti, yatah baahya-samvedakaat (yathaa altimeter, oxylrometer athavaa transmitter) sanketaan sveekrutya, prograam-rupena karyam kartum cha prakramayati. adhikaamsheshu macroprocessor-madhye dattamshasanchayartham aantarik-smrutihi antarbhavati athavaa antarbhavati, yaa uddayane vividha-samvedakaanaam suchanam sanchayayitum upayogee bhavati. asmin stare prayuktaah kechan vaanijya-macroprocessor ityete santi - dwiteeyak-tattvaani. uparyuktaan tattvaan vihaay, anyaan api tasya niyuktasya karyasya anuroopam yojayitum shakyate. berometer. berometer ityasmin chapaparimapakakoshaha bhavati yah macroprocessor ityanena saha sambadhah bhavati tathaa cha tasya anubhutasya chapasya anuroopam voltage-maanen sanketam preshayati. macroprocessor iti oordhvataam praaptum maanak-vaayumandaleey-sthitim upayujyate. etaadrusheshu upakarneshu prayuktasya berometer ityasya udaaharanam - thermometer. thermometer berometer-sadrushaani karyani nirvahati parantu macroprocessor-prati preshitam voltage sanketam maapitam taapamaanam ashritya bhavati. macroprocessor iti taapamaanam moolyam nirdishtam krutvaa asya sanketasya vyaakhyaanam karoti. ete prayuktaanaam thermometer-ityasya udaaharanaani santi. jee. pee. ess. module. jee. pee. ess. iti bhoo-sthana-pranaali asti, yasmin upagraha-jaalasy upari bhoomau paribhramati, yat nirantaram swasthaanam, prasaar-samayam cha preshayati. eteshu dattaamshaih praptakarta adhika-yatharthatam praaptum sarwaih upalabhyamaanaih upagrahaih saha swasthaanam tribhujaroopen nirdhaarayati. etat sthaanam macroprocessor-prati krama-port-dwara dattaamsha-rekhaaroopen preshyate. vinyaas-stare, jee. pee. ess. receivers iteedam sthaane sthaatum shakyate yatra upagraha-drushti-rekhaa yathaasambhavam pratyaksham bhavet yena uddayane etaihi saha paridhihi naa bhavet. dhaatu-samrachanaayaam cansat ityatra, receivers ityetaani sarvadaa tatra sthitaah bhaveyuhu yatra samrachanaa asya drushti-rekhaam naa prabhaavayati. chitrakaushalam. vaayuveshu canset-ityasya avarohanakaale kimapi chaayaachitranaartham canset-madhye laghu-chitrakanaa yojayitum shakyate. robot-yantram vaayuveshu bhavati chet canciat-yantram kyamara-sanchaalanaay adeshan naa graheetum shaknoti iti smrutya macroprocessor-yantram eva chitragrahanartham kyamara-yantram aadeshayati iti. etat cansat ityasya krute kyamara ityasya udaaharanam asti. 3dee-manachitranartham api cansat-ityetasya upayogah kartum shakyate. asya udaharanam link madhye astihi HTTPS:// cansat.ekena.suchana/ tvarakamaapakam. eshaa pranaali bhinna-aksheshu ekena vaa adhikena vaa twarakamaapakaih nirmeeyate. sarvaani tvaranamaapakaani pruthak krutvaa samanvita-aksheshu tvaranasya maapanam anumanyante. dattamshasangrahanartham athavaa sthaanam nirnetum (ekikaranadwara) tvarakamapakanam upayogah bhavet. sthananirdharanartham nirmitaani uttamaani tvarakamaapakaani jadatva-dishaadarshan-tantram inns iti kathyate. kechan canciat-pratiroopaani etaaha upayujyante. asya vyavasthaayaah anishchitata samvedakaanaam mapanam nirdhaarane trutim ashrita bhavati. asya vyavasthaayaah labhaha jee. pee. ess. ityasya aavashyakataa naasti iti tathyaat, chumbakiya-hastakshepasya pratirodha iti yaavat bhavanti. etena cansat ityasya antah bahunam sthananam anumatihi bhavati. kechan sarvaadhika-prayukta-tvarakamaapakaani santi - vidyunmaan-kampaas. kadaachit, cansat-ityasya dishaam dnyaatum aavashyakam bhavati (udaharanartham, niyantrita-avarohanam kartum), asmin kshetre kampaas-samvedakah ateeva laghu-samvedakah bhavati yah paaramparika-kampaas-rupena tasya dishaayaah uttarasy cha madhye konam maapayati. ayam konam sambhaavyavibhedanasya madhyamena macroprocessor prati preshyate. macroprocessor-yantram aagamanasy sanketasya vyaakhyaam karoti, tadanusaram karyam cha karoti. evam, yadi jee. pee. ess. receiver ityasya upayogena vinaa kensat ityasya lakshyam aagantum uddeshitam aasit, tarhi etat samvedakam mahattvapoornam paatram niravahat. prayuktaanaam kampaasa-prakaranam kaanichan pratiroopaani santi - prakaraha. mukhyataya cansat ityetayoho prakaaradwayam asti, yadyapi praayah truteeyashrenee teshaam yantranam krute yojyate ye prathamadwaye naa yojayanti. duramapi. ayam eva asti yasya praathamikah uddesha vimaanayaanaat tathaa vaayugunasya sthityaa cha dattaamsham vaastavika-samaye sangruhya prasaaranam cha asti, yasya prakriyam bhusthanakena kriyate. asmin shreneeye cansat-ityete steering-system naa upayunjanti yatah asya uddeshyah kasmin vishishtasthaane patane naa apitu avarohanakaale dattaamshasangrahanam bhavati (yat samanyataya niyantritam naa bhavati). poorveshu khandeshu ullikhitaanaam pranalyam sarvaadhikam prayuktaani santi-berometer, thermometer, jee. pee. ess., kyamara cha. punaraagamanam. asya mukhyakaryam, jee. pee. ess.-nirdeshaamkaih ankitasya laxyasya yathaasambhavam sameepastham niyantritaroopen avataranam asti. ete yantraani jee. pee. ess. dwara athavaa inertial-navigation-system-inns dwara vaa margadarshayitum shaknuvanti. etat sthaanam macroprocessor-prati preshyate, yat eteshaam dattamshanam vishleshanaat laxyasya sthitim tulyata, laxyasya vishaye kasmin kone pratyaavartanam kartavyam iti ganayitum, tathaa cha steering-system-krute samuchitaani nirdeshaani pradadaati. eshaa prakriya nirantaram punaraavruttam bhavati yena sajjeekaranam bhavati. etaadrushaah upakaranani vimanayanasya dattamshan api sanchayanti, parantu teshaam sangrahitanam samvedakaanaam sankhyaa nyunee bhavati, ataha poorvataraprakaarasy apekshayaa soochanaah adhikaa viralaah. punaragamanasya cansat-yanasya sadaiva chaalan-pranaali bhavati yena tatt chalanam kartum, dishaam nirdeshayitum, lakshyam prati gantum cha shaknoti. samanyataya etaadrushee vyavasthaa maikroprosesaradwara niyantritaa ekena vaa adhikaih actuator-dwara sakriyitaa bhavati yena sarwomotarah ekasyaam vaa anyayam vaa paribhramati tathaa cha etaihi paribhramitaa cansat-dwara cha bhavati. cansat-madhye parachut-gladder-vaa vaa rotter-wings-vaa antarbhavati vaa iti aadhrutya mukhyadwayam asti. perachut athavaa paraglader ityetaih saha canset ityetaani. eteshu upakarneshu samanyataya sootrayuktaa steering-pranaali bhavati yaa asamamityaa gatim karoti yena anudairdhya-akshasya lift-madhye bhedah utpannah bhavet yena canciat-yantram ekasmaat vaa anyasmin margena paribhramati. etat atyantam saralam yantrikikaranam upayujyate. eteshaam upakaranaam shasanam kathinam asti yatah samanyataha nyoon-avarohan-daraha bhavati, vishaal-prushta-kshetram api cha tatt utthaapayati. pakshaih vaa rotter-yukttaih cansat-ityetaih saha. yantrikadrushtya adhika-jatilam, vaayugunasya krute nyoon-durbalam cha, yat parachut athavaa gladder ityanena saha canset-bhavati. etaadrushaah upakaranani shaasayitum adhikaani katoraani bhavanti, tathaa cha tasya uccha-avarohan-darasya karanat prati sekendam anekaani samshodhanaani kartum samarthasya vidyunmaan-pranaaleeh aavashyakah bhavati. muktavargah. asmin varge, poorvadvayeshu kasyaapi varge naa antarbhooyamaanah robot-yantrah prastuvayitum shakyate. asmin shreneeye prastutah adhikaamshaah cansat ityete robot-yantraani nutanavyavasthanam vaa nutanavinyasanam vaa parikshanam kurvanti, ye adyaapi pareekshitaah naa santi (praudyogikeepradarshakah). shaikshanik-ruchihi. anyeshu antariksha-pariyojananam apekshayaa kaaryaanvayanasya nyoonawyayah, alpa-tayaaree-samayah, vinyaasasya saralatayaha cha karanat eshaa avadharana chhatranam krute antarikshakshetre prathamapadaveem sweekartum utkrushtah vyaavahaarikah avasarah bhavati. karyasya purnatayaha margasya chayanam, canciat-vinyaasah, ghatakam ekeekaranam, samyak parichaalan-satyaapanam, prakshepana-tayaaree, dattaamsha-vishleshanam, karyabharasya vitaranadvaaraa dala-sanghatanam cha kartum chhaatraah uttaradaayih santi. moolatah etat vaastavikasya upagrahasya vinyaasasya, nirmanasya, prakshepanasya cha pratiroopam asti. kensat ityasya vikasaya aavashyakam prakriyayam samasyaa-aadhaarit-shikshanam iti namna dnyaatam shikshanaprakriya antarbhavati, eshaa nootan-shikshan-paddhatihi asti yasmin chhaatrah mukhyah paatrah bhavati, saha cha samasyanam samadhanam avashyam karoti. etaadrushee pariyojanaah mukhyarupena samoohaih nishpaadyate, ye kramashah samasyanam sammukheenam bhavanti. shikshakaih dattam samarthanam, samuhasya anubhavasya anuroopam nyoonam bhavati, yena vyavasthaayaah abhiyantrikeekaranam swashakteh vikaasasya, samshodhanaayaah cha jatilataam saha saha saha vyavaharitavyam iti dnyaatum shakyate. antariksha-abhiyaantriki-vishayavastuh shikshaayaam prayukteshu vishishteshu vidhaasu anyatama asti yatah saa aakarshaneey-vishayanam vistrutaam shreneem pradadaati. spardhaah. europe, samyuktarajyamerika, asia ityaadishu kensat-spardhaah aayojyante. samyuktaraajyam. kensat-spardhaa. samyuktarajyamerikadesha, american-astronotical-society tathaa american-institute aaf aeronautics and astronautics ityetaih kensat-vinyaas-nirmaana-prakshepana-pratiyogitaasu anyatama ayojita asti. pratiyogitaayaah anyeshu praayojakeshu nausenaa-anusandhaana-prayogashala, nassa, e. jee. aii., arbital-sainsas-nigamah, proxis-nigamitah, solidworks cha santi. arlis. arlis-pariyojanaa iti stanford-vishvavidyaalayasya tathaa anyeshu shaikshanikasamsthaasu vidyaarthinaam tathaa adhyaapak-vikasa-karyakrama-antariksha-pranalinam madhye, bhoo-kakshayam athavaa mangala-antariksham prati prakshepanasya poorvatayaare laghu-upagraha-pratiroopasy nirmanam, prakshepanam, parikshanam, punahpraaptih cha kartum sahayogaatmakah prayaasah asti. arlis ityeshaa antariksha-pariyojanaayaah jeevanachakrasya (praayah ekavarsham) vyaavahaarikaanubhavam praaptum chunauteem prastaavayati. pratyekam dalam ekam athavaa adhikam upagraham vinyaasam krutvaa nirmaati, te nevada-nagarasya blaak-raak-ityatra sthitam prakshepanasthalam prati gacchanti, teshaam prayoganam tayaaree, prakshepanam, sanchaalanam, surakshitam punahpraaptih cha paryavekshayitum cha. arlis ityeshaa kshipaneem pradadaati, pratyekam 3,500 meater-ucche trishu cansat-pyarashoot-yaanaani vahitum shaknoti, yena pratyekam cansat-prayogaay praayah 15 nimeshaanaam uddayanasamayah anumanyate, yat kshitijaat kshitija-kakshayaha nimna-kakshayaha paaragamanasy anukaranam karoti. europe-deshah. europiya-cansat-pratiyogitaa europiya-antariksha-samsthayaa pravartitaa asti, ucchavidyaalayasya chhatranam krute api kendreekrutam asti. eshaa spardhaa asti yasmin pratyekam cansat-yantram parimanasya paramparikan aavashyakaan poorayet, tathaa cha 350 graam-dravyamaanaat adhikam naa bhavet, anyaih saha vimana-samayasya, aayavyayikasya cha vishaye cha. chapasya tapamatrayaha cha maapanam atirichya etat dattaamsham vaastavika-samaye preshayatu. etadatirichya, cansat swatantra-vikalpasya dwiteeyak-karyam kartum arhati. asya abhiyanasya prastavanam upayogah te dalanam chayanartham bhavati ye 1000 meater yaavat unnatyaah rockett-naukayam swasya cansat-yaanaani prakshepayanti, yatra te antah sthitaan cansat-dwayoh udghaatanam, nikshepanam cha kurvanti. bharatam. aard-kensat cums ityasya vishvavidyaalayasya kensat-chaalanch iti bhaaratam aagacchati iti vinyaas-nirmaana-uddayan-pratiyogitaa asti yaa dalaan aerospace-pranaaleeh vinyaas-jeevanachakram anubhavayitum avasaram pradadaati. vishvavidyaalayasya canciat-chaalanch ityasya rachanaa laghu-stare vishishta-aerospace-karyakramam pratiphaliyitum krutam asti. duramapinam aavashyakataah, sampreshanaani, svaayatta-karyani cha ityadinam vaastavika-vishva-abhiyananam vividhaan pakshan pratibimbitum mishanasya aavashyakataah cha parikalpitaah santi. pratyekah dalah samagrapratisandh yathaa samayasuchi, vinyaas-sameekshaah, pradarshana-vimaanayaanaani ityaadishu vaastavika-vishva-vitarana-yogyeshu ankitah bhavati. 2015 august-masasya madhyabhaage 2016 janavaree-masasya 17 dinaanke hoskote-nagare udghaatane, asya ayojanam anuprayukta-anusandhaana-vikasa-prayogashaalaih, bengalooru-nagarasya bhaarateey-vijnaana-samsthayaa cha krutam. ghatanaayaah nirnayakaha pyanalistaha aii. ess. aar. o. ityasya prakhyaat-vaidnyaanikah aasan. vimaanayaanaantaram vivaranam dattvaa dalasya nitt soorat ityeshah vijayee abhavat. check-ganaraajyam. esero-check-ganarajyena ayojita eshaa laghu-aakaar-pratiyogitaa asti yaa europe-cansat-spardhayaha yogyata-charanaroopen karyam karoti. pratibhaginam dhyanam, upagrahasya nirmanena saha, praayah nirnaayakamandale tathaa janaanaam samaksham pariyojanaayaah prabhaavashaaleem prastuteekarane bhavati, yatah samajikajalajaleshu upasthitihi, pariyojanaayaah samagram saarwajanik-pratinidhitvam cha antimamoolyaankanam mahattvapoornam bhaagam kalpayati. spen-deshah. 2008 tame varshe prathama-antarashtriya-cansat-spardhayaha anantaram, madrid-nagarasya polytechnic-vishvavidyaalayasya (yu. pi. emm.) saahaayyen antariksha-sukshma-gurutva-anusandhaana-prayogashala (leem) antarashtriya-cansat-spardhaam aayojayati. asya prushtasya upari vistruta-cansat-prakaranam anusaaram trayah vargaaha santi. anyat muktavargah asti yasmin aakaarasy seemaah atra kathorah naa bhavati, tathaa cha upakaranasy dravyamaanam praayah 1 kilo yaavat adhikam bhavitum arhati. yathaa europiya-spardhayam bhavati tathaiva, kechan dattaamshaah vaastavika-samaye telemetry-dwara preshitaah bhaveyuhu, pratibhaginam dalanam krute api aayavyayik-seemaah santi. fraams-deshe. see. enn. ee. ess. (da french space agency) tathaa planet sainsas-sanghena ayojita, french-pratiyogitaa "see 'space" abhiyanasya samaye bhavati, yat yuvaanaam krute antarikshasambaddh-tantrajnaanasya outreach-kaaryakramah asti. asmin spardhayam praayah 200 meater-parimite ucche sthiraah dirigible-ership-taha cansat-yaanaani patyante. antarashtriya" tathaa "mukta" iti dwayoh vargeshu upalabhyante, yatra paaramparikasy cansat ityasya 330 millilitre-parimanasya apekshayaa 1 leater-parimanam yaavat anumanyitum parimanasya aavashyakataah vardhitaa bhavati. korea-ganaraajyam. 2012 tamaat varshaat, korea-deshasya vijnaana-mantraalayah, aii. sii. tii. tathaa bhavishya-yojanaa cha korea-deshasya cansat-samskrutim lokapriyam kartum tathaa upagraha-prabandhanavishaye chhatranam gyaanam vardhayitum korea-deshasya cansat-pratiyogitaa/shibiram praayojayati. eshaa pratiyogitaa, korean-cubsat-spardhayaa saha, corian-sarvakaarena prastooyamaanayoh mukhyayoho upagraha-pratiyogitayoho dwayoh ayojanam karoti. saatrek (upagraha-praudyogikee-anusandhaana-kendram) iti rashtriya-upagraha-anusandhaana-kendrena pratiyogitaa nirvahitaa asti, yat bahuvidha-safal-corian-upagrahanam krute uttaradaayi asti, cast ityasya bhaagah asti-yat pratishtitaasu vijnaana-unmukheshu vidyaalayeshu anyatam asti. antariksha-tantrajnaanasya vikaasaartham sarvakaarasya master-plyan ityasya bhagarupena, kensat-ityasya vikaasaartham sarvaani shulkaani corian-sarvakaarena aavashyakatayaa anudaanaroopen deeyante. ucchavidyaalayasya chhaatraah snaatakachaatraah cha asmin spardhayam bhaagam graheetum 3 chhatranam dalam nirmaatum shaknuvanti. ucchavidyaalayasya chhaatraah (10-12 grades) selgie-kshetre bhaagam vahanti, tathaa cha moolabhoot-canciat-manchasya upayogena atirikta-rachanaatmak-kaaryeshu bhaagam graheetum aavashyakam bhavati. eteshu karyanam udaaharaneshu 'payathan-aadhaarit-aadhaar-pranaali', 'cansat-krute modular-samrachanaa' cha antarbhavanti. pratyekasmin mey-maase sarve sahabhagi-dalaani cansat ityasya vikaasasya, dala-vishishta-karyanam nishpadanasya cha vishaye swa-yojanaa samarpayanti. tatah, 20 dalaani ye swakaaryasya vyavahaaryate tathaa cha cansat vishaye moolagyaanasya aadhaaren cha chitaani bhavanti. ete dalaani antarjaala-aadharitashiksham kurvanti, tathaa cha teshaam nirmitasya aadhaaravyavasthaayaah anusaaram swakaaryam sampaadayitum samayam praapayanti. teshaam karyanam, aadhaaravyavasthaayaah cha purnata punah ekadaa mulyamkita bhavati, yena 10 dalaani chinotu ye antatah swasya canciat-yaanam aarabhant. corian-antariksha-samshodhakaih shikshasameekshaayaah anantaram, ete canciat-yaanaani goheng-nagare prakshepyante, yatra naaro-antariksha-kendram api asti. snaatak-chhaatraah chaangjo-kshetre bhaagam vahanti, tathaa cha ucchavidyaalayasya chhatranam iva samanaprakriyaya saha gacchanti. mukhyabhedah asti yat ucchavidyaalayasya chhaatraah, prograamim prati naa abhyastanam chhatranam sahayyam kartum bess-steshan-karyakraman sweekaroti, snaatak-chhaatraah swaartham bess-steshan-karyakraman prograam karishyanti. praathamik-kaalasuchi ucchavidyaalayasya chhatranam krute samaanam asti. madhyamawidyaalayah, kechan praathamikavidyaalayasya chhaatraah (5-9 shreneeh) cha 'korean-canst-shibiram' iti namna namna khyaate asmin eva adhikaribhih anurakshitam prayojitam cha bhavati. cansat-vishaye teshaam abhiruchiyam gyaanasya cha aadhaaren, 2 chhaatrasadasyaih yukttaah 30 dalaani cansat-shibiram prati bhaagam graheetum chitaani bhavanti. ete chhaatraah 2 dinaani yaavat korea-deshasya antariksha-samshodhakaih shikshitaah bhavanti. te swamoolasya cansat-ityasya vikaasam kurvanti (jee. pee. ess., luminance-censor, inertial-maas-unit ityaadeebhih saha).) shibirasya samaye. japaan-deshe. japan-deshe eshaa pratiyogitaa unisec (vishvavidyaalaya-antariksha-abhiyaantriki-sanghah) ityanena ayojita asti, anyasamskarananam apekshayaa yatra cansat-yaanaani rockett-dwara prakshepyante, atra ekam baloon asti yat nishchitam oordhvam prati aarohanam karoti, tadanantaram cansat-yaanam patitam. eshaa spardhaa, vimaanamaargasya parivartanena, athavaa aavashyakam sthaanam praaptum canciat-ityasya anumodanaay chakranam yojanena, nishchitam sthaanam praaptum eva asti. argentina. argentina-deshe, cansat-sammelanam asti, parantu tatt pratispardhaatmakam naa bhavati; tasya sthaane, cansat-kaaryakramah swa-nirmitasya punah prayojya-prakshepakanam prayogadvara sanchalita adhyayanapadhati asti. eshah kaaryakramah nihshulkaroopen praadarshitah asti, chhaatraan santruptim cha pradadaati, sankeernasy abhiyaantriki-pariyojanaayaah sampoorn-jeevanachakram, parikalpanaatmak-vinyaasaat, ekikaranaat, parikshanaat, vaastavika-pranaali-karyani yaavat, samapya, mission-pashchaatasy saaraamshasy sabhayaa samaapyate. esmaa (prayogika-rocketry-samsthaa tathaa argentina-deshasya antariksha-pratiroopan-samsthaa) ityanena prativarsham cansat-kaaryakramah aayojyate. 2003 september-maase shaikshanik-sammelane kaaryakramah upasthaapitah, tathaa cha collegio-saan-felip-neree ityasya chhaatraih praadrushtah prathamah argentine-canciat 2004 tame varshe november-maase praarabdhah. iraan-deshe. iraan-kensat-pratiyogitaa (aii. sii. sii.) iteedam anyatama pratiyogitaa asti yaa iraan-astronautics-research-institute (e. aar. aii.) ityanena prayojita kensat-ityasya vinyaasasya nirmanasya cha krute ayojita asti. 2011 tamaat varshaat prativarsham eshaa pratiyogitaa aayojyate, shaastreey-vyaavasaayik-naamayoh dwayoh vargayoho, shaastreey-shreninam vaayumandaleey-dhwani-grahanam, chaayaachitra-chitragrahana-abhiyanani cha santi, vyaavasaayik-shreninam jaiva-vetana-punahpraaptih, punaraagaman-abhiyanani cha santi. shalyakriyayaha poorvam pee. dee. aar. tathaa see. dee. aar. ityetaan dalaani, kshetre cansat-parikshananantaram pee. ef. aar. ityetaan cha sajjum shaknuvanti. chhaatraah naa kevalam taantrikavishayeshu swadnyaanasya unnatim kurvanti, apitu bahu-vishaya-pariyojanaayaah aavashyakam vyavasthitam drushyam api praapnuyuh, tathaa cha sampoorn-jeevanachakrasya arambhat utpaadaparyantam pariyojanaayaam samlagnataayaah anubhavam api praapnuyuh iti apekshaa bhavati. chaturtham iraan-deshasya antarashtriya-canciat-pratiyogitaa (aii. sii. sii. 2014) october 2014 tame varshe aayojayitum niyatam aasit. ashta spardhaah aayojitaah.(2019-2020) spardhayaha ashtame charane (2019-2020) amricabir-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalayasya autspace tathaa autspace-plues iti dwayoh dalayoho ahmadreza-karami ityasya paryavekshanasya tathaa daa.kamran raisee. iraan-deshasya yazed-vishvavidyaalayasya ekaha dalah api dwiteeyapadakam praaptum shaknoti. dakshina-africa-deshah. dakshina-aafrikaadeshasy prathamah cansat-yaanam 1999 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 6 dinaanke ucchashaktiyuktasya rockett-yanasya payload-rupena 1650 meater-yaavat ucchataam praapnot. zakan-1 iti namakam, cansat-yanasya vinyaasah stephen stoltz ityanena nirmitah, uttaravishvavidyaalayasya (adhunaa limpopowishwawidyaalayah) praudyogikee-pradarshanasy bhagarupena rudewal faar76 vaayupradeshe (limpopopraantah) prakshepitam. 2011/12 madhye, kep-town-vishvavidyaalayaha (yoo. see. tea.) dakshina-aafrikan-khagolashaastreey-vedhashaalayaa saha prathamam canciat-pratiyogitaa prarabdhavan. 2013 tamavarshaparyantam, dakshina-aafrikaadeshasy aneke vishvavidyaalayaaha kensyat-pariyojananam mulyamkanam ekeekaranam cha swapaathyaam kartum aarabhant. dakshina-africa-deshasya rashtriya-antariksha-samsthaa dakshina-africa-deshasya antah canciat-pratiyogitanam bhavishye prachaarane pramukham paatram akriyati iti anumaanitam asti. iraki-kurdistaanam. kurdistaan-deshe ekaha kyansat-kaaryakramah, yah iraak-kurdistaan-deshasya ganakayantr-rockett-sanghah (adhunaa nishkriyah) iti namna prasidhah aasit, moolatah 1992 tame varshe faalaa mustafaa-bakeer ityanena sthaapitah. kurdishistaanee-sarvakaarena, asmin samaye swa-alpa-duragami-kshipani-karyakramasya vikaasah, yuvachhaatraan sainya-praudyogikeekshetre sammilayitum protsaahayitum sanghasya nirmanam krutam. kaaryakramah saphalah abhavat, 2000 tamasya varshasya aarambhe praayah trirupena vittaposhanam abhoot. 2000 taha 2003 paryantam hussen ityasya antimavarsheshu, hussen ityasya sachivasya matena, "shatrum dhanam gantum rockett-sanghasya vidhvamsaka-gatividhihi" iti namna prasidhah aasit, yasya karanat sanghah bahu seemitam dhanam avaapnot. nyaayanirnayah niradharaha aasit, 2003 tame varshe iraak-deshasya aakramanaparyantam eshah sanghah praayah eva aasit. 2003 tame varshe iraak-deshasya yoo. ess-collison-akramanakale, sarvakaarasya upari yuddhakaale teevra-pidaayaah karanat sanghasya vittaposhanam purnataya nyunikrutam. 2003 tamasya varshasya ante aakramanasy samaapteh anantaram sanghah vighatitah, parantu amerikaadeshasy sainya-janaah samyuktarajyamerikadesha rockett-karyakramasya sambhaavyataam avadan. tadanantaram sheeghramev, chaatrakendreeye rockett-sanghasya krute nidhayah 26 american-vidyaalayaan karyakramasya krute samarthayat. tatah param, bahwyah deshaah chaatra-rockett-karyakraman sveekrutya, iraki-kurdi -staan-deshasya prarambhikasya sanganak-rockett-sanghasya safalataayaah anukarane, praudyogikee-aadhaarit-stema-sangheshu nidhim vistaarayan.

cancet cansat enbathu vinveli tholilnutpaththai karpikkap payanpaduththappadum olii rockett bayload vagaiyaagum. idhu miniature seiyappatta seyarkaikkoalgalil payanpaduththappadum tholilnutpaththaip poantrathu. endha kaensaattum valimandalaththai vittu veliyaeriyathillai, poomiyaich suttri vanthathillai. cansat poattikalil, bayload oru valakkamaana soadaa canin (66 mimee vittam mattrum 115 mimee uyaram) alavukkul poruntha vaendum mattrum 350 gramukkuk keezhae nirai kondirukka vaendum. aantenaakkalai velippuramaaga porutthalaam, aanaal canaut aevuthal vaaganaththai vittu veliyaerum varai vittam athikarikka mudiyaathu. kaensaatkal siriya rockettle irunthu uyaraththil payanpaduththappadugindrana, idhu poattiyaip porutthu maarupadum. kaensaatkalil meetpu amaippu poruththappattullathu, podhuvaaga oru parasuit, meetpin poathu sethaththaik kattuppadutthavum, cansattai meendum payanpaduththavum anumathikkirathu. kaensaatkal avattrin malivaana vilai mattrum siriya alavu kaaranamaaga vinveli tholilnutpaththai karpikka payanpaduththappadugindrana. varalaaru. 1998 aam aandil, america mattrum jappanaich saerntha 12 palkalaikkazhagangkalaich saerntha sumar 50 maanavargal mattrum peedangkal havaayil nadaipettra oru karuththarangkil santhiththana. idhu muthal "palkalaikkazhaga vinveli amaippugal symphosium" aagum. ingkae, stanford palkalaikkazhagaththin paeraasiriyaraana paap twicks, pinnar nano seyarkaikkoal thittangalaaka maarum enbatharkaana aaramba yoasanaiyai munmozhinthaar. antha yoasanai oru soadaa canin alavu konda kattamaippai vinveliyil seluththuvathaagum. adhan alavu sumar 350 millilittaraagavum, nirai sumar 500 kiraamaagavum irukka vaendum. idhu 1999 aam aandil arlis endru azhaikkappadum oru thittaththirku vazhivaguththathu, perumpaalum america mattrum japanian palkalaikkazhagangkalai ulladakkiyathu, antha aandu septumber 11 aam thaethi muthal thodakkaththai maerkondathu mattrum ovvoru aandum thadaiyindri thodarnthathu. intrum nadaimuraiyil ulla aaramba yoasanai, 350 millilitre konda 3 seyarkaikkoalgalai allathu adhiga alavu konda seyarkaikkoalai vinnil seluththuvathaagum. idhan moolam 1.8 kiloo edai mattrum 4000 meettar uyaram varai aerakkoodiya rockett amaikappadum, idhu kuraindha kattana vinveli vimaanangkalukku kadhavaith thirakkum-sumar $400. 2000 aam aandil, panikal migavum viththiyaasamaaga irunthanah eduththukkaattaaga, kaattrazhuththamaaniyaal valangkappatta tharavaip payanpaduththi oru tharaiyirangkum amaippaith thirappathu allathu vaerupatta gps amaippaip payanpaduththuvathu. 2001 aam aandil meendum varum vagai saerkkappattapoathu inththa thittam migavum sikkalaana soozhnilaikku vanthathu, adhanpadi seyarkaikkoal oru kuripitta ilakkai noakki iyakkappada vaendum. inththa panii migavum vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu, 2002 aam aandil, thohogu palkalaikkazhagaththin vinveli ropatics aaivagaththin maanavargal ilakkai vittu 45 meettar varai sendranar, 2006 aam aandil, inththa ennikkai 6 meettaraaga kurainthathu. inththa vagai seyarkaikkoalil aarvam adhigariththu varukirathu. 2003 aam aandil, tokyo palkalaikkazhagam irandu seyarkaikkoalgalai suttruppaathaiyil vaiththathu, avai kaensaatkalai vida sattrae periya alavilaana seyarkaikkoalgal mattrum kanasadura vadivaththil irunththana. sameepathiya aandugalil, paeraasiriyar munmozhintha athae karutthaip pinpattri pala poattikal uruvaakkappattullana. paap dwix mattrum thaesiya mattrum sarvadesa alavil arlis mozhiyil pirathipaliththathu. aruvai sigichchai. mukiya koorugal. sila koorugal ovvoru kaensaattaalum pakirappadugindrana minkalan. robovin anaitthu amaippugalaiyum iyakkuvatharku minkalan sakthiyai valangkukirathu, maelum avai endha robo allathu minnanu amaippukkum intriyamaiyaathavai, adhan seyalthiran mattrum tharpoothaiya edai vigitham kaaranamaaga migavum podhuvaaga payanpaduththappaduvathu lithiyam polymer minkalangal (libo) aagum. nunseyali. microprosuser enbathu robovin idhayam, aenenil idhu velippura chensaarkalilirunthu (altimeter, oxylerometer allathu transmitter poantravai) samiknaigalaip peruvatharkum avattrai niralpaduththappattathaaka seyalpaduvatharkum poruppaagum. perumpaalaana nuncheyaligal tharavu saemippukkaana ull ninaivagaththai ulladakkiyathu allathu ulladakkiyirukkalaam, idhu vimanaththin poathu palvaeru chensaarkalilirunthu thagavalkalaich saemikka payanullathaaka irukkum. inththa mattaththil payanpaduththappadum sila vaniga nuncheyaligal pinvarumaaru irandaam nilai koorugal. maerkooriya koorugalaith thavira, adhu oppadaikappatta panikku aerpa mattravattraiyum serkkalaam. kaattrazhuththamaani. kaattrazhuththamaani oru aluththa alaveettu kalatthaik kondullathu, idhu nuncheyaliyudan inaikkappattullathu mattrum adhu unarum azhuththaththirku aerpa minnazhuththa mathippudan oru samignaiyai anuppukirathu. nunseyali nilaiyaana valimandala nilaimaigalaip payanpaduththi uyaraththaip perukirathu. inththa vagai saathanangalil payanpaduththappadum kaattrazhuththamaaniyin eduthukkaattu thermometer. thermometer kaattrazhuththamaaniyaip poantra seyalpaadugalaich seikirathu, aanaal nuncheyalikku anupappadum minnazhuththa samignai alavidappatta veppanilaiyaip poruththathu. nunseyali oru veppanilai mathippai odhukkuvathan moolam inththa samignaiyai vilakkukirathu. payanpaduththappadum thermometerkalin eduththukkaattukal ivaih gps thoguthi. gps enbathu poomiyaich suttri varum seyarkaikkoal netvorkkaik konda oru nila nilainiruththal amaippaagum, idhu thodarnthu avattrin nilai mattrum parimaattra neraththai anuppukirathu. inththa tharavukalilirunthu, perunar adhiga thulliyatthaip peruvatharku kidaikkakoodiya anaitthu seyarkaikkoalgaludanum adhan nilaiyai mukkoanappaduththukiraar. inththa nilai oru thodar thuraimugam moolam oru tharavu variyaaga nuncheyalikku anuppappadukirathu. vadivamaippu mattaththil, gps receiverkal seyarkaikkoalgalin paarvai koadu mudinthavarai neraaga irukkum idaththil irukka vaendum, ithanaal vimanaththin poathu ivatrtrudan varampirku veliyae irukkakkoodaathu. oru uloaga kattamaippil, inththa paarvai koattai amaippu paathikkaatha idaththil perunarkal eppoathum irukka vaendum. kemaraavai. canaut kaattril irangkumpoathu ethaiyum pugaippadam edukka oru mini kemaraavai cansattle serkkalaam. robo kaattril irukkumpoathu kenaattai iyakka aartarkalaip pera mudiyaathu enbathai ninaivil kollungal, enavae microprosuser thaan kemaraavai pugaippadam edukka uththaravida vaendum. kaenchaattirkaana cameravin eduththukkaattu idhu 3dii mapping seiyavum kaenchaatkalaip payanpaduththalaam. idharku oru udhaaranam inaippil ullathu HTTPS:// cansat.unisec.thagaval/ mudukkamaani. inththa amaippu vevvaeru achchugalil ondru allathu adharku maerpatta mudukkamaanigalaal aanathu. anaitthu mudukkamaanigalum odhukki vaikkapattu orunginaintha achchugalil mudukkangkalai alavida anumathikkintrana. tharavugalaich sekarikkavo allathu nilaiyai theermanikkavo (orunginaippin moolam) oxylarometergalaip payanpaduththalaam. nilaigalai theermaanikka uruvaakkappatta sirantha mudukkamaanigal inertial navication system inns endru azhaikkappadugindrana. ivai sila cansat maathirigalil payanpaduththappadugindrana. inththa amaippin nichchayamatra thanmai chensaarkalai alaveedu seiyum poathu aerpadum pizhaiyaip poruththathu. inththa amaippin nanmai ennaventraal gps thevaiyillai enbathilirunthu kaantha kurukkeettirkaana noai ethirppu sakthi varai selkirathu. idhu kaenchaattirkul pala idangkalai anumathikkirathu. migavum payanpaduththappadum sila mudukkamaanigal pinvarumaaru minnanu thisaikatti. sila nerangalil, cansat endha thisaiyaip pinpattrukirathu enbathai arivathu avasiyam (eduththukkaattaaga, oru kattuppadutthappatta irakkaththaich seiya), inththa vishayathil thisaikatti sensor enbathu migavum siriya sensor aagum, idhu oru paarambariya thisaikatti poala adhan thisaikalukkum vadakkirkum idaiyilaana koonaththai alavidugirathu. inththa koonam oru saathiyamaana vaerupaadu moolam nuncheyalikku anuppappadukirathu. nunseyali ulvarum samignaiyai vilakki atharkaerpa seyalpadugirathu. enavae, gps receiveraip payanpaduththaamal cansat oru ilakkai adaiya virumbinaal, inththa sensor oru mukiya pangaik kondirukkum. payanpaduththappadum thisaikatti maathirigal sila vagaikal. mukkiyamaaga irandu vagaiyaana kaensaatkal ullana, iruppinum moontraavathu vagai podhuvaaga irandilum porunthaatha iyanththirangkalukku serkkappadugirathu telemetry. tharai nilaiyatthaal seyalaakkappada vaendiya vimaana mattrum vaanilai nilaimaigalilirunthu tharavai nigazhnaeraththil sekariththu anuppuvathae idhan muthanmai nokkamaagum. inththa pirivil ulla kaensaatkal oru steering amaippaip payanpaduththuvathillai, aenenil adhan noakkam oru kuripitta kattaththil vizhuvathu alla, aanaal irangkum poathu tharavaich sekarippathaagum (idhu podhuvaaga kattuppaduththappaduvathillai). munththaiya pirivugalil kurippidapattulla amaippugalil migavum payanpaduththappadum amaippukal kaattrazhuththamaani, thermometer, gps mattrum camera. thirumbip paarungkal. ivatrtrin mukiya panii gps ayaththa munaigalaal kurikapatta ilakkai mudinthavarai kattuppadutthappatta muraiyil nerunguvathu. inththa saathanangalai gps allathu inertial navication system inn moolam vazhinadaththalaam. inththa nilai nuncheyalikku anuppappadukirathu, idhu inththa tharavugalin paguppaaivilirunthu ilakkin nilaiyai oppittu, ilakkai nivarthi seiya endha koonaththil thirumba vaendum enbathaik kanakkidugiradhu mattrum steering sistaththirku porutthamaana arivuruththalkalai valangkukirathu. inththa seyalmurai thodarnthu thiruththankalaich seiya meendum meendum seiyappadugirathu. aththagaiya saathanangal vimanaththil tharavugalaiyum semiththu vaikkintrana, aanaal avattrudan varum chensaarkalin ennikkai kuraivaaga iruppathaal, munththaiya vagaiyai vida thagaval migavum kuraivaaga ullathu. oru marupiravaesam cansat eppoathum oru steering amaippaik kondullathu, idhu soozhchchi seiya, nokkunilaippaduththa mattrum ilakkai noakki nagara anumathikkirathu. podhuvaaga aththagaiya oru porimurai nunseyaliyaal kattuppaduththappadum ondru allathu adharku maerpatta aaksuvaettarkalaal seyalpaduththappadugirathu, ithanaal sarvomotor oru pakkam allathu innoru pakkam suzhandru suzhalum canaut. cansat oru parasuit allathu clyder allathu rotar mattrum irakkaikalai ulladakkukirathaa enbathaip porutthu irandu mukiya vagaikal ullana. paaraasoottukal allathu paaraaklaidarkaludan kaensaatkal. inththa saathanangal podhuvaaga neelvatta achin liptil oru vidyaasaththai uruvaakkum vagaiyil samachcheerattra muraiyil nagarum noolgalaik konda oru steering amaippaik kondullana, ithanaal cansat oru vazhiyil allathu mattroru vazhiyil suzhalgirathu. idhu migavum elimaiyaana iyakkaviyalaip payanpaduththukirathu. podhuvaaga kuraindha irangku vigitham mattrum periya maerparappu parappalavu kaaranamaaga inththa saathanangalai nirvagippathu kadinam. irakkaikal allathu roattarkaludan kaensaatkal. iyanththira reethiyaaga migavum sikkalaanathu mattrum parasuit allathu clydergal moolam cancet seiyum vaanilai nilaimaigalukku kuraivaana paathippai aerpaduththukirathu. inththa vagaiyaana kejetkal nirvagikka migavum kadumaiyaanavai mattrum adhan adhiga irangku vigitham kaaranamaaga vinaadikku pala thiruththankalaich seiyakkoodiya oru minnanu amaippu thaevaippadukirathu. thirantha vaguppu. inththa pirivil, munththaiya irandu pirivugalil ethilum saerkkappadaatha endha roapoavaiyum samarpikkalaam. inththa pirivil valangkappatta perumpaalaana kaensaatkal puthiya amaippugalai soathikkum roapoakkal allathu innum soathikkappadaatha puthiya vadivamaippugal (thozhilnutpa aarppaattakkaararkal). kalviyil aarvam. mattra vinveli thittangaludan oppidugaiyil, kuraivaana selavu, kurugiya thayaarippu neram mattrum vadivamaippin elimai aagiyavai maanavargal vinveliyil thangal muthal padigalai edukka inththa karutthai oru sirantha nadaimurai vaaippaaga aakkukintrana. panii niraivaettrappadum vidham, cansat vadivamaippu, koorugal orunginaippu, sariyaana seyalpaattu saripaarppu, veliyeettu thayaarippu, tharavu pakuppaaivu mattrum panichchumaiyai viniyoagippathan moolam kuzhu amaippu aagiyavattraith thaerntheduppathu maanavargalin poruppaagum. idhu adippadaiyil oru unmaiyana seyarkaikkoalin vadivamaippu, uruvaakkam mattrum aevuthalin alaveettu pirathi aagum. oru cansattai uruvaakkath thevaiyaana seyalmurai sikkal adippadaiyilaana karral endru azhaikkappadum oru karral seyalmuraiyai ulladakkiyathu, idhu oru puthiya karpiththal muraiyaagum, idhil maanavar mukiya kathaapaaththiramaagavum, sikkalkalaith theerkka vaendiyavaraagavum irukkiraar. inththa vagai thittaththin mukiya panbu, thodarchchiyaana savaalgalaal iyakkappadum thirantha pirachchanaikalai ethirkollum kulukkalaal maerkollappadukirathu. amaippugal poriiyal thangal sontha thirankalin valarchi mattrum aaraaychchiyin sikkalaana thanmaiyaiyum samaalikka vaendum enbathai angkeekarikka kuzhu adaiyum anubavaththirku aerpa aasiriyargalaal vazhangkappadum aatharavu kuraindhu varukirathu. parantha alavilaana kavarchchigaramaana karupporulgalai valangkuvathaal, vinveli poriiyal thurai kalviyil payanpaduththappadum migavum podhuvaana muraigalil ontraakum. poattikal. iropa, america mattrum asea poantra naadugalil cansat poattikal nadaththappadugindrana. america. cansat poatti. americavil, cansat vadivamaippu-kattamaippu-veliyeettu poattikalil ondru america vinveli sangam mattrum american institute off aeronatics andd aeronatics aagiyavattraal aerpaadu seiyappattullathu. inthap poattiyin pira nidhiyuthavigalil kadarpadai aaraaichi aaivagam, naasaa, aeji, suttruppaathai ariviyal kazhagam, proxis incourted mattrum solitworks aagiyavai adangkum. arlis. arlis thittam enbathu stanford palkalaikkazhagam mattrum pira kalvi niruvanangalil ulla maanavargal mattrum aasiriya maempaattuth thitta vinveli amaippugalukku idaiyilaana koottu muyarchiyaagum, idhu poomiyin suttruppaathai allathu sevvaai kiraga vinveliyil seluththuvatharkaana thayaarippil munmathiri miniature seiyappatta seyarkaikkoalgalai uruvaakka, seluththa, soathikka mattrum meettedukkum. oru vinveli thittaththin vaazhkkaich suzharchiyil (sumar oru aandu) nadaimurai anubavaththaip peruvatharkaana savaalai arlis munmozhigiraar. ovvoru kuzhuvum ondru allathu adharku maerpatta seyarkaikkoalgalai vadivamaiththu uruvaakkukirathu, maelum avarkal nevaadaavil ulla pilaak raakkil ulla aevuthal thalaththirkuch sendru, thangal soathanaigalin thayaarippu, aevuthal, seyalpaadu mattrum paathukaappaana meetpu aagiyavattrai maerpaarvaiyidugiraargal. arlis raakkettukalai valangkukirathu, ovvondrum 3,500 meettar uyaraththil moontru canaut parasuitai eduththuch sella mudiyum, idhu ovvoru kaenaattum sumar 15 nimida vimaana neraththai soathanaigalukku anumathikkirathu, idhu adivaanaththilirunthu adivaana suttruppaathai kuraindha suttruppaathai kadanthu sella oru adivaanatthai uruvagappaduththukirathu. iropa. iroappiya cansat poatti iroappiya vinveli niruvanatthaal ookkuvikkappadukirathu mattrum idhu uyarnilaip palli maanavargalai maiyamaagak kondullathu. idhu oru poattiyaagum, idhil ovvoru kaensaattum paarambariya thevaikalaana alavaip poorthi seiya vaendum mattrum 350 gramukku mikaamal irukka vaendum, maelum vimaana neram mattrum budjet thodarpaana piravattrudan. azhuththam mattrum veppanilaiyai alaviduvathoadu mattumallaamal, inththa tharavai nigazhnaeraththil anuppavum. idhu thavira, cansat suthanthiramaana viruppaththin irandaam paniyai seiya vaendum. inththa panikkaana munmozhivugal 1000 meettar uyaramulla rockettle thangal kaensaatkalai aevum anigalaith thaernthedukkap payanpaduththappadugindrana, angku adhu ullae irukkum irandu kaenchaatkalaith thiranthu vizhum. india. ard-cansat inthiyaavukku varum palkalaikkazhaga cansat sawal enbathu oru vadivamaippu-kattamaippu-parakkum poattiyaagum, idhu oru vinveli amaippin vadivamaippu vaazhkkaich suzharchiyai anubavikka anigalukku vaaippalikkirathu. palkalaikkazhaga cansat sawal oru valakkamaana vinveli thittatthai siriya alavil pirathipalikkum vagaiyil vadivamaikkappattullathu. tholai alaveettu thaevaigal, thagavalthodarpugal mattrum thannatchi seyalpaadugal ullitta nija ulaga panikalin palvaeru amsangkalai pirathipalikkum vagaiyil inththa panii mattrum adhan thaevaigal vadivamaikkappattullana. attavanaigal, vadivamaippu mathippuraikal mattrum seyalvilakka vimaanangkal poantra nija ulaga viniyoagangkalil ovvoru aniyum sawal muzhuvathum mathippen perukirathu. inththa nigazhvu august 2015 naduppaguthiyil 17 janavari 2016 andru hoskoattil thodangappattathu, idhu payanpaattu aaraaichi maempaattu aaivagangkalaal aerpaadu seiyappattathu mattrum bengalooril ulla inthiya ariviyal niruvanatthaal nadaththappattathu. inththa nigazhvai theerppazhiththa kuzhu uruppinarkal isrvn pugazhpettra vinjnaanigal aavar. vimaanaththirkup pinththaiya vilakkangkalukkup piragu anii nitt surath vettri pettrathu. seck kudiyarasu. ezaro seck kudiyarasaal aerpaadu seiyappatta idhu oru siriya alavilaana poattiyaagum, idhu iroappiya cansat poattikkaana thaguthi thiruppamaaga seyalpadugirathu. pankerpaalarkalin kavanam, seyarkaikkoalai nirmaanippathoadu, perumpaalum inththa thittatthai naduvar mandraththirkum podhumakkalukkum thirampada vazhangkuvathil ullathu, aenenil samooga valaippinnalgalil iruppathu mattrum thittaththin ottumoththa podhu pirathinithiththuvam iruthi mathippeettin kurippidatthakka paguthiyaagum. speyin. 2008 aam aandil nadaipettra muthal sarvadesa cansat poattikkup piragu, vinveli mattrum microgravity aaraaychchikkaana (leam) aaivagam, maatrit polytechnic palkalaikkazhagaththin (apm) uthaviyudan oru sarvadesa cansat poattiyai aerpaadu seikirathu. inthap pakkaththin maelae vivarikkapattulla cansat vagaikalukku aerpa moontru pirivugal ullana. mattroru thirantha vagai ullathu, idhil alavu varambugal migavum kadumaiyaanavai alla, maelum gajet sumar 1 kiloo varai periya vegujanaththaik kondirukkalaam. iroappiya poattiyaip poalavae, sila tharavugalum nigazhnaeraththil telemetry moolam anuppappada vaendum, maelum pankerpaalar anigalukku budjet varambugal ullana. brance. cns (pirenchu vinveli niruvanam) mattrum association planet sayins aagiyavattraal aerpaadu seiyappatta inththa pirenchu poatti, ilainyarkalukkaana vinveli thodarpaana thozhilnutpaththin oru avtreach thittamaana "chii 'spaces" prachchaaraththin poathu nadaiperukirathu. inththa poattiyil sumar 200 meettar uyaraththil oru nilaiyaana diregible aershippilirunthu kaensaatkal veesappadugindrana. irandu pirivugal ullanah "sarvadesa" mattrum "thirantha" idhil oru paarambariya cansatine 330 millilittarkaludan oppidumpoathu 1 litter varai alavai anumathikka thoguthi thaevaigal neettikkappadugindrana. koria kudiyarasu. 2012 muthal, koriya ariviyal, aidi mattrum ethirkaala thittamidal amaichagam koriya cansat kalaachaaraththai pirabalappaduththuvatharkum, seyarkaikkoal maelaanmai kuriththa maanavargalin arivai maempaduththuvatharkum koriya cansat poatti/mugaamukku nidhiyudhavi seithu varukirathu. inththa poatti, koriya cupsat poattiyudan, koriya arasaangkaththaal vazhangkappadum irandu mukiya seyarkaikkoal poattikalai uruvaakkukirathu. pala vetrtrikaramaana koriya seyarkaikkoalgalukku porupaana thaesiya seyarkaikkoal aaraaichi myyamaana satreck (seyarkaikkoal thozhilnutpa aaraaichi maiyam) inththa poattiyai paraamarikkirathu, maelum idhu kaistin oru paguthiyaagum-idhu migavum mathippumikka ariviyal saarntha palligalil ontraakum. vinveli tholilnutpaththai uruvaakkuvatharkaana arasaangkaththin maastar plaanin oru paguthiyaaga, kaensaatkalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana anaitthu kattanangalum koriya arasaangkaththaal thevaikkaerpa maaniyamaaga vazhangkappadugindrana. uyarnilaip palli maanavargal mattrum ilangkalai maanavargal 3 maanavargal konda kuzhuvai inththa poattiyil pankerka uruvakkalaam. uyarnilaip palli maanavargal (10 ~ 12 vaguppugal) siyulki thuraiyil pankerkiraarkal, maelum adippadai cansat thalaththaip payanpaduththi koodudhal padaippu panigalaich seiya vaendum. inththa panikalin eduththukkaattukalil 'baithaan adippadaiyilaana adippadai amaippu', 'kaenchaatkalukkaana madular amaippu' aagiyavai adangkum. ovvoru mae maathamum, pankerkum anaitthu anigalum cansattai uruvaakkuvatharkum, kuzhu-kuripitta panigalaich seivatharkum thangal thittatthai samarppikka vaendum. pinnar, 20 anigal thangal paniyin nambagaththanmai mattrum cansat kuriththa adippadai arivukku aerpa thaernthedukkappadugindra. inththa kuzhukkal anline adippadaiyilaana kalviyai maerkondu, avarkal uruvaakkiya adippadai muraikku aerpa thangal panigalaich seyalpaduththa neram perugindrana. iruthiyaaka thangal kensaattaith thodangakkoodiya 10 anigalaith thaernthedukka, avarkalin panikal mattrum adippadai amaippin muzhumai meendum mathippeedu seiyappadugirathu. koriya vinveli aaraaychchiyaalarkalin kalvi amarvukkup piragu, inththa cansat gohankil thodangappadukirathu, idhu pakuthi naaroa vinveli maiyamaagavum amainthullathu. ilangkalai maanavargal sangjo thuraiyil pankerkiraarkal, maelum uyarnilaip palli maanavargalaip poalavae idhaepoandra seyalmuraiyaik kadanthu selkiraargal. mukiya vaerupaadu ennaventraal, uyarnilaip palli maanavargal niralaakkaththirku pazhakkamattra maanavargalukku udhava adippadai nilayath thittangalaip perukiraarkal, ilangkalai maanavargal thangal adippadai nilayath thittangalaith thangalaith thaangkalae thittamida vaendum. uyarnilaip palli maanavargalukkaana adippadai attavanai oray maathiriyaaga irukkum. nadunilaip palli mattrum sila thodakkap palli maanavargal (5 muthal 9 aam vaguppu varai) 'koriya cansat mugaam' endru azhaikkappadum athae athikaarigalaal paraamarikkappattu nidhiyudhavi seiyappadum mugaamil pankerkiraarkal. cansat kuriththa avarkalin aarvam mattrum arivin adippadaiyil, 2 maanavar uruppinargalaik konda 30 kuzhukkal cansat mugaamil pankerka thaernthedukkappadugindra. 2 naatkalukku, inththa maanavargalukku koriya vinveli aaraaychchiyaalarkal kalvi karpikkindranar. avai avattrin adippadai cansattai (gps, olirum sensor, manthanilai nirai alagu poantravai) uruvaakkukintrana.) mugaamil. jappan. jappanil, inththa poatti unisec (palkalaikkazhaga vinveli poriiyal koottamaippu) aall aerpaadu seiyappadugirathu, maelum kaensaatkal oru rockett moolam seluththappadum pira pathippukalaip poalallaamal, ingkae idhu oru kuripitta uyaraththirku aerum oru baloon, adhan piragu cansat kaividappadugiradhu. inththa poatti oru kuripitta nilaiyai adaivathaip pattriyathu, vimaanap paathaiyai maattruvathan moolam allathu cansat thevaiyaana idaththirku vara anumathikkum chakkarankalaich serppathan moolam. argentina. argentinavil, oru cansat koottam ullathu, aanaal adhu poattitthanmai vaainththathu alla; idharku pathilaaka, cansat thittam enbathu suyamaaga kattapatta marupayanpaattu aevukanaikalaip payanpaduththi parisoathanai moolam nadatthappadum oru aaivu muraiyaagum. inththa thittam ilavasamaaka veliyidappattu, oru sikkalaana poriiyal thittaththin muzhu vaazhkkaich suzharchiyilum, karutthiyal vadivamaippu, orunginaippu, soathanai mattrum unmaiyana amaippu seyalpaadugal varai, maanavargalai eedupaduththum thirupthiyai valangkukirathu, idhu panikkup pinththaiya surukkaththin koottaththudan mudivadaigirathu. cansat thittam aanduthoarum asma (argentinavin soathanai rocketry mattrum vinveli modeling sangam) aall aerpaadu seiyappadugirathu. inthath thittam septumber 2003 ill oru kalvi maanaatil vazhangkappattathu, maelum muthal argentina cansat navambar 2004 ill thodangappattathu, idhu golejio chaan felip neriyin maanavargalaal thayaarikkappattathu. eeraan. eeraan cansat poatti (aisisi) enbathu eeraan vinveli aaraaichi niruvanam (aarii) nidhiyudhavi alikkum cansat vadivamaippu mattrum urpathtikkaana mattroru poattiyaagum. 2011 muthal ovvoru aandum nadaiperum inthap poattiyil classical mattrum thozhilmurai yena irandu pirivugal ullana, classical pirivil valimandala olii mattrum pugaippadam/veediyoa pidippu panikal adangkum, athae neraththil thozhilmurai pirivil uyir-kattana meetpu mattrum thirumbum panikal adangkum. kuzhukkal aruvai sikitchaikku muun pdr mattrum cdr aith thayaarikkum, maelum kaensaatkal kazhaththil soathikkappatta piragu pfr aith thayaarikkum. maanavargal thozhilnutpa sikkalkal kuriththa thangal arivai maempaduththuvathu mattumallaamal, oru panmugath thittaththirkuth thevaiyaana muraiyaana paarvaiyaiyum peruvaarkal endrum, oru thittaththin muzhu vaazhkkaich suzharchiyilum puthithaaga irunthu thayaarippu varai oru thittaththil eedupatta anubavaththaip peruvaarkal endrum ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. naankaavathu eeraan sarvadesa cansat poatti (aisisi2014) october 2014 ill nadaipera thittamidappattathu. ettu poattikal nadaipettrullana.(2019-2020) poattiyin ettaavathu suttril (2019-2020), amrikabir thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththin iru anigalum ahmadresa karami mattrum doctor.kamran raisi. eeraanin yast palkalaikkazhagaththaich saerntha oru aniyum irandaavathu pattatthai vella mudiyum. thennaprika. muthal thennaapirikka cansat 1650 meettar uyaraththirku kondu sellappattathu, uyar sakthi rockettle paeloadaaga, navambar 6,1999 andru. jacken-1 endru azhaikkappadukirathu, cansat stefan stolds vadivamaikappattu kattappattathu mattrum vadakku palkalaikkazhagaththin (ippoathu limbobo palkalaikkazhagam) thozhilnutpa kankaatchiyin oru paguthiyaaga ruud wall phaar76 vaanveliyil (limbobo maagaanam) thodangappattathu. 2011/12 ill, cape down palkalaikkazhagam (yuu. chii. dii) thennaapirikka vaniel kankaanippagaththudan inainthu adhan muthal cansat poattiyaith thodangiyathu. 2013aam aandu nilavarappadi, pala thennaapirikka palkalaikkazhagangkal cansat thittangalai thangal paadaththittaththil mathippeedu seithu orunginaikkath thodangiyullana. thennaappirikkaavirkul cansat poattikalai ethirkaalaththil ookkuvippathil thennaapirikka thaesiya vinveli niruvanam mukiya pangku vagikkum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. eeraakkiya gurdistan. eeraakkiya gurdistan kanini rockett sangam (ippoathu seyalizhanthuvittathu) endru azhaikkappadum gurdistanil oru cansat niral muthalil 1992 aam aandil fabala mustaba bakeer enbavaraal niruvappattathu. gurdistanian arasaangkam, inththa neraththil adhan kurugiya thoora aevukanaith thittatthai uruvaakki, ilam maanavargalai iraanuva tholilnutpath thuraiyil saera ookkuvikka sangaththai uruvaakkiyathu. inthath thittam vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu, 2000 aam aandin thodakkaththil kittatthatta moontru madangku nidhiyudhavi kidaiththathu. 2000 muthal 2003 varai huusain aatchiyil irunththa kadaisi aandugalil, husainin seyalaalarin koottruppadi, "ethirikku nidhiyaith thisaithiruppa raakketkal sangaththil naasappaduththum nadavadikkai" endru azhaikkappattathaal sangam migavum mattuppaduthappatta nithiyaip pettrathu. inththa niyaayappaduththal aathaaramattrathu mattrum 2003 eeraak padaiyeduppu varai sangam arithaagavae neediththathu. 2003 aam aandil eeraak meethaana america-koottaanmai padaiyeduppin poathu, arasaangkam meethaana kadumaiyaana poarkkaala azhuththangkal kaaranamaaga sangaththin nidhi muttrilum kuraikkappattathu. 2003 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil padaiyeduppu mudivadaintha piragu sangam kalaikkappattathu, aanaal america iraanuva piramugargal americavil oru rockett thittaththin saaththiyakkoorugalaik kandanar. viraivil, maanavargalai maiyamaagak konda rockett sangaththirkaana nidhi 26 america palligalukku inththa thittatthai vazhangka uthaviyathu. appoathirunthu, pala naadugal maanavar rockett thittangalai aetrtrukkondana mattrum eeraakkiya gurdistan aaramba kanini rockett sangaththin vetrtriyaip pinpattri vadivamaikappatta thozhilnutpa adippadaiyilaana stem sangangalukku nidhiyai virivupaduththiyullana.

cainsut cansat anedi antariksha saanketika parignaanaanni bodhinchadaaniki upayoginche oka rakamaina sounding rockett payload. idhi suukshma upagrahaalalo upayoginche saanketika parignaanaanni pooli untundi. yea cansut eppuduu vaataavaranaanni vidichipettaledu, ledhaa bhoomi chuttoo kakshyalo tiragaledu. cansut pootiilaloo, payload oka saadhaarana soda kyanu (66 mimi vyaasam mariyu 115 mimi etthu) parimaanamlo saripoyela mariyu 350 graamula kante takkuva dravyaraasini kaligi undaali. antennalanu baahyamgaa amarchavacchu, conny cansut prayoga vahanam nundi bayaludere varaku vyaasam peragadu. pootiidaaruni batti maarutuu unde ettulo chinna rocketla nundi cansatlanu moharistaaru. dabbaallo recovery vyavastha, saadhaaranamgaa parachute amarchabadi untundi, idhi recovery tarvaata nashtanni parimitam cheyadaaniki mariyu dabbanu tirigi upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi. choukaina dhara mariyu takkuva parimaanam kaaranamgaa antariksha saanketika parignaanaanni bodhinchadaaniki cansatlanu upayogistaaru. charitra. 1998loe, united states mariyu japan nundi 12 vishwavidyaalayaala nundi sumaru 50 mandhi vidyaarthulu mariyu adhyapakulu havaayilo jarigina oka sadassulo samavesamayyaru. idhi modati "vishwavidyaalaya antariksha vyavasthala sadassu". ikkada, stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo professor emeritus ayina baab twiggs, taruvaata nanosatalite prajectulu elaa avtayane daani gurinchi prarambha aalochananu pratipaadinchaaru. aaa aalochana soda dabbala parimaanamlo oka nirmaanaanni antarikshamloki prayoginchadam. daani parimaanam sumaru 350 millilitres mariyu dravyarashi sumaru 500 graamulu undaali. idhi 1999loe praarambhamaina arlis anae prajectuku daariteesindi, indulo ekkuvagaa american mariyu japanese vishwavidyaalayaalu palgonnayi, aaa samvatsaram september 11naa modati prayogaanni nirvahinchi, prati samvatsaram antaraayam lekunda konasaagutundi. netikee prabalamgaa unna prarambha aalochana, 350 millilitres 3 upagrahaalanu ledhaa ekkuva parimaanamlo unna upagrahanni prayoginchadam. dheeni sadhanam 1.8 kilolu kadile saamarthyam mariyu 4000 meterla varaku ekke saamarthyam kaligina rockett, idhi takkuva kharchutho kuudina antariksha vimaanaalaku talupulu terustundi-sumaru $400. 2000loe, missionlu chaalaa bhinnamgaa undevi udaaharanaku, barometer andinchina daetaanu upayoginchi landing system prarambhanni lekkinchadam ledhaa differential gps systemnu upayoginchadam. 2001loe tirigi vachhe varganni jodinchinappudu eee project marinta sanklishta paristhitiki vachindi, daani prakaram upagrahanni oka nirdishta lakshyaaniki mallinchaali. eee mission chaalaa vijayavantamaindi, 2002loe, tohoku vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina antariksha robotics prayogasaala vidyaarthulu lakshyam nundi 45 meterla varaku vellaaru, 2006loe eee sankhya 6 meterlaku padipoyindi. eee rakamaina upagrahampai aasakti perugutuu, vyaapti chendutondi. 2003loe, tokyo vishwavidyaalayam rendu upagrahaalanu cubesat, cansatla kante konchem pedda parimaanamlo unna upagrahaalu mariyu cube aakaaramlo kakshyalo unchindi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, professor pratipaadinchina adhe bhavananu anusarinchi aneka pootiilu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. baab kommalu mariyu jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeyamgaa arlis loe pratibimbistaayi. operation. pradhana amsaalu. konni amsaalu prati cansut dwara panchukobadataayih battery. battery robot yokka anni vyavasthala operation kosam saktini sarafara chestundi mariyu avi edainaa robot ledhaa electronic vyavasthaku avasaram, daani paniteeru mariyu prastuta-baruvu nishpatti kaaranamgaa saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchevi lithium polymer byaatariilu (lipo). microprocessor. microprocessor robot yokka gunde, endukante idhi bahya sensorla nundi (altimeter, accelerometer ledhaa transmitter vantivi) sankethaalanu sweekarinchadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi mariyu vaatini programme chesinatlugaa panicheyadaaniki kooda proses chestundi. chaalaa microprocessorlu dayta nilva kosam antargata memarini kaligi untaayi ledhaa kaligi undavacchu, idhi vimaana samayamlo vividha sensorla nundi samacharanni nilva cheyadaaniki upayogapadutundi. eee sthaayilo upayoginche konni vaanijya microprocessorlu dviteeya amsaalu. paina perkonna amsaalatoe paatu, daaniki appaginchina missionku anugunamgaa itarulanu jodinchavachhu. barometer. barometers microprocessorku anusandhaaninchabadina ottidi koliche kanam untundi mariyu adhi anubhooti chendhe peedanam prakaram voltage viluvatho oka sanketaanni pamputundi. microprocessor ettunu pondadaaniki praamaanika vaataavarana paristhitulanu upayogistundi. eee rakamaina parikaraalalo upayoginche barometer yokka udaaharanalu thermometer. thermometer barometer maadirigaane karyakalapalanu nirvahistundi, ayithe microprocessorku pampabade voltage signal kolichina ushnogratapai aadharapadi untundi. microprocessor ushnograta viluvanu ketayinchadam dwara eee sanketaanni ardham chesukuntundi. ivi upayoginchina thermometerlaku udaaharanalu gps module. gps anedi bhoomi chuttoo kakshyalo tirugutunna upagraha networklo unde bhoomi sthaana vyavastha, idhi nirantaram vaari sthaanam mariyu prasaara samayanni pamputundi. eee dayta nundi, receiver adhika khachitatvanni pondadaaniki andubaatulo unna anni upagrahaalato daani sthaanaanni tribhujaakaaramlo unchutundi. eee sthaanam microprocessorku dayta linega seeriyal port dwara pampabadutundi. design sthaayilo, gps receiverlu upagrahaala drushti rekha veelainanta neerugaa unde pradaesamloe undaali, tadwara vimaana samayamlo veetitho paridhini daati undakudadu. lohapu nirmaanamloo, receiverlu ellappuduu eee drushti rekhanu prabhaavitam cheyani chota undaali. camera. dabbaalo gaalilo digutunna samayamlo deeninainaa chithreekarinchadaaniki oka chinna cameranu dabbaalo cherchavacchu. robot gaalilo unnappudu cameranu operate cheyadaaniki cansut arderlu sweekarinchadani gurthunchukondi, kabatti microprocessor tappanisarigaa cameranu photo teeyamani aadesistundi. idhi cansut kosam oka kemeraku udaaharana. 3dii mapping kosam kooda cansatlanu upayoginchavacchu. dheeniki udaaharana eee link loe undih HTTPS:// cansat.ekaswamya.samacharam/ accelerometer. eee vyavastha vividha akshaalalo okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva accelerometerlatho tayaaru cheyabadindi. anni accelerometers pakkana pedithe samanvaya akshaalalo tvaranaalanu kolavadaniki anumatistaayi. accelerometerlanu daetaanu sekarinchadaaniki ledhaa sthaanaanni nirnayinchadaaniki (ekikarana dwara) upayoginchavacchu. sthaanaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki tayaaru chesina uttama accelerometerlanu jadatva navigation system inns antaaru. veetini konni cansut namoonaalalo upayogistaaru. eee vyavastha yokka anischiti sensaarlanu kramaankanam chesetappudu doshampai aadharapadi untundi. eee vyavastha yokka labhalu gps avasaram ledhu anae vaastavam nundi ayaskanta jokyaniki roganirodhaka shakti varaku velataayi. idhi cansut lopala bahula sthaanaalanu anumatistundi. ekkuvagaa upayoginche accelerometersalo konnih electronic diksuchi. konnisaarlu, cansut anusaristunna disanu telusukovadam avasaram (udaaharanaku, niyantrita avarohana cheyadaaniki), eee sandarbhamlo diksuchi sensor chaalaa chinna sensor, idhi saampradaaya diksuchi vale daani dhisha mariyu uttara dhisha madhya koonaanni kolustundi. eee konam sambhaavya vyatyaasam dwara microprocessorku prasaram cheyabadutundi. microprocessor incoming signalnu ardham chesukuni, tadanugunamgaa panichestundi. anduvalla, gps receivernu upayoginchakundaa lakshyanni cherukovadaniki canchat uddesinchinatlayite, eee sensor keelaka paatra poeshistumdi. upayoginchina diksuchi yokka konni namuunaalu rakalu. pradhanamgaa rendu rakaala cansatlu unnaayi, ayithe moodava vargam saadhaaranamgaa modati rendintiloo sariponi yantraala kosam jodinchabadutundih telemetry. ground station dwara proses cheyalsina vimaana mariyu vaataavarana paristhitula nundi daetaanu nija samayamlo sekarinchi prasaram cheyadame dheeni praathamika uddesyam. eee vargamlooni cansatlu steering vyavasthanu upayoginchavu, endukante dheeni lakshyam oka nirdishta binduvu vadda padatam kaadu, conny avarohana samayamlo daetaanu sekarinchadam (idhi saadhaaranamgaa niyantrinchabadadu). munupati vibhagalalo perkonna vyavasthalalo ekkuvagaa upayoginchinavih barometer, thermometer, gps mariyu camera. tirigi vastaaru. veeti pradhana pani gps coordinatelathoo gurtinchabadina lakshyaaniki veelainanta daggaragaa niyantrita paddhatiloo digadam. eee parikaraalanu gps ledhaa jadatva navigation system inns dwara maarganirdesam cheyavachu. eee sthaanam microprocessorku pampabadutundi, idhi lakshyanni parishkarinchadaaniki yea konamlo tiragaali anae koonaanni lekkinchadaaniki eee dayta vislaeshanha nundi lakshyam yokka sthaanaanni polchi, steering systemku tagina suuchanalanu istundi. diddubaatlu cheyadaaniki eee prakriya nirantaram punaraavrutamavutundi. atuvanti parikaraalu vimaanamlo daetaanu kooda nilva chestaayi, conny vaatitho paatu vachhe sensorla sankhya takkuvagaa unnanduna, munupati rakamtho poliste samacharam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. tirigi vachhe cansut ellappuduu steering vyavasthanu kaligi untundi, idhi yuktini amalu cheyadaaniki, disanu nirdesinchadaaniki mariyu lakshyam vaipu kadaladaaniki anumatistundi. saadhaaranamgaa atuvanti yantraangam microprocessorche niyantrinchabade okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva acuatorla dwara sakriyam cheyabadutundi, tadwara survomotor oka vaipu ledhaa maroka vaipuku tirugutundi mariyu alaa tirige dabbaalu. cansatlo parachute ledhaa glider ledhaa rotter mariyu rekkalu unnaya anae daanipai aadharapadi rendu pradhana rakalu unnaayi. paaraachuutlu ledhaa paaraaglaidarlatoe kuudina cansatlu. eee parikaraalu saadhaaranamgaa rekhansha aksham yokka ettulo vyatyaasaanni utpatti cheyadaaniki asamanamga kadile daaraalatoe kuudina steering vyavasthanu kaligi untaayi, tadwara canchat oka vidhamgaa ledhaa maroka vidhamgaa tirugutundi. idhi chaalaa saralamaina yantrasaastraanni upayogistundi. saadhaaranamgaa takkuva avarohana raetu mariyu pedda uparitala vaisaalyam kaaranamgaa eee parikaraalanu niyantrinchadam kashtam. rekkalu ledhaa rotorlatho kuudina dabbaalu. yaantrikamgaa marinta sanklishtamainadi mariyu parachute ledhaa glyderlatho dabbaalu pette vaataavarana paristhitulaku takkuva haani kaligistundi. eee rakamaina gadjetlu niyantrinchadaaniki chaalaa kathinamainavi mariyu daani adhika avarohana raetu kaaranamgaa sekanuku aneka diddubaatlanu cheyagala electronic vyavastha avasaram. open class. eee vibhaagamlo, munupati rendu vargalalo deeniloonuu cherchabadani yea robot ayina samarpinchavachhu. eee vibhaagamlo pradarsinchabadina chaalaa cansatlu kotta vyavasthalanu pareekshinche robotlu ledhaa inca pareekshinchabadani kotta designlu (saanketika pradarsanakaarulu). vidya aasakti. itara antariksha prajectulatho poliste amalu takkuva kharchu, takkuva tayari samayam mariyu design saralata eee bhavananu vidyaarthulaku antarikshamlo vaari modati adugulu vaeyadaaniki adbhutamaina aacharanaatmaka avakaasamgaa chestaayi. panibharanni pampinhee cheyadam dwara mission neraverchina vidhanam, cansat design, bhagala ekikarana, saraina operation verification, prayoga tayari, dayta vislaeshanha mariyu jattu samsthanu enchukoovadaaniki vidyaarthulu baadhyata vahistaaru. idhi praathamikamgaa nijamaina upagraham roopakalpana, srushti mariyu prayogam yokka scale pratiroopam. oka cansatnu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki avasaramaina prakriyaloo samasya-aadhaarita abhyasam anie piluvabade abhyasa prakriya untundi, idhi oka kotta bodhanaa paddhati, dheenilo vidyaarthi pradhana paatra mariyu samasyalanu parishkarinchaalsina vyakti. eee rakamaina project yokka pradhana lakshanam varusa savaallatoe nadiche bahiranga samasyalanu edurkontunna jatlu nirvahistunnaayi. systems injaneering vaari swantha saamardhyaala abhivruddhi mariyu parisoedhana yokka sanklishtatanu kooda edurkovalasi undani gurtinchadaaniki samuuham cherukuntunna anubhavaniki anugunamgaa upaadhyaayulu ichhe maddatu taggutondi. antariksha injaneering vibhagam anedi vidyalo upayoginche atyanta vilakshanhamaina paddhatulalo okati, endukante idhi vistruta shreni aakarshanheeyamaina itivruttaalanu andistundi. pootiilu. eurup, united states mariyu asea modalaina deshaalalo cansut pootiilu nirvahinchabadataayi. united states. cansut pootii. united stateslo, american austronautical society mariyu american institute off aeronautics und austronautics dwara cansut design-billed-lanch pootiilaloo okati nirvahinchabadutundi. eee pooteeki itara spaansarlalo navika parisoedhana prayogasaala, nassa, agi, arbital sciences corporation, proxis incorporated mariyu salid works unnaayi. arlis. arlis project anedi stanford vishwavidyaalayam mariyu itara vidya samsthalalo vidyaarthulu mariyu adhyapaka abhivruddhi karyakramam antariksha vyavasthala madhya bhoomi kakshya ledhaa maars antarikshamloki prayoginchadaaniki sannahakamgaa suukshmachitra upagrahaala namuunaanu nirminchadaaniki, prayoginchadaaniki, pareekshinchadaaniki mariyu punaruddharinchadaaniki sahakaara prayatnam. antariksha project yokka jeevita chakramlo (sumaru oka samvatsaram) aacharanaatmaka anubhavanni pondadaaniki arlis oka savaalunu pratipaadinchaaru. prati brundam okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva upagrahaalanu roopondinchi, nirmistundi, mariyu vaaru tama prayogaala tayari, prayogam, operation mariyu surakshitamaina punaruddharananu paryaveekshinchadaaniki nevaadaaloni block rock vadda prayoga sthalaaniki velataaru. arlis raaketlanu andistundi, prati okkati 3,500 meterla ettulo moodu cansatla paaraachuutnu mosukellagaladu, idhi prati cansatnu prayogaalaku sumaru 15 nimishala vimaana samayanni anumatistundi, idhi diguva kakshyalo diguva kakshyalo kshitija samaantara kaksyanu anukaristundi. airopa. european cansut pootiini european space agency prothsahistundi mariyu idhi haiskool vidyaarthulapai drushti saarinchindi. idhi prati cansut tappanisarigaa parimaanam yokka saampradaaya avasaralanu teerchaali mariyu vimaana samayam mariyu budjetku sambandhinchina itara vaatitho paatu 350 graamula dravyaraasini minchakudadu. ottidi mariyu ushnogratanu kolavadaniki mariyu eee daetaanu nija samayamlo prasaram cheyadaaniki adanamgaa. idhi kakunda, cansut svaechchaayutamaina empika yokka dviteeya lakshyanni poeshinchaali. 1000 meterla ettuku ekke rocketlo tama cansatlanu prayoginche jatlanu enchukoovadaaniki eee mission kosam pratipaadanalu upayoginchabadataayi, akkada adhi lopala unna rendu cansatlanu terichi padestundi. bharatadesam. ard-cansat bharatadesaniki vachhe university cansat chhalenj anedi design-billed-fly pootii, idhi jatlaku aerospace vyavastha yokka design jeevita chakranni anubhavinche avakaasaanni andistundi. vishwavidyaalayam cansat chhalenj oka saadhaarana aerospace karyakramanni chinna sthaayilo pratibimbimchaelaa roopondinchabadindi. telemetry avasaralu, communicationlu mariyu swayampratipatti kaaryakalaapaalato sahaa vaastava prapancha missionla yokka vividha amsaalanu pratibimbimchaelaa mission mariyu daani avasaralu roopondinchabaddaayi. schedule, design sameekshalu mariyu pradarsana vimanalu vanti vaastava prapancha pampinhee cheyadagina vaatipai prati jattu savaalu antataa score cheyabadutundi. eee karyakramam 2015 augustu madhyalo hoskote loe 2016 janavari 17naa praarambhinchabadindi, dheenini anuvartita parisoedhana abhivruddhi prayogasaalalu nirvahinchaayi mariyu indian institute sains, bengaluru nirvahinchindi. eee sanghatananu teerpu icchina panelistlu isro yokka pramukha saastravettalu. vimaana prayaanaantara briefings tarvaata nitt suurat jattu vijayam saadhinchindi. check republic. esero check republic nirvahinchina idhi european cansut pooteeki arhata malupugaa panichese oka chinna parimaana pootii. palgonevari drushti, upagraha nirmaanamtho paatu, ekkuvagaa jurici mariyu prajalaku project yokka samarthavanthamaina pradarsanapai untundi, endukante soshal networklalo uniki mariyu project yokka mottam praja praatinidhyam tudi moolyaankanamlo gananeeyamaina bhaganni kaligi untundi. speyin. 2008loe jarigina modati antarjaateeya cansut pootii nundi modrid polytechnic vishwavidyaalayam (yuu. pii. emm) sahayamtho antariksha mariyu suukshma gurutvakarshana parisoedhana (leam) prayogasaala antarjaateeya cansut pootiini nirvahistundi. eee paejee eguvana vivarinchina cansut rakalaku anugunamgaa moodu vargaalu unnaayi. maroka bahiranga vargam undhi, dheenilo parimaana parimitulu antha kathinamgaa undavu mariyu godget sumaru 1 kilo varaku pedda dravyaraasini kaligi untundi. european pootiiloo vale, kontha daetaanu nija samayamlo telemetry dwara pampali mariyu palgone jatlaku budget parimitulu unnaayi. france. cnes (french antariksha samstha) mariyu association planet sciences nirvahinchina eee french pootii, yuvata kosam antariksha sambandhita saanketika parignaanam yokka outreach programme ayina "sii 'space" pracharam samayamlo jarugutundi. eee pootiiloo sumaru 200 meterla ettulo sthiramaina dirigible air ship nundi cansatlanu padestaaru. rendu vargaalu andubaatulo unnaih "antarjaateeya" mariyu "open", dheenilo saampradaaya dabbala 330 millilitres parimaanamtho poliste 1 liitaru parimaanaanni anumatinchadaaniki parimaana avasaralu vistarinchabadataayi. korea ganatantram. 2012 nundi, korealo cansut samskrutini prachuryam pondadaaniki mariyu upagraha nirvahanapai vidyaarthi gnaanaanni penchadaaniki corian sains, ii. sii. tii mariyu bhavishyat pranaalika mantritva saakha corian cansut pootii/sibiraanni spaansar chestondi. eee pootii, korea cubsat pootiitoe paatu, korea prabhutvam andinche rendu pradhana upagraha pootiilanu kaligi undhi. eee pootiini satrek (satellite technology research center) nirvahistundi, idhi jaateeya upagraha parisoedhana kendram, idhi bahula vijayavantamaina corian upagrahaalaku baadhyata vahistundi mariyu atyanta pratishtaatmaka vignaana-aadhaarita paatasaalallo okataina kaistlo bhaagam. antariksha saanketika parignaanaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prabhutva master plaanlo bhaagamgaa, cansatlanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki anni rusumulanu korea prabhutvam avasaraniki anugunamgaa subsidy chestundi. unnata paatasaala vidyaarthulu mariyu under graduate vidyaarthulu eee pootiiloo paalgonadaaniki 3 mandhi vidyaarthulatho kuudina brundaanni tayaaru cheyavachu. unnata paatasaala vidyaarthulu (taragatulu 10-12) seyulgi rangamlo palgontaru, mariyu praathamika cansut platformnu upayoginchi adanapu srujanaatmaka panula dwara vellavalasi untundi. eee panulaku udaaharanalalo 'paithan-aadhaarita bays system', 'cansatla kosam modular structure' unnaayi. prati mae nelaloo, palgone jatlannee cansatnu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu jattu-nirdishta panulanu nirvahinchadaaniki tama pranaalikanu samarpinchaali. appudu, vaari pani yokka saadhyata mariyu cansatpy praathamika ghnaanam prakaram empika cheyabadina 20 jatlu. eee brundaalu online aadhaarita vidyanu abhyasistaayi mariyu vaaru nirminchina praathamika vyavastha prakaram vaari panulanu amalu cheyadaaniki samayam pondutaayi. chivaraku vaari cansatnu praarambhinchagala 10 jatlanu enchukoovadaaniki, vaari panulu mariyu bays system yokka paripuurnata marosari anchanaa veyabadutundi. korea antariksha parisoedhakula vidya session taruvaata, eee cansatlanu gohenglo prayogistaaru, idhi naaro antariksha kendram kooda undhi. under graduate vidyaarthulu changjo sector (<unk>) loe palgontaru, mariyu haiskool vidyaarthulu chese maadirigaane idhe prakriya dwara velataaru. pradhana vyatyaasam emitante, haiskool vidyaarthulu prograaming alavaatu laeni vidyaarthulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki bays station prograamlanu andukuntaaru, under graduate vidyaarthulu tama bays station prograamlanu tama kosam programme cheyali. praathamika schedule haiskool vidyaarthula maadirigaane untundi. madhya paatasaala mariyu kontamandi praathamika paatasaala vidyaarthulu (5-9 taragatulu) 'corian cansut camp' anie piluvabade vaatilo palgontaru, dheenini adhe adhikarulu nirvahistaaru mariyu spaansar chestaaru. cansatpy vaari aasakti mariyu ghnaanam aadhaaramgaa, iddaru vidyaarthi sabhyulatho kuudina 30 jatlu cansatlo paalgonadaaniki empika cheyabadataayi. 2 rojula paatu, eee vidyaarthulaku korea antariksha parisoedhakulu vidyanu andistaaru. vaaru tama praathamika dabbanu (gps, prakaasa sensor, jadatva dravyarashi unit modalaina vaatitho) abhivruddhi chestaaru.) shibiram samayamlo. japan. japaanlo, eee pootiini unisec (university space injaneering consortium) nirvahistundi mariyu itara editionla maadirigaa kakunda, indulo cansatlanu rockett dwara prayogistaaru, ikkada idhi oka nirdishta ettuku ekke beloon, aaa tarvaata cansatnu padestaaru. eee pootii anedi vimaana marganni savarinchadam dwara ledhaa dabbaalu avasaramaina pradaesaaniki cherukovadaniki veelugaa chakralanu jodinchadam dwara oka nirdishta sthaanaaniki cherukovadam gurinchi. argentine. argentinalo, oka cansat samavesam undhi, conny idhi pootii kaadu; dheeniki badulugaa, cansat karyakramam anedi sweeya-nirmita punarviniyoga lancherlanu upayoginchi prayogaala dwara nirvahinche adhyayana paddati. eee karyakramam uchitamgaa vidudala cheyabadutundi mariyu vidyaarthulaku santruptini andistundi, oka sanklishtamaina injaneering project yokka mottam jeevita chakramlo, sambhaavita roopakalpana, samaikyata, pareeksha mariyu vaastava vyavastha karyakalapala nundi, mission anantara saaraamsam samavesamto mugustundi. consut karyakramanni prati samvatsaram esma (prayogaatmaka rocketry mariyu argentine antariksha namuunaa sangham) nirvahistundi. eee karyakramanni 2003 septembarulo oka vidya samavesamlo pradarsinchaaru, mariyu modati argentine cansatnu 2004 novemberlo praarambhinchaaru, dheenini collegio shaan felip neri vidyaarthulu tayaaru chesaaru. iraan. iraan austronautics research institute (aari) spaansar chesina iraan cansut pootii (aisi) anedi cansut roopakalpana mariyu tayari kosam nirvahinche maroka pootii. eee pootii 2011 nundi prati samvatsaram nirvahinchabadutondi mariyu shaastreeya mariyu vruttiparamaina anae rendu vibhaagaalanu kaligi undhi, shaastreeya vibhaagamlo vaataavarana sounding mariyu photo/veediyo capturing missionlu unnaayi, ayithe vruttiparamaina vaatilo bio-payload recovery mariyu tirigi vachhe missionlu unnaayi. operationku mundu jatlu pdr mariyu cdrnu siddham cheyali mariyu maidaanamlo cansatlanu pareekshinchina tarvaata pfrnu siddham cheyali. vidyaarthulu saanketika samasyalapai tama gnaanaanni meruguparachukovadame kakunda, bahula vibhagala prajectuku avasaramaina kramabaddhamaina drukpathaanni kooda pondaalani mariyu modati nundi utpatti varaku mottam jeevita chakramlo oka prajectlo palgonna anubhavanni pondaalani bhaavistunnaaru. naalugo iraan antarjaateeya cansut pootii (ii. sii. sii. 2014) october 2014loe jaragalsi undhi. enimidi pootiilu jarigaayi.(2019-2020) pootii enimidava roundloo (2019-2020), amirkabir university off technologyki chendina rendu jatlu ahmadreja karami paryaveekshanhaloo mariyu doctor salaha meraku modati mariyu moodava sthaanaalanu geluchukunnayi.kamran raisi. iraan looni aged vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina jattu kooda rendava titlenu geluchukovacchu. dakshinaafrikaa. modati dakshinaafrikaa cansatnu 1650 meterla ettuku, adhika shakti rocketlo pelodga, november 6,1999naa teesukellaaru. jacon-1 anie piluvabade eee cansatnu stephan stoltz roopondinchi, nirminchi, uttara vishwavidyaalayam (ippudu limpopo vishwavidyaalayam) saanketika pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa rudewal phaar76 gaganatalamlo (limpopo provins) prayoginchaaru. 2011/12 loe, cape town vishwavidyaalayam (yuu. sii. tii) dakshinaafrikaa khagola observatory sahakaaramtho thana modati cansat pootiini praarambhinchindi. 2013 natiki, aneka dakshinaafrikaa vishwavidyaalayaalu tama paatyaamsaallo cansat prajectulanu moolyaankanam cheyadam mariyu ekikrutam cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. dakshinaafrikaalo bhavishyattulo cansut pootiilanu prothsahinchadamlo dakshinaafrikaa jaateeya antariksha samstha pradhana paatra pooshistundani bhaavistunnaaru. iraq kurdistan. iraq kurdistan (ippudu panicheyanidi) yokka computer rockett association anie piluvabade kurdistaanlo oka cansut prograamnu vaastavaaniki 1992loe faalaa mustafa bakir sthaapinchaaru. eee samayamlo kurdistani prabhutvam thana swalpa-shreni kshipani karyakramanni abhivruddhi chestu, yuva vidyaarthulanu sainika saanketika rangamlo chaeradaaniki prothsahinchadaaniki sanghaanni erpaatu chesindi. eee karyakramam vijayavantamaindi mariyu 2000 praarambhamlo daadaapu moodu retlu nidhulu samakuurchindi. 2000 nundi 2003 varaku hussen adhikaaramlo unna chivari samvatsaraallo, hussen karyadarshi prakaram, "satruvuku nidhulanu mallinchadaaniki rocketry associationlo vidhvamsaka karyakalapalu" anie piluvabade kaaranamgaa association chaalaa parimita nidhulanu pondindi. eee samarthana niraadhaaramainadi mariyu 2003 iraq dandayaatra varaku eee anubandham konasaagindi. 2003loe iraakpai america-boggu dandayaatra samayamlo, prabhutvampai teevramaina yuddhakaala ottilla kaaranamgaa association nidhulu puurtigaa tagginchabaddaayi. 2003 chivarilo dandayaatra mugisina taruvaata association raddu cheyabadindi, conny american sainika pramukhulu united stateslo rockett karyakramam yokka saamarthyaanni chuusaaru. aaa ventane, vidyaarthi-kendrikruta rockett associationku nidhulu samakuurchi 26 american paatasaalalu eee karyakramanni nirvahinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. appati nundi, aneka deshaalu vidyaarthi rockett kaaryakramaalanu sweekarinchaayi mariyu iraqi kurdistan yokka prarambha computer rockett association vijayam taruvaata roopondinchina saanketika-aadhaarita muula sanghaalaku nidhulanu vistarinchaayi.

keenn seet keenn seet eek qasm kaa sounding rocket pay load hay juu khalayi technology sikhanay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. yaha chhotay satellite mein istemaal honay waali technology say milta jaltaa hay. naha hyee kasee keenn seet nay kabhi maahul kuu chhoda hay aur naha hyee zameen kay gird chakar lagaya hay. keenn seet muqabilon mein pay load kuu eek aam sodda keenn (66 milly metter qatar aur 115 milly metter oonchayi) kay hajm kay andar fitt honaa zaruri hay aur iss kii kameet 350 graam say kumm hay. antina kuu beruni toor parr nasb kiyaa jaa saktaa hay leakin qatar iss waqat takk nahein badh saktaa jabb takk kahh keenn seet laanch wahikal say baahir naha nikal jaaye. cancets kuu chhotay rocket say oonchayi parr tayinaat kiyaa jaataa hay juu muqabilay kay lahaaz say mukhtalif hotaa hay. cancet eek bazyabi kay nazaam say lees hotay haine aam toor parr parashot taakah bazyabi parr honay waalay nqsan kuu mahdud kiyaa jaa sakay aur cancet kuu dobarah istemaal karnay kii ajazat dee jaa sakay. cancets kuu khalayi technology sikhanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay keunkah inn kii sastee qeemat aur kumm maqdar hoti hay. tareekh. 1998 mein america aur japaan kii 12 universityon kay taqriba 50 talbaa aur faculties hawai mein munaqidah eek symposium mein milay. yaha pehla "university spees systems symposium" thaa. yahaan stenford university kay professor emerates baab togs nay ibtadayi khayaal paish kiyaa kahh baad mein neeno satellite projects kiyaa bunn jayein gay. iss kaa khayaal khalaa mein sodda keenn kay size kaa dahancha laanch karnaa thaa. iss kaa hajm taqriba 350 milly latter aur kameet taqriba 500 graam hony chahiye. iss kii wajah say 1999 mein sharoo honay waala eek mansubah sharoo hawaa jasay aarlis kahaa jaataa hay jiss mein ziyadah tarr americi aur japani universityan shaamil thein jiss nay iss saal 11 satambar kuu pehla aaghaz kiyaa aur harr saal baghair kasee rukawat kay jaari rakhaa. ibtadayi khayal juu aaj bhee raej hay 350 milly latter kay 3 satellite yaa ziyadah hajm kay satellite kuu laanch karnaa thaa. iss kaa zariah eek rocket hoga juu 1.8 clow aur 4000 metter takk chadhnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay jiss say kumm laagat waali khalayi parwazon kaa darwazah khill jaaye gaa-taqriba 400 ddaalar. 2000 mein mission behat mukhtalif thay: misaal kay toor parr baromator kay zariah farahim kardah ddita kaa istemaal kartay hoay lending system kay khilnay kaa hasaab lagaana yaa tafriq jee pee aiss system kaa istemaal karnaa. yaha mansubah 2001 mein eek ziyadah paichidah surathaal mein aagiya jabb wapsi kaa zamrah shaamil kiyaa gayaa jiss kay mutabiq satellite kuu kasee khaas hadaf kii taraf bheja jaana chahiye. yaha mission behat kamiyab rehaa aur 2002 mein tohoko university kii khalayi robotics leeb kay talbaa hadaf say 45 metter takk gayey aur 2006 mein yaha taadad 6 metter takk girr gayee. iss qasm kay satellite mein dilchaspi badh rahee hay aur phail rahee hay. 2003 mein tokiyo university nay duu satellite cube seet cancets say qadray baday size kay satellite aur cube kii shakal kay satellite madaar mein rakhay. haaliyah barson mein professor kay tajweez kardah asee tasavur kay baad kayee muqabilay tayaar kiye gayey haine. baab tong aur qomi aur beenn alaqwami donon tarah say aarlis mein jhalakta hay. operation. aham anaasir. kachh anaasir harr keenn seet kay zariye mushtarik hotay haine: battery. battery rubot kay tamaam systems kay operation kay liye bajli farahim karti hay aur wah kasee bhee rubot yaa electronk system kay liye zaruri haine iss kii karkardgi aur maujudah wazan kay tanasib kii wajah say sabb say ziyadah istemaal honay waali lateem polimer batteriyan (leepo) haine. micro processor. micro processor rubot kaa dall hay keunkah yaha beruni censors (jeesay alty metter acceleromator yaa transmitter) say segnal wasool karnay kaa zamah daar hay aur inhein prograam kay toor parr kaam karnay kay liye bhee amal kartaa hay. ziyadah tarr micro processors mein ddita storage kay liye androni memori shaamil hoti hay yaa shaamil how sakti hay juu parwaz kay doraan mukhtalif censors say malumat kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye mufeed hay. iss satah parr istemaal honay waalay kachh tajarti micro processors yaha haine: saanvi anaasir. mazkurah baala anaasir kay alawah dosray kuu iss mission kuu madnazar rakhtay hoay shaamil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jiss kii zamah daari asay sonpi gayee hay. baromator. baromator dabao kii paimaish karnay waalay sail parr mushtamil hotaa hay juu micro processor say jadaa hotaa hay aur iss kay mahsus honay waalay dabao kay mutabiq voltage kii qeemat kay saath eek segnal bhejta hay. micro processor oonchayi haasil karnay kay liye mayari mahuliyati halaat kaa istemaal kartaa hay. iss qasm kay aalat mein istemaal honay waalay baromator kii misaal: thermometer. thermometer baromator kii tarah kaam kartaa hay leakin micro processor kuu bheja jaanay waala voltage segnal maapa hawaa darjah hararat parr munhasir hotaa hay. micro processor darjah hararat kii qeemat muqarar karkay iss segnal kii tashrih kartaa hay. yaha istemaal honay waalay thermometers kii misalein haine: jee pee aiss modiol. jee pee aiss zameen kii positioning kaa eek nazaam hay juu satellite neet wark parr mushtamil hay juu zameen kay gird chakar lagaa rehaa hay juu muslisil apnee position aur transmission kaa waqat bhejta hay. inn aidaad woo shamaar say wasool kanandah ziyadah darastagi haasil karnay kay liye tamaam dastiyaab satellites kay saath apnee position kuu maslas banata hay. yaha position ddita line kay toor parr eek serial port kay zariye micro processor kuu bheji jaati hay. design kii satah parr jee pee aiss receivers kuu aisi jagah parr waaqa honaa chahiye jehaan satellite wazan line jitna mumkin how sakay seedhi how taakah parwaz kay doraan inn kay saath hadd say baahir naha how. dhaati dahanchay kay keenn seet mein wasool kanandgan kuu hamishah wahaan waaqa honaa chahiye jehaan dahancha iss benayi kii lakeer kuu mutasir nahein kartaa hay. kimrah. dabay mein eek manee kimrah shaamil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay taakah dabay kay hawaa mein utarnay kay doraan kasee bhee cheez kii tasveer lee jaa sakay. yaha baath zahan mein rakhtay hoay kahh jabb rubot hawaa mein how tuu keenn seet kuu kimrah chalanay kay arder mosul nahein how saktay haine lehza micro processor wah honaa chahiye juu kimray kuu tasveer leenay kaa hakam deeta hay. yaha keenn seet kay liye kimray kii eek misaal hay: cancets kuu 3 ddee mapping kay liye bhee istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss kii eek misaal lunk parr hay: HTTPS:// cansat.unicek.malumat/ acceleromator. yaha nazaam mukhtalif mahuron mein eek yaa eek say ziyadah acceleromator say banaa hay. tamaam acceleromator eek taraf marbut mahuron mein acceleration kii paimaish karnay kii ajazat deetay haine. acceleromator kaa istemaal ddita aktha karnay yaa position kaa tayeen karnay kay liye (inzamam kay zariye) kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. positionon kaa tayeen karnay kay liye banaye gayey behtareen acceleromator kuu inertial navigation system inn kehtay haine. yaha kachh keenn seet models parr istemaal hotay haine. iss nazaam kii ghair yaqeeni surathaal kaa inhasaar censors kii inshankin kartay waqat honay waali ghalti parr hotaa hay. iss nazaam kay fawaid iss haqeeqat say jaatay haine kahh jee pee aiss kii zarurat nahein hay maqnatisi madakhilat kay khalaaf qoot madafat takk. yaha keenn seet kay andar mutadid maqamat kii ajazat deeta hay. sabb say ziyadah istemaal honay waalay acceleromator mein say kachh yaha haine: electronk compass. baaz auqaat yaha jaanna zaruri hotaa hay kahh keenn seet kiss samat kii peervi kirr rehaa hay (misaal kay toor parr eek controld decent anjaam deenay kay liye)yee iss soorat mein compass censor eek behat chhota censor hotaa hay juu rawayati compass kii tarah iss kii samat aur shamaal kay darmiyan kay zawiyah kii paimaish kartaa hay. yaha zawiyah mamkanah farq kay zariye micro processor mein muntaqil hotaa hay. micro processor aaney waalay segnal kii tashrih kartaa hay aur asee kay mutabiq kaam kartaa hay. iss tarah agar keenn seet kaa maqsad jee pee aiss rasyur kaa istemaal kiye baghair kasee hadaf takk pahunchna thaa tuu yaha censor eek aham kirdaar adaa karay gaa. compass kay istemaal shadah kachh namunay yaha haine: aqsaam. cancets kii bunyadi toor parr duu qasmein haine halankah aam toor parr inn machinon kay liye teesra zamrah shaamil kiyaa jaataa hay juu pehley duu mein fitt nahein hoti haine: teeli metry. yaha wah hay jiss kaa bunyadi maqsad zamini station kay zariye kararwai kay liye haqeeqi waqat mein parwaz aur mosami halaat say ddita aktha karnaa aur muntaqil karnaa hay. iss zamray mein cancet steering system kaa istemaal nahein kartay keunkah iss kaa maqsad kasee khaas maqaam parr girna nahein hay balkah ddita aktha karnaa hay jabb kahh nazool (juu aam toor parr control nahein hotaa hay). pachlay hasoon mein mazkur nizamon mein say sabb say ziyadah istemaal honay waalay haine: baromator thermometer jee pee aiss aur kimrah. wapsi. inn kaa bunyadi kaam yaha hay kahh jee pee aiss coordinates say nashaan zad hadaf kay jitna mumkin how sakay qareeb say control shadah andaaz mein utarna hay. inn aalat kuu jee pee aiss yaa inertial navigation system inn kay zariye hidayat dee jaa sakti hay. yaha position micro processor kuu bheji jaati hay juu inn aidaad woo shamaar kay tajziye say hadaf kii position kaa mawaznah kartaa hay taakah iss zawiyah kaa hasaab lagaya jaa sakay jiss parr asay hadaf kuu hall karnay kay liye madna chahiye aur steering system kuu munasib hidayaat deeta hay. iss amal kuu aslahaat karnay kay liye muslisil dohraya jaataa hay. iss tarah kay aalat parwaz mein ddita bhee mahfuz kartay haine leakin chonkah inn kay saath aaney waalay censors kii taadad kumm hay iss liye malumat pachli qasm kay muqabilay mein ziyadah kumm haine. wapsi kaa keenn seet hamishah eek steering system rakhta hay juu asay chaal chalaaney samat bundi karnay aur hadaf kii taraf badhnay kii ajazat deeta hay. aam toor parr iss tarah kaa tariqah kaar micro processor kay zeer control eek yaa ziyadah actuators kay zariye mutharik hotaa hay taakah ceromoter eek taraf yaa dosri taraf ghomta rahay aur iss tarah dabay kuu ghomta rahay. duu aham aqsaam haine juu iss baath parr munhasir haine kahh keenn seet mein parashot yaa glyder yaa rotar aur paroon kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa hay. parashot yaa piraa glyder kay saath cancet. inn aalat mein aam toor parr eek steering system hotaa hay juu dhaagon parr mushtamil hotaa hay juu ghair mutnasib toor parr harkat kartay haine taakah tool albald mahur kii lift mein farq paida how taakah keenn seet kasee naha kasee tarah ghomta rahay. yaha kaafi saadah meconics kaa istemaal kartaa hay. inn aalat kuu aam toor parr kumm utartay hoay aur baday satah kay raqbe kii wajah say control karnaa mashkal hay. paroon yaa rotarz kay saath cancet. mikanki toor parr ziyadah paichidah aur mosami halaat kaa kumm khatrah hay juu parashot yaa glyder kay saath cancet kartay haine. iss qasm kay gaijat kuu chalanay kay liye behat ziyadah sakht hotay haine aur iss kay utarnay kii ziyadah sharah kii wajah say eek electronk system kii zarurat hoti hay juu phee second behat see mazeed aslahaat karnay kay qaabil how. open klaas. iss zamray mein koyee bhee rubot juu pachlay duu zamron mein say kasee mein shaamil nahein hay jamaa karaya jaa saktaa hay. iss zamray mein paish kiye gayey ziyadah tarr keenn seet rubot haine juu nayey systems yaa nayey designon kii jaanch kirr rahay haine jinn kii ubhee takk jaanch nahein kii gayee hay (technology kay muzahireen). taleemi dilchaspi. deegar khalayi mansubon kay muqabilay mein amal daraamad kii kumm laagat tayari kaa mukhtasir waqat aur design kii saadgi iss tasavur kuu talbaa kay liye khalaa mein apnaa pehla qadm uthanay kaa eek behtareen emli moqaa banaati hay. talbaa kaam kaa bojh taqsim karkay mission kii takmeel kay tareeqe keenn seet design ajzaa kay inzamam darsat operation kii tasdiq laanch kii tayaari ddita tajziya aur team tanzim kaa intekhaab karnay kay zamah daar haine. yaha bunyadi toor parr eek haqeeqi satellite kay design takhliq aur laanch kii paimanay kii nql hay. keenn seet tayaar karnay kay liye darkaar amal mein seekhnay kaa eek amal shaamil hotaa hay jasay masilah parr mubni seekhnay kay naam say jaana jaataa hay eek neeya tadrisi tariqah jiss mein taalib alam markazi kirdaar hotaa hay aur asay masail kuu hall karnaa hotaa hay. iss qasm kay mansubay kii bunyadi khususiyat yaha hay kahh teamon kuu muslisil challenges say chalnay waalay khalay masail kaa saamna karnaa padta hay. asatazah kii taraf say dee jaanay waali himayat iss tajarbay kuu madnazar rakhtay hoay kumm how rahee hay jiss takk grop pahunch rehaa hay taakah yaha tasleem kiyaa jaa sakay kahh system engineering kuu bhee apnee salahiyaton kii tarqi aur tehqeeq kii paicheedgi say namatna padta hay. khalayi engineering kaa shobah taleem mein istemaal honay waalay sabb say aam tareeqon mein say eek hay keunkah yaha parkashish mozuaat kii eek wasee renj farahim kartaa hay. muqabilay. keenn seet muqabilay yourup riyasathaye muthadah aur aishya waghairah mein munaqid kiye jaatay haine. riyasathaye muthadah. keenn seet muqabilah. riyasathaye muthadah mein keenn seet design build laanch muqabilon mein say eek american stronautical society aur american insity teut aaf aeronautics aind stronautics kay zeer ahtamam hay. muqabilay kay deegar sponsors mein neol recerch libartry naasa aey jee aayee arbital sciences corporation praxis incorporated aur saald works shaamil haine. arlas. arlas project stenford university aur deegar taleemi idaaron mein talbaa aur faculty dwelopment prograam spees systems kay darmiyan eek bahami taawan parr mubni koshish hay taakah zameen kay madaar yaa mareekh kii khalaa mein laanch karnay kii tayari mein proto type manee teachrised satellites kii tameer laanch test aur baziyafat kii jaa sakay. aarlis nay khalayi mansubay kay life cycle (taqriba eek saal) mein emli tajarbah haasil karnay kay liye eek challenge kii tajweez paish kii hay. harr team eek yaa eek say ziyadah satellite design aur banaati hay aur wah apnay tajarbaat kii tayaari laanch operation aur mahfuz bazyabi kii nigrani kay liye newada kay bleek raak mein laanch saait parr jaatay haine. aarlis rocket farahim kartaa hay harr eek 3,500 metter kii bulandi parr teen cancet parashot lay jaanay kay qaabil hay juu harr eek keenn kuu tajarbaat kay liye taqriba 15 mint kii parwaz kay waqat kii ajazat deeta hay juu kahh eek afq say afq kay madaar kay nichley madaar kay guzarnay kii nql kartaa hay. europ. europi keenn seet muqabilay kuu europi khalayi agency kay zariye farogh diyaa jaataa hay aur iss kii taujah hayee school kay talbaa parr markoz hay. yaha eek aisa muqabilah hay jiss mein harr keenn seet kuu hajm kii rawayati zaruriyat kuu poraa karnaa chahiye aur parwaz kay waqat aur bujjet say mutaliq deegar kay saath 350 graam say ziyadah maas nahein honaa chahiye. dabao aur darjah hararat kii paimaish karnay aur iss ddita kuu haqeeqi waqat mein muntaqil karnay kay elawah. iss kay alawah keenn seet kuu aazadana intekhaab kaa saanvi mission adaa karnaa chahiye. iss mission kay liye tajaweez kaa istemaal inn teamon kuu muntakhib karnay kay liye kiyaa jaataa hay juu 1000 metter takk chadhnay waalay rocket parr sawaar how kirr apnay cancet laanch karein gee jehaan yaha andar mojud duu cancet kholta aur girata hay. bhaarat. ardle-keenn seet kaa hindustan mein aaney waala university keenn seet challenge eek design build flayee muqabilah hay juu teamon kuu airo spees system kay design life cycle kaa tajarbah karnay kaa moqaa farahim kartaa hay. university keenn seet challenge kuu chhotay paimanay parr eek aam airo spees prograam kii akaasi karnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay. mission aur iss kii zaruriyat kuu haqeeqi duniya kay mashnon kay mukhtalif pahluwon kii akaasi karnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay jinn mein teeli metry kii zaruriyat mawasilat aur khood mukhtar karwaiyan shaamil haine. harr team kuu puray challenge mein haqeeqi duniya kay delivery ables jeesay sheedol design kay jaizay aur mazahire kii parwazon parr score kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha taqrib agast 2015 kay wast mein 17 januri 2016 kuu hoscoat mein sharoo hoyee thee iss kaa ahtamam itlaaqi tehqiqi tarqiyati libartriyon nay kiyaa thaa aur iss kii mezbani indeen insity teut science banglor nay kii thee. iss taqrib kaa faislah karnay waalay panelist aayee aiss aar awo kay namur sciencedan thay. parwaz kay baad kii mukhtasir guftagu kay baad team night suurat faatah bunn kirr ubhri. jamhuria cheek. aisro cheek jamhuria kay zeer ahtamam yaha eek chhotay size kaa muqabilah hay juu europi keenn seet muqabilay kay liye ahlit kay moad kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. sharkaa kii taujah khood satellite kii tameer kay saath ziyadah tarr jewari kay saath saath awaam kay saamney project kii mosar paishkash parr hay keunkah soshal neet works parr maujudgi aur project kii majmuyi awami numaindagi hatmi tashkhis kaa eek aham hasah banaati hay. speen. libartry faar spees aind micro gravity recerch (leem) nay pouli technic university aaf medrade (yuu pee ayem) kii madad say 2008 mein honay waalay pehley beenn alaqwami keenn seet muqabilay kay baad say beenn alaqwami keenn seet muqabilay kaa anaqad kiyaa hay. iss safha kay opri hasay mein tafsil say biyaan kardah keenn seet kii aqsaam kay mutabiq teen zamray haine. eek aur khilaa zamrah hay jiss mein size kii hadood atnee sakht nahein haine aur gaijat kii bury kameet how sakti hay taqriba 1 clow takk. jaisa kahh europi muqabilay mein hotaa hay kachh ddita kuu haqeeqi waqat mein teeli metry kay zariye bheja jaana chahiye aur shareek teamon kay liye bujjet kii hadood haine. france. see aine ayee (francisi khalayi agency) aur aisosi aishan plant sciences kay zeer ahtamam francisi muqabilah "see spees" muham kay doraan hotaa hay juu naujawanon kay liye khalaa say mutaliq technology kaa eek aaot reech prograam hay. iss muqabilay mein cancets kuu taqriba 200 metter kii bulandi parr eek jaamid dergible aiyar ship say giraya jaataa hay. duu zamray dastiyaab haine: "beenn alaqwami" aur "khilaa" jiss mein hajm kii zaruriyat kuu eek rawayati dabay kay 330 milly latter kay muqabilay mein 1 latter takk kay hajm kii ajazat deenay kay liye badhaya jaataa hay. jamhuria koriya. 2012 say koriyayi wazaarat science aayee tye tye aur mustaqabil kii mansubah bundi koriya mein keenn seet culture kuu maqbool bananay aur satellite mangement parr talbaa kay alam kuu badhanay kay liye koriyayi keenn seet muqabilay/camp kii sarparasti kirr rahee hay. yaha muqabilah koriyayi cubeset muqabilay kay saath duu aham satellite muqabilon parr mushtamil hay juu koriyayi hukumat kii taraf say paish kiye jaatay haine. muqabilay kuu setrack (satellite technology recerch center) kay zariye barqarar rakhaa jaataa hay juu eek qomi satellite recerch center hay juu mutadid kamiyab koriyayi satellite kay liye zamah daar hay aur yaha science parr mubni sabb say bawaqar schoolon mein say aike cast kaa hasah hay. cancet tayaar karnay kay liye tamaam faison kuu koriyayi hukumat kii taraf say zarurat kay mutabiq subsidy dee jaati hay juu khalayi technology tayaar karnay kay liye hukumat kay maaster plaan kay hasay kay toor parr hay. hayee school kay talbaa aur indergraduate talbaa iss muqabilay mein hasah leenay kay liye 3 talbaa kii team banaa saktay haine. hayee school kay talbaa (grade 10 ~ 12) seligi sector (<unk>) mein hasah leetay haine aur inhein bunyadi keenn seet plait faarm kaa istemaal kartay hoay izaafi takhliqi kaamon say guzarna padta hay. inn kaamon kii misalon mein 'azgar parr mubni bees system'yee 'cancets kay liye modular dahancha' shaamil haine. harr mayee mein tamaam shareek teamon kuu keenn seet tayaar karnay aur team kay makhsus kaamon kuu anjaam deenay kay baaray mein apnaa mansubah paish karnaa chahiye. pahar 20 teamein jinn kaa intekhaab inn kay kaam kii amaldari aur keenn seet parr bunyadi alam kay mutabiq kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha teamein aann line parr mubni taleem say guzarti haine aur apnay banaye hoay bunyadi nazaam kay mutabiq apnay kaamon kuu anjaam deenay kay liye waqat haasil karti haine. inn kay kaamon aur bees system kii takmeel kaa eek baar phir jaizah liyaa jaataa hay taakah 10 teamon kaa intekhaab kiyaa jaa sakay juu aakhir kaar apnaa keenn seet laanch kirr sakein. koriyayi khalayi mohqaqeen kay taleemi seeshan kay baad inn keenn seet kuu gohiyang mein laanch kiyaa jaataa hay juu kahh airiya naaro spees center bhee waaqa hay. indergraduate talbaa changju sector (<unk>) mein hasah leetay haine aur hayee school kay talbaa kii tarah asee tarah kay amal say guzartay haine. bunyadi farq yaha hay kahh hayee school kay talbaa inn talbaa kii madad kay liye bees station prograam wasool kartay haine juu programing kay aadi nahein haine indergraduate talbaa kuu apnay liye apnay bees station prograam prograam karnay chahein. bunyadi sheedol hayee school kay talbaa kay liye yaksaan hay. muddle school aur kachh primery school kay talbaa (grade 5-9) asee hakaam kay zeer intezam aur sponsor kardah 'corin keenn seet camp' mein hasah leetay haine. keenn seet parr inn kii dilchaspi aur alam kii bunyaad parr 30 teamon kaa intekhaab kiyaa jaataa hay juu 2 talbaa parr mushtamil hoti haine keenn seet camp mein hasah leenay kay liye. 2 dunn takk inn talbaa kuu koriyayi khalayi mohqaqeen kay zariye taleem dee jaati hay. wah apnay bunyadi keenn seet (jee pee aiss bright censor inertial maas yount waghairah kay saath) tayaar kartay haine.) camp kay doraan. japaan. japaan mein yaha muqabilah unicek (university spees engineering consortium) kay zariah munaqid kiyaa jaataa hay aur dosray editionon kay barakas jiss mein cancets kuu rocket kay zariye laanch kiyaa jaataa hay yahaan yaha eek ghabarah hay juu eek makhsus oonchayi parr chadhta hay jiss kay baad cancet giraya jaataa hay. yaha muqabilah eek makhsus position takk pahunchnay kay baaray mein hay yaa tuu parwaz kay raastay mein tarmim kay zariye yaa pahiyon kay izaafe kay zariye taakah dabay kuu matlubah jagah takk pahunchnay diyaa jaa sakay. argentine. argentine mein eek keenn seet metting hoti hay leakin yaha musabiqti nahein hay. iss kay bajaye keenn seet prograam eek mutalah kaa tariqah kaar hay juu khood saakhta dobarah qaabil istemaal lanchers kaa istemaal kartay hoay tajarbay kay zariye anjaam diyaa jaataa hay. yaha prograam mufta jaari kiyaa jaataa hay aur talbaa kuu atminan farahim kartaa hay jiss mein wah eek paichidah engineering project kay puray life cycle mein shaamil hotay haine jiss mein tasvarati design inzamam jaanch aur asl system operations say lay kirr mission kay baad kay khalasah kii metting kay saath ikhtatam hotaa hay. keenn seet prograam kaa ahtamam harr saal akma (tajarbati roctory aur argentine kay khalayi modeling kii aisosi aishan) kay zariye kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha prograam satambar 2003 mein eek taleemi conference mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa aur pehla argentine keenn seet nomber 2004 mein sharoo kiyaa gayaa thaa jasay collegio saan felip neeri kay talbaa nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. airaan. airaan keenn seet muqabilah (aayee see see) eek aur muqabilah hay juu keenn seet kay design aur tayari kay liye munaqid hotaa hay jasay airaan kay khalabazon kay tehqiqi idaarey (aey aar aayee) nay sponsor kiyaa hay. yaha muqabilah 2011 say harr saal munaqid kiyaa jaataa hay aur iss mein classici aur professional kay naam say duu zamray shaamil haine classici zamray mein mahuliyati aawaz aur foto/video capturing mission shaamil haine jabkah paishah waranah zamray mein baiyo pay load recori aur wapsi kay mission shaamil haine. teamein operation say pehley pee ddee aar aur see ddee aar tayaar karein gee aur medaan mein cancet kii jaanch kay baad pee aif aar tayaar karein gee. talbaa say toqaa kii jaati hay kahh wah naha sarf takniki masail parr apnay alam kuu behatar banayein balkah eek kaseer shobah jaati project kay liye darkaar manzam nazariyah bhee haasil karein aur sharoo say lay kirr masnuaat takk puray life cycle mein kasee project mein shaamil honay kaa tajarbah haasil karein. chotha airaan beenn alaqwami keenn seet muqabilah (aayee see see 2014) aktobar 2014 mein munaqid honaa thaa. aath muqabilay munaqid how chakay haine.(2019-2020) muqabilay kay aathwein round (2019-2020) mein amerkbeer university aaf technology kii donon teamon nay ahmad razaa karaami kii nigrani mein aur doctor kay mashure parr pehli aur teesri position haasil kii.kamran raeesi. airaan kii yaazid university kii team bhee dosra khataab jeeth sakti hay. janubi afriqah. pehla janubi afriqi keenn seet 1650 metter kii oonchayi takk lay jayaa gayaa eek hayee pawar rocket parr pay load kay toor parr 6 nomber 1999 kuu. dub kiyaa gayaa zeekan-1yee keenn seet kuu stephan stoltz nay design aur banaya thaa aur rudiwal faar76 aiyar spees (lampopo subah) mein shamaal kii university (abb lampopo university) kii taraf say technology kii numaish kay hasay kay toor parr laanch kiyaa gayaa thaa. mein 2011/12yee cape town university (yuu see tye) nay janubi afriqi falkiyati rasad gaah kay saath mill kirr apnaa pehla keenn seet muqabilah sharoo kiyaa. 2013 takk janubi afriqah kii mutadid universityon nay apnay nisaab mein keenn seet mansubon kaa jaizah leena aur inhein marbut karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa hay. toqaa kii jaa rahee hay kahh janubi afriqah kii qomi khalayi agency janubi afriqah kay andar keenn seet muqabilon kay mustaqabil kay farogh mein aham kirdaar adaa karay gee. iraqi kardonstan. kardonstan mein eek keenn seet prograam jasay computer rocket aisosi aishan aaf iraqi kardonstan (abb ghair faal) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay asl mein 1992 mein flah mustafi bakar nay qayem kiyaa thaa. kardon kii hukumat nay iss waqat apnay qaleel fasilay takk maar karnay waalay meezaail prograam kuu tayaar kartay hoay naujawan talbaa kuu foji technology kay shobay mein shaamil honay kii targhib deenay kay liye aisosi aishan banayi. yaha prograam kamiyab rehaa aur 2000 kay aaghaz mein taqriba teen ganaa funding dekhi gayee. haseen kay secertry kay mutabiq haseen kay iqtedar mein aakhri saalon kay doraan haseen kay secertry kay mutabiq aisosi aishan kuu behat ziyadah mahdud funding millie jasay "roctory aisosi aishan mein takhribi srgarmi kay toor parr jaana jaataa thaa taakah dashman kuu funds muntaqil kiye jaa sakein. yaha jawaz bay bunyaad thaa aur yaha anjuman bamashkal 2003 kay iraaq parr hamlay takk qayem rahee. 2003 mein iraaq parr americi itehad kay hamlay kay doraan hukumat parr jung kay waqat kay shadeed dabao kii wajah say aisosi aishan kii funding mein makmal toor parr kamee kardi gayee thee. 2003 kay aakhir mein hamlah khatam honay kay baad aisosi aishan kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa thaa leakin americi foji shaqsiyat nay riyasathaye muthadah mein rocket prograam kii salahiyat kuu dekha. iss kay foraa baad talbaa parr markoz rocket aisosi aishan kay liye funding nay 26 americi schoolon kuu yaha prograam karnay kay qaabil banaya. tubb say mutadid mamalik nay talbaa kay rocket programon kuu apnaya hay aur technology parr mubni steam aisosi aishnon mein funding kuu badhaya hay juu kahh ibtadayi computer rocket aisosi aishan aaf iraqi kardon kii kamiyabi kay baad banaya gayaa hay.

000716b7217fc798bfe32ff38bd9c61b3460c98ab6b6a7bac9c0f38d18b67306

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47025548

Essar (album)

Essar (album) Essar is a 1984 album by American singer Smokey Robinson. It was produced and arranged by Robinson with Reginald "Sonny" Burke. The album was released on the Motown sub-label "Tamla". The album's title is a pun on the initials of Robinson's name (S.R.). Reception. The album only peaked at #141 on "Billboard" pop charts, and at #35 on R&B charts. "And I Don't Love You" peaked at #106 Billboard and #33 R&B charts, and "I Can't Find" at #109 Billboard and #41 R&B charts. Although the 12" B-side of "And I Don't Love You" Larry Levan's Instrumental (Dub) became a House Music classic in the late 2000s. William Ruhlmann gave 2 out of 5 stars on AllMusic, addressing it as "the low point" in Robinson's career and holding Sonny Burke's dominating synthesiser play responsible. Where Robert Christgau rated it as B+, acknowledging that there are "fillers", but concluding with "one thing you can say about Smokey's filler that you can't say about anybody else's--Smokey's singing it". Track listing. All tracks composed by William "Smokey" Robinson; except where indicated Essar to Emgee. The cover backside contains a handwritten message: "A note to Emgee: We're really gonna miss you, Essar" – obviously from Smokey Robinson (S.R.) to his colleague Marvin Gaye (M.G.) who was murdered on April 1, 1984. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

esaar (elbam) esaar hoise aamerikan gayok smokey robinsonor 1984 sonor elbam. iyak robinsone reginald "sonee" barkor xoite prostut aaru byowostha korisil. elbamtu mott 'daunor upo-label "tomola" too mukoli koraa hoisil. elbamtur xirunamtu hoise robinsonor naamor aadorxor uporot etaa slesh. obhyorthona. elbamtuwe kewol "bilobo" rd "pop chartot #141 aaru aar endo bi chartot #35 too xirxosthan dokhol korisil. "aaru moi tumak bhaal napay" #106 bilobo 'rd aaru #33 aar endo bi chartot xirxosthanot uponeet hoisil, aaru #109 bilobo' rd aaru #41 aar endo bi chartot "moi bisari puwa naai". jodiu 12 "bi-side owo" endo aai dont laabh eu "leri lebhanor badyojontro (daab) 2000-ror doxokor xexor faale ek house music classic hoi porisil. uilium ruholmene ol musicot 5ror bhitorot 2taa taroka disil, iyak robinsonor karrier "nimno bindu" buli xombudhon korisil aaru sonee barkor probhawxali xongslexok natokok dayitwoxil korisil. zo 'too robert christogauye iyak bi + buli rating disil, "filler" aase buli swikar korisil, kintu "smokir filaror bixoye aapuni etaa kotha koo' bob paare jitu aapuni aan kaaru bixoye koo 'bob nuware-smokire iyak gaise" buli upoxongharere xomapto korisil. trekk talika. uilium "smokey" robinsonor dwara rosona koraa xokolu trekk; zo 'too ingito diya hoise taar baahire esaar tu eji. proschodor pisfale etaa hostolikhito barta aaseh "emmir baabe etaa tukah aami xosakoiye tumak miss korim, esaar"-spostobhabe dhumpayee robinsonor (xokolor) poraa.aar.) teur xohokormi marvin gei (em.ji.) jaak 1984 sonor 1 aprilot hotya koraa hoisil.

esser (album) esser holl markin gayak smokey robinsoner 1984 saaler ekti album. etty robbinson dwara reginald "sonny" barker saathe toiri ebong sajano hoyechilo. albumty motauner saab-lebel "tamla"-teey mukti paay. albumer shironamti robinsoner naamer adyakkharer upor ekti shlesh. abhyarthana. albumty cable "billboard" popp charte #141 ebong rndb charte #35-ayee poucheche. "ebong aami aponake bhalobasi naa" #106 billboard ebong #33 arr & bii chartgulite shirshe uthechilo, ebong #109 billboard ebong #41 arr & bii chartgulite "aami khunje pachchi naa". jodio 12 "bii-side" ebong aaee dont laav eu "-err 12tii ongsho 2000-err doshoker shesher dike ekti house music classic hoye othe. uilium ruhlman oll music-ayee 5-err modhye 2tii stara diyechen, etike robinsoner kormojiboner "nimno bindu" hisabe sambodhan korechen ebong sonny barker prabhabshali synthesizer natokke dayee korechen. jekhane robbert christgau etike bii + hisabe retting diyechen, sweekar korechen jey "philara" royeche, tobey "smokir philara somporke upney ekti jinis bolte paren jaa upney onno karor somporke bolte parben naa-smokir etty gaoa". track talika. uilium "smokey" robbinson rachito samasta gaan; jekhane nirdeshito hoyeche taa chhada esser theke emji. prochchoder pichoner dike ekti haate lekha barta royeche "emjir jonno ekti notah amra sottii aponake miss korte cholechi, essar"-sposhtotoi dhumpayee robbinson (gully) theke.arr.) taar sahakarmi marvin geey (mii.zii.) jaake 1984 saaler 1laa april hotya koraa hoyechilo.

essar (album) esser aee american gaayak smokey robinson robinson album chhe. tenu nirmaan aneey vyavastha robinson dwara reginald "soonee" barqa saathe karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa album moton petaa-label "tamalaa" parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aalbamnu sheershak robinsonna naamnaa aadhyaksharo parr aek schlock chhe. swaagat. aaa album "billboard" pope charts parr fakt #141 aneey aar anned bii charts parr #35 parr pahonchyu hatoo. "aneey huun tamane prem karato nathee" #106 billboard aneey #33 R & B charts parr toach parr hatoo, aneey #109 billboard aneey #41 R & B charts parr "huun shodhee shakato nathee". joke 12 "bii-side" aneey aaee dont lava yuu ", lerii levannu instrumental (dub) (dub) daykana antamaa house music classic bunny gayoo hatoo. veeliyam ruhalmene ola music parr 5 maanthi 2 taaraa aapyaa, tene robinsonni kaarkirdimaa "neechala bindu" tareeke sambodhyaa aneey soonee barknaa prabhutva dharaavtaa synthesizer natakne jawabdar theravyu. jyaan roobert christago tene bii + tareeke rait karyoo hatoo, sveekaaryu hatoo keey "fillers" chhe, parantu "smokeena philara vishe tame aek vastu kahee shako chho jeey tame beeja koinaa vishe kahee shaktaa nathee-smokey tene gaai rahyo chhe". track soochi. veeliyam "smokey" robinson dwara rachaayel tamaam track; jyaan suchavvama aavyu hoya teey sivaay essar too emmy. kavarnee paachhalni bajuae aek hastalikhit sandesh chheh "emegi maate aek nondhah amey kharekhar tamane yaad karvaa jaee rahyaa chhiae, esser"-dekheeti reete smokey robinson (oo.aar.) temnaa sahyogi marvin geey (aema.jee.) jenee 1 april, april roj hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee.

esser (album) essar americi gaayak smokey robbinson kaa 1984 kaa album haye. iska utpaadan aur vyavastha robbinson dwara reginald "soney" berk key saath kii gaee thee. album koo motaun upa-label "tamala" parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album kaa sheershak robbinson key naam key aadyaksharon parr ack shlesh haye. swaagat. album kewal "billboard" popp chart parr #141 parr aur aar aind bee chart parr #35 parr pahunch gayaa. "aur main tumse pyaar naheen kartaa" #106 billboard aur #33 r & b chart parr sheersh parr thaa, aur #109 billboard aur #41 r & b chart parr "mujhe naheen mill rhaa haye". halanki 12 "bee-side" aur aaee dont lava yuu "lairi leven kaa vaadya (dub) 2000 key dashak key anta mein ack house music classic bunn gayaa. villium ruhlman ney sabhi sangeet parr 5 mein seey 2 sitaare diye, ise robbinson key currier mein "nimn bindu" key roop mein sambodhit kiya aur soney barke key pramukh synthesizer play koo jimmedaar thaharaaya. jahan robbert christgau ney ise bee + key roop mein mulyankan kiya, yeh sweekaar karate hue kii "bharaav" hain, lekin "ack baat aap smokey key bharaav key baare mein kaha sakate hain kii aap kissy aur key baare mein naheen kaha sakate-smokey ise gaa rhaa haye. track soochi. villium "smokey" robbinson dwara rachit sabhi geet; sivaay jahan sanket diyaa gayaa hoe esser too ammy. aavaran key peechhe ack hastalikhit sandesh haih "ammy key liye ack notah humm vaastav mein aapako yaad karane jaa rahey hain, esser"-jahir haye smokey robbinson (oun.aar.) apane sahakarmi marvin gey (aim.jee.) jinaki 1 aprail, 1984 koo hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.

esser (album) esser embudu american gayaka smokey robbinson avara 1984rahra album aagide. idannu robbinson avaru reginald "sooni" barknondige nirmisi vyavasthegolisidaru. ee album annu motoun upa-label "tamala" nalli bidugade maadalaayitu. albumna shirshikeyu robbinson avara hesarina modalaksharagala mele ondu shleshavaagide. svaagata. ee album "billboard" pop chartgalalli maatra #141 mattu aarr & bii chartgalalli #35 sthaanavannu galisitu. "mattu aii dont love yuu" "jaahiraatu phalakadalli mattu aarr & bii pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii dont love yuu" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "pattiyalli" "aii cont fined" "nalli" "aii cont fined" "nalli" "aii cont fined" "nalli" "aii cont fined" "nalli" "aii cont" "aii dont love yuu" "" nalli "aii dont love yuu" "" aii dont love yuu "" "aii dont love yuu" "" aii dont aii dont love yuu "" "aii dont" aii dont "aii dont" aii "aii 12 "bii-side" mattu aii dont love yuu "aadaroo, larry leven avara vaadya (dub) 2000 rahra dashakada koneyalli house music classic aayitu. vilium ruhlman avaru almusicanalli 5ralli 2 nakshatragalannu niididaru, idannu robbinson avara vrattijeevanadalli "kelamatta" endu sambodhisidaru mattu sooni burkna praabalyada synthesiser naatakavannu javabdariyutavagi hidididdaru. allie robbert christgou idannu bii + endu rait maadidaru, "bhartisaamaagrigalu" ive endu wappikondaru, aadare "dhoomapaanigala tumbuvikeya bagge neevu helabahudaada ondu vishayavendare neevu bereyavara bagge helalu sadhyavilla-dhumapani adannu haduttiddare". track patti. vilium "smokey" robbinson samyojisida ellah haadugalu; soochisida sthalavannu horatupadisi ejgege esser. mukhaputada himbhagadalli kaibarahada sandeshavideh "emmige ondu tippanih naavu nijavagiyoo nimmannu miss maadikollutteve, esser"-spashtavagi dhumapani robbinson (ruu.aarr.) tanna sahodyogi marvin geyge (emm.zii.) avarannu 1984rahra april 1randu hatye maadalaagittu.

essar (album) esser haah american gayak smokey robbinson yancha 1984 salcha album aahe. robinsonne reginald "soonee" berks tyachi nirmiti aanee vyavastha kelee hotee. haah album motone up-label 'tamala' varr pradarshit karnyat aala. yaa dhvanimudrikeche shirshak robinsonchya navachya aadyaksharanvar eka shlesh aahe. swagat. haah album keval 'billboard' popp chartvar #141 varr aanee aar andd bii chartvar #35 varr pohochala. "aanee aay dont love yuu" heey #106 jahirat falak aanee #33 aar andd bii taktyavar aanee #109 jahirat falak aanee #41 aar andd bii taktyavar "mallah sapadat nahee" varr pohochale. jaree '12 bii-side' aanee 'aay dont love yuu' jaree, larry levencha vadya (dub) 2000 chya dashakachya uttaradhat eka gharguti sangeet abhijat banala. william ruhalmanne aul musicover 5 paiki 2 taare dile, robinsonchya karkirditil 'nimn bindu' mhanoon sambodhale aanee soonee barkchya varchasva asalelya synthesizer khelala jababdar dharale. jethe robbert christagau yanni tyala bii + asey moolyankan kele, "fillers" aahet heey manya kele, parantu "smokeechya fillerbaddal tumhi eka gosht sangu shakata jee tumhi dusya konachyabaddal sangu shakat nahee-smokeyne teey gayale aahe". track yadee. william "smokey" robinsonne sangitbaddha kelele serve gaane; jethe soochit kele aahe teey vagalata essar too emmy. mukhprushthachya magchya bajula eka hastalikhit sandesh aaheh "eka teepah aamhi kharokharach tuzi aathvan kadhanar aahot, nakkich"-arthat dhoomrapayi robbinson (chya.aar.) tyachya sahakanya marvin geey (emm.jee.) jyachi 1 april 1984 roji hatya karnyat aalee hotee.

esar (album) esar americi gayak smokey robinsonko 1984 ko album how. yo robinsondwara reginald "sony" barkako sath utpadan rar wyawasthit garieko thiyo. album motone upa-lebel "tamala" maa jaari garieko thiyo. albumko shirshak robinsonko namko adyaksharma euta shlesh how. swagat. album "billboard" pup chartma #141 maa rar arr anned bee chartma #35 maa matra pugyo. "rar mahm timilai maya gardinan" #106 billboard rar #33 R & B chartharuma shirshama pugyo, rar #109 billboard rar #41 R & B chartharuma "mahm fela parne sakdin". yadyapi 12 "bee-side" rar mahm tapainlai maya gardin "lyari lebhanko wadya (doub) 2000 ko dashakko antyama house music classic banyo. william ruhalmanle yasalai robinsonko careerma "nimna bindu" ko rupma sambodhan gardai rar sony barkako prabhutwashali synthesizer plelai jimmewar rakhdai sabai sangitma 5 madhye 2 tara die. jahaan robert cristagole yasalai bee + ko rupma mulyankan gare, tyahan "fillerharu" chhan bhanera swikar gardai, tara "ek kura tapain smokiko fillerko barema bhanna saknuhunchha june tapain aru kasaiko barema bhanna saknuhaunna-smokile yasalai gaundaichha. track suchi. william "smokey" robinsondwara rachit sabai trackharu; jahaan sanket garieko chha bahek ezgi garna esar. awaranko pachhadiko bhagma euta hastalikhit sandesh chhah "emjilai euta tippanih hammy sanchchai tapainlai miss garne chhaun, esar"-spashta rupma smokey robinson (haru) batt.arr.) unka sahakarmi marwin ge (emm.zee.) jasko april 1,1984 maa hatya bhaeko thiyo.

essara (album) essara heuchhi americae gajaka smokey rabinasanka 1984 masihar eka album. ehaaku robbinson reginald "sony" berk sahita nirmana ebong byabastha karithile. ehi album motaun sab-lebel "tamla" ray muktilabha karithila . ehi albummer shirshaka heuchhi rabinasanka namara aadya akhyara upare eka shlesh. swagata. album kebala "billboard" pop chartre #141 ebong R & B chartre #35 ray sheershare pahanchithila. "ebong mun tumaku bhalapae naahin" #106 billboard ebong #33 R & B chartre sheershare pahanchithila, ebong #109 billboard ebong #41 R & B chartre "mun paiparunahni". jadio 12 'bii-side' ebong aai dont labh jayu '2000 dashkar shesh bhagare lyari lebhannka upakarana (doub) eka houses music classic hoigala . william ruhlman samasta sangeetare 5 ru 2 taaraa deichhanti, ehaaku rabinasanka carriara "nimna bindu" bhabare sambodhana karichanti ebong sony barknka prabhabasali synthesizer khelaku daie karichanti. jeunthare robert kristagau ehaaku bii + rated karithile, sweekara karithile je "filler" achhi, kintu "smokinka filler bishajare apana gotie kathaa kahiparibe jaahaa apana anya kahari bishajare kahiparibe naahin-smokey ehaaku gaichanti" . track talika. william "smokey" rabinsanka dwara rachita samasta track; jeunthare suchita hoichhi taaha byatita essara tuu emji. prachada pachapate eka hastalikhita barta rahichhih "emji paain eka noth aame prakrutare aapananku miss karibaku jauchhu, essara"-spust bhabare dhumapaji robbinson (mananka thaaru.aarr.) taanka sahakarmee maravin gey (mea.jii.) jaahaaku 1984 masiha april 1 tarikhare hatya karajaithila.

esser (album) esser amriki gaeek samoki robinson dee 1984 dee album haii. iss daa nirman atey parbandh robinson duaara reginald "soonee" barak naal keeta giaa see. album noon moton sabb-label "tamla" utte jaari keeta giaa see. album daa sirlekh robinson dey naam dey pahile akkhran utte ikk shabdik haii. suagat. album siraf "billboard" popp chaart utte #141 atey aar aind bee chaart utte #35 utte pahunchi. "atey main tuhanun piaar naheen karda" #106 billboard atey #33 R & B chaart utte pahunch giaa, atey #109 billboard atey #41 R & B chaart utte "main naheen labbh sakda". halanki 12 "bee-side" atey aaee dont lava yuu "lairi leven daa saaz (dabb) 2000 dey dahake dey akheer witch ikk gharelu sangeet classic bann giaa. viliam ruhlman neey aal music utte 5 vicchon 2 starr ditte, iss noon robinson dey crear witch "hethle bindu" vajon sambodhan keeta atey soonee barak dey prabhavshali sanshleshak play noon zimmevar thahiraiaa. jitthe robbert christau neey iss noon bee + dey roop witch darja ditta, ih savikar karde hoye kii "filler" hunn, parr "ikk gall joe tusin samoki dey filler baare kahi sakde hoow joe tusin kise horr dey baare witch naheen kahi sakde-- samoki iss noon gaa riha haii" naal samapat karde hoye. track suchi. viliam "samoki" robinson duaara tiaar keete gaye saare track; sivaae jitthe sanket keeta giaa haii mg laee esser. cover dey pichle paase ikk hatth likhat sandesh haiyav "aimee laee ikk notay aseen sachmuch tuhanun yaad curran jaa rahey haan, aisar"-spasht taur 'teey samoki robinson (z.aar.) aapne sehyogi marwin geya (aimm.jee.) jiss daa katal 1 aprail 1984 noon keeta giaa see.

essaar (elbum) esser iti american-gayakasya smokey rabinson ityasya 1984 tame varshe nirmitah aalbam asti. asya nirmanam rabinson ityanena reginald "sonee" berk ityanena saha vyavasthitam cha krutam. motaun upa-label "tamalaa" ityasmin asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam krutam. aalbam ityasya sheershakam rabinson ityasya naamnah adyaksharanam upari shlesham asti. sweekaranam. bilboard" paap-charts madhye, aar & bee charts madhye cha, etat aalbam kevalam <aii. dii. 2> iti sheershe eva aasit. "and aii dont love yu" iti namakam "aii aii dee 2" iti namakam, "aii naat faind" iti namakam cha, "aii naat faind" iti namakam cha "aii aii dee 4" namakam, "aii naat faind" namakam cha "aii naat faind" iti namakam cha "aii naat faind" iti namakam "aii naat faind" iti namakam "aii naat faind" iti namakam "aii naat faind" iti namakam "aii naat faind" iti namakam "aii naat fave yu" iti namakam "aii naat love yu" iti namakam "aii naat love yu" iti namakam "aii naat fave yu" iti namakam "aii naat fave yu" iti "aii naat fave yu" iti "aii naat fave yu" aii naat aid yu "aii naat love yu" aii naat yu "aii aii love yu" aii aii aii aii aid yu "aii aii aii aii aii aid yu" aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii aii yadyapi 12 "bee-said aaf" tathaa aii dont love yoo iti "iti lairee levan ityasya vaadyayantram (doub) 2000 tamasya dashakasy ante gruha-sangeetasy shreshtam jaatam. vilium ruhlman aal-music ityatra 5 madhye 2 nakshatrai dattavaan, rabinson ityasya vruttijeevanasya "nimnabinduhu" iti sambodhayan, sonee berk ityasya adhipatyam synthesaisar-naatakam cha uttaradayivan. yatra rabert christgou ityeshah "fillers" iti angeekrutya asya bee + iti mulyankanam krutavaan, parantu "smokey ityasya filler ityasya vishaye ekam kathayitum shaknoti yat bhavaan anyasya smokey ityasya gitasya vishaye naa vadati" iti upasamhaaram krutavaan. anusuchyam soochayati. vilium "smokey" rabinson ityanena rachitaah sarvaani geetaani; soochitaah sthanani vihaay. essaar-too-emjee iti. aavaranasya prushtabhaage hastalikhitah sandesha asti-"emjee-krute ekaha tippaneeh asmaabhih bhavantam sakshat miss bhavishyati, esser"-spashtatayaa smokey rabinson (ess.aar.) tasya sahakarminah maarvin geyy (mall.jii.) yah 1984 april 1 dinaanke maaritah.

esser (aalbam) esser enbathu america paadagar smokey rabinson 1984 aam aandu aalbamaagum. idhu rabinson enbavaraal reginald "soani" burk moolam thayaarikkappattu aerpaadu seiyappattathu. inththa aalbam mottavun thunai-lable "tamla" ill veliyidappattathu. inththa aalpaththin thalaippu rabinson peyarin muthalezhuththugalil oru paan aagum. varavaerpu. inththa aalbam "vilambarap palagai" paap tharavarisaiyil #141 idaththaiyum, aarr & pii tharavarisaiyil #35 idaththaiyum mattumae ettiyathu. "mattrum naan unnai nesikkavillai" enbathu #106 vilambarap palagai mattrum #33 r & b vilakkappadangkalil uchaththai adainthathu, maelum #109 vilambarap palagai mattrum #41 r & b vilakkappadangkalil "ennaal kandupidikka mudiyavillai". 12 "pii-side" mattrum aii dond love yuu "endra paadal paadal pirpaguthiyil laurie leven karuvi (tuup) oru havus music classic aanathu. villiyam ruhlman anaitthu isaikkum 5 kku 2 natchaththiranggalai valangkinaar, adhai rabinson vaazhkkaiyil "thaazhntha pulli" endru alaiththaar mattrum soani burkin aathikkam seluththum orunginaippaalar naadagaththai poruppaerka vaitthaar. robbert christca adhai pii + endru mathippittaar, "fillergal" iruppathai oppuk kondaar, aanaal "smokyin filleripe pattri neengkal sollakoodiya oru vishayam, vaeru yaarudaiya pugaip pattriyum solla mudiyaathu-smokey athaip paadugiraar". thadap pattiyal. villiyam "smokey" rabinson isaiyamaiththa anaitthu paadalkalum; suttikkaattappatta idaththaith thavira eskikku eskar. kavar pinpuraththil oru kaiyal ezhuthappatta seithi ullathu "emmikku oru kurippu naangkal unmaiyil unnai izhakkap poakiroam, essar"-velippadaiyaaga pugaipidikkum rabinson (kall.aarr.) thanathu saga uuzhiyaraana maarvin kayae (emm.jii.) aepral 1,1984 andru kolai seiyappattaar.

essar (album) essar anedi american gayakudu smokey robinson 1984loe roopondinchina album. dheenini robinson reginald "soonee" burk thoo nirminchi, erpaatu chesaaru. eee album motown sub-label "tamalaa" loe vidudalaindi. album yokka sheershika robinson paeru yokka modati aksharaalapai oka padyam. swaagatam. eee album "billboard" pop chaartulalo matrame #141 mariyu R & B chaartulalo #35 sthaanaaniki cherukundi. "mariyu ii dont love yuu" anedi #106 billboard mariyu #33 R & B chaartulalo agrasthaanamlo undhi, mariyu #109 billboard mariyu #41 R & B chaartulalo "neenu kanugonalekapoyanu". 12 "bii-side" mariyu ii dont love yuu ayinappatikee "laurie leven yokka vaayidya (dub) 2000la chivaralo house music classicga maarindi. vilium ruhlman almusiclo 5kii 2 nakshatraalanu icchaaru, dheenini robinson kereerlo "takkuva sthaayi" gaa abhivarninchaaru mariyu soonee burk yokka aadhipatya synthesizer aatanu baadhyatagaa teesukunnaru. akkada robbert christgou dheenini bii + gaa rate chesaadu, "fillarlu" unnayani angeekarinchaadu, conny "smokey yokka filler gurinchi meeru cheppagalige oka vishayam, meeru itarula gurinchi cheppaleru-smokey padatam" thoo muginchaadu. track jabita. vilium "smokey" robinson swaraparichina anni paatalu; suuchimchina chota tappa ezziki essar. cover venuka bhaagamlo chethitho vraasina sandesam undih "emmeeki oka gamanikah memu nijamgaa ninnu miss avtamu, khachitamgaa"-spashtamgaa smokey robinson (luu.aarr.) thana sahodyogi marvin gaye (m.zii.) 1984 april 1naa hatyaku gurayyaru.

aissar (album) aissar americi gulukaar asmoki rabansan kaa 1984 kaa album hay. asay rabansan nay reginald "sonee" bark kay saath tayaar aur tartib diyaa thaa. album kuu motaon kay zeeli leebal "tamla" parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. album kaa anwaan rabansan kay naam kay ibtadayi haroof parr eek punn hay. isteqbaliya. album sarf "bull board" paap charts parr #141 aur R & B charts parr #35 parr pahunch gayaa. "aur mein aap say pyaar nahein kartaa" #106 bull board aur #33 R & B charts parr pahunch gayaa aur #109 bull board aur #41 R & B charts parr "majhay nahein mill rehaa". agarcha 12 "bee side" aur mein aap say pyaar nahein kartaa "leeri leone kaa saaz (dub) 2000 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein house music classic bunn gayaa. waleem rohlman nay aal music parr 5 mein say 2 sataray diye asay rabansan kay carrier mein "nichley darjay" kay toor parr khataab kiyaa aur sonee bark kay ghalib centhesizer play kuu zamah daar thehraya. jehaan raabart christgaon nay asay bee + kii darjah bundi kartay hoay tasleem kiyaa kahh "flers" mojud haine leakin "eek baath juu aap asmoki kay fler kay baaray mein kahah saktay haine kahh aap kasee aur kay baaray mein nahein kahah saktay-- asmoki asay gaa rehaa hay" kay saath ikhtatam kiyaa. track listing. waleem "asmoki" rabansan kay banaye hoay tamaam track vovo sawaye iss kay jehaan asharah kiyaa gayaa how. aissar tuu aimi. sarwaraq kay pachlay hasay mein eek haath say likhaa hawaa paigham hay: "emiji kay liye eek nott: humm waaqee aap kuu yaad karnay waalay haine aissar"-zahir hay tambako noshi karnay waalay rabansan (yey.aar.) apnay saathi maarun gee (ayem.jee.) jasay yakam apreel 1984 kuu qatal kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=806349

Yugoslav Committee

Yugoslav Committee South Slavic unification ad-hoc body The Yugoslav Committee (, , ) was an unelected ad-hoc body largely consisting of émigré Croat, Slovene, and Bosnian Serb politicians and political activits whose declared aim was detachment of Austro-Hungarian lands inhabited by South Slavs and unification of those lands with the Kingdom of Serbia. The group was formally established in 1915, during the World War I and it last met in 1919, shortly after breakup of Austria-Hungary and establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia). The Yugoslav Committee was led by Croat lawyer Ante Trumbić as the committee president, and Croat politician Frano Supilo as its vice president (until 1916). The Yugoslav Committee members were not entirely in agreement on the method of unification or the desired system of government or the constitution of the proposed union state. The bulk of the committee members espoused various forms of Yugoslavism – advocating either a federation where various lands constituting the new state would preserve a degree of autonomy, or a centralised state. The committee was financially supported by donations from the Croatian diaspora and by the government of the Kingdom of Serbia led by Nikola Pašić. Serbia made efforts to use the Yugoslav Committee as a propaganda tool in pursuit of its own policies including territorial expansion or creation of the Greater Serbia. Representatives of the Yugoslav Committee and Serbian government met at the Island of Corfu in 1917. There they discussed proposed unification of South Slavs and produced the Corfu Declaration outlining some elements of the future union’s constitution. Further meetings took place at the end of the war in Geneva in 1918. Those discussions resulted in the Geneva Declaration determining the confederal constitution of the union. The declaration was repudiated by the government of Serbia shortly afterwards. Background. The idea of South Slavic political unity predates the creation of Yugoslavia by nearly a century. First developed in Habsburg Croatia by a group of Croat intellectuals organised as the Illyrian movement in the 19th century, the concept developed through diverse forms of the proposed unity. They argued Croatian history is a part of a wider history of the South Slavs and that Croats, Serbs, as well as potentially Slovenes and Bulgarians were parts of a single 'Illyrian' nation (choosing the name as a neutral reference). The movement began as a cultural one, promoting Croatian national identity and integration of all Croatian provinces within the Austrian Empire, usually in reference to the Habsburg kingdoms of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, and a part or all of Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina. A wider aim was to gather all South Slavs or "Jugo-Slaveni" for short in a commonwealth within or outside of the Empire. The movement's two directions became known as Croatianism and Yugoslavism respectively, meant to counter Germanisation and Magyarisation. Fearing "Drang nach Osten" ('drive to the east'), the Illyrians believed Germanisation and Magyarisation could only be resisted through unity with other Slavs, especially the Serbs. They advocated the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia as the Triune Kingdom expanded to include other South Slavs in Austria (or Austria-Hungary after the Compromise of 1867) before joining other South Slavic polities in a federation or confederation. The proposed consolidation of variously defined Croatian or South Slavic lands led to proposals for trialism in Austria-Hungary accommodating a South-Slavic polity with a rank equal to the Kingdom of Hungary. As neighbouring Serbia achieved independence through the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, the Yugoslav idea became irrelevant in the country. Before the 1912 First Balkan War, Serbia was mono-ethnic and Serbian nationalism sought to include (those considered to be) Serbs into the state. It portrayed work of bishops Josip Juraj Strossmayer and Franjo Rački as a scheme to establish Greater Croatia. There was pressure to expand Serbia by a group of Royal Serbian Army officers known as the Black Hand. They carried out the May 1903 coup installing the Karađorđević dynasty to power and then organised nationalist actions in "unredeemed Serbian provinces" specified as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Old Serbia (meaning Kosovo), Macedonia, Central Croatia, Slavonia, Syrmia, Vojvodina, and Dalmatia. This echoed Garašanin's 1844 "Načertanije" – a treatise anticipating the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, calling for the establishment of Greater Serbia to pre-empt Russian or Austrian expansion into the Balkans and unifying all Serbs into a single state. In the first two decades of the 20th century, various Croat, Serb, and Slovene national programmes adopted Yugoslavism in different, conflicting, or mutually exclusive forms. Yugoslavism became a pivotal idea for establishing a South Slavic political union. Most Serbs equated the idea with a Greater Serbia under a different name or a vehicle to bring all Serbs into a single state. For many Croats and Slovenes, Yugoslavism protected them against Austrian and Hungarian challenges to preservation of their Croat and Slovene identities and political autonomy. Prelude. Florence meeting. In October 1914, Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić learned that the British were considering expanding alliance against the Central Powers by enticing Hungary to secede from Austria-Hungary and by enticing the Kingdom of Italy to abandon its neutrality – so both could join the Entente Powers. Pašić found out that the British considered guaranteeing Hungarian access to the Adriatic Sea through the Port of Rijeka and overland access to Rijeka over Croatian soil, as well as resolving the Adriatic Question satisfactorily for Italy. Pašić thought that those developments, coupled with potential British–Romanian alliance would jeopardise Serbian objective of gaining access to the Adriatic and threaten Serbia itself. In response, Pašić directed Bosnian Serb members of the Austro-Hungarian Diet of Bosnia Nikola Stojanović and Dušan Vasiljević to contact émigré Croatian politicians and lawyers Ante Trumbić and Julije Gazzari with the aim of establishing a body which would cooperate with the government of Serbia on unification of South Slavs in a state created through expansion of Serbia. The policy was to be set entirely by Serbia while the proposed body would carry out propaganda activities. The four met in Florence on 22 November 1914. In January 1915, Frano Supilo, once a leading figure in the Croat-Serb Coalition, the ruling political party of the Austro-Hungarian realm of Croatia-Slavonia, met with British foreign secretary Sir Edward Grey and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith providing them with the manifesto of the nascent Yugoslav Committee and discussing benefits of South Slavic unification with them. The manifesto was co-authored by Supilo and British political activist and historian Robert Seton-Watson. Niš Declaration. Serbian leadership considered the World War I an opportunity for territorial expansion beyond the Serb-inhabited areas of the Balkans. A committee tasked with determining the country's war aims produced a programme to establish a single South-Slavic state through the addition of Croatia-Slavonia, the Slovene Lands, Vojvodina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Dalmatia. Pašić thought that the process should be implemented through addition of the new territories to Serbia. On 7 December, Serbia announced its war aims in the Niš Declaration. The declaration called on the struggle to liberate and unify "unliberated brothers", "three tribes of one people" – referring to the Serbs, the Croats, and the Slovenes. This formulation was adopted instead of explicit goal of territorial expansion as a way to attract support from South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary. The Serbian government was motivated to appeal to the fellow South Slavs as it feared little material support was coming from the Entente Powers allies as it became clear the war would not be short. Thus Serbia assumed the central role in state-building of the future South Slavic polity with support from the major Entente Powers. Supilo initially assumed the Niš Declaration meant that Serbia was fully supportive of his ideas on the mode of unification. He was convinced otherwise by Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov. He informed Supilo that Russia only supported creation of Greater Serbia. As a result, Supilo and Trumbić did not trust Pašić and they considered him a proponent of Serbian hegemony. Despite the mistrust, Supilo and Trumbić wanted to work with Pašić with the aim of South-Slavic unification. Pašić offered them to work towards establishment of a Serbo-Croat state where Croats would be given some concessions – which they declined. Trumbić was convinced that Serbian leadership thought of the unification as a conquest of territories for Serbia. Trumbić and Supilo found another reason not to trust Pašić when Pašić dispatched envoys to address Sazonov's opposition to addition of Roman Catholic South Slavs to the proposed South Slavic union. The envoys authored a memorandum claiming that Croats only inhabit north of the Central Croatia, and that the regions of Slavonia, Krbava, Lika, Bačka, and Banat should be added to Serbia (as well as previously claimed Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Trumbić and Supilo became convinced that, due to the policy of the government of Serbia, that the proposed unification would be perceived as a Serbian conquest in the Croatian-inhabited areas of Austria-Hungary rather than liberation. They decided to proceed with caution, gather political support abroad, and refrain from establishment of the Yugoslav Committee until Italian entry into the war becomes certain. Treaty of London. The Entente Powers ultimately ensured alliance with Italy by offering it large areas of Austria-Hungary inhabited by South Slavs, largely Croats and Slovenes, along the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. The offer, formalised as the 1915 Treaty of London caused the Trumbić and Supilo to reconsider their criticism of Serbian policies. This was because they saw potential Serbian war success against Austria-Hungary as the only realistic safeguard against Italian expansion into the Slovene and Croat-inhabited lands. Furthermore, Supilo was convinced that, if the Treaty of London were implemented, Croatia would be partitioned between Italy, Serbia and Hungary. The matter became closely related to contemporary efforts to obtain an alliance with Bulgaria, or at least secure its neutrality, in return for territorial gains against Serbia. As compensation, Serbia was promised territories which were parts of the Austria-Hungary at the time – specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and an outlet to the Adriatic Sea in Dalmatia. Regardless of the promised compensation, Pašić was reluctant to accede to all the Bulgarian territorial demands, especially before Serbia gained the new territory. Crucially, Serbia received Russian support for its dismissal of the proposed land swap. Establishment. The Yugoslav Committee was formally founded in Parisian Hôtel Madison on 30 April 1915, mere days after signing of the London Agreement ensuring Italian entry into the World War I. The committee designated London as its seat. It was an unelected ad-hoc group of anti-Habsburg politicians and activists who fled Austria-Hungary when the World War I broke out. Work of the committee was largely funded by Croatian diaspora, including Gazzari's brother, Croatian Chilean industrialist Remigio. At least a portion of the costs was covered by government of Serbia. Trumbić became the Yugoslav Committee president, and Supilo its vice-president. Other members were Croatian Sabor members, namely sculptor Ivan Meštrović, Hinko Hinković, and Jovan Banjanin; Diet of Istria members Franko Potočnjak and Dinko Trinajstić; Diet of Bosnia members Stojanović and Vasiljević; Imperial Council member Gustav Gregorin; writer Milan Marjanović, literary historian Pavle Popović, ethnologist Niko Županič, Bogumil Vošnjak, Miće Mičić, and Gazzari. Subsequently, the membership also included Ante Biankini, Mihajlo Pupin, Lujo Bakotić, Ivan De Giulli, Niko Gršković, Josip Jedlowski, and Josip Mandić. Prominent non-member supporters were Rikard Katalinić Jeretov and Josip Marohnić, the latter being the president of the North American Croatian Fraternal Union which collected money for the Yugoslav Committee. Members of the Yugoslav Committee believed that the Croatian question may only be resolved through abolition of Austria-Hungary and unification with Serbia. Trumbić and Supilo were proponents of political unification of South Slavs in a single nation-state through realisation of Yugoslavist ideas. They believed that the South Slavs were one people, entitled to a national homeland through the principle of self-determination and advocated unification based on equality. He advocated establishment of a federal state in which Slovene Lands, Croatia (consisting of pre-war Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia (expanded to include Vojvodina), and Montenegro would be five constituent elements. Croat members of the Yugoslav Committee (except Hinković) thought that the federal units would ensure preservation of historical, legal and cultural traditions of individual parts of the new state. Supilo proposed the new country be named Yugoslavia to avoid imposing Serbian name in areas of the new country outside pre-war Serbia. He further suggested Croatia should be given some protection against any future Serbian dominance, suggesting Zagreb might be best suited as the capital of the new country. The Yugoslav Committee held that the unification should be the result of an agreement between itself and the Serbian government. The Yugoslav Committee attracted support in Britain, especially by Seton-Watson, journalist and historian Wickham Steed, and archaeologist Arthur Evans. However, the Entente Powers did not initially consider breakup of Austria-Hungary a war aim and did not support the work of the committee whose objectives undermined territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary. The Yugoslav Committee worked to be recognised by the Entente Powers as the legal representative of South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary, but Pašić kept preventing any formal recognition. A further point of friction between Supilo and Trumbić on one side and Pašić on the other was the demand of the Serbian ambassador to Britain asking the Yugoslav Committee to omit mention of Dalmatia as being a part of Croatia since time immemorial because it might jeopardise Serbian territorial claims. Supilo and Trumbić were surprised, but they complied believing Croatia would be otherwise left defenceless against Italian claims. Supilo's resignation. Supilo thought that the Yugoslav Committee had to confront not only Italian and Hungarian encroachment on the lands inhabited by South Slavs, but also Greater Serbian expansionist designs pursued by Pašić. While most of the committee agreed with Supilo, they preferred not to confront Serbia openly until the South Slavic lands were safe from Italian and Hungarian threat. Following Serbian military defeat in the 1915 Serbian campaign, Supilo, Gazzari, and Trinajstić concluded that the Serb members of the Yugoslav Committee held that the proposed unification should primarily encompass ethnic Serbs in a centralised state. They saw no need for the federal system because they deemed differences between Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes artificial results of Austrian rule. Supilo protested, informing the Yugoslav Committee that he sent a memo to Grey proposing establishment of an independent Croatian state unless Serbia agrees to treat Croats and Slovenes as equal to Serbs. His principal complaint in this regard was that Croatia and other Austro-Hungarian territories are thought of as compensation to Serbia for the loss of Macedonia and concessions in Banat instead of equal partners. Supilo and his allies were accused of separatism and favouring Croatian interests over Slovene ones by Serb and Slovene members of the committee. Trumbić believed the unification should be pursued at all costs as long as Austria-Hungary is destroyed. In March 1916, Trumbić dismissed Supilo's idea to establish the Croatian Committee fearing conflict with Serbian government and weakening position against Italy. In early May 1916, Pašić declared Serbia recognised Italian dominance in the Adriatic causing Gazzari, Trinajstić, and Meštrović to ask for a meeting of the committee where Vasiljević and Stojanović once again attacked Supilo for his opposition to policy of the Serbian government. Finally, Supilo left the Yugoslav Committee on 5 June 1916. Believing that the selective approach was wrong and that problems must be dealt with immediately in the open, Supilo abandoned integral Yugoslavism and unsuccessfully urged Croat members of the Yugoslav Committee to resign and join him in pursuit of independent Croatia since Serbia prioritised uniting ethnic Serbs. He hoped to obtain Italian support for the idea as Italy was displeased with the potential unification of South Slavs close to its borders and thereby pressure Pašić into giving into his demands. Relations between the Yugoslav Committee and Serbia did not improve after Supilo's departure. A new contentious issue was the appellation of the volunteer units consisting of South Slavic prisoners of war originating from Austria-Hungary established in Odesa. While the Yugoslav Committee wanted the force to be called Yugoslav, Pašić successfully arranged through Serbian diplomatic mission in Russia to have the unit named the First Serbian Volunteer Division and commanded by officers of the Royal Serbian Army sent to Russia for the task. While the committed hoped the force would help promote common Yugoslav identity, Yugoslavism was actively suppressed by the officers on instructions given by Pašić. As a result, 12,735 volunteers out of 33,000 left the force in protest against the Serbian policy. Furthermore, recruitment of volunteers slowed down significantly. Corfu Declaration. Serbian position was weakened following loss of Russian support after the February Revolution, as well as because President of the United States Woodrow Wilson refused to honour secret agreements promising territorial rewards. At the same time, the Entente Powers were still looking at the ways to achieve a separate peace with Austria-Hungary and isolate the German Empire in the war. Moreover, South Slavic deputies on the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Council in Vienna presented the May Declaration proposing introduction of trialism in Austria-Hungary allowing the South Slavs to unite in a single polity within the monarchy. Finally, France and Britain appeared supportive of new Austro-Hungarian emperor Charles's efforts to restructure the empire and seek peace. This presented a problem for the Serbian government exiled on the Greek island of Corfu. It increased the risk of a trialist solution for the Habsburg South Slavs if the separate peace treaty materialised, preventing fulfilment of the Serbian war objectives. Pašić felt he had to come to an agreement with the Yugoslav Committee to strengthen Serbian position with the Entente Powers while countering Italian interests in the Balkans. Trumbić and Pašić met on the Greek island of Corfu where the Serbian government was exiled since the military defeat. The Yugoslav Committee was represented at the conference by Trumbić, Hinković, Vošnjak, Vasiljević, Trinajstić, and Potočnjak. Trumbić received no information on what was to be discussed, so the committee members were not prepared and talked with Pašić individually. Trumbić prioritised receiving assurances that Croatia is not left in Austria-Hungary, and that Italian occupation of Dalmatia should not take place. He also opposed complete centralisation of the proposed union state. The meeting resulted in the Corfu Declaration. It was a manifesto where they declared the common objective of unification of South Slavs in a constitutional, democratic, and parliamentary monarchy headed by the Serbian ruling Karađorđević dynasty. Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Committee’s preferred name for the unified country was rejected and the bulk of the constitutional matters were left to be decided later as Trumbić felt some agreement was necessary to curb Italian expansion. Pašić–Trumbić conflict. Relations between Pašić and Trumbić deteriorated throughout 1918 as they openly disagreed on several issues advocated by Trumbić including the matter of recognition of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes living in Austria-Hungary as allied peoples, recognition of the Yugoslav Committee as the representative of those peoples and the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Volunteer Corps (formerly called the First Serbian Volunteer Division) as an allied force drawn from Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes living in Austria-Hungary. After being denied by Pašić, Trumbić was authorised by the Yugoslav Committee to bypass Pašić and present the Entente Powers directly with those demands. Serbian government denied the Yugoslav Committee any agency, claiming it alone represented all South Slavs, including those living in Austria-Hungary. Pašić unsuccessfully requested the Entente Powers to issue a declaration recognising Serbia the right to liberate and unify territories with Serbia. He stated that Yugoslavia would be absorbed by Serbia and not the other way around, and that Serbia was primarily waging war to liberate Serbs and that it was Pašić who created the Yugoslav Committee. He rebuffed Trumbić's claim that only one third of population of the future union lived in Serbia and that the Corfu Declaration called for two partners by saying that the declaration was only for the foreigners and was not valid anymore. French and British governments declined two Serbian requests for authority to annex South Slavic Austro-Hungarian lands and British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour upheld the Corfu Declaration as an agreement of partners, demanding Pašić to align his views with those of the Yugoslav Committee. On the other hand, the Entente Powers decided against recognition of the Yugoslav Committee as an allied body against wishes of Serbia, informing the committee it would have to come to an agreement with Pašić. Potential preservation of Austria-Hungary also caused friction between Trumbić and Pašić. The Entente Powers continued to pursue separate peace with Austria-Hungary until early 1918, regardless of the Corfu Declaration. In January 1918, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George confirmed his support to survival of Austria-Hungary. Wilson agreed in his Fourteen Points speech by advocating autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary. In October, Lloyd George discussed potential preservation of a reformed Austria-Hungary with Pašić, observing that Serbia could annex any areas occupied by the Royal Serbian Army occupied before an armistice. In return, Trumbić unsuccessfully asked Wilson to deploy US troops to Croatia-Slavonia to quell disorder associated with the Green Cadres, and stem the tide of Bolshevism, and not to allow Italian or Serbian troops into the territory. Geneva Declaration. In the process of dissolution of Austria-Hungary, following the monarchy's military defeat in 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was proclaimed in the South Slavic-inhabited lands of the former empire. The short-lived state, governed by the Croat-Serb Coalition-dominated National Council, which authorised the Yugoslav Committee to speak on behalf of the council in international relations. In late October 1918, the Croatian Sabor declared the end of ties with Austria-Hungary and elected the president of the National Council, Slovene politician Anton Korošec the president of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Trumbić and Pašić met again in November in Geneva, joined by Korošec and representatives of Serbian opposition parties, to discuss unification. At the conference, Pašić was isolated and ultimately compelled to recognise the National Council as an equal partner to Serbian government. Trumbić obtained agreement from other conference participants on establishment of a common government where the National Council and the government of Serbia would appoint equal number of ministers of a common confederal state. Pašić only consented after receiving a message from the President of France Raymond Poincaré that he wished Pašić to come to an agreement with the representatives of the National Council. In return, the National Council and the Yugoslav Committee agreed to speedy unification. A week later, prompted by Pašić, the Serbian government renounced the Geneva Declaration, complaining that it limited Serbian sovereignty to its prewar frontiers. Vice president of the National Council, Croatian Serb politician Svetozar Pribičević supported the repudiation of the Geneva Agreement and successfully swayed the National Council against the position negotiated by Trumbić. Pribičević persuaded the council members that details could be arranged after unification. Aftermath. Confronted by civil unrest and a reported coup d'état conspiracy, the National Council requested Serbian Army to help quell the violence. At the same time, the council hoped the move would cause the Italian Army to stop its advance from the west where it seized Rijeka and approached Ljubljana. Having no legal means to stop Italian advance which was authorised by the Entente Powers or forces sufficient to stop it, the National Council feared that the Italian presence on the eastern shores of the Adriatic would become permanent. Pressed by the combined threats, the National Council dispatched a delegation to Prince Regent Alexander to arrange urgent unification in a federation. The delegation ignored the instructions when it addressed the Prince Regent, omitting any terms of unification. The Prince Regent accepted the offer on behalf of Peter I of Serbia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (subsequently renamed Yugoslavia) was established without any agreement on the conditions of the union. Mate Drinković, a member of the delegation, informed Trumbić in a letter that the unification was proclaimed under such conditions claiming otherwise was impossible. Trumbić appointed Trinajstić as his replacement at the helm of the Yugoslav Committee in early 1919. On 12 February, Trinajstić convened a meeting, with Trumbić attending, where majority the committee members decided not to dissolve the body regardless of instructions of the newly appointed prime minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Stojan Protić. Nonetheless, the Yugoslav Committee ceased to exist in March 1919. Translation of a book by Czech historian Milada Paulová examining the relationship between the Yugoslav Committee and the Serbian government was published in 1925. She pointed out out that the committee had to fight for an equal position while Pašić's actions were guided by Serbian nationalism. Paulová's work had an impact on Yugoslav (especially Slovene and Croatian) historiography and contributed to the interwar period debate on the levels of Yugoslavism espoused by the Yugoslav Committee and the Pašić government. In the Communist Yugoslavia, the work of the Yugoslav Committee started to be re-examined from late 1950s – and the results exhibited first post-war disagreements between Croatian and Serbian historiographies. Specifically, at the 1961 congress of union of historians in Ljubljana, where Franjo Tuđman argued that the Serbian government aspired to hegemony and criticised fellow historian Jovan Marjanović who claimed otherwise. In 1965, the Zagreb-based Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts published a book emphasising the Yugoslav Committee's contribution to creation of Yugoslavia. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

eugoslav xomiti eugoslav komiti () aasil prothom biswojudhor xomoyot austria-hangerir dokhyin slavexokole gothon koraa ek rajnoitik swartho gutt, jaar lokhyo aasil bortomanor dokhyin slavic rastroxomuhok ekhon swadhin rajyot jugdan koraa. gothon. protisthapok xodosyoxokolor bhitorot aasiloh supilu, trumbick aaru mestro "bhis aasil dalmatia rajyor croat, hinkovis aaru putusonjak aasil crotia-slavonia rajyor croat, aanhate stujanuvis aaru vasiljevis aasil bob 'sniya aaru harjeguvinar sarbo. itihax. eugoslav xomitir prarombhik xomawex 1914 sonor xexor faale fluorenceot hoisil, aanhate 1915 sonor 30 aprilot perisian hotel medisonot anusthanikbhabe xomiti gothon koraa hoisil. jihetu britain ei protinidhi dolor netaa aasil, xeyehe londonok xomitir mukhyo karzaloy hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. rastropotijon aasil prakton trumbick. 1915 sonot xomititut 17 john xodosyo aasil, jaar bhitorot 11 john croasia aaru dalmatier upokuliyo oncholor poraa aasil. xei bosorot, xomitikhone peris, geneva, saintot xakha gothon korisil. pieterberg, cleveland, bhalparaisu aaru waswington. swodexot teulukor xomporko aasil united eugoslav juwok, 1914 sonot vienat (austria-hangerir bhitorot) gothon koraa ek oboidho juwo xongothon, aaru charbiya rajyor sorkar. charbian sorkari rajneetir xoite teulukor xomporkok xomitir xodosyoxokole proyujoniyo buli gonyo korisil, kintu teulukor maaje maaje birudhi rajnoitik sthitir baabe tunn hoisil. 1916 sonot nikula pasisor sorkare italyr uporot mukolibhabe koraa proti xomitikhone netibasok protikriya prokax korisil, zo 'too kuwa hoisil je charbiyai adriatic aaru bixexkoi nou ghaatir uporot italy aadhipotyok swikriti disil. xei bosoror xexor faale, teuluke charbian sorkare britisxokolok diya ek smarok potror bixoye janibo parile zo 'too teuluke austria-hangerir bibhinno onchol zo' too sarbo orthodox moth aasil taat spostobhabe daabi jonaisil. obosye, teuluke xei bixoyot kunu suktit uponeet hoh "bob nuwarile, aaru franu supiluwe 1916 sonor 5 junot eugoslav xomiti tyag korisil. pisor bosorot teur mrityu hoisil. komitiye 1917 sonot charbiya rajyor xoite korphu ghuxonapotrot swakhyor korisil. eitu aasil ek aapux ghuxona, zo 'too aain, dhormiyo swadhinota aaru xarbojonin bhutadhikaror xonmukhot xoman tinita rastro aaru dutaa bornomalar xoite xongxodiyo rajtontror xomorthon koraa hoisil. ee great britain aaru francer rajnoitik pristhopuxokota laabh korisil. 1918 sonor octobor maahot ostru-hangerian xamrajyor poraa mukto huwa bhumir poraa sloven, croat aaru sarbo rajyo ghuxona koraa hoisil ji ekhon eugoslav rajyor prothom owotar hoh 'bob. iyar dwara swikriti laabh koraa huwa nasil. disembor maahot rajyokhone sarbo, croat aaru sloven rajyo gothon koriboloi charbiya rajyor xoite ekotrito hoisil (ji prothom biswojudhor pisot bhujbhudina onchol aaru purbote swadhin montenegro "koo ontorbhukto koriboloi nijor xeema xomproxaron korisil). xomitir kaam xompurno hoisil. ente trumbick pisoloi 1921 sonor june maahot bhidovdan xongbidhan aaru notun eugoslavia rajyor (1929 sonor january) birudhi hoi porisil. ibhan mestro "bhise rajyik rajneetit ongxogrohon koriboloi oswikar korisil aaru nijor kolar proti daybodho aasil. 1942 sonot teu sthayibhabe dex eri goisil.

ugoslav committy ugoslav committy () chhilo prothom bishwojuddher somoy austria-hangerir dakkhin slaveder dwara gothito ekti rajnaitik swartho gosthi jaar lakkhya chhilo ekti swadhin rashtre vidyaman dakkhin slavic deshgulite jogdan koraa. gathon. protisthata sadasyader modhye chhilenh supilo, trumbic ebong mestrovic chhilo dalmatia rajyer croat, hinkovic ebong potochanjak croatia-slavonia rajyer croat, ebong stozanovic ebong vasiljevic chhilen bosnia ebong herzegovina theke assa serb. itihas. ugoslav komitir prathomik samabesh 1914 saaler shesher dike florence ghotechilo jokhon committity anusthanikbhabe 1915 saaler 30shhey april pyariser hotel madisone gothito hoyechilo. jehetu britten eyi komitir neta chhilo, londonke komitir sodor daftar hisabe nirbachito koraa hoyechilo. rashtrapati chhilen praktan trumpea. 1915 saale, komitite 17 john sadasya chhilen, jaar modhye 11 john kroyeshiya ebong dalmatian upokuliyo anchal theke chhilen. seii bochore, committy parris, geneva, seenta pyarise shakha gathon korey. pieterberg, cleveland, valparaiso ebong washington. swadeshe taader somporko chhilo united ugoslav euth, vienna (austria-hangerir modhye) 1914 saale gothito ekti aboidho jubo sangathan ebong sarbia rajyer sarkar. komitir sadasyara sarbian sarkari rajneetir sange taader somporkoke prayojaniya boley money korten, kintu taader majhe majhe dwandopurno rajnaitik abosthaner karone taa tikto hoye porey. 1916 saale nicola pasiker sarkar italir unmukto detting-err bishoye netibachak protikriya janiyechilo, jekhane bolla hoyechilo jey sarbia adriatic ebong biseshoto nou ghantigulir upor italian adhipottoke swikriti diyeche. ekoi bochorer shesher dike, taaraa britishder kachhe sarbian sarkarer ekti smaroklipir kotha jaante paare jekhane taaraa austria-hangerir bivinno anchale sposhtobhabe daabi korey jekhane serb gonda moth chhilo. zaihok, taaraa eyi bishoye konao chuktite pouchate pareni ebong frano supilo 1916 saaler 5ee june ugoslav committy chhede choley zaan. porer bochor tini maaraa zaan. committy 1917 saale sarbia rajyer saathe karfu ghoshonapotre swakkhar korey. etty ekti samajhota ghoshana chhilo, jaa tinti desh ebong duti bornomala aainer saamone soman, dharmiya swadhinota ebong sorbojonin bhotadhikar soho ekti sangsadiya rajtantrer pokkhe sawal korechilo. etty greta britten ebong francer rajnaitik pristhoposhokota peyechilo. 1918 saaler octobore, austria-hangerian samrajya theke mukto bhumi theke sloven, croate ebong sarboder rashtro ghoshana koraa hoy jaa ekti ugoslav rashtrer prothom abotare porinoto hobey. etty swikriti orjon korte pareni. decembere, serb, croat ebong slovender rajyo gathoner jonno rajyoti sarbia rajyer saathe ekotrito hoy (jaa prothom bishwojuddher porey bhojbhodina anchal ebong purbe swadhin montenegroke antarbhukta korar jonno taar seemana prosarito korechilo). komitir kaaj shesh hoyeche. ante trumbic porey 1921 saaler june maase vidovdan sangbidhan ebong notun eugoslavia rajyer (januari 1929) birodhi hoye othen. evan mestrovic rashtriya rajnitite ongsho nitey aswikar corren ebong nijer shilpe nijeke niyojit corren. 1942 saale tini sthayibhabe desh chhede choley zaan.

yugoslav sameeti yugoslav sameeti () aee pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan ostriyaa-hangerinaa dakshin slavo dwara rachaayel raajkeey heet jooth hatoo, jeno udesh haalnaa dakshin slavic raashtrone swatantra rajyamaa jodvaano hato. rachnaa. sthaapak sabhyomaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh supilo, trumbic aneey mestrovic dalmetia samrajyna crots hataa, hinkovic aneey potoconjack croatia-slavonia samrajyna crots hataa, jyaare stojanovic aneey vasiljevik bosnia aneey harzegovinana serb hataa. itihas. yugoslav sameetinu praarambhik sammelan sammelan antamaa florencemaa thayu hatoo jyaare sameetini sattavaar reete 30 april april roj perisnee hottle medisanmaa rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. britton aaa sansthaana netaa hovathi, londonne sameetina mukhya mathak tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. pramukh purv trumbic hataa. hataa, sameetima 17 sabhyo hataa, jemathi 11 croatian aneey dalmatian dariyakanthana pradeshomathi hataa. teey varsh darmiyan, sameetiae paris, geneva, sentamaa shaakhaaoni rachnaa curry. pieterberg, cleveland, valperaiso aneey washington. vatanmaa temnaa sambandho united yugoslav youth, viyenaamaa (ostriyaa-hangerini andar) andar) rachaayeli gerkaydesar yuvaa sanstha aneey serbia raajyani sarkaar hataa. serbian sattavaar raajkaaran saathena temnaa sambandhone sameetina sabhyo dwara jaroori tareeke jovama aavtaa hataa, parantu temnaa prasangopaat virodhabhasi raajkeey valanne kaarane tanaavpurn hataa. sameetiae sameetiae nikola pasikni sarkaar dwara italyma khulli mulakat parr nakaaraatmak pratikriyaa aapee hatee, jemaa kahevama aavyu hatoo keey serbia adriatic aneey khaas kareene naukadalna mathako parr italian varchasvane maanyata aapee hatee. teey jaj varshe paachhalthi, temne serbian sarkaar dwara angrejone apaayela aek memorandum vishe khabar puddy, jemaa teoae austriya-hangerinaa viveedh pradesho parr spasht daavo karyo hato, jyaan serb rudhichust matho hataa. jooe keey, teo teey mudda parr samajooti parr aavee shakyaa nahee, aneey frano supiloae 5 juuna juuna roj yugoslav sameeti chhodi deedhi. teey pachhinaa varshe temnu avsaan thayu. sameetiae sameetiae serbia saamrajya saathe corfu ghoshana parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. teey aek samadhan ghoshana hatee, jemaa trana raashtro aneey beey mulaksharo kaayada, dhaarmik svatantrataa aneey saarvtrik matadhikarni saame samaan hoya tevaa sansadeey rajashahini himayat karvaamaa aavee hatee. tene greta britton aneey franceni raajkeey praayojaktaa malee hatee. october october, slovens, crots aneey sarbnee sthiteene austro-hungarian samrajymathi mukt thayelee jameenmathi jaaher karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey yugoslav rajyano pratham avtaar banashe. aaa maanyata praapt curry shakee nahee. decemberma, raajy serbia saamrajya saathe jodaayu (jene pratham vishvyuddh pachhi vojvodina pradeshno samaavesh karvaa maate tenee sarahado vistrut curry hatee, aneey agau swatantra montenegro) serb, crots aneey slovensnaa saamrajyni rachnaa curry. sameetinu kaama purun thayu. paachhalthi ent trumbic juuna juuna vidovdaan bandhaaran aneey yugoslaviana navaa saamrajya (january 1929) naa veerodhi banyaa hataa. ivaan mestroviche rajyanaa rajkaranma bhaag levaano incar karyo hato aneey potaani kalaa maate pratibaddh thayaa hataa. hataa temane kaayamee dhorane desh chhodi deedho hato.

yugoslav samiti yugoslav samiti () pratham vishva yuddh key dauran austriya-hangri seey dakshin slaavon dwara gathit ack raajneetik hita samooh thaa jiska uddeshya ack swatantra raajya mein maujooda dakshin slaav rashtron mein shamil honah thaa. gathan. sansthaapak sadasyon mein shamil theh supilo, trumbic aur mestrovic dalmatia raajya key croats they, hinkovic aur potokjak croatia-slavonia raajya key croats they, jabaki stozanovic aur vasiljevic bosnia aur herzegovina key serb they. itihas. yugoslav samiti kii praarambhik sabhaa 1914 key anta mein florence mein hui, jabaki samiti kaa gathan aadhikarik taur parr 30 aprail 1915 koo peris key hotal maddison mein kiya gayaa thaa. britten key entent key netaa honey key kaaran, landan koo samiti key mukhyalaya key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. rashtrapati poorv trumbic they. 1915 mein, samiti mein 17 sadasya they, jinamen seey 11 croatian aur dalmetian tateey kshetron seey they. usa varsh key dauran, samiti ney peris, geneva, sent mein shaakhaon kaa gathan kiya. pieterberg, cleveland, valparaso aur washington. matribhoomi mein unake sampark sanyukt yugoslav yuva they, joe 1914 mein vienna (austriya-hangri key bheetar) mein gathit ack avaidh yuva sangathan thaa, aur serbia raajya kii sarkaar thee. serbian aadhikarik rajneeti key saath unake sambandhon koo samiti key sadasyon dwara aavashyak key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, lekin unake kabhi-kabhi paraspar virodhi raajneetik rukh key kaaran tanaavpurna thaa. samiti ney 1916 mein nikola pasik kii sarkaar key khule mein itali key saath sambandh banaane parr nakaratmak pratikriya vyakt kii, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii serbia ney adriatic aur vishesh roop seey nausena key thikaanon parr italvi aadhipatya koo maanyata dee thee. usee varsh baad mein, unhein serbian sarkaar dwara angrejon koo diye gaye ack gyaapan key baare mein pataa chalaa, jisamen unhone austriya-hangri key vibhinn kshetron parr spasht roop seey daavaa kiya, jahaan serb roodhivaadi mathh they. haalaanki, way usa mudde parr ack samjhaute parr naheen aaa sakey, aur frano supilo ney 5 juuna 1916 koo yugoslav samiti chhod dee. agale varsh unaki mrityu hoe gaee. samiti ney 1917 mein serbia raajya key saath korfu ghoshana parr hastakshar kiye. yeh ack samjhauta ghoshana thee, jisamen teen rashtron aur dou varnamalaon key saath ack sansadiya rajshahi kii vakaalat kii gaee thee, joe kaanoon, dhaarmik swatantrata aur saarvbhaumik matadhikar key saamane samaan they. ise grate britten aur france kaa raajneetik prayojan milaa. octuber 1918 mein, sloven, croats aur sarbon kii sthiti koo austro-hangerian samrajya seey mukt bhoomi seey ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa joe ack yugoslav raajya kaa pahala avtaar bunn jaayega. isase maanyata praapt naheen hui. disambar mein, raajya serbia key raajya key saath ekjut huaa (jisane pratham vishva yuddh key baad vozvodina kshetra koo shamil karane key liye apani seemaon kaa vistaar kiya thaa, aur pahale swatantra montenegro) serb, crot aur sloven key raajya kaa gathan karane key liye. samiti kaa kaary puuraa hoe gayaa. ente trumbic baad mein juuna 1921 key vidovdan samvidhaan aur yugoslavia key nae raajya (janwari 1929) kaa virodhi bunn gayaa. ivan mestrovic ney raajya kii rajneeti mein bhaag lene seey incar curr diyaa aur khud koo apani kalaa key liye pratibaddh curr liya. 1942 mein unhone sthaayi roop seey desh chhod diyaa.

yugoslav samiti yugoslav samitiyu (<unk>) modalane mahayuddhada samayadalli austria-hangariya dakshinada gulamaru rachisida rajakiya hitasaktiya gumpagiddu, astitvadalliruva dakshinada slavic rashtragalannu swatantra rajyadalli seruva guriyannu hondittu. rachane. samsthaapaka sadasyaru seriddaruh supilo, trumbic mattu mestrovikgalu dalmatia saamraajyada krootgalaagiddare, hinkovic mattu potosanjac croatia-slavonia saamraajyada krootgalaagiddare, stojanovic mattu vasiljevic bosnia mattu harjegovinaadinda banda serbgalaagiddaru. itihaasa. yugoslav samitiya arambhika sabhe 1914rahra koneyalli florensionalli nadeyitu, aadare samitiyannu adhikrutavaagi 30 april 1915 randu parisna hotel madisonnalli rachisalaayitu. britton ee samitiya naayakaraagiruvudarinda, landannannu samitiya pradhana kacheriyagi ayke maadalaayitu. adhyaksharu purva trumbic aagiddaru. 1915ralli, samitiyalli 17 sadasyariddaru, avaralli 11 mandi croatian mattu dalmatian karavali pradeshagalinda bandavaru. aaa varshadalli, samitiyu paris, geneva, sentnalli shakhegalannu rachisitu. pieterberg, cleveland, valparaiso mattu washington. taaynaadinalli avara samparkagalendare united yugoslav yooth, 1914ralli viyennaadalli (austria-hangariyolage) rupugonda kanunubahira yuva samsthe mattu cerbia saamraajyada sarkara. cerbian adhikruta raajakeeyadondige avara sambandhavannu samitiya sadasyaru agatyavendu pariganisiddaru, aadare avara saandarbhika sangharshada rajakiya niluvugalindaagi idu hadagettitu. 1916ralli nikola passic avara sarkaaravu itali sarkaarada mukta oppandakke samitiyu nakaaraatmakavaagi pratikriyisitu, idu cerbia adriatic mattu visheshavaagi nauka nelegala mele italian praabalyavannu gurutiside endu helittu. adhe varshada nantara, serbian sarkaaravu britisharige bareda ondu manavi patrada bagge avarige tiliyitu, allie avaru austry-hangariya vividha pradeshagala mele spashtavagi hakku mandisidaru, allie serb saampradaayika mathagaliddavu. aadaagyoo, aaa vishayada bagge avaru oppandakke baralu sadhyavagalilla, mattu frano supilo 1916rahra zoon 5randu yugoslav samitiyannu toredaru. avaru mundina varsha nidhanaraadaru. samitiyu 1917ralli cerbia saamraajyadondige corfu ghoshanege sahi haakitu. idu ondu raaji ghoshaneyagiddu, mooru rashtragalu mattu eradu varnamaalegalu kaanoonina munde samanavagi, dharmika swatantrya mattu saarvatrika matadaanada hakkannu hondiruva samsadeeya rajaprabhutvavannu pratipaadisitu. idu grate britton mattu fransna rajakiya prayojakatvavannu padeyitu. 1918rahra octobernalli, austro-hangerian saamraajyadinda muktagonda bhoomigalinda sloven, croats mattu serbgala rajyavannu ghooshisalaayitu, idu yugoslav rajyada modala avataaravaayitu. idu mannane galisalilla. decembernalli, raajyavu cerbia saamraajyadondige oggooditu (idu modalane mahayuddhada nantara vojvodina pradeshavannu mattu hinde svatantravaada montenegrovannu serisalu tanna gadigalannu vistarisittu) serbgalu, croats mattu slovengala saamraajyavannu roopisitu. samitiya kaaryavannu poornagolisalaayitu. aante trumbic nantara zoon 1921rahra vidovdon samvidhaana mattu hosa yugoslavia saamraajyada (janavari 1929) virodhiyaadanu. ivan mestrovic rajyada raajakeeyadalli bhagavahisalu nirakarisidaru mattu tamma kalege tammannu taavu baddhagolisikondaru. 1942ralli avaru deshavannu shaashvatavaagi toredaru.

yugoslav kammitti onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu austriya-hangariyil ninnulla thekkan slaavukal roopeekaricha oru rashtreeya thaalpparya grooppaayirunnu yugoslav kammitti (<unk>). roopeekaranam. sthaapaka amgangalil iva ulppedunnu supilo, troombic, mestrovic enniva dalmasia raajyathil ninnulla krottukal aayirunnu, hingovic, potonjack enniva croatia-slavonia raajyathil ninnulla krottukal aayirunnu, athesamayam stojanovic, vasiljevic enniva bosnia, hersegovina ennividangalil ninnulla serbukalaayirunnu. charithram. 1914 epril epril paareesile hotel madisonil kammitti audyogikamaayi roopeekarikkappettappol florencil vechaanu yugoslav kammittiyude prarambha yogam nadannathu. brittan aaa samghadanayude nethaavaayathinaal, landane kammittiyude aasthaanamaayi thiranjedutthu. president munpathe trumbic aayirunnu. 1915ll samithiyil 17 amgangalundaayirunnu, athil 11 perr croatian, dalmatian theerapradeshangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu. aaa varsham, kammitti paarees, jeneeva, sent ennividangalil shaakhakal roopeekarichu. peetarbarg, cleveland, valpariso, washington. 1914ll viyannayil (austriya-hangarikkullil) roopeekaricha niyamaviruddha yuvajanasanghadanayaaya yunaittad yugoslav yoothu, serbia raajyathinte sarkkar ennivayaayirunnu maathrraajyathe avarude bandhangal. serbian audyogika raashtreeyavumaayulla avarude bandham kammitti amgangal aavashyamaayi kandirunnuvenkilum avarude idaykkide vairudhyamulla rashtreeya nilapaadukal kaaranam vashalaayirunnu. 1916ll italiyile nikkola paasikkinte sarkkar thuranna bandhathe kammitti prathikoolamaayi prathikarichu, athu adriatic, prathyekichu naavika thaavalangalude melulla itaaliyan aadhipathyathe serbia amgeekarichathaayi paranjirunnu. athe varsham thanne, serb oorthadoox ashramangal undaayirunna austriya-hankariyude vividha pradeshangalil avar vyakthamaayi avakaashavaadam unnayichukondu serbian sarkkar britteeshukaarkk ayacha oru nivedanathekkurichu avar manassilakki. ennirunnaalum, aaa vishayathil avarkk oru dhaaranayilethaan kazhinjilla, fran supilo 1916 juun 5 nuu yugoslav kammitti vittu. adutha varsham addeham marichu. 1917ll serbia rajyavumaayi chernnu kammitti corfu prakhyaapanatthil oppuvachu. moonnu raajyangalum rund aksharangalum niyamathinu munnil thulyavum mathaswaathanthryavum saarvathrika vottavakashavumulla oru paarlamentari raajavaazhchaye pinthunaykkunna oru vittuveezhcha prakhyaapanamaayirunnu athu. grettu brittan, france ennivayude rashtreeya sponsorship ithinu labhichu. 1918 octoberil, austro-hungarian saamraajyathil ninnu mochitharaaya rajyangalil ninnu slovens, crots, serbs ennivayude avastha prakhyaapichu, ithu oru yugoslav raashtrathinte aadya avathaaramaayi maarum. ithu amgeekaaram nediyilla. desemberil, serbukal, krottukal, slovens ennivayude raajyam roopeekarikkunnathinaayi samsthaanam serbia rajyavumaayi (onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham vojvodina mekhalayum munbu swathanthramaaya montenegro ulppeduthunnathinaayi athirthikal vipuleekarichu) ikyappettu. kammittiyude chumatala poortthiyaayi. aante troombic pinneedu 1921 juun vidovden bharanaghadanayudeyum puthiya rajyamaaya yugoslaviayudeyum (1929 januvari) ethiraaliyaayi. ivaan mestrovic samsthaana raashtreeyathil pankedukkaan visammathikkukayum thante kalayil svayam prathijnjaabadhanaakukayum cheythu. 1942ll addeham sthiramaayi raajyam vittu.

yugoslav samitee yugoslav samitee () haah pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan austriya-hangerimadhil dakshin slavanni sthapan kelela eka rajkiy hitsambandh gut hota, jyacha uddesh vidyaman dakshin slavic rashtranna swatantra rajyat sameel karane haah hota. rachana. sansthapak sadasyanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotah supilo, trumbic aanee mestrovic heey dalmeshiya rajyatil croates hote, hinkovic aanee potokanjak heey croatia-slavonia rajyatil croates hote, tarr stojanovic aanee vasiljevic heey bosnia aanee herzegovina yetheel serb hote. itihas. yugoslav samitichi prarambhik sabha 1914 chya uttaradhat florencemadhye jhaali, tarr 30 april 1915 roji parisachya hottel madisonmadhye adhikrutpane samitichi sthapana karnyat aalee. britton haah yaa samiticha neta asalyane, londonla samitiche mukhyalay mhanoon nivadanyat aale. adhyaksh heey purvapanthi hote. 1915 madhye, samitimadhye 17 sadasya hote, jyapaiki 11 croatian aanee dalmatian kinarpattichya pradeshatil hote. tyaa varshat samiteene parris, jineva, seent yethe shakha sthapan kelya. pieterberg, cleveland, valparaiso aanee washington. 1914 madhye viennamadhye (austriya-hangerimadhye) sthapan jhaleli bekaydeshir yuva sanghatana, united yugoslav youth aanee serbia rajyache sarkar heey tyanchya matrubhoomitil sambandh hote. serbian adhikrut rajkaranashi asalele tyanche sambandh samitichya sadasyanni aavashyak mhanoon pahile, parantu tyanchya adhunmadhun virodhabhasi rajkiy drushtikonamule tanavpurn jhaale. 1916 madhye nikola pasikchya sarkarne italimadhye ughadpane kelelya bhetivar samiteene nakaratmak pratikriya dilee, jyat asey mhatale hote qee serbiane adriatic aanee visheshtah naudal talanvaril italian varchaswala manyata dilee hotee. tyach varshi nantar, tyanna serbian sarkarne britishanna dilelya eka nivedanabaddal kalale, jyat tyanni austriya-hangerichya vividh pradeshanvar spashtapane dawa keela, jithe serb orthodox math hote. tathapi, teey tyaa muddyavar sahmati karoo shakale naheet aanee frano supilo yanni 5 juuna 1916 roji yugoslav samitee sodali. pudhchya varshi tyanche nidhan jhaale. samiteene 1917 madhye serbia rajyabarobar corfu ghoshanevar swakshya kelya. hii eka tadjod ghoshana hotee, jyat teen rashtre aanee done varnamala kayadyasamor, dharmik swatantrya aanee sarvatrik matadhikarasathi samaan asalelya sansadiy rajeshahiche samarthan kele gele. tyala gret britton aanee franceche rajkiy prayojakatv midale. aktoobar 1918 madhye, slovens, crot aanee sarbchi sthitee austro-hungarian samrajyapasun mukt jhalelya bhoomitoon ghoshit karnyat aalee, joou yugoslav rajyacha pahila avtar tharel. yamule manyata midali nahee. decembermadhye, rajya serbia samrajyashi (jyane pahilya mahayuddhanantar vojavodina pradesh aanee purvi swatantra montenegrocha samavesh karnyasathi aaplya simancha vistar keela hota) serb, crot aanee slovenche rajya tayar karnyasathi ekatra aale. samitiche kaam purn jhaale. antey trumbic nantar juuna 1921chya vidovdan sanvidhanacha aanee yugoslaviachya naveen samrajyacha (janewari 1929) virodhak banala. ivan mestrovicne rajyachya rajkaranat sahbhagi honyas nakar deela aanee swatahla tyachya kalesathi samarpit kele. 1942 madhye tyanni kayamswarupi desh sodala.

yugoslav samiti yugoslabh samiti () pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama astriya-hangerika dakshin slebhaharudwara gathit ek rajnitik chaso samuha thiyo jasko uddeshya awasthit dakshin slevik rashtraharulai swatantra rajyama samel garnu thiyo. gathan. sansthapak sadasyaharu samawesh thieh supilo, trumbic rar mestrovic dalmatia rajyaka croats thie, hinkovich rar potoknjak croatia-slavonia rajyaka croats thie, jabki stojanovich rar bhasiljebhich bosnia rar harjegobhinaka sarbaharu thie. itihas. yugoslabh samitiko prarambhik bhela sann 1914 ko antyama florencema bhaeko thiyo jabki samiti adhikarik rupma 30 april 1915 maa perisko hotel maditionma gathan garieko thiyo. belayat antentko neta bhaekale londonlai samitiko mukhyalayako rupma chhanieko thiyo. rashtrapati purva trumbic thie. sann 1915 maa, samitima 17 zana sadasyaharu thie, jasmadhye 11 zana croatialy rar dalmetialy tatiya kshetraka thie. tyas warsha samitile peris, jenebha, centma shakha gathan गऱ्यो।. pieterberg, cleveland, walparaiso rar wassington. matribhumima tiniharuko samparkaharu united yugoslabh yuwa, bhiyanama (astriya-hangeri bhitra) 1914 maa gathan bhaeko awaidh yuwa sangathan, rar serbia rajyako sarkar thie. serbiali adhikarik rajnitisangko uniharuko sambandhalai samitika sadasyaharule awashyak rupma hereka thie, tara uniharuko kahilekaahin dwandwatmak rajnitik rukhka karan tanawapurna thiyo. samitile sann 1916 maa nikola pasikko sarkarle italyko khula sambandhalai nakaratmak pratikriya diyo, jasle serbiale adriatic rar vishesh gari nausenaka adharharuma italian adhipatyalai manyata dieko bataeko thiyo. sohi warshako antyama, uniharule cerbian sarkarle britisharulai dieko gyapanpatrako barema thaha pae jahaan uniharule spashta rupma astriya-hangerika vibhinna kshetraharuma dabi gare jahaan sarba rudhiwadi mathharu thie. yadyapi, tiniharu tyas muddama sahamatima auna sakenan, rar frano supilole 5 june 1916 maa yugoslabh samiti chhode. arko warsha unko mrityu bhayo. samitile sann 1917 maa serbia rajyasanga korfu ghoshanama hastakshar गऱ्यो।. yo euta samjhauta ghoshana thiyo, jasma tinn rashtra rar dui warnamala kanuna, dharmik swatantrata rar vishwawyapi matadhikarko agadi barabar raheko sansadiya rajatantrako wakalat garieko thiyo. yasale great britten rar franceko rajnitik prayojan prapta गऱ्यो।. october 1918 maa, sloven, croats rar sarbaharuko rajyalai astriyo-hungerian samrajyabata mukta bhumibata ghoshana garieko thiyo june yugoslabh rajyako pahilo awatar banne thiyo. yasale manyata prapta garena. decemberma, rajya serbia rajyasanga ekjut bhayo (jasle pahilo vishwayuddhapachhi bhojebhodina khetra rar pahile swatantra montenegrolai samawesh garna afno sima wistar gareko thiyo) sarba, croat rar slobhenharuko rajya gathan garna. samitiko kaam pura bhayo. ant trumbic pachhi june 1921 vidobhadan sanvidhan rar yugoslaviako nayan rajya (janawari 1929) ko virodhi bane. ibhan mestrovicle rajyako rajnitima bhag lyne aswikar gare rar afulai afno kalama pratibadha gare. unle sann 1942 maa sthayi rupma desh chhode.

jugoslabha kamiti yugoslav kamiti (<unk>) pratham biswajudha samajare astria-hangereera dakhina slebhmananka dwara gathita eka rajanaitika swartha gosthi thila jahara uddeshya thila eka swadheena rajyare bidyamana dakhina slebhik rastrare jogadeba . gathan. pratisthata sadasyamananka madhyare thileh supilo, trumbic ebong mestrovic dalmatia rajyara croat thile, hinkovik ebong potoconjack croasia-slavonia rajyara croat thile, jetebele kii stojanovic ebong bhasiljevik bosnia ebong harjegovinaru sarba thile . itihas. yugoslav kamitira prarambhika samabesh 1914 masiha sheshare florencere hoithila, jetebele kii kamiti aanusthanika bhabe 30 april april paricera hotel madison thaare gathita hoithila. jehetu britten ehi kamitira neta thila, landanaku kamitira mukhyalaja bhabare chayan karajaithila. rastrapati thile purbatana trumbic. 1915 masihare, ehi kamitire 17 john sadasya thile, jeunmananka madhyaru 11 john croasia ebong dalmatia upakulija anchalaru aasithile. sehi barsha, kamiti paris, jenebha, sentare shakha gathan karithila. pieterberg, cleveland, bhalparaiso ebong washington. swadeshare semanankara samparka thila united yugoslav youth, 1914 ray bhiena (astria-hangari madhyare) ray gathita eka beaina juba sangathana, ebong sarbia rajyara sarkar . cerbiar sarkari rajneeti sahita semanankara samparkaku kamitira sadasyamane aabasyaka bolly bibechana karuthile, kintu semananka belebele paraspara birodhi rajanaitika abhimukhya hetu chapagrasta hoithile. 1916 masihare nicola pasiknka sarkar italyre kholakholi bhabe karjya kariba upare kamiti nakaratmaka pratikrija prakash karithila, jeunthire kuhajaithila je adriatic ebong bisesh curry nausena bases upare italiah aadhipatyaku sarbia swekruti deichi. sehi barsha parey, semane britishamananku sarbia sarakaranka dwara eka smaraki bishajare janibaku paile jeunthare semane spust bhabare astria-hangereera bibhinna anchala upare daabi karithile jeunthare sarba-gonda moth thila . tebe, semane sehi prasangare kaunasi bujhamanare pahanchi parinathile, ebong frano supilo 1916 masiha june 5 tarikhare jugoslabha kamiti chadithile. taa 'para barsha tankara dehant hoithila. kamiti 1917 ray sarbia rajya sahita corfu ghoshananama swakhyara karithila. ehaa eka aposh bujhamana ghoshana thila, jaahaa tinoti rastra ebong duiti akhyara sahita eka sansadeeah rajtantrara samarthan karithila, ine, dharmika swadheenata ebong sarbajaneena matadhikara sammukhare samaana . ehaa great britten ebong francer rajanaitika prajojakata paithila. october 1918 ray, slobhen, croat ebong sarbanka rajyaku astria-hangereeja samrajyaru mukta hoithiba bhumiru ghoshana karajaithila jaahaa eka yugoslav rajyara pratham abatara heba . ehaa swekruti hassel kariparila naahin. decemberare, rajya sarbia rajya sahita sanjukta hoithila (jaahaa pratham biswajudha parey bhojabhodina anchalaku antarbhukta kariba paain ehara seemaaku bistara karithila, ebong purbaru swadheena montenegro) sarba, croat ebong slobhen rajya gathan karibaku . kamitira karjya sampanna helah. parey ante trumbic june 1921 vidovdan sambidhana ebong jugoslaviaara nutan rajya (januari 1929) rahr pratidwandee hoithile. ibhan mestrovic rajya rajaneetire anshagrahana karibaku manah karideithile ebong niz kalaa prati nijaku pratibadha karithile. 1942 masihare shay sthajee bhabe desh chhadi chalijaithile.

yugoslav kameti yugoslav kameti () ikk rajneetak hitt samooh see joe pahile vishav yuddh dauran austria-hangri dey dakkhni slaves duaara banaiaa giaa see jisda udesh maujuda dakkhni slavic deshan noon ikk sutantar raaj witch shamal karna see. gathan. sansthapak memberan witch shamal sanauu supilo, trumbic atey mestrovic dalmetia raaj dey croats sunn, hinkovic atey potosanjak croatia-slavonia raaj dey croats sunn, jadon kii stojanovic atey vasiljevic bosnia atey herzegovina dey sarab sunn. itihaas. yugoslav kameti daa shuruati ikkath 1914 dey akheer witch florence witch hoiaa jadon kii kameti daa adhikarat taur 'teey 30 aprail 1915 noon paris dey hotel maddison witch gathan keeta giaa see. kiunki britten sangathan daa aagoo see, london noon kameti dey headquarter vajon chunhiaa giaa see. rashtarpati pahilan toon hii trumbic sunn. 1915 witch, kameti witch 17 member sunn, jinhan vicchon 11 croatia atey dalmatian samundari kandhe dey khetran toon sunn. uss saal dauran, kameti neey paris, jeneva, cent witch shakhavan daa gathan keeta. pieterberg, cleveland, valparaiso atey washington. aapne vatan witch uhanan dey samparak sanyukat yugoslav youth, ikk gair kanunni yuva sangathan see joe 1914 witch vienna (austria-hangri dey ander) witch banaiaa giaa see, atey sarbia raaj dee sarkaar see. kameti dey memberan duaara sarbia dee sarkari rajneeti naal unhan dey sabandhan noon zaruri manniaa jaanda see, parr unhan dey kadey-kadayin virodhi rajneetik rukhh caarn tanapuran see. kameti neey 1916 witch nikola pasik dee sarkaar dey itali dey khulleh ravaiye pratee nakaratmak pratikiriaa ditti, jiss witch kiha giaa see kii sarbia neey adriatic atey khaas karke jall saina dey addiaan utte italvi dabdabe noon maanta ditti see. use saal baad witch, uhanan noon sarbia sarkaar duaara angrezan noon ikk mung pattar baare pataa lagga jitthe uhanan neey spasht taur utte austria-hangri dey vakkh-vakkh khetran utte daava keeta jitthe sarab orthodox matth sunn. halanki, uh iss mudde 'teey kise samjhaute' teey naheen aaa sake, atey frano supilo neey 5 juun 1916 noon yugoslav kameti chhadd ditti. agle saal unhan dee maut hoow gaee. kameti neey 1917 witch sarbia raaj naal corfu ghoshna pattar utte dastkhat keete. ih ikk samjhauta ghoshna pattar see, jiss witch tinn rashtaran atey doou varanmala dey naal ikk sansadi rajtantar dee vakalat keeti gaee see, jiss witch kanoon, dharmik aazadi atey sarabviaapi vott adhikar dey barabar sunn. iss noon gret britten atey france dee rajneetak sponsorship millie. aktubar 1918 witch, sloven, croats atey sarban dee sathiti noon austria-hangri samraj toon aazaad zaminan toon ghoshit keeta giaa see joe ikk yugoslav raaj daa pahila avtaar bann javega. iss noon maanta naheen millie. dasambar witch, raaj neey sarbia dey raaj naal (jiss neey pahile vishav yuddh toon baad aapniaan sarhaddan daa vistaar karke vojvodina khetar atey pahilan sutantar montenegro noon shamal keeta see) sarab, crot atey sloven daa raaj banaun laee ikjutt hoow giaa see. kameti daa kamm poora hoow giaa. antey trumbic baad witch juun 1921 vidovdan sanvidhan atey yugoslavia dey navein raaj (janwari 1929) daa virodhi bann giaa. ivaan mestrovic neey raaj dee rajneeti witch hissa lainn toon inkaar qarr ditta atey aapne aap noon aapni qalaa laee samarpit qarr ditta. uh 1942 witch pakke taur utte desh chhadd keey chaley gaye.

yugoslaav samitihi yougoslav-samitihi () prathamavishvayuddhe austria-hangeree-deshasya dakshina-slave-janaihi nirmitah raajanaitik-hita-samoohah aasit, yasya uddeshyam vartamaan-dakshina-slavic-rashtrani swatantraraajye sammilayitum aasit. rachanaa. samsthaapakasadasyeshu antarbhavanti. supilo, trumbic, mestrovic cha dalmatia-rajyasya crot-janaah aasan, hinkovik, potokjaak cha crotia-slavonia-rajyasya crot-janaah aasan, stojanovic, vaasiljevik cha bosnia-harjegovinaa-deshayoho sarba-janaah aasan. itihaasah. yougoslav-samityaah praarambhikasamaaveshah 1914 tamasya varshasya ante florence-nagare abhavat, yadaa 1915 tamasya varshasya april-masasya 30 dinaanke perisian-hotel-madison-nagare adhikrutaroopena samityaah nirmanam krutam. britton-deshah antent-ityasya netaa aasit, ataha landan-nagaram samityaah mukhyaalayaroopen chitam. rashtrapatihi poorva-trumbic aasit. 1915 tame varshe samitau 17 sadasyaah aasan, yeshu 11 croatia-dalmeshia-tateeyapradeshayoh aasan. tasmin varshe, samitihi pyaris, jinevaa, sent-nagare shakham niramaat. pieterberg, cleveland, vaalparaiso, washington cha. swadeshe teshaam samparkah unated-yugoslaav-yooth iti aasit, viyannaa-nagare (austria-hangaree-madhye) 1914 tame varshe nirmitam avaidham yuva-sanghatanam, serbia-rajyasya sarwakaarah cha aasit. cerbian-adhikruta-rajanityaha saha teshaam sambandhah samiti-sadasyaih aavashyakah iti drushtah, parantu teshaam kadaa kadaa parasparawiruddh-raajanaitik-drushtikonanam karanat tanaawah abhavat. 1916 tame varshe nikolaa paasik ityasya sarvakaarasya italee-deshasya mukta-sambandhasya vishaye samitihi nakaratmakam pratikriyam dattavatee, yasmin sarviya-samsthaa adriatic-desheshu, visheshatah nausenaayaah sthaavareshu italian-adhipatyam ankayat iti avadat. tasmin eva varshe pashchat, te cerbian-sarvakaarena british-janaan prati patrasya vishaye dnyaatavantah, yatra te aastriy-hangeree-pradeshasya vividheshu pradesheshu, yatra sarba-roodhi-mathaah aasan, tatra spashtatayaa davam krutavantah. parantu te tasmin vishaye sahamatim naa praaptum ashaknot, tathaa cha fraano supilo 1916 joon 5 dinaanke yougoslav-samitim nishkaasayat. agrime varshe saha mrutah. samitihi 1917 tame varshe serbia-rajyena saha corfu-ghoshanayam hastaaksharam krutavatee. eshaa ekam aaposh-ghoshanaa aasit, yasmin samsadeeya-rajatantrasya samarthanam aasit, yatra trayah rashtrani, dwau varnamaalaah cha vidhi-samaksham samaanaani aasan, dhaarmik-swaatantryam, saarwatrik-matadhikaraha cha. gret-britton-deshasya, france-deshasya cha raajanaitik-praayojakatvam tatt praapnot. 1918 october-maase, austria-hangeriyan-samrajyat muktabhoomau slovens, croats, serbs ityetaanaam raajyam ghoshitam, yat yugoslaav-rajyasya prathamah avataarah bhavishyati. anena manyata naa prapta. december-maase, raajyam serbia-rajyena saha samyuktam (yat prathamavishvayuddhaanantaram vojvodinaa-pradesham, poorvasvatantram montenegro-pradesham cha samaaveshtum swasya seemaani vistaarayat) sarba-croats-slovens-raajyam nirmitum. samityaah kaaryam poornam abhavat. ente trumbic ityeshah pashchat 1921 joon-masasya vidovdan-samvidhaanasya, nutanasya yugoslavia-rajyasya (1929 janavaree-masasya) cha pratidwandwih abhavat. ivaan mestrovic ityeshah rajyasya rajanityam bhaagam graheetum niraakrutya svakalayam swapreranam krutavaan. 1942 tame varshe saha deshaat sthayirupena nishkaasayat.

yugoslav kuzhu muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu austria-hangaeriyaich saerntha therku slaavgalaal uruvaakkappatta oru arasiyal nalak kuzhu, yugoslav kamitti (Yugoslav Group) enbathu tharpoothulla therku slavik naadugalil oru sudhanthira naattil saeruvathai nokkamaagak kondadhu. uruvaakkam. niruvana uruppinargalil pinvaruvanavum adangum subilo, trumpic mattrum mestrovic aagiyavai dalmadia iraajjiyaththaich saerntha kuroattugal, hinkovic mattrum potosac crotia-slavonia iraajjiyaththaich saerntha kuroattugal, athae neraththil stojanovic mattrum vasiljevik bosnia mattrum herjikovinavaich saerntha serbugal aavar. varalaaru. yugoslav kuzhuvin aaramba koottam 1914 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil ploarancil nadanthathu, athae neraththil kuzhu athikaarappoorvamaaga 30 aepral 1915 andru baris hootal maadisanil amaikkappattathu. british arasu inththa kuzhuvin thalaivaraaga irunthathaal, lundon kuzhuvin thalaimaiyagamaaga thaernthedukkappattathu. janathipathi murkaala trumpic aavaar. 1915 aam aandil, kuzhuvil 17 uruppinarkal irunththanar, avarkalil 11 paer groashiya mattrum dalmadia kadaloarap paguthigalaich saernthavargal. antha aandil, kuzhu baris, jeneeva, saint nagaril kilaigalai uruvaakkiyathu. beaterberg, cleveland, valbaraiso mattrum washington. thaayagaththil avarkalin thodarbugal aikkiya yugoslav ilainyargal, viyannaavil (austria-hangaerikkul) 1914 ill uruvaakkappatta oru sattaviroatha ilaignar amaippu mattrum serbia iraajjiyaththin arasaangkam aagum. serbiya uththiyoagapoorva arasiyaludanaana avarkalin uravu kuzhu uruppinargalaal avasiyamaanathaagak karudhappattathu, aanaal avarkalin avvappoathu muranpatta arasiyal nilaippaadugal kaaranamaaga adhu pathattramadainthathu. 1916 aam aandil nikola phosicin arasaangkam itaaliyai velippadaiyaaga anugiyatharku kuzhu ethirmaraiyaaka pathilaliththathu, idhu adriatic mattrum kurippaaga kadarpadaith thazhangal meethu itaaliya maelaathikkaththai serbia angkeekariththathaagak kooriyadhu. athae aandin pirpaguthiyil, serbiya arasaangkam aangkilaeyargalukku oru kuripaanai anuppiyathai avarkal arinthanar, athil avarkal serp marabuvazhi madaalayangkal irunththa austria-hangeriyin palvaeru pirathaesangkalil velippadaiyaaga urimai kooriyirunthanar. iruppinum, avarkalaal antha prachchanaiyil oru udanpaattirku vara mudiyavillai, maelum firano subilo 5 juun 1916 andru yugoslav kuzhuvai vittu veliyaerinaar. aduththa aandu avar iranthaar. inthak kuzhu 1917ill serbia iraajjiyaththudan gorfu pirakadanaththil kaiyezhuththittathu. idhu oru samarasa pirakadanamaagum, idhu moontru naadugal mattrum irandu ezhuththukkaludan paaraalumandra mudiyaatchiyai aatharikkirathu, sattaththin muun samam, madha suthanthiram mattrum ulagalaaviya vaakkurimai. idhu grade brittan mattrum brancin arasiyal aatharavaip pettrathu. october 1918 ill, slovens, croads mattrum serbugal austro-hangaeriyap beararasilirunthu viduvikkapatta nilangalilirunthu oru yugoslav maanilaththin muthal avathaaramaaka arivikkapattu, adhu oru yugoslav maanilaththin muthal avathaaramaaka maariyathu. idhu angkeekaaraththai adaiyavillai. disambaril, inththa maanilam serbia iraajjiyaththudan (idhu muthalaam ulagap poarukkup piragu vojvodaina piraanthiyaththaiyum, munbu suthanthiramaana montenegrovaiyum inaippatharkaaga adhan ellaikalai virivupaduththiyathu) serbiyargal, kuroattugal mattrum slovenkalin iraajjiyaththai uruvaakkiyathu. kuzhuvin panii niraivaeriyathu. aandae trumbic pinnar juun 1921 vidovdan arasiyalamaippu mattrum puthiya yugoslavia iraajjiyaththin (janavari 1929) ethiriyaaga aanaar. ivan mestrovic maanila arasiyalil pankerka marutthuvittaar, maelum thanathu kalaiyil thannai arppanitthaar. 1942ill avar naattai vittu nirantharamaaga veliyaerinaar.

yugoslave kamitee yugoslav kamitee (<unk>) anedi modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo austria-hangareeki chendina dakshina slaavlu erpaatu chesina raajakeeya aasakti samuuham, idhi prastuta dakshina slavic deshaalalo swatantra raashtramlo cheraalani lakshyamgaa pettukundi. nirmaanam. vyavasthaapaka sabhyulalo suupiloe, troombic mariyu mestrovic dalmatia raajyaaniki chendina croats, hinkovic mariyu potokjack croatia-slavonia raajyaaniki chendina croats kaga, stojanovic mariyu vasiljevic bosnia mariyu herzegovina nundi serbs. charitra. yugoslav kamitee prarambha samavesam 1914 chivarilo florencelo jarigindi, ayithe kamitee adhikarikamga 30 april 1915naa parisian hotel maadisanlo erpadindi. britton eee kamiteeki nayakudiga unnanduna, landannu kamitee pradhana karyalayamga empika chesaaru. adhyakshudu puurvapu troombic. 1915loe, kamiteelo 17 mandhi sabhyulu unnaaru, vaarilo 11 mandhi croatia mariyu dalmatia teerapraantaalaku chendinavaaru. aaa samvatsaramlo, kamitee paris, geneva, seyint loe saakhalanu erpaatu chesindi. pieterberg, cleveland, valparaiso mariyu washington. swadesamlo vaari sambandhaalu united yugoslav yooth, viyannaalo (austria-hangareelo) 1914loe erpadina chattaviruddha yuva samstha, mariyu serbia rajyam yokka prabhutvam. cerbian adhikaarika raajakeeyaalato vaari sambandhaanni kamitee sabhyulu avasaramani bhaavinchaaru, conny vaari appudappudu viruddhamaina raajakeeya vaikharula kaaranamgaa ottidi erpadindi. 1916loe nikola passic prabhutvam italeelo bahirangamgaa vyavaharinchadampai kamitee pratikuulamgaa spandinchindi, idhi adriatic mariyu mukhyamgaa naukaadala sthaavaraalapai italian aadhipatyaanni serbia gurtinchindani perkondi. adhe samvatsaram taruvaata, cerbian prabhutvam british vaariki oka memorandam gurinchi telusukunnaru, akkada vaaru serb orthodox mathaalu unna austria-hangareelooni vividha bhuubhaagaalapai spashtamgaa daavaa vaesaaru. ayithe, vaaru aaa samasyapai oka oppandaaniki raalekapoyaaru, frano supeelo 1916 juun 5naa yugoslav kamiteeni vidichipettadu. marusati samvatsaram athanu maraninchaadu. kamitee 1917loe serbia raajyamtho corfu prakatanapai santakam chesindi. idhi oka raajee prakatana, idhi moodu deshaalu mariyu rendu varnamaalalu chattam, matha swechcha mariyu saarvatrika ootu hakkuku samanamga parliamentary racharikanni samardhinchindi. idhi grate britton mariyu france yokka raajakeeya spaansarshipnu pondindi. 1918 octoberulo, austria-hangerian saamrajyam nundi vimukti pondina bhoomula nundi slovenlu, croats mariyu serbs yokka sthithi prakatinchabadindi, idhi yugoslav rajyam yokka modati avataaramgaa maarindi. idhi gurtimpu pondaledu. decemberulo, rashtram serbia raajyamtho ikyamai (idhi modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata vojvodina praantaanni, gatamlo swatantra montenegronu chaerchadaaniki thana sarihaddulanu vistarinchindi) serbs, croats mariyu slovenla rajyaanni erpaatu chesindi. kamitee pani puurtayimdi. aante trumbic taruvaata juun 1921 vidovdan rajyangam mariyu kotta yugoslavia raajyaaniki (janavari 1929) pratyarthi ayyadu. evon mestrovic rashtra rajakeeyaalalo paalgonadaaniki niraakarinchi, thana kalaku kattubadi unnadu. 1942loe ayana saasvatamgaa desham vidichi vellipoyaaru.

yugoslav committy yugoslav committy () eek seyasi mafaad parsat grop thaa jasay pehli jung azeem kay doraan austriya hungri kay janubi ghalamon nay tashkil diyaa thaa jiss kaa maqsad maujudah janubi ghalaam mamalik kuu eek aazaad riyasat mein shaamil karnaa thaa. tashkil. baanee arakeen mein shaamil thay: sopilo trumbik aur maistrovik dalmetia kii baadshahi say croat thay hunkovek aur potochanjk crotiya-slovenia kii baadshahi say croat thay jabkah stojanovic aur waseljewek bosnia aur herzegovena say sarb thay. tareekh. yugoslav committy kaa ibtadayi ijtemaa 1914 kay aakhir mein fluorance mein hawaa jabb kahh committy kuu bazabtah toor parr 30 apreel 1915 kuu peers kay hotal medison mein tashkil diyaa gayaa. chonkah bartaniah antent kaa rehnuma thaa landan kuu committy kay sadr daftar kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. sadr saabiq trumbik thay. 1915 mein committy mein 17 arkaan thay jinn mein say 11 kaa taaluq karoshiyayi aur dalmeshiyayi saahili elaqon say thaa. iss saal kay doraan committy nay peers geniva sent mein shakhein tashkil dain. patterberg cleoland walpareso aur washington. watan mein inn kay raabtay united yugoslav youth wayana mein (austriya hungri kay andar) 1914 mein tashkil dee gayee eek ghair qanuni naujawanon kii tanzeem aur mamlikat sarbiya kii hukumat thay. committy kay arakeen nay sarbiyayi sarkaari seyasat kay saath inn kay taluqat kuu zaruri samjha leakin inn kay kabhi kabhaar mutzad seyasi moqaf kii wajah say tanao paida how gayaa. committy nay 1916 mein nakola pashich kii hukumat kii atlee kay saath khalee mulaqat parr manfi radamil zahir kiyaa jiss mein kahaa gayaa thaa kahh sarbiya nay adriotic aur khaas toor parr bahri adoon parr atalvi taslat kuu tasleem kiyaa thaa. asee saal kay aakhir mein inhein sarbi hukumat kii taraf say angrezon kuu eek yaaddasht kay baaray mein malum hawaa jehaan inhon nay waazah toor parr austriya hungri kay mukhtalif elaqon parr daawi kiyaa jehaan sarb orthodocs khanqahon thay. tahim wah iss masilay parr kasee muahide parr nahein pahunch sakay aur frano speelo nay 5 joone 1916 kuu yugoslav committy chhod dee. aglay saal inn kaa inteqal how gayaa. committy nay 1917 mein mamlikat sarbiya kay saath corfo ailamiye parr dastakhat kiye. yaha eek samjhutah ailamiyah thaa jiss mein parlimani baadshahat kii wakalat kii gayee thee jiss mein teen qomein aur duu haroof qanoon mazhabi aazadi aur aalimi haqh raaye dahee kay saamney baraabar thay. asay bartaniah aur france kii seyasi sarparasti haasil hoyee. aktobar 1918 mein slovenz croats aur sarbon kii riyasat kaa aalaan austro hungri sultanat say aazaad shadah zaminon say kiyaa gayaa juu yugoslav riyasat kaa pehla autaar banay gaa. iss say pehchaan haasil nahein hoyee. dasambar mein riyasat nay sarbon croton aur saloweenon kii baadshahi bananay kay liye sarbiya kii baadshahi (jiss nay pehli jung azeem kay baad vojodina kay elaqay kuu shaamil karnay kay liye apnee sarhadon kuu badhaya thaa aur pehley aazaad monti neegro) kay saath muthad how gayee. committy kaa kaam poraa how gayaa. aintay trumbik baad mein joone 1921 kay waduudan aayeen aur yogoslavia kii nayee sultanat (januri 1929) kaa mukhalif bunn gayaa. aiwan maistrovik nay riyasati seyasat mein hasah leenay say ankaar kirr diyaa aur apnay funn kay liye khood kuu waqaf kirr diyaa. inhon nay 1942 mein mustaqil toor parr milk chhod diyaa.

000718830ef98119064d00cb49c2050812286b9d9f900cbe803044f5529c884e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45458714

Yann Demange

Yann Demange French film director Yann Demange (born 7 November 1977) is a French film and television director of French and Algerian descent, who grew up in London. After directing the well-received television series "Dead Set" (2008) and "Top Boy" (2011), he made his directorial film debut with the critically acclaimed independent film "'71" (2014), for which he received the British Independent Film Award for Best Director. Biography. Born in Paris to a French mother and an Algerian father, Demange moved to London with his mother and two older half-brothers when he was two years old, initially to the south of the city, then the west. His parents split up shortly after the family moved to London, and between the ages of four and twelve, Demange was raised in two four-year placements in foster care in Essex, one with a French-speaking family and the other with a white Cockney family. He was originally given the first name Mounir, however one of his half-brothers convinced his mother to change it so he could avoid discrimination for having an Arabic name, so after his parents split his first name was changed to Yann and Mounir became his middle name. Although he is a French citizen, Demange has said that he does not have a single sense of national identity and that he primarily describes himself as a Londoner. In the summer of 1991, shortly before the outbreak of the country's Civil War, he travelled to Algeria to meet his extended family: on this trip he saw "The Battle of Algiers" for the first time, a film in which an aunt of Demange's appeared as one of the film's many non-professional actors. He has said that the awareness of his aunt's role in the film strengthened his love for the medium: "As absurd as it sounds, on some level I think I felt like I had discovered an inheritance to some sort of personal lineage in movies". He began his career at age 18 as a runner on the set of music videos, before enrolling at an arts foundation at the London College of Printing. He later made observational documentaries for General Electric. In his late 20s, Demange attended the National Film and Television School on a scholarship from Disney. He secured a deal with ICM Partners on the basis of his graduation film, which led to him directing several episodes of the television series "Secret Diary of a Call Girl" (2007). He next directed the zombie horror series "Dead Set" (2008), which was nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Drama Serial. For his direction of Channel 4's "Top Boy" (2011), a gang drama set in Hackney, Demange received a nomination for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Director, while the serial was nominated in the category Best Mini-Series. Demange made his directorial film debut with "'71" (2014), which stars Jack O'Connell as a soldier deployed to Belfast at the height of political violence in Northern Ireland. "'71" premiered in competition at the Berlin International Film Festival and went on to receive critical acclaim. Demange won the British Independent Film Award for Best Director and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer. Demange has also been hailed as a promising new voice in British filmmaking. In November 2022, it was reported that Demange would direct "Blade", a theatrical reboot of the "Blade" film franchise set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Filmography. Film Television References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

yaan demenz yaan demengj (jonmo 7 novembor, 1977) hoise france aaru algerian bongxudbhut ejon francer solositro aaru television porisalok, ji londonot dangor hoisil. bhaal proxongxito television dharabahik "dead set" (2008) aaru "top boy" (2011) porisalona korar pisot, teu xomalusokxokolor dwara proxongxito swotontro sobi "71" (2014) ror joriyote porisalonar khetrot aatmoprokax korisil, jaar baabe teu shrestho porisalokor baabe britis swotontro solositro botaa laabh korisil. jiwani. perisot egoraki forasi maatri aaru egoraki algerian pitrir ghorot jonmogrohon koraa demange dubosor boyoxot teur maak aaru dujon dangor xot bhatrir xoite londonoloi guchi goisil, prothomote sohoror dokhyine, taar pisot poschimot. poriyaltu londonoloi sthanantorito huwar kichu xomoyor pisote teur pitri-matrir bisched hoisil, aaru sarir poraa 12 bosor boyoxor maajot demenzok asexot palokor jotnor dutaa chaari bosoriya nijuktire dangor koraa hoisil, etaa forasi bhaxi poriyalor xoite aaru aantu bogaa kokoni poriyalor xoite. teuk prothomote prothom naamtu mounir diya hoisil, obosye teur ejon xot bhatriye maakok eitu xoloni koriboloi monostho koraisil jaate teu aarbi naam thokar baabe boixomyo porihar koribo paare, xeyehe teur pitri-matriye bibhajon korar pisot teur prothom naamtu yanoloi xoloni koraa hoisil aaru mounir teur maajor naamtu hoi porisil. jodiu teu ejon francer nagorik, demange koiche je teur rastriyo porisoyor kunu budh naai aaru teu prathomikbhabe nijoke ejon londonor buli bornona kore. 1991 sonor grishmokalot, dexkhonor grihojudho aarombho huwar kichu xomoyor purbe, teu teur xomproxarito poriyalok log paboloi algeria bhromon korisiloh ei bhromonot teu prothombaror baabe "dyo buttel owo algiers" dekhisil, ekhon solositro zo 'too demenger khuriye sobikhonor bohutu oh-pesadari obhinetar bhitorot egoraki hisape obhinoy korisil. teu koy je sobikhonot teur khurir soritro xomporke xojagotar folot madhyomtur proti teur prem xoktixali hoisiloh "eitu jimanei ojouktik zen lagise, kichu porzayot moi onubhob korilu zen moi solositrot kunu dhoronor byoktigoto bongxor uttoradhikar abiskar korisu. london kolej owo printing-too etaa arts foundation-too naam bhorti korar aagote teu 18 bosor boyoxot music video 'ror setot ranar hisape keriyar aarombho korisil. pisoloi teu general electricor baabe porzobekhyonmulok tothyositro nirman korisil. 20 bosoror xexor faale demange dijonir brittire rastriyo solositro aaru television bidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. teu teur snatok solositror bhittit icm ongxidarxokolor xoite ek sukti nischito korisil, jaar folot teu television dharabahik "sikret diary owo e koll garl" (2007) ror keibatau khondo porisalona korisil. iyar pisot teu jo 'mbi hoh' raar sirij "dead set" (2008) porisalona korisil, jitu shrestho naatok siriyelor baabe bufta television botar baabe monunit hoisil. hekonir potobhumit nirmito etaa geng drama, senel 4-ror "top boy" (2011)-ror porisalonar baabe demenge shrestho porisalokor baabe bufta television botar baabe monunoyon laabh korisil, aanhate dharabahiktu shrestho mini-sirij shrenit monunit hoisil. demange "71" (2014) ror joriyote porisalonar khetrot aatmoprokax korisil, zo "too jek oh" kunele uttor ayarlandot rajnoitik hingxar xikhorot belfast koriboloi niyujit ejon xoinikor bhumikat obhinoy korisil. "71" barlin antohrastriyo solositro mohutxowot protijugitat primiyar koraa hoisil aaru xomalusokor proxongxa laabh korisil. demange shrestho porisalokor baabe britis swotontro solositro botaa laabh korisil aaru ejon britis lekhok, porisalok baa projujokor dwara oxamanyo aatmoprokaxor baabe bufta botar baabe monunit hoisil. britis solositro nirmanot demenzok ek protisrutipurno notun konthoswor hisapeu proxongxa koraa hoise. 2022 sonor novembor maahot, eitu prokax paisil je demenge "blade" nirdexona koribo, jitu bismoyokor chinema jogotor potobhumit "blade" solositro frenchaijir ek theater punor boot. solositrographi. solositro television

iyana demange iyana demanj (jonmo 7 navembar, 1977) farasi ebong algerian bongshodbhuto ekjon farasi cholochchitro ebong television porichalok, jini londone bede othen. proshongshito television sirij 'deeda seeta "(2008) ebong' topp boy" (2011) porichalona korar porr, tini somalochokder dwara proshongshito swadhin cholochchitro '71 "(2014) diye porichalonai atmoprokash corren, jaar jonno tini sera porichaloker jonno british swadhin cholochchitro puraskar paan. jeeboni. pyarise ekjon farasi maa ebong ekjon algerian babar ghore jonmogrohonkari demange, dui bochor boyse taar maa ebong dui borh sott bhaiyer saathe londone choley asen, prathomikbhabe shohorer dakkhine, tarpor poschime. poribarti londone choley yawar porpori taar baba-maa alada hoye zaan ebong chaar theke 12 bochor vayasi demange essexe duti chaar bochorer niyoger modhye palito hohn, ekti farasibhashi poribarer saathe ebong onnoti saadaa cockney poribarer saathe. taanke prothome prothom naam 'mounir' deoa hoyechilo, tobey taanr sott bhaider modhye ekjon taanr maake etty poriborton korte raji corran jaate tini arbi naam thucker jonno baisamma edate paren, taai taanr baba-maa bivokto howar porey taanr prothom naam poriborton korey 'iyana' koraa hoy ebong 'mounir' taanr modhyo naam hoye yaay. jodio tini ekjon farasi nagrik, demange bolechen jey taanr jatiya porichoyer konao anubhuti nei ebong tini prathomikbhabe nijeke ekjon londoner nagrik hisabe bornona corren. 1991 saaler grisse, desher grihojuddho shuru howar thhik agey, tini taanr bordhito poribarer saathe dekha korte algeria bhromon korechilenoh eyi sofore tini prothombarer moto "dya battle off algiers" dekhechilen, ekti cholochchitro jekhane demanger eka massie cholochchitrer onek aaa-peshadar abhinetader modhye ekjon hisabe uposthito hoyechilen. tini bolechen jey, eyi chhobite taanr antir bhumika somporke sachetanata madhyomer proti taanr bhalobasake shaktishali koreche "jotoi ajouktik money hoke naa keena, kichhu porjaye amar money hoy aami cholochchitre konao dhoroner byaktigato bongsher uttoradhikar abishkar korechi. london college off printing-ayee ekti artasa foundatione bhorti howar agey tini 18 bochor boyse music videor sete daudavid hisabe taanr karmajiban shuru corren. porey tini general electricker jonno porjobekkhonmulok tothyochitro toiri corren. 20-err doshoker shesher dike, demange disneyr britti niye jatiya cholochchitro oo television schoole padashona corren. tini taanr snatok cholochchitrer vittite aaee. shee. emm angshidarder saathe ekti chukti korechilen, jaar foley tini television sirij "secret diarry off aaa qala garla" (2007)-err besh koyekti porbo porichalona korechilen. erpor tini jomby horor sirij 'deeda seeta' (2008) porichalona corren, jaa sera natok syrialer jonno bafta television puroskarer jonno manoneet hoyechilo. hackney-rawr prekkhapote nirmito ekti gyang drama channel 4-err "topp boy" (2011)-err porichalonar jonno, demange sera porichaloker jonno bafta television puroskarer jonno mononoyon peyechilen, ebong serialti sera minnie-sirij bibhage manoneet hoyechilo. demange '71' (2014) diye porichalonai atmoprokash corren, jekhane jack oo 'conell uttor irelande rajnaitik sahingsatar shirshe belfast korar jonno nijukto ekjon sainiker bhumikai abhinoy korechen. "71" barlin antorjatik cholochchitro utsabe protijogitai premiere hoyechilo ebong somalochokder proshongsha peyechilo. demange sera porichaloker jonno british swadhin cholochchitro puraskar jitechilen ebong ekjon british lekhok, porichalok baa projojoker asamanno atmoprokasher jonno bafta puroskarer jonno manoneet hoyechilen. british cholochchitro nirmane demangeke ekti ashabyonjok notun kanthaswar hisabeo proshongsha koraa hoyeche. 2022 saaler novembore, jaanaa yaay jey demange "blade" porichalona korbe, jaa vismayakar cinema jogoter seeta koraa "blade" film franchiseer ekti theater reboot. philmography. cholochchitro television

yaan demange yaan demange (janm 7 november, 1977) french aneey algerian vanshnaa french film aneey television nirdeshak chhe, jeo londonma uchharya hataa. saaree reete praapt thayelee television shrenee 'deeda seeta' (2008) aneey 'topa boya' (2011) noon nirdeshan karyaa pachhi, temane vivechako dwara vakhanayelee swatantra film '71' (2014) saathe digdarshanni sharuaat curry, jenaa maate temne shreshth digdarshak maate british swatantra film puraskar malyo. jivancharitra. pereesmaa aek french maataa aneey aek algerian pitaane janmela, demange jyaare beey varshnaa hataa tyaare temnee maataa aneey beey motaa savka bhaaio saathe london gayaa hataa, sharuaatmaa shahernee dakshinma, pachhi pashchimma. parivaar london gayaa pachhi toonk samayma jaj tenaa matapita alag thaee gayaa, aneey chaarthi 12 varshnee vaya vachche, aek french bolata parivaar saathe aneey beejo safed koknee parivaar saathe, assexma paalak sambhaalmaa beey chaar varshnaa placementmaa uchhervama aavyo hato. tene mulroope pratham naam mauneer aapvama aavyu hatoo, jooe keey tenaa savka bhaiomathi aekae tenee maatane tene badalvaa maate sahmat curry jethee teey arabi naam hovaa badal bhedbhaav taalee shake, tethee tenaa matapita vibhajan karyaa pachhi tenu pratham naam yenamaa badalvama aavyu aneey mauneer tenu madhya naam bunny gayoo. tema chhataa teey aek french nagrik chhe, demange kahyoo chhe keey tenee paase raashtriy odakhnee aek pann bhaavnaa nathee aneey teey mukhyatve potaane londonna rahevasi tareeke varnave chhe. chhe unalama, deshnaa gruh yuddh faatee nikalvaanaa thodaa samay pahelaa, temane temnaa vistrut parivaarne malvaa maate algeria pravaas karyo hatoh aaa pravasma temane pratham vakhat "algiersnee ladaai" joee hatee, jemaa demangeni kaakee filmna ghanaa biin-vyaavsaayik abhinetaomana aek tareeke dekhai hatee. temane kahyoo chhe keey filmmaan temnee kakeeni bhoomika visheni jagrutiae maadhyam pratyenaa temnaa premne majboot banaavyoh "teey vaahiyaat laage chhe, maney laage chhe keey maney laagyu keey meyn feelmoma amuk prakaarnaa vyaktigat vanshano vaarso shodhee kaadhyo chhe". temane london college off printingma arts foundationmaa nondhani karaavtaa pahelaa, 18 varshnee ummare music videeyonaa seeta parr dodvir tareeke temnee karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee. baadmaa temane general electric maate nirikshanatmak dastaveji filmo banaavi hatee. temnaa 20 naa daykana antamaa, demenge disneyni shishyavrutee parr raashtriy film aneey television shaalaama haajari aapee hatee. temane temnee snatakni filmna aadhare aaee. see. aema. bhagidaro saathe sodo karyo, jenaa kaarane temane television shrenee "secret diary off aaa qola gerl" (2007) naa ghanaa episodenu nirdeshan karyoo. tyarbad temane zombi horror shrenee "deeda seeta" (2008) noon nirdeshan karyoo, jene shreshth naatak shrenee maate bafta television award maate namankit karvaamaa aavee hatee. chenal chenal "topa boya" (2011) naa nirdeshan maate, heckneyma seeta thayel geng drama, demangene shreshth digdarshak maate bafta television award maate namankan malyun hatoo, jyaare shreneene shreshth miinii-sirizma namankit karvaamaa aavee hatee. demange '71' (2014) saathe digdarshanni sharuaat curry hatee, jemaa jeeka oo 'konelne uttari irelandma raajkeey hinsani unchaiae belfast maate tainaat sainik tareeke darshavvama aavyaa hataa. "71" noon berlin aantarrashtriy film mahotsavma spardhama premiere thayu hatoo aneey vivechakoni prashansa melvee hatee. demange shreshth nirdeshak maate british swatantra film puraskar jeetyo hato aneey british lekhak, digdarshak athavaa nirmata dwara utkrusht padaarpan maate bafta puraskar maate namankit thayaa hataa. british film nirmanma demangene aek aashaspad navaa avaaj tareeke pann birdavvama aavyo chhe. november november, aevu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey demange "blade" noon nirdeshan karashe, jeey adbhoot cinematic brahmaandmaa seeta karelee "blade" film franchiseenu theatre reboot chhe. philmography. film television

yaan demenz yaan demenz (janm 7 navambar, 1977) francisi aur algerian mool key ack francisi film aur television nirdeshak hain, joe landan mein paley-badhe hain. achchi tarah seey praapt television shrinkhala "dade sett" (2008) aur "topp boy" (2011) kaa nirdeshan karane key baad, unhone sameekshakon dwara prashansit swatantra film "71" (2014) key saath nirdeshan kii shuruat kii, jisake liye unhein sarvshreshth nirdeshak key liye british swatantra film puraskar milaa. jeevani. peris mein ack francisi maan aur ack algerian pitaa key ghar paida hue, demenz apani maan aur dou badey sautele bhaaiyon key saath landan chaley gaye jaba way dou saal key they, shuru mein shahar key dakshin mein, phir paschim mein. parivaar key landan chaley jaane key turant baad unake maataa-pitaa alag hoe gaye, aur chaar seey 12 saal kii umr key beach demenz kaa paalan-poshan assex mein paalak dekhbhal mein dou chaar saal key placement mein kiya gayaa, ack french bhashi parivaar key saath aur doosara ack safed cockony parivaar key saath. unhein mool roop seey pahala naam maunir diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki unake sautele bhaai mein seey ack ney apani maan koo ise badalane key liye manaa liya taaki vaha arabi naam rakhane key liye bhedbhaav seey butch sakein, isaliye unake maataa-pitaa key vibhajit honey key baad unakaa pahala naam badalkar yaan curr diyaa gayaa aur maunir unakaa madhya naam bunn gayaa. haalaanki vaha ack francisi nagrik haye, demenz ney kahaa haye kii usey rashtriya pehchaan kii ack bhee bhavna naheen haye aur vaha mukhya roop seey khud koo ack landanwasi key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. 1991 kii garmiyon mein, desh key grihyuddh key shuru honey seey kuchh samay pahale, unhone apane vistaarit parivaar seey milane key liye algeria kii yatra keeh iss yatra mein unhone pahali baar "algiers kii ladaai" dekhi, ack film jisamen demenz kii ack chaachi film key kaee gair-peshevar abhinetaon mein seey ack key roop mein dikhaai dee. unhone kahaa haye kii film mein unaki chaachi kii bhoomika key baare mein jagrukta ney madhyam key liye unake pyaar koo majboot kiyaah "jitna betuka lagata haye, kuchh star parr mujhe lagata haye kii mujhe aisaa lagaa jaise maine filmon mein kissy prakaar key vyaktigat vansh kii viraasat kii khoj kii thee. unhone landan college off printing mein ack kalaa foundation mein dakhila lene seey pahale, 18 saal kii umr mein sangeet video key sett parr ack dhaavak key roop mein apana currier shuru kiya. baad mein unhone general electric key liye avalokan vrittachitra banaae. apane 20 key dashak key anta mein, demenz ney disney seey chhatravritti parr rashtriya film aur television school mein bhaag liya. unhone apani snaatak film key aadhar parr aaee. see. aim. bhagidaron key saath ack sauda kiya, jisake kaaran unhone television shrinkhala "secret diarry off aeye coll gerl" (2007) key kaee episode kaa nirdeshan kiya. isake baad unhone zombi horror seereez "dade sett" (2008) kaa nirdeshan kiya, jise sarvshreshth naatak dharavahik key liye bafta television puraskar key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. channel 4 key "topp boy" (2011) key nirdeshan key liye, hackney mein ack giroh naatak, demenz koo sarvshreshth nirdeshak key liye bafta television puraskar key liye namankan milaa, jabaki dharavahik koo sarvshreshth laghu-shrinkhala shreni mein namankit kiya gayaa thaa. demenz ney '71' (2014) key saath apane nirdeshan kii film kii shuruat kii, jisamen jack oh 'connell koo uttari ireland mein raajneetik hinsa key charam parr belfast key liye tainaat ack sanic key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. "71" kaa premiere berlin antarrashtriya film samaroh mein pratiyogita mein huaa aur ise alochakon kii prashansa millie. demenz ney sarvshreshth nirdeshak key liye british swatantra film puraskar jeetaa aur ack british lekhak, nirdeshak yaa nirmaata dwara utkrisht padaarpan key liye bafta puraskar key liye namankit kiya gayaa. demenz koo british film nirmaan mein ack ashajanak naee aavaaj key roop mein bhee saraha gayaa haye. navambar 2022 mein, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii demange "blade" kaa nirdeshan karega, joe adbhut cinemai brahmand mein sthaapit "blade" film franchisee kaa ack naatakiya reboot haye. filmography. film television

yaan demange yaan demange (janana november 7,1977) french mattu algerian moolada french chalanachitra mattu duradarshana nirdeshakaraagiddu, avaru landannalli beledaru. uttama pratikriye padeda duradarshana sarani "dead sett" (2008) mattu "top baay" (2011) annu nirdeshisida nantara, avaru vimarshaatmakavaagi mechchuge padeda swatantra chitra "71" (2014) moolaka nirdeshanada chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, idakkaagi avaru atyuttama nirdeshakakkagi british swatantra chalanachitra prashastiyannu padedaru. jivanacharitre. french taayi mattu algerian tandege parisonalli janisida demange, eradu varshadavanagiddaga tanna taayi mattu ibbaru hiriya malasahodararondige londonge teralidaru, aarambhadalli nagarada dakshinakke, nantara paschimakke. kutumbavu londonge sthalaantaragonda swalpa samayada nantara avara poshakaru berpattaru, mattu naalku mattu 12 varshada naduvina vayassinalli eradu naalku varshagala udyogagalalli saakupraanigala aaraikeyalli essexnalli beledaru, obbaru french maatanaaduva kutumbadondige mattu innobbaru bili kakni kutumbadondige. aatanige moolatah mounir emba modala hesarannu nidalaagittu, aadare aatana malasahodararalli obbaru tanna taayiyannu adannu badalaayisalu manavolisidaru, aaddarinda aata arabbi hesarannu hondiddakkagi taaratamyavannu tappisabahudu, aaddarinda aatana poshakaru berpadisida nantara aatana modala hesarannu yaan endu badalaayisalaayitu mattu mounir aatana madhyada hesaraayitu. aata french prajeyagiddaroo, aatanige onde ondu rashtriya gurutina pragne illa mattu aata prathamikavagi tannannu taanu landannavanu endu bannisikolluttaane endu demange heliddaare. 1991rahra besigeyalli, deshada antaryuddhavu praarambhavaaguva swalpa samayada modalu, avaru tamma vistruta kutumbavannu bhetiyagalu aljiriyage prayanisidaruhu ee pravaasadalli avaru modala baarige "algiers yuddha" vannu nodidaru, idaralli demange avara chikkamma chitrada aneka vrattipararallada nataralli obbaraagi kanisikondaru. ee chitradalli tanna chikkammana patrada arivu madhyamada bagegina tanna pritiyannu balapadisitu endu avaru heliddaareh "idu asambaddhavendu toruttade, kelavu mattadalli naanu chalanachitragalalli kelavu reetiya vaiyaktika vamshaavaliyannu aanuvamshikavaagi kandukondiddene endu naanu bhavisuttene". avaru tamma 18neey vayassinalli sangeeta veediyogala setnalli otagaararaagi tamma vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru, london college off printingnalli arts foundationalli daakhalaaguva modalu. nantara avaru general electricgaagi vikshana sakshyachitragalannu maadidaru. 20rahra dashakada koneyalli, demange disney vidyaarthivetanadalli rashtriya chalanachitra mattu duradarshana shaalege haajaraadaru. aata tamma padavi chalanachitrada aadhaarada mele aii. sii. emm. paludararondige oppanda maadikondaru, idu aata duradarshana sarani "secret dairi off aa coll gurl" (2007) naa halavaaru kantugalannu nirdeshisalu kaaranavaayitu. avaru mundina zombi bhayanaka sarani "dead sett" (2008) annu nirdeshisidaru, idu atyuttama nataka dharavahigagi bafta duradarshana prashastige naamanirdeshanagonditu. hacknielli sett maadalaada 4neey chanelna "top baay" (2011) naa nirdeshanakkagi, demange atyuttama nirdeshakakkagi bafta duradarshana prashastige namanirdeshanagondare, dhaaraavahiyu atyuttama mini-sarani vibhagadalli naamanirdeshanagonditu. demange avaru '71' (2014) chitrada moolaka nirdeshanada chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, idaralli jack oo 'connell avaru uttara airlendnalli rajakiya himsaachaarada uttungadallidda sainikanaagi niyojisalpattaru. "71" burlin antaaraashtriya chalanachitrotsavadalli prathama pradarshanagonditu mattu vimarshaatmaka mecchugeyannu padeyitu. demange atyuttama nirdeshakakkagi british swatantra chalanachitra prashastiyannu geddaru mattu british barahagara, nirdeshaka athawa nirmapakara atyuttama chocchala praveshakkagi bafta prashastige namanirdeshanagondaru. british chalanachitra nirmaanadalli demange ondu bharavaseya hosa dhwaniyendu prashamsisalpattide. november 2022 ralli, demange "blade" annu nirdeshisuttade endu varadiyagide, idu adbhuta cinemia brahmandadalli sett maadalaada "blade" philm franchisena natakiya reboot aagide. chalanachitragala patti. chalanachitra duradarshana

yaan demenj landanil valarnna franch, aljeeriyan vamshajayaaya oru franch chalachithra, television samvidaayakanaanu yaan demanche (jananam november 7,1977). mikacha sveekaaryatha nediya television parambarayaaya "dedd settu" (2008), "topp booy" (2011) enniva samvidaanam cheytha sesham niroopaka prashamsa nediya swatantra chithramaaya "71" (2014) enna chithratthiloode addeham samvidaanaramgathu arangettam kurichu, athinu mikacha samvidaayakanulla britiish swatantra chalachithra award labhichu. jeevacharitram. paareesil oru franch ammaykkum aljeeriyan pithaavinum janicha demenj rund vayassullappol ammaykkum rund mootha ardhasahodaranmaarkkumop landanilekku thamasam maari, thudakkathil nagaratthinte thekk, pinneedu padinjaaru. kudumbam landanilekku maariyathin thottupinnaale addehathinte maathaapithaakkal verpirinju, naalinum panthrandinum idayil praayamulla demenchine essexile phosttar keyaril rund naalu varshathe playsmentukalilaayi valarthi, oraal franch samsaarikkunna kudumbathodum matoraal velutha kokni kudumbathodum. addehathinu aadyam mounir enna aadyanamam nalkappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum addehathinte ardhasahodaranmaaril oraal athu maattaan ammaye bodhyappedutthi, athinaal arabic perullathinulla vivechanam ozhivakkaan kazhiyum, athinaal maathaapithaakkal bhinnichathinu sesham addehathinte aadyanamam yaan ennum mounir addehathinte madhyanaamamaayi maarukayum cheythu. oru franch pouranaanengilum, thanikk deseeya swathuathekkurichu orotta bodhavumillennum addeham praadhamikamaayi svayam oru landankaaranaanennum demench paranju. 1991-leeii venalkkaalath, raajyathe aabhyantharayudham pottippurappedunnathi thottumunbu, addeham thante vipuleekritha kudumbatthe kaanaan aljeeriyayilekk pooyi eee yaathrayil addeham aadyamaayi "aljiyarmaarude yuddham" kandu, chithratthil demancheyude oru ammayi chithratthile niravadhi professional ithara abhinethaakkalil oralaayi prathyakshappettu. chithratthile thante ammaayiyude veshathekkurichulla avabodham maadhyamathodulla thante snehathe shakthippeduthiyathayi addeham paranju "kelkkumbol asambandham thonnunnathupole, oru tharatthil enikku sinimakalil eathenkilum tharatthilulla vyakthiparamaaya vamshaavalikk oru anantharaavakaasham kandethiyathayi enikku thonni". lunden koleju oof printingil oru arts foundeshanil cherunnathinu munbu 18-aamm vayassil music veediyokalude settil oru oottakkaaranaayi addeham thante currier aarambhichu. pinneedu addeham general elaktrikkinaayi nireekshana dokyumentarikal nirmmichu. irupathukalude avasaanathil, demaniyil ninnulla scholarshippil deseeya chalachithra, television schoolil demenj chernnu. thante birudachithrathinte adisthaanathil addeham aii. sii. emm pankaalikalumaayi oru karar undaakki, ithu television parambarayaaya "secrut dayari oof eiii kooll gayle" (2007) nte niravadhi episodukal samvidaanam cheyyaan addehathe prerippichu. mikacha naadaka parambaraykkulla baaftta television awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappetta sombi horror seereesaaya "dedd settu" (2008) addeham aduthathaayi samvidaanam cheythu. hackney aspadamaakki oru samgha naadakamaaya chaanal 4-nte "topp booy" (2011) samvidaanam cheythathinu, demanchinu mikacha samvidaayakanulla baaftta television awardinu naamanirddesham labhichu, athesamayam seeriyal mikacha miinii seerees vibhaagathil naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. vadakkan irelandile rashtreeya akramatthinte uchasthaayiyil belfaasttinaayi vinyasikkapetta oru sainikanaayi jacq ooo 'koonal abhinayikkunna' 71 '(2014) enna chithrathiloodeyaanu demanche samvidaanaramgathu arangettam kurichathu. "berlin anthaaraashtra chalachithrothsavathil nadanna malsarathil '71' pradarshippikkukayum niroopaka prashamsa nedukayum cheythu. mikacha samvidaayakanulla britiish swatantra chalachithra award nediya demench oru britiish ezhuthukaarano samvidaayakano nirmmathavo aadyamaayi abhinayichathinu baaftta awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. britiish chalachithranirmmaanathil oru prateeksha nalkunna puthiya shabdamaayum demenchine prashamsichittundu. 2022 novemberil, athbhuthakaramaaya sinima prapanchatthil sajjeekarichirikkunna "blade" philim fraanchaisiyude thiyettar rebootaaya "blade" demanch samvidaanam cheiyumennu report cheyyappettu. philingraphy. sinima television

yaan demenge yaan demenge (janm 7 november 1977) haah french aanee algerian vanshacha french chitrapat aanee durchitravani digdarshak aahe, joou londonmadhye vadhala. deed seet' (2008) aanee 'top boy' (2011) yaa durchitravani malikanche digdarshan kelyanantar, tyane samikshakanni prashansa kelelya '71' (2014) yaa swatantra chitrapatatun digdarshanat padarpan kele, jyasathi tyala sarvotkrusht digdarshakacha british swatantra chitrapat puraskar midala. charitra. parismadhye french aaee aanee algerian vadilanchya gharee janmalela demenge, done varshancha asatana tyachi aaee aanee done mothya savatra bhavandansah londonla gela, suruvatila shaharachya dakshines, nantar paschimes. kutumb londonla gelyanantar tyache aaee-vadil vegale jhaale aanee chaar teey 12 varshanchya darmyanche demenge heey esexmadhil palak dekhbhalisathi done chaar varshanchya niyuktimadhye vadhale, eka french bhashik kutumbasah aanee dusare pandhare kombadi kutumbasah. tyala moolatah pahile naav maunir denyat aale hote, tathapi tyachya savatra bhavanpaiki ekane tyachya aaeela teey badalanyas sangitale jenekarun too arabi naav asalyamule bhedbhav talhu shakel, mhanoon tyachya aaee-vadilanni vibhajan kelyanantar tyache pahile naav badaloon yaan karnyat aale aanee maunir heey tyache madhya naav jhaale. jaree too french nagrik asala taree, demengene mhatale aahe qee tyala rashtriy asmitechi ekach bhavna nahee aanee too pramukhyane swatache varnan londoncha rahivasi mhanoon karato. 1991 chya unhalyat, deshache gruhyuddha suru honyachya kahee kaal aadhi, tyanni aaplya vistarit kutumbala bhetanyasathi algeriala pravas kelah yaa pravasat tyanni prathamach 'algierschee ladhai' pahili, eka chitrapat jyamadhye demengechi mavashi chitrapatachya anek bigger-vyavsayik abhinetyanpaiki eka mhanoon disali. tyane mhatale aahe qee yaa chitrapatatil tyachya mavshichya bhoomikebaddalchya jaanivmule tyache madhyamavaril prem balkat jhaleh "teey kitihi murkhpanache asale taree, kahee pramanat mallah vatate qee mallah chitrapatanmadhye kahee prakarchya vaiyaktik vanshacha varsa sapadala aahe". london college auph printingmadhye arts foundationmadhye navanondani karnyapurvi, vayachya 18 vya varshi sangeet vhidiochya setwar dhavpatu mhanoon tyanni aaplya karkirdila suruvat kelee. nantar tyanni general electricsathi nirikshanatmak mahitipat banavale. tyachya 20 chya uttaradhat, demengene disneychya shishyavruttivar rashtriy chitrapat aanee durchitravani shalet shikshan ghetale. tyane tyachya padvipurv chitrapatachya aadhare aay. see. emm. bhagidaranshi karar keela, jyamule tyane 'secret diary auph aaa coll gerl' (2007) yaa durchitravani malikechya anek bhaganche digdarshan kele. tyanantar tyane zombi horror malika 'deed seet' (2008) digdarshit kelee, jee sarvotkrusht natya malikesathi bafta television puraskarasathi namankit jhaali hotee. channell 4 chya 'top boy' (2011) yaa hackniever aadharit gang dramachya digdarshanasathi, demengela sarvotkrusht digdarshakachya bafta television puraskarasathi namankan midale, tarr yaa malikela sarvotkrusht miinii-sirijchya shreneet namankan midale. demengene digdarshanat padarpan '71' (2014) yaa chitrapatatun kele, jyat jacq oo 'connell haah uttar irelandmadhil rajkiy hinsacharachya shikharavar asatana belfast karnyasathi tainat sainik mhanoon aahe. "71' chaa berlin aantarrashtriy chitrapat mahotsavat spardhet pratham pradarshan jhaale aanee tyala samikshakanchi prashansa midali. demengene sarvotkrusht digdarshakacha british swatantra chitrapat puraskar jinkla aanee british lekhak, digdarshak kinwa nirmatyane utkrusht padarpan kelyabaddal tyala bafta puraskarasathi namankan midale. british chitrapat nirmitimadhye demenge haah eka aashadayak naveen aavaj mhanoonahi olakhala jaato. november 2022 madhye, asey sanganyat aale qee demange heey 'blade' chey digdarshan karel, jeey adbhut chitrapat vishvat seet kelelya 'blade' chitrapat franchiseeche natya reboot aahe. chitrapatalekhan. chitrapat durdarshan

yann demange yann demange (janma november 7,1977) francelli rar algeriali mulka francelli chalchitra rar television nirdeshak hun, jo londonma hurkeka thie. ramro-prapta television shringkhala "dead sett" (2008) rar "top bwai" (2011) nirdeshan garepachhi, unle samikshakharule prashansa gareko swatantra film "71" (2014) batt nirdeshanma debue gare, jaska lagi unle utkrishta nirdeshakko lagi britis swatantra film puraskar prapta gare. jiwani. perisma francelli amah rar algeriali bubako gharma janmeka demange dui warshako umerma afnie amah rar dui thula sauteni bhaiharusanga london sareka thie, suruma saharko dakshinma, tyasapachhi paschimma. pariwar london sarepachhi unka amababu alag bhae, rar chaar rar 12 warshako umerka bichma demanzlai asexma palanposhan herchahma dui chaar-warshako placementma hurkeka thie, ek francelli bhashi pariwarsanga rar arko seto kakani pariwarsanga. unlai suruma pahilo naam maunira diieko thiyo, tara unka sauteni bhaiharu madhye ekle afnie amalai yo pariwartan garna raji garae taaki uni arabi naam bhaeko karan bhedbhawabata bachna sakun, tyasaile unka amababule vibhajan garepachhi unko pahilo naam pariwartan gari yann gariyo rar maunira unko madhya naam banyo. uni francelli nagarik bhae tapani, demangele aafusanga rashtriya pahichanko kunai bhawana nabhaeko rar uni mukhya rupma afulai londonwashiko rupma warnan garne bataeka chhan. sann 1991 ko garmima, deshko grihayudha suru hunubhanda kehi samayaghi, unle afno wistarit pariwarlai bhetna algeria gaeh yass yatrama unle pahilo patak "algiersko yuddha" dekhe, jasma demanjki ek kaki chalchitraka dherai gaira-wyawasayik abhinetaharu madhye ekko rupma dekha pare. filmma afnie kakiko bhumikako barema sachetanale madhyampratiko unko premlai baliyo banaeko unle bhaneka chhanh "jasto kii yo betuka lagchha, kehi starma malai lagchha kii maile chalchitraharuma kunai prakarko wyaktigat wanshako virasata fela pareko mahasus garen. unle london college aff printingma arts foundationma bharna hunuaghi 18 warshako umerma music bhidiyoko setma dhawakko rupma afno currier suru gare. pachhi unle general electricka lagi awalokanmulak writtachitraharu banae. afno 20 ko dashakko uttarardhama, demangele disnibata chhatrawrittima rashtriya film rar television schoolma bhag lie. unle afno snatak chalchitrako adharma icmma sajhedarharusanga samjhauta gare, jasle unlai television shringkhala "sikret diary aff aha cull gearl" (2007) kaa dherai episodharu nirdeshan garna prerit prapta. unle arko zombie harror shringkhala "dead sett" (2008) nirdeshan gare, june utkrishta natak dharawahikko lagi bafta television puraskarka lagi manonit bhaeko thiyo. hackneyma sett garieko giroha natak channel 4 ko "shirsha ketako" (2011) nirdeshanka lagi, demangele sarwashreshtha nirdeshakko lagi bafta television puraskarka lagi namangkan prapta gare, jabki siriyallai sarwashreshtha minny-sirijko shrenima namangkan garieko thiyo. demangele afno nirdeshan chalchitrako suruwat '71' (2014) batt gare, jasma jack o 'konelle uttari ayarlandma rajnitik hinsako charamma belfast garna tainath sainikko rupma abhinaya gareka chhan. "71" ko berlin antarrashtriya chalchitra mahotsavma pratispardhama premiere bhayo rar yasale alochanatmak prashansa prapta prapta. demangele utkrishta nirdeshakka lagi britis swatantra film puraskar jite rar britis lekhak, nirdeshak wa nirmatadwara utkrishta debueka lagi bafta puraskarka lagi manonit bhae. demangelai britis film nirmanma ek ashajanak nayan awajko rupma pani prashansa garieko chha. november 2022 maa, yo report garieko thiyo kii demangele "blade" nirdeshan garnechha, adbhut cinemai brahmandma sett garieko "blade" film frenchaijiko theater reboot. filmography. chalchitra television

yann demange yann demange (janma navember 7,1977) jane farasi ebong algeria banshodbhaba farasi chalachitra ebong television nirdeshaka, jie landanare badhithile. besh prashansita television dharabahika 'dead sett "(2008) ebong' top bayya" (2011) rahr nirdeshana deba parey shay samalochakanka dwara prashansita swadheena chalachitra '71 "(2014) sahita nirdeshana arambha karithile, jeunthipain shay shrestha nirdeshaka paain british swadheena chalachitra puraskara paithile. jeebani. jane farasi maa 'ebong jane algerian pitanka ghare pyarisare janmagrahana karithiba demange, dui barsha bajasare taanka maa' ebong dui budd sabata bhainka saha london chalijaithile, prathame saharar dakhinare, taa 'parey paschimare. paribara london chalijiba parey taanka pitamata alga hoijaithile, ebong chaariru 12 barsha bayasa madhyare dimanjanku eseksare poshya jatnare duiti chaari barshar nijuktire lalitapalita karajaithila, gotie farasi bhashi paribara sahita ebong anyati eka dhalaa kakani paribara sahita . tanku prathame pratham naama 'munira' diajaithila, kintu tankara jane sabata bhai taanka maanku ehaaku paribartana karibaku raaji karaithile jaahaa dwara shay eka arabiah naama thibaru bhedabhabaku edai paribe, tenu taanka pitamata bibhajan parey tankara pratham naama 'yann' ku paribartana karajaithila ebong 'munir' tankara madhya naama hoigala . jadio shay jane francer nagarika, demange kahichanti je tankara jatiah parichaira kaunasi dharana naahin ebong shay nijaku mukhyatah jane londner bhabare barnana karanti . 1991rahr grishma ruture, deshar gruhajudha arambha hebara kichhi samai purbaru, shay taanka samprasarita paribaraku bhetiba paain algeria jatra karithileh ehi jatrare shay pratham thara paain "algier juddha" dekhithile, eka chalachitra jeunthire dimanjka jane mausi chalachitrara aneka anah-bruttigata abhinetanka madhyaru jane bhabare upasthita hoithile . shay kahichanti je chalachitrare taanka mauseenka bhumika bishajare sachetanata madhyama prati tankara premaku majboot karithilah "ehaa jete ajauktika laguthile madhya, kichhi starare mun bhabuchhi je mun anubhaba colly je mun chalachitrare kaunasi prakarara byaktigata banshara uttaradhikara abishkara karichhi. london college off printingre eka arts phaundesanare naama lekhaiba purbaru shay 18 barsha bajasare music bhidio setare jane daudabida bhabare nijara kyariyara arambha karithile. parey shay sadharana bidyuta paain parjyabekhyana sambandheeah documentary nirmana karithile. 20 dashkar shesh bhagare, demange dijaninka thaaru eka chhatrabrutti upare jatiah chalachitra ebong television bidyalajare joga deithile. shay taanka snataka chalachitra aadhaarare aai. sii. emm. ansheedaramananka sahita eka chukti hassel karithile, jaahaa tanku television sirij "secret diary off aii cull gearl" (2007) rahr aneka episode nirdeshana debaku prerita karithila. parabarti samajare shay 'jambi harror sirij' 'dead sett' (2008) rahr nirdeshana deithile, jaahaa shrestha drama cereal paain bafta television puraskara paain manoneet hoithila. hakni upare aadharita eka gyang drama, channell 4 rahr "top bayya" (2011) rahr nirdeshana paain, demange shrestha nirdeshaka bhabare bafta television puraskara paain namankana paithile, jetebele kii dharabahikati shrestha mini-sirij bargare manoneet hoithila . demange '71' (2014) sahita taanka nirdeshita chalachitra debyu karithile, jeunthire jack oh 'conell uttara aajarlandare rajanaitika hinsara sheershare belfast karibaku nijojita jane sainika bhabare abhinai karithile. "71" rahr premiyara berlin antarjatija chalachitra mahostabare pratijogitare hoithila ebong samalochakanka prashansa paithila . demange shrestha nirdeshaka bhabe british swadheena chalachitra puraskara jitithile ebong jane british lekhaka, nirdeshaka kimba prajojakanka dwara utkrusta debyu paain bafta puraskara paain manoneet hoithile. british chalachitra nirmanare demange madhya eka ashajanaka nutan swara bhabare prashansita hoichhanti . navember 2022 ray, ehaa suchana diajaithila je demange "blade" rahr nirdeshana deba, jaahaa chamatkara cinema jagatare sett hoithiba "blade" chalachitra franchiser eka theatre reboot . philmography. chalachitra television

yaan demenge yaan demenge (janam 7 navambar, 1977) franch atey algerian mool dee ikk franch film atey television nirdeshak haii, joe london witch vaddi hoee haii. changi tarahan prapat television ladiwar "dedd sett" (2008) atey "topp buaae" (2011) dey nirdeshan toon baad, unhan neey aalochnatmak taur 'teey parshansa prapat sutantar film "71" (2014) naal aapne nirdeshan dee shuruat keeti, jiss laee unhan noon sarbottam nirdeshak laee british sutantar film puraskar miliaa. jeevani. paris witch ikk franch maan atey ikk algeriaai pitaa dey gharr paida hoiaa, demange aapni maan atey doou vadde matreye bharavan naal london chalaa giaa jadon uh doou saal daa see, shuru witch shehar dey dakkhan witch, firr pachham witch. parivaar dey london chaley jaanh toon turant baad uss dey maata-pitaa vakkh hoow gaye, atey chaar toon 12 saal dee umar dey vichkaar demange daa paalan-poshan doou chaar saalan dee placement witch essex witch paalan-poshan dekhbhal witch keeta giaa see, ikk franch bolann vaale parivaar naal atey dooja ikk chitte kakni parivaar naal. uss noon asal witch pahila naam maunir ditta giaa see, halanki uss dey matreye bharavan vicchon ikk neey aapni maan noon iss noon badlan laee yakeen karvaiaa taan joe uh arabi naam rakkhan laee vitkare toon bach sake, iss laee uss dey maapiaan dey vandann toon baad uss daa pahila naam badal keey yaan qarr ditta giaa atey maunir uss daa maddh naam bann giaa. halanki uh ikk francisi nagrik haii, damenge neey kiha haii kii uss witch rashtari pachanh dee ikk vee bhavna naheen haii atey uh mukkh taur 'teey aapne aap noon ikk london vaasi vajon darsaunda haii. 1991 deeaan garmiaan witch, desh dey gharelu yuddh dey shuru honn toon thodhi dair pahilan, uh aapne vistrit parivaar noon milann laee algeria gaevak iss yaatra witch unhan neey pahili vaar "algiers dee ladai" vekhi, ikk film jiss witch demange dee ikk maasi film dey bahut saare gair-peshevar adakaran vicchon ikk vajon dikhai ditti. unhan neey kiha haii kii film witch unhan dee maasi dee bhumika baare jagrukta neey madhiam laee unhan dey piaar noon mazboot keetaau "jinna betuka lagge, kise paddhar 'teey mainoon lagda haii kii mainoon laggda haii kii main filman witch kise kisam dey nijji vansh dee virasat dee khoj keeti haii. unhan neey london kaalaj aaf printing witch ikk arts foundation witch dakhla lainn toon pahilan, sangeet vdo dey sett utte ikk daudak vajon 18 saal dee umar witch aapne carrier dee shuruat keeti. baad witch unhan neey general electric laee nirikhan dastavezi filman banaiaan. aapne 20 dey dahake dey akheer witch, demange neey disney toon scholarship utte rashtari film atey television school witch padahi keeti. uss neey aapni graduation film dey adhaar 'teey aaee. see. aimm. bhaiwalan naal ikk samjhauta keeta, jiss caarn uss neey television ladiwar "secret diari aaf aii qaal garal" (2007) dey kaee episodan daa nirdeshan keeta. uss neey agli zombi drauni ladiwar "dedd sett" (2008) daa nirdeshan keeta, jiss noon sarbottam drama cereal laee bafta television puraskar laee namzad keeta giaa see. channel 4 dey "topp buaae" (2011) dey nirdeshan laee, hackney witch ikk gaing drama sett, demenge noon sarbottam nirdeshak laee bafta television puraskar laee namzadgi millie, jadon kii cereal noon sarbottam minni-seereez dee shreni witch namzad keeta giaa see. demange neey '71' (2014) naal aapne nirdeshan dee shuruat keeti, jiss witch jaik ou 'conell neey uttri ireland witch rajneetik hinsa dey sikhar' teey belfast laee tayinat ikk sipahi dey roop witch abhinai keeta. "71" daa premiere barlin antarashtari film festival witch mukabale witch keeta giaa atey iss noon aalochnatmak parshansa millie. demange neey sarbottam nirdeshak laee british sutantar film puraskar jittiaa atey ikk british lekhak, nirdeshak jaan nirmata duaara shandar daibioo laee bafta puraskar laee namzad keeta giaa see. demenge noon british film nirman witch ikk honhar naveen aavaaz vajon vee shalagha keeti gaee haii. navambar 2022 witch, ih dassiaa giaa see kii demange "blade" daa nirdeshan karega, joe kii shandar cinemai brahmand witch sathapat "blade" film franchisee daa ikk theatre reboot haii. philmography. film television

yaan dimyaanj yaan dimyaanj (janma 7 november 1977) ityayam french-bhashayaha algerian-vamshasya cha ekaha french-chalacchitra-dooradarshan-nirdeshaka asti, yah landan-nagare eva vardhata. dead sett" (2008), "top baay" (2011) cha iti cha dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikasy nirdeshananantaram, saha vimarshakaih prashamsite '71 "(2014) iti swatantra-chalacchitrena nirdeshana-chalachchitre padaarpanam krutavaan, yasya krute saha sarvashreshta-nirdeshakasya british-swatantra-chalacchitra-puraskaram praptavan. jeevanacharitram. pyaris-nagare french-matayaha algerian-pituhu cha putrasya janma praapnot, dimyaanj ityayam yadaa dwiwarsheeyah aasit tadaa swamayena, dwau jyeshtaihi ardhabhraatubhih cha saha landan-nagaram gatavaan, praarambhe nagarasya dakshinadishi, tatah paschimadishi. tasya maataapitarau landan-nagaram prati sthanantarasya kinchitkalanantaram vibhaktau abhavan, tathaa cha chaturvarshaat 12 varshaparyantam vayasi deemaanj-varyasya paalan-poshanartham essex-nagare chaturvarsheeya-niyuktidwaye utthaapitah, ekaha french-bhashiya-kutumbe, anyah shveta-kaaknee-kutumbe cha. tasya prathamanaam mauneer iti dattam aasit, parantu tasya ekaha ardhabhrata swamatam arabik-naamnah bhedaat nivaarayitum parivartayitum pratyujyate sma, ataha tasya maataapitru-vibhajanena tasya prathamanaam yaan iti parivartitam, mauneer iti tasya madhyanama abhavat. yadyapi saha french-deshasya naagarikah asti tathaapi demanjah avadat yat tasya rashtriya-parichayah ekoapi naasti, saha mukhyataya swayam landan-naagarikah iti varnayati iti. 1991 tame varshe grishmakaale, deshasya gruhayuddhasya arambhat kinchitkaalapoorvam, saha swasya vistrutaparivaaram militum algeria-desham gatavaan, asmin yatrayam saha prathamavaaram "da byaatal aaf algiers" iti chalacchitram drushtavaan, yasmin dimyaanj ityasya ekaa attayaa chalacchitrasya anekeshu vruttiparam kaanichan abhinetrushu anyatama rupena abhyanayt. saha avadat yat chalachchitre tasya anti-paatrasya vishaye avajnayaa madhyamena tasya prema drudah abhavath "yatat asangatah iva, kinchitkashte api aham chalacchitreshu kasyaapi vyaktigata-vamshasya uttaradhikaram anvishyam iti manyaami. landan college aaf printing ityatra arts foundation ityatra namankanat poorvam saha 18 varshe vayasi sangeeta-veediyo-sett-madhye dhavakarupena swasya vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan. pashchat saha general-lactric ityasya krute nireekshan-vruttachitraani niramaat. 20-dashakasy ante, dimaange disney-samsthaayaah shishyavruttyaa raashtriyachalachitra-dooradarshan-vidyaalaye abhyanayt. saha swasya snaatak-chalacchitrasya aadhaaren aii. sii. emm. sahabhagibhihi saha ekam anubandham praptavan, yena saha "secret-diary aaf a kaal-gearl" (2007) iti dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahyaah aneke prakaranan nirdeshayat. tadanantaram saha zombie-harror-shrunkhalaa "dead-sett" (2008) ityasya nirdeshanm krutavaan, yaa sarvashreshta-naatak-dhaaraavaahikasy bafta-dooradarshan-puraskaaraay namankita aasit. hackney-chalacchitrasya samooh-natakasya, chaanal 4 ityasya "top-baay" (2011) ityasya nirdeshanartham, dimyaanj ityayam sarvashreshta-nirdeshakasya bafta-dooradarshan-puraskaarasy namankanam praapnot, yadaa cha dhaaraavaahikam sarvashreshta-laghu-shrunkhalaayaah shrenee-madhye naamaankitam abhavat. dimyaanjah "71" (2014) ityanena saha swasya nirdeshana-chalacchitrasya padaarpanam krutavaan, yasmin jyaak o 'connell ityeshah uttar-airlyaand-deshe raajanaitik-himsaayaah ucchasthaane belfast-krute niyojite sainikasya paatram niravahat. "71" iti chalacchitrasya prathamapradarshanm berlin-antarashtriya-chalacchitra-mahotsave spardhayam krutam, vimarshakaih prashamsaam cha praapnot. deemaange ityayam sarvashreshtanirdeshakaroo british-swatantra-chalacchitra-puraskaram praapnot, tathaa cha british-lekhakasy, nirdeshakena vaa nirmatrudvara vaa utkrushta-padaarpanam akarot iti karanat bafta-puraskaaraay namankitaha abhavat. british-chalacchitranirmaanasya krute deemaanj iti ekaha ashajanakaha nootanah swarah iti api prashamsitah asti. 2022 tame varshe november-maase, deemaanj ityanena "blade" iti nirdesha bhavishyati iti soochitam, yat adbhuta-chalacchitra-vishvasya "blade" iti chalacchitra-adhikarasya natya-punahpraarambhah asti. chalacchitra-rachanaa. chalacchitram dooradarshanam

yaan demanch yaan demanch (prappu navambar 7,1977) oru pirenchu thiraippada mattrum tholaikaatchi iyakkunar aavaar, avar landanil valarnthaar. tett chett" (2008) mattrum "topp paai" (2011) aagiya nalla varavaerpaip pettra tholaikaatchi thodarkalai iyakkiya piragu, vimarsana reethiyaaga paraattappatta suyaatheena thiraippatamaana "71" (2014) moolam iyakkunaraaka arimugamaanaar, idharkaaga avar sirantha iyakkunarukkaana british suyaatheena thiraippada viruthaip pettraar. suyasaridhai. paarisil oru pirenchu thaaikkum oru algeria thanthaikkumaana pirantha dimange, irandu vayathaaka irunththapoathu thanathu taayaar mattrum irandu mooththa arai cakoothararkaludan landanukku kudipeyarnthaar, aarambaththil nagarin therkae, pinnar maerkae. kudumbam landanukku kudipeyarntha sirithu neraththilaeyae avarathu pettroar pirinthanar, maelum naanku muthal 12 vayathukkutpattavarkal irandu naanku aandu vaelaivaaippugalil valarkkappattanar, ondru pirenchu paesum kudumbaththudan, mattrondru vellai kagni kudumbaththudan. avarukku muthalil mavunir endra muthal peyar vazhangkappattathu, iruppinum avarathu arai cakoothararkalil oruvar thanathu thaayai adhai maattrumpadi samaathaanappaduththinaar, ithanaal avar oru arabu peyaraik kondiruppadharkaaga paakupaattaith thavirkka mudiyum, enavae avarathu pettroar pirintha piragu avarathu muthal peyar yaan endru maattrappattathu mattrum mavunir avarathu naduththarap peyaraaga maariyathu. avar oru pirenchu kudimagan entraalum, avarukku thaesiya adaiyaalaththin oru unarvu kooda illai endrum, avar muthanmaiyaaga thannai oru landanar endru vivarikkiraar endrum dimange kooriyullaar. 1991 koadaiyil, naattin ullnaattup poar vedippatharku sattru munbu, avar thanathu neettikappatta kudumbaththai santhikka algeriavukkuch sentraar inththa payanaththil avar muthal muraiyaaga "aljiyargalin poarai" paarthaar, idhil oru padam demanjin aththai padaththin pala thozhilmurai allaatha nadigargalil oruvaraaga thoantrinaar. padaththil thanathu aththai nadiththathaip pattriya vizhippunarvu uudakaththin meethaana thanathu anbai valuppaduththiyathu endru avar kooriyullaar "idhu abaththamaagath thoandruvathu poal, oruvithaththil naan thiraippatankalil oruvitha thanipatta parambaraikku oru parambaraik kandupidiththathaip poala unarnththaen". lundon brinding kallooriyil oru kalai arakkattalaiyil seruvatharku munbu, 18 vayathil isai veediyoakkalin thoguppil oru oottappanthaya veeraraaga thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. pinnar avar general electrickirkaaka avathaanippu aavanappadangkalai uruvaakkinaar. thanathu 20 kalin pirpaguthiyil, demansey disneyil irunthu oru uthaviththogaiyil thaesiya thiraippada mattrum tholaikaatchi pallyil payintraar. avar thanathu pattappadippu thiraippataththin adippadaiyil icm koottaalargaludan oru oppanthaththaip pettraar, idhu tholaikaatchi thodaraana "oru kaall kerlin ragasiya naatkurippu" (2007) inn pala aththiyaayangkalai iyakka vazhivaguththathu. aduththathaaga avar jombi thigil thodarai "tett chett" (2008) iyakkinaar, idhu sirantha naadagath thodarukkaana bafta tholaikaatchi viruthukku parinthuraikkappattathu. hagneyil amaikappatta oru kumbal naadagamaana saenal 4 inn "topp paai" (2011) endra avarathu iyakkaththirkaaka, dimange sirantha iyakkunarukkaana bafta tholaikaatchi viruthukku parinthuraikkappattaar, athae neraththil inththa thodar sirantha mini-seeris pirivil parinthuraikkappattathu. dimange thanathu iyakkunarin thiraippatamaana '71' (2014) moolam arimugamaanaar, idhil jaak ooo 'konnel vadakku ayarlaandhil arasiyal vanmuraiyin uchchaththil belfastirku anuppapatta oru sippaayaaga nadikkiraar. "71" berlin sarvadesa thiraippada vizhaavil poattiyil thiraiyidappattathu mattrum vimarsana reethiyaana paaraattaip pettrathu. sirantha iyakkunarukkaana british suyaatheena thiraippada viruthai demange ventraar, maelum oru british ezhuththaalar, iyakkunar allathu thayaarippaalarin sirantha arimugaththirkaaga bafta viruthukku parinthuraikkappattaar. british thiraippadath thayaarippil oru nambikkaikkuriya puthiya kuralaaga dimange paaraattappattaar. navambar 2022 ill, demanch "plade" aii iyakkum endru therivikkappattathu, idhu arputhamaana chinima pirabanjaththil amaikappatta "plade" thiraippada urimaiyin thiraiyaranga maruthodakkam aagum. thiraippadaviyal. thiraippadam tholaikaatchi

yaan demange yaan demange (jananam november 7,1977) french mariyu algerian santatiki chendina french chalanachitra mariyu television darsakudu, athanu londonlo perigaadu. manchi aadarana pondina television syries "ded sett" (2008) mariyu "top baay" (2011) laku darsakatvam vahinchina taruvaata, vimarsakula prasamsalu pondina swatantra chitram "71" (2014) thoo darsakudigaa arangetram chesaaru, dheeniki athanu uttama darsakudigaa british swatantra chitra avaardunu andukunnadu. jeevita charitra. paarislo oka french talli mariyu algerian tandriki janminchina demange, thana talli mariyu iddaru pedda savati sodarulato kalisi rendu samvatsaraala vayassulo londonku vellaaru, modata nagaraniki dakshinaana, taruvaata paschimaana. kutumbam londonku vellina koddikaalaanike athani tallidandrulu vidipoyaaru, mariyu naalugu mariyu 12 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu gala vaarini essexlo pempudu samrakshanhalo rendu naalugu samvatsaraala placementlalo penchaaru, okaru french matlade kutumbamtho mariyu marokaru tellani cockney kutumbamtho. ataniki modata mounir anae modati paeru ivvabadindi, ayithe athani savati sodarulalo okaru thana tallini daanini marchamani oppinchaaru, tadwara athanu arabic paeru kaligi unnanduku vivakshanu nivaarinchagaladu, kabatti athani tallidandrulu vibhajinchina taruvaata athani modati paeru yaan gaa maarchabadindi mariyu mounir athani madhya paeru ayyindi. athanu french pourudu ayinappatikee, tanaku jaateeya gurtimpu yokka okka bhaavam kooda ledani, athanu pradhanamgaa tananu taanu london nivasiga varninchukunnaadani demange chepparu. 1991 vesavilo, desham yokka antaryuddham praarambhaaniki kontakaalam mundu, athanu thana vistarinchina kutumbaanni kalavadaniki algeriaku prayaaninchaaduh eee paryatanalo athanu modatisaarigaa "algeres yuddham" chushadu, dheenilo demange yokka attha chitramlo aneka mandhi vruttireetyaa kaani natulalo okarigaa kanipinchaaru. eee chitramlo thana attha paatrapai avagahana madhyamam patla thana premanu balopetam chesindani ayana chepparu "idhi asambaddhamgaa anipinchinappatikii, kontha sthaayilo neenu cinemaallo oka vidhamaina vyaktigata vamsaaniki vaarasatvaanni kanugonnatlu bhaavinchaanu". london college off printinglo arts foundationlo chaeradaaniki mundu, athanu 18 samvatsaraala vayassulo music veediyola setlo rannarga thana vruttini praarambhinchaadu. taruvaata ayana general electric kosam pariseelanaatmaka documentarylu roopondinchaaru. thana 20va dasakam chivaralo, demange disney nundi scholarshippai jaateeya chalanachitra mariyu television paatasaalaku hajarayyadu. athanu thana graduation chitram aadhaaramgaa ii. sii. emm bhaagaswaamulato oppandam kudurchukunnadu, idhi television syries "secret diary off eah coll gurl" (2007) yokka aneka episodlaku darsakatvam vahinchadaaniki daariteesindi. aaa taruvaata ayana jamby harrar syries "ded sett" (2008) kuu darsakatvam vahinchaaru, idhi uttama drama seeriyal kosam bafta television avaarduku nominate cheyabadindi. chhaanel 4 yokka "top baay" (2011), hackneylo sett cheyabadina oka muthaa drama, demange uttama darsakudigaa bafta television avaarduku nominate cheyabaddaadu, ayithe eee seeriyal uttama minee-syries vibhaagamlo nominate cheyabadindi. uttara irelandlo raajakeeya himsa sikharaagraaniki cherukunnappudu, jaak oo 'kaanelnu sainikudiga niyaminchina' 71 '(2014) chithramtho demange darsakudigaa arangetram chesaaru. "71" berlin antarjaateeya chalana chitrotsavamlo pootiiloo pradarsinchabadindi mariyu vimarsakula prasamsalu andukundi. demange uttama darsakudigaa british swatantra chitra avaardunu geluchukunnadu mariyu british rachayita, darsakudu ledhaa nirmaata dwara atyuttama pravaesaaniki bafta avaarduku nominate ayyadu. british chithranirmaanamlo demange oka aasaajanakamaina kotta swaramgaa kooda prasamsimchabadimdi. november 2022loe, adbhutamaina cinema vishwamlo sett cheyabadina "blade" film franchisee yokka theatrical reboot ayina "blade" nuu demange darsakatvam vahistundani nivedinchabadindi. chitralekhanam. cinema television

yann demange yann demange (paidaish 7 nomber 1977) francisi aur aljazair nasal kii eek francisi film aur teeli vision director haine juu landan mein plee badhein. achhi pazirayi haasil karnay waali teeli vision seerez "deed seet" (2008) aur "topp bawaae" (2011) kii hidayat kaaree kay baad inhon nay tanqidi toor parr sarahi jaanay waali aazaad film "71" (2014) say hidayat kaaree mein apnaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss kay liye inhein behtareen hidayat kaar kaa bartanvi aazaad film aiward milaa. sawanah umri. peers mein eek francisi maan aur eek aljazair kay waalid kay haan paida honay waalay demange duu saal kii amar mein apnee maan aur duu baday sautelay bhayiyon kay saath landan chalay gayey ibtadayi toor parr shehar kay janub mein phir maghrab mein. khaandaan kay landan muntaqil honay kay foraa baad iss kay waldeen alg how gayey aur chaar say 12 saal kii amar kay darmiyan demange kii prorish duu chaar saalah taqririyon mein asks mein razayi nigahdasht mein hoyee eek francisi bolnay waalay khaandaan kay saath aur dosra safed kakni khaandaan kay saath. asay asl mein pehla naam maneer diyaa gayaa thaa tahim iss kay sautelay bhayiyon mein say eek nay apnee maan kuu asay tabdil karnay parr raazi kiyaa taakah wah arbee naam rakhnay kii wajah say imtiyazi salok say bach sakay iss liye iss kay waldeen kay taqsim honay kay baad iss kaa pehla naam tabdil kirr kay yann kirr diyaa gayaa aur maneer iss kaa darmiyani naam bunn gayaa. agarcha wah eek francisi shehri hay leakin demange nay kahaa hay kahh asay qomi shanakhat kaa eek bhee ahsaas nahein hay aur wah bunyadi toor parr khood kuu landan kay baashinde kay toor parr biyaan kartaa hay. 1991 kay mosam garma mein milk kii khaanah jangi sharoo honay say kachh arsah pehley inhon nay apnay wasee khaandaan say milnay kay liye aljazair kaa safar kiyaa: iss safar mein inhon nay pehli baar "aljazair kii jung" dekhi eek aisi film jiss mein demange kii eek khaalah film kay behat say ghair paishah warr adakaron mein say eek kay toor parr nazar aayee. inhon nay kahaa hay kahh film mein inn kii khaalah kay kirdaar kay baaray mein aagahi nay medium kay liye inn kii mohabat kuu mazboot kiyaa: "jitna kahh yaha mazhakah khaiz lagtaa hay kasee hadd takk majhay lagtaa hay kahh majhay aisa lagaa jeesay mein nay filmon mein kasee qasm kay zaati nasb kii miraas driyafat kii how. inhon nay landan college aaf prenting mein arts foundation mein daakhlah leenay say pehley 18 saal kii amar mein music videoz kay seet parr runner kay toor parr apnay carrier kaa aaghaz kiyaa. baad mein inhon nay general electrik kay liye mashahidati dastawezi filmein banayein. apnee 20 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein demange nay dazni say scholarship parr national film aind teeli vision school mein taleem haasil kii. inhon nay apnee graduation film kii bunyaad parr aayee see ayem partners kay saath muahidah kiyaa jiss kii wajah say inhon nay teeli vision seerez "secret diary aaf aey kaal garal" (2007) kii kayee aqsaat kii hidayat kaaree kii. iss kay baad inhon nay zombi haarar seerez "deed seet" (2008) kii hidayat kaaree kii jasay behtareen dramah serial kay liye bafta teeli vision aiward kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. chinal 4 kay "topp bawaae" (2011) kii hidayat kaaree kay liyay juu kahh hackney parr mubni eek gaing dramah hay demange kuu behtareen hidayat kaar kay liye bafta teeli vision aiward kay liye namzadgi millie jabkah iss serial kuu behtareen manee seerez kay zamray mein namzad kiyaa gayaa. demange nay apnee hidayat kaaree kii film kaa aaghaz '71' (2014) say kiyaa jiss mein jeek awo konal nay shamali ireland mein seyasi tashdad kay arooj parr bail faast kay liye tayinaat eek spahi kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. "71" kaa premier barlan international film festival mein muqabilay mein hawaa aur asay tanqidi pazirayi milly. demange nay behtareen hidayat kaar kaa bartanvi aazaad film aiward jeeta aur asay bartanvi masnaf hidayat kaar yaa producer kay shandar debio kay liye bafta aiward kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa. demange kuu bartanvi film saazi mein eek ameed afza nayee aawaz kay toor parr bhee saraha gayaa hay. nomber 2022 mein yaha atlaa dee gayee thee kahh demange "blade" kii hidayat karay gaa juu kahh hairat angez cinema kainaat mein seet kii gayee "blade" film frunchise kaa theater reboat hay. filmgrafi. film teeli vision

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7058378

Illinois's 9th congressional district

Illinois's 9th congressional district U.S. House district for Illinois The 9th congressional district of Illinois covers parts of Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties as of the 2021 redistricting which followed the 2020 census. It includes all or parts of Chicago, Evanston, Glenview, Skokie, Morton Grove, Niles, Northfield, Prospect Heights, Wilmette, Buffalo Grove, Hawthorn Woods, Wauconda, Island Lake, Long Grove, Lake Barrington, Algonquin Township, Cary, Crystal Lake, Lake in the Hills, Lakewood, Oakwood Hills, Trout Valley, Algonquin, Port Barrington, Barrington Hills, and Fox River Grove. It is anchored in Chicago's North Side, along Lake Michigan, and covers many of Chicago's northern suburbs. Democrat Jan Schakowsky has represented the district since January 1999. The district is one of the most reliably Democratic districts in Chicago, and in all of Illinois. It has been in Democratic hands without interruption since 1949, and for all but six years since 1935. Composition as of 2023. As of the 2020 redistricting, this district will still be based largely in Chicago's Far North Side and northern Cook County, as well as now parts of southwest Lake County and southeast McHenry County. The 9th district takes in the Chicago neighborhoods of Rogers Park, Edgewater, and West Ridge; most of Uptown; and part of Lincoln Square. Outside of the Chicago city limits, the district takes in the Cook County municipalities of Evanston, Glenview, Skokie, Morton Grove, and Niles; most of Northfield and Prospect Heights; and half of Wilmette south of Lake Ave. Lake County is split between this district, the 5th district, the 10th district, and the 11th district. The 9th and 5th districts are partitioned by partitioned by the Fox River, Kelsey Rd, W Miller Rd, Echo Lake Rd, Sacomano Meadows Pond 1, Midlothian Rd, N Old Henry Rd, N Quentin Rd, Lake Zurich Rd, Twin Orchard Country Club, Mundelein Rd, Hicks Rd, Bridgewater Farm, Crossing Pond Park, and Arlington Heights Rd. The 9th, 10th, and 11th districts are partitioned by Buffalo Grove Golf Course, Buffalo Grove Rd, Arboretum Golf Club, W Half Day Rd, Promontory Ridge Trail, Port Clinton Rd, Mundelein Rd, Highland Pines Park, Diamond Lake Rd, Breckinridge Dr, N Midlothian Rd, Illinois Route 60, W Hawley St, N Chevy Chase Rd, Steeple Chase Golf Club, W Lakeview Parkway, N Gilmer Rd, Hawley St, W Ivanhoe Rd, Liberty St, High St, Kimball Ave, E Liberty St, S Church St, Bangs St, W Liberty St, Westridge Dr/N Lakeview Cir, Carriage Hill Ct/Wood Creek Dr, Greenleaf Ave, Ridge Rd/Burr Oak Ln, and E Burnett Rd/Northern Ter. The 9th district takes in the municipalities of Buffalo Grove; most of Hawthorn Woods; and part of Wauconda, Island Lake, Long Grove, and Lake Barrington. McHenry County is split between this district and the 11th district. They are partitioned by E Crystal Lake Ave, Meridian Ln, Crystal Lake Country Club, Woodscreek Park, Boulder Ridge Country Club, and Fairway View Dr. The 9th district takes in the entirety of Algonquin Township, which includes the municipalities of Cary, Crystal Lake, Lake in the Hills, Lakewood, Oakwood Hills, and Trout Valley; north Algonquin; and part of Port Barrington, Barrington Hills, and Fox River Grove. "This table indicates how the district has voted in U.S. presidential elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it was configured at the time of the election, not as it is configured today." "This table indicates how the district has voted in recent statewide elections; election results reflect voting in the district as it is currently configured, not necessarily as it was at the time of these elections." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ilinoysor 9moo congressional jilaa ilinoyor 9moo congressional jilai 2020 sonor lukopiyolor pisot 2021 sonor punor bitoron onuxori rondhon koruta, hrod aaru machanory countyr kichu ongxo xamori loiche. iyat sikagu, evanston, glenview, sko 'kee, morton grove, niles, northfield, xombhawona uschota, wilmate, moo' hoh 'lo grove, houthorn ord, wakonda, dip hrod, long grove, lek berrington, elgonquin townswip, keree, christel lek, paharor hrod, lakeod, ukoud paahar, trout upotyoka, elgonquin, port berrington, berrington paahar, aaru fox ribhar grover xokolu baa kichu ongxo ontorbhukto aase. ee sikagur uttor faale, mixigan hrodor kaxot ngore koraa hoise, aaru sikagur uttor uponogorburor bohutu xamori loiche. 1999 sonor january maahor poraa gonotantrik john skakuskiye jilakhonor protinidhitwo kori aahise. ei jilatu sikagur ataitkoi nirbhorjugyobhabe gonotantrik jilaar bhitorot onyotomo, aaru xomogro ilinoysor bhitorot. 1949 sonor poraa aaru 1935 sonor poraa choy bosoror baahire xokolure baabe ee kunu baadha nuhuwakoi gonotantrik haatot aase. 2023 sonoloike rosona. 2020 sonor punor bitoronor xomoyot, ei jilaa etiyau mulotoh sikagur dur uttor dix aaru uttor kuk countyr logote etiya dokhyin-poschim lek county aaru dokhyin-pubo machanory countyr kichu ongxor uporot aadharito hoh 'bob. 9moo jilai sikagur rogars park aaru west rijor suburiya oncholxomuh dokhol kore; besibhag upo-nogor; aaru linkon scoweror kichu ongxo. sikagu sohoror ximar bahirot, jilakhonowe kuk county pouroxobha evanston, glenview, skoki, morton grove, aaru niles; besibhag northfield aaru xombhawona uschota; aaru hrod aabher dokhyine wilmator aadha ongxo dokhol kore. lek countituk ei jilaa, 5moo jilaa, 10moo jilaa aaru 11tomo jilaar maajot bibhokto koraa hoise. 9moo aaru 5moo jilaxomuh fox nodee, kelsi redd, dobliu milaar redd, iku lek redd, sasumanu meduz pukhuri 1, midlothian redd, eno oh 'ld henori redd, eno quentin redd, lek juris redd, tuin orcard country club, mundelin redd, hicks redd, bridjwatar firm, croching pondo park aaru arlington uschota redor dwara bibhokto koraa hoise. 9moo, 10moo aaru 11tomo jilaxomuhok moo 'horr upobon go' lf koo 'rcho, moo' horur upobon aar. di., arburetum go 'lf club, ordhodibox aar. di., prom' ntori riz trail, poo 'rt clinton aar. di., mundelin aar. di., highland pines park, diamond lek aar. di., breakinries dodd. di. aar., eno midlothian aar. di., ilinoyos rut 60, dobliu. hoh' li sto, eno. sebhi chaze aar. di., stiple chaze go 'lf club, dobliu. lakeview parkway, eno. gilmar aar. di., hoh' li sto, ee. liboriti sto, ess. charch sto, bengso sto, dobliu. liboriti sto, westorij dodd./eno. bhiu lek chir, kerez/hill tt 9moo jilate moo 'horr upobonor pouroxobha; besibhag hathorno bonn; aaru wakonda, dip hrod, long grove, aaru lek beringtonor ongxo dokhol kore. machanory county ei jilaa aaru ekadox jilaar maajot bibhokto. xeibur ee-christel lek ebhe, maridian ln, christel lek country club, udoscreek park, bouldor riz country club, aaru feyarwe bhiu dodd. 9moo jilai xompurno elgonquin townswip dokhol korise, zo 'too kerir pouroxobha, christel lek, paharor hrod, lakeod, ukoud paahar, aaru trout upotyoka; uttor elgonquin; aaru poo' rt berrington, berrington paahar, aaru fox ribhar grover ongxo ontorbhukto.

ilinoyer 9maum congressional zela ilinoyer 9maum congressional zela 2020 saaler jonogonona anusaran korey 2021 saaler punarbantan hisabe randhuni, hrod ebong chenry kauntir kichhu ongsho judey royeche. err modhye royeche shikago, evanstone, glenview, scokey, morton grove, niles, northfield, sombhabonamoy uchchota, willmate, mohisher bagan, hothorn bonn, wakonda, dweep hrod, long grove, lake barrington, algonquin township, carrie, sphotik hrod, pahader hrod, lakeood, ocoud pahad, trout upottoka, algonquin, porta barrington, barrington pahad ebong fox river grove. etty mishigan hrod borabor shikagor uttor dike nongar koraa hoyeche ebong shikagor uttor shahartalir anekguli judey royeche. 1999 saaler januari theke ganotantrik john shakoski eyi jelara protinidhitto korchen. jelati shikagor ebong ilinoyer sobtheke nirbhorjoggo ganotantrik jelagulir modhye ekti. 1949 saal theke ebong 1935 saal theke chhoy bochor baade sobb somoy etty ganotantrik haate royeche. 2023 saal porjonto rachona. 2020 saaler punarbantan anujayi, eyi jelati ekhono mulat shikagor sudur uttor dick ebong uttor cook kauntir pashapashi ekhon dakkhin-poschim lake county ebong dakkhin-purbo chenry kauntir kichhu ongshe abosthito thakbe. 9maum jelati shikagor rosers park ebong oyesta riz-err ashepashe; beshirbhag uptown; ebong linkon squarer ongsho. shikago shohorer seamer baire, jelati evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove ebong nileser cook county pourosobhaguli grohon korey; beshirbhag northfield ebong sombhabonamoy uchchota; ebong lake aver dakkhine wilmeter ardhek. lake county eyi zela, 5maum zela, 10maum zela ebong ebong jelara modhye bivokto. 9maum oo 5maum jelaguli fox nodee, kelsey ardi, dobleeu miller ardi, iko lake ardi, sakomano trinovumi pukur 1, midlothian ardi, enn old henry ardi, enn quentin ardi, lake jurich ardi, tuin orchard country club, mundelin ardi, hicks ardi, bridgewater firm, crossing pukur park ebong arlington uchchota ardi dwara bivokto. 9maum, 10maum ebong ebong jelaguli mohisher bagan golph course, mohisher bagan road, arboretum golph club, dablu huff deey road, promontory riz trail, porta cleanton road, mundelin road, highland pine park, diamond lake road, breakinries daah, enn midlothian road, ilinoy rutt 60, dablu holly seenta, enn chevy chez road, stipple chez golph club, dablu lakeview parkway, enn gilmer road, holly seenta, dablu ivanoh road, liberty seenta, hye seenta, kimble ave, ee liberty seenta, esha church seenta, bangs seenta, dablu liberty seenta, oyestrija daah/enview lake seer, hill/tree triff, ekti grin kaather brij, ekti burn riz, ebong ekti uttorer kaather riz, burn rida. 9maum jelati mohisher upobon pourosobha; beshirbhag hothorn bonn; ebong wakonda, dweep hrod, deergho upobon ebong lake barrington-err ongsho dokhol korey. eyi zela ebong ebong jelara modhye matchenry county bivokto. eguli ee-sphotik hrod aav, meridian elene, sphotik hrod country club, udscreach park, boulder riz country club ebong fairway view daw. 9maum jelati sampurna algonquin jonopodke antarbhukta korey, jaar modhye royeche carrie pourosobha, sphotik hrod, pahader hrod, lakeood, ocoud pahad ebong trout upottoka; uttor algonquin; ebong porta barrington, barrington pahad ebong fox river grover ongsho.

ileenoisno doow kongresanal jeello ileenoisno doow kongresanal jeello jeello punahvitaran mujab rasoiya, talaav aneey matchnery kaauntiona bhagone aavari leey chhe, jeey jeey vastee ganatari pachhi aavyu hatoo. temaa shikago, evanston, glanview, scokey, morton grove, niles, northfield, proospekt hights, wilmet, bhens grove, hothorn woods, vaukonda, eyeland leeka, longa grove, leeka barrington, algonquin township, keree, chrystal leeka, tekariomaa talaav, lakewood, oakwood hills, trout velii, algonquin, porta barrington, barrington hills aneey foakes rivara grovena tamaam athavaa bhagono samaavesh thaay chhe. teey shikagoni uttar bajuae mishigan talaavni saathe lunger karey chhe aneey shikagona ghanaa uttareey upnagarone aavari leey chhe. lokshahivadi jaana skakovsky january january jillaanu pratinidhitva karyoo chhe. aaa jeello shikago aneey samagr ileenoisma sauthee vishvasneey lokshaahi jillaaomaano aek chhe. teey teey aneey aneey chh varsh sivaaynaa tamaam samay maate lokshaahinaa haathmaa chhe. 2023 sudhimaa rachnaa. rachnaa punahvitaran mujab, aaa jeello haju pann motaabhaage shikagoni durnee uttar baaju aneey uttareey rasoi kaauntimaa, temaj havey dakshinpashchim leeka kaauntii aneey dakshinpurv channer kaauntinaa bhagoma stheet hashe. doow jeello shikagoma rosers paark aneey vesta rijnaa padoshmaa aave chhe; motabhagna oop-nagar; aneey linken chorasna bhagma. shikago shahernee maryadani bahaar, aaa jeello evanston, glanview, scokey, morton grove aneey nilesnee cook kaauntii nagarpalikao; motabhagna northfield aneey sambhavna unchaio; aneey leeka aevnee dakshine wilmetno adadho bhaag leey chhe. leeka kaauntii aaa jilla, jilla jeello, jeello jeello aneey aneey jeello vachche vahenchaayeli chhe. chhe aneey aneey jillaaonu vibhajan sheeyal nadee, calcy aaradi, doubleu miller aaradi, iko leeka aaradi, sakomano ghaasnaa medaano talaav 1, midlothian aaradi, aena old henry aaradi, aena quintin aaradi, leeka zurich aaradi, tween ordarda country club, mundelin aaradi, hicks aaradi, bridgewater pharma, crossing talaav paark aneey arlington unchai aaradi dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe. chhe, 9maa aneey aneey jeellaoma bhens upavan golph course, bhens upavan aaradi, arboretum golph club, doubleu haaf deey aaradi, promontary rij trail, porta clinton aaradi, mundelin aaradi, highland pines paark, diamond leeka aaradi, breakinridge doow., aena midlothian aaradi, eleanois ruut 60, doubleu hollie aestee, aena chevi chaze aaradi, steeple chaze golph club, doubleu lakeview parkway, aena gilmer aaradi, hollie aestee, doubleu ivanho aaradi, liberty aestee, haai aestee, kimbol aevee, ee liberty aestee, benga, doubleu liberty aestee, westridge doow/enview leeka siir, hill/triil, green trick, aek turd/green trick, aek turd/burn reej, aneey nordhan reej, burn oaks/turd/burn reej dwara vibhajit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. doow jeello bhensnaa upavanni nagarpalikao; motabhagna hothorn jangalo; aneey vaukonda, taapunu talaav, laambo upavan aneey leeka barringtonno bhaag leey chhe. channery kaauntii aaa jilla aneey aneey jilla vachche vahenchaayeli chhe. teo ee-chrystal leeka aev, meridian ln, chrystal leeka country club, woodscrick paark, boulder rij country club aneey ferave vyoo doow. doow jeello algonquin townshipni sampurntaane aavari leey chhe, jemaa keree, sphatik talaav, tekariomaa talaav, lakewood, oakwood tekreeo aneey trout kheen; uttar algonquin; aneey porta barrington, barrington tekreeo aneey foakes rivara groveno bhaag saamel chhe.

ilinois kaa 9vaan congressional jilaa ilinois key 9vein congressional jile mein 2021 key punarvitaran key anusaar rasoiye, jheel aur chenner county key kuchh hisse shamil hain joe 2020 kii janganana key baad hue they. isamen shikago, evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove, niles, northfield, sambhavana kii oonchaai, wilmet, bhains kaa upavan, hothorn jangal, voconda, dweep jheel, lamba upavan, jheel barrington, algonquin township, carrie, chrystal jheel, pahaadiyon mein jheel, lakewood, oakwood pahaadiyaan, trout ghaati, algonquin, port barrington, barrington pahaadiyaan aur fox river grove key sabhi yaa kuchh hisse shamil hain. yeh shikago key uttar kii or mishigan jheel key saath lunger daala gayaa haye, aur shikago key kaee uttari upnagaron koo cover kartaa haye. janvaadi zaan skakovsky janwari 1999 seey jile kaa pratinidhitva curr rahey hain. yeh jilaa shikago aur ilinois key sabhi sabse vishvasaniya loktaantrik jilon mein seey ack haye. yeh 1949 seey binaa kissy rukawat key loktaantrik haathon mein haye, aur 1935 seey chhah saal key alawa sabhi key liye haye. 2023 taka kii rachana. 2020 key punarvitaran key anusaar, yeh jilaa abhee bhee badey paimaane parr shikago key sudur uttar kii or aur uttari cook county key saath-saath abb dakshin-paschim jheel county aur dakshin-poorv chenner county key kuchh hisson mein sthit hoga. 9vaan jilaa shikago key pados mein rosers park aur west riz mein aataa haye; adhikansh uptown; aur linken squire kaa hissa. shikago shahar kii seemaon key baahar, jilaa evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove aur niles kii cook county nagar paalikaon mein aataa haye; adhikansh northfield aur sambhavana kii oonchaai; aur jheel key dakshin mein willmate kaa aadhaa hissa. lake county iss jile, 5vein jile, 10vein jile aur 11vein jile key beach vibhajit haye. 9vein aur 5vein jilon koo lomdi nadee, kelsey rd, doubleu miller rd, iko lake rd, sacomano ghaas key maidan talab 1, midlothian rd, aine old heinry rd, aine quentin rd, lake zurich rd, twin orchard country club, mundeleen rd, hicks rd, brijwater farm, crossing talab park aur arlington hights rd dwara vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. 9vein, 10vein aur 11vein jilon koo bhains upavan golf course, bhains upavan aar. dee., arboratum golf club, doubleu. haaf day. aar. dee., promontary riz trail, port clinton aar. dee., mundeleen aar. dee., highland pines park, diamond lake aar. dee., breakinridge dee. aar., aine. midlothian aar. dee., ilinois maarg 60, doubleu. holly aiss. tii., aine. chevi chaze aar. dee., steeple chaze golf club, doubleu. lakeview parkway, aine. gilmer aar. dee., holly aiss. tii., doubleu. ivanho aar. dee., liberty aiss. tii., hyee aiss. tii., kimball aeye. vee., ee. liberty aiss. tii., doubleu. liberty aiss. tii., vestridge dee./aine. vyu lake sir, carriage hill/green treak, ack. green treak, ack. 9vaan jilaa bhains key upavan kii nagar paalikaon mein aataa haye; adhikansh hathaude key jangal; aur vakonda, dweep jheel, lambe upavan aur jheel barrington kaa hissa. chenner county iss jile aur 11vein jile key beach vibhajit haye. inhen ee-chrystal lake aiv, meridian ln, chrystal lake country club, woodscreak park, boulder riz country club aur fairway vyu dow. dwara vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. 9vaan jilaa algonquin township kii sampoornata koo letaa haye, jisamen carrie, chrystal jheel, pahaadiyon mein jheel, lakewood, oakwood pahaadiyaan aur trout ghaati kii nagarpaalikaaen shamil hain; uttari algonquin; aur port barrington, barrington pahaadiyon aur fox river grove kaa hissa shamil haye.

ileanoisn 9neey congressina jille ileanoisn 9neey congressina jilleyu 2020rahra janaganatiya nantara 2021rahra maruhanchikeyante aduge, sarovara mattu mechenry kountigala bhagagalannu olagondide. idu chikago, evanston, glenview, skoki, marton grove, niles, northfield, prospect hights, vilmette, emmele thota, hathorn woods, wakonda, ailyand lake, long grove, lake barrington, algonquin township, carrie, chrystal lake, bettagalalina sarovara, lakewood, okwood bettagalu, trout kanive, algonquin, port barrington, barrington bettagalu mattu foxes river grovgala ellah athawa bhagagalannu olagondide. idu chikagoda uttara bhagadalli, mishigan sarovarada uddakkoo langaru haakide mattu chikagoda uttara upanagaragala aneka bhagagalannu olagondide. prajaprabhutvavadi zaan skakovsky avaru 1999rahra janavariyinda jilleyannu pratinidhisuttiddaare. ee jilleyu chikagoda atyanta vishvasarha prajaprabhutva jillegalalli ondaagide mattu ellah ilinaaysnalloo ide. idu 1949rinda yaavude adetadeyillade mattu 1935rinda aaru varshagalavarege prajaprabhutvada kaiyallide. 2023rante samyojane. 2020rahra maruhanchikeyante, ee jilleyu innoo hechchaagi chikagoda doorada uttara bhaaga mattu uttarada cook kountiyalli nelegondide, jotege eega nairtya lake kaunti mattu agneya mechenry kountiya bhaagagalaagive. 9neey jilleyu chikagoda nerehore rosers park mattu paschima parvatashreniyannu olagondide; hecchina up town; mattu linken chaukada bhagavagide. chikago nagarada mitiya horage, jilleyu cook kaunti purasabhegalaada evanston, glenview, skoki, marton grove mattu niles annu olagondide; hecchina uttara kshetra mattu nirikshita ettaragalu; mattu sarovarada haavina dakshinakke wilmetna ardhadashtu bhagavannu olagondide. lake kountiyannu ee jille, 5neey jille, 10neey jille mattu 11neey jilleya naduve vingadisalaagide. 9neey mattu 5neey jillegalannu foxes nadhi, kelse ardy, doubleu miller ardy, eko lake ardy, sacomano medos kola 1, midlothian ardy, enn old henry ardy, enn quentin ardy, lake jurich ardy, avali totagala kantri club, mundelin ardy, hicks ardy, bridgewater form, crossing paand park mattu arlington ettara ardy vibhagisive. 9, 10 mattu 11neey jillegalannu emmele totada galph course, emmele totada ardy, arboretum galph club, doubleu hoff day ardy, promontary ridge trial, port clinton ardy, mundeleen ardy, highland pines park, diamond lake ardy, breakinridge daa, enn midlothian ardy, ileanois maarga 60, doubleu halley ess. tii, enn chevi chases ardy, steeple chases galph club, doubleu lake vyoo parkway, enn gilmer ardy, haale ess. tii, doubleu ivanho ardy, liberty ess. tii, hye ess. tii, kimbal ev, ii liberty ess. tii, bangs ess. tii, doubleu liberty ess. tii, westridge daa/enn vyoo lake sir, hill/hill triff, green wood/green triff, burn ok/burn ridge, northern ridge, burn ok/burn ridge, burn ok/burn ridge, burn ok/burn rii 9neey jilleyu emmeya totada purasabhegalannu olagondide; hecchina hathorn kadugalu; mattu wakonda, dweepa sarovara, uddaneya thota mattu barrington sarovarada bhagavagide. mechenry kountiyannu ee jille mattu 11neey jilleya naduve vingadisalaagide. avugalannu ii-chrystal lake away, meridian eln, chrystal lake kantri club, woodscreak park, boulder ridge kantri club mattu fairway vyoo daa. 9neey jilleyu sampoorna algonquin pattanavannu olagondide, idaralli carrie, sphatika sarovara, bettagalalina sarovara, lakewood, okwood bettagalu mattu trout kanive; uttara algonquin; mattu port barrington, barrington bettagalu mattu foxes river grovgala bhagagalu serive.

eleanoycha eka congress jilha eleanoychya aahe congress jilhyamadhye 2020 chya jangananenantar 2021 chya punarvitarananusar swayampaki, talav aanee matchnery parganyanche kahee bhag samavisht aahet. yaat shikago, evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove, nials, northfield, prospect hights, wilmett, mhashicha upavan, hothorn woods, waukonda, eyeland lake, long grove, lake barrington, algonquin township, carrie, chrystal lake, tekdyanmadhil talav, lakewood, oakwood hills, trout valley, algonquin, poort barrington, barrington hills aanee fox river grove yaa sarvancha kinwa kahee bhagancha samavesh aahe. too shikagochya uttar bajula, mishigan talavachya bajoone ubha aahe aanee shikagochya uttarekadil anek upnagaranna vyapato. lokshahivadi jaann shakovsky yanni janewari 1999 pasoon jilhyache pratinidhitva kele aahe. haah jilha shikagomadhil aanee sampoorn eleanoymadhil sarvat vishvasarh lokshahi jilhyanpaiki eka aahe. 1949 pasoon aanee 1935 pasoon sahaa varshe vagalata sarvansathi, too lokshahichya hatat aahe. 2023 paryant rachana. 2020 chya punarvitarananusar, haah jilha ajunahi mukhyatve shikagochya sudur uttar bajuchya aanee uttarekadil cook countymadhye, tasech aata nairutya lake county aanee aagney chenarri kauntichya kahee bhaganmadhye aadharit asel. eka jilha shikagochya roggers park aanee west rijchya parisarat aahe; bahutek shahar; aanee linken squarecha bhag. shikago shaharachya maryadebaher, jilha evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove aanee nials yaa cook county nagarpalikanmadhye vyapato; bahutek northfield aanee sambhavya unchi; aanee lake aevhchya dakshinekadil wilmetcha ardha bhag. lake county haah jilha, 5 vaa jilha, 10 vaa jilha aanee 11 vaa jilha asha done vibhaganmadhye vibhagali gelee aahe. aahe aanee aanee jilhyanchi falani fox nadee, kelsey aar. dii., doubleu. miller aar. dii., iko lake aar. dii., sacomano medos talav 1, midlothian aar. dii., aine. old heinry aar. dii., aine. quentin aar. dii., lake zurich aar. dii., twin aurkard country club, mundeleen aar. dii., hicks aar. dii., bridgewater pharm, crossing ponned park aanee arlington hights aar. dii. yanni kelee aahe. aahe, 9vya aanee aanee jilhyanmadhye mhashi upavan golph course, mhashi upavan aar. dii., arboretum golph club, doubleu. haaf day. aar. dii., promontary rij trail, poort clinton aar. dii., mundeleen aar. dii., hyland pines park, diamond lake aar. dii., breakinridge dow., aine. midlothian aar. dii., eleanoy marg 60, doubleu. holly ess. tii., aine. chevy chages aar. dii., steeple chages golph club, doubleu. lakeview parkway, aine. gilmer aar. dii., holly ess. tii., doubleu. ivenhoe aar. dii., liberty ess. tii., hye seent, kimball ev, eae. liberty ess. tii., bangs ess. tii., doubleu. liberty ess. tii., westridge dow./aine. wii. lake siir, hiill carriage/green treak, eka. eka jilha mhashichya upavananchya nagarpalikanmadhye samavisht aahe; bahutek hothorn jangale; aanee waukonda, bett talav, lamb upavan aanee barrington talav yancha kahee bhag. matchenary county haah jilha aanee aanee jilha yanchyat vibhagali gelee aahe. teey eae-chrystal lake aev, meridian ln, chrystal lake country club, woodscreak park, boulder rij country club aanee fairway view dow. 9 vya jeelhyat sampoorn algonquin shahar aahe, jyat carrie, sphatik talav, tekdyanmadhil talav, lakewood, oakwood tekadya aanee trout khore; uttar algonquin; aanee poort barrington, barrington tekadya aanee fox river grovecha kahee bhag yancha samavesh aahe.

eleanoire 9maha congress zillah eleanoire 9maha congressional zillah 2020 janganana parey 2021 punahbantana anujai roshei, hrada ebong mechenri kauntira kichhi anshaku antarbhukta kare . ethire chikago, evanston, glenbhiu, scokey, morton grobh, niles, northfield, sambhabya uchchata, wilmett, mainshi grobh, hatharna jangala, wakonda, dwepa hrada, lang grobh, lake baringatan, algonquin tounship, carrie, christal hrada, pahadara hrada, lakewod, okud pahad, trout upatyaka, algonquin, port baringatan, baringatan pahad ebong foxes rivar grobh antarbhukta . ehaa chikagore uttara parsware mishigan hrada koolare nongara hoichhi ebong chikagore uttara upakanthare aneka anchalaku aachadita karichhi. ganatantrika zaan skakosky januari 1999 ru ehi jillaku pratinidhitwa karichanti. ehi zillah chikago ebong samagra ilinajare sabutharu biswasaneeja ganatantrika zillah madhyaru gotie . ehaa 1949 masiharu bina badhare ganatantrika haatare rahichhi, ebong 1935 masiharu chhaa barsha byatita anya samasta paain. 2023 suddha rachna. 2020 masiha suddha, ehi zillah ebe madhya mukhyatah chikagore sudoora uttara parswa ebong uttara randhan kauntire, tatha bartamana dakhina-paschima hrada kauntira kichhi ansha ebong dakhina-purba chenry kauntire abasthita rahiba. 9maha jillati sikago padoshi anchala gudikar rosers park ebong paschima riz; adhikansha upara sahara; ebong linkana skwejarara kichhi anshaku neithae. chikago sahara seema bahare, zillah cook county pourapalika evanston, glenbhiu, scokey, morton grobh ebong nilesray; adhikansha northfield ebong sambhabya uchchata; ebong hrada abhra dakhinare wilmetra adhaa . hrada county ehi zillah, 5maha zillah, 10maha zillah ebong ebong zillah madhyare bibhakta. 9maha ebong 5maha zillah gudika foxes nadee, kelse aradi, dablu miller aradi, eco hrada aradi, sacomano trinabhumi pokhari 1, midlothian aradi, enn old heinry aradi, enn quentin aradi, lake juric aradi, twin orchard contry club, mundelin aradi, hicks aradi, brijwatara farm, krasing pokhari park ebong arlington uchchata aradi dwara bibhakta . 9maha, 10maha ebong ebong zillah gudika 'mashala grobh galph course', 'mashala grobh aradi', 'arboratum galph club', 'waf day', 'promontory riz trail', 'port clinton aradi', 'mundelin aradi', 'highland pines park', 'diamond lake aradi', 'breakinridge dodd.', 'enn. midlothian aradi', 'eleanous rutt 60', 'waa. hally cent', 'enn. chebhi chaze aradi', 'stippil chaze galph club', 'waa. lekwyu parkway', 'enn. gilmer aradi', 'hally cent', 'waa. ivanho aradi', 'liberity cent', 'kimble ebh', 'ee. liberti cent', 'byangs cent', 'waa liberti cent', 'wast riz dodd./' bhiu lake 9maha jillati mainshi upabanara pourapalika; adhikansha hothern jangala; ebong wakonda, dwepa hrada, lamba upabana ebong hrada baringatanara kichhi anshaku neithae . chenry county ehi zillah ebong ebong zillah madhyare bibhakta . segudiku ee-sphatika hrada abha, meridian ell. enn., sphatika hrada desh club, kaath-greek park, boulder riz desh club, ebong phejarawe bhiu dodd. 9maha zillah sampurna alagonkina tounship neithae, jeunthire kaari, sphatika hrada, pahadare hrada, lakewod, okud pahad ebong trout upatyaka; uttara alagonkina; ebong port barington, barington pahad ebong foxes rivar grobhra kichhi ansha antarbhukta .

eleanois daa 9vaan congress zilha eleanois daa 9vaan congress zilha 2021 dey punar vandd dey anusar rasoia, jheel atey matchnery kaoontiaan dey kujh hissiaan noon cover karda haii joe 2020 dee mardamshumari toon baad hoiaa see. iss witch shikago, evenston, glenvi, skoki, morton grove, niles, northfield, sambhavna uchaiaan, wilmate, majjh daa baag, hothoran jangal, vakonda, tapu jheel, lamba grove, jheel barrington, alganquin township, carrie, chrystal jheel, pahadiaan witch jheel, lakewood, oakwood pahadiaan, trout valley, alganquin, port barrington, barrington pahadiaan atey fox river grove dey saare jaan hisse shamal hunn. ih shikago dey uttri paase, mishigan jheel dey naal langar lagaa keey rakkhiaa giaa haii, atey shikago dey uttri upnagaran dey bahut saare hissiaan noon cover karda haii. democratic jaan shakovsky neey janwari 1999 toon zilhe dee numaindagi keeti haii. ih zilha shikago atey saare eleanois witch sabh toon bharoseyog jamhuri zilhiaan vicchon ikk haii. ih 1949 toon binan kise rukawat dey atey 1935 toon chhe saalan noon chhadd keey saare samein laee jamhuri hatthan witch riha haii. 2023 takk rachna. 2020 dey mudd vandd dey roop witch, ih zilha ajey vee vadde paddhar utte shikago dey door uttri paase atey uttri kukk county dey naal-naal hunn dakkhan-pachmi jheel county atey dakkhan-purbi matchnery county dey hissiaan witch adharat hovega. 9vaan zilha shikago dey guaandh witch rosers park atey pachmi rij witch aaunda haii; ziaadaatar upparle shehar; atey linken varag daa hissa. shikago shehar deeaan seemavan toon bahr, zilha kukk kaoonti mioonspeltiaan evenston, glenvi, skoki, morton grove atey niles witch aaunda haii; ziaadaatar northfield atey sambhavna deeaan uchaiaan; atey jheel dey dakkhan witch wilmate daa addha hissa. lake kaoonti iss zilhe, 5ven zilhe, 10ven zilhe atey 11ven zilhe witch vandee hoee haii. 9ven atey 5ven zilhiaan noon fox nadee, calcy ardy, w miller ardy, eco lake ardy, sacomano ghaah daa talaa 1, midlothian ardy, ainn old hannery ardy, ainn quentin ardy, lake zurich ardy, twin archard contry club, mundeleen ardy, hicks ardy, brijwater farm, crossing pandal park atey arlington hights ardy duaara vandiaa giaa haii. 9ven, 10ven atey 11ven zilhiaan noon majjh grove golf course, majjh grove aar. dee., arboretum golf club, w. addhe dinn daa aar. dee., promontary rij trail, port clinton aar. dee., mandeleen aar. dee., highland pines park, diamond lake aar. dee., brackineries dee. aar., ainn midlothian aar. dee., eleanois ruut 60, w. hauli aiss. tii., ainn. chaze chaze aar. dee., steeple chaze golf club, w. lekvioo parkway, ainn. gilmer aar. dee., hauli aiss. tii., w. ivanho aar. dee., liberty aiss. tii., hyee aiss. tii., kimbal aiv, ee. liberty aiss. tii., bangs aiss. tii., w. liberty aiss. tii., vestrij dee./ainn. vioo. lake sir, carriage/hill, 9vaan zilha majjh dey baagh deeaan nagarpalikavan witch shamal haii; ziaadaatar hothoran jangal; atey vakonda, tapu jheel, lambe baagh atey jheel barrington daa hissa. iss zilhe atey 11ven zilhe witch chennery kaoonti vandee gaee haii. uhanan noon ee chrystal lake aive, maridian ln, chrystal lake contry club, woodscreek park, boulder rij contry club atey fairway vioo daa. duaara vandiaa giaa haii. 9vaan zilha algonquin township dee sampuranta noon lainda haii, jiss witch carrie, chrystal jheel, pahadiaan witch jheel, lakewood, oakwood pahadiaan atey trout ghaati deeaan nagar palikavan shamal hunn; uttri algonquin; atey port barrington, barrington pahadiaan atey fox river grove daa hissa shamal haii.

ileanois-rajyasya 9 tamah kaangres-mandala asti. ileanois-nagarasya 9 tamah congressional-mandalam 2021 tamavarshasya punahvitaranasya anusaaram pakashalayaha, sarovarasya, mechanri-prantasya cha bhagan aacchaadayati, yat 2020 tamavarshasya janagananayaha anantaram abhavat. asmin shikaago, evanston, glenavyoo, scokey, morton grove, nails, northfield, prospect hats, wilmett, feefelo grove, haatharn woods, vakaunda, ailand leck, laang grove, leck barrington, algonquin tounship, kairee, chrystal leck, parvatanam sarovarah, lakewood, okwood parvataani, trat-upatyakaa, algonquin, port barrington, barrington parvataani, faaks river grove cha ityete sarve vaa bhagaha santi. shikaago-nagarasya uttardishi mishigan-sarovarasya paarshve nankuritah asti, shikaago-nagarasya uttar-upnagareshu bahwyah vyaapitaah santi. janatantradnyah jaan skakovsky 1999 janavaree-masat asya mandalasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. ayam mandalam shikaago-nagarasya, sampornasya ileanois-pradeshasya cha sarvaadhikam vishvasaneeyam lokatantrikamandaleshu anyatam asti. 1949 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, 1935 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, sarvaan varshaani yaavat, etat vinaa vyavadhaanen lokataantrik-hasteshu asti. 2023 tamavarshaparyantam rachanaa. 2020 tamavarshasya punarvitaranakaale api ayam pradesha mukhyataya chikaago-nagarasya sudoor-uttar-paarshve, uttar-kuk-kauntee-madhye, tathaa adhunaa nairutya-leck-kauntee-ityasya, dakshina-poorva-chenry-kauntee-ityasya cha bhaageshu sthitah bhavishyati. 9 tamah mandala shikaago-nagarasya sameepastheshu rosers-udyaane, pashchim-parvatashrenyaam cha, adhikaamshaah uptoun-pradeshe, linkan-square-pradeshasya cha bhaagam api sweekaroti. shikaago-nagar-seemaayuktah ayam pradesha kuk-kaunti-nagarapalikasu evanston, glenavyoo, scokey, morton-grove, nails cha, adhikaamshaah naarth-feeled-pradeshah, sambhaavya-ucchataah cha, tathaa eva sarovarasya dakshinadishi wilmett-kshetrasya ardhabhaagah cha sweekaroti. leck-kaunti iti mandalasya, panchame mandale, dashame mandale, ekaadasha mandale cha vibhaajitam asti. 9 tamam panchamam cha mandalaani, faaks-nadee, kelsey-aar. dee., doubleu. miller-aar. dee., iko-leck-aar. dee., saakomaano-medos-pond-1, midlothian-aar. dee., enn. old-heinry-aar. dee., enn. quentin-aar. dee., leck-zuric-aar. dee., twin-archard-contry-club, mundelin-aar. dee., hicks-aar. dee., bridjwaater-faarm, crossing-pond-paark, arlington-hats-aar. dee. cha ityetaih vibhajyante. 9, 10, 11 cha mandaleshu, bhaisah grove-golf-kors, bhaisah grove-aar. dii., arboretum-golf-club, doubleu. haaf-day-aar. dii., promontary-riz-trail, port clinton-aar. dii., mundelin-aar. dii., halland-pains-paark, daimand-leck-aar. dii., breakinridge-daa., enn. midlothian-aar. dii., ileanois-maargah 60, doubleu. haale-ess. tii., enn. chevee chess-aar. dii., steeple-chess-golf-club, doubleu. leck-vyoo-paark-ve, ena. gilmer-aar. dii., haale-ess. tii., doubleu. ivaanho-aar. dii., liberty-ess. tii., hai-ess. tii., kimbal-ev, ee. liberty-ess. tii., ess. ess. tii. ess. ess. tii. ess. ess. tii. ess. 9 tamam mandalam, bhaisha-upavanasya nagarapalikam, adhikaamsham haatharn-vanaani, vakaunda-dweepa-sarovarasya, deergha-upavanasya, barrington-sarovarasya cha bhagan cha grahanam karoti. chenry-praantah asmin mandale 11 tame mandale cha vibhaktah asti. te ee-chrystal-leck-ave, meridian-ell. enn., chrystal-leck-contry-club, wood-greek-paark, boulder-riz-contry-club, ferr-ve-vyoo-daa. 9 tamam mandalam algonquin-nagar-nagar-nagar-kshetram sampurnataya sweekaroti, yasmin kairee-nagar-nagarapalikaha, chrystal-sarovarah, parvateshu sarovarah, leck-wood-parwatah, ok-wood-parwatah, trout-upatyakaa cha, uttar-algonquin-pradesha, port-barrington-parvatasya bhaagah, barrington-parwatah, faaks-river-grove-kshetraah cha santi.

illinoisin 9vadhu congress maavattam 2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppaith thodarnthu 2021 aam aandu maruviniyoagam seiyappattapadi, illinoisin 9 vadhu congress maavattam samaiyalkarar, aeri mattrum mechenry maavattangkalin sila pakuthikalai ulladakkiyathu. idhu sikago, eevanstan, clenview, skokki, morton thoav, niles, northfield, prospect hights, wilmett, erumaith thoappu, havdorn kaadugal, vagonda, theevu aeri, neenda thoappu, aeri barrington, alkankin downship, carrie, padiga aeri, malaikalil ulla aeri, lakewood, oakvud malaikal, trowt pallatthaakku, alkankin, poart barrington, barrington malaikal mattrum fax rivar thoav aagiyavattrin anaitthu allathu paguthigalaiyum ulladakkiyathu. idhu sikakovin vadakkup paguthiyil, michikan aeriyin kurukkae nangkooramidappattullathu, maelum sikakovin vadakku puranagarp pakuthikalil palavattrai ulladakkiyathu. jananayagak katchiyaich saerntha john shahovsky janavari 1999 muthal inththa mavattaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththi varukiraar. inththa maavattam sikago mattrum anaitthu illinaaisilum migavum nambagamaana jananaayaga maavattangkalil ontraakum. idhu 1949 muthal thadaiyindri jananayagak kaikalil ullathu, 1935 muthal aaru aandugalaith thavira mattra anaiththirkum. 2023aam aandu nilavarappadi amaippu. 2020 aam aandin maruviniyoagaththin puddy, inththa maavattam innum perumpaalum sikakovin tholaithoora vadakku mattrum vadakku samaiyal kavundiyil irukkum, athae poal ippoathu thenmaerku aeri kavundi mattrum thenkizhakku mechenry kavundiyin sila pakuthikalilum irukkum. 9 vadhu maavattam sikakovin arugilulla rojars poongaa mattrum maerku ridge aagiyavattraik kondullathu; perumpaalaana mael nagarangal; mattrum lingan sathuraththin oru pakuthi. sikago nagara ellaikku veliyae, inththa maavattam evenston, clenview, skokki, morton thoappu mattrum niles aagiya samaiyal kavundi nagaraatchigalai ulladakkiyathu; perumpaalaana northfield mattrum prospect uyarangkal; mattrum aeri puraakku therkae wilmettin paathi. aeri kavundi inththa maavattam, 5 vadhu maavattam, 10 vadhu maavattam mattrum 11 vadhu maavattaththirku idaiyil pirikkappattullathu. 9 mattrum 5vadhu maavattangkal fax nadhi, kelsey ardy, doublue miller ardy, ecco lake ardy, sacomano pulveligal kulam 1, mitlothian ardy, enn oolt hendri ardy, enn gwentin ardy, lake juric ardy, irattai palaththoatta naadu kilap, mundaleen ardy, hicks ardy, bridge watter form, gross kulam poongaa mattrum arlington uyarangkal ardy aagiyavattraal pirikkappattullana. 9, 10 mattrum 11vadhu maavattangkal erumaigal thoattam goalf maithaanam, erumai thoattam aarr. dii., arboretum goalf kilap, doublue arai naall aarr. dii., promentary ridge trail, poart clinton aarr. dii, mandaleen aarr. dii., highland bines paark, diamond lake aarr. dii., breakinridge doctor, enn mitlothian aarr. dii., illinoys ruud 60, doublue. haalii ess. dii., enn. sevi says aarr. dii., steeple says goalf kilap, doublue. lakeview barkway, enn. gilmer aarr. dii., haalii ess. dii., vii. aivanho aarr. dii., liberty ess. dii., hye ess. dii., kimbal aev, eee. liberty ess. dii., ess. surch ess. dii., bangs ess. dii., doublue. liberty ess. dii., westridge doctor/viv lake chii 9 vadhu maavattam erumaith thoappin nagaraatchigalai ulladakkiyathu; perumpaalaana havdorn kaadugal; mattrum vagonda, theevu aeri, neenda thoappu mattrum aeri barrington aagiyavattrin oru pakuthi. mechenry kavundi inththa maavattaththirkum 11 vadhu maavattaththirkum idaiyil pirikkappattullathu. avai ii padiga aeri puraa, meridian eln, padiga aeri naattu kilap, maravalli poongaa, polter ridge naattu kilap mattrum fairway view doctor aagiyavattraal pirikkappattullana. 9vadhu maavattam carrie nagaraatchigal, padiga aeri, malaikalil ulla aeri, lakewood, oakvud malaikal mattrum trowt pallatthaakku; vadakku alconkin; mattrum poart barrington, barrington malaikal mattrum fax rivar thoav aagiyavattrin oru paguthiyaiyum ulladakkiya muzhu alconkin nagariyaththaiyum kondullathu.

illinais yokka 9va congress jilla illinais yokka 9va congress jilla 2020 janabha lekkala taruvaata 2021 punahpampinii natiki vanta, sarassu mariyu mechenry kounteela bhaagaalanu kaligi undhi. indulo chikago, evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove, niles, northfield, prospect hights, vilmette, gede thota, houthron woods, vakonda, iland lake, long grove, lake barrington, algonquin township, kaarii, christal lake, kondalaloni sarassu, lakewood, okwood kondalu, trout loya, algonquin, port barrington, barrington kondalu mariyu faaks river grove vanti anni ledhaa konni bhagalu unnaayi. idhi chikago yokka uttara bhaagamlo, michigaon sarassu venta langaru veyabadindi mariyu chikago yokka uttara shivaaru praantaalalo chaalaa varaku vistarinchi undhi. prajaasvaamyavaadi zaan shakovsky janavari 1999 nundi jillaaku praatinidhyam vahistunnaaru. eee jilla chikagoloni atyanta vishwasaneeyamaina prajaasvaamya jillaalalo okati, mariyu illinais antataa undhi. idhi 1949 nundi etuvanti aatamkam lekunda prajaasvaamya chetullo undhi, mariyu 1935 nundi aaru samvatsaraalu tappa migilina annintikee. 2023 natiki kuurpu. 2020 punahpampinii natiki, eee jilla ippatikee ekkuvagaa chikago yokka suduura uttara vaipu mariyu uttara vanta counteeloo, alaage ippudu nairuti sarassu county mariyu aagneya mechenry counteeloo bhaagamgaa untundi. 9va jilla chikago parisara praantaalalo rosers park mariyu west ridge; chaalaa varaku up town; mariyu linkan squarelo kontha bhaganni aakramistundi. chikago nagara parimitula velupala, eee jilla cook county munisipaalitiilaina evanston, glenview, scokey, morton grove mariyu niles, chaalaa varaku northfield mariyu prospect ettulu, mariyu lake aveku dakshinaana vilmetlo sagam varaku aakramistundi. lake county eee jilla, 5va jilla, 10va jilla mariyu 11va jilla madhya vibhajinchabadindi. 9va mariyu 5va jillaalanu faaks nadhi, kelsey ardi, doubleu miller ardi, eko lake ardi, sacomano medos paand 1, midlothian ardi, enn old henry ardi, enn quentin ardi, lake jurich ardi, twin archard country club, mundelin ardi, hicks ardi, bridgewater phaam, crossing paand park mariyu arlington hights ardi vibhajinchaayi. 9va, 10va mariyu 11va jillaalanu gede thota golph course, gede thota ardi, arboretum golph club, doubleu haaph day ardi, promontary ridge trial, port clinton ardi, mundelin ardi, highland pines park, diamond lake ardi, breakinridge doctor, enn midlothian ardi, illinais ruut 60, doubleu haalii esdi, enn chevy chaze ardi, steeple chaze golph club, doubleu lake view parkway, enn gilmer ardi, haalii esdi, doubleu evon hoow ardi, liberty esdi, hye esdi, kimbal ev, ii liberty esdi, esdi charchi, bangs esdi, doubleu liberty esdi, westridge doctor/enn view lake sir, hill/carriage, green treak, green treak, ook/burn ridge, northern burn ridge, burn ook/burn ridge, eern/burn ridge, burn ook/burn ridge, burn ook 9va jilla gede thota purapalaka sanghaalanu aakramistundi; chaalaa varaku houthron adavulu; mariyu vakonda, dveepa sarassu, podavaina thota mariyu sarassu barringtonlo kontha bhaagam. chenry county eee jilla mariyu 11va jilla madhya vibhajinchabadindi. avi christal lake away, meridian ln, christal lake country club, woodscreak park, boulder ridge country club mariyu fairway view daa. 9va jilla algonquin pattanaanni puurtigaa aakramistundi, indulo kaarii, christal sarassu, kondalaloni sarassu, lakewood, okwood kondalu mariyu trout loya; uttara algonquin; mariyu port barrington, barrington kondalu mariyu faaks river grove yokka munisipaalitiilu unnaayi.

aleenwaye kaa 9 waan congress zalaa aleenwaye kaa 9 waan congress zalaa 2021 kii dobarah taqsim kay mutabiq bawarchi jheel aur chanri countiyon kay kachh hasoon kaa ahatah kartaa hay juu 2020 kii mardam shumari kay baad hawaa. iss mein shikago avenistin gleen view scoki mortan grove niles naarth feld perspect hights walmet bafilo grove houthoran woad wakonda aayee lend leek laang grove leek barrington algonkoin town ship carrie cristal leek pahadiyon mein jheel leek woad ook wode hilz trout weeli algonkoin port barrington barrington hilz aur faaks rever grove kay tamaam yaa kachh hasay shaamil haine. yaha shikago kay shamaal kii taraf jheel mashee gunn kay saath langar andaaz hay aur shikago kay behat say shamali mazafat parr maheet hay. democrate jaan shikosky januri 1999 say zalaa kii numaindagi kirr rahay haine. yaha zalaa shikago aur tamaam aleenwaye kay sabb say qaabil aetemad jamhuri azlaa mein say eek hay. yaha 1949 say baghair kasee rukawat kay jamhuri haathon mein hay aur 1935 say chh saal kay elawah sabb kay liye hay. 2023 takk saakhat. 2020 kii dobarah taqsim kay mutabiq yaha zalaa abb bhee bury hadd takk shikago kay door shamaal kii taraf aur shamali kick county kay saath saath abb janub maghrabi leek county aur janub mashriqi chanri county kay kachh hasoon mein maqeem hoga. 9 waan zalaa shikago kay pados mein rogarz paark aur vest rajj parr mushtamil hay vovo ziyadah tarr app town vovo aur lankan squire kaa hasah. shikago shehar kii hadood say baahar zalaa coke county municipalityon avenistin gleen view scoki mortan grove aur niles mein shaamil hay vovo ziyadah tarr naarth feld aur mamkanah oonchayi vovo aur jheel ayoo kay janub mein walmet kaa nasf hasah. leek county iss zalaa 5 wein zalaa 10 wein zalaa aur 11 wein zalaa kay darmiyan taqsim hay. 9 wein aur 5 wein azlaa kuu faaks rever calcy aar ddee dabliyo miller aar ddee aiko leek aar ddee sakumano medoz pould 1yee madlotheen aar ddee aine old hunry aar ddee aine koventan aar ddee leek zewark aar ddee toyan archard kantri kalab mandileen aar ddee hicks aar ddee barj waater faarm crossing pould paark aur arlington hights aar ddee kay zariye taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. 9 wein 10 wein aur 11 wein azlaa kuu bafilo grove golf course bafilo grove aar ddee arburetum golf kalab dabliyo haaf day aar ddee promontary rajj trail port clenton aar ddee mandileen aar ddee hayee lend pines paark diamond leek aar ddee brekenrage doctor aine madlotheen aar ddee aleenwaye roat 60yee dabliyo holee aiss tye aine cheevi chees aar ddee steple chees golf kalab dabliyo leek view paark way aine gulmar aar ddee holee aiss tye dabliyo aiwan how aar ddee liberti aiss tye hayee aiss tye kumm baal aiyo ayee liberti aiss tye aiss charch aiss tye bung aiss tye dabliyo liberti aiss tye vest barj doctor/aine view leek sarr carriage/hull drafe eek naardarn druff aur naardarn druff burn druff aur naardarn druff burn druff aur triff. 9 waan zalaa bhens kay baagh kii baldiyaat parr mushtamil hay vovo ziyadah tarr houthoran jangal vovo aur wakonda jazeeray kii jheel laang grove aur jheel barrington kaa hasah. chanri county iss zalaa aur 11 wein zalaa kay darmiyan taqsim hay. inhein ayee cristal leek aiyo meridian eel aine cristal leek kantri kalab wode scrack paark boulder rajj kantri kalab aur fair way view doctor kay zariye taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. 9 waan zalaa makmal toor parr algonkoin town ship parr mushtamil hay jiss mein carrie cristal leek pahadiyon mein jheel leek woad ook wode kii pahadiyan aur trout veeli kii baldiyaat shaamil haine. shamali algonkoin vovo aur port barrington barrington pahaadiyon aur faaks rever grove kaa hasah.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17517928

List of Eastbourne Borough F.C. seasons

List of Eastbourne Borough F.C. seasons This is a list of English football seasons played by Langney Sports (1983 until 2001) and Eastbourne Borough Football Club from 2001 to the present day. Their early years (1964–1983) which were spent playing amateur and intermediate football are not included. Eastbourne Borough Football Club is an English association football club based in Langney, Eastbourne. The club was founded in 1964 as Langney F.C and joined Division Two of the Eastbourne & District Football League. In 1968, the club changed its name to Langney Sports F.C. which is reflected in the club's nickname "The Sports". They spent their early years playing in the Eastbourne & District Football League and the Eastbourne & Hastings League, before becoming a founding member of the Sussex County League Division Three in 1983. The club moved to Priory Lane in the same year and was renamed Eastbourne Borough F.C. in 2001. The years 1983–2000 were spent in the County League, before the club climbed the football pyramid under Garry Wilson reaching the Conference National in the space of nine seasons. They were relegated back to the Conference South in 2011. The club has won the Sussex Senior Cup three times, has reached the FA Cup first round on five occasions and the FA Trophy third round on six occasions. Key. Sources for League, FA Cup and FA Trophy statistics: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

istoborno boru ef-ror talika.chi. rituxomuh eitu lengnee sports (1983 sonor poraa 2001 sonoloike) aaru istoborno boru football clubber dwara 2001 sonor poraa bortomanoloike khelaa ingraji football sijonor ekhon talika. teulukor prarombhik bosorbur (1964-1983) ji opesadari aaru modhyoworti football kheliboloi byoy koraa hoisil xeibur ontorbhukto koraa huwa naai. istoborno bor "football club hoise istobornor lengneet owosthito etaa ingraji ess" siyesyon football club. 1964 sonot lengni ef naamere clubtu protistha koraa hoisil.chi aaru istoborno aaru jilaa football leegor dwitiyo bibhagoto jugdan korisil. 1968 sonot klabkhone iyar naam xoloni kori lengnee sports ef raakhe.chi. jitu clubber daknam "krira" too protipholito hoy. 1983 sonot suchex county leeg dibhijon thrir protisthapok xodosyo huwar aagote teuluke teulukor prarombhik bosorbur istoborno endo district football leeg aaru istoborno endo hestings leegot khelisil. clubtu eke bosorote priyori lenoloi sthanantorito hoisil aaru iyak istoborno bor 'ef buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil.chi. 2001 sonot. klabkhone geree uilsonor odhinot football pyramid aaruhon kori notaa sijonor bhitorot rastriyo xonmilonot uposthito huwar aagote 1983-2000 bosorbur county leegot otibahito koraa hoisil. 2011 sonot teulukok dokhyinor xonmilonoloi punor sthanantorito koraa hoisil. klabkhone tinibar susex sinir kaap joy korise, pasbar ef. e. kaapor prothom roundot uponeet hoise aaru soibar ef. e. trophir tritiyo roundot uponeet hoise. saabi. leeg recordor saabi <bi. aar.> pi-khelaa khel <bi. aar.> dobliu-khelxomuh joyee <bi. aar.> di-dro koraa khel <bi. aar.> el-khelxomuh heruwai go "lo <bi. aar.> ef-<bi. aar. ror baabe lokhyo> e-<bi. aar. ror biruddhe go "lo> pts-point <bi. aar.> poo 'jo-suranto owosthan <bi. aar.> <bi. aar.> roundor saabi <bi. aar.> 1 qr-prothom jugyota orjonor round <bi. aar.> aar.> jugyota orjonor round, ityadi.<bi. aar.> praa-prarombhik round <bro> 1 aar-prothom round <bi aar> 2 aar-dwitiyo round, ityadi.<bi. aar.> qf-cowarter-final <br> ess. ef-semi-final <bi. aar.> bibhajonor saabi <bi. aar.> konof nott-xonmilon <bro> konof sauth-conferences sauth <bro> eno. el. ess-nesnel leeg sauth <bi. aar.> aar.> county leeg bibhag ek <bi. aar> aar> county leeg dwitiyo bibhag <bro> <bro> county leeg tritiyo bibhag <bro> ess. el. pi-saudarno leeg primiyar dibhijon <bi. aar> sle-southorno leeg isterno dibhison <bro> <bi. aar.> kaapor saabi <bi. aar.> ssc-susex sinir kaap leeg, ef. e. kaap aaru ef. e. trophir porixongkhyar utxoh

eastborn boro eff-err talika.shee. ritu etty langney sportasa (1983 theke 2001) ebong eastborn boro football club dwara 2001 theke bortoman deane porjonto khela ingrezi football morshumer ekti talika. taader prathomik bochorguli (1964-1983) jaa apeshadar ebong modhyoborti football khelte byoy koraa hoyechilo taa antarbhukta koraa hoyney. eastborn boro football club holl eastbourner langney vittik ekti ingrez association football club. 1964 saale langney eff naame clubti protisthito hoy.shee ebong eastborn oo zela football leager dwitiya bibhage jog deena. 1968 saale clubti taar naam poriborton korey langney sportasa eff rakhe.shee. jaa cluber ducknum "dya sportasa"-ayee protifolito hoy. 1983 saale sussex county leeg bibhager protisthata sadasya howar agey taaraa taader prathomik bochorguli eastborn anned district football leeg ebong eastborn anned hastings lige khele katiechilo. ekoi bochore clubti priori leney choley yaay ebong eastborn boro eff namkaran koraa hoy.shee. 2001 saale. gyari willsoner adhine clubti noyti morshumer byabodhane jatiya sommelone pouchanor agey, 1983-2000 bochorguli county leagay katano hoyechilo. 2011 saale taaraa dakkhine sommelone firey aase. clubti tinbar sussex senior cup jiteche, panchbar fa kaaper prothom rounde ebong chhoybar fa trophyr tritiya rounde poucheche. chaabi. leeg recorder mool chabikathi <br> pii-khela <br> dablu-games jiteche <br> dii-dra haoya gema <br> ell-games hariye geche <br> eff-<br-err jonno goal> ayee-<br-err biruddhe goal> pts-point <br> abosthan-chudanta abosthan <br> <bii. arr> rounder qee <br> <br> bachhai porbo <br> <br> jogyata round ityadi.<bii. arr> pr-prathomik round <br> 1 arr-prothom round <br> 2 arr-dwitiya round ityadi.<bii. arr> qf-quarter final <br> esha. eff-semi-final <bii. arr> bibhaggulir mool chabikathi <br> conf nyata-sommelon <br> conf south-conferences south <br> enn. ell. esha-national ligg south <bii. arr> esha. shee. 1-sussex county leeg bibhag eka <bii. arr> esha. shee. 2-sussex county leeg dwitiya bibhag <bii. arr> esha. shee. 3-sussex county leeg bibhag 3 <bii. arr> esha. ell. pii-soudern leeg premiere dibhishana <bii. arr> slay-soudern leeg eastern dibhishana <bra> <bii. arr> kaaper chaabi <br> esha. esha. shee-sussex senior cup leeg, eff. ayee cup ebong eff. ayee trophyr porisongkhaner utsah

eastborne baroo aef. nee yaadee.see. rutuo aaa langney sports (1983 thee 2001 sudhee) aneey eastborne baroo football club dwara 2001 thee aaj sudhee ramaayeli angreji football seasonni yaadee chhe. temnaa praarambhik varsho (1964-1983) keey jeey kalapremi aneey madhyavarti football ramvaamaa vitavvama aavyaa hataa teno samaavesh thato nathee. eastborne baroo football club aee lengnee, eastbornemaa stheet aek angreji association football club chhe. aaa clubney sthaapnaa sthaapnaa langney aef tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee.see aneey eastborne aneey district football leegnaa beeja vibhagma jodaya. jodaya, clubbe tenu naam badaline lengnee sports aef curry didhu.see. jeey klabnaa upnaam "dhaa sports" maan pratibimbit thaay chhe. chhe sussex kaauntii leag division threena sthaapak sabhy banata pahelaa teoae temnaa sharuaatnaa varsho eastborne anned district football leag aneey eastborne anned hestings leegma ramtaa vitaavyaa hataa. teey jaj varshe club priory lenamaa khasedvama aavee hatee aneey tenu naam badaline eastborne baroo aef rakhvama aavyu hatoo.see. 2001 maan. nava seasonna gaadaama raashtriy parishadma pahonchata pahelaa, club geree veelsannee aagevanima football pyramid parr chadee teey pahelaa, varsh 1983-2000 kaauntii leegma vitavvama aavyaa hataa. hataa temne dakshinma parishadma parat mokali devaamaa aavyaa hataa. clubbe trana vakhat susex siniyara cup jeetyo chhe, paanch vakhat aef. aee. kapnaa pratham roundma aneey chh vakhat aef. aee. trophyna trija roundma pahonchi chhe. chaavee. leag rekordnee chaavee <br> pii-ramaayeli ramato <bii. aar.> doubleu-ramato jeetee <br> dii-drow ramato <br> aela-ramato haaree <br> aef-<br maate goal> aaa-<br saame goal> pii. tii. aesa.-point <bii. aar.> sthitee-anteem sthitee <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> roundnee chaavee <br> 1 qr-pratham qualifying round <br> 2 qr-beejo qualifying round, vagere.<bii. aar.> pii. aar.-praarambhik round <bii. aar.> 1 aar-pratham round <bii. aar.> 2 aar-beejo round, vagere.<bii. aar.> qf-quarter final <br> aesa. aef.-semee-final <bii. aar.> vibhagoni chaavee <br> conf nett-parishad <br> conf south-conferences south <br> aena. aela. aesa.-national leag south <bii. aar.> aar.> kaauntii leag vibhag aek <br> <br> kaauntii leag vibhag beey <br> <br> kaauntii leag vibhag trana <br> aesa. aela. pii.-sadharn leag premiere division <bii. aar.> slee-sadharn leag eastern division <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> kapnee chaavee <bii. aar.> ssc-susex siniyara cup leag, aef. aee. cup aneey aef. aee. trophyna aankadaona strotoh

eastbourne baro aff kii soochi.see. rituein yeh laingani sports (1983 seey 2001 taka) aur eastbourne baro football club dwara 2001 seey aaj taka khele jaane vaale angreji football satron kii soochi haye. unake shuruati varsh (1964-1983) joe shaukiya aur madhyavarti football khelane mein bitaaye gaye they, way shamil naheen hain. eastbourne baro football club laingani, eastbourne mein sthit ack angreji sangh football club haye. club kii sthaapana 1964 mein laingani aff key roop mein kii gaee thee.see aur eastbourne aur district football leag key division dou mein shamil hoe gaye. 1968 mein, club ney apana naam badalkar laingani sports aff curr liya.see. joe club key upnaam "khel" mein parilakshit hotaa haye. 1983 mein sussex county leag division teen key sansthaapak sadasya banane seey pahale unhone apane shuruati saal eastbourne aind district football leag aur eastbourne aind hastings leag mein khelate hue bitaaye. usee varsh club koo priory laine mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa aur iska naam badalkar eastbourne baro aff curr diyaa gayaa.see. 2001 mein. club dwara nau satron key antaral mein rashtriya sammelan mein pahunchane seey pahale, county leag mein varsh 1983-2000 bitaaye gaye they. unhein 2011 mein dakshin mein sammelan mein vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. club ney teen baar susex senior cup jeetaa haye, paanch maukon parr aff. aeye. cup pahale daur mein aur chhah maukon parr aff. aeye. trophy teesare daur mein pahunch gayaa haye. kunji. leag record kii kunji <bee. aar.> pee-khele gaye khel <bee. aar.> doubleu-game jeete gaye <br> dee-khel dra <br> ell-game khoye hue <br> aff-<br key liye lakshya> aeye-<br key khilaf lakshya> pee. tii. aiss.-ank <bee. aar.> sthiti-antim sthiti <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> round kii kunji <bee. aar> aar> yogyata daur <br> <br> yogyata daur, aadi.<bee. aar.> pee. aar.-praarambhik daur <bee. aar.> 1 aar-pahala daur <bee. aar> 2 aar-doosara daur, aadi.<bee. aar.> kyu. aff.-quarter final <bee. aar.> aiss. aff.-semifinal <bee. aar.> vibhajanon kii kunji <bee. aar.> conf nutt-sammelan <bee. aar.> conf south-conference south <bee. aar> aine. ell. aiss.-national leag south> south> county leag division ack <br> <br> county leag division dou <br> <br> county leag division teen <br> aiss. ell. pee.-dakshini leag premiere division <bee. aar.> slee-dakshini leag purvi prabhaag <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> cup kii kunji <bee. aar> aiss. aiss. see.-sussex senior cup leag, aff. aeye. cup aur aff. aeye. trophy key aankadon key srotah

eastbarn baroo eff.sii. rtugalu idu langney sports (1983rinda 2001ravarege) mattu eastbourne baroo football club 2001rinda indinavarege aadida inglish football rtugala pattiyagide. havyasi mattu madhyantara football aadalu kaleda avara arambhika varshagalannu (1964-1983) serisalaagilla. eastbarn baroo football club embudu eastbarn langniyalliruva inglish association football club aagide. ee club annu 1964ralli langney eff. endu sthaapisalaayitu.sii mattu eastbarn & district football leagna eradane vibhagakke seridaru. 1968ralli, club tanna hesarannu langney sports eff endu badalaayisitu.sii. idu clubna addahesaraada "creede" yalli pratiphalisuttade. 1983ralli sussex kaunti leigh vibhagada moorane samsthaapaka sadasyaraguva modalu avaru tamma arambhika varshagalannu eastbarn & district football leigh mattu eastbarn & hastings leagnalli adutta kaledaru. adhe varshadalli club priyori lenge sthalaantaragonditu mattu adannu eastbarn baroo eff endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu.sii. 2001ralli. gyaari willson avara netrutvadalli club football pyramid annu hattuva modalu, ombattu rtugala antaradalli rashtriya sammelanavannu talupuva modalu, varshagalannu kaunti leagnalli kaleyalaayitu. 2011ralli avarannu dakshinada sammelanakke hintirugisalaayitu. club mooru baari sussex hiriya cup annu geddide, aidu sandarbhagalalli efa cup modala suttige mattu aaru sandarbhagalalli efa trophiyannu moorane suttige talupide. keelie. leigh daakhaleya keelimane <br> pii-aadida atagalu <br> doubleu-atagalu geddive <br> dii-dra atagalu <br> ell-atagalu kaleduhodavu <br> eff-<biaarge golugalu> aa-viruddha golugalu <br> pts-ankagalu <br> post-antima sthana <br> <bii. aarr.> suttugalige keelimane <br> 1 qr-modala arhata suttu <br> 2 qr-eradane arhata suttu, ityaadi.<bii. aarr.> pr-praathamika suttu <br> 1r-modala suttu <br> 2r-eradane suttu, ityaadi.<bii. aarr.> qf-quarter final <br> esf-semiphinal <br> vibhagagalige keelimane <br> conf nott-sammelana <br> conf south-conferences south <br> nls-national leigh south <br> essie1-sussex kaunti leigh vibhaga ondu <br> essie2-sussex kaunti leigh vibhaga eradu <br> essie3-sussex kaunti leigh vibhaga mooru <br> slp-daksina leigh premiere vibhaga <br> slee-daksina leigh purva vibhaga <br> <bii. aarr.> kapgala keelimane <br> ssc-sussex hiriya cup leigh, efa cup mattu efa trophy ankiamshagala moolagalu

eestbon baroyude pattika eph.sii. rithukkal langni sports (1983 muthal 2001 vare) kalikkunna engleesh football seasonukaludeyum 2001 muthal innuvare eestbon baroo football klabbinteyum pattikayaanith. amachwar, intermediat football kalikkaan chelavazhicha avarude aadya varshangal (1964-1983) ulppeduthiyitla. eestbornile langni aasthaanamaayulla oru engleesh association football klabbaanu eestbon baroo football club. 1964ll langni eph enna perilaanu club sthaapithamaayathu.sii. eestbon & distrikt football leaginte randaam divisionil chernnu. 1968ll club athinte peru langni sports eph ennu maatti.sii. ithu klabbinte "sports" enna vilipperilaan prathifalikkunnathu. 1983ll sussex kaundi leag division 3-ll sthaapaka amgamaakunnathinu munbu avar avarude aadya varshangal eestbon & distrikt football leagilum eestbon & haastings leagilum kalichu. athe varsham thanne club priyari leynilekku maarukayum eestbon baroo eph ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu.sii. 2001ll. gaari vilsante keezhil club football pyramid kayarunnathin munbu, ombathu seasonukalude edavelayil deseeya konfaransil athunnathinu munbu, kaundi leegilaanu <aii. dii. 1> varshangal chelavazhichathu. 2011ll avar konfarans southilekku thirichupoyi. club moonnu thavana sussex seeniyar kapp nediyittundu, anchu thavana efa kapp aadya roundilum aarr thavana efa trophy moonnaam roundilum athiyittundu. thacol. leag recordilekkulla thacol <br> pii-kalicha geyimukal <bii. aarr> dablyu-geyimukal vijayichu <bii. aarr> dii-samanila kalii <bii. aarr> ell-kalikal nashtappettu <bii. aarr> eph-<bii. aarr.-nulla golukal> a-<br-nethire golukal> pts-pooyintukal <br> poses-avasana sthaanam <bii. aarr> <bii. aarr.> roundukalude thacol <br> 1 qr-aadya yogyathaa raundu <br> 2 qr-randaam yogyathaa raundu muthalaayava.<bii. aarr.> pii. aarr-praadhamika raundu <bii. aarr> 1 aarr-aadya raundu <bii. aarr> 2 aarr-randaam raundu muthalaayava.<bii. aarr.> qf-quarter final <bii. aarr> ezz. eph-semi final <bii. aarr> divisionukalude thacol <br> conf naatt-konfarans <bii. aarr> conf southu-konfarans southu <bii. aarr> enn. ell. ezz-naashanal leag southu <bii. aarr> essie1-sussex kaundi leag division onnu <br> essie2-sussex kaundi leag division rund <br> essie3-sussex kaundi leag division three <br> slp-sathen leag premiier division <br> slee-southu leag eestten division <bii. aarr> <bii. aarr.> kappukalude thacol <bii. aarr> ssc-sussex seeniyar kapp leag, eph. eiii kapp, eph. eiii trophy sthithivivarakkanakkukal

eastburn baroo eff. chee yadisi. rutoo hii langany sports (1983 teey 2001) aanee eastburn boro football klabdware 2001 teey aajparyant khelalya gelelya ingraji football hangamanchi yadee aahe. haushi aanee madhyavarti football khelanyat kharch keleli tyanchi suruvatichi varshe (1964-1983) samavisht naheet. eastburn baroo football club haah langany, eastburn yethe sthit eka ingraji association football club aahe. 1964 madhye langany eff. mhanoon yaa clubchi sthapana jhaali.see aanee eastburn aanee jilha football leegchya dusya vibhagat sameel jhaale. 1968 madhye, clubney tyache naav badaloon langany sports eff asey kele.see. jeey clubchya 'daad sports' yaa topananyat pratibimbit hote. 1983 madhye sussex county leag vibhag teencha sansthapak sadasya honyapurvi tyanni tyanchi suruvatichi varshe eastburn andd district football leag aanee eastburn andd hastings leegmadhye khelanyat ghalavali. tyach varshi club priory lenmadhye gela aanee tyache naav badaloon eastburn boro eff asey karnyat aale.see. 2001 madhye. nauu hangamanchya kalavadhit rashtriy parishadet pohochanara club garry willsonchya netrutvakhali football pyramid chadhanyapurvi, 1983-2000 hii varshe county leegmadhye ghalavanyat aalee hotee. 2011 madhye tyanna dakshinela parat pathvanyat aale. yaa clubney teen vela sussex varishtha cup jinkla aahe, paach vela eff. aii. kapchya pahilya fereet aanee sahaa vela eff. aii. troffeechya tisya fereet pohochala aahe. chavee. leag vikramachi gurukilli <bii. aar.> pii-khelale gelele khel <bii. aar.> doubleu-khel jinkale <bii. aar.> dii-khel anirnit <bii. aar.> ell-gamavalele khel <bii. aar.> eff-<bii. aar. sathee goal> aaa-viruddha goal <bii. aar.> pii. tii. ess.-guna <bii. aar.> padd-antim sthan <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> feiiah <bii. aar. chee killi> 1 kyu. aar.-pahili patrata pherii <bii. aar.> 2 kyu. aar.-dusari patrata pherii ii.<bii. aar.> pii. aar.-prathamik pherii <bii. aar.> 1 aar-pahili pherii <bii. aar.> 2 aar-dusari pherii ii.<bii. aar.> kyu. eff.-upantyapoorv pherii <bii. aar.> ess. eff.-upantyapoorv <bii. aar.> vibhaganichi killi <br> conf nutt-parishad <bii. aar.> conf south-conferences south <bii. aar.> aine. ell. ess.-national leag south <bii. aar.> ess. see. 1-sussex county leag vibhag eka <bii. aar.> ess. see. 2-sussex county leag vibhag done <bii. aar.> ess. see. 3-sussex county leag vibhag teen <bii. aar.> ess. ell. pii.-dakshini leag premiere vibhag <bii. aar.> slee-sadarn leag eastern division <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> kapchi killi <bii. aar.> ess. ess. see.-sussex varishtha cup leag, eff. aii. cup aanee eff. aii. chashak aakadevariche strotah

eastborne baro ef ko suchi.see. rituharu yo langney sports (1983 dekhi 2001 samma) rar eastborne baro football cluble 2001 dekhi ajasamma kheleko angreji football sijanharuko suchi how. uniharuko prarambhik warshaharu (1964-1983) june shaukia rar madhyawarti football khelnama kharcha garieko thiyo samawesh garieko chhaina. eastborne baro football club langney, eastbornema adharit euta angreji sangha football club how. club sann 1964 maa langni efko rupma sthapana bhaeko thiyo.see rar eastborne rar zilla football ligko dosro divisionma samel bhae. sann 1968 maa, cluble afno naam pariwartan gari langney sports ef rakhyo.see. june clubko upanam "khel" maa pratibimbit hunchha. sann 1983 maa sussex county ligg division threeko sansthapak sadasya bannuaghi uniharule afno prarambhik warshaharu eastborne anned district football ligg rar eastborne anned hastings ligma khelda bitae. club sohi warsha prayori lenma sareko thiyo rar eastborne boro ef naam pariwartan garieko thiyo.see. sann 2001 maa. gyari wilsonko netritwama cluble football pyramid chadhnuaghi nau sijanko awadhima rashtriya sammelanma pugnuaghi warshaharu 1983-2000 county ligma bitaeka thie. uniharulai sann 2011 maa dakshin sammelanma firta pathaiyo. cluble tean patak sussex siniyar cup jiteko chha, paanch patak fa kapko pahilo charanma pugeko chha rar chha patak fa trophy tesro charanma pugeko chha. chabi. ligg recordko kunji <br> pee-khelharu kheliyo <br> w-khelharu jite <br> dee-dra khelharu <br> ell-khelharu haare <br> ef-<brka lagi lakshyaharu> ae-viruddha goal <br> pts-binduharu <br> pose-antim sthiti <bra> <bra> roundharuka lagi kunji <br> <br> yogyata round <bra> <bra> yogyata charan, adi.<bra> pr-prarambhik round <br> 1 arr-pahilo round <br> 2 arr-dosro round, adi.<bra> qf-quarter final <bra> sf-semifinal <bra> vibhajanharuka lagi kunji <br> conf nutt-sammelan <bra> conf south-conference south <bra> nls-rashtriya ligg dakshin <bra> <bra> county ligg division ek <bra> <bra> county ligg division dui <bra> <bra> county ligg division three <bra> slp-dakshini ligg premiere division <bra> slee-dakshini ligg purvi division <bra> <bra> cup <br ko kunji> ssc-susex siniyar cup ligg, fa cup rar fa trophy tathyankaka lagi srotah

eastbourne baroh aif rahr talikasi. rutu ehaa langanee sports (1983 ru 2001 parjyanta) ebong eastbourne baroh football club dwara 2001 ru aaji parjyanta khelajaithiba ingraji football sijingudikara eka talika . semanankara prarambhika barsha (1964-1983) jaahaa apeshadara ebong madhyabarti football kheli bitajaithila antarbhukta nuhen . eastbourne baroh football club heuchhi eka ingraji association football club jaahaa langanee, istabornare abasthita. ehi club 1964 masihare langanee aif. bhabare pratisthita hoithila.sii ebong eastbourne ebong zillah football ligger dwiteeja bibhagare joga deithile. 1968 masihare, club ehara naama paribartana curry langanee sports aif rakhila.sii. jaahaa clubber upanama "krida" ray pratiphalita hue . 1983 masihare susex county ligg divijana 3rahr pratisthata sadasya heba purbaru semane semanankara prarambhika barshagudika eastbourne ebong zillah football ligg ebong eastbourne ebong hastings ligre kheli bitaithile. sehi barsha clubti priori lenaku sthanantarita hoithila ebong ehara naama paribartana karajaithila eastbourne baroh aif .sii. 2001 masihare. nauty rutu madhyare jatiah sammilaneere pahanchiba purbaru, gyaree wilsonanka adheenare club football pyramid aarohan kariba purbaru, 1983-2000 barshagudika county ligre bitajaithila. 2011 ray semananku dakhina sammilaneeku pratyahruta karajaithila. club tini thara susex siniara cop jitichhi, pancha thara aif. aii. cop pratham roundre pahanchichhi ebong chhaa thara aif. aii. trophy truteeja roundre pahanchichhi . chaabi. ligg recorder chabikathi <bii. aarr.> pii-khelajaithiba khela <bii. aarr.> wi-game jitichhi <bii. aarr.> dii-dra hoithiba khela <bii. aarr.> l-khela harigala <br> f-<br paain lakhya> a-<br biruddhare goal> pts-point <br> post-antim sthiti <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> round <bii. aarr. ku kii> 1qr-pratham jogyata parjyaja <br> 2qr-dwiteeja jogyata parjyaja ityadi.<bii. aarr.> pii. aarr-prathamika parjyaja <bii. aarr.> 1r-pratham round <br> 2r-dwiteeja round ityadi .<bii. aarr.> qf-quarter final <br> ess. aif.-semi-final <bii. aarr.> bibhajan paain kii <bii. aarr.> kanaf naat-sammilani <bii. aarr.> kanaf south-conferences south <bii. aarr.> enn. ell. ess.-jatiah ligg dakhina <bii. aarr.> ess. sii. 1-susex county ligg divijana 1 <bii. aarr.> ess. sii. 2-susex county ligg divijana 2 <bii. aarr.> ess. sii. 3-susex county ligg divijana 3 <bii. aarr.> ess. ell. pii.-dakhina ligg premiyara divijana <bii. aarr.> slee-dakhina ligg purba divijana <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> cop <bii. aarr. rahr chaabi> ess. ess. sii.-susex siniara cop ligg, aif. aii. cop ebong aif. aii. trophy parisankhyanara utsah

eastborne boro dee suchi eff.see. season ih angrezi football dey seezanan dee suchi haii joe langany sports (1983 toon 2001 takk) atey eastborne boro football club duaara 2001 toon ajj takk khedi gaee haii. unhan dey shuruati saal (1964-1983) joe shukin atey vichkarle football khedan witch bitaae gaye sunn, shamal naheen hunn. eastborne boro football club ikk angrezi association football club haii joe langany, eastborne witch sathit haii. club dee sathapana 1964 witch langany eff dey roop witch keeti gaee see.see atey eastborne atey zilha football leeg dey division doou witch shamal hoow giaa. sann 1968 witch, club neey aapna naam badal keey langany sports eff qarr liaa.see. joe kii club dey upnam "khedan" witch pratibimbat hunda haii. 1983 witch sussex kaoonti leeg division tinn daa sansthapak member bannan toon pahilan, uhanan neey aapne shuruati saal eastborne atey zilha football leeg atey eastborne atey hestsings leeg witch khedade hoye bitaae. club use saal priori laine witch chalaa giaa atey isda naam badal keey eastborne boro eff rakkhiaa giaa.see. 2001 witch. saal 1983-2000 county leeg witch bitaae gaye sunn, iss toon pahilan kii club nau seezanan dey ander gairi wilson dey adheen football pyramid utte chadh keey rashtari sammelan witch pahunch giaa. uhanan noon 2011 witch dakkhan witch conferences witch waps bhej ditta giaa see. club neey tinn vaar sussex senior kapp jittiaa haii, panj maukiaan 'teey eff. aii. kapp dey pahile daur witch pahunch giaa haii atey chhe maukiaan' teey eff. aii. trophy dey teeje daur witch pahunch giaa haii. kunji. leeg ricard dee kunji <br> pee-khediaan gaeeaan khedan <bee. aar.> w-games jittiaan <bee. aar> dee-daraa keetiaan geman <bee. aar.> l-geman gumm gaeeaan <br> f-<br laee goal> aii-<bee. aar. virudh goal> pee. tii. aiss.-ank <bee. aar.> poses-antim sathiti <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> raoond dee kunji <br> 1kiooaar-pahila qualifying daur <bee. aar.> 2kiooaar-dooja qualifying daur, aadi.<bee. aar.> pee. aar.-shuruati daur <bee. aar.> 1 aar-pahila daur <bee. aar.> 2 aar-dooja daur, aadi.<bee. aar.> qf-quarter final <br> sf-semifinal <biaar> division dee kunji <br> kanaf nait-conferences <bee. aar.> dakkhan-conferences dakkhan <bee. aar.> ainn. aill. aiss.-national leeg south <bee. aar.> aiss. see. 1-susex kaoonti leeg division ikk <bee. aar.> aiss. see. 2-susex kaoonti leeg division doou <bee. aar.> aiss. see. 3-susex kaoonti leeg division tinn <bee. aar.> aiss. aill. pee.-dakkhni leeg premiere division <bee. aar.> slee-dakkhni leeg purbi division <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> kapp dee kunji <br> aiss. aiss. see.-susex senior kapp leeg, eff. aii. kapp atey eff. aii. trophy dey ankadiaan dey sarotaa

eastborne baro ityasya soochee cha.sii. rutuhu. eshaa aangl-football-creedaa-rutuhu, yaa langni-kreedaah (1983 taha 2001 paryantam), east-born-baro-football-club ityanena 2001 taha adyaparyantam kridita asti, teshaam soochee asti. teshaam praarambhikavarshaani (1964-1983) ye shaukia-madhyavartinah cha football-kridaayaam vyatitaani, te naa antarbhavanti. eastborne baro football club iti aangl-sanghasya football club asti yat eastborne-nagarasya langni-nagare sthitam asti. 1964 tame varshe asya sanghasya sthapana langni ef iti namna abhavat.see tathaa eastborne tathaa district football leag ityasya vibhaagadvaye sammilitah. 1968 tame varshe club-samsthaa swasya naam parivartya langni sports ef iti akarot.sii. yat club ityasya "creedaa" iti upanamat pratibimbate. 1983 tame varshe sussex-kaunti-leag-vibhaga-tryaah samsthaapak-sadasyah bhavitum poorvam, te eastborne-mandal-football-leag, eastborne-hestings-leag ityeteshu kreeditum praarambhikavarshaani yaapayan. tasmin eva varshe club priyori-lenn-nagaram prati gatam, tasya naam eastborne-baro-ef iti punah namakaranam krutam.sii. 2001 tame varshe. gyaaree willson ityasya adheene club-sanghah football-pyramid-arohanat poorvam, nava rutushu rashtriya-sammelanam aagacchan, varshaani <aii. dii. 1> kaunti-leag-madhye vyateetaani aasan. 2011 tame varshe te dakshinadishi sammelanartham punah punah nyasteekrutavantah. club-pakshah tribhihi praavashyam susex-senior-cup-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot, panchaasu sandarbheshu ef. e. cup-prathama-charanam, shut sandarbheshu ef. e. trophy-truteeya-charanam cha praapnot. chaabih. leag-abhilekhasya kee <br> pee-kreeditaah kreedakaah <bee. aar.> doubleu-kreedaasu jitaha <bee. aar.> dee-dra-kreedaani <bee. aar.> law-kreedaah nashtaani <bee. aar.> f-lakshyani <br> a-viruddham goal <bee aar> pee. tea. ess-binduhu <bee. aar> sthana-antimasthaanam <br> <bee. aar.> chakranam kee <br> 1 kyoo. aar.-prathama-yogyata-charanam <bee. aar.> 2qr-dwiteeya-yogyata-chakram, ityadini.<bee. aar.> pee. aar-praarambhik-chakram <bee. aar> 1r-prathama-chakram <br> 2 aar-dwiteeya-chakram, ityadini.<bee. aar.> kyoo. ef.-quarter-final <bee. aar.> ess. ef.-semee-final <bee. aar.> vibhaagaanaam kunjee <br> canf naat-sammelanam <br> canf-sauth-conferes-sauth <br> enn. ell. ess-rashtriya-leag-dakshinam <bee. aar.> ess. sii. 1-susex-county-leag-vibhaagah ekaha <bii. aar.> ess. sii. 2-susex-county-leag-vibhaga-2 <bii. aar.> sc3-susex-county-leag-vibhaga-3 <bee. aar.> esa. ell. pee.-sadarn leag premiyar division <bee. aar.> slee-dakshina-leag poorva-vibhaagah <br> <bee. aar.> kapanam kee <bee. aar.> ess. ess. sii.-susex varishta kapa leag, ef. e. cup, ef. e. trophy-saankhyikeenaam srotah.

eastporn perunagaraththin pattiyal f.chii. paruvangkal idhu langni sports (1983 muthal 2001 varai) mattrum eastporn paroa kaalpandhu kilap 2001 muthal intru varai vilaiyaadiya aangkila kaalpandhu paruvangkalin pattiyal aagum. amechur mattrum idainilai kaalpandhu vilaiyaaduvathil kaliththa avarkalin aaramba aandugal (1964-1983) serkkappadavillai. eastporn perunagara kaalpandhuk kazhagam enbathu eastpoarnin langniyai thalamaagak konda oru aangkila kaalpandhuk kazhagamaagum. inththa kilap 1964 aam aandil langni eff endra peyaril niruvappattathu.chii mattrum eastporn & mavatta kaalpandhu leakin pirivu irandil saernthaar. 1968 aam aandil, kilap adhan peyarai langni sports eff endru maattriyathu.chii. idhu kilappin punaippeyaraana "vilayaattu" ill pirathipalikkirathu. 1983 aam aandil sussex kavundi leak pirivu moontrin niruvana uruppinaraaga maaruvatharku munbu, avarkal thangal aaramba aandugalai eastporn & mavatta kaalpandhu leak mattrum eastporn & hastings leak aagiyavattril vilaiyaadinar. athae aandil kilap brori lenukku maattrappattathu, maelum eastporn paroa eff endru marupeyaridappattathu.chii. 2001ill. onbathu paruvangkalil carrie wilson keezh kaalpandhu piramidu aeruvatharku munbu, kilap thaesiya manattai adaivatharku munbu, 1983-2000 aandugal kavundi leakil kazhikkappattana. 2011 aam aandil avarkal meendum therkae maanaattirkuth tiruppi anuppappattanar. kilap moontru murai sussex mooththa kooppaiyai ventrullathu, ainthu santharppangalil efa kooppai muthal suttraiyum, aaru santharppangalil efa kooppai moontraavathu suttraiyum ettiyullathu. visai. leak saathanaikku mukkiyamaanathu <br> pii-vilaiyaattukal <pr> doublue-vilaiyaattukal ventrana <pr> dii-dira seiyappatta vilaiyaattukal <pr> ell-vilaiyaattukal ilanththana <pr> f-<br kkaana ilakkugal> auuu-<pr kku ethiraana ilakkugal> pts-pulligal <br> nilai-iruthi nilai <pr> <pr> suttrugalukku visai <br> 1kii. kii-muthal thaguthich suttru <pii. aarr> 2kii. kii-irandaavathu thaguthich suttru poantravai.<pr> pr-aaramba suttru <pr> 1r-muthal suttru <br> 2r-irandaavathu suttru, poantravai.<pr> qf-kaaliruthi <br> esf-araiyiruthi <pr> pirivugalukkaana thiravukoal <br> conf naat-maanaadu <pr> conf therku-conferences therku <pr> enls-thaesiya leak therku <pr> ess. chii. 1-sussex kavundi leak pirivu ondru <pii. aarr> ess. chii. 2-sussex kavundi leak pirivu irandu <pii. aarr> ess. chii. 3-sussex kavundi leak pirivu moontru <pii. aarr> ess. ell. pii-therku leak premiier pirivu <pii. aarr> slee-therku leak kilakku pirivu <pr> <pr> kooppaikalin visai <br> ess. ess. chii-sussex mooththa kooppai leak, efa kooppai mattrum efa kooppai pullivivarangkalukkaana aathaarangkal

eastbourne baroe yokka jabita f.sii. rutuvulu idhi langne sports (1983 nundi 2001 varaku) mariyu eastbourne baroe football club 2001 nundi neti varaku aadina aangla football seasonla jabita. autsaahika mariyu madhyantara football aadataaniki gadipina vaari prarambha samvatsaraalu (1964-1983) cherchabadaledu. eastbourne baroe football club anedi eastbornloni langneylo unna oka aangla association football club. eee club 1964loe langany eff. gaa sthaapinchabadindi.sii mariyu eastbourne & district football leag yokka rendava divisionlo cheraaru. 1968loe, club thana paerunu langany sports eff gaa maarchukundi.sii. idhi club yokka maaruperaina "kreedalu" loe pratibimbistumdi. 1983loe sussex county leag division 3 vyavasthaapaka sabhyudiga maaradaaniki mundu vaaru tama prarambha samvatsaraalanu eastbourne & district football leag mariyu eastbourne & hustings leaglo aadutuu gadiparu. adhe samvatsaramlo club priori laenku maarindi mariyu eastbourne baroe eff gaa paeru maarchabadindi.sii. 2001loe. gyaarii willson aadhvaryamlo club football pyramidnu adhirohinchi tommidi seasonla vyavadhilo jaateeya samavesaniki cherukovadaniki mundu, 1983-2000 samvatsaraalu county leaglo gadiparu. vaaru 2011loe dakshinaana samavesaniki tirigi digajaaraaru. club moodusaarlu sussex senior kapnu geluchukundi, aidu sandarbhaallo efae cup modati roundku mariyu aaru sandarbhaallo efae trophy moodava roundku cherukundi. kii. leag rikaarduku keelakam <br> p-aadina atalu <br> W-games gelichaaru <br> dii-dra ayina atalu <br> ell-atalu kolpoyayi <br> eff-<br kosam goals> a-<br kii vyatiraekamgaa goals> pts-paayintlu <br> sthaanam-tudi sthaanam <br> <br> roundlaku kii <br> 1 qr-modati qualifying round <br> 2 qr-rendava qualifying round modalainavi.<br> pr-praathamika round <br> 1r-modati round <br> 2r-rendava round modalainavi.<br> qf-quarter final <br> sf-semee final <br> vibhaagaalaku kii <br> conf nott-samavesam <br> conf south-conferences south <br> nls-national leag south <br> essi1-sussex county leag division vann <br> essi2-sussex county leag division rendu <br> essi3-sussex county leag division moodu <br> slp-sadaran leag premiere division <br> slee-sadaran leag eastern division <br> <br> kappulaku kii <br> ssc-sussex senior cup leag, efae cup mariyu efae trophy ganaamkaalaku muulaalu

aist born boro kii fehrist f.see. mosam yaha angrezi fitt baal kay seezan kii fehrist hay juu langani sports (1983 say 2001 takk) aur aist born boro fitt baal kalb kay zariah 2001 say aaj takk khelay gayey haine. inn kay ibtadayi saal (1964-1983) juu shoqia aur intermediate fitt baal khelnay mein guzaray gayey thay shaamil nahein haine. aist born boro fitt baal kalb eek angrezi aisosi aishan fitt baal kalb hay juu lengani aist born mein waaqa hay. kalb kii bunyaad 1964 mein langani aif kay naam say rakhee gayee thee.see aur aist born aind distrikt fitt baal leeg kay devision duu mein shaamil hoay. 1968 mein kalb nay apnaa naam badal kirr langani sports aif rakh diyaa.see. juu kalb kay arfi naam "dee sports" mein zahir hotaa hay. inhon nay apnay ibtadayi saal aist born aind distrikt fitt baal leeg aur aist born aind hestings leeg mein kheltay hoay guzaray iss say pehley kahh wah 1983 mein susex county leeg devision tharee kay baanee rakan banay. asee saal kalb prevery leane mein chalaa gayaa aur iss kaa naam badal kirr aist born boro aif rakh diyaa gayaa.see. 2001 mein. saal 1983-2000 county leeg mein guzaray gayey thay iss say pehley kahh kalb geeri walasan kay tahat fitt baal kay ahraam parr chadh kirr noow seezan kay waqfe mein qomi conference mein pahunch gayaa. inhein 2011 mein conference saoth mein waps bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. kalb nay teen baar susex seniyar cup jeeta hay paanch mawaqa parr aif aey cup kay pehley round aur chh mawaqa parr aif aey trophy kay teesre round mein pahunch chakaa hay. kaleed. leeg record kii kaleed <br> pee-khelay gayey kheel <bee aar> dabliyo-games jeeth gayey <bee aar> ddee-draa kiye gayey kheel <bee aar> eel-kheel khoye hoay <bee aar> f-<br kay liye goal> a-<br kay khalaaf goal> pee tye aiss-points <bee aar> pose-hatmi position <br> <bee aar> rounds kii kaleed <br> 1 kiyo aar-pehla qualifying round <bee aar> 2 kiyo aar-dosra qualifying round waghairah.<bee aar> pee aar-ibtadayi round <bee aar> 1r-pehla round <br> 2 aar-dosra round waghairah.<bee aar> kiyo aif-kwarter final <bee aar> aiss aif-seemi final <bee aar> taqsim kii kaleed <br> kanaf neet-conference <burr> kanaf saoth-conference saoth <br> aine eel aiss-national leeg saoth <bee aar> aiss see 1-susex county leeg devision winn <bee aar> aiss see 2-susex county leeg devision duu <bee aar> aiss see 3-susex county leeg devision teen <bee aar> aiss eel pee-saotharan leeg premier devision <bee aar> salee-saotharan leeg estern devision <burr> <bee aar> cup kii kaleed <br> aiss aiss see-susex seniyar cup leeg aif aey cup aur aif aey trophy kay aidadushmar kay zaraye:

00071b5db33237235069fec4a1dd45bd4e9550de4514aa0bbdf335132c985bcb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13052812

Mwabvi Wildlife Reserve

Mwabvi Wildlife Reserve With an area of 135km² Mwabvi Wildlife Reserve is Malawi’s smallest national park, and its least accessible. Nevertheless, it has a wide variety of habitats, including Mopane, Combretum and brachystegia woodland, as well as open savanna, dambo, and riverine areas. Mwabvi was the last natural home to Malawi's Black Rhino population, but both wildlife and woodland have been poached over recent years. However many species of antelope, including kudu, sable, impala and nyala, are present, and even leopard and hyena have been seen. Buffalo still bathe in the Mwabvi river, and, although the number of human tourists is low, lions from neighbouring Mozambique are regular visitors. The scenery is spectacular, with views over the Shire River and the Zambesi river, and the magnificent sandstone outcrops give an almost lunar feel to the landscape. Mwabvi is located in Nsanje District, at the very southernmost point of Malawi, right against the border with Mozambique. It includes a portion of the Matundwe Range, which form the border with Mozambique, and the adjacent Shire River lowlands. The park lies at a low elevation and summer temperatures are extreme. The best time for game viewing is during Malawi's cooler winter months. Mwabvi is not far from Lengwe National Park and the Majete Wildlife Reserve. Travel through the park is only possible on foot or with a robust 4x4, but the park is manned and thanks to PAW's extensive road building programme both game walks and game drives are available and can be arranged with the game scouts or via Chipembere Camp, the base for Project African Wilderness. Project African Wilderness, a not for profit organisation, was formed in 2004 with the express purpose of protecting and restoring the Mwabvi reserve, working with the local communities and improving their livelihoods as a result. In February 2007 Project African Wilderness signed a management agreement with the Malawi Government's Department of National Parks and Wildlife to take over the conservation and development of the park. Because of poaching, the park has seen a substantial depletion of its larger animal population, although efforts are underway to restore the park's infrastructure and diversity. In 2010, as a result of the work done by project African Wilderness and their Malawian sister company the Mwabvi Wildlife and Community Trust (MWCT) Mwabvi opened Njate Lodge, with six en-suite chalets, and, for the more adventurous traveller, Migudu campsite, which has plots for 6 tents and provides washing and camp fire facilities.

mowabobhi bonyoprani xongrokhito bonanchol 135 borgo kilometer elekar wabobhi bonyoprani xongrokhito bonanchol malawir ataitkoi xoru rastriyo udyan, aaru iyar ataitkoi komm prowexadhikari. tothapiu, iyat mupen, combratom aaru breakistagia bonbhumir logote mukoli sabhana, dembu aaru nodir oncholoke dhori bibhinno dhoronor baxosthan aase. malawir koo 'laa goror jonoxongkhyar baabe mowabobhi aasil xex prakritik baxosthan, kintu xehotiya bosorburot bonyoprani aaru bonbhumi duyutai oboidhobhabe aakromon koraa hoise. obosye kudu, sebol, impala aaru niyalake dhori bohutu projatir mritpindo aase, aanoki nahorfutuki baagh aaru hayenau dekha goise. moo 'hoh etiyau mowabbi nodit gaa dhuwai aase, aaru jodiu manuh porjotokor xongkhya komm, suburiya mujambikor xinghobur niyomiya dorxonarthi. swayar nodee aaru jambesi nodir drishyor xoite drishyopotu dorxoniyo, aaru xundor belepathor bohirmukhiye bhu-drishyotuk pray chandriya onubhob diye. mbabhobhi malawir ataitkoi dokhyinotom bindut, mujambikor ximantor thik biporite, ensange jilat owosthito. iyat motundowe porbotmalar etaa ongxo ontorbhukto aase, ji mujambikor xoite xeema gothon kore, aaru xonglogno swayar nodir nimnobhumi. udyankhon nimno uschotat owosthito aaru grishmokalin usnota otyadhik. khelaa saboloi ataitkoi bhaal xomoy hoise malawir xitol xitor mahburot. mowabobhi lengwe rastriyo udyan aaru majet bonyoprani xongrokhito bonancholor poraa besi durot nohoy. udyankhonor maajere kewol khujkarhi baa xoktixali 4x4 ror xoite bhromon koratu xombhob, kintu udyankhonot manuh aase aaru pawor bistrito poth nirman karzoxusir baabe gaim waak aaru gaim drive duyutai upolobdho aaru gaim scoutor xoite baa chipember kempor joriyote byowostha koribo paari, prokolpo african oronyor aadhar. 2004 sonot emwabobhi xongrokhito bonanchol xurokhito koraa aaru punoruddhar koraa, sthaniyo xomprodayor xoite kaam koraa aaru pholsworupe teulukor jiwika unnot korar sposto uddesyore ek olabhjonok xongstha prokolpo african wilderness gothon koraa hoisil. 2007 sonor februaryt prokolpo african oronyoi malawi sorkaror rastriyo udyan aaru bonyoprani bibhagor xoite udyankhonor xongrokhyon aaru unnoyonor dayitwo grohon koriboloi ek byowosthapona sukti swakhyor kore. sikaror baabe udyankhonot brihot xongkhyok poxur xongkhya jothesto porimane hraax paise jodiu udyankhonor antohgathoni aaru boisitryo punoruddharor prochesta soli aase. 2010 sonot, prokolpo african oronyo aaru teulukor malawian bhogni company mowabobhi bonyoprani aaru xomproday nyax (emdobliuti) mowabobhir dwara koraa kaamor pholsworupe, soita eno-suit celetor xoite enjete loj mukoli koraa hoisil, aaru odhik duxahxik bhromonkarir baabe, maigudu campsite, zo 'too 6taa taabur baabe plot aase aaru dhuwa aaru xibiror ognir xubidha prodan kore.

emwabvi bonnoprani sanrakkhanagar 135 borgo kilometres elaka judey bistrito mawawi bonnoprani sanrakkhan malauier sabcheye chhoto jatiya uddan ebong etir sabcheye qama accessogyo. taa sotteo, err bivinno dharaner abashsthol royeche, jaar modhye royeche mopen, combratum ebong brachystagea bonovumi, pashapashi khola savana, dambo ebong nodee anchal. malauir kaalo gondarer jonosongkhar shesh prakritik abas chhilo mawawi, tobey samprotik bochorgulite bonnoprani ebong bonovumi ubhayi aboidhobhabe shicker koraa hoyeche. tobey kudu, subley, impala ebong niala soho onek projatir horin royeche ebong emonki chitabagh oo hayenao dekha geche. mohish ekhono mawawi nodiite snan korey ebong jodio manusher porjotoker sankhya qama, protibeshi mozambik theke singho niyamita dorsonarthi hoy. shaiyar nodee ebong jumbassy nadeer drishya soho drishyoti darshaniya, ebong durdanto belepathorer bohirmukhi ongshoguli prakritik drishyoke pray chandrer anubhuti deyo. mawawi malauir ekebare dakkhintama bindute, mozambik seemanter thhik biporite, ensange jelaay abosthito. err modhye royeche matundway porbotmalar ekti ongsho, jaa mojambiker saathe seemana gathon korey ebong sanglagna shayara nadeer nimnabhumi. uddanti qama uchchotai abosthito ebong grissokalin tapmatra charam. khela dekhar jonno sera somoy holl malauir sheetal sheeter masgulite. emwabvi lengway jatiya uddan ebong magete bonnoprani sanrakkhanagar theke khub beshi doore noy. parker modhyo diye bhromon shudhumatra paye hente baa ekti shaktishali 4x4 diye sombhob, tobey parkti porichalito hoy ebong paoyer bistrito sadak nirman karmasuchir jonno dhonnobad, ubhoy gema oyaka ebong gema drive upolobdho ebong gema scoutder saathe baa chipembar camper madhyome byabostha koraa jete paare, jaa african marubhumir prokolper vitti. 2004 saale emwabvi reserve rakkha oo punoruddhar, sthaniya sampradayer saathe kaaj koraa ebong falaswarup taader jeebika unnoto korar sposhto uddeshya niye ekti olabhjonok sangostha project african wilderness gothito hoyechilo. 2007 saaler februaryte african marubhumi prokolpoti malaui sarkarer jatiya uddan oo bonnoprani bibhager saathe uddantir sanrakkhan oo unnoyoner dayitto grohoner jonno ekti porichalon chukti swakkhar korey. aboidho shikarer karone, uddantite pranir sankhya ullekhjoggobhabe hrass peyeche, jodio uddaner porikatthamo ebong boichitro punoruddharer prochesta cholche. 2010 saale, african marubhumi prokolpo ebong taader malauyan sahojogi sangostha moabvi bonnoprani oo sampradai trust (emdoblucity) moabvi dwara koraa kaajer falaswarup, moabvi chhoyti enn-suite shollet soho enjete laja khulechilo ebong arow dushahosik bhromonkarider jonno, maigudu campsite, jekhane 6 tii tanbu rakhar plot royeche ebong dhoar ebong camp fayara subidha sarbaraha korey.

mavabvi vanyajeev abhayaranya 135 choras keemeena vistaar saathe mavabvi vanyajeev abhayaranya malaavinu sauthee naanu raashtriy udhyaan chhe aneey tenee sauthee ochhi sulbhataa chhe. tema chhataa, temaa mopen, combratum aneey brachystagia jungle temaj khulla savaana, dembo aneey nadeena vistaaro saheet viveedh prakaarnaa vasvaato chhe. mavabvi malaavinaa kaalaa gendaani vasteenu chhellu koodarti ghar hatoo, parantu taajetarnaa varshomaa vanyajeevan aneey jungle banneno shikaar karvaamaa aavyo chhe. jooe keey, kudu, sable, impala aneey nyala saheet kaadiyaarni ghanee prajaatio haajar chhe, aneey chitto aneey lakadbaghada pann jovaa malyaa chhe. bhens haju pann mavabvi nadimaa snaan karey chhe, aneey manav pravasioni sankhyaa ochhi hovaa chhataa, padoshi mozambikna sinh niyameet mulaakaatio chhe. aaa drashyavali adbhoot chhe, jemaa shirey nadee aneey zambesi nadeena drashyo chhe, aneey bhavya reteena pattharnaa avshesho landscapne lagbhag chandrani laagani aape chhe. mavabvi malaavinaa sauthee dakshinna bindu parr, mosambicni sarhadni saame, ensange jeellama stheet chhe. temaa matundave shreneeno aek bhaag saamel chhe, jeey mosambicni sarhad banaave chhe aneey tenee bajuma aaveli shhare nadeena nichanvala pradesho chhe. aaa udhyaan neechi unchai parr aavelu chhe aneey unaalaanu taapmaan bhaare hoya chhe. ramat jovaa maateno shreshth samay malaavinaa thandaa sheeyalana maheenao darmiyan chhe. mavabvi langway raashtriy udhyaan aneey majete vanyajeev abhayaranyathi door nathee. udhyanmathi musafari maatra pagpala athavaa majboot 4x4 saathe jaj shakya chhe, parantu udhyanma manavbal chhe aneey panjaana vyaapak rooad building prograamne kaarane ramat chaalvaa aneey ramat drive banne uplabdh chhe aneey ramat scouts saathe athavaa chipamber camp dwara gothvi shakaay chhe, jeey project african jungle maateno aadhaar chhe. project african wilderness, aek binanfakarak sanstha, 2004 maan mavabvi anaamatnu rakshan aneey punsthapit karvaa, sthaaneek samudaayo saathe kaama karvaa aneey parinaame temnee aajivikama sudhaaro karvaanaa spasht hetu saathe rachvaamaa aavee hatee. februari februari project african wilderance malaavi sarkaarnaa raashtriy udhyaano aneey vanyajeevan vibhag saathe udhyanna sanraxan aneey vikasne sambhaalvaa maate vyavsthaapan karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. shikaarne kaarane, udhyanma pranioni motee sankhyama nondhpaatra ghataado jovaa malyo chhe, jooe keey udhyanni maalkhaagat suveedhao aneey vividhtaane punsthapit karvaanaa prayaaso chaali rahyaa chhe. chhe, project african jungle aneey temnee malavian bahen kampani mavabvi wildlife anned community trust (amdablucity) mavabvi dwara karvaamaa aavela kaarynaa parinaame, mavabvi chh aena-suit shellet saathe enjete loj kholyu, aneey vadhu saahseek pravasio maate, maigudu campsite, jemaa 6 tambuo maate plooat chhe aneey dhovaa aneey camp fayara suveedhao puurii paade chhe.

mawabwi vanyajeev abhayaranya 135 varg kilometres key kshetra key saath mawabwi vanyajeev abhayaranya malawi kaa sabse chhota rashtriya udyaan haye, aur isaki sabse cumm pahunch haye. phir bhee, isamen vibhinn prakaar key awas hain, jinamen mopen, combratum aur brachystagea woodland key saath-saath khule sawana, dambo aur nadee kshetra shamil hain. mawabwi malawi key kaale gandon kii aabaadi kaa antim praakritik ghar thaa, lekin haal key varshon mein vanyajeevon aur vanon donon kaa avaidh shikaar kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, kudu, sable, impala aur nyala sahit mrig kii kaee prajaatiyan maujood hain, aur yahaan taka kii tendua aur lakadbaggha bhee dekhaa gayaa haye. bhains abhee bhee mawabwi nadee mein nahaati haye, aur haalaanki maanav paryatakon kii sankhya cumm haye, padosi mosambic key shher niyamit roop seey aatey hain. shaire nadee aur zambesi nadee key drishyon key saath drishyon kaa drishya shandar haye, aur shandar balua patthar key bahirgaman paridrishya koo lagbhag chandra kaa anubhav dete hain. mawabwi malawi key sabse dakshini bindu parr, mosambic kii seema key thheek saamane, ensange jile mein sthit haye. isamen matundway shrinkhala kaa ack hissa shamil haye, joe mosambic key saath seema banaata haye, aur nikatvarti shher nadee key nichale ilaakon koo shamil kartaa haye. udyaan cumm oonchaai parr sthit haye aur garmiyon kaa tapman atyadhik haye. khel dekhane kaa sabse achchha samay malawi key thhande sardiyon key maheenon key dauran hotaa haye. mawabwi lengway rashtriya udyaan aur maijete vanyajeev abhayaranya seey bahut door naheen haye. park key madhyam seey yatra kewal paidal yaa ack majboot 4x4 key saath sambhav haye, lekin park mein maanav sansaadhan haye aur panje key vyaapak sadak nirmaan karyakram key kaaran game walk aur game drive donon upalabdh hain aur game scout key saath yaa chipambar shivir key madhyam seey vyavasthit kiya jaa sakata haye, joe pariyojana african jangal key liye aadhar haye. pariyojana african jangal, ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan, 2004 mein mawabwi reserve kii raksha aur punarsthapana, sthaaniya samudaayon key saath kaam karane aur parinamswarup unaki aajeevika mein sudhaar karane key spasht uddeshya seey banaaya gayaa thaa. farwari 2007 mein african jangal pariyojana ney udyaan key sanrakshan aur vikas koo sambhaalane key liye malawi sarkaar key rashtriya udyaan aur vanyajeev vibhaag key saath ack prabandhan samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. avaidh shikaar key kaaran, udyaan mein jaanvaron kii badee aabaadi mein kaafee kamee dekhi gaee haye, halanki udyaan key buniyaadi dhaanche aur vividhata koo bahaal karane key prayaas jaari hain. 2010 mein, pariyojana african jangal aur unaki malawi bahan company mawabwi vanyajeev aur samudayik trust (aim. doubleu. tii.) mawabwi dwara kiye gaye kaam key parinamswarup, mawabwi ney chhah aine-soot shallet key saath enjete lodge khola, aur adhik sahsi yatri key liye, migudu campsite, jisamen 6 tambu key liye bhukhand hain aur jisamen dhone aur shivir aag kii suvidha pradaan kii jaati haye.

mwabwi vanyajeevi meesalu 135 chadara kii. mea. vistirnada mawabwi vanyajeevi meesalu aranyavu malaviya atyanta chikka rashtriya udyaanavanavaagide mattu illige praveshisalu atyanta kadime avakaashavide. aadaagyoo, idu mopen, combretum mattu brachistegia kadugalu, jotege tereda savannah, dambo mattu nadhi pradeshagalu seridante vividha reetiya aavasasthaanagalannu hondide. mwaabviyu malaviya kappu khadgamrugada jansankhyeya koneya naisargika neleyagittu, aadare ittichina varsagalalli vanyajeevigalu mattu kaadugaleradannoo beteyaadalaaguttide. aadaagyoo, kudu, sable, impala mattu nyala seridante aneka jaatiya jinkegalu astitvadallive mattu chirate mattu kattekirubagaloo saha kandubandive. emmeyu egaloo mawabwi nadiyalli snana maaduttade, mattu manava pravasigara sankhye kadimeyiddaroo, nereya mosambic simhagalu niyamitavagi bheti niiduttave. shire nadhi mattu jambesi nadiya notavannu hondiruva drushyavaligalu adbhutavaagive mattu bhavyavaada maralugallina horaharivugalu bhoodrushyakke bahuteka chandrana anubhavavannu niiduttave. mwabwi, malaviya daksina tudiyalli, mosambic gadiya viruddhadalli, nsanje jilleyallide. idu mosambic mattu pakkada shire nadiya taggu pradeshagala gadiyannu roopisuva matandway shreniya ondu bhagavannu olagondide. ee udyaanavanavu kadime ettaradallide mattu besigeya ushnaamshavu viparitavagiruttade. malaviya tampaada chaligaalada tingalugalli aatavannu vikshisalu uttama samayavagide. mwaabviyu lengwe rashtriya udyaanavana mattu majete vanyajeevi abhayaaranyadinda bahala dooradallilla. udyaanavanada moolaka kaalnadigeyalli athawa drudhavaada 4x4 nondige maatra prayanisalu saadhyavide, aadare udyaanavanadalli manushyariddaare mattu panjada vyapaka raste nirmaana karyakramadindagi aatada nadige mattu aatada drivegalu labhyavive mattu aatada scouts athawa chipember shibirada moolaka vyavasthegolisabahudu, idu project african aranyada neleyagide. neleyagide, sthaliya samudaayagalondige kelasa maadi, avugala jivanopayavannu sudhaarisuva moolaka, mwabwi meesalu aranyavannu rakshisuva mattu punahsthaapisuva spashta uddeshadondige, laabharahita samstheyaada project african aranyavannu rachisalaayitu. 2007rahra phebravariyalli african aranya yojaneyu malawi sarkaarada rashtriya udyaanavanagalu mattu vanyajeevi ilaakheyondige udyaanavanada samrakshane mattu abhivraddhiyannu vahisikollalu nirvahanaa oppandakke sahi haakitu. bete kaaranadindaagi, udyaanavanada moolasoukarya mattu vaividhyateyannu punahsthaapisuva prayatnagalu nadeyuttiddaroo, udyaanavanavu tanna hecchina pranigala sankhyeyalli gananeeyavaagi kusitavannu kandide. kandide, project african aranya mattu avara malavian sahodari kampani mawabwi vanyajeevi mattu samudaaya trust (emm. doubleu. tii. tii) mawabwi maadida kelasada parinaamavaagi, aaru enn-suit gudisalugalondige enjet lodge annu tereyalaayitu, mattu hecchu sahasamaya pravasigarige, 6 deregalige niveshanagalannu hondiruva mattu toleyuva mattu camp fire soulabhyagalannu odagisuva maigudu campsite.

mwabwi vanyajeevi sanketham 135 chathurashra kilometer visthruthiyulla mawabwi vanyajeevi sanketham malaaviyile ettavum cheria desheeyodyaanamaanu, ivide ettavum kuranja praveshanamundu. ennirunnaalum, mopain, combrettam, brackisteejiya vanapradeshangal, athupole thanne thuranna savanna, dambo, nadeethada pradeshangal ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthakalundu. malaaviyile karutha kaandaamrigangalude avasaanathe swaabhaavika vaasasthalamaayirunnu mwabwi, ennaal vanyajeevikalum vanangalum sameepa varshangalil vettayaadappettittundu. ennirunnaalum, kudu, sabley, impala, niyala ennivayulppede niravadhi inam maan undu, koodaathe pullipuly kazhuthapuliyeyum polum kandittundu. pothu ippozhum mawabwi nadiyil kulikkunnu, vinodasanchaarikalude ennam kuravaanengilum ayal mosambikkil ninnulla simhangal pathivayi sandarshikkunnu. shire nadiyudeyum sambasy nadiyudeyum kaazhchakalulla prakrithidrishyangal athishayakaramaan, koodaathe manoharamaaya manalkkall puranthallalukal bhooprakrithiykku eathaandu chandrante anubhavam nalkunnu. malaaviyude thekke attathulla nsanje jillayilaan mosambik athirthiyil mwabwi sthithi cheiyunnathu. mosambikkumaayulla athirthi roopeekarikkunna matundway parvathanirakalude oru bhaagavum aduthulla shire nadiyude thaazhnna pradeshangalum ithil ulppedunnu. kuranja uyarathilaanu paarkk sthithicheyyunnathu, venalkkaala thaapanila angeyattam aanu. malaaviyile thanuppulla shaithyakaalathaan geyim kaananulla ettavum nalla samayam. lengway desheeyodyaanathil ninnum majettu vanyajeevi sankethathil ninnum adhikam akaleyalla mwabwi. paarkkiloode kalnadayayo sakthamaaya 4x4 upayogicho maathrame yaatra cheyyaan kazhiyoo, pakshe parkkil aalukalundu, koodaathe paavinte vipulamaaya rooad building prograaminu nandi, geyim nadathavum geyim driveukalum labhyamaan, koodaathe geyim skauttukalumaayo allengil project aafrikkan marubhoomiyude aditharayaaya chippambar camp vazhiyo krameekarikkaam. praadeshika samoohangalumaayi pravartthikkukayum athinte falamaayi avarude upajeevanamaargam mechappeduthukayum cheyyuka, mwabwi reserve samrakshikkukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheyyuka enna vyakthamaaya lakshyathode 2004 ll laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna oru samghadanayaaya project aafrikkan wilderness roopeekarichu. 2007 februvariyil project aafrikkan wilderness malawi gavanmentinte deseeya udyaanangaludeyum vanyajeevi vakuppukaludeyum samrakshanavum vikasanavum ettedukkunnathinaayi oru maanejment karaaril oppuvachu. vettayaadal kaaranam, paarkkinte adisthaana soukaryangalum vaividhyavum punasthaapikkaanulla sramangal nadakkunnundengilum, paarkkile valia mrugangalude ennam ganyamaayi kuranju. 2010ll, project aafrikkan vanavum avarude malavian sahodari kambaniyaaya mawabwi wildlife aandu community trastt (emm. dablyu. tii. tii) mawabwi nadatthiya pravartthanangalude falamaayi, aarr enn-suit haalukalulla enjettu lodge, kooduthal saahasikaraaya sanjaarikalkkaayi, 6 koodaarangalkkulla plottukalum alakkal, camp fayar soukaryangal nalkunna maigudu campsite enniva thurannu.

mawabwi vanyajeev abhayaranya 135 chauras kiimii kshetrasah mawabwi vanyajeev rakheev heey malaviche sarvat lahan rashtriy udyan aahe aanee teey sarvat qamee upalabdh aahe. taridekhil, yethe mopen, combratum aanee brackistagia jungle tasech khulya savana, dambo aanee nadikathchya bhagansah vividh prakarche adhivas aahet. mawabwi heey malavichya kalya gendyanchya loksankhyeche shevatche naisargik ghar hote, parantu alikadachya varshant vanyajeev aanee jungle yaa donhichi shikar karnyat aalee aahe. tathapi, kudu, sabale, impala aanee nyala yasah kalveetanchya anek prajati aahet aanee bibtya aanee lakadbagghadedekhil disale aahet. mhais ajunahi mawabwi nadeet snan karate aanee manvi paryatakanchi sankhya qamee asali taree shejarchya mozambikmadhil sinh niyamitpane bhet detat. shaire nadee aanee zambesi nadiche drushye aanee bhavya valukashma baher padalele bhag heey nisargadrushya jawaljawal chandrachya najaret aananare drushye darshavinare aahe. mawabwi heey malavichya agadi dakshinekadil binduvar, mozambikchya simechya agadi viruddha bajus, nasanje jeelhyat sthit aahe. yaat matundave parvatarangancha eka bhag samavisht aahe, joou mozambikchi seema tayar karato aanee lagatchya shayare nadichya sakhal bhagancha samavesh aahe. heey udyan qamee unchivar aahe aanee unhalyache tapman atyant jaast asate. khel pahanyasathi sarvottam vel malavichya thund hivalyachya mahinyant asate. mawabwi heey lengway rashtriy udyan aanee majete vanyajeev abhayaranyapasun phaar door nahee. udyanatoon pravas keval payee kinwa majboot 4x4 neey shakya aahe, parantu udyanat manushyabal aahe aanee panjachya vyapak raste bandhani karyakramamule khel chalvane aanee khel drive donhi upalabdh aahet aanee game scouts kinwa chipember campdware, african valvant prakalpacha paya, yachee vyavastha kelee jaau shakate. mawabwi rakheev kshetrache sanrakshn aanee punarsanchayit karane, sthanik samudayansobat kaam karane aanee parinami tyanche upajivikeche sadhan sudharane yaa spasht uddeshane 2004 madhye nafyashivayachya african venerness yaa sansthechi sthapana karnyat aalee. februwari 2007 madhye african valvant prakalpane udyanache sanwardhan aanee vikas tabyat ghenyasathi malavi sarkarchya rashtriy udyane aanee vanyajeev vibhagashi vyavasthapan kararavar kararavar kelya. jaree udyanachya payabhoot suvidha aanee vividhata purvavat karnyasathi prayatna suru asale taree, shikaramule udyanat mothya pramanat asalelya pranyanchi sankhya lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali aahe. 2010 madhye, african valvant prakalp aanee tyanchya malavian bhagini companyne kelelya kamacha parinam mhanoon, mawabwi vanyajeev aanee samudayik trust (emm. doubleu. tii.) mavabvine sahaa aine-suut shellets enjete lodge ughadale aanee adhik sahsi pravashansathi, migudu campasite, jyat 6 tambusathi bhukhand aahet aanee jyat dhunyasathi aanee camp phayar suvidha upalabdh aahet.

mawabwi vanyajantu araksha 135 warga kilometer kshetrafal bhaeko mawabwi vanyajantu araksha malawiko sabaibhanda sano rashtriya nikunj how, rar yasako sabaibhanda cum pahunchayogya chha. jey hose, yasama mopena, combratum rar brachistagia woodland, sathai khula sawana, dambo rar nadi kshetraharu sahit vibhinna prakarka awasharu chhan. mwabwi malawiko callo gaindaako janasankhyako antim prakritik ghar thiyo, tara halaika warshaharuma vanyajantu rar vanbhumi duwai awaidh rupma kabja garieko chha. yadyapi kudu, sable, impala rar nyalasahit mrigka dherai prajatiharu chhan, rar chituwa rar hyna pani dekhieko chha. bhainsi ajhai pani mawabwi nadima nuhaunchhin, rar manav paryatakharuko sankhya cum bhae tapani chhimeki mosambicka sinhaharu niyamit rupma aune garchhan. saira nadi rar zambessy nadiko drishyaharusahit drishyaharu darshaniya chhan, rar bhawya balaute dhungaka bahiri bhagharule paridrishyalai lagbhag chandramako anubhuti dinchha. mawabwi malawiko sabaibhanda dakshini binduma, mojambikko simanako thik chheuma, nasanje jillama awasthit chha. yasama matundawe shringkhalako euta bhag samawesh chha, jasle mojambikko sima banaunchha, rar chheuchhauko shere nadiko tallo kshetraharu samawesh chhan. park cum uchaima awasthit chha rar garmiko tapakram charam chha. khel hernka lagi sabaibhanda ramro samaya malawiko chiso jado mahinaharuma how. mawabwi lengwe rashtriya nikunj rar magete vanyajantu arakshbata tadha chhaina. parkma paidal wa baliyo 4x4 ko sath matra yatra sambhawa chha, tara parkma manis rakhieko chha rar panja ko wyapak sadak nirman karyakram duwai khel hindne rar khel driveharu upalabdha chhan rar khel scouts wa chipambar shivir marfat wyawasthit garna sakinchha, pariyojana africi ujadsthanko adhar. mwabwi arakshako sanrakshan rar punarsthapana garne, sthaniya samudayharusanga milera kaam garne rar falaswarup uniharuko jiwikoparjan sudhar garne spashta uddeshyaka sath sann 2004 maa gairanafamulak sanstha project african wildernesko gathan garieko thiyo. february 2007 maa pariyojana africi jangalle malawi sarkarko rashtriya nikunj rar vanyajantu vibhagsanga nikunjako sanrakshan rar vikas lyne wyawasthapan samjhautama hastakshar garyo. awaidh shikarka karan, parkko purwadhar rar vividhata punarsthapana garne prayas bhairaheko bhae tapani parkley yasako thulo janawarko janasankhyama paryapta kami dekheko chha. sann 2010 maa, pariyojana africi ujadsthan rar tiniharuko malavian bahini companyle gareko kamko parinam swarup mawabwi vanyajantu rar samudayik trust (amwti) mawabwile chhawata enn-suite shaletharusahit enjete laj khole, rar, adhik sahasi yatriharuka lagi, maigudu campsite, jasma 6 wata tambuharuka lagi plutharu chhan rar dhune rar shivir ago suwidhaharu pradan gardacha.

mbabi banyaprani sanrakhyana 135 berg kii. mea. khetraphala bisista mbabi banyaprani sanrakhyana heuchhi malawira sabutharu chhot jatiah udyan, ebong ehaa sarbanimna sugamya. tathapi, ehara bibhinna prakarara abasasthali rahichhi, jeunthire mopen, combratum ebong brachistegia jangala, tatha khola sabhana, dambo ebong nadibarti anchala antarbhukta. mbabi thila malawira kalaa ganda janasankhyara shesh prakrutika abas, kintu nikata ateetare ubhaja banyajantu ebong jangala shikara hoichhi . tebe kudu, sable, impala ebong nyala sameth aneka prajatira harina achanti, ebong epariki chitabagh ebong hyna madhya dekhibaku milichi . mainshi ebe bii mawabbi nadeere gadhouchhi, ebong jadio manab parjyatakanka sankhya comm, padoshi mojambikru singhamane nijamita paridarshaka atanti . shair nadee ebong jambesi nadira drushya sahita ehi drushya chamatkara, ebong chamatkara baluka pathara bahirbhuta drushya ehi bhudrushyaku praiah chandra anubhaba deithae . mbabi malawira dakhinatama bindure, mosambic seemaare, nsange jillare abasthita. ethire matundawe renjara eka ansha antarbhukta, jaahaa mosambic sahita seema gathan kare, ebong sanlagna shair nadee taliaa anchala . ehi udyanati eka nimna uchchatare abasthita ebong grishmakalina tapmatra atyadhika hoithae. malawira sheeta ruture khela dekhiba paain sabutharu bhal samai. mwababhi lengawe jatiah udyan ebong majete banyaprani sanrakhyanatharu beshi doorare nuhen. parkre kebala paadare kimba eka shaktishali 4x4 sahita jatra sambhaba, kintu parkre manab parichalita ebong pawarara byapaka sadaka nirmana karjyakram paain ubhaja game waak ebong game drive upalabdha ebong game scouts sahita kimba chipambar camp madhyamare byabastha karajaipariba, african aranya prakalpara aadhara . 2004 masihare, eka analabhakari sangathana, project african warleness, sthaniah sampradajamananka sahita mishi karjya kariba ebong phalaswaroopa semananka jeebika unnat kariba sahita mbabi rijarbhaku surakhya ebong punaruddhara kariba uddeshyare gathita hoithila. februari 2007 ray african aranya prakalpa malawi sarakaranka jatiah udyan ebong banyajantu bibhaga sahita udyanara sanrakhyana ebong bikash dajitwa grahan karibaku eka parichalana chuktinama swakhyara karithila. shikara karanaru, udyanara adhika sankhyaka pashunka sankhya hrass paichi, jadio udyanara bhittibhumi ebong bibidhataku punaruddhara kariba paain prayasa jaari rahichhi. 2010 masihare, african aranya prakalpa ebong semanankara malaweeah sahajogee company dwara karajaithiba karjyara phalaswaroopa, mbabi banyajantu ebong gosthi trust (mwct) mbabi chhaati enn-suite chhalet sahita enjet laja kholithile, ebong adhika duhsahasika parjyatakanka paain, maigudu campsite, jeunthire 6 tii tambu paain plut achhi ebong dhoiba ebong camp fire subidha pradan kare .

mavabavi jangli jeev reserve 135 varag kilometer dey khetar dey naal mavabavi jangli jeev rakhvankaran malawi daa sabh toon chhota rashtari park haii, atey iss dee pahunch sabh toon ghatt haii. firr vee, iss witch kaee tarahan dey nivas sathaan hunn, jinhan witch mopen, combratum atey brackistagia jangal dey naal-naal khulleh swana, dembo atey nadee khetar shamal hunn. mavabavi malawi dey kaale gande dee aabadi daa aakhri kudrati gharr see, parr haal hii dey saalan witch jangli jeevan atey jangli jeevan dovan daa shikar keeta giaa haii. halanki kudu, sebal, impala atey niala samet hiran deeaan bahut saariaan kisman maujood hunn, atey ithon takk kii cheeta atey hyna vee vekhe gaye hunn. majjh ajey vee mavabavi nadee witch nahaundi haii, atey, halanki manukkhi sailaniaan dee ginti ghatt haii, guandhi mosembic dey shher niyamat taur 'teey aaunde hunn. shire nadee atey zambesi nadee dey drishan dey naal, drish shandar haii, atey shandar patthar deeaan boondan landscape noon lagbhag chandrama daa ahsas dindiaan hunn. mavabavi malawi dey sabh toon dakkhni bindu utte, mosambic dee sarhadd dey bilkul sahmane, nasanje zilhe witch sathit haii. iss witch matandway rainz daa ikk hissa shamal haii, joe mosembic naal sarhadd banaunda haii, atey naal laggde shire nadee dey hethle khetar shamal hunn. park ghatt uchaee utte sathit haii atey garmiaan daa tapman bahut ziaada hunda haii. khed dekhan daa sabh toon vadhiaa samaan malawi dey thande sardiaan dey mahiniaan dauran hunda haii. mavabavi langway national park atey maijete jangli jeev reserve toon bahut door naheen haii. park vicchon yaatra siraf paidal jaan ikk mazboot 4x4 naal sambhav haii, parr park witch manukkhi sambhal haii atey panje dey viaapak sadak nirman program laee dhanvad doven game vaak atey game drive upalbadh hunn atey game scout naal jaan chipambar camp raahin parbandh keeta jaa sakda haii, project african jangli khetar daa adhaar. project african jangli khetar, ikk gair-labhkari sangathan, 2004 witch mavabavi reserve dee rakkhiaa atey bahali, sathanak bhaichariaan naal kamm curran atey natije vajon unhan dee rozzy-rotty witch sudhar curran dey sapshat udesh naal banaiaa giaa see. farvari 2007 witch project african jangli neey malawi sarkaar dey rashtari parkan atey jangli jeevan vibhag naal park dee sambhal atey vikas noon sambhalan laee ikk parbandhan samjhaute 'teey hastakhar keete. gair-kanunni shikar dey caarn, park witch janwaran dee vaddi aabadi witch kaafi qamee aaee haii, halanki park dey buniaadi dhanche atey vibhinnta noon bahaal curran dey yatan jaari hunn. saal 2010 witch, project african ujaad atey uhanan dee malavian bhainn company duaara keete gaye kamm dey natije vajon, mavabavi wildlife aind community trust (mwct) mavabavi neey chhe ainn-soot sheletan dey naal enjet lauj kholhiaa, atey, vadhere saahsi yatrian laee, mygudu campsite, jiss witch 6 tambuaan laee platan hunn atey dhonn atey camp agg deeaan sahulatan pardan kardiaan hunn.

mwaabwee vanyajeeva-abhayaaranyam 135 kii. mee.-varga-mvaabhvee-vanyajeeva-samrakshanakshetram malaavee-deshasya laghutamam rashtriyodyanam, nyunatamam prapyamanam cha asti. tathaapi, atra mopen, combratum, brachistagia ityetaani vanaani, api cha mukta-savannaa, dambo, nadee-kshetraani cha ityadini vividhaah aavaasasthaanaani santi. mwaabwee-nagaram malaavee-deshasya krushna-gaindanam antimam praakrutikam nivaasasthaanam aasit, parantu sadyah varsheshu vanyajeevaah, vanapradeshaah cha apavitraah abhavan. tathaapi kudu, sebale, impala, nyala ityadini mrugajaatayah santi, tathaa cha chitaah, lakadapi drushtaah santi. mashyaah adyaapi mwaabwee-nadau snaanam karoti, yadyapi manavaparyatakanam sankhyaa nyunaa asti tathaapi samipasthasya mosambic-ityasya simhah niyamitaroopen aagantukah bhavanti. shair-nadyaah, zambesi-nadyaah cha drushyaih saha, drushyaani darshaneeyaah santi, bhavyaani vaalukaashilaani bahirgacchan cha drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani drushyaani mvaabhvee, malaavee-pradeshasya dakshinatamasthaane, mosambic-ityasya simayam sakshat viruddham, nsaanje-mandale sthitah asti. asmin matundwe-parwatamalayaha ekaha bhaagah antarbhavati, yah mosambic ityanena saha simam nirmaati, sameepasthah shair-nadee-nimnabhoomih cha. udyaanam nyoon-oordhvataayaam sthitam asti, greeshmakaalasy taapamaanam cha atyantam bhavati. malaavee-deshasya shitakaleshu shitakaleshu creedaa-drushyasya sarwottamah samayah bhavati. mwaabwee lengwe-rashtriyodyanat, mejate-vanyajeeva-samrakshana-kshetraat cha naa doore asti. udyaanasya madhyamena kevalam padacharina vaa drudatayaa 4x4 ityanena vaa yatram kartum shakyate, parantu udyaanasya maanavah asti, tathaa cha paav ityasya vistrutaayaah maarganirmaanakaaryakr karanat kreedaavichaaranam tathaa kreedaavihaaram cha upalabhyante, tathaa cha kreedaawichaarakaih saha athavaa chipmember-shibirasya madhyamena, aafrikan-vanyaprakalpasya aadhaarasy madhyamena vyavasthaam kartum shakyate. 2004 tame varshe, mwaabwee-arakshanam rakshayitum punahsthaapayitum, sthaniya-samudaayaih saha karyam kartum, tatphalaat teshaam jeevikaayaah unnatim cha kartum, laabharahit-samsthaa, project-aafrikan-wilderness ityasya nirmanam krutam. 2007 februvari-maase pariyojanaa-aafrikan-wilderness-ityanena malaavee-sarvakaarasya rashtriya-udyaana-vanyajeeva-vibhagena saha udyaanasya samrakshana-vikasa-karyam sweekartum vyavasthaapan-karaarah krutah. mrugayayaha karanat, udyaanasya vishaal-pashu-janasankhyayam mahatee hraasah abhavat, yadyapi udyaanasya moolasaukaryam vividhataam cha punahsthaapayitum prayaasah prachalati. 2010 tame varshe, pariyojanaa-aafrikan-aranyasy, teshaam malavian-bhaginee-samsthaayaah cha karyasya parinaamaroopen, mavaabvee-wildlafe-and-community-trust (emm. doubleu. tea.) mavaabvee-samsthaa, shut enn-soot-shallet-yuktaan enget-ladge-samsthaam udghaatayat, tathaa cha adhika-saahasik-yatrikanam krute, maigudu-camp-sait-samsthaa, yatra 6 tambuhu santi, yatra 6 tambuhu santi, api cha swacchataayaah, shibir-agni-suvidhaasu cha vyavasthaa asti.

mvaabvi vanavilangku kaappagam 135 sathura kilometer parappalavu konda mavappi vanavilangku kaappagam malaaviyin migachchiriya thaesiyap poongaavaagum, maelum idhu anugakkoodiya alavil migak kuraivaaga ullathu. iruppinum, idhu mobane, comprittam mattrum prochistegia kaadugal, thirantha savannah, dumbo mattrum aattrup pakuthikal ullitta palvaeru vagaiyaana vaazhvidangkalaik kondullathu. malaaviyin karuppu kaandaamirugangalin kadaisi iyarkai illamaaga mvaabvi irunththathu, aanaal vanavilangkugal mattrum kaadugal irandum sameepathiya aandugalil vaettaiyaadappattullana. iruppinum, kudu, sable, imbala mattrum niala ullitta pala maangalin inangkal ullana, maelum siruththai mattrum kazhudhaippuligal kooda kaanappadugindrana. erumaigal innum mvaabvi aattril kulikkindrana, maelum manitha suttrulaap payanigalin ennikkai kuraivaaga irunththaalum, andai mosaambikkilirunthu varum singangal valakkamaana paarvaiyaalargalaaka ullana. shair nadhi mattrum jambesi aattrin kaatchigaludan iyarkaikkaatchi kankavar, maelum arputhamaana manarkal velippurangkal nilapparapukku kittatthatta sandhira unarvaith tharukintrana. mvaabvi enbathu malaaviyin thenkoadiyil ulla nsanje maavattaththil mosambic ellaikku ethirae amainthullathu. idhu mosaambikkudan ellaiyai uruvaakkum mattundway malaiththodarin oru paguthiyaiyum, arugilulla shair aattrin thaazhnilangalaiyum ulladakkiyathu. inthap poongaa kuraindha uyaraththil amainthullathu mattrum koadaikkaala veppanilai migavum athigamaaga ullathu. malaaviyin kulirntha kulirkaala maathangkalil vilayaattu paarppatharku sirantha neram. mvaabvi lengway thaesiyap poongaa mattrum majet vanavilangku kaappagaththilirunthu vegu tholaivil illai. poongaavin vazhiyaaga payanam seivathu nadanthu allathu valuvaana 4x4 udan mattumae saaththiyamaagum, aanaal poongaa aalumaippaduththappattullathu mattrum paavin virivaana saalai kattumaanath thittaththirku nandri, vilayaattu nadaippayanangkal mattrum vilayaattu iyakkigal irandum kidaikkindrana, maelum vilayaattu saaranargaludan allathu sibember mugaam vazhiyaaga aerpaadu seiyalaam, idhu aaprikka vanappaguthi thittaththirkaana adiththalamaagum. aaprikka vanappaguthi thittamaanathu, ilaaba noakkattra amaippaagum, idhu 2004 aam aandil mvaabvi recerve paathukaakkavum meettedukkavum, ulloor samoogangaludan inainthu paniyaattravum, adhan vilaivaaga avarkalin vaazhvaathaaraththai maempaduththavum velippadaiyaana nokkaththudan uruvaakkappattathu. pipravari 2007 ill aaprikka vanappaguthi thittam malawi arasaangkaththin thaesiya poongkaakkal mattrum vanavilangkugal thuraiyudan poongaavin paathukaappu mattrum mempaattai eduththuk kolvatharkaaga oru maelaanmai oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittathu. vaettaiyaaduthal kaaranamaaga, poongaavin ulkattamaippu mattrum panmugaththanmaiyai meetteduppatharkaana muyarchigal nadanthu kondirundhaalum, poongaavil ulla adhiga vilangku ennikkai kanisamaaga kurainthullathu. 2010 aam aandil, aaprikka vanappaguthi tittamum avarkalin malaaviya chakoothari niruvanamum seitha paniyin vilaivaaga, mvaabvi vanavilangku mattrum samooga arakkattalai (emm. doublue. dii) mvaabvi aaru enn-suut koodaarangaludan enjate ladjait thiranthathu, maelum, migavum saagasamaana payanigalukkaaga, 6 koodaarangalukkaana nilangkalaik konda mikudu mugaamidamum, kazhuvudhal mattrum mugaamida thee vasathigalaiyum valangkukirathu.

mwabvi vanyapraanula abhayaaranyam 135 chadarapu kilometres vistiirnamloo unna mawabwi vanyapraanula abhayaaranyam malavi yokka atichinna jaateeya udyaanavanam, mariyu ikkadiki cherukolenidi. ayinappatikee, idhi mopen, combritum mariyu brachistagia adavulatho paatu bahiranga savannah, dambo mariyu nadhee praantaalatoo sahaa aneka rakaala aavasalanu kaligi undhi. malavi nalla khadgamruga janaabhaaku mwabvi chivari sahaja nivasamga undhi, ayithe iteevali samvatsaraalalo vanyapraanulu mariyu adavulu rendoo vetaadabaddaayi. ayithe, kudu, sable, impala mariyu nyaalaatho sahaa aneka jaatula jinkalu unnaayi, mariyu chiruta mariyu haina kooda kanipinchaayi. gede ippatikee mawabwi nadiloe snanam chestundi, mariyu maanava paryaatakula sankhya takkuvagaa unnappatikee, poruguna unna mosambic nundi simhaalu tarachugaa sandarsinchevi. shair nadhi mariyu jambesi nadhi drushyaalatho, adbhutamaina prakruti drushyaalu adbhutamainavi, mariyu adbhutamaina isukaraayi dibbalu prakruti drushyaaniki daadaapu chandra anubhootini istayi. mwabvi malavi yokka dakshinaana unna ensanjhe jillaalo, mosambic sarihadduku sarigga edurugaa undhi. indulo matandway shrenilo kontha bhaagam undhi, idhi mosambic sarihaddunu yerparustundi mariyu prakkane unna shair nadhi lothattu praantaalu unnaayi. eee udyaanavanam takkuva ettulo undhi mariyu vesavi ushnogratalu teevramgaa untaayi. malavi yokka challani sheethaakaalamlo aata chuudataaniki uttama samayam. mwabvi lengway jaateeya udyaanavanam mariyu majete vanyapraanula abhayaaranyaaniki chaalaa dhooramlo ledhu. park gundaa kaalinadakana ledhaa balamaina 4x4 thoo matrame prayaanam saadhyamavutundi, conny park manushulatho kuudinadi mariyu panjala vistrutamaina rahadari nirmaana kaaryakramaaniki dhanyavaadaalu, game nadaka mariyu game drivelu rendoo andubaatulo unnaayi mariyu game scouts ledhaa chipember camp dwara erpaatu cheyavachu, project african aranyaaniki sthaavaram. sthaavaram, sthaanika samaajaalato kalisi panicheyadam, phalitamgaa vaari jeevanopaadhini meruguparachadam, mwabvi rijarvnu rakshinchadam mariyu punaruddharinchadam anae spashtamaina uddesyamto labhapeksha laeni samstha ayina project african wilderness erpadindi. fibravari fibravari project african aranya praantam eee udyaanavanam yokka parirakshana mariyu abhivruddhini chepattadaaniki malavi prabhutva jaateeya udyaanavanaalu mariyu vanyapraanula vibhaagamto nirvahana oppandampai santakam chesindi. vaeta kaaranamgaa, eee udyaanavanam daani pedda janthu janabhalo gananeeyamaina ksheenatanu chusindi, ayithe udyaanavanam yokka moulika sadupayalu mariyu vaividhyaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki prayatnaalu jarugutunnaayi. jarugutunnaayi, project african aranya mariyu vaari malavian sodari samstha chesina pani phalitamgaa, mawabwi wildlife und community trust (endablucity) mawabwi aaru enn-suut sheletlatho enjet ladgenu praarambhinchindi, mariyu marinta saahasopetamaina yaatrikula kosam, maigudu campsite, indulo 6 gudaaraala kosam plaatlu unnaayi mariyu washing mariyu camp fair soukaryaalanu andistundi.

mawabwi wild life reserve 135 marbaa chlometer kay raqbe kay saath mewabwi jangli hayaat kaa tahfuz milawi kaa sabb say chhota qomi paark hay aur iss takk sabb say kumm rasayi hay. iss kay bawajood iss mein rehaish gaahon kii wasee aqsaam haine jinn mein mopeen combratum aur brekstia jangal kay saath saath khalay sawana dumbo aur daryaa kay elaqay shaamil haine. mawabwi milawi kay seeyah gaindon kii aabadi kaa aakhri qadarti gahar thaa leakin haaliyah barson mein jangli hayaat aur jangal donon kaa ghair qanuni shikaar kiyaa gayaa hay. tahim harran kii behat see anwaa mojud haine jinn mein codo seebal ampala aur niyala shaamil haine aur yahaan takk kahh cheetay aur haaina bhee dekhay gayey haine. bhens abb bhee mawabawi nadee mein nahati hay aur agarcha insani seyahon kii taadad kumm hay padosi mozambiq kay sheer baqayedgi say aatay haine. daryaae shayer aur daryaae zambisi kay nizaron kay saath manzar naamah shandar hay aur shandar reet kay pathar kay baahir nikalnay say zameen kii tazyeen kuu taqriba chaand kaa ahsaas hotaa hay. mawabawi zalaa nasanjay mein milawi kay intehayi janubi naqtah parr mozambik kii sarhad kay balkal saamney waaqa hay. iss mein mitandway renj kaa eek hasah shaamil hay juu mozambiq kay saath sarhad banata hay aur malhaqah shayer nadee kay nasheebi elaqay. paark kumm bulandi parr waaqa hay aur mosam garma kaa darjah hararat intehayi hay. kheel dekhnay kaa behtareen waqat milawi kay sard mosam sarma kay maheenon mein hotaa hay. mawabwi langwi national paark aur majtay wild life reserve say ziyadah door nahein hay. paark say safar sarf paidal yaa mazboot 4x4 kay saath mumkin hay leakin paark mein ansaan mojud hay aur pyaadon kay wasee road building prograam kii badolat gaim waak aur gaim drive donon dastiyaab haine aur gaim scouts kay saath yaa chapambar camp kay zariye tartib diyaa jaa saktaa hay juu afriqi bayaban kay mansubay kaa markaz hay. project afriqi biyaban eek ghair munafa bakhash tanzeem 2004 mein tashkil dee gayee thee jiss kaa waazah maqsad mewabwi reserve kii hifazat aur bahaali maqami baradariyon kay saath mill kirr kaam karnaa aur iss kay natijay mein inn kii rozee roty kuu behatar banana thaa. faroori 2007 mein afriqi bayaban kay mansubay nay milawi hukumat kay mohkamah qomi parkon aur jangli hayaat kay saath paark kay tahfuz aur tarqi kuu sanbhalne kay liye eek intezami muahide parr dastakhat kiye. ghair qanuni shikaar kii wajah say paark mein janwaron kii bury aabadi mein kaafi kamee dekhi gayee hay halankah paark kay bunyadi dahanchay aur tanoo kuu bahaal karnay kii koshishein jaari haine. 2010 mein project afriqi bayaban aur inn kii malawiyayi behan company kay zariah kiye gayey kaam kay natijay mein mewabwi wild life aind community trust (ayem dabliyo tye tye) mewabwi nay chh aine-sweet sheelt kay saath najtay laaj kholaa aur ziyadah bahadar seyahon kay liyay mygodo camp saait jiss mein 6 kheemon kay liye plaat haine aur juu dhonay aur camp fayer kii sahuliyaat farahim kartaa hay.

00071cc743a0d71659586e5304c81b0eed0345f2c4011198263e1e7ee94e1b00

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34245583

Buenaventura Cousiño Jorquera

Buenaventura Cousiño Jorquera Buenaventura (Ventura) Cousiño Jorquera (1808–1855) was a Chilean congressman, lawyer and politician. He was born on the Renca ranch in Santiago on July 18, 1808, and died in Santiago on November 29, 1855. Biography. Jorquera was the son of José Agustín Cousiño y Zapata and Doña Josefa Jorquera y Alfaro, grandson of Juan Antonio Cousiño Orgue, a native of La Coruña, Galicia, the first Cousiño to arrive in Chile. He studied at the National Institute and graduated as a lawyer from the faculty of law at the San Felipe University in 1836. He later married Rosario Ortúzar Castillo, with whom he produced many children. He devoted himself to different fora, to teaching and politics. Political career. He conducted Latin classes at the National Institute and in 1845 he joined the Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities at the University of Chile, where he delivered a speech on "Excellence in Latin literature", a work that was published in the Annals of the University. He conducted several trips to the north, especially to Copiapo, where his son Henry was born. He was elected deputy for Rere and Puchacay in 1840, but did not have the opportunity to replace the proprietary deputy. He served as a deputy in 1843 for Rere. In 1846 he was elected representative of Osorno. During this time he joined the Standing Committee on Government, Foreign Affairs and Education and Charities. He was Deputy of Melipilla, in 1849, working on the Standing Committee on Constitution, Law and Justice, and Government and Foreign Affairs.

buenaventura kuchinu jorkuwera buenaventura (ventura) kuchinu jorkuwera (1808-1855) aasil egoraki chillian congress xodosyo, odhibokta aaru rajneetibid. 1808 sonor 18 julyte santiyagur renka rengsot teur jonmo hoisil aaru 1855 sonor 29 novemborot santiyagut teur mrityu hoisil. jiwani. jorkuwera aasil juche augustin kuchinu waai japata aaru duna juchefa jorkuwera waai alfarur putro, silir prothom kuchinu laa koruna, galisiyar sthaniyo baxinda juwan antonio "kuchinu orgyur naati. teu rastriyo protisthanot odhyoyon korisil aaru 1836 sonot chaan phillip biswobidyaloyor aain onuxodor poraa odhibokta hisape snatok degree laabh korisil. pisoloi teu ror 'sario' ortujar kestilur xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil, jaar xoite teu bohutu xontan jonmo disil. teu nijoke bibhinno moncho, xikhyadan aaru rajneetir proti utxorgito korisil. rajnoitik jiwan. teu rastriyo protisthanot letin shreni porisalona korisil aaru 1845 sonot teu chili biswobidyaloyor dorxon aaru manobobigyanor onuxodot jugdan korisil, zo 'too teu "letin xahityot utkorxota" ror uporot bhaxon disil, jitu biswobidyaloyor itihaxot prokaxito hoisil. teu uttoroloi keibatau bhromon korisil, bixexkoi kupiyapuloi, zo 'too teur putro henorir jonmo hoisil. 1840 sonot teu rere aaru puchaser baabe upo-nirbasito hoisil, kintu malikanadhin upo-rokhyok xoloni korar xujug puwa nasil. 1843 sonot teu punor nirmanor baabe upo-rastropoti hisape karzonirbah korisil. 1846 sonot teu oh 'sornur protinidhi hisape nirbasito hoisil. ei xomoisuwat teu sorkar, boidexik porikroma aaru xikhya aaru datobyo xongsthar sthayi xomitit jugdan korisil. 1849 sonot teu melipilar upo-xobhapoti hisape xongbidhan, aain aaru nyay, sorkar aaru boidexik porikromar uporot sthayi xomitit kaam korisil.

buenaventura cucino jorqueira buenaventura (ventura) cucino jorqueira (1808-1855) chhilen ekjon chillian congress sadasya, aainjibi ebong rajnitibid. tini 1808 saaler 18ee julai santiagote renka khamare jonmogrohon corren ebong 1855 saaler 29shhey navembar santiagote maaraa zaan. jeeboni. jorqueira chhilen jose augustein cucino oyai japata ebong donna josepha jorqueira oyai alfaro putro, jini chilite agoto prothom cucino, galicier laa korunar sthaniya basinda juan antonio cucino orger naati. tini jatiya protisthane padashona corren ebong 1836 saale shaan phillip bishwobidyaloyer aain anushad theke aainjibi hisabe snatok hohn. porey tini rosario ortuzar castillor saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn, jaar saathe tini onek santaner jonmo deena. tini bivinno monche, shikkhadan oo rajnitite nijeke utsarga korechilen. rajnaitik karmajiban. tini jatiya protisthane lattin classes porichalona corren ebong 1845 saale tini chilly bishwobidyaloyer darshan oo manobik onushode jog deena, jekhane tini "lattin sahitye shresthotto" shirshok ekti boktrita deena, jaa bishwobidyaloyer itihase prokashito hoyechilo. tini uttore besh koyekti sofor porichalona korechilen, bishesh korey kopiapote, jekhane taanr putro henry jonmogrohon korechilen. tini 1840 saale rere ebong puchaker jonno deputi nirbachito hohn, kintu malikanadhin deputi protisthapon korar sujog panni. tini 1843 saale punra dayitto paloner jonno deputi hisabe dayitto palon corren. 1846 saale tini ocerno-rawr protinidhi nirbachito hohn. eyi somoye tini sarkar, boideshik vishay ebong shikkha oo datobbo sangosthar sthayi komitite jog deena. 1849 saale tini melipilar deputi chhilen, sangbidhan, aain oo nyaybichar, ebong sarkar oo boideshik vishayak sthayi komitite kaaj korchilen.

buenventura koosino jorkera buenventura (ventura) koosino jorkera (1808-1855) aek chillion congressmen, vakeel aneey rajkarani hataa. temno janm 18 julai, 1808naa roj santiagona renka khetarma thayo hato aneey 29 november, 1855naa roj santiagoma temnu avsaan thayu hatoo. jivancharitra. jorkera joses augustin koosino vaay zapata aneey donaa josepha jorkera vaay alfarona putra hataa, jeey luu korunaa, galiciana vatnee juan antonio koosino orgena pautra hataa, jeey chileema pahonchnaar pratham koosino hataa. temane raashtriy sansthama abhyaas karyo aneey 1836maan seena felipa universityma kayadana facultymathi vakeel tareeke snaatak thayaa. baadmaa temane rosario ortuzar castillo saathe lagna karyaa, jaimnee saathe temane ghanaa baadako pedaa karyaa. temane potaane viveedh mancho, shikshan aneey raajkaaran maate samarpeet curry deedhaa. raajkeey karkirdi. temane raashtriy sansthama lattin vargo haath dharya aneey 1845maan teo cheelee universityma filosoofi aneey manavtana facultyma jodaya, jyaan temane "lattin saheetyma shreshthata" parr bhaashan aapyu, jeey kaary universityna itihaasmaa prakashit thayu hatoo. temane uttarmaa ghanee yaatrao curry, khaas kareene kopiyapo, jyaan temnaa putra henryno janm thayo hato. teo 1840maan rere aneey puchaake maate nayab tareeke chuntaya hataa, parantu temne malikina nayabne badalvani taka malee naa hatee. temane 1843maan fareethi nayab tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. 1846maan teo osornona pratinidhi tareeke chuntaya hataa. aaa samay darmiyan teo sarkaar, videshi baabto aneey shikshan aneey sakhaavati sansthao parnee sthaayi sameetima jodaya hataa. teo 1849maan melipilana nayab hataa, bandhaaran, kaayado aneey nyaay, aneey sarkaar aneey videshi baabto parnee sthaayi sameeti parr kaama kartaa hataa.

buenventura cucino jorkera buenaventura (ventura) cucino jorkera (1808-1855) ack chilly key congressi, vakeel aur rajneta they. unakaa janm 18 julaai, 1808 koo santiago key renka khet mein huaa thaa aur 29 navambar, 1855 koo santiago mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. jeevani. jorkera jose augustin cucino vaaee zapaataa aur donna josepha jorkera vaaee alfaro key bete they, joe laa koruna, galicia key mool nivasi juan antonio cucino orge key potey they, joe chilly pahunchane vaale pahale cucino they. unhone rashtriya sansthaan mein adhyayan kiya aur 1836 mein saine felip vishvavidyalaya mein kaanoon key sankaay seey ack vakeel key roop mein snaatak kiya. baad mein unhone rosario ortuzer castillo seey shaadi kii, jinase unhone kaee bachche paida kiye. unhone khud koo vibhinn manchon, shikshan aur rajneeti key liye samarpit curr diyaa. raajneetik jeevan. unhone rashtriya sansthaan mein lattin kakshaon kaa sanchaalan kiya aur 1845 mein way chilly vishvavidyalaya mein darshan aur manaviki key sankaay mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan unhone "lattin saahitya mein utkrishtata" parr ack bhaashan diyaa, ack kaam joe vishvavidyalaya key itihas mein prakaashit huaa thaa. unhone uttar kii kaee yaatraaen keen, vishesh roop seey copiapo, jahan unake bete heinry kaa janm huaa thaa. unhein 1840 mein rere aur puchaake key liye dipty chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin unhein malikana dipty koo badalane kaa avsar naheen milaa. unhone 1843 mein phir seey kaary karane key liye ack upa key roop mein kaary kiya. 1846 mein unhein osorno kaa pratinidhi chunaa gayaa. iss dauran way sarkaar, videsh mamalon aur shiksha aur daan parr sthaayi samiti mein shamil hoe gaye. way 1849 mein melipilla key dipty they, samvidhaan, kaanoon aur nyaay, aur sarkaar aur videsh mamalon parr sthaayi samiti parr kaam curr rahey they.

buenaventura cusino zorkera buvenaventura (ventura) cusino zorkera (1808-1855) obba chillion congressiga, vakeela mattu raajakaaraniyaagiddaru. aata 1808rahra julai 18randu santiagoda renka ranchnalli janisidaru mattu 1855rahra november 29randu santiagodalli nidhanaraadaru. jivanacharitre. zorkera avaru jose augustin cusino vaii japata mattu dona josepha zorkera vaii alfaro avara maga, avaru chilige agamisida modala cusino, gaalisiyaada laa korunaada sthaliya juwan antonio cusino orgue avara mommaga. avaru rashtriya samstheyalli adhyayana maadidaru mattu 1836ralli syaan felip vishvavidyaalayadalli kaanoonu vibhagada vakilaraagi padavi padedaru. nantara aata rosario ortuzar castillo avarannu vivaahavaadaru, avarondige aata aneka makkalannu belesidaru. avaru vividha vedikegalige, bodhane mattu rajakeeyakke tammannu taavu arpisikondaru. rajakiya vrutti. avaru rashtriya samstheyalli lattin taragatigalannu nadesidaru mattu 1845 ralli avaru chilly vishvavidyaalayadalli tatvashastra mattu manavika vibhagavannu seridaru, allie avaru "lattin saahityadalli shreshthate" emba krutiya bagge bhashana maadidaru, idu vishvavidyaalayada varshikagalalli prakatavaayitu. aata uttarakke, visheshavaagi koopiyaapooge, halavaaru pravaasagalannu kaigondanu, allie aatana maga henry janisidanu. avaru 1840 ralli rere mattu puchaakege upanayakaragi aaykeyaadaru, aadare svaamyada upanayakarannu badalisuva avakaashavannu hondiralilla. avaru 1843ralli marusevegaagi upanayakaragi seve sallisidaru. 1846ralli aata osornoda pratinidhiyagi aaykeyaadaru. ee samayadalli avaru sarkara, videshanga vyavahaaragalu mattu sikshana mattu datti samsthegala sthaayi samitige seridaru. avaru 1849ralli melipillaada upanaayakaraagiddaru, samvidhaana, kaanoonu mattu nyaya, mattu sarkara mattu videshanga vevahaaragala sthaayi samitiyalli kelasa maadidaru.

buvanventaroor cusino jorkwera oru chilian kongrassukaaranum abhibhashakanum raashtreeyakkaaranumaayirunu byoonaventhura (venthura) cusino jorkwera (1808-1855). 1808 juulai 18 nuu santiagoyile renka ranchil janicha addeham 1855 november 29 nuu santiagoyil vachu antharichu. jeevacharitram. chiliyilethiya aadyathe koosinoyaaya galishyayile laa koruna swadeshiyaaya juvan antonio cusino oorguvinte kochumakanaaya jose augustin cusino vaii sapaattayudeyum donna josepha jorkwera vaii alfaroyudeyum makanaayirunnu jorkwera. deseeya instittyoottil padicha addeham 1836ll saan felip sarvakalaashaalayile niyama faakkalttiyil ninnu abhibhashakanaayi birudam nedi. pinneedu addeham rosario oorttusaar kaasttilloye vivaham kazhichu, addehavumaayi chernnu niravadhi kuttikale prasavichu. vividha vedikalilum adhyaapanathilum raashtreeyathilum addeham svayam samarppichu. rashtreeya jeevitam. addeham deseeya instittyoottil laattin klaasukal nadathukayum 1845-ll chili sarvakalaashaalayile philosophy aandu humanities faakkalttiyil cherukayum avide "laattin saahithyathile mikavu" enna vishayathil oru prasangam nadathukayum cheythu. addeham vadakkott niravadhi yathrakal nadatthi, prathyekichu thante makan henry janicha koppiyapoyilekku. 1840ll reere, puchaakke ennee mandalangalil deputy aayi thiranjedukkappettenkum propraittari deputy sthaanamozhiyaan addehathinu avasaram labhichilla. 1843ll addeham deputy aayi sevanamanushtichu. 1846ll addeham osornoyude prathinidhiyayi thiranjedukkappettu. eee kaalayalavil addeham sarkkar, videshakaarya, vidyaabhyaasam, jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal ennivayekkurichulla staanding kammittiyil chernnu. 1849ll melippillayude deputy aaya addeham bharanaghadana, niyamam, neethi, sarkkar, videshakaarya staanding kammitti ennivayil pravarthichu.

buenventura cucino jorkera buenaventura (ventura) cucino jorkera (1808-1855) haah chilicha congress sadasya, vakeel aanee rajkarani hota. tyancha janm 18 julai 1808 roji santiago yetheel renka farmmadhye jhaala aanee 29 november 1855 roji santiago yethe tyanche nidhan jhaale. charitra. jorkera haah jose augustein cucino vaay zapata aanee donna josepha jorkera vaay alfaro yancha mulga hota, joou chilila pohochalela pahila cucino, laa koruna, galicia yetheel mool rahivasi, juan antonio cucino orgecha natoo hota. tyanni rashtriy sansthet shikshan ghetale aanee 1836 madhye sann felip vidyapithatil vidhee shakhetoon vakeel mhanoon padvi prapt kelee. nantar tyane rosario aurtuzar castilloshi lagn kele, jyanchyapasun tyane anek mule nirman kelee. tyanni swatahla vividh manchanvar, adhyapan aanee rajkaranasathi samarpit kele. rajkiy karkird. tyanni rashtriy sansthet lattin varg ghetale aanee 1845 madhye teey chiilii vidyapithatil tattvadnyan aanee manvyavidhya shakhet ruju jhaale, jithe tyanni 'lattin sahityatil utkrushtata' yaa vishayavar bhashan kele, jeey kaam vidyapithachya itihasamadhye prakashit jhaale. tyane uttarekade anek anek kelya, visheshtah kopiyapola, jithe tyacha mulga heinrycha janm jhaala. 1840 madhye teey rere aanee puchakesathi upasabhapati mhanoon nivadoon aale, parantu tyanna malkichya upasabhapatichi jaaga ghenyachi sandhee midali nahee. 1843 madhye tyanni punha ekada upadhikshak mhanoon kaam kele. 1846 madhye teey osornoche pratinidhi mhanoon nivadoon aale. yaa kalat teey sarkar, pararashtra vyavhar aanee shikshan aanee dharmaday sansthanchya sthayi samiteet sameel jhaale. 1849 madhye teey melipillache upadhikshak hote, sanvidhan, kayada aanee nyay aanee sarkar aanee pararashtra vyavharanvaril sthayi samitivar kaam karat hote.

buenabhentura kusino jorkera buenabhentura (bhentura) kusino jorkera (1808-1855) ek chillion congress sadasya, wakil rar rajnitigya thie. unko janma 18 july 1808 maa santiagoko renka khetma bhaeko thiyo rar 29 november 1855 maa santiagoma unko mrityu bhayo. jiwani. jorkera jose augustin kusino wai japata rar dona josepha jorkera wai alfaroka chhora thie, jo lu koruna, galiciaca muel niwasi juan antonio kusino argaka naati thie, chilima aipugne pahilo kusino. unle rashtriya sansthanma adhyayan gare rar sann 1836 maa saan felip wishwawidyalayako kanuna sankayabata wakilko rupma snatak gare. pachhi unle rosario ortuzar castilosanga vivaha gare, jasbata unle dherai santan janmae. unle afulai vibhinna manch, adhyapan rar rajnitima samarpit gare. rajnitik jiwan. unle rashtriya sansthanma lattin kakshaharu sanchalan gare rar sann 1845 maa uni chilly vishwavidyalayama darshan rar manawikiko sankayama samel bhae, jahaan unle "lattin sahityama utkrishtata" maa bhashan die, june karya wishwawidyalayako itihasma prakashit bhaeko thiyo. unle uttarma dherai yatraharu gare, vishesh gari kopiapoma, jahaan unka chhora henryko janma bhaeko thiyo. uni sann 1840 maa rere rar puchakeka lagi upa nirvachit bhae, tara swamitwa upalai pratisthapan garne awasar paeka thienan. unle sann 1843 maa punahka lagi upa-rashtrapatiko rupma sewa gare. sann 1846 maa uni osarnoka pratinidhi chunie. yass awadhima uni sarkar, videsh mamila tatha shiksha tatha paropkari sansthaharusambandhi sthayi samitima samel bhae. uni sann 1849 maa melipillaka upa-adhyaksha thie, sanvidhan, kanuna rar nyaya, rar sarkar rar videsh mamilama sthayi samitima kaam gardai.

buenaventura cucino jarkwera buenaventura (bhentura) cucino jarkwera (1808-1855) jane chilia congress sadasya, okil ebong rajneta thile. shay 1808 masiha july 18 tarikhare santiagora renka khetare janmagrahana karithile ebong 1855 masiha navember 29 tarikhare santiagore tankara dehant hoithila. jeebani. jarkuera thile jose augustin cucino wai japata ebong dona josepha jarkuera wai alpharonka pua, jieki chilire pahanchithiba pratham cucino, galicier laa korunara moola basinda, juan antonio cucino argunka naati. shay jatiah anusthanare adhyajana karithile ebong 1836 ray shaan felip biswabidyalajara ine shikhyakankatharu okil bhabare snataka hoithile. parey shay rosario ortuzar castilonku bibaha karithile, jahanka saha shay aneka santan janma deithile. shay nijaku bibhinna mancha, sikhyadana ebong rajneeti prati samarpita karithile. rajanaitika kyariyara. shay jatiah anusthanare latin class parichalana karithile ebong 1845 ray shay chilly biswabidyalajare darshan ebong manabikata bibhagare joga deithile, jeunthare shay "latin sahityare utkarshata" upare eka bhashana deithile, jaahaa biswabidyalajara itihasare prakashita hoithila . shay uttaraku aneka jatra karithile, bisesh curry kopiaapoku, jeunthare taanka pua henry janmagrahana karithile. shay 1840 ray rier ebong puchache paain deputi nirbachita hoithile, kintu malikana deputi badalaibara sujoga paai nathile . shay 1843 ray punah karjya paain deputi bhabare karjya karithile. 1846 masihare shay ocerno pratinidhi bhabe nirbachita hoithile. ehi samajare shay sarkar, baideshika byapara ebong sikhya ebong databya sanstha upare sthajee kamitire joga deithile. shay 1849 masihare melipillara deputi thile, sambidhana, ine ebong nyaaja, ebong sarkar ebong baideshika byapara upare sthajee kamitire karjya karuthile.

buenventura cucino jorkera buenaventura (ventura) cucino jorkera (1808-1855) ikk chillion congress member, vakeel atey siasatdan see. uss daa janam 18 julai 1808 noon santiago dey renka khet witch hoiaa see atey 29 navambar 1855 noon santiago witch uss dee maut hoow gaee see. jeevani. jorkera jose agasteen cucino vaaee zapata atey donna josepha jorkera vaaee alfaro daa puttar see, joe kii laa koruna, galicia dey mool nivasi juan antonio cucino aurag daa pota see, joe chilly pahunchan vaala pahila cucino see. unhan neey rashtari sanstha witch padahi keeti atey 1836 witch sainn felip university witch kanoon dee faculty toon ikk vakeel vajon graduation keeti. baad witch uss neey rosario ortuzer castillo naal viaah karwa liaa, jiss naal uss neey bahut saare bacche paida keete. unhan neey aapne aap noon vakkh-vakkh manchan, adhiaapan atey rajneeti laee samarpit qarr ditta. rajneetak carrier. unhan neey rashtari sanstha witch latini classes daa sanchalan keeta atey 1845 witch uh chilly university witch falsafe atey manukhta dey faculty witch shamal hoow gaye, jitthe unhan neey "latini saahit witch uttmata" baare bhashan ditta, ikk kamm joe university dey itihaas witch prakashit hoiaa see. uss neey uttar witch kaee yatravan keetiaan, khaas karke copiapo, jitthe uss dey puttar hannery daa janam hoiaa see. uh 1840 witch reere atey puchake laee dipty chunhe gaye sunn, parr unhan noon malkiat dey dipty noon badlan daa mauka naheen miliaa. unhan neey 1843 witch ikk dipty vajon seva nibhai. sann 1846 witch uh osorno daa numainda chunhiaa giaa. iss dauran uh sarkaar, videshi mamlian atey sikkhiaa atey charities baare sathayi kameti witch shamal hoye. uh sann 1849 witch sanvidhan, kanoon atey niaan, atey sarkaar atey videshi mamlian baare sathayi kameti utte kamm karde hoye melipila dey dipty sunn.

buenaventura koosino jorkera buenaventura (ventura) kooseeno jorkera (1808-1855) ekaha chilly-deshasya kaangres-sadasyah, adhivaktaa, raajaneetidnyah cha aasit. saha 1808 julai 18 dinaanke santiago-nagarasya renkaa-rench-nagare ajayata, 1855 tame varshe november-masasya 29 dinaanke santiago-nagare cha amriyata. jeevanacharitram. jorkera ityayam jose augustin kooseeno vai zapata ityasya tathaa dona josepha jorkera vai alfaaro ityasya putrah aasit, yah juvan antonio kooseeno orgu ityasya pautrah aasit, yah laa korunaa, galicia-nagarasya moolanivaasinah aasit, chile-nagaram aagatah prathamah kooseeno aasit. saha rashtriya-samsthaayaam adhyayanam krutvaa 1836 tame varshe syaan-felip-vishvavidyaalayasya vidhi-vibhaagaat adhivaktaa-rupena snaatakapadaveem praptavan. pashchat saha rosario ortuzaar castillo ityenam parineetavaan, yena saha saha anekaan balan utpannavaan. saha vibhinnakshetreshu, shikshanashetreshu, rajanitikshetreshu cha swam samarpayt. rajanaitikam vruttihi. saha rashtriya-samsthaayaam lattin-bhashayaha kakshaah akarot, 1845 tame varshe chile-vishvavidyaalaye tatvajnaana-manavika-vibhaageshu cha sammilitah, yatra saha "lettin-saahitye utkrushtata" iti vishaye bhashanam akarot, yat vishvavidyaalayasya itihaasapatre prakaashitam aasit. saha uttardishi anekaani yatram krutavaan, visheshatah kopiyaapo-nagaram prati, yatra tasya putrah heinry janma praapnot. saha 1840 tame varshe rer tathaa puchaake krute upa-nirwaachitah, parantu svamitva upa-sthanapannasya avasarah naa praapnot. saha 1843 tame varshe punah upa-rupena karyam krutavaan. 1846 tame varshe saha osorno-nagarasya pratinidhihi nirwaachitah. asmin samaye saha sarvakaarasya, videshakaaryasya, shikshayaha, danasya cha sthaayeesamiteh sadasyah abhavat. saha 1849 tame varshe melipilla-nagarasya upa-sadasyah aasit, samvidhaanasya, vidhi-nyayasya, sarvakaarasya, videsha-vyavahaarasya cha sthayee-samitau karyam krutavaan.

buenaventura cusino jorgera buenaventura (ventura) cusino jorgera (1808-1855) oru siliyan kangreskarar, vazhakkarinyar mattrum arasiyalvaathi aavaar. avar 1808 juulai 18 andru sandiagovil ulla renka panaiyil piranthaar, maelum 1855 navambar 29 andru sandiagovil iranthaar. suyasaridhai. jorgera jose agustine cusino oy jabata mattrum doonaa josefa jorgera oy alfaro aagiyoarin magan aavaar, avar jewan antonio cusino arquin paeran, kalisiaavin laa korunaavai poorveegamaagak kondavar, siilii vantha muthal cusino. avar thaesiya niruvanaththil padiththaar mattrum 1836 aam aandil chaan felip palkalaikkazhagaththil sattap peedaththil vazhakkarinyaraaga pattam pettraar. pinnar avar rosario ordusaar castillovai mananthaar, avarudan avar pala kuzhandhaigalai uruvaakkinaar. avar palvaeru thuraikalil, karpiththal mattrum arasiyalil thannai arppanitthaar. arasiyal vaazhkkai. avar thaesiya niruvanaththil latheen vaguppugalai nadaththinaar, 1845 aam aandil avar siilii palkalaikkazhagaththil thathuvam mattrum manithanaeyap peedaththil saernthaar, angku avar "latheen ilakkiyaththil siranthu vilangkuthal" endra uraiyai nigazhththinaar, idhu palkalaikkazhagaththin varudaanthira idhazhgalil veliyidappattathu. avar vadakkae pala payanangkalai nadaththinaar, kurippaaga koopiyaapoavirku, angku avarathu magan henry piranthaar. 1840 aam aandil avar rere mattrum puchaakkaevukku thunaith thalaivaraaga thernthedukkappattaar, aanaal thaniyurima thunaikku pathilaaka vaaippu kidaikkavillai. 1843ill avar thunaith thalaivaraagap paniyaattrinaar. 1846 aam aandil avar osornovin pirathinithiyaaga thernthedukkappattaar. inththa neraththil avar arasu, veliyuravu vivagaarangkal mattrum kalvi mattrum thondu niruvanangal kuriththa nilaikkuzhuvil saernthaar. 1849 aam aandil melippillaavin thunaith thalaivaraaga irunththa avar, arasiyalamaippu, sattam mattrum neethi mattrum arasu mattrum veliyuravu vivagaarangkal kuriththa nilaikkuzhuvil paniyaattrinaar.

buenaventura kuusinoe zorkera buenaventura (ventura) kuusinoe zorkera (1808-1855) oka chillion congress sabhyudu, nyaayavaadi mariyu raajakeeyavetta. athanu 1808 juulai 18naa santiagoloni renka gaddibeedulo janminchaadu mariyu 1855 november 29naa santiagolo maraninchaadu. jeevita charitra. zorkera jose augustin kuuseenoo vai japata mariyu dona josepha zorkera vai alfaro kumarudu, juvan antonio kuuseenoo argue manavadu, galicialoni laa korunaku chendinavaadu, chileeki vacchina modati kuuseenoo. athanu jaateeya samsthalo chaduvukunnadu mariyu 1836loe shaan felip vishwavidhyaalayamlo nyaya adhyaapakula nundi nyayavadiga pattabhadrudayyaadu. taruvaata athanu rosario ortuzer castillonu vivaham chesukunnadu, aayanatho athanu chaalaa mandhi pillalanu janminchaadu. ayana vividha vedikalaku, bodhanaku, raajakeeyaalaku tananu taanu ankitam chesukunnaru. raajakeeya vrutti. ayana jaateeya samsthalo latin taragatulanu nirvahinchaaru mariyu 1845loe chilly vishwavidhyaalayamlo tatvasaastram mariyu maanaveeya saastraala adhyaapakulalo cheraaru, akkada ayana "latin saahityamlo shreshtata" anae amsampai prasangam chesaaru, idhi vishwavidyaalayam yokka vaarshikaalalo prachurinchabadindi. athanu uttaraana aneka paryatanalu nirvahinchaadu, mukhyamgaa kopiyapoku, akkada athani kumarudu henry janminchaadu. athanu 1840loe rere mariyu puchake kosam deputyga ennikayyaadu, conny yajamanya deputyni bharti chese avakaasam ataniki labhinchaledu. athanu 1843loe deputyga panicheesaadu. 1846loe ayana osorno pratinidhigaa ennikayyaaru. eee samayamlo ayana prabhutvam, videshee vyavaharalu, vidya, swachchanda samsthalapai standing kamiteelo cheraaru. 1849loe ayana melipilla deputyga rajyangam, chattam mariyu nyayam, prabhutvam mariyu videshee vyavaharalapai standing kamiteelo panicheesaaru.

beunaventora cosino jorkweera beunaventora (ventora) cosino jorkweera (1808-1855) eek chalee kay congress meen wakeel aur seyasat daan thay. wah 18 jolayi 1808 kuu santigo kay renka kheet mein paida hoay aur 29 nomber 1855 kuu santigo mein inteqal kirr gayey. sawanah umri. jorkweera jose agstan cosino waayi zapata aur donaa jozafa jorkweera waayi alfaro kaa betaa thaa juu jaan intonio cosino aurgo kaa potaa thaa juu laa karwana galicia kaa bashindah thaa juu chalee pahunchnay waala pehla cosino thaa. inhon nay national insity teut mein taleem haasil kii aur 1836 mein saan flip university mein qanoon kii faculty say batoor wakeel graduation kiyaa. baad mein iss nay rozario ortozer castilo say shaadi kii jiss say iss nay behat say bachay paida kiye. inhon nay khood kuu mukhtalif forms tadris aur seyasat kay liye waqaf kirr diyaa. seyasi carrier. inhon nay national insity teut mein laatini classen munaqid kein aur 1845 mein inhon nay chalee university mein falsafah aur humanities kii faculty mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jehaan inhon nay "laatini adab mein behtareen karkardgi" kay mozua parr taqrir kii yaha kaam university kay aknaal mein shaye hawaa. iss nay shamaal mein kayee doray kiyay khaas toor parr kopyapu jehaan iss kaa betaa hunry paida hawaa thaa. wah 1840 mein reeri aur poochake kay liye naib muntakhib huay leakin inhein malkiti naib kuu tabdil karnay kaa moqaa nahein milaa. inhon nay 1843 mein dobarah kaam karnay kay liye naib kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. 1846 mein wah osorno kay numayende muntakhib hoay. iss doraan inhon nay hukumat amoor khaarjah aur taleem aur khairati idaaron say mutaliq qaimah committy mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. wah 1849 mein melipla kay naib thay aayeen qanoon aur insaaf aur hukumat aur amoor khaarjah say mutaliq qaimah committy parr kaam kirr rahay thay.

00071db6bb932c9076540556ba1fbd859a3008e2a9e3709a93882cc92f56c99f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59409188

1960 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship

1960 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship Annual hurling competition season The 1960 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 70th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. Thurles Sarsfields were the defending champions. On 16 October 1960, Toomevara won the championship after a 3–15 to 2–08 defeat of Thurles Sarsfields in the final. It was their 10th championship title overall and their first title since 1931. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1960 tipporeri sinir harling championswip 1960 sonor tipporeri sinir harling championswip aasil 1887 sonot tiporeri county bob "rde protistha korar pisor poraa tiporeri sinir harling championswipor 70 xongkhyok monchayon. tharles sarsfields aasil defending champion. 1960 sonor 16 octoborot tumevarai finalot tharls charcefieldsor porajoyor pisot 3-15 ror poraa 2-08 championswip joy korisil. eitu aasil xamogrikbhabe teulukor doxom championswip khitap aaru 1931 sonor pisot teulukor prothomtu khitap.

1960 tipparari senior harling championship 1960 saaler tiparari senior harling championship chhilo tiparari senior harling championshiper 70tomo manchayan, 1887 saale tiparari county board dwara protisthito howar porr theke. thurless sursfields chhilo defending champion. 1960 saaler 16ee octobor finale thurs sursfielder kachhe 3-15 theke 2-08 porajoyer porr tomevara championship jitechilen. etty chhilo samogrikbhabe taader 10maum championship shiropa ebong 1931 saaler porr theke taader prothom shiropa.

1960 tiperi siniyara hurling championship championship tiperi siniyara hurling championship, tiperi siniyara hurling champiyanshipnu champiyanshipnu staging hatoo, jeey jeey tiperi kaauntii booard dwara tenee sthaapnaa thaee tyaarthi sharoo thayu hatoo. thursels sarsfields defending champiyan hataa. 16 october october roj, tomevara finalmaan thurs sarsfieldsnee 3-15 thee 2-08 haar baad championship jeetee hatee. teey ekandare temnu temnu championship title hatoo aneey 1931 pachhinu temnu pratham title hatoo.

1960 tipperary senior hurling championship 1960 kii tipperary senior hurling championship, 1887 mein tipperary county board dwara isaki sthaapana key baad seey tipperary senior hurling championship kaa 70vaan charan thaa. thursels sarsfields gata champion they. 16 octuber 1960 koo, tomewara ney final mein thurses sarsfields kii 3-15 seey 2-08 haar key baad championship jeeti. yeh unakaa kull milakar 10vaan championship khitaab thaa aur 1931 key baad seey unakaa pahala khitaab thaa.

1960 tipparari senior hurling championship 1960rahra tipparari senior hurling championship, tipparari kaunti mandaliyu 1887ralli sthaapisidaagininda tipparari senior hurling championshipna 70neey hantavagittu. thurles sarsfields haali champiyangalagiddavu. 1960rahra october 16randu, antima pandyadalli thurles sarsfields viruddha 3-15 rinda 2-08 solina nantara tomevara championship geddaru. idu ottare avara 10neey championship prashastiyagide mattu 1931rahra nantara avara modala prashastiyagide.

1960 tipareri varishtha fekane ajinkyapad spardha tipareri varishtha fekanyachi spardha hii tipareri varishtha fekanyachi spardha 1887 madhye tipareri county mandalane sthapan kelyapasoonchi 70 vee spardha hotee. thurles sarsfield heey gatavijete hote. 16 aktoobar 1960 roji antim fereet thurles sarsfieldscha 3-15 viruddha 2-08 assa parabhav jhalyanantar tomevarane ajinkyapad jinkale. heey tyanche ekoon ekoon ajinkyapad vijetepad hote aanee 1931 nantarche tyanche pahile vijetepad hote.

1960 tiparari siniara harlinga championship 1887 masihare tiparari county board dwara sthapita heba paratharu 1960 tiparari siniara harlinga championship tiparari siniara harlinga championshipra championshipra parjyaja thila. thurless sarsfields defending champion thile. 16 october 1960 ray, tumebhara phainalare thurless sarasaphildaku 3-15 ru 2-08 parajaya parey championship jitithile. ehaa samagrika bhabe semanankara 10maha championship title thila ebong 1931 paratharu semanankara pratham title thila .

1960 tippery senior hurling championship 1960 dee tippery senior hurling championship, tippery senior hurling championship daa 70vaan padaa see jadon toon 1887 witch tippery kaoonti board duaara iss dee sathapana keeti gaee see. thurles sarsfield rakkhiaa champion sunn. 16 aktubar 1960 noon, tomewara neey final witch thurles sarsfields dee 3-15 toon 2-08 haar toon baad championship jitti. ih kull milaa keey unhan daa 10vaan championship khitaab see atey 1931 toon baad unhan daa pahila khitaab see.

1960 tippareri varishta-harling-pratiyogitaa 1960 tamavarshasya tippareri-varishta-harling-chaampiyanship, tippareri-varishta-harling-chaampiyanship ityasya 70 tamam charanam aasit, yatah 1887 tame varshe tippareri-county-board ityanena sthaapitam. thurles-saars-fields iti defending-champion aasit. 1960 october 16 dinaanke antimaayaam spardhayam thurles-saars-fields-ityasya 3-15 taha 2-08 parajayena tomevara-varyaha championship-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot. ayam samagratayaa teshaam 10 tamah championship-upadhi aasit, 1931 tamaat varshaat param prathamah upadhi cha aasit.

1960 deparary mooththa veechchu saambiyanship 1960 deparary mooththa veechchu saambiyanship enbathu 1887 aam aandil deparary kavundi vaariyatthaal niruvappattathilirunthu deparary mooththa veechchu saambiyanshippin 70 vadhu kattamaagum. thursels sarspields tharkaappu saambiyangalaaga irunththanar. 1960 october 16 andru, iruthip poattiyil turles sarsfields thoalviyadaintha piragu domevara saambiyanshippai ventraar. idhu ottumoththamaaga avarkalin 10 vadhu saambiyanship pattamaagum mattrum 1931 kkup piragu avarkalin muthal pattamaagum.

1960 tipperry senior hurling championship 1960 tipparari senior hurling championship anedi 1887loe tipparari county boardu sthaapinchinappati nundi tipparari senior hurling championship yokka 70va staging. thurles sarsfields defending champiyanluga nilichaaru. 1960 aktobaru 16naa, tomevara finallo thurles saarsfieldsnu 3-15 nundi 2-08 oodinchina taruvaata champiyanshipnu geluchukunnadu. idhi mottam meeda vaari 10va championship taitil mariyu 1931 taruvaata vaari modati taitil.

1960 tapreri seniyar harling champine ship 1960 kii tapreri seniyar harling champine ship tapreri seniyar harling champine ship kaa 70 waan staging thaa jabb say 1887 mein tapreri county board nay iss kay qayaam kay baad say hay. tharlaz saars felds dafayi champine thay. 16 aktobar 1960 cow tomiwara nay final mein tharlaz saars felds kii 3-15 say 2-08 shakast kay baad champine ship jeeth lee. yaha majmuyi toor parr inn kaa 10 waan champine ship tytle thaa aur 1931 kay baad say inn kaa pehla tytle thaa.

00072199d9724f98227a00ccf23a4d0f7a91a8e8748e6a973bdfc226d9e349d2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14284302

Indolepyruvate decarboxylase

Indolepyruvate decarboxylase The enzyme indolepyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.74) catalyzes the chemical reaction 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate formula_1 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO2 This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate carboxy-lyase [(2-indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde-forming]. Other names in common use include indol-3-yl-pyruvate carboxy-lyase, and 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. Structural studies. As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 1OVM. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

indolepyruvate decarboxylage indolepyruvate decarboxylage () utxesoki raxayonik bikriyak onughotok kore. ei utxesok laijor poriyalor ontorgoto, bixexkoi carb "x"-lies, ji carbon-carbon bandhun bischinno kore. ei utxesok shrenir poddhotigot naam hoise 3-(indol-3-el) pyruvate carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-el) acetaldehyde-gothon]. xadharon byoboharot thoka aan naamxomuhor bhitorot aase indol-3-el-pyruvate carboxy-lies, aaru 3-(indol-3-el) pyruvate carboxy-lies. ei utxesoktuwe tryptophan bipakot ongxogrohon kore. gothonmulok odhyoyon. 2007 sonor xexor faale, ei shrenir utxesokor baabe pi. di. bi. obhigom coder xoite kewol etaa gathoni xomadhan koraa hoise.

indolipyruvate decarboxyless inzyme indolipyruvate decarboxyless () rasayanik bikriyake onughotok korey. eyi utsechokti lices poribarer ontorgoto, biseshoto carboxy-lices, jaa carbon-carbon bondhonke bivokto korey. eyi utsechok shrenir niyamatantrik naam holl 3-(indol-3-wile) pyruvet carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-wile) acetaldehyde-gathon]. sadharan byaboharer anyanno namgulir modhye royeche indol-3-oyela-pyruvet carboxy-lies ebong 3-(indol-3-oyela) pyruvet carboxy-lies. eyi utsechokti tryptophan bipak prokriyay ongshogrohon korey. kathamogoto adhyayan. 2007 saaler shesher dike, pii. dii. bii axes code soho eyi shrenir enzymegulir jonno shudhumatra ekti kathamo samadhan koraa hoyeche.

indolipiruvet decarboxylase enzyme indolipayruvet decarboxylase () rasayanik pratikriyaane utprereet karey chhe. aaa utsechak lias parivaar saathe sambandhit chhe, khaas kareene carboxy-lias, jeey carbon-carbon bandhane vibhajit karey chhe. aaa utsechak vargnoo vyavsthit naam 3-(indol-3-yl) pyruvet carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehyde-rachnaa] chhe. saamanya upyogmaa levaata anya naamoma indol-3-vaayal-pyruvet carboxy-lies aneey 3-(vaayal-3-vaayal) pyruvet carboxy-lizeno samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa utsechak tryptophan chayapachayma bhaag leey chhe. malkhakiy abhyaas. 2007naa anta sudhimaa, aaa vargnaa utsechako maate maatra aek jaj maalakhu pii. dii. bii. pravesh qoda saathe ukelvaamaa aavyu chhe.

indolipiruvet decarboxylase enzyme indolipyruvate decarboxylase () rasayanik pratikriya koo utprerit kartaa haye. yeh enzyme lices key parivaar seey sambandhit haye, vishesh roop seey carboxy-lices, joe carbon-carbon bandhanon koo todate hain. iss enzyme varg kaa vyavasthit naam 3-(indol-3-yl) pyruvet carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehyde-forming] haye. aam upayog mein anya naamon mein indol-3-ell-pyruvet carboxy-lies aur 3-(indol-3-ell) pyruvet carboxy-lies shamil hain. yeh enzyme tryptophan chayapachaya mein bhaag letaa haye. sanrachanaatmak adhyayan. 2007 key anta taka, pee. dee. bee. abhigam code key saath enzymon key iss varg key liye kewal ack sanrachana hull kii gaee haye.

indolepiruvet decarboxylase indolepyruvate decarboxylase () emba kinvavu rasayanika pratikriyeyannu vegavardhisuttade. ee kinvavu laisesgala kutumbakke seride, nirdishtavagi carbon-carbon bandhagalannu wadeyuwa carboxy-laisesgalu. ee kinwa vargada vyavasthita hesaru 3-(indol-3-yl) pairuvet carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehyde-forming]. saamaanya balakeyalliruva itara hesarugalalli indol-3-ail-pairuvet carboxy-lies mattu 3-(indol-3-ail) pairuvet carboxy-lies serive. ee kinvavu tryptophan chayapachaya kriyeyalli bhagavahisuttade. rachanaatmaka adhyayanagalu. 2007rahra koneya hottige, ee vargada kinvagalige pii. dii. bii. pravesha sanketadondige kevala ondu rachaneyannu maatra pariharisalaagide.

indolepairuvettu decarboxylase indolepairuvettu decarboxylase () enna ensime raasapravarthanathe uthejippikkunnu. eee ensime lices kudumbatthil pedunnu, prathyekichu kaarban-kaarban bondukal vighadippikkunna carboxy-lices. eee ensime klaasinte chittayaya peru 3-(indoll-3-ail) pairuvettu carboxy-lies [(2-indoll-3-ail) asataldehyde-forming] ennaanu. saadhaarana upayogikkunna mattu perukalil indoll-3-ail-pairoovettu carboxy-layes, 3-(indoll-3-ail) pairoovettu carboxy-layes enniva ulppedunnu. eee ensime tryptophan mettabolisatthil pankedukkunnu. gadanaaparamaaya padanangal. 2007 avasaanathode, eee klaas ensaimukalkku pii. dii. bii accession coode upayogichu oru ghadana maathrame pariharichittulloo.

indolipyruvate decarboxylase indolipyruvate decarboxylase () heey enzyme rasayanik pratikriyes utprerit karate. heey enzyme licesschya kutumbatil aahe, visheshtah carboxy-lices, jeey carbon-carbon bandh todatat. yaa enzyme vargache paddhatshir naav 3-(indol-3-yl) pyruvet carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehyde-forming] aahe. samanya vaparat asalelya itar navanmadhye indol-3-yl-pyruvet carboxy-lies aanee 3-(indol-3-yl) pyruvet carboxy-lies yancha samavesh hoto. heey enzyme tryptophan chayapchayamadhye sahbhagi hote. sanrachanatmak abhyas. 2007 chya uttaradhat, yaa vargatil enzymesathi pii. dii. bii. pravesh codes keval ekach rachana sodavanyat aalee aahe.

indolipiruwet decarboxylase angime indolipyruvate decarboxylase () ley rasayanik pratikriyalai utprerit gardacha. yo angime liesko pariwarsanga sambandhit chha, vishesh gari carboxy-liesharu, jasle carbon-carbon bandhanharu todchha. yass angime wargako wyawasthit naam 3-(indole-3-yl) pairubhet carboxy-lies [(2-indole-3-yl) acetaldehyde-banaune] how. samanya prayogma raheka anya namharuma indole-3-yl-pairubhet carboxy-lies, rar 3-(indole-3-yl) pairubhet carboxy-lies samawesh chhan. yo angimele tryptophan metabolismma bhag linchha. sanrachanatmak adhyayan. sann 2007 ko antyasamma, pdb accession kodko sath enjaimharuko yass wargaka lagi kewal euta sanrachana samadhan garieko chha.

indolepairuvet decarboxylase indolepairuveta decarboxylase () namaka enzyme rasajanika pratikrijaku utprerita karithae. ehi enzyme liesus paribarara, bisesh curry carboxy-liesus, jaahaa carbon-carbon bandhaku bhangithae. ehi enzyme shrenira byabasthita naama heuchhi 3-(indole-3-yil) pairubhet carboxy-lies [(2-indole-3-yil) acetaldehyde-gathan]. sadharana byabaharare thiba anya namagudika madhyare indole-3-yil-pairubhet carboxy-lies, ebong 3-(indole-3-yil) pairubhet carboxy-lies antarbhukta . ehi enzyme tryptophan metabolism ray anshagrahana kare . dhanchagata adhyajana. 2007 masiha shesh suddha, pii. dii. bii. abhigamya code sahita ehi shrenira enzyme paain kebala gotie dhanchara samadhan karajaichi.

indolepyruvate decarboxylase indolepyruvate decarboxylase () paachak rasayanak pratikriaa noon utprerit karda haii. ih anzime lies dey parivaar naal sabandhat haii, khaas karke carboxy-lies, joe carbon-carbon bandhanan noon todade hunn. iss anzime class daa yojnabadh naam 3-(indol-3-yl) pyruvate carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehyde-farming] haii. aam varton witch horr naavan witch indol-3-yl-pyruvate carboxy-lies atey 3-(indol-3-yl) pyruvate carboxy-lies shamal hunn. ih anzime tryptophan paachak kiriaa witch hissa lainda haii. dhanchagat adhiaen. 2007 dey akheer takk, pee. dee. bee. accession code dey naal, pachkan dee iss shreni laee siraf ikk banatar noon hall keeta giaa haii.

indolipiruvet decarboxylase indolipiruvet decarboxylase () iti enzaim rasayanika-pratikriyam utpreritam karoti. ayam enzaim lasses-parivaarasya asti, visheshatah carboxy-lasses, ye carbon-carbon-bandhaan vicchedyante. asya enzaim-vargasya vyavasthitam naam 3-(indol-3-yl) piruvet carboxy-lais [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehad-nirmanam] iti asti. samanya-upayoge anyeshu naameshu indol-3-aal-pairuvet carboxy-lais, 3-(indol-3-aal) pairuvet carboxy-lais cha santi. etat enzaim tryptophan-metabolism ityasmin bhaagam vahati. samrachanaatmak adhyayanm. 2007 tamavarshasya ante, asya vargasya enzaim-krute pi. dii. bii.-abhigama-sanketena saha kevalam ekaa samrachanaa eva pariharitaa asti.

indolebruwate techorboxylase indolibrewate digar baxilase () ensime irasaayana ethirvinaiyai ookkuvikkirathu. inththa nothi lysays kudumbaththaich saernthathu, kurippaaga corbon-corbon pinaippugalai pilavupaduththum carboxy-lysays. inththa nothiyin vagai muraiyaana peyar 3-(indoal-3-aiel) pairuvaet carboxy-lies [(2-indoal-3-aiel) acetalthyte-uruvaakkam] aagum. podhuvaana payanpaattil ulla pira peyarkalil indoal-3-ail-pairuvaet carboxy-lies mattrum 3-(indoal-3-ail) pairuvaet carboxy-lies aagiyavai adangkum. inththa nothi tryptophan valarsithai maattraththil pankeerkirathu. kattamaippu aaivugal. 2007 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, inththa vagai ensaimkalukku oray oru amaippu mattumae theerkkappattullathu, pdp anugal kuriyeettudan.

indolepiruvet decarboxylase indolepyruvate decarboxylase () enjaim rasayana praticharyanu utprerakam chestundi. eee enjaim lysays kutumbaaniki chendinadi, mukhyamgaa carbon-carbon bandhaalanu cheelche carboxy-lysays. eee enjaim taragati yokka kramabaddhamaina paeru 3-(indol-3-yl) pairuvet carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yl) acetaldehyde-forming]. saadhaarana upayogamlo unna itara paerlaloo indol-3-yl-pairuvet carboxy-lies, mariyu 3-(indol-3-yl) pairuvet carboxy-lies unnaayi. eee enjaim tryptophan metabolismlo paalgontundi. nirmaanaatmaka adhyayanalu. 2007 chivari natiki, eee taragati enjaimlaku pii. dii. bii accession kodto oke oka nirmaanam matrame parishkarinchabadindi.

indolperovet decarboxylus inzaem indolperovet decarboxylus () kimiyayi radh amal kuu mutharik kartaa hay yaha inzaem lices kay khaandaan say taaluq rakhta hay khaas toor parr carboxy lices juu carbon carbon kay bandhanon kuu todtay haine. iss inzaem klaas kaa manzam naam 3-(indol-3-yall) pyrovait carboxy-lies [(2-indol-3-yall) acetaldehyde bananay waali] hay. aam istemaal mein deegar naamon mein indol-3-ill-pyrovait carboxy-lies aur 3-(indol-3-ill) pyrovait carboxy-lies shaamil haine. yaha inzaem tryptophane metabolism mein hasah leeta hay. saakhti mutalah. 2007 kay aakhir takk inzaimon kii iss klaas kay liye pee ddee bee alhaaq code kay saath sarf eek saakhat hall kii gayee hay.

000723e1aaf015077f2156af6226f445af88d52d0b558d46b752a90eb942b51b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44056752

Way of the Dead

Way of the Dead Way of the Dead is the second studio album by Yakuza, released in 2002. It marks a distinct departure from the post-hardcore sound of their debut, with a more experimental approach, fusing elements of alternative metal, sludge metal, hardcore and jazz. Some refer to this eclectic sound as "jazzcore". The second half of the album is composed entirely of the 43-minute track "01000011110011", an extended electric avant-jazz jam. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mritoxokolor poth wey owo dyo dead hoise 2002 sonot mukti puwa yakujar dwitiyo studio 'elbam. ee teulukor aatmoprokaxor post-hardok "ror xobdor poraa ek prithok nirborton sinhito kore, odhik porikhyamulok poddhotir xoite, bikolpo dhaatu, slaaz metal, hardok" ror aaru jejor upadanxomuh ekotrito kore. kisumane ei nirbasito xobdotuk "jejok" ror "buli ullekh kore. elbamtur dwitiyo ordhangxo xompurnorupe 43 minutor trekk "00000011110011" ror dwara rosit, jitu ek xomproxarito boidyutik avent-jez jaam.

mritoder poth oye off dya deeda holl iakuzar dwitiya studio album, jaa 2002 saale mukti paay. etty taader abhisheker poosta-hardcore shobdo theke ekti swatantra prosthan chinnito korey, arow poriikkhamulok poddhotir saathe, bikalpa dhatu, slaz dhatu, hardcore ebong jyajer upadangulike sangjukto korey. keu keu eyi sargrahi shobdotike "jazcor" hisabe ullekh corren. albumer dwitiardhoti sampurnarupe 43 minuter track "00000011110011", ekti bordhito boidyutik avant-jyaja jyama niye gothito.

mrutakono maarg weey off dhaa deeda aee yakuzanu beeju studiyo album chhe, jeey jeey rajoo thayu hatoo. teey vaikalpik dhaatu, kaadav dhaatu, kattar aneey jaaznaa tatvone bhelvine vadhu prayogik abhigam saathe, temnaa pratham poosta-hardcore avaajthee alag prasthaanne chinhit karey chhe. ketlaak loko aaa saargraahi avaajne "jazcor" tareeke odakhaave chhe. aalbamnu beeju ardhbhaag sampurnpane 43-minutena track "00000011110011" thee banelu chhe, jeey vistrut electric avent-jaaz jaam chhe.

marane vaalon kaa raasta way off dha dade, 2002 mein jaari yakuja kaa doosara studio album haye. yeh unaki shuruat key baad kii hardcore dhwani seey ack alag prasthaan kaa prateek haye, jisamen vaikalpik dhaatu, keechad dhaatu, kattar aur jaiz key tatvon koo adhik prayogaatmak drishtikon key saath milaaya gayaa haye. kuchh loga iss sargrahi dhwani koo "jazcor" key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. album kaa doosara bhaag poori tarah seey 43 minut key track "0100001111" seey banaa haye, joe ack vistaarit electric avant-jaiz jaim haye.

sattavara daari daari bidugadeyaada way off dhii dead yaakujaada eradane studio album aagide. idu paryaya loha, kesaru loha, hardcore mattu jajhgala amshagalannu beseyuva hecchu prayogika vidhaanadondige, avara chocchala post-hardcore dhwaniyinda vibhinnavaada nirgamanavannu soochisuttade. kelavaru ee sarasangrahi dhwaniyannu "jajhkor" endu ullekhisuttaare. albumna dvitiyaardhavu sampoornavaagi 43 nimishagala haadu "00000011110011" ninda koodide, idu vistruta vidyut awant-jaajh jaam aagide.

marichavarude vazhi 2002ll purathirangiya yaakkoosayude randaamathe studiyo aalbamaan way oof dhaa dedd. ithu avarude arangettatthinte poost-hardcore shabdathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru vyathichalanathe adayaalappeduthunnu, kooduthal pareekshanathmaka sameepanathode, badal lohathinte gadakangal, sludge mettal, hardcore, jaas enniva samyojippikkunnu. chilar eee eklaktik shabdathe "jasscore" ennu vilikkunnu. aalbathinte randaam pakuthi poornnamaayum 43 minitt dairkhyamulla trackaya "00000011110011", oru vipuleekritha electric avant-jaas jaam aanu.

mrutancha marg weey auph daad deed haah yakuzacha 2002 madhye pradarshit jhalela dusra studio album aahe. paryayi dhatoo, gaal, hardcor aanee jazche ghatak misalananya adhik prayogik drushtikonasaha, tyanchya padarpanachya poost-hardcor dhvanipasoon haah eka vegala prasthan darshavito. kahijan yaa sargrahi dhwanila "jazcore" mhanoon sambodhatat. albumcha uttarardh purnapane 43 minitanchya '00000011110011' yaa vistarit vidyut avant-jazz jamchya ganyane banalela aahe.

mrityuko marga mritharuko bato yakujako dosro studio album how, june 2002 maa jaari garieko thiyo. yasale uniharuko debueko post-hardcore dhwanibata ek farak prasthanlai chinha lagaunchha, adhik prayogatmak drishtikonko sath, vaikalpik dhatu, sluz dhatu, hardcore rar jyajko tatwaharu fuse gardacha. kasaile yass sargrahi dhwanilai "jyajkor" bhanera sandarbha garchhan. albumko dosro bhag purna rupma 43 minetko track "00000011110011", ek wistarit electric awant-jyaj jyambata baneko chha.

mrutamanankara path we off daa dead heuchhi jakujanka dwiteeja studio album, jaahaa 2002 ray muktilabha karithila . ehaa semanankara pratham post-hardcore dhwani thaaru eka swatantra prasthanaku chinhita kare, eka adhika parikhyamulaka abhimukhya sahita, bikalpa dhaatu, kadua dhaatu, hardcore ebong jaz rahr upadanaku feuse kare . keteka ehi saragrahi dhwanitiku "jazcor" bolly kahanti. albummer dwiteejardha sampurna bhabe 43 minitor track "00000011110011" ray gathita, jaahaa eka bardhita baidyutika abhanta-jaz zaam.

murdiaan daa raah way aaf dha dedd, yakuza dee duji studio album haii, joe 2002 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih uhanan dee shuruat dee post-hardcore aavaaz toon ikk vakkhari vakkhari vakkhari haii, ikk vadhere prayogatmak pahunch dey naal, vikalpik dhaat, gandgi dhaat, hardcore atey jaiz dey tattan noon milaundi haii. kujh iss chonvin aavaaz noon "jazcor" kahinde hunn. album daa dooja addh puurii tarahan 43 mint dey track "00000011110011", ikk vistrit electric avent-jaiz jaim naal baniaa haii.

iranththavargalin vazhi 2002 aam aandil veliyidappatta yakusavin irandaavathu studio aalbam vae off thii tett aagum. idhu avarkalin arimugaththin poast-hardcore oliyilirunthu oru thaniththuvamaana purakanippaik kurikkirathu, maelum soathanai anugumuraiyudan, maattru uloagam, saeru uloagam, hardcore mattrum jaas aagiyavattrin koorugalai inaikkirathu. silar inththa thernthedukkappatta oliyai "jascore" endru kurippidugiraargal. aalpaththin irandaam paathi muttrilum 43 nimida track "00000011110011", oru neettikappatta minsaara avent-jaas jaam moolam iyatrtrappattullathu.

chanipoyinavaari maargam 2002loe vidudalaina vae off dhi ded anedi yakuja yokka rendava studio album. idhi vaari toli post-hardcore sound nundi pratyaekamaina nishkramananu suuchistumdi, marinta prayogaatmaka vidhaanamtho, pratyaamnaaya metal, sludge metal, hardcore mariyu jaz yokka amsaalanu militam chestundi. kondaru eee pariseelanaatmaka dhwanini "jazcor" anie pilustaaru. album yokka rendava sagam puurtigaa 43 nimishala track "00000011110011" thoo koodi undhi, idhi podiginchina electric awant-jaz jaam.

marnay waalon kaa raastah wee aaf dee deed yakoza kaa dosra studio album hay juu 2002 mein release hawaa thaa. yaha inn kay debio kay post haard coor aawaz say eek alg rawangi kii nishandahi kartaa hay jiss mein muthbadil dhaat keechad dhaat hardcore aur jaaz kay anaasir kuu milaa kirr mazeed tajarbati naqtah nazar hay. kachh loag iss intekhabi aawaz kuu "jazkoor" kehtay haine. album kaa dosra nasf makmal toor parr 43 mint kay track "01000011110011" parr mushtamil hay juu eek tausiyi barqi avent jaaz jaam hay.

00072a8be9af3fbafd3a9fec679ae676fdabde5df9e0270428af31df90c240f6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14972816

Tuckerboot (hydrogen)

Tuckerboot (hydrogen) A Tuckerboot on hydrogen is an 8-person ship, power-assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. Two boats are operating in Hamburg. The design is based on the AMS Tuckerboot 675. Refueling. The boats are refueled with exchangeable tanks at the hydrogen station at Hamburg Airport Specifications. Boat 6.76 m long, 2.44 m wide, draft 0.54 m, 15 Nm3 hydrogen storage tank, with two 1.2 kW/24 V PEM fuel cells, a 24V/180Ah battery, two electric motors (, 24 V, 28 A each) for 8 passengers. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

takarbut (hydro "zen) hydro "jenor uporot thoka tokorbut hoise 8 john lukor ekhon jahaj, jitu boidyutik motoror xohayot xoktir xohayot etaa indhon kuxor poraa iyar bidyut laabh kore. hembergot dukhon naau soli aase. ei designtu e. em. ess. takarbut 675-ror uporot aadharito. indhon bhorai diya. hamberg bimanbondoror hydro "zen stationot nauburok binimoyjugyo tenkore bhorai diya hoy. bixexotwoxomuh. naau 6.76 mitter dighol, 2.44 mitter bohol, draft 0.54 mitter, 15 nm hydro "zen storage tenk, dutaa 1.2 kiluwat/24 bhi pem indhon kuxor xoite, etaa 24 bhi/180 aais betari, 8 john jatrir baabe dutaa boidyutik motor (, 24 bhi, 28 e protitu).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogener upor ekti tuckerboot holl ekti 8-byaktir jahaz, jaa ekti boidyutik motor dwara shakti-sahayata paay jaa ekti jalani kosh theke taar bidyut paay. hamberge duti nauka kaaj korche. eyi nakshati ams tuckerboot 675-err upor vitti korey toiri. jalani bharat koraa. hamburg bimanbandar hydrogen statione binimoyogyo tank diye noukagulite jalani bhora hoy. nirdishtokoron. 6. 76 mitter lomba, 2.44 mitter chaoda, 0.54 mitter khasda, 15 nm hydrogen storage tank, duti 1.2 kilowatt/24 vee pema jalani kosh, ekti 24vee/180aaich battery, 8 john jatrir jonno duti boidyutik motor (, 24vee, 28ayee).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogen parnoo tuckerboot aee 8 vyaktionun jahaaj chhe, jeey vidhyut motara dwara veej sahaayit chhe jeey tenee vijadee indhan koshmathi melve chhe. hambergma beey booat kaaryarat chhe. aaa design aee. aema. aesa. tuckerboot 675 parr aadharit chhe. refuelling. hamberg airport parr hydrogen station parr hodeeomaa vinimayaksham taankiothi indhan bharvama aave chhe vishishtataao. 6. 76 meater laambi, 2.44 meater paholi, draft 0.54 meater, 15 nm hydrogen storage tenk, beey 1.2 kilovot/24 vee. paym indhan kosho saathe, 24 vee./180aech battery, 8 musafaro maate beey electric motors (, 24 vee, 28 aee).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogen parr ack tuckerboot ack 8-vyakti jahaaj haye, joe ack vidyut motor dwara shakti-sahaayata praapt haye joe ack eendhan cell seey apani bijli praapt kartaa haye. hamberg mein dou naukaaen chala rahee hain. design aeye. aim. aiss. tuckerboot 675 parr adharit haye. eendhan bharein. hamberg havaai adde parr hydrogen station parr naukaaon koo vinimay yogya tankon key saath eendhan bharaa jaataa haye. vinirdesh. naav 6.76 meater lambi, 2.44 meater chaudi, 0.54 meater kaa masauda, 15 nm hydrogen bhandaran tank, dou 1.2 kilowatt/24 vee. pee. aim. eendhan koshikaon key saath, ack 24 vee./180aeye. battery, 8 yaatriyon key liye dou vidyut motor (, 24 vee., 28 aeye.).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogen mele tuckerboot 8-vyaktigala hadagu, idu indhana koshadinda tanna vidyut annu padeyuva vidyut motaru sahayadinda vidyut-sahayavannu padeyuttade. hambergnalli eradu doonigalu kaaryanirvahisuttive. ee vinyaasavu ams tuckerboot 675 annu aadhariside. indhana tumbuvudu. hamberg vimaana nildaanadalliruva hydrogen nildaanadalli doonigalige vinimaya maadabahudaada tankgalinda indhana tumbisalaaguttade. visheshanagalu. 6. 76 mea udda, 2.44 mea agala, draft 0.54 mea, 15 enm hydrogen shekharana tank, eradu 1.2 kilowatt/24 vii pem indhana koshagalu, 24vii/180etch battery, 8 prayanikarige eradu vidyut motorgalu (, 24vii, 28aa).

tuckerboot (hydrajan) oru indhana sellil ninnu vaidyuthi labhikkuna oru electric motorinte sahaayathode pravartthikkunna 8 aalukalulla kappalaan hydrajanile tuckerboot. hambergill rund bottukal pravartthikkunnu. ams tuckerboot 675 adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu design. indhanam niraykkunnu. hamberg vimanathavalathile hydrajan steshanil kaimaattam cheyyaavunna taankukal upayogichu bottukalkku indhanam niraykkunnu savisheshathakal. 6. 76 meter neelavum 2.44 meter veethiyumulla boat, 0.54 meter draaft, 15 enm hydrajan storeju tank, rund 1.2 kilowatt/24 vii pem fueval cellukal, oru 24vii/180echu baattari, 8 yaathrakkaarkk rund electric motorukal (24vii, 28eiii oronnum).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogenveril tuckerboot heey 8 vyaktinche jahaj aahe, jeey vidyut motordware shakti-sahayyit aahe jeey indhan selmadhun tyachi veej midvate. hambergmadhye done boaty karyarat aahet. hii rachana aii. emm. ess. tuckerboot 675 varr aadharit aahe. indhan bharane. hamberg vimantalavaril hydrogen sthankavar naukanmadhye adlabadal karnyayogya takyanni indhan bharavale jaate vaishishtye. 6. 76 meater lamb, 2.44 meater rund, masuda 0.54 meater, 15 nm hydrogen sathavan taakee, done 1.2 kilowatt/24 vhee. paym indhan peshi, 24 vhee./180 aii. etch. battery, 8 pravashansathi done vidyut motors (, 24 vhee., 28 aii.).

takarbuta (hydrogen) hydrogenma raheko takarbuta euta 8-wyaktiko jahaz how, jaslai vidyutiya motorle bijuli sahayog gardacha jasle indhan selbata yasako bijuli prapta gardacha. hambergma duiwata dunga sanchalan bhairaheko chha. yo design ams takarbuta 675 maa adharit chha. refuelling. hamberg wimansthalko hydrogen stationma adanpradan yogya tankyharule dungaharulai indhan bharincha. wishishtataharu. dunga 6.76 mitter lamo, 2.44 mitter chauda, draft 0.54 mitter, 15 nm hydrogen bhandaran tanky, dui 1.2 1.2 pame indhan selharu, selharu battry, dui vidyutiya motorharu (, 24bhi, 28ae pratyek) 8 yatruharuka lagi.

tockerboot (hydrogen) hydrogen upare eka tockerbot heuchhi eka 8-byakti jahaz, eka baidyutika motor dwara shakti-sahajaka jaahaa eka indhan selaru ehara bidyut paithae . hambergre duiti danga karjya karuchhi. ehi design ms tockerboot 675 upare aadharita. indhan bharata. hamberg biman bandara thiba hydrogen stationre dangagudiku binimajogya tyanka dwara indhan bhartti karajaithae. nirdistata. danga 6.76 mitter lumb, 2.44 mitter chauda, draft 0.54 mitter, 15 nm hydrogen storage tyank, duiti 1.2 kilowatt/24 bhi paym indhan cell, eka eka battery, 8 john jatrinka paain duiti baidyutika motor (, (, 28aii).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogen utte ikk tuckerboot ikk 8 viaktiaan daa jahaz haii, joe ikk bijli motor duaara bijli-sahaita prapat karda haii joe ikk baalan saill toon aapni bijli prapat karda haii. hamberg witch doou kishtiaan chall rahiaan hunn. ih design aii. aimm. aiss. tuckerboot 675 'teey adharat haii. reflution. hamberg havaai adde 'teey hydrogen station' teey kishtiaan noon badlan yog tainkan naal bhariaa jaanda haii. visheshtavan. 6. 76 meeter lambi, 2.44 meeter chaudi, draft 0.54 meeter, 15 ainn. aimm. hydrogen storage taink, doou 1.2 kilowatt/24 vee. aimm. fiool saillan dey naal, ikk 24vee/180aiiaich battery, 8 yatrian laee doou electric motoran (, 24vee, 28aii harek).

tuckerboot (hadrogen) hadrogen-upari yuktah takkarboot iti 8-vyakti-yuktah naukaayaanah asti, yasya vidyut-sahaayakah vidyut-motor asti, yat indhana-koshena vidyut praaptam karoti. humberg-nagare dwau naukaah karyam kurvanti. asya vinyaasah e. emm. ess. takkarboot 675 ityasya aadhaaren asti. indhanam punah poorayati. humberg-vimanasthanakasya hadrogen-sthaanake naukaah vinimayayogya-tyaank-dwara indhanam poorayanti. vinirdishtaani. 6. 76 mee. deerghah, 2.44 mee. vistrutah, draft 0.54 mee., 15 enn. emm. hadrogen-bhandaaran-tyaank, 1.2 kilowatt/24 vee. pee. emm. indhana-kakshaih saha, 24 vee./180e. ech. battery, 8 yatrikanam krute dwau vidyut-motor (, 24 vee., 28 e.).

tuckerbood (hydrajan) hydrajanil ulla oru tuckerbood enbathu 8 paer konda kappal aagum, idhu oru minsaara motoral minsaaram uthaviyudan adhan minsaaraththai oru eriporul kalaththilirunthu perukirathu. haambarkil irandu padagugal iyangki varukintrana. inththa vadivamaippu ams tuckerbood 675 aii adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. eriporul nirapputhal. haambark vimaana nilaiyaththil ulla hydrajan nilaiyaththil maattrakkoodiya thottikalaal padagugalukku eriporul nirappappadukirathu. vivarakkurippugal. 6. 76 meettar neelam, 2.44 meettar agalam, 0.54 meettar varaivu, 15 enm hydrajan saemippu thotti, irandu 1.2 kilowatt/24 vii pem eriporul kalangkal, oru 24 vii/180aech pattery, 8 payanigalukku irandu minsaara moattaargal (, 24 vii, 28 aee).

tuckerboot (hydrogen) hydrogen meeda unna tuckerboot anedi 8 mandhi vyaktula ooda, idhi indhana kanam nundi daani vidyuttunu pondhe vidyut motaru dwara shakti-sahayamtho untundi. hamberglo rendu padavalu panicheestunnaayi. eee design ams tuckerboot 675 aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. indhanam nimpadam. hamberg vimaanaasrayamlooni hydrogen station vadda marpidi cheyagala tankulatho padavalaku indhanam nimputaaru lakshanaalu. padava 6.76 mea podavu, 2.44 mea vedalpu, draft 0.54 mea, 15 nm hydrogen nilva tank, rendu 1.2 kilowatt/24 vii pem indhana kanaalu, 24vii/180ehech battery, 8 mandhi prayaaneekulaku rendu electric motorlu (, 24vii, 28eah okkokkati).

takar boat (hydrogen) hydrogen parr takar boat eek 8 afraad kaa jehaaz hay jiss kii taaqat eek barqi motor kii madad say hoti hay juu aindhan kay sail say apnee bajli haasil karti hay. hamberg mein duu kashtiyan chull rahee haine. yaha design aey ayem aiss takar boat 675 parr mubni hay. aindhan bharna. hamberg hawai aday parr hydrogen station parr kashtiyon kuu qaabil tabadlah tenkon say bharaa jaataa hay wazahatein. kashti 6.76 metter lumby 2.44 metter chodee draft 0.04 metter 15 aine ayem hydrogen storage tenk duu 1.2 clow waat/24 wee paim fewal sail eek 24 wee/180 aey aich battery 8 musafiron kay liye duu electrik motors (yee 24 wee 28 aey harr eek).

00072aec3cd8b6507a6191ec071f6ee9f8cac3649fc37418a066e8913e60f1e5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60175326

Anna Kuzmenko

Anna Kuzmenko Russian-born figure skater (born 2004) Anna Alexandrovna Kuzmenko (, born 27 February 2004) is a Russian-born figure skater who competes for France. She is the 2019 French junior national champion and represented the country at the 2019 World Junior Championships, advancing to the free skate and finishing 15th overall. Career. 2018–2019 season. In the 2018–2019 season, she debuted in the ISU Junior Grand Prix series. At the 2019 French Championships, Kuzmenko won the junior gold medal. In March 2019, she represented France at the 2019 World Junior Championships in Zagreb, Croatia. Ranked 7th in the short, she vaulted into the penultimate (second-to-last) group for the free skate, where she placed only 18th, falling to 15th overall. Competitive highlights. For France. "JGP: Junior Grand Prix" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aanna kujmengku aana alekjendrubhona kujmenoku (, jonmo 27 february 2004) ejon rasiyat jonmogrohon koraa figure skater ji francer hoi protidondita kore. teu 2019 sonor france juniyor rastriyo champion aaru 2019 sonor biswo juniyor championswipot dexok protinidhitwo kori free skateloi aagbarhi yaay aaru xamogrikbhabe xamogrikbhabe sthan laabh kore. keriyar. 2018-2019 ritu. 2018-2019 sijonot teu aai. ess. eu juniyor grand prix sirijot aatmoprokax korisil. 2019 sonor france championswipot kujmenokuwe juniyor sworno podok laabh korisil. 2019 sonor march maahot croatier jagrebot onusthito 2019 sonor biswo juniyor championswipot franceok protinidhitwo korisil. suti khelot 7moo sthanot thoka teu free skator baabe upantiyo (dwitiyor poraa ontim) gutot bho 'lt korisil, zo' too teu maatro maatro sthan laabh korisil, xamogrikbhabe xamogrikbhabe sthanoloi porisil. protijugitamulok highlite. francer baabe. "je. ji. pi.: juniyor grand prix"

aanaa kuzmenko aanaa alekjandrovna kuzemonko (, jonmo 27 february 2004) ekjon russian bongshodbhuto figure skater jini francer hoye protidwondita corren. tini 2019 saaler farasi junior jatiya champion ebong 2019 saaler bishwa junior championshipe desher protinidhitto corren, phri sketer dike agrasar hohn ebong samogrikbhabe 15tomo sthan orjon corren. pesha. 2018-2019 morsum. 2018-2019 morsume, tini isu junior granned prix sirije atmoprokash corren. 2019 saaler farasi championshipe, kuzmenko junior swarnapadak jitechilen. 2019 saaler march maase, tini croatier jagrebe 2019 bishwa junior championshipe francer protinidhitto korechilen. short-ayee 7maum sthane thaka tini phri sketer jonno upantiya (dwitiya theke shesh) groupe volt korechilen, jekhane tini samogrikbhabe 15tomo sthane neme eshe matro 18tomo sthane chhilen. protijogitamulok highlite. francer jonno. "jeey. zii. pih junior granned prix"

annaa kuzmenko aenaa alekzandrovna kuzmenko (, janm 27 februari 2004) russiama janmeli figure skater chhe jeey france maate spardhaa karey chhe. teey 2019 french juniyar raashtriy champiyan chhe aneey 2019 vishva juniyar champiyanshipma deshnu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo, free skatema aagad vadheene aneey ekandare 15maa sthaane rahee hatee. karkirdi. 2018-2019 mosam. 2018-2019 seasonma, teneeae isu juniyar grand prix shreneema padaarpan karyoo hatoo. 2019 french champiyanshipma, kuzmenko juniyar suvarn chandrak jeetyo hato. march 2019maan, temane croatiana zagrebma 2019 vishva juniyar champiyanshipma francenu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. tunkaa gaadaama 7maa krame, teneeae free skate maate upantya (bijaathi chhella) juthamaa pravesh karyo, jyaan teneeae maatra 18muun sthaan melavyu, aneey ekandare 15maa sthaane aavee gaee. spardhaatmak highlites. france maate. "jeey. jee. pii.: juniyar grand prix"

enaa kuzmenko enaa alekjendrovna kuzmenko (, janm 27 farwari 2004) ack russie-janmit figure skater hain joe france key liye pratispardha karati hain. vaha 2019 kii francisi junier rashtriya champion hain aur 2019 kii vishva junier championship mein desh kaa pratinidhitva karate hue, free skate mein aage badh rahee hain aur kull milakar 15vein sthaan parr hain. carrier. 2018-2019 mausam. 2018-2019 season mein, unhone isu junier grand prix seereez mein shuruat kii. 2019 kii french championship mein, kuzmenko ney junier swarn padak jeetaa. march 2019 mein, unhone croatia key zagreb mein 2019 vishva junier championship mein france kaa pratinidhitva kiya. short mein 7vein sthaan parr, vaha free skate key liye upaant (dusare seey antim) samooh mein shamil hui, jahan vaha kewal 18vein sthaan parr rahee, kull milakar 15vein sthaan parr aaa gaee. pratispardhi mukhya aakarshan. france key liye. "jey. jee. pee.: junier grand prix"

annah kuzmenko annah alexandrovna kuzmenko (janana 27 phebravari 2004) rashyaadalli janisida figure skater aagiddu, avaru france para spardhisuttaare. avaru 2019rahra french junier rashtriya champiyan agiddare mattu 2019rahra vishwa junier champiyanshipnalli deshavannu pratinidhisi, free skatege munnadedaru mattu ottaareyaagi 15neey sthana galisidaru. vrattijeevana. 2018-2019 season. 2018-2019 rtuvinalli, avaru isu junier grand prix saranialli paadaarpane maadidaru. 2019rahra french champiyanshipnalli, kuzmenko junier chinnada padakavannu geddaru. march 2019 ralli, avaru kroyeshiyaada jagrebnalli nadeda 2019 rahra vishwa junier champiyanshipnalli france annu pratinidhisidaru. short nalli 7 neey sthaanadallidda avaru, free skategagi upaantyada (eradaneya-koneya) gumpige walt maadidaru, allie avaru kevala 18 neey sthaanadalliddu, ottaareyaagi 15 neey sthanakke kusidaru. spardhaatmaka mukhyaamshagalu. france. "zhe. zii. pih junier grand prix"

annah kuzmenko eenaa alekzandrovna kuzmenko (, janm 27 februwari 2004) hii rashiyat janmaleli figure skater aahe jee franskadoon spardha karate. tee 2019chee french kanishth rashtriy vijeti aahe aanee 2019chya jaagtik kanishth ajinkyapad spardhet tine deshache pratinidhitva kele, mukt skatemadhye pudhe jaaun ekoon 15weey sthan midavale. karkird. 2018-2019 hangam. 2018-2019 hangamat tine aay. ess. yuu. kanishth grand prix maliket padarpan kele. 2019 chya french ajinkyapad spardhet kuzmenkone kanishth suvarnapadak jinkale. march 2019 madhye, croatiatil zagreb yethe jhalelya 2019 chya jaagtik kanishth ajinkyapad spardhet tine franceche pratinidhitva kele. shortmadhye 7 vya kramankavar, tine free skatesathi upantya (dusya teey shevatchya) gatat pravesh keela, jithe tee keval 18 vya sthanavar rahili aanee ekoon 15 vya sthanavar aalee. spardhatmak thalak vaishishtye. francesathi. "jeey. jee. pii.: junier grand prix"

annah kuzmenko ena alekjandrobhna kuzmenko (, janma 27 february 2004) ek rusi-janma figure skater hun jasle franceka lagi pratispardha garchhan. uni 2019 francelli junier rashtriya champion hun rar 2019 vishwa junier championshipma deshko pratinidhitwa garin, free skatema agadi badhiraheki thiin rar samagrama 15 aun sthanma raheki thiin. currier. 2018-2019 mausam. 2018-2019 sijanma, unle isu junier grand prix shringkhalama debue garin. sann 2019 ko francelli championshipma kuzmenkole junier swarna padak jiteka thie. march 2019 maa, unle croatiako jagarebma bhaeko 2019 vishwa junier championshipma franceko pratinidhitwa gareki thiin. chhotoma 7 aun sthanma, unle free skateka lagi upantiya (dosro-dekhi-antim) samuhama walt garin, jahaan uni kewal 18 aun sthanma raheki thiin, samagrama 15 aun sthanma jharchhin. pratispardhatmak highlightharu. franceka lagi. "jgph junier grand prix"

annah kujmenko aanaa alekajandrovana kujmenko (, janma 27 februari 2004) jane rushiah banshodbhaba figure skater jie frances paain pratidwandita karanti . shay 2019 french juniara jatiah champion ebong 2019 biswa juniara championshipre deshaku pratinidhitwa karithile, free skate ku agrasara hoithile ebong samagrika bhabare 15 tama sthana hassel karithile . kyariyara. 2018-2019 rutu. 2018-2019 sijanare, shay isu juniara grand prix sirijare debyu karithile. 2019 french championship ray, kujmenko juniara swarna padaka jitithile. march 2019 ray, shay croasiar jagrebare 2019 biswa juniara champianasipare francer pratinidhitwa karithile. sartare 7maha sthanare rahi, shay free skate paain upanta (dwiteejaru shesh) grupare valta karithile, jeunthare shay kebala 18tama sthanare rahithile, samagrika bhabare 15tama sthanare khasi aasithile. pratijogitamoolaka biseshatwa. frances paain. "jay. jii. pii.: juniara grand prix"

annaa kuzmenko annaa alegzendrovna kuzmenko (janam 27 farvari 2004) ikk russie-jammi figure skater haii joe france laee mukabala kardi haii. uh 2019 dee franch junier rashtari champion haii atey 2019 vishav junier championship witch desh dee numaindagi keeti, free skate witch agge vadhadi haii atey samuche taur 'teey keey sathaan' teey rahindi haii. carrier. 2018-2019 season. 2018-2019 season witch, uss neey aaee. aiss. yuu. junier grand prix seereez witch shuruat keeti. 2019 dee franch championship witch, kuzmenko neey junier soone tagma jittiaa. march 2019 witch, usne zagreb, croatia witch 2019 vishav junier championship witch france dee numaindagi keeti. shaart witch witch sathaan utte, uh free skate laee aakhri (dooje toon aakhri) samooh witch shamal hoow gaee, jitthe uh kull milaa keey keey sathaan utte aaa keey siraf siraf sathaan utte rahee. pratiyogi mukkh gallan. france laee "jey. jee. pee.: junier grand prix"

annaa kujmenko annaa aleksandrovna kujmenko (, janma 27 februvari 2004) ekaa russian-janmitaa figure skater asti yaa france-deshasya krute spardhate. saa 2019 tamavarshasya french-kanishta-rashtriya-chaampiyan asti, 2019 tamavarshasya vishva-kanishta-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavatee, free-skate-kridaayaam agre gatvaa samagratayaa 15 tame sthaane samapayanti. vruttihi. 2018-2019 rutuhu. 2018-2019 ityasmin kreedaarutuve saa isoo-junier-grand-pricks-shrunkhalaayaam padaarpanam krutavatee. 2019 tame varshe french-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam kujmenko ityayam kanishta-swarnapadakam praapnot. 2019 maarch-maase croatia-deshasya zagreb-nagare 2019 vishva-kanishta-pratiyogitaayaam saa france-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavatee. laghu-kridaayaam 7 tamam sthaanam praapya saa mukta-skate-kreedaayaah krute upaantya-(dwiteeyatah antimam) samoohe pravesham krutavatee, yatra saa kevalam 18 tamam sthaanam praapnot, samagratayaa 15 tamam sthaanam avaapnot. pratispardhaatmakaani mukhyaani drushyaani. fraams-deshe. "jey. jee. pee.: junior grand pricks"

annah guzmenco annah alexandrovna guzmenco (prappu pipravari 27,2004) oru russiavil pirantha figure scatter aavaar, avar piraansukkaaga poattiyidugiraar. avar 2019 pirenchu juuniyar thaesiya saambiyanaaga ullaar mattrum 2019 ulaga juuniyar saambiyanshippil naattaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar, ilavasa scateukku munnaeri ottumoththamaaga 15 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. thozhil. 2018-2019 paruvam. 2018-2019 seasonil, avar aisu juuniyar grand brics thodaril arimugamaanaar. 2019 pirenchu saambiyanshippil, guzmenco juuniyar thangap pathakkaththai ventraar. maarch 2019 ill, groashiyaavin jagrepil nadantha 2019 ulaga juuniyar saambiyanshippil avar piraansaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. kurugiya kaalaththil 7 vadhu idaththil irunththa avar, ilavasa scatirkaana iruthi (irandaavathu muthal kadaisi varai) kuzhuvil nuzhainthaar, angku avar 18 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar, ottumoththamaaga 15 vadhu idaththirku veelnththaar. poattith thirankal. bransku. "jay. jii. pii juuniyar grand brics"

annah kuzmenko annah alegzandrovna kuzmenko (jananam 27 fibravari 2004) russialo janminchina figure skater, aame france tarapuna pootii chestundi. aame 2019 french juuniyar jaateeya chhampian mariyu 2019 prapancha juuniyar champiyanshiplalo deshaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchindi, free skate kuu munduku velli mottam 15va sthaanamlo nilichindi. vrutti. 2018-2019 season. 2018-2019 seasonlo, aame isu juuniyar grand prix siriisloo adugupettindi. 2019 french chhampiyanshiplo, kuzmenko juuniyar bangaaru patakaanni geluchukunnadu. marchi marchi, croatialooni jagreblo jarigina 2019 prapancha juuniyar chhampiyanshiplo aame fraansku praatinidhyam vahinchindi. shortlo 7va sthaanamlo, aame free skate kosam upanta (rendava nundi chivari) samuuhamlooki pravesinchindi, akkada aame 18va sthaanamlo matrame undi, mottam 15va sthaanaaniki padipoyindi. pootii mukhyaamsaalu. france kosam. "jgp juuniyar grand prix"

anaa kazanko anaa alegzendrona kazanko (yee paidaish 27 faroori 2004) roos mein paida honay waali eek figure scatter hay juu france kay liye muqabilah karti hay. wah 2019 kii francisi juniyar qomi champine haine aur 2019 kii aalimi juniyar champine ship mein milk kii numaindagi kartay huay free scate mein aagay badh kirr majmuyi toor parr 15 wein number parr rahein. carrier. 2018-2019 seezan. 2018-2019 seezan mein iss nay aayee aiss yuu juniyar grend perks seerez mein debio kiyaa. 2019 kii francisi champine ship mein kazanko nay juniyar gold medal jeeta. maarch 2019 mein inhon nay zagrib kroshiya mein 2019 kii aalimi juniyar champine ship mein france kii numaindagi kii. shaart mein 7 wein number parr wah free scate kay liye aakhri (dosray say aakhri) grop mein shaamil how gayee jehaan wah majmuyi toor parr 15 wein number parr girr kirr sarf 18 wein number parr rahee. musabiqti jhalkian. france kay liye. "jay jee pee: juniyar grend perks"

00072c225969a6551484ac0f92f948cdb37e465a3b2931389cf5f4903c973efa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48826171

John Abel (minister)

John Abel (minister) John Abel (1770–1819) of Carmarthenshire was a Welsh Independent minister and schoolmaster. He was born in Llanybri. Abel attended Carmarthen College and was ordained in 1794 in Capel Sul, Kidwelly, where he remained for a quarter century. Capel Sul was built as a Presbyterian church in 1785, and then became Independent. Abel was the church's second minister. During the week, he was a schoolmaster, after which he preached at the church. His father, co-founder of Capel Newydd in Llanybri, was William Abel. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

john ebel (montri) karmarthenswayar john ebel (1770-1819) ejon welsor swadhin montri aaru bidyaloyor xikhyok aasil. teur jonmo hoisil llenibreet. aabele karmarthen collegeot odhyoyon korisil aaru 1794 sonot capell sul, kidwellyt nijukto hoisil, zo 'too teu ek soturtho xotika dhori aasil. capell sul 1785 sonot presbyterian girja hisape nirman koraa hoisil, aaru taar pisot swadhin hoisil. aabel girjar dwitiyo montri aasil. xoptahtur bhitorot teu ejon schoolmaster aasil, jaar pisot teu girjat prosar korisil. teur pitri, llenibreet capell newidor xoho-protisthapok, aasil uilium ebel.

john abel (montri) carmerthenshire john abell (1770-1819) chhilen ekjon welsh swadhin montri ebong schoolmaster. tini lanibrite jonmogrohon corren. abel karmarthen college padashona corren ebong 1794 saale cappel sool, kidwelite nijukto hohn, jekhane tini eka choturthangsho shatabdi dhorey chhilen. cappel sool 1785 saale ekti presbyterian girja hisabe nirmito hoyechilo ebong tarpor swadhin hoyechilo. abel chhilen girjar dwitiya montri. saptahtite tini ekjon schoolmaster chhilen, jaar porey tini girja prochar korechilen. taanr baba, lalyanibrite cappel newid-err soho-protisthata, chhilen uilium abel.

john ebel (mantree) karmarthanshayarna john abel (1770-1819) velshnaa swatantra mantree aneey shaalaana shikshak hataa. teno janm llanibreema thayo hato. abele carmarton collegemaa abhyaas karyo hato aneey 1794maan capell sull, kidvelima niyukt thayo hato, jyaan teey aek quarter sadee sudhee rahyo hato. capell sull 1785maan presbyterian church tareeke bandhvama aavyu hatoo, aneey pachhi swatantra banyu hatoo. abel churchna beeja mantree hataa. saptah darmiyan, teo aek shaalaana shikshak hataa, tyarbad temane churchma upadesh aapyo hato. temnaa pitaa, llanibreema capell newidnaa saha-sthaapak, veeliyam abel hataa.

johnn abel (mantri) carmarthenshire key johnn abel (1770-1819) ack velsh swatantra mantri aur school master they. unakaa janm llanibury mein huaa thaa. abel ney carmarthen college mein padhaai kii aur 1794 mein capple sull, kidwelly mein niyukt kiya gayaa, jahan vaha ack chauthai shatabdi taka rahey. kepel sull koo 1785 mein presbyterian church key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur phir swatantra hoe gayaa. aabel church key dusare mantri they. saptah key dauran, vaha ack school master they, jisake baad unhone church mein prachaar kiya. unake pitaa, llenibury mein capple newd key saha-sansthaapak, villium abel they.

zaan abel (mantri) carmarthenshiren zaan abel (1770-1819) velsh swatantra sachiva mattu shaala shikshakaraagiddaru. aata janisiddu llanibriyalli. abel carmarton colleginalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu mattu cappel sul, kidwelly deekshe padedaru, allie avaru kaalu shatamaanadavarege ulidaru. cappel sul annu annu presbyterian church aagi nirmisalaayitu mattu nantara svatantravaayitu. abel churchna eradane mantriyagiddaru. aaa vaaradalli, avaru shaleya shikshakaraagiddaru, nantara avaru charchnalli bodhisidaru. avana tande, llanibriyalli cappel newidna saha-samsthaapaka, vilium abel aagiddaru.

joonn aabel (mantri) kaarmaartthanshayarile joonn aabel (1770-1819) oru velsh swatantra mantriyum skoolmaastarumaayirunnu. addeham janichathu llanibriyilaanu. aabel carmarthan collegil chernnu, 1794-ll cappell sall, kid vellie enna padaviyil niyamithanaayi, avide kaalnoottaandu thaamasichu. 1785ll oru presbytarian palliyayi nirmmicha kaappal sall pinneedu swathanthramaayi. sabhayude randaamathe manthriyaayirunnu aabel. aaa aazhchayil addeham oru skoolmaastaraayirunnu, athinusesham addeham palliyil prasamgichu. addehathinte pithaav, lanbriyile capell newyidinte sahasthaapakan, vilyam aabal aayirunnu.

john ebel (mantri) carmarthensireka john ebel (1770-1819) welska swatantra mantri rar schoolmaster thie. unko janma llanibrima bhaeko thiyo. abelle carmarthen kalejma padhe rar sann 1794 maa capell sul, kidwelima niyukta bhae, jahaan uni ek chauthai shatabdisamma rahe. capell sul sann 1785 maa presbyterian charchako rupma nirman garieko thiyo, rar tyasapachhi swatantra bhayo. abel charchaka dosro mantri thie. haptako samayama, uni schol master thie, tyasapachhi unle charchama prachar gare. unka buba, llenibrima capell newidka saha-sansthapak, william ebel thie.

zohn abel (mantri) karamarthenashajarara zohn abel (1770-1819) jane welsh swadheena mantri ebong bidyalaja sikhyaka thile. shay llanibrire janmagrahana karithile. abelle carmarthen kalejare adhyajana karithile ebong 1794 masihare keppel sul, kidawelire nijukta hoithile, jeunthare shay eka chaturthansha shatabdi parjyanta rahithile. keppel sul 1785 masihare eka presbyterian church bhabare nirmita hoithila, ebong parey swadheena hoithila . abelle churcher dwiteeja mantri thile. saptahaka madhyare shay jane schoolmaster thile, jaahaa parey shay charchare prachara karithile. taanka pita, llanibrire capell nyuidra saha-pratisthata, william abel thile.

john abel (mantri) carmarthenshire dey john abel (1770-1819) ikk velash sutantar mantri atey school maastar sunn. uss daa janam lalenibury witch hoiaa see. abel neey carmarthan kaalaj witch padahi keeti atey 1794 witch capple sall, kidwelly witch niyukat keeta giaa, jitthe uh ikk chauthai sadee takk riha. capple sall noon 1785 witch ikk presbyterian church dey roop witch banaiaa giaa see, atey firr ih sutantar hoow giaa. aabel church daa dooja mantri see. hafte dauran, uh ikk school maastar see, jiss toon baad usne church witch prachar keeta. uss dey pitaa, alnibury witch cappell newd dey sahi-sansthapak, viliam aibal sunn.

jaan abel (mantree) karmarthanshair-nagarasya jaan ebel (1770-1819) ityeshah wells-deshasya swatantrah mantrinah, vidyaalayashikshakah cha aasit. tasya janma llanibri-nagare abhavat. aabel karmarthan mahaavidyaalaye abhyanayt, 1794 tame varshe kepal-sul, kidwelly ityasmin diksham praptavan, yatra saha chaturthashataabdim yaavat avasat. kepal-sul 1785 tame varshe presbyterian-charch-rupena nirmitam, tatah swatantram abhavat. aabel ityayam charchasya dwiteeyah mantrinah aasit. saptaahe saha vidyaalayashikshakah aasit, tadanantaram saha charch-madhye upadesham akarot. tasya pitaa, llenibri-nagare kepal newyid ityasya saha-samsthaapakah, vilium ebel aasit.

john abel (amaichar) carmenshire john aepel (1770-1819) oru velsh suyaatheena amaichcharaagavum palli aasiriyaraagavum irunthaar. avar lanipriyil piranthaar. aabel carman kallooriyil payintraar, maelum 1794 aam aandil cabal sall, kidwelliyil niyamikkappattaar, angku avar kaall noottraandu kaalam irunthaar. cable suul 1785 aam aandil oru prespitarian devaalayamaaga kattappattathu, pinnar suthanthiramaanathu. aepel devalayaththin irandaavathu amaichcharaaga irunthaar. antha vaaraththil, avar oru palli aasiriyaraaga irunthaar, adhan piragu avar devalayaththil prasangkiththaar. avarathu thanthai, lanipriyil cabal newtin inai niruvanar, villiyam aabel aavaar.

zaan abel (mantri) carmartenshireku chendina zaan abel (1770-1819) oka velsh swatantra mantri mariyu paatasaala upadhyayudu. ayana llanibrilo janminchaaru. abel carmerthen kalasalalo chadivaadu mariyu 1794loe cappel sull, kid velliiloo niyaminchabaddaadu, akkada athanu paavu sataabdam paatu unnadu. cappel sull 1785loe presbyterian charchiga nirminchabadindi, taruvaata swatantramgaa maarindi. abel charchi yokka rendava mantri. aaa vaaramlo, athanu paatasaala upadhyayudu, aaa taruvaata athanu charchilo bodhinchaadu. athani tandri, llanibrilo cappel newid saha vyavasthaapakudu, vilium abel.

jaan aibal (wazeer) carmerthans shayer kay jaan aibal (1770-1819) velish kay eek aazaad wazeer aur school maaster thay. wah lalanbari mein paida hoay. abeel nay karmarthan college mein taleem haasil kii aur 1794 mein caple sill kadoli mein muqarar hawaa jehaan wah eek chothayi sadee takk rehaa. caple sall kuu 1785 mein eek presbyterian charch kay toor parr tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa aur phir aazaad how gayaa. abeel charch kaa dosra wazeer thaa. iss haftay kay doraan wah school maaster thay jiss kay baad inhon nay charch mein tabligh kii. inn kay waalid lalanbari mein caple neod kay shareek baanee waleem aibal thay.

000731773d45b7f4798ed6b31b48b0ae0d7047b3f645455f6dc15ce9f1db2c29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62295043

Pseudodaphnella santoa

Pseudodaphnella santoa Species of gastropod Pseudodaphnella santoa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description. The length of the shell varies between 3.9 mm and 5 mm. Distribution. This marine species occurs off Mindanao Island, the Philippines References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

syududafonela chentuwa siududafonela chentuwa hoise xagoriyo xamukor etaa projati, refitomidae poriyalor ek xamudrik gersport mulasko. bornona. xelor doirghyo 3.9 mimi aaru 5 mimir maajot hoy. bitoron. ei xamudrik projati philipinesor mindanau dipor usorot dekha yaay.

seudodafnella santoa seudodafnella santoa holl samudrik shamuker ekti prajati, jaa raphitomedy poribarer ekti samudrik gastropoid molask. bornona. kholer doirgho 3.9 mimmy theke 5 mimmy err modhye poribortito hoy. bitoron. eyi samudrik projatiti phillipiner mindanao dweepe pawa yaay.

seudodphanela santoa seudodafnella santoa aee dariyai gokalgaayni aek prajaati chhe, jeey refitomidae parivaarmaa dariyai gastropod mollsk chhe. varnan. shelnee lambai 3.9 meemee aneey 5 meemee vachche badalaay chhe. vitaran. aaa dariyai prajaati phillipinesna mindanao taapu parr jovaa maley chhe.

seudodafanella santoa seudodafanella santoa samudri ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye, joe rafitomidae parivaar mein ack samudri gastropod molsk haye. varnan. khol kii lambai 3.9 mimi aur 5 mimi key beach hoti haye. vitaran. yeh samudri prajaati phillippeans key mindanao dweep seey milati haye.

seudodafnella santova sudodafnella santova embudu samudrada basavana ondu prabhedavagiddu, idu raffitomidae kutumbadalli ondu samudrada gastropod mrudvangi. vivarane. chippina uddavu 3.9 mii. mea mattu 5 mii. mea. naduve badalaaguttade. vitarane. ee samudra prabhedavu phillippeansna mindano dweepadalli kandubaruttade.

seudodafnela santoa seudodafnela santoa hii sagari gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe, jee rafitomidae kutumbatil sagari gastropod molsk aahe. varnan. kavachachi lambi 3.9 miimii teey 5 miimii darmyan badalate. vitaran. hii sagari prajati philipineschya mindanao betavar aadhalate.

syudodafnela santoa syudodafnela santoa samudri ghongha ko ek prajati how, yo rafitomidae pariwarma ek samudri gastrapod molsk how. warnan. kholko lambai 3.9 mimmy rar 5 mimiko bichma hunchha. witaran. yo samudri prajati filipinsko mindanao tapubata painchha.

syudodaphanela santoa syudodaphanela santoa heuchhi samudrika shamukar eka prajati, jaahaa rafitomedy paribarara eka samudrika gasprodog molsk . barnana. kholara lumb 3.9 mea. mea. ru 5 mea. mea. madhyare bhinna hoithae. bunton. ehi samudrika prajati philipinesra mindanao dwepare dekhajae .

sudodafnella santoa sudodafnella santoa samundari ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii, joe refitomedae parivaar witch ikk samundari gastropod molsk haii. varnan. shell dee lambai 3.9 millimeter atey 5 millimeter dey vichkaar hundi haii. vandd. ih samundari prajati philipines dey mindanao tapu toon door paaee jaandi haii.

seudodafnela santova seudodafnela santova iti samudra-snell ityasya ekaha prajaatih asti, rafitomidae-parivaarasya samudriya-gastropod-molask asti. varnanam. koshasya dirghata 3.9 mii. mee. taha 5 mii. mee. paryantam bhavati. vitaranam. eshaa samudreeyajaatih philipines-deshasya mindanav-dweepe drushyate.

sutotafnella sandova sutotafnella sandova enbathu kadal natthai inamaagum, idhu rafidomidae kudumbaththin kadal iraippai molask aagum. vilakkam. shellin neelam 3.9 mimee muthal 5 mimee varai maarupadum. viniyoagam. inththa kadal inangkal philippainsin mindano theevil kaanappadugindrana.

sudodafnella santova sudodafnella santova anedi samudra natta yokka oka jaathi, idhi rafitomidae kutumbamlo oka samudra gastropod molask. vivarana. shell yokka podavu 3.9 mimi mariyu 5 mimi madhya maarutuu untundi. pampinhee. eee samudra jaatulu phillippeans looni mindano dveepamlo sambhavistaayi.

seudodfnela santwa seudodafnela santwa samandari ghonga kii eek nooa hay juu kahh raftomedy khaandaan mein eek samandari gastropod mollsk hay. wazahat. khool kii lambayi 3.9 milly metter aur 5 milly metter kay darmiyan hoti hay. taqsim. yaha samandari nooa filpine kay mendanao jazeeray say milti hay.

0007380bc6fec1a99fc37d556c53859a86cf485b9deeefb8421399d30f5b1fc3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42307073

Phalonidia elderana

Phalonidia elderana Species of moth Phalonidia elderana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from New Jersey. The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in July. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

faal 'nidiya aldorana fyal 'nidiya aldorana hoise tortriciday poriyalor etaa projatir potongo. iyak aamerika juktorastrot puwa yaay, zo 'too iyak niu jarsir poraa record koraa hoise. pakhonar doirghyo pray 13 mimi. july maahot praptoboyoskoxokol uingot lipibodho koraa hoise.

phalonidia eldarana falnidia eldarana holl tortricidae poribarer ekti prajati. etty markin juktorashtre pawa yaay, jekhane etty neu jersey theke record koraa hoyeche. pakhar doirgho pray 13 mimmy. praptoboyoskoder julai maase wing-ayee record koraa hoyeche.

phelonidia alderna phelonidia aldrana aee tortricidae parivaarni aek prajaati chhe. teey united statesma jovaa maley chhe, jyaan teey nyu jarsimathi reqorda karvaamaa aavyu chhe. pankhni paankh lagbhag 13 meemee chhe. pukht vayanaa loko julyma paankh parr nondhvaamaa aavyaa chhe.

phalonidia alderna phalonidia aldrana tortricidae parivaar key patang kii ack prajaati haye. yeh sanyukt raajya america mein paaya jaataa haye, jahan ise naee jersey seey darj kiya gayaa haye. pankhon kaa aakar lagbhag 13 mimi haye. vayaskon koo julaai mein wing parr darj kiya gayaa haye.

phalonidia elderna phalonidia elderna embudu tortriday kutumbada patangada ondu prabhedavagide. idu united statesnalli kandubaruttade, allie idannu nyoo jarsiyinda daakhalisalaagide. rekkegalu sumaru 13 mii. mea. galaagive. vayaskarannu julainalli record maadalaagide.

phalonidia elderna phalonidia elderana hii tortricidae kutumbatil patanganchi eka prajati aahe. too americet aadhalato, jithe too nyu jarsivarun nondavala gela aahe. pankhanchi lambi sumare 13 miimii aahe. julaimadhye praudhanchi nond karnyat aalee aahe.

falonidia alderna falonidia alderana tortricidae pariwarko patangako prajati how. yo sanyukta rajya americama painchha, jahaan yo nyu jarsibata record garieko chha. yasako pakha lagbhag 13 mimmy chha. wayaskaharu julyma wingma record garieko chha.

phalonidia elderana phalonidia elderana heuchhi tertricidae paribarara eka prajati. ehaa aamerikare dekhibaku milithae, jeunthare ehaa nyu jarsiru record karajaichi. ehara paakh paakh praiah 13 mea. mea.. july maasare bajaskamananku wingare record karajaichi.

fellonidia aldrana fellonidia aldrana parivaar dey tortricidae dee ikk prajati haii. ih sanyukat raaj amrica witch paaiaa jaanda haii, jitthe ih naveen jarsi toon ricard keeta giaa haii. khambhan dee laggbhag 13 millimeter haii. balgan noon julai witch wing utte daraj keeta giaa haii.

phalonidia alderna phalonidia alderna iti tortricidae-kulasya shalabhasy prajaatih asti. etat samyuktarajyamerikadesha drushyate, yatra nyoo jersey-taha abhilekhitam asti. prushtabhaagah praayah 13 mii. mee. yaavat bhavati. julai-maase ving-madhye praudaah abhilekhitaah santi.

phalonidia elterana phalonidia elterana enbathu tortricidae kudumbaththin oru andhuppoochchi inamaagum. idhu americavil kaanappadugiradhu, angku idhu neu jersiyil irunthu pathivu seiyappattullathu. irakkaikal sumar 13 mimee aagum. juulai maathaththil periyavarkal irakkaiyil pathivu seiyappattullanar.

falonidia eldrana phalonidia eldrana anedi tortridae kutumbaaniki chendina chimmata jaathi. idhi united stateslo kanugonabadindi, ikkada idhi newjersey nundi namodu cheyabadindi. rekkalu sumaru 13 mimi untundi. joolailo peddalu rekkapai namodu cheyabaddaaru.

falonedia eldrana falonedia eldrana tortresidy khaandaan kay keeday kii eek nooa hay. yaha riyasathaye muthadah mein paaya jaataa hay jehaan asay neo jarsi say record kiyaa gayaa hay. pankh taqriba 13 milly metter hay. jolayi mein balighon kuu wing parr record kiyaa gayaa hay.

0007401e7f17c950c3a105e9a6b5142cc78847c36e617298bf8b6632593ff47e

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=84081

The New Student's Reference Work/Rome, Ga.

The New Student's Reference Work/Rome, Ga. <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Romanoff, The House of Rome Rome, Ga., county-seat of Floyd County, on Coosa River, 61 miles northwest of Atlanta.  It has iron-foundries and manufactories of plows and nails, and ships cotton.  It is the seat of Shorter College.  Population 12,099.

notun satrogorakir proxongomulok kaam/room, gaa. rumanof, dyo house owo room room, gaa., floyed countyr county-aaxon, kucha nodir uporot, aatlantar poraa 61 maail uttor-poschime. iyat luhar aadhar aaru haal aaru nokhor karkhana, aaru kopahor jahaj aase. ee suti mohabidyaloyor aaxon. jonoxongkhya 12,099.

notun chhatrer reference work/roam, gaa. romanoff, dya house off roam roam, gaa.atlantar 61 myle uttor-poschime kusa nadeer upor abosthito floyd kauntir county-asson. ekhane lohar karkhana ebong langal oo nokher karkhana ebong jahajer tulo royeche. etty chhoto colleger asson. jonosongkha 12,099 john.

navaa vidhyarthinu sandarbh kaary/rooma, gaa. romnoff, dhaa house off rooma rooma, gaa., floyd kaauntini kaauntii-bethak, kusa nadee parr, aetalaantaa 61 mile uttarpashchimma. temaa lokhandani sthaapnaao aneey hala aneey nakhnaa karkhanao aneey jahajona kapaas chhe. teey tunkee collegeni bethak chhe. vastee 12,099.

nae chhaatr kaa sandarbh kaary/rome, gaa. romnoff, dha house off rome rome, gaa., floyd county kii county-seat, koosa nadee parr, atlanta seey 61 meal uttar-paschim mein. isamen lohe kii dhalai aur hull aur nakhunon key karkhane hain, aur jahaaj kapas hain. yeh chhote college kii seat haye. jansankhya 12,099.

hosa vidyaarthiya ullekha kruti/roam, gaa. romanaf, dhii house off roam roam, gaa., atlaantaadinda vaayuvyakke 61 maili dooradalliruva cusa nadiya meliruva floyd kountiya kaunti-aasana. idu kabbinada-adipayagalu mattu negilu mattu ugurugala kaarkhaanegalannu mattu hadagugala hattiyannu hondide. idu chikka collegina aasanavaagide. janasankhye 12,099.

puthiya vidyaarthiyude reference varkk/roome, gaa. rumanoff, dhii house oof roome roome, gaa.atlaantayil ninnu 61 mile vadakkupadinjaraayi koosa nadiyil floyd kaundiyude kaundi-seett. irumbu-foundarikalum kalappayudeyum nakhangaludeyum nirmmaanashaalakalum kappalukalude parutthiyum ivideyundu. hrasvamaaya kolejile irippidamaanithu. janasamkhya 12,099.

naveen vidyarthyache sandarbh karya/rome, gaa. romnoff, daad haus auph rome rome, gaa., floyd kauntiche county-aasan, kosa nadivar, atalantachya vayvyes 61 mail antaravar. yethe loh-karkhane aanee nangar aanee nakhanche karkhane aanee jahajanche kapus aahet. heey lahan mahavidhyalayache aasan aahe. loksankhya 12,099.

nayan vidyarthiko sandarbha karya/rome, ga. romanaf, da house aff rome rome, ga., floid countyko county-sitt, kusa nadima, etlantako 61 mile uttarapashchimma. yasama falamka karkhanaharu rar hull rar nakhaka karkhanaharu chhan, rar jahaz kapas chha. yo chhoto collegeko sitt how. janasankhya 12,099.

nutan chhatranka sandarbha karjya/rome, gaa. romanoff, daa houses off rome rome, gaa., floyd kauntira county-aasana, kusa nadee upare, atlantar 61 mile uttara-paschimare . ethaare luha-karkhana ebong lall oh nakh karkhana ebong jahaz kapaa rahichhi. ehaa chhot colleger aasana. janasankhya 12,099.

navein vidiaarthi daa havala kamm/rome, gaa. romnoff, daa gharr rome rome, gaa., flied kaoonti dee kaoonti-seet, kusa nadee utte, atlanta toon 61 meal uttar-pachham witch. iss witch lohe dey fundrey atey hull atey nahuaan dey karkhane atey kapaah dey jahaz hunn. ih chhote kaalaj dee seet haii. aabadi 12,099 haii.

nutanasya chaatrasya sandarbhakaaryam/rome, gaa. romanoff, da house aaf rome rome, gaa., floyd-prantasya praanta-aasanam, kosaa-nadyaah upari, atlanta-nagaraat 61 mail-vaayavyadishi asti. atra loha-samsthaapanaah, newaah, nakhanam cha karakhanaha, kaarpaasasy naukaah cha santi. idam laghutama-mahaavidyaalayasya aasanam asti. janasankhyaa 12,099.

puthiya maanavarin kurippu padaippu/roam, qaa. romanoff, thii havus off roam roam, qaa.floyd kavundiyin kavundi-irukkai, koosa aattril, atlaandaavilirunthu 61 mile vadamaerkae. ingku irumbuk thozhirchaalaigal mattrum kalappaikal mattrum nagangkal mattrum kappalkal konda paruththi thozhirchaalaigal ullana. idhu kurugiya kallooriyin irukkai. makkal thogai 12,099.

kotta vidyaarthi yokka reference work/rome, gaa. romanoff, dhi house off rome rome, gaa.atlaantaaku vaayuvya disalo 61 mailla dhooramlo cusa nadipai floyd county yokka county-seatu. ikkada inupa-foundarylu mariyu nagali mariyu golla karmagaralu mariyu naukala patthi unnaayi. idhi chinna kalaasaalaku sthaanam. janabha 12,099.

nayey taalib alam kaa hawalah kaam/room gaa. romanof dee house aaf room room gaa.yee floid county kii county seet daryaae kosaa parr atlanta say 61 meel shamaal maghrab mein. iss mein lohay kii tansibaat aur hull aur kailon kii tansibaat aur kapaas kay jehaaz haine. yaha chhotay college kii nashast hay. aabadi 12,099.

000741c42bba8a4b5348e169f67439b5ec4c29f3251472b77a596fa4c8664bc0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=124698

Lyman, New Hampshire

Lyman, New Hampshire Town in New Hampshire, United States Lyman is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 585 at the 2020 census. History. Lyman, along with Grantham, Lisbon, and eleven Vermont towns, was granted as compensation to General Phineas Lyman, a commander in the French and Indian War. According to the county gazetteer, "It was granted to Daniel Lyman and sixty-three others, November 10, 1761, its name being derived from the fact that eleven of the grantees bore the name of Lyman. The grantees failed to comply with the requirements of their charter, and thus forfeited their grant, but an extension of time was granted them July 20, 1769." Lyman was incorporated in 1761. In 1880 it had a population of 665. Geography. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and are water, comprising 1.03% of the town. The town is drained by tributaries of the Ammonoosuc River and is part of the Connecticut River watershed. The highest point in town is above sea level, just east of the summit of Signal Mountain, a knob along the ridge of Gardner Mountain, which defines the town's western boundary. The town's initial grant included land along the Connecticut River. In 1854 the portion of Lyman found west of "Gardner's Mountain" was separately incorporated as Monroe. Demographics. <templatestyles src="US Census population/styles.css"/> As of the census of 2000, there were 487 people, 211 households, and 150 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 280 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.36% White, 0.21% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.21% of the population. There were 211 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.64. In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 31.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $46,607, and the median income for a family was $48,365. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $23,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,332. About 3.5% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

laimen, niu hampswire laimen aamerika juktorastror niu hampswire graphton countyr ekhon sohor. 2020 sonor lukopiyolot jonoxongkhya aasil 585 john. itihax. grentham, lixbon aaru egharkhon vermont sohoror xoite laimenok forasi aaru bharotiyo juddhor xenapoti general finas laimenok khyotipuron hisape prodan koraa hoisil. county gazetieror mote, "daniel laimen aaru aan 63 john lukok 1761 sonor 10 novemborot ei botaa prodan koraa hoisil, iyar naamtu grantir egharjon luke laimen naam bohon korar poraa aahoron koraa hoisil. onudan laabh koraxokole teulukor sonodor proyujoniyota maani solar khetrot byortho hoisil, aaru enedore teulukor onudan heruwaisil, kintu 1769 sonor 20 julyte teulukok xomoy briddhi koraa hoisil. "laimen 1761 sonot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. 1880 sonot iyar jonoxongkhya aasil 665 john. bhugul. aamerika juktorastror lukpiyol byurur mote, sohorkhonor muth eleka hoise, jaar bhitorot bhumi aaru paanee aase, zo 'too sohorkhonor 1.03% aase. ei sohorkhon emun 'sus nodir uponodixomuhe niskaxito kore aaru ee xongzugkari nodir jolobibhajikar ongxo. sohoror xorbuscho bindutu xagorpristhor uporot, xongket porbotor xikhoror thik pube, gardenor porbotor xoiloxirar kaxot etaa gaathi, ji sohorkhonor poschim xeema nirdharon kore. sohorkhonor prarombhik onudanot xongzugika nodir paarot thoka bhumi ontorbhukto aasil. 1854 sonot "gardenor porbot" ror poschime puwa laimenor ongxotu prithokbhabe monoru hisape ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. jonogathoni. 2000 sonor lukpiyol onuxori sohorkhonot 487 john luk, 211 taa poriyal aaru 150 taa poriyal baax korisil. jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil proti borgo mailot 17.1 john luk (6.6/km2). proti borgo mailot (3.8/km2) gorh ghonotwo 9.8too 280taa grihonirman gutt aasil. sohorkhonor jatigoto gothon aasil 98.36% bogaa, 0.21% african aamerikan, 0.21% sthaniyo aamerikan, 0.21% asean, 0.41% onyanyo jaatir, aaru 0.62% dutaa baa totudhik jaatir. jikunu jaatir hispanik baa letin 'jonoxongkhyar 0.21% aasil. 211taa poriyal aasil, jaar bhitorot 24.6% ror xoite baax koraa 18 bosoror tolor xontan aasil, 61.1% bibahito dompoti aasil ekeloge baax korisil, 4.7% ror egoraki mohila grihostho aasil jaar swami uposthito nasil, aaru 28.9% poriyalbihin aasil. 20.xokolu poriyalor 9 xotangxo byoktir dwara gothito aasil, aaru 4.3 xotangxor 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor kunuba ejon okole baax korisil. gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.31 aaru gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.64. sohorkhonot jonoxongkhya bistrito aasil, 18 bosoror tolor 19.9%, 18-ror poraa 24 bosoroloike 4.5%, 25-ror poraa 44 bosoroloi 32.0%, 45-ror poraa 64 bosoroloi 31.6%, aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor 11.9%. gorh boyox aasil 42 bosor. proti 100 goraki mohilar biporite, 102.1 purux aasil. 18 bosor aaru taar uporor boyoxor proti 100 goraki mohilar baabe, 105.3 purux aasil. sohorkhonor etaa poriyalor majomiya aay aasil 46,607 dollar, aaru etaa poriyalor majomiya aay aasil 48,365 dollar. puruxor majomiya aay aasil 27,500 dollar biporite mohilar 23,375 dollar. sohorkhonor jonomuri aay aasil 22,332 dollar. pray 3.5 xotangxo poriyal aaru 6.5 xotangxo jonoxongkhya doridrotarekhar tolot aasil, jaar bhitorot 18 bosoror tolor 6.5 xotangxo aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor 6.7 xotangxo aasil.

lyman, neu hampshire lyman markin juktorashtrer neu hampshire grafton kauntir ekti shohor. 2020 saaler jonogonona anujayi jonosongkha chhilo 585 john. itihas. grantham, lisbon ebong egaroti vermont shohor soho limanke farasi oo bharatiya juddher ekjon senapati general finius limanke khatipuran hisabe pradan koraa hoyechilo. county gazeteer motey, "etty deniel lyman ebong 63 john anyannoke 10 navembar, 1761 saale deoa hoyechilo, err namti eyi satya theke udbhuto hoyechilo jey egaro john anudanprapto limaner naam dharon korechilen. anudanpraptara taader sonoder prayojaniyata meney cholte byartho hoy ebong eibhabe taader anudan bajeyapta korey, kintu 20shhey julai, 1769 saale taader somoyer ekti bordhitkoron deoa hoy. 1761 saale lyman antarbhukta koraa hoy. 1880 saale err jonosongkha chhilo 665 john. bhugol. markin juktorashtrer jonogonona bureau onusare, shahartir moat ayton holl jommy ebong joll, jaa shohorer 1.03% niye gothito. shaharti amonosuk nadeer uponodi dwara nishkashito ebong sangjogkari nadeer jalbibhajika ongsho. shohorer sorbochcho binduti samudraprishther upore, signal porboter chudar thhik purbe, gardner porboter shailashira borabor ekti nobe, jaa shohorer poschim seemana nirdharan korey. shohorer prathomik onudaner modhye chhilo sangjogkari nadeer teere jommy. 1854 saale "gardners mountain"-err poschime pawa limaner ongshoti aladabhabe monro hisabe antarbhukta koraa hoy. jonosongkha. 2000 saaler jonogonona anujayi, shohore 487 john manush, 211tii poribar ebong 150tii poribar bosobas koroto. jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo proti borgomaile 17.1 john (6.6/km2). proti borgomaile (3.8/km2) gadey 9.8 ghonotter 280tii abason unit chhilo. shohorer jatigoto gathon chhilo 98.36% saadaa, 0.21% african american, 0.21% sthaniya american, 0.21% asean, 0.41% anyanno jaati theke, ebong 0.62% dui baa totodhik jaati theke. jey konao jaatir hyspanic baa latino chhilo jonosongkhar 0.21%. 211tii poribar chhilo, jaar modhye modhye 18 bochorer qama vayasi santan chhilo, chhilo bibahito dampati eksange thakat, 4.7 shotangsher ekjon mohila grihokorta chhilen ebong swami uposthito chhilen naa ebong ebong poribar chhilo naa. 20.samasta poribarer 9 shotangshoi byakti dwara gothito chhilo ebong 4.3 shotangsher 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi keu ekaa bosobas korten. garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.31 ebong garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.64. shohore jonosongkha chhoriye chhilo, 18 bochorer qama boyosider modhye 19.9%, 18 theke 24 bochor boyosider modhye 4.5%, 25 theke 44 bochor boyosider modhye 32.0%, 45 theke 64 bochor boyosider modhye 31.6% ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider modhye 11.9% chhilo. garh boyce chhilo 42 bochor. proti 100 john mohilar jonno, 102.1 purush chhilo. 18 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi proti 100 john mohilar jonno, 105.3 purush chhilo. shohorer ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 46,607 markin dollar ebong ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 48,365 markin dollar. purushder garh aay chhilo 27,500 markin dollar bonam mohilader 23,375 markin dollar. shohorer mathapichu aay chhilo 22,332 markin dollar. pray 3.5 shotangsho poribar ebong 6.5 shotangsho jonosongkha daridrosimar niche chhilo, jaar modhye 18 bochorer qama boyosider 6.5 shotangsho ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider 6.7 shotangsho chhilo.

limen, nyu hampshire limen aee united statesnaa nyu hampshirena grafton kaauntimaa aavelu aek nagar chhe. chhe vastee ganatarimaa vastee 585 hatee. itihas. grantham, lisban aneey ageeyar vermont nagaro saathe limenne french aneey bhaartiy yuddhnaa senapati general phoenius limenne valtar tareeke aapvama aavyu hatoo. kaauntii gazeteer anusaar, "teey daniel limen aneey 63 anya lokone 10 november, november roj aapvama aavyu hatoo, tenu naam aee hakeekat parthee levaamaa aavyu hatoo keey anudaan melavnaraomathi ageeyarnu naam limen hatoo. anudaan melavnarao temnaa charterni jaruriyaatonu paalan karvaamaa nishfal gayaa, aneey aama temnee anudaan japt curry, parantu temne 20 julai, julai roj samay lambavvama aavyo. aavyo limenno samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo. aavyo tenee vastee 665 hatee. bhugol. united states sensus beuro anusaar, aaa nagarno coole vistaar jameen aneey paanee chhe, jemaa shaherno 1.03% samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa shaher amonosuk nadeeni upanadeeo dwara vahe chhe aneey teey connecticut nadeena jalvibhajakno aek bhaag chhe. nagarnu sauthee unchu bindu samudra sapatithi upar chhe, signal parvatni tochthee maatra purvamaa, maalee parvatni parvatmala saatheno aek gaanth, jeey shahernee pashchim sarhadne vyakhyayit karey chhe. shahernee praarambhik anudaanmaa connecticut nadeeni bajuma jameenno samaavesh thato hato. hato "gardner parvat" nee pashchimma malelaa limennaa bhagne alagthi monaro tareeke saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato. vastee vishhayak. vishhayak vastee ganatari mujab, shaherma 487 loko, 211 parivaaro aneey 150 parivaaro raheta hataa. vasteeni gichataa 17.1 loko pratee choras mile (6.6/km2) hatee. tyaan 9.8 pratee choras mile (3.8/km2) nee sarerash gichataa saathe 280 aavaas aekamo hataa. aaa nagarnee vansheey rachnaa 98.36% safed, 0.21% african american, 0.21% mool american, 0.21% aeshiyan, 0.41% anya jatiomathi aneey 0.62% beey athavaa vadhu jatiomathi hatee. koipan jaatinaa hyspanic athavaa lattin vasteena 0.21% hataa. tyaan 211 parivaaro hataa, jemathi aaee. dii. 2. maan 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadako temnee saathe raheta hataa, aaee. dii. 3. maan parineet yugalo saathe raheta hataa, 4.7 takaa parivaaromaa maheela gruhasth hatee aneey patee haajar nahota aneey aaee. dii. 1. biin-parivaaro hataa. 20.tamaam gharomathi 9 takaa gharo vyaktigat hataa aneey 4.3 takaa gharomaa 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnaa loko ekalaa raheta hataa. sarerash gharnu qada 2.31 hatoo aneey sarerash kutumbanu qada 2.64 hatoo. shaherma, vastee felaayelee hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 19.9%, 18 thee 24 varshnee umarnaa 4.5%, 25 thee 44 varshnee umarnaa 32.0%, 45 thee 64 varshnee umarnaa 31.6% aneey 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 11.9% loko hataa. sarerash ummar 42 varsh hatee. darr 100 maheelao deeth, 102.1 purusho hataa. 18 varsh aneey tethee vadhu umarnee darek 100 maheelao maate, 105.3 purusho hataa. shaherma aek parivaarni sarerash aavak 46,607 dollar hatee aneey aek parivaarni sarerash aavak 48,365 dollar hatee. purushoni sarerash aavak 27,500 dollar hatee jyaare maheelaoni sarerash aavak 23,375 dollar hatee. shahernee mathadith aavak 22,332 dollar hatee. lagbhag 3.5 takaa parivaaro aneey 6.5 takaa vastee garibi rekhaa neeche hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 6.5 takaa aneey 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 6.7 takaa loko saamel hataa.

lyman, nyu hampshire lyman sanyukt raajya america key nyu hampshire key grafton county mein ack shahar haye. 2020 kii janganana mein jansankhya 585 thee. itihas. lyman koo grantham, lisban aur gyaarah vermont shaharon key saath francisi aur bhaaratiya yuddh mein ack commander general phoenius lyman koo muaavaje key roop mein diyaa gayaa thaa. county rajpatrak key anusaar, "yeh daniel lyman aur 63 anya logon koo 10 navambar, 1761 koo diyaa gayaa thaa, iska naam iss tathya seey liya gayaa thaa kii anudan praapt karane vaalon mein seey gyaarah kaa naam lyman thaa. anudan praaptakarta apane charter kii aavashyaktaon kaa paalan karane mein whiffle rahey, aur iss prakaar unake anudan koo jabt curr liya, lekin unhein 20 julaai, 1769 koo samay kaa vistaar diyaa gayaa. 1761 mein lyman koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 1880 mein isaki aabaadi 665 thee. bhugol. sanyukt raajya janganana beuro key anusaar, shahar kaa kull kshetrafal haye, jisamen bhoomi aur paani hain, jisamen shahar kaa 1.03% shamil haye. yeh shahar amonosuk nadee kii sahayak nadiyon dwara bahaaya jaataa haye aur yeh kanaikatikat nadee key jalvibhaajak kaa hissa haye. shahar kaa sabse oonchaa bindu samudra tala seey oopar haye, signal parvat key shikhar key thheek poorv mein, gardner parvat kii katak key saath ack ghundi, joe shahar kii paschimi seema koo paribhaashit karati haye. shahar key praarambhik anudan mein kanaikatikat nadee key kinare kii bhoomi shamil thee. 1854 mein "gardner key pahaad" key paschim mein paae gaye lyman key hisse koo alag seey monro key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. jansankhyiki. 2000 kii janganana key anusaar, shahar mein 487 loga, 211 ghar aur 150 parivaar rahate they. jansankhya ghanatva 17.1 loga prati varg meal (6.6/km2) thaa. 9. 8 prati varg meal (3.8/km2) key ausat ghanatva parr 280 awas ikaaiyaan theen. shahar kaa nasleeya swaroop 98.36% safed, 0.21% african americi, 0.21% mool americi, 0.21% asiai, 0.41% anya naslon seey, aur 0.62% dou yaa dou seey adhik naslon seey thaa. kissy bhee jaati key hyspanic yaa latino aabaadi key 0.21% they. 211 ghar they, jinamen seey aaee. dee. 1. key 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche unake saath rahate they, aaee. dee. 3. vivaahit jode they joe ack saath rahate they, 4.7% mein ack mahila grihasth thee jiska koee pati maujood naheen thaa, aur aaee. dee. 2. gair-parivaar they. 20.sabhi gharon mein seey 9 pratishat vyaktiyon seey baney they, aur 4.3 pratishat mein koee aisaa vyakti thaa joe akela rahata thaa jisaki ayu 65 varsh yaa usase adhik thee. ausat parivaar kaa aakar 2.31 thaa aur ausat parivaar kaa aakar 2.64 thaa. shahar mein, aabaadi faili hui thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key 19.9%, 18 seey 24 varsh kii ayu key 4.5%, 25 seey 44 varsh kii ayu key 32.0%, 45 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key 31.6% aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key 11.9% they. ausat ayu 42 varsh thee. pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye, 102.1 purush they. 18 varsh aur usase adhik ayu kii pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye, 105.3 purush they. shahar mein ack parivaar kii ausat aaya 46,607 dollar thee, aur ack parivaar kii ausat aaya 48,365 dollar thee. purushon kii ausat aaya 27,500 dollar thee jabaki mahilaaon kii 23,375 dollar thee. shahar kii prati vyakti aaya 22,332 dollar thee. lagbhag 3.5% parivaar aur 6.5% aabaadi garibi rekha seey neeche thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key 6.5% aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key 6.5% shamil they.

lyman, nyoo hampshire lyman embudu united statesna nyoo hampshiren grafton kountiyalliruva ondu pattanavagide. 2020rahra janaganatiyalli janasankhyeyu 585 aagittu. itihaasa. grantham, lisban mattu hannondu vermont pattanagalondige laimange french mattu bhaaratiya yuddhada commander general phenias laimange parihaaravaagi nidalaayitu. kaunti gazetiern prakara, "idannu daniel lyman mattu itara aravattamuru janarige, november 10,1761 randu nidalaayitu, adara hesarannu hannondu anudaana padeyuvavaru lyman hesarannu hondiddaru emba amshadinda padeyalaagide. anudaana padeyuvavaru tamma sannadina avashyakategalannu puraisalu viphalaraadaru, mattu heegaagi avara anudaanavannu kaledukondaru, aadare avarige julai 20,1769 randu kaalaavakaashavannu nidalaayitu. 1761 ralli lyman annu samyojisalaayitu. 1880 ralli idu 665 janasankhyeyannu hondittu. bhougolika. united states janaganati byooroda prakara, pattanavu ottu vistirnavannu hondide, idaralli bhoomi mattu neeru serive, idu pattanada <aii. dii. 1> annu olagondide. ee pattanavu amonosuk nadiya upanadigalinda hariyuttade mattu idu connecticut nadiya jalanayana pradeshada bhagavagide. nagarada athi ettarada sthalavu samudra mattadinda, signal parvatada shikharada purvakke, gardner parvatada parvatada uddakkoo ondu gubbi, idu pattanada paschima gadiyannu vyaakhyaanisuttade. pattanada arambhika anudaanavu connecticut nadiya uddakkoo bhoomiyannu olagondittu. 1854ralli "gardners parvata" dha pashchimadalli kandubaruva limenra bhagavannu pratyekavagi munro endu serisalaayitu. janasankhyaashaastra. 2000rahra janaganatiya prakara, pattanadalli 487 janaru, 211 manegalu mattu 150 kutumbagalu vaasisuttiddavu. jansankhyeya saandrateyu prati chadara mailige 17.1 janaridditu (6.6/km2). prati chadara mailige sarasari 9.8 saandrateya 280 vasati ghatakagaliddavu (3.8/km2). pattanada janangiya rachaneyu 98.36% bili, 0.21% african american, 0.21% sthaliya american, 0.21% asean, 0.41% itara janangagalinda, mattu 0.62% eradu athawa hecchina janangagalinda. yaavude janangada hysponic athawa latino jansankhyeya <aii. dii. 1> aagittu. allie 211 kutumbagaliddavu, avugalalli aii. dii. 1.18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu hondiddu, aii. dii. 2. vivaahita dampatigalu ottige vaasisuttiddaru, shay. 4.7rashtu kutumbagalalli ganda illada mahila maney maalikaraagiddaru mattu aii. dii. 3. kutumbagalalladavaragiddaru. 20.9rashtu kutumbagalu vyaktigalinda koodive mattu 4.3rashtu kutumbagalalli 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaru obbare vasisuttiddare. sarasari maneya gatravu 2.31 aagittu mattu sarasari kutumbada gatravu 2.64 aagittu. pattanadalli, janasankhyeyu 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaraada <aii. dii. 4>, 18 rinda 24 ravarege 4.5%, 25 rinda 44 ravarege <aii. dii. 1>, 45 rinda 64 ravarege <aii. dii. 3>, mattu 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaraada <aii. dii. 2> nondige haradittu. sarasari vayassu 42 varshagalu. prati 100 mahileyarigomme, <aii. dii. 1> purushariddaru. 18 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina prati 100 mahileyaralli, <aii. dii. 1> purushariddaru. pattanadalli ondu maneya sarasari aadaayavu $46,607 aagittu, mattu ondu kutumbada sarasari aadaayavu $48,365 aagittu. purusharu sarasari aadaayavannu $27,500 mattu mahileyarige $23,375 hondiddaru. pattanada talaa aadaayavu $22,332 aagittu. sumaru 3.5% kutumbagalu mattu 6.5% janasankhyeyu badatana rekheginta kelagilididdavu, idaralli 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaralli 6.5% mattu 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaralli 6.7% seriddavu.

lyman, nyu hampshire lyman heey americetil nyu hampshire yetheel grafton countymadhil eka shahar aahe. 2020 chya jangananenusar loksankhya 585 hotee. itihas. grantham, lisban aanee akra vermont shaharansah limenla french aanee bharatiy yuddhatil senapati general phoenias limenla nuksan bharpai mhanoon denyat aale. county rajpatrakanusar, "heey daan daniel lyman aanee itar 63 jananna 10 november 1761 roji denyat aale hote, tyache naav anudanarthinpaiki akra jananche naav lyman hote yaa vastusthitivarun ghetale gele aahe. anudandharak tyanchya sanadechya aavashyaktanche palan karnyat ayashasvi jhaale aanee tyamule tyanche anudan japt jhaale, parantu tyanna 20 julai 1769 roji mudatvadh denyat aalee. 1761 madhye limenchi sthapana karnyat aalee. 1880 madhye tyachi loksankhya 665 hotee. bhoogol. united states sensus beuronusar, shaharache ekoon kshetrafal aahe, jyapaiki jameen aanee paanee aahe, jyat shaharacha 1.03% samavesh aahe. heey shahar amonosuk nadichya upanadyanni vahoon jaate aanee heey heey nadichya panlot kshetracha bhag aahe. shaharatil sarvat unch bindu samudraspatipasun varr aahe, signal parvatachya shikharapasun agadi purvela, bagayati parvatachya shikharavar eka gaath, jee shaharachi paschim seema paribhashit karate. shaharachya prarambhik anudanat jodani nadichya kathavaril jaminicha samavesh hota. 1854 madhye 'gardnerchya parvatachya' paschimes sapadalela limencha bhag swatantrapane monro mhanoon samavisht karnyat aala. loksankhyashastra. 2000 chya jangananenusar, shaharat 487 lock, 211 ghare aanee 150 kutumbe rahat hotee. loksankhyechi ghanata prati chauras mail 17.1 lock (6.6/km2) hotee. prati chauras mail 9.8 chya sarasari ghanatesah (3.8/km2) 280 gruhnirman units hotya. shaharachi vanshik rachana 98.36% pandhari, 0.21% african american, 0.21% mool american, 0.21% ashiyai, 0.41% itar vanshatil aanee 0.62% done kinwa adhik vanshatil hotee. konatyahi vanshache hyspanic kinwa latino heey loksankhyechya 0.21% hote. 211 kutumbe hotee, jyapaiki jyapaiki madhye 18 varshankhalil mule tyanchyasobat rahat hotee, hotee madhye vivahit jodapi ekatra rahat hotee, 4.7 takke gharat mahila hotee aanee patee navhata aanee aanee madhye gair-kutumbe hotee. 20.serve gharanpaiki 9 takke kutumbe vyaktinni banaleli hotee aanee 4.3 takke kutumbanmadhye 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi vyakti ekti rahat hotee. kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.31 hota aanee kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.64 hota. shaharat, 18 varshankhalil 19.9%, 18 teey 24 vayogatatil 4.5%, 25 teey 44 vayogatatil 32.0%, 45 teey 64 vayogatatil 31.6% aanee 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayache 11.9% ashee loksankhya pasarali hotee. sarasari vay 42 varshe hote. pratyek 100 mahilansathi, 102.1 purush hote. 18 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya pratyek 100 mahilansathi, 105.3 purush hote. shaharatil eka kutumbache sarasari utpann 46,607 dollar hote aanee eka kutumbache sarasari utpann 48,365 dollar hote. purushanche sarasari utpann 27,500 dollar hote tarr mahilanche 23,375 dollar hote. shaharache dardoi utpann 22,332 dollar hote. sumare 3.5 takke kutumbe aanee 6.5 takke loksankhya daridrya reshekhali hotee, jyat 18 varshankhalil 6.5 takke aanee 65 kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachya 6.7 takke lokancha samavesh hota.

lyman, nyu hampshire lyman sanyukta rajya americako nyu hampsireko grafton countyko euta sahar how. sann 2020 ko janaganaanusar janasankhya 585 thiyo. itihas. grantham, lisban rar eghar vermont saharharusahit laimanlai francelli rar bharatiya yuddhaka commander general finias laimanlai kshatipurti rupma pradan garieko thiyo. county rajapatraka anusar, "yo daniel lyman rar 63 anyalai november 10,1761 maa pradan garieko thiyo, yasako naam anudan praptakartaharu madhye egharle laimanko naam rakheka thie bhanne tathyabata liieko how. anudan praptakartaharule afno charterko awashyaktaharu pura garna asafal bhae, rar yasari uniharuko anudan gumae, tara uniharulai july 20,1769 maa samaya wistar garieko thiyo. "lyman 1761 maa samawesh garieko thiyo. 1880 maa yasako janasankhya 665 thiyo. bhugol. sanyukta rajya americako janagana byuroka anusar, saharko kull kshetrafal chha, jasmadhye jamin rar pani chha, jasma saharko 1.03% samawesh chha. yo sahar amonosuk nadiko sahayak nadiharule nikasi gareko chha rar yo connectict nadi watershedko hissa how. saharko sabaibhanda aglo bindu samudra satahabhanda mathi chha, signal parwatko shikharko purvama, gardner parwatko rijko sath euta ghundi, jasle saharko paschimi sima paribhashit gardacha. saharko prarambhik anudanma connecticut nadiko kinarma raheko jagga samawesh thiyo. sann 1854 maa "gardnerko parwat" ko paschimma fela pareko laimanko bhaglai chhuttai monroko rupma samawesh garieko thiyo. janasankhyiki. sann 2000 ko janaganaanusar saharma 487 zana manis, 211 gharpariwar rar 150 pariwar basobas gariraheka thie. janasankhya ghanatwa 17.1 wyakti prati warga mile (6.6/km2) thiyo. 9. 8 prati warga mile (3.8/km2) ko ausat ghanatwama 280 awas ekaiharu thie. saharko jatiya banawat 98.36% seto, 0.21% africi americi, 0.21% muel americi, 0.21% asealy, 0.41% anya jatiharubata, rar 0.62% dui wa badhi jatiharubata thiyo. kunai pani jatika hispainik wa latino janasankhyako 0.21% thie. tyahan 211 wata gharpariwar thie, jasmadhye 24.6% kaa 18 warsha munika chhorachhoriharu uniharusanga basdai aeka thie, 61.1% vivahit dampatiharu sangai basdai aeka thie, 4.7% mahila grihastha thie jasko pati upasthit thienan, rar 28.9% gaira-pariwarharu thie. 20.sabai gharapariwarko 9 pratishat wyaktiharu milera baneko thiyo, rar 4.3 pratishatma 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika kohi eklai basne thie. ausat gharko akar 2.31 thiyo rar ausat pariwarko akar 2.64 thiyo. saharma, janasankhya failieko thiyo, 18 warsha munika 19.9%, 18 dekhi 24 samma 4.5%, 32.0% 25 dekhi 44 samma, 31.6% 45 dekhi 64 samma, rar 11.9% jo 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika thie. ausat umera 42 warsha thiyo. pratyek 100 mahilaka lagi, tyahan 102.1 purushharu thie. 18 warsha rar sobhanda mathika pratyek 100 zana mahilaka lagi, tyahan 105.3 purushharu thie. saharko euta pariwarko ausat aya $46,607 thiyo, rar euta pariwarko ausat aya $48,365 thiyo. purushharuko ausat aya $27,500 thiyo bhane mahilaharuko ausat aya $23,375 thiyo. saharko pratiwyakti amdani 22,332 dollar thiyo. lagbhag 3.5 pratishat pariwar rar 6.5 pratishat janasankhya garibiko rekhamuni thie, jasma 18 warsha munika 6.5 pratishat rar 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika 6.7 pratishat thie.

lyman, nyu hampshire lyman heuchhi juktarastra americara nyu hampshire antargata graphton kauntira eka sahara. 2020 janganana anujai, ehara janasankhya 585 thila. itihas. grantom, lisbon ebong egarati vermont sahara sahita laimananku farasi ebong bharatiah juddhara commander general finias laimananku khyatipurana bhabare pradan karajaithila. county gejetijaranka anujai, "ehaa daniel lyman ebong anya 63 jananku navember 10,1761 ray pradan karajaithila, ehara naama ehi tathyaru aasichhi je anudan prapta byaktinka madhyaru egaara john lyman naama dhaaran karithile. anudanapraptamane semananka sanade aabashyakataaku palana karibare biphal hoithile, ebong ehipari semanankara anudan haraithile, kintu july 20,1769 ray semananku samai brudhi karajaithila. 1761 ray laimanaku antarbhukta karajaithila. 1880 ray ehara janasankhya 665 thila . bhugol. juktarastrara janganana byurora tathya anujai, saharar mote khetraphala heuchhi jami ebong jala, jeunthire saharar 1.03% antarbhukta. ehi saharati amonosuk nadira upanadeegudika dwara nishkasita ebong ehaa sanjogakaree nadee jalabibhajikara anshabisesha. saharar sarbocha bindu samudra prustharu uparaku, signal parbata shikhar thick purbare, gardner parbatamalara riz sahita eka nob, jaahaa saharar paschima seemaaku byakhya kare . saharar prarambhika anudanare sanjogakaree nadee koolare jami antarbhukta thila . 1854 masihare "gardner parbata" rahr paschimare milithiba lymanara anshaku pruthaka bhabare monro bhabare antarbhukta karajaithila . janasankhyika. 2000 masihar janganana anujai, saharare 487 john lock, thile। paribara ebong ebong paribara rahuthile. janasankhyara ghanatwa thila berg mile pichha 17.1 lock (6.6/km2). prati berg mile (3.8/km2) ray harahari ghanatwa 9.8 ray 280 abas unit thila . saharar jatigata gathan thila 98.36% dhalaa, 0.21% african americae, 0.21% sthaniah americae, 0.21% asiah, 0.41% anya jaatira, ebong 0.62% dui kimba adhika jaatira. jekaunasi jaatira hyspanic kimba latino janasankhyara 0.21% thile. thile। paribara thila, jeunthiru 18 barsharu comm baisar pila semananka sahita rahuthile, bibahita dampatimane ekathi rahuthile, 4.7 pratishata mahila gruhinee thile ebong swamee nathile, ebong 28.9% anah-paribara thile. 20.samasta paribarara 9 pratishata byaktimananka dwara gathita thila, ebong 4.3 pratishatare 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar kehi jane ekaki rahuthile. harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.31 ebong harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.64. saharare, janasankhya bistara hoithila, 18 barsharu comm baisar 19.9%, 18 ru 24 barsha baisar 4.5%, 25 ru 44 barsha baisar 32.0%, 45 ru 64 barsha baisar 31.6%, ebong 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 11.9%. harahari bayasa 42 barsha thila. prati 100 john mahilanka paain, purush 102.1 thile. 18 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru adhika baisar prati 100 john mahilanka paain, 105.3 purush thile. saharar gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila $46,607, ebong gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila $48,365. purushanka madhyama aaja thila $27,500, ebong mahilanka paain $23,375. saharar mundapicha aaja thila $22,332. praiah 3.5% paribara ebong 6.5% janasankhya daridrya seemarekha tale thile, jeunthire 18 barsharu comm baisar 6.5% ebong 65 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 6.5% antarbhukta thile.

lyman, nioo hampshire lyman sanyukat raaj amrica dey nioo hampshire witch grafton kaoonti daa ikk shehar haii. 2020 dee mardamshumari witch aabadi 585 see. itihaas. leeman noon grantham, lisban atey giaaran vermont kasbiaan dey naal, franch atey bharti yuddh witch ikk commander general feens leeman noon muaavze vajon ditta giaa see. kaoonti gaztier dey anusar, "ih daniel lyman atey sathh-tinn horaan noon 10 navambar, 1761 noon ditta giaa see, iss daa naam iss tatth toon liaa giaa see kii grant prapat curran valiaan vicchon giaaran daa naam lyman see. grant prapat curran vaale aapne charter deeaan zaruratan dee palna curran witch asfal rahey, atey iss tarahan unhan dee grant noon khatam qarr ditta giaa, parr unhan noon 20 julai, 1769 noon samaan vadha ditta giaa. bhugol. sanyukat raaj mardamshumari beoro dey anusar, shehar daa kull khetarfal haii, jiss witch zameen atey paanee hunn, jiss witch shehar daa 1.03% shamal haii. ih shehar amonosuk nadee deeaan sahaik nadiaan duaara kaddhiaa jaanda haii atey connect nadee watershed daa hissa haii. shehar daa sabh toon uccha bindu samunder tall toon uppar haii, signal pahaad dey sikhar dey bilkul purab witch, garden pahaad dey pahaad dey naal ikk gutt, joe shehar dee pachmi seema noon paribhashit karda haii. shehar dee shuruati grant witch connect nadee dey kinare zameen shamal see. sann 1854 witch "gardners pahaad" dey pachham witch paae gaye lyman dey hisse noon vakkhre taur utte monro vajon shamal keeta giaa see. jansankhiaa. saal 2000 dee mardamshumari anusar, shehar witch 487 lock, 211 gharr atey 150 parivaar rahinde sunn. aabadi dee ghanta 17.1 lock pratee varag meal (6.6/km2) see. 9. 8 pratee varag meal (3.8/km2) dee ausat ghanta utte 280 rihaishi ikaiaan sunn. shehar daa nasli banatar 98.36% chitta, 0.21% african amriki, 0.21% mool amriki, 0.21% aci, 0.41% horr naslan toon, atey 0.62% doou jaan doou toon vaddh naslan toon see. kise vee nasal dey hyspanic jaan latino aabadi daa 0.21% sunn. itthe 211 gharr sunn, jinhan vicchon aaee. dee. 2. dey 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacche sunn, aaee. dee. 3. viaahe jode sunn joe ikkathe rahinde sunn, 4.7% aurtan gharelu sunn jinhan daa koee patee maujood naheen see, atey aaee. dee. 1. gair-parivaar sunn. 20.kull gharan vicchon 9 pratishat viaktiaan dey sunn, atey 4.3 pratishat witch koee ajiha viakati see joe 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar daa see. ausat gharelu aakaar 2.31 see atey ausat parivarak aakaar 2.64 see. shehar witch, aabadi fail gaee see, 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey 19.9%, 18 toon 24 saal dee umar dey 4.5%, 25 toon 44 saal dee umar dey 32.0%, 45 toon 64 saal dee umar dey 31.6% atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey 11.9%. ausat umar 42 saal see. harr 100 aurtan laee, 102.1 marad sunn. 18 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar deeaan harr 100 aurtan laee, 105.3 marad sunn. shehar witch ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan 46,607 dallar see, atey ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan 48,365 dallar see. mardan dee ausat aamdan 27,500 dallar see jadon kii aurtan dee 23,375 dallar see. shehar dee pratee viakati aamdan 22,332 dallar see. lagbhag 3.5% parivaar atey 6.5% aabadi garibi rekha toon hethan see, jiss witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey 6.5% atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey 6.5% shamal sunn.

laiman, nyoo hampshire laiman samyuktarajyamerikadesha nyoo-hampshire-nagarasya grafton-kauntee-nagarasya nagaram asti. 2020 janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 585 aasit. itihaasah. graantam, lisban, ekaadasha vermont-nagaraani cha saha laiman, french-bhaarateey-yuddhasya senaapatih general finias laiman ityasmai parihaararoopen dattah. county-rajapatrasya anusaaram, "daniel-laiman ityasmai anyeshashashtatrayam cha 1761 tame varshe november-masasya 10 dinaanke dattam, tasya naam ekaadasha anudanadatrunam laiman iti naam aasit iti tathyaat vyutpannam. anudanagrahinaha swashaasanasya aavashyakataam paalayitum asaphalavantah, evam cha teshaam anudaanam nashtavantah, parantu 1769 julai 20 dinaanke teshaam krute samayaparidhih diyita. 1761 tame varshe "laiman" iti samsthaapitam. 1880 tame varshe asya janasankhyaa 665 aasit. bhoogolah. samyuktarajyamerika-janaganana-karyalayasya anusaaram asya nagarasya kulakshetram asti, yeshu bhoomih jalaha cha asti, yatra nagarasya 1.03% asti. idam nagaram amonosuk-nadyaah upanadyaih nishkaasitam bhavati, api cha samyog-nadyaah jalavibhaajane bhaagah asti. nagarasya sarwochchah binduhu samudratalaat oordhwah asti, sanketaparvatasya shikharasy poorvadishi eva asti, udyaanaparvatasya shikharasy paarshve ekaha gundaa asti, yah nagarasya pashchimasima nirdishati. nagarasya praarambhik-anudaane kanektikat-nadyaah paarshve bhoomih antarbhavati sma. 1854 tame varshe "gardners parwatah" paschimadishi praaptah laiman ityasya bhaagah pruthak pruthak manro iti rupena antarbhooyatah. janasaamkhyikee. 2000 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram asmin nagare 487 janaah, 211 gruhaani, 150 parivaaraah cha nivasanti sma. janasankhyaaghanatvam 17.1 janaah prativargamail (6.6/km2) aasit. prativargamail (3.8/km2) 9.8 madhya-ghanate 280 aawaas-ekakaah aasan. asya nagarasya jaateey-aakrutihi 98.36% shwetah, 0.21% aafrikan-american, 0.21% desheeyah american, 0.21% asean, 0.41% anya-jaatibhyah, 0.62% cha dwe vaa adhika-jaatibhyah aasit. kasyaapi jaatyaah hispaanik athavaa latino-janaah janasankhyaayaah 0.21% aasan. 211 gruhaani aasan, yeshu aii. dii. 1. ityasya 18 varshaat nyoonawayaskaah baalaah nivasanti sma, aii. dii. 2. ityasya parineeta-dampatee ekatra nivasanti sma, 4.7 pratishatasya stree-gruhasthee aasit, pati naseet, aii. dii. 3. ityasya parijanah naa aasan. 20.sarveshu gruheshu 9 pratishatam vyaktibhihi nirmitam aasit, 4.3 pratishatam janeshu 65 varshaani vaa adhikavayaskah ekaki nivasati sma. gruhasya madhyamah aakaarah 2.31 aasit, tathaa cha madhyamah parivaarah 2.64 aasit. 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 19.9%, 18 taha 24 varshaparyantam 4.5%, 25 taha 44 varshaparyantam 32.0%, 45 taha 64 varshaparyantam 31.6%, 65 varshaparyantam vaa vruddhaanaam 11.9% cha janaihi saha nagare janasankhyaa prasrutaa aasit. asya madhyayuhu 42 varshaani aasit. prati 100 mahilanam krute, 102.1 purushaah aasan. 18 varshaani tathaa tadadhikavayaskanam prati 100 mahilanam krute 105.3 purushaah aasan. nagarasya ekasmin gruhasya madhyam-aayah $46,607 aasit, tathaa cha ekasmin parivaarasya madhyam-aayah $48,365 aasit. purushaanaam madhyam-aayah $27,500 aasit, mahilanam krute $23,375 aasit. asya nagarasya prativyakti-aayah $22,332 aasit. praayah 3.5% parivaaraah, 6.5% janasankhyaa cha daridryarekhayaha adhah aasan, 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 6.5%, 65 varshaat adhikavayaskaanaam 6.7% cha.

lyman, neu hampshire lyman enbathu aikkiya americavin neu hampshire maanilaththin crafton kavundiyil ulla oru nagaram aagum. 2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi makkal thogai 585 aaga irunththathu. varalaaru. kiraandam, lispen mattrum pathinoru vermont nagarangaludan lymanum, pirenchu mattrum inthiyap poaril oru thalapathiyaaga irunththa general finias laimanukku izhappeedaaga vazhangkappattathu. kavundi vardhamani arikkaiyinpadi, "idhu daniel lyman mattrum arupatthu moontru paerukku navambar 10,1761 andru vazhangkappattathu, adhan peyar maaniyathaarargalil pathinoru paer lyman endra peyaraik kondirundhadhaal perappattathu. maaniyathaarargal thangal saasanaththin thevaikalukku inangkath thavarivittanar, ithanaal avarkalin maaniyatthai izhanththanar, aanaal juulai 20,1769 andru avarkalukku kaala neettippu vazhangkappattathu. 1761 ill lyman inaikkappattathu. 1880 ill adhan makkal thogai 665 aaga irunththathu. puviyiyal. america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu paniyagaththin koottruppadi, inththa nagaram moththa parappalavaik kondullathu, idhil nilam mattrum neer, nagaraththin 1.03% aii ulladakkiyathu. inththa nagaram ammonosk aattrin thunai nadhigalaal vadikattappadukirathu mattrum idhu inaikappatta nadhi neervaraththu paguthiyin oru paguthiyaagum. nagaraththin miga uyaramaana idam kadal mattaththirku maelae ullathu, signal malaiyin uchikku sattru kizhakkae, thottakkaarar malaiyin malaiththodarin kurukkae oru kuzhi, idhu nagaraththin maerku ellaiyai varaiyarukkirathu. nagaraththin aaramba maaniyaththil inaikappatta aattrin kurukkae ulla nilamum adangkum. 1854 aam aandil "cardeners malai" kku maerkae kandupidikappatta limen pakuthi thaniththaniyaaga moanroavaaga inaikkappattathu. makkalthogai. 2000aam aandu makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, inththa nagaraththil 487 paer, 211 kudumbangal mattrum 150 kudumbangal vasiththu vanthanar. makkal thogai adarththi oru sathura mylukku 17.1 paer (6.6/km2). oru sathura mylukku 9.8 endra sarasari adarththiyil 280 veettu alagugal irunththana (3.8/km2). nagaraththin ina amaippu 98.36% vellai, 0.21% aaprikka american, 0.21% poorveega american, 0.21% aasiyan, 0.41% pira inangkalaich sernthavar, mattrum 0.62% irandu allathu adharku maerpatta inangkalaich sernthavar. endhavoru inaththin hysphonic allathu latheen makkal thogaiyil 0.21% aaga irunththanar. 211 kudumbangal irunththana, avattril aii. dii. 2. udan 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigal vasiththu vanthanar, aii. dii. 3. tirumanamaana thambathigal ontraaka vasiththu vanthanar, 4.7 sathaveetham paer kanavar illaatha penn veettukkarar irunththanar, aii. dii. 1. kudumbangal allaathavarkal. 20.anaitthu veedugalilum 9 sathaveetham thaninabarkal irunththanar, maelum 4.3 sathaveetham 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargal thaniyaaga vasiththu vanthanar. sarasari kudumba alavu 2.31 aagavum, sarasari kudumba alavu 2.64 aagavum irunththathu. nagaraththil, makkal thogai paravalaaka irunththathu, 18 vayathirkutpattavarkal 19.9%, 18 muthal 24 varai 4.5 sathaveetham, 25 muthal 44 varai 32.0%, 45 muthal 64 varai 31.6% mattrum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargal 11.9%. sarasari vayathu 42 aagum. ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 102.1 aangal irunththanar. 18 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 105.3 aangal irunththanar. nagaraththil oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam $46,607 aagavum, oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam $48,365 aagavum irunththathu. aangalin sarasari varumaanam $27,500 aagavum, penkalin sarasari varumaanam $23,375 aagavum irunththathu. inththa nagaraththin thaninabar varumaanam $22,332 aagum. sumar 3.5 sathaveetha kudumbangal mattrum 6.5 sathaveetha makkal varumaik koattirkuk keezhae ullanar, idhil 18 vayathirkutpattavargal 6.5 sathaveetham paer mattrum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargalil 6.7 sathaveetham paer ullanar.

lyman, nyuu hampshire lyman anedi united states looni nyuu hampshire looni grafton kounteelooni oka pattanam. 2020 janabha lekkala prakaram janabha 585. charitra. grantham, lisban, padakondu vermont pattanaalatoe paatu, french, bhaarata yuddhamlo commander ayina general finias laimanku lymannu nashtapariharamgaa manjuru chesaaru. county gaziteer prakaram, "idhi daniel lyman mariyu aravai moodu mandiki, november 10,1761naa manjuru cheyabadindi, daani paeru manjuru chesina vaarilo padakondu mandhi lyman paerunu kaligi unnanduna vachindi. manjuru chesinavaaru tama saasanapatram yokka avasaralanu neraverchadamlo viphalamayyaru, tadwara vaari manjoorunu kolpoyaru, conny vaariki juulai 20,1769naa podigimpu manjuru cheyabadindi. 1761loe lyman cherchabadindi. 1880loe dheeni janabha 665gaa undhi. bhougolikam. united states janabha lekkala beuro prakaram, eee pattanamlo mottam vaisaalyam undhi, veetilo bhoomi mariyu neeru unnaayi, pattanamlooni 1.03% kaligi undhi. eee pattanam ammonosuk nadhi upanadula dwara pravahistundi mariyu connecticut nadhi pareevaahaka praantamloo bhaagam. pattanamlo ettaina pradaesam samudra mattaniki paina, signal parvatam sikharaaniki thoorpuna, thotamaali parvatam yokka sikharam vembadi oka gubbi, idhi pattanam yokka paschima sarihaddunu nirvachistundi. pattanam yokka prarambha manjoorulo connecticut nadhi vembadi bhoomi undhi. 1854loe "gardners parvatam" kii paschimaana kanugonabadina lyman yokka bhaganni vidigaa manroga chaerchaaru. janabha. 2000 janabha lekkala prakaram, pattanamlo 487 mandhi prajalu, 211 gruhalu mariyu 150 kutumbaalu nivasistunnaayi. janabha saandrata chadarapu mailuku 17.1 mandhi (6.6/km2). chadarapu mailuku 9.8 sagatu saandratatoe 280 gruha unitlu undevi (3.8/km2). pattanam yokka jaathi alankarana 98.36% tella, 0.21% african american, 0.21% sthaanika american, 0.21% asea, 0.41% itara jaatula nundi, mariyu 0.62% rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jaatula nundi. edainaa jaatiki chendina hysponic ledhaa laatinolu janabhalo 0.21% unnaaru. 211 kutumbaalu unnaayi, veetilo 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu vaaritho nivasistunnaaru, vivaahita jantalu kalisi nivasistunnaaru, 4.7% mandhi bhartha laeni mahilaa gruhasthulu unnaaru, mariyu kutumbaalu kaanivaaru unnaaru. 20.mottam gruhaalalo 9 saatam mandhi vyaktulu unnaaru, mariyu 4.3 saatam mandhi 65 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaaru ontarigaa nivasistunnaaru. sagatu gruha parimaanam 2.31 mariyu sagatu kutumba parimaanam 2.64. pattanamlo, 18 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 19.9%, 18 nunchi 24 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 4.5%, 25 nunchi 44 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 32.0%, 45 nunchi 64 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 31.6%, 65 ellu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaaru 11.9% thoo janabha vistarinchindi. sagatu vayassu 42 samvatsaraalu. prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku, 102.1 purushulu unnaaru. 18 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku, 105.3 purushulu unnaaru. pattanamlooni oka inti sagatu aadaayam $46,607, mariyu oka kutumbaaniki sagatu aadaayam $48,365. purushula sagatu aadaayam $27,500 kaga, mahilala sagatu aadaayam $23,375. pattanaaniki talasari aadaayam $22,332. sumaru 3.5% kutumbaalu mariyu janabhalo 6.5% mandhi daaridyra rekhaku diguvana unnaaru, veerilo 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaarilo 6.5% mariyu 65 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaarilo 6.7% mandhi unnaaru.

leeman neo hampshire leeman riyasathaye muthadah america kii riyasat neo hampshire kii grafton county kaa eek qasbah hay. 2020 kii mardam shumari mein aabadi 585 thee. tareekh. leeman grentham lesban aur gayarah warmont qasbon kay saath francisi aur hindustani jung kay commander general finyas limeen kuu maawaze kay toor parr diyaa gayaa thaa. county guztier kay mutabiq "yaha 10 nomber 1761 kuu denial leeman aur 63 deegar kuu diyaa gayaa thaa iss kaa naam iss haqeeqat say makhuz hay kahh grant haasil karnay waalon mein say gayarah kaa naam limeen thaa. grant haasil karnay waalay apnay charter kay taqazon kii tameel karnay mein nakaam rahay aur iss tarah inn kii grant kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa leakin inhein 20 jolayi 1769 kuu waqat mein tausia dee gayee. 1761 mein leeman kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa. 1880 mein iss kii aabadi 665 thee. geografiya. riyasathaye muthadah kay mardam shumari beuro kay mutabiq qasbey kaa kill raqbah hay jiss mein zameen aur paani haine juu qasbey kay 1.03% parr mushtamil hay. yaha qasbah amonosk nadee kii maawan nadiyon say behta hay aur kanektikt nadee kay watersheed kaa hasah hay. shehar kaa sabb say ooncha maqaam satah samandar say oopar segnal pahaad kii chooti kay balkal mashriq mein gardner pahaad kii chooti kay saath eek noob hay juu shehar kii maghrabi sarhad kii wazahat kartaa hay. shehar kii ibtadayi grant mein kanektikt nadee kay kinaray kii zameen shaamil thee. 1854 mein "gardners mountain" kay maghrab mein paaye jaanay waalay leeman kay hasay kuu alaihdah toor parr monro kay toor parr shaamil kiyaa gayaa. aabadi. 2000 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq shehar mein 487 afraad 211 gharanay aur 150 khaandaan rehtay thay. aabadi kii kasafat 17.1 afraad phee marbaa meel (6.6/km2) thee. 9. 8 phee marbaa meel (3.8/km2) kii ausat kasafat parr 280 housing units thay. shehar kaa nasli meek app 98.36% safed 0.21% afriqi americi 0.21% maqami americi 0.21% aishiyayi 0.41% deegar naslon say aur 0.62% duu yaa duu say ziyadah naslon say thaa. kasee bhee nasal kay hispanvi yaa laatini aabadi kaa 0.21% thay. 211 gharanay thay jinn mein say aayee ddee 2 kay saath 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay rehtay thay aayee ddee 3 shaadi shadah joday thay juu eek saath rehtay thay 4.7 faisad mein eek khaatun gharilo khaatun thee jiss kaa koyee shohar mojud nahein thaa aur aayee ddee 1 ghair khaandaan thay. 20.tamaam gharaanon mein say 9 faisad afraad parr mushtamil thay aur 4.4 faisad mein koyee aisa shaqs thaa juu akeela rehta thaa jiss kii amar 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah thee. ausat gharilo size 2.31 thaa aur ausat khaandaani size 2.64 thaa. shehar mein aabadi phaili hoyee thee jiss mein 18 saal say kumm amar kay afraad kay liye 19.9%yee 18 say 24 saal kii amar kay liye 4.5 vivoo 25 say 44 saal kii amar kay liye 32.0%yee 45 say 64 saal kii amar kay liye 31.6%yee aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay afraad kay liye 11.9% shaamil thay. ausat amar 42 saal thee. harr 100 khwatin kay liyay 102.1 mard thay. 18 saal aur iss say ziyadah amar kii harr 100 khwatin kay liyay 105.3 mard thay. shehar mein eek gharanay kii ausat aamadni 46,607 ddaalar thee aur eek khaandaan kii ausat aamadni 48,365 ddaalar thee. mardon kii ausat aamadni 27,500 ddaalar thee jabkah khwatin kii ausat aamadni 23,375 ddaalar thee. shehar kii phee kiss aamadni 22,332 ddaalar thee. taqriba 3.5 faisad khaandaan aur 6.5 faisad aabadi khath gharbat say neechey thee jinn mein 18 saal say kumm amar kay 6.5 faisad aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay 6.7 faisad shaamil thay.

00075483b5d42a76819316e141583ff4e4419cd3fd460d87f588ca639374cb40

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3489179

The Listening (band)

The Listening (band) American rock band The Listening is an American rock band originally hailing from Washington and currently based in Franklin, Tennessee. During the years 2004-2006, the group embarked on extensive tours throughout North America and Europe. However, the band experienced a period of relative inactivity in the subsequent years. The band resurfaced in the middle of 2008, announcing the forthcoming release of a new EP by the end of that year. Following their hiatus, Gabriel Wilson had become a worship leader and a prominent figure in the music program at Bethel Church in Redding, California, while Josiah and Nolan have remained in Tennessee. Jason now resides in Folsom, California. Despite geographical separation, the members of The Listening continue to collaborate by exchanging musical ideas and instrument tracks online. They are currently working on a new LP titled "LMNOP," although a specific release date has yet to be determined.

shrutai (bendo) dyo leasoning hoise mulotoh waswingtonor poraa ohaa aaru bortoman tenchesir franklinot owosthito etaa aamerikan rok bendo. bosorburot 2004-2006, doltuwe xomogro uttor aamerika aaru europot byapok bhromon aarombho korisil. obosye, poroborti bosorburot bende aapekhyik niskriyotar xomoy onubhob korisil. 2008 sonor majbhagot bendtu punor aarombho hoisil, xei bosoror xexor faale etaa notun ep mukoli korar kotha ghuxona korisil. teulukor birotir pisot, gabriel uilson californier reddingor bethel girjar xongit karzoxusir ejon upaxona netaa aaru egoraki bixisto byokti hoi porise, aanhate juxia aaru nulan tensir bhitorot aase. jeson etiya californier folsomot baax kore. bhougulik prithokikoronor swotweu, srobonor xodosyoxokole onlainot xongitor dharona aaru badyojontror trekk binimoy kori xohojugita obyahot rakhise. teuluke bortoman "el. em. eno. oh". pi "xirxok etaa notun el. pi.-ror uporot kaam kori aase, jodiu etiyau etaa nirdisto muktir tarikh nirdharon koraa huwa naai.

shrobon (banned) dya leisoning mulat washingtoner ekti american rock banned ebong bortomane etty tennessi-rawr frankline abosthito. bochorgulite 2004-2006, dolti uttor america ebong europe judey byapok sofor shuru korey. tobey, poroborti bochorgulite bandti apekkhik nishkriyotar ekti samaykal onubhob korey. 2008 saaler majhamajhi somoye bandti punra abirbhuto hoy, seii bochorer shesher dike ekti notun ee. pii-rawr asonno prokasher ghoshana deyo. taader birotir porey, gabrielle willson ekjon upasonar neta ebong californier reddinger bethel girjar sangeet anusthaner ekjon bishishto byaktitto hoye uthechen, onnodike josia ebong nolan tennessi-teey royechen. jesson ekhon californier folsome bosobas corren. bhougolik prithakikaran sotteo, shrobonkari sadasyara online sangiter dharona ebong jontrer track binimoy korey sahojogita abyahoto rakhe. taaraa bortomane "ell. emm. enn. oo. pii" naame ekti notun ell. pii-rawr kaaj korche, jodio ekti nirdishto muktir tarikh ekhono nirdharan koraa hoyney.

sambhalvu (benned) dhaa lissoning aee mool washington american roqa benned chhe aneey haalmaa teey franklin, tenesimaa stheet chhe. varsh 2004-2006 darmiyan, juthe samagr uttar america aneey europema vyaapak pravaaso sharoo karyaa. jooe keey, pachhinaa varshomaa bende saapeksh nishkriytaanaa samaygaalaano anoobhav karyo. 2008naa madhyamaa benned pharii ubhoo thayu hatoo, aneey teey varshnaa anta sudhimaa navaa aepnee aagaami rajuaatni jaaherat curry hatee. temnaa veeram pachhi, gabriele willson keliforniyana redingmaa bethel church khaatena sangeet karykrama pujaa netaa aneey agranee vyaktee bunny gayaa chhe, jyaare josia aneey nolan tenesimaa rahyaa chhe. jayson havey keliforniyana folsom rahe chhe. bhaugolik reete alag hovaa chhataa, sambhalvana sabhyo sangeetnaa vichaaro aneey instrument treknu online adanpradan kareene sahyog karvaanu chaalu raakhe chhe. teo haalmaa "aela. aema. aena. oo. pii" sheershak dharaavati navee aela. pii. parr kaama curry rahyaa chhe, joke chokkas prakaashan taarikh haju nakki karvaamaa aavee nathee.

sunana (baind) dha lissoning ack americi rock baind haye joe mool roop seey washington seey haye aur vartamaan mein franklin, tenacy mein sthit haye. varshon key dauran 2004-2006, samooh ney poore uttari america aur europe mein vyaapak daure shuru kiye. haalaanki, baad key varshon mein baind ney saapeksh nishkriyata kii avadhi kaa anubhav kiya. 2008 key madhya mein baind phir seey saamane aaya, usa varsh key anta taka ack nae sanskaran kii agami release kii ghoshana kii. unake antaral key baad, gabriel willson ack pooja netaa bunn gaye hain aur california key redding mein bethel church mein sangeet karyakram mein ack pramukh vyakti bunn gaye hain, jabaki josia aur nolan tenacy mein baney hue hain. jayson abb faulsom, california mein rahata haye. bhaugolik algaav key bavjood, sunane vaale sadasya sangeet key vichaaron aur vaadyayantra key track kaa online adaan-pradaan karke sahyog karna jaari rakhate hain. way vartamaan mein "ell. aim. aine. oh. pee" naamak ack nae ell. pee. parr kaam curr rahey hain, halanki ack vishisht release kii tarikh abhee taka nirdhaarit naheen kii gaee haye.

aalisuva (byaand) dhii lissoning moolatah washington moolada american rock byaand aagiddu prastuta tenessia franklinnalli nelegondide. <aii. dii. 1> varsagalalli, tandavu uttara america mattu yuropinaadyanta vyapaka pravaasagalannu praarambhisitu. aadaagyoo, nantarada varsagalalli byaand tulanaatmaka nishkriyateya avadhiyannu anubhavisitu. byaand 2008rahra madhyabhaagadalli matte kaanisikonditu, aaa varshada antyada velege mumbaruva hosa aa. pii. yaya bidugadeyannu ghoshisitu. avara viraamada nantara, gabriel willson avaru aradhana naayakaraadaru mattu californiada redingnalliruva bethel charchina sangeeta kaaryakramadalli pramukha vyaktiyaadaru, aadare joshia mattu nolan tenessiyalliye ulididdaare. jasson eega californiada folsamnalli vasisuttiddare. bhougolika pratyekateya horataagiyoo, aalisuva sadasyaru sangeetada vichaaragalu mattu vaadyagala haadugalannu anlinelli vinimaya maadikolluva moolaka sahakarisuvudannu munduvarisuttaare. avaru prastuta "ell. emm. enn. oo. pii" emba shirshikeya hosa elpigaagi kelasa maduttiddare, aadaagyoo nirdishta bidugade dinankavannu innoo nirdharisalagilla.

aikane (band) daad lissoning haah moolcha washingtoncha rahivasi asalela aanee sadhya franklin, tenacy yethe sthit asalela eka american rock band aahe. 2004-2006 yaa varshanmadhye, yaa gatane sampoorn uttar america aanee europemadhye vyapak sahali suru kelya. tathapi, tyanantarchya varshant bandla sapeksh nishkriyatecha kaal anubhavava lagla. 2008 chya madhyat band punha samore aala aanee tyaa varshachya akheris naveen eae. pii. chya aagami pradarshanachi ghoshana kelee. tyanchya viramanantar, gabriel willson californiatil redding yetheel bethel charchmadhil sangeet karyakramat eka upasak aanee pramukh vyakti banala aahe, tarr joshiya aanee nolan tenesimadhyech rahile aahet. jayson aata faulsom, california yethe rahato. bhaugolik vibhajan asoonahi, aikanare sadasya sangeet kalpana aanee vadyanchya ganyanchi online devanghevan karoon sahkarya karat rahatat. teey sadhya 'ell. emm. aine. oo. pii.' navachya naveen ell. pii. varr kaam karat aahet, jaree pradarshanachi vishisht tarikh adyap nishchit jhaleli nahee.

sunne (banned) da lisning euta americi ruck banned how june muel rupma wassingtonbata aeko how rar hall franklin, tenesima adharit chha. warshaharuma 2004-2006, samuhale uttari america rar yuropbhari wyapak bhramanharu suru garyo. yadyapi, bandley pachhilla warshaharuma sapeksha nishkriyatako awadhi anubhav garyo. banned sann 2008 ko madhyama punah dekha paryo, tyas warshako antyasammama nayan epko agami releaseko ghoshana garyo. tiniharuko virampachhi, gabriel wilson ek puja neta rar californiako readingko bethel charchama sangit karyakramma ek pramukh wyakti baneka chhan, jabki josia rar nolan tenesima raheka chhan. jayson ahile folsom, californiama baschhan. bhaugolik prithakkaranko bawajud, sunne sadasyaharule unline sangit vicharharu rar wadya trackharu adanpradan garera sahayog garna jaari rakhchhan. tiniharu hall "almonop" shirshakko nayan lpma kaam gariraheka chhan, yadyapi ek wishishta rilij miti ajhai nirdharan huna sakeko chhaina.

suniba (banned) daa lisaning' heuchhi eka americae rock banned jaahaa moolatah washingtonara ebong bartamana franklin, tenesithare abasthita. 2004-2006 barshagudikare, ehi dala samagra uttara america ebong juropare byapaka gasta arambha karithila. tebe, parabarti barshagudikare bandti aapekhika nishkrijatara eka samai anubhaba karithila. 2008 masiha madhyabhagare ehi bandti puni thare aabirbhaba hoithila, ebong sehi barsha shesh suddha eka nutan sanskaranara agami prakashan ghoshana karithila. semananka birati parey, gabriel wilson jane pooja neta ebong californier redingra bethel charchare sangeeta karjyakramare jane pramukh byaktitwa hoichhanti, jetebele kii josia ebong nolan tenesi ray rahichanti . jayson bartamana californier folsamare ruhanti . bhougolika pruthakeekarana satwe, srabanara sadasyamane unlinere sangeeta bichara ebong upakarana track binimai curry sahjog jaari rakhichhanti . semane bartamana "ell. emm. nope" namaka eka nutan ell. pii. upare kaama karuchanti, jadio eka nirdista muktilabha tarikh eparjyanta sthira karajai naahin .

sunan vaala (baind) dha lisning ikk amriki raak baind haii joe mool roop witch washington toon haii atey varatman witch franklin, tensi witch adharat haii. saalan dauran, samooh neey poore uttri amrica atey yoorap witch viaapak daure shuru keete. halanki, baind neey agle saalan witch sapekhik ayogta daa anubhav keeta. baind 2008 dey maddh witch dubara sahmane aaiaa, uss saal dey ant takk ikk navein appy dee aaunn vaali rileez daa ailaan keeta. aapne antral toon baad, gabriel wilson ikk pooja neta atey redding, california witch baithal church dey sangeet program witch ikk pramukh shakhsiat bann gaee haii, jadon kii josaiah atey nolan tensi witch rahey hunn. jayson hunn folsom, california witch rahinda haii. bhugolik vakkh honn dey bavjood, sunan vaale member sangeet dey vicharan atey saazan dey traikan daa online adaan-pardan karke sahiyog karna jaari rakkhde hunn. uh iss vele "lmnop" sirlekh vaali ikk naveen lp 'teey kamm qarr rahey hunn, halanki ikk khaas rileez dee mitee ajey nirdharat keeti jaanhi haii.

shravanam (bend) da lissoning iti american-raak-bend asti yat moolatah washington-nagaraat asti, samprati tennessy-nagarasya franklin-nagare asti. 2004-2006 varsheshu, samoohah sampoorne uttar-america-europe-desheshu vistrutaparyatanaani aarabdhavaan. parantu, anantaram varsheshu, sangeetavrundah sapeksha-nishkriyataayaah kaalam anubhavat. 2008 tamasya varshasya madhyabhaage bend punah udbhoot, tasmin varshasya ante nutanasya ee. pee. ityasya agami-vimochanasya ghoshanaa krutaa. teshaam viraamasya anantaram, gabriel willson ityeshah poojaa-netaa, california-rajyasya redding-nagarasya bethel-charch-ityatra sangeeta-kaaryakrame pramukhah cha vyaktihi abhavat, yadaa cha josia, nolan cha tennessy-nagare eva tishtanti sma. jaasan idaaneem folsom, california-nagare nivasati. bhaugolikavibhaajanam satsu api shravanasya sadasyaah sangeeta-vichaaraanaam, vaadya-gitanam cha adanapradanam antarjaladwara nirantaram kurvanti. te samprati "ell. emm. nope" iti namna nutanasya ell. pi. ityasya krute karyam kurwantah santi, yadyapi nirdishtasya vimochanasya dinaankasya nirdhaaranam adyaapi naa krutam asti.

kaetpavar (isaikkuzhu) thii lissoning enbathu oru america raak isaikkuzhuvaagum, idhu muthalil washingtoniche saernthathu mattrum tharpoothu dennessy, franklinai thalamaagak kondullathu. inththa kuzhumam, aii. dii. 1 aandugalil, vada america mattrum iropa muzhuvathum virivaana suttruppayanangkalaith thodangiyathu. iruppinum, aduthaduththa aandugalil isaikkuzhu oppeettalavil seyalattra kaalatthai anubaviththathu. 2008 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil isaikkuzhu meendum thoantriyathu, antha aandin iruthikkul oru puthiya epic veliyeettai ariviththathu. avarkalin idaiveliyaith thodarnthu, capriyal willson oru vazhipaattuth thalaivaraagavum, californiavin reddingle ulla bethel devalayaththil isai nigazhchchiyil oru mukiya nabaraagavum maarinaar, athae neraththil josia mattrum noalan dennessy-yill ullanar. jayson ippoathu californiavin folsamil vasikkiraar. puviyiyal reethiyaaga prikkappatta poathilum, cadeboar uruppinarkal isai yoasanaikal mattrum karuvi thadangalai anline parimaarikkolvathan moolam thodarnthu oththuzhaikkindranar. avarkal tharpoothu "ell. emm. enn. ooo. pii" endra thalaippil oru puthiya elbi-yill paniyaattri varukintranar, iruppinum oru kuripitta veliyeettu thaethi innum theermaanikkappadavillai.

vinee (byaand) dhi lissoning anedi oka american rock byaand, idhi modata washingtonku chendinadi mariyu prastutam franklin, tenniseelo undhi. 2004-2006 samvatsaraalalo, eee brundam uttara america mariyu airopa antataa vistrutamaina parytanalanu praarambhinchindi. ayithe, taruvaati samvatsaraallo byaand saapeksha nishkriyaatmakatanu anubhavinchindi. byaand 2008 madhyalo tirigi udbhavinchindi, aaa samvatsaram chivari natiki kotta epki vidudalanu prakatinchindi. vaari viramam taruvaata, gabriel willson aaradhana nayakudiga mariyu californialoni reddingloni bethel charchilo sangeeta kaaryakramamlo pramukha vyaktigaa maararu, ayithe joshiya mariyu nolan tennessilone unnaaru. jasson ippudu californialoni folsumlo nivasistunnaaru. bhougolika vibhajana unnappatikee, shrotala sabhyulu aanlainlo sangeeta aalochanalu mariyu vaayidya paatalanu marpidi cheyadam dwara sahakarinchadam konasagistunnaru. vaaru prastutam "ell. emm. enn. oo. pii" anae kotta elpipai pani chestunnaru, ayithe nirdishta vidudala thedhee inca nirnayinchabadaledu.

sunnay waala (bend) dee learning eek americi raak bend hay jiss kaa asl taaluq washington say hay aur phee alhaal franklin tenneesi mein maqeem hay. 2004-2006 saalon kay doraan grop nay puray shamali america aur europ mein wasee dooron kaa aaghaz kiyaa. tahim bend nay baad kay saalon mein nasbata ghair faal honay kaa tajarbah kiyaa. bend 2008 kay wast mein dobarah saamney aayaa iss saal kay aakhir takk eek nayey ayee pee kii aaney waali release kaa aalaan kiyaa. inn kay waqfe kay baad gabriel walasan california kay reding mein beeth eel charch mein eek ibadat kay rehnuma aur music prograam mein eek numayan shaqsiyat bunn gayey haine jabkah josiya aur naulan tenneesi mein rahay haine. jaisan abb folsum california mein rehta hay. geografiyayi alaihadgi kay bawajood sunnay waalay arakeen aann line mausiqi kay khayalat aur aalat kay track kaa tabadlah karkay taawan jaari rakhtay haine. wah phee alhaal "eel ayem aine awo pee" kay anwaan say eek nayee eel pee parr kaam kirr rahay haine halankah release kii makhsus tareekh kaa tayeen ubhee baaqi hay.

000756e8759a1349d5ae39c43170425319dffd2c18550de5282578fd1b19c379

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6064181

Reversion (software development)

Reversion (software development) Return to a previous version of the code or content In software development (and, by extension, in content-editing environments, especially wikis, that make use of the software development process of revision control), reversion or reverting is the abandonment of one or more recent changes in favor of a return to a previous version of the material at hand (typically software source code in the context of application development; HTML, CSS or script code in the context of web development; or content and formatting thereof in the context of wikis). A revert may be done for a wide variety of reasons, including: fixing errors introduced by previous edits; restoring the material to a state that was not contentious until new disputes can be resolved; undoing scope creep; regression testing; and even petty malice, vandalistic intent, or personal unhappiness with the author of a previous change. While the process is generally agreed to be a sound and sometimes necessary one, particular instantiations of its use may be at least as controversial as the changes being reverted.

reversion (softwer development) softwer bikaxot (aaru, xomproxaronor dwara, bixoybostu-xompadona poriwexot, bixexkoi wikis, ji xongxudhon niyontronor softwer bikax prokriya byobohar kore), reversion baa reverting hoise haatot thoka xamogrir purbor xongskoronoloi ghuri ohaar pokhyot ek baa odhik xehotiya poribortonor porityag (xadharonote application bikaxor xondorbhot softwer utxo code; web bikaxor xondorbhot eis. ti. em. el, chi. ess. baa script code; baa wikisor xondorbhot xomol aaru formatting). purbor xompadonaxomuhor dwara proborton koraa trutixomuh thik koraa; notun bibadxomuh xomadhan nuhuwaloike bitorkito nuhuwa ekhon owosthat xamogri punoruddhar koraa; poribortonor porikhyar porixor baatil koraa; aaru aanoki purbor poribortonor lekhokor xoite xoru oporadh, dhongxatmok obhiprai, baa byoktigoto oxontusti aadir dore bibhinno karonot punoruddhar koribo paari. jodiu xadharonote xobdo aaru ketiyaba proyujoniyo hoh 'boloi xonmot hoy, iyar byoboharor bixex tatkhyonikota ontotoh poribortonbur ghurai diyar dore bitorkito hoh' bob paare.

prativartan (software vikas) software vikas mein (aur, vistaar seey, samagri-sampadan vatavaran mein, vishesh roop seey viki, joe sanshodhan niyantran kii software vikas prakriya kaa upayog karate hain), prativarti yaa prativarti ack yaa adhik halia parivartanon koo vaapas karane key paksh mein tyagana haye samagri key pichhale sanskaran mein vaapas aanaa (aamtaur parr anuprayog vikas key sandarbh mein software srot code; web vikas key sandarbh mein aich. tii. aim. ell., see. aiss. aiss. yaa script code; yaa viki key sandarbh mein samagri aur praarupan). ack vaapsee vibhinn karanon seey kii jaa sakati haye, jisamen shamil hainh pichhale sampadanon dwara pesh kii gaee trutiyon koo thheek karna; ack aisee sthiti mein samagri koo bahaal karna joe nae vivaadon key samadhan taka vivadaspad naheen thee; dayare koo samaapt karna rengna; pratigaman pareekshan; aur yahaan taka kii pichhale parivartan key lekhak key saath tuchchh durbhavana, berber iraade, yaa vyaktigat nakhushi. jabaki aam taur parr dhwani aur kabhi-kabhi aavashyak honey key liye sahmat kiya jaataa haye, isake upayog kii vishesh tatkalikta cumm seey cumm utani hii vivadaspad hoe sakati haye jitani parivartanon koo vaapas kiya jaa rhaa haye.

riverson (software abhivruddhi) software abhivraddhiyalli (mattu, vistaraneya moolaka, vishaya-sampaadaneya parisaradalli, visheshavaagi vikigalalli, parishkarane niyantranada software abhivruddhi prakriyeyannu balasuvudu), himmukha athawa hintirugisuvikeyu ondu athawa hecchu ittichina badalaavanegalannu hindirugisuva paravagi tyajisuvudu hindina aavruttige vastu (samanyavagi application abhivruddhiya sandarbhadalli software moola code; web abhivruddhiya sandarbhadalli etch. tii. emm. ell, sii. ess. ess athawa script code; athawa vikigala sandarbhadalli vishaya mattu svaroopa). hindina tiddupadigalinda parichayisalaada doshagalannu saripadisuvudu; hosa vivaadagalannu pariharisuvavarege vivaadaatmakavaagirada sthitige vishayavannu marusthaapisuvudu; vyaaptiyannu raddugolisuvudu; hinjaritada parikshe; mattu hindina badalaavaneya lekhakarondige sanna duruddesh, vidhvamsaka uddesha athawa vaiyaktika asamaadhaanavannu saha olagondante vividha karanagaligagi hintirugisabahudu. samanyavagi dhwani mattu kelavomme agatyavendu oppikollalaaguttadeyaadu, adara balakeya nirdishta kshanagalu kanishta badalaavanegalannu hintirugisidashtu vivaadaatmakavaagirabahudu.

ulatya (software vikas) software vikasamadhye (aanee vistarane, samagri-sampadan vatavaranat, visheshtah vikinmadhye, jeey punaravrutti niyantranachya software vikas prakriyecha vapar karatat), ulat kinwa parat karane mhanje samgrichya mageel aavruttivar parat yenyachya bajoone eka kinwa adhik alikadil badalancha tyag karane (samanyatah anuprayog vikasachya sandarbhat software srot code; web vikasachya sandarbhat etch. tii. emm. ell., see. ess. ess. kinwa script code; kinwa vikichya sandarbhat samagri aanee swarupan). mageel sampadananni kelelya trutinche nirakaran karane; naveen vivadanche nirakaran hoiparyant vadgrast nasalelya sthiteet samagri punarsanchayit karane; vyapti purvavat karane; pratigaman chachani; aanee agadi lahan dvesh, vidhvansak hetu kinwa mageel badalachya lekhkashi vaiyaktik naraji yasah vividh karanansathi paratava keela jaau shakato. samanyatah dhwani aanee kadhikadhi aavashyak asalyache manya kele jaat asale taree, tyachya vaparachi vishisht kshananchi kiman titakich vadgrast asoo shakate jitaki badal parat kele jaat aahet.

parivartan (software vikas) software vikas witch (atey, vistaar duaara, samaggari-sampadan vatavaran witch, khaas karke wikies witch, joe sodh niyantaran dee software vikas prakiriaa dee varton karde hunn), ulat jaan waps karna ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh haal hii witch tabdiliaan noon waps curran dey huck witch chaddna haii samaggari dey pichle sanskaran (aam taur 'teey application vikas dey sandrabh witch software sarot code; web vikas dey sandrabh witch aich. tii. aim. ail., see. aiss. jaan script code; jaan wikies dey sandrabh witch samaggari atey formatting). ikk vaapsee kaee tarahan dey kaarnan karke keeti jaa sakadi haii, jiss witch shamal hann pichle sampadanan duaara pesh keetiaan gaeeaan galtiaan noon theek karna; samaggari noon ikk ajihi sathiti witch bahaal karna joe navein vivadan dey hall honn takk vivadpuran naheen see; scope creep noon khatam karna; regression testing; atey ithon takk kii chhoti jihi nafrat, bhann-todd daa irada, jaan pichli tabdili dey lekhak naal nijji nakhushi. jadon kii aam taur utte ikk aavaaz atey kaee vaar zaruri honn laee sehmat keeta jaanda haii, iss dee varton dey vishesh tatkaal ghatto ghatt uney hii vivadpuran hoow sakde hunn jinne tabdiliaan noon waps keeta jaa riha haii.

parivartanam (tantraamshavikaasam) tantraamshavikaasasya (vistaaren, vishaya-sampaadana-vaataavaraneshu, visheshatah vikeesau, yat samshodhananiyantranasya tantraamsha-vikasa-prakriyayaha upayogam karoti), parivartanam athavaa punarsthaapanam iti, haste vidyamaanasya saamagryaah poorvavartee-samskaranam prati pratyaagamanasy pakshena ekam athavaa adhikam sadyahna parivartanam parityaagam (samanyataya anuprayoga-vikaasasya sandarbhe tantraamsha-srota-sanketah; jaala-vikaasasya sandarbhe echa. tea. emm. ell., see. ess. ess. athavaa lipi-sanketah; athavaa viki-sandarbhasya vishayavastu-vinyaasam cha). punaraagamanam vividhakaaranaih kartum shakyate, yathaah poorvasampaadanaih pravartitaanaam trutim nivaaranam; nutanavivadanam nirakaranam yaavat naa bhavati taavat vivaadaaspadam naa aasit iti vishaye punah sthaapanam; vyaaptim poorvavat karane; pratigamanapareekshanam; poorvavartinaam parivartanaanaam lekhakasy prati kshudra-dweshah, vidhvamsaka-uddeshyam, vyaktigata-asantushtim vaa. yadyapi samanyataha dhwanih iti tathaa kadaachit aavashyakah iti sweekrutah asti, tathaapi tasya upayogasya vishishtaani kshanaani nyunatinyoonam parivartanaani yathaa punah pratyaavartyante taavat vivaadaaspadaah bhavitum arhanti.

tabdili (saaft wayer dwelopment) saaft wayer kii tarqi mein (aur tausia kay zariye mawaad mein tarmim karnay waalay maahul mein khaas toor parr wekiyon mein juu nazar saani kay control kay saaft wayer dwelopment kay amal kuu istemaal kartay haine)yee tabdili yaa wapsi eek yaa eek say ziyadah haaliyah tabdiliyon kuu waps karnay kay haqh mein turk karnaa hay. mawaad kay pachlay warzan parr waps aanaa (aam toor parr apply cashion dwelopment kay tanazar mein saaft wayer soars code vovo waib dwelopment kay tanazar mein aich tye ayem aill see aiss aiss yaa script code vovo yaa wekiyon kay tanazar mein mawaad aur iss kii formatting). wapsi mukhtalif wajuhaat kii banaa parr kii jaa sakti hay bashmol: pachli taramim kay zariye mutaarif karayee gayee ghaltiyon kuu theek karnaa vovo mawaad kuu aisi haalat mein bahaal karnaa juu nayey tanazaat kay hall honay takk mutnazah naha how vovo dairah kaar kuu khatam karnaa vovo rajaat kii jaanch vovo aur yahaan takk kahh chhoti see badniti toad phod kaa aradah yaa pachli tabdili kay masnaf say zaati nakhushgi. agarcha aam toor parr iss baath parr ittefaq kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha eek aawaz hay aur baaz auqaat zaruri hay iss kay istemaal kay makhsus lamhaat kumm az kumm atnay hyee mutnazah how saktay haine jitnay tabdiliyon kuu waps kiyaa jaa rehaa hay.

000757822b822efc1fe012aefa991f842e246298505f6ed245beaac93ef83a54

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4162219

Tai Po Road

Tai Po Road Road in Hong Kong Tai Po Road is the second longest road in Hong Kong (after Castle Peak Road). It spans from Sham Shui Po in Kowloon to Tai Po in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Initially, the road was named Frontier Road. Location. The road begins at Nathan Road near Sham Shui Po, runs through the valley between Golden Hill and Beacon Hill, and connects to Sha Tin. It then continues northward along Sha Tin Hoi and Tai Po Hoi. History. Built in 1902, Tai Po Road is one of the earliest major roads in the New Territories. Until the completion of the Lion Rock Tunnel in 1967, Tai Po Road was the main road connecting the New Territories with Kowloon. Before the construction of the Fanling Highway in the 1980s, the road connected Fanling and Sheung Shui. On 10 February 2018, at approximately 18:13 HKT, a Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB) double-decker bus flipped onto its side on Tai Po Road. The crash killed 19 people and injured 65. The incident was Hong Kong's second deadliest road traffic accident, behind a 2003 incident on Tuen Mun Road that killed 21. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

taai pu road taai pu road hoise hongkongro dwitiyo dirghotomo poth (kesol pick rudor pisot). ee kaulunor swam sui pur poraa hongkongro notun oncholor taai puloike bistrito. prothomote, pothtuk frontier road buli naam diya hoisil. owosthan. ei pothtu swam sui pur usoror nathan rudor poraa aarombho hoi xunali paahar aaru beekon paharor maajor upotyokar maajere paar hoi swaa tinor xoite xongzug kore. iyar pisot ee swaa tinn hui aaru taai pu huir logote uttor dixoloi aagbarhe. itihax. 1902 sonot nirmito, taai pu poth hoise notun oncholxomuhor ataitkoi prasin prodhan pothoxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo. 1967 sonot xingho xil xurongo xompurno nuhuwaloike, notun bhukhondoxomuhok kaulunor xoite xongzug koraa mool poth aasil taai pu poth. 1980-ror doxokot fenneling ghaipoth nirmanor aagote, pothtuwe fenneling aaru sweung sui xongzug korisil. 2018 sonor 10 februaryt pray 18:13 eis. key. ti. too, etaa kaulun motor baach (kimi. bi.) daabol dekar baach taai pu pothot iyar faale ghuri goisil. durghotonat 19 john lukor mrityu huwar logote 65 john aahot hoy. 2003 sonot tuane muno pothot xonghotit huwa ek ghotonar pisot xonghotit huwa ei ghotonatu aasil hongkongro dwitiyo ataitkoi bhoyongkor poth durghotona, zo "too 21 john lukor mrityu hoisil.

taai poe road taai poe road hongkongyer dwitiya dirghotomo sadak (cassel pick roader porey). etty kauluner shaam shui poe theke hongkongyer notun anchale taai poe porjonto bistrito. prathomikbhabe, rastar naam deoa hoyechilo seemanto sadak. abosthan. rastati shaam shui poe-err kachhe nathan road theke shuru hoye sonara pahad ebong beekon pahader modhyoborti upottokar modhyo diye yaay ebong shhaa tiner saathe sangjukto hoy. erpor etty shhaa tinn hui ebong taai poe hui borabor uttor dike agrasar hoy. itihas. 1902 saale nirmito, taai poe sadak notun anchalgulir prachintama prodhan sadakgulir modhye ekti. 1967 saale singho sheela sudanger kaaj shesh naa haoya porjonto, taai poe sadak chhilo notun anchalgulike kaulun-err saathe sangjukto korar prodhan sadak. 1980-err doshke funneling mahasadak nirmaner agey, rastati funneling ebong sheung shuike sangjukto korechilo. 2018 saaler 10ee february, pray 18:13 eich. keey. tii-teey, ekti kaulun motor baas (keey. emm. bii) double decker baas taipo roade taar paashe ulte yaay. eyi durghotonai 19 john nihoto ebong 65 john ahoto hohn. 2003 saale tuen moone roade 21 joner mrityur ghotonar porr eyi ghotonati hongkongyer dwitiya marattok sadak durghotona chhilo.

taaee poow rooad taaee poow rooad aee hongkongno beejo sauthee laambo maarg chhe (kesal peak rooad pachhi). teey koloonma shaam shui pothee maandine hongkongna navaa pradeshomaa taaee poow sudhee felaayelu chhe. sharuaatmaa aaa rastaanu naam frontier rooad rakhvama aavyu hatoo. sthaan. aaa maarg shaam shui poow najik nathan roadthi sharoo thaay chhe, jeey soneri tekri aneey beacan tekri vachcheni khinmathi pasaar thaay chhe aneey shaa tean saathe jodaay chhe. teey pachhi shaa tinn hoi aneey taaee poow hoi saathe uttar taraf aagad vadhe chhe. itihas. itihas bandhvama aavel taaee poow rooad navaa pradeshona sauthee junaa mukhya rastaomathi aek chhe. chhe lyon roqa tunnel purn thaee tyaan sudhee, taaee poow rooad navaa pradeshone kauloon saathe jodato mukhya maarg hato. hato daykama pankhaa vaadaa dhorimaargnaa nirmaan pahelaa, aaa maarg pankhaa vaadaa aneey sheung shuine jode chhe. 10 februari februari roj, andaje 18:13 HKT parr, taaee poow rooad parr aek kauloon motara bus (kmb) double decker bus tenee bajuae palatee maaree hatee. aaa durghatnama 19 lokonaa mota thayaa hataa aneey 65 loko ghaayal thayaa hataa. aaa ghatnaa hongkongni beejee sauthee ghaatak maarg traphiqa akasmaat hatee, jeey jeey tuen muun rooad parr banelee ghatnaa pachhini ghatnaa hatee, jemaa 21 lokonaa mota thayaa hataa.

taaee poe road taaee poe road hangkang mein doosari sabse lambi sadak haye (casal peak road key baad). yeh kauloon mein shaam shui poe seey laker haang kaang key nae kshetron mein taaee poe taka faila huaa haye. shuru mein, sadak kaa naam frontier road rakhaa gayaa thaa. sthaan. sadak shaam shui poe key paas nathan road seey shuru hoti haye, joe golden hill aur beekan hill key beach kii ghaati seey hocker gujarati haye, aur shaa tinn seey judati haye. isake baad yeh shaa tinn hoee aur taaee poe hoee key saath uttar kii or jaari haye. itihas. 1902 mein nirmit, taaee poe sadak nae kshetron mein sabse purani pramukh sadakon mein seey ack haye. 1967 mein shher chattan surang key puuraa honey taka, taaee poe sadak nae kshetron koo kauloon seey jodane vaali mukhya sadak thee. 1980 key dashak mein pankhe vaale rajmarg key nirmaan seey pahale, sadak pankhe vaale aur sheung shui seey judee hui thee. 10 farwari 2018 koo, lagbhag 18:13 Hkt parr, ack kaulon motor buss (kmb) double decker buss taaee poe road parr apane kinare parr palat gaee. durghatana mein 19 logon kii maut hoe gaee aur 65 ghayal hoe gaye. yeh ghatana 2003 mein tuen munn sadak parr hui ghatana key baad hangkang kii doosari sabse ghaatak sadak yatayat durghatana thee, jisamen 21 logon kii maut hoe gaee thee.

thai poe raste thai poe rasteyu hankangna eradane athi uddada rasteyagide (cassel peak rasteya nantara). idu kauloonnalliruva shyam shooi podinda hididu hangkangna hosa praantyagalallina thai povarege vyaapiside. aarambhadalli, ee rastege gadinadu raste endu hesarisalaagittu. sthala. ee rasteyu shyam shooi poe baliya nathan rasteyalli praarambhavaagi, golden hill mattu beekan hill naduvina kaniveya moolaka haaduhoguttade mattu shaa tinge samparkisuttade. nantara idu shaa thin hoy mattu thai poe hoy uddakkoo uttarakke munduvariyuttade. itihaasa. itihaasa nirmisalaada thai poe rasteyu hosa praantyagala atyanta munchina pramukha rastegalalli ondaagide. ondaagide simha bandeya surangavu poornagolluvavaregu, hosa pradeshagalannu kauloonnondige samparkisuva mukhya rasteyu thai poe rasteyagittu. 1980rahra dasakadalli fanneling heddaariya nirmaanada modalu, ee rasteyu fanneling mattu shiang shooyiyannu samparkisuttittu. 2018rahra phebravari phebravari, sumaru <aii. dii. 1> etch. keey. tii. yalli, kauloon motaru bus (keey. emm. bii) double dekkar bus thai poe rasteyalli tanna badiyalli pulty hodedide. ee apaghaatadalli 19 janaru saavannappiddu, 65 mandi gayagondiddare. gayagondiddare tuven munn rasteyalli 21 janara saavige kaaranavaada ghataneya nantara, ee ghataneyu hankangna eradane atyanta maaranaantika raste sanchara apaghaatavaagide.

thaay poow rooad hongongile (kaasil peak rooad kazhinjaal) randaamathe neelam koodiya rodaanu thaay poow rooad. kauloonile shamm shuy poow muthal hongongile puthiya pradeshangalile thaay poow vare ithu vyaapichukidakkunnu. thudakkathil eee roadinu athirthi rooad ennaanu perittathu. sthalam. shamm shuy poykkadutthulla nathan roadle ninnu aarambikkunna rooad golden hill, beekkan hill ennivaykkidayilulla thaazhvarayiloode kadannupokukayum shhaa tinn enna sthalavumaayi bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. pinneedu shhaa tinn hooy, thaay poow hooy ennividangaliloode vadakkott thudarunnu. charithram. 1902ll nirmmicha thaay poow rooad puthiya pradeshangalile aadyakaala pradhana roadukalil onnaanu. 1967ll layan roock tunnel poortthiyaakunnathuvare, puthiya pradeshangale kauloonumaayi bandhippikkunna pradhana rodaayirunnu thaay poow rooad. 1980kalil fanling haiveyude nirmmaanathinu munbu, eee rooad fanlingin shiung shuiye bandhippichirunnu. 2018 februvari 10nuu ekadesham aii. dii. 1. echu. keey. tii. yill oru kauloon motor buzz (keey. emm. bii) eratta decker buzz thaay poow roadle athinte vashathekku marinju. apakadatthil 19 perr kollappedukayum 65 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. 2003ll tuen munn roadle 21 perr kollapetta sambhavathin sesham hongongile randaamathe marakamaaya rooad gathagatha apakadamaayirunnu ithu.

tai poe road tai poe road hangkangko dosro lamo sadak how (casal peak road pachhi). yo kaulunko saam sui podekhi hangkangka nayan kshetraharuma tai posamma failieko chha. suruma yass sadakko naam frontier road rakhieko thiyo. sthan. sadak saam sui poe najikaiko nathan roadbata suru hunchha, sunaulo pahad rar bikan pahadko bichko upatyakabata bagchha, rar saa tinsanga jodchha. tyasapachhi yo saa tinn hoi rar tai poe hoisangai uttartarfa jaari rahanchha. itihas. sann 1902 maa nirman garieko tai poe sadak nayan kshetraharuma prarambhik pramukh sadakharu madhye ek how. sann 1967 maa sinha chattan surungko nirman pura nabhaesamma, tai poe sadak nayan kshetraharulai kaulunsanga jodne mukhya sadak thiyo. sann 1980 ko dashakma fanling rajmargko nirman hunuaghi, sadakle fanling rar seung suilai jodeko thiyo. 10 february 2018 maa, lagbhag 18:13 HKT maa, ek kauluna motor bus (kmb) double decker bus tai poe sadakma yasako chheuma paltieko thiyo. durghatanama 19 janako mrityu bhaeko chha bhane 65 zana ghaite bhaeka chhan. yo ghatana sann 2003 maa tuena munn sadakma bhaeko ghatanapachi hangkangko dosro ghatak sadak yatayat durghatana thiyo, jasma 21 janako mrityu bhaeko thiyo.

taai poe road taai poe road heuchhi hangakangara dwiteeja dirghatama sadaka (casal pick road parey). ehaa kaulun rahr shamm sui poe thaaru arambha curry hangakangara nutan anchalare taai poe parjyanta byapichhi . prathame ehi rastara naama 'frontier road "rakhajaithila. sthana. shamm sui poe nikatabartee nathan rodru arambha hoi, subarna pahad ebong beekan pahad madhyare thiba upatyaka dei ehi rasta prabahita hoithae ebong shaa tinn sahita sanjoga karithae. ehaa parey shaa tinn hoi ebong taai poe hoi sahita uttara digaku agrasara hue . itihas. 1902 masihare nirmita, taai poe sadaka nutan anchalara prarambhika pramukh sadaka madhyaru anyatama. 1967 masihare singh shaila sudangara nirmana karjya shesh heba parjyanta, taai poe sadaka thila nooa anchalaku kaulun sahita sanjoga karuthiba mukhya sadaka. 1980 dashakare fyanalinga rajpath nirmana purbaru, ehi rasta fyanalinga ebong sheunga suiku sanjoga karithila. 2018 februari 10 tarikhare, pakhapakhi <aai. dii. 1> echa. kee. tii. ray, eka kaulun motor bus (kee. emm. bii.) double-decker bus taai poe rastare taa 'parswaku olati padithila. ehi durghatanare 19 janankara mrutyu ghatithiba bele 65 john ahata hoithile. 2003 masihare tuen munn rastare ghatithiba eka ghatana, jeunthire 21 john prana haraithile, ehaa pachara ehi ghatanati hangakangara dwiteeja maratmaka sadaka durghatana thila.

taaee poe road taaee poe road haang kaang (casal peek road toon baad) dee duji sabh toon lambi sadak haii. ih colloon witch shaam shui poe toon lae keey haang kaang dey navein khetran witch taaee poe takk failiaa hoiaa haii. shuru witch iss sadak noon frontier road daa naam ditta giaa see. sathaan. ih sadak shaam shui poe dey nede nathan road toon shuru hundi haii, sone dee pahadi atey beekan pahadi dey vichkaar dee ghaati vicchon langhdi haii, atey shaan tean naal judadi haii. firr ih shaan tinn hoee atey taaee poe hoee dey naal uttar vall jaari rahinda haii. itihaas. 1902 witch bnee taaee poe road navein khetran witch sabh toon puraniaan pramukh sadkan vicchon ikk haii. 1967 witch shher chattan surang dey mukammal honn takk, taaee poe road navein khetran noon colloon naal joden vaali mukkh sadak see. 1980 dey dahake witch fenling hyway dey nirman toon pahilan, sadak fenling atey shiyung shui noon jodadi see. 10 farvari 2018 noon, lagbhag 18:13 HKT 'teey, ikk colloon motor buss (kmb) double decker buss taaee poe road' teey aapne paase pult gaee. iss hadse witch 19 lokan dee maut hoow gaee atey 65 zakhmi hoow gaye. ih ghatna haang kaang daa dooja sabh toon bhiaanak sadak aavajai hadsa see, joe kii 2003 witch tuen munn road utte hoee ghatna toon baad hoiaa see, jiss witch 21 lokan dee maut hoow gaee see.

tai po maargah taipo-maargah haang-kaang-deshasya dwiteeyam dirghatamam maargam asti (kyaasal-peek-margasya anantaram). kauloon-nagarasya shaam-shooyi-po ityatah, haang-kaang-pradeshasya nootanapradesheshu tai-po-paryantam asya vistaarah asti. praarambhe asya margasya naam frintier-road iti aasit. sthaanam. maargah shaam-shooy-po ityasya sameepe naathan-margena arabhyate, suvarnaparvatasya beekan-parwatah cha madhye upatyakayaha madhyamena pravahati, shaa-tinn ityanena saha samyojayati. tatah saa tinn-hoy tathaa tai-po-hoy ityetayoho uttaradishh pravahati. itihaasah. 1902 tame varshe nirmitah taipo-maargah nootanapradesheshu praarambhik-pramukha-maargeshu anyatamah asti. 1967 tame varshe simhashilaasancharanasya nirmaanaparyantam, taipo-maargah kauloon ityanena nutanapradeshan samyojayatah mukhyah maargah aasit. 1980 tame dashake fenling-rajamargasya nirmanat poorvam, ayam maargah fenling-shiyung-shuy ityetaan cha sambaddhavaan. 2018 februvari 10 dinaanke, praayah 18:13 HKT samaye, kauloon-motaaru-bus (kmb) double-decker-bus taipo-maarge tasya paarshve palateebhootam. asmin durghatanayam 19 janaah mrutaah, 65 janaah vranitaah cha abhavan. 2003 tame varshe tuyen-munn-maarge 21 janaah mrutaanaam ghatanaayaah anantaram eshaa ghatana haang-kaang-deshasya dwiteeyam pranaghatakam maarga-yaana-durghatanaa aasit.

thaai poa saalai thaai poa saalai haangaangkil irandaavathu miga neelamaana saalaiyaagum (koattai sigara saalaikkup piragu). idhu couloonil ulla shaam sui poa muthal haangaangkin puthiya piraanthiyangkalil ulla thaai poa varai paraviyullathu. aarambaththil, inththa saalai ellaippura saalai endru azhaikkappattathu. idam. shaam sui poa arugae naathan saalaiyil thodangi, thanga malaikkum beaken malaikkum idaiyilaana pallatthaakku vazhiyaagach sendru, shaa dinudan inaikkirathu. pinnar adhu shaa dinn hooy mattrum thaai poa hooy vazhiyaaga vadakku noakki thodarkirathu. varalaaru. 1902 aam aandil kattapatta thaai poa saalai puthiya piraanthiyangkalil ulla aarambagaala mukiya saalaigalil ontraakum. 1967 aam aandil singham paarai surangappaathai mudiyum varai, puthiya pirathaesangkalai couloonudan inaikkum mukiya saalaiyaaga thaii poa saalai irunththathu. irunththathu fanling nedunjaalai kattappaduvadharku munbu, inththa saalai fanling mattrum shyung suyai inaiththathu. pipravari 10,2018 andru, thoaraayamaaga 18:13 Hkt manikku, oru couloon motor buss (kmb) irattai maadi buss taibo saalaiyil adhan pakkaththil purattappattathu. inththa vibaththil 19 paer kollappattanar mattrum 65 paer kaayamadainthanar. 2003 aam aandu dwen muun saalaiyil 21 paer kollapatta sambavaththirkup piragu, inththa sambavam haangaangkin irandaavathu miga moasamaana saalai poakkuvaraththu vibaththaaga irunththathu.

thaay poe road thaay poe road hankanglo rendava podavaina rahadari (koota sikhara rahadari taruvaata). idhi kouluunlooni shaam shuy poe nundi hankong yokka kotta bhoobhagalalo thaay poe varaku vistarinchi undhi. modatlo, eee rahadaariki sarihaddu rahadari anie paeru pettaru. sthaanam. eee rahadari shaam shuy poe sameepamloni nathan rahadari vadda praarambhamai, bangaaru konda mariyu beacon konda madhya loya gundaa velutundi mariyu shaa tinku kaluputundi. idhi shaa tinn hoy mariyu thaay poe hoy venta uttara disagaa konasaagutundi. charitra. 1902loe nirminchina thaay poe rahadari kotta bhoobhagalalo mottamodati pradhana rahadaarulalo okati. 1967loe simham raathi sorangam poortayye varaku, kotta bhuubhaagaalanu kouloontho kalipe pradhana rahadari thaay poe rahadari. 1980laloe fyaan ling haive nirmaanaaniki mundu, eee rahadari fyaan ling mariyu shiyung shuy lanu anusandhaaninchindi. 2018 fibravari 10naa, sumaruga 18:13 HKT vadda, oka couloon motaru bassu (kmb) double dekkar bassu thaay poe roodduloo daani vaipuku tippabadindi. eee pramaadamloo 19 mandhi maraninchagaa, 65 mandhi gayapaddaru. 2003loe tuen munn roodduloo 21 mandhi maraninchina sanghatana tarvaata, eee sanghatana hankong yokka rendava atyanta ghoramaina roddu traaphik pramaadam.

tayee puu road tayee puu road haang kaang kii dosri taweel tareen sadak hay (kesal peek road kay baad). yaha coloon mein shamshoi puu say lay kirr haang kaang kay nayey elaqon mein tayee puu takk phaila hawaa hay. ibtadayi toor parr iss sadak kuu frontier road kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa. maqaam. sadak shaam shoyi puu kay qareeb naathan road say sharoo hoti hay sunhari pahaadi aur bekan pahaadi kay darmiyan waadi say guzarti hay aur shaa tunn say jadti hay. iss kay baad yaha shaah tunn hoyee aur tayee puu hoyee kay saath shamaal kii taraf jaari hay. tareekh. 1902 mein tameer kii gayee tayee puu road nayey elaqon kii qadeem tareen bury sadkon mein say eek hay. 1967 mein sheer chataan kii sarang kii takmeel takk tayee puu road nayey elaqon kuu kuu lune say jodnay waali markazi sadak thee. 1980 kii dahayi mein fenling hayee way kii tameer say pehley yaha sadak fenling aur shivingshoi kuu jodti thee. 10 faroori 2018 cow taqriba 18:13 aich kay tye parr eek coloon motor buss (kay ayem bee) double decker buss tayee puu road parr iss kii taraf pilt gayee. iss haadise mein 19 afraad halaak aur 65 zakhmi hoay. yaha waaqiah haang kaang kaa dosra mahlak tareen sadak trafic haadsah thaa juu 2003 mein taween minn road parr honay waalay waaqiye kay baad hawaa thaa jiss mein 21 afraad halaak hoay thay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41579179

Medical respite care

Medical respite care Type of medical care Medical respite care, also referred to as recuperative care, is acute and post-acute medical care for homeless persons who are too ill or frail to recover from a physical illness or injury on the streets but are not ill enough to be in a hospital. Unlike “respite” for caregivers, “medical respite” is short-term residential care that allows homeless individuals the opportunity to rest in a safe environment while accessing medical care and other supportive services. Medical respite programs provide hospitals with an alternative to discharging homeless patients to the streets or to unequipped shelters when patients would otherwise be discharged to their homes for self-care and recuperation. In addition to providing post-acute care and clinical oversight, medical respite programs seek to improve transitional care for this population and end the cycle of homelessness by supporting patients in access benefits and housing. As of 2014, over 70 medical respite programs have been established across the United States and a number are in development. Medical respite programs are housed in a number of different facility types including homeless shelters, motel rooms, nursing facilities, assisted living facilities and stand-alone facilities. The largest facility is based out of Boston, Massachusetts (United States), called the Barbara McIinnis House, which has 104 beds for men and women in need of a safe place to recuperate after leaving a hospital. The national average length of stay in medical respite programs is 40 days (30 days median). Studies and discussion about medical respite care include works on an individual and program level. A study out of Chicago looking at the impact of medical respite care on future hospitalizations found that patients who accessed medical respite care required fewer hospital stays (3.7 vs. 8.3 days) in the 12-months after program participation than those discharged from the hospital to the street or shelter. Another study out of Boston found similar results with homeless patients requiring 50% fewer hospital readmissions in the 90-days following medical respite program participation than those released to their own care (the street or shelter). Medical respite care has been discussed in the American Medical New Ethics Forum. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sikitsar poraa aaramor jotno sikitsar rehai xewa, jaak rick 'pattive keyar buliu kuwa hoy, hoise grihohin byoktixokolor baabe tibro aaru tibro sikitsa xewa, jixokol rastat xaririk rug baa aaghator poraa aarugyo laabh koriboloi oti oxustho baa durbol kintu sikitsaloyot thakiboloi porzapto oxustho nohoy. jotno luwaxokolor baabe "rehai" ror biporite, "sikitsar rehai" hoise hroswomyadi awaxik jotno ji grihohin byoktixokolok sikitsa xewa aaru onyanyo xohayok xewa laabh korar xomoyot xurokhito poriwexot bisram korar xujug diye. sikitsar rehai karzoxusixomuhe sikitsaloixomuhok grihohin rugeexokolok rastaloi eri diyar bikolpo baa onupolobdho aasroyosthan prodan kore jetiya rugeexokolok onyotha aatmo-jotno aaru xusthotar baabe teulukor ghoroloi eri diya hoh 'bob. tibro sikitsar pisot aaru sikitsa xombondhiyo nirikhyon prodan korar uporiu, sikitsar rehai karzoxusixomuhe ei jonoxongkhyar baabe poribortonxil jotno unnot koriboloi aaru rugeexokolok xubidha aaru baxosthanot xohay kori grihohinotar sokrotu xomapto koriboloi chesta kore. 2014 sonoloike, xomogro aamerika juktorastrot juktorastrot odhik sikitsar rehai karzoxusi protistha koraa hoise aaru keibatau unnoyonor pothot aase. sikitsar aashroy karzoxusibur grihohin aashroy, moo 'tail kutha, nursing xubidha, xohayok jiwan-jaapon xubidha aaru ekok xubidhake dhori bibhinno xubidhar prokarot rokha hoy. ataitkoi dangor xubidhatu bob 'ston, mesasusets (aamerika juktorastro) ror bahirot owosthito, jaak barbara sisinis house buli kuwa hoy, zo' too sikitsaloyor poraa ulai ohaar pisot xustho hoh 'boloi nirapod sthanor proyujon huwa purux aaru mohilar baabe 104taa xojya aase. sikitsar rehai karzoxusit rastriyo gorh xomoikal hoise 40 dinn (30 dinor modhyomiya). sikitsar rehair jotnor bixoye odhyoyon aaru alusonar bhitorot aase byoktigoto aaru karzoxusir storor kaam. bhobisyote sikitsaloyot bhorti huwar uporot sikitsar aaramor jotnor probhab suwar baabe sikagur ek odhyoyonot puwa goise je sikitsar aaramor jotno luwa rugeexokolok sikitsaloyot komm thokar proyujon (3.7 bonam. 8.3 dinn) sikitsaloyor poraa rasta baa aasroyostholiloi suti diya lukor tulnat 12 maahor pisot karzoxusir ongxogrohon. bostonor aan etaa odhyoyonot puwa goise je grihohin rugeexokolok teulukor nijor jotno (poth baa aashroy) loi mukoli korar tulnat sikitsar rehai karzoxusit ongxogrohonor pisot 90 dinot 50 xotangxo komm sikitsaloyot punor bhortir proyujon hoy. aamerikan medical niu ethics pho "raamot sikitsar rehair jotnor bixoye alusona koraa hoise. sikitsar aashroy xewak grihohinota protirudh aaru onto peluwar baabe federal porikolponat ek kouxol hisape talikabhukto koraa hoise. sikitsa xewa aaru sikitsa xahajyo udbhawon kendroi bortoman sikitsa aaram xewar probhab mulyayon koriboloi ek rastriyo prodorxon karzoxusi porisalona kori aase. ei jonoxongkhyar baabe swasthyo xewa byoy hraax korar logote swasthyo folafol aaru swasthyo xewar mandondo unnot korar prochesta hisape ei prodorxonok xulobh jotno aainor dwara xomorthon koraa hoise. grihohin porixodor rastriyo swasthyo xewai xewai odhik prodankari, grahok aaru ukilor ek rehai xewa prodankarir network bojai raakhe jiye xomogro dexote grihohin byoktixokolor baabe sikitsa aaram xewar prowexadhikar unnot koriboloi bisare.

chikitsa sangkranta swasti chikitsa abokash porisheba, jaa punoruddharer jotno hisabeo porichito, holl emon grihohin byaktider jonno teebro ebong teebro-poroborti chikitsa porisheba, jaaraa rastai sharirik oshusthota baa aghat theke sere othar jonno khub oshustho baa durbal kintu hospitale thucker moto oshustho noy. jotnoshilder jonno "swasti"-err biporite, "chikitsa swasti" holl swalpameyadi abasik jotno jaa grihohin byaktider chikitsa porisheba ebong anyanno sahayak porishebaguli axes korar somoy nirapada poribeshe vishramer sujog deyo. chikitsa sangkranta abokash karmasuchi hospitalgulike grihohin rogider rastai chhede deoar bikalpa pradan korey athoba onupolobdho ashraikendra bikalpa pradan korey jokhon rogider onnothai swa-jotno ebong punoruddharer jonno taader barite chhede deoa hoto. teebro-poroborti jotno ebong clinical tadarki prodaner pashapashi, chikitsa abokash karmasuchiguli eyi jonosongkhar jonno rupantarmulak jotner unnoti korte ebong rogider axes subidha ebong abasongulite sahayata korey grihohinotar chokrer abosan ghotate chaay. 2014 saaler hisabe, markin juktorashtro judey judey beshi chikitsa abokash karmasuchi protisthito hoyeche ebong besh koyekti unnayanshil royeche. chikitsa sangkranta abokash karmasuchiguli grihohin ashrayakendra, motel kokkho, nursing subidha, sahayak basosthan subidha ebong swatantra subidha soho bivinno dharaner subidhai rakha hoy. brihottomo subidhati massachusetser (markin juktorashtro) bostoner baire abosthito, jaake barbara cicinis house bolla hoy, jekhane hospital theke beriye aasaar porey sustho howar jonno ekti nirapada jaigar prayojan emon purush oo mohilader jonno 104tii shajya royeche. chikitsa sangkranta abokash kormosuchite thucker jatiya garh samaykal holl 40 deane (30 diner modhyoma). chikitsa sangkranta gobeshona ebong alochonar modhye royeche byaktigato ebong karmasuchir storer kaaj. shikago theke koraa ekti gobeshonai dekha geche jey, bhabishyate hospitale bhortir khettre chikitsa sangkranta abokasher jotner probhaber dike nojor deoa hachche jey, jey rogira chikitsa sangkranta abokasher jotner sujog paan, taander hospitale thucker prayojan qama (3.7 bonam. 8.3 deane) hospital theke rastai baa ashraikendre chhede deoa byaktider tulna 12 maaser porey programe ongshogrohon. bostoner arekti gobeshonai dekha geche jey, grihohin rogider 90 diner modhye taader nijaswa jotne (rasta baa ashray) chhede deoa rogider tulna chikitsa sangkranta abokash kormosuchite ongshogrohoner porey 50 shotangsho qama hospitale bhortir prayojan hoy. american medicale neu ethics forame chikitsa sangkranta abokasher jotno niye alochona koraa hoyeche. chikitsa sangkranta abokasher jotno grihohinota protirodh oo shesh korar jonno federal porikolponar ekti kaushal hisabe talikabhukto koraa hoyeche. chikitsa oo chikitsa sangkranta udbhaban kendra bortomane chikitsa sangkranta abokash porishebar prabhab mulyayaner jonno ekti jatiya prodorshoni karmasuchi porichalona korche. eyi jonosongkhar jonno swasthoseba byoy hrass korar pashapashi swastho folafol ebong swasthosebar gunoman unnoto korar prochesta hisabe sashrayi mulyer jotno aain dwara eyi prodorshonti somorthito. grihohin counciler jonno jatiya swasthoseba 700 tiro beshi sorborahokari, bhokta ebong ukilder ekti abokash porisheba prodankarider network bojay rakhe jaaraa saaraa deshe grihohin byaktider jonno chikitsa abokash porishebar axes unnoto korte chaay.

tabibi raahat tabibi raahat sambhaal, jene punahprapti sambhaal tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey beghar vyakteeo maate teevra aneey teevra pachhini tabibi sambhaal chhe, jeo shereeomaa shaaririk beemari athavaa ijaathi saajaa thavaa maate khoob beemar athavaa nabalaa chhe parantu hospitalma rahevaa maate purtaa beemar nathee. sambhaal rakhnarao maate "raahat" thee vipareet, "tabibi raahat" aee tunkaa gaadaani rahenank sambhaal chhe jeey beghar vyaktione tabibi sambhaal aneey anya sahayak sevaao melavati vakhate salaamat vatavaranma aaraam karvaanee taka aape chhe. tabibi raahat kaarykramo hospitalone beghar dardione shereeomaa chhodva athavaa binsalahbharya aashraysthanona vikalp saathe pradaan karey chhe jyaare dardione anyatha swa-sambhaal aneey punahprapti maate temnaa gharomaa rajaa aapvama aave chhe. teevra pachhini sambhaal aneey tabibi dekhrekh puurii paadvaa upraant, tabibi raahat kaarykramo aaa vastee maate sankramankalin sambhaalmaa sudhaaro karvaa aneey dardione sulabh laabho aneey aavasma teko aapeene beghartaanaa chakrane samaapt karvaa maage chhe. 2014 sudhimaa, samagr united statesma 70 thee vadhu tabibi raahat kaarykramo sthaapit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe aneey sankhyaabandh vikasma chhe. tabibi raahat kaarykramo beghar aashraysthano, motel room, nursing suveedhao, sahaayit rahevani suveedhao aneey aekal suveedhao saheet viveedh suveedha prakaroma rakhvama aave chhe. sauthee motee suveedha boostana, mesatusates (united states) maan stheet chhe, jene barbara amcinis house kahevaay chhe, jemaa hospital chhodya pachhi swasth thavaa maate salaamat jagyani jaroor hoya tevaa purusho aneey streeo maate 104 pathaari chhe. tabibi raahat karykramoma rahevani raashtriy sarerash lambai 40 divas (30 divasni sarerash) chhe. tabibi raahat sambhaal vishenaa abhyaso aneey charchaama vyaktigat aneey kaarykram star parnaa kaaryono samaavesh thaay chhe. bhavishyamaa hospitalma dakhal thavaa parr tabibi raahat sambhaalni asarne jotaa shikagomathi bahaar aavela aek abhyasma jaanvaa malyun chhe keey jeey dardeeo tabibi raahat sambhaal melavtaa hataa temne hospitalma ochha rahevani jaroor hatee (3.7 viruddh. 8.3 divas) 12 maheena pachhi karykrama bhaag lenarni sarkhaamaniae jeo hospitalmathi sheree athavaa aashrayma rajaa aape chhe. bostannaa anya aek abhyasma aevaa parinaamo jovaa malyaa chhe keey jemaa beghar dardione temnee potaani sambhaal (sheree athavaa aashray) maate mukt karaayela lokonee sarkhaamanimaa tabibi raahat kaarykramni bhagidari pachhinaa 90 divasma 50 takaa ochha hospitalma dakhal thavaani jaroor padey chhe. american medical nyu ethics forum tabibi raahat sambhaalni charcha karvaamaa aavee chhe. tabibi raahat sambhaalne beghartaa atkavva aneey samaapt karvaa maate sangheey yojnaamaa vyooharachnaa tareeke soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee chhe. medicare aneey medicade innovation maatenu kendra haalmaa tabibi raahat sambhaalni asarnu mulyankan karvaa maate raashtriy pradarshan kaarykramnu sanchalan curry rahyu chhe. aaa vastee maate aarogya sambhaal kharch ghataadati vakhate aarogya parinaamo aneey aarogya sambhaalni gunvattaamaa sudhaaro karvaanaa prayaas tareeke poshanksham sambhaal adhiniyam dwara pradarshanne teko aapvama aave chhe. beghar council maate raashtriy aarogya sambhaal 700 thee vadhu pradaatao, graahako aneey himayationu raahat sambhaal pradataonu network jaalve chhe, jeo deshbharma beghar vyakteeo maate tabibi raahat sambhaalni pahonchamaa sudhaaro karvaa maange chhe.

chikitsa raahat dekhbhal chikitsa raahat dekhbhal, jise swaasthya dekhbhal key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, beghar vyaktiyon key liye teevra aur baad kii teevra chikitsa dekhbhal haye joe sadakon parr shaaririk bimari yaa chot seey ubarane key liye bahut beemar yaa kamjor hain lekin aspatal mein rahane key liye paryaapt beemar naheen hain. dekhbhal karane vaalon key liye "raahat" key vipareet, "chikitsa raahat" alpakaalik aavaasiya dekhbhal haye joe beghar vyaktiyon koo chikitsa dekhbhal aur anya sahayak sevaaon taka pahunchate hue ack surakshit vatavaran mein aaraam karane kaa avsar pradaan karati haye. chikitsa raahat karyakram aspatalon koo beghar rogiyon koo sadakon parr chhodane yaa anupalabdh ashrayon key vikalp pradaan karate hain jaba rogiyon koo anyatha aatm-dekhbhal aur swaasthya laabh key liye unake gharon mein chhod diyaa jaataa. teevra dekhbhal aur naidaanik nireekshan pradaan karane key alawa, chikitsa raahat karyakram iss aabaadi key liye sankramankalin dekhbhal mein sudhaar karna chaahte hain aur rogiyon koo pahunch laabh aur awas mein sahaayata karke begharta key chakr koo samaapt karna chaahte hain. 2014 taka, sanyukt raajya america mein 70 seey adhik chikitsa raahat karyakram sthaapit kiye gaye hain aur kaee vikas mein hain. chikitsa raahat karyakram kaee alag-alag prakaar kii suvidhaon mein aayojit kiye jaate hain jinamen beghar aashray, motal kaksh, nursing suvidhaaen, sahaayata praapt rahane kii suvidhaaen aur swatantra suvidhaaen shamil hain. sabse badee suvidha boston, massachusets (sanyukt raajya america) mein sthit haye, jise barbara amseinis house kahaa jaataa haye, jisamen 104 bistar hain joe purushon aur mahilaaon key liye hain jinhen aspatal seey baahar nikalane key baad thheek honey key liye ack surakshit jagah kii aavashyakta haye. chikitsa raahat karyakramon mein thaharane kii rashtriya ausat avadhi 40 dinn (30 dinn kaa ausat) haye. chikitsa raahat dekhbhal key baare mein adhyayan aur charcha mein ack vyakti aur karyakram star parr kaary shamil hain. bhavishya mein aspatal mein bharti honey parr chikitsa raahat dekhbhal key prabhaav koo dekhate hue shikago seey baahar kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii jinn rogiyon ney chikitsa raahat dekhbhal praapt kii, unhein cumm aspatal mein rahane kii aavashyakta thee (3.7 banaam. 8.3 dinn) karyakram mein bhaag lene key baad 12 maheenon mein aspatal seey chhutti milane vaalon kii tulanaa mein sadak yaa aashray mein. boston seey baahar ack anya adhyayan mein isi tarah key parinam paae gaye jinamen beghar rogiyon koo apani dekhbhal (sadak yaa aashray) mein chhode gaye logon kii tulanaa mein chikitsa raahat karyakram mein bhagidari key baad 90 dinon mein 50 pratishat cumm aspatal mein bharti honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye. americi chikitsa naee naitikta munch mein chikitsa raahat dekhbhal parr charcha kii gaee haye. chikitsa raahat dekhbhal koo begharta koo rokane aur samaapt karane key liye sanghiya yojana mein ack ranneeti key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. chikitsa dekhbhal aur chikitsa sahaayata navachar kendra vartamaan mein chikitsa raahat dekhbhal key prabhaav kaa aaklan karane key liye ack rashtriya pradarshan karyakram aayojit curr rhaa haye. iss aabaadi key liye swaasthya dekhbhal kharch koo cumm karate hue swaasthya parinamon aur swaasthya dekhbhal kii gunavatta mein sudhaar key prayaas key roop mein pradarshan koo kifayati dekhbhal adhiniyam dwara samarthit kiya gayaa haye. beghar parishad key liye rashtriya swaasthya dekhbhal 700 seey adhik pradaataon, upbhoktaon aur adhivaktaon kaa ack raahat dekhbhal pradaata network banaae rakhti haye joe desh bhar mein beghar vyaktiyon key liye chikitsa raahat dekhbhal taka pahunch mein sudhaar karna chaahte hain.

vaidyakeeya aaraike aarogya rakshaneyendu saha kareyalaaguva vaidyakeeya upashamanada aaraikeyu, beedigalalli daihika anarogya athawa gaayadinda chetarisikollalu tumba anarogyadinda athawa durbalaragiruva aadare aaspatreyalli iralu saakashtu anarogyadinda balaluttiruva niraashrita vyaktigalige tivravaada mattu teevra nantarada vaidyakeeya aaraikeyaagide. aaraike maaduvavarige "vishraanti" dinda bhinnavagi, "vaidyakeeya vishraanti" yuu alpavadhiya vasati aaraikeyaagiddu, idu niraashrita vyaktigalige vaidyakeeya aaraike mattu itara sahayaka sevegalannu padeyuvaga surakshita parisaradalli vishraanti padeyuva avakaashavannu niiduttade. vaidyakeeya vishraanti kaaryakramagalu aaspatregalannu niraashritaraada rogigalannu beedigalige bidugade maadalu athawa rogigalannu swayam-aaraike mattu chetarikegaagi tamma manegalige bidugade madidaga asamavaada aashrayagalige paryayavagi odagisuttave. teevra nantarada aaraike mattu vaidyakeeya melvichaaraneyannu odagisuvudara jotege, vaidyakeeya vishraantiya kaaryakramagalu ee janasankhyege parivartaneya aaraikeyannu sudharisalu mattu rogigalige pravesha prayojanagalu mattu vasati soulabhyagalannu odagisuva moolaka niraashritara chakravannu konegolisalu prayatnisuttave. 2014rahra hottige, united statesnadyanta 70kkoo hecchu vaidyakeeya upashamana kaaryakramagalannu sthaapisalaagide mattu halavaaru abhivruddhi hantadallive. niraashritara aashrayagalu, motel kotadigalu, shushrusha soulabhyagalu, sahayaka jeevana soulabhyagalu mattu swatantra soulabhyagalu seridante halavaaru reetiya vividha soulabhyagalalli vaidyakeeya vishraanti kaaryakramagalannu irisalaagide. atidodda soulabhyavu masachusetsna (united states) bostannalli nelegondide, idannu barbara cicinnis house endu kareyalaaguttade, idu aaspatreyinda horabanda nantara chetarisikollalu surakshita sthalada agatyaviruva purusharu mattu mahileyarige 104 haasigegalannu hondide. vaidyakeeya vishraantiya karyakramagalalli rashtriya sarasari awadiyu 40 dinagalu (30 dinagala sarasari) aagide. vaidyakeeya vishraantiya aaraikeya kuritaada adhyayanagalu mattu charchegalalli vaiyaktika mattu karyakrama mattada kelasagalu serive. vaidyakeeya vishraantiya aaraikeyu bhavishyada aaspatregala mele beeruva parinaamavannu noduttiruva chikagoda ondu adhyayanavu, vaidyakeeya vishraantiya aaraikeyannu padeda rogigalige kadime aaspatregalalli uliyuva agatyaviruttade endu kanduhididide (3.7 versus. 8.3 dinagalu) aaspatreyinda beedi athawa ashrayakke bidugadeyaadavariginta kaaryakramada nantara 12 tingalugala bhagavahisuvikeyalli. boston mattondu adhyayanavu idhe reetiya phalitaamshagalannu kandukondide, maneyillada rogigalige 90 dinagala nantara vaidyakeeya vishraantiya kaaryakramada bhagavahisuvikeyalli 50 pratishata kadime aspatre marupraveshada agatyaviruttade, avara swanta aaraike (beedi athawa ashraya) ge bidugadegondavariginta. american medical nyoo ethics forumnalli vaidyakeeya vishraantiya bagge charchisalaagide. vaidyakeeya vishraantiyannu niraashritarannu tadegattuva mattu konegolisuva samyukta yojaneyalli ondu kaaryatantravaagi patti maadalaagide. vaidyakeeya aaraike mattu vaidyakeeya neravina avishkara kendravu prastuta vaidyakeeya vishraantiya aaraikeya parinaamavannu nirnayisalu rashtriya pradarshana kaaryakramavannu nadesuttide. ee jansankhyeya aarogya aaraike vechchavannu kadime maduvaga aarogya phalitaamshagalu mattu aarogya aaraikeya gunamattavannu sudhaarisuva prayatnavagi kaigetukuva aaraike kaydeyu ee pradarshanavannu bembalisuttade. niraashritara rashtriya aarogya samstheyu, deshaadyanta niraashritaraada vyaktigalige vaidyakeeya upashamanada aaraikeyannu sudharisalu prayatnisuva 700kkoo hecchu pooraikedaararu, grahakaru mattu vakilara upashamanada aaraike puraikedaarara jaalavannu nirvahisuttade.

vaidyakeey vishranti vaidyakeey vishranti seva, jyala punarprapti kalji asehi mhanatat, tee beghar vyaktinsathi tivra aanee tivra vaidyakeey seva aahe, jyaa rastyanvaril sharirik aajaar kinwa dukhapatitun barey honyasathi khoop aajari kinwa kamkuvat aahet parantu rugnalayat rahnyaitke aajari naheet. kalji kalji 'vishranti' chya ulat, 'vaidyakeey vishranti' hii alpakalin nivasi seva aahe jee beghar vyaktinna vaidyakeey seva aanee itar sahayyak sevancha laabh ghetana surakshit vatavaranat vishranti ghenyachi sandhee dete. vaidyakeey vishranti karyakram rugnalayanna beghar rugnanna rastyanvar sodanyacha paryay detat kinwa jevha rugnanna swatachi kalji ghenyasathi aanee barey honyasathi tyanchya gharee sodanyat yeil tevha nihsahay begharamsathee paryay detat. tivra upcharanantarchi kalji aanee vaidyakeey dekhrekh pradan karnyavyatirikt, vaidyakeey vishranti karyakram yaa loksankhyesathi sankramankalin kalji sudharanyacha aanee rugnanna pravesh laabh aanee gharanmadhye madat karoon beghar honyache chakr sampavanyacha prayatna karatat. 2014 paryant, sampoorn americet 70 hoon adhik vaidyakeey vishranti karyakram sthapan karnyat aale aahet aanee anek vikasachya margavar aahet. vaidyakeey vishranti karyakram beghar beghar, motel kholya, paricharya suvidha, sahayyit rahniman suvidha aanee swatantra suvidhansah anek prakarchya suvidhanmadhye thewale jaatat. sarvat mothee suvidha boston, massatusates (united states) madhye aahe, jyala barbara emseenis haus mhanatat, jyamadhye rugnalayatun baher padlyanantar barey honyasathi surakshit jaagechi garaj asalelya purush aanee mahilansathi 104 khaata aahet. vaidyakeey vishranti karyakramanmadhye rahanyacha rashtriy sarasari kalavadhi 40 divas (30 divasancha sarasari kalavadhi) aahe. vaidyakeey vishranti sevebaddalachya abhyas aanee charchemadhye vaiyaktik aanee karyakram patalivaril kamancha samavesh hoto. vaidyakeey vishranti sevecha bhavishyat rugnalayat dakhal honyavar honara parinam parinam shikagochya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee jyaa rugnanna vaidyakeey vishranti seva midali tyanna qamee rugnalayat rahanyachi aavashyakta hotee (3.7 viruddha. 8.3 divas) rugnalayatun rastyavar kinwa begharat sodanyat aalelya lokanpeksha 12 mahinyanchya karyakramatil sahbhagat. bostenmadhil aanakhi eka abhyasat asey disun aale aahe qee, tyanchya swatachya dekharekhisathi (rasta kinwa niwara) sodanyat aalelya rugnanchya tulanet, vaidyakeey vishranti karyakramatil sahbhaganantar 90 divasant 50 takke qamee rugnalayin praveshachi aavashyakta asalelya beghar rugnanmadhye asech parinam disun aale aahet. american medical nyu ethics forummadhe vaidyakeey vishranti sevevar charcha karnyat aalee aahe. vaidyakeey vishrantichi kalji hii begharata rokhanyasathi aanee sampavanyasathichya federal yojnet eka ranniti mhanoon soochibaddha aahe. vaidyakeey seva aanee vaidyakeey madat navonmesh kendra sadhya vaidyakeey vishranti sevechya parinamache moolyankan karnyasathi rashtriy pratyakshik karyakram aayojit karat aahe. yaa loksankhyesathi aarogya sevecha kharch qamee kartana aarogya parinam aanee aarogya sevechi gunavatta sudharanyacha prayatna mhanoon mhanoon kalji kayadyane yaa pratyakshikala pathimba deela aahe. beghar parishadesathi rashtriy aarogya seva 700 hoon adhik pradata, grahak aanee vakilanche rahat seva pradatyanche jaale rakhate jeey deshbharatil beghar vyaktinsathi vaidyakeey aaram sevecha pravesh sudharu ichchitat.

swasthyaseba swasthyaseba, jaahaaku punaruddhara seba madhya kuhajae, heuchhi sehi gruhahina byaktimananka paain tibra ebong tibra chikitsa seba, jeunmane rastare sharirika asusthata kimba aghataru sustha heba paain atyadhika asustha kimba durbala, kintu daktarakhanare rahiba paain yathesta asustha nuhnti. jatna neuthiba byaktinka paain "releaf" thaaru bhinna, "medical releaf" heuchhi swalpakaleena abasic jatna jaahaa gruhahina byaktimananku daktari seba ebong anyanya sahajaka seba paiba samajare eka surakhita paribeshare bishram karibara sujoga deithae . daktari releaf karjyakram daktarakhanagudiku gruhahina rogimananku rastaku chhadiba kimba subidhaheena aashrajasthalaku eka bikalpa pradan kare jetebele rogimane anyatha aatma-jatna ebong aarogya paain semananka gharaku discharge hebe . tibra chikitsa parey ebong clinical tadarakh pradan kariba byatita, daktari releaf karjyakram ehi janasankhya paain paribartanashila jatnare unnati karibaku ebong rogimananku subidha ebong aabasare sahajata curry gruhahinatara chakraku samapta karibaku chesta kare . 2014 masiha suddha, samagra aamerikare 70ru adhika chikitsa rihati karjyakram pratistha karajaichi ebong aneka bikashare achhi . chikitsa rihati karjyakramagudika bibhinna prakarara subidha prakarare rakhajaichhi jeunthire gruhahina ashrajasthala, motel room, nursing subidha, sahajaka rahiba subidha ebong swatantra subidha antarbhukta . sabutharu budd subidha boston, massachusets (juktarastra america) ray abasthita, jaahaaku barbara sisinisa house kuhajae, jeunthire daktarakhana chhadiba parey sustha heba paain eka surakhita sthana aabasyaka karuthiba purush ebong mahilanka paain 104 shajya achhi . daktari abakash karjyakramare rahibara jatiah harahari abadhi heuchhi 40 deane (30 dinara madhyama). daktari bishram jatna bishajare adhyajana ebong alochana madhyare jane byakti ebong karjyakram starare karjya antarbhukta . bhabishyatare daktarakhanare bhartti heba upare daktari releaf jatnara prabhabaku dekhi chikagoru eka adhyajanaru janapadichhi je jeun rogimane daktari releaf jatna grahan karithile semananku daktarakhanare rahiba aabasyaka nathila (3.7 banam. 8.3 deane) karjyakramara 12 maasa parey anshagrahana karuthiba byaktinka tulanare daktarakhanaru rasta kimba aashrajaku discharge hoithiba byaktinka tulanare. boston rahr anya eka adhyajanare samaana phalaphal dekhibaku milithila je gruhahina rogeenka sahita 90 deane madhyare 50 pratishata comm daktarakhanare punah bhartti aabasyaka hoithila, daktari rihati karjyakram anshagrahana parey, semananka niz jatna (rasta kimba ashrai) ku mukta hoithiba lokanka tulanare . americae medical nyu ethics phoramare daktari releaf kear bishajare alochana karajaichi. gruhahinataku rokiba ebong samapta kariba paain sangheeah jojanare eka ranneeti bhabare daktari releaf jatna talikabhukta hoichhi . medikera ebong medicade nabasrujana kendra bartamana daktari releaf jatnara prabhaba akalana karibaku eka jatiah pradarshan karjyakram parichalana karuchhi . ehi janasankhyara swasthyaseba kharcha hrass kariba sahita swasthya phalaphal ebong swasthyasebara gunabattare unnati aaniba paain eka prayasa bhabare sulabh jatna adhiniam dwara ehi pradarshan samarthita . gruhahina parishad paain jatiah swasthyaseba 700 ru adhika pradanakari, upabhokta ebong okilanka eka releaf kear pradanakarinka netawarka bajaiah rakhe jeunmane saaraa deshare gruhahina byaktinka paain chikitsa releaf jatnare prabeshaku unnat karibaku chahanti .

sihat sambhal medical raahat dekhbhal, jiss noon rikavari dekhbhal vee kiha jaanda haii, uh beghriaan laee gambhir atey baad dee teebar medical dekhbhal haii joe sadkan 'teey sarirak bimari jaan satt toon theek honn laee bahut bimar jaan kamzor hunn parr hospital witch rahinn laee kaafi bimar naheen hunn. dekhbhal curran valiaan laee "raahat" dey ulat, "medical raahat" thodeh samein dee rihaishi dekhbhal haii joe beghar viaktiaan noon medical dekhbhal atey horr sahaik sevavan takk pahunch karde hoye ikk surakhiat vatavaran witch aaram curran daa mauka dindi haii. medical raahat program hospitals noon beghar mareezan noon sadkan 'teey chaddan jaan binan kise panahgah dey ikk wicklup pardan karde hunn jadon mareezan noon sway-dekhbhal atey sehatyabi laee unhan dey gharan witch chhadd ditta jaanda. post-acute dekhbhal atey clinical nigrani pardan curran toon ilava, medical raahat program iss aabadi laee parivartansheel dekhbhal witch sudhar curran atey mareezan noon pahunch laabhan atey rihaish witch sahaita karke beghriaan dey chakkar noon khatam curran dee koshish karde hunn. saal 2014 takk, sanyukat raaj amrica witch 70 toon vaddh medical raahat program sathapat keete gaye hunn atey bahut saare vikas witch hunn. medical raahat program kaee vakkh-vakkh sahulatan deeaan kisman witch rakkhe gaye hunn jinhan witch beghar panahgahan, motal kamre, nursing sahulatan, sahaita prapat rahinn deeaan sahulatan atey ikalliaan sahulatan shamal hunn. sabh toon vaddi sahulat boston, massachusets (sanyukat raaj amrica) witch sathit haii, jiss noon barbara macinis haaoos kiha jaanda haii, jiss witch 104 bistre hunn jinhan noon hospital toon bahr nikalan toon baad theek honn laee surakhiat jagha dee zaroorat haii. medical raahat programan witch rahinn dee rashtari ausat lambai 40 dinn (30 dinan daa ausat) haii. medical raahat dekhbhal baare adhiaen atey charcha witch ikk viaktigat atey program paddhar 'teey kamm shamal hunn. bhavikh witch hospital witch dakhal honn utte medical raahat dekhbhal dey prabhav noon vekhdiaan shikago toon bahr ikk adhiaen witch paaiaa giaa kii jinhan mareezan neey medical raahat dekhbhal prapat keeti, unhan noon ghatt hospital witch rahinn dee zaroorat see (3.7 banaam. 8.3 dinn) program dee bhagidari toon baad 12 mahiniaan witch uhanan dee tulna witch joe hospital toon glee jaan panahgah witch chhutti ditti gaee haii. boston toon bahr ikk horr adhiaen witch beghre mareezan noon aapni dekhbhal (glee jaan panahgah) witch chadde gaye mareezan dee tulna witch medical raahat program dee bhagidari toon baad 90 dinan witch 50 pratishat ghatt hospital witch dubara dakhal honn dee zaroorat dey samaan natije mille hunn. amriki medical nioo ethics forum witch medical raahat dekhbhal baare charcha keeti gaee haii. beghriaan noon rokann atey khatam curran laee sanghi yojna witch ikk ranniti dey roop witch medical raahat dekhbhal noon suchibadh keeta giaa haii. center phaar medicare aind medicade innovation iss vele medical raahat dekhbhal dey prabhav daa mulankan curran laee ikk rashtari pardarshan program chalaa riha haii. iss pardarshan noon kifaiti dekhbhal aikat duaara iss aabadi laee sihat dekhbhal dey kharchiaan noon ghataunde hoye sihat dey natijiaan atey sihat dekhbhal dee gunwatta witch sudhar curran dey yatan vajon samarthan ditta giaa haii. beghriaan dee consul laee rashtari sihat dekhbhal 700 toon vaddh pradatavan, khaptkaran atey vakilan daa raahat dekhbhal pradatavan daa network banayi rakkhdi haii joe desh bharr witch beghriaan laee medical raahat dekhbhal takk pahunch witch sudhar karna chahunde hunn.

chikitsayaha upashamanah chikitsaa-vishrama-sevaa, yat swaasthya-sevaa iti api nirdishyate, gruhahinanam krute teevram, teevra-chikitsaa-sevaa asti, ye veethishu shaareerik-rogaat athavaa aghatat vaa swasthataam praaptum atyantam roginah vaa durbalaah vaa santi, parantu chikitsaalaye bhavitum paryaaptam roginah naa santi. paricharyaakartrubhyah "viraamah" ityasya vipareetam, "chikitsaa-viraamah" alpakaalik-aawaaseey-sevaa asti yaa nirashrayajanan chikitsaa-sewaah anya-sahaayak-sewaah cha praapya surakshita-vaataavarane vishraantim kartum avasaram kalpayati. chikitsaa-vishrama-kaaryakramaah chikitsalayan, gruhaheena-roginaam veethishu vaa anupayukta-ashrayasthaneshu vaa nishkaasayitum vikalpam pradaasyanti, yadaa anyathaa roginah swa-paricharyayaha, swaasthyasya cha krute swagruhaani prati nishkaasitaah bhavanti sma. teevra-pashchata-paricharyaa, chikitsaatmak-nirikshanam cha pradaatum atirichya, chikitsaa-vishrama-kaaryakramaah asya janasankhyaayaah krute sankramanakaaleen-paricharyaam sudhaarayitum prayatante, api cha abhigamyata-laabheshu, aavaasakshetre cha roginaam samarthya gruhaheenataayaah chakram samaaptum cha prayatante. 2014 tamavarshaparyantam sampoorne samyuktarajyamerika-deshe 70 taha adhikaah chikitsaa-vishrama-kaaryakramaah sthaapitaah santi, anekaah vikaase santi. chikitsaa-vishrama-kaaryakramaah anekaasu bhinnasu suvidhaasu sthaapitaah santi, yathaa gruhahinanam ashrayasthanani, motel-kakshaani, narsing-suvidhaah, sahaayak-jeevan-suvidhaah, adviteeya-suvidhaah cha. bruhattamam suvidhaa massachusets-deshasya (samyuktarajyamerika) boston-nagare asti, yat barbera missinnis-gruham iti namna prasidham asti, yatra 104 shayyaah santi, yatra chikitsalayat nishkasayitva swasthataam praaptum surakshitasthaanasy aavashyakataa vartate. chikitsaavidhaanakaaryakram rashtriya-madhya-kaalah 40 dinaani (30 dinaani madhyam) asti. chikitsaa-vishrama-paricharyayaha vishaye adhyayan-charchaasu cha vyaktigata-starasya kaaryeshu, karyakrama-starasya cha kaaryeshu antarbhavanti. shikaago-nagare bhavishye chikitsaalaye chikitsayaha upashamanasy prabhaavasya vishaye ekam adhyayanm abhoot yat, ye roginah chikitsayaha upashamanasy upacharan tebhyah chikitsaalaye alpavaasasya aavashyakataa aasit (3.7 banama. 8.3 dinaani) karyakramasya sahabhaagitvaanantaram 12 maaseshu chikitsalayat maargam athavaa ashrayam prati nishkaasitaah santi. boston-nagaraat anyasmin adhyayanasya api etaadrushaah parinaamaah praaptaah, yatra gruhaheena-roginaam krute swasamrakshanaartham (maargah vaa aashrayah) muktaanaam apekshayaa 90 dineshu chikitsaa-vishrama-kaaryakrame sahabhaagitvasya anantaram 50 pratishatam nyunaa chikitsaalaya-punah praveshasya aavashyakataa bhavati. american-medical-nyoo-ethics-forum ityasmin chikitsayaha upashamanasy vishaye charchaam krutam asti. gruhaheenataayaah nivaaranaartham samaaptim cha kartum sangheey-yojanayam chikitsayaha upashaman-sevaa rananeetih iti suchita asti. chikitsaa-chikitsaa-chikitsaa-navakalpanaa-kendram samprati chikitsaa-vishrama-sewaayaah prabhaavasya mulyankanam kartum rashtriya-pradarshana-karyakramam aayojayati. asya janasankhyaayaah swaasthya-vyayasya nyunikaranam kurvan swaasthya-parinamanam swaasthya-sewaayaah gunavattaayaah cha unnatehe prayatnaroopen, sulabha-sevaa-adhiniyamah asya pradarshanasy samarthanam karoti. nirashritarajyasya parishadena rashtriya-swaasthya-sevaa 700 taha adhikanam pradayakanam, upabhoktrunaam, adhivaktaanaam cha upashaman-sevaa-pradayakanam jaalam nirvahati, ye sampoorne deshe nirashritarajyasya krute chikitsayaha upashaman-sevaa-praaptim vardhayitum prayatante.

maruththuva oaivu maruththuva oaivu kavanippu, meetpu kavanippu endrum kurippidappadugiradhu, idhu veedattra nabarkalukku kadumaiyaana mattrum kadumaiyaana maruththuva paraamarippaagum, avarkal therukkalil udal noai allathu kaayaththilirunthu meendu varuvatharku migavum noaivaaippatta allathu palaveenamaanavargal, aanaal maruthuvamanaiyil irukka poathumaana noaivaaippattavargal alla. paraamarippaalargalukkaana "oaivu" poalallaamal, "maruththuva oaivu" enbathu kurugiya kaala kudiyiruppu paraamarippaagum, idhu veedattra thaninaparkalukku maruththuva paramarippu mattrum pira aatharavu sevaigalai anugumpoathu paathukaappaana soozhalil oaivedukka vaaippalikkirathu. maruththuva oaivu thittangal veedattra noayaaligalai therukkalil veliyaettruvatharkoa allathu noayaaligal suya kavanippu mattrum meetpukkaaga thangal veedugalukku veliyaettrappadumpoathu thelivattra thangkumidangalukku maattraaka maruththuvamanaigalai vazhangkukintrana. kadumaiyaana sigichchaikkup pinththaiya sigichchai mattrum maruththuva maerpaarvaiyai vazhangkuvathoadu mattumallaamal, maruththuva oaivu thittangal inththa makkalthogaikkaana idaikkaala kavanippai maempaduththavum, anugal nanmaigal mattrum veettuvasathi aagiyavattril noayaaligalukku aatharavalippathan moolam veedattra suzharchiyai mudivukkuk konduvaruvadharkum muyalgindrana. muyalgindrana aandu nilavarappadi, america muzhuvathum muzhuvathum maerpatta maruththuva oaivuth thittangal niruvapattullana, maelum pala valarchchiyil ullana. maruththuva oaivuth thittangal veedattra thangkumidangal, motal araikal, nursingh vasathigal, udhavi vaazhkkai vasathigal mattrum thanithani vasathigal ullitta palvaeru vagaiyaana vasathigalil vaikkappattullana. migapperiya vasathi baston, massusets (america) ill amainthullathu, idhu barbara messinnis havus endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu oru maruththuvamanaiyai vittu veliyaeriya piragu gunamadaiya oru paathukaappaana idam thaevaippadum aangal mattrum penkalukku 104 padukkaikalaik kondullathu. maruththuva oaivuth thittangalil thaesiya sarasari kaalam 40 naatkal (30 naatkal sarasari) aagum. maruththuva oaivu kavanippu pattriya aaivugal mattrum vivaathangkalil oru thaninabar mattrum thitta mattaththil panikal adangkum. maruththuva oaivu kavanippaip pettra noayaaligalukku maruthuvamanaiyil thangkuvatharkaana thaevai kuraivaaga iruppathaaka sikakovil merkollappatta oru aaivil kandariyappattullathu (3.7 mattrum. 8.3 naatkal) maruthuvamanaiyil irunthu theru allathu thangkumidaththirku discharge seiyappattavargalai vida 12 maathangkalukkup piragu nigazhchchiyil pankeerpathu. poastanil nadatthappatta mattroru aaivil, veedattra noayaaligalukku thangal sontha paraamarippukku (theru allathu thangkumidam) viduvikkappattavargalai vida 90 naatkalil maruththuva oaivu thittaththil pankerpathaith thodarnthu 50 sathaveetham kuraivaana maruthuvamanai maruu saerkkai thaevaippaduvathaal idhaepoandra mudivugal kidaitthana. maruththuva oaivu kavanippu america maruththuva puthiya nerimurai mandraththil vivaathikkappattullathu. maruththuva oaivu kavanippu enbathu veedattra thanmaiyai thaduppatharkum mudivukkuk konduvaruvadharkum koottaatchi thittaththil oru mooloabaayamaaga pattiyalidappattullathu. maruththuvap paramarippu mattrum maruththuva udhavi kandupidippukkaana maiyam tharpoothu maruththuva oaivoothiyaththin thaakkatthai mathippiduvatharkaaga oru thaesiya seyalvilakka nigazhchchith thittatthai nadaththi varukirathu. inththa makkalukkaana sugaathaarap paraamarippuch selavinangalaik kuraikkum athae neraththil sugaathaara vilaivugal mattrum sugaathaarap paraamariputh tharatthai maempaduththuvatharkaana muyarchiyaaga malivu paraamarippuch sattaththaal inththa arppaattam aatharikkappadukirathu. veedattroar kavunchilukkaana thaesiya sugaathaarap paramarippu niruvanam, naadu muzhuvathum ulla veedattra thaninaparkalukkaana maruththuva oaivoothiyap paraamarippukkaana anugalai maempaduththa virumbum 700 kkum maerpatta vazhangkunargal, nugarvoar mattrum vakkeelkalin oaivu paramarippu vazhangkunargalin valaiyamaippai paraamarikkirathu.

vaidya samrakshana aarogya samrakshana anie kooda piluvabade vaidya upasamana samrakshana, veedhullo saareeraka anaaroogyam ledhaa gaayam nundi kolukovadaniki chaalaa anaarogyamtho ledhaa balaheenamgaa unna, conny aasupatrilo undataaniki taginanta anaarogyamtho laeni niraasrayulaina vyaktulaku teevramaina mariyu teevramaina vaidya samrakshana. samrakshakulaku "upasamanam" kakunda, "vaidya upasamanam" anedi swalpakaalika nivaasa samrakshana, idhi niraasrayulaina vyaktulaku vaidya samrakshana mariyu itara sahayaka sevalanu pondutuu surakshita vaataavaranamloo vishraanti teesukune avakaasaanni istundi. vaidya upasamana karyakramalu niraasrayulaina rogulanu veedhulaku pampinchadaaniki ledhaa rogulu sweeya-samrakshana mariyu punaruddharana kosam vaari illaku vidudala cheyabadinappudu asamaanamaina aasrayaalaku pratyamnaayamgaa aasupatrulanu andistaayi. teevramaina chikitsa mariyu clinical paryaveekshanhanu andinchadamtho paatu, vaidya upasamana karyakramalu eee janaabhaaku parivartana samrakshananu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu access prayojanaalu mariyu gruhaalalo rogulaku maddatu ivvadam dwara niraasrayula chakranni muginchadaaniki prayatnistaayi. 2014 natiki, united states antataa 70 kii paiga vaidya upasamana karyakramalu sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu aneka abhivruddhi dasalo unnaayi. vaidya upasamana karyakramalu niraasrayula aasrayaalu, motel gadulu, nursing soukaryaalu, sahayaka jeevana soukaryaalu mariyu swatantra soukaryaalato sahaa aneka rakaala soukaryaalalo unchabaddaayi. atipedda soukaryam masachusets (united states) looni boston loe undhi, dheenini barbara sisinnis house anie pilustaaru, idhi aasupatri nundi bayataku vacchina tarvaata kolukovadaniki surakshitamaina pradaesam avasaramayye purushulu mariyu mahilalaku 104 padakalu kaligi undhi. vaidya upasamana karyakramalalo jaateeya sagatu kaalam 40 rojulu (30 rojula madhyastham). vaidya upasamana samrakshana gurinchi adhyayanalu mariyu charchalalo vyaktigata mariyu karyakrama sthaayilo panulu unnaayi. bhavishyattulo aasupatrilo cherina vaidya samrakshana yokka prabhavanni pariseelistunna chikago nundi vacchina oka adhyayanamlo vaidya samrakshananu pondina rogulaku takkuva aasupatrilo basa cheyalsina avasaram undani kanugonnaru (3.7 verses. 8.3 rojulu) aasupatri nundi veedhi ledhaa aasrayam varaku discharge ayina vaari kante 12 nelala tarvaata karyakramam palgonadam. boston nundi vacchina maroka adhyayanamlo niraasrayulaina rogulaku vaari swantha samrakshana (veedhi ledhaa aasrayam) kuu vidudala chesina vaari kante 90 rojula vaidya upasamana karyakramam taruvaata 50 saatam takkuva aasupatri redemissionlu avasaramavutaayani kanugonnaru. american medical nyuu ethics forumlo vaidya upasamana samrakshana gurinchi charchinchabadindi. vaidya upasamana samrakshana anedi niraasrayulanu nivaarinchadaaniki mariyu antam cheyadaaniki samakhya pranaalikaloo oka vyuuhamgaa jabita cheyabadindi. vaidya samrakshana mariyu vaidya aavishkaranala kendram prastutam vaidya upasamana samrakshana prabhavanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki jaateeya pradarsana karyakramanni nirvahistondi. eee janaabhaaku aarogya samrakshana kharchunu taggistuu aarogya phalitaalu mariyu aarogya samrakshana naanhyatanu merugupariche prayatnamgaa sarasamaina samrakshana chattam dwara eee pradarsanaku maddatu undhi. niraasrayula mandali kosam jaateeya aarogya samrakshana samstha desavyaaptamgaa niraasrayulaina vyaktula kosam vaidya upasamana samrakshananu meruguparachadaaniki prayatninche 700 mandiki paiga providerlu, viniyogadaarulu mariyu nyaayavaadula upasamana samrakshana pradaatala netvarknu nirvahistundi.

tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal jasay bahaali kii deekh bhaal bhee kahaa jaataa hay bay gahar afraad kay liye shadeed aur baad az shadeed tabee deekh bhaal hay juu sadkon parr jasmani bemari yaa choot say sehat yaab honay kay liye behat beemaar yaa kamzor haine leakin atnay beemaar nahein haine kahh hospital mein rahh sakein. deekh bhaal karnay waalon kay liye "raahat" kay barakas "tabee raahat" qaleel madti rehaishi nigahdasht hay juu bay gahar afraad kuu tabee nigahdasht aur deegar maawan khidmaat takk rasayi haasil kartay hoay mahfuz maahul mein aaraam karnay kaa moqaa farahim karti hay. tabee raahat kay prograam hospitalon kuu bay gahar mareezon kuu sadkon parr chhodnay yaa ghair masdood panah gaahon kaa muthbadil farahim kartay haine jabb basurat deegar mareezon kuu khood kii deekh bhaal aur sehat yaabi kay liye inn kay gharoon kuu chhod diyaa jaataa. shadeed nigahdasht kay baad aur tabee nigrani farahim karnay kay alawah tabee releaf prograam iss aabadi kay liye aburi deekh bhaal kuu behatar bananay aur rasayi kay fawaid aur rehaish mein mareezon kii madad karkay bay gahar honay kay chakar kuu khatam karnay kii koshish kartay haine. 2014 takk puray america mein 70 say ziyadah tabee raahat kay prograam qayem kiye gayey haine aur mutadid tarqi kay marahil mein haine. tabee raahat kay prograam bay gahar panah gaahein motal kay kamray narsing kii sahuliyaat maawan rehaish kii sahuliyaat aur alg alg sahuliyaat sameet mutadid mukhtalif sahuliyaat kii aqsaam mein rakhay gayey haine. sabb say bury sahulat bostan misachosts (riyasathaye muthadah) say baahir hay jasay barbra masinees house kahaa jaataa hay jiss mein 104 bastar haine jinn mein mardon aur auraton kuu hospital say nikalnay kay baad sehat yaab honay kay liye mahfuz jagah kii zarurat hay. tabee raahat kay programon mein qayaam kii qomi ausat madat 40 dunn (30 dunn ausat) hay. tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal kay baaray mein mutaliat aur bahas mein infiradi aur prograam kii satah parr kaam shaamil haine. shikago say baahir honay waali eek tehqeeq mein mustaqabil mein hospitalon mein daakhil honay parr tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal kay asraat kuu dekhtay hoay patah chalaa hay kahh juu mareez tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal takk rasayi haasil kartay haine inhein hospital mein kumm qayaam kii zarurat hoti hay (3.7 bamuqablah. 8.3 dunn) prograam mein sharkat kay baad 12 maah mein hospital say glee yaa panah gaah mein faarig honay waalon kay muqabilay mein. bostan say baahir kii eek aur tehqeeq mein asee tarah kay nataij milay haine kahh bay gahar mareezon kuu tabee releaf prograam mein sharkat kay baad 90 dunon mein 50 faisad kumm hospital mein dobarah daakhley kii zarurat hoti hay juu inn kii apnee deekh bhaal (glee yaa panah gaah) mein chhod diye gayey mareezon kay muqabilay mein hay. american medical neo aithaks forum mein tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal parr tabadlah khayaal kiyaa gayaa hay. tabee raahat kii deekh bhaal kuu bay gahar honay kii rook thaam aur asay khatam karnay kay wafaqi mansubay mein eek hakmat emli kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa hay. center faar medicare aind medicade invavation phee alhaal tabee releaf kiar kay asraat kaa andazah laganay kay liye eek qomi mazahire kaa prograam munaqid kirr rehaa hay. iss aabadi kay liye sehat kii deekh bhaal kay ikhrajat kuu kumm kartay hoay sehat kay nataij aur sehat kii deekh bhaal kay mayaar kuu behatar bananay kii koshish kay toor parr iss mazahire kuu sastee deekh bhaal kay qanoon kii himayat haasil hay. bay gahar konsal kay liye qomi sehat kii deekh bhaal 700 say ziyadah farahim kanandgan saarfin aur waklaa kaa eek releaf kiar farahim kanandgan kaa neet wark barqarar rakhti hay juu milk bhar mein bay gahar afraad kay liye tabee releaf kiar takk rasayi kuu behatar banana chahtay haine.

00075b1d401ea0af637e0f1a8bcb94c817c45b50d3d21655f3f3437ada419659

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37569458

High Ercall Hall

High Ercall Hall High Ercall Hall or Ercall Hall is the remaining part of a larger complex in the village of High Ercall, Shropshire, 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Shrewsbury. The present structure is a Grade II* L-shaped, three-storey building of 16th-century origin, constructed of sandstone and brick. It has 5 bays with 3 alternate projecting gables. Adjacent to the house is a row of arches, the only remainder of a larger 17th-century house building that was badly damaged during the English Civil War. History. Hamo Peveril bought High Ercall in 1098 and it remained in the Peveril family until 1271. It then passed to the Ercall (or Arkle) family, who held it until 1391. The earliest recorded building on the site was a 12th-century Manor House built by the Ercall family. This was protected by John de Ercall in the 13th century by the construction of curtain walling and defensive towers. The manor then passed to Thomas Newport in 1391 and the present house was constructed by the Newport family in the 16th century. It passed to Francis Newport who, between 1601 and 1620, had a larger mansion house built alongside. At the time of the Civil War, his son Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport, an ardent Royalist, fortified the buildings to act as a Royalist stronghold and garrison. Large earthen ramparts were thrown up against the curtain walling to protect the buildings from artillery fire. The hall was besieged several times during the war (see Siege of High Ercall Hall) and finally fell to the Parliamentary forces in 1646. The new mansion was by then badly damaged and any fortifications were subsequently demolished by the Parliamentary forces. The original buildings, however, were still habitable and continued in use as a farmhouse. In 1906 it was occupied by James H James-Moore. It is still in private hands. Time Team. The history and archaeology of the hall was covered by the 2002 "Time Team" episode "Siege House in Shropshire" (series 9, episode 8). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uscho erokol holl haai erokol holl baa erokol holl hoise sriusbarir uttor-pubot 8 maail (13 kilometer) durotwot thoka sroposwayaror haai erokol gaonr etaa dangor complexor baaki ongxo. bortomanor gathonitu dwitiyo shrenir aakritir, xurox xotikar utpottir tini moholiya ottalika, jitu belepathor aaru itaare nirmito. iyat 3taa bikolpo projecting gableor xoite 5taa upoxagor aase. ghoror kaxot khilanor etaa xaari aase, ingraj grihojudhor xomoyot beyabhabe khyotigrosto huwa 17 xotikar etaa dangor ghor bhowonor ekmatro baaki ongxo. itihax. hyamu paverile 1098 sonot haai erokol kroy korisil aaru ee 1271 sonoloike paveril poriyalot aasil. iyar pisot irkol (baa aarkol) poriyaloloi goisil, jiye iyak 1391 sonoloike rakhisil. ei sthanot ataitkoi puroni nothibhukto ottalikatu aasil erokol poriyale nirman koraa 12xo xotikar menor house. iyak john di erkele 13 xotikat pordar dewal aaru protirokhyamulok tawar nirmanor dwara xurokhito korisil. iyar pisot 1391 sonot ei rajbhowontu thomas niup 'rtoloi yaay aaru bortomanor ghortu xurox xotikat niup' rt poriyale nirman korisil. 1601 sonor poraa 1620 sonor bhitorot francis newportoloi juwar loge loge etaa dangor mohollar ghor nirman koraa hoisil. grihojudhor xomoyot teur putro rechard newport, 1moo beron newport, ejon probol rajotwobadiye ek rajotwobadi durgo aaru gerison hisape kaam koriboloi ottalikabur xoktixali korisil. ottalikaburok kamanor gulisalonar poraa xurokhito koriboloi pordar dewalor uporot dangor maatir prasir nikhyep koraa hoisil. juddhor xomoyot holkhon keibabaru oworudh koraa hoisil (haai erokol holor oworudh sauk) aaru owoxexot 1646 sonot xongxodiyo bahinir haatot porisil. notun bhowontu tetiyaloike beyaa dhorone khyotigrosto hoisil aaru poroborti xomoyot xongxodiyo bahiniye jikunu durgo dhongxo korisil. obosye mool ottalikabur etiyau baxjugyo aasil aaru firmhouse hisape byobohar obyahot aasil. 1906 sonot iyak james eis james-mure dokhol korisil. ee etiyau byoktigoto haatot aase. xomoyor doll. holkhonor itihax aaru puratatwik bixoibur 2002 sonor "time team" khondo "sroposwayaror gherau ghor" (sringkhola 9, khondo 8) ror dwara xamori luwa hoisil.

hye ercol holl hye ercol holl baa ercol holl holl shrewsbury theke 8 myle (13 kilometres) uttor-purbe shropshire hye ercol gramer ekti brihottor complexer aboshishto ongsho. bortoman kathamoti dwitiya shrenir, 16shha shatabdir tintala bhobon, jaa belepathar ebong itt diye nirmito. etite 3tii bikalpa projecting gable soho 5tii uposagor royeche. baditir paashe khilaner ekti saari royeche, jaa 17 shotoker ekti brihottor baadi bhabaner ekmatro aboshistangsho jaa ingrez grihojuddher somoy marattokbhabe khotigrosto hoyechilo. itihas. hammo peveril 1098 khristabde uchcho maaner ercol kinechilo ebong etty 1271 khristabdo porjonto peveril poribarei chhilo. tarpor etty ercol (baa arcle) poribarer kachhe choley yaay, jaaraa 1391 khristabdo porjonto etty dhorey rekhechilo. eyi sthane prachintama nothibhukto bhabanti chhilo 12shha shatabdir ekti manor house jaa ercol poribar dwara nirmito hoyechilo. etty 13 shotoke john dii ercol dwara porda prachir ebong protirokkhamulok tower nirmaner madhyome surokkhito chhilo. 1391 khristabde eyi rajmahalti thomas newporte choley yaay ebong bortoman baditi 16shha shotabdite newport poribar dwara nirmito hoy. etty francis newporter kachhe choley yaay, jaar 1601 theke 1620 saaler modhye paashe ekti borh prasad baadi nirmito hoyechilo. grihojuddher somoy, taanr putro richarda newport, 1maum barron newport, ekjon probol rajtantrik, rajakiya durgo ebong garrison hisabe kaaj korar jonno bhabangulike surokkhito korechilen. kamaner gully theke bhabangulike rakkha korar jonno pordar deyaler upor borh maatir prachir nikkhep koraa hoyechilo. juddher somoy holti besh koyekbar aboruddho koraa hoyechilo (dekhun uchcho ercol holer aborodh) ebong abosheshe 1646 saale sangsadiya bahinir kachhe porey yaay. totodine notun prasadti marattokbhabe khotigrosto hoyechilo ebong porobortikale sangsadiya bahini dwara jey konao durgo venge fela hoyechilo. tobey, mool bhabanguli tokhono bosobasjoggo chhilo ebong khamarghar hisabe byabohar abyahoto chhilo. 1906 saale etty james eich james-moor dwara adhikrito hoy. etty ekhono byaktigato haate royeche. somoy doll. holer itihas ebong protnototto 2002 saaler "time team" porbo "shropshire gherabandi ghor" (sirij 9, porbo 8) dwara achchadito hoyechilo.

uchch ercaul holl haai ercaul holl athavaa ercaul holl aee shrusburyna 8 mile (13 kimee) uttar-purvamaa aavela haai ercaul, shropshire gaammaan motaa sankulno baakino bhaag chhe. vartmaan maalakhu grade II * aela aakaarnu chhe, jeey nirmaan sadeeni mulnee trana maalnee imaarat chhe, jeey reteena patthar aneey intathi banelee chhe. temaa 3 vaikalpik projecting gables saathe 5 khaadeeo chhe. gharnee bajuma kamaanoni aek panktee chhe, jeey jeey sadeeni motee makaannee ekmatra baakini imaarat chhe jene angreji gruh yuddh darmiyan kharaab reete nuksan thayu hatoo. itihas. haamo paverille paverille uchch ircaul khareedhyu hatoo aneey teey 1271 sudhee ircaul (athavaa arcle) parivaarmaa rahyu hatoo. teey pachhi teey ircaul (athavaa arcle) parivaarne sonpavama aavyu hatoo, jemane tene 1391 sudhee jaalvi raakhyu hatoo. aaa sthal parnee sauthee juunii nondhaayel imaarat imaarat sadeenu ercaul parivaar dwara bandhvama aavelu haveli ghar hatoo. hatoo sadimaa john dii aircol dwara padadani diwal aneey rakshanatmak towernaa nirmaan dwara tenu rakshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa haveli pachhi pachhi thomas newportne aapvama aavee hatee aneey vartmaan gharnu nirmaan nirmaan sadimaa newport parivaar dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey frances newportne sonpavama aavyu hatoo, jemane 1601 aneey aneey vachche, tenee bajuma aek motoo haveli ghar banaavyu hatoo. gruh yuddhnaa samaye, temnaa putra, 1 lii beron newport, aek prakhar shahivadi, richard newport, shaahee gadhh aneey chhavani tareeke kaama karvaa maate imaaratone killebandhi karato hato. imaaratone topkhaanaani aagthee bachavva maate padadani diwal saame motee maateeni praachiro fenkvaamaa aavee hatee. yuddh darmiyan aaa sabhagruhne ghanee vakhat gheree levaamaa aavyu hatoo (juo uchch ercaul holnee gherabandhi) aneey chhevate chhevate sansadeey dado paase padyu hatoo. tyaan sudhimaa navee haveleene kharaab reete nuksan thayu hatoo aneey tyarbad sansadeey dado dwara koipan killebandhine todee padvama aavee hatee. joke, mool imaarato haju pann vasvatyogya hatee aneey khetar tareeke upyogmaa chaalu rahee hatee. hatee james aech. james-moore teno kabajo leedho hato. teey haju pann khangi haathmaa chhe. samay team. holano itihas aneey puratatva puratatva "time team" episode "shropshirema gherabandhi ghar" (shrenee 9, episode 8) dwara aavari levaamaa aavyo hato.

uchch ercaul holl hyee ercaul holl yaa ercaul holl shroosbury seey 8 meal (13 kii. mee.) uttar-poorv mein sthit hyee ercaul, shropshire gaanv mein ack badey parisar kaa shesh hissa haye. vartamaan sanrachana 16veen shatabdi kii mool kii ack grade II * ell-aakar kii, teen manjila imarat haye, joe balua patthar aur eent seey bunny haye. isamen 3 vaikalpik prakshepit gables key saath 5 khand hain. ghar key buggle mein mehraabon kii ack pankti haye, joe 17veen shatabdi kii ack badee ghar kii imarat kaa ekmatra shesh hissa haye joe angreji grih yuddh key dauran buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa. itihas. hammo pevril ney 1098 mein uchch ercaul kharida aur yeh 1271 taka pevril parivaar mein rhaa. yeh phir ercaul (yaa arcle) parivaar key paas chalaa gayaa, jinhone ise 1391 taka rakhaa. site parr sabse purani darj kii gaee imarat ercaul parivaar dwara nirmit 12 veen shatabdi kaa ack jagir ghar thaa. 13veen shatabdi mein johnn dee ercaul ney parde kii deewaar aur rakshaatmak meenaron key nirmaan dwara ise sanrakshit kiya thaa. isake baad jagir 1391 mein thomas newport koo chully gaee aur vartamaan ghar kaa nirmaan 16veen shatabdi mein newport parivaar dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yeh francis newport koo chalaa gayaa, jisake paas 1601 aur 1620 key beach ack badaa haveli ghar thaa. grihyuddh key samay, unake bete richard newport, 1st bairan newport, ack utsaahi shaahi, ney ack shaahi gadh aur sainya chauki key roop mein kaary karane key liye imaraton koo majboot kiya. imaraton koo topkhaane kii golibari seey bachaane key liye parde kii deewaar key khilaf badee mitty kii praachiren fenki gaeen. yuddh key dauran iss bhawan koo kaee baar gher liya gayaa thaa (uchch ercaul holl kii gherabandi dekhein) aur anta mein 1646 mein sansadiya balon key haathon mein aaa gayaa. taba taka naee haveli buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gaee thee aur baad mein sansadiya balon dwara kissy bhee kille koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. halanki, mool imaaraten abhee bhee rahane yogya theen aur ack farmhouse key roop mein upayog mein bunny raheen. 1906 mein james aich james-moor ney iss parr kabja curr liya thaa. yeh abhee bhee niji haathon mein haye. samay dall. holl kaa itihas aur puraatatva 2002 key "time team" episode "shropshire mein gherabandi ghar" (shrinkhala 9, episode 8) dwara cover kiya gayaa thaa.

hye ercol haal hye ercol haal athawa ercol haal embudu shreevesbury eeshaanyakke 8 maili (13 kii. mea.) dooradalliruva shropshiren hye ercol gramadalli dodda sankeernada ulida bhagavagide. prastuta rachaneyu eradane darjeya aakaarada, 16neey shatamaanada moolada mooru antastina kattadavaagiddu, maralugallu mattu ittigeyinda nirmisalaagide. idu 3 paryaya projecting gebalgalondige 5 kolligalannu hondide. maneya pakkadalli kamanugala saalu ide, idu inglish antaryuddhada samayadalli tivravagi hanigolagada 17neey shatamaanada dodda maney kattadada ekaika ulida bhagavagide. itihaasa. hamo peveril peveril unnata erkaalannu khareedisitu mattu idu idu peveril kutumbadalliye uliyitu. nantara idu ercol (athawa arcley) kutumbakke vargaavaneyaayitu, avaru adannu adannu hondiddaru. ee sthaladalli daakhalaada atyanta haleya kattadavendare ercol kutumbavu nirmisida 12neey shatamaanada mainer house aagittu. idannu 13neey shatamaanadalli zaan dii ercol avaru parade gode mattu rakshanaatmaka gopuragala nirmaanadinda rakshisidaru. nantara ee manar manar thamus newportge vargaavaneyaayitu mattu prastuta maneyannu 16neey shatamaanadalli newport kutumbavu nirmisitu. idu 1601 mattu 1620rahra naduve, jotege nirmisalaada dodda mahalu maneyannu hondidda francis newportge ravaaneyaayitu. antaryuddhada samayadalli, avana maga richard newport, 1 neey barren newport, obba utkata rajamanetanadavanu, rajamanetanada bhadrakoteyagi mattu garrison aagi kaaryanirvahisalu kattadagalannu balapadisidanu. firangi daaliyinda kattadagalannu rakshisalu dodda mannina praakaaragalannu paradeya godege viruddhavaagi eseyalaayitu. yuddhada samayadalli sabhaanganavannu halavaaru baari muttige haakalaayitu (ettarada ercol sabhaanganada muttigeyannu nodi) mattu antimavagi antimavagi samsadeeya padegalige bidditu. hosa mahalu ashtaralli tivravagi haanigolagaayitu mattu yaavude kotegalannu taruvaaya samsadeeya padegalu kedavihaakidavu. aadaagyoo, moola kattadagalu innoo vasayogyavagiddavu mattu totada maneyagi balakeyalliddavu. balakeyalliddavu idannu james etch. james-moor aakramisikondiddaru. adhu egaloo khasagi kaiyallide. samayada tanda. sabhaanganada itihaasa mattu puratattva shaastravannu 2002rahra "time team" sanchikeyu "shropshiren muttige maney" (sarani 9, sanchike 8) olagondittu.

hye ercol haal shroosburyude vadakkukizhakkaayi 8 mile (13 kilometer) akaleyulla shropshireile hye ercol graamatthile oru valia samuchayathinte sheshikkunna bhagamaanu hye ercol haal allengil ercol haal. manalkallum ishtikayum kondu nirmmicha 16-aamm noottaandil nirmmicha grade II * ell aakruthiyilulla moonnu nila kettidamaanu ippozhathe ghadana. ithinu 3 ithara projecting gableukalulla 5 ulkkadalukalundu. veedinu sameepam kamaanangalude oru nirayundu, engleesh aabhyantharayudhathil saaramaayi takarnna pathinezhaam noottaandile oru valia bhawana kettidatthinte eaka sheshipp. charithram. 1098-ll homo peveril uyarnna ercol vaangi, 1271 vare athu peveril kudumbatthil thudarnnu. pinneedu athu 1391 vare nilaninnirunna ercol (allengil arcle) kudumbatthinu kaimari. eee sthalathe ettavum pazhakkam chenna kettidam panthrandaam noottaandil ercol kudumbam nirmmicha oru maanar housaayirunnu. 13-aamm noottaandil thirasseela mathilum prathirodha gopurangalum nirmmichu joonn dii ercol ithu samrakshichu. 1391ll thomas newportilekku eee kotta kadannupokukayum pathinaram noottaandil newport kudumbamaanu ippozhathe veedu nirmmichathu. nirmmichathu 1601num idayil oru valia maalika veedu nirmmicha francis newportilekku athu pooyi. aabhyantharayudhasamayathu, addehathinte makan richard newport, 1st baaran newport, oru theevramaaya raajakeeyavaadiyaaya addeham, oru rajakeeya shakthikendramaayum kavalsena pravartthikkaan kettidangal shakthippeduthi. peeranki vedivayppil ninnu kettidangale samrakshikkunnathinaayi valia munn kothalangal thirasseela mathilukalkk nere erinju. yudhasamayathu haal niravadhi thavana uparodhikkappedukayum oduvil 1646ll paarlamentari senayude kayyilaavukayum cheythu. appozhekkum puthiya bhavanathinu saaramaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum pinneedu paarlamentari seena kottakal thakarkkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, yadhaartha kettidangal ippozhum vaasayogyamaayirunnu, oru phaam hausaayi upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu. 1906ll jaims echu jaims-muur ithu kaivashappedutthi. athu ippozhum swakaarya kaikalilaanu. time team. haalinte charithravum puraavasthushaasthravum puraavasthushaasthravum "time team" episode "shropshireile seej house" (seerees 9, episode 8) ulkkollunnu.

uchch ercaul sabhagruh hye ercaul holl kinwa ercaul holl haah shrusbarichya ishanyes 8 mail (13 qii. mea.) antaravar asalelya shropshirechya hye ercaul gavatil mothya sankulacha urvarit bhag aahe. sadhyachi rachana hii 16 vya shatkatil moolchi, dusya shrenichya aakarachi, teen majali imarat aahe, jee valukashma aanee vitanni bandhali gelee aahe. tyat 3 paryayi prakshepit gables 5 khadya aahet. gharachya shejari kamanichi eka rang aahe, jee 17 vya shatkatil mothya ghar imaratichi ekmev urvarit jaaga aahe jee ingraji yadavi yuddhadarmyan kharabaritya kharab jhaali hotee. itihas. hyamo pevhareelane 1098 madhye uchch ercaul vikat ghetala aanee too 1271 paryant paveryl kutumbat rahila. nantar too ercaul (kinwa arcle) kutumbakade gela, jyanni 1391 paryant too tabyat ghetala. tyaa thikanavaril sarvat junie nond keleli imarat 12 vya shatkatil ercaul kutumbane bandhalele haveli ghar hote. 13 vya shatkat johnn dii ercaulne padadyachya bhinti aanee bachavatmak manonyanche bandhkam karoon yache sanrakshn kele hote. tyanantar 1391 madhye hii haveli thomas newportkade gelee aanee sadhyache ghar 16 vya shatkat newport kutumbane bandhale hote. teey francis newportkade gele, jyanchyajaval 1601 teey 1620 darmyan eka mothe haveli ghar hote. yadavi yuddhachya velee, tyacha mulga richard newport, 1laa barren newport, eka prakhar rajgharanyatil eka, yane rajgharanyacha balekilla aanee chhawani mhanoon kaam karnyasathi imarati majboot kelya. tofkhanyanchya golibarapasun imaratinche sanrakshn karnyasathi padadyachya bhintivar matichi mothee tatbandi taknyat aalee hotee. yuddhadarmyan sabhagruhala anek vela vedha ghalanyat aala (unch ercaul sabhagruhala vedha takane pahaa) aanee shevati 1646 madhye sansadiy dalanchya tabyat gele. toparyant naveen haveliche mothya pramanat nuksan jhaale hote aanee tyanantar sansadiy dalanni konatyahi killyanchi padavanuk kelee hotee. tathapi, mool imarati ajunahi rahnyayogya hotya aanee shetghar mhanoon tyancha vapar suruch hota. 1906 madhye james etch. james-muur yanni tyavar kabja keela. too ajunahi khasgi hatat aahe. velecha sangh. sabhagruhacha itihas aanee puratatva 2002 chya "time team" episode "shropshiremadhil vedha ghar" (malika 9, episode 8) dware samavisht karnyat aale hote.

uccha erkal hull hai erkal hull wa erkal hull shryusbariko 8 mile (13 kilometer) uttar-purvama raheko shrapsayarko hai erkal gaunma raheko thulo parisarko baanki bhag how. wartaman sanrachana grade II * ell-akarko, 16 aun shatabdiko mulko tean tale bhawan how, june balaute dhunga rar intaale baneko chha. yasama 3 vaikalpik prakshepan gableharusahit 5 wata khadalharu chhan. gharko chheuma mehrabharuko pankti chha, 17 aun shatabdiko thulo ghar bhawanko ek matra baanki bhag june angreji grihayudhako samayama naramrari kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo. itihas. hamo pebherille sann 1098 maa uccha erkal kine rar yo sann 1271 samma pebheril pariwarma rahyo. yo tyasapachhi erkal (wa arcle) pariwarma gayo, jasle yasalai sann 1391 samma rakheko thiyo. cytema sabaibhanda purano record garieko bhawan erkal pariwarle banaeko 12 aun shatabdiko manore house thiyo. yo 13 aun shatabdima pardako parkhal rar rakshatmak tawarharuko nirmandwara john day erkaldwara surakshit garieko thiyo. tyasapachhi yo haweli sann 1391 maa thomas newportma pugyo rar wartaman ghar 16 aun shatabdima newport pariwarle nirman gareko thiyo. yo francis newportma pugyo, jasle 1601 rar 1620 ko bichma, chheuma nirman garieko thulo haweli ghar thiyo. grihayudhako samayama, unka chhora richard newport, 1st barren newport, ek utsahi rajawadi, ek rajawadi gadha rar gyarisanko rupma karya garna bhawanharulai sudridha gare. bhawanharulai topkhanako golibata jogauna pardako parkhalma thulo matoko parkhalharu fyaankieko thiyo. halalai yuddhako samayama dherai patak gherabandi garieko thiyo (uccha erkal halko gherabandi hernuhos) rar antatah sann 1646 maa sansadiya senako hatma gayo. nayan haweli tyatinjel naramrari kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo rar kunai pani killaharu pachhi sansadiya senaharule dhwasta parey. yadyapi, muel bhawanharu ajhai pani basobasyogya thie rar farmahausako rupma prayogma jaari thie. sann 1906 maa yo james etch james-murdwara kabja garieko thiyo. yo ajhai pani niji hatma chha. samaya tolly. halko itihas rar puratatwashastralai 2002 ko "time team" episode "shrapsayarma gherabandi ghar" (shringkhala 9, episode 8) dwara kabhar garieko thiyo.

uccha ercal hull haai ercal hull kimba ercal hull heuchhi shryusabarira uttara-purbare 8 mile (13 kilometer) doorare thiba shrapashayar rahr haai ercal graamare eka bruhata complexes rahr abasista ansha . barttamanara dhanchati heuchhi dwiteeja shreni aakrutira, 16shaa shatabdir tini mahla bisista kotha, jaahaa baluka pathara ebong ita dwara nirmita. ethire ethire bay rahichhi, jeunthire jeunthire bikalpa prajektinga gable rahichhi. ghara nikatare eka dhadi khilan rahichhi, jaahaa 17shaa shatabdir eka bruhata gruha attalikara ekamatra abasistangsha jaahaa ingraji gruhajudha samajare kharap bhabare khyatigrasta hoithila . itihas. hamo pebheril 1098 masihare uccha ercle kinithile ebong ehaa 1271 masiha parjyanta pebheril paribarare rahithila. ehaa parey ercle (kimba arclay) paribaraku hastantarita hoithila, jie ehaaku 1391 masiha parjyanta dhaaran karithile. ehi sthanare sarbaprathama record hoithiba kothati thila ercle paribara dwara nirmita eka 12shaa shatabdir mainer houses . ehaaku 13shaa shatabdire parda prachira ebong pratirakhyatmaka tawara nirmana dwara zohn dii ercal dwara surakhita karajaithila. ehapare ehi rajabhumi 1391 masihare thomas nyuportaku jaithila ebong barttamanara gharati 16shaa shatabdire newport paribara dwara nirmita hoithila. ehaa francis nyuportaku jaithila, jieki jieki 1620 masiha madhyare, taanka pakhare eka budd prasad ghara nirmana karithile. gruhajudha samajare, taanka pua richard newport, 1maha barron newport, jane utsahi rajakeejabadee, eka rajkiah durga ebong garrison bhabare karjya kariba paain attalika gudiku surakhita karithile. kothagudiku topakhana guliru rakhya kariba paain parda kanth upare budd budd matira prachira phingi diajaithila. juddha samajare ehi hull aneka thara abarodh karajaithila (uccha ercal hull abarodh dekhantu) ebong sheshare 1646 ray sansadeeah bahineenka haatare padithila. nutan prasad setebelaku kharap bhabare khyatigrasta hoithila ebong parabarti samajare sansadeeah bahini dwara kaunasi durga bhangi diajaithila . tebe moola attalika gudika basajogya thila ebong eka farmhouse bhabe byabahara jaari rahithila. 1906 masihare ehaa james echa. james-muranka dwara adhikruta hoithila. ehaa ebe bii byaktigata haatare rahichhi. samai dala. haller itihas ebong pratnatatwika 2002 "time team" episode "shrapashajarare gherabandi ghara" (sirij 9, episode 8) dwara aachadita hoithila .

ucch arkaal haal hyee erkaal haal jaan erkaal haal, shroosbury toon 8 meal (13 kilometer) uttar-purab witch, hyee erkaal, shropshire pind witch ikk vadde complexes daa baaki hissa haii. maujuda dhancha grade II * L dey aakaar dee, 16veen sadee dee mool dee tinn manzila imaarat haii, joe kii patthar atey ittaan naal bnee haii. iss witch 3 vikalpik projecting gablan dey naal 5 beey hunn. gharr dey naal-naal kamanan dee ikk qataar haii, 17veen sadee dee ikk vaddi gharr dee imaarat daa ikko ikk baaki hissa joe angrezi gharelu yuddh dauran buri tarahan nuksaniaa giaa see. itihaas. hammo paivaril neey 1098 witch ucch erkaal kharidiaa atey ih 1271 takk pevril parivaar witch riha. ih firr erkaal (jaan arcle) parivaar cole giaa, jiss neey iss noon 1391 takk rakkhiaa. site utte sabh toon purani daraj keeti gaee imaarat 12 veen sadee daa ikk manore haaoos see joe erkaal parivaar duaara banaiaa giaa see. iss noon 13veen sadee witch john dee erkaal duaara parade dee diwar atey rakhiaatmak toweran dey nirman duaara surakhiat keeta giaa see. iss toon baad ih haveli 1391 witch thamas newport noon chalee gaee atey maujuda gharr daa nirman 16veen sadee witch newport parivaar duaara keeta giaa see. ih francis newport noon chalaa giaa, jiss neey 1601 atey 1620 dey vichkaar, ikk vadda mahil gharr banaiaa see. gharelu yuddh dey samein, uss dey puttar, 1 bairan newport, ikk shaahi shaahi, neey shaahi gadah atey garson vajon kamm curran laee imaratan noon mazboot keeta. imaratan noon topkhane dee golibari toon bachaun laee parade dee kandh dey virudh vaddiaan mitty deeaan prachiran suttiaan gaeeaan sunn. yuddh dauran haal noon kaee vaar gher liaa giaa see (ucche arkaal haal dee gherabandi dekho) atey ant witch 1646 witch sansadi balaan dey havale qarr ditta giaa see. udon takk naveen haveli buri tarahan nuksane jaa chukki see atey baad witch sansadi balaan duaara kise vee kilhe noon dhaah ditta giaa see. halanki, mool imaratan ajey vee rahinn yog sunn atey farm haaoos vajon varton witch baniaan hoiaan sunn. sann 1906 witch iss utte james aich. james-moor daa kabza see. ih ajey vee nijji hatthan witch haii. time team. haal daa itihaas atey puratattav vigiaan 2002 dey "time team" episode "shropshire witch gherabandi gharr" (luddy 9, episode 8) duaara cover keeta giaa see.

uccha-err kaal-haal hai-erkaal-haal athavaa erkaal-haal iti shrusbury-nagarasya eeshaanye 8 mail (13 kii. mee.) doore sthitasya hai-erkaal, shraapshair-graame bruhattar-sankeernasy avashishtah bhaagah asti. vartamaanam samrachanaa dwiteeyashrenee-aakaarasy, 16 shataabdyaah mulasya, tri-stareeyam bhavanam asti, yat valukashilaya intayaa cha nirmitam asti. asmin 5 upasaagaraah santi, 3 vaikalpikaprakshepak-gables santi. gruhasya sameepe kamananam panktih asti, 17 shataabdyaah bruhattarasya gruhanirmaanasya ekamaatrah avashishtah, yah aangl-gruhayuddhasya samaye atyantam kshatigrastah aasit. itihaasah. haamo pevaril 1098 tame varshe hai-erkaal iteedam krinaat, 1271 paryantam pevaril-parivaare eva aasit. tatah saha erkaal (athavaa aarkle) parivaaraay gatah, yah 1391 paryantam tatt dhaarayat. asmin sthale abhilekhitah praacheenatamah bhawanah erkaal-parivaaren nirmitah 12 shataabdyaah mainer-house aasit. 13 shataabdyaam jaan dee erkaal ityanena pardaarvaalim, rakshatmakagopuranam cha nirmanena etat rakshitam. tatah 1391 tame varshe ayam raajagruhah thaamas-newport-nagaram prati gatah, tathaa cha vartamaanam gruham 16 shataabdyaam newport-parivaaren nirmitam. etat francis newport ityasmai preshitam, yasya 1601 taha 1620 paryantam, paarshve vishaalam bhavanagruham nirmitam aasit. gruhayuddhasya samaye tasya putrah richard newport, prathama-baaran-newport, ekaha prabalah rajapratinidhihi, raaj-durgarupena, sainya-rakshak-rupena cha karyam kartum bhavanaan sudrudham krutavaan. bhavanaan topakhanayaha agnihi nivaarayitum paradaayaah prachirebhyaha upari bruhad-mruttikaa-prakaraha nikshiptaani aasan. yuddhakaale sabhamandalam bahuvaaram pariveshtitam (uccha-err-kaal-sabhamandalam pariveshtanam pashyatu), ante 1646 tame varshe samsadeeya-sainyasya adheenam abhavat. tadaa nootan-bhavanam atyantam kshatigrastam aasit, tadanantaram samsadeeya-sainyaih kaani api durgaani dhvamsaani abhavan. tathaapi, mulani bhavanaani adyaapi nivaasayogyaani aasan, krushigruharoopena cha upayujyante sma. 1906 tame varshe james ech james-moor ityanena etat adhigrahitam. adyaapi nijee-hasteshu asti. samay-samoohah. sabhamandapasya itihaasah puraatatvashaastram cha 2002 tame varshe "taim-team" iti khandena "shraapshair-nagarasya gherabandigruham" iti khandena aacchaaditam aasit (shrunkhalaa 9, prakaranam 8).

uyar ergaul haal hye ergaul haal allathu ergaul haal enbathu shroosburyin vadakizhakkae 8 mile (13 kii. mee) tholaivil ulla shroffshire endra periya ergaul kiraamaththil ulla oru periya valaagaththin meethamulla paguthiyaagum. tharpoothaiya kattamaippu oru tharam II * ell vadivam, 16 aam noottraandin thoattraththin moontru maadi kattidam, manarkal mattrum sengal moolam kattappattullathu. idhu 3 maattru thittak karuvigaludan 5 virigudaakkalaik kondullathu. inththa veettai ottiya valaivugalin varisai ullathu, idhu aangkila ullnaattup poarin poathu moasamaaga sethamadaintha 17 aam noottraandin periya veettu kattidaththin enjchiya oray paguthiyaagum. varalaaru. haamo beveril 1098 aam aandil uyar erkaalai vaankinaar, maelum idhu 1271 varai beveril kudumbaththil irunththathu. pinnar adhu ergaul (allathu arclay) kudumbaththirku sentrathu, avarkal adhai 1391 varai vaiththirunthanar. inththa thalaththil pathivu seiyappatta miga aaramba kattidam 12 aam noottraandil ergaul kudumbaththaal kattapatta maenar havus aagum. idhu 13 aam noottraandil john dii ergaul enbavaraal thiraicheelai suvar mattrum tharkaappu koopurangalin kattumaanatthaal paathukaakkappattathu. pinnar 1391 aam aandil thamas newpoardukku inththa aranmanai sentrathu, tharpoothaiya veedu 16 aam noottraandil newboard kudumbaththaal kattappattathu. adhu 1601 mattrum 1620 kku idaiyil, francis newpoarttukku sentrathu, avar oru periya maaligaiyai arugil kattinaar. ullnaattup poarin poathu, avarathu magan richard newboard, 1 vadhu paaran newboard, oru theevira arasavaathiyaana, oru arasa koattaiyaagavum, kaavarpadaiyaagavum seyalpada kattidangalai palappaduththinaar. kattidangalai beerangi vedippilirunthu paathukaakka periya mann koopurangal thiraichchuvaraththirku ethiraaga veesappattana. poarin poathu inththa mandapam pala murai muttrukaiyidappattathu (uyar ergaul mandapaththai muttrukaiyiduvathaip paarkkavum) iruthiyaaka 1646 ill naadaalumandrap padaikalidam vilunththathu. atharkul puthiya maaligai moasamaaga sethamatainthathu, pinnar endhavoru koattaikalum naadaalumandrap padaikalaal idikkappattana. iruppinum, asal kattidangal innum vaazhakkoodiyavaiyaaga irunththana, maelum oru pannai illamaaga thodarnthu payanpaduththappattana. 1906 aam aandil idhu james ech james-muur enbavaraal aakkiramikkappattathu. adhu innum thanipatta kaikalil ullathu. naera anii. mandapaththin varalaaru mattrum tholliyal 2002 "time team" aththiyaayatthaal moodappattathu "shropeshireil muttrukai veedu" (thodar 9, aththiyayam 8).

hye erkal haall hye erkal haall ledhaa erkal haall anedi shroosburyki eesaanyamgaa 8 maillu (13 kii. mea) dhooramlo unna hye erkal, shropshire graamamlo unna pedda samudaayamlo migilina bhaagam. prastuta nirmaanam grade II * ell aakaaramlo, 16va sataabdapu muulam gala moodu antastula bhavanam, idhi isukaraayi mariyu itukalatho nirminchabadindi. dheeniki 3 pratyaamnaaya projecting gables thoo 5 baelu unnaayi. inti prakkane vampula varusa undhi, aangla antaryuddham samayamlo teevramgaa debbatinna 17va sataabdapu pedda inti bhavanamlo migilinadi matrame. charitra. hamo peveril 1098loe adhika erkaalnu konugolu chesindi mariyu idhi 1271 varaku peveril kutumbamlo undipoyindi. taruvaata idhi erkal (ledhaa arclay) kutumbaaniki vellindi, vaaru daanini 1391 varaku kaligi unnaaru. eee pradaesamloe mottamodati namodu cheyabadina bhavanam 12va sataabdapu erkal kutumbam nirminchina mainer house. dheenini 13va sataabdamloo zaan dii erkal curtain wall mariyu defensive towerla nirmaanam dwara rakshinchaaru. aaa bhuubhaagam 1391loe thamus newportuku vellindi mariyu prastuta intini 16va sataabdamloo newport kutumbam nirminchindi. idhi 1601 mariyu 1620 madhyakaalamlo frances newportku vellindi, ayana pakkane oka pedda bhavananni nirminchaaru. poura yuddham samayamlo, athani kumarudu richard newport, 1 va baaran newport, oka teevramaina raajapratinidhi, rajatva balamaina kotagaa mariyu rakshanagaa panicheyadaaniki bhavanalanu balaparichadu. phirangula kaalpula nundi bhavanalanu rakshinchadaaniki pedda matti prakaralu tera godaku vyatiraekamgaa visiraru. yuddha samayamlo eee sabhamandapam anekasaarlu muttadinchabadindi (hye erkal haall muttadini chudandi) mariyu chivaraku 1646loe parliamentary dalaalaku padipoyindi. appatiki kotta bhavanam teevramgaa debbatindi mariyu taruvaata yea kotalu ayina parliamentary dalaalache koolchiveyabaddaayi. ayithe, asalu bhavanalu ippatikee nivaasayogyamgaa undevi mariyu vyavasaya gruhamgaa upayogamlo konasagayi. 1906loe dheenini james hetch james-moor aakramincharu. idhi ippatikee vyaktigata chetullone undhi. time team. haall yokka charitra mariyu puraavastu shaastram 2002 "time team" episode "shropshireloni muttadi house" (syries 9, episode 8) dwara cover cheyabadindi.

hayee airkaal haal hayee airkaal haal yaa airkaal haal sharyosbury kay shamaal mashriq mein 8 meel (13 chlometer) kay fasilay parr waaqa hayee airkaal shropshire gaaon mein eek baday complex kaa baqiyah hasah hay. maujudah dahancha grade II * L kii shakal kii 16 wein sadee kii teen manzilah emarat hay juu reet kay pathar aur ainton say bunny hay. iss mein 5 khaleej haine jinn mein 3 muthbadil projection gables haine. gahar kay saath mehrabon kii eek qataar hay juu 17 wein sadee kii eek bury house building kaa waahid baqiyah hasah hay jasay angrezi khaanah jangi kay doraan bury tarah nqsan pahuncha thaa. tareekh. hemo peoral nay 1098 mein hayee airkal kharida aur yaha 1271 takk peoral khaandaan mein rehaa. iss kay baad yaha airkal (yaa aarkal) khaandaan kay paas chalaa gayaa jiss nay asay 1391 takk barqarar rakhaa. iss jagah parr sabb say qadeem record shadah emarat 12 wein sadee kaa jagir gahar thaa jasay airkal khaandaan nay banaya thaa. asay 13 wein sadee mein jaan ddee airkaal nay parday kii dewaron aur dafayi towers kii tameer say mahfuz kiyaa thaa. iss kay baad yaha jagir 1391 mein thamas neo port kuu muntaqil hoyee aur maujudah gahar 16 wein sadee mein neo port khaandaan nay tameer kiyaa thaa. yaha frances neoport kay paas gayaa jiss kay paas 1601 aur 1620 kay darmiyan eek badaa haweeli gahar thaa juu iss kay saath banaya gayaa thaa. khaanah jangi kay waqat iss kay betay richard neo port frust biran neo port juu eek parjosh shaahi thaa nay shaahi garh aur garrison kay toor parr kaam karnay kay liye emaraton kuu mazboot kiyaa. emaraton kuu toop khaaney kii aag say bachanay kay liye parday kii dewaron kay khalaaf mutty kii bury faseel phaink dee gayee. jung kay doraan haal kaa kayee baar muhasirah kiyaa gayaa thaa (hayee airkaal haal kaa muhasirah dekhein) aur aakhir kaar 1646 mein parlimani afwaj kay qabze mein aagiya. iss waqat takk nayee haweeli kuu bury tarah nqsan pahuncha thaa aur baad mein parlimani afwaj nay kasee bhee qalye kuu manhadam kirr diyaa thaa. tahim asl emaratein abb bhee qaabil rehaish thein aur faarm house kay toor parr istemaal hoti rahein. 1906 mein iss parr jaims aich jaims morr kaa qabzah thaa. yaha abb bhee najee haathon mein hay. tyme team. haal kii tareekh aur aasaar qadimah kaa ahatah 2002 kii "tyme team" qast "shropshire mein gahar kaa muhasirah" (seerez 9yee qast 8) nay kiyaa thaa.

00076017c5018744c50fb08ca55ca9703cfd749f63db45d204790a72fac9512b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59798644

1949 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team

1949 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team American college football season <templatestyles src="Standings table start/styles.css" /> The 1949 Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team was an American football team that represented Hardin–Simmons University in the Border Conference during the 1949 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Warren B. Woodson, the team compiled a 6–4–1 record (4–2 against conference opponents), tied for third place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 318 to 189. The team was led by halfback Hook Davis, quarterback John "Model T" Ford, and end Bob McChesney, all three of whom were named to the 1949 All-Border Conference football team. Ford threw 26 touchdown passes in 11 games during the 1949 season, breaking the national record of 22 set one year earlier by Nevada quarterback Stan Heath. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1949 hardin-simonos kauboyos football doll 1949 sonor hardin-simonos kauboyos football doll aasil etaa aamerikan football doll jiye 1949 sonor kolej football sijonor xomoyot ximanto xonmilonot hardin-simonos biswobidyaloyok protinidhitwo korisil. iyar xostho sijonot mukhyo proxikhyok waaren bi-ror odhinot. dolor udsonor etaa 6-4-1 record (xonmilonor birudhir biruddhe 4-4) xongkolon kori xonmilonot tritiyo sthanor baabe taai hoisil, aaru birudhixokolok muth 318-ror poraa 189 go "loto otikrom korisil. doltur netritwo disil hufback hook debhis, cowarterback john "model ti" ford, aaru endo bobo mesesoniye, jaar tiniujonok 1949 sonor xorbo-ximanto xonmilon football dolot naam diya hoisil. 1949 sonor sijonor xomoisuwat forde forde khelot 26taa tousdown paach nikhyep korisil, jiye ebosor purbe nevada cowarterback sten hithe sthapon koraa 22taa rastriyo obhilekh bhongo korisil.

1949 hardin-seamons couboys football doll 1949 saaler hardin-seamons couboys football doll chhilo ekti markin football doll jaa 1949 saaler college football morshume border conference hardin-seamons bishwobidyaloyer protinidhitto korechilo. err shostho morshume prodhan coach oyarena bii-err adhine. udson, dolti ekti 6-4-1 record (sommeloner protipokkhoder biruddhe 4-4) sangkalan korey, sommelone tritiya sthaner jonno tye korey ebong protipokkhoke moat 318-189-ayee chhadiye yaay. huffback hook davies, quarterback john "model tii" phorda ebong enned bobb mckessioni eyi doler netritto diyechilen, jaader tinjoneri 1949 saaler sorbo-seemanto sommelon football doley naam deoa hoyechilo. phorda 1949 saaler morshume 11tii khelay 26tii touchdown pusses chhundechilen, jaa eka bochor agey nevada quarterback stann heather 22tii jatiya record venge diyechilo.

1949 hardin-seamons cauboys football team forde hardin-seamons cauboys football team aee american football team hatee jene forde college football season darmiyan sarhad parishadma hardin-seamons universitynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. tenee chhaththi seasonma mukhya coach warren bii. woodson, teame 6-4-1 reqorda (parishadna virodheeo saame 4-2) banaavyo, parishadma trija sthaan maate barabari curry, aneey coole 318 thee 189 thee virodhione paachhal chhodi deedhaa. aaa teamnu netrutva hafback hook davis, quarterback john "model tii" phorda aneey anned boob mcshany dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey traneyne forde ola-boarder conferences football team naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. forde forde season darmiyan 11 ramatomaa 26 touchdown paas fenkya hataa, jene aek varsh agau newada quarterback steena heath dwara sthaapit sthaapit raashtriy vikram todyo hato.

1949 hardin-simmons couboy football team 1949 kii hardin-simmons couboy football team ack americi football team thee jisane 1949 key college football satra key dauran seema sammelan mein hardin-simmons vishvavidyalaya kaa pratinidhitva kiya thaa. apane chhathe satra mein mukhya coach warren bee key tahat. woodson, team ney ack 6-4-1 record (sammelan virodhiyon key khilaf 4-2) sankalit kiya, sammelan mein teesare sthaan key liye barabari parr rhaa, aur kull 318 seey 189 seey virodhiyon koo peechhe chhod diyaa. team kaa netritva hafback hook davis, quarterback johnn "model tii" ford aur aind bobb mccainey ney kiya thaa, jinamen seey teenon koo 1949 kii aul-border conference football team mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. ford ney 1949 key satra key dauran 11 khelon mein 26 touchdown paas fenke, nevada quarterback stein heath dwara ack saal pahale sthaapit 22 key rashtriya record koo toda diyaa.

1949 hardin-simens couboys football tanda 1949rahra hardin-simens couboys football tandavu 1949rahra kaaleju football rtuvinalli barder conferensionalli hardin-simens vishvavidyaalayavannu pratinidhisida american football tandavagittu. adara aarane rtuvinalli mukhya tarabetudaara warren bii. woodson, tandavu 6-4-1 daakhaleyannu (conferences eduraaligala viruddha 4-4) sangrahisi, sammelanadalli moorane sthaanakkaagi samabala saadhisitu mattu ottu 318 rinda 189 rashtannu eduraaligalannu meerisitu. tandavannu hoff byaak hook davis, quarterback zaan "madel tii" ford mattu end baab mckessney munnadesidaru, ee moovarannoo 1949 rahra aall-barder conferences football tandakke hesarisalaayitu. ford 1949rahra kridaartuvinalli 11 pandyagalalli 26 touchdown pasgalannu esedu, ondu varshada hinde newada quarterback staan heath nirmisida 22rahra rashtriya daakhaleyannu muridaru.

1949 hardin-saimans kauboys football team 1949 koleju football seasonil boarder konfaransil hardin-saimans sarvakalashalaye prathinidheekaricha oru american football teamaayirunnu 1949 hardin-saimans kauboys football team. aaram seasonil mukhya pariseelakan vaaran bii. vudson, team oru 6-4-1 record (konfarans athiraalikalkkethire 4-4) samaharikkukayum konfaransil moonnaam sthaanathekku samanilayil thudarukayum athiraalikale motham 318-189 enna skorinu marikadakkukayum cheythu. haff back hook davis, quarterback joonn "model tii" foord, end bob mckessney ennivar teamine nayichu, ivar moovarum 1949 leeii ool-boarder konfarans football teamil idam nedi. 1949 seasonil 11 kalikalil ninnu 26 touchdown paasukal foord erinju, oru varsham munbu newada quarterback staan heath sthaapicha 22 enna deseeya record thakarthu.

1949 hardin-siemons kauboy football sangh 1949 hardin-siemons kauboy football sangh haah eka american football sangh hota, jyane 1949 chya mahavidhyalayin football hangamat seema parishadet hardin-siemons vidyapithache pratinidhitva kele. mukhya prashikshak warren bii. yanchya netrutvakhali tyachya sahavya hangamat. woodson yaa sanghane 6-4-1 vikram (parishad pratispardhyanviruddh 4-4) sankalit keela, parishadet tisya sthanasathi barobari sadhali aanee pratispardhyanna ekoon 318 teey 189 neey mage takale. hafback hook davis, quarterback johnn "model tii" phorda aanee end bobb mackesney yanni sanghache netrutva kele hote, yaa tighannahi 1949 chya serve-seema parishad football sanghat naav denyat aale hote. fordney 1949chya hangamat 11 samnyanmadhye 26 touchdown paas fekale, newada quarterback stann heathney eka varshapurvi sthapan kelela 22 chaa rashtriy vikram modala.

1949 hardine-simones kauboya football tolly sann 1949 ko hardine-simones kauboya football tolly euta americi football tolly thiyo jasle sann 1949 ko college football sijanma sima sammelanma hardine-simones wishwawidyalayako pratinidhitwa gareko thiyo. yasako chhaitaun sijanma mukhya prashikshak warren bee antargat. woodson, tolile 6-4-1 record (sammelanka wipakshiharu viruddha 4-2) sankalan sankalan, sammelanma tesro sthanka lagi barabarima rahyo, rar wipakshiharulai kull 318 dekhi 189 ley harae. toliko netritwa hafback hook devis, quarterback john "model tea" ford, rar anned bub makesnile gareka thie, tee tinlai 1949 ko sabai-sima sammelan football tolima naam diieko thiyo. fordle sann 1949 ko sijanma 11 khelma 26 touchdown pasharu fyaankidie, ek warsha pahile nebhada quarterback stan hithdwara sett garieko 22 ko rashtriya record tode.

1949 hardin-siemons kaubae football dala 1949 hardin-siemons kaubai football dala eka americae football dala thila jaahaa 1949 college football rutu samajare seema sammilaneere hardin-siemons biswabidyalajara pratinidhitwa karithila. ehara shastha sijanare mukhya prashikhyaka warren bii. woodson, dala eka 6-4-1 record (sammilani pratidwandinka bipakhyare 4-4) sankalita karithila, sammilaneere truteeja sthana paain tye hoithila, ebong mote 318 ru 189 ray pratidwandinku parasta karithila . dalara netrutwa neithile hafback hook devis, quarterback zohn "model tii" ford ebong end bub mckessioni, jeun tinijananku 1949 sarba-seema sammilani football dalare namit karajaithila. 1949 sijanare ford 11tii myachare 26tii touchdown passes phingithile, jaahaa eka barsha purbe nebhada quarterback stan heath dwara sthapita 22tii jatiah rekardaku bhangithila.

1949 hardin-simannas couboise football team 1949 dee hardin-simannas couboise football team ikk amriki football team see jiss neey 1949 dey kaalaj football season dauran sarhaddi conferences witch hardin-simannas university dee numaindagi keeti see. iss dey chheven season witch mukkh coach vaaran bee. woodson, team neey ikk 6-4-1 ricard (conferences virodhiaan dey virudh 4-4) sanklit keeta, conferences witch teeje sathaan laee barabar riha, atey virodhiaan noon kull 318 toon 189 naal pachad ditta. team dee agvai hafback hook davis, quarterback jauhan maadal tii ford atey aind baub maxeni neey keeti see, jinhan tinnan noon 1949 dee aal-barder conferences football team witch namzad keeta giaa see. ford neey 1949 dey season dauran 11 geman witch 26 touchdown paas sutte, ikk saal pahilan nevada quarterback sten heath duaara sathapat 22 daa rashtari ricard todd ditta.

1949 hardin-simmons kaubaays football-dalam 1949 tame varshe hardin-simmons-kaubaays-football-dalah amerikaadeshasy ekaha football-dalah aasit yah 1949 tame varshe mahaavidyaalayasya football-rutau sima-sammelane hardin-simmons-vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. tasya shashta-satre mukhya-prashikshakasya vaaran-bee ityasya adheene aasit. woodson-ityanena, dalena 6-4-1 abhilekhah (sammelan-pratidwandweenaam viruddham 4-4) sankalitah, sammelane trutiyasthanartham samatulyah, pratidwandween 318 taha 189 paryantam militvaa agrasthaanam avaapnot. asya dalasya netrutvam hafback-hook-davis, quarterback-jaan "maadel-tea" ford, end-baab-mcchessney cha akurvan, ye trayah cha 1949 tame varshe sarva-sima-sammelanasy football-dale naamaankitaah aasan. ford-varyaha 1949 tame varshe 11 kreedaasu 26 touchdown paas-ityetaan visruhnaat, ekavarshapoorvam nevada-quarterback-staan-heath ityanena sthaapitasya 22 rashtriya-abhilekhasya bhangam krutavaan.

1949 haardin-simans coveboys kaalpandhu anii 1949 haardin-simmons coveboys kaalpandhu anii enbathu 1949 kalluri kaalpandhu paruvaththin poathu ellai maanaatil haardin-simmons palkalaikkazhagaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum oru america kaalpandhu aniyaagum. adhan aaraavathu seasonil thalaimai payirchiyaalar vaaran pii. wootson, anii oru 6-4-1 saathanaiyai (maanattu ethirigalukku ethiraaga 4-4) thoguththathu, maanaatil moontraavathu idaththudan saman seiyappattathu, maelum ethirigalai moththam 318 muthal 189 varai vinchivittathu. hoff paek hook davis, gwaterback john "maadal dii" fordu mattrum end paap mckessney aagiyoar aniyai vazhinadaththinar, ivarkal moovarum 1949 aam aandu anaitthu ellai maanattu kaalpandhu aniyil peyaridappattanar. fordu 1949 seasonil 11 aattangkalil 26 duchtown paaskalai veechinaar, idhu oru varudaththirku munbu newada gwaterback staan heeth amaiththa 22 thaesiya saathanaiyai muriyadiththathu.

1949 hardin-simens couboys football jattu 1949 college football seasonlo sarihaddu samavesamlo hardin-simmons vishwavidhyaalayaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchina 1949 hardin-simmons couboys football jattu oka american football jattu. daani aarava seasonlo pradhana coach warren bii. woodson, jattu oka 6-4-1 rikaardunu (conferences pratyarthulaku vyatiraekamgaa 4-4) sankalanam chesindi, samavesamlo moodava sthaanaaniki samamga nilichindi, mariyu mottam 318 nundi 189 thoo pratyarthulanu adhigaminchindi. jattuku haaph byaak hook davis, quarterback zaan "modal tii" ford mariyu end baab mckessney naayakatvam vahinchaaru, veerandarinee 1949 aall-boarder conferences football jattuku empika chesaaru. ford 1949 seasonlo 11 aatalalo 26 touchdown paaslanu visiraadu, oka samvatsaram kritam newada quarterback staan heath nelakolpina 22 jaateeya rikaardunu baddalu kottadu.

1949 harden cymens kaao bawaae fitt baal team 1949 harden samonas kaao bawaae fitt baal team eek americi fitt baal team thee jiss nay 1949 kay college fitt baal seezan kay doraan barder conference mein harden samonas university kii numaindagi kii. apnay chhatay seezan mein head coach waarin bee kay tahat. vodson team nay eek 6-4-1 record martab kiyaa (conference kay mukhalifen kay khalaaf 4-4)yee conference mein teesri position kay liye baraabar rehaa aur mukhalifen kuu kill 318 say 189 say peeche chhod diyaa. team kii qayadat haaf beek hick ddios kwarter beek jaan "maadal tye" ford aur aind baab mcchiny nay kii thee inn teenon kuu 1949 kii aal barder conference fitt baal team mein namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. ford nay 1949 kay seezan kay doraan 11 kheelon mein 26 touch ddaun paas phainkay jiss nay eek saal qabal newada kwarter beek steen haith kay zariah qayem kardah 22 kaa qomi record toad diyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5185247

Plossig

Plossig Plossig is a village and a former municipality in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Annaburg. The municipality belonged to the administrative community ("Verwaltungsgemeinschaft") of Annaburg-Prettin. Geography. Plossig lies about 12 km south of Jessen on the edge of the Düben Heath Nature Park. History. From 1815 to 1944, Plossig was part of the Prussian Province of Saxony and from 1944 to 1945 of the Province of Halle-Merseburg. After World War II, Plossig was incorporated into the Province (since 1947, State) of Saxony-Anhalt from 1945 to 1952 and the Bezirk Cottbus of East Germany from 1952 to 1990. Since 1990, Plossig has been part of Saxony-Anhalt, since 2011 as a part of Annaburg. Economy and transportation. Federal Highway ("Bundesstraße") B 187 between Jessen and Wittenberg lies 12 km away. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pluchig pluchig hoise germanyr sexoni-enhultor wittenberg jilaar ekhon gaau aaru etaa purbor pouroxobha. 2011 sonor 1 januaryr poraa ee sohorkhonor ongxo hisape aase. pouroxobhatu enaberg-pretinor proxaxonik xomprodayor ("verwaltungsjemeinsaft") ontorgoto aasil. bhugul. jesenor poraa pray 12 kilometer dokhyine duben heath nesar parkor kaxot pluchig owosthito. itihax. 1815 sonor poraa 1944 sonoloike pluchig prasiyar sexoni prodexor ongxo aasil aaru 1944 sonor poraa 1945 sonoloike hell-marchberg prodexor ongxo aasil. dwitiyo biswojudhor pisot, 1945 sonor poraa 1952 sonoloike pluchig sexoni-enhultor prodexot (1947 sonor poraa, rajyo) aaru 1952 sonor poraa 1990 sonoloike pubo germanyr bejirko koo 'tasot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. 1990 sonor poraa, pluchig 2011 sonor poraa enabergor ongxo hisape sexoni-enhultor ongxo hoi aahise. orthoniti aaru poribohon. federal haiwe ("bandestres") bi 187 jesen aaru wittenbergor maajot 12 kilometer durot owosthito.

plossig plossig germanyr saxony-unhulter wittenberg jelara ekti grama ebong ekti praktan pourosobha. 2011 saaler 1laa januari theke etty anaburg shohorer ongsho. pourosobhati anaburg-pretiner proshashonik sampradayer ("verwaltungsgameinshaft") ontorgoto chhilo. bhugol. plossig jessen theke pray 12 kilometres dakkhine duben heath prokriti uddaner prante abosthito. itihas. 1815 theke 1944 saal porjonto, plossig russier saxony prodesher ongsho chhilo ebong 1944 theke 1945 saal porjonto halley-mersberg prodesher ongsho chhilo. dwitiya bishwojuddher porr, 1945 theke 1952 saal porjonto saxony-unhult prodesher (1947 saal theke, rajyo) modhye plossig antarbhukta koraa hoy ebong 1952 theke 1990 saal porjonto purbo germanyr bezark kotbas antarbhukta koraa hoy. 1990 saal theke, 2011 saal theke anaburger ongsho hisabe plossig saxony-unhulter ongsho hoye utheche. arthaniti oo poribohon. jessen ebong wittenberger modhye federal haioye ("bandestrabe") bii 187 12 kilometres doore abosthito.

plossig plossig aee germanyna sexoni-enhaultma aavela wittenberg jeellama aavelu aek gaam aneey bhutpurv nagarpalika chhe. 1 january 2011 thee, teey nagar enabergno bhaag chhe. nagarpalika enaberg-preteennaa vahivati samudaay ("vervaltungsgamainsfatcha") nee hatee. bhugol. plossig jesenthi lagbhag 12 kimee dakshinma duben heath nature parknee dhaar parr aavelu chhe. itihas. 1815 thee 1944 sudhee, plossig prussian praant sexonino bhaag hato aneey 1944 thee 1945 sudhee hail-merceberg praantno bhaag hato. beeja vishvyuddh pachhi, 1945 thee 1952 sudhee sexnee-enhaultna praantmaa (1947 thee, raajy) plosigno samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey 1952 thee 1990 sudhee purv germanyna basirc kottabasno samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1990 thee, plossig 2011 thee enabergna bhaag rupe sexnee-enhaultno bhaag chhe. arthtantra aneey parivahan. federal haaive ("bundestrays") bii 187 jessen aneey wittenberg vachche 12 kimee door chhe.

plossig plossig germany key saxony-enhault mein whittenberg jile kaa ack gaanv aur ack poorv nagarpalika haye. 1 janwari 2011 seey, yeh shahar annaberg kaa hissa haye. nagarpalika annaberg-pretin key prashaasnik samudaay ("worvaltungsgameinsfatch") seey sambandhit thee. bhugol. plossig jessen seey lagbhag 12 kimmy dakshin mein duben heath prakriti udyaan key kinare parr sthit haye. itihas. 1815 seey 1944 taka, plossig saxony key russie praant kaa hissa thaa aur 1944 seey 1945 taka haale-merceberg praant kaa hissa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, plossig koo 1945 seey 1952 taka saxony-enhault key praant (1947 seey, raajya) mein aur 1952 seey 1990 taka purvi germany key bezark cottbus mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 1990 seey, plossig 2011 seey annaberg key ack hisse key roop mein saxony-enhault kaa hissa rhaa haye. arthavyavastha aur parivahan. jessen aur whittenberg key beach sanghiya rajmarg ("bundestra") bee 187 12 kimmy door sthit haye.

plassig plosig embudu germany saxony-unhault nalliruva whittenberg jilleya ondu graama mattu hindina purasabheyagide. 2011rahra janavari 1rinda idu pattanada annabarg bhagavagide. purasabheyu annaberg-prettin aadalitaatmaka samudaayakke ("werwaltungszemins") serittu. bhougolika. plassig, jesenninda dakshinakke sumaru 12 kii. mea. dooradalli duben heath prakruti udyaanavanada anchinallide. itihaasa. 1815rinda 1944ravarege, plosig prashyan praantyada saxonia bhagavagittu mattu 1944rinda 1945ravarege haale-merseberg praantyada bhagavagittu. eradane mahayuddhada nantara, 1945rinda 1952ravarege saxony-anhault praantyadalli (1947rinda, raajya) mattu 1952rinda 1990ravarege purva germany bezirk katbasnalli plosig annu serisalaayitu. 1990rinda, 2011rinda annabargan bhagavagi plosig saxony-anhault bhagavagide. aarthikate mattu saarige. federal heddaari ("bundestrass") bii 187 jessen mattu whittenberg naduve 12 kii. mea. dooradallide.

plassig germmaniyile saxony-anhaltile wittenberg jillayile oru gramavum muun munisippaalittiyumaan plossig. 2011 januvari 1 muthal ithu annabarg pattanatthinte bhagamaanu. annaburg-prettin bharana samoohathil ("werwaltengsjemenshaft") pettathaayirunnu munisippaalitti. bhoomishaasthram. daben heath prakrithi udyaanathinte attathu jesenil ninnu ekadesham 12 kilometer thekkayi plossig sthithi cheiyunnu. charithram. 1815 muthal 1944 vare, plossig prussian pravisyayaaya saxonyudeyum 1944 muthal 1945 vare hallie-mersburg pravisyayudeyum bhaagamaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, 1945 muthal 1952 vare saxony-unhault pravishyayilum (1947 muthal, samsthaanam) 1952 muthal 1990 vare kizhakkan germmaniyile besirk coatbusilum plossig ulppeduthi. 1990 muthal, 2011 muthal annaabarginte bhaagamaayi plossig saxony-anhaltinte bhagamaanu. sambadghadanayum gathagathavum. federal haiway ("bundestrass") bii 187 jessen whittenberg thammil 12 kilometer akaleyaan.

plossig plossig heey germanytil saxony-enhault yetheel whittenberg jilhyatil eka gaav aanee majee nagarpalika aahe. 1 janewari 2011 pasoon too enaberg shaharacha bhag aahe. nagarpalika annaberg-preteinchya prashasakeey samudayashi ("vervaltungsgeminsfe") sambandhit hotee. bhoogol. plossig heey jesenchya dakshines sumare 12 kiimii antaravar duben heath nisarg udyanachya kathavar aahe. itihas. 1815 teey 1944 paryant, plossig haah saxonychya prussian prantacha aanee 1944 teey 1945 paryant halley-merceberg prantacha bhag hota. hota mahayuddhanantar, 1945 teey 1952 yaa kalat saxony-enhaultchya prantat (1947 pasoon, rajya) aanee 1952 teey 1990 yaa kalat purv germanychya bezirk cottbusemadhye plosigcha samavesh karnyat aala. 1990 pasoon, 2011 pasoon annabergcha eka bhag mhanoon plossig haah saxony-enhaultcha bhag aahe. arthvyavastha aanee vahtook. jessen aanee whittenberg darmyancha federal hayave ("bundestraz") bii 187 12 kiimii antaravar aahe.

plusig plosig germanyko saxony-enhaltko whittenberg jillako euta gaaun rar purva nagarpalika how. 1 janawari 2011 dekhi, yo sahar enabergko hissa how. nagarpalika enaberg-pretinko prashasanik samudaya ("vervaltungsgemeinschaf") sanga sambandhit thiyo. bhugol. plosig jesenbata lagbhag 12 kilometer dakshinma duben heath nechar parkko kinarma awasthit chha. itihas. 1815 dekhi 1944 samma, plosig prussiako saxony prantako rar 1944 dekhi 1945 samma hayle-merceberg prantako hissa thiyo. dosro vishwayuddhapachhi, plosiglai sann 1945 dekhi 1952 samma saxony-enhaltko pranta (sann 1947 dekhi, rajya) maa rar sann 1952 dekhi 1990 samma purvi germanyko bezirk katabasma samawesh garieko thiyo. sann 1990 dekhi, plosig saxony-enhaltko hissa bhaeko chha, sann 2011 dekhi enabergko ek bhagko rupma. arthawyawastha rar yatayat. jessen rar wittenbergko bichma raheko sanghiya rajmarg ("bandestrase") bee 187 12 kilometer tadha chha.

plosig plosig heuchhi germanyra saxony-unhaultra wittenberg jillara eka gramm ebong eka purbatana pourapalika . 1 januari 2011 thaaru, ehaa annaberg saharar anshabisesha. ehi pourapalika annaberg-pretiner prashasanika sampradai ("worwaltungsjemeinschat") rahr antarbhukta thila. bhugol. plosig jessen thaaru praiah 12 kilometer dakhinare duben heath prakruti udyanara dhaarare abasthita . itihas. 1815 ru 1944 parjyanta, plosig prusian pradesh saxonyra anshabisesha thila ebong 1944 ru 1945 parjyanta haale-merceberg pradeshar anshabisesha thila. dwiteeja biswajudha parey, 1945 ru 1952 parjyanta plosig saxony-unhalt pradeshare (1947 ru, rajya) ebong 1952 ru 1990 parjyanta purba germanyra bejirka cutbus antarbhukta karajaithila. 1990 ru, plosig 2011 ru anaberger eka ansha bhabare saxony-unhalter ansha . arthabyabastha ebong paribahana. jessen ebong wittenberg madhyare federal rajpath ("bundestrass") bii 187 12 kilometer doorare abasthita .

plossig plosig germany dey saxony-enhault witch whittenberg zilhe daa ikk pind atey ikk sabka nagarpalika haii. 1 janwari 2011 toon, ih shehar annaberg daa hissa haii. municipality annaberg-pretin dey parshaski bhaichare ("vervoltungsgameinshaft") naal sabandhat see. bhugol. plosig jayson toon lagbhag 12 kilometer dakkhan witch daben heath nechar park dey kinare utte sathit haii. itihaas. 1815 toon 1944 takk, plosig prussian prant saxony daa hissa see atey 1944 toon 1945 takk haile-merceberg prant daa hissa see. dooje vishav yuddh toon baad, plosig noon 1945 toon 1952 takk saxony-enhault dey prant (1947 toon, raaj) witch atey 1952 toon 1990 takk purbi germany dey bezirk cottbus witch shamal keeta giaa see. 1990 toon, plosig 2011 toon annaberg dey ikk hisse vajon saxony-enhault daa hissa riha haii. aarthikta atey aavajai. jaisan atey whittenberg dey vichkaar federal hyway ("bandestrase") bee 187 12 kilometer door haii.

plaasig plosig iti jarmaneedeshasy saxony-unhault-nagarasya wittenberg-mandale sthitah ekaha graamah, poorva-nagarapalika cha asti. 2011 janavaree 1 dinaankaat idam enaberg-nagarasya bhaagah asti. nagarapalika annaabarg-pretin ityasya prashaasanik-samudaayasy ("warwaaltangsgemeinsht") aasit. bhoogolah. jessen-nagaraat dakshinadishi praayah 12 kii. mee. doore duben-heet-prakruti-udyaanasya praante plosig-nagaram vartate. itihaasah. 1815 taha 1944 paryantam, plosig-pradesha proossiyan-deshasya saxony-prantasya, 1944 taha 1945 paryantam haale-mersberg-prantasya cha bhaagah aasit. dwiteeyawishwayuddhaanar, 1945 taha 1952 paryantam saxony-enhault ityasya praante (1947 taha, raajyam) plosig-ityasya, 1952 taha 1990 paryantam poorva-germany-deshasya bezirk-cottbus-ityasya cha samaaveshah abhavat. 1990 taha, plosig-ityasya, 2011 taha enaberg-ityasya bhagarupena, saxony-enhault-ityasya bhaagah asti. arthavyavasthaa tathaa parivahanam. federal-haive ("bundestrass") bii. 187, jessen-wittenberg-ityetayoho madhye 12 kii. mee. doore asti.

ploasik ploasik enbathu germanyin saxony-unhaldle ulla whittenberg maavattaththil ulla oru gramam mattrum munnaal nagaraatchi aagum. janavari 1,2011 muthal, idhu nagara annabarkkin oru paguthiyaagum. nagaraatchi annabarg-bretin nirvaaga samoogaththirku (werwaldengsjemenshaff) sonthamaanathu. puviyiyal. ploasik tuben heeth iyarkai poongaavin vilimbil jesanukku therkae 12 kii. mee tholaivil ullathu. varalaaru. 1815 muthal 1944 varai, ploasik prashya maagaanamaana sacsonyin oru paguthiyaagavum, 1944 muthal 1945 varai haalae-merceburg maagaanaththin oru paguthiyaagavum irunththathu. irandaam ulagap poarukkup piragu, 1945 muthal 1952 varai saxony-unhault maagaanaththilum (1947 muthal, maanilaththilum), 1952 muthal 1990 varai kilakku germanyin besirk kaattpasilum ploasik inaikkappattathu. 1990 muthal, ploasik saxony-unhaultin oru paguthiyaaga ullathu, 2011 muthal anabarkkin oru paguthiyaaga ullathu. porulaathaaram mattrum poakkuvaraththu. koottaatchi nedunjaalai ("Bundesstrab") b 187 jesson mattrum whittenberg idaiyae 12 kimee tholaivil ullathu.

plassig plosig anedi germanyloni saxony-unhault looni whittenberg jillaalooni oka graamam mariyu maajee municipality. 2011 janavari 1 nundi, idhi pattana annabarg loe bhaagam. eee purapalaka sangham annaberg-prettin yokka paripalana samaajaaniki (vervaltungszeminshe) chendinadi. bhougolikam. plosig duben heath prakruti udyaanavanam anchuna jessenku dakshinaana 12 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. charitra. 1815 nundi 1944 varaku, plosig prashyan provins off saxonylo bhaagamgaa mariyu 1944 nundi 1945 varaku haale-merseburg provincelo bhaagamgaa undedi. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, 1945 nundi 1952 varaku saxony-onhault provincelo (1947 nundi, rashtram) plosignu chaerchaaru mariyu 1952 nundi 1990 varaku thoorpu germanyki chendina bezirk cottbus. 1990 nundi, plosig 2011 nundi annabarg loe bhaagamgaa saxony-onhaultlo bhaagamgaa undhi. aardhika vyavastha mariyu ravana. federal haive ("bundestrass") bii 187 jessen mariyu whittenberg madhya 12 kii. mea. dhooramlo undhi.

ploseg ploseg germani kay zalaa watenberg kaa eek gaaon aur sabqah baldiyah hay juu sexoni-inhalt mein waaqa hay. yakam januri 2011 say yaha shehar anberg kaa hasah hay. baldiyah kaa taaluq annaborg-preton kii intezami baradari ("warwaltongsgemenshaft") say thaa. geografiya. ploseg jaisan say taqriba 12 chlometer janub mein doban haith neacher paark kay kinaray parr waaqa hay. tareekh. 1815 say 1944 takk ploseg rosee soobay sexoni kaa aur 1944 say 1945 takk subah hail merceberg kaa hasah thaa. dosri jung azeem kay baad ploseg kuu 1945 say 1952 takk sexoni-enhault kay soobay (1947 say riyasat) mein aur 1952 say 1990 takk mashriqi germani kay bezark cottbus mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa. 1990 say ploseg 2011 say annaborg kay eek hasay kay toor parr sexoni-enhault kaa hasah rehaa hay. maeshat aur nql woo hamal. jaisan aur watenberg kay darmiyan wafaqi shahrah ("bundesistrice") bub 187 12 chlometer door waaqa hay.

00076608ba385ee65bd9744bfd91081d05673a7788b8c7bf62a1c6fff62f1076

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39434545

İbrahim Turhan

İbrahim Turhan İbrahim Turhan was the chairman and CEO of the Istanbul Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2015 and a Member of the Turkish parliament for the governing Justice and Development Party from 2015 to 2018. Biography. Turhan was born in İzmir in 1968. He graduated from Lycée de Galatasaray in 1987 and was admitted to Boğaziçi University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Management. He earned his Master of Arts degree from Marmara University Banking and Insurance Institute with a thesis on “Macroeconomic Consequences of Public Deficit and its Effects on the Turkish Banking Sector”, and his Ph.D. degree on banking with a thesis entitled “Financial Crises and Their Effects on the Real Sector: The Case of Turkey”.H e worked as member of staff with Marmara University during his doctorate studies. İbrahim M. Turhan, Ph.D., was awarded the title “associate professor” by the Inter University Council on January 28, 2014. Academic work. Supported by the Marmara University Research Fund, Turhan was invited to University of Geneva Institute Européen (IEUG) and Loughborough University Banking Centre where he worked as research fellow. He joined Yeditepe University as associate professor in 2001, where he chaired the Banking and Insurance Department and International Trade and Management Department, and also chaired The School of Applied Disciplines and School of Foreign Languages of Yeditepe University. Turhan lectured on international financial markets and organizations, strategic planning and management in financial institutions, banking theory and policy and central bank management in various universities including İstanbul Bilgi, Marmara, İstanbul Ticaret and Kadir Has. He also worked as part-time member of staff with Beykent University Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences until 2004. In addition to his publications on financial economics and economy politics, Mr. Turhan also worked as consultant, editor and editor-in-chief with periodicals on banking, finance and finance technologies. Turhan is a member of the Leaders Group and Business Advisory Board of the Kiel Institute Global Economic Symposium and has published articles in international refereed journals on the Turkish economy, financial economy and economy politics. Political career. Turhan became a member of parliament for Tayyip Erdogan's governing AK Party in 2015. He left this position in July 2018. He was one of the founders of the newly founded Future Party. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> http://www.borsaistanbul.com/en/corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/organization/board-of-directors

<unk> brohim turhan <unk> brohim turhan, pieis.di. 2012 sonor poraa 2015 sonoloike istanbul stock exchangeor odhyokhyo aaru chi. ee. oh '. aasil aaru 2015 sonor poraa 2018 sonoloike xaxok nyay aaru unnoyon dolor turkey xongxodor xodosyo aasil. teu gulen andulonor xodosyo buli obhijug koraa hoise. jiwani. turhanor jonmo 1968 sonot ijmit hoisil. teu 1987 sonot laisi di galataxarayor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil aaru bob 'jixi biswobidyaloy, orthonoitik aaru proxaxonik bigyanor onuxod, byowosthapona bibhagoto naambhorti korisil. teu marmara biswobidyaloyor benking aaru beema protisthanor poraa "rajohuwa obhawor brihot orthonoitik porinam aaru turkey benking khondot iyar probhab" ror uporot ekhon thixixor xoite teur snatokuttor kolar degree laabh korisil, aaru teu paisdi laabh korisil.di. bittiyo xongkot aaru bastob khondor uporot teulukor probhaboh tarkir khyetro" xirxok etaa thixixor xoite bankingor uporot degree.eis. ee.-ye doctorate odhyoyonor xomoyot marmara biswobidyaloyor kormosari hisape kaam korisil. <unk> brohim em. turhan, pieis.di.2014 sonor 28 januaryt antohbiswobidyaloy porixode teuk "xohojugi odhyapok" upadhi prodan korisil. academic kaam. marmara biswobidyaloyor gowexona pujir xohayot turhanok geneva biswobidyaloyor europian protisthan (aai. ee. ee. ji.) aaru lofboru biswobidyaloyor benking kendroloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil zo 'too teu gowexona xohojugi hisape kaam korisil. 2001 sonot teu eyeditep biswobidyaloyot xohojugi odhyapok hisape jugdan korisil, zo 'too teu benking aaru beema bibhag aaru antohrastriyo banijyo aaru byowosthapona bibhagor odhyokhyo aasil, aaru eyeditep biswobidyaloyor applied xakha aaru bidexi bhaxar bidyaloyor odhyokhyou aasil. turhane antohrastriyo bittiyo bojar aaru xongothon, bittiyo protisthanot kouxologot porikolpona aaru byowosthapona, benking totwo aaru niti aaru istanbul bilogi, marmara, istanbul tikoret aaru kodiroke dhori bibhinno biswobidyaloyot kendriyo benk byowosthaponar uporot boktrita dise. 2004 sonoloike teu backent biswobidyaloyor orthonoitik aaru proxaxonik bigyanor onuxodor xoite ongxokalik kormosari xodosyo hisapeu kaam korisil. bittiyo orthoniti aaru orthonitir rajneetir uporot teur prokaxonxomuhor uporiu, shree. turhane benking, bitto aaru bitto projuktir xamoyikir xoite poramorxodata, xompadok aaru mukhyo xompadok hisapeu kaam korisil. mii. turhan kill institutor biswo orthonoitik alusonasokror netaa gutt aaru byowoxayik upodesta porixodor xodosyo aaru turkey orthoniti, bittiyo orthoniti aaru orthonitir rajneetir uporot antohrastriyo refered journalot probondho prokax korise. rajnoitik jiwan. turhan 2015 sonot taiyep erdugonor xaxok ek dolor xongxod xodosyo hoisil. teu 2018 sonor julyte ei podd tyag korisil. teu notunkoi protistha huwa bhobisyot dolor onyotomo protisthapok aasil. proxongo. HTTP:// Www.borsaistanbul.komm/eno/korpo "rett/obout-borsa-istanbul/xongstha/porisalokor porixod

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, paech.dii. 2012 theke 2015 saal porjonto istanbul stock exchanger chairman oo ceo ebong 2015 theke 2018 saal porjonto khamotasin justice anned development partyr turkey sangsader sadasya chhilen. tini gullen andoloner sadasya boley abhijog koraa hoy. jeeboni. turhan 1968 saale izmire jonmogrohon corren. tini 1987 saale laisi dii galatasare theke snatok hohn ebong bow 'jissy vishwavidyalaya, orthonoitik oo proshashonik bigyan anushad, byabosthapona bibhage bhorti hohn. tini marmara bishwobidyaloyer banking oo beema institute theke "john ghatotir samostik orthonoitik porinoti ebong turkey banking khaate err prabhab" shirshok ekti thissis diye snatakottar degree orjon corren ebong paechd corren.dii. arthik sangkat ebong bastob khaate taader prabhabah turkeyr khettre" shirshok ekti thissis soho banking bishoye degree.eich. ee taanr doctorate adhyayaner somoy marmara bishwobidyaloyer karmi sadasya hisabe kaaj korechilen. <unk> bromho emm. turhan, paech.dii.2014 saaler 28shhey januari antahbishwabidyalay porishod taanke "sahojogi adhyapak" upadhite bhushito korey. academic kaaj. marmara vishwavidyalaya gobeshona tohobiler sahayatai, turhanke geneva institute european vishwavidyalaya (ieug) ebong lofboro bishwobidyaloyer banking kendre amantran janano hoyechilo jekhane tini gobeshok fello hisabe kaaj korechilen. tini 2001 saale edtape bishwobidyaloye sahojogi adhyapak hisabe jogdan corren, jekhane tini banking oo beema bibhag ebong antorjatik banijya oo byabosthapona bibhager sovapotitto corren ebong edtape bishwobidyaloyer folito shakha ebong bideshi bhasar bidyalayer sovapotitto corren. turhan antorjatik arthik bazar oo sangostha, arthik protisthaner kaushalgata parikalpana oo byabosthapona, banking totto oo neeti ebong istanbul bilgi, marmara, istanbul tikareta ebong qadir soho bivinno bishwobidyaloye kendriya bank byabosthaponar upor boktrita diyechen. tini 2004 saal porjonto beckent bishwobidyaloyer orthonoitik oo proshashonik bigyan onushoder sange khandakalin karmi sadasya hisabeo kaaj korechilen. arthik arthaniti oo arthaniti rajneeti somporkito taanr prokashona chharao, mii. turhan banking, ortho oo ortho prajukti vishayak samayikigulir poramorshok, sompadok ebong prodhan sompadok hisabeo kaaj korechen. mii. turhan kill instituter bishwa orthonoitik symposium leader group ebong byabasayik upodeshta boarder sadasya ebong turkey arthaniti, arthik arthaniti ebong orthonoitik rajneeti niye antorjatik referee journale nibondho prakash korechen. rajnaitik karmajiban. 2015 saale turhan taiyep erdoganer khamotasin aak partyr sangsad sadasya hohn. tini 2018 saaler julai maase eyi podo chhede deena. tini nobogothito bhabishyat doler onnotomo protisthata chhilen. reference. HTTP:// Www.borsaistanbul.qama/enn/corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/organization/board-off-directors

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, piaech.dii. teo 2012 thee 2015 sudhee istanbul stock exchangena adhyaksh aneey ceo hataa aneey 2015 thee 2018 sudhee shaasak nyaay aneey vikaas paksh maate turkey sansadnaa sabhy hataa. teo gullen chalvalna sabhy hovaano aarop chhe. jivancharitra. turhanno janm janm izmirma thayo hato. temane temane licey dha galatasaremathi snatakni padvi melvee hatee aneey temne boazisi university, aarthik aneey vahivati vignanna faculty, management vibhagma pravesh aapvama aavyo hato. temane "jaaher khaadh aneey turkey banking kshetra parr tenee asarona vyaapak aarthik parinaamo" parr aek theses saathe marmara university banking aneey veema sansthamathi master off artsnee degree melvee hatee aneey temnee piaech. dii. curry hatee.dii. nanakiy katokati aneey vaastavik kshetra parr temnee asaroh turkino cases" sheershak saathe aek theses saathe banking parr degree.temane doctoratena abhyaas darmiyan marmara universityma staffna sabhy tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. <unk> brahm aema. turhan, piaech.dii., 28 january, january roj aantar university parishad dwara "sahyogi prophesara" noon birud enayat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. shaikshanik kaary. marmara university research fund dwara samartheet, turhanne university off geneva institute european (ieug) aneey lofboro university banking centermaa aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jyaan temane research phelo tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. teo teo sahyogi prophesara tareeke yeditep universityma jodaya, jyaan temane banking aneey veema vibhag aneey aantarrashtriy vepaar aneey vyavsthaapan vibhagni adhyakshta curry, aneey yeditep universityni laagu shaakhao aneey videshi bhashaoni shaalaani adhyakshta pann curry. turhane aantarrashtriy nanakiy bajaaro aneey sansthao, nanakiy sansthaoma vyuhaatmak aayojan aneey vyavsthaapan, banking siddhaant aneey neetee aneey istanbul bilgi, marmara, istanbul tikret aneey kadeer saheet viveedh universityoma kendreey benk vyavsthaapan parr pravachno aapyaa chhe. temane 2004 sudhee aarthik aneey vahivati vignanna backent university faculty saathe paart-time member off staff tareeke pann kaama karyoo hatoo. nanakiy arthshaastra aneey arthtantra raajkaaran parnaa temnaa prakashno upraant, shree. turhane banking, finance aneey finance technology parnaa saamyiko saathe salaahkaar, sampaadak aneey mukhya sampaadak tareeke pann kaama karyoo hatoo. shree. turhan keel institute global economic symposiumna leaders group aneey business advisory boardnaa sabhy chhe aneey turkey arthtantra, nanakiy arthtantra aneey arthtantra raajkaaran parr aantarrashtriy referried journaloma lekho prakashit karyaa chhe. raajkeey karkirdi. turhan turhan tayyip airdoganni shaasak aek party maate sansadnaa sabhy banyaa. temane julai julai aaa pada chhodi didhu. teo navaa sthaapit bhaavi pakshna sthapakomana aek hataa. sandarbho. HTTP:// Ww.borsaistanbul.qoma/aena/corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/organization/booard-off-directors

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, ph.dee. 2012 seey 2015 taka istambul stock exchange key adhyaksh aur mukhya karyakari adhikaari they aur 2015 seey 2018 taka shaasi nyaay aur vikas dall key liye turkey sansad key sadasya they. una parr gullen andolan kaa sadasya honey kaa aarop haye. jeevani. turhan kaa janm 1968 mein izmir mein huaa thaa. unhone 1987 mein licey dee galatasare seey snaatak kiya aur unhein boaazi vishvavidyalaya, aarthik aur prashaasnik vigyaan key sankaay, prabandhan vibhaag mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. unhone "saarvajanik ghaate key vyaapak aarthik parinam aur turkey banking kshetra parr isake prabhaav" parr ack shodh prabandh key saath marmara vishvavidyalaya banking aur beema sansthaan seey kalaa mein master kii degree praapt kii aur apani phd kii.dee. vittiya sankat aur vaastavik kshetra parr unake prabhaavah turkey kaa mamla" sheershak vaali ack thesis key saath banking parr degree.unhone apani doctorate kii padhaai key dauran marmara vishvavidyalaya key saath karmchari key roop mein kaam kiya. <unk> brahm aim. turhan, ph.dee.28 janwari, 2014 koo antar vishvavidyalaya parishad dwara "associate professor" kii upaadhi seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. akaadamik kaary. marmara vishvavidyalaya anusandhaan kosh dwara samarthit, turhan koo vishvavidyalaya key geneva sansthaan european (aaee. ee. yuu. jee.) aur lofbero vishvavidyalaya banking kendra mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jahan unhone shodh saathi key roop mein kaam kiya thaa. way 2001 mein yaditep vishvavidyalaya mein associate professor key roop mein shamil hue, jahan unhone banking aur beema vibhaag aur antarrashtriya vyaapaar aur prabandhan vibhaag kii adhyakshata kii, aur yaditep vishvavidyalaya key anuprayukt vishayon aur videshi bhaashaon key school kii adhyakshata bhee kii. turhan ney antarrashtriya vittiya baajaron aur sangathanon, vittiya sansthanon mein ranneetik yojana aur prabandhan, banking siddhant aur neeti aur vibhinn vishvavidyalayon mein kendriya baink prabandhan parr vyakhyan diyaa haye, jisamen istambul bilgi, marmara, stambul tikret aur kadir shamil hain. unhone 2004 taka aarthik aur prashaasnik vigyaan key beckent vishvavidyalaya sankaay key saath anshakaalik sadasya key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. vittiya arthshastra aur arthavyavastha kii rajneeti parr apane prakashanon key alawa, shree. turhan ney banking, vitt aur vitt praudyogikiyon parr patrikaon key saath salaahkaar, sampaadak aur pradhaan sampaadak key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. shree. turhan keel sansthaan vaishvik aarthik sangoshthi key netaaon key samooh aur vyaapaar salaahkaar board key sadasya hain aur unhone turkey arthavyavastha, vittiya arthavyavastha aur arthavyavastha kii rajneeti parr antarrashtriya referee patrikaon mein lekh prakaashit kiye hain. raajneetik jeevan. turhan 2015 mein tayyip erdogan kii sattaaroodh ack party key liye sansad key sadasya baney. unhone julaai 2018 mein yeh pada chhod diyaa. way nava sthaapit bhavishya kii party key sansthapakon mein seey ack they. sandarbh. HTTP:// Ww.borsistanbul.comm/aine/corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/sangathan/nideshak mandal

<unk> brahmim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, pii. etch.dii. 2012rinda 2015ravarege istanbul stock exchange adhyaksha mattu sii. ii. oo. aagiddaru mattu 2015rinda 2018ravarege aadalita nyaya mattu abhivruddhi pakshada turkish samsattina sadasyaraagiddaru. avaru gullen chalavaliya sadasyarendu aaropisalaagide. jivanacharitre. turhan 1968ralli ijmirnalli janisidaru. avaru 1987ralli laisi dii galatasarayiyinda padavi padedaru mattu bogaji vishvavidyaalaya, arthika mattu aadalitaatmaka vignaanagala bodhakavarga, nirvahanaa ilaakhege pravesha padedaru. avaru marmara vishvavidyaalayada banking mattu vima samstheyinda "saarvajanika korateya sthula arthika parinamagalu mattu turkish banking valayada mele adara parinamagalu" emba prabandhadondige snatakottara padavi padedaru mattu phd padedaru.dii. hanakasu bikkattugalu mattu naija valayada mele avugala parinamagaluh turkey prakarana" emba shirshikeya prabandhadondige banking padavi.etch. ii. avaru tamma doctorate adhyayanada samayadalli marmara vishvavidyaalayadalli sibbandiyagi kelasa maadidaru. <unk> brahmim emm. turhan, pii. etch.dii.2014rahra janavari 28randu antara vishvavidyaanilaya mandaliyu avarige "sahayaka pradhyapaka" emba birudannu needitu. shaikshanika kelasa. marmara vishvavidyaanilayada samshodhanaa nidhiya bembaladondige, turhan avarannu geneeva institute european vishvavidyaalaya (aiiyuji) mattu loufbero vishvavidyaanilayada banking kendrakke aahvaanisalaayitu, allie avaru samshodhanaa sahavartiyagi kelasa maadidaru. avaru 2001ralli yeditep vishvavidyaanilayakke sahayaka pradhyapakaragi seridaru, allie avaru banking mattu vima ilakhe mattu antararashtriya vyapara mattu nirvahanaa vibhagada adhyaksharaagiddaru mattu yeditep vishvavidyaanilayada anvayika vibhagagalu mattu videshi bhashegala shaleya adhyaksharu aagiddaru. turhan avaru antaaraashtriya hanakasu maarukattegalu mattu samsthegalu, hanakasu samsthegalalli kaaryatantrada yojane mattu nirvahane, banking siddhaanta mattu neeti mattu istambul bilgi, marmara, istambul tikaret mattu kadeer seridante vividha vishvavidyaalayagalalli kendriya bank nirvahaneya bagge upanyasa niididdaare. avaru 2004 ravarege bakent vishvavidyaalayada arthika mattu aadalitaatmaka vignaanagala bodhana vibhagadalli arekaalika sibbandiyagi kelasa maadidaru. hanakasu arthashaastra mattu arthika raajakeeyada kuritaada avara prakatanegala jotege, shree. turhan banking, hanakasu mattu hanakasu tantragyaanagala niyatakaalikegalalli salahegaara, sampaadaka mattu mukhya sampadakaragiyu kelasa maadidaru. shree. turhan avaru keel institute jagatika arthika vichaaragoshthiya nayakara gumpu mattu vevahaara salaha mandaliya sadasyaragiddare mattu turkish aarthikate, hanakasu aarthikate mattu arthika raajakeeyada bagge antararashtriya niyatakaalikagalalli lekhanagalannu prakatisiddaare. rajakiya vrutti. turhan 2015ralli tayyip erdogan avara aadalitaaroodha eke pakshada samsat sadasyaraadaru. avaru 2018rahra julainalli ee sthaanavannu toredaru. avaru hosadaagi sthaapaneyaada bhavishyada pakshada samsthaapakaralli obbaraagiddaru. ullekhagalu. HTTP:// Ww.borsaistanbul.com/enn/corporate/abot-borsa-istanbul/organisation/board-off-directors

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, piechu.dii. 2012 muthal 2015 vare istanbul stokku ekschenchinte chairman ceoyum 2015 muthal 2018 vare bharana neethi vikasana party turkey paarlamentamgavumaayirunnu. addeham gullen prasthaanatthile amgamaanennu aaropikkappedunnu. jeevacharitram. 1968ll ismiril janicha turhan 1987ll laisi dii galaattasaareyil ninnu birudam nedukayum maanejment vakuppile saambathika, bharana shaasthra faakkalttiyaaya bogazi sarvakalashaalayil praveshanam nedukayum cheythu. marmara yooniversitti banking aandu insurance instittyoottil ninnu "pothu kammi, turkish banking mekhalayil athinte prathyaaghaathangal ennivayude macro economic prathyaaghaathangal" enna prabandhathode addeham maasttar oof arts birudam nedi.dii. saambathika prathisandhikalum yadhaartha mekhalayil avayude phalangalum turkeyude cases" enna thalakkettilulla oru prabandhathode baankinginekkurichulla birudam.doktarettu padanakaalatthu addeham marmara sarvakalashaalayil staaf amgamaayi pravarthichu. <unk> brahim emm. turhan, pii. echu.dii.2014 januvari 28nuu inter yooniversitti kaunsil "associate professor" enna padavi nalki aadarichu. academic jolie. marmara sarvakalashaala gaveshana fundinte pinthunayode turhane yooniversitti oof jeneeva instittyoott europilekkum (aieyuji) lofbero yooniversitti banking sentarilekkum kshanichu, avide addeham research fello aayi jolie cheythu. 2001ll yedittep sarvakalashaalayil associate professoraayi chernna addeham avide banking, insurance vakuppinum anthaaraashtra vyapaaram, maanejment vibhaagathinum adhyakshatha vahichu, koodaathe yedittepp sarvakalaashaalayile school oof uplied disiplinsinteyum school oof forin languagesinteyum adhyakshanaayi. anthaaraashtra saambathika vipanikalum samghadanakalum, dhanakaarya sthaapanangalile thanthraparamaaya aasoothranavum maanejmentum, banking sidhaanthavum nayavum, istanbul bilgi, marmara, istanbul tikarett, kadeer ennivayulppede vividha sarvakalaashaalakalile central baank maanejmentinekkurichu turhan prabhashanam nadatthi. 2004 vare addeham bekkent yooniversitti faakkaltti oof economic aandu administrative sciencesil part time amgamaayum pravarthichu. saambathika saambathikashaasthratheyum saambathika raashtreeyatheyum kurichulla addehathinte prasidheekaranangalkku purame, shree. banking, finance, finance teknolajikal ennivayekkurichulla aanukalikangalil kansalttant, edittar, edittar inn cheef ennee nilakalilum turhan pravarthichu. emm. keel instittyoott global economic simposiyathinte leaders groupilum bisinus advisory boardilum amgamaaya turhan turkey sambadvyavastha, saambathika sambadvyavastha, sambadvyavastha raashtreeyam ennivayekkurichu anthaaraashtra referred jenalukalil lekhanangal prasidheekarichittundu. rashtreeya jeevitam. 2015ll turhan thayyip erdogante bharanakakshiyaya akku partyil paarlament amgamaayi. 2018 joolaiyil addeham eee sthaanam vittu. puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya bhaavi party sthaapakaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. paraamarshangal. HTTP:// Ww.borsistanble.coom/enn/korpparettu/eboutt-borsa-istambul/oorganaiseshan/board oof directares

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, ph.dii. 2012 teey 2015 yaa kalat istanbul stock exchangeche adhyaksh aanee mukhya karyakari adhikari aanee 2015 teey 2018 yaa kalat governing justices andd development partisathi turkey sansadeche sadasya hote. teey gullen chalvaliche sadasya asalyacha aarop aahe. charitra. turhancha janm 1968 madhye izmir yethe jhaala. tyane 1987 madhye licey dii galatasarai yethoon padvi prapt kelee aanee tyala bogazi vidyapith, aarthik aanee prashasakeey vidnyan vidyashakha, vyavasthapan vibhagat pravesh denyat aala. tyanni 'sarvajanik tutiche sthool aarthik parinam aanee turkey banking kshetravaril tyache parinam' yaa vishayavaril prabandhasah marmara vidyapith banking aanee vima sansthetun qalaa padvyuttar padvi midavali aanee ph. dii. kelee.dii. aarthik sankate aanee vastavik kshetravaril tyanche parinamah turkeyche prakaran" yaa shirshakachya prabandhasah bankingvaril padvi.etch. eae. yanni tyanchya doctoratechya abhyasadarmyan marmara vidyapithat karmchari mhanoon kaam kele. <unk> brahm emm. turhan, ph.dii.28 janewari 2014 roji aantar vidyapith parishadene tyanna 'sahyogi pradhyapak' hii padvi pradan kelee. shaikshanik karya. marmara vidyapithachya sanshodhan nidhichya pathimbyane, turhan yanna university auph jineva institute european (aay. eae. yuu. jee.) aanee lofbero university banking centermadhye aamantrit karnyat aale hote, jithe tyanni sanshodhan sahkari mhanoon kaam kele. 2001 madhye tyanni yeditep vidyapithat sahyogi pradhyapak mhanoon pravesh ghetala, jithe tyanni banking aanee vima vibhag aanee aantarrashtriy vyapar aanee vyavasthapan vibhagache adhyakshapad bhushavale aanee yeditep vidyapithachya anuprayukt vishayanchya shaleche aanee paradeshi bhashanchya shaleche adhyakshapadahi bhushavale. turhan yanni aantarrashtriy vittiy bajarpetha aanee sanstha, vittiy sansthanmadhil dhoranatmak niyojan aanee vyavasthapan, banking siddhant aanee dhoran aanee istambul bilgi, marmara, istambul tikret aanee kadirsah vividh vidyapithanmadhye kendriya banq vyavasthapan yavar vyakhyane dilee aahet. 2004 paryant tyanni beckent vidyapithachya aarthik aanee prashasakeey vidnyan shakhet anshakalik karmchari mhanoonahi kaam kele. aarthik arthshastra aanee aarthik rajkaranavaril tyanchya prakashananvyatirikt, shree. turhan yanni banking, vitt aanee vitt tantradnyanavaril niyatkalikanmadhye sallagar, sampadak aanee mukhya sampadak mhanoonahi kaam kele. shree. turhan heey keel institutechya jaagtik aarthik parisanvadachya netrutva gut aanee vyavasay sallagar mandalache sadasya aahet aanee tyanni turkey arthvyavastha, aarthik arthvyavastha aanee arthvyavasthechya rajkaranavar aantarrashtriy niyatkalikanmadhye lekh prakashit kele aahet. rajkiy karkird. 2015 madhye turhan heey tayyip erdogan yanchya sattadhari eka pakshache khasdar jhaale. julai 2018 madhye tyanni heey padd sodale. teey navyane sthapan jhalelya bhavishyatil pakshachya sansthapakanpaiki eka hote. sandarbh. HTTP:// Ww.borsaistanbul.com/aine/corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/organization/board-auph-directors

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, Ph.dee. uni sann 2012 dekhi 2015 samma istanbul stock exchangeka adhyaksha rar siio thie rar sann 2015 dekhi 2018 samma shasak nyaya rar vikas partyka lagi turkey sansadka sadasya thie. uni gulena andolanko sadasya raheko arop lagaieko chha. jiwani. turhanko janma 1968 maa izmirma bhaeko thiyo. unle 1987 maa laisi day galatasarebata snatak gare rar bosaji vishwavidyalaya, arthik rar prashasanik vigyanko sankaya, wyawasthapan vibhagma bharna bhae. unle "sarvajanik ghatako samashti arthik parinam rar tarkiko banking kshetrama yasako prabhawa" bhanne thisiska sath marmara wishwawidyalayako banking rar bima sansthanbata master aff artsko degree prapta gare rar afno ph. dee. gare.dee. wittiya sankat rar wastawik kshetrama tiniharuko prabhawah tarkiko mamla" shirshakko thisisko sath bankingma degree.unle afno doctorate adhyayanko samayama marmara vishwavidyalayama stafko sadasyako rupma kaam gare. <unk> brahma emm. turhan, ph.dee., janawari 28,2014 maa antar vishwavidyalaya parishadwara "associate professor" upadhi pradan garieko thiyo. shaikshik karya. marmara vishwavidyalaya anusandhan koshdwara samarthit, turhanlai university aff jenebha institute europene (ieug) rar lofbaro university banking centrema amantrit garieko thiyo jahaan unle anusandhan feloko rupma kaam gare. uni sann 2001 maa yaditep vishwavidyalayama associate professorko rupma samel bhae, jahaan unle banking rar bima vibhag rar antarrashtriya wyapar rar wyawasthapan vibhagko adhyakshata gare, rar yaditep wishwawidyalayako schol aff applied disciplin rar schol aff videshi bhashaharuko adhyakshata pani gare. turhanle antarrashtriya wittiya bazar rar sangathanharu, wittiya sansthaharuma rannitik yojana rar wyawasthapan, banking siddhanta rar niti rar istanbul bilgi, marmara, istanbul tikret rar kadira lagayat vibhinna vishwavidyalayharuma kendriya bank wyawasthapanka barema wyakhyan dieka chhan. unle sann 2004 samma arthik rar prashasanik vigyanko beckent vishwavidyalaya sankayama karmachariharuko anshakalik sadasyako rupma pani kaam gare. wittiya arthashastra rar arthawyawastha rajnitima unka prakashanharuka atirikta, shree. turhanle banking, witta rar witta prawidhima patrikaharuma sallahakar, sampadak rar pradhan sampadakko rupma pani kaam gare. shree. turhan keel institute global economic symposiumko leaders group rar business edbhaijari boardka sadasya hun rar unle tarkiko arthawyawastha, wittiya arthawyawastha rar arthatantrako rajnitima antarrashtriya referee journalharuma lekhharu prakashit gareka chhan. rajnitik jiwan. turhan sann 2015 maa taiyap erdoganko shasak ek partyka lagi sansad sadasya bane. unle july 2018 maa yo pada chhode. uni nav sthapit bhawishyaka partyka sansthapakharu madhye ek thie. sandarbhaharu. HTTP:// Ww.borsistanbul.com/en/Corporate/bare-borsa-istanbul/sangathan/nirdeshakharuko board

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, ph.dii. shay 2012 ru 2015 parjyanta istanbul stock exchanger adhyakhya ebong ceo thile ebong 2015 ru 2018 parjyanta shasaka nyaaja ebong bikash dala paain turkey sansadara sadasya thile. shay gullen andolanara sadasya bolly abhijoga karajaichi. jeebani. turhan 1968 masihare ijamirare janmagrahana karithile. shay 1987 masihare laisi dii galatasareru snataka hassel karithile ebong bojisi biswabidyalaja, arthanaitika ebong prashasanika bigyana bibhagara parichalana bibhagare bhartti hoithile. shay marmara biswabidyalaja byankinga ebong beema pratisthanaru "sarbajaneena neanter bruhata arthanaitika parinam ebong turkey byankinga khetra upare ehara prabhaba" upare eka thesis sahita master off art degree hassel karithile ebong tankara ph.dii. arthika sankata ebong bastaba khetra upare semanankara prabhabah turkeera mamla" shirshaka eka thesis sahita byanking upare degree .shay taanka doctorate adhyajana samajare marmara biswabidyalajare karmachari sadasya bhabare karjya karithile. <unk> brahim emm. turhan, ph.dii.2014 masiha januari 28 tarikhare aantah biswabidyalaja parishad dwara tanku "associate professor" upadhi pradan karajaithila. academic karjya. marmara biswabidyalaja gabeshana panthi dwara samarthita, turhananku jenebha institute europe (ieug) biswabidyalaja ebong lafbaro biswabidyalaja byankinga sentaraku nimantran karajaithila jeunthare shay research fello bhabare karjya karithile. shay 2001 ray yeditep biswabidyalajare associate professor bhabare joga deithile, jeunthare shay byanking ebong beema bibhaga ebong antarjatija banijya ebong parichalana bibhagara adhyakhyata karithile, ebong yeditep biswabidyalajara prajogika bishai ebong bideshi bhasha bidyalajara adhyakhyata madhya karithile. turhan antarjatija arthika bajaara ebong sangathana, arthika anusthanare rananaitika yojana ebong parichalana, byankinga siddhanta ebong neeti ebong istanbul bilgi, marmara, ethanbull tikaret ebong kadira sameth bibhinna biswabidyalajare kendriah byanka parichalana upare baktabya deichhanti. shay 2004 masiha parjyanta beckent biswabidyalajara arthanaitika ebong prashasanika bigyana bibhagara karmachari bhabe madhya karjya karithile. arthika arthaneeti ebong arthaneeti rajneeti upare tankara prakashan byatita, mea. turhan byankinga, artha ebong artha prajukti upare samajika patrikare paramarshadata, sampadaka ebong mukhya sampadaka bhabare madhya karjya karithile. mea. turhan kill institute biswa arthanaitika symposiumer leader group ebong byabasai paramarshadata boarder sadasya ebong turkey arthaneeti, arthika arthaneeti ebong arthaneeti rajneeti upare antarjatija referied jarnalare nibandha prakash karichanti. rajanaitika kyariyara. turhan 2015 ray taip eradoganka shasaka eka partyre sansadara sadasya hoithile. shay july 2018 ray ehi padabee chadithile. shay naba pratisthita bhabisyata dalara pratisthatanka madhyaru jane thile . sandarbha. HTTP:// Ww.borcystanbull.com/en/Corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/organization/board-off-directors

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, Ph.dee. uh 2012 toon 2015 takk istanbul stock exchange dey chairman atey see. ee. ou. rahey atey 2015 toon 2018 takk governing justice aind development party laee turki sansad dey member rahey. jeevani. turhan daa janam 1968 witch ijmir witch hoiaa see. usne 1987 witch licey dee glatasare toon graduation keeti atey uss noon parbandhan vibhag dey aarthik atey parshaski vigiaan dey faculty, bogisi university witch dakhal karvaiaa giaa see. unhan neey "jantak ghaate dey viaapak aarthik natije atey turki dey banking khetar utte iss dey prabhav" vishe utte ikk thesis dey naal marmara university banking atey beema sanstha toon maastar aaf arts dee digri prapat keeti atey aapni ph. dee. keeti.dee. vitti sankat atey asal khetar utte unhan dey prabhauv turki daa mamla" sirlekh dey naal ikk thesis dey naal banking utte digri.aich. ee. neey aapni doctorate dee padahi dauran marmara university dey staff member vajon kamm keeta. <unk> brahim aimm. turhan, ph.dee.28 janwari, 2014 noon antar university consul duaara "associate professor" daa khitaab ditta giaa see. akadamik kamm. marmara university risarch fund duaara samarthit, turhan noon university aaf jeneva institute yoorap (aaee. ee. yuu. jee.) atey lofbro university banking center witch sadda ditta giaa see jitthe usne risarch failo vajon kamm keeta see. uh 2001 witch editape university witch associate professor vajon shamal hoye, jitthe unhan neey banking atey beema vibhag atey antarashtari vapaar atey parbandhan vibhag dee pardhangi keeti, atey edtap university dey uplied vishiaan dey school atey videshi bhashavan dey school dee vee pardhangi keeti. turhan neey antarashtari vitti bazaran atey sangathanan, vitti sansthavan witch rannitak yojnabandi atey parbandhan, banking thioori atey neeti atey kendri baink parbandhan baare vakkh-vakkh universityan witch bhashan ditte jinhan witch <unk>stanbul bilgi, marmara, sastanambul tikret atey kadir shamal hunn. unhan neey 2004 takk beckent university faculty aaf iknamik aind administrative sciences dey staff dey paart-time member vajon vee kamm keeta. vitti arth shastar atey arthvivastha dee rajneeti baare aapne parkashanan toon ilava, shriman turhan neey banking, vitt atey vitt technology baare rasaliaan dey naal salahkar, sampadak atey mukkh sampadak vajon vee kamm keeta. sriman jee. turhan keel institute dey leader group atey busions advisory board dey member hunn atey turki dee arthvivastha, vitti arthvivastha atey arthvivastha dee rajneeti baare antarashtari referried rasaliaan witch lekh prakashit keete hunn. rajneetak carrier. turhan 2015 witch taeep erdogan dee governing akk party laee sansad member baney. unhan neey julai 2018 witch ih ahuda chhadd ditta. uh naveen sathapat bhavikh dee party dey sansthapkan vicchon ikk sunn. havale. HTTP:// Ww.borcystanbul.com/en/Corporate/baare-borsa-istanbul/sangathan/board-aaf-directors

<unk> braahmim turahaan <unk> braahima turahaan, pee. ech.dee. 2012 taha 2015 paryantam istanbul stack-ekschenj ityasya adhyakshah, mukhyakaryakarta cha aasit, 2015 taha 2018 paryantam shaasak-nyaya-vikasa-dalasya turkish-samsadasya sadasyah cha aasit. saha gullen-aandolanasy sadasyah iti aaropah asti. jeevanacharitram. turhaan 1968 tame varshe izmeer-nagare ajayata. saha 1987 tame varshe laisee dey galatasare-nagare snaatakapadaveem praptavan, tathaa cha boaazeesee-vishvavidyaalaye, aarthik-prashaasanik-vijnaana-vibhaagasya, vyavasthaapan-vibhaagasya, pravesham praptavan. saha mermer-vishvavidyaalayaat byaanking-insurance-samsthaatah "saarwajanik-nyunatayaha sthool-aarthik-parinaamaani, turkish-byaanking-kshetre tasya prabhaawaah" iti vishaye prabandhena snaatakottar-kalaa-upaadhim arjitavaan, tathaa cha pi. ech. dii. praptavan.dee. vitteey-sankatah tathaa vaastavikakshetre teshaam prabhaawah-turkey-prakaranam" iti shirshakena prabandhena saha banking-vishaye degree.ech. ee. varyaha doctorate adhyayanakaale maramara-vishvavidyaalaye karmachaareeroopen karyam krutavaan. <unk> brahmam. turhaanah, pi. ech.dee.2014 janavaree 28 dinaanke antarawishwawidyaalay-parishadena "associate-professor" iti upaadhim dattavaan. shaikshanikakaryam. mermer-vishvavidyaalaya-anusandhaana-nidhyaa samarthitah turhaan-varyaha jenevaa-vishvavidyaalaya-samsthana-european (aii. ee. yoo. jee.)-vishvavidyaalayam, lauphabaro-vishvavidyaalaya-banking-kendram cha prati aamantritah, yatra saha shodha-saha-sadasyaroopen karyam krutavaan. saha 2001 tame varshe yeditep-vishvavidyaalaye sahaayakapradhyaapakatven pravishtah, yatra saha banking-insurance-vibhaagasya, antarashtriya-vyaapaar-vyavasthaapan-vibhaagasya cha adhyakshah aasit, tathaa cha yeditep-vishvavidyaalayasya anuprayukta-vishaya-vidyaalayasya, videsheey-bhashanam vidyaalayasya cha adhyakshah aasit. turhaan-varyaha antarashtriya-vitteey-vipanyaam, sanghatanam cha vishaye, vitteey-samsthaasu vyoohaatmak-yojanaa-vyavasthaapanam, banking-siddhantah neetih cha, tathaa isthanbul-bilgie, maramara, isthanbul-tikaret, kadeer ityaadishu vividheshu vishvavidyaalayeshu kendriya-byaank-vyavasthaapanam cha vishaye vyaakhyaaneshu abhineet. saha 2004 tamavarshaparyantam beckent-vishvavidyaalayasya aarthik-prashaasanik-vijnaana-vibhaagasya saha amshakaalika-karmachaari-sadasyaroopen api kaaryam akarot. vitteey-arthashaastrasya tathaa arthavyavasthaayaah raajaneetivishaye cha swasya prakashanani atirichya, shree. turhaan ityeshah banking, vittam, vitta-tantradnyaanavishaye niyatakalikanam saha paraamarshakaroopen, sampaadakaroopen, mukhyasampaadakatvena cha karyam krutavaan. shree. turhaan keel-institute-ityasya vaishvika-aarthik-symposium-ityasya netrusamoohasya, vyaapaar-paraamarsh-mandalasya cha sadasyah asti, turkish-arthavyavasthaayaah, vitteey-arthavyavasthaayaah, aarthik-raajaneeteh cha vishaye antarashtriya-parinirdishta-niyatakalikasu lekhaan prakashitavan asti. rajanaitikam vruttihi. turhaan 2015 tame varshe tayyip erdogan ityasya shaasak-e. key. pakshasya samsadasya sadasyah abhavat. saha 2018 julai-maase etat sthaanam parityaktavaan. saha nava-sthaapitasya bhavishya-pakshasya samsthaapakeshu anyatamah aasit. sandarbhah. HTTP:// Ww.borsistan-bull iti.com/en/Corporate/about-borsa-istanbul/organization/board-aaf-directors

<unk> prahim durhan <unk> prahim durhan, ph.dii. 2012 muthal 2015 varai istanbul pankuch santhaiyin thalaivaraagavum thalaimai nirvaaga athikaariyaagavum irunthaar, 2015 muthal 2018 varai aalum neethi mattrum maempaattuk katchiyin turkiya naadaalumandra uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. avar kulen iyakkaththil uruppinaraaga irunththathaagak koorappadugiradhu. vaazhkkai varalaaru. durhan 1968 aam aandil ismir nagaril piranthaar. avar 1987 aam aandil laisi dii kaladasaraayil pattam pettraar, maelum bosasi palkalaikkazhagaththil, porulaathaara mattrum nirvaaga ariviyal peedaththil, nirvaagath thuraiyil anumathikkappattaar. marmara palkalaikkazhaga vangki mattrum kaapeettu niruvanaththil "podhup pattraakkuraiyin peru porulaathaara vilaivugal mattrum turkiya vangkith thuraiyil adhan vilaivugal" endra aaivarikkaiyudan muthukalaip pattam pettraar.dii. nidhi nerukkadigalum nijat thuraiyil avattrin vilaivugalum vaankozhi vazhakku" endra thalaippil oru aaivarikkaiyudan vangki kuriththa pattam.avar thanathu munaivar padippin poathu marmara palkalaikkazhagaththil paniyaalar uruppinaraaga paniyaattrinaar. <unk> prahim emm. durhan, pii. ech.dii.janavari 28,2014 andru palkalaikkazhagangkalukku idaiyilaana council avarukku "associate paeraasiriyar" endra pattatthai valangkiyathu. kalvip panii. marmara palkalaikkazhaga aaraaichi nidhiyin aatharavudan, durhan jeneeva palkalaikkazhagam institute iropian (aii. ii. yuu. jii) mattrum lofaro palkalaikkazhaga vangki maiyaththirku alaikkappattaar, angku avar aaraaichi saga uuzhiyaraaka paniyaattrinaar. 2001 aam aandil yedidaep palkalaikkazhagaththil inai paeraasiriyaraaga saerntha avar, angku vangki mattrum kaapeettuth thurai mattrum sarvadesa varththagam mattrum maelaanmaith thuraikku thalaimai thaangkinaar, maelum yedidaep palkalaikkazhagaththin payanpaattu pirivugal mattrum velinaattu mozhigalin pallikkum thalaimai thaangkinaar. durhan sarvadesa nidhich santhaigal mattrum amaippugal, nidhi niruvanangalil mooloabaaya thittamidal mattrum maelaanmai, vangkik koatpaadu mattrum kolgai mattrum matthiya vangki maelaanmai aagiyavai kuritthu stanbul bilki, marmara, stanbul degerrett mattrum kathir ullitta palvaeru palkalaikkazhagangkalil virivurai valangkiyullaar. 2004 varai begent palkalaikkazhagaththin porulaathaara mattrum nirvaaga ariviyal peedaththil pakuthi naera oozhiyaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. nidhi porulaathaaram mattrum porulaathaara arasiyal kuriththa avarathu veliyeedugalukku koodudhalaaga, thiru. durhan vangki, nidhi mattrum nidhi thozhilnutpangal kuriththa paththirigaigalil aaloasagar, aasiriyar mattrum thalaimai aasiriyaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. thiru. durhan keel institute ulagalaaviya porulaathaara simbosiyaththin thalaivarkal kuzhu mattrum vaniga aaloasanaik kuzhuvil uruppinaraaga ullaar, maelum turkiya porulaathaaram, nidhi porulaathaaram mattrum porulaathaara arasiyal kuritthu sarvadesa parinthuraikkappatta paththirigaigalil katturaigalai veliyittullaar. arasiyal vaazhkkai. durhan 2015 aam aandil thayip ertogan aalum akk katchiyin naadaalumandra uruppinaraaga aanaar. avar juulai 2018 ill inththa padhaviyai vittu vilaginaar. avar puthithaaga niruvapatta ethirkaala katchiyin niruvanarkalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. kurippugal. HTTP:// Ww.porchaistanpul.com/en/Corporet/pattri-borsa-istanbul/amaippu/iyakkunarkal kuzhu

<unk> brahim turhan <unk> brahim turhan, Ph.dii. 2012 nundi 2015 varaku istanbul stock exchange chairman mariyu sieogaa mariyu 2015 nundi 2018 varaku paalaka justice und development party kosam turkish paarlamentu sabhyudiga unnaaru. athanu gullen udyamamlo sabhyudiga aaropanalu edurkonnadu. jeevita charitra. turhan 1968loe ijmeerlo janminchaadu. athanu 1987loe lysie dii galatasaray nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu bogaji vishwavidyaalayam, aardhika mariyu paripalana saastraala adhyapakulu, nirvahana vibhaagamlo cheraadu. athanu marmara vishwavidyaalayam banking mariyu beema samstha nundi "praja lotu yokka sthuula aardhika parinaamaalu mariyu turkish banking rangampai daani prabhavalu" anae theesistho thana master off arts degreeni pondaadu, mariyu thana Ph.dii. aardhika sankshobhaalu mariyu vaastava rangampai vaati prabhavalu turkey kesu" anae sheershikato oka theesistho banking paie degree.hechee thana doctorate adhyayanala samayamlo marmara vishwavidhyaalayamlo sibbandigaa panicheesaaru. <unk> brahmim emm. turhan, Ph.dii.2014 janavari 28naa inter university council aayanaku "associate professor" anae birudunu pradaanam chesindi. vidyaaparamaina pani. marmara vishwavidyaalaya parisoedhana nidhi maddatutoe, turhannu geniva vishwavidyaalayam institute european (ieug) mariyu loufbero vishwavidyaalaya banking kendraaniki aahvaninchaaru, akkada athanu parisoedhanaa sabhyudiga panicheesaadu. 2001loe yeditape vishwavidhyaalayamlo associate professorga cheraaru, akkada banking mariyu beema vibhagam mariyu antarjaateeya vaanijyam mariyu nirvahana vibhaagaaniki adhyakshata vahinchaaru, alaage yeditape vishwavidhyaalayamloni anuvartita vibhagala paatasaala mariyu videshee bhashala paatasaalaku kooda adhyakshata vahinchaaru. turhan antarjaateeya aardhika marketlu mariyu samsthalu, aardhika samsthalalo vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika mariyu nirvahana, banking siddhaantam mariyu vidhanam mariyu istamble bilgi, marmara, stamble tikaret mariyu kadeer vanti vividha vishwavidyaalayaalalo central byaank management gurinchi upanyaasaalu icchaaru. athanu 2004 varaku economic und administrative sciences yokka bakent vishwavidyaalaya adhyaapakulatho paart time sabhyudiga kooda panicheesaadu. aardhika aardhikasaastram mariyu aardhika vyavastha rajakeeyaalapai thana prachuranalatho paatu, shree. turhan banking, finance mariyu finance technologylapy patrikallo consultant, editor mariyu editor-inn-cheefga kooda panicheesaaru. mister. turhan keel institute global economic symposium yokka leader group mariyu business advisory bordulo sabhyudu mariyu turkish aardhika vyavastha, aardhika aardhika vyavastha mariyu aardhika rajakeeyaalapai antarjaateeya referreed journalslo kathanaalanu prachurinchaaru. raajakeeya vrutti. turhan 2015loe tayyip erdogan paalaka party nundi paarlamentu sabhyudayyadu. athanu juulai 2018loe eee padavini vidichipettadu. kottagaa sthaapinchabadina bhavishyat party vyavasthaapakullo athanu okadu. suuchanalu. HTTP:// Ww.borsaistan bull.com/en/Corporet/ebout-borsa-istanbul/organization/board-off-directors

<unk> barham torhan <unk> barham torhaan pee aich.ddee. wah 2012 say 2015 takk istanbol stock exchange kay chairmeen aur see ayee awo aur 2015 say 2018 takk governing justice aind development paarti kay liye turk parliament kay rakan rahay. inn parr alzaam hay kahh wah golan tehreek kay rakan haine. sawanah umri. torhan 1968 mein azmeer mein paida hoay. inhon nay 1987 mein laaisi ddee gulatasaray say graduation kii aur bawazisi university faculty aaf aknamik aind administrative sciences mohkamah intezam mein daakhlah liyaa. inhon nay marmara university banking aind inshorans insity teut say "awami khasaray kay macrow aknamik nataij aur turk banking sector parr iss kay asraat" parr eek maqalay kay saath maaster aaf arts kii digri haasil kii aur apnee pee aich ddee kii digri haasil kii.ddee. maaliyaati behraan aur haqeeqi shobay parr inn kay asraat: tarki kaa muamilah" kay anwaan say eek maqalay kay saath banking parr digri.aich ayee nay apnee doctorate kii taleem kay doraan marmara university kay saath amley kay rakan kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. <unk> barham ayem. torhaan pee aich.ddee.yee kuu 28 januri 2014 kuu inter university konsal kii taraf say "aisosi aett professor" kaa khataab diyaa gayaa. taleemi kaam. marmara university recerch fund kii madad say torhan kuu university aaf geneva insity teut europen (aayee ayee yuu jee) aur lofbro university banking center mein madau kiyaa gayaa jehaan inhon nay recerch filo kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. inhon nay 2001 mein yediteep university mein aisosi aett professor kay toor parr shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jehaan inhon nay banking aur inshorans department aur international trade aind mangement department kii sadarat kii aur yediteep university kay school aaf applied displins aur school aaf faarin languages kii sadarat bhee kii. torhan nay beenn alaqwami maaliyaati mandiyon aur tanzimon maaliyaati idaaron mein strategic planing aur mangement banking theori aur palisi aur mukhtalif universityon mein markazi benak mangement bashmol aayeen bulgi marmara aayeen bull techret aur qaadir parr lecture diye haine. inhon nay 2004 takk backent university kii faculty aaf aknamik aind administrative sciences kay saath paart tyme mumber aaf staaf kay toor parr bhee kaam kiyaa. maaliyaati muashiyat aur maeshat kii seyasat parr apnee ashaaton kay alawah mister. torhan nay banking fanans aur fanans technologyz parr rasalon kay saath masheer editor aur editor inn cheef kay toor parr bhee kaam kiyaa. mister. torhan keell insity teut globel aknamik symposium kay leaders grop aur buznis advisory board kay rakan haine aur inhon nay turk maeshat maaliyaati maeshat aur maeshat kii seyasat parr beenn alaqwami referd jarayed mein mazamin shaye kiye haine. seyasi carrier. torhan 2015 mein tayeep airdogan kii governing akk paarti kay liye rakan parliament banay. inhon nay jolayi 2018 mein yaha ahdah chhod diyaa. wah nayee qayem kardah mustaqabil kii paarti kay baaniyon mein say eek thay. hawalah jaat. HTTP:// Ww.borseestan bull.kaam/aine/corporate/borsa-istanbol/tanzim/board aaf directors

00076e054e98fd0f4d7408915e7392e8a4fcbcd99ead7d72edb09b9fccb9e947

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68555955

Rasulpur, Rohaniya

Rasulpur, Rohaniya Rasulpur is a village in Rohaniya block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. One of the largest villages in the historical pargana of Salon, it is located 48 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 7,671 people, in 1,379 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities. The 1961 census recorded Rasulpur as comprising 18 hamlets, with a total population of 3,089 people (1,498 male and 1,591 female), in 724 households and 707 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 3,342 acres and it had electricity and a post office at that point. The 1981 census recorded Rasulpur (as "Rasoolpur") as having a population of 4,059 people, in 1,103 households, and having an area of 725.60 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

raxulpur, ruhania raxulpur hoise bharotor uttor prodexor rey bereli jilaar ruhania blokor ekhon gaau. chelunor oitihaxik porgonar ataitkoi dangor gaonxomuhor bhitorot ekhon, ee jilaa mukhyo karzaloy rebarelir poraa 48 kilometer durot owosthito. 2011 sonoloike, iyar jonoxongkhya 7,671 john, 1,379 taa poriyalot. iyat ekhon prathomik bidyaloy aase aaru kunu swasthyoxewar xubidha naai. 1961 sonor lukopiyolot raxulpurot 18taa bostixomuhore gothito, zo "too muth jonoxongkhya 3,089 john (1,498john purux aaru 1,591john mohila), 724taa poriyal aaru 707taa bhoutik ghor aase. gaukhonor elekatu 3,342 ekor hisape diya hoisil aaru xei xomoyot iyat bidyut aaru etaa dakghor aasil. 1981 sonor lukopiyolot raxulpuror ("raxulpur" hisape) jonoxongkhya 4,059 john, 1,103 taa poriyalot, aaru 725.60 hector eleka thoka buli lipibodho koraa hoisil. mukhyo khadyoxomuh ghehu aaru saul hisape talikabhukto koraa hoisil.

rasulpur, rohania rasulpur bharoter uttor pradesh rajyer reey berelli jelara rohania blocker ekti grama. oitihasik selun porgonar brihottomo gramgulir modhye ekti, etty zela sodor raebareli theke 48 kilometres doore abosthito. 2011 saaler hisabe, err jonosongkha 7,671 john, 1,379tii poribarer modhye. ekhane ekti prathomik vidyalaya royeche ebong konao swasthoseba subidha nei. 1961 saaler jonogonona anujayi, rasulpure moat jonosongkha 3,089 john (1,498 john purush oo 1,591 john mohila), 724tii poribar ebong 707tii baadi royeche. gramer elaka chhilo 3,342 ekor ebong sekhane bidyut oo ekti dakghar chhilo. 1981 saaler jonogonona onusare, rasulpur jonosongkha 4,059 john, 1,103tii poribarer modhye ebong err ayton 725.60 hector. prodhan prodhan khabarguli gomm ebong chaal hisabe talikabhukto koraa hoyechilo.

rasoolpur, rohnia rasulpur aee bhaaratnaa uttar pradeshnaa reey berali jeellana rohania blokmaa aavelu aek gaam chhe. saloonnaa aitihasik parganama sauthee motaa gaamomaanu aek, teey jilla mukhyaalay raaybareleethee 48 kimee door stheet chhe. 2011 sudhimaa, tenee vastee 7,671 lokonee chhe, jeey 1,379 gharomaa chhe. temaa aek praathmeek shaala chhe aneey koee aarogya suveedhao nathee. 1961nee vastee ganatarimaa rasulpurma 724 gharo aneey 707 bhauteek gharomaa coole 3,089 loko (1,498 purush aneey 1,591 maheela) nee vastee saathe 18 gaamadaono samaavesh thato hovaanu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. gaamno vistaar 3,342 aekar aapvama aavyo hato aneey teey samaye temaa vijadee aneey poosta offices hatee. 1981nee vastee ganatarimaa rasoolpur (rasoolpur tareeke) nee vastee 4,059 lokonee, 1,103 gharomaa aneey 725.60 hector vistaar dharaavati hovaanu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. mukhya khoraak ghaun aneey chokha tareeke soochibaddh hataa.

rasulpur, rohania rasulpur bhaarat key uttar pradesh raajya key ray bareli zile mein sthit ack gaanv haye. sailoon key aitihaasik pargana key sabse badey gaanvon mein seey ack, yeh jilaa mukhyalaya raebareli seey 48 kimmy door sthit haye. 2011 taka, isaki jansankhya 7,671 haye, joe 1,379 gharon mein haye. isamen ack praathamik vidyalaya haye aur koee swaasthya suvidha naheen haye. 1961 kii janganana mein rasulpur mein 724 gharon aur 707 bhautik gharon mein 3,089 logon (1,498 purush aur 1,591 mahila) kii kull aabaadi key saath 18 bastiyaan darj kii gaeen. gaanv kaa kshetrafal 3,342 ekad diyaa gayaa thaa aur usa samay bijli aur ack dakghar thaa. 1981 kii janganana mein rasulpur (rasulpur key roop mein) kii jansankhya 4,059 logon kii, 1,103 gharon mein, aur 725.60 hectare kaa kshetra honey key roop mein darj kii gaee. mukhya khaadya padarthon koo gehuun aur chawal key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.

rasulpur, rohania rasulpur bhaaratada uttara pradeshada ray bareli jilleya rohania blaaknalliruva ondu graamavaagide. aitihaasika saloonina paraganada atidodda gramagalalli ondaada idu jilla kendravaada raybareliyinda 48 kii. mea. dooradallide. 2011rahra velege, idu 1,379 kutumbagalalli 7,671 janasankhyeyannu hondide. illi ondu praathamika shaale ide mattu yaavude aarogya soulabhyagalilla. 1961rahra janaganatiyu rasulpuravannu 18 gramagalannu olagondiddu, ottu janasankhye 3,089 janaru (1,498 purusharu mattu 1,591 mahileyaru), 724 manegalu mattu 707 bhautika manegalannu olagondide endu daakhaliside. graamada pradeshavannu 3,342 ekare endu nidalaagittu mattu aaa samayadalli adhu vidyut mattu anche kacheriyannu hondittu. 1981rahra janaganatiyu rasulpuravannu (rasoolpur endu) 4,059 janasankhyeyannu hondiddu, 1,103 kutumbagalalli, mattu <aii. dii. 1> hectare pradeshavannu hondide endu daakhaliside. mukhya aahaaragalannu godhi mattu akki endu patti maadalaagide.

rasoolpur, rohania indiayile utharpradeshile raay bareli jillayile rohania blokkile oru graamamaan rasoolpur. jilla aasthaanamaaya raebareliyil ninnu 48 kilometer akaleyaan charitraparamaaya saloonile ettavum valia gramangalilonnaaya ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 2011leeii kanakkanusarichu 1,379 veedukalilaayi 7,671 peraanu ivideyullathu. oru primery schoolund, aarogya parirakshaa soukaryangalilla. 1961leeii sensus prakaram 724 veedukalilum 707 bhauthika veedukalilum 3,089 janasamkhyayulla (1,498 purushanmaarum 1,591 sthreekalum) 18 gramangal ulppedunnathaanu rasoolpur. graamatthinte vistheernnam 3,342 ekkaraayi nalkukayum akkaalat vaidyuthi, poost oafees ennivayundaavukayum cheythu. 1981leeii sensus prakaram rasoolpooril (rasoolpur) 4,059 janasamkhyayum 1,103 veedukalum hector visthruthiyumullathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. gothamb, arrie ennivayaanu pradhana bhakshanagal.

rasoolpur, rohania rasoolpur heey bharatachya uttar pradesh rajyatil reey bereli jilhyatil rohania gatatil eka gaav aahe. saloonchya aitihasik parganyatil sarvat mothya gavanpaiki eka asalele heey gaav raebareli yaa jilha mukhyalayapasun 48 qii. mea. varr aahe. 2011 paryant, tyachi loksankhya 7,671 aahe, jee 1,379 gharanmadhye aahe. yethe eka prathamik shaala aahe aanee aarogya suvidha naheet. 1961 chya jangananenusar rasoolpurmadhye 724 ghare aanee 707 bhautik gharanmadhye ekoon 3,089 lokanchi (1,498 purush aanee 1,591 mahila) loksankhya asalelya 18 vastincha samavesh aahe. gavache kshetrafal 3,342 ekar denyat aale hote aanee tyaveli tithe veej aanee tapal karyalay hote. 1981 chya jangananenusar rasoolpurchi loksankhya 4,059,1,103 gharanmadhye aanee kshetrafalachya 725.60 hector itaki aahe. gahoo aanee tandul heey mukhya khadyapadarth soochibaddha karnyat aale hote.

rasulpur, rohania rasulpur bharatko uttar pradeshko rey bareli jillako rohania blakako euta gaaun how. salunko aitihasik paraganako sabaibhanda thulo gaaunharu madhye ek, yo zilla mukhyalaya raibarelibata 48 kilometer tadha awasthit chha. sann 2011 samma, yasako janasankhya 7,671 janako chha, 1,379 gharapariwarma. yasama euta prathamik vidyalaya chha rar kunai swasthya sewa suwidha chhaina. sann 1961 ko janaganaanusar rasulpurma 724 gharpariwar rar 707 bhautik gharharuma 3,089 zana (1,498 purush rar 1,591 mahila) ko kull janasankhyaka sath 18 wata bastiharu chhan. gaaunko kshetrafal 3,342 ekad diieko thiyo rar tyas samayama yasama bijuli rar hulakghar thiyo. sann 1981 ko janaganaanusar rasulpur (rasulpur) ko janasankhya 4,059 raheko, 1,103 gharpariwar raheko rar kshetrafal 725.60 hector raheko ullekha chha. mukhya khadya padarthaharu gahun rar dhanka rupma suchibadha thie.

rasulpur, rohania rasulpur heuchhi bharatara uttara pradeshar ray bareli jillara rohania blocker eka gramm. aitihasika paraganara sarbabruhata gramagudika madhyaru gotie, selun, ehaa zillah mukhyalaja rajabareli thaaru 48 kilometer doorare abasthita. 2011 masiha suddha, ehara janasankhya 7,671,1,379tii paribara madhyare rahichhi. ethaare gotie prathamika bidyalaja rahichhi ebong kaunasi swasthyaseba subidha naahin. 1961 janganana anusare rasulpurare 18tii gramm rahichhi, jahara mote janasankhya 3,089 (1,498 purush ebong 1,591 mahila), 724tii ghara ebong 707tii ghara rahichhi. gaanra khetraphala 3,342 ekara thila ebong setebele ethire bijuli ebong eka dakghar thila. 1981 janganana anusare, rasulpur janasankhya 4,059,1,103tii paribara madhyare ebong khetraphala <aai. dii. 1> hector bolly lipibadha karajaichi. mukhya khadyagudika gaham ebong chaula bhabare talikabhukta hoithila .

rasulpur, rohnia rasulpur bharat dey uttar pradesh dey reey bareli zilhe dey rohania block daa ikk pind haii. sailoon dey itihasak pargana dey sabh toon vadde pindan vicchon ikk, ih zilha headquarter raebareli toon 48 kilometer door sathit haii. saal 2011 takk iss dee aabadi 7,671 haii, joe kii 1,379 gharan witch haii. iss witch ikk primary school haii atey koee sihat sahulatan naheen hunn. 1961 dee mardamshumari witch rasulpur witch 724 gharan atey 707 bhautik gharan witch 18 pindan noon shamal keeta giaa see, jiss dee kull aabadi 3,089 lokan (1,498 purash atey 1,591 aurtan) dee see. pind daa khetarfal 3,342 ekad ditta giaa see atey uss samein iss witch bijli atey ikk dakghar see. 1981 dee mardamshumari witch rasulpur (rasulpur vajon) dee aabadi 4,059 lokan dee, 1,103 gharan witch atey 725.60 hectare dey khetarfal dey roop witch daraj keeti gaee see. mukkh bhojan kanak atey chawal vajon suchibadh keete gaye sunn.

rasoolpur, rohania rasulpur-pradesha bharatasya uttar-pradesha-rajyasya rey-bareli-mandalasya rohania-khandasya ekaha graamah asti. aitihaasika-paraganaayaah bruhattama-graameshu anyatam, saloon-nagaram, raebareli-janapad-mukhyalayat 48 kii. mee. doore sthitam asti. 2011 tamavarshaparyantam asya janasankhyaa 7,671 asti, 1379 gruheshu. atra ekam praathamik-vidyaalayam vartate, swaasthya-suvidhaah naasti. 1961 tame varshe janagananayam rasulpur-nagare 18 gramani santi iti abhilekhitam, yatra kula-janasankhyaa 3,089 janaah (1,498 purushaah, 1,591 mahilaah), 724 gruheshu, 707 bhautika-gruheshu cha santi. gramasya kshetrafalam 3,342 ekar iti dattam aasit, tasmin samaye vidyut, tapaladhikarinaha cha aasan. 1981 tame varshe janagananayam rasulapurasy ("rasoolpur" iti namna) janasankhyaa 4,059,1,103 gruheshu, kshetrafalam cha hector-parimiteshu asti iti abhilikhitam. mukhyaani khaadyaani godhoomah tandulah cha iti suchyam dattaani aasan.

razulpur, rohania rasulpur enbathu inthiyaavin uththarappiradhaesaththin raey bearley maavattaththin rohania thoguthiyil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. varalaattru sirappumikka varavaerparaip poongaavin migapperiya kiraamangalil ontraana idhu mavattath thalaimaiyagamaana raberaly irunthu 48 kii. mee. tholaivil amainthullathu. 2011aam aandu nilavarappadi, idhan makkal thogai 7,671 aagum, idhu 1,379 kudumbangalil ullathu. ingku oru thodakkap palli ullathu, sugaathaara vasathigal illai. 1961 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, 724 kudumbangal mattrum 707 veedugalil moththam 3,089 makkal (1,498 aangal mattrum 1,591 penkal) konda 18 kiraamangalai ulladakkiya rasulpur pathivu seiyappattullathu. kiraamaththin parappalavu 3,342 aekkar aaga vazhangkappattathu, antha neraththil minsaaram mattrum tabal aluvalagam irunththathu. 1981 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, razulpur ("razulpur") 4,059 makkal thogaiyaik kondathaagavum, 1,103 veedugalil ullathaakavum, 725.60 hectare parappalavaik kondathaagavum pathivu seiyappattathu. mukiya unavugal koathumai mattrum arisi yena pattiyalidappattana.

rasulpur, rohania rasulpur bharatadesamloni uttara pradesh raashtramloni rae bereli jillaalooni rohania blacklo unna oka graamam. chaaritraka seloon paraganaalooni atipedda gramalalo okataina idhi jilla pradhana kaaryaalayamaina raebareli nundi 48 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. 2011 natiki, dheeni janabha 7,671 mandhi, 1,379 gruhaalalo undhi. ikkada oka praathamika paatasaala undhi mariyu aarogya samrakshana soukaryaalu laevu. 1961 janabha lekkala prakaram rasulpurlo mottam 3,089 mandhi janabha (1,498 mandhi purushulu mariyu 1,591 mandhi mahilalu), 724 gruhalu mariyu 707 bhouthika gruhalu unnaayi. graamam yokka visteernam 3,342 ekaraluga ivvabadindi mariyu aaa samayamlo dheeniki vidyut mariyu tapala karyalayam undedi. 1981 janabha lekkala prakaram rasulpur ("rasulpur" gaa) 4,059 mandhi janabha, 1,103 gruhalu, mariyu 725.60 hectorla vistiirnamloo undhi. pradhana aaharaalu godhumalu mariyu biyyam gaa jabita cheyabaddaayi.

rasal poor rohniya rasul poor bhaarat kay utar pardesh kay zalaa ray breeli kay rohniya block kaa eek gaaon hay. seelon kay tarikhi parganah kay sabb say baday dehaton mein say aike yaha zalaa sadr maqaam raaye breeli say 48 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa hay. 2011 takk iss kii aabadi 7,671 afraad parr mushtamil hay juu 1,379 gharaanon mein hay. iss mein eek primery school hay aur koyee sehat kii sahuliyaat nahein haine. 1961 kii mardam shumari mein rasul poor kuu 18 bastiyon parr mushtamil jiss kii kill aabadi 3,089 afraad (1,498 mard aur 1,591 khwatin)yee 724 gharoon aur 707 jasmani gharoon mein darj kiyaa gayaa. gaaon kaa raqbah 3,342 aikad diyaa gayaa thaa aur iss waqat iss mein bajli aur eek ddaak khaanah thaa. 1981 kii mardam shumari mein rasal poor (batoor "rasal poor") kuu 4,059 afraad kii aabadi 1,103 gharoon mein aur 725.60 hector kay raqbe kay saath darj kiyaa gayaa. aham khaaney kii ashyaa gandam aur chawal kay toor parr darj kii gayee thein.

000770df47f47609a0a34070d9fd28cb5792c0393a1b09de419f1450e6e0cb71

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32994238

Filip Knežević

Filip Knežević Serbian footballer Filip Knežević (; born 8 November 1991) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a winger for Novi Pazar. Club career. Borac Čačak. Before making his professional debut for Borac Čačak, Knežević was the top goalscorer of Borac's youth team. He made his debut for Borac Čačak at the age of 17 in the 2009–10 season, during which he scored one goal in 23 league appearances. In the following seasons he would become Borac's most prolific attacking player in terms of appearances. By the time he left Borac, he was regarded as one of the brightest football talents in Serbia, with the Serbian press even comparing him to Cristiano Ronaldo due to his signature dribbling and speed. Partizan. On 16 June 2012, Knežević signed a four-year contract with Partizan, and was assigned the number 77 on his jersey. By December 2012, he featured for Partizan in just one league match, with coach Vladimir Vermezović giving him only 50 minutes of playing time over his first four months at the club. Loan to Radnički 1923. He then spent the 2013–14 season on loan with Radnički 1923. On October 19, 2013, Knežević scored a brace in Radnički's 3-2 win against OFK Beograd. On May 3, 2014, Knežević scored in Radnički's 1-0 win against Čukarički, in a match that determined whether or not Radnički would remain in the SuperLiga or get demoted to the Serbian second tier. Loan to Vitória de Guimarães. On 4 July 2014, Knežević signed a loan deal with Primeira Liga side Vitória Guimarães. However, he spent most of his time at the B team, playing in Segunda Liga. Loan to Borac Čačak. In July 2015, Knežević returned to FK Borac Čačak. Čukarički. Finally, after three-and-a-half years at Partizan, where he played only a handful of games, spending most of his time on loans, on 10 February 2016, Knežević signed for another Belgrade-based club Čukarički. Vojvodina. On 16 August 2016, Knežević signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Vojvodina. Return to Borac Čačak. In summer 2017, Knežević returned to Borac Čačak as a single player, taking number 1 jersey. International career. Knežević played three matches for the Serbian national under-21 team, making his debut in a friendly against Ukraine U21 on 29 March 2011. He recorded two more appearances that year. "As of 5 May 2018" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

phillip nejebhis phillip nejebhis (; jonmo 8 novembor 1991) ejon charbian football kheluwoi ji montenegro 'rur buduknusto podgorikar hoi winger hisape khele. clubber keriyar. borak sasak. borak sasakor hoi pesadari aatmoprokax korar aagote, nejebhis borakor juwo dolor xirxo go "lo scorer aasil. teu 17 bosor boyoxot 2009-10 sijonot borak sasakor hoi aatmoprokax korisil, jaar xomoisuwat teu 23 khon leegot ongxogrohon kori etaa go 'lo korisil. poroborti sijonburot teu uposthitir khetrot borakor ataitkoi proxidho aakromonkari kheluwoi hoi poribo. borak eraar xomoyot teuk charbiyar onyotomo ujjwol football protibha hisape gonyo koraa hoisil, aanoki charbian xongbad madhyome teuk teur swakhyorito dribbling aaru gotir baabe christianu runaldur xoite tulona korisil. partijan. 2012 sonor 16 junot, nejebhise partijanor xoite chaari bosoriya sukti swakhyor kore, aaru teuk teur jarsit 77 nombortu diya hoisil. 2012 sonor disembor maholoike teu maatro etaa leeg khelot partijanor hoi ongxogrohon korisil, proxikhyok vladimir vermejuvise teuk klabot teur prothom chaari maahot maatro 50 minutor khelor xomoy disil. 1923 sonot radinisik rino diya hoisil. taar pisot teu 1923 sonor radinissir xoite rinot 2013-14 sijontu kotaisil. 2013 sonor 19 octoborot, oh 'koo bey' grador biruddhe radinissir 3-3ror joyot neejebhise etaa borgo korisil. 2014 sonor 3 mey "too, radinischi superligat thakibo ney charbian dwitiyo storoloi owonomito hoh" bob ney nohoy xeitu nirdharon koraa ekhon khelot, radinissir 1-0ror joyot, nejebhise sko "ror korisil. vitoria di guimaresoloi rino. 2014 sonor 4 julyte, neejebhise primyra liga side bhit 'riya guimaresor xoite ek rino sukti swakhyor kore. obosye, teu teur besibhag xomoy bi dolot kotaisil, segunda ligat khelisil. borak sasakoloi rino. 2015 sonor julyte, neejebhise ef. key. borak sasakoloi ubhoti aahisil. kukurari. owoxexot partijanot tini-der bosor thokar pisot, zo 'too teu maatro keitaman khelhe khelisil, besibhag xomoy rinot kott disil, 10 february 2016-too, neejebhise aan etaa belgrade-aadharito club sukarisir baabe swakhyor korisil. bhujbhudina. 2016 sonor 16 aagostot, nejebhise bhujbhudinar xoite aarhoi bosoror sukti swakhyor kore. borak sasakoloi ghuri jauk. 2017 sonor grishmokalot, neejebhise ekok kheluwoi hisape 1 nombor jarchi loi borak sasakoloi ubhoti aahisil. antohrastriyo keriyar. nejebhise charbian rastriyo 21 bosor boyoxor tolor dolor hoi tinita mess khelisil, 2011 sonor 29 marchot ukrain eu21ror biruddhe ek bondhutwopurno khelot aatmoprokax korisil. teu xei bosor aaru dukhon uposthiti record korisil.

phillip nezevic phillip nezevic (; jonmo 8 navembar 1991) ekjon sarbian football kheload jini montenegro budunost podgorikar hoye winger hisabe khelen. club carrier. borh borh kotha. borak shyakaker hoye peshadar atmoprokasher agey, nezevic boraker jubo doler sheersho goldata chhilen. tini 17 bochor boyse aaee. dii. 1 morshume borak shyakaker hoye atmoprokash corren, jey somoye tini 23tii lige ekti goal corren. poroborti morshume tini uposthitir dick theke boraker sabcheye sofol akromonattok kheload hoye uthben. borak chhede yawar somoy, tini serbier onnotomo ujjal football protibha hisabe bibechito hoyechilen, emonki sarbian presha emonki taar swakkhar dribbling ebong gotir karone christiano ronaldor saathe tulna korechilo. partizan. 2012 saaler 16ee june, nezevic partizaner saathe chaar bochorer chukti swakkhar corren ebong taanr jarsite 77 nomborti baradda koraa hoy. 2012 saaler december modhye, tini matro ekti ligg matche partizaner hoye ongsho nene, coach vladmir vermezovic taake clubey taar prothom chaar maase matro 50 minit khelar somoy deena. 1923 saale radnisky rino deoa hoy. erpor tini 1923 saaler 19shhey octobor radniskyr saathe riner jonno 2013-14 morshumti katiechilen. 2013 saaler 19shhey octobor, kandhe hantu gede bosey thaka beograder biruddhe radiniskir 3-3-err joye ekti brace score corren. 2014 saaler 3 meey, ekti matche, jaa nirdharan korey jey radnisky superliga thakbe naaki sarbian dwitiya store abonomito hobey, nazevich rodniskyr biruddhe 1-0 gole joylav corren. vittoria dii guimeriseke rino. 2014 saaler 4thhaa julai, nezevic primira liga side vittoria guimeriser saathe ekti rino chukti swakkhar corren. tobey, tini taar beshirbhag somoy bii doley katiechilen, segunda liga khelten. borak shyakake rino. julai 2015 saale, nezevic efke borak chakak-ayee firey asen. skhukarichi. abosheshe, partizane saade tinn bochor khelar porr, jekhane tini matro koyekti match khelechilen, riner jonno beshirbhag somoy byoy korechilen, 10 february 2016-ayee, nezevic arekti belgrade-vittik club sikarichki-rawr jonno swakkhar corren. bhojbhodina. 16ee august 2016-ayee, nezevic bhojbhodinar saathe adai bochorer ekti chukti swakkhar corren. borak shackack-ayee ferat zaan. 2017 saaler grisse, nezevic ekok kheload hisabe 1 nambar jersey niye borak shackack-ayee firey asen. antorjatik karmajiban. 29shhey march 2011 saale ukrainer eu-21-err bipokkhe ekti bondhuttopurno matche atmoprokash korey, konejevic sarbian jatiya anurdho-21 doler hoye tinti match khelechilen. seii bochor tini arow duti uposthiti record korechilen.

phillip neasewich phillip neezevik (; janm 8 november 1991) aek serbian footballer chhe jeey montenegromaa buduchnost podgorika maate winger tareeke ramey chhe. club karkirdi. borac seyk. borek Çačak maate vyaavsaayik padaarpan kartaa pahelaa, neezevik boreknee yuvaa teamnaa tochnaa goal karnaar hataa. tene 17 varshnee ummare 2009-10 seasonma borek Çacac maate tenee sharuaat curry hatee, jeey darmiyan tene 23 leag dekhavma aek goal karyo hato. pachhini seasonma teey dekhaavni drashtiae borekno sauthee falprad aakramak khelaadi banashe. jyaare temane borac chhodyu tyaan sudhimaa, temne serbiana sauthee tejasvi football pratibhaomana aek tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa, serbian presa dwara temnee signature dribbling aneey gateene kaarane temnee sarkhaamani christiano ronaldo saathe pann karvaamaa aavee hatee. pakshkaar. 16 juuna juuna roj, neezeviche partizen saathe chaar varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa, aneey tene tenee jersey parr 77 number sonpavama aavyo. december 2012 sudhimaa, tene maatra aek leag mechamaa partizen maate bhaag leedho hato, jemaa coach vladimir vermezoviche tene klabmaa tenaa pratham chaar maheenama maatra 50 minut ramvaano samay aapyo hato. hato raadnikeene loona. tyarbad tene redniki 1923 saathe loona parr 2013-14 season vitaavi. 19 october, october roj, nezeviche rednikini rednikini jeetma onk beograd saame aek brace banaavyo. 3 meey, 2014 naa roj, knezevivi aee čukarički saame radniskini 1-0 jeetma goal karyo, aek mechamaa jeey nakki karey chhe keey radnisky superleagama raheshe keey nahee athavaa serbian beeja starmaa padbhrasht thashe. vitoriya dha gimarezne loona. 4 julai julai roj, neezeviche primira liga side vitoriya gimeres saathe loona karaar parr hastakshar karyaa. jooe keey, temane temno motaabhaagno samay bii team vitaavyo, segunda ligaamaa ramyaa. borek sekakne loona. julai 2015 maan, neezevik aefake borek chaakak parat faryaa. sukaaree. chhevate, partisionma saadaa trana varsh pachhi, jyaan tene maatra muththibhar ramato ramee hatee, teno motaabhaagno samay loona parr pasaar karyo hato, 10 februari 2016 naa roj, neezeviche anya belgrade-aadharit club Çukarički maate hastakshar karyaa. vojvodina. 16 august august roj, neezeviche vojvodina saathe dodhh varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa. borek sekaak parr paachha jaao. 2017 naa unalama, neasewich number 1 jersey laeene aek khelaadi tareeke borek chakakma parat faryaa. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. nezeviche serbian raashtriy under-21 team maate trana match ramee hatee, 29 march march roj ukrain yuu 21 saameni maitripurn mechamaa tenee sharuaat curry hatee. tene teey varshe vadhu beey dekhaav nondhaavya hataa.

phillip neezevik phillip neezevik (; janm 8 navambar 1991) ack serbian footballer haye joe montenegro mein budunost podgorica key liye ack winger key roop mein khelata haye. club carrier. borac kaa. borek čačak key liye apani peshevar shuruat karane seey pahale, neejevik borek kii yuva team key sheersh goal karane vaale they. unhone 17 saal kii umr mein aaee. dee. 1. satra mein borek čačak key liye apani shuruat kii, jisake dauran unhone 23 leag pradarshanon mein ack goal kiya. agale satron mein vaha pradarshan key mamle mein borek key sabse safal aakramak khilaadi bunn jaayenge. jaba taka unhone borac chhoda, taba taka unhein serbia mein sabse pratibhashali football pratibhaon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa, serbian press ney unaki tulanaa christiano ronaldo seey bhee kii kyonki unaki hastaaksharit dribbling aur gati thee. partigen. 16 juuna 2012 koo, neezevik ney partizen key saath chaar saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye, aur unhein unaki jersey parr 77 number diyaa gayaa. disambar 2012 taka, unhone kewal ack leag match mein partizen key liye pradarshan kiya, jisamen coach vladmir vermezovic ney unhein club mein apane pahale chaar maheenon mein kewal 50 minut khelane kaa samay diyaa. 1923 mein radniki koo rinn. isake baad unhone redniki 1923 key saath rinn parr 2013-14 season bitaaya. 19 octuber, 2013 koo, neezevik ney aufk bigrad key khilaf redniki kii 3-2 kii jeet mein ack brace banaaya. 3 maee, 2014 koo, ack match mein joe nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii kyaa radnisky superleaga mein rahega yaa serbian dusare star parr padchyut hoga, mein knezeviq ney čukarički key khilaf radnichi kii 1-0 kii jeet mein score kiya. gwimarais key liye rinn. 4 julaai 2014 koo, neezevik ney primira leega side vittoria guimarus key saath ack rinn samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. haalaanki, unhone apana adhikansh samay bee team mein bitaaya, segunda leega mein khelate hue. borac koo rinn. julaai 2015 mein, neezevik efke borek čačak mein laut aae. sukri. anta mein, partizen mein saadhe teen saal key baad, jahan unhone kewal mutthi bhar khel khele, apana adhikansh samay rinn parr bitaaya, 10 farwari 2016 koo, neezevik ney ack aur belgrade-adharit club čukarički key liye hastakshar kiye. vozvodina. 16 agast 2016 koo, neezevik ney vozvodina key saath dhaaee saal key saude parr hastakshar kiye. borek kaak koo lautein. 2017 kii garmiyon mein, neezevik number 1 jersey lete hue ack khilaadi key roop mein borek čačak mein laut aae. antarrashtriya currier. neezevik ney serbian rashtriya under-21 team key liye teen match khele, 29 march 2011 koo ukraine yuu21 key khilaf ack dostana match mein apani shuruat kii. unhone usa varsh dou aur pradarshan darj kiye.

phillip neejevik phillip neejevik (janana 8 november 1991) obba serbian football aatagararagiddu, avaru mantenegrodalli buduchnost padgorikada winger aagi aduttare. club vrattijeevana. borac sackuck. borac Çačak para tamma vruttipara chocchala praveshavannu maaduva modalu, borachna yuva tandada agra goal scorer aagiddaru. avaru tamma 17neey vayassinalli aidi1 rtuvinalli borac sacock para paadaarpane maadidaru, ee samayadalli avaru 23 leigh pandyagalalli ondu golannu galisidaru. mundina rtugalalli avaru kanisikondare borachna atyanta samruddha akramanakari aatagaararaadaru. aata borakninda horaduva hottige, aata serbiyaada atyanta pratibhaavanta football pratibhegalalli obbarendu pariganisalpattaru, cerbian patrikegalu aatana signature dribbling mattu vegada kaaranadindaagi aatanannu christiano ronaldoge holisidavu. paksha. 2012rahra zoon 16randu, monnezwick paartijaannondige naalku varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru mattu avara jarsiyalli 77neey sankhyeyannu avarige nidalaayitu. 2012rahra december velege, avaru kevala ondu leigh pandyadalli partigen para aadidaru, tarabetudaara vladymyr vermezovic avaru klabnalli tamma modala naalku tingalalli kevala 50 nimishagala aatada samayavannu niididaru. 1923ralli radnikkige saala. nantara avaru 1923rahra october 19randu raadnikkiyondige saalada mele aidi1 rtuvannu kaledaru. 2013rahra october 19randu, monakalu hididiruva monakaalina atagara, radnikkiya 3-3 antarada geluvinalli, phoke biograd viruddha ondu bresannu galisidaru. mayee 3,2014 randu, radnisky suuper ligaadalli uliyuttadeye athawa cerbian eradane hantakke kelagiliyuttadeye endu nirdharisuva pandyadalli, sukarikki viruddha radnisky 1-0 geluvinondige monakaalugala gumpina atagara monnezovic score maadidaru. vimaadaayigalige saala. 4 julai 2014 randu, monnezevic primira liga side vitria gimerase avarondige saalada oppandakke sahi haakidaru. aadaagyoo, avaru tamma hecchina samayavannu bii tandadalli kaledaru, segunda ligaadalli aaduttiddaru. borac saakaakge saala. julai 2015 ralli, monakaalina bennuhuri eff. keey. borac saakaakge maralitu. kooki. antimavagi, partizonnalli mooroovare varshagala nantara, allie avaru kevala beralenikeyashtu aatagalannu aadidaru, tamma hecchina samayavannu saalada mele kaledaru, 10 phebravari 2016 randu, monakalu belgrade aadhaarita club Çukarički ge sahi haakidaru. vojvodina. 2016rahra august 16randu, nejevik vojvodina jote eradoovare varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru. borac sacock ge hintirugi. 2017rahra besigeyalli, monakaalina atagara monakaalina atagaranagi borac saakaakge maralidanu, number 1 jersiyannu tegedukondanu. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. 29 march 2011 randu ukrain yuu 21 viruddhada snehapara pandyadalli paadaarpane maadida knejevik, serbian rashtriya under-21 tandakkagi mooru pandyagalannu aadidaru. aaa varsha avaru innoo eradu pandyagalalli kanisikondaru.

philipp neesevik philipp neesevik (jananam november 8,1991) montenegroile buduknost podgorikkaykk vendi oru vingaraayi kalikkunna oru serbian football kalikkaranaanu. club currier. borac karak. borac Çačak-naayi professional arangettam kurikkunnathinu munbu, boraakkinte yoothu teaminte topp goal skoraraayirunnu neesevik. 17-aamm vayassil borac Çačak-naayi arangettam kuricha addeham, 23 leag malsarangalil oru goal nedi. thudarnnulla seasonukalil addeham prathyakshappedunnathinte kaaryatthil boraakkinte ettavum mikacha aakramanakaariyaayi maarum. borac vittappozhekkum, serbiayile ettavum thilakkamulla football prathibhakalil oralaayi addeham kanakkakkappettu, serbian maadyamangal addehathe christiyaano ronaldoyumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu, kaaranam addehathinte signature dribbling vegathayum kaaranam. partison. 2012 juun 16 nuu, partisaanumaayi naalu varshathe karaaril oppuvacha konsevichinu addehathinte jezhsiyil 77-aamm nambar nalki. 2012 disambarode, oru leag malsarathil maathramaan addeham partisoninaayi kalichathu, pariseelakan vladymyr vermesovich klabbile thante aadya naalu maasangalil 50 minitt maathrame addehathinu kalichulloo. 1923ll radnikikk vaaypa nalki. thudarnnu addeham 1923 october 19 nuu radnikkiykkoppam vaaypaykkaayi aii. dii. 1 season chelavazhichu. 2013 october 19 nuu, radnikkiyude 3-3 vijayathil ookku biogradinethire kalmut score cheythu. 2014 meyy 3 nuu, radniki superligayil thudarumo illayo ennu nirnnayikkunna oru malsarathil Çukarički nethire radnikkiyude 1-0 vijayathil kalmut score cheythu allengil serbian randaam nirayilekku tharamthaazhthappettu. gwimezhs vidoriyaykku vaaypa. 2014 juulai 4 nuu, prameera liga side vittoriya gimaareysumaayi kansevik oru vaipa karar oppittu. ennirunnaalum, addeham thante bhooribhaagam samayavum bii teamilaanu chelavazhichathu, segunda ligayil kalikkunnu. borac kaakkaykk vaaypa. 2015 joolaiyil, nesevik eph. keey. borac saakaakkilekk madangi. karshakar. oduvil, partisaanil moonnara varshathinusesham, avide addeham kurachu geyimukal maathrame kalichittulloo, vaaypakalkkaayi kooduthal samayavum chelavazhichu, 2016 februvari 10 nuu, belgrade adisthaanamaakkiyulla mattoru klabbaya Çukarički-yumayi knezevichi oppuvachu. vojvodina. 2016 august 16nuu, vojvodinayumaayi randara varshathe karaaril nesevik oppuvachu. borac sacac enna thaalilekku madanguka. 2017 venalkkaalath, nesevik nambar 1 jezhsi eduthu orotta kalikkaranaayi borac saakaakkilekk madangi. anthaaraashtra currier. serbian deseeya under-21 teaminayi moonnu malsarangal kalicha kansevik 2011 march 29 nuu ukraine yuu 21 nethiraaya sauhruda malsarathil arangettam kurichu. aaa varsham rund malsarangal koodi addeham record cheythu.

phillip neezevich phillip neezevich (; janm 8 november 1991) haah eka serbian footballpatu aahe joou montenegromadhil budunost podgorikasathi winger mhanoon khelato. club karkird. borack kaay aahe. borack Çačak sathee vyavsayik padarpan karnyapurvi, neezevich haah borakchya yuva sanghacha sarvoch goal karnara kheladu hota. tyane vayachya 17 vya varshi 'id1' hangamat borack chakaksathi padarpan kele, jyaa darmyan tyane 23 leag samnyanmadhye eka goal keela. pudhil hangamat too borakcha sarvat prabhavi aakramak kheladu tharel. borack sodanyapurvi, serbian prasarmadhyamanni tyachi tulana christiano ronaldoshi kelee hotee, kaaran tyachya dribbling aanee vegamule too sarbiyatil sarvat hushar football pratibhanpaiki eka manla jaat hota. pakshakar. 16 juuna 2012 roji, nezevichne partizansobat chaar varshanchya kararavar swakshari kelee aanee tyala tyachya jarsivar 77 number denyat aala. december 2012 paryant, too keval eka leag samnyat partigensathi khelala, prashikshak vladimir vermezovicne tyala klabmadhil tyachya pahilya chaar mahinyant fakt 50 minite khelanyasathi vel deela. 1923 saalee radnikkila karj dile. tyanantar tyane radnisky 1923 sobat karjavar 2013-14 hangam vyateet keela. 19 aktoobar 2013 roji, nazevichne radniskichya 3-3 chya vijayat kontyachya begradviruddha eka brace midavala. 3 meey 2014 roji, radnisky superleegamadhye raheel qee nahee kinwa serbian dusya staravar padchyut hoil heey nirdharit karananya samnyat, nazevichne Çukarički viruddha radinikkichya 1-0 chya vijayat goal keela. vittoriya daad gimaresala karj. 4 julai 2014 roji, nezevichne primira liga side vittoriya guimarashi karj karar keela. tathapi, tyane tyacha bahutansh vel buub sanghat, segunda ligamadhye khelanyat ghalavala. borack shackackla karj. julai 2015 madhye, nezevich eff. keey. borek chakak yethe paratala. kaay kaay kaay. akheris, partizanmadhye sadeteen varshannantar, jithe too fakt mojkech samne khelala, tyacha bahutansh vel karjavar ghalavala, 10 februwari 2016 roji, nezevichne aanakhi eka belgrade-aadharit club Çukarički sathee swakshari kelee. vojavodina. 16 august 2016 roji, neezevichane vojavodinashi adich varshanchya kararavar swakshari kelee. borak shaka kadey parat jaa. 2017 chya unhalyat, nezevich number 1 jersey gheuun, eka kheladu mhanoon borack chakak yethe paratala. aantarrashtriy karkird. 29 march 2011 roji ukraine yuu-21 viruddhachya maitripurna samnyat padarpan karoon, nezevichne serbian rashtriy 21 varshankhalil sanghasathi teen samne khelale. tyaa varshi tyane aanakhi done samne khelale.

phillip nijebhich phillip nejebhich (; janma 8 november 1991) ek cerbian footballer hun jasle montenegroma buduknost podgorikaka lagi wingerko rupma khelchhan. club currier. borak sikak. borak Çačak kaa lagi afno wyawasayik debue garnu aghi, knezevich borakko yuwa toliko shirsha goal scorer thie. unle 2009-10 sijanma 17 warshako umerma borek Çacac kaa lagi afno debue gare, jasma unle 23 ligg upasthitima ek goal gare. tyasapachhika sijanharuma uni upasthitiharuko sandarbhama borakko sabaibhanda utkrishta akramankari kheladi bannechhan. jab unle borak chhode, unlai serbiako sabaibhanda ujjwal football pratibhaharu madhye ek manincha, cerbian presle unko hastakshar dribbling rar gati karan cristiano ronaldosanga tulana pani gareko thiyo. party. 16 june 2012 maa, nejebhichle partijansanga chaar warshako samjhautama hastakshar gare, rar unko georcyma 77 number tokieko thiyo. december 2012 samma, unle kewal euta ligg khelma partizanka lagi prastut gare, prashikshak bhladimir bharmejobhichle unlai clubma afno pahilo chaar mahinama kewal 50 minet khelne samaya die. sann 1923 maa radnikkilai rina. tyasapachhi unle radnikki 1923 sanga rinama 2013-14 sijan bitae. october 19,2013 maa, nejebhichle radinikkiko 3-3 ko jitma afk byograd viruddha ek brace score gare. mey 3,2014 maa, knezevichi ley čukarički viruddha radniskyko 1-0 ko jitma goal gare, ek khelma jasle radinisky superligama rahanechha wa cerbian dosro tahama tall jharnechha kii chhaina bhanera nirdharan garyo. guimaraka lagi rina. 4 july 2014 maa, nejebhichle primira liga side bhitoria guimaraisasanga rina samjhautama hastakshar gare. yadyapi, unle afno adhikansh samaya bee tolima bitae, segunda ligama khelthe. borak sikaklai rina. july 2015 maa, knezevich efke borek čačak farkie. sikari. antatah, partizanma sadhe tean warshapachhi, jahaan unle mutthibhar khelharu matra khele, afno adhikansh samaya rinama kharcha gare, 10 february 2016 maa, nejebhichle arko belgrade-adharit club sikarikika lagi hastakshar gare. bhojwodina. 16 august 2016 maa, nejebhichle bhojabhodinasanga adhai warshako samjhautama hastakshar gare. borek sikakma farkanuhos. garmi 2017 maa, knezevich number 1 georcy liera ekal kheladiko rupma borak čačak farkie. antarrashtriya currier. 29 march 2011 maa yukrena yu 21 wiruddhako maitripurna khelma debue gardai, nejebhichle cerbian rashtriya under-21 tolika lagi tean khel khele. unle tyas warsha thap dui upasthiti record gare.

phillip nijebhik phillip nejebhik (; janma 8 navember 1991) jane cerbian footballer jie montenegror buduchnost podgorika paain wingara bhabare khelanti . club kyariyara. bodak cock. borac Çačak paain bruttigata debyu kariba purbaru, nejebhik borac juba dalara shirsha goal scorer thile . shay 17 barsha bajasare 2009-10 sijanare borac Çačak paain debyu karithile, jeun samajare shay 23 tii ligg pradarshanare gotie goal score karithile. parabarti ruture shay pradarshan drustiru borac rahr sabutharu saphala aakramanakaree khelali hebe . borac chhadiba belaku, shay cerbiar anyatama ujjwala football pratibha bhabare bibechita hoithile, cerbian press epariki taanka swakhyara dribling ebong bega hetu cristiano ronaladonka saha tulana karithile . partizan. 16 june 2012 ray, knejebhik partijananka saha eka chaari barshar chuktinama swakhyara karithile, ebong taanka jarsire 77 nambara diajaithila . december 2012 suddha, shay kebala gotie ligg myachre partizan paain khelithile, prashikhyaka bhladimir bharmejovik tanku klabare tankara pratham chaari maasare maatra 50 minute khelibara samai deithile. 1923 ray radanikkinku runa. ehapare shay radnikki 1923 sahita runare 2013-14 rutu bitaithile. october 19,2013 ray, najebhik radinikkinka 3-3 bijajare offk beograd bipakhyare eka braces score karithile. meey 3,2014 ray, eka myachare, jaahaa radnisky superligare rahibe kii naahin kimba cerbian dwiteeja staraku abnamit hebe naahin taaha sthira karithila, Çukarički biruddhare radinikkinka 1-0 bijajare knijebhik goal karithile. bhitoria dii guimarise ku runa. 4 july 2014 ray, knejebhik primira liga parswa bhitoria guimaras sahita eka runa chukti swakhyara karithile. tebe shay tankara adhikansha samai bii dalare segunda ligaare khelithile. borac Çačak ku runa. july 2015 ray, kneejebhik aif. kee. borac Çačak ku pherithile. shkhukarichi. sheshare, partijanare saadhe tini barsha parey, jeunthare shay kebala alpa kichhi khela khelithile, runare tankara adhikansha samai bitaithile, 10 februari 2016 ray, knejebhik anya eka bail-grade-aadharita club Çukarički paain swakhyara karithile. bhojbhodina. 16 august 2016 ray, knejebhik bhojabhodinanka saha adhei barshar chukti swakhyara karithile. borac Çačak ku pherijantu. 2017 grishma ruture, knejebhik ekaka khelali bhabare borac Çačak ku pherithile, 1 nambara georcy neithile . antarjatija kyariyara. 29 march 2011 ray ukraine jayu-21 bipakhyare eka bandhutwapurna myachare debyu curry, knijabhik sarbia jatiah under-21 dala paain tinoti match khelithile. shay sehi barsha aau duiti pradarshan record karithile .

philip neezevik philip neezevik (janam 8 navambar 1991) ikk cerbian footballer haii joe montenegro witch budunost podgorica laee ikk winger vajon khedada haii. club carrier. borac daa kamm. borac Çačak laee aapni peshevar shuruat curran toon pahilan, neezevik borac dee yuva team daa choti daa goal curran vaala see. uss neey 17 saal dee umar witch borac Çacac laee aapni shuruat keeti see, jiss dauran uss neey 23 leeg witch ikk goal keeta see. agle seezanan witch uh pardarshan dey mamle witch borack daa sabh toon vadda hamlawar khidari bann javega. jadon takk uss neey borac chaddiaa, uss noon sarbia dee sabh toon chamakdar football pratibhavan vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda see, cerbian presses neey uss dee dastkhat vaali dribbling atey gatee dey caarn uss dee tulna cristiano ronaldo naal vee keeti see. party. 16 juun 2012 noon, neezevik neey partizen naal chaar saal dey ikrarname 'teey dastkhat keete, atey uss noon uss dee jarsi' teey 77 number ditta giaa. dasambar 2012 takk, uh siraf ikk leeg match witch partizen laee pradarshit hoiaa, coach valadimir vermezovic neey uss noon club witch aapne pahile chaar mahiniaan witch siraf 50 mint khedan daa samaan ditta. 1923 witch radniki noon karza. firr uss neey radniki 1923 naal loane 'teey 2013-14 season bitaiaa. 19 aktubar, 2013 noon, neezevik neey radniki dee 3-3 naal aafak beograd dey virudh jitt witch ikk brace banaiaa. 3 maee, 2014 noon, gode dey keey goal curran vaale neey ikk match witch čukarički dey virudh radnichi dee 1-0 dee jitt witch goal keeta, jiss witch ih nirdharat keeta giaa kii radniki superlega witch rahega jaan cerbian dooje paddhar witch digg javega. guimars dey vittoria noon karza. 4 julai 2014 noon, neezevik neey primira leega side vittoria guimars naal ikk loane saude 'teey dastkhat keete. halanki, usne aapna ziaadaatar samaan bee team witch bitaiaa, segunda leega witch khedada see. borac Çačak noon karza. julai 2015 witch, neezevik eff. keey. borek akauk waps aaa giaa. shukrane. ant witch, partizen witch saadhe tinn saal baad, jitthe usne siraf mutthi bharr khedan khediaan, aapna ziaadaatar samaan karziaan utte bitaiaa, 10 farvari 2016 noon, neezevik neey ikk horr belgrade adharat club čukarički laee dastkhat keete. vojvodina. 16 agast 2016 noon, neezevik neey vojvodina naal dhaai saal dey samjhaute 'teey dastkhat keete. borac Çačak 'teey waps jaao. garmiaan 2017 witch, neezevik ikk single khidari dey roop witch borac Çacacaq witch waps aaiaa, number 1 jarsi lae keey. antarashtari carrier. neezevik neey cerbian rashtari under-21 team laee tinn match khede, 29 march 2011 noon ukraine yuu 21 dey virudh ikk dostana match witch aapni shuruat keeti. uss saal usne doou horr pardarshan keete.

phillip neejevik phillip neejevik (; janma 8 november 1991) ekaha cerbian-football-kreedakah asti yah montenegro-nagarasya buduchnost podgorica-krute vingar-rupena kreeditavaan. club-vruttihi. borac-kakak iti. borac-sakak-krute vyaavasaayik-padaarpanam kartum praak, neejevik, borac-ityasya yuva-dalasya shirsha-goal-scorer aasit. saha 2009-10 kreedaarutuve 17 varsheeyasya borac-sakak krute padaarpanam krutavaan, yasmin saha 23 leag-pradarshaneshu ekam goal krutavaan. agrimeshu rutushu saha borac ityasya pradarshanasy drushtyaa atyantam phalapradah akramanatmakah kreedakah bhavishyati. yadaa saha borac-nagaram parityajyata, tadaa saha serbia-deshasya ujjwalatamah football-pratibhaasu anyatamah iti manyate sma, cerbian-patrikaah tasya signechar dribbling tathaa vegasya karanat christiano ronaldo ityanena saha api tulanam krutavantah. pakshatah. 2012 joon 16 dinaanke, neejevik ityeshah partizan ityanena saha chaturvarsheeya-anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan, tasya jersey ityatra 77 iti sankhyaa niyuktaa. 2012 december-maasaparyantam saha kevalam ekasmin leag-spardhayam partizan-pakshaya abhyanayt, prashikshakah vladimir vermezovic ityeshah club-madhye swasya prathamachaturmaaseshu kevalam 50 nimeshaan yaavat kreeditum samayam dattavaan. 1923 tame varshe raadnikki ityasmai runam. tatah saha radnikki 1923 ityanena saha rune 2013-14 rutuhu vyateetavaan. october 19,2013 dinaanke, nojevik radnikki ityasya 3-3 ityanena onk begrad viruddhe vijayasya brace ankitavaan. 2014 mey 3 dinaanke, radnisky ityasya 1-0 ityanena vijayam, kukaaricheeviruddham, nejevik ityanena praaptam, yasmin radnisky superliga-kridaayaam eva bhavishyati vaa naa vaa iti nirdhaaritam, athavaa cerbian-dwiteeyastare padachyutah bhavishyati vaa iti. vittasya krute runam. 4 julai 2014 dinaanke, neejevik ityeshah primira-ligaa-said-vittoria-gimares ityanena saha runa-karaaram krutavaan. parantu saha adhikaamsham samayam bee-dale, segundaa-ligaa-kridaayaam vyateetavaan. borac-kaak ityasmai runam. 2015 julai-maase, neejevik ityeshah ef. key. borac-kaak ityatra pratyagatavan. tu tu tu tu. ante, partizan-nagare, yatra saha kevalam mushtimeyaani kreedaani eva kreeditavaan, adhikaamsham samayam runaartham vyatitavaan, tatra ardhavarshaanantaram, 10 februvari 2016 dinaanke, neejevik ityeshah anyasya bell-grade-aadhaaritasy club-sakarikki-krute hastaaksharam krutavaan. vojavodinaa. 2016 august 16 dinaanke, neejevik ityeshah vojvodinaa ityanena saha ardhavaarshik-dvivaarshika-karaaram krutavaan. borac-kaak prati pratyaagamayatu. 2017 grishmakaale, neejevik ekaha eva kreedakah borac-sakak ityatra pratyagatavan, 1 nambar-jersey cha praptavan. antarashtriya-vruttihi. neejevik ityeshah cerbian-rashtriyasya 21 varshaanaam adhah-dalasya krute treeni spardhaah akreedat, 2011 maarch 29 dinaanke ukraine-deshasya yoo-21 viruddham maitreepoorn-kridaayaam padaarpanam krutavaan. tasmin varshe saha punah dwau pradarshanau abhilikhat.

pilip gnacevic pilip gnacevic (prappu navambar 8,1991) oru serbiya kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar montenegrovil ulla budunost poatkoarikkaavukkaaka vinkaraaga vilaiyaadugiraar. kilap vaazhkkai. poark kaak. borac saakkaakkirkaaga thanathu thozhilmurai arimugaththirku munbu, nesevik poraakkin ilaignar aniyin sirantha cole adiththa veeraraaga irunthaar. avar 17 vayathil poraak saakkaakkirkaaga arimugamaanaar, 2009-10 seasonil, idhan poathu avar 23 leak thoattrangalil oru cole adiththaar. aduthaduththa paruvangkalil avar thoattraththin adippadaiyil poraakkin migavum tiramaiyaana thaakkuthal veeraraaga maaruvaar. avar poaraakkai vittu veliyaerum neraththil, avar serbiyaavin pirakaasamaana kaalpandhu thiramaikalil oruvaraagak karudhappattaar, serbiya paththirigaigal avarai christiano ronaldovudan oppidugindrana, aenenil avarathu kaiyoppa tribbling mattrum vaegam kaaranamaaga. katchi. juun 16,2012 andru, gnacevic paartisanudan naanku aandu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar, maelum avarathu jersiyil 77 vadhu enn odhukkappattathu. disambar 2012kkul, avar oru leak poattiyil mattumae partison anikkaaga vilaiyaadinaar, payirchiyaalar vladymyr vermesovic kilappil thanathu muthal naanku maathangkalil 50 nimidangal mattumae vilaiyaadinaar. 1923 ill raadnikkikku cuddon. pinnar avar raadnikkiyudan 1923 aam aandu kadanil 2013-14 paruvatthai kaliththaar. october 19,2013 andru, radnikkiyin 3-3 vetrtriyil aafak piyoagraattukku ethiraaga mandai oottai oru praesai adiththaar. mae 3,2014 andru, radnisky superlicavil thodaruma allathu serbiya irandaavathu adukku nilaikku tharamirakkappaduvathaa enbathai theermaanikkum oru poattiyil, Çukarički kku ethiraaga radnichiyin 1-0 vetrtriyil knezevich cole adiththaar. kimmaras vidoariyaavukku cuddon. juulai 4,2014 andru, plymira liga side vidoria kimaras udan oru cuddon oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. iruppinum, avar thanathu perumpaalaana neraththai pii aniyil selavittaar, segunda likaavil vilaiyaadinaar. borac kaasakkirku cuddon. juulai 2015 ill, knezeviq fk borac чачач thirumbinaar. sagajamaaga. iruthiyaaka, paartisanil moontrarai aandugalukkup piragu, avar oru sila vilaiyaattukalai mattumae vilaiyaadinaar, thanathu perumpaalaana neraththai kadangalukkaaga selavittaar, pipravari 10,2016 andru, mandai oottai mattroru bell grade adippadaiyilaana kilap sugaarichikku kaiyeluththittaar. vojvodaina. august 16,2016 andru, nesevik vojvodinavudan irandarai aandu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. borac saakkak pakkatthukkuth thirumbu. 2017 koadaiyil, nesevik oru veeraraaga borac saakkakkirkuth thirumbinaar, nambar 1 jersie eduththaar. sarvadesa thozhil. 29 maarch 2011 andru ukrain U21 kku ethiraana natpu poattiyil arimugamaana keynesevic, serbiya thaesiya 21 vayathukkutpatta anikkaaga moontru poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. antha aandu maelum irandu thoattrangalai pathivu seithaar.

phillip neejevik phillip neejevik (jananam 8 november 1991) montenegroloni buduchnost podgorika kosam vingarga aadee cerbian football kreedaakaarudu. club kereer. borac cask. borac sacock kosam thana vruttiparamaina arangetram cheyadaaniki mundu, borac yokka yuva jattulo atyadhika goals chesina aatagadu neejevik. athanu 17 samvatsaraala vayassulo 2009-10 seasonlo borac sacock kosam arangetram chesaadu, eee samayamlo athanu 23 leag pradarsanalalo oka goal saadhinchaadu. taruvaati seasonlalo athanu pradarsanala paramgaa borac yokka atyanta phalavantamaina attacking aatagadu avtadu. athanu boraknu vidichipettina samayaniki, athanu cerbialo atyanta prakaasavantamaina football pratibhaavantulalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, cerbian patrikalu athani santakam dribbling mariyu vegam kaaranamgaa christiano ronaldoku kooda polchayi. party. 16 juun 2012naa, neejevik paartijaanto naalugu samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesaadu, mariyu athani gercypy 77va sankhyanu ketaayinchaaru. december 2012 natiki, athanu kevalam oka leag matchlo partizon kosam aadadu, coach vladimir vermezovic clublo thana modati naalugu nelallo 50 nimishala aata samayanni matrame icchaadu. icchaadu radnikki kii runam. aaa tarvaata athanu 1923 aktobaru 19naa radnikki thoo kalisi runampai 2013-14 seejannu gadipadu. 2013 aktobaru 19naa, radnikki yokka yokka phoke biogradpy vijayam saadhinchadamlo mokalivadu oka banthi score chesaadu. mae 3,2014naa, radnisky sooparlaagaalo untundaa ledhaa cerbian rendava shreniki digajaarutundaa anie nirnayinche matchlo, sukariskipai radnisky yokka 1-0 vijayamlo mokalivadu goal chesaadu. vimarsakulaku runam. 4 juulai 2014naa, neejevik primira liga side vittoria gimaras thoo runa oppandampai santakam chesaaru. ayithe, athanu thana ekkuva samayanni bii jattulo segunda ligaalo aadadu. borac sakakku runam. juulai juulai, neejevik tirigi eff. keey. borac cock kuu vacchaadu. kukkari. chivaraku, partizon loe moodunnara samvatsaraala taruvaata, akkada athanu konni atalu matrame aadadu, thana samayanni ekkuva bhaagam runaalapai gadipadu, 10 fibravari 2016naa, mokali belgrade aadhaarita club Çukarički kosam santakam chesaadu. vojvodina. 16 augustu 2016naa, neejevik vojvodinato rendunnara samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesaadu. borac cock kuu tirigi vellu. 2017 vesavilo, nejevik number 1 jerseeni teesukoni oke aatagadiga borac sakakku tirigi vacchaadu. antarjaateeya vrutti. 29 marchi 2011naa ukrain ukrain jarigina snehapoorvaka matchlo arangetram chesina neejevik cerbian jaateeya under-21 jattu kosam moodu matchlu aadadu. aaa samvatsaram athanu maroe rendu matchlu aadadu.

flip nezovek flip nezovech (paidaish 8 nomber 1991) eek sarbiyayi fitt baalar hay juu monti neegro mein bodocost podgoreka kay liye wangar kay toor parr kheelta hay. kalb carrier. boraak kaak. boraak kakak kay liye apnaa paishah waranah aaghaz karnay say pehley nezovek boraak kii youth team kay topp goal scorer thay. inhon nay 17 saal kii amar mein 2009-10 seezan mein boraak kakak kay liye apnaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss kay doraan inhon nay 23 leeg mein sharkat mein eek goal kiyaa. aglay seezan mein wah numaish kay lahaaz say boraak kay sabb say ziyadah hamlah aawar khilaadi bunn jayein gay. jabb takk iss nay boraak chhoda asay sarbiya kay zaheen tareen fitt baal telent mein say eek samjha jaataa thaa yahaan takk kahh sarbiyayi prais nay iss kay dastakhti durbubling aur raftaar kii wajah say iss kaa mawaznah christiano ronaldo say kiyaa. paarti. 16 joone 2012 cow nezovech nay partizan kay saath chaar saalah muahide parr dastakhat kiyay aur asay iss kii jarsi parr number 77 tafviz kiyaa gayaa. dasambar 2012 takk inhon nay sarf eek leeg meech mein partizan kay liye hasah liyaa coach waladimeer warmezweach nay inhein kalb mein apnay pehley chaar maheenon mein sarf 50 mint khelnay kaa waqat diyaa. 1923 mein redniki kuu qarz. iss kay baad iss nay redniki 1923 kay saath qarz parr 2013-14 seezan guzara. 19 aktobar 2013 cow nezovek nay radniki kii 3-3 say aafik beaugrad kay khalaaf jeeth mein eek brais score kiyaa. 3 mayee 2014 cow eek meech mein jiss mein yaha tay kiyaa gayaa kahh redniki superlega mein rahay gaa yaa sarbiyayi dosray darjay mein girr jaaye gaa ghatnay teknay waalay khilaadi nay radniki kii 1-0 say jeeth mein score kiyaa. goveema kay vittoriyah kuu qarz. 4 jolayi 2014 cow nezovek nay primera leega side vittoriya gaimars kay saath qarz kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye. tahim inhon nay apnaa ziyadah tarr waqat bee team mein guzara seganda leega mein kheltay hoay. boraak kakak kuu qarz. jolayi 2015 mein nezovek aif kay boraak kaak waps aayey. scarici. aakhir kaar partizan mein saadhay teen saal kay baad jehaan inhon nay sarf mithee bhar kheel khailay apnaa ziyadah tarr waqat qarzon parr guzara 10 faroori 2016 cow nezovech nay bail grade parr mubni eek aur kalb scocracky kay liye dastakhat kiye. waujowadina. 16 agast 2016 cow nezovek nay vojodina kay saath dahayee saal kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye. boraak kaak parr waps jayein. 2017 kay mosam garma mein nezovek number 1 jarsi leetay hoay eek waahid khilaadi kay toor parr boraak kakak waps aayey. beenn alaqwami carrier. nezovech nay sarbiyayi qomi inder 21 team kay liye teen meech khailay 29 maarch 2011 kuu ukareen yuu 21 kay khalaaf dostana meech mein apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. iss saal inhon nay mazeed duu paishi record kein.

0007711c65c0059061f11c89542a49aaac700a190cfabcb3f8123228c1a111fb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39388408

Ruidoso Osos

Ruidoso Osos Former New Mexican professional baseball team The Ruidoso Osos were a professional baseball team based in Ruidoso, New Mexico. The team was a member of the Pecos League, an independent baseball league which is not affiliated with Major or Minor League Baseball. The team played its home games at White Mountain Park and began operations for the 2011 season. They had previously been based in Raton, New Mexico in 2013 and 2014. History. The Osos were originally founded in 2011 and played one season in Ruidoso before folding. The team announced in 2012 that they would be moving 300 miles north to Raton for the 2013 season. After the 2014 season, the Osos once again folded. On September 20, 2017, the Pecos League announced that the Osos would resume operations for the 2018 season in Ruidoso. In 2018, the Osos conducted Spring Training in Tucson, Arizona and played an exhibition game on May 20, 2018 against the Tucson Saguaros. Following the 2018 season, the Osos folded for the third time, and were replaced by the Wasco Reserves. The Osos were brought back for the 2020 season after White Mountain Park installed new lights for playing during night games. However, due to the reorganization of the League, the team folded once again. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ruidus 'oh' cho 'cho ruidus "oh" cho "cho aasil niu maxic" ror ruidus "too owosthito etaa pesadari besbol doll. doltu pekuch leegor xodosyo aasil, jitu etaa swotontro besbol leeg ji dangor baa miner leeg besbolor xoite onumudit nohoy. doltuwe bogaa pahariya udyanot nijor ghoruwa khelxomuh khelisil aaru 2011 sonor sijonor baabe kaam-kaaj aarombho korisil. iyar purbe 2013 aaru 2014 sonot niu maxic 'ror ratnot teuluk aasil. itihax. oh "cho" xomuh mulotoh 2011 sonot protistha koraa hoisil aaru bhaaj korar aagote ruidus "too etaa sijon khelisil. doltuwe 2012 sonot ghuxona korisil je teuluke 2013 sonor sijonor baabe 300 maail uttore retonoloi jaabo. 2014 sonor sijonor pisot, oh "cho" cho punor ebaar bhaaj koraa hoisil. 2017 sonor 20 septemborot pekuch leege ghuxona korisil je oh "cho"che ruidusut 2018 sonor sijonor baabe punor kaam-kaaj aarombho koribo. 2018 sonot, oh "cho" xokole tot 'x' noo, erij 'naat boxontokalin proxikhyon porisalona korisil aaru 20 mey', 2018 tarikhe tot 'x' noo saguyar 'sor biruddhe ek prodorxoni khel khelisil. 2018 sonor sijonor pisot, oh "cho" sobur tritiyobaror baabe bhaaj koraa hoisil, aaru iyar thait wasku regervor dwara xoloni koraa hoisil. bogaa pahariya udyanot nixar khelor xomoyot khelar baabe notun light loguwar pisot 2020 sonor sijonor baabe oh "cho" xomuh ghurai onaa hoisil. obosye, leegor punorgothonor baabe doltu punor ebaar bondho hoi pore.

ruidoso ossos ruidoso osos chhilo neu mexicor ruidoso vittik ekti peshadar baseball doll. dolti pecos liger sadasya chhilo, ekti swadhin baseball leeg jaa mejor baa minor leeg basebaler saathe onumodito noy. dolti hoait mountain parke taader home gema khele ebong 2011 morshumer jonno apareshana shuru korey. err agey taaraa 2013 ebong 2014 saale neu mexicor rattone abosthito chhilo. itihas. osos mulat 2011 saale protisthito hoyechilo ebong bhanj korar agey ruidosote ekti morsum khelechilo. dolti 2012 saale ghoshana korechilo jey taaraa 2013 morshumer jonno 300 myle uttore rattoner dike jaabe. 2014 morshumer porr, ossos abar bhanj hoye yaay. 20shhey septembara, 2017-ayee, pecos leeg ghoshana korey jey ruidosote 2018 morshumer jonno osos abar kaaj shuru korbe. 2018 saale, osos tasson, arizonate bosonto proshikkhon porichalona korey ebong 20 meey, 2018-ayee tasson saguaroser biruddhe ekti prodorshoni khela khele. 2018 morshumer porey, osos tritiyobarer jonno bhanj koraa hoyechilo ebong oyasko reserve dwara protisthapito hoyechilo. saadaa porboto parke raater khelar somoy khelar jonno notun alo laganor porey 2020 morshumer jonno osoguli firiye aanaa hoyechilo. tobey, leeg punargathaner karone dolti abar bhanj hoye yaay.

ruidoso ossos ruidoso osos aee ruidoso, nyu meksikomaa stheet aek vyaavsaayik baseball team hatee. aaa team pacos leegnee sabhy hatee, jeey aek swatantra baseball leag chhe jeey mukhya athavaa naanee leag baseball saathe sankalaayelee nathee. teame white mountain parkma tenee gharelu ramato ramee hatee aneey 2011nee season maate kamgiri sharoo curry hatee. teo agau 2013 aneey 2014maan nyu meksikona raytonma stheet hataa. itihas. ososnee sthaapnaa mulroope 2011 maan karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey folding pahelaa ruidosoma aek season ramee hatee. teame 2012maan jaaherat curry hatee keey teo 2013nee season maate 300 mile uttarmaa rayton taraf aagad vadhashe. 2014nee season pachhi, osos pharii aekvaar bundh thaee gayoo. 20 september, 2017naa roj, pacos leege jaaherat curry hatee keey osos ruidosoma 2018nee season maate kamgiri pharii sharoo karashe. 2018 maan, osose tuckson, arizonama vasant taaleem haath dharee hatee aneey 20 meey, 2018 naa roj tuckson saguaros saame pradarshan ramat ramee hatee. 2018nee season pachhi, osos triji vakhat bundh thaee gaee aneey tenaa sthaane vasco bhandar mukvaamaa aavyaa. white mountain parkma ratrini ramato darmiyan ramvaa maate navee light sthaapit karyaa pachhi 2020 season maate ososne paachha lavvama aavyaa hataa. joke, leegnaa punargathanne kaarane team pharii aekvaar bundh thaee gaee.

ruidoso ossos ruidoso ossos ruidoso, nyu maxico mein sthit ack peshevar baseball team thee. yeh team pecos leag kii sadasya thee, ack swatantra baseball leag joe pramukh yaa laghu leag baseball seey sambaddh naheen haye. team ney safed parvat udyaan mein apane gharelu khel khele aur 2011 key satra key liye sanchaalan shuru kiya. way pahale 2013 aur 2014 mein rayton, nyu maxico mein sthit they. itihas. osos kii sthaapana mool roop seey 2011 mein kii gaee thee aur folding seey pahale ruidoso mein ack season khela gayaa thaa. team ney 2012 mein ghoshana kii kii way 2013 key satra key liye 300 meal uttar kii or ratton kii or badhenge. 2014 key satra key baad, ossos ack baar phir seey modd diyaa gayaa. 20 sitambar, 2017 koo, pecos leag ney ghoshana kii kii osos ruidoso mein 2018 season key liye sanchaalan phir seey shuru karega. 2018 mein, ossos ney tuxon, arizona mein vasant prashikshan kaa sanchaalan kiya aur 20 maee, 2018 koo tuxon saguros key khilaf ack pradarshani khel khela. 2018 key satra key baad, ossos teesari baar mudey gaye, aur unhein vasco bhandar dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. raat key khelon key dauran safed parvat park mein khelane key liye naee roshni lagaane key baad 2020 key mausam key liye ossos koo vaapas laaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, leag key punargathan key kaaran, team ack baar phir seey tahas-nahas hoe gaee.

ruidoso osos ruidoso osos nyoo meksikoda ruidoso moolada vruttipara baseball tandavagittu. ee tandavu pecos leagna sadasyanagiddu, idu swatantra baseball leigh aagiddu, idu pramukha athawa sanna leigh basebalge sambandhisilla. tandavu white mountain parknalli tanna tavaru pandyagalannu aaditu mattu 2011rahra kridaartuvina karyacharaneyannu praarambhisitu. avaru ee hinde 2013 mattu 2014ralli nyoo meksikoda ratannalli nelesiddaru. itihaasa. osos annu moolatah 2011 ralli sthaapisalaayitu mattu madisuva modalu ruidosodalli ondu rtuvannu aadidaru. tandavu 2012ralli 2013rahra rtuvinalli 300 mailugalashtu uttarakke raatange teraluvudaagi ghoshisitu. 2014rahra rtuvina nantara, osos mattomme madachikonditu. september 20,2017 randu, pecos leigh, osos 2018 rahra rtuvina karyacharaneyannu ruidosodalli punaraarambhisuttade endu ghoshisitu. 2018ralli, ososgalu arizonada tuxannalli vasantakaalada tarabetiyannu nadesidaru mattu 2018rahra mayee 20randu tuckson saguvaros viruddha pradarshana aatavannu aadidaru. 2018rahra rtuvina nantara, osos moorane baarige madachalpattitu mattu adara badalige rasada buttigalannu sthaapisalaayitu. white mountain park ratriya atagala samayadalli aadalu hosa deepagalannu alavadisida nantara 2020 rahra rtuvinalli osos annu marali taralaayitu. aadaagyoo, leagna marusanghataneyindaagi, tandavu mattomme madachikonditu.

ruidoso osos nyoo meksikkoyile ruidoso aasthaanamaayulla oru professional baseball teamaayirunnu ruidoso oosoos. mejar allengil minor leag basebolumaayi affiliate cheyyaatha oru swatantra baseball leegaya pecos leagile amgamaayirunnu team. vaitt moundan parkkil team avarude hoome geyimukal kalikkukayum 2011 seasonile pravartthanangal aarambikkukayum cheythu. 2013lum 2014lum nyoo meksikkoyile raattanilaan avar neratthe thaamasichirunnathu. charithram. 2011 ll sthaapithamaaya oosoos madakkunnathinu munbu oru season ruidosoyil kalichu. 2013 seasonil 300 mile vadakkott raattanilekk neengumennu team 2012 ll prakhyaapichu. 2014 seasoninu sesham oosoos veendum madangi. 2017 septambar 20 nuu, pecos leag 2018 seasonile oosoos pravartthanam punaraarambhikkumenn prakhyaapichu. 2018 ll, oosoos arisonayile tuxonil vasanthakala pariseelanam nadathukayum 2018 meyy 20 nuu tuxon saaguvarosinethire oru exhibition geyim kalikkukayum cheythu. 2018 seasoninushesham, oosoos moonnaam thavanayum madakki, pakaram vasco reserve sthaapichu. vaitt moundan paarkk ratri geyimukalil kalikkunnathinu puthiya laittukal sthaapichathine thudarnnu 2020 seasonil oosoos thirike konduvannu. ennaal, leaginte punasamghadanaye thudarnnu team veendum madangi.

ruidoso osaus ruidoso osos haah nyu meksikochya ruidoso yetheel eka vyavsayik baseball sangh hota. haah sangh pecos leegcha sadasya hota, eka swatantra baseball leag jee mejar kinwa minor leag baseballshee sanlagn nahee. sanghane white mounton parkmadhye tyanche gharche samne khelale aanee 2011 chya hangamasathi kaam suru kele. teey yapurvi 2013 aanee 2014 madhye nyu meksikochya ratton yethe sthayik jhaale hote. itihas. ososchi sthapana moolatah 2011 madhye jhaali hotee aanee tee dumadanyapurvi ruidosomadhye eka hangam khelali hotee. sanghane 2012 madhye jaheer kele qee teey 2013 chya hangamasathi 300 mail uttarekade rattonkade jaatil. jaatil hangamanantar, osos punha ekada dumadale gele. 20 september 2017 roji, pecos leegne jaheer kele qee osos ruidosomadhye 2018 hangamasathi punha kaam suru karel. 2018 madhye, ososane tuxon, arizona yethe vasant rutuche prashikshan ghetale aanee 20 meey 2018 roji tuxon sagaros viruddha eka pradarshan khel khelala. khelala hangamanantar, osos osos dumadale gele aanee tyanchya jaagi rasad satha aala. aala parvatiy udyanane ratrichya khelanmadhye khelanyasathi naveen dive lavlyanantar 2020 chya hangamasathi osos parat aanale gele. matra, leegchya punarrachanemule sangh punha ekada dumadala gela.

ruidoso osas ruidoso osos nyu mexicore ruidosore abasthita eka pesadara baseball dala thila . ehi dala pecos ligra sadasya thila, eka swadheena baseball ligg jaahaa pramukh kimba chhot ligg baseball sahita anubandhita nuhen . dala white mountain parkre nijara gharoi match khelithila ebong 2011 sijin paain karjya arambha karithila. semane purbaru 2013 ebong 2014 ray nyu mexicore raatanare abasthapita hoithile. itihas. osos moolatah 2011 ray sthapita hoithila ebong folding purbaru ruidosore gotie sijin khelithila . dala 2012 ray ghoshana karithila je semane 2013 sijin paain 300 mile uttaraku ratton abhimukhe jibe. 2014 rutu parey, osos punithare bhangigala . september 20,2017 ray, pecos ligg ghoshana karithila je ruidosore 2018 sijin paain osas karjya arambha kariba. 2018 ray, osos toxon, arijonare basanta talim parichalana karithile ebong meey 20,2018 ray toxon sagaros bipakhyare eka pradarshani khela khelithile . 2018 rutu parey, osos truteeja thara paain bhangigala, ebong wasco rijarbha dwara pratisthapita helah . white mountain parkre ratrikaleena khela kheliba paain nooa light lagajiba parey 2020 rutu paain ososgudiku ferai anajaithila. tebe ligra punargathana karanaru dala punithare bhangi jaithila.

ruidoso osos ruidoso osos ikk peshevar baseball team see joe ruidoso, nioo mexico witch adharat see. ih team pecos leeg dee member see, ikk sutantar baseball leeg joe kii vaddi jaan chhoti leeg baseball naal sambandhit naheen haii. team neey white mountain park witch aapne gharelu match khede atey 2011 dey season laee kamm shuru keeta. uh pahilan 2013 atey 2014 witch ratton, nioo mexico witch adharat sunn. itihaas. osos dee sathapana asal witch 2011 witch keeti gaee see atey folding toon pahilan ruidoso witch ikk season khediaa see. team neey 2012 witch ailaan keeta see kii uh 2013 dey season laee 300 meal uttar vall ratton vall jaange. 2014 dey season toon baad, osos ikk vaar firr tutt giaa. 20 satambar, 2017 noon, pecos leeg neey ailaan keeta kii osos ruidoso witch 2018 season laee kamm shuru karega. saal 2018 witch, osos neey tuckson, arizona witch basant rutt dee sikhlai daa ayojan keeta atey 20 maee, 2018 noon tuckson saguros dey virudh ikk pardarshani khed khedi. 2018 dey season toon baad, osos tiji vaar modd ditta giaa, atey iss dee thaan vesco bhandaran neey lae laee. white mountain park neey raat deeaan khedan dauran khedan laee naviaan lightan lagaun toon baad 2020 dey season laee osos noon waps lianda giaa see. halanki, leeg dey punargathan caarn, team ikk vaar firr tutt gaee.

ruidoso osas ruyidoso osos iti nyoo-meksiko-deshasya ruyidoso-nagare sthitah vyaavasaayikah besball-dalah aasit. eshah dalah pecos-leag ityasya sadasyah aasit, yah swatantrah besball-leag asti, yah measure-athavaa-mainar-leag-besball-ityanena saha naa sambadhah asti. dalah shvetaparvata-udyaane swagruhakreedaah kreeditavaan, 2011 tamavarshasya creedaa-kramasya kaaryam aarabdhavaan. te poorvam 2013 tame varshe 2014 tame varshe cha nyoo-meksiko-deshasya reton-nagare sthitaah aasan. itihaasah. osos-kreedaah moolatah 2011 tame varshe sthaapitaah aasan, tathaa cha folding-taha poorvam ruyidoso-nagare ekam kreedaah krutavantah. 2012 tame varshe dalah 2013 tame varshe rutuhu 300 mail-uttardishi raatan-nagaram prati gantum shaknoti iti ghoshayat. 2014 tamavarshasya rutoho anantaram, osos-yaanaani punah ekavaaram mlanani abhavan. 2017 september 20 dinaanke pecos-leag ityanena ghoshitam yat osos-samsthaa ruyidoso-nagare 2018 tamavarshasya krute punah karyam aarabhate iti. 2018 tame varshe osos-janaah tuckson, arizona-nagare vasanta-prashikshanm krutvaa, 2018 mey 20 dinaanke tuckson-saguaros-viruddham pradarshanee-kreedaam abhyanayn. 2018 tamasya varshasya rutoho anantaram, osos-yaanaani truteeyavaaram mudyanta, teshaam sthaane vaasko-bhandaarah sthaapitah. shvetaparvata-udyaane raatrau kridaanaam krute nootanaani deepaani sthapayitva 2020 tame varshe osos-creedaa punah anayita. parantu leag-ityasya punargatanasya karanat dalah punah ekavaaram mlaanah abhavat.

ruitoso oosoas neu mexikovin ruidosovai thalamaagak konda oru thozhilmurai baseball aniyaaga ruitoso oosoas irunththathu. inththa anii begos leakil uruppinaraaga irunththathu, idhu oru suyaatheena baseball leak aagum, idhu periya allathu siriya leak paespaaludan inaikkappadavillai. inththa anii vellai malaip poongaavil thanathu sontha vilaiyaattukalai vilayaadi 2011 paruvaththirkaana seyalpaadugalaith thodangiyathu. avarkal munbu 2013 mattrum 2014 aam aandugalil neu mexikovin raattanil thangiyirunthanar. varalaaru. oosoas muthalil 2011 ill niruvappattathu mattrum madippatharku munbu ruidosovil oru seasonil vilaiyaadiyathu. 2013 paruvaththil 300 mile vadakkae raattanukku nagarvathaaga anii 2012 ill ariviththathu. 2014 paruvaththirkup piragu, oosoas meendum madikkappattathu. septumber 20,2017 andru, begos leak ruitosovil 2018 seesanukkaana seyalpaadugalai meendum thodangum endru ariviththathu. 2018 aam aandil, oosoas tuckson, arisoanaavil vasantha payirchiyai nadaththi, tuckson sagrozuku ethiraaga mae 20,2018 andru oru kankaatchi vilayaattai vilaiyaadinar. 2018 paruvatthaith thodarnthu, oosoas moontraavathu muraiyaaga madikkapattu, vasco iruppukkalaal maattrappattathu. vellai malaip poongaa iravu vilaiyaattukalin poathu vilaiyaada puthiya vilakkugalai niruviya pinnar 2020 paruvaththirku oosoakkal meendum kondu varapattana. iruppinum, leak maruseeramaikkappattathaal, anii meendum oru murai madikkappattathu.

ruidoso osos ruidoso osos nyuu meksikoolooni ruidoso aadhaarita vruttiparamaina baseball jattu. eee jattu pecos leaglo sabhyuralu, idhi oka swatantra baseball leag, idhi majer ledhaa mainer leag basebaltho anubandhinchabadaledu. eee jattu white mountain paarkulo thana sonta atalanu aadindi mariyu 2011 season kosam karyakalapalanu praarambhinchindi. vaaru gatamlo 2013 mariyu 2014 loe nyuu meksikoolooni raatanlo unnaaru. charitra. osos modata 2011loe sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu madata pettadaniki mundu ruidosolo oka season aadayi. 2013 season kosam vaaru 300 mailla uttaraana ratton vaipu veltaarani jattu 2012loe prakatinchindi. 2014 season taruvaata, osolu marosari muduchukunnayi. september 20,2017naa, pecos leag ruidosolo 2018 season kosam osos karyakalapalanu tirigi praarambhistundani prakatinchindi. 2018loe, osos tuckson, arizonalo vasanta sikshananu nirvahinchindi mariyu tuckson sagurosku vyatiraekamgaa mae 20,2018naa exhibition game aadindi. 2018 season taruvaata, osolu muudavasaari muduchukunnayi, mariyu vaati sthaanamlo vasco nilvalu unchabaddaayi. white mountain park raatri aatala samayamlo aadataaniki kotta laitlanu erpaatu chesina taruvaata 2020 season kosam osolanu tirigi teesukuvacchaaru. ayithe, leag punarvyavastheekarana kaaranamgaa, jattu marosari muduchukundi.

roidoso osoos roidoso osoos neo mexico kay roidoso mein maqeem eek paishah warr bees baal team thee. yaha team pecos leeg kii rakan thee juu eek aazaad bees baal leeg hay juu bury yaa mamuli leeg bees baal say waabistah nahein hay. team nay waait mountain paark mein apnay gharilo kheel khelay aur 2011 kay seezan kay liye kaam sharoo kiyaa. wah iss say qabal 2013 aur 2014 mein rayton neo mexico mein maqeem thay. tareekh. osoos kii bunyaad asl mein 2011 mein rakhee gayee thee aur folding say pehley inhon nay roidoso mein eek seezan kheela thaa. team nay 2012 mein aalaan kiyaa kahh wah 2013 kay seezan kay liye 300 meel shamaal kii taraf rayton kii taraf badhein gay. 2014 kay seezan kay baad osoos eek baar phir manhadam how gayaa. 20 satambar 2017 kuu pecos leeg nay aalaan kiyaa kahh osoos roidoso mein 2018 kay seezan kay liye kaam dobarah sharoo karay gaa. 2018 mein osoos nay tickson arezona mein mosam bahaar kii tarbiyat kaa anaqad kiyaa aur 20 mayee 2018 kuu tikson sagaros kay khalaaf eek numaishi kheel kheela. 2018 kay seezan kay baad osoos teesri baar moray gayey aur inn kii jagah vesco kay zakhayer nay lay lee. waait mountain paark mein raat kay kheelon kay doraan khelnay kay liye nayee lights laganay kay baad 2020 kay seezan kay liye osoos kuu waps laaya gayaa. tahim leeg kii tanzim noow kii wajah say team eek baar phir manhadam how gayee.

000778e497280d56fee859886d49c591a79f0f9e8164dacf8e7f9a4752d5d0a6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=329394

Cap-de-la-Madeleine

Cap-de-la-Madeleine Cap-de-la-Madeleine is a former city in Quebec, Canada at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice River and the St. Lawrence River. It was amalgamated into the City of Trois-Rivières in 2002. Population (2006 census) 33,022. History. Cap-de-la-Madeleine was founded March 20, 1651. The establishment was named by Jacques de La Ferté, who was abbot of Sainte-Madeleine de Châteaudun in France. The city is famous for its basilica, Basilique Notre-Dame du Cap, dedicated to Our Lady of the Cape. The Basilica receives thousands of pilgrims and visitors each year. Pilgrims are drawn to the site because it is considered to be the place where two miracles were performed by the Blessed Virgin Mary, the first being the Miracle of the Ice Bridge (1879) and the other being the Miracle of the Eyes (1888). The first official pilgrimage occurred in 1883 and consisted of roughly 150 people who travelled to the location by foot. The site is considered the first pilgrimage site in North America, excluding Mexico. During World War II the Royal Canadian Air Force built and operated No. 11 Elementary Flying Training School as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan in Cap-de-la-Madelaine. The school opened on October 14, 1940 and closed on February 11, 1944. The airfield was located in what is now a residential area of near rue Saint Maurice and rue de Grandmont () The inhabitants call themselves Madelinois and Madelinoise. Mediagraphy. In addition to the general works on Trois-Rivières and Mauricie, here are some books specifically on the Cap-de-la-Madeleine: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kep-di-laa-medelin kep-di-laa-medelin hoise kanadar cubecor saint-moo 'rich nodee aaru saintor xongomosthanot owosthito ekhon purbor sohor. laurence nodee. 2002 sonot iyak tro 'aais-nodir sohor hisape ekotrito koraa hoisil. jonoxongkhya (2006 sonor lukpiyol) 33,022. itihax. kep-di-laa-medeline 1651 sonor 20 marchot protistha koraa hoisil. protisthantur naam francer saint-medeline di seteudunor mothadhix jacks di laa farte rakhisil. sohorkhon iyar basilica, basilic notore-dame du kepor baabe bikhyat, jitu aamar kepor mohilar proti utxorgito. basilicat proti bosore haajar haajar tirthojatri aaru dorxonarthi aahe. tirthojatrixokolok ei sthanoloi aakorxito koraa hoy kaaron iyak xei sthan hisape gonyo koraa hoy zo 'too axirbadprapto kumari meriye dutaa oloukik kaam korisil, prothomtu hoh' lo aais brijor oloukik ghotona (1879) aaru aantu hoh 'lo sokur oloukik ghotona (1888). 1883 sonot prothom sorkari tirthojatra hoisil aaru iyat pray 150 john luk aasil jixokole podojatra kori sthantuloi jatra korisil. ei sthantuk maxicok baad di uttor aamerikar prothom tirthosthan hisape gonyo koraa hoy. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot rajokiyo kanadian bayuxenai nong. kep-di-laa-medallainot britis commonwealth biman proxikhyon porikolponar ongxo hisape 11taa prathomik uron proxikhyon bidyaloy. 1940 sonor 14 octoborot bidyaloikhon mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 1944 sonor 11 februaryt bondho koraa hoisil. biman bondortu bortoman ru saint moo 'rich aaru ru di grandmontor usoror ek awaxik oncholot owosthito aasil. baxindaxokole nijoke medalinuis aaru medalinuiz buli koy. modhyomarjyo. tro 'aais-nodee aaru moo' risir uporot xadharon kaamor uporiu, iyat bixexkoi kep-di-laa-medelinor uporot kisuman kitap aaseh

cap-dii-laa-medellin cap-dii-laa-madelin kanadar cubecker ekti praktan shohor jaa seenta-morris nodee ebong center sangamsthale abosthito. laurence nodee. 2002 saale etty trois-nodee shohore ekibhuto hoy. jonosongkha (2006 saaler jonogonona) 33,022. itihas. cap-dii-laa-madeline 20shhey march, 1651 saale protisthito hoyechilo. protisthantir namkaran korechilen jacks dii laa farte, jini francer sayeenta-madeline dii chatoudoon-err mathadhipati chhilen. shaharti taar basilica, basilic notre-dame doo kyaper jonno bikhyato, jaa cape-err amader bhadramahilake utsarga koraa hoyeche. basilica proti bochor hazar hazar tirthojatri ebong dorsonarthider grohon korey. tirthojatrira eyi sthane akrishto hohn kaaron etty seii jaiga hisabe bibechito hoy jekhane ashirbadprapto kumari merry duti aloukik kaaj korechilen, prothomti holl baraf setur aloukik ghotona (1879) ebong onnoti holl chokher aloukik ghotona (1888). 1883 saale prothom sarkari tirthojatra hoyechilo ebong pray 150 john looka paye hente eyi sthane bhromon korechilo. eyi sthantike mexico baade uttor americar prothom tirthosthan hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy rayyal kanadian aire phorsa nong. cap-dii-laa-madeline british commonwealth biman proshikkhon porikolponar ongsho hisabe 11tii prathomik udanta proshikkhon vidyalaya. vidyalayati 1940 saaler 14ee octobor khola hoy ebong 1944 saaler 11ee february bondho hoye yaay. bimanbandarti bortomane rue seenta morris ebong rue dii grandmonter () kachakachi abasik elaka abosthito. basindara nijeder madelinois ebong madelinois boley daake. modhyoma. trois-river ebong morisir sadharan kaaj chharao, ekhane biseshbhabe cap-dii-laa-medellin somporkito kichhu boi royeche

cape-dha-laa-medeleen cape-dii-laa-madeleen aee cubeck, kenedaanu bhutpurv shaher chhe, jeey saint-mauris nadee aneey sentnaa sangam parr aavelu chhe. laurence nadee. nadee tene trois-nadeeona shaherma bhelvi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. vastee vastee vastee ganatari) 33,022. itihas. cape-dha-laa-medeleenni sthaapnaa 20 march, march roj karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa sthaapnaanu naam jaiks dha laa ferte dwara rakhvama aavyu hatoo, jeey francemaa sente-medeleen dha chetodunna mathadhish hataa. aaa shaher tenaa basilica, basilic notre-dame duu cape maate prakhyaat chhe, jeey kepnee amaari ledeene samarpeet chhe. basilicama darr varshe hajaaro yaatraaluo aneey mulaakaatio aave chhe. yaatraaluone aaa sthal taraf aakarshvama aave chhe kaaran keey teey teey sthal manvama aave chhe jyaan dhanya kumarika meerii dwara beey chamatkaro karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, pratham baraf pulno chamatkaar (1879) aneey beejo aankhono chamatkaar (1888) hato. pratham sattavaar yaatra yaatra thaee hatee aneey temaa aashre 150 loko hataa jemane pagpala aaa sthalnee musafari curry hatee. aaa sthalne meksiko sivaay uttar americanu pratham tirthsthaan manvama aave chhe. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan royal kenediyan air force nann. cape-dii-laa-medeleinmaa british commonwealth havaai taaleem yojnana bhaag rupe 11 praathmeek uddayan taaleem shaala. shaala 14 october, october roj kholvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 11 februari, februari roj bundh karvaamaa aavee hatee. airfield havey ruae saint mauris aneey ruae dii grandmont () najik rahenank vistaarmaa stheet hatoo. rahevasio potaane medalinois aneey medalinoise kahe chhe. madhyasthi. trois-nadeeo aneey maurisi parnaa saamanya kaaryo upraant, aheen cape-dii-laa-medeleen parr khaas kareene ketlaak pustako chheh

cap-dee-laa-madeleine cap-dee-laa-madeleen cubec, kanada mein sent-mauris nadee aur sent key sangam parr ack poorv shahar haye. laurence nadee. ise 2002 mein trice-revears shahar mein milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. jansankhya (2006 kii janganana) 33,022. itihas. cap-dee-laa-medleen kii sthaapana 20 march, 1651 koo hui thee. iss pratishthaan kaa naam jacks dee laa ferte dwara rakhaa gayaa thaa, joe france mein sente-medleen dee cheteudon key mathadhish they. yeh shahar apane basilica, basilic notre-dame doo cap key liye prasiddh haye, joe cape kii hamari mahila koo samarpit haye. basilica mein harr saal hajaaron teerthayaatri aur agantuk aatey hain. teerthyatriyon koo iss sthal kii or aakarshit kiya jaataa haye kyonki ise vaha sthaan maanaa jaataa haye jahan dhanya kunwari mairi dwara dou chamatkar kiye gaye they, pahala burf pull kaa chamatkar (1879) aur doosara aankho kaa chamatkar (1888) thaa. pahali aadhikarik tirthayatra 1883 mein hui thee aur isamen lagbhag 150 loga shamil they jinhone paidal yatra kii thee. iss sthal koo mexico koo chhodkar uttari america mein pahala teerth sthal maanaa jaataa haye. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran shaahi kanadai vayu senaa ney nirmaan kiya aur sanchaalan naheen kiya. 11 cap-dee-laa-madeline mein british rashtramandal vayu prashikshan yojana key hisse key roop mein praathamik udaan prashikshan vidyalaya. school 14 octuber, 1940 koo khola gayaa aur 11 farwari, 1944 koo bund hoe gayaa. havaai kshetra abb ruu sent morris aur ruu dee grandmont () key paas ack aavaasiya kshetra mein sthit thaa. nivasi khud koo madelinois aur madelinois kahate hain. madhya lekh. trice-revears aur mauricy parr samanya karyon key alawa, yahaan vishesh roop seey cap-dee-laa-madeleine parr kuchh kitaaben hainh

cap-dii-laa-madelin cap-dii-laa-madelin embudu kenadaada cubechnalliruva saint-mauris nadhi mattu saint nadiya sangamadallidda ondu hindina nagaravagide. laurence nadhi. idannu 2002ralli trois-nadigala nagaravagi vileenagolisalaayitu. janasankhye (2006rahra janaganati) 33,022. itihaasa. cap-dii-laa-madelin annu march 20,1651 randu sthaapisalaayitu. fransna saint-madelin dii chatedanna mathadhisharagidda jackwess dii laa furte ee samsthege ee hesarannu ittiddaru. ee nagaravu tanna basilica, basilic notre-domm du capge hesaruvaasiyaagide, idannu kepna namma mahilege samarpisalaagide. ee besilikaadalli prativarsha saaviraaru yatrikaru mattu pravasigaru agamisuttare. yaatraarthigalannu ee stalakke aakarshisalaaguttade ekendare idu poojya kanye merrie eradu pavaadagalannu maadida sthalavendu pariganisalaagide, modalaneyadu ais setuveya pawada (1879) mattu innondu kannina pawada (1888). 1883ralli modala adhikruta tirthayaatreyu nadeyitu mattu sumaru 150 janaru kaalnadigeyalli ee stalakke prayanisidaru. ee sthalavannu meksikovannu horatupadisi uttara americada modala yatra sthalavendu pariganisalaagide. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli raayal kenadian vayupadeyu namm. 11 praathamika harata tarabeti shaleyu british kamanwealth vaayu tarabeti yojaneya bhagavagi cap-dii-laa-madelinelli. shaleyu october 14,1940 randu praarambhavaayitu mattu phebravari 11,1944 randu muchchalpattitu. vimaana nildaanavu eega ruu saint mauris mattu ruu dii grandmont () naa sameepada vasati pradeshadallide. nivasigalu tammannu taavu madelinois mattu madelinois endu kareyuttaare. madhyantara. trois-nadigalu mattu maurisiya saamaanya krutigala jotege, nirdishtavagi cap-dii-laa-madelin kurita kelavu pustakagalu illiweh

cap-dii-laa-madalin kaanadayile cubeckile sent-morris nadiyudeyum sent morris nadiyudeyum samgamasthaanathulla oru muun nagaramaan cap-dii-laa-madaline. laurence nadhi. 2002ll ithu trois-riviyezhs nagaramaayi samyojippikkappettu. janasamkhya (2006 sensus) 33,022. charithram. 1651 march 20naanu cap-dii-laa-madalin sthaapithamaayathu. fraansile seyant-madalin dii chaattoudante madaadhipathiyaayirunna jackwus dii laa ferte aanu eee sthaapanathinu eee peru nalkiyathu. keppile njangalude ladic samarppichirikkunna basilica, basilic notter-daam duu cap ennivaykku eee nagaram prashasthamaan. basilikkayil oro varshavum aayirakkanakkin theerthaadakarum sandarshakarum athunnu. vishudha kanyaka merii rund athbhuthangal nadatthiya sthalamaayi kanakkakkappedunnathinaal theerthaadakar eee sthalathekku aakarshikkappedunnu, aadyathethu aise bridjinte athbhuthavum (1879) mattonn annukalude athbhuthavumaan (1888). 1883ll nadanna aadyathe audyogika theerthaadanatthil ekadesham 150 perr kaalnadayaayi eee sthalathekku yaatra cheythu. meksikoo ozhikeyulla vadakke amerikkayile aadyathe theerthaadana kendramaayi eee sthalam kanakkaakkappedunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu royal canadian vyomasena nambar 1 nirmmikkukayum pravarthippikkukayum cheythu. 11 praadhamika parakkal pariseelana school britiish komanvelthu eyar training plaaninte bhaagamaayi cap-dii-laa-madalainil. 1940 october 14nuu aarambhicha school 1944 februvari 11nuu adachu. ruu seyint mouris, ruu dii grandmond (ruu dii grandmond) ennivaykku sameepamulla oru paarppida pradeshathaanu airfield sthithicheyyunnathu. nivaasikal svayam madelois, madelois ennu vilikkunnu. mediagraphy. trois-reviersineyum mourisiyeyum kurichulla pothuvaaya kruthikalkku purame, capp-dii-laa-madalaininekkurichu prathyekamaayi chila pusthakangal ivideyunda

cap-dii-laa-madeline cap-dii-laa-madeleen heey canadatil kyubekmadhil seent-morris nadee aanee sentchya sangmavar asalele eka purviche shahar aahe. laurence nadee. 2002 madhye teey trius-nadee shaharamadhye villin karnyat aale. loksankhya (2006 janganana) 33,022. itihas. cap-dii-laa-madeleanchi sthapana 20 march 1651 roji jhaali. yaa aasthapanela jacks dii laa ferte asey naav denyat aale, joou francemadhil sente-madeline dii cheteudancha mathadhish hota. heey shahar tyachya basilica, basilic notre-dame du capsathi prasiddha aahe, jee kepchya aamchya ledila samarpit aahe. yaa basilicala darvarshi hajaro yatrekaru aanee paryatak yetat. yatrekaru yaa thikani aakarshit hotat kaaran heey asey thikan manale jaate jithe dhanya kumari mereene done chamatkar kele hote, pahila mhanje burf pulacha chamatkar (1879) aanee dusra mhanje dolhyancha chamatkar (1888). pahili adhikrut tirthayatra 1883 madhye jhaali aanee tyat sumare 150 lock hote jeey payee tyaa thikani gele hote. mexico vagalata heey uttar americetil pahile tirthkshetra manale jaate. jaate mahayuddhachya kalat royal canadian havai dalane nam. cap-dii-laa-madelenmadhil british rashtrakul havai prashikshan yojanecha bhag mhanoon 11 prathamik uddan prashikshan shaala. 14 aktoobar 1940 roji shaala ughadali gelee aanee 11 februwari 1944 roji bund jhaali. aata ruu seent mauris aanee ruu dii grandmont () jawalil nivasi bhagat heey havai kshetra sthit hote. rahivasi swatahla madelinois aanee madelinois mhanatat. madhyama. trius-nadya aanee mauricivaril samanya kamanvyatirikt, yethe visheshtah cap-dii-laa-madelinavaril kahee pustake aaheth

cap-dii-laa-madeline cap-dii-laa-madeline heuchhi kanadara cubec rahr eka purbatana sahara jaahaa cent-mauris nadee ebong sentanka sangama sthalare abasthita . lawrence nadee. 2002 masihare ehaaku trias-rivijarsa saharare mishran karajaithila. janasankhya (2006 janganana) 33,022. itihas. cap-dii-laa-madeline march 20,1651 ray sthapita hoithila. ehi pratisthanara naama jaques dii laa ferte dwara namit hoithila, jie francer scient-madeline dii chateudun rahr mathadhipati thile . ehi sahara ehara basilica, basilic notre-daam du cap paain prasidha, jaahaa cape rahr aama ledinku utsargeekruta . ehi basilikare pratibarsha hazar hazar tirthajatri ebong parjyataka asithanti. tirthajatrimane ehi sthanaku akarshita huanti kaaran ehaa sehi sthana bolly bibechana karajae jeunthare aasheerbadaprapta kumari merrie dwara duiti chamatkara karajaithila, prathamati heuchhi baraf sethur chamatkara (1879) ebong anyati heuchhi aakhira chamatkara (1888) . 1883 masihare pratham sarkari tirthajatra hoithila ebong ethire praiah 150 john lock thile jeunmane paadare ehi sthanaku jatra karithile. meksikoku baada dei ehi sthanaku uttara americara pratham tirthasthala bhabe bibechana karajae. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare rayal canadian bayusena nong. cap-dii-laa-madelen thaare british rajyagosthi biman talim yojanara anshabisesha bhabe 11tii prathamika udaana talim bidyalaja. bidyalajati october 14,1940 ray kholajaithila ebong februari 11,1944 ray banda hoijaithila. airfieldti bartamana ryu cent mauris ebong ryu dii grandmont () rahr eka abasic anchalare abasthita . adhibasimane nijaku madelinois ebong madelinoise bolly kahanti. madhyama. trias-rivijarsa ebong marisi upare sadharana karjya byatita, ethaare bisesh bhabare cap-dii-laa-madeline upare kichhi pustaka achhih

cap-dee-laa-madeleine cap-dee-laa-madeleine kiubek, canada daa ikk sabka shehar haii joe cent-mauris nadee atey cent dey sangam utte haii. laurence nadee. iss noon 2002 witch trois-nadiaan dey shehar witch milaa ditta giaa see. aabadi (2006 dee mardamshumari) 33,022. itihaas. cap-dee-laa-madeline dee sathapana 20 march, 1651 noon keeti gaee see. iss sathapana daa naam jaikas dee laa ferte duaara rakkhiaa giaa see, joe france witch sainte-madeline dee chattoden daa mathadhish see. ih shehar aapni basilica, basilic notare-daim duu cap laee mashur haii, joe cape dee saadi lady noon samarpit haii. iss basilica witch harr saal hazaran tirath yaatari atey sailani aaunde hunn. tirath yatrian noon iss sathaan vall khichiaa jaanda haii kiunki ih uh jagha manni jaandi haii jitthe dhann kuaari mairi duaara doou chamatkar keete gaye sunn, pahila baraf dey pull daa chamatkar (1879) atey dooja akkhan daa chamatkar (1888) see. pahili adhikarat tirath yaatra 1883 witch hoee see atey iss witch lagbhag 150 lock shamal sunn joe paidal iss sathaan dee yaatra karde sunn. iss sathaan noon mexico noon chhadd keey uttri amrica daa pahila tirath sathaan manniaa jaanda haii. dooje vishav yuddh dauran shaahi canadian havaai saina neey nann. cap-dee-laa-madelane witch british commonwealth havaai sikhlai yojna dey hisse vajon 11 elementary flying training school. school 14 aktubar, 1940 noon khulhiaa atey 11 farvari, 1944 noon bnd hoow giaa. havaai adda uss witch sathit see joe hunn nede dey rue cent mauris atey rue dee grandmont () dey rihaishi khetar witch haii. vasneek aapne aap noon medalinois atey medalinois kahinde hunn. maddh-lekh. trois-nadiaan atey maurisi utte aam kamman toon ilava, itthe vishesh taur utte cap-dee-laa-madeleine utte kujh kitaban hann

kepa-dey-laa-madeleen kep-dey-laa-madeleen iteedam cubec-deshasya, kenada-deshasya, sent-mauris-nadyaah, sent-mauris-nadyaah cha sangamasthaane sthitam poorvanagaram asti. laurence nadee. 2002 tame varshe etat trois-nadee-nagare vileenam jaatam. janasankhyaa (2006 janaganananusaram) 33,022. itihaasah. cap-dii-laa-medleen ityasya sthapana 1651 maarch 20 dinaanke abhavat. asya samsthaayaah naam jaakwes day laa ferte iti aasit, yah france-deshasya seyinte-medleen day cheteudun ityasya mathaadhipatih aasit. idam nagaram basilica ityasya krute prasidham asti, basilic notre-dem du cap iti, yat kep ityasya asmakam mahilayai samarpitam asti. basilica prativarsham sahasrashah tirthayatrikan, agantukan cha aagacchati. tirthayatrikaha etam sthaanam prati aakarshitaah bhavanti yatah idam sthaanam iti manyate yatra dhanya-kumari-merry ityanena dwau chamatkaarau nishpaadyata, prathamah hima-setunah chamatkaarah (1879), anyah netrasya chamatkaarah (1888) cha. prathamam adhikarikam tirthayatra 1883 tame varshe abhavat, yatra praayah 150 janaah aasan, ye padayatraya tatt sthaanam prati pravaasam krutavantah. meksiko-deshaat bahihi, uttar-amerikaadeshasy prathamam tirthasthanam iti etat sthalam manyate. dviteeyavishvayuddhe rayal-kenadian-vayusenaya nam. kep-day-laa-madelen ityatra british-kaamanvelt-vaayu-prashikshan-yojanaa ityasya bhagarupena 11 praathamik-uddayan-prashikshan-vidyaalayah. 1940 october 14 dinaanke vidyaalayasya udghaatanam krutvaa 1944 februvari 11 dinaanke bandhah abhavat. vimaanasthaanakam adhunaa roo sent mauris tathaa roo dee grandmont () ityasya sameepe nivaasakshetre sthitam aasit. nivaasinah swaan madelinois tathaa madelinois iti aahvayanti. madhyasthata. trois-nadeeshu, maurisee-nagareshu cha samanyakaryani atirichya, atra kep-day-laa-medeleen ityasya vishaye kechan pustakaani santi.

cape-dii-laa-maadalin cape-dii-laa-maadalin enbathu kanadaavin kuvebekkil ulla oru munnaal nagaramaagum, idhu saint-mouris nadhi mattrum saint nadhigalin sangamaththil ullathu. laurence nadhi. idhu 2002 aam aandil troise-sittroadaigal nagaramaaga inaikkappattathu. makkal thogai (2006 makkal thogai kanakkeduppu) 33,022. varalaaru. cape-dii-laa-maadalin maarch 20,1651 ill niruvappattathu. inththa niruvanaththirku brancil ulla saint-maadalin dii satoden thuraviyaaga irunththa jaaks dii laa ferde peyarittaar. inththa nagaram adhan basilica, pacilic notrey-dame duu keppukku pirabalamaanathu, idhu capin engkal ledikku arppanikkappattullathu. pasilikkaavil ovvoru aandum aayirakkanakkaana yaathreekarkal mattrum paarvaiyaalarkal varugai tharugindranar. punithamaana kanni meriyaal irandu arputhangkal nigazhththappatta idamaaga idhu karudhappaduvadhaal yaathreekarkal inththa idaththirku eerkkappadugiraargal, muthalaavathu panippaalam (1879) mattrum mattrondru kankalin athisayam (1888). muthal athikaarappoorva yaatthirai 1883 aam aandil nadanthathu, idhil sumar 150 paer nadanthu sendru antha idaththirkuch sendranar. inththa thalam mexicovith thavira vada americavin muthal yaatthiraith thalamaaga karudhappadugiradhu. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu raayal kanadiya vimaanappadai kattapattu iyakkiyathu. cape-dii-laa-madaline british commonwealth vimaanap payirchith thittaththin oru paguthiyaaga 11 thodakka parakkum payirchi palli. october 14,1940 andru thirakkapatta inthap palli pipravari 11,1944 andru moodappattathu. ippoathu ruu saint mouris mattrum ruu dii grandmond () kku arugilulla kudiyiruppu paguthiyil inththa vimaana nilaiyam amainthullathu. kudiyiruppaalargal thangalai madalinos mattrum madalinois endru azhaikkiraargal. naduttharam. troise-sittroadaigal mattrum maarisi pattriya podhuvaana padaippugaludan koodudhalaaga, cape-dii-laa-maadalin pattriya sila puththagangkal ingay

cap-dii-laa-madelin cap-dii-laa-madelin anedi kenadaaloni cubec looni seyint-mauris nadhi mariyu seyint nadhi sangamam vadda unna oka puurva nagaram. laurence nadhi. idhi 2002loe trois-nadula nagaramgaa vileenam cheyabadindi. janabha (2006 janabha lekkalu) 33,022. charitra. cap-dii-laa-madelin marchi 20,1651naa sthaapinchabadindi. eee sthaapanaku fraanslooni scient-madelin dii chateyudan mataadhipati ayina jackwess dii laa ferte paeru pettaru. eee nagaram basilica, basilic notre-daam du topeeki prasiddhi chendindi, idhi cape yokka maa laedeeki ankitam cheyabadindi. eee basilikaku prati samvatsaram vaelaadi mandhi yaatrikulu mariyu sandarsakulu vastaaru. pavitra kanya maerii rendu adbhutaalu chesina pradaesamgaa pariganhinchabadutunnanduna yaatrikulu eee pradaesaaniki aakarshinchabadataru, modatidi manchu vantena yokka adbhutam (1879) mariyu marokati kalla adbhutam (1888). modati adhikaarika teerthayaatra 1883loe jarigindi, indulo sumaru 150 mandhi kaalinadakana eee pradaesaaniki vellaaru. eee pradaesam mexico minaha uttara americalo modati punyakshetramgaa pariganinchabadutundi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo raayal kenadian vaimanika dalam namm. cap-dii-laa-madelinelo british commonwealth vaayu sikshana pranaalikaloo bhaagamgaa 11 praathamika vimanayana sikshanaa paatasaala. eee paatasaala aktobaru 14,1940naa praarambhamai, fibravari 11,1944naa moosiveyabadindi. eee vimaanaasrayam ippudu ruu seyint mauris mariyu ruu dii grandmont () sameepamlo nivaasa praantamgaa undhi. nivaasitulu tamanu taamu madelinois mariyu madelinois anie piluchukuntaaru. madhyastham. trois-nadulu mariyu mouriiseepai saadhaarana rachanalatho paatu, ikkada pratyaekamgaa cap-dii-laa-madeleenpai konni pustakaalu unnaih

cape-ddee-laa-medlin cape-ddee-laa-medlin cubac canada kaa eek sabqah shehar hay juu daryaae sent-morisi aur sent kay sangam parr waaqa hay. daryaae larns. asay 2002 mein trace nadiyon kay shehar mein zam kirr diyaa gayaa. aabadi (2006 kii mardam shumari) 33,022. tareekh. cape-ddee-laa-medlin kii bunyaad 20 maarch 1651 kuu rakhee gayee thee. iss idaarey kaa naam jaiks ddee laa fartay nay rakhaa thaa juu france mein sent-medlin ddee chetodan kay मठाधिपति thay. yaha shehar apnee baselica baselake notari ddaim duu cape kay liye mashhur hay juu cape kii hamaari khaatun kay liye waqaf hay. baselica mein harr saal hazaaron zaireen aur zaireen aatay haine. zaireen kuu iss jagah kii taraf raghib kiyaa jaataa hay keunkah yaha wah jagah samjhi jaati hay jehaan mubarik kunwari meeri nay duu muajizay kiye thay pehla aais barj kaa muajizah (1879) aur dosra aankhon kaa muajizah (1888) thaa. pehli sarkaari ziyarat 1883 mein hoyee aur iss mein taqriba 150 afraad shaamil thay jinhon nay paidal iss maqaam kaa safar kiyaa. iss maqaam kuu mexico kuu chhod kirr shamali america kaa pehla ziyarat gaah samjha jaataa hay. dosri jung azeem kay doraan raail canadian aiyar force nay number 1 tameer kiyaa aur chalaya. cape-ddee-laa-medlin mein bartanvi dolat mushtarkah kay hawai tarbiti mansubay kay hasay kay toor parr 11 ibtadayi parwaz kii tarbiyat kaa school. school 14 aktobar 1940 kuu khola gayaa aur 11 faroori 1944 kuu bund hawaa. hawai addah iss jagah parr waaqa thaa juu abb qareeb riyo sent morisi aur riyo ddee grandmont () kaa rehaishi elaqah hay. baashinde khood kuu medlinois aur medlinoise kehtay haine. darmiyani. trace-nadiyon aur morisi parr aam kaamon kay alawah yahaan kachh kitabein haine juu khaas toor parr cape-ddee-laa-medlin parr haine:

000779fbefa5c2e1dd5214ff8c42905713784b4100ca2573d5efe8ef99b2e5d6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16127261

Kenneth Marende

Kenneth Marende 6th Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya Kenneth Otiato Marende, born 7 January 1956, was the Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya's 10th Parliament. He was elected Speaker on January 15, 2008. Prior to his election as Speaker, Hon. Marende served as the MP for Emuhaya constituency, from 2002 to 2007. Marende was a candidate for Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya's 13th Parliament, but was defeated by former Bungoma senator Moses Wetangula who garnered 215 votes ahead of Marende who managed 130. Early life. Marende was born in Mumboha village, Ebusikhale sub-location, Bunyore, Vihiga County. He joined Ebusakami Primary School until 1969 when he completed his primary school education. He then proceeded to Kakamega High School and sat for his East African Certificate of Education (EACE) in 1972. In 1974 he sat for his EAACE – East African Advanced Certificate of Education in Kagumo High School where he had been admitted for his A-Levels. In 1975 he was admitted to the University of Nairobi where he pursued an LL.B degree. After leaving the UoN in 1978 he enrolled for Post Graduate Diploma Course at the Kenya School of Law, and was admitted to the bar in 1979. Legal career. He started working as a State Counsel in September 1979 and rose through the ranks to the level of Senior State Counsel. He left the Government service in 1984 to work with Bryson Inamdar and Bowyer Company Advocates where he was admitted into partnership in 1986 until 1988 when he joined Warender and Company Advocates. Kenneth Marende has established himself as a leading lawyer in company law, commercial law, banking and financial services, public sector law, corporate transactions, joint ventures, and labour law. In 2012 Marende & Nyaundi Associates – MANCO was founded by partners Kenneth Otiato Marende and Dr. Ken Nyaundi. The firm is strategically located in the ACK Garden Annex along first Ngong Avenue. Political career. In 2002, Marende joined politics, He was elected to his first term as an MP for Emuhaya Constituency on a NARC party ticket in the 2002 election. He had succeeded Hon Sheldon Muchilwa who had served as MP for the same constituency from 1997 – 2002. He retained his seat in the 2007 election, but his election as Speaker meant that his seat was left vacant, requiring a by-election in his constituency. The by-election was held in June, 2008 and was won by Wilber Otichilo of ODM. In the 9th Parliament of Kenya , Marende was notable for supporting an amendment to the Sex offense bill that decriminalized marital rape. He made the famous quote on the floor of parliament that "Kenyans can still have sex with their partners even when they are asleep so long as they are married". Election of House Speaker. In the first round of voting, Marende, who was the candidate of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) for the position of Speaker, received 104 votes, while the government's candidate, Francis ole Kaparo, received 99 votes; in the second round Marende received 104 votes and Kaparo received 102. Although a two-thirds majority was required in the first two rounds, subsequently only a simple majority was required, and Marende was elected in the third round with 105 votes against 101 for Kaparo. In April 2009, when parliament re-opened, he was forced to make a tough ruling on who should be the Leader of Government Business due to an impasse between the President and the Prime Minister. In his historic ruling, he temporarily appointed himself, based on parliament standing orders as the Chair of the House Business Committee until the impasses is resolved. As Speaker of the National Assembly, Kenneth Otiato Marende chaired the House Business Committee, the Parliamentary Service Commission, and sat in the Standing Order, Powers and Privileges, and Pensions Committees. He was also responsible for initiating live broadcasts of the Parliamentary proceedings in the House. His accolades and accomplishments as the man in-charge of Kenya’s legislature resulted in his appointment abroad as President of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. In 2008, he was awarded the highest award any Kenyan citizen can receive, the Elder of the Golden Heart (EGH) by the President, the next year he was awarded the Jurist of the Year by the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ-K). In 2011, the Law Society of Kenya (LSK) feted Kenneth Marende with the highest award any Advocate can receive, the Advocates Lifetime Roll of Honour. He served as the Speaker of the 10th Parliament of Kenya between 2008 and 2013. He was succeeded by Hon Justin Muturi. Personal life. Marende’s first wife was Dr Lavender Marende died in April, 2005 but they had separated before then. His second wife was Ms Rachel Olubero, a reproductive health consultant who hails from Ebusakami in Maseno. They got married in 2002 under the Bunyore customary law. They separated in 2008, five months after Marende had become the speaker of the National Assembly (Kenya). Marende has grown-up children with his first wife Dr. Lavender. He also has other children with Ms Rachel and Ms Jennifer. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

keneth marende 1956 sonor 7 januaryt jonmogrohon koraa keneth utiyatu marende keniyar doxom xongxodor rastriyo xobhar odhyokhyo aasil. 2008 sonor 15 januaryt teu odhyokhyo nirbasito hoisil. odhyokhyo hisape nirbasito huwar purbe, manob. marende 2002 sonor poraa 2007 sonoloike emuhaya xomostir xangxod hisape karzonirbah korisil. marende keniyar 13tomo xongxodor rastriyo bidhanxobhar odhyokhyo podor prarthi aasil, kintu prakton banguma xenetar muse wetanggulai teuk porasto korisil jiye marender aagot 215 bhut laabh korisil jiye 130 bhut laabh korisil. prarombhik jiwan. marender jonmo hoisil bhihiga countyr buniyur ebusikhale upo-owosthanor mumbuha gaont. 1969 sonot prathomik bidyaloyor xikhya xompurno korar aagoloike teu ibusakami prathomik bidyaloyot jugdan korisil. taar pisot teu kakamega haiskuloloi yaay aaru 1972 sonot teur pubo african xikhya promanpotro (es)-ror baabe bohisil. 1974 sonot teu kagumu haiskulot teur xohoj-pubo african unnot xikhyar promanpotror baabe bohisil zo 'too teuk teur e-levelor baabe naambhorti koraa hoisil. 1975 sonot teuk nairubi biswobidyaloyot bhorti koruwa hoisil zo 'too teu el. el. degree laabh korisil.bi degree. 1978 sonot euon eri juwar pisot teu kenia skool owo lo 'too snatokuttor dipluma pathyokromor baabe naam bhorti kore, aaru 1979 sonot baarot bhorti hoy. aainee jiwan. 1979 sonor septembor maahot teu rajyik poramorxodata hisape kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru rajyik poramorxodatar porzayoloi unnit hoisil. 1984 sonot teu braison inamdar aaru bob "yaar companyr ukilxokolor xoite kaam koriboloi sorkari sakori eri korisil zo" too teuk 1986 sonot ongxidaritwot bhorti koraa hoisil 1988 sonot teu warrander aaru companyr ukilxokolor xoite jugdan korar aagoloike. keneth marende company aain, banijyik aain, benking aaru bittiyo xewa, rajohuwa khondor aain, korpo "rett lenden, jutiya udyug, aaru shrom aainor egoraki aagxarir odhibokta hisape nijoke protistha korise. 2012 sonot marende aaru niyundi xohojugi-manku ongxidar keneth utiyatu marende aaru dodd. kenn niyundi. protisthantu kouxolgotovabe prothom nong avenure kaxot ek garden anexot owosthito. rajnoitik jiwan. 2002 sonot marende rajneetit jugdan korisil, 2002 sonor nirbasonot nark dolor tikotot emuhaya xomostir xangxod hisape teu prothombaror baabe nirbasito hoisil. 1997-2002 sonor poraa eketa xomostir xangxod hisape karzonirbah koraa hohn sweldon motilwar pisot teu uttoradhikar laabh korisil. 2007 sonor nirbasonot teu nijor aaxontu bojai rakhisil, kintu odhyokhyo hisape teur nirbasonor ortho aasil je teur aaxonkhon khaali hoi aasil, jaar baabe teur xomostitut upo-nirbasonor proyujon hoisil. 2008 sonor june maahot upo-nirbason onusthito hoisil aaru oh "diemor wilbar utisiluwe joyee hoisil. keniyar 9moo xongxodot, marende boibahik dhorxonok oporadhmulok buli gonyo koraa jouno oporadh bidheyokor xongxudhonik xomorthon korar baabe ullekhjugyo aasil. teu xongxodot bikhyat uktitu disil je "keniyanxokole bibahito hoi thoka porjonto xuwar pisotu teulukor xongir xoite jouno xomporko sthapon koribo paare". xodonor odhyokhyo nirbason. prothom porzayor bhutdanot odhyokhyo podor baabe komola gonotantrik andulonor (oh "dm) prarthi marende 104 bhut laabh korisil, aanhate sorkaror prarthi francis ule kaparuwe 99 bhut laabh korisil; dwitiyo porzayot marende 104 bhut laabh korisil aaru kaparuwe 102 bhut laabh korisil. jodiu prothom dutaa porzayot dui tritiyangxo xongkhyagoristhotar proyujon aasil, poroborti xomoyot kewol ek xadharon xongkhyagoristhotar proyujon aasil, aaru tritiyo porzayot marende 105 bhutor biporite 101 bhutore kaparur baabe nirbasito hoisil. 2009 sonor aprilot xongxod punor khular xomoyot rastropoti aaru prodhanmontrir maajot huwa osolabosthar baabe teu sorkari kaam-kaajor netaa coon hoh "bob laage xei bixoye ek kothur xiddhanto lo" boloi badhyo hoisil. teur oitihaxik raitut, xongxodor sthayi aadexor bhittit teu osthayibhabe nijoke griho byowoxayik xomitir odhyokhyo hisape nijukti disil jetiyaloike baadha xomadhan nohoy. rastriyo bidhanxobhar odhyokhyo hisape keneth utiyatu marendeye xodonor byowoxayik xomiti, xongxodiyo xewa aayugor xobhapotitwo korisil aaru sthayi krom, khyomota aaru bixexadhikar, aaru pension xomitixomuhot bohisil. teu xodonot xongxodiyo karjyokolapor punpotiya xomprosar aarombho korar babeu daybodho aasil. keniyar bidhanmondolor dayitwot thoka byokti hisape teur proxongxa aaru krititwor folot teuk bidexot commonwealth xongxodiyo xongsthar xobhapoti hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 2008 sonot teuk jikunu kenian nagorike laabh koribo poraa xorbuscho botaa, rastropotiye xorbuscho xorbuscho xonman (jene) prodan korisil, poroborti bosorot teuk antohrastriyo aainogyo aayugor (aaisije-key) dwara bosoror aainogyo hisape prodan koraa hoisil. 2011 sonot kenia (lske) ror aain xomaje keneth marendek jikunu ukiloi laabh koribo poraa xorbuscho botaa, advocates lifetime rul owo onaar prodan kore. teu 2008 sonor poraa 2013 sonor bhitorot keniyar doxom xongxodor odhyokhyo hisape karzonirbah korisil. teur pisot hohn justine muturiye dayitwobhar grohon korisil. byoktigoto jiwan. marender prothom potni aasil dodd0 levender marender 2005 sonor aprilot mrityu hoisil kintu taar aagotei teuluk prithok hoi goisil. teur dwitiyo potni aasil masenur ibusakamir baxinda projonon swasthyo poramorxodata em. ess. rasel oluberu. teuluke 2002 sonot buniyor prothar aain onuxori bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. marende rastriyo bidhanxobhar odhyokhyo huwar paas maah pisot 2008 sonot teuluk prithok hoisil. marender prothom potni dodd0 ror xoite dangor xontan aase. levender. em. ess. rechel aaru em. ess. jeniferor xoite teur aan xontanou aase.

keneth marende keneth otiato marende, jonmo 7 januari 1956, kenier dasham sangsader jatiya porishder speaker chhilen. 2008 saaler 15ee januari tini speaker nirbachito hohn. marende 2002 theke 2007 saal porjonto emuhaya nirbachoni elakar mp hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. marende kenier 13tomo sangsader jatiya porishder speaker prarthi chhilen, kintu praktan bungoma sinetara mosses oyetangulara kachhe porajito hohn, jini marendeke egiye 215 bhot peyechilen jini 130 bhot peyechilen. prathomik jeebon. marende vihiga kauntir bunior ebusikhale upo-abosthaner mumboha grame jonmogrohon corren. 1969 saale prathomik vidyalaya shikkha shesh korar agey porjonto tini ibusakami prathomik bidyalaye jog deena. erpor tini kakamega uchcho bidyalaye bhorti hohn ebong 1972 saale taanr purbo african certificate off educationer (ees) jonno bosen. 1974 saale tini kagumo uchcho bidyalaye taanr ee-esha-purbo african advanced certificate off educationer jonno bosechilen jekhane tini taanr ayee-leveler jonno bhorti hoyechilen. 1975 saale tini nairobi bishwobidyaloye bhorti hohn jekhane tini ll degree orjon corren.bii degree. 1978 saale vishwavidyalaya chhadar porr tini kenia school off lawl-ayee snatakottar diploma course bhorti hohn ebong 1979 saale barey bhorti hohn. aini pesha. 1979 saaler septembore tini rashtriya poramorshodata hisabe kaaj shuru corren ebong uchchopodostho rashtriya poramorshodata podey unnito hohn. tini 1984 saale bryson inamdar ebong boar companyr ukilder saathe kaaj korar jonno sarkari chakri chhede deena jekhane tini 1986 saale angshidaritte bhorti hohn 1988 saal porjonto jokhon tini gudam ebong companyr ukilder saathe jog deena. kenneth marende company aain, banijyik aain, banking oo arthik porisheba, rashtrayatta aain, corporate lenden, joutho uddog ebong shrom aaine ekjon shirshosthaniyo aainjibi hisabe nijeke protisthito korechen. 2012 saale marende oo niandi sahojogi-manco angshidar keneth otiato marende ebong daw. keena niyundi. firmty kousholgotobhabe prothom nong avenue borabor eka garden sangjuktite abosthito. rajnaitik karmajiban. 2002 saale marende rajnitite jog deena, 2002 saaler nirbachone tini ekti nurse partyr tikite emuhaya nirbachoni elakar mp hisabe taanr prothom meyade nirbachito hohn. tini 1997-2002 saal porjonto ekoi nirbachoni elakar sangsad hisebe dayitto palon koraa hohn sheldon monsilwar stholabhishikto hohn. 2007 saaler nirbachone tini taanr asson dhorey rakhen, kintu speaker hisabe taanr nirbachoner ortho chhilo jey taanr asonti shunno chhilo, jaar jonno taanr nirbachoni elaka ekti upo-nirbachoner prayojan chhilo. 2008 saaler june maase eyi uponirbachon onusthito hoy ebong odm-err uilbar otichilo joyee hohn. kenier 9maum sangsade, marende jouno aporadh biler ekti sangshodhanike samarthan korar jonno ullekhjoggo chhilen jaa boibahik dharshanke oporadhmukto korechilo. tini sangsade bikhyato uktiti korechilen jey "kenianra bibahito thaka porjonto ghumanta thakleo taader sangir saathe jouno millon korte paare. house speaker nirbachan. prothom dofar bhote, marende, jini speaker poder jonno komla ganotantrik andoloner (oo. dii. emm) prarthi chhilen, 104 bhot peyechilen, onnodike sarkarer prarthi francis oley caparo 99 bhot peyechilen; dwitiya dofar marende 104 bhot peyechilen ebong caparo 102 bhot peyechilen. jodio prothom dui dofar jonno dui-tritiyangsho sankhyagarishthatar prayojan chhilo, porobortikale cable ekti sadharan sankhyagarishthatar prayojan chhilo, ebong tritiya dofar marende 105 bhot niye nirbachito hoyechilen ebong caparo 101 bhot peyechilen. 2009 saaler aprile, jokhon sangsad punra khola hoy, tokhon rashtrapati oo prodhanmontrir modhye acholabosthar karone tini sarkari kaajer neta keey hoben seey bishoye ekti kathor siddhanta nitey badhyo hohn. taanr oitihasik raye, tini samoyikbhabe nijeke nijukto corren, sangsader sthayi adesher vittite, jotokkhon naa ghattiguli samadhan koraa hoy totokkhon porjonto house bijnes komitir sabhapati hisabe. jatiya porishder speaker hisabe, keneth otiato marende house bijnes committy, sangsadiya porisheba kamishaner sovapotitto corren ebong sthayi adesh, khomota oo biseshadhikar ebong penashana komitite bosechilen. tini sangsade sangsadiya karjokromer sarasari samprachar shuru korar jonnou dayabaddha chhilen. kenier ainsobhar dayitte thaka byakti hisabe taanr proshongsha ebong krititter foley tini bideshe commonwealth sangsadiya samitir sabhapati hisabe nijukto hohn. 2008 saale, tini jey konao kenyan nagriker sorbochcho puraskar, rashtrapati kortrik golden harter probin (jemon)-ayee bhushito hohn, porer bochor tini antorjatik ainoggo kamishana (aaee. shee. jeey-keey) dwara bochorer sera aainogger puraskar laav corren. 2011 saale, kenier aain samiti (ell. esha. keey) keneth marendeke jey konao aainjibi petey paare emon sorbochcho puraskar, aquates lifetime roll off onar pradan korey. tini 2008 theke 2013 saaler modhye kenier dasham sangsader speaker hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. taanr stholabhishikto hohn justine muturi. byaktigato jeebon. marender prothom stree chhilen doh lavender marende 2005 saaler aprile maaraa zaan kintu taar agei taanra alada hoye zaan. taanr dwitiya stree chhilen meesa rachel olubero, ekjon prajanan swastho poramorshodata jini massenor ibusakami theke esechen. taaraa 2002 saale bunior prothagoto aainer adhine biye corren. marende jatiya porishder (kenia) speaker howar panch maas porr 2008 saale taaraa alada hoye yaay. marender prothom strir saathe borh santan royeche. lavender. ms rachel ebong ms jennifer saathe taar anyanno santano royeche.

keneth marende keneth autiato marende, janm 7 january 1956, kenya nee 10 mee sansadni raashtriy sabhaana adhyaksh hataa. teo 15 january, 2008naa roj speaker tareeke chuntaya hataa. speaker tarikeni temnee chuntani pahelaa, maanneey. marende 2002 thee 2007 sudhee emuhaya matvistaar maate saansad tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. marende kenya 13mee sansadni raashtriy sabhaana adhyaksh maate umedvaar hataa, parantu temne bhutpurv bungoma senator mosses vetangula dwara haravvama aavyaa hataa, jemane marende kartaa 215 mutt aagad melvyaa hataa, jemane 130 mutt melvyaa hataa. praarambhik jeevan. marendeno janm mumboha gaammaan, ibusikhale petaa-sthaan, bunyore, vihiga kaauntimaa thayo hato. teo 1969 sudhee ibusakami praathmeek shaalaama jodaya, jyaare temane praathmeek shaalaanu shikshan purn karyoo. tyarbad teo kakamega uchch shaalaama gayaa aneey 1972maan temnaa purv african shikshan pramanpatra (ee. aesa.) maate bethaa. 1974maan teo kagumo uchch shaalaama temnaa ee-aesa-purv african adhyatan shikshan pramanpatra maate bethaa hataa, jyaan temne temnaa aee-leval maate dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1975maan temne nairobi universityma dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jyaan temane snatakni degree melvee hatee.bii degree. 1978maan yuon chhodya pachhi temane kenya school off lomaa anusnatak diploma abhyaskram maate nondhani karaavi aneey 1979maan baarmaa pravesh melvyo. kaanuni karkirdi. temane september 1979maan rajyanaa vakeel tareeke kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey varishth raajy salaahkaarnaa star sudhee pahonchya. temane 1984maan sarkari sevaa chhodi deedhi aneey bryson inamdar aneey booar companyna vakeelo saathe kaama karyoo, jyaan temne 1986maan bhagidarima dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jyaan teo 1988maan vendara aneey companyna vakeeloma jodaya hataa. keneth marende kampani kaayado, vyaapaari kaayado, banking aneey nanakiy sevaao, jaaher kshetrana kaayada, corporate vyavhaaro, sanyukt saahso aneey shram kayadama agranee vakeel tareeke potaani jaatne sthaapit curry chhe. 2012 maan marende aneey nyundi sahyogeeo-mankoni sthaapnaa bhagidaro keneth autiato marende aneey doow. qena nyundi. aaa pedhhi vyuhaatmak reete pratham nagong aevanyu saathe aek bagichaanaa jodanma stheet chhe. raajkeey karkirdi. 2002maan, marende rajkaranma jodaya, teo 2002nee chuntanima naark partyni ticket parr emuhaya matvistaar maate saansad tareeke temnaa pratham kaarykaad maate chuntaya hataa. teo 1997-2002 sudhee aaa jaj matvistaar maate saansad tareeke sevaa aapnaar honn sheldon matilvaanaa anugaamee banyaa hataa. temane 2007nee chuntanima temnee bethak jaalvi raakhi hatee, parantu speaker tarikeni temnee chuntanino arth aee hato keey temnee bethak khaalee rahee hatee, jenaa maate temnaa matvistaarmaa petachuntanini jaroor hatee. petachuntani juuna, 2008maan yojai hatee aneey odamnaa wilber autichilo dwara jeetee hatee. kenyani 9mee sansadma, marende laingik apraadh bilmaan sudhaaraane teko aapvaa maate nondhpaatra hataa jene vaivaahik balaatkaarne apraadhmukt karyo hato. temane sansadnaa flore parr prasiddh avtaran karyoo hatoo keey "kenyaao temnaa bhagidaro saathe sambhog curry shake chhe, bhale teo lagna karyaa hoya tyaan sudhee teo unghee rahyaa hoya". gruh adhyakshni chuntani. matdaannaa pratham tabakkama, marende, jeey speakerna pada maate narangi lokshaahi chalval (oo. dii. aema.) naa umedvaar hataa, temne 104 mutt malyaa, jyaare sarkaarnaa umedvaar, frances ole kaparone 99 mutt malyaa; beeja tabakkama marendene 104 mutt malyaa aneey kaparone 102 mutt malyaa. jooe keey pratham beey tabakkama beey trutiyaansh bahumatee jaroori hatee, tyarbad maatra aek saral bahumatini jaroor hatee, aneey marende trija tabakkama 105 mutt saathe chuntaya hataa. april 2009maan, jyaare sansad pharii kholvaamaa aavee, tyaare rashtrapati aneey vadaa pradhaan vachchena madaganthne kaarane temne sarkari kamkajna netaa koona hovaa joiae teey ange kadak chukaado aapvani faraj puddy hatee. temnaa aitihasik chukadama, temane sansadnaa sthaayi aadeshona aadhare jyaan sudhee avrodhonu samadhan naa thaay tyaan sudhee gruh kaarobaari sameetina adhyaksh tareeke asthaayi rupe potaani nimanook curry hatee. raashtriy vidhansabhana adhyaksh tareeke, keneth autiato marende gruh vyavsaay sameeti, sansadeey sevaa aayognee adhyakshta curry hatee aneey sthaayi krama, sattao aneey visheshaadhikaaro aneey pension sameetioma bethaa hataa. teo gruhamaa sansadeey kaaryvaahinu jivant prasaaran sharoo karvaa maate pann jawabdar hataa. kenya vidhansabhana prabhaari tareeke temnee prashansa aneey siddhiona parinaame videshma commonwealth sansadeey sangathannaa pramukh tareeke temnee nimanook thaee. 2008maan, temne rashtrapati dwara praapt thaee shake tevaa koipan keniyan nagrikne sarvoch puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato, golden hartnaa vadil (ee. jee. aech.), pachhinaa varshe temne aantarrashtriy nyayshastri aayog (aaee. see. jeey.-keey.) dwara varshnaa nyayshastrino puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. 2011 maan, kenya (aela. aesa. keey.) naa low society keneth marendene koipan vakeelne praapt curry shake tevaa sarvoch puraskar, vakeel aajivan roll off onara saathe sanmanit karyaa. temane 2008 aneey 2013 vachche kenya nee 10mee sansadnaa adhyaksh tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. temnaa pachhi honn justine muturi aavyaa hataa. angat jeevan. marendeni pratham patnee doow. lavender marende april 2005maan mrutyu pamya hataa, parantu teey pahelaa teo alag thaee gayaa hataa. temnee beejee patnee ms ratchell olubero hatee, jeey prajanan svaasthya salaahkaar hatee, jeey maasenoma ibusakamithi aave chhe. teoae 2002maan buenure rudhigat kaayada hethal lagna karyaa hataa. marende raashtriy vidhansabha (kenya) naa adhyaksh banyaa tenaa paanch maheena pachhi teo 2008maan alag thaee gayaa hataa. marende tenee pratham patnee doow. saathe motaa thayaa chhe. lavandara. temne ms ratchell aneey ms jennifer saathe anya baadako pann chhe.

keneth marende keneth otiato marende, jinka janm 7 janwari 1956 koo huaa thaa, kenya kii 10veen sansad kii rashtriya sabhaa key adhyaksh they. way 15 janwari, 2008 koo adhyaksh chune gaye they. marende ney 2002 seey 2007 taka emuhaya nirvaachan kshetra key liye saansad key roop mein kaary kiya. marende kenya kii 13veen sansad kii rashtriya sabhaa key adhyaksh key liye ack ummidwar they, lekin poorv bangoma senator moosa vetangula seey haar gaye, jinhone marende seey 215 vote aage praapt kiye, jinhone 130 kaa prabandhan kiya. praarambhik jeevan. marende kaa janm mumboha gaanv, ebusikhale upa-sthaan, bunyore, vihiga county mein huaa thaa. unhone 1969 taka abusacomy praathamik vidyalaya mein dakhila liya jaba unhone apani praathamik vidyalayi shiksha poori kii. isake baad unhone kakamega hyee school mein padhaai kii aur 1972 mein apane purvi african shiksha pramaan patra (ee. aiss.) key liye baith gaye. 1974 mein way kagumo hyee school mein apane ee-aiss-east african advanced certificate off ajucation key liye baithe, jahan unhein apane aeye-leval key liye bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. 1975 mein unhein nairobi vishvavidyalaya mein bharti karaaya gayaa jahan unhone ell. ell. kiya.bee degree. 1978 mein vishvavidyalaya chhodane key baad unhone kenya school off low mein snatkottar diploma pathyakram key liye dakhila liya aur 1979 mein baar mein pravesh liya. kanuni carrier. unhone sitambar 1979 mein raajya key vakeel key roop mein kaam karna shuru kiya aur varishth raajya vakeel key star taka pahunch gaye. unhone 1984 mein bryson inamdar aur boyer company key adhivaktaon key saath kaam karane key liye sarkari seva chhod dee, jahaan unhein 1986 mein 1988 taka saajhedaari mein bharti kiya gayaa jaba way warender aur company key adhivaktaon mein shamil hoe gaye. keneth marende ney khud koo company kaanoon, vaanijyik kaanoon, banking aur vittiya sevaaon, saarvajanik kshetra key kaanoon, corporate lenden, sanyukt udyam aur shram kaanoon mein ack pramukh vakeel key roop mein sthaapit kiya haye. 2012 mein marende aur nyundi sahyogiyon-manco kii sthaapana bhagidar keneth otiato marende aur dow. kinn nyundi. yeh firm ranneetik roop seey pahale nagong avenue key saath ack garden annex mein sthit haye. raajneetik jeevan. 2002 mein, marende rajneeti mein shamil hoe gaye, way 2002 key chunaav mein ack nark party key tikat parr emuhaya nirvaachan kshetra key liye ack saansad key roop mein apane pahale karyakal key liye chune gaye they. unhone 1997-2002 taka isi nirvaachan kshetra key saansad key roop mein kaary karane vaale hohn sheldon mutilva kaa sthaan liya thaa. unhone 2007 key chunaav mein apani seat barkarar rakhee, lekin adhyaksh key roop mein unake chunaav kaa matlab thaa kii unaki seat khaali reh gaee thee, jisake liye unake nirvaachan kshetra mein upchunaav kii aavashyakta thee. upa-chunaav juuna, 2008 mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa aur oh. dee. aim. key wilber otichilo ney jeetaa thaa. kenya kii 9veen sansad mein, marende yaun aparaadh vidheyak mein sanshodhan kaa samarthan karane key liye ullekhaniya they, jisane vaivaahik balatkar koo aparaadh seey mukt curr diyaa thaa. unhone sansad mein prasiddh uddharan diyaa kii "kenya key loga taba bhee apane saathi key saath yaun sambandh banaa sakate hain, taba bhee jaba way sou rahey houn jaba taka kii way vivaahit houn. sadan key adhyaksh kaa chunaav. matdan key pahale daur mein, marende, joe speaker key pada key liye orange democratic movement (oh. dee. aim.) key ummidwar they, koo 104 vote mille, jabaki sarkaar key ummidwar, francis ole caparo koo 99 vote mille; dusare daur mein marende koo 104 vote mille aur caparo koo 102 vote mille. halanki pahale dou daur mein dou-tihai bahumat kii aavashyakta thee, baad mein kewal ack sadharan bahumat kii aavashyakta thee, aur teesare daur mein marende koo 105 vote key saath chunaa gayaa, jabaki caparo key liye 101 vote mille. aprail 2009 mein, jaba sansad phir seey khuli, tou rashtrapati aur pradhaanmantri key beach gatirodh key kaaran unhein iss baat parr kadaa faisala lene key liye majboor honah padaa kii sarkari kamkaj kaa netritva kise karna chaahiye. apane aitihaasik faisale mein, unhone asthaayi roop seey khud koo sansad key sthaayi aadeshon key aadhar parr sadan kii kaary samiti key adhyaksh key roop mein niyukt kiya, jaba taka kii baadhaon kaa samadhan naheen hoe jaataa. rashtriya sabhaa key adhyaksh key roop mein, keneth otiato marende ney sadan kii kaary samiti, sansadiya seva aayog kii adhyakshata kii aur sthaayi crum, shaktiyon aur visheshadhikaron aur pension samitiyon mein baithe. way sadan mein sansadiya kaaryavaahi key seedha prasaran shuru karane key liye bhee jimmedaar they. kenya key vidhanmandal key prabhaari key roop mein unaki prashansa aur uplabdhiyon key parinamswarup unhein videsh mein rashtramandal sansadiya sangh key adhyaksh key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa. 2008 mein, unhein rashtrapati dwara kissy bhee kenya key nagrik koo praapt honey vaale sarvocch puraskar, golden haart key bujurg (jaise) seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, agale varsh unhein antarrashtriya nyaayvidon key aayog (aaee. see. jey.-key) dwara varsh key nyaayvid seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 2011 mein, kenya (ell. aiss. key.) kii low society ney keneth marende koo sarvocch puraskar, adhivakta jeevan bhar key sammaan key saath sammaanit kiya, joe koee bhee adhivakta praapt curr sakata haye. unhone 2008 aur 2013 key beach kenya kii 10veen sansad key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. unake baad hohn justine muturi ney padbhar sambhala. vyaktigat jeevan. marende kii pahali patni dow. lavender marende kii aprail 2005 mein mrityu hoe gaee thee, lekin way taba seey pahale alag hoe gaye they. unaki doosari patni ms rechel olubero theen, joe ack prajanan swaasthya salaahkaar theen, joe maseno key abusacomy seey hain. unhone 2002 mein buenyor prathaagat kaanoon key tahat shaadi kii. marende key national assembly (kenya) key adhyaksh banane key paanch maheene baad way 2008 mein alag hoe gaye. marende key apani pahali patni dow. lavender. unake ms rechel aur ms jennifer seey anya bachche bhee hain.

kenneth marende 1956rahra janavari 7randu janisida kenneth otiato marende, kenyaada 10neey samsattina rashtriya sabeya speaker aagiddaru. avaru 2008rahra janavari 15randu, sabhadhyaksharagi aaykeyaaguva modalu, sabhadhyaksharagi aaykeyaadaru. 2002rinda 2007ravarege emuhaya kshetrada emm. pii. aagi seve sallisida marende, keenyaada 13neey samsattina rashtriya sabeya speaker abhyarthiyagiddaru, aadare maaji bangoma senator moses vetangula avarinda solanubhavisidaru, avaru maarendeginta 215 matagalannu galisidaru, avaru 130 matagalannu galisidaru. arambhika jeevana. marende mumboha gramadalli, ibusikhale upa-sthala, bunyor, vihigaa kountiyalli janisidaru. 1969ralli praathamika shaala shikshanavannu poornagolisuvavaregu avaru ibusacomy praathamika shaalege seridaru. nantara avaru kakamega proudhashaalege teralidaru mattu 1972 ralli tamma purva african sikshana pramaanapatrakkaagi (ees) kulitaru. 1974ralli avaru kagumo proudhashaaleyalli tamma unnata shikshanada purva african unnata pramaanapatrakkaagi kulitiddaru, allie avaru tamma aa-levelge pravesha padediddaru. 1975ralli avaru nairobi vishvavidyaalayakke pravesha padedaru, allie avaru ell padaviyannu padedaru.bii padavi. 1978ralli vishvavidyaalayavannu toreda nantara avaru keenya kaanoonu shaleyalli snatakottara diploma korsge serikondaru mattu 1979ralli barge pravesha padedaru. kaanoonu vrutti. avaru 1979rahra septembernalli raajya vakilaraagi kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru mattu rajyada hiriya vakilara mattakke airidaru. avaru 1984ralli sarkari seveyannu toredu, bryson inamdar mattu boyer kampaniya vakilarondige kelasa maadidaru, allie avaru 1986ralli paludarikeyalli serikondaru, 1988ralli avaru warender mattu kampani vakilarannu seridaru. kenneth marende avaru kampani kaanoonu, vanijya kaanoonu, banking mattu hanakasu sevegalu, saarvajanika valayada kaanoonu, corporate vahivaatugalu, junty udyamagalu mattu kaarmika kaanooninalli pramukha vakilaraagi tammannu taavu sthapisikondiddare. 2012 ralli marende & nyundi associates-mankovannu paludararu kenneth otiato marende mattu daa. kenn nyundi. ee samstheyu modala nangang avenue uddakkoo aak garden annexnalli vyoohatmakavaagi nelegondide. rajakiya vrutti. 2002ralli, marende rajakeeyakke seridaru, 2002rahra chunavaneyalli avaru emuhaya kshetrada samsadaraagi narka party tiketnalli tamma modala avadhige aaykeyaadaru. 1997rinda 2002ravarege adhe kshetrada samsadaraagi seve sallisidda honal sheldon mayilwa avara uttaradhikariyada avaru, 2007rahra chunavaneyalli tamma sthaanavannu ulisikondaru, aadare avara speaker aykeyu avara sthaanavannu khaali bittu, avara kshetradalli upachunaavaneya agatyavittu. 2008rahra joonnalli nadeda upachunaavaneyalli oo. dii. emm. naa wilber otichilo geddaru. kenyaada 9neey samsattinalli, vaivaahika atyaachaaravannu aparaadhavendu pariganisuva laingika aparadha masoodege tiddupadiyannu bembalisiddakkagi marende gamanarhavagiddaru. kenyannaru taavu maduveyaadashtu kaala nidde madidagalu tamma sangaatigalondige laingika sambandha hondabahudu" endu avaru samsattina mahadiyalli prasiddha ullekhavannu maadidaru. sabhadhyakshara chunawane. modala suttina matadaanadalli, speaker sthanakke kittale prajasattatmaka chalavaliya (odm) abhyarthiyaagidda marende 104 matagalannu padedaru, aadare sarkaarada abhyarthi francis ole caparo 99 matagalannu padedaru; eradane suttinalli marende 104 matagalannu padedaru mattu caparo 102 matagalannu padedaru. aadaagyoo modala eradu suttugalalli moorane eradarashtu bahumatada agatyavittu, taruvaaya kevala sarala bahumatada agatyavittu, mattu moorane suttinalli marende 105 matagalondige 105 matagalondige kaparokke aaykeyaadaru. 2009rahra aprilnalli, samsattu punah teredaaga, adhyaksharu mattu pradhana mantriya naduvina bikkattina kaaranadindaagi avaru sarkaarada vyavahaarada nayakaragabekada bagge kathina tirpu niidabeekaayitu. tamma aitihaasika tirpinalli, samsattina sthaayi aadeshagala aadhaarada mele, avaru tatkalikavagi tammannu taavu gruha vevahaara samitiya adhyaksharaagi nemisikondaru. rashtriya sabeya adhyaksharaagi, kenneth otiato marende avaru house bisiness kamiti, samsadeeya sewa aayogada adhyakshateyannu vahisiddaru mattu sthaayi krama, adhikaragalu mattu savalattugalu mattu pinchani samitigalalli kulitiddaru. sadanadalli samsadeeya kalapagala nera prasaaravannu praarambhisuva javabdariyu avara melittu. keenya shasakangada ustuvaari vahisikondidda avara prashastigalu mattu sadhanegalu avarannu kamanwealth samsadeeya sanghada adhyaksharaagi videshadalli nemisalu kaaranavaadavu. 2008ralli, yaavude keenya praje sweekarisabahudaada atyunnata prashastiyannu, golden haart (ii. etch) naa hiriyarannu rashtrapatigalu avarige niididaru, mundina varsha avarige antararashtriya nyaayashaastragnara aayoga (aii. sii. zhe-keey) varshada nyaayashaastragnarannu nidalaayitu. 2011ralli, kenya (ell. ess. keey) kaanoonu samajavu, yaavude vakilaru padeyabahudaada atyunnata prashastiyaada advocates life time roll off aanar annu kenneth maarendege pradaana maaditu. avaru 2008 mattu 2013rahra naduve keenyaada 10neey samsattina speaker aagi seve sallisidaru. avara nantara hohn justine muturi adhikara vahisikondaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. maarendeyavara modala patni daa. lavender marende 2005rahra aprilnalli nidhanaraadaru, aadare adakkoo modalu avaru berpattiddaru. avara eradane patni ms rachel olubero, avaru maasenoda ibusacomy moolada santanotpatti aarogya salahegararagiddaru. avaru 2002ralli buenure saampradaayika kaanooninadiyalli vivaahavaadaru. marende rashtriya sabeya (keenya) speaker aada aidu tingala nantara, avaru 2008 ralli berpattaru. marende tanna modala patni daa. lavender. aatanige ms rachel mattu ms jennifer hondiruva itara makkaliddaare.

kenneth marende 1956 januvari 7nuu janicha kennathu ottiyatto marende keniyayude patthaam paarlamentinte deseeya asambliyude speakeraayirunnu. 2008 januvari 15nuu speakeraayi thiranjedukkappedunnathi munbu addeham speakeraayi thiranjedukkappettu. 2002 muthal 2007 vare emuhaaya niyojakamandalatthile empiyayi marinde sevanamanushtichu. keniyayude 13-aamm paarlamentinte deseeya assembly speaker sthaanaarthiyaayirunnu marinde, ennaal muun bangoma senattar moses vettaamgulayodu parajayappettu, addeham 215 vottukal nedi, 130 vottukal nediya marinde marikadannu. aadyakaala jeevitam. vihiga kaundiyile bunyorile ebusikhale sub lokkeshanile mumboha graamathilaanu marende janichathu. 1969ll praadhamika school vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkunnathuvare addeham ebasakami primery schoolil chernnu. thudarnnu addeham kakamega haiskoolilekku pookukayum 1972 ll thante kizhakkan aafrikkan certificat oof ejyukkeshanaayi (ees) irikkukayum cheythu. 1974ll addeham thante eiii-levelukalkku praveshanam labhicha kagumo haiskoolil thante ees-eest aafrikkan advanced certificat oof ejyukkeshanaayi irunnu. 1975ll nairobi sarvakalashaalayil praveshanam nediya addeham avide ninnu oru ell. ell. birudam nedi.bii birudam. 1978ll yuyon vitta sesham addeham kenia school oof loyil birudaananthara diploma kozhsilekku cherukayum 1979ll baaril praveshikkukayum cheythu. niyamaparamaaya thozhil. 1979 septambaril samsthaana abhibhashakanaayi pravartthikkaan thudangiya addeham unnatha padaviyiloode samsthaana abhibhaashakarude thalatthilekku uyarnnu. 1984ll sarkkar sevanam upekshichu addeham braisan inaamadaarinum boware kambani abhibhaashakarkkumoppam pravarthichu, avide 1986ll 1988ll warederilum kambani abhibhashakarumaayum cherunnathuvare pankaalitthatthil praveshippikkappettu. kambani niyamam, vaanijya niyamam, banking, dhanakaarya sevanangal, pothumekhalaa niyamam, korpparettu edapaadukal, samyuktha samrambhangal, thozhil niyamam ennivayil pramukha abhibhashakanaayi kenneth marende svayam sthaapichu. 2012-ll marende & nyondi associates-mango sthaapichathu pankaalikal kenneth ottiyatto marende, doow. kenn nyondi. aadya engong avanyoovile aakk garden anexilaanu eee sthaapanam sthithi cheiyunnathu. rashtreeya jeevitam. 2002ll raashtreeyathil praveshicha marende 2002leeii thiranjeduppil naark party tikkattil emuhaaya niyojakamandalatthile empiyayi aadyamaayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1997 muthal 2002 vare ithe niyojakamandalatthil empiyayi sevanamanushticha hoonn sheldon musilvayude pingamiyaayirunnu addeham. 2007 leeii thiranjeduppil addeham thante seett nilanirtthiyenkilum speaker enna nilayil thiranjedukkappettathuko addehathinte seett ozhinjukidakkukayaayirunni addehathinte niyojakamandalatthil upathiranjeduppu aavasyamaanu. 2008 juunil nadanna upathiranjeduppil odmminte wilber ottichilo vijayichu. keniyayile onpathaam paarlamentil, vaivaahika balaalsangatthe kuttakaramallaathaakkunna laingika kuttakrithya billile bhedagathiye pinthunachathil marende shradheyanaayirunnu. keniyakkaarkk avar vivaahitharaayirikkunnidathi kaalam urangumbozhum avarude pankaalikalumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppedaan kazhiyum" ennu addeham paarlamentil prasidhamaaya udharani nadatthi. house speakerude thiranjeduppu. aadyaghatta votteduppil, speaker sthaanathekkulla ooranchu demookratik moovmentinte (odm) sthaanaarthiyaayirunna marendake 104 vottukalum sarkkar sthaanaarthi francis ole kaparoik 99 vottukalum labhichu; randaamghattathil marendake 104 vottukalum kaparoik 102 vottukalum labhichu. aadya rund roundukalil moonnil rund bhooripaksham aavashyamaanenkilum, thudarnnu lalithamaaya bhooripaksham maathrame aavashyamulloo, moonnaamghattatthil 105 vottukalum 101 vottukalum nedi marende thiranjedutthu. 2009 eprilil paarlament veendum thurannappol, rashtrapathy pradhaanamantriyum thammilulla prathisandhi kaaranam aaraan sarkkar pravartthanangalude nethaavu ennathinekkurichu kadutha theerumaanam edukkaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi. thante charitraparamaaya vidhiyil, paarlamentinte staanding oordarukalude adisthaanathil, thadassangal pariharikkunnathuvare addeham thaalkkaalikamaayi house bisinus kammittiyude chairmaanaayi svayam niyamichu. deseeya asambliyude speaker enna nilayil, kenneth ottiyatto marende house bisinus kammitti, paarlamentari sarvees kammeeshan ennivayude adhyakshanaayi, staanding oordar, adikaarangalum aanukoolyangalum, pension kammittikalum ennivayil irunnu. paarlamentari nadapadikal sabhayil thalsamayam sampreshanam cheiyunnathinum addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu. keniyayude niyamanirmmaanasabhayude chumatala vahicha vyakthiyenna nilayilulla addehathinte amgeekaarangalum nettangalum komanvelthu paarlamentari associationte presidentaayi videshathu addehathe niyamikkaan kaaranamaayi. 2008-ll, eathoru keniyan pouranum labhikkuna ettavum uyarnna award addehathinu labhichu, suvarnna hridayathile moothayaal (udha) president, adutha varsham anthaaraashtra niyamanjarude kammeeshan (aii. sii. jeey-keey) addehathinu niyamanjan oof dhaa iyar nalki aadarichu. 2011ll, loow sosaitti oof kenia (ell. ezz. keey) kenneth marendake eathoru abhibhashakanum labhikkaavunna ettavum uyarnna puraskaramaaya advecates life time roll oof oonar nalki aadarichu. 2008num 2013num idayil keniyayile patthaam paarlamentinte speakeraayi sevanamanushticha addeham hoonn justin muthuriye adhikaarathilethichu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. marendeyude aadya bhaarya doow. lavender marende 2005 eprilil marichuvenkilum athinumumbu avar verpirinjirunnu. massenoyile ebasakami swadeshiyaaya prathyulpaadana aarogya upadeshtaavaaya ems rashell olubero aayirunnu addehathinte randaamathe bhaarya. booniyor parambaraagatha niyamaprakaaram 2002-ll avar vivahitharaayi. marende deseeya asambliyude (kenia) speakeraayi anchu maasathinu sesham 2008 ll avar verpirinju. marendake thante aadya bharyayaaya doow. lavender. ems raashal, ems jennifer ennivarumaayi addehathinu mattu kuttikalumundu.

keneth marende keneth otieto marende, janm 7 janewari 1956, heey keniyachya 10vya sansadechya rashtriy sabheche adhyaksh hote. 15 janewari 2008 roji teey adhyaksh mhanoon nivadoon aale. adhyaksh mhanoon tyanchi nivad honyapurvi. marende yanni 2002 teey 2007 yaa kalat emuhaya matdarsanghasathi khasdar mhanoon kaam kele. marende heey keniyachya 13vya sansadechya rashtriy sabhechya adhyakshapadache umedvar hote, parantu majee bangoma synet sadasya moses vetangulane tyancha parabhav keela, jyanni marende yanchyapudhe 215 matey midavali, jyanna 130 matey midali. prarambhik jeevan. marende yancha janm mumboha gavat, ebusikhale up-sthan, bunyore, vihiga county yethe jhaala. 1969 madhye prathamik shaley shikshan purn hoiparyant teey ebusakami prathamik shalet ruju jhaale. tyanantar tyanni kakamega highschoolmadhye pravesh ghetala aanee 1972 madhye tyanchya purv africi shikshan pramanpatrasathi (eae. ess.) basale. 1974 madhye teey kagumo highschoolmadhye tyanchya aii-levelsathi pravesh ghetalelya purv aafriketil pragat pramanpatrasathi basale. 1975 madhye tyanna nairobi vidyapithat pravesh denyat aala, jithe tyanni ell. ell. chee padvi ghetali.bii. padvi. 1978 madhye vidyapith sodalyanantar tyanni keeniya school auph lomadhye padvyuttar padavika abhyaskramasathi nondani kelee aanee 1979 madhye tyanna barmadhye pravesh denyat aala. kayadeshir karkird. september 1979 madhye tyanni rajya vakeel mhanoon kaam karnyas suruvat kelee aanee varishtha rajya sallagaranchya staravar pohochale. 1984 madhye tyanni sarkari seva sodali aanee bryson inamdar aanee boar companychya vakilansobat kaam kele, jithe tyanna 1986 madhye bhagidarit pravesh denyat aala aanee 1988 madhye teey warender aanee company vakilanmadhye sameel jhaale. keneth marende yanni company kayada, vyavsayik kayada, banking aanee vittiy seva, sarvajanik kshetratil kayada, corporate vyavhar, sanyukt upkram aanee kamgar kayada yaa vishayanmadhye eka agraganya vakeel mhanoon swatahla sthapit kele aahe. 2012 madhye marende aanee nyundi sahyogi-mancoachy sthapana bhagidar keneth otieto marende aanee dow. kaay nahee. hii company dhoranatmakdrushtya pahilya nagong avenyuchya bajoone eka garden annexmadhye sthit aahe. rajkiy karkird. 2002 madhye marende rajkaranat dakhal jhaale, 2002 chya nivadanukit teey emuhaya matdarsanghasathi khasdar mhanoon aine. see. pakshachya tikitavar nivadoon aale. 1997 teey 2002 yaa kalat tyach matdarsanghasathi khasdar mhanoon kaam kelelya hohn sheldon musilva yanchi jaaga tyanni ghetali hotee. 2007 chya nivadanukit tyanni aapali jaaga kayam thewali, parantu adhyaksh mhanoon tyanchya nivadicha arth assa hota qee tyanchi jaaga rikt rahili hotee, tyamule tyanchya matdarsanghatil potnivadanukichi aavashyakta hotee. hii potnivadanuk juuna 2008 madhye jhaali aanee oo. dii. emm. chya wilber otichilo yanni tee jinkley. keniyachya 9vya sansadet, vaivahik balatkarala gunhegari tharvana laingik gunhegari vidheykatil durustila pathimba denyasathi marende ullekhaneey hote. tyanni sansadechya patalavar prasiddha uddharan dile qee "keeniyan lock joparyant vivahit aahet toparyant zopalele asale tarihi tyanchya jodidarasobat laingik sambandh thevu shakatat". sabhagruh adhyakshanchi nivad. matdanachya pahilya fereet, adhyakshapadasathi aurange democratic movementche (oo. dii. emm.) umedvar asalelya marende yanna 104 matey midali, tarr sarkarche umedvar francis ole kaparo yanna 99 matey midali; dusya fereet marende yanna 104 matey midali aanee kaparo yanna 102 matey midali. jaree pahilya done fekyanmadhye done trutiyansh bahumat aavashyak hote, tyanantar keval sadhya bahumatachi aavashyakta hotee aanee tisya fereet marende 105 viruddha kaparo yanna 101 matey midali. april 2009 madhye, jevha sansad punha ughadali gelee, tevha rashtrapati aanee pantpradhan yanchyatil pechprasangamule sarkari kamkajat kona nete asave yavar tyanna kathor nirnay ghenyas bhag padale gele. aaplya aitihasik nirnayat, tyanni sansadechya sthayi aadeshanchya aadhare, adthale door hoiparyant, tatpurte swatahla sabhagruh kamkaj samitiche adhyaksh mhanoon niyukt kele. rashtriy sabheche adhyaksh mhanoon, keneth otieto marende yanni sabhagruh vyavasay samitee, sansadiy seva aayogache adhyakshapad bhushavale aanee sthayi kram, adhikar aanee visheshadhikar aanee nivruttivetan samityanmadhye basale. sabhagruhat sansadiy kamkaj thet prasarit karanyachi jababdarihi tyanchyavar hotee. keniyachya vidhimandalache prabhari mhanoon tyanche kautuk aanee kamgirimule tyanchi paradeshat rashtrakul sansadiy sanghataneche adhyaksh mhanoon niyukti jhaali. 2008 madhye, tyanna konatyahi keeniyan nagrikala miloo shakanara sarvoch puraskar, rashtrapatinni suvarn hrudayache jyeshth (udaa.) pradan keela, pudhchya varshi tyanna aantarrashtriy nyayshastradnya aayogane (aay. see. jeey.-keey.) varshatil nyayshastradnya puraskar pradan keela. 2011 madhye, kenya (ell. ess. keey.) chya low societyne keneth marende yanna konatyahi vakilala miloo shakanara sarvoch puraskar, mhanje vakilanchya aajivan sanmanchinhane sanmanit kele. 2008 teey 2013 yaa kalat tyanni keniyachya 10vya sansadeche adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. tyanchya jaagi hohn justine muturi yanni padbhar swikarla. vaiyaktik jeevan. dow. lavender marende yaa marendechya pahilya patniche april 2005 madhye nidhan jhaale, parantu tyapurvi teey vegale jhaale hote. tyachi dusari patni messers rachel olubero hotee, jee prajnan aarogya sallagar hotee aanee tee masenomadhil ibaskami yetheel aahe. tyanni 2002 madhye padatranechya paramparik kayadyanusar lagn kele. marende rashtriy sabheche (kenya) adhyaksh jhalyanantar paach mahinyanni teey 2008 madhye vegale jhaale. marende yanna tyanchya pahilya patnipasoon mothee mule aahet. lavender. tyala ms rashell aanee ms jennifer hii itar mulehi aahet.

keneth marende keneth otieto marende, janma 7 janawari 1956, kenyako 10 aun sansadko rashtriya sabhako adhyaksha thie. uni 15 janawari 2008 maa speaker nirvachit bhae. spikerko rupma unko chunawa hunuaghi, hohn. marendele 2002 dekhi 2007 samma emuhaya nirvachan kshetraka lagi sansadko rupma sewa gare. marende kenyako 13 aun sansadko rashtriya sabhako adhyakshaka lagi ummedwar thie, tara purva bungoma cineter mose vetangulale harae jasle marendebhanda 215 mutt agadi rahe jasle 130 prapta gare. prarambhik jiwan. marendeko janma mumboha gaaun, ebusikhale upa-sthan, bunyore, bhiga countyma bhaeko thiyo. unle afno prathamik vidyalaya shiksha pura garna sann 1969 samma ibusakami prathamik vidyalayama bharna bhae. tyasapachhi uni kakamega hai schoolma gae rar sann 1972 maa afno purvi africi shiksha pramanpatra (iz) kaa lagi base. sann 1974 maa uni kagumo hai schoolma afno sahaj-purva africi unnat shiksha pramanpatraka lagi base jahaan unlai unko ae-starka lagi bharna garieko thiyo. sann 1975 maa unlai nairobi vishwavidyalayama bharna gariyo jahaan unle ll gare.bee degree. sann 1978 maa yuon chhodepachhi unle kenya schol aff lama snatakottar diploma korska lagi bharna bhae, rar sann 1979 maa barma bharna bhae. kanuni currier. unle september 1979 maa rajya sallahakarko rupma kaam garna thale rar warishtha rajya sallahakarko starma puge. unle sann 1984 maa sarkari sewa chhodera bryson inamdar rar boyer companyka wakilharusanga kaam gare jahaan unlai sann 1986 maa sajhedarima bharna gariyo jab uni wender rar companyka wakilharuma samel bhae. keneth marendele company kanuna, wyawasayik kanuna, banking rar wittiya sewaharu, sarvajanik kshetrako kanuna, corporate lenden, sanyukta udyam, rar shram kanunma ek pramukh wakilko rupma afulai sthapit gareka chhan. 2012 maa marende rar nyundi sahayogiharu-manco sajhedar keneth otiato marende rar dah. kinn nyondi. ferm rannitik rupma pahilo engong avenyuko sath ek bagaincha annexma awasthit chha. rajnitik jiwan. sann 2002 maa, marende rajnitima samel bhae, uni sann 2002 ko chunawama nars partyko tikatma emuhaya nirvachan kshetraka lagi sansadko rupma pahilo karyakalma nirvachit bhae. unle sann 1997-2002 samma sohi nirvachan kshetraka lagi sansadko rupma sewa gareka hohn sheldon musilwako uttaradhikari baneka thie. unle sann 2007 ko chunawama afno sitt kayam rakhe, tara spikerko rupma unko chunawako artha unko sitt khali bhaeko thiyo, unko nirvachan kshetrama upachunawa awashyak thiyo. upa-chunawa june, 2008 maa bhaeko thiyo rar odemka wilber otichilole jiteka thie. kenyako 9 aun sansadma, marinde waiwahik balatkarlai aparadhmukta garne yauna aparadh vidheyakma sanshodhanlai samarthan garne ullekhaniya thie. unle sansadko floorma prasidha uddharan gare kii "kenyanharule vivahit bhaesamma sutiraheko bela pani afna sajhedarharusanga yauna sambandha rakhna sakchhan. sadanka waktako nirvachan. pahilo charanko matadanma, spekarko padaka lagi suntala loktantrik andolan (odm) kaa ummedwar marendele 104 mutt prapta gare, jabki sarkarka ummedwar francis ole kaparole 99 mutt prapta gare; dosro charanma marendele 104 mutt prapta gare rar kaparole 102 prapta gare. yadyapi pahilo dui charanma dui tihai bahumat awashyak thiyo, pachhi kewal sadharan bahumat awashyak thiyo, rar marende tesro charanma 105 matko viruddhama 101 matka sath nirvachit bhae. april 2009 maa, jab sansad punah kholiyo, rashtrapati rar pradhanmantribichko gatirodhka karan sarkari kamko neta ko hunuparchha bhanne kurama uni kada nirnaya garna badhya bhae. afno aitihasik nirnayma, unle awarodhharu samadhan nabhaesamma sansadko sthayi adeshko adharma asthayi rupma afulai sadanko wyapar samitiko adhyaksha niyukta gare. rashtriya sabhako waktaka rupma, keneth otieto marendele sadanko wyapar samiti, sansadiya sewa ayogko adhyakshata gare rar sthayi kram, shakti rar visheshadhikar, rar penson samitiharuma base. sadanma sansadiya karyawahiko pratyaksha prasaran suru garne jimmewari pani unimathi thiyo. kenyako wyawasthapikako prabhariko rupma unko prashansa rar upalabdhiharuko parinamswarup unlai videshma rashtramandal sansadiya sanghako adhyakshako rupma niyukta gariyo. sann 2008 maa, unlai kunai pani kenyaka nagarikle prapta garna sakne sarvochcha puraskar, rashtrapatile prapta gareko golden hartko alder (jastai), arko warsha unlai antarrashtriya nyayawid ayog (icj-key) dwara warshako nyayawidko puraskar pradan garieko thiyo. sann 2011 maa, kenya (lske) ko kanuna samajle keneth marendelai kunai pani wakille prapta garna sakne sarvochcha puraskar, adhiwakta lifetime roll aff unner pradan garyo. unle sann 2008 dekhi 2013 samma kenyako 10 aun sansadko spikerko rupma sewa gare. unko uttaradhikari hohn justine muturi thie. wyaktigat jiwan. marendki pahilo shrimati dah lavender marendko april 2005 maa mrityu bhayo tara tiniharu pahile nai alag bhaeka thie. unaki dosro shrimati mess rachel olubero thiin, jo prajanan swasthya sallahakar hun jo masenoko ibusakamibata hun. uniharule sann 2002 maa bunyore prathagat kanunantargat vivaha gare. marende rashtriya sabha (kenya) kaa adhyaksha banepachhi paanch mahinapachhi sann 2008 maa uniharu alag bhae. marendele afnie pahilo patni dah. lavender. unka ms rachel rar ms jeniferka anya chhorachhoriharu pani chhan.

keneth marende keneth otiato marende, janma 7 januari 1956, knr 10maha sansadara jatiah sabhara bachaspati thile. 2008 masiha januari 15 tarikhare shay bachaspati bhabe nirbachita hoithile. marende 2002 ru 2007 parjyanta emuhaiah nirbachana mandalira sansada bhabare karjya karithile. marende knr 13 tama sansadara jatiah bidhanasabhara bachaspati prarthi thile, kintu purbatana bungoma sinetara mose wetangulanka dwara parasta hoithile jie marendenka thaaru 215 bhot adhika paithile jie 130 parichalana karithile . prarambhika zeeban. marende bhihiga kauntira bunyorara ebusikhale upa-sthanara mumboha graamare janmagrahana karithile. shay 1969 masiha parjyanta ibasakami prathamika bidyalajare joga deithile, jetebele shay nijara prathamika bidyalaja sikhya samapta karithile. ehapare shay kakamega haiskulaku jaithile ebong 1972 ray taanka purba african sikhya pramanapatra (es) paain basithile. 1974 masihare shay kagumo haiskulare tankara eac-purba african unnat sikhya pramanapatra paain basithile, jeunthare tanku taanka aii-stara paain bhartti karajaithila. 1975 masihare shay nairobi biswabidyalajare bhartti hoithile, jeunthare shay eka ell. ell. adhyajana karithile.bii degree. 1978 masihare yuan chhadiba parey shay kenia skula off laal 'ray snatakottara diploma pathyakrama paain naama lekhaithile ebong 1979 masihare baar ray bhartti hoithile. aaingata brutti. shay 1979 masiha september maasare rajya paramarshadata bhabe karjya arambha karithile ebong baristha rajya paramarshadata starare unneet hoithile. shay 1984 ray sarkari seba chhadi bryson inamdar ebong boweyar companyra okilanka saha kaama karithile jeunthare tanku 1986 ray bhagidarire bhartti karajaithila 1988 parjyanta jetebele shay wayarder ebong company okilare joga deithile . keneth marende company ine, banijyika ine, byankinga ebong arthika seba, rastrajatta khetra ine, corporate karbar, milita udyoga ebong shrama aainare jane agrani okil bhabare nijaku pratisthita karichanti. 2012 ray marende ebong nyaundi sahajogee-manco anshidara keneth otato marende ebong dodd. caine nyaundi. ehi sansthati pratham engong aabhenyu sahita aak garden anxes ray rananitika bhabare abasthita . rajanaitika kyariyara. 2002 ray, marende rajaneetire joga deithile, shay 2002 nirbachanare eka nark party tiketare emuhaiah nirbachanamandali paain emm. pii bhabare pratham karjyakala paain nirbachita hoithile. shay 1997 ru 2002 parjyanta sehi nirbachanamandali paain sansada bhabare karjya karithiba hahn sheldon matilawanka uttaradhikari hoithile. shay 2007 nirbachanare taanka aasana bajaiah rakhithile, kintu bachaspati bhabare tankara nirbachanara artha thila je taanka aasana khaali rahila, jaahaa taanka nirbachanamandaleere eka upa-nirbachana aabasyaka karithila . 2008 masiha juna maasare upa-nirbachana anusthita hoithila ebong odmra wilber otichilo bijai hoithile. keniara 9maha sansadare, marinde baibahika balatkaraku aparadhamukta karuthiba jouna aparadha bilare eka sanshodhanaku samarthan kariba paain ullekhaneeah thile. shay sansadare eka prasidha ukti deithile je "kenyanmane bibahita thiba parjyanta soithiba samajare madhya semananka sathinka saha jouna samparka rakhiparibe". gruha bachaspatinka nirbachana. pratham parjyaja matadanare, marende, jie kii bachaspati pada paain arrange democratic muvamenta (oh. dii. emm.) rahr prarthi thile, 104 bhot paithile, jetebele kii sarakaranka prarthi francis ole caparo 99 bhot paithile; dwiteeja parjyajare marende 104 bhot paithile ebong caparo 102 paithile. jadio pratham duiti parjyajare dui trutijansha sankhyagarishthata aabasyaka thila, parabarti samajare kebala eka sadharana sankhyagarishthatara abashyakata thila, ebong marende truteeja parjyajare 105 bhot sahita nirbachita hoithile, ebong caparo 101 bhot paithile. 2009 masiha april maasare, jetebele sansada punarbara kholila, rastrapati ebong pradhanamantreenka madhyare eka achalabastha karanaru shay sarkari karjyara neta kie heba uchita shay nei eka kathore nishpatti nebaku badhya hoithile. taanka aitihasika raajare, shay asthajee bhabare nijaku nijukta karithile, sansadara sthajee adesh aadhaarare, abarodh samadhan naheba parjyanta gruha byabasai kamitira adhyakhya bhabare . jatiah bidhanasabhara bachaspati bhabe keneth otiato marende gruha byabasai kamiti, sansadeeah seba aajogara adhyakhyata karithile ebong sthajee byabastha, khyamata ebong bisheshadhikara ebong penson kamitire basithile. shay gruhare sansadeeah karjyanusthanara sidhasalakha prasarana arambha kariba paain madhya daie thile. kenianka bidhanasabhara dajitware thiba byakti bhabare tankara prashansa ebong saphalata phalare tanku bideshare rajyagosthi sansadeeah sanghara sabhapati bhabare nijukta karajaithila. 2008 ray, tanku rastrapatinka dwara jekaunasi kenia nagarika paiparanti sarbocha puraskara pradan karajaithila, golden harter baristha (udaah), parabarti barsha tanku antarjatija aainagya aajoga (aai. sii. jay.-kee) dwara barshar aainagya bhabare sammanita karajaithila . 2011 masihare, kenia (ell. ess. kee.) rahr ine samaj kenneth marendenku jekaunasi okil paiparanti sarbocha puraskara, ajiban sammanara okil roll pradan karithile. shay 2008 ru 2013 madhyare kenia dasham sansadara bachaspati bhabare karjya karithile. taanka parey hohn justine mutureenka dwara uttaradhikari hoithile. byaktigata zeeban. marendenka pratham patni thile doctor lavender marende, 2005 masiha april maasare mrutyubarana karithile, kintu ehaa purbaru semane alga hoijaithile. tankara dwiteeja patni thile mess rechel olubero, jane prajnan swasthya paramarshadata jie massenore ibasakamiru aasichanti. semane 2002 ray bunyora prathagata ine anujai bibaha karithile. marende jatiah bidhanasabha (kenya) rahr bachaspati hebara pancha maasa parey, 2008 ray semane alga hoithile. marendenkara pratham patni daktaranka saha budd hoithiba pila achanti. lavender. tankara anya pilamane madhya achanti, jeunmane emm. ess. rachel ebong emm. ess. jenipharnka sahita achanti.

keneth marande keneth otiato marende, janam 7 janwari 1956, kenya dee dee sansad dee national assembly dey speaker sunn. uh 15 janwari, 2008 noon speaker chunhe gaye sunn. marende neey 2002 toon 2007 takk aimuhaiaa halke laee aimm. pee. vajon seva nibhai. marende kenya dee dee sansad dee national assembly dey speaker laee ikk umidwar see, parr sabka bangoma senator moosa vetangula neey uss noon haraa ditta, jiss neey marende toon 215 vott agge prapat keete, jiss neey 130 daa parbandh keeta. mudhla jeevan. marende daa janam mumboha pind, ibusikhale upp-sathaan, bunior, vihiga kaoonti witch hoiaa see. uh 1969 takk ibuscomy primary school witch shamal hoye jadon unhan neey aapni primary school dee sikkhiaa puurii keeti. firr uh kakamega hyee school witch giaa atey 1972 witch aapne purbi african sikkhiaa certificate (ee. ee. see.) laee baitha. sann 1974 witch uh kagumo hyee school witch aapne ee-aiss-east african advanced certificate aaf aijukeshan laee baithe jitthe unhan noon aapne aii-laival laee dakhal karvaiaa giaa see. sann 1975 witch uhanan noon naerobi university witch dakhal karvaiaa giaa jitthe uhanan neey aill. aii. keeti.bee digri. sann 1978 witch university chaddan toon baad unhan neey kenya school aaf laa witch post graduate diploma course laee dakhla liaa atey sann 1979 witch baar witch dakhal hoye. kanunni carrier. unhan neey satambar 1979 witch ikk raaj vakeel vajon kamm karna shuru keeta atey senior raaj vakeel dey paddhar takk pahunch gaye. unhan neey 1984 witch sarkari seva chhadd ditti atey bryson inamdar atey boer company dey vakilan naal kamm keeta jitthe unhan noon 1986 witch 1988 takk bhaiwali witch dakhal keeta giaa jadon uh warender atey company dey vakilan witch shamal hoye. caneth marande neey aapne aap noon company kanoon, vaparak kanoon, banking atey vitti sevavan, jantak khetar dey kanoon, corporate lainn-denh, sanjhe uddman atey laber kanoon witch ikk pramukh vakeel vajon sathapat keeta haii. 2012 witch marende atey niaundi sehyogi-manco dee sathapana bhaiwal caneth otiato marende atey daa. qee qee haii. ih ferm rannitak taur utte pahile ngong aivenioo dey naal aik garden annex witch sathit haii. rajneetak carrier. 2002 witch, marende neey rajneeti witch pravesh keeta, uh 2002 deeaan chonhan witch ikk nark party dee ticket utte aimuhaiaa halke laee ikk aimm. pee. vajon aapne pahile karajkal laee chunhe gaye sunn. uh 1997 toon 2002 takk isey halke dey aimm. pee. vajon seva nibhaun vaale hohn sheldon mutilwa dee thaan lae chukke sunn. unhan neey 2007 deeaan chonhan witch aapni seet barkarar rakkhi see, parr speaker vajon unhan dee chonh daa matlab see kii unhan dee seet khaali rahi gaee see, jiss laee unhan dey halke witch upp-chonh dee zaroorat see. upp-chonh juun, 2008 witch hoee see atey ou. dee. aimm. dey wilber otichilo neey jitti see. kenya dee dee sansad witch, marende jinsi apradh bill witch sodh daa samarthan curran laee prasidh see jiss neey viaahuta balatkar noon apradh toon mukat qarr ditta see. unhan neey sansad dey sadan witch prasidh havala ditta kii "kenyan ajey vee aapne saathi naal jinsi sambandh bnaa sakde hunn bhaven uh udon takk saun rahey honn jadon takk uh viaahe hoye hunn. sadan dey speaker dee chonh. voting dey pahile daur witch, marende, joe kii santri jamhuri lahir (ou. dee. aimm.) dey umidwar sunn, noon 104 vott mille, jadon kii sarkaar dey umidwar, francis ole capro noon 99 vott mille; dooje daur witch marende noon 104 vott mille atey capro noon 102 vott mille. halanki pahile doou gedan witch doou tihai bahumat dee zaroorat see, baad witch siraf ikk sadharan bahumat dee zaroorat see, atey marende noon teeje daur witch 105 dey mukabale 101 votan naal chunhiaa giaa see. aprail 2009 witch jadon sansad dubara khullhi taan rashtarpati atey pardhan mantri darmiaan adikke caarn uh iss gall 'teey sakhat faisla lainn laee majbur hoow gaye kii sarkari kamm daa aagoo kaunn honaa chahida haii. aapne itihasak faisle witch, unhan neey asthai taur utte aapne aap noon sansad dey sathayi aadeshan dey adhaar utte sadan dee karobari kameti dey pardhan vajon niyukat keeta, jadon takk kii rukawatan daa hall naheen hoow jaanda. national assembly dey speaker vajon, keneth otiato marende neey haaoos busions kameti, sansadi seva commission dee pardhangi keeti atey sathayi kram, shaktiaan atey vishesh adhikar atey pensionan kametiaan witch baithe. uh sadan witch sansadi karvaiaan dey siddhe prasaran dee shuruat curran laee vee zimmevar sunn. kenya dee vidhan sabha dey incharge vajon unhan deeaan parshansavan atey prapatiaan dey natije vajon unhan noon rashtarmandal sansadi association dey pardhan vajon videshan witch niyukat keeta giaa. saal 2008 witch, uss noon rashtarpati duaara sabh toon uccha puraskar, sunhiri dill daa bazurg (udaharan vajon), kise vee kenyan nagrik noon prapat keeta jaa sakda haii, agle saal uss noon antarashtari kanunni commission (aaee. see. jey.-keey.) duaara saal daa kanunni maahir ditta giaa see. saal 2011 witch, laa suciety aaf kenya (lsk) neey caneth marende noon sabh toon vadda puraskar, joe kii koee vee vakeel prapat qarr sakda haii, naal sanmanit keeta. unhan neey 2008 atey 2013 dey vichkaar kenya dee dee sansad dey speaker vajon seva nibhai. unhan dee thaan haan justine muturi neey laee. nijji jeevan. marende dee pahili patni daa. lavender marende dee aprail 2005 witch maut hoow gaee see parr uh udon toon pahilan hii vakkh hoow gaye sunn. uss dee duji patni miss raichel olubero see, joe ikk prajanan sihat salahkar see joe maseno dey ibusakami toon haii. uhanan neey sann 2002 witch bunior ravaiti kanoon tehat viaah karwa liaa. marende dey national assembly (kenya) dey speaker bannan dey panj mahiniaan baad, uh 2008 witch vakkh hoow gaye. marinde dey aapni pahili patni daa. lavender. uss dey aim. aiss. raichel atey aim. aiss. jennifer naal horr bacche vee hunn.

kennet marende kenyaa-deshasya 10 tame samsade kenyaa-deshasya rashtriyasabhayaha adhyakshah kenyaa-otiato-marende iti jananam 1956 janavaree 7 dinaanke abhavat. 2008 tamasya varshasya janavareemaasasya 15 dinaanke, adhyakshatvena nirvaachanaay poorvam, saha adhyakshatvena nirwaachitah. marende 2002 taha 2007 paryantam emuhayaa-nirvaachanakshetrasya emm. pi. rupena karyam krutavaan. marende kenyaa-deshasya 13 tame samsade rashtriyasabhayaha adhyakshasy abhyarthihi aasit, parantu 130 mataan praaptasya marende-ityasya apekshayaa 215 mataan praptva poorva-bungomaa-senator mose vetangula ityanena parajitah. praarambhikajeevanam. marende ityasya janma mumbohaa-graame, ebusikhale-upa-sthaane, bunyore, vihigaa-mandale abhavat. 1969 tame varshe praathamik-vidyaalaya-shikshaam samaapayitum yaavat saha ebusaakaami-praathamik-vidyaalaye pravishtah. tatah saha kakamega-ucchavidyaalayam gatvaa 1972 tame varshe poorva-aafrikan-shiksha-pramanapatrartham (ees) upavishyata. 1974 tame varshe saha kaagumo-ucchavidyaalaye, yatra saha e-starasya krute praveshitah aasit, tatra, poorva-aafrikan-unnata-shiksha-pramanapatrartham upavishyata. 1975 tame varshe saha nairobee-vishvavidyaalaye pravesham praptavan, yatra saha ell. ell. abhyanayt.bee degree. 1978 tame varshe vishvavidyaalayaat nishkaasy saha kenyaa-vidhi-vidyaalaye snaatakottar-diploma-paatyakramaartham namankanam krutavaan, 1979 tame varshe cha baar-madhye praveshah praapnot. vruttihi vidhi-vruttihi. 1979 september-maase saha rajya-paramarshadatruroopena karyam aarabhat, varishta-rajya-paraamarshadaatru-staraparyantm padaveem cha praptavan. saha 1984 tame varshe brasson inamdar tathaa boyer kampanee-adhivaktaabhihi saha karyam kartum sarvakaareeyasevanam nishkaasayat, yatra saha 1986 tame varshe 1988 tame varshe weyaandar tathaa kampanee-adhivaktaabhihi saha sammilitam yaavat sahabhagitayam praveshitah. kenneth marende ityayam kampanee-vidhihi, vaanijya-vidhihi, byaanking-vitteey-sewaah, saarvajanikshetra-vidhihi, nigamita-vyavahaarah, samyukta-udyamah, shrama-vidhihi cha ityeteshu agranee-adhivaktaa iti swayam pratishtaapayat. 2012 tame varshe marende & nyaandee associates-maanko samsthaapitam kenath ootiyaato marende tathaa daa. kena nyandi. eshaa samsthaa vyoohaatmakaroopen prathama-engong-avanyoo-madhye aak-garden-anex-madhye sthitam asti. rajanaitikam vruttihi. 2002 tame varshe marende raajaneetim abhyanayt, 2002 tame varshe nirvaachane enn. aar. sii. pakshasya tikete emm. pi. rupena prathamavaaram emm. pi. rupena nirwaachitah. saha 1997 taha 2002 paryantam tasmin eva nirvaachanakshetre emm. pi. rupena karyam kurwatah haana sheldon matilvaa ityasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. 2007 tame varshe nirvaachane saha swasya sthaanam dhaarayat, parantu adhyakshatvena tasya nirvaachane tasya aasanam riktam aasit, tasya nirvaachanakshetre upanirvaachanam aavashyakam aasit. 2008 tame varshe joon-maase upa-nirvaachanam jaatam, o. dee. emm. ityasya wilber otichilo ityanena vijayihi abhavat. kenyaa-deshasya 9 tame samsade, vaivaahik-balatkarasya aparaadh-nishedham kurvataam yauna-aparaadh-vidheyake samshodhanam samarthayitum marende ullekhaneeyah aasit. saha samsade prasidham uddharanam krutavaan yat "kenyaa-janaah swapankitena saha, yaavat vivaahitau nidrante taavat api saha yaunam kartum shaknuvanti" iti. sabhaadhyakshasy nirvaachanam. prathama-charana-matadanasya kaale, adhyakshapadasya krute aarang-democratic-movement (o. dee. emm.) ityasya abhyarthinah marende 104 mataan praaptavantah, sarvakaarasya abhyarthinah francis ole kaparo 99 mataan praaptavantah, dwiteeya-charane marende 104 mataan praaptavantah, kaparo 102 mataan cha praaptavantah. yadyapi prathama-dvivaaram madhye truteeyaamsha-bahumatasya aavashyakataa aasit, tadanantaram kevalam sadharana-bahumatasya aavashyakataa aasit, truteeya-charane marende 105 mataan praptva 105 mataan praptva 101 mataan praptva kaparo-pakshaat nirwaachitah. 2009 april-maase yadaa samsadah punah udghatita tadaa rashtrapatihi pradhaanamantri cha madhye gatirodhasya karanat saha sarvakaareeyakaaryasy netaa kah bhavet iti vishaye kathoram nirnayam kartum baadhyah abhavat. swasya aitihaasika-shasanakale, saha asthaayeeroopen, samsadasya sthayee-aadeshasy aadhaaren, yaavat avarodhaanaam nirakaranam naa bhavati taavat sadanasya vaanijya-samityaah adhyakshatvena swayam niyuktavaan. rashtriyasabhayaha adhyakshatvena, keneth otiato marende, sadanasya vyaapaarasamityaah, samsadeeyasevaa-ayogasya adhyakshah aasit, sthayee-kramasya, adhikarasya, visheshaadhikaarasy, nivruttivetana-samityaah cha upavishyata. sadanasya samsadiyakaryakramanam pratyakshaprasaranam praavartayitum api saha uttaradaayi aasit. kenyaa-vidhaanamandalasya prabhaari-vyaktihi iti tasya prashamsaayaah, upalabdheeh cha parinaamen videsheshu kaamanvelt-samsadeeya-sanghasya adhyakshatvena niyuktah abhavat. 2008 tame varshe, saha keniyan-deshasya naagarikah praaptum shaknoti sarvochcham puraskaram praptavan, rashtrapatina suvarnahrudayah (udaa.) jyeshtah, agrime varshe saha antarashtriya-nyayavida-ayogena (aii. sii. jey.-key.) varshasya nyaayawidah iti puraskrutah. 2011 tame varshe kenyaa (ell. ess. key.) ityasya vidhi-samsthaa kenath marende ityenam sarvocchapuraskaarena, yah kasyaapi adhivaktaa praaptum shaknoti, atha adhivaktaa-jeevanakaal-sammaan-soochee ityanena sammaanayat. saha 2008 taha 2013 paryantam kenyaa-deshasya 10 tamasya samsade adhyakshatvena karyam krutavaan. tasya uttaraadhikaari haana justine muturi abhavat. vyaktigatajeevanam. marende ityasya prathamaa patnee daa. lavender marende 2005 april-maase mrutaa kintu tatah poorvam te pruthak abhavan. tasya dwiteeyapatnee miss rechel oloobero aasit, yaa prajanan-swaasthya-paramarshika aasit, yaa maaseno-nagarasya ibasakaami-nagarasya asti. te 2002 tame varshe bunyor prathagatavidhya vivaahitaah. marende-varyasya rashtriyasabhayaha (kenyaa) adhyakshah bhavitum panchamasanam anantaram 2008 tame varshe te pruthak abhavan. marende ityasyaah prathamapatnyaa daa. varyaa saha praudaah putraah santi. lavender. tasya anyaah baalaah api emm. ess. rechel tathaa emm. ess. jennifer ityetaih saha santi.

kennath marende janavari 7,1956 andru pirantha kennath ottiado marende, kenyaavin 10 vadhu naadaalumandraththin thaesiya sattamandraththin sabaanaayagaraaga irunthaar. avar janavari 15,2008 andru sabaanaayagaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. avar sabaanaayagaraaga thaernthedukkappaduvatharku munbu, honner. 2002 muthal 2007 varai emhaya thoguthiyin emm. pii. yaaga paniyaattriya marende, kenyaavin 13 vadhu naadaalumandraththin thaesiya sattamandraththin sabanayagar vaetpaalaraaka irunthaar, aanaal munnaal bangoma senattar mosays vaedangulaavaal thoarkadikkappattaar, avar 215 vaakkugalaip pettraar, avar 130 vaakkugalai ventra marendevai vida munnaerinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. marende mumboha kiraamaththil, ebusikele thunai-idam, punyoar, vihika kavundi ill piranthaar. 1969 aam aandu thanathu aaramba pallik kalviyai mudikkum varai avar eepusaakaami thodakkapalliyil saernthaar. pinnar avar kagamekha uyarnilaip pallikkuch sendru 1972 aam aandil thanathu kilakku aaprikka kalvich saantrithazhukkaaga (ees) amarnthaar. 1974 aam aandil avar thanathu ees-kilakku aaprikka maempatta kalvit saantrithazhukkaaga kakumo uyarnilaip pallyil amarnthaar, angku avar thanathu aee-levalkalukku anumathikkappattaar. 1975 aam aandil avar nairobi palkalaikkazhagaththil anumathikkappattaar, angku avar oru ell. ell. pattam pettraar.pii pattam. 1978 aam aandil yuonai vittu veliyaeriya piragu avar kenya sattap pallyil mudugalai diploma padippukku saernthaar, maelum 1979 aam aandil vazhakkarinyaraaga anumathikkappattaar. satta vaazhkkai. 1979 septambaril maanila aaloachakaraaka paniyaattrath thodangiya avar, maanila mooththa aaloasagar pathavikku uyarnthaar. avar 1984 aam aandil praisan inamthaar mattrum paviyar niruvanaththin vazhakkarinyarkaludan paniyaattruvatharkaaka arasaangka sevaiyai vittu veliyaerinaar, angku avar 1986 aam aandil pangkuthaararaaga anumathikkappattaar, 1988 aam aandil avar vaerndar mattrum niruvanaththin vazhakkarinyarkalil saernthaar. kennath marende niruvanach sattam, vanigach sattam, vangki mattrum nidhich sevaigal, pothuththuraich sattam, peruniruvanap parivarththanaigal, koottu niruvanangal mattrum thozhilaazhar sattam aagiyavattril munnani vazhakkarinyaraagath thannai nilainirutthik kondaar. 2012 aam aandil marende & nayundi koottaalargal-manco pangkuthaararkal kennath odiado marende mattrum doctor. caine nayundi. inththa niruvanam muthal nangaong avenuevil ulla akk carden annexil mooloabaaya reethiyaaga amainthullathu. arasiyal vaazhkkai. 2002 aam aandil, marande arasiyalil saernthaar, 2002 therthalil oru naark katchi dickettle emukaya thoguthikku emm. pii. yaaga thanathu muthal pathavikkaalaththirku thernthedukkappattaar. 1997 muthal 2002 varai athae thoguthiyil emm. pii. yaaga paniyaattriya hawn shelton mayilvaavukkup piragu avar pathaviyaettraar. 2007 therthalil avar thanathu irukkaiyaith thakka vaitthuk kondaar, aanaal sabaanaayagaraaga avar thaernthedukkappattathan porul avarathu irukkai kaaliyaaga irunththathu, avarathu thoguthiyil idaiththaerthal thevaippattathu. 2008 juun maatham nadaipettra idaiththaerthalil odmin wilber odichilo vettri pettraar. kenyaavin 9 vadhu naadaalumandraththil, thirumana karpazhippai kuttramattrathaakkum paaliyal kuttra masoathaavil thiruththaththai aathariththatharkaaka marende kurippidathakkavar. kenyangal tirumanamaana kaalam varai thoongkik kondirundhaalum thangal koottaalargaludan udaluravu kollalaam" endru avar naadaalumandraththil pirabalamaana maerkoalai veliyittaar. sabanayagar thaerthal. muthal suttru vaakkalippil, aaranjchu jananaayaga iyakkaththin (ooo. dii. emm) vaetpaalaraana marende, 104 vaakkugalaip pettraar, athae neraththil arasaangkaththin vaetpaalar francis oolae cabaro 99 vaakkugalaip pettraar; irandaavathu suttril marende 104 vaakkugalaiyum, cabaro 102 vaakkugalaiyum pettraar. muthal irandu suttrugalil moontril irandu pangku perumbaanmai thevaippattaalum, pinnar oru eliya perumbaanmai mattumae thevaippattathu, maelum moontraam suttril marende 105 vaakkugaludan thernthedukkappattaar. 2009 aepralil, naadaalumandram meendum thirakkappattapoathu, janaathipathikkum pirathamarukkum idaiyilaana muttukattai kaaranamaaga yaar arasaangka vanigaththin thalaivaraaga irukka vaendum enbathu kuritthu avar oru kadumaiyaana theerppai vazhangka vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. thanathu varalaattruch sirappumikka theerppil, naadaalumandraththin nilai uththaravin adippadaiyil, nerukkadigal theerkkappadum varai avar thartkaaligamaaga thannai sabai vanigak kuzhuvin thalaivaraaga niyamitthaar. thaesiya sattamandraththin sabaanaayagaraaga, kennath ottiyado marende havus physinus kamitti, naadaalumandra saevai aanaiyaththirkuth thalaimai thaangkinaar, maelum nilai ozhungku, athikaarangkal mattrum salugaigal mattrum oaivoothiyak kuzhukkalil amarnthaar. naadaalumandraththin seyalpaadugalai neradiyaaga oliparappuvatharkum avar poruppaaka irunthaar. kenyaavin sattamandraththin poruppaalaraaga avarathu paaraattukal mattrum saathanaigal kaaranamaaga avar commonwealth naadaalumandra sangaththin thalaivaraaga velinaadugalil niyamikkappattaar. 2008 aam aandil, endhavoru kenya kudimaganum perakkoodiya miga uyarnththa viruthu avarukku vazhangkappattathu, janaathipathiyaal thanga idhayaththin mooththavar (ekk), aduththa aandu avarukku sarvadesa satta vallunargal aanaiyatthaal (aii. chii. jay-kae) aandin satta vallunar viruthu vazhangkappattathu. 2011 aam aandil, kenya (ell. ess. kae) sattach sangam kennath marendevai endhavoru vazhakkarinyarum perakkoodiya miga uyarnththa viruthudan, vakkeelkalin vaazhnaal roll off qalla orre ravaththudan pettrathu. avar 2008 mattrum 2013 kku idaiyil kenyaavin 10 vadhu naadaalumandraththin sabaanaayagaraaga paniyaattrinaar. avarukkup piragu hawn justin muduri pathaviyaettraar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. marendevin muthal manaivi doctor lavender marende 2005 aepralil iranthaar, aanaal adharku munbu avarkal pirinthanar. avarathu irandaavathu manaivi ems rachael olubero, oru inapperukka sugaathaara aaloasagar, avar masenovil ulla eepusaakaamiyaich sernthavar. avarkal 2002 aam aandil punyoar valakkamaana sattaththin keezh tirumanam seithu kondanar. marande thaesiya sattamandraththin (kenya) sabaanaayagaraaga aana ainthu maathangkalukkup piragu, avarkal 2008 ill pirinthanar. marende thanathu muthal manaivi doctor udan valarntha kuzhandhaigalaik kondullaar. lavender. avarukku ems rachael mattrum ems jennifer aakiyoarudan pira kuzhandhaigalum ullanar.

kenneth marende 1956 janavari 7naa janminchina kenneth otiato marende, kenya yokka 10va paarlamentu jaateeya assembleaki speaker. ayana 2008 janavari 15naa speaker gaa ennikayyaaru. gowravaneeyulaina ayana speaker gaa ennika kaavadaaniki mundu. 2002 nundi 2007 varaku emuhaya niyojakavargaaniki emm. pii. gaa panichesina marende, kenya 13va paarlamentu jaateeya assembly speaker abhyardhigaa unnaaru, conny maajee bangoma senator moses vetangula chetilo odipoyaaru, athanu marende kante 215 otlu mundundi saadhinchaadu, athanu 130 mandini nirvahinchagaligaadu. prarambha jeevitam. marende mumboha graamamlo, ebusikhale upa-sthaanam, bunyor, vihigaa counteeloo janminchaadu. 1969loe praathamika paatasaala vidyanu puurti chese varaku ayana eebusakaami praathamika paatasaalalo cheraaru. aaa taruvaata athanu kakamega unnata paatasaalaku velli 1972loe thana thoorpu african certificate off education (ees) kosam kuurchunnaadu. 1974loe ayana kagumo unnata paatasaalalo thana unnata sthaayi vidya kosam pravesam pondina thana ees-eest african advanced certificate off education kosam kuurchunnaaru. 1975loe ayana nairobi vishwavidhyaalayamlo cheraaru, akkada ayana oka ll chadivaaru.bii degree. 1978loe vishwavidyaalayaanni vidichipettina taruvaata athanu kenya school off laa loe post graduate diploma courselo cheraadu, 1979loe baar loe cheraadu. nyaya vrutti. 1979 septembarulo rashtra nyayavadiga panicheyadam praarambhinchina ayana, senior rashtra nyaayavaadi sthaayiki cherukunnaru. athanu 1984loe prabhutva sevanu vadili, bryson inamdar mariyu boyer company nyaayavaadulatoe kalisi panicheesaadu, akkada athanu 1988loe warender mariyu company nyaayavaadulalo cherentha varaku 1986loe bhaagaswaamyamlo cheraadu. kenneth marende company chattam, vaanijya chattam, banking mariyu aardhika sevalu, prabhutva ranga chattam, corporate lavadevilu, joint venturelu mariyu kaarmika chattamlo pramukha nyayavadiga sthirapaddaaru. 2012loe marende & nyundi associates-manconu kenneth otiato marende mariyu daa. kenn nyundi. eee samstha vyuuhaatmakamgaa modati nangang avenue venta akk garden anubandhamlo undhi. raajakeeya vrutti. 2002loe marende raajakeeyaalloki pravesinchi, 2002 ennikalaloo narka party tikketpai emuhaya niyojakavargaaniki empeega thana modati padaveekaalaaniki ennikayyaaru. 1997-2002 nundi adhe niyojakavargaaniki empeega panichesina hohn sheldon mayilwa taruvaata ayana vijayam saadhinchaaru. 2007 ennikalaloo ayana thana sthaanaanni nilupukunnaru, conny speakerga ayana ennika antey ayana seatu khaliga undatame, thana niyojakavargamlo upa ennika avasaram. 2008 juun loe jarigina upa ennikaloo oo. dii. emm. kuu chendina wilber otichilo vijayam saadhinchaaru. kenya 9va paarlamentulo, vaivahika atyaachaaraanni neerapuuritam chesina laingika naera billuku savaranaku maddatu icchinanduku marende prasiddhi chendaaru. kenyanlu vivaham chesukunnanta kaalam nidristunnappudu kooda vaari bhaagaswaamulato laingika sambandham pettukovacchu" anie ayana paarlamentu antastulo prasiddha ullekhanam chesaaru. house speaker ennika. modati round ootingloo, speaker sthaanam kosam aurange democratic movement (odm) abhyardhi ayina marende 104 otlu pondagaa, prabhutva abhyardhi frances olae kaparo 99 otlu pondaaru; rendava roundloo marende 104 otlu mariyu caparo 102 otlu pondaaru. modati rendu roundlalo moodinta rendu vantula majority avasaramaite, taruvaata saadhaarana majority matrame avasaramaindi, mariyu moodava roundloo marende 105 otlatho 105 otlatho ennikayyaaru. 2009 eprillo, paarlamentu tirigi terichinappudu, adhyakshudu mariyu pradhana mantri madhya pratishtambhana kaaranamgaa prabhutva vyavahaaraalaku evaru nayakudiga undaali anae daanipai kathinamaina teerpu ivvavalasi vachindi. thana chaaritraatmaka teerpulo, paarlamentu nilakada aadesaala aadhaaramgaa, addamkulu parishkarinchabade varaku house business kamiteeki adhyakshudiga tatkalikamga tananu taanu niyaminchukunnaadu. jaateeya assembly speakerga, kenneth otiato marende house business kamitee, parliamentary servies commissionku adhyakshata vahinchaaru mariyu standing arder, adhikaralu mariyu adhikaralu mariyu pension kamiteelalo kuurchunnaaru. sabhalo parliamentary karyakalapala pratyaksha prasaralanu praarambhinchadaaniki kooda ayana baadhyata vahinchaaru. kenya saasanasabhaku inchargiga ayana chesina prasamsalu mariyu vijayalu phalitamgaa ayana commonwealth parliamentary association adhyakshudiga videshaalalo niyaminchabaddaaru. 2008loe, aayanaku yea kenya pourudainaa andukogala atyunnata avaardu, golden haart (udhaa) peddavaarini adhyakshudu pradaanam chesaaru, marusati samvatsaram aayanaku antarjaateeya nyaayavaadula commission (ii. sii. zhe-keey) dwara nyaayavetta off dhi iyar avaardu labhinchindi. 2011loe, kenya (elsk) yokka laa society, yea nyaayavaadi ayina pondagala atyunnata avaardu, advacates life time roll off hohner thoo kenneth maarendenu andukundi. ayana 2008 mariyu 2013 madhya kenya 10va paarlamentu speakerga panicheesaaru. ayana taruvaata hohn justine muturi adhikaaramloki vacchaaru. vyaktigata jeevitam. marende modati bhaarya doctor lavender marende 2005 eprillo maraninchindi, conny vaaru antaku mundu vidipoyaaru. athani rendava bhaarya ms rachel olubero, masenoloni eebusaakaamiki chendina punarutpatti aarogya salahaadaaru. vaaru 2002loe bunyor aachara chattam prakaram vivaham chesukunnaru. marende jaateeya assembly (kenya) speaker ayina aidu nelala tarvaata vaaru 2008loe vidipoyaaru. marende thana modati bhaarya doctor thoo pillalu penchukunnaaru. lavender. ataniki ms rachel mariyu ms gennifer thoo itara pillalu kooda unnaaru.

keenth mareende keenth otiato maarinday 7 januri 1956 kuu paida huay kinya kii 10 wein parliament kii qomi assembly kay specker thay. wah 15 januri 2008 kuu specker muntakhib hoay. batoor specker apnay intekhaab say pehley aanar. mareende nay 2002 say 2007 takk amohia halqay kay ayem pee kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. mareende kinya kii 13 wein parliament kii qomi assembly kay specker kay amidwar thay leakin inhein bangoma kay saabiq senitor mosi vetingola nay shakast dee jinhon nay mareende say 215 woat aagay haasil kiyay jinhon nay 130 kaa intezam kiyaa. ibtadayi zindagi. mareende kii paidaish mambuha gaaon aibsikhle zeeli maqaam baniur wahiga county mein hoyee thee. inhon nay 1969 takk abscomy primery school mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jabb inhon nay apnee primery school kii taleem makmal kii. iss kay baad inhon nay kakmiga hayee school mein daakhlah liyaa aur 1972 mein apnay mashriqi afriqi certificate aaf ajucation (ayee aiss) kay liye beeth gayey. 1974 mein wah kagomo hayee school mein apnee ayee aey see-aist afrikan advanced certificate aaf ajucation kay liye bethay jehaan inhein apnee aey-leol kay liye daakhlah diyaa gayaa thaa. 1975 mein inhein nerubi university mein daakhil karaya gayaa jehaan inhon nay eel eel kii taleem haasil kii.bee digri. 1978 mein union chhodnay kay baad inhon nay kinya school aaf laah mein post graduate diplomah kors kay liye daakhlah liyaa aur 1979 mein baar mein daakhlah liyaa. qanuni carrier. inhon nay satambar 1979 mein riyasati wakeel kay toor parr kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa aur aalee darjay kay riyasati masheer kii satah takk pahunch gayey. inhon nay 1984 mein bryson anaamdar aur bawair company kay waklaa kay saath kaam karnay kay liye sarkaari mulazimat chhod dee jehaan inhein 1986 mein 1988 takk sharakat daari mein daakhil kiyaa gayaa jabb wah godaam aur company kay waklaa mein shaamil hoay. keenth maaranday nay khood kuu company qanoon tajarti qanoon banking aur maaliyaati khadmaat publik sector qanoon corporate leane deen mushtarkah mansubon aur leebar qanoon mein eek sarkardah wakeel kay toor parr qayem kiyaa hay. 2012 mein mareende aur nendy aisosi aits-maanko kii bunyaad sharakat daaron keenth otiato mareende aur doctor nay rakhee thee. kiyaa neeya hay. yaha farm strategic toor parr frust angong avenio kay saath eek guarden anks mein waaqa hay. seyasi carrier. 2002 mein maaranday nay seyasat mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii wah 2002 kay intekhabat mein naark paarti kay ticket parr amohia halqay kay liye ayem pee kay toor parr apnee pehli madat kay liye muntakhib hoay. inhon nay hown shelden mosalva kii jagah lee thee jinhon nay 1997 say 2002 takk asee halqay kay ayem pee kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain thein. inhon nay 2007 kay intekhabat mein apnee nashast barqarar rakhee leakin specker kay toor parr inn kay intekhaab kaa matlab yaha thaa kahh inn kii nashast khaali rahh gayee thee jiss kay liye inn kay halqay mein zamni intekhaab kii zarurat thee. zamni intekhaab joone 2008 mein hawaa thaa aur awo ddee ayem kay walbar otichilo nay asay jeeth liyaa thaa. kinya kii 9 wein parliament mein mareende jansi jaraim kay bull mein tarmim kii himayat karnay kay liye qaabil zakar thay jiss nay azdawaji asmat daree kuu ghair mujarimanah qaraar diyaa thaa. inhon nay parliament kay farsh parr mashhur iqtebas kiyaa kahh "kinyayi tubb bhee apnay sharakat daaron kay saath jansi taluqat qayem kirr saktay haine yahaan takk kahh jabb takk wah shaadi shadah haine sue rahay hoan. aiwan numaindagaan kay specker kaa intekhaab. voting kay pehley marhalay mein maarinday juu specker kay ahday kay liye auranj democratic movment (awo ddee ayem) kay amidwar thay kuu 104 woat milay jabkah hukumat kay amidwar frances auli kaparo kuu 99 woat milay. dosray marhalay mein mareende kuu 104 woat milay aur kaparo kuu 102 woat milay. agarcha pehley duu rounds mein duu tahayi aksariyat kii zarurat thee iss kay baad sarf saadah aksariyat kii zarurat thee aur teesre marhalay mein mareende kuu 105 woton kay saath muntakhib kiyaa gayaa jabkah kaparo kay liye 101 woat paray. apreel 2009 mein jabb parliament dobarah kholi gayee tuu sadr aur wazeer aizam kay darmiyan taatal kii wajah say wah iss baaray mein sakht faislah karnay parr majbur how gayey kahh hukumati karobar kaa rehnuma coone honaa chahiye. apnay tarikhi faislay mein inhon nay aarizi toor parr khood kuu parliament kay mustaqil ahkamat kii bunyaad parr house buznis committy kay sarbarah kay toor parr iss waqat takk muqarar kiyaa jabb takk kahh rukawatein hall naha how jayein. qomi assembly kay specker kii haisiyat say keenth otiato maaranday nay house buznis kameeti parlimani saros commission kii sadarat kii aur stending arder akhtiyarat aur maraat aur pension committiyon mein beeth gayey. wah aiwan mein parlimani kararwai kii braah raast nashriyaat sharoo karnay kay liye bhee zamah daar thay. kinya kii maqnanah kay incharge kay toor parr inn kii tareef aur kamyabiyon kay natijay mein inhein berun milk dolat mushtarkah parlimani aisosi aishan kay sadr kay toor parr muqarar kiyaa gayaa. 2008 mein inhein kasee bhee kinyayi shehri kuu milnay waalay aalee tareen aizaz say nawaza gayaa sadr kay zariah sunhari dall kaa buzurg (misaal kay toor parr)yee aglay saal inhein beenn alaqwami commission aaf jewarsts (aayee see jay-kay) kay zariah saal kaa behtareen qanoon daan say nawaza gayaa. 2011 mein qanoon society aaf kinya (eel aiss kay) nay keenth mareende kuu kasee bhee wakeel kuu milnay waalay sabb say baday aizaz adocates life tyme roll aaf aanar say nawaza. inhon nay 2008 aur 2013 kay darmiyan kinya kii 10 wein parliament kay specker kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. inn kay baad hown justin maturi nay ahdah sanbhala. zaati zindagi. mareende kii pehli bewi doctor levender mareende apreel 2005 mein inteqal kirr gayein leakin iss say pehley hyee wah alg how chakay thay. inn kii dosri bewi miss reechal aulobero thein juu tolidi sehat kay masheer thay jinn kaa taaluq maasino kay abscomy say hay. inhon nay sunn 2002 mein rawayati qanoon kay tahat shaadi kii. mareende kay qomi assembly (kinya) kay specker bannay kay paanch maah baad wah 2008 mein alg how gayey. mareende kay apnee pehli bewi doctor say baday bachay haine. levender. iss kay ayem aiss reechal aur ayem aiss genifer kay saath dosray bachay bhee haine.

00077fcfba2e5555705b10a636cc6fca8d6493201b109b21412280c3d2af2e99

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3669471

leitiete

leitiete Latvian. Etymology. From . Noun. Usage notes. The basic, neutral term is . The words and are synonyms, but are much less often used, usually poetically, or in historical contexts (referring to ancient Lithuanians).

xikhya latvian. byutpotti. poraa. bixesyo. noot byobohar korok. mool, nirpekhyo xobdotu hoh 'lo. xobdoxomuh aaru protimarthok xobdoxomuh, kintu xadharonote kabyikbhabe, baa oitihaxik proxongot (prasin lithuanianxokolor kotha ullekh kori) bohut komm byobohar koraa hoy.

shikkha latvian. byutpatti. theke. bishessho. note byabohar korun. moulik, niropekkho shobdoti holl. shabdaguli ebong protishobdo, tobey sadharonoto kabbikbhabe baa oitihasik prosonge (prachin lithuaniander ullekh korey) onek qama byabohrito hoy.

lateat latvian. vyutpatti. maanthi. sangyaa. upyogni nondho. mulbhoot, tatasth shabd chhe. shabdo aneey samaanaarthi shabdo chhe, parantu saamanya reete kavyatmak reete athavaa aitihasik sandarbhomaa (praachin lithuanianona sandarbhma) teno upyog ghano ochho thaay chhe.

shiksha latvian. vyutpatti. seey. sangya. noton kaa upayog karein. mool, tatasth shabd haye. shabd aur samanarthi shabd hain, lekin bahut cumm baar upayog kiye jaate hain, aamtaur parr kavyatmak roop seey, yaa aitihaasik sandarbhon mein (pracheen lithuanian logon kaa ullekh karate hue).

letty latvian. vyutpatti. ninda. naamapada. tippanigalannu balasi. moola, tatastha padavagide. padagalu mattu samanarthaka padagalu, aadare samanyavagi kaavyaatmakavaagi athawa aitihaasika sandarbhagalalli (praachina lithuveniyannarannu ullekhisi) kadime baari balasalaaguttade.

lettar latvian. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. namam. kurippukal upayogikkuka. adisthaana, nishpaksha padam. padangalum paryaayapadangalumaanu, pakshe avaa saadhaaranayaayi kaavyaathmakamaayo charitraparamaaya sandarbhangalilo (purathana lithwaaniyakkaare paraamarsikkunnu) valare kurache upayogikkaarulloo.

shikshan latvian. vyutpatti. pasoon. sandnya. notes vapara. moolbhut, tatasth sandnya aahe. shabd aanee samanarthi shabd aahet, parantu samanyatah kavyatmak kinwa aitihasik sandarbhat (pracheen lithuanianscha sandarbh dett) khoopach qamee vela vaparale jaatat.

shiksha latvian. wyutpatti. batt. sangya. noteharu prayog garnuhos. adharbhut, tatastha shabda how. shabdaharu rar samanarthiharu hun, tara dherai cum prayog garinchha, samanyataya kawyatmak rupma, wa aitihasik sandarbhaharuma (prachin lithuanianharulai sandarbha gardai).

sikhya latvian. byutpatti. ru. biseshya. note byabahara karantu. moulika, nirapekhya sabda heuchhi. sabda ebong samanarthaka sabda, kintu bahuta comm byabahruta hue, sadharanatah kabya bhabare, kimba aitihasika sandarbhare (pracheen lithuanijanku ullekha curry) .

liitii latvian. shabdawali. toon. naam. notes dee varton crow. muddhala, nirpakh shabad haii. shabad atey smanarthi hunn, parr bahut ghatt aksar varte jaande hunn, aam taur 'teey kavik taur' teey, jaan itihasak prasangan witch (prachin lithuanianan daa havala dinde hoye).

sahityam latvian. vyutpattih. ityatah. naam. tippanyah upayujyataam. moolah, tatastha padah asti. shabdaani, paryayapadani cha santi, parantu praayah kaavyaatmakaroopen, aitihaasika-sandarbheshu vaa (prachina-lithuvenian-bhashayaha vishaye) bahudhaa nyoonaah upayujyante.

kalvi ladvian. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. peyarchchol. kurippugalaip payanpaduththunggal. adippadai, nadunilai soll. sorkal mattrum oththa sorkal, aanaal podhuvaaga kavidhai reethiyaagavoa allathu varalaattruch soozhalgaliloo (pandaiya lithuvaeniyargalaik kurikkum) migavum kuraivaagavae payanpaduththappadugindrana.

letity latvian. vyutpatti. nundi. namavachakam. upayoginche gamanikalu. praathamika, tatastha padam. padaalu mariyu paryaayapadaalu, conny chaalaa takkuva tarachugaa upayoginchabadataayi, saadhaaranamgaa kavyatmakamga ledhaa chaaritraka sandarbhaalalo (puraatana lithuvenianlanu suuchistuu).

taleem letween. siftiyat. say. asm. nott istemaal karein. bunyaadi ghair janibdar astalah hay. alfaz aur mutradifat haine leakin behat kumm istemaal hotay haine aam toor parr shayerana toor parr yaa tarikhi seyaq woo sabaaq mein (qadeem lathwaniyayi logon kaa hawalah deetay hoay).

0007811661715cf83af40bce72e0cb1b1d3b00301d6012a8f2e159b79814cef9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67249907

Thomas Edmonds (manufacturer)

Thomas Edmonds (manufacturer) Creator of Edmonds baking powder in New Zealand Thomas John Edmonds (13 October 1858 – 2 June 1932) was a British-born New Zealand businessman and philanthropist, who created and manufactured Edmonds "Sure to Rise" baking powder and the "Edmonds Cookery Book". He also financed the construction of several buildings in Christchurch, including gifting the city a band rotunda and clock tower in 1929. Early life. Edmonds was born on 13 October 1858 in Poplar, London, and in his early years worked for London confectionery manufacturer F Allen and Son, where he became familiar with the powders used to make sherbet. He married Jane Irvine on 8 June 1879, and both migrated to New Zealand, arriving at Lyttelton aboard the "Waitangi" on 26 September 1879. Edmonds set up a grocery store in Woolston, on the corner of what is now Edmonds and Randolph Streets. Business career. After learning about the poor reliability of the baking powder then available, he set about formulating his own baking powder and sold the first batch of 200 tins from his own store. Edmonds said he first coined the slogan "sure to rise" when he was reassuring a customer that her scones would not be flat if she used his product. He spent three years perfecting the formula, and travelled around Canterbury marketing his baking powder to households. If the occupants wouldn't buy the baking powder, he would give them a tin for free and would take it back if they were unsatisfied. Edmonds recalled in 1922 that no tins were ever returned. His company, T J Edmonds Limited, produced custard powder, egg powder and self-raising flour in addition to baking powder. The first "Edmonds Cookery Book" was released by Edmonds in 1908, as a promotional tool for his company's products. The cook book, through numerous expansions, revisions and reprints, is now New Zealand's best-selling book. In 1926, Edmonds set up the Australian Cream of Tartar company in Sydney to manufacture cream of tartar and tartaric acid. Philanthropy. Edmonds financed the construction of several buildings in Christchurch, including the Edmonds factory and gardens, the Theosophical Society building, and the Repertory Theatre. None of these buildings survive: the Edmonds factory was controversially demolished in October 1990, and the Theosophical Society building and the Repertory Theatre were damaged beyond repair in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The Christchurch City Council acquired the remaining portion of the Edmonds factory gardens in 1991, which are now a public garden. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of his migration to Christchurch, Edmonds gifted the city of Christchurch a band rotunda and clock tower on the Avon River in the central city. The band rotunda was damaged in the 2011 earthquake, and as of November 2020, is being rebuilt. Personal life. Edmonds had eight children: four sons and four daughters. His eldest son died in 1914. Edmonds died of peritonitis on the evening of 2 June 1932, aged 73. His funeral took place on 5 June 1932, with Christchurch mayor Dan Sullivan deliverling the eulogy. Edmonds is buried in Christchurch's Linwood Cemetery alongside his wife (died 1938) and two of their sons. Legacy. In 2005, Edmonds was ranked 45th in "New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers." In 2017, he was posthumously inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

thomas admonds (nirmata) thomas john admonds (13 octobor 1858-2 june 1932) ejon britis-jonmogrohon koraa newzealandor byowoxayi aaru jonohitoixi byokti aasil, jiye admonds "nischitbhabe briddhi paab" backing powder aaru "admonds rondhonpronalir kitap" sristi aaru nirman korisil. teu 1929 sonot sohorkhonok etaa bendo rotunda aaru clock tawar upohar diyar logote christcharchot keibatau ottalika nirmanor babeu puji jugan dhorisil. prarombhik jiwan. 1858 sonor 13 octoborot londonor poo 'plarot admondsor jonmo hoisil aaru teur prarombhik bosorburot londonor mistanno nirmata ef elen endo cho' ndor baabe kaam korisil, zo 'too teu swerbet prostut koriboloi byobohrito powder xoite porisito hoisil. 1879 sonor 8 junot teu zen aarbhinor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy aaru duyujone newzealandoloi probrojon kori 1879 sonor 26 septemborot "weitangi" too uthi lighteltonot uposthito hoy. admondse ulostonot ekhon gelamalor dukan sthapon kore, ji etiya admonds aaru randlof rastar kunot aase. byowoxayik jiwan. tetiya upolobdho backing powder durbol nirbhorjugyotar bixoye janibo paari teu nijor backing powder prostut koriboloi aarombho kore aaru nijor dukanor poraa 200 tinor prothom bestu bikri kore. admondse koichil je teu prothome "nischitbhabe uthi jaabo" slogantu sristi korisil jetiya teu ejon grahokok aaswax disil je teur xamogri byobohar korile teur schonbur xomotol noho 'bob. teu ei xutrotu nikhut koriboloi tini bosor otibahito korisil, aaru kentarbarir sariufale bhromon kori teur backing powdertu ghoroloi biponon korisil. jodi baxindaxokole backing powdertu kroy nokore, tente teu teulukok binamuliyakoi etaa tinn dibo aaru jodi teuluk oxontusto hoy tente iyak ghurai loi jaabo. admondse 1922 sonot monot pelai disil je kunu tinn ketiyau ghurai diya huwa nasil. teur company ti je admonds limitede backing powder uporiu custard powder, konee powder aaru swo-briddhi koraa aata utpadon korisil. 1908 sonot admondse teur companyr xamogrixomuhor prosaror xojuli hisape prothom "admonds kukori book" mukoli korisil. rondhon kitapkhon, oxongkhyo xomproxaron, xongxudhon aaru punor prokaxor joriyote, etiya newzealandor xorbadhik bikri huwa kitap. 1926 sonot admondse sidnit tarter companyr australian kreem sthapon kori tarter aaru tartarik acidor kreem prostut korisil. jonohitkormo. admondse christcharjot admonds karkhana aaru bagisa, theosophical sosaiti bhowon, aaru repartori theateroke dhori keibatau bhowon nirmanor baabe puji jugan dhorisil. ei ottalikaburor kunutuwei jiyai thoka nasiloh 1990 sonor octoborot admonds karkhanatu bitorkitobhabe dhongxo koraa hoisil, aaru 2011 sonor christcharch bhumikompot theosophical sosaiti bhowon aaru repartori theatertu meramotir baahire khyotigrosto hoisil. christcharch nogor porixode 1991 sonot admonds karkhanar bagisar baaki ongxo odhigrohon korisil, jibur etiya rajohuwa bagisa. kristosarsoloi probrojonor 50 xongkhyok barxiki udjaponor baabe admondse christcharch sohorkhonok kendriyo sohorkhonor evon nodir uporot etaa bendo rutanda aaru clock tawar upohar disil. 2011 sonor bhumikompot bendo rutandatu khyotigrosto hoisil, aaru 2020 sonor novembor maholoike punor nirman koraa hoise. byoktigoto jiwan. admondsor aathta xontan aasiloh sarijon putro aaru sarijon konya. 1914 sonot teur jyestho putror mrityu hoy. 1932 sonor 2 junor xondhiya 73 bosor boyoxot admondsor perit "naitisor folot mrityu hoy. 1932 sonor 5 junot teur ontyestikriya xomponno hoy, christcharchor meyor dane sulivane ei proxongxa prodan kore. admondsok teur potni (mrityu 1938) aaru teulukor dujon putror xoite christcharchor linoud koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoy. uttoradhikari. 2005 sonot admonds newzealandor xirxo 100 goraki itihax nirmatar bhitorot bhitorot sthanot aasil."2017 sonot teuk moronuttorbhabe newzealandor byowoxayik holl owo femot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil.

thomas edmonds (prostutkarok) thomas john edmonds (13 octobor 1858-2 june 1932) chhilen ekjon british bongshodbhuto newzealandi byabasayi ebong jonohitoishi, jini edmonds "nischitovabe uthte paare" becking pouder ebong "edmonds kukari book" toiri oo toiri korechilen. tini 1929 saale shahortike ekti banned rotunda ebong clock tower upohar deoa soho christchurche besh koyekti bhobon nirmaner jonno arthayan korechilen. prathomik jeebon. edmonds 1858 saaler 13ee octobor londoner poplare jonmogrohon corren ebong taanr prathomik bochorgulite tini londoner mishtanno prostutkarok eff allen anned sonn-err jonno kaaj korten, jekhane tini sherbet toirite byabohrito pouder saathe porichito hohn. 1879 saaler 8ee june tini zena arvinke biye corren ebong dujonei newzealande choley zaan, 1879 saaler 26shhey septembara "wetangi"-teey korey liteltone pouchon. edmonds ulstone ekti mudi dokan sthapon corren, jaa ekhon edmonds ebong randloff streeter koney abosthito. byabasayik karmajiban. tokhon upolobdho becking pouder durbal nirbhorjoggota somporke jaanar porr, tini nijer becking pouder toiri korte shuru corren ebong nijer dokan theke 200 tii tiner prothom byachti bikri corren. edmonds bolechilen jey tini prothom "aboshyoi uthben" sloganti toiri korechilen jokhon tini ekjon grahokke ashwasto korchilen jey tini jodi taar ponnoti byabohar corren tobey taar sconeguli samtal hobey naa. tini tinn bochor dhorey eyi sutroti nikhunt korte byoy korechilen ebong canterbury charpashe bhromon korechilen ebong taanr becking pouderty barite bikri korechilen. jodi basindara becking pouder naa kenen, tahle tini taader binamulye ekti tinn diten ebong jodi taaraa asantushta hoto tobey taa firiye niten. edmonds 1922 saale smaran korechilen jey konao tinn kokhono ferat deoa hoyney. taanr company tii jeey edmonds limited becking pouder pashapashi custard pouder, dimer pouder ebong swa-utthaponer moyda utpadon koroto. 1908 saale edmonds taanr companyr ponnogulir procharmulok hatiar hisabe prothom "edmonds kukari boi" prakash corren. rannar boiti, asankhya samprasaran, sangshodhan ebong punohmudroner madhyome, ekhon newzealander sorbadhik bikrito boi. 1926 saale edmonds sidneyte turter ebong tartarika assider crim toirir jonno turter companyr australian crim sthapon korey. jonohitkor. edmonds christchurche edmonds karkhana oo uddan, theosophical society bhobon ebong repartory theater soho besh koyekti bhobon nirmaner jonno arthayan korechilen. eyi bhabangulir konotii tike neih 1990 saaler octobore edmonds karkhanati bitorkitovabe venge fela hoyechilo ebong 2011 saaler christchurch bhumikampe theosophical society bhobon ebong repartory theater meramoter baire khotigrosto hoyechilo. 1991 saale christchurch city council edmonds factory gardener aboshishto ongsho adhigrahan korey, jaa ekhon ekti public garden. christchurche abhibashoner 50tomo barshiki upolokkhe, edmonds christchurch shaharke kendriya shohorer avon nadeer upor ekti banned rotunda ebong clock tower upohar diyechilen. 2011 saaler bhumikampe banned rotunda khotigrosto hoyechilo ebong 2020 saaler navembar porjonto etty punarnirman koraa hachche. byaktigato jeebon. edmondser atti santan chhiloh chaar chhele oo chaar meye. taanr borh chhele 1914 saale maaraa zaan. edmonds 1932 saaler 2raa june sandhyay 73 bochor boyse peritonitis rogey maaraa zaan. 1932 saaler 5ee june taanr sheshkritya somponno hoy, jekhane christchurcher meyor dyana sulivan proshongsha corren. edmondske taar stree (mrityu 1938) ebong taader dui chheler saathe christchurcher leanoud koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. uttoradhikar. 2005 saale, edmonds newzealander sheersho 100 itihas nirmatader modhye 45tomo sthane chhilen."2017 saale, taanke maranottar newzealand bijnes holl off feme antarbhukta koraa hoy.

thomas admonds (utpaadak) thomas john admonds (13 october 1858-2 juuna 1932) britainma janmela newzealandna udhyogpati aneey paropkari hataa, jemane admonds "chokkaspane vadhe" backing powder aneey "admonds cookie book" noon nirmaan aneey utpaadan karyoo hatoo. temane khristacharchma ghanee imaaratona nirmaan maate pann naanaa puuraa paadya hataa, jemaa jemaa shaherne benned rotunda aneey ghadiyaad tower bhetmaa aapvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. praarambhik jeevan. admondsno janm 13 october october roj londonna popplermaa thayo hato aneey temnaa sharuaatnaa varshomaa teo londonna confectionary utpaadak aef. elen anned sunn maate kaama kartaa hataa, jyaan teo sharebate banaavvaa maate upyogmaa levaata powederthi parichit thayaa hataa. temane 8 juuna september roj jaine irvin saathe lagna karyaa aneey banne 26 september september roj "vetangi" parr savaar thaine litteltan pahonchya aneey newzealand sthalaantar karyoo. admondsay woolstonma kareeyanani dukanni sthaapnaa curry, jeey havey admonds aneey randolph shereeona khoone chhe. vyavsaay karkirdi. teey samaye uplabdh backing powederni nabalee vishvasniyataa vishe jaanya pachhi, temane potaano backing powder banaavvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey potaani dukanmathi 200 teennee pratham batch vechee. admondsay janaavyu hatoo keey temane saupratham "chokkaspane utheeae" noon sootra tyaare ghadyu hatoo jyaare teo aek graahakne khaatari aapee rahyaa hataa keey jooe tenee tenaa utpadanno upyog karashe too teneena skoona sapaat nahee hoya. temane sutrane purn karvaamaa trana varsh gaadyaa, aneey kentarbarini aaspaas pravaas karyo aneey gharomaa temnaa backing powedernu marqetina karyoo. jooe rahevasio pakavvaanaa powederni khareedi nahee karey, too teey temne mafatma aek tean aapshe aneey jooe teo asantusht hashe too tene paachha laee jashe. admondsay admondsay yaad karyoo keey koee tean kyaarey parat karvaamaa aavee naa hatee. temnee kampani, tii. jeey. admonds limitede, backing powder upraant custard powder, indaano powder aneey swa-uchher lotanu utpaadan karyoo hatoo. pratham "admonds kookiri book" admonds dwara dwara temnee companyna utpaadno maate prachaar saadhan tareeke bahaar padvama aavyu hatoo. rasoiya pustak, asankhya vistaran, punraavartno aneey punahmudrano dwara, havey newzealandnu sauthee vadhu vechaatu pustak chhe. chhe admondsay tarter aneey tartarika acidnee cream banaavvaa maate sidneyma tarter companyni australian kreemnee sthaapnaa curry hatee. paropkaar. admondse khristacharchma admonds factory aneey bageechao, theosophical sosayati building aneey repertory theatre saheet anek imaaratona nirmaan maate naanaa puuraa paadya hataa. aamathi koee pann imaarat tucky nathih october october admonds factoryne vivadaspad reete todee padvama aavee hatee, aneey hato khristchurch bhookampma theosophical societyni imaarat aneey repertory theatres samarkamni bahaar nuksan thayu hatoo. khristchurch ciity councille councille admonds factory bageechaono baakino bhaag hastgat karyo hato, jeey havey jaaher bageecho chhe. khristacharchma temnaa sthalaantarni sthalaantarni varshgaanthni ujavani karvaa maate, admondsay khristchurch shaherne madhya shaherma avon nadee parr aek benned rotunda aneey ghadiyaad tower bhetmaa aapyo hato. hato bhookampma benned rotandaane nuksan thayu hatoo aneey november 2020 sudhimaa tenu punnirman karvaamaa aavee rahyu chhe. angat jeevan. admondsne aath baadako hataah chaar putro aneey chaar putreeo. temnaa sauthee motaa putranu putranu avsaan thayu hatoo. admonds 2 juuna juuna sanje 73 varshnee vaye peritonitisthi mrutyu pamya hataa. temnaa anteem sanskaar 5 juuna juuna roj thayaa hataa, jemaa khristacharchnaa mayer dayne sullivene stutee curry hatee. admondsne temnee patnee (mrutyu 1938) aneey temnaa beey putro saathe christchurchna linwood kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa chhe. vaarso. vaarso, admonds newzealandna tochnaa 100 itihaskaroma itihaskaroma krame krame, temne maranoparant newzealand business holl off femamaa saamel karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

thomas admonds (nirmaata) thomas johnn admonds (13 octuber 1858-2 juuna 1932) ack british-janme newzealand key vyavasaayi aur paropkari they, jinhone admonds "becking pouder aur" admonds kukri book "kaa nirmaan aur nirmaan kiya. unhone christchurch mein kaee imaraton key nirmaan key liye bhee vittaposhan kiya, jisamen 1929 mein shahar koo ack baind rotunda aur ghadee tower upahaar mein denaa shamil thaa. praarambhik jeevan. admonds kaa janm 13 octuber 1858 koo landan key poppler mein huaa thaa aur unhone apane shuruati varshon mein landan key confectionary nirmaata aff ellen aur bete key liye kaam kiya, jahan way sherbet banaane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale pouder seey parichit hoe gaye. unhone 8 juuna 1879 koo jaine irvin seey shaadi kii, aur donon 26 sitambar 1879 koo "vetangi" parr savaar hocker lightelton pahunche, aur newzealand chaley gaye. admonds ney woolston mein ack kiraane kii dukaan sthaapit kii, joe abb admonds aur randolf sadakon key koney mein haye. vyavasaay carrier. becking pouder kii kharaab vishvasaniyata key baare mein jaanane key baad, unhone apana khud kaa becking pouder banaane key baare mein socha aur apane store seey 200 tinn kaa pahala batch betch diyaa. admonds ney kahaa kii unhone pahali baar "uthanaa sunishchit karein" kaa naaraa taba gadhaa jaba vaha ack graahak koo aashvast curr rahey they kii aggar vaha unake utpaad kaa upayog karati haye tou unake scone sapaat naheen honge. unhone teen saal formula koo sahee karane mein bitaaye, aur canterbury key aspas ghoomkar apane becking pouder koo gharon mein betch diyaa. aggar rahane vaale becking pouder naheen kharidenge, tou vaha unhein muft mein ack tinn dega aur aggar way asantusht honge tou ise vaapas leey jaayega. admonds ney 1922 mein yaad kiya kii koee bhee tinn kabhi vaapas naheen kiya gayaa thaa. unaki company, tii jey admonds limitted ney becking pouder key alawa custard pouder, andaa pouder aur swa-ugaane vaale aate kaa utpaadan kiya. pahali "admonds kukri book" koo admonds dwara 1908 mein unaki company key utpaadon key prachaar key liye ack upkaran key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. kaee vistaaron, sanshodhanon aur punarmudranon key madhyam seey, rasoi kii pustak abb newzealand kii sabse adhik bikane vaali pustak haye. 1926 mein, admonds ney tarter aur tartric acid kii cream banaane key liye sidney mein tarter company kii australiyai cream sthaapit kii. paropkar. admonds ney christchurch mein kaee imaraton key nirmaan key liye vittaposhit kiya, jisamen admonds karkhana aur udyaan, theosophical society bhawan aur repertory theatre shamil hain. inmein seey koee bhee imarat jeevit naheen reh gaeeh octuber 1990 mein admonds karkhane koo vivadaspad roop seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 2011 key christchurch bhookamp mein theosophical society kii imarat aur repertory theatre koo marammat seey parey nuksan pahuncha thaa. christchurch city council ney 1991 mein admonds factory garden key shesh hisse kaa adhigrahan kiya, joe abb ack saarvajanik udyaan haye. christchurch mein apane pravaas kii 50veen varshgaanth key uplakshya mein, admonds ney madhya shahar mein avon nadee parr christchurch shahar koo ack baind rotunda aur ghadee tower upahaar mein diyaa. 2011 key bhookamp mein baind rotunda kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa, aur navambar 2020 taka, iska punarnirmaan kiya jaa rhaa haye. vyaktigat jeevan. admonds key aathh bachche theh chaar bete aur chaar betiyaan. unake sabse badey bete kii mrityu 1914 mein hui. admonds kii mrityu 2 juuna 1932 kii shaam koo peritonitis seey hui, 73 varsh kii ayu mein. unakaa antim sanskar 5 juuna 1932 koo huaa, jisamen christchurch key meyer danne sullivan ney stuti kii. admonds koo unaki patni (mrityu 1938) aur unake dou beton key saath christchurch key linwood kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa haye. viraasat. 2005 mein, admonds koo newzealand key sheersh 100 itihas nirmaataon mein 45vein sthaan parr rakhaa gayaa thaa."2017 mein, unhein maranoparant newzealand business holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.

thamus edmonds (tayaaraka) thamus zaan edmonds (13 october 1858-2 zoon 1932) british moolada newzealandna udyami mattu lokopakari, avaru edmonds annu "khachitavaagi beleyalu" adige pudi mattu "edmonds kukari book" annu rachisi tayaarisidaru. aata 1929ralli nagarakke byaand rotunda mattu gadiyara gopuravannu udugoreyagi niiduvudu seridante christurchnalli halavaaru kattadagala nirmanakke hanakasu odagisidaru. arambhika jeevana. edmonds 1858rahra october 13randu london popplernalli janisidaru mattu tamma arambhika varsagalalli london mithai tayaaraka eff. alen mattu sunn nalli kelasa maadidaru, allie avaru sherbet tayaarisalu balasuva pudigala bagge parichitaraadaru. avaru 1879rahra zoon 8randu jaine irvin avarannu vivaahavaadaru, mattu ibbaroo nyoojilendge valase bandaru, 1879rahra september 26randu "vaitangi" hadaginalli litteltonge agamisidaru. edmonds eega edmonds mattu randolph beedigala mooleyalliruva woolstonnelli kirani angadiyannu sthaapisidaru. vrattijeevanada vevahaara. aaga labhyavidda adige pudiya kalape vishvaasaarhateya bagge tilida nantara, avaru tammade aada adige pudiyannu tayaarisalu praarambhisidaru mattu tamma swanta angadiyinda 200 tingala modala batch annu marata maadidaru. tanna utpannavannu balasidare aakeya skaangalu samathattaguvudilla endu grahakarobbarige bharavase niiduttiddaaga taanu modalu "khanditavagi airuttade" emba ghoshaneyannu srushtiside endu edmonds helidaru. avaru sutravannu paripoornagolisalu mooru varshagalannu kaledaru mattu canterbury suttaloo prayanisi tamma adige pudiyannu manegalige marata maadidaru. nivasigalu adige pudiyannu khareedisadiddare, avaru avarige uchitavaagi ondu dabbiyannu niiduttiddaru mattu avaru atruptaraagiddare adannu marali tegedukolluttiddaru. 1922ralli edmonds yaavude dabbigalannu hindirugisalaagilla endu nenapisikondaru. avara kampani, tii. zhe. edmonds limited, baking pouder jotege custard pudi, motteya pudi mattu swayam-beleyuva hittannu utpaadisitu. modala "edmonds kukari pustaka" vannu 1908ralli edmonds avaru tamma kampaniya utpannagala prachaarada sadhanavagi bidugade maadidaru. halavaaru vistaranegalu, parishkaranegalu mattu marumudranagala moolaka ee aduge pustakavu eega nyoojilendnalli hecchu maaraatavaguva pustakavagide. 1926ralli, edmonds avaru sidniyalli tartar mattu tartaric aamlada kene tayaarisalu australian kene tartar kampaniyannu sthaapisidaru. lokopakara. edmonds karkhane mattu udyaanagalu, theosophical society kattada mattu repertory theatre seridante halavaaru kattadagala nirmanakke edmonds christurchnalli hanakasu odagisidaru. ee kattadagalli yaavudoo ulidillah edmonds karkhaneyannu october 1990 ralli vivaadaatmakavaagi kedavalaayitu, mattu theosophical society kattada mattu repertory theatre 2011 rahra christurch bhookampadalli durasti maadada reetiyalli haanigolagaayitu. christchurch nagara mandaliyu 1991ralli edmonds karkhaneya udyaanagala ulida bhagavannu swadhinapadisikonditu, avu eega saarvajanika udyaanavaagide. christchurchige valase banda 50neey vaarshikotsavada nenapigaagi, edmonds avaru christurchna nagarakke madhya nagarada avon nadiya mele byaand rotunda mattu gadiyara gopuravannu udugoreyagi niididaru. 2011rahra bhookampadalli rotunda byaand haanigolagaayitu mattu 2020rahra november velege adannu marunirmisalaaguttide. vaiyaktika jeevana. edmondsge entu makkaliddaruh naalvaru putraru mattu naalvaru putriyaru. avara hiriya maga 1914ralli nidhanaraadaru. edmonds 1932rahra zoon 2rahra sanje, 73neey vayassinalli peritonitisninda nidhanaraadaru. avara antyakriyeyu 1932rahra zoon 5randu nadeyitu, christchurch mayer daan sullivan avaru shlaghaneyannu niididaru. edmonds avarannu christurchna linwood smashaanadalli avara patni (1938ralli nidhanaraadaru) mattu avara ibbaru putrarondige samadhi maadalaagide. parampare. 2005ralli, newzealandna agra 100 itihaasa tayaarakara pattiyalli edmonds 45neey sthaanadalliddaru."2017ralli, avarannu maranottaravagi newzealandna bisiness haal off famegay serisalaayitu.

thomas edmunds (nirmmaathaav) thomas joonn edmunds (13 october 1858-2 juun 1932) oru britiish vamshajanaaya nyoosiland bisinasukaaranum jeevakaarunya pravartthakanum aayirunnu, addeham edmunds "urappaayum uyarthaam" enna baking podiyum "edmunds cookery book" srishtikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1929ll nagarathinu oru baand rottanda clock tower sammaanichathulppede niravadhi kettidangalude nirmmaanathinum addeham dhanasahayam nalki. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1858 october 13 nuu landanile poplaril janicha edmunds, thante aadya varshangalil lunden midaayi nirmmathaavaaya eph. aalan aandu sonil jolie cheyyukayum avide sherbet nirmmikkaan upayogikkunna podikal parichayappedukayum cheythu. 1879 juun 8 nuu addeham jaine irvine vivaham kazhichu, iruvarum nyoosilandilekku kudiyeri, 1879 septambar 26 nuu "veytangi" yill littelttanil ethi. edmunds voolstanil oru palacharakk kada sthaapichu, ippol edmunds, randolf theruvukalude moolayil. bisinus jeevitam. annu labhyamaya baking poudarinte mosham vishwaasyathayekkurichu arinja sesham addeham swantham baking poudar roopappeduthukayum swantham storil ninnu 200 tinnukalude aadya baachu vilkkukayum cheythu. thante uthppannam upayogichaal thante skanukal parannathaayirikkillenn oru upabhokthaavin urappu nalkumbozhaanu thaan aadyamaayi "ezhunnelkkaan urappaan" enna mudraavaakyam aavishkarichathenn edmunds paranju. moonnu varsham eee formula poortthiyaakkaan addeham chelavazhichu, koodaathe kaantarbari chuttum sanjarichu thante baking poudar veedukalil athichu. thamasakkaar baking poudar vaangunnillenkil, addeham avarkk soujanyamaayi oru tinn nalkukayum avarkk thripthiyillengil athu thirike kondupookukayum cheyyum. 1922ll tinn orikkalum thirike nalkiyittillenn edmunds oormmippichu. addehathinte kambaniyaaya tii. jeey. edmunds limittad baking poudarinu purame custard podi, mutta podi, svayam valarthunna maavu enniva nirmmichu. 1908ll thante kambaniyude uthppannangalude prachaarana upakaranamaayi edmunds aadyathe "edmunds cookery book" puratthirakki. niravadhi vipuleekaranangaliloodeyum punaravalokanangaliloodeyum punarmudranangaliloodeyum paachaka pusthakam ippol nyoosilandil ettavum kooduthal vittazhikkappedunna pusthakamaanu. 1926-ll edmunds sidneyil tartar, tartaric assid ennivayude cream nirmmikkunnathinayi australian cream oof tartar kambani sthaapichu. jeevakaarunyapravarthanam. edmunds factory, gardens, theosophical sosaitti kettidam, repertory thiyettar ennivayulppede niravadhi kettidangalude nirmmaanathinu edmunds christcharchil dhanasahayam nalki. eee kettidangalonnum nilanilkkunnilla 1990 octoberil edmunds factory vivaadaparamaayi polichuneekkappettu, 2011 leeii christchurch bhookambathil theosophical sosaitti kettidatthinum repertory thiyettarinum attakuttappanikalkk kazhiyaathavidham kedupaadukal sambhavichu. 1991ll christchurch sitti kaunsil edmunds factory gaardansinte backie bhagam ettedukkukayum avaa ippol oru pothu udyaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu. kristharchilekkulla kudiyettatthinte ambathaam vaarshikathinte smaranaykkaayi, edmunds christchurch nagarathinu oru baand rottanda central sittiyile eavan nadiyile clock tower sammaanichu. 2011leeii bhookambathil rottunda baandinu kedupaadukal sambhavichu, 2020 november vare ithu punarnirmmikkappedunnu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. edmundsinu ettu makkalundaayirunnu naalu aanmakkalum naalu penmakkalum. addehathinte mootha makan 1914ll marichu. 1932 juun 2 nuu vaikunneram 73-aamm vayassil perittonitis baadhichu edmunds marichu. 1932 juun 5 nuu addehathinte shavasamskaram nadannu, christchurch mayer daan sullivan sthuthichu. bhaaryaykkum (1938 ll marichu) avarude rund aanmakkalkkumoppam kristharchinte linwood semitheriyil edmundsine samskarichu. paarambaryamaayi. 2005ll nyoosilandile mikacha 100 charitra nirmmaathaakkalil edmunds 45-aamm sthaanathaayirunnu."2017ll addehathe marananantharamaayi nyoosilaand bisinus haal oof faimil ulppeduthi.

thomas edmonds (nirmata) thomas johnn edmonds (13 aktoobar 1858-2 juuna 1932) haah brittenmadhye janmalela newzealandcha vyapari aanee paropkari hota, jyane edmondschee 'nishchitpane vaadh' baking powder aanee 'edmonds pakakala pustak' tayar kele aanee tayar kele. tyanni khristacharchmadhil anek imaratinchya bandhkamasathi dekhil arthsahayya kele, jyat 1929 madhye shaharala band rotunda aanee ghadyal manore bhet denyat aale. prarambhik jeevan. edmondscha janm 13 aktoobar 1858 roji londonchya poppler yethe jhaala aanee tyachya suruvatichya kalat tyane londonchya mishtann utpadak eff. elon andd sansathi kaam kele, jithe too sherbet banavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya churnanshi parichit jhaala. tyane 8 juuna 1879 roji jaine irvinashi vivah keela aanee doghehi newzealandla sthalantarit jhaale, 26 september 1879 roji 'vetangi' varr litteltanla pohochale. edmondsney woolstonmadhye eka kirana dukan ubharale, jeey aata edmonds aanee randolph rastyanchya kopyat aahe. vyavsayik karkird. tevha upalabdh asalelya baking pavdarchi vishvasarhata qamee asalyache jaanun ghetalyanantar, tyane swatachi baking powder tayar karnyas suruvat kelee aanee tyachya swatachya dukanatoon 200 dabyachi pahili khep vikali. edmonds mhanale qee, jevha teey eka grahakala aashvasan dett hote qee tine tyache utpadan vaparlyas tiche scone sapat honar naheet tevha tyanni pahilyanda 'uthane nishchit aahe' haah naara tayar keela. tyane sootra paripoorn karnyat teen varshe ghalavali aanee canterburymadhye pravas karoon tyachi baking powder gharanmadhye vikali. jarr rahivasi baking powder vikat ghenar nastil tarr too tyanna vinamulya eka dabba deil aanee jarr teey asamadhani asateel tarr teey parat gheil. edmondsney 1922 madhye aathvan karoon dilee qee ekahi dabba parat keela gela nahee. tyachi company tii. jeey. edmonds limitedne baking powder vyatirikt custard powder, andyachi powder aanee swatah vadhavnare peeth tayar kele. edmondsney 1908 madhye tyachya companychya utpadanansathi prachar sadhan mhanoon pahile "edmonds kukri pustak" prakashit kele. anek vistar, punaravrutti aanee punarmudrananchya madhyamatoon, svayampakache pustak aata newzealandche sarvadhik vikale jaanare pustak aahe. 1926 madhye edmondsney sidneymadhye tartar aanee tartaric acidchi malai tayar karnyasathi tartar companychi austreliyan malai sthapan kelee. paropkar. edmondsney khristacharchmadhil edmonds karkhana aanee udyane, theosophical societychi imarat aanee repertory theatres anek imaratinchya bandhkamasathi arthsahayya kele. yapaiki ekahi imarat tikoon rahili naheeh aktoobar 1990 madhye edmonds karkhana vadgrastaritya padnyat aala aanee 2011 chya khristchurch bhookampat theosophical societychi imarat aanee repertory theaterche durustichya palikade nuksan jhaale. khristchurch nagarparishadene 1991 madhye edmonds karkhanyachya bagancha urvarit bhag hastagat keela, jee aata sarvajanik baag aahe. khrisacharchmadhye sthalantarit honyachya 50vya vardhapan dinachya smaranarth, edmondsney khrischarch shaharala madhya shaharatil evon nadivaril band rotunda aanee ghadyal manore bhet mhanoon dile. 2011 chya bhookampat band rotundache nuksan jhaale hote aanee november 2020 paryant tyachi punarbandhani kelee jaat aahe. vaiyaktik jeevan. edmondsla aath mule hotih chaar mule aanee chaar mulee. tyanchya jyeshth mulache 1914 madhye nidhan jhaale. edmonds yanche vayachya 73 vya varshi, 2 juuna 1932 roji sandhyakali peritonitismule nidhan jhaale. 5 juuna 1932 roji tyanchyavar antyasanskar karnyat aale, christchurchche mahapour danne sulivan yanni stutee kelee. edmondsla khristacharchchya linwood smashanbhumit tyachi patni (mrutyu 1938) aanee tyanchya done mulansamvet daphan karnyat aale aahe. varsa. 2005 madhye, edmonds newzealandchya sarvoch 100 itihas nirmatyanmadhye 45 vya kramankavar hota."2017 madhye, maranottar tyancha newzealand business holl auph femmadhye samavesh karnyat aala.

thomas admonds (nirmata) thomas john admonds (13 october 1858-2 june 1932) ek belayati-janmeka newzealandka wyapari rar paropkari thie, jasle admonds "uthna pakka chha" baking pouder rar "admonds kukri book" sirjana rar nirman gare. unle sann 1929 maa saharlai banned rotunda rar ghadi tower upahar dinasahit cristurechma dherai bhawanharuko nirmanka lagi pani vittaposhan gare. prarambhik jiwan. admondsko janma 13 october 1858 maa londonko poplerma bhaeko thiyo rar unko prarambhik warshaharuma london confectionery nirmata ef allen rar chhoraka lagi kaam garthe, jahaan uni serbet banauna prayog garine poudersanga parichit bhae. unle 8 june 1879 maa zen irwinsanga vivaha gare, rar duwai 26 september 1879 maa "vetangi" maa sawar littelton aipugepachhi newzealandma basain sare. admondsle ahile admonds rar randolf stritko kunama raheko ulstonma kirana pasal sthapana gare. wyawasayik jiwan. tyasapachhi upalabdha baking paudarko kamjor wishwasaniyatako barema thaha paepachi, unle afnai baking pouder banaune bare thale rar afnai storebata 200 tinko pahilo batch beche. admondsle bhane kii unle pahilo patak "uthnu nishchit" ko nara banae jab unle ek grahaklai ashwasana diiraheka thie kii yadi unle afno utpadan prayog gare bhane unko sconharu samatal hune chhainan. unle sutralai siddha garna tinn warsha bitae, rar canterbaryko waripari afno baking pouder gharapariwarma marketing gare. yadi basindaharule baking pouder kindainan bhane, unle uniharulai nihshulk tinn dinechhan rar yadi tiniharu asantushta chhan bhane yasalai firta linechhan. admondsle sann 1922 maa kunai pani tinn firta garieko thiena bhanera samjhanthe. unko company, tije admonds limitedle baking pouderka atirikta custard pouder, anda pouder rar self-rising pitho utpadan adhigrahan. pahilo "admonds kukri book" sann 1908 maa admondsdwara unko companyka utpadanharuka lagi prachar upkaranko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. dherai wistarharu, sanshodhanharu rar punahmudranharu marfat khana pakaune pustak, ab newzealandko sabaibhanda dherai bikri hune pustak how. sann 1926 maa admondsle sidnima tartar rar tartaric acidko crim banaunaka lagi tartar companyko astrelian crim sthapana gare. paropkar. admondsle cristchurchma admonds karkhana rar bagaicha, theosophical society bhawan, rar repertory theater sahit dherai bhawanharuko nirman garna vittaposhan gare. yee bhawanharu madhye kunai pani jiwit chhainah october 1990 maa admonds karkhana vivadaspad rupma dhwasta bhaeko thiyo, rar theosophical society bhawan rar repertory theater 2011 ko christchurch bhukampama marmat garna nasakne kshati bhaeko thiyo. cristchurch city councille sann 1991 maa admonds karkhana bagainchako baanki bhag adhigrahan adhigrahan, june ahile sarvajanik bagaincha how. cristchurchma afno basain saraiko 50 aun warshikotsawko samjhanama, admondsle cristchurch saharlai madhya saharko ebhan nadima banned rotunda rar ghadi tower upahar die. sann 2011 ko bhukampama banned rotunda kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo, rar november 2020 samma, punarnirman bhairaheko chha. wyaktigat jiwan. admondska atha santan thieh chaar chhora rar chaar chhori. unka jetha chhorako sann 1914 maa mrityu bhayo. admondsko 2 june 1932 ko sanjha 73 warshako umerma peritonitisbata mrityu bhayo. unko antyeshti 5 june 1932 maa bhaeko thiyo, jasma cristchurchka meyer danne suliwanle prashansa gare. admondslai unaki shrimati (mrityu 1938) rar uniharuka dui chhoraharusangai cristchurchko linwod kabristanma gadiyo. virasata. sann 2005 maa, admonds newzealandko shirsha 100 itihas nirmataharuma 45 aun sthanma thie."sann 2017 maa, unlai maranoparanta newzealand business hull aff femma samawesh garieko thiyo.

thomas admonds (nirmata) thomas zohn admonds (13 october 1858-2 june 1932) jane british-janmita nyujilanda byabasajee ebong paropakaree byakti thile, jie admonds "nischita bhabare uthiba" beking pouder ebong "admonds kukeri book" srusti ebong utpadana karithile. shay khreestacharchare aneka attalika nirmana paain madhya artha pradan karithile, jeunthire 1929 ray saharaku eka banned rotanda ebong cluck tawara upahara diajaithila. prarambhika zeeban. admonds 1858 masiha october 13 tarikhare londner poplarre janmagrahana karithile ebong taanka prarambhika barshagudikare shay londner mistanna prastutakaree aif. allen ebong puanka paain kaama karuthile, jeunthare shay serbet prastutire byabahruta pouder sahita parichita hoithile. shay 8 june 1879 ray zen irabhinnku bibaha karithile, ebong ubhaja nyujilandaku sthanantarita hoithile, 26 september 1879 ray "wetangi" ray littelton pahanchithile. admonds ulstanare eka grocery store sthapana karithile, jaahaa bartamana admonds ebong randolf street rahr konare . byabasajika brutti. setebele upalabdha beking pouder durbala biswasaneejata bishajare janiba parey, shay nijaswa beking pouder prastuta karibaku arambha karithile ebong niz storeru 200 tinn rahr pratham batch bikri karithile. admonds kahithile je shay prathame "uthiba nischita" slogan srusti karithile jetebele shay jane grahakanku aaswasta karuthile je jadi shay taanka utpada byabahara karanti tebe taanka skonagudika samtal heba naahin. shay ehi sutraku sampurna karibare tini barsha bitaithile, ebong canterberry bhraman curry taanka beking paudaraku gharaku marketing karithile. jadi basindamane beking pouder kinibe naahin, tebe shay semananku maganare eka tinn debe ebong jadi semane asantusta huanti tebe ehaaku ferai nebe. admonds 1922 masihare maneh pakai deithile je kaunasi tinn ferasta karajai nathila. taanka company tii. jay. admonds limited beking pouder byatita custard pouder, anda pouder ebong swajang-badhuthiba ataa utpadana karithila. pratham "admonds kukeri book" 1908 ray admonds dwara taanka companyra utpada paain eka prachara upakarana bhabare muktilabha karithila . aneka samprasarana, sanshodhana ebong punahmudrana madhyamare roshei pustaka bartamana nyujilyandara sarbadhika bikri heuthiba pustaka . 1926 masihare admonds sidnire tartara ebong tartaric acidra cream utpadana kariba paain tartara companyra astreliah cream pratistha karithile. paropakara. admonds khreestacharchare admonds karkhana ebong udyan, theosophical society building ebong reportory theatre sameth aneka attalika nirmana paain artha jogai deithile. ehi attalika gudika madhyaru kaunasiti banchirahinahinh october 1990 ray admonds karkhana bibadiah bhabare bhangi diajaithila, ebong 2011 khreestacharcha bhumikampare theosophical society kotha ebong reportory theatre maramati nahoi khyatigrasta hoithila . khreestacharcha city council 1991 ray admonds karkhana udyanara abasista ansha adhigrahan karithila, jaahaa bartamana eka sarbajaneena udyan . khreestacharchaku tankara sthanantaranara sthanantaranara barshiki palana kariba uddeshyare, admonds khreestacharcha saharaku kendriah saharar aabhan nadee upare eka banned rotanda ebong cluck tawara upahara deithile. 2011 bhookampare rotunda banned khyatigrasta hoithila, ebong navember 2020 suddha, ehara punahnirmana karajauchhi. byaktigata zeeban. edamandasnkara aatha john santan thileh chaari pua ebong chaari jhia. taanka budd pua 1914 masihare mrutyubarana karithile. 1932 masiha juna 2 tarikh sandhyare 73 barsha bajasare admonds peritonaitisare mrutyubarana karithile. 1932 masiha juna 5 tarikhare taanka antim sanskara karajaithila, jeunthire khreestacharcha meyer daan sulivan ehi prashansa karithile. edamandsanku taanka patni (mrutyu 1938) ebong semananka dui puanka sahita khristacharchara linoud kabarasthanare kabara diajaichhi. uttaradhikara. 2005 masihare, admonds nyujilandara shrestha 100 itihas nirmatanka madhyare madhyare sthanare sthanare tanku maranottar nyujilandara business hull off femre samil karajaithila.

thamas admonds (nirmata) thamas jauhan admonds (13 aktubar 1858-2 juun 1932) ikk british-jamme newzealand dey vapari atey parupkari sunn, jinhan neey admonds "baking paudar atey" admonds kukkari book "daa nirman keeta. uss neey christurech witch kaee imaratan dey nirman laee vee vitt poshan keeta, jiss witch 1929 witch shehar noon ikk baind rotunda atey ghadi tower tohfe witch denna shamal haii. mudhla jeevan. admonds daa janam 13 aktubar 1858 noon london dey poppler witch hoiaa see atey aapne shuruati saalan witch uh london dey mithai nirmata eff ailan atey puttar laee kamm karde sunn, jitthe uh sherbett banaun laee varte jaanh vaale padran toon jaanhu hoow gaye. uss neey 8 juun 1879 noon jaine irvin naal viaah karvaiaa, atey doven 26 satambar 1879 noon "vetangi" utte swaar hoow keey littleton pahunche atey newzealand chaley gaye. admonds neey wolston witch ikk kariaane dee dukan sathapat keeti, joe hunn admonds atey randolf sadkan dey coney utte haii. karobari carrier. udon upalbadh baking paudar dee maadi bharoseyogta baare jaanan toon baad, usne aapna baking paudar tiaar karna shuru qarr ditta atey aapne store toon 200 tinnan daa pahila baich wetch ditta. admonds neey kiha kii uss neey pahili vaar "utthana yakini" daa naira udon ghadiaa jadon uh ikk gaahak noon bharosa diwa riha see kii jey uh uss dey utpaad dee varton kardi haii taan uss dey scone flat naheen honge. uss neey farmule noon sampuran curran witch tinn saal bitaae, atey canterbury dey aale-duaale aapne baking paudar noon gharan witch marketing keeti. jey vasneek baking paudar naheen kharidade, taan uh unhan noon mufat witch ikk tean dinda atey jey uh asantusht hunde taan iss noon waps lae jaanda. admonds neey 1922 witch yaad keeta kii koee vee dabba waps naheen keeta giaa see. uss dee company, tii. jey. admonds limted neey baking pounders toon ilava custard pounders, andey daa pounders atey sway-vadhaun vaale aate daa utpadan keeta. pahili "admonds kukkari book" admonds duaara 1908 witch jaari keeti gaee see, joe uss dee company dey utpadan laee ikk prachar sand vajon see. rasoia dee kitaab, kaee vistaran, sodhan atey reprintan raahin, hunn newzealand dee sabh toon vaddh vikann vaali kitaab haii. 1926 witch, admonds neey sidney witch tarter atey tartrick acid dee kareem banaun laee tarter company dee australiaai kareem sathapat keeti. parupkar. admonds neey christurech witch kaee imaratan dey nirman laee vitt poshan keeta, jiss witch admonds factory atey baagh, theosophical suciety dee imaarat atey repertory theatre shamal hunn. ihanan vicchon koee vee imaarat bach naheen skiio aktubar 1990 witch admonds factory noon vivadpuran dhang naal dhaah ditta giaa see, atey 2011 dey christurech bhuchal witch theosophical suciety dee imaarat atey repertory theatre noon murammat toon parey nuksan pahunchiaa see. christurech city consul neey 1991 witch admonds factory garden daa baaki hissa haasal qarr liaa, joe hunn ikk jantak baagh haii. christurech witch aapne parvas dee dee varehgandh dee yaad witch, admonds neey christurech shehar noon kendri shehar witch aivan nadee utte ikk baind rotunda atey ghadi tower tohfe witch ditta. 2011 dey bhuchal witch baind rotunda noon nuksan pahunchiaa see, atey navambar 2020 takk, dubara banaiaa jaa riha haii. nijji jeevan. admonds dey atth bacche sanauu chaar puttar atey chaar dhiaan. unhan dey sabh toon vadde puttar dee 1914 witch maut hoow gaee. 2 juun 1932 dee shaam noon 73 saal dee umar witch admonds dee peritonitis naal maut hoow gaee. uss daa antim sanskar 5 juun 1932 noon hoiaa, jiss witch christurech dey mayer daena sulivan neey parshansa keeti. admonds noon aapni patni (maut 1938) atey unhan dey doou puttran dey naal christurech dey linwod kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa haii. virasat. saal 2005 witch, admonds noon newzealand dey choti dey 100 itihaas nirmatavan witch witch sathaan ditta giaa see."2017 witch, uss noon meron uprant newzealand busions haal aaf fame witch shamal keeta giaa see.

thaamas admonds (nirmata) thaamas jaan edmunds (13 october 1858-2 joon 1932) ekaha british-deshe janmitah newjeelyaand-deshasya vyaapaari, paropakaari cha aasit, yah "nishchitataya vardhayet" becking-pouder tathaa "edmund-kukaree-pustakam" cha nirmitavaan, nirmitavaan cha. saha christchurch-nagare anekanam bhavananam nirmanartham vittaposhanam api krutavaan, yatra 1929 tame varshe nagaraya rotunda-vaadyavrundah, clack-tower cha upahaararoopen dattah. praarambhikajeevanam. edmunds 1858 october 13 dinaanke landan-nagarasya poppler-nagare ajayata, tasya arambhikeshu varsheshu landan-nagarasya mishtaann-nirmaatru-ef. elen-end-sunn-krute karyam krutavaan, yatra saha sherbet-utpaadane prayuktaan churnan paricheetavaan. saha 8 joon 1879 tame dine zen irvin ityenam parineetavaan, ubhau newzealand-desham prati pravaasam krutvaa, 26 september 1879 dinaanke "vetaangee" ityasmin lattelton-nagaram praapnot. admonds-varyaha woolston-nagare, adhunaa admonds tathaa randolf-veethihi iti mulayam, upaskaradidravyani sthapitavan. vyavasaayah vruttihi. tadaa upalabhyamaanasy becking-pouder ityasya durbal-vishvasaneeyataayaah vishaye dnyaatvaa saha swakeeyam becking-pouder nirmaatum prarabdhavan, swa-bhandaarebhyah 200-tins-yuktaanaam prathama-byaach-vikrayitavaan. edmund-varyaha avadat yat saha prathamam "avashyam utthaatum" iti ghoshakam nirmitavaan yadaa saha graahakam ashvastavan yat yadi saa tasya utpaadasya upayogam karoti tarhi tasyaah scan-phalakaani samatalaani naa bhavanti iti. saha sootram siddhum varshatrayam vyateetavaan, tathaa cha canterbury-nagaram paritah pravaasam krutvaa swasya becking-pouder iteedam gruheshu vipanayat. yadi nivaasinah becking-pouder naa kreenanti tarhi saha taan nihshulkam paatram dadaatu, yadi te asantushtaah tarhi punah netum arhanti. 1922 tame varshe admonds-varyaha smaryat yat kadaapi tins naa pratyarpitaah iti. tasya tea jey admonds limited iti kampanee becking-pouder-ityanena saha custard-pouder, anda-pouder, sveeya-vruddhi-pitho cha utpaadayat. prathamam "admonds kukaree book" 1908 tame varshe admonds ityanena tasya kampenee ityasya utpadanam prachaar-saadhanaroopen prakaashitam. anekanam vistaaraih, samshodhanaih, punahmudranaihi cha pakakala-pustakam adhunaa newzealand-deshasya sarvaadhikavikrayamaanam pustakam asti. 1926 tame varshe, admonds-varyaha sidney-nagare tartar-kampanee ityasya australian-kreem iteedam sthapayitva tartar-amlam cha kreem ityetayoho utpaadanam krutavaan. paropakaaram. admonds-varyaha christchurch-nagare anekanam bhavananam nirmanartham vittaposhanam akarot, yathaa admonds-karakhana, udyaanaani, theosophical-society-bhavanam, repertory-theatre cha. eteshu bhavanaani naa tishtanti-1990 october-maase admonds-karakhana vivadaspada dhwastah abhavat, 2011 christchurch-bhookampe theosophical-society-bhavanam, repertory-theatre cha naa tu naa tu kshatim avaapnot. christchurch nagaraparishada 1991 tame varshe admonds-karakhana-udyaanasya avashishtam bhaagam praaptavatee, yat adhunaa saarwajanik-udyaanam asti. christchurch-nagaram prati swasya pravaasasya 50 tama-vaarshikotsavasya smaranartham, admonds-varyaha christchurch-nagaraya madhyanagarasy evan-nadyaah upari ekam bend rotandaa, clack-tower cha upahaararoopen dattavaan. 2011 tame varshe bhookampe rotandaa-bend-ityasya kshatihi abhavat, 2020 tame varshe november-masat punah nirmaanam arabhyate. vyaktigatajeevanam. admonds ityasya ashta putraah aasan-chatwaarah putraah, chatwaarah putraah cha. tasya jyeshtah putrah 1914 tame varshe amriyata. 1932 joon 2 dinaanke sayankale 73 varsheeyah admonds peritonitis ityanena mrutah. 1932 joon 5 dinaanke tasya antyeshtihi abhavat, christchurch-meyar daan sullivan prashamsaam pradadat. admonds ityeshah christchurch ityasya linwod-shmashaane tasya patnee (1938 tame varshe mrutah) tathaa teshaam putradvayena saha samaadhisthah asti. uttaradhikaraha. 2005 tame varshe, admonds ityeshah "newzealand-deshasya shirsha-100 itihasanirmatarashu" madhye 45 tamam sthaanam praapnot."2017 tame varshe saha maranottarm newzealand-deshasya vyaapaar-haal-aaf-fame ityasmin samaaveshtah.

thamas edmunds (urpaththiyaalar) thamas john edmunds (13 october 1858-2 juun 1932) oru british-pirantha newsilaandhu thozhilathibar mattrum paroapakaarar aavaar, avar edmunds "uruthi uyarum" backing pavudar mattrum "edmunds samaiyal puththagam" aagiyavattrai uruvaakki thayaaritthaar. 1929 aam aandil nagaraththirku oru isaikkuzhu rodunda mattrum kadikaara koopuram aagiyavattrai parisaaga valangkuvathu udpada christchurchil pala kattidangalaik kattuvatharkum avar nidhiyaliththaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. edmunds 1858 october 13 andru landanin poaplaril piranthaar, maelum avarathu aaramba aandugalil lundon mittaai urpaththiyaalar eff aalan andd suunn niruvanaththil paniyaattrinaar, angku avar sherfet tayaarikka payanpaduththappadum podhigalai nanku arinthaar. avar juun 8,1879 andru jaine irvainai mananthaar, iruvarum newzealaandhirku kudipeyarnthanar, septumber 26,1879 andru "veidangki" endra kappalil littaltanukku vanthanar. edmunds woolstonil oru maligaik kadaiyai niruvinaar, idhu ippoathu edmunds mattrum randolp therukkal endru azhaikkappadukirathu. vaniga vaazhkkai. appoathu kidaittha backing pavudarin nambagaththanmai kuritthu arintha piragu, avar thanathu sontha backing pavudarai uruvaakkath thodangkinaar, maelum thanathu sontha kadaiyil irunthu 200 dinkalin muthal thoguppai vittraar. edmunds thanathu thayaarippaip payanpaduththinaal avarathu skoankal thattaiyaaga irukkaathu endru oru vaadikkaiyaalarukku uruthiyalikkum poathu "ezhuchchi peruvathu uruthi" endra muzhakkaththai muthanmuthalil uruvaakkiyathaagak koorinaar. avar moontru aandugal sooththiraththai mulumaiyaakkinaar, maelum canterbury suttri thanathu backing pavudarai veedugalukku santhaippaduththinaar. kudiyiruppaalargal backing pavudarai vaangaavittaal, avar avarkalukku oru dinai ilavasamaaka koduppaar, avarkal tirupthi adaiyavillai endraal adhai thirumbap peruvaar. 1922ill endha dingalum tiruppith tharappadavillai enbathai edmunds ninaivu koornthaar. avarathu niruvanamaana dii. jay. edmunds limited, backing pavudar thavira custert pavudar, muttai pavudar mattrum suyamaaga valarkkum maavaiyum urpaththi seithathu. muthal "edmunds samaiyal puththagam" 1908 aam aandil edmundsall veliyidappattathu, idhu avarathu niruvanaththin thayaarippukalukkaana vilambara karuviyaaga irunththathu. samaiyal puththagam, aeraalamaana virivaakkangkal, thiruththangkal mattrum marupathippukal moolam, ippoathu newzealaandhin sirantha virpanaiyaana puththagamaaga ullathu. 1926 aam aandil, edmunds sidniyil dardar mattrum dardaric amilaththin gream thayaarippatharkaaga dardar niruvanaththin australian greemai niruvinaar. paroapakaaram. edmunds thozhirchaalai mattrum thoattangal, theosophical society kattidam mattrum rebertary theater ullitta pala kattidangalai christchurchil kattuvatharku edmunds nidhiyaliththaar. inththa kattidangal ethuvum uyirpizhaikkavillai edmunds thozhirchaalai october 1990 ill sarchaikkuriya vagaiyil idikkappattathu, maelum 2011 christcherch poogampaththil theosophical society kattidam mattrum rebertary theater aagiyavai pazhuthupaarkka mudiyaatha vagaiyil sethamatainthana. christcherch nagara sabai 1991 aam aandil edmunds thozhirchaalai thoattangalin meethamulla paguthiyai kaiyagappaduththiyathu, avai ippoathu oru podhu thoattamaaga ullana. christcharchukku kudipeyarntha 50 vadhu aandu niraivai ninaivukoorum vagaiyil, edmunds christcherch nagaraththirku oru paent roddanda mattrum matthiya nagaraththil ulla aevan aattril ulla kadikaara gopuraththai parisaaga valangkinaar. 2011 poogampaththil rodunda isaikkuzhu sethamatainthathu, navambar 2020 nilavarappadi, meendum kattapattu varukirathu. thanipatta vaazhkkai. edmandsukku ettu kuzhandhaigal irunthanar naanku magangal mattrum naanku magalgal. avarathu mooththa magan 1914 ill iranthaar. edmunds 1932 juun 2 aam thaethi maalai peritonities noayaal iranthaar, avarukku 73 vayathaaka irunththathu. avarathu iruthich sadangu 1932 juun 5 aam thaethi nadaipettrathu, christcherch mayer dawn sullivan pugazhai valangkinaar. edmunds christchurchin linwood kallaraiyil avarathu manaivi (irappu 1938) mattrum avarkalin irandu magangaludan adakkam seiyappattaar. marabu. 2005 aam aandil, newzealaandhin muthal 100 varalaattru thayaarippaalarkalil edmunds 45 vadhu idaththil irunthaar."2017 aam aandil, avar newsilaandhu vaniga mandraththil maranaththirkup piragu serkkappattaar.

thamus edmonds (tayaareedaaru) thamus zaan edmonds (13 october 1858-2 juun 1932) british-janminchina newzealand vyaapaaravaetta mariyu paropakari, athanu edmonds "khachitamgaa peragali" baking pouder mariyu "edmonds cookery book" nuu srushtinchi, tayaaru chesaadu. 1929loe nagaraniki oka byaand rotunda mariyu clack towernu bahumatigaa ivvadam sahaa christchurchlo aneka bhavanala nirmaanaaniki kooda ayana nidhulu samakuurchaaru. prarambha jeevitam. edmonds 1858 aktobaru 13naa landanlooni poplarlo janminchaadu, thana prarambha samvatsaraallo london mitaayila tayaareedaaru eff. allen und sunn kosam panicheesaadu, akkada athanu sherbet tayaareeki upayoginche podala gurinchi telusukunnadu. athanu 1879 juun 8naa jaine irvinnu vivaham chesukunnadu, iddaroo nyoojilaandku valasa vacchi, 1879 september 26naa "veyitangi" loe lightelton cherukunnaru. edmonds ippudu edmonds mariyu randolph veedhula muulaloe unna woolstonlo kirana dukaanaanni erpaatu chesaaru. vyapara vrutti. appudu andubaatulo unna baking pouder yokka paelavamaina viswasaneeyata gurinchi telusukunna taruvaata, athanu thana sonta baking poudarnu roopondinchadam praarambhinchaadu mariyu thana sonta dukaanam nundi 200 tinla modati byaachnu vikrayinchaadu. oka customer thana utpattini upayogiste aame skaanlu chadunainavi kaavani bharosa istunnappudu taanu modata "khachitamgaa paiki lestaanu" anae ninaadam roopondinchaanani edmonds chepparu. athanu suutraanni paripuurnam cheyadaaniki moodu samvatsaraalu gadipadu, mariyu thana baking poudarnu gruhaalaku vikrayinchadaaniki canterbury chuttoo tirigaadu. nivaasitulu baking poudarnu konugolu cheyakapothe, athanu vaariki uchitamgaa oka tinn istaadu mariyu vaaru santrupti chendakapothe daanini tirigi teesukuvelataadu. 1922loe edmands etuvanti dabbaalu tirigi ivvaledani gurthu chesukunnaru. athani company, tije edmonds limited, baking poudartho paatu custard pouder, guddu pouder mariyu sweeya-penchukune pindini utpatti chesindi. modati "edmonds cookery book" nuu 1908loe edmonds thana company utpattula prachara saadhanamgaa vidudala chesaaru. vanta pustakam, aneka vistaranalu, punarvimarsalu mariyu punarmudranala dwara, ippudu newzealand loe atyadhikamgaa ammudaina pustakam. 1926loe, edmonds sidnilo tartar mariyu tartaric aamlam yokka kreemnu tayaaru cheyadaaniki tartar company yokka australian kreemnu erpaatu chesaaru. daatrutvam. edmonds factory mariyu guardens, theosophical society bhavanam mariyu repertory theatre thoo sahaa christchurchlo aneka bhavanala nirmaanaaniki edmonds nidhulu samakuurchaaru. eee bhavanalu aevee manugada saaginchaleduh edmonds factory october 1990loe vivadaspadamga koolchiveyabadindi, mariyu theosophical society bhavanam mariyu repertory theatre 2011 christchurch bhookampamlo marammattu cheyaleni vidhamgaa debbatinnaayi. christchurch nagara mandali 1991loe edmonds factory guardenslo migilina bhaganni konugolu chesindi, ivi ippudu public guardenga unnaayi. christchurchku valasa vacchina 50va vaarshikotsavaanni puraskarinchukuni, edmonds christchurchku madhya nagaramloni evan nadipai oka byaand rotunda mariyu clack towernu bahumatigaa icchaadu. 2011 bhookampamlo rotunda byaand debbatindi, mariyu november 2020 natiki, punarnirminchabadutondi. vyaktigata jeevitam. edmondsku enimidi mandhi pillalu unnaru naluguru kumaarulu mariyu naluguru kumartelu. ayana pedda kumarudu 1914loe maraninchaadu. edmonds 1932 juun 2 saayantram peritonitisto maraninchaadu, athani vayassu 73. athani antyakriyalu 1932 juun 5naa jarigaayi, christchurch mayer daan sullivan prasamsalu telipaaru. edmondsnu christchurch yokka linwood smasaanavaatikalo athani bhaarya (1938loe maraninchaadu) mariyu vaari iddaru kumaarulato paatu khananam chesaaru. vaarasatvam. 2005loe, newzealand yokka top 100 charitrakaarulalo edmonds 45va sthaanamlo unnadu."2017loe, athanu maranaanantaram newzealand business haall off fameloki pravesinchaadu.

thamas admonds (karkhana daar) thamas jaan admonds (13 aktobar 1858-2 joone 1932) newzi lend mein paida honay waalay eek bartanvi taajir aur ansaan dost thay jinhon nay admonds "yaqeeni toor parr utth jayein" backing powder aur "admonds kakri buck" tayaar kii. inhon nay crist charch mein kayee emaraton kii tameer kay liye bhee maali aanat farahim kii jiss mein 1929 mein shehar kuu eek bend rotanda aur klaak tower tahfay mein deena bhee shaamil hay. ibtadayi zindagi. admonds 13 aktobar 1858 kuu landan kay poppler mein paida hoay aur apnay ibtadayi saalon mein landan kay confectionery bananay waalay aif ailan aind sudney kay liye kaam kartay thay jehaan wah sharbet bananay kay liye istemaal honay waalay powder say waaqif how gayey. iss nay 8 joone 1879 kuu jaine aroon say shaadi kii aur donon newzi lend hijrat kirr gayey 26 satambar 1879 kuu "vetengi" parr sawaar how kirr lattleton pahunche. admonds nay wolston mein eek karyanah kii dakaan qayem kii juu abb admonds aur rendolf strait kay konay mein hay. karobari carrier. iss waqat dastiyaab backing powder kii naqis washosaniyata kay baaray mein jaannay kay baad iss nay apnaa backing powder bananay kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur apnay store say 200 tunn kaa pehla beach farokhat kiyaa. admonds nay kahaa kahh iss nay sabb say pehley "zaroor uthna" kaa naarah iss waqat lagaya jabb wah eek gahik kuu yaqeen dalaa rehaa thaa kahh agar wah iss kii masnuaat kaa istemaal karay tuu iss kay scone chaptey nahein hoan gay. iss nay farmolay kuu makmal karnay mein teen saal guzaray aur canterbry kay ard gird safar kiyaa aur apnay backing powder kuu gharoon takk pahunchaya. agar wahaan rehney waalay backing powder nahein khareedate tuu wah inhein mufta mein eek tunn deeta aur agar wah mutmain naha hotay tuu asay waps lay jaataa. admonds nay 1922 mein yaad kiyaa kahh koyee dabah waps nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. inn kii company tye jay admonds lameted nay backing powder kay elawah custard powder anday kaa powder aur khood badhanay waala aataa tayaar kiyaa. pehli "admonds kakri buck" admonds nay 1908 mein apnee company kii masnuaat kay promotional toal kay toor parr jaari kii thee. bawarchi khaaney kii kitaab mutadid tausia nazar saani aur dobarah print kay zariye abb newzi lend kii sabb say ziyadah farokhat honay waali kitaab hay. 1926 mein admonds nay tartar aur tartarch assed kii cream bananay kay liye sudney mein tartar company kii austrailvi cream qayem kii. ansaan dosti. admonds nay crist charch mein kayee emaraton kii tameer kay liye maali aanat farahim kii jinn mein admonds factory aur baghat theosophical society kii emaarat aur repertry theater shaamil haine. inn mein say koyee bhee emarat zindah nahein rahee: aktobar 1990 mein admonds factory kuu mutnazah toor parr manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 2011 kay crist charch zalzalay mein theosophical society kii emarat aur repertry theater kuu marmat say balatar nqsan pahuncha thaa. crist charch stee konsal nay 1991 mein admonds factory baghat kaa baqiyah hasah haasil kiyaa juu abb eek awami baagh hay. crist charch mein apnee hijrat kii 50 wein salgrah kii yaad mein admonds nay crist charch shehar kuu markazi shehar mein daryaae aiyon parr eek bend rotanda aur klaak tower tahfay mein diyaa. 2011 kay zalzalay mein bend rotanda kuu nqsan pahuncha thaa aur nomber 2020 takk asay dobarah tameer kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. zaati zindagi. admonds kay aath bachay thay: chaar betay aur chaar betiyan. inn kay baday betay kaa 1914 mein inteqal how gayaa. admonds 2 joone 1932 kii shaam 73 saal kii amar mein paritonitis say inteqal kirr gayey. inn kii aakhri rasumaat 5 joone 1932 kuu adaa kii gayein jiss mein crist charch kay mear deane saliwan nay tareef kii. admonds kuu crist charch kay linn wode qabristan mein inn kii bewi (wafaat 1938) aur inn kay duu beton kay saath dafan kiyaa gayaa hay. miraas. 2005 mein admonds kuu newzi lend kay 100 sabb say oopar tareekh saazon mein 45 wein number parr rakhaa gayaa thaa."2017 mein inhein baad az merg newzi lend buznis haal aaf faim mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa.

00078c4ff56f1f743a17b7256fedfbd04b56479db82312997d16f1979e465307

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56519026

Mike Hauptmeijer

Mike Hauptmeijer Dutch footballer (born 1997) Mike Hauptmeijer (born 18 March 1997) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Eerste Divisie club PEC Zwolle. Professional career. Hauptmeijer joined the PEC Zwolle youth academy at the age of 9, and trained exclusively with their youth academy. He made his professional debut for Zwolle on 3 February 2018 in a 4–0 Eredivisie loss to PSV Eindhoven, as a late substitute after Mickey van der Hart got a red-card in the 42nd minute. On 31 January 2019, Hauptmeijer was loaned out to Achilles '29. International career. Hauptmeijer has been place on standby for the Netherlands U15s and Netherlands U20s, but hasn't made a formal debut at any level. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

maik huptmeiser maik huptmeiser (jonmo 18 march 1997) ejon dusch pesadari football kheluwoi ji irste dibhisi club pess juwoler hoi go "lorokhyok hisape khele. pesadari jiwan. huptmeisere 9 bosor boyoxot pess juwul yuth academyt jugdan korisil aaru teulukor juwo academyr xoite bixexbhabe proxikhyon loisil. 2018 sonor 3 februaryt psv eindhovenor haatot 4-0 ror porajoyor folot teu jo 'lor hoi pesadari aatmoprokax korisil, 42 minutet miki bhen der hearte ronga card laabh korar pisot polomkoi bikolpo hisape. 2019 sonor 31 januaryt huptmeiserok achils '29 loi rino diya hoisil. antohrastriyo keriyar. hoptmeiserok netherlands netherlands aaru netherlands netherlands baabe xaju rokha hoise, kintu kunu storote anusthanik aatmoprokax koraa naai.

maik huptmeiser maik huptmeiser (jonmo 18 march 1997) ekjon dutch peshadar football kheload jini arste dvg club peeka joeler hoye golrakkhak hisabe khelen. peshagoto karmajiban. huptmeiser 9 bochor boyse peeka joal jubo academyte jog deena ebong taader jubo academyr saathe ekchetiabhabe proshikkhon nene. 2018 saaler 3 february psv indhovener kachhe 4-0-err eridivisi porajoye jowoler hoye peshadar crickete atmoprokash corren, corren minute mickie vyana daar heart laal card pawar porey derite bikalpa hisabe. 31 januari 2019-ayee, hoptmeiserke akilis '29-err kachhe dhaar deoa hoyechilo. antorjatik karmajiban. huptmeiserke netherlands netherlands ebong netherlands netherlands jonno prostuto rakha hoyeche, tobey konao storei anusthanik atmoprokash koreni.

mike hoptmaiser mike houptmager (janm 18 march 1997) aek dutch vyaavsaayik footballer chhe jeey erste divisy club peeka zwol maate goalkeeper tareeke ramey chhe. vyaavsaayik karkirdi. hoptmaiser 9 varshnee ummare peeka zwol yuvaa akaadmeemaa jodaya hataa aneey temnee yuvaa akaadmee saathe vishesh taaleem leedhi hatee. tene 3 februari 2018naa roj zwol maate vyaavsaayik padaarpan karyoo hatoo, jemaa tene 42mee minutema mikee vaan dair hartne laal card malyaa pachhi antamaa aveji tareeke psv eindhoven saame 4-0 thee haarno saamno karvo padyo hato. 31 january 2019naa roj, hoptmaiserne achilles '29neey loona aapvama aavee hatee. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. hoptmaiserne netherlandnaa yuu15 aneey netherlandnaa yuu20 maate taiyar rakhvama aavyu chhe, parantu tene koee pann stare aupcharik padaarpan karyoo nathee.

mike haptmager mike haptmager (janm 18 march 1997) ack dutch peshevar footballer haye joe erste divisi club peck zwol key liye goalkeeper key roop mein khelata haye. peshevar carrier. haptmager 9 saal kii umr mein pee. ee. see. zwol yuva akadami mein shamil hoe gaye aur vishesh roop seey apani yuva akadami key saath prashikshit hue. unhone 3 farwari 2018 koo zwol key liye apani peshevar shuruat kii, jisamen unhone pee. aiss. vee. eindhoven seey 4-0 seey haar kaa saamana kiya, 42vein minut mein miki vaine dair haart koo laal card milane key baad dair seey vikalp key roop mein. 31 janwari 2019 koo, haptmager koo akils '29 koo udhaar diyaa gayaa thaa. antarrashtriya currier. hoptmager koo neatherlands yuu15 aur neatherlands yuu20 key liye standbye parr rakhaa gayaa haye, lekin kissy bhee star parr aupchaarik shuruat naheen kii haye.

mike haptmizer mike haptmizer (janana 18 march 1997) obba dutch vruttipara football aatagararagiddu, avaru erste dvc club peck jhvollegaagi goalkeeper aagi aduttare. vruttipara vrutti. haptmizer tamma 9neey vayassinalli peck jhvolle yuva akaademige seridaru mattu avara yuva academiyalli pratyekavagi tarabeti padedaru. avaru 2018rahra phebravari phebravari pii. ess. vii. indhoven viruddha 4-0 antarada solinalli jhvolle para tamma vruttipara chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, 42neey nimishadalli miki wyaan darr hartge kempu cord doreta nantara tadavagi badali atagararagi. 2019rahra janavari janavari, haptmizerannu achills achills saalavaagi nidalaayitu. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. haptmizer annu netherlands netherlands mattu netherlands netherlands sannaddhavaagi irisalaagide, aadare yaavude mattadalli oupachaarikavaagi paadaarpane madilla.

mike hoptmager mike hoptmager (janm 18 march 1997) haah eka dutch vyavsayik footballpatu aahe joou erste divisi club peek zvolsathi golrakshak mhanoon khelato. vyavsayik karkird. hoptmager vayachya 9 vya varshi pii. eae. see. zwol yuva akadamimadhye ruju jhaale aanee tyanni tyanchya yuva akadamimadhye vishesh prashikshan ghetale. 42vya minitala miki vanne dair hartla laal card midalyanantar, tyane zvolsathi 3 februwari 2018 roji pii. ess. vhee. aaindahovankadun 4-0 neey eridivisy parabhav patkaroon, usheera paryayi kheladu mhanoon vyavsayik padarpan kele. 31 janewari 2019 roji, hoptmagerla akileej '29 laa karj denyat aale. aantarrashtriy karkird. hoptmagerla netherlands yuu15 aanee netherlands yuu20 sathee sajj thevanyat aale aahe, parantu konatyahi staravar aupcharik padarpan kele nahee.

mick haptmager mick haptmager (janma 18 march 1997) ek douch peshewar footballer hun jasle erste diviji club peck jwolka lagi golkiparko rupma khelchhan. wyawasayik jiwan. haptmager 9 warshako umerma peck jwol yuwa ekedemyma samel bhae, rar uniharuko yuwa ekedemisanga vishesh rupma prashikshan lie. unle 3 february 2018 maa jwolka lagi afno wyawasayik debue gare, 42 aun minetma miki bhyan derr hartley rato card paepachi dhilo wikalpako rupma piesabhi aindahobhenasanga 4-0-eridibhisi harma. 31 janawari 2019 maa, haptmagerlai akils '29 lai rina diieko thiyo. antarrashtriya currier. huptmager netherlands yu15 rar netherlands yu20 kaa lagi standbyma rakhieko chha, tara kunai pani starma aupacharik debue gareko chhaina.

mick hoptmager mick hoptmager (janma 18 march 1997) jane douch pesadara football khelali jie arste diviji club peck jowol paain goalkeeper bhabare khelanti . bruttigata brutti. hoptmager 9 barsha bajasare peck jowol juba ekademire joga deithile ebong semananka juba ekademire swatantra bhabare talim neithile. shay 3 februari 2018 ray pii. ess. bhi. aaindahobhenka thaaru 4-0 eridibhisi parajajare jawol paain tankara bruttigata debyu karithile, 42 tama minitare miki bhaan darr hart eka redd-card paiba parey bilamba bikalpa bhabare . 31 januari 2019 ray, haptamejaranku akilis '29 ku runa diajaithila. antarjatija kyariyara. haptamejaraku netherlands jayu15 ebong netherlands jayu20 paain standabaire rakhajaichhi, kintu kaunasi starare aanusthanika debyu karinahin.

mike hoptmager mike hoptmager (janam 18 march 1997) ikk dutch peshevar footballer haii joe airst divizi club peek zavol laee goalkeeper vajon khedada haii. peshevar carrier. hoptmager 9 saal dee umar witch pee. ee. see. zavol youth academy witch shamal hoow giaa atey uhanan neey vishesh taur utte aapni youth academy naal sikhlai prapat keeti. uss neey 3 farvari 2018 noon zavol laee aapni peshevar shuruat keeti, jiss witch pee. aiss. vee. eindhoven toon 4-0 naal haar daa sahmana karna piaa, piaa mint witch meeki vain dair haart noon laal card milann toon baad dair naal badal vajon. 31 janwari 2019 noon, hoptmager noon ockles '29 noon udhaar ditta giaa see. antarashtari carrier. hoptmager noon needarlands needarlands atey needarlands needarlands laee tiaar rakkhiaa giaa haii, parr kise vee paddhar 'teey rasmi shuruat naheen keeti haii.

maik haptmager maik haptmager (janma 18 maarch 1997) ekaha dutch-vyaavasaayikah football-kreedakah asti yah erste divizi club peck zwol ityasya krute goalkeeper rupena kreeditavaan. vruttihi vruttihi. haptmager 9 varsheeyah peck zwol-yuva-akadami ityasmin sammilitah, teshaam yuva-akadami-madhye visheshatayaa prashikshanm cha praptavan. saha 3 februvari 2018 dinaanke zwol-krute pee. ess. vee. aindhovan ityanena 4-0 iti eridivicy-parajaye vyaavasaayik-padaarpanam krutavaan, 42 tame nimeshe mikee vaan derr haart ityanena rakta-card praaptasya anantaram vilambena vikalparupena. 31 janavaree 2019 dinaanke haptmager akils-ityasya 29 ityasmai runam dattah. antarashtriya-vruttihi. haptmager iteedam iteedam tathaa tathaa krute sajjarupena sthaapitam asti, parantu kasyaapi stare aupachaarikam padaarpanam naa krutavaan.

maik hoptmeaser maik hoptmeaser (prappu maarch 18,1997) oru duchu thozhilmurai kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar erste dvc kilap beck swol anikkaaga koolkeepparaaga vilaiyaadugiraar. thozhilmurai vaazhkkai. hoptmeaser thanathu 9 vayathil beck swol ilaignar akaadamiyil saernthaar, maelum avarkalin ilaignar akaadamiyil piraththiyaegamaaga payirchi pettraar. pipravari 3,2018 andru swol anikkaaga thanathu thozhilmurai arimugaththai avar seithaar, pii. ess. vii indhovenidam 4-0 endra cole kanakkil thoalviyadainthaar, 42 vadhu nimidaththil mikki vaan terr haartukku sivappu attai kidaittha piragu thaamathamaaga maattraaka. 31 janavari 2019 andru, hoptmeaser aggles '29 kku cuddon vazhangkappattathu. sarvadesa thozhil. netherlandhu U15s mattrum netherlandhu U20s aagiyavattrirkaana kaatthiruppu nilaiyil hoptmeaser vaikkappattullathu, aanaal endha mattaththilum muraiyaana arimugaththai seiyavillai.

mike haptmeaser mike haptmeaser (jananam 18 marchi 1997) oka dutch professional football kreedaakaarudu, athanu erste dvg club peck jwol kosam goal keeparga aadataadu. vrutti jeevitam. haptmeaser 9 samvatsaraala vayassulo peck jwol yooth academylo cheraadu mariyu vaari yooth akaadameetho pratyaekamgaa sikshana pondaadu. athanu 3 fibravari 2018naa pii. ess. vii. indhoven chetilo 4-0thoo odipoyinappudu jwol kosam thana vruttiparamaina arangetram chesaadu, 42va nimishamlo miki vaan derr hartku redd-card labhinchina taruvaata aalasyamgaa pratyamnaayamgaa. 31 janavari 2019naa, haptmizer akiles '29kii runam ivvabadindi. antarjaateeya vrutti. haptmeaser netherlands U15s mariyu netherlands U20s kosam siddhamgaa unchabadindi, conny yea sthaayiloonuu adhikaarika pravesam cheyaledu.

mayik hoptmager mayik hoptmager (paidaish 18 maarch 1997) eek dich paishah warr fitt baalar hay juu airstay deosi kalb peek zoolay kay liye goal capper kay toor parr kheelta hay. paishah waranah carrier. hoptmager nay 9 saal kii amar mein peek zoolay youth academy mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur khususi toor parr apnee youth academy say tarbiyat haasil kii. inhon nay 3 faroori 2018 kuu zoolay kay liye apnaa paishah waranah aaghaz pee aiss wee aaindhoon say 4-0 say airdiosi haar mein kiyaa 42 wein mint mein makee ween dair haart kuu reed card milnay kay baad deer say muthbadil kay toor parr. 31 januri 2019 cow hoptmager kuu acheelz '29 kuu qarz diyaa gayaa. beenn alaqwami carrier. hoptmager kuu netherlands yuu 15 aur netherlands yuu 20 kay liye stend bayee parr rakhaa gayaa hay leakin iss nay kasee bhee satah parr bazabtah aaghaz nahein kiyaa hay.

00078c70be7ac98e5c500ee32386402225344bcdeeca6446547859831337a50c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33847377

TV Barrandov

TV Barrandov TV Barrandov is a Czech television channel, launched in 2009. It was founded and started to broadcast in 2009. It currently broadcasts in Czech. In 2015 after Chinese company CEFC China Energy invested in TV Barrandov's parent company Empresa Media, the tone of TV Barrandov's coverage of China changed with all neutral and negative reporting about China being replaced by positive reporting. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

tibhi barandov tibhi barandov hoise 2009 sonot aarombho huwa ekhon che 'koo television senel. iyak 2009 sonot protistha koraa hoisil aaru xomprosar koraa aarombho koraa hoisil. bortoman ee che' koo-too xomprosar koraa hoy. 2015 sonot china company chi. ee. ef. chi. saina energye tibhi barandovor mool company empressa miriyat biniyug korar pisot, seenor bixoye xokolu nirpekhyo aaru netibasok protibedonor xoloni itibasok protibedonor xoite seenor bixoye tibhi barandovor prosaror swor xoloni hoisil.

tibhi barandov tibhi barandov ekti check television channel, jaa 2009 saale chaalu hoyechilo. etty 2009 saale protisthito ebong samprachar koraa shuru hoyechilo. etty bortomane check bhasay somprocharito hoy. 2015 saale cheena company shee. ee. eff. shee chayna energy tibhi barandover mool sangostha empressa midiate biniyog korar porey, chean somporke samasta niropekkho ebong netibachak reporting itibachak reporting dwara protisthapito howar saathe saathe tibhi barandover chean somporke coverager swar poribortito hoy.

tivi barandov tivi barandov aee aek check television chenal chhe, jeey prasaaran sharoo thaee hatee. tenee sthaapnaa aneey prasaaran prasaaran sharoo thayu hatoo. teey haalmaa checkma prasaarit thaay chhe. chhe cheeni kampani see. ee. aef. see. chaaina energy tivi barandovni parent kampani empressa midiyaamaa rokaan karyaa pachhi, chean vishenaa tamaam tatasth aneey nakaaraatmak ahevaalone hakaaraatmak ahewal dwara badalvama aavyaa pachhi tivi barandovna chean vishenaa coverageno suur badlai gayo.

tv barrandov tv barrandov ack check television channel haye, jise 2009 mein launch kiya gayaa thaa. isaki sthaapana aur prasaran 2009 mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa. yeh vartamaan mein check mein prasaarit hotaa haye. 2015 mein cheeni company see. ee. aff. see. chaina energy dwara tv barrandov kii mool company empressa media mein nivesh key baad, chean key baare mein sabhi tatasth aur nakaratmak reporting key saath chean key baare mein tv barandov key coverage kaa lahazaa badal gayaa.

tivi barandov 2009ll aarambhicha oru check television chaanalaan tivi barandov. ithu 2009ll sthaapikkukayum prakshepanam cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. nilavil ithu chekkil prakshepanam cheiyunnu. 2015ll chainees kambaniyaaya sephsy chaina energy tivi barandovinte maathru kambaniyaaya empressa mediayil nikshepichathinushesham, chainayekkurichulla ellah nishpakshavum nishedhaathmakavumaaya reportingukal positteev reportingiloode maattisthaapichathode tivi barandovinte chainayekkurichulla kavarejinte swaram maari.

tv barandov tv barandov hii eka check durchitravani vahini aahe, jee 2009 madhye suru jhaali. tyachi sthapana jhaali aanee 2009 madhye prasarit honyas suruvat jhaali. tee sadhya chekmadhye prasarit hote. 2015 madhye chiinii company see. eae. eff. see. chayana energine tv barandovchya mool company empressa mediamadhye guntavanuk kelyanantar, chinbaddalchya serve tatasth aanee nakaratmak ahavalanchya jaagi sakaratmak ahwal aalyane tv barandovchya chinbaddalchya vruttavahinicha suur badalala.

tivi barandov tivi barandov ek check television channel how, june 2009 maa suru bhaeko thiyo. yo 2009 maa sthapit rar prasaran garna suru bhaeko thiyo. yo hall chekma prasaran hunchha. sann 2015 maa chiniyan company sefsi chaina energyle tivi barandovko muel company ampressa mediama lagani garepachhi, chinko barema sabai tatastha rar nakaratmak reportinglai sakaratmak reportingle pratisthapan garepachhi tivi barandovko chinko kabharejko swar pariwartan bhayo.

tibhi barandov tibhi barandov heuchhi eka check television channell, jaahaa 2009 ray arambha hoithila. ehaa 2009 ray sthapita hoithila ebong prasarana arambha hoithila. ehaa bartamana check ray prasarana kare . 2015 ray chean company sii. ee. aif. sii. chaina energy tibhi barandovnka moola company empressa midiare binijoga kariba parey, chean bishajare samasta nirapekhya ebong nakaratmaka reporting sahita chean bishajare tibhi barandovnka kabharej swara badalithila.

teevi brandov teevi brandov ikk check television channel haii, joe 2009 witch shuru keeta giaa see. iss dee sathapana atey prasaran 2009 witch shuru keeta giaa see. ih varatman witch check witch prasarit hunda haii. 2015 witch cheeni company see. ee. eff. see. chaina energy duaara teevi brandov dee mool company ampressa media witch nivesh curran toon baad, cheen baare saare nirpakh atey nakaratmak reporting noon skaratmak reporting duaara tabdil keete jaanh naal cheen baare teevi brandov dee coverage daa rung badal giaa.

dooradarshanah barandov tea. vee. baraandov iti check-deshasya dooradarshan-vaahinyaah aarambhah 2009 tame varshe abhavat. asya sthapana 2009 tame varshe abhavat, prasaaranam cha aarabdham. samprati check-deshe prasaaranam bhavati. 2015 tame varshe, cheenaa-deshasya kampanee see. ee. ef. see. chayana-energy ityanena tea. vee. barandov-ityasya maatru-kampanee empressa-media-madhye niveshasya anantaram, tea. vee. barandov-ityasya cheena-deshasya vaartaalaapasy swarah parivartitah, cheena-deshasya vishaye sarwaah tatastha-nakaratmaka-vivaranaani sakaratmaka-vivaranadvaaraa pratisthapitaha.

tholaikaatchi parandov tholaikaatchi parandov enbathu oru seck tholaikaatchi saenalaagum, idhu 2009 ill thodangappattathu. idhu 2009 ill niruvapattu oliparappath thodangiyathu. idhu tharpoothu seck mozhiyil oliparappappadukirathu. 2015 aam aandil seena niruvanamaana sefsey cheena energy tholaikaatchi parandovin thaai niruvanamaana empressa meediyaavil muthaleedu seitha piragu, seenaavaip pattriya tholaikaatchi parandovin seithigalin thoni maariyathu, seenaavaip pattriya anaitthu nadunilai mattrum ethirmaraiyaana arikkaikalum nermaraiyaana arikkaikalaal maattrappattana.

tv barandov tv barrandov anedi 2009loe praarambhamaina check television chhaanel. idhi 2009loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu prasaram cheyadam praarambhinchindi. idhi prastutam check loe prasaram chestondi. 2015loe chaina company sephsi chaina energy tv barrandov maatru samstha empressa medialo pettubadi pettina taruvaata, chaina gurinchi anni tatastha mariyu pratikuula nivedikalanu saanukuula nivedikalato bharti cheyadamtho chaina gurinchi tv barrandov coverage yokka tone maarindi.

tye wee barandof tye wee barandof eek cheek teeli vision chinal hay jasay 2009 mein sharoo kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kii bunyaad 2009 mein rakhee gayee thee aur asay nashar karnaa sharoo kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha phee alhaal cheek mein nashar hotaa hay. 2015 mein cheeni company see ayee aif see chayina inraji kay tye wee barandof kii parent company empressa mediya mein sarmayah kaaree karnay kay baad cheen kay baaray mein tamaam ghair janibdar aur manfi reporting kay saath cheen kay baaray mein tye wee barandof kii courage kaa lehjah badal gayaa.

000792af5be678624a181c4e8214c24125d5852e99b18989652ac0cf6510f105

https://en.wikinews.org/wiki?curid=60310

Belgrade hospital refuses to return baby to mother

Belgrade hospital refuses to return baby to mother   Today's Wikinews 19 Collaborate! The Belgrade Neonatology Institute has refused to hand over a child to her mother, after she was unable to pay her medical bills. Macedonian Senija Roganovic, who has no health insurance of any kind and cannot come up with the money for the bill, gave birth to the baby two months ago at and owes US$8,290.91 in hospital bills. 20-year old Roganovic has been sedated for the past two months and has lost 30 pounds of weight, possibly due to anxiety over what might happen to her child. During this period the hospital only let her see the baby once and she was not allowed to breast-feed her son. On the 7th of February, Roganovic told her story to a journalist from the daily paper "Kurir". After media reports the following day, the hospital finally let the baby go yesterday. Sources. <br style="clear:both;">

belgrade sikitsaloyor xixutik makoloi ghurai diboloi oswikar aajir wikiniuj 19 xohojugita korok! belgrade neonatology protisthane etaa xixuk taair maakor haatot hostantor koriboloi oswikar korise, kiyonu taai sikitsar bill porixudh koribo nuwarile. kunu dhoronor swasthyo beema nothoka aaru bilor baabe dhon lo "bob nuwara macedonian senija ruganubhise dumah aagote xixutik jonmo disil aaru sikitsaloyor bilot aamar 8,000 dollar rino loiche. 20 bosoriya ruganubhis juwa dumah dhori niswaxito hoi aase aaru xombhobotoh taair xontanor ki hoh "bob paare xei bixoye chintar baabe 30 pound ujon hraax paise. ei xomoisuwat sikitsaloikhone taik kewol ebaar xixutik saboloi disil aaru taair putrok stonpan koraboloi onumoti diya huwa nasil. 7 februaryt ruganubhise doinik baatori kakot "kurir" ror egoraki xangbadikok teur kahinitu koichil. pisdina xongbad madhyome prokax koraa batorir pisot, sikitsaloikhone owoxexot kaali xixutik jaboloi diye. utxoxomuh.

shishutike mayer kachhe firiye ditey aswikar belgrade hospitaler ajoker uiki newz 19 sahojogita korun! belgrade neonatology institute taar chikitsar bill porishodh korte naa parar karone ekti shishuke taar mayer kachhe hastantar korte aswikar koreche. macedonian seniza roganovic, jaar konao dharaner swastho beema nei ebong biler jonno ortho niye aste paare naa, dui maas agey shishutir jonmo deyo ebong hospitaler bille amader 8,000 markin dollar rino deyo. 20 bochor vayasi roganovic goto dui maas dhorey nidrito ebong sombhoboto taar santaner qee hotey paare taa niye udweger karone 30 pound ozon hrass peyeche. eyi somoyer modhye hospital taake cable ekbar shishutike dekhte deyo ebong taake taar chheleke booker dudh khawanor anumati deoa hoyney. 7ee february rozanovic daeenik patrika kurirer eka sangbadikke taar golpoti bollen. porer deane ganomadhyomer khoborer porr, hospital abosheshe gotokal shishutike chhede deyo. sootro.

belgrade hospitale baadakne maatane parat aapvaano incar karyo aajnaa veeki news 19 sahyog karoo! belgrade neonatology sansthaae baadakne tenee maatane sopavaano incar karyo chhe, kaaran keey tenee tenaa tabibi bilnee chukavani karvaamaa asamarth hatee. mesedoniyana senija roganovic, jenee paase koee pann prakaarno aarogya veemo nathee aneey bill maate naanaa saathe aavee shaktaa nathee, tene beey maheena pahelaa baadakne janm aapyo hato aneey hospital bilmaan amaare $8,000 baakee chhe. 20 varsheey roganovic chhella beey maheenathi shaant thaee gayo chhe aneey tene 30 poundnu vajan ghataadyu chhe, kadaach tenaa baadaknu shun thaee shake chhe tenee chintaane kaarane. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan hospitale tene maatra aek jaj vaar baadakne jovaa deedhi hatee aneey tene tenaa putrane stanpaan karaavvaani manjuri nahoti. 7 februarina roj, roganoviche dainik akhbaar "kurir" naa patrakaarne potaani vaarta sambhalaavi. beeja divase media ahevaalo pachhi, hospitale aakhare gaikale baadakne javaa didhu. stroto.

belgrade aspatal ney bachche koo maan koo vaapas karane seey kiya incar aaj key viki samachar 19 sahyog karein! belgrade neonatology sansthaan ney ack bachche koo usaki maan koo saunpane seey incar curr diyaa haye, kyonki vaha apane chikitsa bilon kaa bhugtan karane mein asamarth thee. macedonian senija roganovic, jinake paas kissy bhee prakaar kaa koee swaasthya beema naheen haye aur bill key liye paise naheen leey sakate hain, ney dou maheene pahale bachche koo janm diyaa aur aspatal key bilon mein hamein 8,000 dollar kaa bakaaya haye. 20 varsheeya roganovic pichhale dou maheenon seey behosh haye aur sambhavatah usake bachche kaa kyaa hoe sakata haye, iss chinta key kaaran usane 30 pound vajan cumm curr liya haye. iss avadhi key dauran aspatal ney usey kewal ack baar bachche koo dekhane diyaa aur usey apane bete koo stanpan karaane kii anumati naheen dee gaee. 7 farwari koo roganovic ney dainik samachar patra "kurir" key ack patrakaar koo apani kahani sunai. agale dinn media kii report key baad, aspatal ney aakhirkaar cull bachche koo jaane diyaa. srot.

maguvannu taayige maralisalu nirakarisida belgrade aspatre indina viki nyus 19 sahayoga! belgrade neonatology institute tanna vaidyakeeya vechchagalannu pavatisalu saadhyavaagada kaarana maguvannu tanna taayige hastaantarisalu nirakariside. yaavude reetiya aarogya vimeyannu hondirada mattu bilge hanavannu taralu saadhyavaagada macedonian seniza roganovic, eradu tingala hinde maguvige janma niididaru mattu aaspatreya bilgalalli namage $8,000 pavatisabekagide. 20 varshada roganovic kaleda eradu tingalugalinda nidrahinateyinda balaluttiddu, tanna maguvige enaagabahudu emba aatankadindaagi 30 pound tukavannu kaledukondiddaale. ee avadhiyalli aaspatreyu aakege omme maatra maguvannu nodalu avakasha maadikottitu mattu aakege tanna maganige haalunisalu avakasha niidalilla. phebravari 7randu, roganovic tanna katheyannu "kurir" patrikeya patrakartarige helidalu. marudina madhyamagalu varadi maadida nantara, aaspatreyu ninne antimavagi maguvannu bittubittitu. moolagalu.

kunjine ammaykku thirike nalkaan belgrade ashupatri visammathichu innathe vikkinyoos 19 sahakarikkuka! medical billukal adaykkaan kazhiyaathathinal oru kutty ammaykku kaimaran belgrade neonatology instittyoott visammathichu. oru tharatthilulla aarogya inshurans illaathathum billinulla panavumaayi varaan kazhiyathathumaaya macedonian senija roganovic rund maasam munbu kunjinu janmam nalkukayum ashupatri billukalil 8,000 dollar nalkukayum cheythu. 20 kaariyaya roganovic kazhinja rund maasamaayi mayakkaavasthayilaayirikke 30 poundu bharam kuranju, orupakshe avalude kuttikk enthu sambhavikkumenna aashanka kaaranam. eee kaalayalavil ashupatri oru thavana maathrame kunjine kaanaan anuvadichirunnulloo, makanu mulayoottaan avale anuvadichilla. februvari 7nuu roganovic "kurir" enna dinapathrathile oru pathrapravartthakanodu thante katha paranju. pittennu maadyamangal report cheythathine thudarnnu ashupatri innale kunjine vittayachu. srothassukal.

balala aaikade parat denyas belgrade rugnalayacha nakar aajchya viki news 19 sahkarya qaraa! vaidyakeey kharch bharnyas asamarth rahilyamule, belgrade neonatology sansthene mulala tichya aaeela denyas nakar deela aahe. macedonian senija roganovich, jyanchyakade konatyahi prakarcha aarogya vima nahee aanee bilasathi paise aanoo shakat nahee, tyanni done mahinyanpurvi balala janm deela aanee ispitalachya bilanmadhye aamhala 8,000 $dene baakee aahe. 20 varshiy roganovich gelya done mahinyanpasun shant avasthet aahe aanee tiche vajan 30 paund qamee jhaale aahe, bahudha tichya mulache kaay houu shakate yaa chintemule. yaa kalat rugnalayane teela fakt ekdach balala pahoo dile aanee teela tichya mulala stanpan karanyachi parvanagi navhati. 7 februwari roji roganovicne 'kurir' yaa dainikatil eka patrakarala tichi katha sangitali. dusya divashi prasarmadhyamanni dilelya vruttanantar, rugnalayane kaal balala jaau dile. srot.

belgrade aspatalle bacchalai amalai firta garna aswikar gareko chha. ajko wikinyuz 19 sahakarya garnuhos! belgrade neonatology institutele afno medical bill tirna nasakepachi bacchalai amalai sumpna aswikar gareko chha. macedonian senija roganobhich, jassanga kunai pani prakarko swasthya bima chhaina rar bilka lagi paisa lyauna sakdainan, unle dui mahina aghi bacchalai janma die rar aspatalko bilma hamilai $8,290.91 tirnuparne chha. 20 warshiya roganobhich vigat dui mahinadekhi behos chhin rar sambhawatah unko bacchalai key huna sakchha bhanne chintako karan 30 pound wazan ghateko chha. yass awadhima aspatalle unlai ek patak matra bacchalai hern diyo rar unlai afno chhoralai stanpan garauna anumati diiena. february 7 maa, roganobhichle dainik akhbar "kurira" kaa patrakarlai afno katha sunaeki thiin. bholipalta mediale report garepachhi, aspatalle antatah hijo bacchalai chhodna diyo. srotharu.

maa 'nku sisuku pheraibaku manah kallah belgrade daktarakhana aajira wikiniuja 19 sahjog karantu! belgrade neonatology institute eka sisuku taanka maanku hastantara karibaku manah karideichi, kaaran shay taanka chikitsa bill paitha karibare asamartha hoithile. macedonian senija roganovic, jahara kaunasi prakarara swasthya beema naahin ebong bill paain tanka nei asiparibe naahin, dui maasa purbaru shishutiku janma deithile ebong daktarakhana bilare $8,000 290.91 runee . 20 barsha bayaska roganovic gata dui maasa dhari nidrahinata bhoguchanti ebong sambhabatah taanka pilara qa 'naa hoipare shay nei chinta hetu 30 pound ojana hrass karichanti. ehi samajare daktarakhana tanku kebala thare sisuku dekhibaku deithila ebong tanku taanka puaku stanyapana karaibaku anumathi nathila. februari 7 tarikhare, roganovic dainika khabarkagaj "kurira" rahr jane sambadikanku taanka kahani kahithile. pardin ganamadhyama report kariba parey, daktarakhana sheshare gatakali shishutiku jibaku deithila. utsa.

belgrade hospital neey bacche noon maan noon waps curran toon keeta inkaar ajj dey viki news 19 sahiyog crow! belgrade neonatology sanstha neey aapni maan noon ikk bacche noon saunpan toon inkaar qarr ditta haii, kiunki uh aapne medical billan daa bhugtan curran witch asamrath see. macedonian senija roganovic, jiss cole kise vee kisam daa koee sihat beema naheen haii atey bill laee paise naheen lae keey aaa sakda, neey doou maheene pahilan bacche noon janam ditta atey hospital dey billan witch saade $8,000 daa bhugtan karna haii. 20 saala roganovic pichle doou mahiniaan toon behoshi dee neend witch haii atey uss daa bhaar 30 pond ghatt giaa haii, sambhav taur 'teey iss chinta dey caarn kii uss dey bacche daa qee hoow sakda haii. iss samein dauran hospital neey uss noon siraf ikk vaar bacche noon dekhan ditta atey uss noon aapne puttar noon dudh chunghaun dee aagiaa naheen ditti gaee. 7 farvari noon, roganovic neey rozana akhbar "kurir" dey ikk pattarkar noon aapni kahani sunayi. agle dinn media reportan toon baad, hospital neey aakharkar kallh bacche noon chhadd ditta. sarot.

belgrade chikitsaalayah shishum matam prati pratyarpayitum niraakaroti. adyatanee viki-vaartaah 19 sahayogam karotu! tasyaah chikitsaasambandhi-deyaani daatum naa shaktteh karanat, belgrade neonatology-samsthaa, shishum swamatam samarpayitum niraakrutavatee. macedonian senijaa roganovic, yasya swaasthya-aashwastih kasyaapi prakaaren naasti, tathaa cha deyasya dhanam nirmaatum naa shaknoti, saha maasadwaye poorvam shishum janma dattavaan, chikitsaalayasy deyake $8,000 $$$I. D. 1 $iti runee asti. 20 varsheeyah rogaanovik ityeshah gatamaasadwayebhyah nidraavaahitah asti, 30 paund-bhaaram nyunikrutavan, sambhawatah tasyaah baalakasy kim bhavitum shaknoti iti chintayaa. asmin kaale chikitsaalayena kevalam ekavaaram eva shishum drashtum anumatim dattam, tathaa cha tasyaah putrasya stanyapanam naa kartum anumatim dattam. 7 februvari dinaanke roganovic ityeshaa "kureer" iti dainikapatrasya patrakaaraay swakathaa avadat. aparadine madhyamanam vaartaayaah anantaram chikitsaalayah ante shwah shishum nishkaasayat. srotah.

belgrade maruthuvamanai kuzhandhaiyai thaayidam tiruppith thara marukkirathu intraiya vikki seithigal 19 kootturavoadu seyalpadungal! bell grade neonatology niruvanam thanathu maruththuva kattanangalai seluththa mudiyaathathaal, oru kuzhandhaiyai thanathu thaayidam oppadaikka maruththuvittathu. endha vagaiyaana sugaathaarak kaappeedum illaatha mattrum kattanaththirkaana panatthaik kondu vara mudiyaatha mesitonian senija roganovic, irandu maathangkalukku munbu kuzhandhaiyaip petrtreduththaar, maelum maruthuvamanai kattanangalil engkalukku $8,000 seluththa vaendiyullaar. 20 vayathaana roganovic kadantha irandu maathangkalaaka mayakkamadainthu, 30 pavundugal edaiyai ilanththullaar, oruvaelai avarathu kuzhandhaikku enna nadakkakkoodum endra kavalai kaaranamaaga irukkalaam. inthak kaalakattathil, oru murai mattumae kuzhandhaiyaip paarkka maruthuvamanai anumathiththathu, maelum avar thanathu maganukku thaaippaal kodukka anumathikkappadavillai. pipravari 7 aam thaethi, roganovic thanathu kadhaiyai "kureer" naalithazhil irunthu oru paththirikaiyaalaridam koorinaar. marunaal uudakangkal seithi veliyitta piragu, maruthuvamanai iruthiyaaka netrtru kuzhandhaiyai vittuvittathu. aathaarangkal.

biddanu talliki tirigi ivvadaaniki niraakarinchina belgrade aasupatri neti vikee vaartalu 19 sahakarinchandi! belgrade neonatology institute thana vaidya kharchulanu chellinchalekapoyinanduna biddanu thana talliki appaginchadaaniki niraakarinchindi. yea rakamaina aarogya beema laeni mariyu billu kosam dabbutho munduku raaleni macedonian seniza roganovic, rendu nelala kritam biddaku janmanicchaadu mariyu aasupatri billulalo maaku $8,000 chellinchaalsi undhi. 20 yella roganovic gatha rendu nelalugaa nidramondutuu, 30 poundla baruvunu kolpoyadu, bahusha aame biddaku emi jaragavacchu anae aandolana kaaranamgaa. eee kaalamlo aasupatri aamenu okasari matrame biddanu chudanichindi mariyu aame thana kodukuku paalu ivvadaaniki anumatinchabadaledu. fibravari 7naa, roganovic thana kathanu dinapatrika "kureer" kuu chendina oka paatrikeyudiki chepparu. marusati roeju media nivedikala taruvaata, aasupatri chivaraku ninna sisuvunu vidichipettindi. muulaalu.

belgrade hospital nay bachay kuu maan kay hawalay karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa aaj kii veeki newz 19 taawan karein! belgrade neonatology insity teut nay eek bachay kuu iss kii maan kay hawalay karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa hay keunkah wah apnay tabee baloon kii adayegi karnay say qaasir thee. mesidonin senija roganovich jiss kay paas kasee bhee qasm kaa sehat kaa bemah nahein hay aur wah bull kay liye raqam nahein lay saktaa nay duu maah qabal bachay kuu janam diyaa aur hospital kay baloon mein iss nay hamein 8,000 $waajib alaada rakhay haine. 20 saalah roganovich pachlay duu maheenon say scone say dochaar hay aur iss kaa wazan 30 pound kumm how gayaa hay mamkanah toor parr iss fakar kii wajah say kahh iss kay bachay kaa kiyaa how saktaa hay. iss arsey kay doraan hospital nay asay sarf eek baar bachay kuu dekhnay diyaa aur asay apnay betay kuu dodh planay kii ajazat nahein thee. 7 faroori cow roganovich nay roznamah akhbaar "corer" kay eek sahafi kuu apnee kahaani sanayi. aglay dunn mediya kii reporton kay baad hospital nay balaakhir kill bachay kuu jaanay diyaa. zaraye.

0007942aa2b407fe471e504f54c47173124114b57fc0ec9cfe40935aee2f7817

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37722993

Etosha Ecological Institute

Etosha Ecological Institute Program of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia) The Etosha Ecological Institute (EEI) is an organization within the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in Namibia that manages all research activities within the Etosha National Park. It was formally opened on 1 April 1974 by Adolf Brinkmann of the South-West Africa Administration. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

itusa poriwex protisthan itusa poriwex protisthan (ee. ee. aai.) hoise namibiyar poriwex aaru porjoton montraloyor bhitorot thoka etaa xongstha jiye itusa rastriyo udyanor bhitorot xokolu gowexona karzokolap porisalona kore. 1974 sonor 1 aprilot dokhyin-poschim africa proxaxonor edolph birgomene iyak anusthanikbhabe mukoli korisil.

itosha ecological institute itosha ecological institute (ee. ee. aaee) holl namibiar poribesh oo porjoton montroker ontorgoto ekti sangostha jaa itosha jatiya uddaner modhye samasta gobeshona karjokrom porichalona korey. dakkhin-poschim africa proshashoner adloff bergman 1974 saaler 1laa april anusthanikbhabe etty udwodhon corren.

itosha ecological institute itosha ecological institute (ee. ee. ee.) aee namibiyama paryaavaran aneey pravaasan mantralayni andarni aek sanstha chhe jeey itosha raashtriy udhyanni andarni tamaam sanshodhan pravruttionu sanchalan karey chhe. tenu aupcharik udghaatan 1 april april roj dakshin-pashchim africa vahivatitantranaa adolph binjmen dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

itosha paaristhitik sansthaan itosha paaristhitik sansthaan (ee. ee. aaee.) namibia mein paryaavaran aur paryatan mantralaya key bheetar ack sangathan haye joe itosha rashtriya udyaan key bheetar sabhi shodh gatividhiyon kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. iska aupchaarik udghaatan 1 aprail 1974 koo dakshin-paschim africa prashaasan key adolph bargeman dwara kiya gayaa thaa.

etosha parisara samsthe etosha parisara samsthe (ii. ii. aii) embudu nameebiyaada parisara mattu pravasodyama sachivaalayadolagina ondu samstheyaagiddu, idu etosha rashtriya udyaanavanadolagina ellah samshodhanaa chatuvatikegalannu nirvahisuttade. nairtya africa aadalitada adolph bingman avaru 1974rahra april 1randu idannu oupachaarikavaagi udghaatisidaru.

ettosha ecological instittyoott ettosha desheeyodyaanathinulli ellah gaveshana pravartthanangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunna nameebiyayile paristhithi, vinodasanjaara manthraalayathinullile oru samghadanayaanu ettosha ecological instittyoott (iii. iii. iii. aii). 1974 epril 1 nuu thekk-padinjaaran aafrikkan bharanakoodatthile adolph birgman aanu ithu audyogikamaayi udghaadanam cheythath.

itosha paryavaraniy sanstha itosha ecological institute (eae. eae. eae.) hii namibiyatil paryavaran aanee paryatan mantralayantargat eka sanstha aahe jee itosha rashtriy udyanatil serve sanshodhan upkramanche vyavasthapan karate. dakshin-paschim africa prashasanachya edolph barjamanne 1 april 1974 roji tyache aupcharik udghatan kele.

itosha ecological institute itosha ecological institute (ee. ee. ee.) heuchhi namibiara paribesha ebong parjyatan mantranalaja madhyare eka sangathana jaahaa itosha jatiah udyan madhyare samasta gabeshana karjyakalapa parichalana kare . dakhina-paschima africa prashasanara adolph bingamyanka dwara 1974 masiha april 1 tarikhare ehaaku aanusthanika bhabe kholajaithila.

atosha vatavaran sanstha atosha vatavaran sanstha (ee. ee. aaee.) namibia witch vatavaran atey sair-spata mantrale dey ander ikk sangathan haii joe atosha national park dey ander saariaan khoj gatividhiaan daa parbandhan karda haii. iss daa rasmi udghatan 1 aprail 1974 noon dakkhan-pachmi africa parshasana dey adolf bungman duaara keeta giaa see.

itoshaa paaristhitikeey-samsthaa itoshaa ecological institute (ee. ee. ee.) namibia-deshasya paryaawaran-paryatan-mantraalayasy antargataa samsthaa asti yaa itoshaa-rashtriyodyanasya antah sarvaani shodha-karyani nirvahati. dakshina-pashchim-africa-prashasanasya adalf-bing-myaan ityanena 1974 april 1 dinaanke asya aupachaarikam udghaatanam abhavat.

etosha suttruchchoozhal niruvanam etosha suttruchchoozhal niruvanam (eee. ii. aii) enbathu nameepiyaavil ulla suttruchchoozhal mattrum suttrulaa amaichchagaththirkul ulla oru amaippaagum, idhu etosha thaesiya poongkaavirkul anaitthu aaraaichi nadavadikkaigalaiyum nirvagikkirathu. idhu thenmaerku aaprikka nirvaagaththin adolph bringman enbavaraal aepral 1,1974 andru muraiyaaga thirakkappattathu.

000795a8c0ec29811b51bebfbd507ae554c5572c59143881a2bd0f7b7d94e538

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11974586

Hiptage

Hiptage Genus of flowering plants Hiptage is a genus in the Malpighiaceae, a family of about 75 genera of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. "Hiptage" species are native to: Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Fiji, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Is., Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. The genus is distinctive in its three-winged samaras; most species bear an elongated commissural gland on the calyx. The most widely known species is "Hiptage benghalensis", native to tropical and subtropical Asia. it is widely cultivated for its showy fragrant flowers, and its true native range is difficult to assess. This species often escapes from cultivation; it spreads aggressively and can become a pernicious weed. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hypagez hypetage hoise malpigiyaxir etaa projati, malpigiales kromot pray 75taa projatir fulor udbhidor etaa poriyal. "hypage" too pakistan aaru bharotor poraa taiwan, philipines aaru indonesialoike krantiyo dokhyin-pubo asier oronyot briddhi puwa 30 (baa tatkoi odhik) projatir lotaa aaru kaathor gulmo thaake. ei gonotu iyar tini-daana thoka xomorar khetrot swotontro; besibhag projatiye kelikchot ek dighol commisural gronthi bohon kore. ataitkoi bohulbhabe porisito projatitu hoise "hypetage benghalenxix", jaak bharot aaru srilongkar poraa philipinoloike sthaniyo buli bhoba hoy; iyar monumuha xugondhi fulor baabe iyak byapokbhabe kheti koraa hoy, aaru iyar prokrito sthaniyo porixoror mulyayon koratu kothin. ei projatituwe praye khetir poraa polayon kore; ee akromonatmokbhabe biyopi pore aaru ek kyotikarok opotrino hoh "bob paare.

hypage hypetage holl malpigiacy projatir ekti prajati, jaa malpigials kromer pray 75tii projatir sapushpak udbhid niye gothito. "hypage"-ayee 30tii (baa taar beshi) projatir lataa ebong kaather gulm royeche jaa pakistan ebong bharat theke taiwan, phillipine ebong indoneshiya porjonto grissomondoliyo dakkhin-purbo assier bonanchole briddhi paay. eyi projatiti taar tinn-danna samarate swatantra; beshirbhag projatii calixer upor ekti dirghayita commisural gronthi bohon korey. sabcheye byapokbhabe porichito prajati holl "hypetage bengalensis", jaa bharat ebong srilanka theke phillipiner sthaniya boley money koraa hoy; etty taar akarshaniya sugandhi fuler jonno byapokbhabe chaash koraa hoy ebong err prokrito sthaniya porisor mulyayan koraa kathin. eyi projatiti prayashai chaash theke paliye yaay; etty akromonattokbhabe chhoriye porey ebong ekti khotikarok agachai porinoto hotey paare.

hypage hyptage aee malpigiyasima aek jaatee chhe, jeey malpigials krammaa foolonaa chhodni lagbhag 75 jaationo parivaar chhe. "hypage" maan pakistan aneey bhaaratthi taivan, phillipines aneey indoneshiya sudhinaa ushnkatibandhiy dakshinpurv aesheeyana jangaloma ugatee velaao aneey lakadani zaadioni 30 (athavaa vadhu) prajationo samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa jaatee tenaa trana pankhvala samaraoma vishisht chhe; motabhagni prajaatio caliax parr laambi kamisural granthi dharaave chhe. sauthee vadhu jaaniti prajaati "hiptage banglances" chhe, jeey bhaarat aneey shrilankaanaa mool vatnee hovaanu manvama aave chhe; teey tenaa aakarshak sugandhit phoolo maate vyaapakpane ugadvama aave chhe, aneey tenee saachee mool shreneenu mulyankan karavu mushkel chhe. aaa prajaati ghanivaar kheteemathi chhataki jaay chhe; teey aakramak reete felaay chhe aneey haanikaarak nindan bunny shake chhe.

hypage hyptage malpigiaci mein ack vansh haye, joe malpigials crum mein foolon key paudhon kii lagbhag 75 peedhiyon kaa ack parivaar haye. "hypetage" mein pakistan aur bhaarat seey laker taiwan, phillippeans aur indoneshiya taka ushnakatibandhiya dakshinpurvi asia key jangalon mein ugane vaali belon aur lakadi kii jhaadiyon kii 30 (yaa adhik) prajaatiyan shamil hain. yeh vansh apane teen-pankhon vaale samara mein vishisht haye; adhikansh prajaatiyon mein calix parr ack lambi commissural granthi hoti haye. sabse vyaapak roop seey gyaat prajaati "hyptage benghelensis" haye, jise bhaarat aur srilanka seey phillippeans taka mool nivasi maanaa jaataa haye; isaki vyaapak roop seey apane aakarshak sugandhit foolon key liye kheti kii jaati haye, aur isaki vaastavik mool shreni kaa aaklan karna mushkil haye. yeh prajaati aksar kheti seey butch jaati haye; yeh aakramak roop seey failati haye aur ack hanikarak kharpatwar bunn sakati haye.

hypage hypetage embudu malpigiyesi jaatiya ondu kulavagiddu, idu malpigiase kramadalli sumaru 75 kulagala hoobiduva sasyagala kutumbavagide. "hypetage" pakistan mattu bhaaratadinda taiwan, phillipines mattu indoneshyaadavarege ushnavalayada agneya eshyaada kadugalalli beleyuva 30 (athawa hecchina) jaatiya balligalu mattu marada podegalannu olagondide. ee kulavu tanna mooru rekkegala samaragalalli vishishtavaagide; hecchina prabhedagalu calicsna mele uddavaada commissural granthiyannu hondiruttave. atyanta vyaapakavaagi tilidiruva prabhedavendare "hypetage benghalensis", idu bhaarata mattu srilankadinda phillippeansge sthaliyavaagide endu bhaavisalaagide; idannu adara akarshaka parimalayukta hoovugaligaagi vyaapakavaagi beleyalaaguttade mattu adara nijavaada sthaliya shreniyannu nirnayisuvudu kashta. ee prabhedavu aagaagge krushiyinda tappisikolluttade; idu akramanakariyagi haraduttade mattu hanikaraka kale aagabahudu.

hyptage hyptage hii malpigiacy yaa fulanchya vanaspatinchya sumare 75 vanshanchya kutumbatil eka vansh aahe. "hyptage" madhye pakistan aanee bharat teey taiwan, phillipines aanee indoneshiya yaa dakshinpurv aashiyatil ushnakatibandhiy jangalanmadhye vadhana drakshanchya aanee lakadi zudupanchya 30 (kinwa tyahoon adhik) prajatincha samavesh hoto. teen pankhanchya samra madhye hii prajati vishisht aahe; bahutek prajatinmadhye calixver eka lamb commissural granthi asate. sarvat vyapakpane dnyat asaleli prajati mhanje "hyptage benghalensis", jee moolchi bharat aanee shrilankepasun philipinesparyantchi aahe asey manale jaate; tichya aakarshak sugandhi fulansathi tyachi mothya pramanat lagwad kelee jaate aanee tyachya khyan mool shreniche moolyankan karane katheen aahe. hii prajati anekada lagvaditun sutate; tee aakramakpane pasarate aanee eka ghatak tann banoo shakate.

hypage hyptage malpigiasiko euta wansh how, june malpigials kramama full fulne botabiruwako lagbhag 75 wanshako pariwar how. "hypetage" maa pakistan rar bharatdekhi taiwan, phillipines rar indonesiasamma ushnakatibandhiya dakshinpurvi asiako junglema ubjani hune bayle rar kathka jhadika 30 (wa badhi) prajatiharu samawesh chhan. yo wansh yasako tinn-pakhiya samarasma wishishta chha; adhikansh prajatiharule calixma lamo commisural granthi bokchhan. sabaibhanda wyapak rupma gyat prajati "hyptage bengalensis" how, jaslai bharat rar shrilankako muel niwasi manincha; yo yasako akarshak sugandhit fulharuka lagi wyapak rupma kheti garinchha, rar yasako wastawik muel dayara mulyankan garna gahro chha. yo prajati prayaha khetibata bhagchha; yo akramak rupma failinchha rar ek hanikarak jhar banna sakchha.

hypage hippages heuchhi malpgac rahr eka prajati, jaahaa malpgles kramare praiah 75 tii jaatira phulalata udbhidara eka paribara . "hippages" ray 30 (kimba adhika) prajatira drakhyalata ebong kathara jhadi rahichhi jaahaa pakistan ebong bharat thaaru taiwana, phillipines ebong indonesia parjyanta grishmamandalija dakhina-purba acr jangalare badhithae . ehi prajati ehara tini-pakhya bisista samara madhyare swatantra; adhikansha prajati calics upare eka lamba commissural granthi dhaaran karanti . sabutharu byapaka bhabare janashuna prajati heuchhi "hiptages bengalensis", jaahaa bharat ebong shreelanka thaaru phillipines parjyanta sthaniah bolly bibechana karajae; ehaa ehara aakarshaneeah sugandhita phul paain byapaka bhabare chaash karajae, ebong ehara prakruta sthaniah parisara akalana kariba kastakara . ehi prajati prajatah chasharu palajana karithae; ehaa aakramanatmaka bhabare byapithae ebong eka khyatikaraka aagacha hoipare .

hypage hypetage malpigiasi witch ikk jeanus haii, joe kii malpigiales kram witch fullan dey paudiaan deeaan lagbhag 75 peedhiaan daa ikk parivaar haii. "hypage" witch anguran atey lakkad deeaan jhadiaan deeaan 30 (jaan vadhere) kisman shamal hunn joe pakistan atey bharat toon taiwan, philipines atey indonesia takk khandi dakkhan-purbi eshia dey janglan witch uggdiaan hunn. ih jeanus aapne tinn-khambhan vaale samara witch vilakkhan haii; ziaadaatar prajatiaan calics utte ikk lambi commissural granthi rakhdiaan hunn. sabh toon vaddh jaanhi jaandi prajati "hypetage benglenisis" haii, jiss noon bharat atey srilanka toon philipines takk mool manniaa jaanda haii; iss dee viaapak taur 'teey iss dey shandar khushbudar fullan laee kaashat keeti jaandi haii, atey iss dee asal mool shreni daa mulankan karna mushkal haii. ih prajati aksar kaashat toon bach jaandi haii; ih hamlawar dhang naal faildi haii atey ikk honeycarc jangli booty bann sakadi haii.

ucchapramaanam haptage iti malpigiacy-vamshasya ekaha vamshaha asti, yah malpigiels-kramasya praayah 75 pushpa-sasyanam kulasya asti. "hippage" ityasmin 30 (athavaa adhikaani) prajaatayah draakshavrukshaah, kaashta-gulmaah cha santi, ye pakistanataha bharatatah taivaan, philipines, indonesia-deshaparyantam dakshinapoorva-asia-mahaadweepasya ushnakatibandheey-vaneshu vardhante. tri-pakshiya-samara-madhye ayam vamshaha vishishtah asti; adhikaamshaah prajaatayah kalyax-madhye deerghatamaani commissural-granthim dhaarayanti. sarvaadhikam prasidham jaatim "hiptage bengaalensis" iti asti, yat bharatasya shreelankaadeshasy cha philipines-deshasya moolanivaasinah iti manyate; asya shobhaawardhak-sugandhita-pushpanam krute asya krushihi vyaapakaroopen bhavati, tasya vaastavika-mool-shrenyaah mulyankanam kathinam asti. eshaa jaatih praayah krushyaa nishkaasate; eshaa akramakataya prasrutaa, hanikaram weed bhavitum arhati.

hyptage hyptage enbathu malphicalus varisaiyil sumar 75 pookkum thaavarangalin kudumbamaana maalpikaisiyil ulla oru inamaagum. "hyptage" enbathu bagistan mattrum india muthal taiwan, philippines mattrum indonesia varai veppamandala thenkizhakku aasiyaavin kaadugalil valarum 30 (allathu adharku maerpatta) vagaiyaana kodigal mattrum maraa putharkalai ulladakkiyathu. inththa paerinam adhan moontru irakkaikal konda samaravil thaniththuvamaanathu; perumpaalaana inangkal collixil oru neelamaana commissural surappiyaik kondullana. migavum paravalaaka ariyapatta inam "hyptage bengalensis" aagum, idhu india mattrum ilangkaiyilirunththu philippines varai poorveegamaaga iruppathaaka karudhappadugiradhu; idhu adhan kavarchiyaana narumana malarkalukkaaga paravalaaka payiridappadukirathu, maelum adhan unmaiyana poorveega varambai mathippiduvathu kadinam. inththa inam perumpaalum sagupadi seivathilirunthu thappikkirathu; idhu theeviramaaga paravukirathu mattrum oru theengku vilaivikkum kazhaiyaaga maarum.

hypage hypetage anedi malpigiacelo oka jaathi, idhi malpigiase kramamlo sumaru 75 jaatula pushpinche mokkala kutumbam. "hypage" loe pakistan mariyu bharatadesam nundi taiwan, phillippeans mariyu indonesia varaku ushnamandala aagneya asea adavulalo perige 30 (ledhaa anthakante ekkuva) jaatula teegalu mariyu chekka podalu untaayi. eee jaathi daani moodu rekkala samaralalo vilakshanamainadi; chaalaa jaatulu calixpy podavaina commissural grandhini kaligi untaayi. atyanta vistrutamgaa telisina jaathi "hypetage benghalensis", idhi bharatadesam mariyu srilanka nundi philippeansku chendinadani bhaavistaaru; idhi daani manoharamaina suvaasanagala puvvula kosam vistrutamgaa saagu cheyabadutundi mariyu daani nijamaina sthaanika shrenini anchanaa veyadam kashtam. eee jaathi tarachugaa saagu nundi tappinchukuntundi; idhi dookudugaa vyaapistundi mariyu haanikaramaina kalupu mokkaga maaravacchu.

hiptage hiptage malpighiyasi mein eek jains hay juu malpighiyalis tartib mein phulon kay podon kii taqriba 75 naslon kaa eek khaandaan hay. "hiptage" pakistan aur hindustan say lay kirr taiwan filpine aur indoneshia takk ashankatbandi janub mashriqi aishya kay janglaat mein agnay waali angooron aur lakdi kii jhaadiyon kii 30 (yaa iss say ziyadah) aqsaam parr mushtamil hay. yaha jains apnay teen paroon waalay samaron mein makhsus hay. ziyadah tarr anwaa calex parr eek lamba comsoral ghadood rakhti haine. sabb say ziyadah mashhur nooa "hiptage banghelensis" hay jiss kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah hindustan aur saree lankaa say filpine takk kaa maqami hay. yaha apnay khubsurat khushbudar phulon kay liye baday paimanay parr kaasht kiyaa jaataa hay aur iss kii asl maqami renj kaa andazah lagaana mashkal hay. yaha nasal aksar kaasht say bach jaati hay vovo yaha jarhana toor parr phailti hay aur eek tabaah kunn gahaas phus bunn sakti hay.

000795be77b1dd973b2b47507d8c022a337cbb0be600a1b542952b3f37c9d244

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3631000

Ahad

Ahad Indonesian. Etymology. From , from , from . Malay. Etymology. From . Ternate. Etymology. From the older , with word-final vowel deletion.

aahad indonesian. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa. maaloy. byutpotti. poraa. triran. byutpotti. puronir poraa, xobdo-suranto swor mosi peluwar xoite.

ahad indoneshiyana. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke. maloy. byutpatti. theke. turnet. byutpatti. purano theke, shobdo-chudanta swarbarna muche fela soho.

aahaad indonesian. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee. malay. vyutpatti. maanthi. turnette. vyutpatti. junamathi, shabd-anteem swar kaadhee nakhva saathe.

aahaad indoneshiyai. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey. malay. vyutpatti. seey. tribhuj. vyutpatti. puraane seey, shabd-antim swar vilopan key saath.

ahad indonesian. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda. maleshya. vyutpatti. ninda. turnet. vyutpatti. haleyadakkinta, pada-antima swara alisuvikeyondige.

ahad indoneshyan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal. maleshya. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. ternet. padavyuthpathishaasthram. pazhayathil ninnu, avasana swaraaksharam illaathaakkal.

aahad indonesian. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon. malay. vyutpatti. pasoon. tribhuj. vyutpatti. shabd-antim swar hatavanyasah, junya swarapasoon.

ahad indonesiali. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt. male. wyutpatti. batt. tribhuj. wyutpatti. puranobata, shabda-antim swar metaunesanga.

ahad indonesia. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru. malei. byutpatti. ru. tribhuja. byutpatti. puruna thaaru, sabda-antim swarabarna apasarana sahita.

aahad indonesian. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon. maleshia. shabdawali. toon. turnet. shabdawali. purane toon, shabad-antim swar hataun dey naal.

aahad indonesia-deshah. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah. male. vyutpattih. ityatah. trigunah. vyutpattih. prachinataha, antima-swara-vilopanena saha.

ahath inthoanaesiyan. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu. malaysia. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. ternet. sorpirappiyal. pazhaiyavattrilirunthu, varththai-iruthi uyireluththai neekkuthal.

ahad indonesia. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi. malaysia. vyutpatti. nundi. ternet. vyutpatti. paatha nundi, padha-tudi acchunu tholaginchadamtho.

ahmad indoneshiyayi. siftiyat. say say say. milly. siftiyat. say. turnet. siftiyat. paraaney say lafz kay aakhri sarr kuu hazaf karnay kay saath.

00079955a99ca69ff11446197b33f1b557b9b7ad2d4341fb7c43bc3d97f0a78a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33503832

Ibrahim Fehmi Pasha

Ibrahim Fehmi Pasha Ibrahim Fehmi Paşa (born 1838, in the Ottoman Empire, died 1896). He graduated from Kuleli Military High School in 1863, then from the Military Academy (Mc. ektebi Harbiyeyi Şahane) in 1867 in Constantinople. Prince Ibrahim was appointed with full powers in military and civilian affairs in Baghdad in 1891. A provisional law granted him emergency powers in May of that year. All cabinet decrees from Constantinople related to Baghdad became subject to his approval. Education. Upon receiving a Western education in France, where he attended the école d'état major, he returned home, on the death of his elder brother and became heir to his uncle, Ismail Pasha, Wali of Egypt and Sudan. Ismail employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III and the Sultan of Ottoman Empire. In 1869 he was dispatched at the head of an army of 18,000 to quell an insurrection in Sudan, and this he successfully accomplished.

ibrahim fehmi paxa ibrahim fehmi paasa (1838 sonot albaniat jonmogrohon kori 1896 sonot mrityu hoisil). teu 1863 sonot kuleli xamorik uscho bidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh kore, taar pisot 1867 sonot xamorik academy (mctaby harbiyei kahane) ror poraa constantinupolot snatok degree laabh kore. 1891 sonot bagdadot xamorik aaru oxamorik bixoyot rajkumar ibrahimok xompurno khyomotare nijukto koraa hoisil. xei bosoror mey maahot ek osthayi aaine teuk jorurikalin khyomota prodan korisil. bagdador xoite xomporkito xokolu sthayi lukor poraa ohaa kebinetor aadex teur onumudonor odhin hoi porisil. xikhya. franceot poschimiya xikhya laabh korar pisot, zo 'too teu ikule di' etaat mejrot ongxogrohon korisil, teu teur dangor bhatrir mrityur pisot ghoroloi ubhoti aahisil aaru teur khurak, egypt aaru sudanor waali, ismel paxar uttoradhikari hoisil. ismeile teuk poroborti keibosormanor bhitorot bidexot obhijanor baabe nijukto korisil, pup, xomrat napoleon tritiyo aaru automan xamrajyor sultanor usorot. 1869 sonot teuk sudanor ek bidruh domon koriboloi 18,000 lukor etaa xenar murobbir usoroloi preron koraa hoisil, aaru eitu teu xofolotare xomponno korisil.

ibrahim femi pasha ibrahim femi pasha (1838 saale albania jonmogrohon corren, 1896 saale maaraa zaan). tini 1863 saale kuleli samrik uchcho vidyalaya theke snatok hohn, tarpor 1867 saale constantinople-ayee samrik academy (mctaby harbiyei sahane) theke snatok hohn. 1891 saale baghdade juboraj ibrahimke samrik oo besamoric bishoye purno khomota diye nijukto koraa hoy. ekti asthayi aain taake seii bochorer meey maase joruri khomota pradan korey. baghdad somporkito samasta cabineter adesh taanr onumodoner sapekkhe hoye othe. shikkha. france poschima shikkha grohoner porr, jekhane tini ikole dii 'ett mejor-ayee jog diyechilen, tini taar borh bhaiyer mrityur porr baadi firey asen ebong taar caca, ismail pasha, mishorer oyali ebong sudaner uttoradhikari hohn. ismail poroborti koyek bochore bideshe missiongulite pope, samrat napoleon tritiya ebong automan samrajyer sultaner kachhe nijukto hohn. 1869 saale sudane bidroh domon korte 18,000 sainyer ekti senabahinir prodhaner kachhe taanke pathano hoy ebong tini etty safalbhabe somponno corren.

ibrahim fammy paasha ibrahim fammy paasha (janm 1838, albaniama, mrutyu 1896). temane temane kulelee lashkari uchch shalamathi snaatak thayaa, pachhi pachhi constantinoplema lashkari akaadmee (mctaby harbiei сahane) maanthi snaatak thayaa. rajkumar ibrahimni ibrahimni bagdadma lashkari aneey nagrik babatoma sampoorn sattao saathe nimanook karvaamaa aavee hatee. aek kaamchalaau kaayadae temne teey varshnaa meey maheenama katokatini sattao aapee hatee. baghdad saathe sambandhit loko tarafthi tamaam kebinetnaa aadesho temnee manjurine aadheen bunny gayaa. shikshan. francemaa pashchimi shikshan praapt karyaa pachhi, jyaan temane école d 'état mejarmaa haajari aapee hatee, teo temnaa motaa bhaina mrutyu parr ghare parat faryaa aneey temnaa kaaka, ismile paasha, egypt aneey sudaannaa valeena vaarasdaar banyaa. ismele aagaami ketlaak varshomaa temne videshma mission parr, pope, samrat napolean III aneey ottoman samrajyna sultanne nokri parr rakhyaa. rakhyaa temne sudaanmaa thayela badvaane kaabuma levaa maate 18,000 saineekoni senaana vadaa tareeke mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey temane aaa safaltapurvak purn karyoo hatoo.

ibrahim femi paasha ibrahim femi paasha (janm 1838, albania mein, mrityu 1896). unhone 1863 mein kuleli sainya uchch vidyalaya seey snaatak kiya, phir 1867 mein sainya akadami (mctaby harbiei сahane) seey constantinople mein snaatak kiya. rajkumar ibrahim koo 1891 mein baghdad mein sainya aur nagrik mamalon mein poorna shaktiyon key saath niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. ack asthaayi kaanoon ney unhein usa varsh maee mein aapaatkaaleen shaktiyan pradaan keen. baghdad seey sambandhit logon key sabhi cabinet adesh unaki manjuri key adheen hoe gaye. shiksha. france mein paschimi shiksha praapt karane parr, jahan unhone ikole dee 'attat mejar mein bhaag liya, way apane badey bhaai kii mrityu parr ghar laut aae aur apane chaacha, ismail paasha, misra aur sudan key vallie key uttaradhikari bunn gaye. ismel ney agale kuchh varshon mein unhein videshon mein missions parr niyukt kiya, pope, samrat napolean III aur ottoman samrajya key sultan key liye. 1869 mein unhein sudan mein vidroh koo dabaane key liye 18,000 kii senaa key pramukh key roop mein bheja gayaa thaa, aur unhone ise safaltapurvak puuraa kiya.

ibrahim femi pasha ibrahim femi pasha (1838ralli albeniyaadalli janisidaru, 1896ralli nidhanaraadaru). avaru 1863 ralli kuleli military proudhashaaleyinda padavi padedaru, nantara 1867 ralli military akaademiyinda (mctaby harbiyeyi сahane) constantinopalnalli padavi padedaru. rajakumara ibrahim 1891ralli baagdaadnalli military mattu nagarika vevahaaragalalli purna adhikaaragalondige nemakagondanu. taatkaalika kaanoonu aaa varshada mayee tingalalli turtu adhikaaravannu needitu. bagdadge sambandhisida ellah samputada aadeshagalu aatana anumodanege olapattavu. sikshana. fransonalli pashchimatya shikshanavannu padeda nantara, allie avaru ekol dii 'etat mejarge haajaraadaru, avaru tamma hiriya sahodarana maranada nantara manege maralidaru mattu eejiptina wallie mattu sudaan tanna chikkappa ismail pasha avarige uttaraadhikaariyaadaru. mundina kelavu varsagalalli videshadalli pope, chakravarty nepolian III mattu ottoman saamraajyada sultaanarige ismail avarannu niyojisidaru. 1869ralli, sudannalli nadeda dangeyannu hattikkalu 18,000 janara seeneya mukhyasthanaagi aatanannu kaluhisalaayitu mattu idannu aata yashasviyagi saadhisidanu.

ibrahim femi pasha ibrahim femi paasa (jananam 1838, albaniayil, maranam 1896). 1863ll kuleli milittari haiskoolil ninnum 1867ll milittari academyil ninnum (mctebby harbiyee sahane) konstantinoppilil ninnu birudam nedi. 1891ll ibrahim rajakumarane baghdadil sainika, sivilian kaaryangalil poornna adhikaarathode niyamichu. aaa varsham meyy maasathil oru thaalkkaalika niyamam addehathinu adiyanthara adikaarangal nalki. baagdaadumaayi bandhapetta sthiramaaya janangalil ninnulla ellah kaabinat utharavukalum addehathinte amgeekaarathinu vidheyamaayi. vidyaabhyaasam. fraansil paashchaathya vidyaabhyaasam nediya sesham, avide addeham ekkol dii ettaatt mejaril chernnu, mootha sahodarante maranashesham veettilekku madangukayum eejipthileyum sudanileyum vaali aaya ammavan ismaayil paashayude anantharaavakaashiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. adutha kurachu varshangalil ismaayil addehathe videsha dauthyangalil, marpappa, nepolian moonnaaman chakravarty, automan saamraajyathile sultan ennivarude aduthu niyamichu. 1869ll sudanile oru kalapam adichamarthaan 18,000 peradangunna oru sainyathinte thalavanayi addehathe ayachu, ithu addeham vijayakaramaayi poortthiyaakki.

ibrahim femi pasha ibrahim femi pasha (janm 1838, albaniamadhye, mrutyu 1896). tyanni 1863 madhye kuleli lashkari madhyamik shaletoon padvi prapt kelee, tyanantar 1867 madhye constantinopalmadhye lashkari akadamitoon (mctaby harbiyei sahane) padvi prapt kelee. rajkumar ibrahimchi 1891 madhye bagdadmadhye lashkari aanee nagri vyavharanmadhye purn adhikaransah niyukti karnyat aalee. tatpuratya kayadyane tyach varshi meey mahinyat tyala aapatkalin adhikar dile. bagdadashi sambandhit serve sthayi lokanche mantrimandal aadesh tyachya manjurichya adheen jhaale. shikshan. francemadhye pashchimatya shikshan ghetalyanantar, jithe tyane ecole dii 'etet mejarmadhye shikshan ghetale, too tyachya mothya bhavachya mrutyunantar gharee paratala aanee tyache kaka, egypt aanee sudanche valee ismel pasha yancha varas banala. ismelane pudhil kahee varshant tyala pope, samrat napolean tisra aanee ottoman samrajyacha sultan asha paradeshatil mohimanmadhye niyukt kele. 1869 madhye sudanmadhil bund dadapanyasathi tyala 18,000 sainyachya pramukhpadi pathvanyat aale aanee heey tyane yashasviritya sadhya kele.

ibrahim fammy passa ibrahim fammy passa (janma 1838, albaniama, mrityu 1896). unle sann 1863 maa kuleli sainya uccha vidyalayabata snatak gare, tyasapachhi sann 1867 maa sainya akadami (mctaby harbiei sahane) batt constantinoplema snatak gare. rajkumar ibrahimlai sann 1891 maa bagadadma sainya rar nagarik mamilama purna adhikarka sath niyukta garieko thiyo. ek asthayi kanunle unlai tyas warshako mey mahinama apatkalin shakti pradan गऱ्यो।. bagadadsanga sambandhit constantinopleca sabai cabinet adeshharu unko swikritiko adhinma ae. shiksha. francema paschimi shiksha prapta garepachhi, jahaan unle ikol dee 'attot mejarma bhag lie, uni afno jetho bhaiko mrityu bhaepachi ghar farke rar afno kaka, egypt rar sudanka walli ismel pasako uttaradhikari bane. ismelle unlai pachhilla kehi warshaharuma videshma misionharuma niyukta gare, pope, samrata napolean III rar ottoman samrajyaka sultanma. sann 1869 maa sudanma bhaeko vidrohalai daman garna unlai 18,000 ko senako pramukhma pathaieko thiyo rar unle yo safalatapurwak pura gare.

ebrahim femi pasha ebrahim fehmi pasha (janma 1838, albaniare, mrutyu 1896). shay 1863 ray kuleli military haiskularu snataka hoithile, taa 'parey 1867 ray military ekademy (mctaby harbijei sahane) ru constantinoplere snataka hoithile. 1891 masihare bagadadare yubraj ibrahimanku samarika ebong besamarika byaparare sampurna khyamata sahita nijukta karajaithila. eka asthajee ine tanku sehi barsha meey maasare jarureekaleena khyamata pradan karithila. baghdad saha jadita samasta sthajee lokanka cabinet adesh taanka anumodnara bishai hoigala . sikhya. francere paschatya sikhya grahan kariba parey, jeunthare shay ecole dii 'etat mejarare joga deithile, shay taanka budd bhainka mrutyu parey gharaku pherithile ebong taanka maamun, egypt ebong sudanara waali, ismile pashanka uttaradhikari hoithile. ismel tanku parabarti kichhi barsha madhyare pope, samrat napoleon-3jaiah ebong automan samrajyara sultananka uddeshyare bideshare missionre nijukta karithile. 1869 masihare sudanare eka bidrohaku daman kariba paain tanku 18,000 sainyanka eka senara mukhya bhabe pathajaithila, ebong ehaa shay saphalatara saha hassel karithile.

ibrahim fehimi paasha ibrahim femi paasa (janam 1838, albania witch, maut 1896). uss neey 1863 witch kuleli miltery hyee school toon graduation keeti, firr 1867 witch miltery academy (mctaby harbiei saahne) toon constantinople witch graduation keeti. rajkumar ibrahim noon 1891 witch baghdad witch fauji atey nagrik mamlian witch puriaan shaktiaan naal niyukat keeta giaa see. ikk aarzi kanoon neey uss saal maee witch uss noon emergency shaktiaan pardan keetiaan sunn. baghdad naal sabandhat lokan dey saare mantri mandal dey hukam uhanan dee manzuri dey adheen hoow gaye. sikkhiaa. france witch pachmi sikkhiaa prapat curran toon baad, jitthe uh ikole dee 'attet mejar witch padhiaa, uh aapne vadde bharaa dee maut toon baad gharr waps aaa giaa atey aapne chaache, misser atey sudan dey valee, ismel paasha daa vaaras bann giaa. ismel neey agle kujh saalan witch uss noon pope, samrat napolean III atey ottoman samraj dey sultan cole videshan witch missionan utte niyukat keeta. 1869 witch uss noon sudan witch ikk vidroh noon dabaun laee 18,000 dee fauj dey mukhi vajon bhejiaa giaa see, atey iss noon usne safaltapurvak poora keeta.

ibrahima femi pasha ibraahim femi pasa (janma 1838, albania-deshe, 1896 tame varshe mrutah). saha 1863 tame varshe kuleli-sainya-ucchavidyaalayaat, tatah 1867 tame varshe sainya-akadami (mctaby-harbiyeyi-sahaane) taha constantinople madhye snaatakapadaveem praptavan. rajakumaraha ibraahim 1891 tame varshe baghdad-nagare sainya-nagarika-kaaryeshu purnashaktya niyuktah aasit. tasmin varshe mey-maase asthayee-vidhihi tam aapatkaaleen-adhikaran pradadat. baghdad-sambadhaanaam sarvanam cabinut-adeshanam shasanam tasya anumodanasya adheenam abhavat. shikshate. france-deshe pashchatyashiksham praapya, yatra saha ikol-dii-etaat-measure-madhye abhyanayt, saha swasya jyeshtabhraatasya mrutyoho anantaram gruham pratyagatavan, easypt-sudan-deshasya valee ismail-pasha iti tasya mamayaha uttaraadhikaari abhavat. ismail ityeshah agrimeshu katipayeshu varsheshu videsheshu pope, napolean-samraatah truteeyah, ottoman-samrajyasya sultan ityetayoho krute niyogeshu niyuktavaan. 1869 tame varshe sudan-deshe vidrohasya damanartham 18,000 jananam senayaha pramukhe saha preshitah, etat saha safalatayaa sadhitavan.

ibrahim femi basha ibrahim femi baasaa (1838 ill albaniavil piranthaar, 1896 ill iranthaar). avar 1863 aam aandil kuleli iraanuva uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettraar, pinnar 1867 aam aandil constantinoplil iraanuva akaadamiyil (mcdaby haarbiyaey shhane) pattam pettraar. ilavarasar ibrahim 1891 aam aandil bhaakthaaththil iraanuva mattrum siviliyan vivagaarangkalil muzhu athikaarangaludan niyamikkappattaar. antha aandu mae maathaththil oru thartkaalika sattam avarukku avasarakaala athikaarangkalai valangkiyathu. baghtad thodarpaana anaitthu amaicharavai aanaikalum avarathu opputhalukku udpattana. kalvi. brancil merkaththiya kalviyaip pettra piragu, angku avar egol dii 'ettaat maejarukkuch sentraar, avar thanathu mooththa cakoothararin maranaththin pinnar veedu thirumbinaar, maelum avarathu maama ismail basha, egypthin vaali mattrum suudaanin vaarisaaga aanaar. aduththa sila aandugalil avarai velinaadugalil ulla payanangkalil, poap, paerarasar neppoliyan III mattrum oottoamaan paerarasin sultan aakiyoarukku ismeil niyamitthaar. 1869 aam aandil soodaanil oru kilarcchiyai adakka avar 18,000 paer konda iraanuvaththin thalaivaraaga anuppapattaar, idhai avar vetrtrikaramaaka niraivaettrinaar.

ibraheem femi pasha ibraheem femi pasha (1838loe albanialo janminchaaru, 1896loe maraninchaaru). athanu 1863loe kuleli military haiskool nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu, taruvaata 1867loe constantinoplo military academy (mctaby harbiyey сahane) nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. 1891loe baghdadlo yuvaraju ibraheem sainika, poura vyavaharalalo puurti adhikaaraalatho niyaminchabaddaadu. aaa samvatsaram maeloe taatkaalika chattam ataniki atyavasara adhikaaraalanu manjuru chesindi. baghdadku sambandhinchina sthiramaina prajala nundi anni cabinet aadesaalu athani aamodaaniki lobadi undevi. vidya. fraanslo paaschaatya vidyanu pondina taruvaata, athanu ekol dii 'etat majerlo chadivina taruvaata, thana anna maranam taruvaata intiki tirigi vacchaadu mariyu thana maama, eejiptu mariyu sudan yokka valii ayina ismail pasha, varasudu ayyadu. taruvaati konni samvatsaraalalo videshaalalo missionlaloo, pope, chakravarthy nepolian III mariyu ottoman saamrajyam yokka sultan kuu ismail atanni niyaminchaadu. 1869loe sudaanlo tirugubaatunu anachiveyadaaniki 18,000 mandhi sainikula adhipatigaa atanni pampaaru, dheenini athanu vijayavantamgaa saadhinchaadu.

ibraheem fahmi paasha ibraheem fahmi paasha (paidaish 1838yee albaniah mein wafaat 1896). inhon nay 1863 mein coley multery hayee school say graduation kiyaa phir 1867 mein multery academy (mctaby harbiyi сahane) say constinople mein graduation kiyaa. shahzadah ibraheem kuu 1891 mein baghdad mein foji aur shehri amoor mein makmal akhtiyarat kay saath muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa. eek aarizi qanoon nay asee saal mayee mein inhein hungami akhtiyarat ataa kiye. baghdad say mutaliq mustaqil logon kay tamaam kabinah kay farmaan inn kii manzori kay taabaa how gayey. taleem. france mein maghrabi taleem haasil karnay kay baad jehaan inhon nay accole ddee aitet meejar mein taleem haasil kii wah apnay baday bhayee kii moth parr gahar waps aayey aur apnay chachaa ismayil paasha misar aur sodaan kay walee kay waaris bunn gayey. ismayil nay aglay chand saalon mein asay berun milk mashnon parr pope shahanshah napoleen III aur sultanat usmaniah kay sultan kay paas mulazimat parr rakhaa. 1869 mein inhein sodaan mein baghawat kuu roknay kay liye 18,000 kii foj kay sarbarah kay toor parr rawanah kiyaa gayaa aur yaha kaam inhon nay kamiyabi kay saath anjaam diyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67499331

Visual arts of Sudan

Visual arts of Sudan History and present of visual culture in Sudan The visual arts of Sudan encompass the historical and contemporary production of objects made by the inhabitants of today's Republic of the Sudan and specific to their respective cultures. This encompasses objects from cultural traditions of the region in North-East Africa historically referred to as the Sudan, including the southern regions that became independent as South Sudan in 2011. Throughout its history, Sudan has been a crossroads between central Africa, East Africa, Egypt, Mediterranean cultures, sub-Saharan Africa in the west and the Red Sea coast in the east of the country. Before the 20th century, these cultural traditions were influenced by indigenous African, Pharaonic, Greco-Roman, Byzantine and Arabic cultures that have brought about a large diversity of cultural expressions, often specific to the ethnic or social group that produced and used them. As expressions of the material culture of a society, applied arts and handicrafts are included with the fine arts in this history of the arts in Sudan. Starting in the early 19th century, the establishment of first the Turkish-Egyptian and later the Anglo-Egyptian rule, characterised by foreign military and political domination, ushered in the gradual evolution of a modern nation state with new cultural influences on the lifestyles and material culture of the Sudanese. After independence in 1956, Sudanese graduates of the colonial education system took over leading positions in the new state and thus contributed to the emergence of urban culture and modern art. These cultural developments became most visible from the 1950s to the 1980s, a period that was later called "The Making of the Modern Art Movement in Sudan". In the 21st century, visual artistic developments in the country have been characterised by digital forms of communication, including audio-visual art spread and received through satellite television, online media as well as images and films shared through social media. During the Sudanese Revolution of 2018 and 2019, young artists contributed to the protests and morale of the popular movement, creating wall paintings, graffiti, cartoons, photographs or video messages. Historical periods preceding contemporary Sudan. Prehistoric times. The oldest existent objects of material artifacts in Nubia, such as stone tools, date back to prehistoric times. The Sabu-Jaddi rock art site is a unique cluster of more than 1600 rock drawings from different historical periods expanding for more than 6000 years through different eras of Nubian civilization. The well-preserved drawings represent wild and domestic animals, humans and boats and were included by the World Monuments Fund in its list of monuments to watch. Other ancient rock drawings were found in the arid valley known as Wadi Abu Dom in the Bayuda Desert. Another important prehistoric site was found in the border region between Sudan, Libya and Egypt in the Gabal El Uweinat mountain range. In Sudan's western region, the Jebel Mokram Group, characterized by its pottery and small clay figures of animals, was a prehistoric, neolithic culture that flourished in the second millennium BCE. Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush. From the Kerma culture (2500–1500 BCE), the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, weapons, items of pottery and other household objects are presented in museums such as the National Museum of Sudan, Kerma Museum, British Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. During the Kingdom of Kush (about 950 BCE–CE 350), when the monarchs of Kush ruled their northern neighbour Egypt as pharaos for over a century, Nubian statues like the sphinx of Taharqa acquired Egyptian features and were erected in temples or Nubian pyramids, such as in Meroe, one of Sudan's World Heritage Sites. Among other resources, the material culture of ancient Nubia used gold, ivory, ebony, incense, hides or precious stones, and necklaces or bracelets have been found in tombs of royal families. Nubian kings and queens, the latter called Kandakes of Kush, were represented in stone reliefs on temples, like the one dedicated to Apedemak (The Lion Temple) at Naqa. Other examples of ancient Nubian architecture are rock-cut temples, mud-brick temples called "deffufa", graves with stoned walls or dwellings made of mudbricks, wood and stone floors, palaces and well laid out roads. Influences by Greco-Roman culture. From the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, northern Nubia was invaded and annexed to Egypt, which was ruled by the Ptolemaic Kingdom and later the Roman empire. Cultural influences of this period as far south as in Nubia can be seen in the so-called 'Roman baths' in Meroe, an excavated building called "an outstanding example of cultural transfer between the African kingdom and the Greco-Roman culture of the Mediterranean." Another example of cultural influence from Nubia during Ptolemaic rule in Egypt is a marble head of a Nubian young man, probably made in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and now exhibited in the Brooklyn Museum in the US. Medieval Nubia. In medieval Nubia (c. 500–1500 CE), the inhabitants of the Christian kingdoms Makuria, Nobadia, and Alodia produced distinct forms of architecture, like the Faras Cathedral, sculptures, and wall paintings, of which more than 650 have been published in modern scholarly texts. These relate to the Coptic art of Egypt, and sometimes to Ethiopian art. They used the Old Nubian language, Coptic, Greek or Arabic for different religious or secular texts, preserved on manuscripts or as inscriptions on sandstone, marble or terracotta. Even though Muslim migrants, probably merchants and artisans, are confirmed to have settled in Lower Nubia from the 9th century onwards, the actual Islamization of Nubia began in the late 14th century. Arrival of Islam and Arabization. In the 16th and 17th centuries, new Islamic kingdoms were established – the Funj Sultanate and the Sultanate of Darfur, starting a long period of gradual Islamization and Arabization in Sudan. These sultanates and their societies existed until the Sudan was conquered by the Ottoman Egyptian invasion in 1820, and in the case of Darfur, even until 1916. Major cultural changes of this period were marked by the adoption of the Islamic religion and growing use of the Arabic Language as elements of everyday life. Other cultural developments were reported by foreign visitors such as Frédéric Cailliaud and relate to the architecture of towns and mosques, the manufacture of weapons like throwing knives or "kaskara" swords – and the slave trade. In this period, schools for the Arabic language and for Islamic studies, called "khalwa", were founded and Sufi brotherhoods took roots in Sudan. Examples of their material culture are a flag with the Islamic statement of faith, now in the British Museum, or a wooden tablet of the late 19th century, used as writing board for students learning the Quran, presented online by the Brooklyn Museum, New York City. The 19th and 20th century until independence. From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, drawings or photographs, taken by foreign visitors, constitute some of the earliest records for the traditional arts of different ethnic and social groups, such as architecture, dress, hairstyles, jewellery or scarifications. After the first period of Turkish-Egyptian rule (1821–1885), the Mahdist State (1885–1899) left important traces in Omdurman, one of the three major areas of greater Khartoum. The tomb of the Mahdi, the Khalifa House, Mahdist coins and specific types of dress, like the "jibba" coat worn by the Mahdi's followers, bear witness to the cultural character of this period. In the early 19th century, Egyptians, British and other foreign inhabitants of Khartoum had expanded the city from a military encampment to a town of hundreds of brick-built houses. And during the condominium of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), the British army and civil administration ushered in important changes in the society, economy and culture. The British administration also introduced a Western system of education, with Gordon Memorial College for higher learning and Art Education in schools, and a School of Design opened in 1945.This is regarded as the start for the development of modern art in Sudan, and painting or sculpture in the Western sense began to take roots. Historian Heather J. Sharkey made the following comment on the influence of visual culture through the British educational system: "Photographs and pictures enabled the boys and Old boys of Gordon College to see and hence to imagine the world, the British Empire, and the Sudan in new ways, visual culture was as important to the development of nationalism as the culture of words." It was precisely in the emerging visual art of documentary films that Gadalla Gubara, said to have been the first Sudanese cameraman, was trained for the Colonial Film Unit. To train teachers, especially for vocational training, an art course was introduced in the Institute of Education in 1943 and three years later, a School of Design was established. In 1951, this school was moved to the Khartoum Technical Institute, and in 1971, it became the College of Fine and Applied Art of the Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUSTECH). Despite considerable setbacks caused mainly by the neglect of several governments, it continues into the early 2020s and is the place where many of Sudan's modern visual artists and musicians have started their artistic education. Traditional applied arts and crafts. In accordance with contemporary notions of material culture of any social group, the terms "traditional arts, folk arts, applied arts, crafts" or "handicrafts" refer to a wide range of cultural objects made by humans. Apart from the so-called "Fine Arts", this applies to such diverse Sudanese creations of textiles and dress, including the traditional "galabiya", turbans and skullcaps for men or the veils and "toub" for women, to shoes and other kinds of leatherwork such as sandals, leather talismans containing sacred script or to jewellery and other kinds of personal adornment, like henna ornaments on hands or ankles. Sudanese traditions of woodwork, pottery or metalcraft can be found in traditional furniture like the "angareeb" bedsteads, in earthenware vessels for drinking water placed outside private houses, as containers for burning incense or as traditional coffee pots called "jabana". In 2017, cultural anthropologist Griselda El Tayib published her book "Regional Folk Costumes of the Sudan" with illustrations of dress and other kinds of personal adornment from different ethnic groups of Sudan. Also, ethnic traditions of body art such as cicatrizations, hairstyles, like braids or the so-called "fuzzy-wuzzy" hairstyles of Hadendoa men, modern dreadlocks and make-up have been or still are in everyday use. On the same topic, "The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture" cautions that "By the 1990s many of Sudan's traditional arts were under threat from modernization and the importation of mass-produced goods." 20th-century modern art. The beginnings in the 1940s and up to the 1960s. Referring to an early group of graphic artists and painters of the late 1940s in Khartoum, the overview on '"Modern art in Sudan"', published in 2009 by scholars Werner Daum and Rashid Diab, mentions the '"Art of the Coffee Houses"' ("fann al-maqāhi"). These artists produced Sudanese motifs for product packaging and the first documented paintings on easels, and their artistic output is said to reflect the emerging urban society in the capital, with modern art replacing ethnic traditions limited to a specific tribal culture. The decisive period for the emergence of the '"Khartoum School of Modern Art"', however, started in the mid-1950s, when the first Sudanese figurative artists returned home after their postgraduate studies in England. Their work began to be recognized both at home and abroad, and became known as an important contribution towards the development of contemporary African art. In their overview, Daum and Diab characterized modern Sudanese art as "vacillating between the affirmation of its own roots and Western influence. [...] The first movement tried to read Sudanese heritage and culture as the basic factor for artistic creativity, [...] influenced by the social condition of this particular Arab–Islamic–African culture. The next generation would adopt Western schools and styles in full, such as abstract painting, cubism or surrealism in a move to affirm the universality of art. The third trend could be considered a middle way between the two: the usage of Sudanese, Arab and African elements in a quest for identity without making direct allusions to them, but transforming and developing them in an innovative way." <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />After graduating in Khartoum, many of the students studied in London, where they were introduced to the products of different cultures, including African and Islamic arts exhibited in British museums and galleries. This opportunity to study their own artistic traditions came at a time when Sudanese nationalism was at its peak (1950s–1960s). On returning to Sudan they were highly conscious of their artistic heritage and of the value of indigenous crafts. They began to define themselves as Sudanese artists and developed styles based in their own cultures, using the motifs and patterns of Sudanese Arabic calligraphy and craft works. The absence of a tradition in painting and sculpture left room for exploring indigenous cultures with a fresh vision and gave rise to new trends in contemporary Sudanese art. Major exhibitions and collections. In 1995, the Whitechapel Gallery in London presented the exhibition "Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa" as part of the festival "africa95". Clémentine Deliss, the main curator, stated that the exhibition invited "the audience to experience a small part of the conceptual and aesthetic manifestations of the visual arts in Africa during the second half of the twentieth century." This exhibition and the participation by curators and artists from Africa or the African diaspora were later judged as one of the most important events of the festival. Participating artists from Sudan were Mo Abarro, Rashid Diab, Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq, Abdel Basit El Khatim, Severino Matti, Hassan Musa, Amir Nour, Ibrahim El-Salahi and Osman Waqialla. In 2016, the Sharjah Art Foundation, United Arab Emirates, presented a commemorative exhibition entitled '"The Khartoum School – The Making of the Modern Art Movement in Sudan (1945–present)"', including paintings, photographs and sculptures of Sudanese visual artists, such as paintings by Hussein Shariffe and Ibrahim El Salahi or photographs by Rashid Mahdi and Gadalla Gubara. Other artists representing the modernist movement in Sudan were Osman Waqialla, Bastawi Baghdadi, Ahmed Shibrain, Abdelrazig Abdelghaffar, Mohammad Omer Khalil, Tag el-Sir Ahmed, Mohamed El Hassan Abdel Rahim, called Shaigi, Siddig El Nigoumi, Magdoub Rabbah, Ahmed Hamid Al Arabi and Griselda El-Tayib. This retrospective show was complemented by two separate solo exhibitions, focusing on paintings by Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq and sculptures by Amir Nour. On the occasion of their retrospective exhibition of works by Ibrahim el-Salahi in 2016, the Tate Modern art gallery in London called the Khartoum School "a modernist art movement formed in Sudan in 1960 that sought to develop a new visual vocabulary to reflect the distinctive identity of the newly independent nation." The Barjeel Art Foundation in the United Arab Emirates presents Sudanese paintings by Abdel Qader Hassan, Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq, Mohammed Omar Khalil, Omar Khairy, Ibrahim El-Salahi, Hussein Shariffe, Ahmad Shibrain and graphic art by Khalid Albaih on their online page. Individual artists. Osman Waqialla (1925–2007) worked as painter and calligrapher. He graduated from the School of Design, Gordon Memorial College in Khartoum in 1945, and later continued his artistic studies in London and Cairo. His use of Arabic calligraphy as a modern, non-religious graphic form places Waqialla within the Arabic art movement that became known as the Hurufiyya movement. In the early 1960s, some of his students in Khartoum, such as Ahmad Mohammed Shibrain (b. 1931), Ibrahim el-Salahi (b. 1930) and Tag el-Sir Ahmed (b. 1933) joined Waqialla in creating the Sudanese art movement later to be called the 'Khartoum School of Modern Art'. Griselda El Tayib (1928–2022) was a British-born art historian, art educator and visual artist, who is mainly known for her pioneering research and watercolour paintings of the traditional costumes, as they reflect the culture and society of Sudan since the 1970s. Referring to her long-standing contributions to the arts in Sudan, the authors of the article "Modern Art in Sudan" called her "a Sudanese artist of British origin". Ibrahim el-Salahi (b. 1930) has become known for the widest international recognition for any painter from Sudan. He is considered to be one of the foremost members of the '"Khartoum School of African Modernism"' and the "Hurufiyya" art movement, which sought to combine traditional forms of Islamic calligraphy with contemporary art. In 2016, the Tate Modern art gallery in London presented the exhibition '"Ibrahim El-Salahi: a visionary modernist"' with 100 works, spanning more than fifty years of the artist's international career. It called El-Salahi "one of the most significant figures in African and Arab Modernism", setting his work in the context of the global history of art. Ahmed Shibrain (b. 1931) studied at the College of Fine and Applied Arts in Khartoum and then at the Central School of Arts and Design in London, specializing in graphic design. After his return to Sudan in 1960, he established a department for Graphic Design at the College of Fine and Applied Arts, where he also acted as dean. Shibrain became known for his modern forms of calligraphy in his paintings and is considered part of the "hurufiyya" movement, as well as one of the artists of the 'School of Khartoum'. Siddiq El Nigoumi (1931–1996), created artistic pottery. Educated first in Sudan, he lived in the United Kingdom from 1967 onwards. In his burnished terracotta earthenware, he combined European and African influences. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London holds some of his works, with his "ibreeq", a modern version of a traditional Sudanese coffee pot, presented online. Hussein Shariffe (1934–2005), a painter, poet, filmmaker and lecturer at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Khartoum, was a Sudanese intellectual and artist, active from the late 1950s to the 1990s. After his studies of Modern History at the University of Cambridge in England, he took a Master's degree at London's Slade School of Fine Arts, where he studied under Lucian Freud. Along with other works, his painting "Angel Pregnant with Moon", was exhibited in London's Gallery One in 1960, and the National Portrait Gallery in London holds photographs by Shariffe sitting in front of his paintings. Shariffe is said to have painted more than 500 paintings, but only few of them have been documented. Mo Abarro (1935–2016), born as Mohammed Ahmed Abdalla Abarro, was a sculptor known for his ceramic art. As other artists of his generation, he graduated from the College of Fine and Applied Arts in Khartoum and then studied ceramics at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London. After his postgraduate studies in industrial pottery design, he returned to Sudan to teach ceramics for some years, but decided to return to England in 1966 to pursue his career in Britain. His work was described as both reflecting traditional Sudanese domes and arches, as well as the shapes of calabashes and basketry. Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq (b. 1936), the first modern woman painter in the Sudan, studied painting at the College of Fine Arts of the Sudan University of Science and Technology in Khartoum and later at the Royal College of Art in London. Together with her students Muhammad Hamid Shaddad and Nayla El Tayib, she was a founder of the conceptual art group called the "Crystalists" that brought new directions to Sudanese art. According to the Sharjah Art Foundation, her work "challenges the traditional male perspective of art in Sudan, depicting scenes of women's lives in colours of sun, sand and sky." Mohammad Omar Khalil (b. 1936) studied Fine Arts in Khartoum until 1959, and from 1963, painting and printmaking in Florence, Italy. Having worked and taught for several decades in the United States since 1967, he has used found objects, archival materials, textiles, or photographs, beside conventional paints. In his prints, he prefers different shades of black, as he explained on the occasion of his exhibition "Homeland Under My Nails" at London's Mosaic Rooms in 2020. Khalil has been called "one of the Arab world's most important contemporary painters, having influenced two generations of regional artists." In 2012, his work was presented in the retrospective exhibition at the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris. Amir I. M. Nour (1936–2021), a sculptor and academic, studied African art and sculpture at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, the Royal College of Art, London, U.K. and the School of Art & Architecture of Yale University, United States. His sculptures, made of materials like concrete, fibreglass or steel, are abstract and minimal, but still citing animals, landscape, and architecture that relate to Sudan and the Afro-Islamic culture of his youth. Omer Khairy (1939–1999) started studying art as his major subject in secondary school and from 1960, he continued at the College of Fine and Applied Arts. Due to mental health problems, he had to interrupt his studies. Nevertheless, he became known for his paintings in local exhibitions, that have since been presented in public collections. Sudanese filmmaker Alyaa Musa has been engaged in a documentary film project about this "mystery, even for those who surrounded his timid presence and his audacious artwork." Hassan Musa (b.1951), who left Sudan for postgraduate studies in France in the 1970s, is known as painter, calligrapher, engraver and has illustrated numerous books. During the 1960s, he engaged in the popular genre of Mail art, also known as "Post Art", associated with anti-establishment activity. His work 'The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian' was included in the exhibition 'Modernities and Memories' at the 1997 Venice Biennale. For his adaptations of classical Western masterpieces, he is said to have created "a critical view on Western art, politics and culture." Rashid Diab (born 1957) studied painting and art history first in Khartoum and continued his postgraduate studies at the Complutense University in Madrid, Spain. The works of his early period created in Spain have been described as abstract, strong images, reflecting the colours and texture of his native country. Upon his return to Sudan, he responded to the different ways of interpretation by his local audience and turned to more recognizable forms of expression, like women set "in absolute nothingness". Diab's works have been internationally exhibited, and some are presented online by the Hindiyeh Museum of Art in Jordan. Salah El Mur (born 1966) is internationally known as painter, graphic designer, book author and filmmaker. His paintings show influences from tradition, folklore, different people and environments, and his use of colour shows bold tones in broad lines. He lives and works between Cairo and Khartoum and his paintings have been shown in exhibitions both in the Middle East, Europe and the United States. In 2018, his paintings were presented along with works by Kamala Ishaq and Ibrahim El-Salahi by Saatchi Gallery, London, in an exhibition called "Forests and Spirits: figurative art from the Khartoum School." Ahmed Abushariaa (b. 1966) graduated from the College of Fine and Applied Arts in 1990 and lived in Kenya in the mid-90s. He later briefly lived in Cologne, Germany, and since 2000, he has been living in Kampala, Uganda, where he continues to work and exhibit his paintings. His style is said to be influenced by the earlier contemporary artists in Sudan, including Ibrahim el Salahi and Rashid Diab. Apart from the names already mentioned, other Sudanese artists of the 20th century in the Smithsonian Libraries reading list on Modern African Art are Musa Khalifa (born 1941), Mohamed Omer Bushara (born 1946), and Salih Abdou Mashamoun (born 1946). The 21st century and the art of the revolution. As Sudanese academic Ahmad Sikainga wrote in 2012, modern art movements in Sudan and their social background have not attracted much analysis by art historians. During the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19, however, the role of artists has been reported in international media, reflecting their interest in current events. Before and during the revolution, artists expressed their views on society and politics, even though this expression had been severely limited by the former government of Omar al Bashir. In November 2020, students of the College of Fine Arts at Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUSTEC) exhibited a memorial sculpture representing the slogans of the Revolution: Freedom, Peace And Justice. In April 2021, further art exhibitions took place in Khartoum to commemorate the revolution and protestors killed during the revolution. Khalid Albaih, a political cartoonist and human rights activist, acquired fame through his Facebook page "Khartoon!" as well as his interviews in Middle Eastern and Western media. In 2019, he co-edited the illustrated book "Sudan retold". Using different artistic genres, such as graphic storytelling, watercolour painting or photography, a group of young artists told their versions of Sudanese history, present and future. Amna Elhassan, one of these young artists featured, has since embarked on an international career, with a solo exhibition in 2022 at the renowned Schirn art museum in Frankfurt, Germany. Referring both to the important role of women in the Sudanese Revolution as well as to the artistic works of women artists, their contributions have been highlighted in articles, exhibitions and public artistic performances. Following the destruction of lives and infrastructure in Khartoum and other Sudanese cities during the 2023 Sudan conflict, many Sudanese fled to safer cities such as Port Sudan or to neighbouring countries. To support Sudanese artists in exile, art curator Rahiem Shaddad of Downtown Gallery, who had been active in promoting the art of the revolution since 2019, created a fund to support Sudanese artists. Art galleries and patronage. In 2009, the article on "Modern Art in Sudan" stated that "artists in Khartoum have been severely hampered by the lack of exhibition space, and by the lack of patronage." It mentioned only one 'semi-public' art gallery in Khartoum, and the occasional exhibition at one of the bigger hotels. Rather, it gave credit to the "major role" played by the three foreign cultural centres of Great Britain, France and Germany. Besides these, private galleries had been opened by Sudanese artists Ahmad Muhammad Shibrain and Rashid Diab. Diab's art centre also was the place, where the work of Ibrahim El-Salahi, living in exile since 1978, was presented in 2000 to the Sudanese art world. Another gallery promoting Sudanese artists in Khartoum has been the Dabanga Gallery, whose owner Lina Haggar edited the book "Contemporary artists of the Sudan: art in times of adversity" in 2017. In 2016, Mojo Art Gallery was one of the few commercial art spaces presenting Sudanese art. Until 2022, a number of other art galleries such as Downtown Art Gallery were operating in Khartoum. Comics and cartoons as popular art forms. Popular art forms such as cartoons and comics, published in print or online, also have found growing attention and respond to current events, such as the international COVID-19 pandemic. Since 2018, a festival for comics, called "Khartoum Comic Con", has been organized as a showcase for Sudanese comic artists and their audience. Cinema and photography in Sudan. Foreign explorers and photographers have created drawings and photographs from the middle of the 19th century onwards. In the 20th century, photo stories about the Nuba people in the southern part of Sudan taken by photographers George Rodger and Leni Riefenstahl, as well as by photojournalists covering human crises have shaped the international image of the country. At the start of the 21st century, the introduction of digital photography initiated a wider photographic and artistic coverage by Sudanese photographers. After film production and cinemas in Sudan started in British colonial times during the first half of the 20th century, Sudanese audiences in Khartoum and other cities had been exposed to documentary and feature films from abroad, and since the 1930s, there were a number of outdoor cinemas. After independence, few films were produced by the first generation of Sudanese filmmakers such as Gadalla Gubara or Hussein Shariffe. In 2019, the biographies of three Sudanese filmmakers of the 1960s were presented in the documentary film Talking About Trees, which also shares personal insights into the reasons for the decline of cinemas and filmmaking in Sudan. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sudanor drishyo kolaa sudanor drishyo kolabure aajir sudan gonorajyor baxindaxokole nirmito aaru teulukor niz niz xongoskritir baabe nirdisto bostur oitihaxik aaru xomoxamoyik utpadonok xamori loy. iyat 2011 sonot dokhyin sudan hisape swadhin huwa dokhyin oncholxomuhoke dhori oitihaxikbhabe sudan buli ullekh koraa uttor-pubo africar oncholtur xangoskritik poromporar bostubur ontorbhukto koraa hoise. xomogro itihaxot sudan modhyo africa, pubo africa, ijipto, bhumodhyoxagoriyo xongoskriti, poschimot upo-saharan africa aaru dexor pubo dixot redd chi upokulor maajot ek xongzugsthol hoi aahise. bingxo xotikar aagote, ei xangoskritik poromporabur tholuwa african, farunik, greku-ruman, byzantine aaru aarbi xongoskritir dwara probhabito aasil jiye xangoskritik obhibyoktir ek brihot boisitryo korhiyai aanise, praye jatigoto baa xamajik gutor baabe nirdisto jiye xeibur utpadon aaru byobohar korisil. xomaj ekhonor bostugot xongoskritir obhibyokti hisape, xudane ei kolar itihaxot proyugik kolaa aaru hostoxilpok lolito kolar xoite ontorbhukto korise. 19 xotikar aarombhonite, bidexi xamorik aaru rajnoitik aadhipotyor dwara sinhito prothome turkey-egyptiyo aaru pisot inglu-egyptiyo xaxonor protisthar folot sudanixokolor jiwanxoili aaru bhoutik xongoskritir uporot notun xangoskritik probhawor xoite aadhunik rastriyo rajyor kromanwoye bibortonor xusona hoisil. 1956 sonot swadhinotar pisot, ouponibexik xikhya byowosthar sudani snatokxokole notun rajyokhonot aagxarir sthan dokhol korisil aaru enedore nogoriya xongoskriti aaru aadhunik kolar utthanot orihona jugaisil. 1950ror doxokor poraa 1980ror doxokoloike ei xangoskritik bikaxxomuh ataitkoi besi drishyoman hoi porisil, jitu xomoikhini pisoloi "sudanot aadhunik kolaa andulonor nirman" buli kuwa hoisil. ekbingxo xotikat, dexor drishyo xoilpik bikaxor boixistyo hoise digital jugajugor rup, jaar bhitorot audio "-bhijuwel kolaa proxarito aaru upogroho television, online miriyar logote cho" siyel miriyar joriyote sweyar koraa sobi aaru solositror joriyote grohon koraa hoise. 2018 aaru 2019 sonor sudani biplowor xomoyot, juwo xilpixokole jonopriyo andulonor protibad aaru monubolot orihona jugaisil, dewal chitro, graphiti, cartoon, photograph baa video 'barta sristi korisil. xomoxamoyik sudanor purbor oitihaxik xomoy. praak-oitihaxik xomoy. nubiyat thoka bostugot xilpokolar ataitkoi puroni ostitwo thoka bostu, jene xilor xojuli, praak-oitihaxik xomoyor. saabu-joddi rok art sait hoise bibhinno oitihaxik xomoyor 1600 tokoiu odhik rok dringor ek ononyo gutt ji nubian xobhyotar bibhinno jugor maajere 6000 bosorotkoiu odhik xomoy dhori xomproxarito hoise. xu-xongrokhito sitrobure bonyo aaru ghoruwa jibo-jontu, manuh aaru naur protinidhitwo kore aaru biswo smritixoudho pujir dwara saab logaa smritixoudhor talikat ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. bayuda morubhumit waadi aabu dome naamere jonajat xusko upotyokat aan aan prasin xilor chitro puwa goisil. aan etaa guruttopurno praak-oitihaxik sthan sudan, libia aaru ijiptor maajor ximanto oncholot gabal el uweinat porbotmalat puwa goisil. sudanor poschim oncholot, jebel mukram gutt, iyar mritxilpo aaru xoru maatir pranir aakritir dwara sinhito, ek praak-oitihaxik, noboprostoriyo xongoskriti aasil ji khristopurbo dwitiyo xohosrabdot bikoxito hoisil. kerma aaru kux rajyo. prasin africar prasin xobhyotar onyotomo aaxon kerma xongoskritir (2500-1500 BCE) poraa, ostro, mritxilpor xamogri aaru onyanyo ghoruwa xamogrixomuh sudanor rastriyo xongrohaloy, keroma xongrohaloy, britis xongrohaloy baa metro 'polytan museum owo artor dore xongrohaloyot uposthapon koraa hoy. kux rajyor xomoyot (pray 950 khristopurbo-350 khristopurbo), jetiya kuxor rojaxokole ek xotikaru odhik xomoy dhori teulukor uttor suburiya egyptok faaru hisape xaxon korisil, tarker sphinxor dore nubian murtixomuhe ijiptor boixistyo laabh korisil aaru mondir baa nubian pyramid, jene merut, sudanor onyotomo biswo oitijyo khetrot sthapon koraa hoisil. onyanyo xompodor bhitorot, prasin nubiyar bostugot xongoskritit xun, hatidanto, aabor, dhup, chaal baa mulyowan xil byobohar koraa hoisil, aaru rajporiyalor koborot necklace baa borchelet puwa goise. nubian roja aaru rani, jaak kuxor kandek buli kuwa hoy, teulukok mondirot xilor khudit sitrot protinidhitwo koraa hoisil, jene naakar opedemok (xingho mondir) koo utxorgito koraa. prasin nubian sthapotyor aan udahoronxomuh hoh "lo xilot kotaa mondir," defufa "naamor maatir itaar mondir, xilot bhora dewal thoka kobor baa maatir itaa, kaath aaru xilor mojiya, rajproxad aaru bhaldore nirmito pothore nirmito baxosthan. greku-ruman xongoskritir probhab. khristopurbo 3yoy xotikar poraa khristopurbo 3yoy xotikaloike uttor nubiya aakromon koraa hoisil aaru ijiptor xoite xongzukto koraa hoisil, ji tolemik rajyo aaru pisoloi ruman xamrajyor dwara xaxito hoisil. ei xomoyor xangoskritik probhab dokhyinor logote nubiyat dekha yaay, merur tothakothito 'ruman baath' too, jitu "african rajyo aaru bhumodhyoxagoror griku-ruman xongoskritir maajot xangoskritik sthanantoror ek utkristo udahoron" buli kuwa etaa khonon koraa ottalika." ijiptot tolemik xaxonor xomoyot nubiyar poraa xangoskritik probhawor aan etaa udahoron hoise ejon nubian jubokor marbolor muur, jitu xombhobotoh pubo bhumodhyoxagoriyo oncholot nirmito, aaru etiya aamerika juktorastror brooklin xongrohaloyot prodorxito. modhyojugiyo nubiya. modhyojugiyo nubiyat (c. 500-1500 CE), khristan rajyo makuria, nubadia aaru aloriyar baxindaxokole faras cathedral, bhaskorzo aaru dewal sitror dore sthapotyor prithok rup prostut korisil, jaar bhitorot 650 tokoi odhik aadhunik pandityopurno gronthot prokaxito hoise. eibur ijiptor coptic kolar xoite aaru ketiyaba ethiopian kolar xoite xomporkito. teuluke bibhinno dhormiyo baa dhormoniropekhyo gronthor baabe puroni nubian bhaxa, coptic, greek baa aarbi bhaxa byobohar korisil, pandulipito baa belepathor, marble baa terakutar xilalipi hisape xongrokhyon koraa hoisil. jodiu musolman probrojonkari, xombhobotoh byowoxayi aaru xilpixokol, 9moo xotikar poraa nimno nubiyat boxoti sthapon koraa buli nischito koraa hoise, nubiyar prokrito islamikoron 14xo xotikar xexor faale aarombho hoisil. islam aaru aarbikoronor aagmon. xurox aaru xoptodox xotikat notun islamik rajyo protistha koraa hoisil-fonj sultani xamrajyo aaru dorfuror sultani xamrajyo, jaar folot sudanot kromanwoye islamik aaru aarbikoronor ek digholiya xomoy aarombho hoisil. 1820 sonot automan ijiptor aakromonor dwara sudan joy nuhuwaloike aaru dorfuror khetrot 1916 loike ei sultani xamrajyo aaru teulukor xomajxomuh bidyoman aasil. ei xomoisuwar guruttopurno xangoskritik poribortonxomuh islamik dhormo grohon aaru doinondin jiwanor upadan hisape aarbi bhaxar bordhito byoboharor dwara sinhito hoisil. bidexi porjotokxokole frederic celiaudor dore onyanyo xangoskritik bikaxor kotha prokax korisil aaru ee sohor aaru mosjidor sthapotyo, suri baa "kaskara" toruwal nikhyepor dore ostro nirman-aaru daax banijyor xoite xomporkito. ei xomoisuwat aarbi bhaxa aaru islamik odhyoyonor baabe "khalwa" naamor bidyaloixomuh protistha koraa hoisil aaru sufi bhatritwobudhor xikor sudanot porisil. teulukor bostugot xongoskritir udahoron hoh "lo biswaxor islamik bibriti thoka ekhon potaka, ji etiya britis xongrohaloyot aase, baa 19 xotikar xexor faale etaa kaathor folok, ji nework sohoror brooklin xongrohaloyor dwara onlainot uposthapon koraa kuran xika xikhyarthixokolor baabe likhon bob" rd hisape byobohar koraa hoy. 19xo aaru 20xo xotika swadhinota laabh koraloike. 19 xotikar aarombhonir poraa bidexi dorxonarthixokole luwa chitro baa photographbure bibhinno jatigoto aaru xamajik gutor poromporagot kolar baabe kisuman prasin obhilekh gothon kore, jene sthapotyo, puchak, sulir xoili, gohona baa scorification. turkey-egyptiyo xaxonor prothom xomoyor (1821-1885) pisot, mahdisto rajyoi (1885-1899) brihot khartumor tinita prodhan oncholor bhitorot etaa umdurmanot guruttopurno sinho eri goisil. mahdir xomadhi, kholifa ghor, mahdis mudra aaru mahdir onugamixokole pindha "jibba" kutor dore nirdisto dhoronor puchak ei xomoyor xangoskritik soritror xakhyi. 19 xotikar aarombhonite ijiptor, britis aaru khartumor onyanyo bidexi baxindaxokole sohorkhonok xamorik xibiror poraa xo xo itaare nirmito ghoror sohoroloi xomproxarito korisil. aaru inglu-egyptian sudan (1899-1956) ror condominiumor xomoyot britis xena aaru oxamorik proxaxone xomaj, orthoniti aaru xongoskritit guruttopurno poribortonor xusona korisil. britis proxaxone bidyaloixomuhot uscho xikhya aaru kolaa xikhyar baabe gordon mem "real collegeor xoite ek poschimiya xikhya byowosthau aarombho korisil, aaru 1945.this too khula designor bidyaloituk sudanot aadhunik kolar bikaxor aarombhoni hisape gonyo koraa hoy, aaru poschimiya orthot sitrokola baa bhaskorzoi xikor jomaboloi aarombho korisil. itihaxbid hithaar je. britis xikhya byowosthar joriyote drishyo xongoskritir probhawor uporot xarkiye tolot diya montobyo korisiloh "photograph aaru sobiye gordon collegeor lo" raa-suwali aaru briddho lo "raa-suwalixokolok saboloi xokhyom korisil aaru xeyehe biswo, britis xamrajyo aaru sudanor notun dhorone kolpona koriboloi xokhyom korisil, xobdor xongoskritir dore rastrobador bikaxor babeu drishyo xongoskriti guruttopurno aasil."xothikbhabe tothyositroxomuhor udiyoman drishyo kolat prothom sudani kemeramen buli kuwa godalla gubarak ouponibexik solositro gutor baabe proxikhyon diya hoisil. xikhyokxokolok proxikhyon diboloi, bixexkoi brittimulok proxikhyonor baabe, 1943 sonot xikhya protisthanot etaa kolaa pathyokrom aarombho koraa hoisil aaru tini bosoror pisot, etaa design bidyaloy sthapon koraa hoisil. 1951 sonot ei bidyaloikhon khartum karikori protisthanoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil aaru 1971 sonot ee sudan bigyan aaru projukti biswobidyaloyor (sostes) xukhmo aaru proyugik kolar onuxod hoi porisil. keibatau sorkaror owohelar folot huwa jothesto bipottir pisotu, ee 2021 sonot obyahot aase aaru ee hoise xei thaai zo 'too sudanor bohutu aadhunik drishyo xilpi aaru xongitogyoi teulukor kolatmok xikhya aarombho korise. poromporagot proyugik kolaa aaru hostoxilpo. jikunu xamajik gutor bostugot xongoskritir xomoxamoyik dharona onuxori, "poromporagot kolaa, luk kolaa, proyugik kolaa, karuxilpo" baa "hostoxilpo" xobdotuwe manuhe nirman koraa bibhinno xangoskritik bostuk bujay. tothakothito "lolito kolaa" ror uporiu, eitu bostro aaru puchakor dore bibhinno xudani sristir khetrot projujyo, zo "too poromporagot" galabia ", puruxor baabe parbor aaru kopalor kep baa mohilar baabe" tobo ", gohona, jutaa aaru onyanyo dhoronor samorar kaam jene sendel, powitro lipi thoka samorar talisman, gohona aaru onyanyo dhoronor byoktigoto olongkar, jene haat baa guralit mehendir olongkar. kaathor kaam, mritxilpo baa dhatuxilpor sudani porompora "aangoribo" bisonar dukanor dore poromporagot aasbabo, byoktigoto ghoror bahirot khuwa panir baabe maatir patrot, dhup jwoluwar baabe paatro hisape baa "jabana" naamor poromporagot kofi paatro hisape puwa yaay. 2017 sonot xangoskritik nritotwobid grichelda el taibe teur kitap "sudanor ancholik luk puchak" prokax korisil zo "too sudanor bibhinno nrigusthiyo gutor puchak aaru onyanyo dhoronor byoktigoto xaaj-puchakor chitro aasil. logote, xorir kolar jatigoto porompora jene siketrijeson, hairstyle, jene braid baa hadenduwa puruxor tothakothito "foji-waaji" hairstyle, aadhunik dreadlock aaru mek-aap doinondin byoboharot aase baa etiyau aase. eke bixoyot "grove encyclopedia owo islamik art endo architechar"-e xotorko kori diye je "1990-ror doxokor bhitorot sudanor bohutu poromporagot kolaa aadhunikikoron aaru brihot porimanor utpadito xamogrir aamdanir poraa bhabukir xonmukhin hoisil." bingxo xotikar aadhunik kolaa. 1940ror doxokor aarombhoni aaru 1960ror doxokoloike. 1940 sonor xexor faale khartumot thoka graphik xilpi aaru sitroxilpir etaa prarombhik gutor kotha ullekh kori 2009 sonot pondito werner doumo aaru rosid dayebe prokax koraa "aadhunik xudan kolaa" ror uporot ek xongkhipto biboronot "kofi housor kolaa" ("faan aal-mokahi") ror ullekh aase. ei xilpixokole xamogrir packagingor baabe sudanij mutif aaru ijelor uporot prothom nothibhukto chitro prostut korisil, aaru teulukor kolatmok folafole rajdhanir udiyoman nogoriya xomajok protipholito kore buli kuwa hoy, zo 'too aadhunik kolai ek nirdisto jonojatiyo xongoskritit ximabodho jatigoto poromporar sthan loy. obosye, "aadhunik kolar khartum bidyaloy" ror utthanor nirnayok xomoy 1950-ror doxokor majbhagot aarombho hoisil, jetiya prothom sudanij alongkarik xilpixokole englandot snatokuttor odhyoyonor pisot ghoroloi ubhoti aahisil. teulukor kaamok dex-bidexot swikriti diboloi aarombho korisil aaru xomoxamoyik african kolar bikaxor dixot ek guruttopurno obodan hisape jonajat hoisil. teulukor xongkhipto biboronot, domm aaru dayebe aadhunik sudanij kolak "nijor mool aaru poschimiya probhawor protirudhor maajot bisolito huwa" buli sinhito korisil. [...]..] prothom andulone sudani oitijyo aaru xongoskritik kolatmok sristixilotar mool kaarok hisape porhiboloi chesta korisil...] ei bixex aarob-islamik-african xongoskritir xamajik owosthar dwara probhabito. poroborti projonmoi kolar xarbojoninotak nischito korar baabe bimurto sitrokola, ghonotwobad baa otirajbador dore poschimiya bidyaloy aaru xoilibur xompurnorupe grohon koribo. tritiyo probonotatu duyure maajot ek modhyoworti poth hisape bibesona koribo paarih xudani, aarob aaru african upadanxomuhor proityokhyobhabe ingito nokorakoi porisoyor onwexonot byobohar koraa, kintu xeiburok ek udbhawonimulok dhorone poriworton aaru bikax koraa." prodhan prodorxoni aaru xongrohxomuh. 1995 sonot londonor whitesaple gallerye "africa 95" utxowor ongxo hisape "africat aadhunik kolar bixoye xatota kahini" prodorxoni prodorxon korisil. mukhyo curator clementin delise koy je prodorxoniye "bingxo xotikar dwitiyardhot africat drishyo kolar dharonagot aaru nandonik prokaxor etaa xoru ongxo onubhob koriboloi dorxokxokolok aamontron jonaisil."ei prodorxoni aaru africar curator aaru xilpi baa african probrojonkarir ongxogrohonok pisoloi utxowor onyotomo guruttopurno onusthan hisape gonyo koraa hoisil. sudanor ongxogrohonkari xilpixokol aasil mu aabaru, rosid diyabo, komola ibrahim ixok, aabdul baxito el khatim, severinu maatti, hasan muxa, aamir nur, ibrahim el-salahi aaru uxman wakiyala. 2016 sonot, xongzukto aarob emiratesor xarojah art foundatione "khartum skool-xudanot aadhunik kolaa andulonor nirman (1945-bortoman)" xirxok ek smarok prodorxoni uposthapon korisil, zo "too sudanij bhijuwel xilpixokolor chitro, photograph aaru bhaskorzo, jene husein sworif aaru ibrahim el salahir chitro baa rosid mahdi aaru gadalla gubarar photograph ontorbhukto aasil. sudanor aadhunikbadi andulonok protinidhitwo koraa aan xilpixokol aasil aasman wakiyala, bostabi bagdadi, aahmed swibrain, abdulrajig abdulghafor, mohommod umer khalil, tegg el-chir aahmed, mohommod el hasan aabdul rahim, jaak swaigi, siddig el nigoumi, magdoubo raaba, aahmed hamid aal aarabi aaru grichelda el-taibo buli kuwa hoy. ei purbo-purbo-nirikhyonmulok prodorxonitut dutaa prithok ekok prodorxonir dwara puron koraa hoisil, zo 'too komola ibrahim ixakor chitro aaru aamir nuror bhaskorjyor uporot gurutwo diya hoisil. 2016 sonot ibrahim el-salahir kormor purbokalin prodorxoni upoloxe londonor tet modern art gallerye khartum schoolok "1960 sonot sudanot gothon huwa ek aadhunikbadi kolaa andulon" buli obhihito korisil jiye notunkoi swadhin rastrokhonor swotontro porisoy protipholito koriboloi ek notun drishyo xobdobhandar bikoxito koriboloi chesta korisil." united aarob emiratesor borjil art foundatione teulukor online pristhat aabdul kaadar hasan, komola ibrahim isak, mohommod umor khalil, umor khairi, ibrahim el-salahi, husein sworif, aahmed swibrain aaru khalid albaihor graphik artor sudanij chitro uposthapon kore. byoktigoto xilpi. uxman wakiyala (1925-2007)-e sitroxilpi aaru calligrapher hisape kaam korisil. 1945 sonot teu khartumor skool owo design, gordon mem "real collegeor poraa snatok degree laabh kore, aaru pisot london aaru keirut teur xoilpik odhyoyon obyahot raakhe. teu aarbi xurolipi aadhunik, oh-dhormiyo graphik rup hisape byobohar kori wakiyallak aarbi kolaa andulonor bhitorot raakhe jitu hurufiya andulon hisape jonajat hoi porisil. 1960-ror doxokor aarombhonite khartumot thoka teur kisuman saatro, jene aahmed mohommod swibrain (jo. 1931), ibrahim el-salahi (jo. 1930) aaru tegg el-chir aahmed (kho. 1933) pisoloi 'aadhunik kolar khartum bidyaloy' buli kuwa sudanij kolaa andulon sristi korat wakiyallat jugdan korisil. grichelda el taibo (1928-2022) ejon britis-jonmogrohon kolaa itihaxbid, kolaa xikhyabid aaru drishyo xilpi aasil, ji mulotoh poromporagot puchakor ogroni gowexona aaru jolorongor sitrokolar baabe jonajat, kiyonu xeibure 1970 sonor poraa sudanor xongoskriti aaru xomajok protipholito kore. sudanor kolar proti teur dirghodiniya obodanor kotha ullekh kori "xudanor aadhunik kolaa" probondhotur lekhoke teuk "britis mulor egoraki sudani xilpi" buli obhihito korisil. ibrahim el-salahi (kho. 1930) sudanor jikunu sitroxilpir baabe ataitkoi bistrito antohrastriyo swikritir baabe jonajat hoi porise. teuk "african aadhunikotabador khartum bidyaloy" aaru hurufiya kolaa andulonor onyotomo aagxarir xodosyo hisape gonyo koraa hoy, jiye xomoxamoyik kolar xoite islamik xurolipir poromporagot rupxomuhok ekotrito koriboloi chesta korisil. 2016 sonot londonor tey 'tot modern art gallerye xilpigorakir ponchax bosorotkoiu odhik xomoyor antohrastriyo keriyarot 100taa kaamor xoite "ibrahim el-salahih e bhijonori modornist" prodorxoni prodorxon korisil. ee el-salahik "african aaru aarob aadhunikotabador onyotomo guruttopurno byoktitwo" buli obhihito korisil, jaar folot teur kamtuwe kolar biswo itihaxor xondorbhot sthan laabh korisil. aahmed swibrain (kho. 1931) khartumor lolito aaru applied arts collegeot aaru taar pisot londonor centrel skool owo arts endo designe graphik designot bixexogyo hoi odhyoyon korisil. 1960 sonot sudanoloi ubhoti ohaar pisot teu lolito aaru applied arts collegeot graphik designor baabe etaa bibhag protistha korisil, zo 'too teu dinn hisapeu kaam korisil. swibrain teur sitroxomuhot teur aadhunik rupor xurangkonor baabe porisito hoisil aaru teuk "hurufiya" andulonor ongxo hisape gonyo koraa hoy, logote 'skool owo khartum "ror onyotomo xilpi hisape gonyo koraa hoy. siddik el nigoumi (1931-1996)-e kolatmok mritxilpo sristi korisil. prothome sudanot xikhyito hoi teu 1967 sonor poraa juktorajyot baax korisil. teur jwoluwa terakuta maatir patrot teu europiyo aaru african probhawok ekotrito korisil. londonor victoria aaru elbert xongrohaloyot teur kisuman kaam aase, zo "too teur" ibrick ", poromporagot sudanij kofi patror aadhunik xongskoron, onlainot uposthapon koraa hoise. khartum biswobidyaloyor kolaa onuxodor ejon sitroxilpi, kobi, solositro nirmata aaru probhaxok husein sworif (1934-2005) 1950-ror doxokor xexor poraa 1990-ror doxokoloike xokriyo sudanij buddhijibi aaru xilpi aasil. englandor cambridge biswobidyaloyot aadhunik itihax odhyoyon korar pisot teu londonor slade skool owo fine artsot snatokuttor degree laabh korisil, zo 'too teu luchian friedor odhinot odhyoyon korisil. onyanyo kaamor logote, teur chitro "chondror xoite gorbhoboti durdut" 1960 sonot londonor galleryt prodorxito hoisil, aaru londonor rastriyo protutro galleryt teur sitroxomuhor xonmukhot bohi thoka swerife tulaa photu aase. sworife 500tokoiu odhik chitro rong korisil buli kuwa hoy, kintu xeiburor bhitorot maatro keitamanhe nothibhukto koraa hoise. mohommod aahmed abdallo aabaru hisape jonmogrohon koraa mu aabaru (1935-2016) ejon bhaskorjoxilpi aasil ji teur siramik kolar baabe jonajat. teur projonmor aan xilpi hisape, teu khartumor lolito aaru applied arts mohabidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil aaru taar pisot londonor centrel skool owo arts endo craftchot cyremics odhyoyon korisil. oudyugik mritxilpor designot snatokuttor odhyoyonor pisot, teu keibosormanor baabe cyremic xikaboloi sudanoloi ubhoti aahisil, kintu 1966 sonot britainot teur keriyar aagborhai niyar baabe englandoloi ubhoti ohaar xiddhanto loisil. teur kaamok poromporagot sudani gombuj aaru khilanor logote kelaboswo aaru basketorir aakriti protipholito koraa hisape bornona koraa hoisil. komola ibrahim ixok (kho. 1936), sudanor prothom aadhunik mohila sitroxilpi, khartumor sudan bigyan aaru projukti biswobidyaloyor lolito kolaa mohabidyaloy aaru pisot londonor royel kolej owo artot sitrokola odhyoyon korisil. teur saatro-chatri mohommod hamid saddad aaru nayara el taibor xoite ekeloge teu "chrystalist" naamor dharonagot kolaa gutor protisthapok aasil jiye sudanij kolaloi notun dix korhiyai aane. xarojah art foundationor mote, teur kaam "sudanor kolar poromporagot purux dristibhongik proityahban jonay, zo" too xurjyo, baali aaru aakaxor rongot mohilar jiwanor drishyo sitrito koraa hoy." mohommod umor khalil (kho. 1936) 1959 sonoloike khartumot lolito kolaa odhyoyon korisil, aaru 1963 sonor poraa italyr fluorenceot sitrokola aaru printmaking odhyoyon korisil. 1967 sonor poraa aamerikat keiba doxok dhori kaam kori aaru xikuwar pisot, teu poromporagot rongor uporiu puwa bostu, archival xamogri, bostro baa photograph byobohar korise. teur printot teu koo 'laa rongor bibhinno rong posondo kore, jihetu teu 2020 sonot londonor mujaik rumot teur prodorxoni "mur nokhor tolot matrivumi" upoloxe byakhya korisil. kholilok "aarob biswor onyotomo guruttopurno xomoxamoyik sitroxilpi buli kuwa hoy, jiye dutaa projonmor ancholik xilpik probhabito korisil."2012 sonot perisor institut du monde aarabet onusthito huwa purbor prodorxonikhonot teur kaam uposthapon koraa hoisil. aamir. em. ejon bhaskorjoxilpi aaru xikhyabid nure (1936-2021) chent biswobidyaloyot african kolaa aaru bhaskorzo odhyoyon korisil. andrus, scotland, dyo royel kolej owo art, london, eu.key. aaru aamerika juktorastror iyel biswobidyaloyor skool owo art endo architechar. concret, fibreglax baa steelor dore xamogrire nirmito teur bhaskorjobur bimurto aaru nyuntomo, kintu tothapiu sudan aaru teur joubonor aafru-islamik xongoskritir xoite xomporkito jibo-jontu, bhu-drishyo aaru sthapotyor uddhriti diye. umor khairiye (1939-1999) madhyomik bidyaloyot kolar bixoye teur prodhan bixoy hisape odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru 1960 sonor poraa teu lolito aaru applied arts collegeot obyahot rakhisil. manoxik swasthyo xomosyar baabe teu porha-xuna bondho koribo logaa hoisil. tothapiu, teu sthaniyo prodorxonixomuhot teur sitrokolar baabe porisito hoisil, jibur tetiyar poraa rajohuwa xongrohxomuhot uposthapon koraa hoise. sudani solositro nirmata alia musa ei "rohosyo" ror bixoye ekhon tothyositro prokolpot niyujit hoi aase, aanoki teur bhir uposthiti aaru teur duxahxik xilpokormor baabe." 1970-ror doxokot franceot snatokuttor odhyoyonor baabe sudan eri juwa hasan muxa (b.1951) koo sitroxilpi, calligrapher, khuditkari hisape jonaa yaay aaru teu oxongkhyo kitap sitrito korise. 1960-ror doxokot teu protistha birudhi karzokolapor xoite jorito "post art" namereu jonajat mail artor jonopriyo dharat jorito aasil. 1997 sonor venis binalot onusthito huwa 'aadhunikota aaru smriti' prodorxonit teur 'dyo swahidadom owo saint sebastian' grontho ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. xastriyo poschimiya shrestho xilpokormor obhijujonor baabe, teu "poschimiya kolaa, rajneeti aaru xongoskritir uporot ek xomaluchonamulok dristibhongi" sristi korisil buli kuwa hoy." rosid diyabo (jonmo 1957)-e prothome khartumot sitrokola aaru kolar itihax odhyoyon korisil aaru spainor medridor complutance biswobidyaloyot snatokuttor odhyoyon obyahot rakhisil. spainot sristi koraa teur prarombhik xomoyor kamburok bimurto, xoktixali sobi hisape bornona koraa hoise, jiye teur jonmosthanor rong aaru gothon protipholito kore. sudanoloi ubhoti ohaar pisot teu sthaniyo dorxokor bibhinno dhoronor byakhyar proti xohari jonaisil aaru odhik sinaktokoronjugyo obhibyoktir prokaroloi ghuri aahisil, jene mohilaxokole "xompurno xunyotat" aabodho hoisil. diyabor xilpokola antohrastriyo porzayot prodorxito hoise, aaru kisuman onlainot jordanor hindi kolaa xongrohaloyor dwara uposthapon koraa hoise. salah el mur (jonmo 1966) antohrastriyobhabe sitroxilpi, graphik designer, grontho lekhok aaru solositro nirmata hisape porisito. teur sitroxomuhe porompora, lukokotha, bibhinno manuh aaru poriwexor probhab dekhuway, aaru teur rongor byobohare bohol xarit gaarh swor dekhuway. teu keiru aaru khartumor maajot baax kore aaru kaam kore aaru teur sitroxomuh modhyo prasyo, euroop aaru aamerika juktorastro duyutare prodorxonit prodorxito hoise. 2018 sonot londonor sasi galleryt "foresto endo spiritoh licretive art from dyo khartum skool" naamor ek prodorxonit teur sitroxomuhor logote komola ixak aaru ibrahim el-salahir kamxomuh uposthapon koraa hoisil." aahmed abusaria (kho. 1966) 1990 sonot lolito aaru applied arts mohabidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil aaru 90-ror doxokor majbhagot keniyat baax korisil. pisoloi teu kichu xomoyor baabe germanyr koll 'noto baax korisil aaru 2000 sonor poraa teu ugandar kampalat baax kori aahise, zo' too teu kaam kori aase aaru teur sitrokola prodorxon kori aase. teur xoili ibrahim el salahi aaru rosid diyaboke dhori sudanor purbor xomoxamoyik xilpixokolor dwara probhabito buli kuwa hoy. itimodhye ullekh koraa naamxomuhor uporiu, 20 xotikar onyanyo sudani xilpixokolor aadhunik african kolar uporot smithsunian puthibhoralor porha talika hoise muxa kholifa (jonmo 1941), mohommod umer busara (jonmo 1946), aaru salih aabdu masamun (jonmo 1946). ekbingxo xotika aaru biplowor kolaa. sudanij xikhyabid aahmed sikangai 2012 sonot likhaar dore, sudanor aadhunik kolaa andulon aaru teulukor xamajik potobhumiye kolaa itihaxbidxokolor dwara besi bislexon aakorxito koraa naai. obosye, 2018/19 ror sudani biplowor xomoyot, xilpixokolor bhumika antohrastriyo xongbad madhyomot prokax paise, ji bortomanor ghotonaxomuhor proti teulukor aagrohok protipholito kore. biplowor aagote aaru xomoyot xilpixokole xomaj aaru rajneetir uporot teulukor motamot prokax korisil, jodiu ei obhibyoktitu umor aal basiror prakton sorkare kothurbhabe ximito korisil. 2020 sonor novembor maahot sudan bigyan aaru projukti biswobidyaloyor (sastek) lolito kolaa mohabidyaloyor saatro-satrixokole biplowor sloganoh swadhinota, xanti aaru nyay protinidhitwo koraa etaa smarok bhaskorzo prodorxon korisil. 2021 sonor aprilot biplowor xomoyot nihot huwa biplob aaru protibadkarixokolok smoron koriboloi khartumot odhik kolaa prodorxoni onusthito hoisil. rajnoitik cartoonist aaru manob odhikar kormi khalid albaihe teur fesbuk pristha "khartun!"logote modhyo prasyo aaru poschimiya xongbad madhyomot teur xakhyatkar. 2019 sonot teu xositro grontho "sudan retold" ror xoho-xompadona korisil. bibhinno xoilpik dhaara, jene graphik kahini, jolorongor sitrokola baa photography byobohar kori, juwo xilpixokolor etaa dole teulukor sudani itihax, bortoman aaru bhobisyotor xongoskoronxomuh koichil. ei juwo xilpixokolor bhitorot egoraki aamona elhasane tetiyar poraa ek antohrastriyo keriyar aarombho korise, 2022 sonot germanyr frankfurtor bikhyat chirno kolaa xongrohaloyot ek ekok prodorxonir xoite. sudani biplowot mohilaxokolor guruttopurno bhumikar logote mohila xilpixokolor kolatmok kaam duyutare kotha ullekh kori, teulukor obodan probondho, prodorxoni aaru rajohuwa kolatmok prodorxonot alukpat koraa hoise. 2023 sonor sudan xonghator xomoyot khartum aaru onyanyo sudani sohorot jiwan aaru antohgathoni dhongxo huwar pisot, bohutu sudaniye xudan bondoror dore xudan baa suburiya dexxomuhor dore xurokhito sohoroloi polayon korisil. nirbaxonot thoka sudani xilpixokolok xomorthon koriboloi, downtown galleryr kolaa curator rahim saddade, ji 2019 sonor poraa biplowor kolar prosarot xokriyo aasil, sudani xilpixokolok xomorthon korar baabe puji xongroho koriboloi ek puji sristi korisil. kolaa gallery aaru pristhopuxokota. 2009 sonot "aadhunik xudan kolaa" xirxok probondhotut kuwa hoisil je "prodorxonir sthanor obhab aaru pristhopuxokotar obhawor baabe khartumor xilpixokol gurutorbhabe badhagrosto hoise."iyat khartumor maatro etaa 'ordho-rajohuwa' art gallery aaru dangor hutelxomuhor etat maaje maaje prodorxonir kotha ullekh koraa hoisil. iyar poriworte, ee great britain, france aaru germanyr tinikhon bidexi xangoskritik kendroi paalon koraa "mukhyo bhumika" koo krititwo disil. iyar uporiu sudani xilpi aahmed mohommod swibrain aaru rosid diyabe byoktigoto galleryxomuh mukoli korisil. diyabor kolaa kendrotu xei thaai aasil, zo 'too 1978 sonor poraa nirbaxito hoi thoka ibrahim el-salahir kaam 2000 sonot sudanij kolaa jogotor aagot uposthapon koraa hoisil. khartumot sudani xilpixokolok prosar koraa aan etaa gallery hoise dabanga gallery, jaar maalik linaa haggore 2017 sonot "xomoxamoyik xudan xilpih protikul xomoyot kolaa" kitapkhon xompadona korisil. 2016 sonot, muju art gallery aasil sudanij kolaa prodorxon koraa keikhonman banijyik kolaa sthanor bhitorot etaa. 2022 sonoloike, downtown art galleryr dore aan keibatau art gallery khartumot soli aasil. komik aaru cartoon jonopriyo kolaa rup hisape. print baa onlainot prokaxito cartoon aaru commixor dore jonopriyo kolaa prokarxomuheu antohrastriyo koo "vid-19 mohamarir dore bortomanor ghotonaxomuhor proti bordhito monujug aaru xohari paise. 2018 sonor poraa sudanij komik xilpi aaru teulukor dorxokxokolor baabe ek prodorxoni hisape "khartum komik conn" naamor komikor baabe ek utxowor aayujon koraa hoise. sudanor solositro aaru photography. bidexi onwexonkari aaru photographerxokole 19 xotikar majbhagor poraa chitro aaru photograph sristi korise. bingxo xotikat photographer jorjo ror "daar aaru leni refenstale tulaa sudanor dokhyin ongxor nuba lukoxokolor bixoye photu kahinir logote manob xongkotor bixoye prokax koraa photu xangbadikxokole dexor antohrastriyo bhabomurti gorho dise. ekbingxo xotikar aarombhonite digital photographyr arhiye sudani photographerxokolor dwara ek bistrito photographic aaru kolatmok coverageor aarombhoni korisil. bingxo xotikar prothomardhot britis ouponibexik kaalot sudanot solositro nirman aaru chinema aarombho huwar pisot, khartum aaru onyanyo sohoror sudani dorxokxokole bidexor tothyositro aaru fisar filmor xongosporxoloi aahisil, aaru 1930 sonor poraa, keibatau baahiror chinema aasil. swadhinotar pisot, prothom projonmor sudani solositro nirmataxokol jene godala gubara baa husein swerife keikhonman solositro projujona korisil. 2019 sonot 1960 sonor tinijon sudani solositro nirmatar jiwani tothyositrokhonot gosor bixoye alusona kori uposthapon koraa hoisil, jiye sudanor chinema aaru solositro nirmanor owonotir karonxomuhor bixoye byoktigoto ontordristiu bhag botora kore.

sudaner visual artasa sudaner visual artasa ajoker sudan projatontrer basindader dwara toiri ebong taader niz niz sangaskritir jonno nirdishto bostur oitihasik ebong somosamoyik utpadonke antarbhukta korey. etty 2011 saale dakkhin sudan hisabe swadhin haoya dakkhin anchalguli soho oitihasikbhabe sudan hisabe porichito uttor-purbo africar anchaler sangoskritik oitijhyer bostugulike antarbhukta korey. itihas judey, sudan modhyo africa, purbo africa, mishor, bhumadhyasagariya sangaskriti, poschime saab-saharan africa ebong desher purbe lohito sagor upokuler modhye ekti sangjogsthal hoye dandiyeche. bingsho shatabdir agey, eyi sangoskritik oitijjoguli adibasi african, farao, grico-roman, byzantine ebong arbi sangaskriti dwara probhabito chhilo jaa sangoskritik abhibyaktir ekti bishal boichitro niye eseche, prayashai jatigoto baa samajik gosthir jonno nirdishto jaaraa taader utpadon ebong byabohar korey. ekti samajer bostugoto sangaskritir abhibyakti hisabe, sudane shilpokolar eyi itihase prayog shilp oo hostoshilpoke charukalar saathe antarbhukta koraa hoyeche. 19 shotoker godar dike, bideshi samrik oo rajnaitik adhipatya dwara chinnito prothome turkey-mishariya ebong porey ingrez-mishariya shasson protisthar foley, sudanider jeebondhara oo bostugoto sangaskritir upor notun sangoskritik prabhab soho ekti adhunik jaati rashtrer dheere dheere biborton ghote. 1956 saale swadhinotar porr, ouponibeshik shikkha byabosthar sudani snatokra notun rajye shirshosthaniyo abosthan grohon corren ebong eibhabe shahure sangaskriti oo adhunik shilper utthane abodan rakhen. 1950 theke 1980-rawr doshok porjonto eyi sangoskritik unnayanguli sabcheye beshi drishyoman hoy, jey somoytike porey "sudane adhunik shilp andoloner nirman" bolla hoy. ekbingsho shotabdite, deshe drishyato shilpokolar bikash digital jogajoger madhyome chinnito hoyeche, jaar modhye audio-visual shilp chhoriye poreche ebong satellite television, online medier pashapashi samajik medier madhyome bhag koraa chhobi oo cholochchitrer madhyome prapto hoyeche. 2018 ebong 2019 saaler sudan biplober somoy, torun shilpira janapriya andoloner protibad oo monojoge abodan rekhechilen, deyalchitra, grafiti, cartoon, photograph baa vdo barta toiri korechilen. somosamoyik sudaner purboborti oitihasik samaykal. pragoitihasik somoy. nubia vidyaman prachintama bostugoto nidarshan, jemon pathorer saranjam, pragoitihasik somoyer. sabu-jaddi sheela shilper sthanti bivinno oitihasik juger 1600 tiro beshi sheela ankaner ekti ananya guchcho jaa nubian sabhyatar bivinno juger modhyo diye 6000 bochorero beshi somoy dhorey prosarito hoyeche. shoo-sanrakkhito ankanguli bonno ebong grihopalito prani, manush ebong naukagulir protinidhitto korey ebong bishwa smritisoudho tehbil dwara dekhar jonno smritisoudher talika antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. anyanno prachin sheela ankanguli bayuda morubhumite oyadi abu dome naame porichito shushko upottokai pawa geche. arekti guruttopurno pragoitihasik sthan pawa geche sudan, libia ebong mishorer seemanto anchale gabal ell ueinat porbotmalai. sudaner poschim anchale, jebel mokram gosthi, jaar choritro chhilo mritshilpo ebong chhoto maatir prani, ekti pragoitihasik, nabyaprastarayugiya sangaskriti jaa khristopurbo dwitiya sahasrabde bikoshito hoyechilo. kerma ebong kusher rajyo. prachin africar prachintama sabhyatar onnotomo kendra kerma sangaskriti (2500-1500 bce) theke, ostro, mritshilper jinis ebong anyanno grihosthalir jinispatra sudaner jatiya jadughar, kerma jadughar, british jadughar baa metropoliton museum off arte uposthapon koraa hoy. kush rajyer somoy (pray 950 khristopurbabdo-350 khristabdo), jokhon kusher rajara eka shatabdiro beshi somoy dhorey taader uttor protibeshi mishorke farao hisabe shasson korechilen, tokhon taharkar sphinxer moto nubian murtiguli mishariya baisishtya orjon korechilo ebong mondir baa nubian pyramidae jemon merote, sudaner onnotomo bishwa oitijjobahi sthangulite sthapon koraa hoyechilo. anyanno sompoder modhye, prachin nubier bostugoto sangaskritite soona, hatir daant, aborjona, dhup, chamda baa mulyaban pathor byabohar koraa hoto ebong rajporibarer samadhite haar baa bracelet pawa geche. nubian raja ebong ranira, jaander kusher kandek bolla hoy, mondirgulite pathorer khodai koraa khodai koraa chhilo, jemon nakay opedemok (singho mondir)-keey utsarga koraa hoyechilo. prachin nubian sthapotter anyanno udaharan holl pathor kaata mondir, "defufa" naame porichito kadamati-iter mondir, pathorer deyal soho kobor baa kadamati, kaatth oo pathorer mejhe, prasad ebong susojjito rasta. greek-roman sangaskritir prabhab. khristopurbo khristiya shatabdi theke khristiya khristiya shatabdi porjonto, uttor nubia akraman koraa hoy ebong mishorer saathe sangjukto koraa hoy, jaa tolemiyo rajyo ebong porey roman samrajya dwara shasito hoyechilo. meror tothakothito 'roman snan'-ayee nubier moto dakkhine eyi somoyer sangoskritik prabhab dekha yaay, ekti khonon koraa bhobon jaake "african rajyo ebong bhumadhyasagariya greco-roman sangaskritir modhye sangoskritik sthanantarer ekti asamanno udaharan" bolla hoy." mishore tolemiyo shasonamole nubier sangoskritik probhaber arekti udaharan holl ekjon nubian juboker marble mathar matha, jaa sombhoboto purbo bhumadhyasagariya anchale toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong ekhon markin juktorashtrer brooklin jadughare prodorshito hoyeche. madhyayugiya nubia. madhyayugiya nubia (shee. <aaee. dii. 1> shee. ee), khristan rajyo makuria, nobadia ebong alodier basindara faras cathedral, bhaskorjo ebong deoalchitrer moto sthapotter swatantra roop toiri korechilo, jaar modhye 650 tiro beshi adhunik pandityapurna gronthe prokashito hoyeche. eguli mishorer coptic shilper saathe ebong kokhono kokhono ethiopian shilper saathe somporkito. pandulipite baa belepathar, marble baa podamatir shilalipi hisabe sanrakkhito bivinno dharmiya baa dhormoniropekkho gronther jonno taaraa prachin nubian bhasha, coptic, greek baa arbi byabohar koroto. jodio muslim abhibasira, sombhoboto bonik oo karigarra, 9maum shatabdir porr theke nimno nubia bosoti sthapon koreche boley nischito koraa hoyeche, nubier prokrito islamikaran 14shha shatabdir shesher dike shuru hoyechilo. islam oo arober agmon. shodash oo saptadash shotabdite notun islami rajyo protisthito hoy-funge saltanat oo darfur saltanat, jaa sudane dheere dheere islamikaran oo arober deergho samaykal shuru korey. 1820 saale automan mishariya akromoner madhyome sudan joy naa haoya porjonto ebong darfur khettre 1916 saal porjonto eyi saltanat ebong taader samaj vidyaman chhilo. eyi somoyer prodhan sangoskritik poribortonguli islami dhormo grohon ebong daeenandin jeeboner upadan hisabe arbi bhasar kromobordhoman byabohar dwara chinnito hoyechilo. bideshi dorsonarthira anyanno sangoskritik unnoyoner kotha janiechen jemon fredrick siliauda ebong shohor oo mosjider sthapotto, chhuri baa "kaskara" toloar nikkheper moto ostro toiri ebong daas banijyer saathe somporkito. eyi somoye, arbi bhasha ebong islami adhyayaner jonno vidyalaya, jaake "khalwa" bolla hoy, protisthito hoyechilo ebong sufi bhratritter shikad sudane chhilo. taader bostugoto sangaskritir udaharan holl biswaser islami bibriti soho ekti potaka, jaa ekhon british jadughare royeche, baa 19 shotoker shesher dike ekti kaather folock, jaa neu eork shohorer brooklin jadughar dwara online uposthapito curran shekhar shikkharthider jonno lekhar board hisabe byabohrito hoy. 19shha oo 20shha shatabdi swadhinota laver agey porjonto. 19 shotoker shuru theke, bideshi dorsonarthider dwara tola onkon baa photographguli sthapotto, poshak, chuler style, gohona baa scarficationgulir moto bivinno jatigoto oo samajik gosthir oitijjobahi shilper jonno prachintama recordgulir modhye koyekti gathon korey. turkey-mishariya shasoner prothom juger (1821-1885) porr, mahdist rajyo (1885-1899) brihottor khartumer tinti prodhan anchaler modhye ekti, omdurmane guruttopurno chinno rekhe geche. mahdir samadhi, khalifa baadi, mahdis mudra ebong nirdishto dharaner poshak, jemon mahdir onugamider dwara porihito "jibba" coat, eyi somoyer sangoskritik choritrer sakkhi. 19 shotoker godar dike, mishariya, british ebong khartumer anyanno bideshi basindara shahortike ekti samrik shibir theke shoto shoto itt-nirmito baadir shohore prosarito korechilen. ebong ingrez-mishariya sudaner (1899-1956) condominiumer somoy, british senabahini ebong besamoric proshashon samaj, arthaniti ebong sangaskritite guruttopurno poribortoner suchona korechilo. british proshashon bidyaloygulite uchcho shikkha oo shilp shikkhar jonno gordon memorial college soho ekti poschima shikkha byabosthao chaalu korey ebong 1945.this-ayee khola ekti naksha vidyalayake sudane adhunik shilper bikasher suchona hisabe bibechona koraa hoy ebong paschatto orthe chitrakala baa bhaskorjo shikad bistar korte shuru korey. itihasbid heather jeey. british shikkha byabosthar madhyome drishya sangaskritir prabhab somporke sharki nimnolikhito montobbo korechilenoh "chhobi ebong chhabiguli gordon colleger chhele ebong briddho chheleder dekhte sokkhom korechilo ebong taai bishwa, british samrajya ebong sudanke notun upaye kalpana korte, shobdo sangaskritir moto drishya sangaskritio jatiyotabader bikasher jonno guruttopurno chhilo."thhik tothyochitrer udiyaman visual artei gadallah gubarake, jaake prothom sudani cameraman bolla hoy, ouponibeshik cholochchitro uniter jonno proshikkhon deoa hoyechilo. shikkhokder proshikkhoner jonno, bishesh korey brittimulak proshikkhoner jonno, 1943 saale shikkha protisthane ekti art course chaalu koraa hoy ebong tinn bochor porey, ekti school off design protisthito hoy. 1951 saale eyi vidyalayati khartum karigari protisthane sthanantorito hoy ebong 1971 saale etty sudan bigyan oo prajukti bishwobidyaloyer (sustake) charukala oo folito shilper anushad hoye othe. mulat besh koyekti sarkarer abohelar karone jotheshto biporjoy sotteo, etty 2021 saale abyahoto royeche ebong ate seii jaiga jekhane sudaner onek adhunik visual shilpi oo sangitshilpira taader shoilpik shikkha shuru korechen. oitijjobahi prayog shilp oo karushilpa. jey konao samajik gosthir bostugoto sangaskritir somosamoyik dharona onusare, "oitijjobahi shilp, lokshilpa, prayog shilp, karushilpa" baa "hostoshilpo" shabdaguli manusher toiri bivinno sangoskritik bostuke bojhai. tothakothito "charukala" chharao, etty bostro oo poshaker moto boichitromoy sudani srishtir khettre prajojya, jaar modhye royeche oitijjobahi "galabia", purushder jonno pagdi ebong mathar khuli baa mohilader jonno "tobb", gohona, juto ebong anyanno dharaner chamdar kaaj jemon juto, chamdar tabij, pobitro lippy, gohona ebong anyanno dhoroner byaktigato alankaran, jemon haat baa godalite mehendi alankar. kaather kaaj, mritshilpo baa dhatobshilper sudaner oitijjoguli oitijjobahi asbabpatra jemon "angrib" bichhanar steadgulite, byaktigato baadir baire panian joler jonno maatir patre, dhup podanor jonno dharok hisabe baa "jabana" naame porichito oitijjobahi kofir patro hisabe pawa yaay. 2017 saale, sangoskritik nritottobid griselda ell taiyeb taanr boi "sudaner anchalik looka poshak" prakash corren, jekhane sudaner bivinno jatigoto gosthir poshak ebong anyanno dharaner byaktigato alankaraner chitro royeche. echhadao, deho shilper jatigoto oitijhyo jemon secatrizotion, hairstyle, jemon bread baa hadendoa purushder tothakothito "osposhto-uji" hairstyle, adhunik dreadlock ebong makeup daeenandin byabohare royeche baa ekhono royeche. ekoi bishoye, "dya grove encyclopedia off islamic art anned architecture" sotorko korey jey "1990-err doshke sudaner onek oitijjobahi shilp adhunikikaran ebong byapokbhabe utpadito ponno amdanir karone humkir mukhe porechilo." bingsho shatabdir adhunik shilp. 1940-err doshoker shuru theke 1960-err doshok porjonto. 1940-err doshoker shesher dike khartume graphika shilpi ebong chitroshilpider ekti prathomik doler kotha ullekh korey, 2009 saale pondito warner daum ebong rasheed diab dwara prokashito "sudane adhunik shilp"-err upor sangkhipto biboron "coffey houser shilp" ("phaan all-makahi") ullekh korey. eyi shilpira ponner packagingyer jonno sudani motif ebong ijeler upor prothom nothibhukto chitro toiri korechilen ebong taader shoilpik output rajdhanir udiyaman shahure samajke protifolito korey boley money koraa hoy, jekhane adhunik shilp ekti nirdishto upojati sangaskritir modhye seemaboddho jatigoto oitijjoke protisthapon korey. adhunik shilper khartum school"-err utthaner jonno nirnayak samaykal abashya 1950-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye shuru hoyechilo, jokhon prothom sudani roopok shilpira englande snatakottar adhyayaner porey deshe firey esechilen. taader kaaj deshe ebong bideshe ubhoy khettrei swikrito hotey shuru korey ebong somosamoyik african shilper bikashe ekti guruttopurno abodan hisabe porichito hoy. taader porjalochonai, daum ebong diab adhunik sudani shilpoke "nijaswa shikad ebong poschima probhaber nischitkoroner modhye osthir" hisabe chinnito korechen. [.]..] prothom andolonti sudaner oitijhyo oo sangaskritike shoilpik srijanshilatar moulik kaaron hisabe porar chesta korechilo...] eyi bishesh arob-islami-afreeki sangaskritir samajik abosthar dwara probhabito. poroborti projonmo shilper sorbojoninota nischito korar jonno bimurto chitrakala, ghanatwabad baa porabastobbader moto poschima school ebong shailiguli sampurnarupe grohon korbe. tritiya probonotake eyi dutir modhye ekti modhyoborti poth hisabe bibechona koraa jete paareh sudani, arob ebong african upadangulir byabohar taader sarasari ingito naa korey porichoyer sondhane, tobey taader ekti udbhaboni upaye rupantarita ebong bikash koraa." prodhan prodorshoni ebong sangraha. 1995 saale, londoner whitechappel gallery "africa 95" utsaber ongsho hisabe "africa adhunik shilp somporke satti golpo" prodorshoniti uposthapon korey. prodhan tottabodhayok clementin delis bollen jey, prodorshoniti "bingsho shatabdir dwitiardhe africa visual arter dharonagoto ebong nandonik prokasher ekti chhoto ongsho onubhob korar jonno dorshokder amantran janiyechilo."eyi prodorshoni ebong africa baa african probasider tottabodhayok ebong shilpider ongshogrohonke porey utsaber onnotomo guruttopurno anusthan hisabe bitcher koraa hoyechilo. sudaner ongshogrohonkari shilpira chhilen moe abaro, rasheed diab, komla ibrahim isak, abdel basito ell khatim, severino matti, hassan musa, amir noor, ibrahim ell-salahi ebong osman wakiala. 2016 saale, sharzah art phaundeshana, united arob amirat, "khartum school-sudane adhunik shilp andoloner nirman (1945-bortoman)" shironame ekti smarok prodorshoni uposthapon korey, jaar modhye sudaner visual shilpider chitrokormo, photograph ebong bhaskorjo royeche, jemon hussen sharif ebong ibrahim ell salahir chitrokormo baa rasheed mahdi ebong gadallah gubara photograph. sudane adhunikbadi andoloner protinidhittokari anyanno shilpira chhilen osman wakiala, bostaui baghdadi, ahmed shibrain, abdelrajig abdelghafar, mahammad omor khalil, tagg ell-seer ahmed, mahammad ell hassan abdel raheem, jaake shaigi bolla hoy, siddiq ell nigaumi, magdub rabba, ahmed hameed all arabi ebong griselda ell-taib. eyi purboborti prodorshoniti duti prithak ekok prodorshoni dwara poripurok hoyechilo, jaa komla ibrahim ishaker chitrokormo ebong amir noorer bhaskorjoke kendra korey. 2016 saale ibrahim ell-salahir kaajer purboborti prodorshoni upolokkhe, londoner tete modern art gallery khartum schoolke "1960 saale sudane gothito ekti adhunik shilp andolon" boley abhihito korey jaa notun swadhin jaatir swatantra porichoy protifolito korar jonno ekti notun chakkhush shobdobhandar bikasher chesta korechilo." sangjukto arob amirater barzil art phaundeshana taader online peje abdel kaader hassan, kamala ibrahim isak, mahammad omor khalil, omor khairi, ibrahim ell-salahi, hussen sharif, ahmed shivren ebong khalid albaier graphika arter sudani chitrokormo uposthapon korey. swatantra shilpi. osman wakiala (1925-2007) chitroshilpi ebong sulekhika hisabe kaaj korechilen. tini 1945 saale khartumer gordon memorial college theke snatok hohn ebong porey london oo kairote taanr shoilpik padashona chaliye zaan. adhunik, aaa-dharmiya graphika roop hisabe taanr arbi calligraphyr byabohar wakiallake arbi shilp andoloner modhye rakhe jaa hurufia andolon naame porichito hoye othe. 1960-err doshoker godar dike khartume taanr kichhu chhatro, jemon ahmed mahammad shivren (kho. 1931), ibrahim ell-salahi (kho. 1930) ebong tagg ell-seer ahmed (kho. 1933) porey 'adhunik shilper khartum school' naame porichito sudani shilp andolon toirite wakiallar saathe jog deena. griselda ell taiyeb (1928-2022) chhilen ekjon british bongshodbhuto shilp itihasbid, shilp shikkhabid ebong visual shilpi, jini mulat taanr aggragami gobeshona ebong oitijjobahi poshaker joloronger chitrokormer jonno porichito, kaaron seguli 1970-err doshok theke sudaner sangaskriti ebong samajke protifolito korey. sudane shilpokolai taanr dirghodiner abodaner kotha ullekh korey, "modern art inn sudan" nibondher lekhakra taanke "british bongshodbhuto ekjon sudaniz shilpi" boley abhihito korechen. ibrahim ell-salahi (kho. 1930) sudaner jey konao chitroshilpir jonno bistrito antorjatik swikritir jonno porichito hoye utheche. taanke "african adhunikatar khartum school" ebong hurufia shilp andoloner onnotomo prodhan sadasya hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, jaa somosamoyik shilper saathe oitijjobahi islami calligraphyke ekotrito korar chesta korechilo. 2016 saale, londoner tete modern art gallery shilpir antorjatik kormojiboner panchash bochorero beshi somoy dhorey 100tii kaaj soho "ibrahim ell-salahi ekjon durodorshi adhunikbadi" prodorshoni uposthapon korey. etty ell-salahike "african ebong arob adhunikatar onnotomo guruttopurno byaktitto" boley abhihito korey, jaa taanr shilpokormoke shilper baishwik itihaser prekkhapote sthapon korey. ahmed shibrain (kho. 1931) khartumer charukala oo folito colla college ebong tarpor londoner central school off artasa anned designe padashona corren, graphika designe biseshoggo. 1960 saale sudane firey aasaar porr tini charukala oo folito colla college graphika designer jonno ekti bibhag protistha corren, jekhane tini dinn hisabeo kaaj corren. shibren taanr chitrokolai taanr adhunik dharaner sulekhai porichito hohn ebong taanke 'hurufia' andoloner ongsho hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, pashapashi 'khartumer school'-err onnotomo shilpi hisabeo bibechito hohn. siddiq ell nigaumi (1931-1996), shoilpik mritshilpo toiri korechilen. prothome sudane padashona korey 1967 saal theke tini juktorajye bosobas corren. taanr poda podamatir maatir patre tini europea ebong african probhabke ekotrito korechilen. londoner victoria ebong albert jadughare taanr kichhu kaaj royeche, jaar modhye royeche taanr "ibric", jaa ekti oitijjobahi sudani coffey patrer adhunik sanskaran, jaa online uposthapito hoyeche. hussen sharif (1934-2005), ekjon chitroshilpi, cobby, cholochchitro nirmata ebong khartum bishwobidyaloyer colla onushoder probhashok, ekjon sudani buddhijibi ebong shilpi chhilen, jini 1950-err doshoker shesh theke 1990-err doshok porjonto sakriya chhilen. englander cambridge bishwobidyaloye adhunik itihas niye padashona korar porr tini londoner slade school off fine artasa theke snatakottar degree orjon corren, jekhane tini lucian froider adhine padashona corren. anyanno kaajer pashapashi, taanr chitrokormo "chaander saathe gorbhoboti deboduto", 1960 saale londoner galleryte prodorshito hoyechilo ebong londoner jatiya protikriti galleryte taanr chitrokormer saamone bosey thaka sharifer chhobi royeche. bolla hoy jey sharif 500 tiro beshi chitro aanken, tobey segulir modhye matro koyekti nothibhukto koraa hoyeche. moe abaro (1935-2016), jini mahammad ahmed abdullah abaro naame jonmogrohon korechilen, tini ekjon bhaskar chhilen jini taanr syramic shilper jonno porichito. taanr projonmer anyanno shilpi hisabe, tini khartumer charukala oo folito shilpokola college theke snatok hohn ebong tarpor londoner central school off artasa anned craftsey syramic niye padashona corren. shilp mritshilpo naksha snatakottar adhyayaner porr, tini koyek bochor syramic shekhanor jonno sudane firey asen, kintu 1966 saale brittene taanr karmajiban chaliye yawar jonno englande firey aasaar siddhanta nene. taanr kaajke oitijjobahi sudani gombuj ebong khilaner pashapashi calabash ebong basketer akarer protipholon hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo. komla ibrahim isak (kho. 1936), sudaner prothom adhunik mohila chitroshilpi, khartumer sudan bigyan oo prajukti bishwobidyaloyer charukala college ebong porey londoner rayyal college off arte chitrakala niye padashona corren. taanr chhatro muhammad hameed shadad ebong nayla ell taiyeber saathe tini "chrystalist" naame dharonagoto shilp gosthir protisthata chhilen jaa sudani shilpe notun diknirdeshna niye esechilo. sharzah art phaundeshana onusare, taanr kaaj "sudane shilper oitijjobahi purush drishtibhongike challenge korey, soorjo, bully ebong akasher ronge mohilader jeeboner drishyoguli chitrito korey." mahammad omor khalil (kho. 1936) 1959 saal porjonto khartume charukala ebong 1963 saal theke italir florence chitrakala oo mudran shilp niye padashona corren. 1967 saal theke markin juktorashtre koyek doshok dhorey kaaj ebong shekhanor porr, tini procholito ronger pashapashi pawa bostu, sanrakkhanagar upokoron, bostro baa photograph byabohar korechen. taanr mudrangulite, tini kaalo ronger bivinno rongo pochondo corren, jemon tini 2020 saale londoner mozaik rume taanr prodorshoni "amar nokher neeche matribhumi" upolokkhe byakhya korechilen. khalilke "arob bishwer onnotomo guruttopurno somosamoyik chitroshilpi, dui projonmer anchalik shilpider probhabito korechen."2012 saale, pyariser institute doo monde arabete purboborti prodorshonite taanr kaaj uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. aami. emm. noor (1936-2021), ekjon bhaskar ebong shikkhabid, seenta universityte african shilp oo bhaskorjo niye padashona korechilen. andrus, scotland, dya rayyal college off art, london, eu.keey. ebong markin juktorashtrer iyela bishwobidyaloyer school off art anned architecture. concrete, fiberglass baa ispater moto upokoron diye toiri taanr bhaskorjoguli bimurto ebong nyuntama, tobey ekhono sudan ebong taanr jouboner afro-islamic sangaskritir saathe somporkito prani, prakritik drishya ebong sthapotter uddhriti deyo. omor khairi (1939-1999) madhyomik bidyalaye taanr prodhan vishay hisabe shilp niye padashona shuru corren ebong 1960 saal theke tini charukala oo folito colla college padashona chaliye zaan. mansik samasyar karone taanke padashona bondho korey ditey hoyechilo. taa sotteo, tini sthaniya prodorshonite taanr chitrokormer jonno porichito hoye othen, jaa tokhon theke jonosadharoner sangrahe uposthapito hoyeche. sudaner cholochchitro nirmata alia musa eyi rahasya niye ekti tothyochitro prokolpe nijukto royechen, emonki jaaraa taanr bhiru uposthiti ebong taanr dushahosik shilpokormoke ghire rekheche taader jonnou." hassan musa (b.1951), jini 1970-err doshke france snatakottar adhyayaner jonno sudan tyag korechilen, tini chitroshilpi, sulekhika, khodaikari hisabe porichito ebong asankhya boi chitrito korechen. 1960-err doshke tini meela arter janapriya gharana nijukto chhilen, jaa "poosta art" nameo porichito, jaa protistha-birodhi karjokolaper saathe jukto. 1997 saaler venis bienale taanr 'dya shahadat off seenta sebastian' boiti 'adhunikata oo smriti' prodorshonite antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. shastriya paschatto shilpokormer abhijojoner jonno, tini "paschatto shilp, rajneeti ebong sangaskritir upor ekti samalochanamulak drishtibhongi" toiri korechilen boley jaanaa yaay." rasheed diab (jonmo 1957) prothome khartume chitrakala oo shilper itihas niye padashona corren ebong spener madrider complutance bishwobidyaloye snatakottar padashona chaliye zaan. spene taanr prothom juger toiri kajgulike bimurto, shaktishali chitro hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche, jaa taanr jonmobhumir rongo ebong gathonke protifolito korey. sudane firey aasaar porr, tini taanr sthaniya shrotader dwara byakhyar bivinno upaye saadaa diyechilen ebong abhibyaktir arow swikrito rupgulite porinoto hoyechilen, jemon mahilara "porom shunyatai" seeta korechilen. diaber kajguli antorjatikbhabe prodorshito hoyeche ebong kichhu jordaner hindi museum off art dwara online uposthapon koraa hoyeche. salah ell moor (jonmo 1966) antorjatikbhabe chitroshilpi, graphika designer, boi lekhok ebong cholochchitro nirmata hisabe porichito. taanr chitrokormoguli oitijhyo, lokkahini, bivinno manush ebong poribesher prabhab dekhay ebong taanr ronger byabohar bistrito liney gaadh swar dekhay. tini cairo ebong khartumer modhye bosobas corren ebong kaaj corren ebong taanr chitrokormoguli modhyoprachyo, europe ebong markin juktorashtro ubhoy khettrei prodorshonite prodorshito hoyeche. 2018 saale, londoner satchi galleryte "forrest anned spiritsah alongkarik art from dya khartum school" naame ekti prodorshonite taanr chitrokormer pashapashi komla ishaq ebong ibrahim ell-salahir kaajo uposthapon koraa hoy." ahmed abusharia (kho. 1966) 1990 saale lolito oo folito colla college theke snatok hohn ebong 90-err doshoker majhamajhi kenia bosobas corren. porey tini germanyr kolone swalpo somoyer jonno bosobas corren ebong 2000 saal theke tini ugandar kampala bosobas korchen, jekhane tini taanr chitrokormer kaaj ebong prodorshoni chaliye jachchen. taanr shaili ibrahim ell salahi ebong rasheed diab soho sudaner purboborti somosamoyik shilpider dwara probhabito hoyechilo boley jaanaa yaay. itimadhye ullikhito namguli chharao, 20 shotoker anyanno sudani shilpira adhunik african shilper upor padaa talika theke smithsonian gronthagargulite royechen musa khalifa (jonmo 1941), mahammad omor bushara (jonmo 1946), ebong salih abdu mashamun (jonmo 1946). ekbingsho shatabdi ebong biplober shilp. sudaner shikkhabid ahmed sikanga 2012 saale jemon likhechilen, sudaner adhunik shilp andolon ebong taader samajik patabhumi shilp itihasbidder dwara khub beshi bishleshan akarshan koreni. tobey, 2018/19-err sudan biplober somoy, antorjatik ganomadhyome shilpider bhumika somporke protibedon koraa hoyeche, jaa bortoman ghotonabolir proti taader agrohoke protifolito korey. biplober agey ebong samaykale, shilpira samaj oo rajneeti somporke taader motamot prakash korechilen, jodio omor all boshirer praktan sarkar eyi abhibyaktitike kathorbhabe seemaboddho korechilo. 2020 saaler novembore, sudane bigyan oo prajukti bishwobidyaloyer (sustake) charukala colleger shikkharthira biplober sloganh swadhinota, shanti ebong nyaybicharer protinidhittokari ekti smritisoudho bhaskorjo prodorshon korey. 2021 saaler aprile, biplober somoy nihoto biplobi ebong bikkhovkarider smarane khartume arow shilp prodorshoni onusthito hoy. khalid albaih, ekjon rajnaitik cartoonist ebong manobadhikar karmi, taanr facebook peza "khartun!"-err madhyome khyati orjon corren."pashapashi modhyoprachyo ebong poschima ganomadhyome taanr sakkhatkar. 2019 saale tini 'sudan retold "naame sachitra boiti soho-sampadana corren. graphika golpo bolla, joloronger chitrakala baa photographyr moto bivinno shoilpik gharanar byabohar korey, torun shilpider ekti doll taader sudaner itihas, bortoman ebong bhabishyater sangaskaranguli bolechilo. amna elhasan, eyi torun shilpider modhye ekjon, tokhon theke antorjatik karmajiban shuru korechen, 2022 saale germanyr frankfurter bikhyato shern art museume ekti ekok prodorshoni diye. sudan biplobe mohilader guruttopurno bhumika ebong mohila shilpider shoilpik kaaj ubhayi ullekh korey, taader abodan nibondho, prodorshoni ebong jonosadharoner shoilpik poribeshonai tuley dhora hoyeche. 2023 saaler sudan sanghater somoy khartum ebong anyanno sudaner shahargulite jeebon oo porikatthamo dhongser porr, onek sudaner manush sudan bondor baa protibeshi deshgulir moto nirapada shohore paliye yaay. nirbasone thaka sudani shilpider samarthan korar jonno, downtown gallery art curator raheem shadad, jini 2019 saal theke biplober shilper prochare sakriya chhilen, sudani shilpider samarthan korar jonno tehbil sangraher jonno ekti tehbil toiri korechilen. art gallery ebong pristhoposhokota. 2009 saale, "sudane adhunik shilp" shirshok nibondhe bolla hoy jey, "khartumer shilpira prodorshonir jaigar abhab ebong pristhoposhokotar abhabe marattokbhabe khotigrosto hoyechen."etey khartume shudhumatra ekti 'adha-public' art gallery ebong borh hotelgulir modhye ektite majhe majhe prodorshonir kotha ullekh koraa hoyeche. borong, etty greta britten, france ebong germanyr tinti bideshi sangoskritik kendra dwara porichalito "prodhan bhumika" keey krititto diyeche. eguli chharao, sudaner shilpi ahmed mahammad shivren ebong rasheed diab byaktigato galleriguli khulechilen. diaber shilp kendrotio chhilo seii jaiga, jekhane 1978 saal theke nirbasone thaka ibrahim ell-salahir kaajti 2000 saale sudaner shilp jogoter kachhe uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. khartume sudani shilpider procharer jonno arekti gallery holl dabanga gallery, jaar malik lina hugger 2017 saale "somosamoyik sudan shilpi protikul somoye shilp" boiti sampadana korechilen. 2016 saale, mojo art gallery sudani shilp uposthaponer jonno koyekti banijyik shilp sthaner modhye ekti chhilo. 2022 saal porjonto khartume shohorer kendrostholer art gallery moto arow besh koyekti art gallery kaaj korchilo. janapriya shilp roop hisabe comics ebong cartoon. mudrito baa online prokashito cartoon ebong commicser moto janapriya shilp rupgulio antorjatik covid-19 mahamarir moto bortoman ghotonagulite kromobordhoman monojog peyeche ebong protikriya janiyeche. 2018 saal theke, sudaner comic shilpi ebong taader dorshokder jonno ekti prodorshoni hisabe "khartum comic conn" naame commicser jonno ekti utsaber ayojan koraa hoyeche. sudane cholochchitro oo photography. bideshi abhijatri ebong photographerra 19 shotoker majhamajhi theke onkon ebong photograph toiri korechen. 20 shotoke, sudaner dakkhinanchaler nuba manushder somporke photographer george rojar ebong lennie refenstaler tola chhobir golpo, pashapashi manob sangkater khobor deoa photosangbadikder chhobi desher antorjatik bhabmurtike roop diyeche. ekbingsho shatabdir shurute, digital photographyr proborton sudaner photographerder dwara ekti bistrito photographic ebong shoilpik coverager suchona korey. bingsho shatabdir prothomardhe british ouponibeshik amle sudane cholochchitro nirman oo cinema shuru howar porr, khartum ebong anyanno shohore sudani dorshokra bidesh theke tothyochitro ebong fitcher filmer sangosparshe esechilen ebong 1930-err doshok theke besh koyekti bahirangan cinema chhilo. swadhinotar porr, prothom projonmer sudani cholochchitro nirmatara jemon gadallah gubara baa hussen sharif dwara koyekti cholochchitro prajojana korechilen. 2019 saale, 1960-err doshoker tinjan sudani cholochchitro nirmatader jeeboni tothyochitre gaachh somporke kotha bolla hoyechilo, jaa sudane cinema ebong cholochchitro nirmaner potoner karonguli somporke byaktigato antardrishtio bhag korey neyo.

sudanni drashya kalaao sudanni drashya kalaao aajnaa sudan prajasattakna rahevasio dwara banavvama aaveli aneey temnee sambandhit sanskruteeo maate vishisht vastuonaa aitihasik aneey samkalin utpadanne aavari leey chhe. aamaa uttar-purv africana pradeshnaa saanskrutik paramparaona padaarthono samaavesh thaay chhe, jene aitihasik reete sudan tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa 2011 maan dakshin sudan tareeke swatantra thayela dakshin pradeshono samaavesh thaay chhe. tenaa samagr itihas darmiyan, sudan madhya africa, purv africa, egypt, bhumadhya sanskruteeo, pashchimma petaa-sahaara africa aneey deshnaa purvamaa laal samudranaa dariyakinara vachcheno crossroads rahyo chhe. 20mee sadee pahelaa, aaa saanskrutik paramparaao swadeshi african, pharonic, grico-rooman, byzantine aneey arabi sanskrutiothi prabhaavit hatee, jene saanskrutik abhivyaktioni vishaal vividhataa laavee chhe, jeey ghanivaar vansheey athavaa saamaajik jooth maate vishisht chhe jene tenu utpaadan aneey upyog karyo hato. samajna bhauteek sanskrutini abhivyakti tareeke, sudaanmaa kalaana aaa itihaasmaa laagu qalaa aneey hastkalaano laleet kalaao saathe samaavesh thaay chhe. 19mee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, videshi lashkari aneey raajkeey varchsva dwara vargikrut pratham turkeesh-egyptian aneey pachhi anglow-egyptian shaasannee sthaapnaae, sudanioni jivanshaili aneey bhauteek sanskruti parr navaa saanskrutik prabhaavo saathe aadhunik raashtra raajyani krameek utkrantini sharuaat curry. 1956maan aazadi pachhi, vasaahati shikshan pranaalinaa sudanese snatakoae navaa rajyamaa agranee hoddaao sambhaalyaa aneey aama shaheri sanskruti aneey aadhunik kalaana uadbhavma faalo aapyo. aaa saanskrutik vikaas 1950 thee 1980 naa daaykaa sudhee sauthee vadhu drashyamaan banyo, jeey samaygaalaane paachhalthi "sudaanmaa aadhunik qalaa chalvalnu nirmaan" kahevama aavyu hatoo. 21mee sadimaa, deshmaa drashya kalaatmak vikaas sanchaarnaa digital swarupo dwara vargikrut karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jemaa odeeyo-drashya kalaano prasaar aneey satellite television, online media temaj soshiyal media dwara shhare karvaamaa aaveli chhabio aneey filmo dwara praapt karvaamaa aave chhe. 2018 aneey 2019nee sudani kraanti darmiyan, yuvan kalakaroae lokpreey chalvalna veerodh aneey manobalma yogdaan aapyu hatoo, diwal chitro, graphity, cartoon, photographs athavaa videeyo sandeshao banaavya hataa. samkalin sudan pahelaano aitihasik samaygaalo. pragaitihasik samay. nubiyama pattharnaa saadhno jevee bhauteek kalakrutioni sauthee juunii astitva dharaavati vastuo pragaitihasik samaynee chhe. saboo-jaddi roqa aart site aee viveedh aitihasik samaygalana 1600 thee vadhu roqa rekhankanoni aek ananya samooh chhe jeey nubian sanskrutinaa viveedh yugmaa 6000 varshthi vadhu samay sudhee vistaree rahee chhe. saaree reete sachvaayelaa rekhankno jungley aneey paalela praaneeo, manushyo aneey hodeeonu pratinidhitva karey chhe aneey vishva smaarako bhandol dwara jovaa maatena smaarakoni yaadimaa saamel karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. anya praachin khadakona rekhankno bayudana ranmaa vaadee abu dooma tareeke odakhaati shushk kheenma malee aavyaa hataa. anya aek mahatvapurn pragaitihasik sthal sudan, libia aneey egypt vachchena sarhadi pradeshmaa gabal all uveinat parvatmalama jovaa malyun hatoo. sudaannaa pashchimi pradeshmaa, jebel mokram jooth, jeey tenaa matikam aneey pranioni maateeni naanee aakruteeo dwara vargikrut thayelu hatoo, teey pragaitihasik, navpashan sanskruti hatee jeey isvision purve beejee sahastraabdimaa vikasi hatee. kerma aneey kushanu saamrajya. praachin africani praarambhik sanskrutiomaanee aek kerma sanskruti (2500-1500 BCE) thee, shastro, matikamni vastuo aneey anya ghargaththu vastuo sudaannaa raashtriy sangrahalay, kerma sangrahalay, british sangrahalay athavaa metropolitana museum off aart jevaa sangrahalayoma rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. kushnaa saamrajya darmiyan (lagbhag 950 ee. saes. purve-isvision purve 350), jyaare kushnaa raajaoae aek sadithi vadhu samay sudhee temnaa uttareey padoshi egypt parr raajaa tareeke shaasan karyoo, tyaare taharkaanaa sphinx jevee nubian murtioae egyptni lakshaniktao praapt curry aneey mandeero athavaa nubian pyrameedma oobhi karvaamaa aavee, jaim keey meromaa, jeey sudaannaa vishva vaarsaagat sthalomaanu aek chhe. anya sansadhanoma, praachin nubiani bhauteek sanskrutima sonaa, hathidant, aabnoos, dhoop, chaamada athavaa kimmatee pattharo aneey haar athavaa bangadiono upyog karvaamaa aavto hato, jeey shaahee parivaaroni kabaromaa malee aavyaa chhe. nubian raajaao aneey raaneeo, jaimne kushnaa kandak kahevama aave chhe, mandeero parr pattharni murtioma rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jaim keey naaka khaate apedemak (sinh mandeer) neey samarpeet. praachin nubian sthaapatyana anya udaharanoma khadakma kapela mandeero, "defufa" tareeke odakhaata kaadav-intanaa mandeero, pattharni diwalo dharaavati kabaro athavaa kaadavni int, laakadu aneey pattharnaa maal, mahelo aneey saaree reete gothvaayelaa rastaao chhe. grico-rooman sanskruti dwara prabhaav. isvision purve triji sadithi isvision purve triji sadee sudhee, uttareey nubia parr aakraman karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tene egypt saathe jodvama aavyu hatoo, jenaa parr tolemic saamrajya aneey baadmaa rooman saamraajynu shaasan hatoo. aaa samaygalana saanskrutik prabhaavo jyaan sudhee nubiama chhe tyaan sudhee meromaa kahevata 'rooman snaan' maan joee shakaay chhe, jeey aek khodkaam karaayelee imaarat chhe jene "african saamrajya aneey bhumadhya samudrani grico-rooman sanskruti vachchena saanskrutik sthaanaantarannu utkrusht udaaharan" kahevaay chhe." egyptma tolemic shaasan darmiyan nubiana saanskrutik prabhaavnu beeju udaaharan nubian yuvaannun aaraspahannu maathu chhe, jeey kadaach purveey bhumadhya pradeshmaa banavvama aavyu hatoo aneey havey yuu. aesa. maan brooklin museum pradarshit karvaamaa aavyu chhe. madhyayugin nubia. madhyayugin nubia (see. 500-1500 CE), khristi rajvaadaao makuria, nobadiya aneey allodiana rahevasioae sthaapatyana alag swarupo utpann karyaa, jaim keey faras cathedral, shilpo aneey diwal chitro, jemathi 650 thee vadhu aadhunik vidhvatapurn granthomaa prakashit thayaa chhe. aaa egyptni qoptiqa qalaa saathe sambandhit chhe, aneey ketalikvaar ethiopian qalaa saathe sambandhit chhe. teo viveedh dhaarmik athavaa binsapradayik grantho maate juunii nubian bhaasha, qoptiqa, grick athavaa arabino upyog kartaa hataa, jeey hastprato parr athavaa reteena patthar, aaras athavaa terracotta parnaa shilalekho tareeke sachavvama aave chhe. muslim sthalaantar karnaaraao, kadaach vepaareeo aneey kaarigaro, 9mee sadithi neechala nubiama sthaayi thayaa hovani pushti thaee hovaa chhataa, nubianu vaastavik islamikaran 14mee sadeena antamaa sharoo thayu hatoo. islam aneey arabikarannu aagman. 16mee aneey 17mee sadimaa, navaa islamik rajvadaoni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee-fanj saltanat aneey darfurni saltanat, jene sudaanmaa dheeme dheeme islamikaran aneey arbikaranno laambo samaygaalo sharoo karyo. 1820maan ottoman egyptna aakraman dwara sudan parr vijay melvyo tyaan sudhee aneey darfurnaa kissaamaa 1916 sudhee pann aaa saltanato aneey temnaa samajo astitvamaa hataa. aaa samaygalana mukhya saanskrutik ferfaro islamik dharmne apnaavvaa aneey rojinda jeevannaa ghatako tareeke arabi bhashana vadhata upyog dwara chinhit thayaa hataa. videshi mulaakaatio dwara anya saanskrutik vikaasnee jaana karvaamaa aavee hatee jaim keey fredarika caliade aneey teey nagaro aneey masjidoni sthapatya, chhareeo fenkvaa athavaa "kaskara" talvaaro jevaa shastrona utpaadan aneey gulaamona vepaar saathe sambandhit chhe. aaa samaygalama, arabi bhaasha aneey islamik abhyaas maateni shaalao, jene "khalvaa" kahevama aave chhe, tenee sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey soofee bhaicharana muleeya sudaanmaa aavyaa hataa. temnee bhauteek sanskrutinaa udaharanoma vishvasna islamik nivedan saatheno dhvaj, jeey havey british sangrahalayma chhe, athavaa 19mee sadeena antamaa lakadani taktee chhe, jeno upyog kurran sheekhta vidhyarthio maate lekhan booard tareeke thaay chhe, jeey brooklin museum, nyu york ciity dwara online rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. 19mee aneey 20mee sadee aazadi sudhee. 19mee sadeeni sharuaatthi, videshi mulaakaatio dwara levaamaa aavela rekhankno athavaa photographs, sthapatya, poshaak, hairstyle, gharenaa athavaa scarification jevaa viveedh vansheey aneey saamaajik juthoni paramparagat kalaao maatena ketlaak praarambhik reqorda banaave chhe. turkeesh-egyptian shaasannaa pratham samaygaalaa (1821-1885) pachhi, mahadist raajy (1885-1899) aee motaa khartumna trana mukhya vistaromathi aek, omdurmaanmaa mahatvapurn nishan chhodi didhu. mahadini qabara, khalifa ghar, mahdish sikka aneey mahadinaa anuyaayeeo dwara pahervaamaa aavtaa "jibba" qota jevaa chokkas prakaarnaa poshaak aaa samaygalana saanskrutik paatrana sakshi chhe. 19mee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, egyptvasio, british aneey khartumna anya videshi rahevasioae shaherne lashkari chhavanimathi senkado intathi banelaa makanona nagarmaa vistrut karyoo hatoo. aneey anglow-egyptian sudan (1899-1956) naa condominium darmiyan, british senaa aneey nagrik vahivatitantre samaaj, arthtantra aneey sanskrutima mahatvapurn ferfaro karyaa. british vahivatitantre shaalaoma uchch shikshan aneey qalaa shikshan maate gorden memorial college saathe shikshanni pashchimi pranali pann rajoo curry hatee, aneey 1945.this maan kholvaamaa aaveli designni shaalane sudaanmaa aadhunik kalaana vikaasnee sharuaat tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, aneey pashchimi arthamaa chitrakaam athavaa sheelpna muleeya padvaa laagya hataa. itihaaskaar heather jeey. sharkey british shikshan pranali dwara drashya sanskrutinaa prabhaav parr neecheni tippani kareeh "photographs aneey chitroae gorden collegena chhokarao aneey vruddh chhokaraone jovaa maate saksham banaavya aneey tethee vishva, british saamrajya aneey sudanni navee reete kalpanaa karvaa maate, drashya sanskruti shabdoni sanskruti jetali jaj mahatvapurn hatee."dastaveji filmonee ubhartee drashya kalaamaa jaj pratham sudanese cameramen ganaata gadalla gubaaraane vasaahati film aekam maate taaleem aapvama aavee hatee. shikshakone taaleem aapvaa maate, khaas kareene vyaavsaayik taaleem maate, 1943maan shikshan sansthama aek qalaa abhyaskram sharoo karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey trana varsh pachhi, designni aek shaalaani sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1951maan aaa shaalane khartoum technical institutemaa khasedvama aavee hatee aneey 1971maan teey sudan university off science anned technology (sustutech) maan fine anned applied artsnee faculty bunny hatee. mukhyatve ghanee sarkaaroni avgannathi nondhpaatra aanchako laagyo hovaa chhataa, teey 2021 maan chaalu chhe aneey teey sthal chhe jyaan sudaannaa ghanaa aadhunik drashya kalakaro aneey sangitkaaroae temnu kalaatmak shikshan sharoo karyoo chhe. paramparagat applied arts aneey hastkala. koipan saamaajik juthnee bhauteek sanskrutini samkalin dhaarnaao anusaar, "paramparagat kalaao, loqa kalaao, laagu kalaao, hastkala" athavaa "hastkala" shabdono sandarbh manushyo dwara banavvama aaveli saanskrutik vastuoni vishaal shrenee saathe chhe. kahevata "laleet kalaao" upraant, aaa kaapad aneey poshaak jevee viveedh sudani rachanaaone laagu padey chhe, jemaa paramparagat "galabia", purusho maate paghadi aneey khopari athavaa maheelao maate padado aneey "tub", zaverat, pagarkhaa aneey anya prakaarnaa chaamadaani banaavat jaim keey sandle, chaamadaani tavij jemaa pavitra lipi, gharenaa aneey anya prakaarnaa vyaktigat shangaar, jaim keey haath athavaa pagnee ghoonti parnaa mahendinaa aabhushano saamel chhe. lakadana kaama, matikam athavaa dhaatuni kalaani sudani paramparaao "angrib" badstead jevaa paramparagat furnituremaa, khangi gharoni bahaar pivaanaa paanee maate maatinaa vasanoma, dhoop baadvaa maatena container tareeke athavaa "jabaana" tareeke odakhaata paramparagat kofeenaa vaasano tareeke malee shake chhe. 2017 maan, saanskrutik manavshastri griselda all taiyabe sudaannaa viveedh vansheey juthonaa poshaak aneey anya prakaarnaa vyaktigat shangaarnaa chitro saathe temnu pustak "praadeshik loqa veshbhusha" prakashit karyoo hatoo. upraant, shareer kalaani vansheey paramparaao jaim keey secatrization, hairstyle, jaim keey venee athavaa hedendoa purushoni kahevaati "fazee-vazee" hairstyle, aadhunik dreadlock aneey makeup rojinda upyogmaa chhe athavaa haju pann chhe. aaa jaj vishhay parr, "dhaa grove encyclopaedia off islamik aart anned architecture" chetvani aape chhe keey "1990naa daaykaa sudhimaa sudanni ghanee paramparagat kalaao aadhunikikaran aneey motaa paaye utpaadit chijavastuoni aayatthi jokhamma hatee." 20mee sadeeni aadhunik kalaa. 1940naa daaykaani sharuaat aneey 1960naa daaykaa sudhee. 1940naa daykana uttaraardhmaa khartumma graphika kalakaro aneey chitrakaaronaa praarambhik juthano ullekh kartaa, vidhyano verner daum aneey rasheed diyaab dwara 2009maan prakashit "sudaanmaa aadhunik qalaa" parnee zankhima "kofee houseni kalaa" ("phaan all-makaahi") noow ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe. aaa kalakaroae utpadanna packaging maate sudanese ruprekhaanu nirmaan karyoo hatoo aneey chitralipio parr pratham dastaveji chitro taiyar karyaa hataa, aneey temnu kalaatmak utpaadan rajdhanima ubhartaa shaheri samajne pratibimbit karey chhe, jemaa aadhunik qalaa chokkas adivasi sanskruti sudhee maryadit vansheey paramparaaonu sthaan leey chhe. joke, "aadhunik kalaani khartoum shaala" naa uadbhav maateno nirnayak samaygaalo 1950naa daykana madhyamaa sharoo thayo hato, jyaare pratham sudani lakshaneek kalakaro englandma temnaa anusnatak abhyaas pachhi ghare parat faryaa hataa. temnaa kaaryane desh aneey videshma maanyata malvani sharuaat thaee aneey teey samkalin african kalaana vikasma mahatvapurn yogdaan tareeke jaanitu banyu. temnee zankhima, daaum aneey diabe aadhunik sudani kalaane "tenaa potaana mool aneey pashchimi prabhaavni pushti vachcheni asthirtaa" tareeke varnavi hatee. [...] pratham chalvalma sudani vaarsa aneey sanskrutine kalaatmak sarjanatmakta maatena mulbhoot pareebal tareeke vaanchvaano prayaas karvaamaa aavyo hato...] aaa chokkas aarab-islamik-african sanskrutini saamaajik sthitithi prabhaavit. aagaami pedhhi kalaani saarvtriktaane samarthan aapvaa maate amoort chitrakaam, samghan athavaa ativastavvad jevee pashchimi shaalao aneey shaileeone sampoorn reete apnaavshe. trija valanne banne vachcheno madhyam maarg ganee shakaayah sudanese, aarab aneey african tatvono upyog temnaa taraf seedho sanket aapyaa vinaa odakhnee shodhamaa, parantu temne naveen reete parivartit aneey vikaseet karvo." mukhya pradarshno aneey sangraho. 1995maan londonni whitechaple gallery "africa 95" mahotsavna bhagroope "africama aadhunik qalaa vishe saat vaartao" pradarshan rajoo karyoo hatoo. mukhya curator clementin delise janaavyu hatoo keey pradarshanmaa "prekshakone visamee sadeena uttaraardh darmiyan africama drashya kalaana vaichaarik aneey saundaryalakshi abhivyaktiona naana bhagno anoobhav karvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa."aaa pradarshan aneey africana curators aneey kalakaro athavaa african diasporani bhagidarine pachhithi tahevaarni sauthee mahatvapurn ghatanaaomaani aek tareeke ganvaamaa aavee hatee. sudaannaa bhaag lenara kalakaroma moow abaaro, rasheed diyaab, kamala ibrahim ishqa, abdel baasit all khatim, severino mutty, husson musa, ameer noor, ibrahim all-salahi aneey osman vakiyala saamel hataa. 2016maan, sanyukt aarab ameeratna sharjah aart foundationae "khartoum school-sudaanmaa aadhunik qalaa chalvalnu nirmaan (1945-vartmaan)" sheershak dharaavtu aek smaarak pradarshan rajoo karyoo hatoo, jemaa sudani visual kalakarona chitro, photographs aneey shilpo, jaim keey hussain sharif aneey ibrahim all salahina chitro athavaa rasheed mahadee aneey gadala gubarana photographsno samaavesh thaay chhe. sudaanmaa aadhuniktavadi chalvalnu pratinidhitva kartaa anya kalakaroma osman vakiyalla, bastaavi baghdadi, ahemed shibran, abdelrazig abdelghafar, mohammed omer khaleel, tagg all-siir ahemed, mohammed all husson abdel raheem, jaimne shaigi, siddig all nigomi, magdaub rabba, ahemed hameed all arabi aneey griselda all-tayyab tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. aaa purvalakshi pradarshanne beey alag alag aekal pradarshno dwara purak banavvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa kamala ibrahim ishkna chitro aneey ameer noornaa shilpo parr dhyaan kendrit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2016maan ibrahim all-salahi dwara kruteeona purvalakshi pradarshanna prasange, londonni aadhunik aart gallery khartoum schoolne "1960maan sudaanmaa rachaayeli aadhuniktavadi qalaa chalval" tareeke odakhaavi hatee, jene navaa swatantra raashtrani vishisht odakhne pratibimbit karvaa maate aek navo drashya shabdbhandol vikasaavvaano prayaas karyo hato." sanyukt aarab ameeratma barjil aart foundation temnaa online pej parr abdel kaadar husson, kamala ibrahim ishqa, mohammed omer khaleel, omer khairi, ibrahim all-salahi, hussain sharif, ahmed shibrain aneey khaleed albaihni graphika aart dwara sudanese chitro rajoo karey chhe. vyaktigat kalakaro. osman vakiyala (1925-2007) chitrakaar aneey sulekhankaar tareeke kaama kartaa hataa. temane 1945maan khartumni school off design, gorden memorial collegemathi snatakni padvi melvee hatee aneey baadmaa london aneey kairoma temno kalaatmak abhyaas chaalu raakhyo hato. aadhunik, biin-dhaarmik graphika swaroop tareeke arabi sulekhanno temno upyog vakeelaane arabi qalaa chalvalma mooke chhe jeey hurufiya chalval tareeke jaaniti bunny hatee. 1960naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa, khartumma temnaa ketlaak vidhyarthio, jaim keey ahmed mohammed shibran (bii. 1931), ibrahim all-salahi (bii. 1930) aneey tagg all-siir ahemed (bii. 1933) sudanese qalaa chalvalni rachnaamaa vakiyalama jodaya jene paachhalthi 'aadhunik kalaani khartoum shaala' kahevama aavee. griselda all tayyab (1928-2022) british mulnaa qalaa itihaaskaar, qalaa shikshak aneey drashya kalakar hataa, jeo mukhyatve temnaa agranee sanshodhan aneey paramparagat poshaaknaa jalrangi chitro maate jaanita chhe, kaaran keey teo 1970naa daaykaathi sudanni sanskruti aneey samajne pratibimbit karey chhe. sudaanmaa kalaaoma temnaa laambaa samaythi chaaltaa yogdaanno ullekh kartaa, "sudaanmaa aadhunik qalaa" lekhnaa lekhakoae temne "british mulnaa sudanese kalakar" ganaavya hataa. ibrahim all-salahi (bii. 1930) sudaannaa koipan chitrakaar maate vyaapak aantarrashtriy maanyata maate jaanitu banyu chhe. temne "african aadhuniktavadni khartoum shaala" aneey hurufiya qalaa chalvalna agranee sabhyomana aek manvama aave chhe, jene samkalin qalaa saathe islamik sulekhanna paramparagat swarupone jodvaano prayaas karyo hato. 2016maan, londonni aadhunik aart gallery kalaakaarni aantarrashtriy karkidrina pachaas varshthi vadhu samay sudhee felaayelee 100 kruteeo saathe "ibrahim all-salahi aek swapnadrashtaa aadhuniktavadi" pradarshan rajoo karyoo hatoo. teey all-saalaahine "african aneey aarab aadhuniktavadni sauthee nondhpaatra vyaktiomaanee aek" kahe chhe, jene temnaa kaaryane kalaana vaishvik itihaasnaa sandarbhma sthaapit karyoo. ahmed shibran (bii. 1931) khartumma laleet aneey applied arts collegemaa aneey pachhi londonma central school off arts anned designma abhyaas karyo, graphika designma visheshta. 1960maan sudan parat faryaa baad temane laleet aneey applied arts collegemaa graphika design maate aek vibhagni sthaapnaa curry, jyaan temane deane tareeke pann kaama karyoo hatoo. shibrain temnaa chitroma sulekhanna aadhunik swarupo maate jaanita banyaa hataa aneey temne "hurufiya" chalvalno bhaag temaj "khartumni shaala" naa kalakaromana aek manvama aave chhe. siddiq all nigaumi (1931-1996) aee kalaatmak matikam banaavyu. saupratham sudaanmaa shikshit, teo 1967 thee united kingadamma raheta hataa. temnaa salgelaa terracotta maatinaa vasanma, temane european aneey african prabhaavone jodyaa hataa. londonma viktoriya aneey albert museum temnee ketalik kruteeo chhe, jemaa temnee "ibric", paramparagat sudanese kofee potnee aadhunik aavrutti, online rajoo karvaamaa aavee chhe. hussen sharif (1934-2005), aek chitrakaar, kavee, film nirmata aneey khartoum universityna arts facultyma lacturer, aek sudanese bauddhik aneey kalakar hataa, jeo 1950naa daykana antathi 1990naa daaykaa sudhee sakreey hataa. englandnee cambridge universityma aadhunik itihaasno abhyaas karyaa pachhi, temane londonni slade school off fine artsma anusnatakni degree melvee, jyaan temane lutian froid hethal abhyaas karyo. anya kruteeo saathe, temnu cheetra 'angel pregnant with moone', 1960maan londonni galleryma pradarshit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey londonni raashtriy potret galleryma temnaa chitroni saame bethelaa sharifna photographs chhe. sharife 500thee vadhu chitro doryaa hovaanu kahevaay chhe, parantu temathi maatra thodaa jaj chitro dastavejikrut karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. moow abaaro (1935-2016), mohammed ahemed abdallah abaaro tareeke janmela, aek shilpkar hataa, jeey temnee siramik qalaa maate jaanita hataa. temnee pedhhinaa anya kalakaro tareeke, temane khartumma laleet aneey applied arts collegemathi snaatak thayaa aneey pachhi londonma central school off arts anned craftma siramiksano abhyaas karyo. audhyogik matikam designma anusnatak abhyaas karyaa pachhi, teo ketlaak varsho sudhee syramics shikhavvaa maate sudan parat faryaa, parantu 1966maan britainma temnee karkidrine aagad vadhaarvaa maate ingland parat farvaanu nakki karyoo. temnaa kaaryane paramparagat sudani gumbajo aneey kamaano, temaj kelabesh aneey basketarina aakaarone pratibimbit kartaa banne tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo. kamala ibrahim ishqa (bii. 1936), sudanni pratham aadhunik maheela chitrakaar, khartumma sudan university off science anned technologyni laleet kalaa collegemaa aneey baadmaa londonni royal college off artmaan chitrakalano abhyaas karyo. temnaa vidhyarthio muhammad hameed shadad aneey nayala all tayyab saathe maleene, teo "sfatikvadio" naamnaa vaichaarik qalaa juthanaa sthaapak hataa, jene sudani qalaa maate navee dishaao laavee hatee. sharjah aart foundation anusaar, teneenu kaary "sudaanmaa kalaana paramparagat purush pariprekshyane padkaare chhe, jemaa soorya, retee aneey aakashna rangomaa mahilaaonaa jeevannaa drashyo darshavvama aavyaa chhe." mohammed omer khaleel (bii. 1936) aee 1959 sudhee khartumma laleet kalaano abhyaas karyo aneey 1963thee italyna florencemaa chitrakaam aneey printmakingno abhyaas karyo. 1967 thee united statesma ghanaa daaykaao sudhee kaama karyoo aneey shikhvyu, temane paramparagat rangoni saathe malee aaveli vastuo, archive samagri, kaapad athavaa photographsno upyog karyo chhe. temnee printmaa, teo kaalaa rangnaa viveedh rangone pasand karey chhe, kaaran keey temane 2020maan londonna mosack roomma temnaa pradarshan "maaraa nakh hethal matrubhumi" naa prasange samjaavyu hatoo. khaleelne "aarab vishvanaa sauthee mahatvapurn samkalin chitrakaromathi aek" kahevama aave chhe, jemane praadeshik kalaakaaroni beey padhione prabhaavit curry chhe."2012 maan, temnu kaary pereesmaa institute duu monde areb khaate purvalakshi pradarshanmaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. ameer I. aema. noor (1936-2021), aek shilpkar aneey shaikshanik, saint universityma african qalaa aneey sheelpno abhyaas karyo hato. andruz, scotland, royal college off aart, london, yuu.keey. aneey yaale university, united statesnee qalaa aneey sthaapatyani shaala. concrete, fiberglass athavaa steel jevee samagrimathi banelaa temnaa shilpo amoort aneey nyuntam chhe, parantu haju pann praaneeo, landscape aneey sthaapatyane taankine keey jeey sudan aneey temnee yuvanini aafro-islamik sanskruti saathe sambandhit chhe. oomar khairi (1939-1999) aee maadhyameek shaalaama kalaano mukhya vishhay tareeke abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey 1960 thee, temane laleet aneey applied arts collegemaa chaalu raakhyu. mansik swaasthyani samasyaone kaarane temne abhyasma vikshep paadvo padyo hato. tema chhataa, teo sthaaneek pradarshanomaa temnaa chitro maate jaanita banyaa, jeey tyaarthi jaaher sangrahomaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. sudani film nirmata aaliya musa aaa "rahasy" vishe aek dastaveji film projectmaa rokaayela chhe, temnee daramani haajari aneey temnee saahseek kalaane gheree lenar loko maate pann." husson musa (b.1951), jemane 1970naa daykama francemaa anusnatak abhyaas maate sudan chhodyu hatoo, teo chitrakaar, sulekhankaar, kotaranikaar tareeke odakhaay chhe aneey temane asankhya pustakonu chitran karyoo chhe. 1960naa daaykaa darmiyan, teo tapaal kalaani lokpreey shailima rokaayela hataa, jene "poosta aart" tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey sthaapnaa veerodhi pravrutee saathe sankalaayelee chhe. temnu kaary 'sant sebastianni shahadat' 1997naa venis dhvivarshik pradarshan 'aadhunikta aneey yaado' maan saamel karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. shaastriy pashchimi shreshth kruteeona rupaantaran maate, temane "pashchimi qalaa, raajkaaran aneey sanskruti parr aek vivechanaatmak drashtikon" banaavyo hovaanu kahevaay chhe." rasheed diyabe (janm 1957) pratham khartumma chitrakaam aneey qalaa itihaasno abhyaas karyo aneey spainnaa medridmaa complutains universityma anusnatak abhyaas chaalu raakhyo. spainma temnaa praarambhik samaygalani rachanaaone amoort, majboot chhabio tareeke varnavama aavee chhe, jeey temnaa mool deshnaa rango aneey rachnaane pratibimbit karey chhe. sudan parat faryaa pachhi, temane temnaa sthaaneek prexako dwara arthghatanni viveedh reetone pratisaad aapyo aneey abhivyaktinaa vadhu odakhee shakaay tevaa swarupo taraf valyaa, jaim keey streeo "sampoorn shunyatama" hoya chhe. diyaabni kruteeonun aantarrashtriy stare pradarshan karvaamaa aavyu chhe, aneey ketalik jordanmaa hindi qalaa sangrahalay dwara online rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. salah all muur (janm 1966) aantarrashtriy stare chitrakaar, graphika designer, pustak lekhak aneey film nirmata tareeke jaanita chhe. temnaa chitro parampara, lokkathaao, viveedh loko aneey vatavaranna prabhaavo darshaave chhe aneey temno rangno upyog vyaapak rekhaoma bolled toona darshaave chhe. teo kairo aneey khartoum vachche rahe chhe aneey kaama karey chhe aneey temnaa chitro madhya purv, europe aneey united states aema bannemaa pradarshanomaa darshavvama aavyaa chhe. 2018 maan, londonni saachee gallery dwara kamala ishaq aneey ibrahim all-salahini kruteeo saathe temnaa chitro "forrests anned spirits khartoum schoolni lakshaneek qalaa" naamnaa pradarshanmaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa." ahmed abushariya (bii. 1966) 1990maan laleet aneey applied arts collegemathi snaatak thayaa aneey 90naa daykana madhyamaa kenyaama raheta hataa. paachhalthi teo thodaa samay maate germanyna kolonmaa rahyaa aneey 2000 thee teo ugandana kampalama rahe chhe, jyaan teo kaama karvaanu aneey temnaa chitronu pradarshan karvaanu chaalu raakhe chhe. temnee shailee ibrahim all salahi aneey rasheed diyaab saheet sudaannaa agaauna samkalin kalaakaarothi prabhaavit hovaanu kahevaay chhe. pahelethee jaj ullekheet naamo upraant, 20mee sadeena anya sudani kalakaro, aadhunik african qalaa parr smithsonian pustakaalayoni vaanchan yaadimaa musa khalifa (janm 1941), mohammed omer bushara (janm 1946) aneey salih abadu mashmaun (janm 1946) chhe. 21mee sadee aneey krantini kalaa. sudanese shaikshanik ahmed sikainga 2012maan lakhyu hatoo tema, sudaanmaa aadhunik qalaa chalvalo aneey temnee saamaajik prushthbhumiae qalaa itihaaskaaro dwara vadhu vishleshanne aakarshit karyoo nathee. joke, 2018/19 nee sudani kraanti darmiyan, kalaakaaroni bhoomikana ahewal aantarrashtriy madhyamoma aapvama aavyaa chhe, jeey vartmaan ghatanaoma temnee rucheene pratibimbit karey chhe. kraanti pahelaa aneey darmiyan, kalakaroae samaaj aneey raajkaaran parr temnaa mantavyo vyakt karyaa hataa, tema chhataa omer all basheerni bhutpurv sarkaar dwara aaa abhivyaktine gambhir reete maryadit karvaamaa aavee hatee. november 2020maan, sudan university off science anned technology (sustutech) khaate laleet qalaa collegena vidhyarthioae krantina naraonu pratinidhitva karatee smaarak shilpnu pradarshan karyunh svatantrataa, shaanti aneey nyaay. april 2021maan, kraanti darmiyan maarya gayelaa kraanti aneey pradarshankarioni yaadmaa khartumma vadhu qalaa pradarshno yojaya hataa. raajkeey cartoonist aneey manvadhikar kaarykartaa khaleed albaihe temnaa facebook pej "khartoon!" dwara prasiddhi melvee hatee."temaj madhya purv aneey pashchimi madhyamoma temnaa interview pann. 2019maan temane sachitra pustak "sudan retauled" noon saha-sampadan karyoo hatoo. graphika vaarta kahevani shailee, watercolour painting athavaa photography jevee viveedh kalaatmak shaileeono upyog kareene, yuvan kalakarona aek juthe sudani itihas, vartmaan aneey bhavishyani temnee aavruttio varnavi hatee. aaa yuvan kalakaromana aek, aamnaa elhasson, tyaarthi aantarrashtriy karkidrini sharuaat curry chhe, 2022 maan germanyna frankfurtmaa prakhyaat shern aart museum aekal pradarshan saathe. sudani kraantimaa maheelaoni mahatvapurn bhoomika temaj maheela kalaakaaroni kalaatmak kruteeo banneno ullekh kartaa, temnaa yogadaanne lekho, pradarshno aneey jaaher kalaatmak pradarshanmaa prakashit karvaamaa aavyu chhe. 2023naa sudan sangharsh darmiyan khartoum aneey anya sudani shaheroma jeevan aneey maalkhaagat suveedhaona vinaash pachhi, ghanaa sudaaneeo porta sudan jevaa suraksheet shaheroma athavaa padoshi deshomaa bhaagi gayaa hataa. deshnikaalmaa sudani kalakarone teko aapvaa maate, downtown galleryna qalaa curator raheem shaddade, jeey 2019 thee krantini kalaane protsaahan aapvama sakreey hataa, sudani kalakarone teko aapvaa maate bhandol aektra karvaa maate aek bhandol ubhoo karyoo. aart galleryo aneey aashray. 2009maan, "sudaanmaa aadhunik qalaa" parnaa lekhamaa janavama aavyu hatoo keey "khartumma kalakarone pradarshan jagyana abhaav aneey aashrayna abhavne kaarane gambhir reete avrodh aavyo chhe."temaa khartumma maatra aek 'ardh-jaaher' aart galleryno ullekh karvaamaa aavyo hato, aneey motee hotelmathi aekmaa prasangopaat pradarshanno ullekh karvaamaa aavyo hato. tenaa badale, tene greta britton, france aneey germanyna trana videshi saanskrutik kendro dwara bhajavvama aaveli "mukhya bhoomika" neey shrey aapyo. aaa upraant, sudani kalakaro ahmed mohammed shibrain aneey rasheed diyaab dwara khangi galleryo kholvaamaa aavee hatee. diyaabnu qalaa kendra pann teey sthal hatoo, jyaan 1978thee deshnikaalmaa raheta ibrahim all-saalaahinu kaary 2000maan sudani qalaa jagat samaksh rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. khartumma sudani kalakarone protsaahan aaptee anya aek gallery dabanga gallery chhe, jenaa maaleek leana hagre 2017maan "samkalin sudan kalakaroho pratikool samayma qalaa" pustaknu sampadan karyoo hatoo. 2016maan, mojo aart gallery sudani qalaa rajoo karatee ketalik vyaapaari qalaa jagyaomani aek hatee. 2022 sudhee, khartumma downtown aart gallery jevee sankhyaabandh anya aart galleryo kaaryarat hatee. comics aneey cartoon lokpreey qalaa swarupo chhe. print athavaa online prakashit cartoon aneey comics jevaa lokpreey qalaa swarupone pann aantarrashtriy covid-19 rogchaalaa jevee vartmaan ghatanaaonu vadhune vadhu dhyaan malyun chhe aneey teno pratisaad malyo chhe. 2018 thee, "khartoum comic qoona" tareeke odakhaato comics maateno aek mahotsav, sudani comic kalakaro aneey temnaa prexako maate pradarshan tareeke yojvama aave chhe. sudaanmaa cinema aneey photography. videshi sanshodhako aneey photographero 19mee sadeena madhyathi chitro aneey photographs banaavya chhe. 20mee sadimaa, sudaannaa dakshin bhagma neuba loko vishe photographero george rooader aneey lenee refenstahley temaj manav katokateene aavari letaa photo patrakaaro dwara levaamaa aaveli photo vaartaoae deshnee aantarrashtriy chhabine aakaar aapyo chhe. 21mee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, digital photographyni rajuaatthi sudani photographero dwara vyaapak photographic aneey kalaatmak coverageni sharuaat thaee. 20mee sadeena purvaardh darmiyan british vasaahati samayma sudaanmaa filmnun nirmaan aneey cinemagharoni sharuaat thayaa pachhi, khartoum aneey anya shaheroma sudani prexako videshmathi dastaveji aneey feature filmonee saame aavyaa hataa, aneey 1930naa daaykaathi, tyaan sankhyaabandh outdoor cinemagharo hataa. aazadi pachhi, gadalla gubara athavaa hussain sharif jevaa sudani film nirmataoni pratham pedhhi dwara ketalik filmonu nirmaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2019maan, 1960naa daykana trana sudani film nirmataona jivancharitro dastaveji filmmaan vruksho vishe vaat karatee rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey sudaanmaa cinemagharona ghataada aneey film nirmanna kaaranoma vyaktigat aantardrushti pann vahenche chhe.

sudan kii drishya kalaayen sudan kii drishya kalaa mein aaj key sudan ganarajya key nivaasiyon dwara banaai gaee vastuon key aitihaasik aur samkaaleen utpaadan aur unaki sambandhit sanskritiyon key liye vishisht shamil hain. isamen uttar-poorv africa mein aitihaasik roop seey sudan key roop mein sandarbhit kshetra kii saanskritik paramparaon kii vastuen shamil hain, jisamen dakshini kshetra bhee shamil hain joe 2011 mein dakshin sudan key roop mein swatantra hoe gaye they. apane poore itihas mein, sudan madhya africa, purvi africa, misra, bhoomadhyasagariya sanskritiyon, paschim mein upa-sahaara africa aur desh key poorv mein laal samudra tata key beach ack chauraha rhaa haye. 20veen shatabdi seey pahale, yeye saanskritik paramparaaen swadeshi african, pharonic, greco-roman, byzantine aur arabi sanskritiyon seey prabhaavit theen, jinhone saanskritik abhivyaktiyon kii ack badee vividhata laaee haye, joe aksar una jaatiya yaa samajik samooh key liye vishisht haye joe unhein utpann karate hain aur upayog karate hain. samaaj kii bhautik sanskriti kii abhivyakti key roop mein, sudan mein kalaa key iss itihas mein anuprayukt kalaa aur hastshilp koo lalit kalaaon key saath shamil kiya gayaa haye. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, pahale turkey-misra aur baad mein anglo-misra shasson kii sthaapana, joe videshi sainya aur raajneetik prabhutva kii visheshta thee, ney jeevan shally aur sudani kii bhautik sanskriti parr nae saanskritik prabhaavon key saath ack aadhunik rashtra raajya key kramik vikas kii shuruat kii. 1956 mein swatantrata key baad, aupaniveshik shiksha pranali key sudani snatakon ney nae raajya mein pramukh padon parr kabja curr liya aur iss prakaar shahari sanskriti aur aadhunik kalaa key udbhav mein yogdan diyaa. yeye saanskritik vikas 1950 seey 1980 key dashak taka sabse adhik dikhaai dene lagey, ack aisee avadhi jise baad mein "sudan mein aadhunik kalaa andolan kaa nirmaan" kahaa gayaa. 21veen sadee mein, desh mein drishya kalaatmak vikas kii visheshta sanchaar key digital roopon seey haye, jisamen audio-visual kalaa kaa prasaar aur upgrah television, online media key saath-saath soshal media key madhyam seey saajha kii gaee chhaviyon aur filmon key madhyam seey praapt kiya gayaa haye. 2018 aur 2019 kii sudani kranti key dauran, yuva kalakaron ney lokpriya andolan key virodh aur manobal mein yogdan diyaa, bhitti chitra, bhitti chitra, cartoon, tasveeren yaa video sandesh banaae. samkaaleen sudan seey pahale kii aitihaasik avadhiyaan. pragaitihasik kaal. nubia mein maujood samagri kalakritiyon kii sabse purani vastuein, jaise patthar key upkaran, pragaitihasik samay kii hain. saboo-jaddi rock art site vibhinn aitihaasik avadhiyon key 1600 seey adhik rock drying kaa ack anootha samooh haye joe nubian sabhyata key vibhinn yugon key madhyam seey 6000 seey adhik varshon taka fail rhaa haye. achchi tarah seey sanrakshit chitra jangli aur gharelu jaanvaron, manushyon aur naukaaon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur vishva smaarak kosh dwara dekhane key liye smarakon kii soochi mein shamil kiye gaye they. anya pracheen chattan key chitra shushk ghaati mein paae gaye they jinhen bayuda registan mein vaadi aboo gumbad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ack anya mahatvapurna pragaitihasik sthal sudan, libya aur misra key beach key seemavarti kshetra mein gabal ell uveenat parvat shrinkhala mein paaya gayaa thaa. sudan key paschimi kshetra mein, jebel mokram samooh, joe apane mitty key bartanon aur jaanvaron kii chhoti mitty kii aakritiyon kii visheshta haye, ack pragaitihasik, navpashan sanskriti thee joe eesaa poorv doosari sahasrabdi mein panpi thee. kerma aur kush kaa raajya. pracheen africa kii sabse purani sabhyataon mein seey ack, kerma sanskriti (2500-1500 bce) seey, hathiyar, mitty key bartanon kii vastuen aur anya gharelu vastuen sudan key rashtriya sangrahalaya, kerma sangrahalaya, british sangrahalaya yaa kalaa key mahanagariya sangrahalaya jaise sangrahalayon mein prastut kii jaati hain. kush samrajya key dauran (lagbhag 950 eesaa poorv-350), jaba kush key raajaon ney ack shatabdi seey adhik samay taka apane uttari padosi misra parr raajaon key roop mein shasson kiya, taba taharka key sphinx jaisi nubian moortiyon ney misra kii visheshtaon koo praapt kiya aur mandiron yaa nubian pyramids mein sthaapit kiye gaye, jaise kii mero mein, joe sudan key vishva dharohar sthalon mein seey ack haye. anya sansadhanon key alawa, pracheen nubia kii bhautik sanskriti mein soney, hathidant, aabnoos, dhoop, khaal yaa keemati pattharon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, aur haar yaa kangan shaahi parivaaron kii kabron mein paae gaye hain. nubian raajaon aur raniyon, jinhen kush key kandak kahaa jaataa haye, koo mandiron parr patthar kii nakkashi mein darshaaya gayaa thaa, jaise kii naaka mein apedemak (sinh mandir) koo samarpit. pracheen nubian vastukala key anya udaaharan chattan mein taraashe gaye mandir, "defufa" naamak mitty kii eenton key mandir, patthar kii divaaron vaali kabrein yaa mitty kii eenton seey baney ghar, lakadi aur patthar key farsh, mahal aur achchi tarah seey bichhaai gaee sadaken hain. greco-roman sanskriti kaa prabhaav. eesaa poorv teesari shatabdi seey teesari shatabdi taka, uttari nubia parr aakraman kiya gayaa aur usey misra mein milaa diyaa gayaa, jiss parr tolemic raajya aur baad mein roman samrajya dwara shasson kiya gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key saanskritik prabhaavon koo dakshin mein nubia mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jise mero mein tathaakathit 'roman snan' mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, ack khudai kii gaee imarat jise "african samrajya aur bhoomadhyasagariya greco-roman sanskriti key beach saanskritik hastaantaran kaa ack utkrisht udaaharan kahaa jaataa haye." misra mein tolemic shasson key dauran nubia key saanskritik prabhaav kaa ack aur udaaharan ack nubian yuvak kaa sangamarmar kaa sir haye, joe shayed purvi bhoomadhya kshetra mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur abb america mein brooklin sangrahalaya mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye. madhyayugeen nubia. madhyayugeen nubia mein (see. 500-1500 CE), isai raajyon makuria, nobadia aur alodia key nivaasiyon ney vastukala key alag-alag roopon kaa utpaadan kiya, jaise kii faras cathedral, moortiyaan aur bhitti chitra, jinamen seey 650 seey adhik aadhunik vidwan granthon mein prakaashit kiye gaye hain. yeye misra kii coptic kalaa seey sambandhit hain, aur kabhi-kabhi ethiopian kalaa seey bhee sambandhit hain. unhone vibhinn dhaarmik yaa dharmnirpeksh granthon key liye purani nubian bhasha, coptic, greek yaa arabi kaa upayog kiya, pandulipiyon parr yaa balua patthar, sangamarmar yaa terracotta parr shilalekhon key roop mein sanrakshit kiya. bhale hii musalman pravaasi, shayed vyaapaari aur karigar, 9veen shatabdi key baad seey nichale nubia mein buss gaye hain, lekin nubia kaa vaastavik islamikaran 14veen shatabdi key anta mein shuru huaa. islam aur arabikaran kaa aagaman. 16veen aur 17veen shatabdi mein, nae islami raajyon kii sthaapana hui-fanj saltanat aur darfur kii saltanat, joe sudan mein kramik islamikaran aur arabikaran kii ack lambi avadhi shuru hui. yeye saltanaten aur unake samaaj taba taka maujood they jaba taka kii 1820 mein ottoman misra key aakraman dwara sudan parr vijay praapt naheen kii gaee thee, aur 1916 taka bhee darfoor key mamle mein. iss avadhi key pramukh saanskritik parivartanon koo islami dharm koo apanaane aur rosemarra key jeevan key tatvon key roop mein arabi bhasha key badhate upayog dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa. videshi agantukon dwara anya saanskritik vikas kii soochana dee gaee thee jaise kii fredrick callioud aur shaharon aur masjidon kii vastukala, chaku fenkane yaa "kaskara" talvaaron jaise hathiyaron key nirmaan-aur daas vyaapaar seey sambandhit thaa. iss avadhi mein, arabi bhasha aur islami adhyayan key liye schools kii sthaapana kii gaee, jinhen "khalwa" kahaa jaataa haye aur soofi bhaichare kii jadein sudan mein padeen. unaki bhautik sanskriti key udaaharan hain vishvaas key islami kathan key saath ack jhanda, joe abb british sangrahalaya mein haye, yaa 19 veen shatabdi key anta mein ack lakadi kii pattika, jiska upayog kurran seekhane vaale chhatron key liye lekhan board key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jise brooklin sangrahalaya, newyork shahar dwara online prastut kiya jaataa haye. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi swatantrata taka. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey, videshi agantukon dwara liye gaye chitra yaa tasveeren, vibhinn jaatiya aur samajik samoohon kii paaramparik kalaaon key liye kuchh shuruati record hain, jaise vastukala, poshak, keshvinyas, aabhushan yaa nishan. turkey-misra shasson (1821-1885) kii pahali avadhi key baad, mahadist raajya (1885-1899) ney omdurman mein mahatvapurna nishan chhode, joe adhik seey adhik khartoum key teen pramukh kshetron mein seey ack haye. mahadi kaa makbara, khalifa ghar, mahadi sikkon aur vishisht prakaar kii poshak, jaise kii mahadi key anuyaayiyon dwara pahana jaane vaalaa "jibba" coat, iss avadhi key saanskritik charitra kaa gawah haye. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, misra key logon, british aur khartoum key anya videshi nivaasiyon ney shahar kaa vistaar ack sainya shivir seey saikadon eenton seey baney gharon key shahar taka kiya thaa. aur anglo-misra key sudan (1899-1956) key condominium key dauran, british senaa aur nagrik prashaasan ney samaaj, arthavyavastha aur sanskriti mein mahatvapurna parivartanon kii shuruat kii. british prashaasan ney schools mein uchch shiksha aur kalaa shiksha key liye gorden memorial college key saath shiksha kii ack paschimi pranali bhee shuru kii, aur 1945.this mein khole gaye design key school koo sudan mein aadhunik kalaa key vikas kii shuruat maanaa jaataa haye, aur paschimi arthon mein chitrakala yaa murtikala ney jadein jamaa lenny shuru curr deen. itihaaskaar heather jey. sharki ney british shiksha pranali key madhyam seey drishya sanskriti key prabhaav parr nimnalikhit tippani keeh "tasveeron aur chitron ney gherabandi college key ladakon aur boodhe ladakon koo dekhane mein saksham banaaya aur isaliye duniya, british samrajya aur sudan kii kalpana karane key liye nae tarikon seey, drishya sanskriti raashtravaad key vikas key liye utani hii mahatvapurna thee jitani shabdon kii sanskriti."yeh thheek dastaveji filmon kii ubharati drishya kalaa mein thaa kii gadalla gubara, jise pahala sudani cameraman kahaa jaataa haye, koo aupaniveshik film ikai key liye prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. shikshakon koo prashikshit karane key liye, vishesh roop seey vyaavsaayik prashikshan key liye, 1943 mein shiksha sansthaan mein ack kalaa pathyakram shuru kiya gayaa thaa aur teen saal baad, ack school off design kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 1951 mein, iss school koo khartoum takniki sansthaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, aur 1971 mein, yeh sudan vigyaan aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya (poshan) mein lalit aur anuprayukt kalaa kaa sankaay bunn gayaa. mukhya roop seey kaee sarkaaron kii upeksha key kaaran kaafee asafalataon key bavjood, yeh 2021 mein jaari haye aur yeh vaha sthaan haye jahan sudan key kaee aadhunik drishya kalakaron aur sangeetkaron ney apani kalaatmak shiksha shuru kii haye. paaramparik anuprayukt kalaa aur shilp. kissy bhee samajik samooh kii bhautik sanskriti kii samkaaleen dhaaranaon key anusaar, "paaramparik kalaa, lock kalaa, anuprayukt kalaa, shilp" yaa "hastshilp" shabd manushyon dwara banaai gaee saanskritik vastuon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo sandarbhit karate hain. tathaakathit "lalit kalaa" key alawa, yeh paaramparik "galabia", purushon key liye pagadi aur khopadi yaa ghoonghat aur mahilaaon key liye "toob", aabhushan, joote aur anya prakaar key chamade key kaam jaise sandle, pavitra lipi vaale chamade key tavij, aabhushan aur anya prakaar key vyaktigat alankaran jaise haathon yaa ediyon parr mehandi key aabhushanon sahit vastra aur poshak jaisi vividh sudani rachanaon parr lagu hotaa haye. lakadi key kaam, mitty key bartan yaa dhaatu shilp kii sudani paramparaaen paaramparik furniture jaise "angrib" bistaron mein, niji gharon key baahar peene key paani key liye mitty key bartanon mein, dhoop jalaane key liye paatron key roop mein yaa paaramparik coffey key bartanon key roop mein "jabana" key roop mein paaee jaa sakati hain. 2017 mein, saanskritik maanavvigyaani griselda ell tayyab ney apani pustak "soodaan kii kshetriya lock veshbhusha" koo soodaan key vibhinn jaatiya samoohon seey poshak aur anya prakaar key vyaktigat alankaran key chitron key saath prakaashit kiya. isake alawa, shareer kalaa kii jaatiya paramparaaen jaise kii secatrizations, keshvinyas, jaise brad yaa hadendoa purushon key tathaakathit "fazee-wuzzy" keshvinyas, aadhunik dreadlock aur makeup rosemarra key upayog mein rahey hain yaa abhee bhee hain. isi vishay parr, "dha grove encyclopaedia off islamic art aind architecture" chetavani detaa haye kii "1990 key dashak taka sudan kii kaee paaramparik kalaayen aadhunikikaran aur badey paimaane parr utpaadit vastuon key ayaat seey khatare mein theen." 20veen shatabdi kii aadhunik kalaa. 1940 key dashak mein aur 1960 key dashak taka. 1940 key dashak key uttaraardh mein khartoum mein graphic kalakaron aur chitrakaron key ack praarambhik samooh kaa ullekh karate hue, vidvaanon werner daum aur rashid diyaab dwara 2009 mein prakaashit "aadhunik kalaa mein sudan" parr avalokan mein "coffey house kii kalaa" ("phain all-makaahi") kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye. inn kalakaron ney utpaad packaging key liye sudani rupankanon kaa utpaadan kiya aur chitron parr pahali pralekhit paintings, aur unake kalaatmak utpaadan koo rajdhani mein ubharate shahari samaaj koo darshaata haye, jisamen aadhunik kalaa ack vishisht adiwasi sanskriti taka seemit jaatiya paramparaon kii jagah letee haye. haalaanki, "aadhunik kalaa key khartoum school" key udbhav key liye nirnaayak avadhi 1950 key dashak key madhya mein shuru hui, jaba pahale sudani alankarik kalakar ingland mein apani snatkottar padhaai key baad ghar laut aae. unake kaam koo desh aur videsh donon mein maanyata milane luggy, aur samkaaleen african kalaa key vikas mein ack mahatvapurna yogdan key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. apane avalokan mein, davam aur diab ney aadhunik sudani kalaa koo "apani jadon aur paschimi prabhaav kii pushti key beach khaali karane key roop mein varnit kiya. [.]..] pahale andolan ney sudani viraasat aur sanskriti koo kalaatmak rachnaatmaktaa key liye buniyaadi kaarak key roop mein padhane kii koshish kii...] iss vishesh arab-islami-african sanskriti kii samajik sthiti seey prabhaavit. agali peedhi kalaa kii saarvbhaumiktaa kii pushti karane key liye amoort chitrakala, cubism yaa atiyathaarthvaad jaise paschimi schools aur shailiyon koo poori tarah seey apanaayegi. teesari pravritti koo donon key beach ack madhyam maarg maanaa jaa sakata haih sudani, arab aur african tatvon kaa upayog unhein seedhe sanket diye binaa pehchaan kii khoj mein, lekin unhein ack abhinav tareeke seey badalana aur vikasit karna." pramukh pradarshaniyan aur sangrah. 1995 mein, landan mein whitechappel gallery ney "africa 95" utsav key hisse key roop mein "africa mein aadhunik kalaa key baare mein saat kahaaniyon" kii pradarshani prastut kii. mukhya curator clementin delis ney kahaa kii pradarshani ney darshakon koo beesavin shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran africa mein drishya kalaa kii vaichaarik aur saundarya abhivyaktiyon key ack chhote seey hisse kaa anubhav karane key liye aamantrit kiya."iss pradarshani aur africa yaa african pravasiyon key curators aur kalakaron kii bhagidari koo baad mein utsav key sabse mahatvapurna karyakramon mein seey ack key roop mein aanka gayaa. sudan key bhaag lene vaale kalakaron mein moe abaro, rasheed diyaab, kamala ibrahim ishaq, abdel baasit all khatim, severino matti, hassan moosa, ameer noor, ibrahim all-salahi aur usman vakilla shamil they. 2016 mein, sharzah art foundation, united arab amirat ney "khartoum school-sudan mein aadhunik kalaa andolan kaa nirmaan (1945-vartamaan)" sheershak seey ack smaarak pradarshani prastut kii, jisamen sudani drishya kalakaron key chitra, tasveeren aur moortiyaan shamil theen, jaise kii hussain sharif aur ibrahim ell salahi dwara chitra yaa rashid mahadi aur gadala gubara dwara chitra. sudan mein adhuniktawadi andolan kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale anya kalakaron mein usman vakiyalla, bastavi baghdadi, ahmed shibran, abdelrajig abdelghafar, mohammad umar khalil, tagg ell-sir ahmed, mohammad ell hassan abdel raheem, jinhen shaggy, siddig ell nigaumi, magdaub rabba, ahmed hamid all-arabi aur griselda all-tayyab kahaa jaataa thaa. iss purvavyaapi pradarshan koo dou alag-alag ekal pradarshaniyon dwara poorak banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen kamala ibrahim ishk key chitron aur ameer noor kii moortiyon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa thaa. 2016 mein ibrahim all-salahi dwara kritiyon kii purvavyaapi pradarshani key avsar parr, landan mein aadhunik kalaa deergha ney khartoum school koo "1960 mein sudan mein gathit ack adhuniktawadi kalaa andolan" kahaa, jisane nava swatantra rashtra kii vishisht pehchaan koo pratibimbit karane key liye ack naee drishya shabdawali vikasit karane kii maang kii." sanyukt arab amirat mein barjeel kalaa foundation ney apane online pays parr abdel kaadar hassan, kamala ibrahim ishk, mohammad omer khalil, omer khairi, ibrahim all-salahi, hussain sharif, ahmed shibrane aur khalid albaih dwara graphic art dwara sudani chitra prastut kiye hain. vyaktigat kalakar. usman vakilla (1925-2007) ney chitrakaar aur sulekh key roop mein kaam kiya. unhone 1945 mein khartoum mein school off design, gorden memorial college seey snaatak kiya, aur baad mein landan aur carro mein apani kalaatmak padhaai jaari rakhee. arabi sulekh kaa unakaa upayog ack aadhunik, gair-dhaarmik graphic roop key roop mein arabi kalaa andolan key bheetar vakilla koo sthaan detaa haye joe hurufiya andolan key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, khartoum mein unake kuchh chhaatr, jaise ahmed mohammad shibrane (bee. 1931), ibrahim all-salahi (bee. 1930) aur tagg all-sir ahmed (bee. 1933) baad mein sudani kalaa andolan key nirmaan mein vakilla key saath shamil hoe gaye, jise 'aadhunik kalaa kaa khartoum school' kahaa gayaa. griselda ell tayyab (1928-2022) ack british-janit kalaa itihaaskaar, kalaa shikshak aur drishya kalakar theen, joe mukhya roop seey paaramparik veshbhusha key apane agrani shodh aur jall rung chitron key liye jaani jaati hain, kyonki way 1970 key dashak seey sudan kii sanskriti aur samaaj koo darshaati hain. sudan mein kalaa mein unake lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey yogdan kaa ullekh karate hue," "aadhunik kalaa" "lekh key lekhakon ney unhein" "british mool kaa ack sudani kalakar" "kahaa. ibrahim all-salahi (bee. 1930) sudan key kissy bhee chitrakaar key liye vyaapak antarrashtriya maanyata key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. unhein "african adhuniktawad key khartoum school" aur hurufiya kalaa andolan key agrani sadasyon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye, joe samkaaleen kalaa key saath islami sulekh key paaramparik roopon koo jodane kii maang kartaa thaa. 2016 mein, landan mein aadhunik kalaa deergha ney kalakar key antarrashtriya currier key pachas seey adhik varshon mein faile 100 karyon key saath pradarshani "ibrahim all-salaahih ack doordarshi adhuniktawadi" prastut kii. ise all-salahi "african aur arab adhuniktawad mein sabse mahatvapurna hastiyon mein seey ack" kahaa jaataa haye, joe kalaa key vaishvik itihas key sandarbh mein unake kaam koo sthaapit kartaa haye. ahmed shibran (bee. 1931) ney khartoum mein lalit aur anuprayukt kalaa mahavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya aur phir landan mein kendriya kalaa aur design vidyalaya mein, graphic design mein visheshagyata praapt kii. 1960 mein sudan lautane key baad, unhone lalit aur anuprayukt kalaa mahavidyalaya mein graphic design key liye ack vibhaag kii sthaapana kii, jahan unhone deane key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. shibrane apane chitron mein sulekh key apane aadhunik roopon key liye jaane gaye aur unhein "hurufiya" andolan kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye, saath hii saath 'school off khartoum' key kalakaron mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. siddiq all nigaumi (1931-1996) ney kalaatmak mitty key bartan banaae. pahale sudan mein shikshit, vaha 1967 seey united kingdam mein rahate they. apane jaley hue terracotta mitty key bartan mein, unhone europeeya aur african prabhaavon koo jodaa. landan mein victoria aur albert sangrahalaya mein unake kuchh kaam hain, jisamen unake "ibric", ack paaramparik sudani coffey pott kaa ack aadhunik sanskaran, online prastut kiya gayaa haye. hussain sharif (1934-2005), ack chitrakaar, kavi, film nirmaata aur khartoum vishvavidyalaya key kalaa sankaay mein vyakhyata, ack sudani buddhijivi aur kalakar they, joe 1950 key dashak key anta seey 1990 key dashak taka sakriya they. ingland mein cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein aadhunik itihas kii padhaai key baad, unhone landan key lalit kalaa key slade school mein master degree lii, jahan unhone lutian fried key tahat adhyayan kiya. anya karyon key saath, unaki painting "chandra key saath garbhavati purry", 1960 mein landan kii gallery mein pradarshit kii gaee thee, aur landan mein rashtriya chitra gallery mein unake chitron key saamane baithe sharaf dwara tasveeren hain. kahaa jaataa haye kii sharif ney 500 seey adhik chitra banaae hain, lekin unamen seey kewal kuchh hii pralekhit kiye gaye hain. moe abaro (1935-2016), mohammad ahmed abdallah abaro key roop mein paida hue, ack moortikaar they joe apani cheeni mitty kii kalaa key liye jaane jaate they. apani peedhi key anya kalakaron key roop mein, unhone khartoum mein lalit aur anuprayukt kalaa mahavidyalaya seey snaatak kiya aur phir landan mein kendriya kalaa aur shilp vidyalaya mein cheeni mitty kaa adhyayan kiya. audyogik mitty key bartanon key design mein snatkottar adhyayan key baad, vaha kuchh varshon key liye cheeni mitty key bartan padhaane key liye sudan laut aae, lekin 1966 mein britten mein apana currier banaane key liye ingland lautane kaa faisala kiya. unake kaam koo paaramparik sudani gumbadon aur mehraabon key saath-saath kailabesh aur tokri key aakaron koo pratibimbit karane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. kamala ibrahim ishk (bee. 1936), sudan mein pahali aadhunik mahila chitrakaar, ney khartoum mein sudan vishvavidyalaya key vigyaan aur praudyogiki key lalit kalaa mahavidyalaya mein aur baad mein landan mein royal college off art mein chitrakala kaa adhyayan kiya. apane chhatron muhammad hamid shadad aur nayala ell tayyab key saath, vaha "chrystallist" naamak vaichaarik kalaa samooh kii sansthaapak theen, joe sudani kalaa key liye naee dishaaen laati theen. sharzah art foundation key anusaar, unakaa kaam "sudan mein kalaa key paaramparik purush drishtikon koo chunauti detaa haye, jisamen mahilaaon key jeevan key drishyon koo suraj, rait aur akash key rangon mein darshaaya gayaa haye." muhammad umar khalil (bee. 1936) ney 1959 taka khartoum mein lalit kalaa kaa adhyayan kiya, aur 1963 seey florence, itali mein chitrakala aur mudran kaa adhyayan kiya. 1967 seey sanyukt raajya america mein kaee dashakon taka kaam karane aur padhaane key baad, unhone paaramparik rangon key alawa paaee gaee vastuon, abhilekhiya samagri, vastra yaa tasveeron kaa upayog kiya haye. apane print mein, vaha kaale rung key vibhinn rangon koo pasand karate hain, jaisa kii unhone 2020 mein landan key mozek kamaron mein apani pradarshani "merey nakhunon key neeche matribhoomi" key avsar parr samajhaaya thaa. khalil koo "arab duniya key sabse mahatvapurna samkaaleen chitrakaron mein seey ack kahaa gayaa haye, jisane kshetriya kalakaron kii dou peedhiyon koo prabhaavit kiya haye."2012 mein, peris mein institute doo monde areb mein purvavyaapi pradarshani mein unakaa kaam prastut kiya gayaa thaa. main huun. aim. noor (1936-2021), ack moortikaar aur akaadamik, ney sent university mein african kalaa aur murtikala kaa adhyayan kiya. andreau, scotland, royal college off art, landan, yuu.key. aur yell vishvavidyalaya, sanyukt raajya america key kalaa aur vastukala key school. concreet, fiber glass yaa steel jaisi samagriyon seey bunny unaki moortiyaan amoort aur nyuntam hain, lekin phir bhee jaanvaron, paridrishya aur vastukala kaa hawala detee hain joe sudan aur unaki yuvavastha kii african-islami sanskriti seey sambandhit hain. umar khairi (1939-1999) ney maadhyamik vidyalaya mein apane pramukh vishay key roop mein kalaa kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya aur 1960 seey, unhone lalit aur anuprayukt kalaa mahavidyalaya mein adhyayan jaari rakhaa. mansik swaasthya samasyaon key kaaran unhein apani padhaai mein baadha dalni padee. phir bhee, way sthaaniya pradarshaniyon mein apane chitron key liye jaane gaye, joe taba seey saarvajanik sangrhon mein prastut kiye gaye hain. sudani film nirmaata alya moosa iss rahasya key baare mein ack vrittachitra film pariyojana mein lagey hue hain, yahaan taka kii una logon key liye bhee jinhone unaki durpoke upasthiti aur unaki sahsi kalaakriti koo gher liya thaa." hassan moosa (b.1951), jinhone 1970 key dashak mein france mein snatkottar adhyayan key liye sudan chhod diyaa thaa, unhein chitrakaar, sulekhika, utkeernak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur unhone kaee pustakon kaa chitran kiya haye. 1960 key dashak key dauran, way daak kalaa kii lokpriya shally mein lagey rahey, jise "post art" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe sthaapana-virodhi gatividhi seey judee hui haye. 1997 key venis dvivaarshik mein unaki kriti 'sant sebastian kii shahadat' koo pradarshani 'aadhunikta aur yaaden' mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii shaastriya paschimi utkrisht kritiyon key apane roopaantaran key liye, unhone "paschimi kalaa, rajneeti aur sanskriti parr ack mahatvapurna drishtikon" banaaya thaa." rashid diyaab (janm 1957) ney pahale khartoum mein chitrakala aur kalaa itihas kaa adhyayan kiya aur spen key madrid mein computance vishvavidyalaya mein apani snatkottar padhaai jaari rakhee. spen mein unake praarambhik kaal key karyon koo amoort, majboot chhaviyon key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, joe unake mool desh key rangon aur banaavat koo darshaate hain. sudan lautane parr, unhone apane sthaaniya darshakon dwara vyakhya key vibhinn tarikon kaa jawab diyaa aur abhivyakti key adhik pahchaanane yogya roopon kii or rukh kiya, jaise kii mahilaaen "nirpeksh shoonyata mein" sthaapit theen. diyaab kii kritiyon koo antarrashtriya star parr pradarshit kiya gayaa haye, aur kuchh koo jorden mein hindi kalaa sangrahalaya dwara online prastut kiya gayaa haye. salah ell murr (janm 1966) koo antarrashtriya star parr chitrakaar, graphic designer, pustak lekhak aur film nirmaata key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unake chitra parampara, lokkathaon, vibhinn logon aur vatavaran key prabhaavon koo darshaate hain, aur unake rangon kaa upayog vyaapak rekhaaon mein bolled tone koo darshaata haye. vaha carro aur khartoum key beach rahata haye aur kaam kartaa haye aur usake chitra madhya poorv, europe aur sanyukt raajya america donon mein pradarshaniyon mein dikhaae gaye hain. 2018 mein, landan kii saachi gallery dwara "forrests aind spiritsah figurative art from dha khartoum school" naamak ack pradarshani mein kamala ishaq aur ibrahim all-salahi dwara unake chitron koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa." ahmed abusharia (bee. 1966) ney 1990 mein lalit aur anuprayukt kalaa mahavidyalaya seey snaatak kiya aur 90 key dashak key madhya mein kenya mein rahate they. baad mein way kuchh samay key liye germany key collon mein rahey aur 2000 seey way kampala, uganda mein reh rahey hain, jahan way kaam karna aur apane chitron koo pradarshit karna jaari rakhate hain. kahaa jaataa haye kii unaki shally sudan mein ibrahim all salahi aur rashid diyaab sahit poorv samkaaleen kalakaron seey prabhaavit thee. pahale seey ullikhit naamon key alawa, 20veen shatabdi key anya sudani kalakar joe aadhunik african kalaa parr smithsonian pustakalayon kii pathan soochi mein hain, way hain moosa khalifa (janm 1941), mohammad umar bushara (janm 1946), aur salih abdau mashamoun (janm 1946). 21veen sadee aur kranti kii kalaa. jaisa kii sudani akaadamik ahmed sikanga ney 2012 mein likhaa thaa, sudan mein aadhunik kalaa andolanon aur unaki samajik prishthabhoomi ney kalaa itihaskaron dwara adhik vishleshan koo aakarshit naheen kiya haye. haalaanki, 2018/19 kii sudani kranti key dauran, kalakaron kii bhoomika kii soochana antarrashtriya media mein dee gaee haye, joe vartamaan ghatnaaon mein unaki ruchi koo darshaati haye. kranti seey pahale aur usake dauran, kalakaron ney samaaj aur rajneeti parr apane vichaar vyakt kiye, bhale hii yeh abhivyakti umar all basheer kii poorv sarkaar dwara gambhir roop seey seemit thee. navambar 2020 mein, sudan vigyaan aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya (sustitac) mein lalit kalaa mahavidyalaya key chhatron ney kranti key naaron kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali ack smaarak moorti kaa pradarshan kiyaah swatantrata, shaanti aur nyaay. aprail 2021 mein, kranti key dauran maare gaye pradarshankariyon aur kranti key dauran maare gaye pradarshaniyon key smaran mein khartoum mein aage kii kalaa pradarshaniyan aayojit kii gaeen. khalid albaih, ack raajneetik cartoonist aur manvadhikar karyakarta, ney apane facebook pays "khartoon!" key madhyam seey prasiddhi praapt kii."saath hii madhya purvi aur paschimi media mein unake sakshatkar. 2019 mein, unhone sachitra pustak "sudan retold" kaa saha-sampadan kiya. vibhinn kalaatmak shailiyon kaa upayog karate hue, jaise kii graphic kahani kahane, jall rung chitrakala yaa photography, yuva kalakaron key ack samooh ney sudani itihas, vartamaan aur bhavishya key apane sanskaranon koo bataaya. aamana elhasson, inn yuva kalakaron mein seey ack, ney taba seey ack antarrashtriya currier kii shuruat kii haye, 2022 mein germany key frankfurt mein prasiddh shern kalaa sangrahalaya mein ack ekal pradarshani key saath. sudani kranti mein mahilaaon kii mahatvapurna bhoomika key saath-saath mahila kalakaron key kalaatmak karyon kaa ullekh karate hue, lekhon, pradarshaniyon aur saarvajanik kalaatmak pradarshanon mein unake yogdan koo ujagar kiya gayaa haye. 2023 key sudan sangharsh key dauran khartoum aur anya sudani shaharon mein jeevan aur buniyaadi dhaanche key vinash key baad, kaee sudani bandargah soodaan yaa padosi deshon jaise surakshit shaharon mein bhaag gaye. nirvaasan mein sudani kalakaron kaa samarthan karane key liye, downtown gallery key kalaa curator raheem shaddad, joe 2019 seey kranti kii kalaa koo badhaava dene mein sakriya they, ney sudani kalakaron kaa samarthan karane key liye dhana ekatra karane key liye ack kosh banaaya. kalaa deerghaaen aur sanrakshan. 2009 mein, "sudan mein aadhunik kalaa" parr lekh mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii "khartoum mein kalakaron koo pradarshani sthaan kii kamee aur sanrakshan kii kamee seey gambhir roop seey baadhit kiya gayaa haye."isamen khartoum mein kewal ack 'ardh-saarvajanik' kalaa deergha aur badey hotalon mein seey ack mein kabhi-kabhaar pradarshani kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. balki, isane grate britten, france aur germany key teen videshi saanskritik kendron dwara nibhai gaee "pramukh bhoomika" koo shreya diyaa. inke alawa, niji deerghaaen sudani kalakaron ahmed muhammad shibrain aur rashid diyaab dwara kholi gaee theen. diyaab kaa kalaa kendra bhee vaha sthaan thaa, jahan 1978 seey nirvaasan mein reh rahey ibrahim all-salahi kaa kaam 2000 mein sudani kalaa jagat key saamane prastut kiya gayaa thaa. khartoum mein sudani kalakaron koo badhaava dene vaali ack anya gallery dabanga gallery rahee haye, jisake malik leana hagger ney 2017 mein "samkaaleen kalakar sudaanah pratikool samay mein kalaa" pustak kaa sampadan kiya thaa. 2016 mein, mojo art gallery sudani kalaa koo prastut karane vaale kuchh vaanijyik kalaa sthaanon mein seey ack thee. 2022 taka, shahar key kendra mein art gallery jaisi kaee anya kalaa deerghaaen khartoum mein kaam curr rahee theen. comics aur cartoon lokpriya kalaa roopon key roop mein. cartoon aur comics jaise lokpriya kalaa roop, joe print yaa online mein prakaashit hotey hain, ney bhee antarrashtriya covid-19 mahamari jaisi vartamaan ghatnaaon parr dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye aur pratikriya dee haye. 2018 seey, comics key liye ack utsav, jise "khartoum comic conn" kahaa jaataa haye, sudani comic kalakaron aur unake darshakon key liye ack pradarshan key roop mein aayojit kiya gayaa haye. sudan mein cinema aur photography. videshi khojkartaon aur photographers ney 19veen shatabdi key madhya seey chitra aur tasveeren banaai hain. 20veen shatabdi mein, soodaan key dakshini bhaag mein nuba logon key baare mein photographer george rodger aur lenny refenstall dwara lii gaee photo kahaaniyon key saath-saath maanav sankaton koo cover karane vaale photo patrakaron dwara desh kii antarrashtriya chhavi koo aakar diyaa haye. 21veen sadee kii shuruat mein, digital photography kii shuruat ney sudani photographers dwara ack vyaapak photographic aur kalaatmak coverage kii shuruat kii. 20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh key dauran british aupaniveshik kaal mein sudan mein film nirmaan aur cinema shuru honey key baad, khartoum aur anya shaharon mein sudani darshakon koo videshon seey vrittachitra aur feature filmon kaa pataa chalaa thaa, aur 1930 key dashak seey, kaee baahari cinema they. swatantrata key baad, kuchh filmon kaa nirmaan sudani film nirmaataon kii pahali peedhi dwara kiya gayaa thaa jaise kii gadalla gubara yaa hussain sharif. 2019 mein, 1960 key dashak key teen sudani film nirmaataon kii jeevani koo vrittachitra film mein pedon key baare mein baat karate hue prastut kiya gayaa thaa, joe sudan mein cinema aur film nirmaan mein girawat key karanon mein vyaktigat antardrishti bhee saajha karati haye.

sudaan drashya kalegalu sudaan drashya kalegalu indina sudan ganarajyada nivasigalu maadida vastugala aitihaasika mattu samakaalina utpaadaneyannu olagondive mattu ayaa samskratigalige nirdishtavagive. idu 2011ralli daksina sudan endu svatantravaada daksina pradeshagalu seridante, aitihaasikavaagi sudan endu kareyalpaduva eeshaanya aafrikaada pradeshada saamskrutika sampradaayagala vastugalannu olagondide. adara itihaasaduddakku, sudan madhya africa, purva africa, egypt, mediterranian samskrutigalu, pashchimadalli upa-saharan africa mattu deshada poorvadalli kempu samudra karavaliya naduvina kavaludaariyaagide. 20neey shatamanakke modalu, ee saamskrutika sampradaayagalu sthaliya african, pheronic, greco-roman, byzantine mattu arabic samskratigalinda prabhaavitavaagiddavu, avu saamskrutika abhivyaktigala dodda vaividhyateyannu tandive, samanyavagi avugalannu utpaadisida mattu balasida janangiya athawa samajika gumpige nirdishtavagive. samajada bhautika samskrutiya abhivyaktiyagi, anvayika kalegalu mattu karkushala vastugalannu sudannallina ee kalegala itihaasadalli lalitakalegalondige serisalaagide. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, videshi military mattu rajakiya praabalyadinda nirupisalpatta modalu turkish-egyptian mattu nantara anglo-egyptian aadalitada sthapaneyu, aadhunika raashtrada kramena vikasanakke nandi haaditu, idu jeevanashaili mattu vastu samskrutiya mele hosa saamskrutika prabhavagalannu beeritu. 1956ralli swatantryada nantara, vasaahatushaahi sikshana vevastheya sudanese padavidhararu hosa rajyadalli pramukha sthaanagalannu vahisikondaru mattu heege nagara samskruti mattu aadhunika kaleya udayakke koduge niididaru. ee saamskrutika belavanigegalu 1950rinda 1980rahra dashakadavarege hecchu gocharisidavu, ee avadhiyannu nantara "sudannalli aadhunika kalaa chalavaliya rachane" endu kareyalaayitu. 21neey shatamaanadalli, deshadalli drashya kalaatmaka belavanigegalu digital samvahanada roopagalinda niroopisalpattive, idaralli drashya-shravya kaleya haraduvike mattu upagraha duradarshana, anline madhyamagala moolaka svikarisuvudu mattu samajika madhyamada moolaka hanchikollalaada chitragalu mattu chalanachitragalu serive. 2018 mattu 2019rahra sudani kraantiya samayadalli, yuva kalaavidaru janapriya chalavaliya pratibhatane mattu manosthairyakke koduge niididaru, bhitticitragalu, geechubaraha, vyangyachitragalu, chayachitragalu athawa video sandeshagalannu rachisidaru. samakaalina sudange hindina aitihaasika avadhigalu. praagaitihaasika kaala. kallina upakaranagalantaha nubiyaadallina vastu kalakrutigala atyanta haleya vastugalu praagaitihaasika kaalakke serive. sabu-jaddi rock art sait vividha aitihaasika avadhigala 1600 kkoo hecchu rock rekhaachitragala ondu vishishta samoohavaagiddu, nubian nagarikateya vividha yugagala moolaka 6000 varshagaligoo hecchu vistariside. uttamavaagi samrakshisalaada rekhaachitragalu kaadu mattu saaku pranigalu, maanavaru mattu doonigalannu pratinidhisuttave mattu vishwa smaaraka nidhiyu vikshisabekada smarakagala pattiyalli serisalaagide. bayuda marubhoomiyalli vaadi abu gummata endu kareyalaaguva shushka kaniveyalli itara praachina shilaachitragalu kandubandive. mattondu pramukha praagaitihaasika taanavu sudan, libia mattu egypt naduvina gadi pradeshadalli gabal ell uveenat parvata shreniyalli kandubandide. sudaan paschima pradeshadalli, adara kumbarike mattu sanna mannina pranigala gunalaksanagalannu hondiruva jabel mokram gumpu, cree. poo. eradane sahasramaanadalli pravardhamanakke banda praagaitihaasika, navashilaayugada samskratiyaagittu. kerma mattu kush saamraajya. praachina aafrikaada arambhika nagarikategalalli ondaada kerma samskrutiyinda (cree. poo. 1), shastraastragalu, kumbarike vastugalu mattu itara gruhabalakeya vastugalannu sudaan rashtriya vastusangrahalaya, kerma vastusangrahalaya, british vastusangrahalaya athawa metropolitan museum off artnantaha vastusangrahaalayagalli prastutapadisalaagide. kush saamraajyada avadhiyalli (sumaru cree. poo. 950-cree. poo. 350), kush naa rajaru tamma uttarada nereya egypt annu ferogalaagi ondu shatamanakkoo hecchu kaala alidaga, taaharkaada simhanaarigalantaha nubian pratimegalu eejiptina vaishishtyagalannu padedukondavu mattu sudanina vishwa parampareya taanagalalli ondaada meroynantaha devaalayagalu athawa nubian piramidgalalli sthaapisalaayitu. itara sampanmoolagala jotege, praachina noobiyaada vastu samskrutiyalli chinna, danta, ebony, dhupa, charma athawa amoolya kallugalannu balasalaaguttittu mattu rajamanetanada kutumbagala samadhigalalli haragalu athawa kadagagalu kandubandive. kushna kandakegalu endu kareyalpaduva nubian rajaru mattu raniyarannu, naakaadalliruva apedemac (simha devalaya) ge misalaagiruvante, devaalayagala melina kallina shilpagalalli pratinidhisalaagide. praachina nubian vaastushilpada itara udaaharanegalendare bande-kattarisida devaalayagalu, "defufa" endu kareyalpaduva mannina-ittige devaalayagalu, kallina godegalannu hondiruva samadhigalu athawa mannina ittigegalinda maadida vasatigalu, marah mattu kallina mahadigalu, aramanegalu mattu susajjita rastegalu. greco-roman samskrutiya prabhaavagalu. saa. shaa. poo. 3neey shatamaanadinda saa. shaa. 3neey shatamaanadavaregu, uttara nubiyavannu aakramisi egyptinondige serisalaayitu, idannu tolemic saamraajya mattu nantara roman saamraajyavu aalitu. ee avadhiya saamskrutika prabhavagalannu dakshinada noobiyaadalli meroynalliruva 'roman snaanagruhagalu' endu kareyalpaduva utkhananada kattadadalli kaanabahudu, idannu "african saamraajya mattu mediterranian greco-roman samskrutiya naduvina saamskrutika vargaavaneya atyuttama udaaharane" endu kareyalaaguttade." egyptinalli tolemic aalvikeya samayadalli nubiyaada saamskrutika prabhaavada mattondu udaaharaneyendare, bahushah purva mediterranian pradeshadalli tayaarisalaada mattu eega yuu. esna brooklin vastusangrahaalayadalli pradarshisalaagiruva nubian yuvakana amrutashileya taleyagide. madhyakaalina nubia. madhyakaalina nubiyaadalli (sii. cree. shaa. 1), christian raajyagalaada makuria, nobadia mattu alodiyaada nivasigalu faras cathedral, shilpagalu mattu bhittichitragalantaha vaastushilpada vibhinn roopagalannu nirmisidaru, avugalalli 650 kkoo hecchu aadhunika vidvatpurna patyagalalli prakatavagive. ivu eejiptina coptic kale mattu kelavomme ethiopian kalege sambandhisive. avaru haleya nubian bhasheyada coptic, greek athawa arabic bhasheyannu vividha dharmika athawa jatyatita pathyagalige balasidaru, hastapratigalalli athawa maralugallu, amrutashile athawa terrakotada melina shasanagalagi samrakshisalaagide. muslim valasigaru, bahushah vyaapaarigalu mattu kushalakarmigalu, 9neey shatamaanadinda kela nubiyaadalli nelesiddaru endu drudhapadisalaagiddaroo, nubiyaada nijavaada islaameekaranavu 14neey shatamaanada koneyalli praarambhavaayitu. islamna agamana mattu arabbikarana. 16 mattu 17neey shatamanagalalli, hosa islaamik rajyagalannu sthaapisalaayitu-funge sultanet mattu darfar sultaanaru, sudannalli kramena islaameekarana mattu arabbeekaranada sudirgha avadhiyannu praarambhisidaru. 1820ralli ottoman eejiptina akramanadinda sudan vashapadisikolluvavaregu mattu darfarna vishayadalli 1916ravarege ee saltanattugalu mattu avugala samajagalu astitvadalliddavu. ee avadhiya pramukha saamskrutika badalaavanegalu islaamik dharmavannu alavadisikolluvudu mattu dainandina jeevanada amshagalaagi arabic bhasheya balakeyu heccuttiruvudarinda gurutisalpattavu. itara saamskrutika belavanigegalannu videshi pravasigaru varadi maadiddaare, udaaharanege frederic siliad mattu idu pattanagalu mattu masidigala vastushilpa, chakugalu athawa "kaskara" kattigalannu eseyuvantaha shastraastragala tayaarike mattu gulamara vyaparakke sambandhiside. ee avadhiyalli, "khalwa" endu kareyalaaguva arabic bhashe mattu islaamik adhyayanagala shaalegalannu sthaapisalaayitu mattu soofi sahodaratvavu sudannalli berugalannu padedukonditu. avara bhautika samskrutiya udaaharanegalendare, eega british vastusangrahaalayadalliruva nambikeya islaamik helikeya dhwaja athawa 19neey shatamaanada koneya marada phalaka, idannu newyork nagarada brooklin vastusangrahaalayavu anlinelli prastutapadisida kuran kaliyuva vidyaarthigalige baravanige phalakavagi balasalaaguttade. 19 mattu 20neey shatamanagalu svatantryadavaregoo. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadindalu, videshi pravasigaru tegeda rekhaachitragalu athawa chayachitragalu, vastushilpa, uduge, keshavinyasa, aabharanagalu athawa scarificationgalantaha vividha janangiya mattu samajika gumpugala saampradaayika kalegalige sambandhisida kelavu arambhika daakhalegalaagive. turkish-eejiptina aalvikeya modala avadhiya (1821-1885) nantara, mahh dist raajyavu (1885-1899) dodda khartoomna mooru pramukha pradeshagalalli ondaada omdurmannalli pramukha kuruhugalannu bittuhoyitu. mahadiya samadhi, khalifa maney, mahdist nanyagalu mattu mahadiya anuyayigalu dharisuva "jibba" kotnantaha nirdishta reetiya udugegalu ee avadhiya saamskrutika svaroopakke saakshiyaagive. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, egyptinavaru, britisharu mattu khartoomna itara videshi nivasigalu nagaravannu military shibiradinda nooraru ittigegalinda nirmisalaada manegala pattanakke vistarisiddaru. mattu anglo-eejiptina sudan (1899-1956) naa okkootada avadhiyalli, british sene mattu nagarika aadalitavu samaja, aarthikate mattu samskrutiyalli pramukha badalaavanegalige nandi haaditu. british aadalitavu shalegalalli unnata sikshana mattu kalaa shikshanakkagi garden smaaraka kaalejannu hondiruva pashchimatya sikshana vyavastheyannu saha parichayisitu, mattu 1945.this nalli tereyalaada vinyaasada shaaleyannu sudannalli aadhunika kaleya abhivruddhiya aarambhavendu pariganisalaagide, mattu pashchatya arthadalli chitrakale athawa silpakaleyu berugalannu tegedukollalu praarambhisitu. itihaasakaara heather zhe. british sikshana vevastheya moolaka drashya samskrutiya prabhaavada bagge sharki ee kelagina abhiprayavannu niididaruh "chayachitragalu mattu chitragalu garden collegina hudugaru mattu vruddharige nodalu anuvu maadikottavu mattu aaddarinda jagattannu, british saamraajyavannu mattu sudan annu hosa reetiyalli uhisikollalu, drashya samskrutiyu padagala samskratiyashte rashtriyateya belavanigege mukhyavaagittu."nikharavaagi sakshyachitragala udayonmukha drashya kaleyalliye modala sudani chayagrahaka endu helalaaguva gadalla gubaranige vasaahatushaahi chalanachitra ghatakakkagi tarabeti nidalaayitu. shikshakarige, visheshavaagi vruttipara tarabetigaagi, tarabeti needalu, 1943ralli sikshana samstheyalli kalaa course annu parichayisalaayitu mattu mooru varshagala nantara, vinyaasada shaaleyannu sthaapisalaayitu. 1951ralli, ee shaaleyannu khartoom taantrika samsthege sthalaantarisalaayitu, mattu 1971ralli, idu sudan vignaana mattu tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayadalli (sustec) lalita mattu anvayika kalegala bodhana vibhaagavaayitu. halavaaru sarkaaragala nirlakshyadinda untaada gananeeya hinnadegala horataagiyoo, idu 2021ralli munduvariyuttade mattu idu sudaan aneka aadhunika drashya kalaavidaru mattu sangeetagaararu tamma kalaatmaka shikshanavannu praarambhisida sthalavagide. saampradaayika anvayika kalegalu mattu karkushala vastugalu. yaavude samajika gumpina bhautika samskrutiya samakaalina kalpanegalige anugunavagi, "saampradaayika kalegalu, jaanapada kalegalu, anvayika kalegalu, karkushala vastugalu" athawa "karkushala vastugalu" emba padagalu maanavaru tayaarisida vyapaka shreniya saamskrutika vastugalannu soochisuttave. lalita kalegalu" endu kareyalpaduvavugala horataagi, idu saampradaayika "galabia", purusharige petagalu mattu taleburudegalu athawa mahileyarige "tub" mattu musukugalu, aabharanagalu, bootugalu mattu itara reetiya charmada kelasagalaada padarakshegalu, pavitra lipi, aabharanagalannu hondiruva charmada tallismangalu mattu kaii athawa kanakaalugala melina goranti aabharanagalantaha itara reetiya vaiyaktika alankaaragalannu olagondante javali mattu udupinantaha vaividhyamaya sudani srashtigalige anvayisuttade. maragelasa, kumbarike athawa lohada karkushala vastugala sudanese sampradaayagalannu "angarib" haasigegalantaha saampradaayika pithopakaranagalalli, khasagi manegala horage kudiyuva nirigaagi mannina patregalalli, dhoopawannu suduva dhaarakagalaagi athawa "jabana" endu kareyalaaguva saampradaayika kaafhi madikegalalli kaanabahudu. 2017ralli, saamskrutika maanavashaastragna griselda ell taib avaru sudaan vividha janangiya gumpugala uduge mattu itara reetiya vaiyaktika alankaranada chitragalondige "praadeshika jaanapada veshabhushanagala sudan" emba tamma pustakavannu prakatisidaru. allade, deha kaleya janangiya sampradayagalada secatrizationgalu, keshavinyaasagalu, bredgalu athawa hadendova purushara "fajhee-vajhi" keshavinyaasagalu, aadhunika dreadlockgalu mattu makeup dainandina balakeyallive athawa innoo ive. adhe vishayada mele, "islaamik kale mattu vaastushilpada grove vishvakosha" vu "1990rahra dashakada velege sudaan aneka saampradaayika kalegalu aadhunikarana mattu saamuhikavaagi utpadisalada sarakugala aamadininda apaayadallive" endu echchariside." 20neey shatamaanada aadhunika kale. 1940rahra dasakadalli mattu 1960rahra dashakadavarege. 1940rahra dashakada uttaraardhadalli khartoumnallidda graphic kalaavidaru mattu varnachitrakaarara arambhika gumpannu ullekhisuttaa, 2009ralli vidvaamsaraada werner doum mattu rasheed diab prakatisida "sudannalli aadhunika kale" yaya avalokanavu "kaafhi manegala kale" ("fyaan all-makahi") yannu ullekhisuttade. ee kalaavidaru utpannada packagingagi sudanish vinyaasagalannu mattu chitraphalakagala mele modala daakhalita varnachitragalannu tayaarisidaru, mattu avara kalaatmaka utpaadaneyu raajadhaaniyalli udayonmukha nagara samajavannu pratibimbisuttade endu helalaaguttade, aadhunika kaleyu nirdishta budakattu samskrutige simitavaada janangiya sampradaayagalannu badalaayisuttade. aadaagyoo, "aadhunika kaleya khartoom pantha" dha udayada nirnayaka awadiyu 1950rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli praarambhavaayitu, modala sudanese saanketika kalaavidaru englendnalli tamma snatakottara adhyayanada nantara manege maralidaru. avara krutigalu desha mattu videshagalalli gurutisikollalu praarambhisidavu mattu samakaalina african kaleya abhivruddhige pramukha koduge endu hesaraadavu. tamma avalokanadalli, doum mattu diab aadhunika sudani kaleyannu "tannade aada berugala drudhikarana mattu pashchimatya prabhaavada naduve chalisuva" endu niroopisiddaare. [...] modala chaluvaliyu kalaatmaka srujanasheelatege sudan parampare mattu samskrutiyannu moola amshavaagi odalu prayatnisitu...] ee nirdishta arab-islaamik-african samskrutiya samajika sthitiyinda prabhaavitavaagide. mundina piligeyu kaleya saarvatrikateyannu drudhikarisuva kramadalli amoorta chitrakale, ghanate athawa ativastavikateyantaha pashchimatya shalegalu mattu shailigalannu sampoornavaagi alavadisikolluttade. mooraneya pravruttiyannu iveradara naduvina madhyada maargavendu pariganisabahuduh sudani, arab mattu african amshagalannu avugala bagge neravaada soochanegalannu maadade, avugala anveshaneyalli balasuvudu, aadare avugalannu naveena reetiyalli parivartisuvudu mattu abhivraddhipadisuvudu." pramukha pradarshanagalu mattu sangrahagalu. 1995ralli, london whitechappel gallery "africa 95" utsavada bhagavagi "aafrikaadalli aadhunika kaleya bagge elu kathegalu" emba pradarshanavannu prastutapadisitu. pradarshanavu "ippattane shatamaanada dvitiyaardhadalli aafrikaada drashya kalegala parikalpana mattu soundaryada abhivyaktigala ondu sanna bhagavannu anubhavisalu prekshakarannu aahvaanisitu" endu mukhya melvichaaraka clementine delis helidaru."ee pradarshana mattu aafrikaada athawa african valasigara curatorgalu mattu kalaavidara bhagavahisuvikeyannu nantara utsavada pramukha karyakramagalalli ondendu pariganisalaayitu. moow abaro, rasheed diyab, kamala ibrahim ishaq, abadel basit ell khateem, severino matti, husson moosa, ameer noor, ibrahim ell-salahi mattu osman vakiyalla avaru sudaan bhagavahisida kalaavidaraagiddaru. 2016ralli, sharja art foundation, united arab emirates, "dha khartoom school-dhii making off dhii modern art movement inn sudan (1945-indinavarege)" emba shirshikeya smaranartha pradarshanavannu prastutapadisitu, idaralli husain sharif mattu ibrahim ell salahi avara varnachitragalu athawa rasheed mahadi mattu gadalla gubararavara chayachitragalantaha sudan drashya kalaavidara varnachitragalu, chayachitragalu mattu shilpagalu serive. sudannalli adhunikatavadi chalavaliyannu pratinidhisuva itara kalaavidaralli osman vakiyalla, bastavi baghdadi, ahmed shibrain, abdelrajhig abdelghafar, mohammed omer khaleel, tagg ell-sir ahmed, mohammed ell husson abdel raheem, shaigi, siddig ell nigaumi, magdoub rabba, ahmed hameed all arabi mattu griselda ell-taib seriddaru. ee purvanvaya pradarshanavu eradu pratyeka ekavyakti pradarshanagalinda purakavagittu, idu kamala ibrahim ishaq avara varnachitragalu mattu ameer noor avara shilpagalannu kendrikarisitu. 2016ralli ibrahim ell-salahi avara krutigala purvanvaya pradarshanada sandarbhadalli, london aadhunika kalaa gallery khartoom shaaleyannu "1960ralli sudannalli rupugonda aadhunika kalaa chaluvali" endu karedu, hosadaagi swatantragonda raashtrada vishishta gurutannu pratibimbisalu hosa drashya shabdakoshavannu abhivraddhipadisalu prayatnisitu." united arab emiratesnalliruva barjeel art foundation, abdel khadar husson, kamala ibrahim ishaq, mohammed omer khaleel, omer khairi, ibrahim ell-salahi, husain sharif, ahmed shibrain mattu khaleed albaih avara graphic art avara sudani varnachitragalannu tamma anline putadalli prastutapadisuttade. pratyeka kalaavidaru. osman vakiyalla (1925-2007) varnachitrakaara mattu sulekhanakaararaagi kelasa maadidaru. avaru 1945ralli khartoumna garden memorial colleginalli vinyasa shaaleyinda padavi padedaru mattu nantara london mattu kairodalli tamma kalaatmaka adhyayanavannu munduvaresidaru. aadhunika, dharmikavallada graphic roopavaagi arabbi calligraphiannu avaru balasuvudu vakiyallaavannu arabbi kalaa chalavaliyolage irisuttade, adhu hurufia chaluvali endu hesaraayitu. 1960rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, ahmed mohammed shibrain (bii. 1931), ibrahim ell-salahi (bii. 1930) mattu tagg ell-sir ahmed (bii. 1933) nantara 'aadhunika kaleya khartoom shaale' endu kareyalpaduva sudani kalaa chalavaliyannu rachisuvalli vakiyalla jote seridaru. griselda ell taib (1928-2022) british moolada kalaa itihaasakaare, kalaa sikshaka mattu drashya kalavideyagiddu, avaru mukhyavaagi tamma pravartaka samshoodhane mattu saampradaayika veshabhushanagala jalavarna varnachitragalige hesaruvasiyagiddare, ekendare avu 1970 rahra dasakadinda sudaan samskruti mattu samajavannu pratibimbisuttave. sudannallina kalegalige aake needida deerghakaalada kodugegalannu ullekhisi, "sudannalli aadhunika kale" emba lekhanada lekhakaru aakeyannu "british moolada sudani kalaavide" endu karedaru. ibrahim ell-salahi (bii. 1930) sudanna yaavude varnachitrakaaranige vyaapakavaada antararashtriya mannanege hesaruvaasiyaagide. avarannu "african aadhunikataavaada khartoom shaale" mattu saampradaayika islaamik calligraphiannu samakaalina kaleyondige samyojisalu prayatnisida hurufia kalaa chalavaliya agraganya sadasyaralli obbarendu pariganisalaagide. 2016ralli, landannalliruva tate modern art gallery kalaavidana aivattu varshagala antaaraashtriya vrattijeevanada 100 krutigalondige "ibrahim ell-salahi aa dooradrushti adhunikatavadi" emba pradarshanavannu prastutapadisitu. idu ell-salahiyannu "african mattu arab aadhunikataavaada atyanta pramukha vyaktigalalli obbaru" endu karedu, avara krutiyannu kaleya jagatika itihaasada sandarbhadalli sthaapisitu. ahmed shibrain (bii. 1931) khartoomna lalita mattu anvayika kalegala colleginalli mattu nantara london central school off arts und designalli graphic designalli parinati padedaru. 1960ralli sudange maralida nantara, avaru lalita mattu anvayika kalegala colleginalli graphic vinyasa vibhagavannu sthaapisidaru, allie avaru deane agiyoo kaaryanirvahisidaru. shibrane tanna varnachitragalallina aadhunika sulekhanakke hesaruvaasiyaadanu mattu "hurufia" chalavaliya bhagavendu pariganisalpattiddaane, jotege "khartoom shaleya" kalaavidaralli obbanagiddane. siddiq ell nigaumi (1931-1996), kalaatmaka kumbaarikegalannu rachisidaru. modalu sudannalli sikshana padeda avaru 1967rinda united kingdamnalli vaasisuttiddaru. tanna suttuhoda terrakota mannina patregalalli, avanu european mattu african prabhavagalannu samyojisidanu. london victoria mattu albert vastusangrahaalayavu avara kelavu krutigalannu hondiddu, saampradaayika sudanese kaafhi madakeya aadhunika aavruttiyaada "ibreak" annu anlinelli prastutapadiside. cartoom vishvavidyaalayada kalaa vibhagada varnachitrakaara, kavi, chalanachitra nirmaapaka mattu upanyasakarada husain sharif (1934-2005), 1950rahra dashakada antyadinda 1990rahra dashakadavarege sakriyaraagidda sudanese buddhijeevi mattu kalaavidaraagiddaru. inglendna cambridge vishvavidyaalayadalli aadhunika itihaasada adhyayanada nantara, avaru london slade school off fine artsnelli snatakottara padaviyannu padedaru, allie avaru lucian friedra adiyalli adhyayana maadidaru. itara krutigala jotege, avara varnachitra "chandrana garbhini devate" yannu 1960 ralli london galleryalli pradarshisalaayitu, mattu london rashtriya bhavachitra gallery sharif avara varnachitragala munde kulitiruva chayachitragalannu hondide. sharif 500kkoo hecchu varnachitragalannu chithrisiddaarendu helalaaguttade, aadare avugalalli kelavannu maatra daakhalisalaagide. mohamad ahmed abdallah abaro endu janisida moow abaro (1935-2016), tanna ceramic kalege hesaruvasiyada shilpiyagiddaru. tamma piligeya itara kalaavidaraagi, avaru khartoomna lalita mattu anvayika kalegala kaalejininda padavi padedaru mattu nantara london central school off arts und craftsonalli ceramics adhyayana maadidaru. kaigarika kumbarike vinyaasadalli snatakottara adhyayanada nantara, avaru kelavu varshagala kaala ceramics kalisalu sudange maralidaru, aadare britannalli tamma vrattijeevanavannu munduvarisalu 1966 ralli inglendge maralalu nirdharisidaru. avara krutiyu saampradaayika sudanese gummatagalu mattu kamanugalu, haageye calabashgalu mattu buttigala aakaaragalannu pratibimbisuttade endu vivarisalaagide. kamala ibrahim ishaq (bii. 1936), sudaan modala aadhunika mahila varnachitrakaara, khartoumnalliruva sudan vignaana mattu tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayada lalita kalegala colleginalli mattu nantara london raayal college off artnalli chitrakaleyannu adhyayana maadidaru. tanna vidyarthigalaada mohammed hameed shaddad mattu nayla ell taib avarondige, avaru "sphatika kalaavidaru" emba parikalpana kalaa gumpina sthaapakaraagiddaru, idu sudani kalege hosa dikkugalannu tanditu. sharja art foundation prakara, aakeya krutiyu "sudannallina kaleya saampradaayika purusha drashtikonavannu savaalu maaduttade, surya, maralu mattu aakaashada bannagalli mahileyara jeevanada drashyagalannu chithrisuttade." mohammed omer khaleel (bii. 1936) 1959 ravarege khartoumnalli lalitakalegalannu adhyayana maadidaru, mattu 1963 rinda, italiya florensionalli chitrakale mattu mudranavannu adhyayana maadidaru. 1967rinda united statesnalli halavaaru dasakagala kaala kelasa maadida mattu kalisida avaru, saampradaayika bannagala jotege kandubanda vastugalu, archival vastugalu, javali athawa chayachitragalannu balasiddaare. 2020ralli london mosaic kotadigalalli nadeda "nanna ugurugala adiyalli taaynaadu" emba pradarshanada sandarbhadalli vivarisidante, avaru tamma mudranagalalli, kappu bannada vividha chaayegalannu ishtapaduttaare. khalil avarannu "arab vishvada pramukha samakaalina varnachitrakaararalli obbaru, eradu talemaarugala praadeshika kalaavidara mele prabhaava biriddaare" endu kareyalaaguttade."2012ralli, avara krutiyannu parisna institute du monde arabeyalli nadeda purvanvaya pradarshanadalli prastutapadisalaayitu. ameer aii. emm. shilpi mattu shaikshanika tagnaraada naur (1936-2021), saint vishvavidyaalayadalli african kale mattu shilpakaleyannu adhyayana maadidaru. andrus, scotland, dhii raayal college off art, london, yuu.keey. mattu united statesna yail vishvavidyaanilayada school off art & architecture. concrete, fiber glass athawa ukkinantaha vastugalinda maadida avara shilpagalu amoorta mattu kanishthavaagive, aadare innoo pranigalu, bhoodrushya mattu vaastushilpavannu sudan mattu avara youvanada afro-islaamik samskrutige sambandhisive. omer khairi (1939-1999) madhyamika shaleyalli kaleyannu tamma pramukha vishayavaagi adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidaru mattu 1960 rinda, avaru lalita mattu anvayika kalegala colleginalli munduvaredaru. manasika aarogya samasyegalindaagi, avaru tamma adhyayanavannu sthagitagolisabekayitu. aadaagyoo, aata sthaliya pradarshanagalalli tamma varnachitragalige hesaruvaasiyaadaru, nantara avugalannu saarvajanika sangrahagalalli prastutapadisalaagide. sudanese chalanachitra nirmaapaka alya moosa ee "nigoodhateya" bagge sakshyachitra yojaneyalli todagisikondiddaare, avara bheeru upasthiti mattu avara dhairyashali kalakrutigalannu suttuvarediruvavarigoo saha." 1970rahra dasakadalli fransonalli snatakottara adhyayanakkagi sudan toreda husson moosa (b.1951), varnachitrakaara, calligrapher, kettanegaara endu kareyalpaduttaare mattu halavaaru pustakagalannu chithrisiddaare. 1960rahra dasakadalli, avaru "post art" endoo kareyalaaguva anche kaleya janapriya prakaaradalli todagisikondaru, idu sthaapane-virodhi chatuvatikege sambandhiside. avara kruti 'dhii shortdam off saint sebastian' annu 1997 rahra venis binaleyalli nadeda 'aadhunikategalu mattu nenapugalu' pradarshanadalli serisalaayitu. shaastriya pashchatya merukrutigala rupaantarakkaagi, avaru "pashchimatya kale, rajakiya mattu samskrutiya bagge vimarshaatmaka drashtikonavannu srushtisidaru" endu helalaaguttade." rasheed diyab (janana 1957) modalu khartoumnalli chitrakale mattu kalaa itihaasavannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu spaine madridnalliruva complutains vishvavidyaalayadalli tamma snatakottara adhyayanavannu munduvaresidaru. spennalli rachisalaada aatana arambhika kaalada krutigalannu amoorta, balavaada chitragalu endu vivarisalaagide, idu aatana sthaliya deshada bannagalu mattu vinyaasavannu pratibimbisuttade. sudange maralida nantara, aata tanna sthaliya prekshakara vividha reetiya vyaakhyaanagalige pratikriyisidanu mattu mahileyaru "sampoorna shoonyateyalli" nelegondante hecchu gurutisabahudaada abhivyaktigala kadege tirugidanu. diab avara kalakrutigalannu antaaraashtriya mattadalli pradarshisalaagide mattu kelavannu jordaannalliruva hindi museum off art anlinelli prastutapadisuttade. salaa ell murr (janana 1966) antararashtriya mattadalli varnachitrakaara, graphic designer, pustaka lekhaka mattu chalanachitra nirmaapaka endu hesaruvasiyagiddare. avara varnachitragalu sampradaaya, jaanapada, vividha janaru mattu parisarada prabhavagalannu torisuttave mattu avara bannada balakeyu vishaalavaada salugalalli dappa svaragalannu torisuttade. aata kairo mattu khartoom naduve vaasisuttaane mattu kelasa maaduttaane mattu aatana varnachitragalannu madhyaprachya, europe mattu united statesna pradarshanagalalli pradarshisalaagide. 2018ralli, london saachi gallery "aranyagalu mattu aatmagaluh khartoom shaleya saanketika kale" emba pradarshanadalli kamala ishaq mattu ibrahim ell-salahi avara varnachitragalannu prastutapadisitu." ahmed abusharia (bii. 1966) 1990ralli lalita mattu anvayika kalegala kaalejininda padavi padedaru mattu 90rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli keenyaadalli vaasisuttiddaru. nantara avaru germany kolonnalli swalpa samayadavarege vasisidaru mattu 2000 rinda, avaru ugaandaada kampaladalli vasisuttiddare, allie avaru tamma varnachitragalannu pradarshisuttiddare. aatana shailiyu ibrahim ell salahi mattu rasheed diyab seridante sudaan hindina samakaalina kalaavidarinda prabhaavitavaagide endu helalaaguttade. eegaagale ullekhisalaada hesarugala horataagi, 20neey shatamaanada itara sudanese kalaavidaru aadhunika african kaleya bagge oduva pattiyalli aadhunika african kaleya bagge oduttaare, avaralli moosa khalifa (janana 1941), mohammed omer bushara (janana 1946), mattu salih abdo mashmoun (janana 1946) seriddaare. 21neey shatamana mattu kraantiya kale. sudaan shaikshanika ahmed sikanganu 2012ralli baredante, sudannallina aadhunika kalaa chaluvaligalu mattu avugala samajika hinneleyu kalaa itihaasakaararinda hecchu vishleshaneyannu akarshisilla. aadaagyoo, 2018/19 naa sudani kraantiya samayadalli, kalaavidara patravu antararashtriya madhyamagalalli varadiyagiddu, idu prastuta ghatanegalli avara aasaktiyannu pratibimbisuttade. ee abhivyaktiyannu omer all bashirna hindina sarkaaravu tivravagi simitagolisiddaroo, kraantiya modalu mattu samayadalli, kalaavidaru samaja mattu raajakeeyada bagge tamma abhiprayagalannu vyaktapadisiddaru. 2020rahra novembernalli, sudan vignaana mattu tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayada (sustutech) lalita kalegala collegina vidyaarthigalu kraantiya ghoshanegalannu pratinidhisuva smaaraka shilpavannu pradarsisidaruh swatantrya, shanti mattu nyaya. 2021rahra aprilnalli, kraantiya samayadalli hutaatmaraada kranti mattu pratibhatanaakaarara nenapigaagi khartoomnalli mattashtu kalaa pradarshanagalu nadedavu. rajakiya vyangyachitrakaara mattu manava hakkugala kaaryakarta khaleed albaih tamma facebook puta "khartoon!" moolaka khyatiyannu galisidaru."jotege madhyaprachya mattu pashchimatya madhyamagalalli avaru needida sandarshanagalu. 2019ralli, avaru "sudan retold" emba sachitra pustakavannu saha-sampaadisidaru. graphic kathe heluvike, jalavarna chitrakale athawa chayagrahanadantaha vividha kalaatmaka prakaaragalannu balasikondu, yuva kalaavidara gumpondu tamma sudani itihaasada, prastuta mattu bhavishyada aavruttigalannu helitu. ee yuva kalaavidaralli obbaraada amnah elhasson, 2022ralli germany frankfurtnalliruva prasiddha skirn art myusiyamnalli ekavyakti pradarshanadondige antaaraashtriya vrattijeevanavannu prarambhisiddare. sudan kraantiyalli mahileyara pramukha patra mattu mahila kalaavidara kalaatmaka krutigaleradannoo ullekhisi, avara kodugegalannu lekhanagalu, pradarshanagalu mattu saarvajanika kalaatmaka pradarshanagalalli highlite maadalaagide. 2023rahra sudan sangharshada samayadalli khartoom mattu itara sudan nagargalalli jeeva mattu moolasoukaryagala naashada nantara, aneka sudaanigalu sudanina bandaru athawa nereya deshagalantaha surakshita nagaragalige palayana maadidaru. deshabhrashta sudanese kalavidarannu bembalisalu, 2019rinda kraantiya kaleyannu uttejisuvalli sakriyaraagidda downtown gallery kalaa melvichaaraka raheem shaddad, sudanese kalavidarannu bembalisalu hanavannu sangrahisalu nidhiyannu rachisidaru. kalaa gallerigalu mattu prootsaaha. 2009ralli, "sudannalli aadhunika kale" emba lekhanavu "pradarshana sthalada korate mattu proothsaahada korateyindagi khartoomnallina kalaavidaru tivravagi badhitaragiddare" endu helide."idu khartoumnalli kevala ondu 'arey-saarvajanika' kalaa gallery mattu dodda hotelgalli wandaralli saandarbhika pradarshanavannu ullekhiside. badalige, grate britton, france mattu germany mooru videshi saamskrutika kendragalu vahisida "pramukha patra" kke idu mannane needitu. idallade, khasagi gallerigalannu sudan kalaavidaraada ahmed mohammed shibrain mattu rasheed diyab avaru terediddaru. diab avara kalaa kendravu 1978rinda deshabhrashtanaagi vasisuttidda ibrahim ell-salahiya kalakrutigalannu 2000ralli sudanese kalaa jagattige prastutapadisida sthalavoo aagittu. khartoumnalli sudanese kalavidarannu uttejisuva mattondu galleryendare dabanga gallery, adara maaleeka lina hugger avaru 2017 ralli "samakaalina sudan kalavidaru pratikoola samayadalli kale" emba pustakavannu sampaadisidaru. 2016 ralli, mojo art gallery sudanese kaleyannu prastutapadisuva kelave vanijya kalaa stalagalalli ondaagide. 2022ravarege, downtown art gyalariyantaha halavaaru itara kalaa gallerigalu khartoumnalli kaaryanirvahisuttiddavu. comics mattu vyangyachitragalu janapriya kalaa prakaaragalaagive. mudrana athawa anlinelli prakatavaada vyangyachitragalu mattu kamiksnantaha janapriya kalaa prakaaragalu saha hecchina gamanavannu seledive mattu antararashtriya covid-19 saankraamikadantaha prastuta ghatanegalige pratikriyisuttive. 2018rinda, "khartoom kaamik qaan" emba comics utsavavannu sudanese kaamik kalaavidaru mattu avara prekshakarige pradarshanavagi aayojisalaagide. sudannalli chalanachitra mattu chayagrahana. videshi parishodhakaru mattu chayagrahakaru 19neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadinda rekhaachitragalu mattu chayachitragalannu rachisiddaare. 20neey shatamaanadalli, sudanna daksina bhagadalliruva nuba janara bagegina chayachitragalannu chayachitrakararada georg rodger mattu leni refenstall mattu manava bikkattannu varadi maaduva chayachitra patrakartaru tegeda chayachitragalu deshada antaaraashtriya chithranavannu roopisive. 21neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, digital chayagrahanada parichayavu sudanese chayagrahakarinda vyapaka chayagrahana mattu kalaatmaka vyaaptiyannu praarambhisitu. 20neey shatamaanada poorvaardhadalli british vasaahatushaahi kaaladalli sudannalli chalanachitra nirmaana mattu chitramandiragalu praarambhavaada nantara, khartoom mattu itara nagaragalalina sudani prekshakaru videshagalinda sakshyachitragalu mattu chalanachitragalige oddikondiddaru mattu 1930rahra dasakadinda, halavaaru horaangana chitramandiragalu iddavu. swatantryada nantara, modala talemaarina sudani chalanachitra nirmapakaru, udaaharanege gadalla gubara athawa husain sharif, kelavu chalanachitragalannu nirmisidaru. 2019ralli, 1960rahra dashakada moovaru sudani chalanachitra nirmapakara jivanacharitregalannu maragala bagge maatanaaduva sakshyachitradalli prastutapadisalaayitu, idu sudannalli chitramandiragalu mattu chalanachitra nirmaanada kusitada karanagala bagge vaiyaktika olanotagalannu saha hanchikolluttade.

sudaante drishya kalakal innathe republic oof sudanil nivaasikal nirmmichathum athath samskaarangalkk prathyekavumaaya vasthukkalude charitraparavum samakalikavumaaya uthppaadanam sudaante drishya kalakalil ulppedunnu. 2011ll thekkan sudan enna peril swathanthramaaya thekkan pradeshangal ulppede charitraparamaayi sudan ennu vilikkappedunna vadakkukizhakkan aafrikkayile mekhalayile saamskaarika paarambaryangalil ninnulla vasthukkal ithil ulppedunnu. charithrathiludaneelam, madhya aphrica, kizhakkan aphrica, eejipt, medittareniyan samskaarangal, padinjaaru sub-saharan aphrica, raajyathinte kizhakk chenkadal theeram enniva thammilulla oru kavalayaan sudan. irupathaam noottaandinu munbu, eee saamskaarika paarambaryangale thaddesheeya aafrikkan, pharonic, greco-roman, baisantain, arabic samskaarangal swaadheenichirunnu, avaa saamskaarika aavishkaarangalude oru valia vaividhyam konduvannu, palappozhum avaa uthppaadippikkukayum upayogikkukayum cheytha vamseeya allengil saamoohika groupinu prathyekamaayi. oru samoohathinte bhauthika samskaarathinte aavishkaaramenna nilayil, prayoga kalakalum karakaushala vasthukkalum sudanil eee kalayude charithratthil phine artsinoppam ulppeduthiyittundu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, videsha sainikavum raashtreeyavumaaya aadhipathyam savisheshathayulla aadyam turkish-eejipt, pinneedu anglo-eejipt bharanam enniva sthaapikkappettathu, sudaanikalude jeevithashailiyilum bhauthika samskaarathilum puthiya saamskaarika swaadheenangalulla oru aadhunika raashtrathinte kramanugathamaaya parinaamathinu kaaranamaayi. 1956-ll swaathanthryaanantharam colonial vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathile sudanese birudadhaarikal puthiya samsthaanathe pramukha sthaanangal ettedukkukayum angane nagara samskaarathinteyum aadhunika kalayudeyum aavirbhaavathin sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. 1950 muthal 1980 vare eee saamskaarika sambhavavikasangal ettavum kooduthal drishyamaayi, eee kaalaghattatthe pinneedu "sudanil aadhunika kalaa prasthaanatthinte nirmmaanam" ennu vilichirunnu. 21-aamm noottaandil, saattalait television, oonlain maadyamangal, soshyal meediyayiloode pankidunna chithrangal, sinimakal ennivayiloode audiyo-vishwal art pracharippikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnathulppede digital ashayavinimaya roopangalaanu raajyathe vishwal aartistik vikasanangalude savisheshatha. 2018leyum 2019leyum sudanis viplavakaalath, yuva kalakaaranmaar janakeeya prasthaanatthinte prathishedhatthinum manoveeryam vardhippikkunnathinum chuvarchithrangal, graafitti, cartoonukal, photographukal allengil viidiyoo sandeshangal enniva srishtikkunnathinum sambhavana nalki. samakaalika sudaninu munbulla charitra kaalaghattangal. charitraatheethakaalam. noobiyayile bhauthika karakaushalavasthukkalude ettavum pazhaya vasthukkal, athaayath kallu upakaranangal, charitraatheetha kaalam muthalullathaanu. nubian naagarikathayude vividha kaalaghattangaliloode 6000 varshathilereyaayi vikasichukondirikkunna vividha charitra kaalaghattangalil ninnulla 1600-ladhikam paara varakalude savisheshamaaya oru koottamaanu sabu-juddy paarakala. nannayi samrakshikkappetta rekhaachitrangal vanyamrugangaleyum valarthumrigangaleyum manushyareyum bottukaleyum prathinidheekarikkunnu, koodaathe waled monumentus fund athinte smaarakangalude pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu. beyuda marubhoomiyile vaadi abu dome ennariyappedunna varanda thaazhvarayil mattu purathana paara varakal kandethiyittundu. sudan, libia, eejipt ennee raajyangalkkidayilulla athirthi pradeshamaaya gabal ell uveenadu parvathanirakalil mattoru pradhana charitraatheethakaala saitt kandethi. sudanile padinjaaran mekhalayil, manpaathrangalum mrugangalude cheria kaliman roopangalum savisheshathayulla jabal mokram group, bisi randaam sahasraabdathil abhivridhi praapicha charitraatheethavum puthiya shilayuga samskaaramaayirunnu. kerma kush raajyavum. purathana aafrikkayile aadyakaala samskaarangalilonnaya kerma samskaarathil (bce) ninnu, aayudangal, manpaathrangalude enangal, mattu gaarhika vasthukkal enniva sudaante deseeya museum, kerma museum, britiish museum allengil metropolittan museum oof art thudangiya myoosiyangalil avatharippikkunnu. kush raajyathinte kaalath (ekadesham bii. sii. iii. 950-sii. iii. 350), kush chakravarthimaar avarude vadakkan ayalrajyamaaya eejipthine oru noottaandilere farokalaayi bharichappol, thaarkhayude sphinks polulla nubian prathimakal eejipshyan savisheshathakal nedukayum soodaante loka paithruka sittukalilonnaaya meroyil polulla kshethrangalilo nubian pyramidukalilo sthaapikkukayum cheythu. mattu vibhavangalkoppam, purathana noobiyayude bhauthika samskaarathil svarnnam, anakkombu, ebony, dhoopavarggam, thoppikal allengil vilayeriya kallukal enniva upayogichirunnathum raajakudumbangalude shavakudeerangalil neklesukaloo valayangalo kandethiyittundu. kushinte kandakal ennu vilikkappedunna nubian rajakkanmareyum raajnjikaleyum kshethrangalile silaachithrangalil prathinidheekarichirunnu, nakhaa enna sthalathulla apedemakkinu (simhakshethram) samarppichathupole. purathana nubian vaasthuvidyayude mattu udaaharanagal parakal muricha shethrangal, "defufa" ennu vilikkunna cheli ishtika shethrangal, kalleriyapetta mathilukalulla shavakudeerangal allengil cheli ishtikakal, maram, kallu nilakal, kottarangal, nannayi sajjeekaricha roadukal ennivayaanu. greco-roman samskaarathinte swaadheenam. bisi moonnaam noottaand muthal ce moonnaam noottaand vare, vadakkan nubia akramikkukayum tolomic raajyavum pinneedu roman saamrajyavum bharichirunna eejipthumaayi kootticherkkappedukayum cheythu. noobiyayilennapole thekk bhaagathulla eee kaalaghattatthile saamskaarika swaadheenangal meroyile 'roman baths' ennu vilikkappedunna oru khanana kettidatthil kaanaan kazhiyum, ithu aafrikkan raajyavum medittareniyan greco-roman samskaaravum thammilulla saamskaarika kaimaattatthinte mikacha udaaharanamaanu." eejipthile tolomic bharanakaalathu noobiyayil ninnulla saamskaarika swaadheenathinte mattoru udaaharanam oru nubian yuvaavinte marble thalayaanu, orupakshe kizhakkan medittareniyan mekhalayil nirmmichathum ippol amerikkayile brooklin myoosiyathil pradarshippichathumaanu. madhyakala nubia. madhyakala nubiayil (c. makuria, nobadia, alodia ennee kristhyan raajyangalile nivaasikal faraz cathedral, shilpangal, chuvarchithrangal thudangiya vyathyastha vaasthuvidyakal nirmmichu, athil 650 ladhikam aadhunika pandithochitha grandhangalil prasidheekarichittundu. iva eejipthile kooptik kalayumayum chilappol ethiopian kalayumayum bandhappettirikkunnu. kayyezhuthuprathikalil allengil manalkkall, marble allengil terracotta ennivayile likhithangalayi samrakshichirikkunna vyathyastha mathaparamo mathetharamo aaya grandhangalkkaayi avar pazhaya nubian bhashayaaya kooptik, greak allengil arabic bhasha upayogichu. onpathaam noottaand muthal orupakshe vyaapaarikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum aaya muslim kudiyettakkaar thaazhnna noobiyayil sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayi sthireekarichittunde, noobiyayude yadhaartha islaamikavalkkaranam pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathilaanu aarambhichath. islaaminteyum arabivalkkaranathinteyum varavu. 16, 17 noottaandukalil puthiya islaamika rajyangal sthaapikkappettu-phunch sulthaanettum darfur sulthaanettum, sudanile kramanugathamaaya islaamikavalkkaranathintam arabivalkkaranathinteyum oru neenda kaalayalav aarambhichu. 1820-ll automan eejipshyan adhinivesham sudanine keezhadakkunnathuvare eee sulthaanettukalum avarude samoohangalum nilaninnirunnu, koodaathe darfarinte kaaryatthilum 1916 vare nilaninnirunnu. islaamika matham sweekarikkukayum arabi bhasha dainamdina jeevithathinte gadakangalaayi vardhippikkukayum cheythathaanu eee kaalaghattatthile pradhana saamskaarika mattangal adayaalappeduthiyathu. mattu saamskaarika sambhavavikasangal videsha sandarshakar report cheythu, athaayath frederic kayliad, pattanangaludeyum pallikaludeyum vaasthuvidya, kathikal allengil "kaskara" vaalukal eriyunnathu polulla aayudhangalude nirmmaanam, adima vyapaaram ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil arabic bhashaykkum islaamika padanathinumulla schoolukal "khalva" ennu vilikkappedukayum soofi saahodaryangal sudanil veroonnukayum cheythu. avarude bhauthika samskaarathinte udaaharanagal, ippol britiish myoosiyathil ulla islaamika vishwaasa prasthavanayulla oru pathaakayo allengil newyork nagaratthile brooklin museum oonlainil avatharippicha khuraan padikkunna vidyaarthikalkkaayi raitting bordai upayogichirunna pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathile oru thadi phalakamo aanu. 19-aamm noottaandum 20-aamm noottaandum swaathanthryam vare. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal, videsha sandarshakar edutha droingukaloo photographukalo, vaasthuvidya, vasthram, hairstyle, aabharanangal allengil scarfisionukal thudangiya vividha vamseeya, saamoohika vibhaagangalude parambaraagatha kalakalude aadyakaala rekhakalil chilathaanu. turkish-eejipshyan bharanathinte aadya kaalaghattatthinushesham (1821-1885), mahdist samsthaanam (1885-1899) grettar khaarthoomile moonnu pradhana pradeshangalil onnaaya oomdurmaanil pradhana adayaalangal avasheshippichu. mahdiyude shavakudeeram, khaleefa veedu, mahdis nanayangal, mahdiyude anuyaayikal dharikkunna "jibba" kottu polulla prathyeka tharam vasthrangal enniva eee kaalaghattatthinte saamskaarika swabhaavathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil egypthukaarum briteeshukaarum khaarthoomile mattu videsha nivaasikalum oru sainika paalayatthil ninnu noorukanakkinu ishtikakondu nirmmicha veedukalude pattanamayi nagaram vyaapippichirunnu. anglo-eejipshyan sudan (1899-1956) yude bharanakaalathu britiish sainyavum sivil bharanakoodavum samoohathilum sambadvyavasthayilum samskaarathilum supradhana maattangalkk thudakkamittu. britiish bharanakoodam skoolukalil unnatha padanatthinum kalaa vidyaabhyaasathinumaayi gorden memorial kolejumaayi oru paashchaathya vidyaabhyaasa sambradaayavum avatharippichu, koodaathe 1945.this ll thuranna oru design school sudanil aadhunika kalayude vikasanathinte thudakkamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe paashchaathya ardhathil chitrakalayo shilpamo veroonnaan thudangi. charitrakaaranaaya heather jeey. britiish vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathiloode drishya samskaarathinte swaadheenathekkurichu sharkey inipparayunna abhiprayam paranju "photographukalum chithrangalum gorden kolejile aankuttikaleyum vrudhareyum kaanaan praaptharakki, athinaal lokatheyum britiish saamrajyatheyum sudane puthiya reethikalil sangalppikkaan, drishya samskaaram padangalude samskaaram pole thanne pradhanamaayirunnu."documentary sinimakalude uyarnnuvarunna vishwal artle thanneyaanu aadyathe sudanis cameraman ennu parayappedunna gadalla gubara colonial philim unitinaayi pariseelanam nediyathu. adhyaapakarkk, prathyekichu thozhiladhishtitha parisheelanathinaayi, 1943-ll instittyoott oof ejyukkeshanil oru art kozhs avatharippikkukayum moonnu varshathinu sesham oru design school sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1951ll eee school khaarthoom technical instittyoottilekk maattukayum 1971ll ithu sudan yooniversitti oof sayans aandu teknolajiyil (sustech) phine aandu uplied arts faakkalttiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. pradhaanamaayum niravadhi sarkkaarukalude avaganana moolamundaaya ganyamaaya thirichadikalkkidayilum, 2021-ll ithu thudarunnu, koodaathe sudaante aadhunika vishwal aarttistukalum samgeethajnjarum avarude kalaa vidyaabhyaasam aarambhicha sthalamaanithu. parambaraagatha praayogika kalakalum karakaushalavum. eathoru saamoohika vibhaagathinteyum bhauthika samskaarathekkurichulla samakaalika sangalppangalkku anusrithamaayi, "parambaraagatha kalakal, naadodi kalakal, praayogika kalakal, karakaushala vasthukkal" allengil "karakaushala vasthukkal" ennee padangal manushyar nirmmicha vaividhyamaarnna saamskaarika vasthukkale soochippikkunnu. phine arts" ennu vilikkappedunnavaykku purame, parambaraagatha "galabia", purushanmarkkulla thalappaavukalum thalayottikalum allengil sthreekalkkulla moodupadam, vasthrangal, shoos, cheruppukal, pavitra lipi, aabharanangal, mylanchi aabharanangal, mattu tharatthilulla vyakthigatha alankaarangal, kaikaliloo kanankaalukalilo ulla mylanchi aabharanangal ennivayulppede vasthrangal, vasthrangal thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna sudanis srishtikalkkum ithu baadhakamaan. marappani, manpathrangal allengil lohakkappalukalude sudanese paarambaryangal "ankareeb" bedstedukal polulla parambaraagatha furnitureukalilum swakaarya veedukalkku purathu kudivellathinaayi vaykkunna manpathrangalilum dhoopavarggam kathikkunnathinulla kandeynarukalaayo "jabana" ennu vilikkunna parambaraagatha coffey kalangalaayo kaanam. 2017-ll saamskaarika naravamshashaasthranjayaaya griselda ell tayib sudanile vividha vamseeya vibhagangalil ninnulla vasthradhaaranathinteyum mattu tharatthilulla vyakthiparamaaya alankaarathinteyum chithreekaranangal ulkkollunna "soodaante praadeshika naadodi vasthrangal" enna thante pusthakam prasidheekarichu. koodaathe, sareerakalayude vamseeya paarambaryangalaaya sikaatriseshanukal, hairstylukal, braidukal allengil hadendova purushanmaarude "fassi-vusi" hairstylukal, aadhunika dreadlockukal, makeup enniva dainamdina upayogathilundu allengil ippozhum undu. athe vishayathil, "islaamik art aandu aarkkitekcharinte grove encyclopedia" munnariyipp nalkunnu, "1990kalode sudaante parambaraagatha kalakalil palathum aadhunikavalkkaranathil ninnum vanthothil uthppaadippikkunna charakkukalude irakkumathi moolam bheeshaniyilaayirunnu." irupathaam noottaandile aadhunika kala. 1940kaludeyum 1960kaludeyum thudakkamaayirunnu athu. 1940 kalude avasaanathil khaarthoomile oru aadyakaala graphik kalakaaranmaareyum chithrakaaranmaareyum paraamarsikkunna, 2009 ll pandithanmaraya verner daumum rashid diab prasidheekaricha "sudanile aadhunika kala" yekkurichulla avalokanam "coffey houseukalude kala" ("phaan alle-makhaahi") paraamarsikkunnu. eee kalakaaranmaar uthppanna paakkejinginaayi sudanese roopakalpanakalum eesalukalil aadyathe rekhappeduthiya paintingukalum nirmmichu, avarude kalaparamaaya uthppaadanam thalasthaanathe valarnnuvarunna nagara samoohathe prathifalippikkunnuvennu parayappedunnu, aadhunika kala oru prathyeka gotra samskaarathil parimithappedutthiya vamseeya paarambaryangale maattisthaapikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "aadhunika kalayude khaarthoom school" yude aavirbhaavathinulla nirnnayaka kaalaghattam 1950 kalude madhyathil aarambhichu, aadyathe sudanese aalankaarika kalakaaranmaar englandile birudaananthara padanatthinu sesham veettilekku madangi. avarude srishtikal swadeshathum videshathum amgeekarikkappedaan thudangi, samakaalika aafrikkan kalayude vikasanathinu oru pradhana sambhavanayaayi ithu ariyapettu. thangalude avalokanathil, dome, diab enniva aadhunika sudanese kalaye "swantham verukalude sthireekaranathinum paashchaathya swaadheenathinum idayil kuthichuchaattamulla" kalashaakhayaayi visheshippichu. [...] kalaparamaaya sarggaathmakathayude adisthaana gadakamaayi sudanile paithrukatheyum samskaaratheyum vaayikkaan aadya prasthaanam shramichu...] eee prathyeka arab-islaamik-aafrikkan samskaarathinte saamoohika avasthaye swaadheenichu. kalayude saarvathrikatha sthireekarikkunnathinula neekkathil amoortha painting, cubism allengil sarriyalisam thudangiya paashchaathya schoolukalum shailikalum adutha thalamura poornnamaayum sweekarikkum. moonnaamathe pravanathaye iva randum thammilulla oru madhyamaarggamaayi kanakkakkaam sudanese, arab, aafrikkan gadakangale nerittu soochippikkaathe avaye noothanamaaya reethiyil parivartthanam cheyyukayum vikasippikkukayum cheyyuka." pradhana pradarshanangalum shekharangalum. 1995ll landanile vaitt chaappal gallery "aphrica 95" uthsavathinte bhaagamaayi "aafrikkayile aadhunika kalayekkurichulla ezhu kathakal" enna pradarshanam avatharippichu. irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil aafrikkayile vishwal aartsinte ashayaparavum soundaryaathmakavumaaya prakadanangalude oru cheria bhagam anubhavikkan pradarshanam prekshakare shanichathaayi pradhana curettaraaya clementine delis prasthaavichu."eee pradarshanavum aafrikkayil ninno aafrikkan pravaasikalil ninno curetermaarudeyum kalakaaranmaarudeyum pankaalitthavum pinneedu uthsavathile ettavum pradhanappetta paripadikalilonnaayi vilayiruthappettu. moow abaro, rashid diyab, kamala ibrahim ishaq, abdul basit ell khathim, severino maatti, hassan moosa, amir noor, ibrahim ell salahi, osman vakkiyalla ennivaraayirunnu sudanil ninnulla kalakaaranmaar. 2016ll, sharja art foundeshan, yunaittad arab emirates, "khaarthoom school-sudanil aadhunika kalaa prasthaanatthinte nirmmaanam (1945-innuvare)" enna thalakkettilulla oru smaaraka pradarshanam avatharippichu, athil hussain shaarifinteyum ibrahim ell salahiyudeyum paintingukal allengil rashid mahdiyudeyum gadalla gubarayudeyum photographukal polulla sudanese vishwal aarttistukalude paintingukal, photographukal, shilpangal enniva ulppedunnu. osman vaakhiyela, bastavi baghdadi, ahamed shibrain, abdulrazigh abdulgafar, mohammed omar khaalil, tagg ell-sir ahamed, shaggy ennu vilikkappedunna mohammed ell hassan abdul raheem, siddig ell nigaumi, maghdoob rabba, ahamed hameed alle arabi, grizelda ell-tayib ennivaraayirunnu sudanile aadhunika prasthaanatthe prathinidheekarikkunna mattu kalakaaranmaar. kamala ibrahim ishaakkinte paintingukalilum aamir noorinte shilpangalilum shradha kendreekaricha rund vyathyastha sooloo exhibitionukal eee munkaala pradarshanatthinu poorakamaayirunnu. 2016ll ibrahim alle-salahiyude kruthikal munkaala pradarshanavelayil landanile tettu moden art gallery khaarthoom schooline "1960ll sudanil roopeekaricha oru aadhunika kalaa prasthaanam" ennu visheshippichu, athu puthuthayi swathanthramaaya raashtrathinte vyathirikthamaya swathuathe prathifalippikkunnathina oru puthiya vishwal padavali vikasippikkaan shramichu." yunaittad arab emiratesile barjeel art foundeshan abdul khaadar hassan, kamala ibrahim ishaq, mohammed omar khaalil, omar khairi, ibrahim ell salahi, hussain sharif, ahamed shibrain, khaalid albaih ennivarude graphik art ennivayude sudanese paintingukal avarude oonlain pejil avatharippikkunnu. vyakthigatha kalakaaranmaar. oosmaan vakkiyalla (1925-2007) chithrakaaranaayum calligraphera pravarthichu. 1945ll khaarthoomile gorden memorial kolejile school oof designil ninnu birudam nediya addeham pinneedu landanilum keyroyilum kalaapadanam thudarnnu. aadunikavum mathaparamallaathathumaaya graphik roopamaayi addeham arabic calligraphy upayogikkunnathu hurufia prasthaanam ennariyappetta arabic kalaa prasthaanathinullil vakkiyalla sthaapikkunnu. 1960-kalude thudakkathil, khaarthoomile addehathinte vidyaarthikalil chilar, ahamed mohammed shibrain (bii. 1931), ibrahim alle-salahi (bii. 1930), ell-sir ahamed (bii. 1933) pinneedu 'aadhunika kalayude khaarthoom school' ennu vilikkappedunna sudanese kalaa prasthaanam srishtikkunnathil vakkiyallayodoppam chernnu. 1970kall muthal sudanile samskaaratheyum samoohatheyum prathifalippikkunna parambaraagatha vasthrangalude gaveshanathinum jalavarna paintingukalkkum pradhaanamaayum peruketta britiish vamshajayaaya kalacharithrakaariyum kalaa adhyapikayum vishwal aarttistumaayirunnu griselda ell tayib (1928-2022). sudanile kalaykku avar deerghakaalamaayi nalkia sambhaavanakale paraamarshichukondu, "sudanile aadhunika kala" enna lekhanathinte rachayithakkal avare "britiish vamshajayaaya oru sudanese kalaakaaran" ennu vilichu. ibrahim alle salahi (bii. 1930) sudanile eathoru chitrakaaranum ettavum vishalamaaya anthaaraashtra amgeekaarathinu perukettathaanu. parambaraagatha islaamika calligraphy samakaalika kalayumaayi samyojippikkaan shramicha "aafrikkan aadhunikathayude khaarthoom school", hurufia kalaa prasthaanam ennivayile munnira amgangalil oralaayi addeham kanakkaakkappedunnu. 2016ll landanile tettu moden art gallery kalakarante ambathu varshathilere neenda anthaaraashtra kariyarile 100 kruthikalulla "ibrahim ell-salahi oru darshana aadhunikavaadi" enna pradarshanam avatharippichu. aafrikkan, arab aadhunikathaavaadathile ettavum pradhanappetta vyakthikalil oraal" ennu athu alle-salahi visheshippikkukayum addehathinte srishtikal kalayude aagola charithratthinte pashchaathalatthil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. ahamed shibrain (bii. 1931) khaarthoomile phine aandu uplied arts collegilum pinneedu landanile central school oof arts aandu designilum graphik designil prathyeka pariseelanam nedi. 1960ll sudanil thirichethiya sesham addeham phine aandu uplied arts collegil graphik designinaayi oru vibhaagam sthaapikkukayum avide deana pravartthikkukayum cheythu. shibrain thante paintingukalile aadhunika calligraphy roopangalkku perukettathum "hurufia" prasthaanatthinte bhaagamaayi kanakkakkappedunnathumaanu, koodaathe 'school oof khaarthoom' kalakaaranmaaril oralaayum kanakkaakkappedunnu. siddikh ell nigaumi (1931-1996) kalaparamaaya manpathrangal srishtichu. aadyam sudaanilaan vidyaabhyaasam nediya addeham 1967 muthal yunaittad kingdatthilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. kathikkarinja terracotta manpathrangalil addeham europian, aafrikkan swaadheenangal samyojippichu. landanile victoria aandu albert myoosiyathil addehathinte chila kruthikal oonlainil avatharippikkunna parambaraagatha sudanese coffey pottinte aadhunika pathippaya "ibreak" undu. chitrakaaranum kaviyum chalachithra nirmmathaavum khaarthoom sarvakalaashaalayile arts faakkalttiyile lakcharararumaaya hussain sharif (1934-2005) 1950 kalude avasaanam muthal 1990 kall vare sajeevamaayirunna oru sudanis budhijeeviyum kalakaaranumaayirunnu. englandile cambridge sarvakalashaalayil aadhunika charithrathekkurichulla padanatthinu sesham landanile slade school oof phine artsil ninnu birudaananthara birudam nedi, avide addeham lucian froyidinte keezhil padichu. mattu kruthikalkkoppam, "chandranumaayi garbhiniyaya maalaakha" enna addehathinte painting 1960 ll landanile galleryil pradharshippichirunnu, landanile deseeya chhaayaachithra galleryil shaarifinte chithrangal addehathinte paintingukalkku munnil irikkunnu. sharif 500-ladhikam paintingukal varachathayi parayappedunnu, ennaal avayil chilath maathrame rekhappeduthiyittulla. mohammed ahamed abdullah abaro enna peril janicha moow abaro (1935-2016), seramic kalaykku peruketta oru shilpiyaayirunnu. thante thalamurayile mattu kalakaaranmaarenna nilayil addeham khaarthoomile phine aandu uplied arts collegil ninnu birudam nedukayum thudarnnu landanile central school oof arts aandu kraafttil seramics padikkukayum cheythu. vyaavasaayika manpaathra roopakalppanayil birudaananthara padanatthinu sesham, kurachu varshathekku seramics padippikkunnathinaayi addeham sudanil thirichethiyenkilum 1966 ll brittanile thante currier thudaraan englandilekku madangaan theerumaanichu. parambaraagatha sudanese thaazhikakkudangalum kamaanangalum, kaalabaashukaludeyum kottakaludeyum roopangal prathifalippikkunnavayi addehathinte srishtikal visheshippikkappettu. kamala ibrahim ishaq (bii. 1936), sudanile aadyathe aadhunika vanita chithrakaariyaaya addeham khaarthoomile sudan yooniversitti oof sayans aandu teknolajiyude phine arts collegilum pinneedu landanile royal koleju oof artilum painting padichu. vidyaarthikalaaya mohammed hameed shaddad, nayla ell tayib ennivarodoppam, sudanese kalayilekku puthiya dishakal konduvanna "chrystalistukal" enna aashayaparamaaya art grouppinte sthaapakayaayirunnu avar. sharja art foundeshan parayunnathanusarichu, avarude srishtikal "soodaanile kalayude parambaraagatha purusha kaazhchappaadine velluvilikkunnu, sthreekalude jeevithathinte ramgangal suuryan, manal, aakasham ennivayude nirangalil chithreekarikkunnu." mohammed omar khaalil (bii. 1936) 1959 vare khaarthoomilum 1963 muthal italiyile florencilum chitrakala print making padichu. 1967 muthal amerikkayil niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi jolie cheyyukayum padippikkukayum cheytha addeham parambaraagatha paintukalkku purame kandethiya vasthukkal, archival metteeriyalukal, thunitharangal allengil photographukal enniva upayogichittundu. 2020ll landanile mosaik murikalil "ente nakhangalkk keezhilulla janmadesham" enna thante pradarshana velayil vishadeekarichathupole, thante achadiyil, addeham karuppinte vyathyastha shedukalaanu eshtappedunnathu. rund thalamurakalile praadeshika kalakaaranmaare swaadheenicha khaliline "arab lokathile ettavum pradhanappetta samakaalika chithrakaaranmaaril oraal" ennu vilikkunnu."2012ll paareesile instittyoott duu monde arabeyile munkaala pradarshanatthil addehathinte srishtikal avatharippichu. aamir I. emm. oru shilpiyum academic vidagthanumaaya noor (1936-2021) sent yooniversittiyil aafrikkan kalayum shilpavum padichu. andruz, scotland, royal koleju oof art, lunden, yuu.keey. american aikyanaadukalile yaale sarvakalaashaalayile school oof art & architecture. konkreett, fiberglass allengil steel thudangiya vasthukkalaal nirmmicha addehathinte shilpangal amoorthavum cheruthum aanenkilum sudanumaayum addehathinte youvanathinte afro-islaamik samskaaravumaayum bandhapetta mrugangal, bhooprakrithi, vaasthuvidya enniva ippozhum udharikkunnu. omar khairi (1939-1999) secondary schoolil kalaye thante pradhana vishayamaayi padikkaan thudangi, 1960 muthal addeham phine aandu uplied arts collegil thudarnnu. maanasikaarogya prasnangal kaaranam addehathinu patanam thadassappeduthendivanu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika pradarshanangalile paintingukalkku addeham prashasthanaayi, avaa pinneedu pothu shekharangalil avatharippikkappettu. sudanile chalachithra nirmmaathaav alya moosa eee "nigoodatha" yekkurichulla oru documentary projakttil earppettittundu, addehathinte bheeruthvavum dheeravumaaya saannidhyavum addehathinte dheeramaaya kalaasrishtiyum chuttappettavarkk polum." 1970kalil fraansil birudaananthara padanathinaayi sudan vitta hassen moosa (b.1951) chithrakaaran, calligrapher, kothupanikkaaran ennee perukalil ariyappedukayum niravadhi pusthakangal chithreekarikkukayum cheythittundu. 1960kalil addeham sthaapana virudha pravarthanangalumaayi bandhapetta "poost art" ennum ariyappedunna janapriyamaaya meyil art vibhaagathil earppettu. 1997 leeii venees binale nadanna 'aadunikathayum oormmakalum' enna pradarshanatthil addehathinte kruthiyaaya 'vishudha sebaastyante rakthasaakshithvam' ulppeduthi. classical paashchaathya maastarpeesukalkku addeham nalkia parivartthanangal paashchaathya kala, raashtreeyam, samskaaram ennivayekkurichu oru vimarsanaathmaka veekshanam srishtichathaayi parayappedunnu." rashid diyab (jananam 1957) aadyam khaarthoomilaanu chitrakala kalacharithravum padikkukayum speyinile madridile complutains sarvakalashaalayil birudaananthara patanam thudarukayum cheythu. speyinil srishticha addehathinte aadyakaala kruthikale addehathinte janmanaattinte nirangalum ghadanayum prathifalippikkunna amoorthavum shakthavumaya chithrangalayi visheshippichittundu. sudanilekku madangiyethiya addeham thante praadeshika prekshakarude vyathyasthamaaya vyaakhyaana reethikalodu prathikarikkukayum sthreekal "samboornna shoonyathayil" aayirikkunnathupole kooduthal thirichariyaavunna avishkaara roopangalilekku thiriyukayum cheythu. diabinte srishtikal anthaaraashtra thalatthil pradarshippichittundu, chilath jordaanile hindi museum oof art oonlainil avatharippikkunnu. chithrakaaran, graphik designer, pusthaka rachayithaav, chalachithrakaaran ennee nilakalil anthaaraashtrathalathil ariyappedunnayaalaanu salaa ell murr (jananam 1966). addehathinte paintingukal paarambaryam, naadodikkadhakal, vyathyastha aalukal, paristhithikal ennivayil ninnulla swaadheenam kaanikkunnu, koodaathe addehathinte nirangalude upayogam vishalamaaya varikalil dheeramaaya svarangal kaanikkunnu. addeham keyroykkum khaarthoominum idayil thaamasikkukayum pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu, addehathinte paintingukal middle eest, europe, america ennividangalile pradarshanangalil pradarshippichittundu. 2018ll landanile saachi galleryil "forests aandu spiritsa figurative art phram dhaa khaarthoom school" enna peril oru pradarshanatthil kamala ishaakkinteyum ibrahim alle-salahiyudeyum chithrangalum addehathinte chithrangalum avatharippichu." ahamed abusharia (bii. 1966) 1990 ll phine aandu uplied arts collegil ninnu birudam nedukayum 90 kalude madhyathil keniyayil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu addeham germmaniyile colonil hraswakaalam thaamasichu, 2000 muthal addeham ugaandayile kambaalayilaanu thaamasikkunnath, avide addeham thante paintingukal pradarshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ibrahim ell salahi, rashid diyab ennivarulppede sudanile munkaala samakaalika kalakaaranmaar addehathinte sailiye swaadheenichathaayi parayappedunnu. ithinakam paraamarshicha perukalkku purame, aadhunika aafrikkan kalayekkurichulla vaayana pattikayil 20-aamm noottaandile mattu sudanese kalakaaranmaar moosa khaleefa (jananam 1941), mohammed omar bushara (jananam 1946), salih abdu mashamoun (jananam 1946) ennivaraanu. 21-aamm noottaandum viplavathinte kalayum. 2012ll sudanile academic ahamed sikainga ezhuthiyathupole, sudanile aadhunika kalaa prasthaanangalum avayude saamoohika pashchaathalavum kalaa charithrakaaranmaarude valia vishakalanathe akarshichittilla. ennirunnaalum, 2018/19-leeii sudanese viplavakaalath, kalakaaranmaarude punk anthaaraashtra maadyamangalil report cheyyappettittund, ithu samakaalika sambhavangalodulla avarude thaalparyam prathifalippikkunnu. viplavathinu munbum sheshavum, eee aavishkaaram omar alle basheerinte muun sarkkar kadinamaayi parimithappedutthiyirunne kalakaaranmaar samoohatheyum raashtreeyatheyum kurichu avarude kaazhchappaadukal prakadippichu. 2020 novemberil, sudan yooniversitti oof sayans aandu teknolajiyile (sustec) phine arts kolejile vidyaarthikal viplavathinte mudraavaakyangale prathinidheekarikkunna oru smaaraka shilpam pradharshippichu swaathanthryam, samadhaanam, neethi. viplavathinteyum viplavathil kollapetta prathishedhakkaarudeyum smaranaykkaayi 2021 eprilil khaarthoomile kalaa pradarshanangal nadannu. rashtreeya kaarttoonistum manushyavakaasha pravarthakanumaaya khaalid albai thante facebook pejaaya "kharthoon!" vazhi prashasthi nedi."middle eestten, vestten maadhyamangalile addehathinte abhimukhangalum. 2019ll addeham "sudan retold" enna sachitra pusthakam saha edittu cheythu. graphik storitelling, vaattar kalar painting allengil photography thudangiya vividha kalaashaakhakal upayogichu oru koottam yuva kalakaaranmaar avarude sudani charithrathekkurichum varthamaanakaalatheyum bhaviyeyum kurichulla pathippukal paranju. eee yuva kalakaaranmaaril oralaaya amnah elhassen, 2022 ll germmaniyile frankfurtile prashasthamaaya shirn art myoosiyathil oru sooloo exhibishanodoppam oru anthaaraashtra currier aarambhichu. sudanian viplavathil sthreekalude pradhana pankinekkurichum vanita kalakaaranmaarude kalaasrishtikalekkurichum paraamarsikkunna avarude sambhavanakal lekhanangalilum pradarshanangalilum pothu kalaa prakadanangalilum eduthukaanikkappettindu. 2023leeii sudan samgharshathil khaarthoomilum mattu sudanese nagarangalilum jeevan nashtamaayathinethudarnnu niravadhi sudaanikal sudan thuramukham polulla surakshita nagarangalilekko ayalraajyangalilekko palayanam cheythu. naadukadatthappetta sudanese kalakaaranmaare pinthunaykkunnathinaayi, 2019 muthal viplavakala prothsaahippikkunnathil sajeevamaayirunna dauntaun galleryile art curator raheem shaddad, sudanese kalakaaranmaare pinthunaykkunnathinaayi fund shekharikkunnathinaayi oru fund srishtichu. art gaalarikalum rakshaakarthruthvavum. 2009ll "sudanil aadhunika kala" enna lekhanathil "pradarshanathinulla sthalathinte abhavavum rakshaakarthruthvathinte abhavavum khaarthoomile kalakaaranmaare saaramaayi thadassappeduthiyittundu" ennu prasthaavichu."khaarthoomile oru 'ardha-pothu' art gallery valia hotelukalilonnil idaykkide nadakkunna pradarshanavum maathrame athil paraamarshichittulloo. pakaram, grettu brittan, france, jarmmani ennee moonnu videsha saamskaarika kendrangal vahicha "pradhana punk" ithinu nalki. iva koodaathe, sudanese kalakaaranmaaraaya ahamed mohammed shibrain rashid diab chernnu swakaarya gaalarikal thurannirunnu. 1978 muthal pravaasatthil kazhiyunna ibrahim alle-salahiyude srishtikal 2000-ll sudanile kalaa lokathinu munnil avatharippicha sthalavum diyaabinte kalaa kendramaayirunnu. khaarthoomile sudanese kalakaaranmaare prothsaahippikkunna mattoru gallery dabanga galleryaanu, athinte udama lina hagger 2017 ll "samakaalika sudanile kalakaranmar prathikoola samayangalile kala" enna pusthakam edittu cheythu. 2016 ll, sudanese kala avatharippikkunna churukkam chila vaanijya kalaa edangalil onnaayirunnu mojo art gallery. 2022 vare, dauntaun art gallery polulla niravadhi art gaalarikal khaarthoomilaanu pravarthichathu. comics kaarttoonukalum janapriya kalaaroopangalaanu. achadiyilo oonlainiloo prasidheekarikkunna kaarttoonukalum comixukalum polulla janapriya kalaaroopangalum anthaaraashtra covid-19 mahamari polulla samakaalika sambhavangalodu vardhichuvarunna shradha nedukayum prathikarikkukayum cheiyunnu. 2018 muthal, sudanile haasya kalakaaranmaarkkum avarude prekshakarkkumaayi oru pradarshanamaayi "khaarthoom comic koonn" enna peril oru comics festival samghadippikkunnundu. sudanile sinimayum photography. videsha paryavekshakarum photographermaarum pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal droingukalum photographukalum srishtichittundu. irupathaam noottaandil, photographermaaraaya jorjju roader leni refenstaalum edutha sudaanile thekkan bhaagathe nooba janathayekkurichulla foto kathakalum athupole thanne manushya prathisandhikal report cheiyunna foto jenalistukalum raajyathinte anthaaraashtra prathichaayaye roopappeduthi. 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil, digital photography aamukham sudanile photographermaarude vishalamaaya photographic, kalaparamaaya kavarejinu thudakkamittu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil britiish colonial kaalaghattatthil sudanil chalachithra nirmmanavum sinimaasamayangalum aarambhichathinusesham, khaarthoomileyum mattu nagarangalileyum sudanese prekshakar videshathu ninnulla dokyumentarikalum feature philimukalum kandumutty, 1930 muthal niravadhi outtdoor sinimaasamayangal undaayirunnu. swaathanthryathinushesham, aadya thalamurayile sudanese chalachithra nirmmaathaakkalaaya gadalla gubara allengil hussain sharif ennivar kurachu sinimakal maathrame nirmmichittulloo. 2019ll, 1960kalile moonnu sudanis chalachithra nirmmaathaakkalude jeevacharithrangal marangalekkurichu samsaarikkunna dokyumentariyil avatharippichu, ithu sudanile sinimakaludeyum chalachithranirmmaanathinu thakarchayude kaaranangalekkurichulla vyakthiparamaaya ulkkaazhchakalum pankidunnu.

sudanchi drushya qalaa sudanchya drushya kalanmadhye aajchya sudan prajasattakachya rahivashanni tayar kelelya aanee tyanchya sambandhit sanskratinsathi vishisht asalelya vastoonchya aitihasik aanee samkalin nirmiticha samavesh aahe. yamadhye 2011 madhye dakshin sudan mhanoon swatantra jhalelya dakshin pradeshansah, aitihasikdrushtya sudan mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya ishanya aafriketil pradeshatil sanskrutik paramparanmadhil vastooncha samavesh aahe. tyachya sampoorn itihasat, sudan haah madhya africa, purv africa, egypt, bhoomadhya sanskruti, paschimela up-sahara africa aanee deshachya purvela laal samudracha kinara yanchyatil eka chauras marg rahila aahe. 20 vya shatkapurvi, yaa sanskrutik paramparanvar sthanik african, faronic, grico-roman, byzantine aanee arabi sanskratincha prabhav hota, jyanni sanskrutik abhivyaktichi mothee vividhata aanali aahe, jee anekada vanshik kinwa samajik gatasathi vishisht aahe, jyanni tee tayar kelee aanee vaparali. samajachya bhautik sanskratichi abhivyakti mhanoon, sudanmadhil kalanchya yaa itihasat lalit kalanmadhye upayojit qalaa aanee hastakala yancha samavesh keela aahe. chhayachitrakaranni shatkachya suruvatipasun, paradeshi lashkari aanee rajkiy varchasva asalelya turkey-egyptian aanee nantar anglo-egyptian rajvatichya sthapanene, sudani lokanchya jivanshaili aanee bhautik sanskrativar naveen sanskrutik prabhav asalelya aadhunik rashtrarajyachi haloohaloo utkranti jhaali. 1956 madhye swatantryanantar, vasahatvadi shikshan vyavasthetil sudani padvidharanni naveen rajyat pramukh padey sweekarli aanee asha prakare shahari sanskruti aanee aadhunik kalechya udayat yogdan dile. 1950 teey 1980 yaa dashakat hii sanskrutik ghadamodi sarvat jaast disun aalya, jyaa kalala nantar 'sudanmadhil aadhunik qalaa chalvalichi nirmiti' asey mhatale gele. 21 vya shatkat, deshatil drushya kalatmak vikasache vaishishtya mhanje sanvadache digital prakar, jyat shravya-drushya qalaa prasar aanee upgrah durchitravani, online madhyame tasech samajik madhyamandvare samayik kelelya pratima aanee chitrapatandware prapt kelela samavesh aahe. 2018 aanee 2019 chya sudani krantidarmyan, tarun kalakaranni lokpriy chalvaliche nishedh aanee manobal vadhavanyat yogdan dile, bhintchitre, bhittichitre, vyangchitre, chhayachitre kinwa video sandesh tayar kele. samkalin sudanchya aadhichya aitihasik kalkhandat. pragaitihasik kaal. nubiyatil bhautik kalakrutinchya sarvat junya astitvat asalelya vastoo, jase qee dagadi sadhane, pragaitihasik kalatil aahet. saboo-jaddi rock aart site heey vividh aitihasik kalkhandatil 1600 hoon adhik rock droingcha eka adviteey samooh aahe, joou nubian sanskratichya vividh kalkhandatun 6000 varshanhun adhik kaal vistarat aahe. changlya prakare sanrakshit keleli rekhachitre jangali aanee paliv prani, manav aanee naukanche pratinidhitva karatat aanee jaagtik smarakanchya nidhidware tyanchya pahanyasarkhya smarakanchya yadeet samavisht kelee gelee aahet. bayuda valvantatil vaadee aboo dome mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya shushk shushk itar pracheen dagadi rekhachitre sapadali. aanakhi eka mahattvache pragaitihasik sthal sudan, libia aanee egyptchya simevaril pradeshat gabal all uvenat parvat ranget sapadale. sudanchya paschim bhagat, jebel mokram samooh, tyachya matichi bhandi aanee pranyanchya chhotya matichya aakrutyanni vaishishtyikrut, hii eka pragaitihasik, navpashan sanskruti hotee jee isavi sunpoorv sunpoorv sahasrabdimadhye bharbharatila aalee. kerma aanee kushache rajya. pracheen aafrikechya sarvat pracheen sanskratinpaiki eka asalelya kerma sanskratipasun (2500-1500 bii. see. eae.), shastre, matichya bhandyanchya vastoo aanee itar gharguti vastoo sudanche rashtriy sangrahalay, kerma sangrahalay, british sangrahalay kinwa metropolitan museum auph aart yasarkhya sangrahalayanmadhye sadar kelya jaatat. kush samrajyachya kalat (ii. sha. puu. 950-ii. sha. 350), jevha kushchya rajanni tyanchya uttarekadil shejari egyptvar eka shatkahoon adhik kaal farrow mhanoon rajya kele, tevha taharkachya sphinksasarkhya nubian putalyanni egyptian vaishishtye midavali aanee sudanchya jaagtik varsa sthalanpaiki eka asalelya merosarkhya mandiranmadhye kinwa nubian pyramidmadhye ubharalya gelya. itar sansadhanambarobarach, pracheen noobiyachya bhautik sanskratit sone, hastidant, aaboo, dhoop, chamade kinwa maulyavan dagad vaparale gele aanee rajgharanyachya kabarinmadhye haar kinwa kangane sapadali aahet. nubian raje aanee ranya, jyanna kushache kandake mhanatat, tyanna mandiranvaril dagadi koreev kamanmadhye, naka yetheel apedemak (sinh mandir) laa samarpit kelelya koreev kamanpramane, darshavile gele hote. pracheen nubian vastukalechi itar udaharane mhanje dagadat koraleli mandire, 'defufa' navachi matichya vitanchi mandire, dagadanni bandhalelya bhinti asalelya kabari kinwa matichya vitanni banavaleli ghare, lakud aanee dagadi majale, rajwade aanee susthitit asalele raste. greek-roman sanskraticha prabhav. ii. sha. puu. puu shatkapasoon ii. sha. puu. puu shatkaparyant, uttar nubiyavar aakraman karnyat aale aanee too egyptshy jodala gela, jyavar tolemic rajya aanee nantar roman samrajyane rajya kele. nubiyasarkhya dakshinekadil yaa kalatil sanskrutik prabhav mero yetheel tathakathit 'roman snangruhanmadhye' disu shakatat, jyala 'african rajya aanee bhoomadhyasagariy grico-roman sanskruti yanchyatil sanskrutik hastantaranache eka utkrusht udaharan' asey mhanatat." egyptmadhil tolemic rajvatidarmyan nubiyamule jhalelya sanskrutik prabhavache aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje eka nubian tarunache sangamarvari doke, jeey bahudha purv bhoomadhya pradeshat tayar kele gele aahe aanee aata americetil brooklin sangrahalayat pradarshit kele aahe. madhyayugeen nubia. madhyayugeen nubiyat (ii. 500-1500 see. eae.), makuria, nobadia aanee alodia yaa khrishchan rajyanchya rahivashanni faras cathedral, shilpe aanee bhintchitre yasarkhya vastukalechya vegvegalya prakaranchi nirmiti kelee, jyapaiki 650 hoon adhik aadhunik vidvattapoorn granthanmadhye prakashit jhalya aahet. heey egyptchya coptic kaleshi aanee kadhikadhi ethiopian kaleshi sambandhit aahet. tyanni vividh dharmik kinwa dharmnirpeksh granthansathi, hastalikhite kinwa valukashma, sangamarvari kinwa terrakota vareel shilalekh mhanoon jatan kelelya junya nubian bhashecha, coptic, greek kinwa arabi bhashecha vapar keela. jaree muslim sthalantarit, bahudha vyapari aanee karagir, karagir shatkapasoon khalchya nubiyamadhye sthayik jhaale asalyachi pushti jhaali asali taree nubiyatil vastavik islamikaran islamikaran shatkachya uttaradhat suru jhaale. islamche aagman aanee arabikaran. arabikaran aanee aanee shatkat, naveen islami rajye sthapan jhaali-fanj saltanat aanee darfar saltanat, jyamule sudanmadhye haloohaloo islamikaran aanee arabikaranacha dirgh kalavadhi suru jhaala. 1820 madhye ottoman egyptian aakramanane sudanvar vijay midvat nahee toparyant aanee darfurchya babatit 1916 paryant hii saltanati aanee tyanche samaj astitvat hote. yaa kalatil mothe sanskrutik badal islamik dharmacha sweekar aanee dainandin jivanache ghatak mhanoon arabi bhashecha vadhata vapar yamule disun aale. paradeshi paryatakanni, udaharanarth fredrick callioud, itar sanskrutik ghadamodinchi nond kelee aanee tyaa shaharanchya aanee mashidinchya vastukaleshi, chakoo kinwa "kaskara" talwari fekane yasarkhya shastranchya nirmitishi aanee gulamanchya vyaparashi sambandhit hotya. yaa kalat, arabi bhasha aanee islamik abhyasasathichya shaala, jyanna "khalwa" mhanatat, sthapan karnyat aalya aanee soofi bandhutvane sudanmadhye mule ghetali. tyanchya bhautik sanskratichi udaharane mhanje aata british sangrahalayat asalela vishvasache islami vidhan asalela dhwaj kinwa 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhatil lakadi falak, joou newyork shaharatil brooklin sangrahalayane online sadar kelela kuran kuran vidyarthyansathi lekhan falak mhanoon vaparla jaato. 19 weey aanee 20 weey shatak swatantryaparyant. chhayachitrakaranni shatkachya suruvatipasun, paradeshi abhyagatanni kadhaleli rekhachitre kinwa chhayachitre, vastukala, poshakh, kesharachana, dagine kinwa scarification yasarkhya vividh vanshik aanee samajik gatanchya paramparik kalansathichya kahee sarvat junya nondi aahet. turkey-egyptian rajvatichya pahilya kalanantar (1821-1885), mahadist rajyane (1885-1899) mothya khartumchya teen pramukh bhaganpaiki eka asalelya omdurmanmadhye mahattvapoorn khuna sodalelya aahet. mahadichi kabar, khalifa ghar, mahadichi nanee aanee mahadichya anuyayanni paridhan kelela "jibba" coat yasarkhe vishisht prakarche poshakh yaa kalatil sanskrutik swarupache sakshidar aahet. chhayachitrakaranni shatkachya suruvatila, egyptche, british aanee khartumchya itar paradeshi rahivashanni shaharacha lashkari chhavanipasun shekado vitanni bandhalelya gharanchya shaharaparyant vistar keela hota. aanee anglo-egyptian sudan (1899-1956) chya vasahatidarmyan, british sainya aanee nagri prashasanane samaj, arthvyavastha aanee sanskratit mahattvapoorn badal ghadavun aanale. british prashasanane shalanmadhye uchch shikshan aanee qalaa shikshanasathi gorden memorial colleges pashchimatya shikshan pranali dekhil suru kelee aanee 1945.this madhye ughadanyat aaleli rachana shaala hii sudanmadhye aadhunik kalechya vikasachi suruvat manali jaate aanee pashchatya arthane chitrakala kinwa shilpakala ruju houu lagali. itihaskar heather jeey. sharkey yanni british shaikshanik vyavasthedvare drushya sanskratichya prabhavavar khaleel tippani keleeh "chhayachitre aanee chhayachitranmule gorden collegemadhil mule aanee mhatare mule pahoo shakali aanee tyamule jug, british samrajya aanee sudanchi kalpana naveen marganni karata aalee, drushya sanskruti hii shabdanchya sanskratiitakich mahattvachi hotee."mahitipatanchya udayonmukh drushya kalamadhyech, pahila sudani chhayachitrakar asalyache mhatale jaanare gadalla gubarala vasahatvadi chitrapat vibhagasathi prashikshan denyat aale hote. shikshakanna, visheshtah vyavsayik prashikshanasathi, prashikshan denyasathi 1943 madhye shikshan sansthet eka qalaa abhyaskram suru karnyat aala aanee teen varshannantar, eka rachana shaala sthapan karnyat aalee. 1951 madhye hii shaala khartoum tantrik sansthet halavanyat aalee aanee 1971 madhye tee sudan vidnyan aanee tantradnyan vidyapithat (sustech) lalit aanee upayojit kalanche pradhyapak banale. pramukhyane anek sarkaranchya durlakshamule mothya pramanat adthale nirman hounahi, 2021 madhye teey suru aahe aanee sudanchya anek aadhunik drushya kalakar aanee sangitkaranni tyanche kalatmak shikshan suru kele aahe. paramparik upayojit qalaa aanee hastakala. konatyahi samajik gatachya bhautik sanskratichya samkalin kalpanannusar, 'paramparik qalaa, lock qalaa, upayojit qalaa, hastakala' kinwa 'hastakala' yaa sandnya manavanni banavalelya sanskrutik vastoonchya vistrut shrenicha sandarbh detat. tathakathit 'lalit qalaa' vyatirikt, heey kapad aanee poshakh yasarkhya vividh sudani nirmitila lagoo hote, jyat paramparik 'galabia', purushansathi pagadi aanee kavati kinwa mahilansathi 'topali', dagine, boot aanee itar prakarchya chamadyache kaam jase qee padatrane, pavitra lipi asalele chamadyache tavij, dagine aanee itar prakarche vaiyaktik alankar, jase haat kinwa ghotyanvar mehandiche dagine yancha samavesh aahe. lakadi kaam, matichi bhandi kinwa dhatushilp yaa sudani parampara 'angrib' bedstedsarkhya paramparik furnituremadhye, khajgi gharanchya baher pinyachya panyasathi matichya bhandyanmadhye, dhoop jaalanyasathi container mhanoon kinwa 'jabana' navachi paramparik coffeechee bhandi mhanoon aadhalu shakatat. 2017 madhye, sanskrutik manavvanshashastradnya griselda all tayyib yanni tyanche pustak 'regional lock veshbhusha auph daad sudan' prakashit kele, jyat sudanchya vividh vanshik gatanmadhil poshakh aanee itar prakarchya vaiyaktik sajavatichi chitre aahet. tasech, shareer kalechya vanshik parampara, jase qee secatrizations, kesharachana, jase qee venee kinwa hedendoa purushanchi tathakathit "fuzzy-vajhi" kesharachana, aadhunik dreadlock aanee makeup dainandin vaparat aahet kinwa ajunahi aahet. yach vishayavar, 'daad grove encyclopedia auph islamik aart andd architecture' neey savadh kele aahe qee, '1990 chya dashkaparyant sudanchya anek paramparik qalaa aadhunikikaran aanee mothya pramanat utpadit vastoonchya aayatimule dhokyat aalya hotya." 20 vya shatkatil aadhunik qalaa. 1940 chya dashakat aanee 1960 chya dashkaparyant. 1940 chya uttaradhatil khartummadhil graphik kalakar aanee chitrakaranchya suruvatichya gatacha sandarbh dett, 2009 madhye vidwan verner daum aanee rasheed diyab yanni prakashit kelelya 'aadhunik sudan qalaa' vareel vihangavaloknamadhye 'coffey hausachya kalecha' ('phaan all-makahi') ullekh aahe. yaa kalakaranni utpadanachya packagingsathi sudani ruparesha aanee chitrafitivar pahili dastaivajikaran keleli chitre tayar kelee aanee tyanche kalatmak utpadan rajdhanitil udayonmukh shahari samajache pratibimb asalyache mhatale jaate, jyat aadhunik qalaa eka vishisht aadivasi sanskratipurati maryadit asalelya vanshik paramparanchi jaaga ghete. tathapi, 'khartoum aadhunik qalaa shaala' chya udayasathi nirnayak kaal 1950 chya dashakachya madhyat suru jhaala, jevha pahile sudani alankarik kalakar englandmadhil padvyuttar shikshananantar gharee paratale. tyanchya kamala deshantargat aanee paradeshat manyata miloo lagali aanee samkalin african kalechya vikasasathi eka mahattvache yogdan mhanoon teey olakhale jaau lagale. tyanchya vihangavaloknamadhye, daum aanee diab yanni aadhunik sudani kaleche varnan "swatachya mulanchya pushti aanee pashchatya prabhavachya darmyan asthir" asey kele. [...] pahilya chalvaline sudani varsa aanee sanskratila kalatmak sarjanshilatecha moolbhut ghatak mhanoon vachanyacha prayatna keela...] yaa vishisht arab-islamik-african sanskratichya samajik sthiticha prabhav. pudhil pidhi qalaa sarvavyapi asalyache siddha karnyasathi amoort chitrakala, ghanata kinwa ativastavad yasarkhya pashchatya shaala aanee shailincha purn sweekar karel. tisra cull yaa doghanmadhil eka madhyam marg manla jaau shakatoh sudani, arab aanee african ghatakancha thet sanket naan deta olakh shodhanyasathi vapar karane, parantu tyanna navinyapurn margane rupantarit karane aanee vikasit karane." pramukh pradarshan aanee sangrah. 1995 madhye, londonchya white chappel galleryne 'africa 95' mahotsavacha bhag mhanoon 'aafriketil aadhunik kalebaddal saat katha' heey pradarshan sadar kele. mukhya curator clementin delis yanni sangitale qee, yaa pradarshanane prekshakanna visavya shatkachya uttaradhat aafriketil drushya kalanchya sankalpanatmak aanee saundarya abhivyaktincha eka chhotasa bhag anubhavanyasathi aamantrit kele."heey pradarshan aanee aafriketil kinwa african diasporamadhil curator aanee kalakarancha sahbhag nantar mahotsavachya sarvat mahattvachya karyakramanpaiki eka mhanoon mojala gela. moow abaro, rasheed diyab, kamala ibrahim ishaq, abdel basit all khatim, severino mutty, husson musa, amir noor, ibrahim all-salahi aanee osman vakiyala heey sudanache sahbhagi kalakar hote. 2016 madhye, sanyukt arab amiratichya sharjah aart foundation, 'daad khartoum school-daad making auph daad modern aart movement inn sudan' (1945-sadhya) yaa shirshakache eka smarak pradarshan sadar kele, jyat hussen sharif aanee ibrahim all salahi yanchi chitre kinwa rasheed mahadi aanee gadalla gubara yanchi chhayachitre yasarkhya sudani drushya kalakaranchi chitre, chhayachitre aanee shilpe samavisht hotee. osman vakiyala, basatavi baghdadi, ahmed shibrain, abdelrajig abdelghaffar, mohammed omer khalil, tagg all-siir ahmed, mohammed all husson abdel raheem, jyanna shaigi, siddig all nigaumi, magdaub rabba, ahmed hamid all arabi aanee griselda all-tayyab heey sudanmadhil aadhuniktavadi chalvaliche pratinidhitva karnare itar kalakar hote. yaa purvalakshi pradarshanat done swatantra ekal pradarshananni bharr deela, jyat kamala ibrahim ishaq yanchya chitranvar aanee amir noor yanchya shilpanvar laksh kendrit karnyat aale. 2016 madhye ibrahim all-salahi yanchya kalakrutinchya purvalakshi pradarshanachya prasangi, londonmadhil tajya aadhunik qalaa pradarshanat khartoum shalela "1960 madhye sudanmadhye sthapan jhaleli eka aadhuniktavadi qalaa chalval" asey mhatale gele, jyat navyane swatantra jhalelya rashtrachi vishisht olakh pratibimbit karnyasathi eka naveen drushya shabdasangrah vikasit karnyacha prayatna keela gela." sanyukt arab amiratitil barjil aart foundation abdel kadar husson, kamala ibrahim ishaq, mohammed omer khalil, omer khairi, ibrahim all-salahi, hussen sharif, ahmed shibrain aanee khalid albaih yanchi graphik aart hii sudani chitre tyanchya online prushthavar sadar kelee aahet. vaiyaktik kalakar. osman vakiallah (1925-2007) yanni chitrakar aanee sulekhankar mhanoon kaam kele. tyanni 1945 madhye khartoum yetheel school auph design, gorden memorial collegemadhun padvi prapt kelee aanee nantar london aanee kairo yethe tyanche kalatmak shikshan suru thewale. aadhunik, bigger-dharmik graphik swaroop mhanoon tyane arabi sulekhancha vapar kelyane vakiyallah arabi qalaa chalvalit sthan ghete, jee hurufiya chalval mhanoon olakhali jaate. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila, ahmed mohammed shibrain (buub. 1931), ibrahim all-salahi (buub. 1930) aanee all-siir ahmed (buub. 1933) nantar 'aadhunik kalechi khartoum shaala' mhanoon olakhali jaanari sudani qalaa chalval nirman karnyat vakiyallashi sameel jhaale. griselda ell tayyab (1928-2022) hii british-janmaleli qalaa itihaskar, qalaa shikshika aanee drushya kalakar hotee, jee pramukhyane tichya agraganya sanshodhan aanee paramparik veshbhushechya jalarangi chitransathi olakhali jaate, kaaran tee 1970 chya dashakapasun sudanchi sanskruti aanee samaj pratibimbit karate. sudanmadhil kalanmadhye tichya dirghakalin yogdanacha sandarbh dett, 'sudanmadhil aadhunik qalaa' yaa lekhachya lekhakanni teela 'british moolchi sudani kalakar' mhatale. ibrahim all-salahi (buub. 1930) heey sudanmadhil konatyahi chitrakarasathi sarvat vyapak aantarrashtriy manyatesathi olakhale jaate. too 'khartoum school auph african modernwad' aanee hurufiya qalaa chalvalicha agraganya sadasya manla jaato, jyane samkalin kalesah islamik sulekhanchya paramparik prakaranna ekatra karnyacha prayatna keela. 2016 madhye, londonmadhil 'tett modern aart gallery' neey 'ibrahim all-salahih eka durdarshi aadhuniktavadi' heey 100 kalakrutinche pradarshan sadar kele, jyat kalakarachya pannas varshanhun adhik aantarrashtriy karkirdicha samavesh aahe. tyane all-salahila "african aanee arab aadhuniktavadatil sarvat mahattvachya vyaktinpaiki eka" mhatale, jyamule tyachya kalakrutila kalechya jaagtik itihasachya sandarbhat sthan midale. ahmed shibrain (buub. 1931) yanni khartummadhil lalit aanee upayojit qalaa mahavidhyalayat aanee nantar londonmadhil kendriya qalaa aanee rachana vidyalayat, graphik designmadhye vishesh shikshan ghetale. 1960 madhye sudanla paratalyanantar tyanni lalit aanee upayojit qalaa mahavidhyalayat graphik design vibhag sthapan keela, jithe tyanni adhishthata mhanoonahi kaam kele. shibrain tyachya chitranmadhil sulekhanchya aadhunik prakaransathi prasiddha jhaala aanee too 'hurufiya' chalvalicha bhag manla jaato, tasech 'khartumchya shale' chya kalakaranpaiki eka manla jaato. siddiq all nigaumi (1931-1996) yane kalatmak matichi bhandi tayar kelee. sudanmadhye pratham shikshan ghetalele teey 1967 pasoon united kingadammadhe rahat hote. tyachya jalalelya terrakota matichya bhandyanmadhye tyane european aanee african prabhav ekatra kele. londonmadhil victoriya aanee albert sangrahalayat tyanchya kahee kalakruti aahet, jyat tyanchya 'ibric' yaa paramparik sudani coffeechya bhandyachi aadhunik aavrutti online sadar kelee aahe. hussen sharif (1934-2005), eka chitrakar, kavee, chitrapat nirmate aanee khartoum vidyapithachya qalaa shakhetil vyakhyate, heey 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun 1990 chya dashkaparyant sakriy asalele sudani buddhijivi aanee kalakar hote. englandmadhil cambridge vidyapithat aadhunik itihasacha abhyas kelyanantar tyanni londonchya slade school auph fine artsmadhye padvyuttar padvi ghetali, jithe tyanni lutian fried yanchya margdarshanakhali shikshan ghetale. itar kamansah, tyache 'chandrasah garbhavati devdut' heey chitra 1960 madhye londonchya gallerymadhye pradarshit karnyat aale hote aanee londonmadhil rashtriy potret gallerymadhye tyachya chitransamor basalelya sharifchi chhayachitre aahet. sharif yanni 500 hoon adhik chitre rangavali aahet asey mhatale jaate, parantu tyapaiki mojakich chitre nondavali gelee aahet. moow abaro (1935-2016), mohammed ahmed abdallah abaro mhanoon janmalela, tyachya kumbharkam kalesathi olakhala jaanara shilpkar hota. tyachya pidhitil itar kalakar mhanoon, tyane khartummadhil lalit aanee upayojit qalaa mahavidhyalayatun padvi prapt kelee aanee nantar londonmadhil central school auph arts andd craftmadhye syramicscha abhyas keela. audhyogik matichya bhandyanchya rachneteel padvyuttar shikshananantar, teey kahee varshe matichi bhandi shikavanyasathi sudanla paratale, parantu 1966 madhye brittenmadhye tyanchi karkird suru thevanyasathi englandla paratanyacha nirnay ghetala. tyachya kamache varnan, paramparik sudani ghumat aanee kamani, tasech calabash aanee basketariche aakar pratibimbit karnare asey kele gele. kamala ibrahim ishaq (buub. 1936), sudanmadhil pahilya aadhunik mahila chitrakar, khartummadhil sudan vidnyan aanee tantradnyan vidyapithachya lalit qalaa mahavidhyalayat aanee nantar londonmadhil royal college auph aartmadhye chitrakala shikali. tiche vidyarthi muhammad hameed shadad aanee nayala all tayyab yanchyasobat, tyaa 'chrystallist' navachya sankalpanatmak qalaa gatachi sansthapak hotya, jyanni sudani kalela naveen disha dilee. sharjah aart foundationchya matey, tiche kaam 'sudanmadhil kalechya paramparik purush drushtikonas aavhan dete, jyat surya, valoo aanee aakashachya ranganmadhye mahilanchya jivanachi drushye chitrit kelee aahet." mohammed omer khalil (buub. 1936) yanni 1959 paryant khartummadhye lalit kalecha abhyas keela aanee 1963 pasoon italichya florencemadhye chitrakala aanee mudrankala yancha abhyas keela. 1967 pasoon americet anek dashake kaam karoon aanee shikavoon, tyanni paramparik ranganchya bajula sapadalelya vastoo, sangrahit sahitya, kapad kinwa chhayachitre vaparali aahet. 2020 madhye londonchya mosack kholyanmadhye 'maay homeland under maay nile' yaa pradarshanachya prasangi tyanni spasht kelyapramane, tyanchya chhapyanmadhye, teey kalya rangachya vegvegalya chhata pasant karatat. khalilala "pradeshik kalakaranchya done pidhyanvar prabhav prabhav, arab jagatil sarvat mahattvachya samkalin chitrakaranpaiki eka" mhatale gele aahe."2012 madhye, tyache kaam parismadhil institute du monde areb yethe purvalakshi pradarshanat sadar karnyat aale. mea. emm. noor (1936-2021), eka shilpkar aanee shaikshanik, seent vidyapithat african qalaa aanee shilpakalecha abhyas karat hota. andrews, scotland, daad royal college auph aart, london, yuu.keey. aanee yall vidyapith, united stateschee qalaa aanee vastukala shaala. concrete, fiberglass kinwa polad yasarkhya samgripasoon banavalelya tyachya shilpe amoort aanee kiman aahet, parantu tarihi prani, bhupradesh aanee sthapatyakala yancha ullekh karatat jee sudan aanee tyachya tarunyatil afro-islamik sanskratishi sambandhit aahet. omer khairi (1939-1999) yane madhyamik shalet kalela aapala pramukh vishay mhanoon shikanyas suruvat kelee aanee 1960 pasoon tyane lalit aanee upayojit qalaa mahavidhyalayat shikshan suru thewale. mansik aarogyachya samasyanmule tyanna tyanche shikshan thambavave lagale. tarisuddha, sthanik pradarshananmadhil tyanchya chitransathi teey prasiddha jhaale, jeey tevhapasoon sarvajanik sangrahanmadhye sadar kele gele aahet. sudani chitrapat nirmate alya moosa heey yaa 'rahasy' vishayichya mahitipat prakalpat guntalele aahet, agadi tyanchya bhitidayak upasthitila aanee tyanchya dhadsi kalakrutila vedhalelya lokansathihi." 1970 chya dashakat francemadhye padvyuttar shikshanasathi sudan sodalele husson musa (b.1951) heey chitrakar, sulekhankar, koreev kaam karnare mhanoon olakhale jaatat aanee tyanni anek pustake sachitra kelee aahet. 1960 chya dashakat, teey tapal kalechya lokpriy shailit guntalele hote, jyala 'poost aart' asehi mhanatat, jeey sthapanavirodhi upkramanshi sambandhit aahe. 1997 chya venis dvivarshikatil 'aadhunikta aanee aathvani' pradarshanat 'sant sebastianche hautatmya' yaa tyanchya karyacha samavesh karnyat aala hota. shastriy pashchatya utkrusht kalakrutinchya rupantarasathi, tyanni pashchatya qalaa, rajkaran aanee sanskrativar eka gambhir drushtikon nirman keela asey mhatale jaate." rasheed diyab (janm 1957) yane pratham khartoum yethe chitrakala aanee qalaa itihasacha abhyas keela aanee spainmadhil madrid yetheel complutains vidyapithat padvyuttar shikshan suru thewale. spainmadhye tayar kelelya tyachya suruvatichya kalatil kamanche varnan amoort, majboot pratima mhanoon kele gele aahe, jeey tyachya mool deshache rung aanee pott pratibimbit karatat. sudanla paratalyanantar, tyane tyachya sthanik shrotyanchya vyakhyechya vegvegalya marganna pratisad deela aanee abhivyaktichya adhik olakhanyayogya prakarankade valale, jase qee striya 'paripoorn shunyatet' basalya. diyabchya kalakruti aantarrashtriy staravar pradarshit kelya gelya aahet aanee kahee jordenmadhil hindi qalaa sangrahalayadvare online sadar kelya jaatat. salah all muur (janm 1966) hii chitrakar, graphik designer, pustak lekhak aanee chitrapat nirmati mhanoon aantarrashtriy staravar olakhali jaate. tyanchi chitre parampara, lokkatha, vividh lock aanee vatavaranatil prabhav darshavtat aanee tyancha rangancha vapar mothya reshanmadhye thalak swar darshavito. too kairo aanee khartoum darmyan rahato aanee kaam karato aanee tyachi chitre madhya purv, europe aanee america yaa donhi thikani pradarshanat dakhavanyat aalee aahet. 2018 madhye, tyachi chitre kamala ishaq aanee ibrahim all-salahi yanchya kamansah londonchya sachee gallerydware "forrests andd spiritsah khartoum shaletil lakshanik qalaa" yaa pradarshanat sadar karnyat aalee." ahmed abusharia (buub. 1966) yanni 1990 madhye lalit aanee upayojit qalaa mahavidhyalayatun padvi prapt kelee aanee 90 chya dashakachya madhyat keeniya yethe rahile. nantar teey germanytil collon yethe kahee kaal rahile aanee 2000 pasoon teey ugandatil kampala yethe rahat aahet, jithe teey kaam karat aahet aanee tyanchi chitre pradarshit karat aahet. ibrahim all salahi aanee rasheed diyab yanchyasah sudanmadhil purvichya samkalin kalakaranni tyachya shailivar prabhav padalyache mhatale jaate. aadhich namood kelelya navanvyatirikt, 20 vya shatkatil itar sudani kalakar, aadhunik african kalevareel smithsonian granthalayatil vachan yadeet musa khalifa (janm 1941), mohammed omer bushara (janm 1946) aanee salih abdou mashamoun (janm 1946) heey aahet. 21 weey shatak aanee krantichi qalaa. sudani shaikshanik ahmed sikainga yanni 2012 madhye lihilyanusar, sudanmadhil aadhunik qalaa chalvali aanee tyanchya samajik parshvabhoomine qalaa itihaskarankadun farse vishleshan aakarshit kelele nahee. tathapi, 2018/19 chya sudani krantidarmyan, kalakaranchya bhoomikechi mahitee aantarrashtriy madhyamanmadhye denyat aalee aahe, jee sadhyachya ghatananmadhil tyanchi aavad darshavate. krantipurvi aanee darmyan, kalakaranni samaj aanee rajkaranabaddal tyanchi matey vyakt kelee, jaree omer all bashirchya majee sarkarne hii abhivyakti gambhirpane maryadit kelee hotee. november 2020 madhye, sudan vidnyan aanee tantradnyan vidyapithatil (sustutech) lalit qalaa mahavidhyalayachya vidyarthyanni krantichya ghoshananche pratinidhitva vartankan smarak shilpache pradarshan keleh swatantrya, shantata aanee nyay. april 2021 madhye, kranti aanee krantidarmyan marle gelelya nidarshakanchya smaranarth khartoum yethe pudhil qalaa pradarshan aayojit karnyat aale hote. rajkiy vyangchitrakar aanee manavadhikar karyakarte khalid albaih yanni tyanchya facebook pages 'khartoon!' dware prasiddhi midavali."tasech madhya purv aanee pashchatya madhyamanmadhil tyanchya mulakhati. 2019 madhye tyanni 'sudan retold' yaa sachitra pustakache saha-sampadan kele. graphik katha sangane, jalarangi chitrakala kinwa chhayachitran yasarkhya vividh kalatmak shailincha vapar karoon, tarun kalakaranchya eka gatane tyanchya sudani itihasachya vartaman aanee bhavishyatil aavrutya sangitalya. yaa tarun kalakaranpaiki eka asalelya aamna elhasanane, 2022 madhye germanytil frankfurt yetheel prasiddha shern qalaa sangrahalayat ekal pradarshan deuun, aantarrashtriy karkirdila suruvat kelee aahe. sudani krantitil mahilanchya mahattvapoorn bhoomikecha tasech mahila kalakaranchya kalatmak kalakrutincha sandarbh dett, lekh, pradarshan aanee sarvajanik kalatmak sadarikarananmadhye tyanche yogdan adhorekhit kele gele aahe. 2023 chya sudan sangharshadarmyan khartoum aanee itar sudani shaharanmadhil jeevan aanee payabhoot suvidhanchya nashanantar, anek sudani bandar sudansarkhya surakshit shaharanmadhye kinwa shejaril deshanmadhye paloon gele. nirvasit sudani kalakaranna pathimba denyasathi, downtown galleryche qalaa curator raheem shaddad, jeey 2019 pasoon krantichya kalecha prachar karnyat sakriy hote, tyanni sudani kalakaranna pathimba denyasathi nidhi gola karnyasathi eka nidhi tayar keela. qalaa pradarshanagruhe aanee aashray. 2009 madhye, 'sudanmadhil aadhunik qalaa' yaa lekhamadhye asey mhatale hote qee, 'pradarshanasathi jaaga naslyamule aanee sanrakshanachya abhavamule khartummadhil kalakaranna gambhir tras sahan karava lagla aahe."tyat khartummadhil keval eka 'ardh-sarvajanik' qalaa pradarshanacha aanee eka mothya hotelmadhil adhunmadhun pradarshanacha ullekh hota. tyaeivaji, gret britton, france aanee germany yaa teen paradeshi sanskrutik kendranni bajavalelya "pramukh bhoomike" laa tyache shrey dile gele. yashivay, sudani kalakar ahmed mohammed shibrain aanee rasheed diyab yanni khajgi dalane ughadali hotee. diyabche qalaa kendra heey dekhil teey thikan hote, jithe 1978 pasoon vanvasat vanvasat ibrahim all-salahiche kaam 2000 madhye sudani qalaa jagasamor sadar karnyat aale hote. khartummadhil sudani kalakaranna protsahan denari aanakhi eka dalan mhanje dabanga dalan, jyachi malak leena hugger yanni 2017 madhye 'samkalin sudan kalakarah pratikool kalat qalaa' yaa pustakache sampadan kele. 2016 madhye, mojo aart gallery hii sudani qalaa sadar vartankan mojkya vyavsayik qalaa sthalanpaiki eka hotee. 2022 paryant, khartummadhye downtown aart gallerysarkhya itar anek aart gallery karyarat hotya. comics aanee vyangchitre heey lokpriy qalaa prakar aahet. mudrit kinwa online prakashit jhalelya vyangchitre aanee comixsarkhya lokpriy qalaa prakarankadehi laksh vedhale jaat aahe aanee aantarrashtriy covid-19 mahamarisarkhya sadhyachya ghatananna pratisad deela jaat aahe. 2018 pasoon, sudani vinodi kalakar aanee tyanchya prekshakansathi pradarshan mhanoon 'khartoum comic conn' navacha comixasathicha mahotsav aayojit keela jaat aahe. sudanmadhil chitrapat aanee chhayachitran. paradeshi sanshodhak aanee chhayachitrakaranni chhayachitrakaranni shatkachya madhyapasoon rekhachitre aanee chhayachitre tayar kelee aahet. 20 vya shatkat, sudanchya dakshin bhagatil nuba lokambaddal chhayachitrakar george rodger aanee lennie refenstall yanni ghetalelya chhayachitra kathanni, tasech manvi sankatache vartankan vartankan chhayachitrakaranni ghetalelya chhayachitra kathanni deshachi aantarrashtriy pratima aakarli aahe. aahe shatkachya suruvatila, digital chhayachitranachya parichayane sudani chhayachitrakaranchya vyapak chhayachitran aanee kalatmak coveragela suruvat kelee. kelee shatkachya purvardhat british vasahatvadi kalat sudanmadhye chitrapat nirmiti aanee chitrapatgruh suru jhalyanantar, khartoum aanee itar shaharanmadhil sudani prekshakanna paradeshatil mahitipat aanee vaishishtyapurn chitrapatancha laabh midala hota aanee aanee dashakapasun anek bahya chitrapatgruhe hotee. swatantryanantar, gadalla gubara kinwa hussen sharif yansarkhya sudani chitrapat nirmatyanchya pahilya pidhine kahee chitrapatanchi nirmiti kelee. 2019 madhye, 1960 chya dashkatil teen sudani chitrapat nirmatyanche charitra yaa mahitipatat vrukshambaddal bhashya kartana sadar karnyat aale hote, jyat sudanmadhil chitrapatgruh aanee chitrapat nirmititil ghasaranichi karane yabaddal vaiyaktik antardrushti dekhil samayik kelee gelee aahe.

sudanko drishya kala sudanko drishya kalale ajko sudan ganatantraka basindaharule banaeka rar uniharuko aaa-afno sanskritima wishishta wastuharuko aitihasik rar samakalin utpadanlai sametchha. yasale uttar-purvi africako kshetrako sanskritik paramparaka wastuharu samawesh gardacha jaslai aitihasik rupma sudan bhaninchha, jasma dakshini kshetraharu samawesh chhan june 2011 maa dakshin sudanko rupma swatantra bhae. yasako itihasbhari, sudan madhya africa, purvi africa, egypt, bhumadhyasagariya sanskritiharu, paschimma upa-sahara africa rar deshko purvama rato samudri tata bichko chauraha bhaeko chha. 20 aun shatabdiaghi, yee sanskritik paramparaharu adiwasi africi, ferronic, griko-roman, byzantine rar arabi sanskritiharubata prabhawit thie jasle sanskritik abhiwyaktiharuko thulo vividhata lyaeko chha, prayaha jatiya wa samajik samuhaka lagi vishesh jasle tiniharulai utpadan rar prayog gardacha. samajko bhautik sanskritiko abhiwyaktika rupma, sudanko kalako yass itihasma lalit kalaharusanga anuprayukta kala rar hastashilpaharu samawesh garieko chha. 19 aun shatabdiko prarambhama, videshi sainya rar rajnitik prabhutwako visheshta bhaeko pahile turkey-egyptian rar pachhi englo-egyptian shasanko sthapanale sudaniharuko jiwanshaili rar bhautik sanskritima nayan sanskritik prabhawharu bhaeko adhunik rashtra rajyako kramik wikasko suruwat garyo. sann 1956 maa swatantratapachhi, aupaniweshik shiksha pranalika sudani snatakharule nayan rajyama agrani padaharu samhale rar yasari sahari sanskriti rar adhunik kalako udayama yogdan die. yee sanskritik wikasharu sann 1950 dekhi 1980 ko dashaksamma sabaibhanda badhi dekhine bhayo, jaslai pachhi "sudanma adhunik kala andolanko nirman" bhaninchha. 21 aun shatabdima, deshma drishya kalatmak wikasharu sancharko digital rupharudwara visheshta diieko chha, jasma adio-bhijual kala failiyo rar satellite television, unline mediaka sathai chhawiharu rar chalchitraharu samajik mediama sajha gariyo. sann 2018 rar 2019 ko sudani krantiko samayama, yuwa kalakarharule bhitta chitra, graphiti, cartoon, foto wa bhidiyo sandeshaharu sirjana gardai lokpriya andolanko virodh rar manobalma yogdan die. samakalin sudanbhanda aghika aitihasik kalharu. pragaitihasik samaya. nubiama bhautik kalakritiharuko sabaibhanda purano awasthit wastuharu, jastai dhungaka aujarharu, pragaitihasik kalma chhan. sabu-jaddi chattan kala sthal vibhinna aitihasik kalka 1600 bhanda badhi chattan rekhachitraharuko ek adwitiya samuha how june nubian sabhyatako vibhinna yugharuma 6000 warsha bhanda badhi wistar bhaeko chha. ramrosanga sanrakshit rekhachitraharule jungley rar gharayasi janawarharu, manis rar dungaharuko pratinidhitwa gardacha rar vishwa smarak koshdwara hernka lagi smarakharuko suchima samawesh garieko thiyo. anya prachin chattanka rekhachitraharu bayuda marubhumima wadi abu dome bhanera chinine shushka upatyakama fela pareka thie. arko mahatwapurna pragaitihasik sthal sudan, libia rar egyptko sima kshetrama gabal ell uweinat parwat shringkhalama fela pareko thiyo. sudanko paschimi kshetrama, jebel mokram samuha, yasako matoka bhanda rar janawarharuko sano matoka akritiharudwara visheshta, ek pragaitihasik, nawapashan sanskriti thiyo june isapurva dosro sahasrabdima fastayo. kerma rar kushko rajya. prachin africako prarambhik sabhyataharu madhye ekko asson, kerma sanskriti (2500-1500 bce) batt, hatiyar, bhaandaako bhandaka wastuharu rar anya gharelu wastuharu sudanko rashtriya sangrahalaya, kerma sangrahalaya, britis sangrahalaya wa metropolitan sangrahalaya aff art jasta sangrahalayharuma prastut garinchha. kush rajyako samayama (lagbhag 950 isa purva-350), jab kushka rajaharule afno uttari chhimeki egyptma ek shatabdi bhanda badhi samayasamma faroko rupma shasson gare, taharkako sphinx jasta nubian murtiharule egyptka wisheshtaharu prapta gare rar mandirharu wa nubian piramidharuma khada gariyo, jastai sudanko vishwa sampada sthalharu madhye ek meroma. anya srotharu madhye, prachin nubiaco bhautik sanskritima suna, hattiko daant, abnus, dhup, chhala wa bahumulya dhungaharu prayog garieko thiyo, rar haar wa bresletharu shahi pariwarharuko chihanharuma fela pareka chhan. nubian raja rar raniharu, jaslai kushko kandak bhaninchha, mandirharuma dhungaka nakka (sinha mandira) lai samarpit jastai murtiharuma pratinidhitwa garieko thiyo. prachin nubian wastuklaka anya udaharanharu chattan katieka mandirharu, "defufa" bhanine mato-intaka mandirharu, dhungako parkhalharu bhaeka chihanharu wa matoka intaharu, kath rar dhungako bhuin, darbarharu rar ramrosanga banaieka sadakharu hun. griko-roman sanskritiko prabhawa. isapurva tesro shatabdidekhi isapurva tesro shatabdisamma, uttari nubiama akraman gariyo rar egyptma sanlagna gariyo, june tolemic rajya rar pachhi roman samrajyadwara shasit thiyo. yass awadhiko sanskritik prabhawharu nubiama dakshinma meroko tathakathit 'roman bath' maa dekhna sakinchha, utkhanan garieko bhawanlai "africi rajya rar bhumadhyasagariya greeko-roman sanskriti bichko sanskritik sthanantaranko utkrishta udaharan bhaninchha." egyptma tolemic shasanko samayama nubiaco sanskritik prabhawko arko udaharan ek nubian yuwakko sangamarmarko tauko how, sambhawatah purvi bhumadhya kshetrama banaieko, rar ahile americako brooklin sangrahalayama pradarshan garieko chha. madhyayugin nubia. madhyayugin nubia (see. 500-1500 CE), isai rajyaharu makuria, nobadia, rar alodiaka basindaharule wastuklaka vibhinna rupharu utpadan gare, jastai faras cathedral, murtikla, rar bhitta chitraharu, jasmadhye 650 bhanda badhi adhunik vidwan granthaharuma prakashit bhaeka chhan. yee egyptko coptic kalasanga sambandhit chhan, rar kahilekaahin ethiopian kalasanga sambandhit chhan. tiniharule purano nubian bhasha, coptic, grick wa arabilai vibhinna dharmik wa dharmanirapeksha granthaharuka lagi prayog gare, pandulipiharuma wa balaute dhunga, sangamarmar wa terakottama shilalekhharuko rupma sanrakshit. muslim aprawasiharu, sambhawatah wyapariharu rar karigarharu, 9 aun shatabdidekhi tallo nubiama basobas gareko pushti bhae tapani, nubiaco wastawik islamkaran 14 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama suru bhayo. islam rar arabikaranko agaman. आगमन। rar rar shatabdima, nayan islamic rajyaharu sthapit bhae-funz saltanat rar darfurko saltanat, jasle sudanma kramik islamikaran rar arabikaranko lamo awadhi suru garyo. yee saltanatharu rar tiniharuka samajharu sann 1820 maa ottoman egyptian akramandwara sudanlai jitna nabhaesamma rar darfurko mamalama sann 1916 samma pani astitwama thie. yass awadhika pramukh sanskritik pariwartanharu islamic dharmalai apanaera rar dainik jiwanko tatwaharuko rupma arabi bhashako badhdo prayogle chihnit gareka thie. anya sanskritik ghatanakramharu videshi agantukharu jastai fredrick siliaudwara report garieko thiyo rar sahar rar masjidharuko wastukla, chhuri wa "kaskara" tarawarharu fyaankne jasta hatiyarharuko nirman-rar dass wyaparsanga sambandhit thiyo. yass awadhima, arabi bhasha rar islamic adhyayanka lagi vidyalayaharu, jaslai "khalawa" bhaninchha, sthapana gariyo rar sufi bhaichara sudanma jara lie. tiniharuko bhautik sanskritika udaharanharu wishwasko islamic kathan bhaeko jhanda how, june ahile britis sangrahalayama chha, wa 19 aun shatabdiko uttarardhako kathko tablett, june kurran sikne vidyarthiharuka lagi lekhan boardko rupma prayog garinchha, brooklin sangrahalaya, newyork sahardwara unline prastut garieko chha. छ। rar rar shatabdi swatantrata samma. 19 aun shatabdiko surudekhi, videshi agantukharule khicheka rekhachitra wa photoharule wastukla, pahiran, keshwinyas, gahana wa scarification jasta vibhinna jatiya rar samajik samuhaharuko paramparagat kalaharuka lagi kehi prarambhik recordharu gathan gardacha. turkey-egyptian shasanko pahilo awadhi (1821-1885) pachhi, mahadista rajya (1885-1899) ley brihattar khartumka tean pramukh kshetraharu madhye ek, omadurmanma mahatwapurna nishanharu chhodeko chha. mahadiko chihan, khalifa ghar, mahadista sikka rar mahadika anuyayiharule lagaune "zibba" kote jasta wishishta prakarka pahiranharule yass awadhiko sanskritik charitrako sakshi dinchha. 19 aun shatabdiko prarambhama, egyptka, britis rar khartumka anya videshi basindaharule saharlai sainya shivirbata sayaun intaale nirman garieka gharharuko saharma wistar gareka thie. rar englo-egyptian sudan (1899-1956) ko condominiumko samayama, britis sena rar nagarik prashasanle samaj, arthawyawastha rar sanskritima mahatwapurna pariwartanharu lyayo. britis prashasanle vidyalayaharuma uccha shiksha rar kala shikshaka lagi gorden memorial collegeko sath paschimi shiksha pranali pani suru garyo, rar 1945.this maa kholieko designko vidyalayalai sudanma adhunik kalako wikasko suruwatko rupma manincha, rar paschimi arthama chitrakla wa murtikla jara lyne thalyo. itihaskar heather jey. sharkile britis shaikshik pranalimarfat drishya sanskritiko prabhawabare nimna tippani gareh "foto rar taswirharule gorden kalejka ketaharu rar wriddha ketaharulai hern saksham banayo rar tyasaile sansar, britis samrajya rar sudanlai nayan tarikama kalpana garna, drishya sanskriti shabdaharuko sanskriti jattikai rashtrawadko vikaska lagi mahatwapurna thiyo."writtachitra chalchitraharuko udaaundo drishya kalama nai pahilo sudani cameraman bhaeko bhanieko gadalla gubaralai aupaniweshik film ekaika lagi prashikshan diieko thiyo. shikshakharulai, vishesh gari wyawasayik prashikshanka lagi, talim dina sann 1943 maa shiksha sansthanma kala pathyakram suru gariyo rar tinn warshapachhi, designko vidyalaya sthapana gariyo. sann 1951 maa, yo vidyalaya khartum prawidhik sansthanma sarieko thiyo, rar sann 1971 maa, yo sudan vigyan rar prawidhi vishwavidyalaya (sustech) maa fine rar applied artsko sankaya banyo. dherai sarkarko upekshaka karan bhaeko thulo awarodhka bawajud, yo sann 2021 maa jaari chha rar yahi sthan how jahaan sudanka dherai adhunik bhijual kalakar rar sangitkarharule afno kalatmak shiksha suru gareka chhan. paramparagat anuprayukta kala rar shilp. kunai pani samajik samuhako bhautik sanskritiko samakalin dharanaharu anusar, "paramparagat kala, lock kala, anuprayukta kala, shilp" wa "hastashilp" shabdaharule manisharule banaeko sanskritik wastuharuko wistrit shrinkhalalai janaunchha. tathakathit "lalit kala" bahek, yo kapada rar pahiran jasta vividh sudani srishtilai lagu hunchha, jasma paramparagat "galabia", purushharuka lagi pagadi rar khopadi wa mahilaharuka lagi parda rar "tub", gahana, jutta rar anya prakarka chhalako kaam jastai chappal, chhalako tabijma pawitra lipi, gahana rar anya prakarka wyaktigat sajawatharu, jastai haat wa khuttama mehedika gahanaharu samawesh chhan. kathko kaam, bhaandaako bhanda wa dhatukla jasta sudani paramparaharu paramparagat furniturema "angarib" bedsteadharu, niji gharharu bahira piune panika lagi matoka bhandaharuma, dhup jalaunaka lagi containerko rupma wa paramparagat kafi bhanda "jabana" bhaninchha. sann 2017 maa, sanskritik manawashastri griselda ell taiyable unko pustak "khetriya lock veshbhusha sudan" sudanka vibhinna jatiya samuhaharubata pahiran rar anya prakarka wyaktigat sajawatko chitransahit prakashit garin. sathai, sharira kalaka jatiya paramparaharu jastai secatrigeson, keshwinyas, jastai bread wa hadendoa purushharuko tathakathit "fazi-wazi" keshwinyas, adhunik dreadlock rar makeup dainik prayogma chhan wa ajhai pani chhan. sohi vishayama, "grobh encyclopaedia aff islamic art anned architecture" ley chetawani dinchha kii "sann 1990 ko dashaksamma sudanka dherai paramparagat kala adhunikikaran rar wyapak rupma utpadit wastuharuko ayatbata khatarama thie." 20 aun shatabdiko adhunik kala. sann 1940 ko dashakma suru bhaeko rar sann 1960 sammako. khartumma sann 1940 ko dashakko uttarardhaka graphic kalakar rar chitrakarharuko prarambhik samuhalai sandarbha gardai, vidwanharu werner dauma rar rasid diyabdwara sann 2009 maa prakashit "sudanma adhunik kala" ko sinhawalokanma "kafi hausharuko kala" ("fann all-makahi") ullekha garieko chha. yee kalakarharule utpadan packagingka lagi sudani motifharu rar ijelharuma pahilo kagjat garieko chitraharu utpadan gare, rar tiniharuko kalatmak utpadanle rajdhanima udiyaman sahari samajlai pratibimbit gardacha, adhunik kalale wishishta adiwasi sanskritima simit jatiya paramparaharulai pratisthapan gardacha. adhunik kalako khartum schol" ko udayako nirnayak awadhi, tathapi, 1950 ko dashakko madhyama suru bhayo, jab pahilo sudani alankarik kalakarharu englandma afno snatakottar adhyayan pachhi ghar farke. tiniharuko kamlai desh rar videshma manyata dina thalyo, rar samakalin africi kalako vikasma mahatwapurna yogadanko rupma chininthyo. afno sinhawalokanma, doom rar diyable adhunik sudani kalalai "afnai jara rar paschimi prabhawko pushti bichko asthira rupma chitran gare. [...]..] pahilo andolanle sudani sampada rar sanskritilai kalatmak rachanatmaktako adharbhut karakko rupma padhna prayas prayas yo vishesh arab-islamic-africi sanskritiko samajik awasthabata prabhawit. arko pustale kalako sarwabhaumiktalai pushti garne kadamma amurta chitrakla, cubism wa atiwastawad jasta paschimi vidyalayaharu rar shailiharu purna rupma apanaunechhan. tesro prawrittilai yee dui bichko madhya marga manna sakinchhah sudani, arab rar africi tatwaharulai pratyaksha sanket nagari pahichanko khojima prayog garne, tara tiniharulai naveen tarikama rupantaran rar vikas garne." pramukh pradarshani rar sangrahaharu. sann 1995 maa londonko whitechapel galleryle "africa 95" mahotsavko bhagko rupma "africama adhunik kalako barema saat kathaharu" pradarshani prastut garyo. mukhya curator clementin delisle bhane kii pradarshanile "bisaun shatabdiko uttarardhama africama drishya kalaharuko awadharanatmak rar saundarya abhiwyaktiko sano bhag anubhav garna darshakharulai amantrit garyo."yo pradarshani rar africa wa africi prawasi curatorharu rar kalakarharuko sahabhagitalai pachhi mahotsavko sabaibhanda mahatwapurna ghatanaharu madhye ekko rupma nirnaya gariyo. sudaka sahabhagi kalakarharu moe abaro, rasid diyab, kamala ibrahim ishaq, abdel basita all khatim, sebherino matti, hassan musa, amir noor, ibrahim all-salahi rar usman wakiyala thie. sann 2016 maa, sanyukta arab imiratesko sharzah art foundationle "da khartum schol-da making aff da modern art movement inn sudan (1945-wartaman)" shirshakko smarak pradarshani prastut garyo, jasma sudani drishya kalakarharuko chitra, foto rar murtiharu, jastai hussen sharif rar ibrahim ell salahiko chitraharu wa rasid mahadi rar gadala gubarako photoharu samawesh chhan. sudanma adhuniktawadi andolanko pratinidhitwa garne anya kalakarharu usman wakiyalla, basatawi baghdadi, ahmed shibrine, abdelrajig abdelghafer, mohammad umer khalil, tagg all-sira ahmed, mohammad ell hassan abdel raheem, jaslai saigi bhaninchha, siddig ell nigaumi, magdaub rabba, ahmed hamid all arabi rar griselda all-taiyab thie. yo purvavyapi karyakramlai dui chhuttai ekal pradarshaniharule purak banayo, jasma kamala ibrahim ishakko chitraharu rar amir nurko murtikalaharuma dhyan kendrit garieko thiyo. sann 2016 maa ibrahim all-salahidwara garieka karyaharuko purvavyapi pradarshaniko awasarma, londonko tete adhunik art galleryle khartum skullai "sann 1960 maa sudanma gathan bhaeko adhuniktawadi kala andolan" bhaneko thiyo jasle nayan swatantra rashtrako wishishta pahichanlai pratibimbit garna nayan drishya shabdawali vikas garna khojyo." sanyukta arab imiratesko barjil art foundationle abdel kader hassan, kamala ibrahim isak, mohammad omer khalil, umer khairi, ibrahim all-salahi, hussen sharif, ahmed shibrain rar khalid albaihako graphic artdwara sudani chitraharu uniharuko unline prishthama prastut gardacha. wyaktigat kalakarharu. usman wakiyala (1925-2007) ley chitrakar rar sulekhankartaka rupma kaam gare. unle sann 1945 maa khartumko schol aff design, gorden memorial kalejbata snatak gare, rar pachhi london rar kairoma afno kalatmak adhyayan jaari rakhe. unle arabi sulekhanlai adhunik, gaira-dharmik graphic rupko rupma prayog gare jasle wakiyallalai arabi kala andolanbhitra rakhchha june hurufia andolanko rupma parichit bhayo. sann 1960 ko dashakko suruma, khartumma unka kehi vidyarthiharu, jastai ahmed mohammad shibrine (bee. 1931), ibrahim all-salahi (bee. 1930) rar tagg all-sira ahmed (bee. 1933) pachhi 'adhunik kalako khartum schol' bhanine sudani kala andolan sirjana garna wakiyalama samel bhae. griselda ell taiyab (1928-2022) ek britis-janma kala itihaskar, kala shikshak rar bhijual kalakar thiin, jo mukhyataya unko agragami anusandhan rar paramparagat veshbhusha jalrang chitraharuka lagi parichit chhin, kinki tiniharule 1970 ko dashakdekhi sudanko sanskriti rar samajlai pratibimbit garchhan. sudanma kalama unko lamo samayadekhi raheko yogadanlai sandarbha gardai, "sudanma adhunik kala" lekhka lekhakharule unlai "britis mulko sudani kalakar" bhaneka chhan. ibrahim all-salahi (bee. 1930) sudanka kunai pani chitrakarka lagi wyapak antarrashtriya manyataka lagi parichit bhaeko chha. unlai "africi adhuniktawadko khartum schol" rar hurufia kala andolanko agrani sadasyaharu madhye ek manincha, jasle samakalin kalasanga islamic sulekhanko paramparagat rupharulai sanyojan garna khojyo. sann 2016 maa, londonko tete modern art galleryle kalakarko antarrashtriya kariyarko pachas warshabhanda badhi failieko 100 wata kritiharuko pradarshani "ibrahim all-salahihi ek duradarshi adhuniktawadi" prastut garyo. yasale all-salahilai "africi rar arab adhuniktawadka sabaibhanda mahatwapurna wyaktitwaharu madhye ek" bhaneko thiyo, jasle unko kamlai kalako vishwawyapi itihasko sandarbhama sthapit garyo. ahmed shibraina (bee. 1931) khartumko lalit rar anuprayukta kala mahavidyalayama rar tyasapachhi londonko kendriya kala rar design schoolma graphic designma visheshagyata prapta garera adhyayan gare. sann 1960 maa sudan farkiepachhi unle lalit rar anuprayukta kala mahavidyalayama graphic designka lagi euta vibhag sthapana gare, jahaan unle dinko rupma pani kaam gare. sibren afno chitraharuma sulekhanko adhunik rupharuka lagi parichit bhae rar unlai "hurufia" andolanko hissa manincha, sathai 'khartumko schol' kaa kalakarharu madhye ek manincha. siddik all nigaumi (1931-1996) ley kalatmak bhaandaako bhaando sirjana gare. pahilo patak sudanma shikshit, uni sann 1967 dekhi sanyukta adhirajyama basthe. afno jaleko terakota matoko bhandoma, unle europeli rar africi prabhawharu milae. londonko victoria rar albert sangrahalayale unka kehi kritiharu rakhchha, unko "ibric", paramparagat sudani kafi bhaandoko adhunik sanskaran, unline prastut garieko chha. hussen sarif (1934-2005), ek chitrakar, kawi, film nirmata rar khartum wishwawidyalayako kala sankayaka wyakhyata, ek sudani buddhijiwi rar kalakar thie, jo 1950 ko dashakko uttaradhadekhi 1990 ko dashaksamma sakriya thie. englandko cambridge vishwavidyalayama adhunik itihasko adhyayan garepachhi, unle londonko slade schol aff fine artsma snatakottar degree lie, jahaan unle lucian fryedko adhinma adhyayan gare. anya kritiharusangai, unko chitra "angel pregnant whith munn", sann 1960 maa londonko galleryma pradarshan garieko thiyo, rar londonko rashtriya potret galleryma unko chitraharuko agadi basera sharifko photoharu rakhieko chha. sarifle 500 bhanda badhi chitraharu banaeka chhan, tara timadhye kehi matra dastawej garieko chha. moe abaro (1935-2016), mohammad ahmed abdalla abaroko rupma janmeka, afno cyremic kalaka lagi parichit murtikar thie. afno pustaka anya kalakarharuko rupma, unle khartumko lalit rar anuprayukta kala kalejbata snatak gare rar tyasapachhi londonko central schol aff arts anned craftma cyremic adhyayan gare. audyogik mrigaula designma snatakottar adhyayan garepachhi, uni kehi warshasamma cyremic sikauna sudan farke, tara sann 1966 maa belayatma afno currier kayam garna england farkane nirnaya gare. unko kamlai paramparagat sudani gumbaj rar mehrabharu, sathai calabas rar tokarika akarharu pratibimbit garne duwaiko rupma warnan garieko thiyo. kamala ibrahim isak (bee. 1936), sudanki pahilo adhunik mahila chitrakar, khartumko sudan university aff sines anned technologyko lalit kala mahavidyalayama rar pachhi londonko royal college aff artma chitrakla adhyayan garin. afna vidyarthiharu muhammad hamid shadad rar nayala ell taiyabsanga milera, uni "crystalist" bhanine awadharanatmak kala samuhako sansthapak thiin jasle sudani kalama nayan disha lyayo. sharzah art foundationka anusar unko kamle "sudanma kalako paramparagat purush pariprekshyalai chunauti dinchha, jasma mahilako jiwanka drishyaharu surya, baluwa rar akashko rangma chitran garieko chha." mohammad umer khalil (bee. 1936) ley 1959 samma khartumma lalit kala adhyayan gare, rar 1963 dekhi florence, italyma chitrakla rar printmaking. sann 1967 dekhi sanyukta rajya americama dherai dashaksamma kaam rar sikaundai, unle paramparagat rangharuka atirikta fela pareka wastuharu, abhilekhiya samagri, kapada, wa photoharu prayog gareka chhan. sann 2020 maa londonko mojek kothama bhaeko afno pradarshani "mero nakhamuni matribhumi" ko awasarma unle bataeanusar, unle afno printma callo rangka vibhinna rangharu ruchaunchhan. khalillai "arab sansarka sabaibhanda mahatwapurna samakalin chitrakarharu madhye ek" bhaninchha, jasle khetriya kalakarharuko dui pustalai prabhawit gareko chha."2012 maa, unko kaam perisko institute du monde arabma purvavyapi pradarshanima prastut garieko thiyo. amir I. emm. noor (1936-2021), ek murtikar rar shikshawid, cent vishwavidyalayama africi kala rar murtikla adhyayan gare. andrews, scotland, royal college aff art, london, yu.key. rar yell vishwavidyalaya, sanyukta rajya americako kala rar wastuklako vidyalaya. concreet, fibreglass wa still jasta samagribata baneka unka murtiharu amurta rar nyunatam chhan, tara ajhai pani sudan rar unko yuwawasthako africi-islamic sanskritisanga sambandhit janawar, paridrishya rar wastuklalai uddhrit gardai. umer khairi (1939-1999) ley madhyamik vidyalayama afno pramukh wishayako rupma kala adhyayan garna thale rar sann 1960 dekhi, unle lalit rar anuprayukta kala mahavidyalayama jaari rakhe. manasik swasthya samasyaka karan unle afno padhaima badha badha thiyo. jey hose, uni sthaniya pradarshaniharuma unka chitraharuka lagi parichit bhae, june tabdekhi sarvajanik sangrahaharuma prastut garieko chha. sudani film nirmata alia musa yass "rahasya" ko barema euta writtachitra film pariyojanama sanlagna chhan, unko derpok upasthiti rar unko dussahasi kalakritilai gherineharuka lagi pani." sann 1970 ko dashakma francema snatakottar adhyayanka lagi sudan chhodeka hassan musa (b.1951) lai chitrakar, sulekhkar, utkirnak bhanera chininchha rar unle dherai pustakharu chitran gareka chhan. sann 1960 ko dashakma, uni mail kalako lokpriya vidhama sanlagna thie, jaslai "post art" pani bhaninchha, june sthapana virodhi gatiwidhisanga sambandhit chha. unko kriti 'da shahatyagi aff cent sebastian' sann 1997 ko bhenis binalema pradarshani 'adhunikta rar samjhanaharu' maa samawesh garieko thiyo. shastriya paschimi utkrishta kritiharuko rupantaranka lagi, unle "paschimi kala, rajniti rar sanskritima alochanatmak drishtikon" sirjana gareko bhaninchha." rasid diyab (janma 1957) ley pahile khartumma chitrakla rar kala itihasko adhyayan gare rar spainko madridko complutains vishwavidyalayama afno snatakottar adhyayan jaari rakhe. spenma sirjana garieka unko prarambhik kalka karyaharulai amurta, baliyo chhawiharuka rupma warnan garieko chha, jasle unko muel deshko rung rar banawatlai pratibimbit gardacha. sudan farkiepachhi, unle afna sthaniya shrotaharudwara wyakhya garne vibhinna tarikaharuma pratikriya die rar abhiwyaktika thap pahichan yogya rupharuma farkie, jastai mahilaharule "nirapeksha shunyatama" sett gare. diyabka kritiharu antarrashtriya rupma pradarshan garieka chhan, rar kehi jordenko hindi kala sangrahalayadwara unline prastut garieka chhan. salah ell murr (janma 1966) antarrashtriya rupma chitrakar, graphic designer, pustak lekhak rar film nirmataka rupma parichit chhan. unka chitraharule parampara, lokkatha, vibhinna manisharu rar watawaranko prabhawa dekhaunchhan, rar unko rangko prayogle farakilo rekhaharuma bold tonharu dekhaunchha. uni kairo rar khartumko bichma baschhan rar kaam garchhan rar unka chitraharu madhya purva, europe rar sanyukta rajya america duwaima pradarshaniharuma dekhaieka chhan. sann 2018 maa, unko chitraharu kamala ishaq rar ibrahim all-salahiko kamharusangai sachi gallery, landandwara "wann rar atmaha khartum schoolko alankarik kala" namak pradarshanima prastut garieko thiyo." ahmed abusaria (bee. 1966) ley sann 1990 maa lalit rar anuprayukta kala mahavidyalayabata snatak gare rar 90 ko dashakko madhyama kenyama basthe. pachhi uni germanyko kolonma kehi samaya base rar sann 2000 dekhi uni ugandako kampalama basdai aeka chhan, jahaan unle kaam garna rar afna chitraharu pradarshan garna jaari rakheka chhan. unko shaili ibrahim all salahi rar rasid diyabsahit sudanka purva samakalin kalakarharubata prabhawit bhaeko bhaninchha. pahile nai ullekha garieka namharu bahek, 20 aun shatabdika anya sudani kalakarharu adhunik africi kalako barema smithsonian pustakalayharuko pathan suchima musa khalifa (janma 1941), mohammad umer bushara (janma 1946), rar saliha abdau masamun (janma 1946) chhan. छन्। shatabdi rar krantiko kala. sudani shikshawid ahmed sikaingale sann 2012 maa lekheka thie, sudan rar tiniharuko samajik prishthabhumima adhunik kala andolanharule kala itihaskarharubata dherai vishleshan akarshit gareka chhainan. tathapi, 2018/19 ko sudani krantiko samayama, kalakarharuko bhumika antarrashtriya mediama report garieko chha, jasle wartaman ghatanaharuma uniharuko chasolai pratibimbit gardacha. krantiaghi rar samayama kalakarharule samaj rar rajnitima afno vichar wyakta gare, yadyapi yo abhiwyakti umer all bashirko purva sarkarle gambhir rupma simit gareko thiyo. november 2020 maa, sudan university aff sines anned technology (sustech) kaa lalit kala mahavidyalayaka vidyarthiharule krantiko naraharu pratinidhitwa garne smarak murtiko pradarshan gareh swatantrata, shanti rar nyaya. april 2021 maa, krantiko kramama marieka kranti rar pradarshankariharuko samjhanama khartumma thap kala pradarshaniharu ayojit gariyo. rajnitik cartoonist rar manav adhikar karyakarta khalid albaihale afno facebook page "khartuna!"sathai madhya purvi rar paschimi mediama unko antarwarta. sann 2019 maa unle sachitra pustak "sudan retold" ko saha-sampadan gare. graphic katha kathan, water colour penting wa fotography jasta vibhinna kalatmak vidhaharu prayog garera yuwa kalakarharuko samuhale sudani itihas, wartaman rar bhawishyaka sanskaranharu batae. amana elhasson, yee yuwa kalakarharu madhye ek chitrit, tyasapachhi sann 2022 maa germanyko frankfurtko prasidha sirna kala sangrahalayama ekal pradarshaniko sath antarrashtriya careerma suru bhaeko chha. sudani krantima mahilako mahatwapurna bhumika rar mahila kalakarharuko kalatmak karya duwailai sandarbha gardai, uniharuko yogdan lekh, pradarshani rar sarvajanik kalatmak pradarshanharuma highlite garieko chha. sann 2023 ko sudan dwandwako samayama khartum rar anya sudani saharharuma jiwan rar purwadharko vinash pachhi, dherai sudaniharu port sudan wa chhimeki deshharu jasta surakshit saharharuma bhage. nirvasanma raheka sudani kalakarharulai sahayog garna, sann 2019 dekhi krantiko kalalai prawardhan garna sakriya raheka downtown galleryka kala curator raheem shadadle sudani kalakarharulai samarthan garna kosh sankalan garna kosh sirjana gare. art gallery rar sanrakshan. sann 2009 maa, "sudanma adhunik kala" maa lekhma bhanieko thiyo kii "khartumka kalakarharu pradarshani thaaunko abhawa rar sanrakshanko abhawale gambhir rupma badha badha chhan."yasale khartumma euta matra 'ardha-sarvajanik' art gallery rar thula hotelharu madhye ekma kahilekaahin pradarshaniko ullekha gareko chha. baru, yasale great britten, france rar germanyka tinn videshi sanskritik kendraharule kheleko "pramukh bhumika" lai shreya diyo. yasabahek, sudani kalakar ahmed muhammad shibraina rar rasid diyable niji galleryharu kholeka thie. diyabko kala kendra pani tyo sthan thiyo, jahaan sann 1978 dekhi nirvasanma raheka ibrahim all-salahiko kaam sann 2000 maa sudani kala jagatma prastut garieko thiyo. khartumma sudani kalakarharulai prawardhan garne arko gallery dabanga gallery how, jasko malik leana hagarle sann 2017 maa "samakalin sudan kalakarharuh pratikul samayama kala" pustak sampadan gareki thiin. sann 2016 maa, mojo art gallery sudani kala prastut garne kehi wyawasayik kala sthanharu madhye ek thiyo. sann 2022 samma, downtown art gallery jasta anya dherai art galleryharu khartumma sanchalan bhairaheka thie. lokpriya kala rupka rupma commicks rar cartoonharu. print wa unlinema prakashit cartoon rar commicks jasta lokpriya kala rupharule pani badhdo dhyan paeko chha rar antarrashtriya covid-19 mahamari jasta wartaman ghatanaharu prati pratikriya dekhaeka chhan. sann 2018 dekhi, "khartum kamik cone" bhanine commixka lagi euta mahotsava sudani hasya kalakarharu rar uniharuka darshakharuka lagi pradarshaniko rupma ayojana garieko chha. sudanma cinema rar fotography. videshi anweshakharu rar photographerharule 19 aun shatabdiko madhyadekhi rekhachitra rar photoharu sirjana gareka chhan. 20 aun shatabdima, sudanko dakshini bhagma raheka nuba manisharuka barema photographer george rudder rar leny refensthaldwara khichieka foto kathaharu, sathai manav sankatlai sametne foto patrakarharule deshko antarrashtriya chhawi akar dieka chhan. 21 aun shatabdiko suruma, digital photographyko parichayale sudani photographerharudwara wyapak photographic rar kalatmak kabharej suru garyo. 20 aun shatabdiko purwardhama britis aupaniweshik samayama sudanma chalchitra nirman rar cinema suru bhaepachi, khartum rar anya saharharuma sudani darshakharu videshbata writtachitra rar fitcher filmharuko samparkama aeka thie, rar 1930 ko dashakdekhi, tyahan dherai outdor cinema thie. swatantrata pachhi, gadalla gubara wa hussen sarif jasta sudani film nirmataharuko pahilo pustadwara kehi chalchitraharu nirman garieko thiyo. sann 2019 maa, sann 1960 ko dashaka tinn sudani film nirmataharuko jiwaniharu writtachitra chalchitrama rukhharuko barema kura gardai prastut garieko thiyo, jasle sudanma cinema rar film nirmanko girawatka karanharuma wyaktigat antardrishti pani sajha gardacha.

sudanara drushya kalaa sudanara drushya kalaa aajira sudan ganarajyara adhibasimananka dwara nirmita ebong semananka niz niz sanskruti paain nirdista bastur aitihasika ebong samasamajika utpadanaku antarbhukta kare . ethire uttara-purba africar sanskrutika paramparar bastugudika antarbhukta, jaahaaku aitihasika bhabare sudan bolly kuhajae, jeunthire 2011 ray dakhina sudan bhabare swadheena hoithiba dakhina anchala antarbhukta . ehara samagra itihasare, sudan madhya africa, purba africa, egypt, bhumadhyasagarija sanskruti, paschimare upa-sahara africa ebong deshar purbare lohita sagara upakula madhyare eka sanjoga path hoi rahichhi. binsha shatabdi purbaru, ehi sanskrutika parampra swadeshi african, pharonic, greco-roman, byzantine ebong arabi sanskruti dwara prabhabita hoithila jaahaa sanskrutika abhibyaktira eka bruhata bibidhata aanichi, jaahaa prajatah jatigata kimba samajika gosthi paain nirdista jaahaa segudiku utpadana ebong byabahara kare . eka samajara bhautika sanskrutira abhibyakti bhabare, prajogika kalaa ebong hastasilpa sudan kalaa itihasare lalita kalaa sahita antarbhukta . unabinsha shatabdir prarambhare, prathame turkey-egyptiah ebong parey bideshi samarika ebong rajanaitika adhipatya dwara chinhita anglo-egyptiah shasner pratistha, sudanara jeebanasailee ebong bhautika sanskruti upare nutan sanskrutika prabhaba sahita eka adhunika rastra rajyara dheere dheere bibartana arambha karithila. 1956 masihare swadheenata parey, upanibeshabadee sikhya byabasthara sudan snatakamane nutan rajyare agrani padabee grahan karithile ebong ehipari saharanchal sanskruti ebong adhunika kalaara utthanare yogdan karithile. 1950 dashakaru 1980 dashaka parjyanta ehi sanskrutika bikash sarbadhika drushyamana hoithila, eka samai jaahaaku parey "sudan ray adhunika kalaa andolanara nirmana" kuhajauthila . ekabingsha shatabdire, deshare drushyamana kalatmaka bikash digital jogajoga dwara chinhita hoichhi, jeunthire audio-vijual kalaa bistara ebong upgraha television, unline midia tatha social midia madhyamare seyara hoithiba phato ebong chalachitra madhyamare grahan karajaichi. 2018 ebong 2019rahr sudan biplaba samajare, juba kalakaramane lokpriya andolanara pratibada ebong manobalare yogdan karithile, kanth chitrakala, graphiti, cartoon, photograph kimba bhidio barta srusti karithile. samasamajika sudanara purbabarti aitihasika kaala. pragaitihasika kaala. nubiaare thiba prachinatama bhautika kalakruti, jepariki pathara upakarana, pragaitihasika samaira. saabu-jaddi shaila kalaa sthala heuchhi bibhinna aitihasika samaira 1600 ru adhika shaila chitrara eka ananya samooha jaahaa nubian sabhyatara bibhinna juga madhyamare 6000 barsharu adhika samai dhari bistara hoichhi . bhal bhabare sanrakhita chitragudika banya ebong gruhapalita pashu, manish ebong dangagudikara pratinidhitwa kare ebong biswa smaraki panthi dwara dekhiba paain smaraki talikare antarbhukta karajaithila . bayuda marubhumire waadi aabu gumpha bhabare janashuna sushka upatyakare anyanya pracheen pathara chitra milithila . anya eka gurutwapurna pragaitihasika sthana sudan, libia ebong egypt madhyare thiba seema anchalare gabal ell uweinat parbatamalare milithila. sudanara paschima anchalare, jebel mokram gosthi, ehara mrupatra ebong chhot mruttika aakrutira praneenka dwara chinhita, eka pragaitihasika, nabopasana sanskruti thila jaahaa khreestapoorba dwiteeja sahasrabdare bikashita hoithila . kerma ebong kush rajya. pracheen africar prachinatama sabhyata madhyaru gotie, kerma sanskruti (2500-1500 bce) ru, astrashastra, mrupatra samagri ebong anyanya gharoi samagri sudan jatiah sangrahalaja, kerma sangrahalaja, british sangrahalaja kimba metropolitan sangrahalaja kalaa pari sangrahalajare upasthapita hue . kush rajya samajare (praiah 950 khreestapoorba-350 khristabda), jetebele kushra rajamane eka shatabdiru adhika samai dhari semananka uttara padoshi egyptaku farao bhabare shasson karithile, taharkara sphinx pari nubian pratimurti egyptiah baisistya hassel karithila ebong mandira kimba nubian piramidare sthapita hoithila, jepariki sudanara biswa aitihya sthala madhyaru anyatama, merore . anya sambala madhyare, pracheen nubiara bhautika sanskrutire suna, hatidant, abarjana, dhupa, lugapata kimba mulyabana pathara byabahruta hoithila, ebong rajaparibarara samadhigudikare haara kimba bracelet milichi . nubian raja ebong raanee, jaahaaku kushanka kandake kuhajae, mandiragudikare pathara khodita chitrare pratinidhitwa karajauthila, jepari naca thaare apedemaka (singh mandira) ku utsargeekruta . pracheen nubian sthapatyara anya udaharanagudika heuchhi pathara-kataa mandira, "defufa" namaka kadua-ita mandira, pathara kanth thiba kabara kimba kadua ita, kaath ebong pathara chataana, prasad ebong bhal bhabare sajajaithiba rasta . greco-roman sanskruti dwara prabhabita. khreestapoorba khreestapoorba shatabdiru khreestapoorba khreestapoorba shatabdi parjyanta, uttara nubia aakraman karajaithila ebong egypt sahita sanjukta hoithila, jaahaa tolemic rajya ebong parey roman samrajya dwara shasita hoithila . ehi samaira sanskrutika prabhaba, dakhinare nubia bhali, meror tathakathita 'roman snanagara' ray dekhibaku milithae, eka khanan karajaithiba kotha jaahaaku "african rajya ebong bhumadhyasagar greco-roman sanskruti madhyare sanskrutika sthanantaranara eka ullekhaneeah udaharana" kuhajae." egyptare tolemic shasson samajare nubiara sanskrutika prabhabara aau eka udaharana heuchhi jane nubia jubakankara marble munda, jaahaa sambhabatah purba bhumadhyasagarija anchalare nirmita, ebong bartamana americara brooklin sangrahalajare pradarshita . madhyajugeeja nubia. madhyajugeeja nubiaare (c. khristija rajya makuria, nobadia ebong alodiara adhibasimane farras cathedral, bhaskarjya ebong kanth chitrakala pari sthapatyara swatantra roop utpadana karithile, jeunthiru 650 ru adhika adhunika bidwana granthare prakashita hoichhi . egudika egyptra cuptic kalaa sahita ebong belebele ethiopian kalaa sahita jadita . semane bibhinna dharmika kimba dharmanirapekhya granth paain puruna nubian bhasha, cuptic, greek kimba arabiah bhasha byabahara karithile, jaahaa pandulipi kimba baluka pathara, marble kimba terracotta upare abhilekha bhabare sanrakhita . jadio musalman prabasi, sambhabatah byabasajee ebong karigaramane, 9maha shatabdiru nimna nubiaare basati sthapana karithiba nischita hoichhi, nubiara prakruta islamikaran 14shaa shatabdir shesh bhagare arambha hoithila . islamar agman ebong aarabikarana. 16shaa ebong 17shaa shatabdire, nutan islamiah rajya pratistha karajaithila-funge sultanat ebong darfur sultanat, jaahaa sudanare dheere dheere islamikaran ebong arber eka dirgha samai arambha karithila . 1820 masihare automan egypt aakraman dwara sudanaku parasta kariba parjyanta ebong darfur khetrare 1916 masiha parjyanta madhya ehi sultanat ebong semanankara samaj bidyamana thila. ehi samaira pramukh sanskrutika paribartanagudika islamiah dharmaku grahan kariba ebong dainandina jeebner upadan bhabare arabiah bhasara bardhita byabahara dwara chinhita hoithila . bideshi parjyatakamananka dwara anyanya sanskrutika bikash bishajare report karajaithila jepariki frederic calliod ebong sahara ebong masjider sthapatya, chhuri kimba "kaskara" khanda phingiba pari astrashastra utpadana-ebong daasa banijya sahita jadita . ehi samajare, arabiah bhasha ebong islamiah adhyajana paain bidyalaja, jaahaaku "khalawa" kuhajae, pratistha karajaithila ebong sufi bhratrutwabada sudanare moola dhaaran karithila . semanankara bhautika sanskrutira udaharana heuchhi biswasara islamiah bibruti sahita eka pataka, bartamana british sangrahalajare, kimba 19shaa shatabdir seshabhagara eka kaath phalaka, jaahaa nyujarka saharar brooklin sangrahalaja dwara unline upasthapita kurran shikhiba chatramananka paain likhan board bhabare byabahruta . 19shaa ebong 20shaa shatabdire swadheenata parjyanta. unabinsha shatabdir prarambharu, bideshi parjyatakamananka dwara niajaithiba chitra kimba photograph, sthapatya, poshaka, kesh sailee, alankara kimba scarfication pari bibhinna jatigata ebong samajika gosthira paramparika kalaa paain kichhi prarambhika record gathan kare . turkey-egyptiah shasson (1821-1885) rahr pratham samai parey, mahdist rajya (1885-1899) bruhattara khartumra tinoti pramukh anchala madhyaru anyatama omdurmanare gurutwapurna chinha chadithila. mahdir samadhi, khalifa ghara, mahdist mudra ebong nirdista prakarara poshaka, jepariki mahdir anugameemananka dwara pindhajauthiba "jibba" coat, ehi samaira sanskrutika charitrara sakhi . unabinsha shatabdir prarambhare, egyptiah, british ebong khartumra anya bideshi adhibasimane saharaku eka samarika shibiraru shaha shaha ita nirmita ghara thiba eka saharaku bistara karithile. ebong anglo-egyptiah sudan (1899-1956) rahr condominium samajare, british sena ebong nagarika prashasana samaj, arthaneeti ebong sanskrutire gurutwapurna paribartana aanila . british prashasana madhya eka paschatya sikhya byabastha prabartana karithila, bidyalajare uccha sikhya ebong kalaa sikhya paain gerden memorial college sahita, ebong 1945.this ray kholajaithiba design skulaku sudan ray adhunika kalaara bikashar arambha bhabare bibechana karajae, ebong paschatya arthare chitrakala kimba bhaskarjya mulabhusha nebaku arambha kallah . aitihasika heather jay. british sikhya byabastha madhyamare drushya sanskrutira prabhaba upare sharkey nimnalikhita mantabya deithileh "photograph ebong chitragudika gerden colleger balaka ebong brudha balakamananku dekhibaku sakhyama karithila ebong tenu biswa, british samrajya ebong sudanaku nutan upaajare kalpana karibaku, drushya sanskruti shabdar sanskruti pari rastrabadara bikash paain gurutwapurna thila ."documentary chalachitrara udiyamana drushya kalaare hinn pratham sudan cameraman thiba gadala gubara oupanibeshika chalachitra unit paain talim neithile. shikhyakamananku, bisesh curry dhandamulaka talim paain, talim deba paain 1943 masihare sikhya pratisthanare eka kalaa pathyakrama arambha karajaithila ebong tini barsha parey, eka skula off design pratistha karajaithila. 1951 masihare ehi bidyalajaku khartum baishajika pratisthanaku sthanantarita karajaithila ebong 1971 masihare ehaa sudan bigyana oh prajukti biswabidyalaja (sustech) ray sukshma ebong prajogika kalaara faculty hoithila. mukhyatah aneka sarakaranka abahela karanaru yathesta byaghata satwe, ehaa 2021 ray jaari rahichhi ebong ehaa heuchhi sehi sthana jeunthare sudanara aneka adhunika drushya kalakara ebong sangeetagya semanankara kalatmaka sikhya arambha karichanti . paramparika prajoga kalaa ebong hastasilpa. kaunasi samajika gosthira bhautika sanskrutira samasamajika dharana anujai, "paramparika kalaa, lock kalaa, prajoga kalaa, hastasilpa" kimba "hastasilpa" shabdagudika manish dwara nirmita bibhinna prakarara sanskrutika bastuku suchita kare . tathakathita "fine art" byatita, ehaa bajanashilpa ebong poshaka bhali bibidha sudani srusti upare laagu hoithae, jeunthire paramparika "galabia", purushanka paain pagadi ebong scalcap kimba mahilanka paain "tub", alankara, jota ebong anyanya prakarara chamada karjya jepariki paduka, pabitra lipi thiba chamada talisman, alankara ebong anyanya prakarara byaktigata alankara, jepariki haata kimba godali upare mehendi alankara antarbhukta. kaath kaama, mrupatra kimba dhaatu silpara sudan parampra paramparika asababapatrare dekhibaku milithae, jepariki "angareeba" shajya, gharoi ghara bahare paniah jala paain maati patrare, dhupa jalaiba paain paatra bhabare kimba "zabana" namaka paramparika kaphi paatra bhabare . 2017 ray, sanskrutika nrutwabit griselda ell taib taanka pustaka "anchalika lock poshaka sudan" prakash karithile jeunthire sudanara bibhinna jatigata gosthira poshaka ebong anyanya prakarara byaktigata alankaranara chitra thila . ahuri madhya, sharirika kalaara jatigata parampra jepariki secatrigeson, hairstyle, jepariki bread kimba hadendoa purushanka tathakathita "fazi-waji" hairstyle, adhunika dreadlock ebong makeup dainandina byabaharare achhi kimba ebe madhya achhi . ehi ekaa bishai upare, "grobh encyclopedia off islamic art anded architecture" chetabani deichi je "1990 dashaka suddha sudanara aneka paramparika kalaa adhunikeekarana ebong bahula utpadita samagri aamadaneeru bipadare thila." binsha shatabdir adhunika kalaa. 1940 dashakare arambha hoi 1960 dashaka parjyanta. 1940 dashkar seshabhagara khartumare thiba eka prarambhika graphic kalakara ebong chitrakar gosthi bishajare ullekha curry, 2009 masihare bidwana werner daum ebong raseed dijabanka dwara prakashita "adhunika sudan kalaa" upare sankhipta bibaraneere "kaphi houser kalaa" ("fann all-makahi") ullekha rahichhi. ehi kalakaramane utpada pyakejing paain sudani motif ebong ijel upare pratham documented penting utpadana karithile, ebong semanankara kalatmaka output rajadhanire udiyamana saharanchal samajaku pratiphalita kare bolly kuhajae, jeunthire adhunika kalaa eka nirdista adibasi sanskruti madhyare seemita jatigata paramparaku badalaithae . tebe, "adhunika kalaara khartum bidyalaja" rahr utthana paain nirnajaka samai 1950 dashkar madhyabhagare arambha hoithila, jetebele pratham sudanara alankarika kalakaramane englandare snatakottara adhyajana parey gharaku pherithile. semananka karjya ubhaja desh ebong bideshare swekruti paiba arambha kallah, ebong samasamajika african kalaara bikashare eka gurutwapurna yogdan bhabare janashuna helah . semanankara sankhipta bibaraneere, domm ebong diab adhunika sudani kalaku "ehara nijaswa moola ebong paschatya prabhaba madhyare sthirikarana madhyare asthira" bhabare barnana karithile. [...]....] pratham andolana sudanara aitihya ebong sanskrutiku kalatmaka srujanasheelata paain moulika karaka bhabare padhibaku chesta karithila.....] ehi nirdista arab-islamiah-african sanskrutira samajika sthiti dwara prabhabita. parabarti pidhi kalaara sarbajaneenataku nischita kariba paain paschatya bidyalaja ebong saileeku sampurna bhabare grahan karibe, jepariki bimurta chitrakala, cubism kimba surrealism . truteeja dharaku ubhajanka madhyare eka madhyama marga bhabare bibechana karajaipareh sudani, arab ebong african upadanagudikara byabahara semananku sidhasalakha sanketa nakari parichai khojiba paain, kintu eka abhinaba upaajare semananku paribartana ebong bikash kariba ." pramukh pradarshani ebong sangraha. 1995 masihare londner whitechapel gallery "africa 95" mahostabara anshabisesha bhabe "africare adhunika kalaa bishajare satati kahani" pradarshani upasthapana karithila. mukhya curator clementine delis kahichanti je ehi pradarshani darshakamananku binsha shatabdir dwiteejardhare africare drushya kalaara dharanagata ebong saundarjya abhibyaktira eka chhot ansha anubhaba karibaku nimantran karithila."ehi pradarshani ebong africar curator ebong kalakara kimba african prabaseenka anshagrahana parey utsabara sabutharu gurutwapurna karjyakram madhyaru gotie bhabare bichara karajaithila . sudan rahr anshagrahanakaree kalakaramane thile moe abarro, raseed diab, kamala ebrahim ishaq, abdel basit ell khatim, sebherino matty, hassan musa, amir noor, ebrahim ell-salahi ebong osman wakijala . 2016 masihare, sanjukta arab emirates, sharzah art foundation, "khartum skula-sudanare adhunika kalaa andolanara nirmana (1945-bartamana)" shirshaka eka smaraki pradarshani upasthapana karithila, jeunthire sudanara drushya kalakaranka chitrakala, photograph ebong bhaskarjya antarbhukta thila, jepariki hussen sarif ebong ebrahim ell salahinka chitrakala kimba raseed mahadi ebong gadala gubaranka photograph . sudan ray aadhunikabadee andolanaku pratinidhitwa karuthiba anya kalakaramane thile osman wakijala, bastawi baghdadi, ahammed shibrine, abdelrajig abdelghafer, mahammad omer khalil, tagg ell-sir ahammed, mahammad ell hassan abdel raheem, jaahaaku shaigi, siddig ell nigaumi, magdoub rabba, ahammed hameed all arabi ebong griselda ell-taib bolly kuhajae . ehi purbabarti pradarshan duiti pruthaka ekaka pradarshani dwara paripuraka hoithila, jaahaa kamala ebrahim ishakanka chitrakala ebong amir nuranka bhaskarjya upare dhyana kendrit karithila . 2016 masihare ebrahim ell-salahinka karjyara purbabarti pradarshani absarare, londner tett adhunika art gallery khartum skulaku "1960 masihare sudan ray gathita eka aadhunikabadee kalaa andolana" bolly abhihita karithila jaahaa nutan swadheena rastrara swatantra parichajaku pratiphalita kariba paain eka nutan drushya sabda bhandara bikashita karibaku chesta karithila." sanjukta arab emiratesara barjeel art foundation semananka unline prusthare abdel kader hassan, kamala ebrahim ishaq, mahammad omer khalil, omer khairee, ebrahim ell-salahi, hussen sarif, ahammed shibrain ebong khaleed alabaihanka graphic art dwara sudanese chitrakala upasthapana kare . byaktigata kalakara. osman wakijala (1925-2007) chitrakar ebong sulekhika bhabare karjya karithile. shay 1945 ray khartumar gerden memorial kalejaru grazuate hoithile ebong parey london ebong kairore tankara kalatmaka adhyajana jaari rakhithile. eka adhunika, anah-dharmika graphic roop bhabare arabiah sulekhaku byabahara kariba dwara wakijala arabiah kalaa andolana madhyare sthana paichanti jaahaa hurufia andolana bhabare janashuna . 1960 dashkar prarambhare, khartumare tankara kichhi chhatra, jepariki ahammed mahammad shibrine (za. 1931), ebrahim ell-salahi (za. 1930) ebong tagg ell-sir ahammed (kha. 1933) parey 'adhunika kalaara khartum bidyalaja' kuhajauthiba sudani kalaa andolana srusti karibare wakijalanka saha joga deithile. griselda ell taib (1928-2022) jane british-janmita kalaa aitihasika, kalaa sikhyaka ebong vijual kalakara thile, jie mukhyatah tankara agrani gabeshana ebong paramparika poshaka jalarangi chitrakala paain janashuna, kaaran shay 1970 dashakaru sudanara sanskruti ebong samajaku pratiphalita karanti . sudan kalaa khetrare tankara dirgha dinara abdan bishajare ullekha curry, "adhunika kalaa sudan" prabandhara lekhakamane tanku "british banshodbhaba jane sudanese kalakara" bolly kahithile. ebrahim all-salahi (kha. 1930) sudan rahr jekaunasi chitrakaranka paain byapaka antarjatija swekruti paain janashuna . tanku "african aadhunikatara khartum bidyalaja" ebong hurufia kalaa andolanara anyatama agrani sadasya bhabare bibechana karajae, jaahaa samasamajika kalaa sahita islamiah sulekhare paramparika roopaku ekatrita karibaku chesta karithila . 2016 masihare londner tett modern art gyalereere 'ebrahim ell-salahihi aii bhijanari modernist "pradarshani ajojita hoithila, jeunthire jeunthire kruti pradarshita hoithila, jaahaa kalakaranka 50 barsharu adhika antarjatija kyariarare byapta thila. ehaa ell-salahinku "african ebong arab aadhunikatara sabutharu gurutwapurna byaktitwa madhyaru jane" bolly abhihita karithila, jaahaa taanka karjyaku biswa kalaara itihas sandarbhare sthapana karithila . ahammed shibrine (kha. 1931) khartumar fine anded applied arts kalejare ebong taa 'parey londner central skula off arts anded designre adhyajana karithile, graphic design ray bisheshagya. 1960 masihare sudanaku feriba parey shay lalita ebong prajoga kalaa mahabidyalajare graphic design paain eka bibhaga pratistha karithile, jeunthare shay dinn bhabare madhya karjya karithile. shibrain taanka chitrakala gudikare adhunika prakarara sulekh paain janashuna hoithile ebong tanku "hurufia" andolanara ansha bhabare bibechana karajae, ebong 'skula off khartum' rahr jane kalakara bhabare madhya bibechana karajae . siddiq ell nigaumi (1931-1996) kalatmaka mrupatra srusti karithile. prathame sudanare sikhya laabh karithiba shay 1967 masiharu britenare rahuthile. taanka podihoithiba terracotta mruttika patrare shay europeah ebong african prabhabaku milita karithile. londner victoria ebong albert sangrahalajare tankara kichhi karjya rahichhi, jeunthire tankara "ebric", eka paramparika sudani kaphi patrara eka adhunika sanskarana, jaahaa unline upasthapita hoichhi. hussen sarif (1934-2005), jane chitrakar, kabi, chalachitra nirmata ebong khartum biswabidyalajara kalaa bibhagara adhyapaka, jane sudanese buddhijibi ebong kalakara thile, jie 1950 dashkar shesh bhagaru 1990 dashkar sakriya thile. englandara cambridge biswabidyalajare adhunika itihas adhyajana kariba parey shay londner slade skul off fine artsre snatakottara degree hassel karithile, jeunthare shay lucian fraedanka adheenare adhyajana karithile. anya chitrakarma sahita, tankara chitrakala "chandra sahita garbhabati doota", 1960 ray londner gyalereere pradarshita hoithila, ebong londner jatiah portrait gyalereere taanka chitrakala sammukhare basithiba sharifnka phato achhi . sharif 500 ru adhika chitrakala ankana karithiba kuhajae, kintu segudika madhyaru kebala alpa kichhi document karajaichi . moe abarro (1935-2016), mahammad ahammed abdallah abarro bhabare janmagrahana karithile, jane shilpi thile jie taanka syramic kalaa paain janashuna . taanka pidhira anya kalakara bhabare, shay khartumar fine anded applied arts kalejaru snataka hassel karithile ebong taa 'parey londner central skula off arts anded craftre syramics adhyajana karithile. shilpa kumbhar designre snatakottara adhyajana parey, shay kichhi barsha paain syramics padhaiba paain sudan pherithile, kintu britenare nijara kyariyara aagaku badhaiba paain 1966 ray englanda pheribaku nishpatti neithile. tankara karjyaku ubhaja paramparika sudani gambuja ebong khilan, tatha calabas ebong basketerira aakaaraku pratiphalita karuthiba bhabare barnana karajaithila . kamala ebrahim ishaq (kha. 1936), sudanara pratham adhunika mahila chitrakar, khartumar sudan bigyana ebong prajuktibidya biswabidyalajara lalita kalaa mahabidyalajare ebong parey londner rayal college off artre chitrakala adhyajana karithile. taanka chhatra mahammad hameed shadad ebong naila ell taibnka saha mishi shay "sphatikabadee" namaka dharanagata kalaa gosthira pratisthata thile jaahaa sudani kalaku nutan diga aanithila . sharzah art foundation anujai, taanka karjya "sudan kalaara paramparika purush drustikonaku aahwana kare, jaahaa surya, baali ebong akashar rangare mahilanka jeebner drushya chitrana kare ." mahammad omer khalil (kha. 1936) 1959 masiha parjyanta khartumre lalita kalaa adhyajana karithile, ebong 1963 masiharu italyra florencere chitrakala ebong mudrana nirmana adhyajana karithile. 1967 masiharu aamerikare aneka dashandhi dhari karjya ebong sikhya dei shay paramparika ranga byatita milithiba bastu, sanrakhyana samagri, bajanashilpa kimba photograph byabahara karichanti. 2020 masihare londner mosaic rumare 'moe nakh tale matrubhumi' pradarshani absarare shay barnana karithiba bhali, tankara mudranare, shay bibhinna prakarara kalaa ranga pasanda karanti. khalilanku "arab biswara anyatama gurutwapurna samasamajika chitrakar" bolly kuhajae, jie dui pidhira anchalika kalakaranku prabhabita karichanti."2012 ray, paricera institute du monde aaraabere purbabarti pradarshaneere taanka karjya upasthapita hoithila . amira I. emm. noor (1936-2021), jane shilpi ebong academic, cent biswabidyalajare african kalaa ebong bhaskarjya adhyajana karithile. andrews, scotland, rayal college off art, london, jayu.kee. ebong americara yail biswabidyalajara kalaa ebong sthapatya bidyalaja. concret, fiberglass kimba ispat bhali saamagreere nirmita tankara bhaskarjyagudika bimurta ebong sarbanimna, kintu tathapi sudan ebong taanka joubanara afro-islamic sanskruti sahita jadita pashu, prakrutika drushya ebong sthapatyaku uddhruta kare . omer khairee (1939-1999) madhyamika bidyalajare kalaa bishajare tankara pramukh bishai bhabare adhyajana arambha karithile ebong 1960 masiharu shay lalita ebong prajoga kalaa kalejare adhyajana jaari rakhithile. manasika swasthya samasya karanaru tanku taanka adhyajanare baadha debaku padithila. tathapi, shay sthaniah pradarshaneere taanka chitrakala paain janashuna hoithile, jaahaa sebetharu sarbajaneena sangrahare upasthapita hoichhi . sudanara chalachitra nirmata alia musa ehi "rahasya" bishajare eka documentary chalachitra prakalpare nijojita achanti, epariki taanka bheeru upasthiti ebong taanka duhsahasika kalakruti charipakhare thiba lokanka paain ." 1970 dashakare francere snatakottara adhyajana paain sudan chadithiba hassan musa (b.1951) chitrakar, sulekhika, khodita bhabare janashuna ebong aneka pustaka chitrana karichanti. 1960 dashakare, shay mail arter lokpriya saileere nijojita hoithile, jaahaa "post art" bhabare madhya janashuna, jaahaa pratistha birodhi karjyakalapa sahita jadita . tankara kruti 'daa shahdutt off sebastian' 1997 ray bhenis binale ray 'aadhunikata ebong smruti' pradarshaneere antarbhukta hoithila . shastriya paschatya kalakrutigudikara rupantarana paain, shay paschatya kalaa, rajneeti ebong sanskruti upare eka samalochanamoolaka drustikona srusti karithile bolly kuhajae." raseed dijaba (janma 1957) prathame khartumare chitrakala ebong kalaa itihas adhyajana karithile ebong spainer madrider complutains biswabidyalajare snatakottara adhyajana jaari rakhithile. spenare srusti hoithiba taanka prarambhika samaira rachanagudiku bimurta, shaktishali pratichabi bhabare barnana karajaichi, jaahaa taanka janma deshar ranga ebong gathanaku pratiphalita kare . sudanaku feriba parey, shay taanka sthaniah darshakanka dwara byakhya karibara bibhinna upaiah prati pratikrija prakash karithile ebong abhibyaktira adhika sweekrutiprapta roop aadaku agrasara hoithile, jepari mahilamane "sampurna shoonyare" sthira hoithile . dajabanka karjya antarjatija starare pradarshita hoichhi, ebong kichhi zardanara hindi kalaa sangrahalaja dwara unline upasthapita hoichhi . salah ell muura (janma 1966) antarjatija starare chitrakar, graphic designer, pustaka lekhaka ebong chalachitra nirmata bhabare janashuna . tankara chitrakala parampra, lokakatha, bibhinna lock ebong paribeshara prabhabaku darshae ebong tankara rangara byabahara byapaka dhadire gadha swara darshae . shay kyro ebong khartum madhyare ruhanti ebong kaama karanti ebong tankara chitrakala ubhaja madhyaprachya, europe ebong juktarastra aamerikare pradarshaneere pradarshita hoichhi . 2018 ray, londner saachi gallery dwara kamala ishaq ebong ebrahim ell-salahinka chitrakala sahita "forrest anded spirith khartum schooler alankarika kalaa" namaka eka pradarshaneere taanka chitrakala upasthapana karajaithila." ahammed abusharia (kha. 1966) 1990 masihare fine anded applied arts kalejaru snataka hassel karithile ebong 90 dashkar madhyabhagare keniare rahuthile. parey shay germanyra kolonare kichhi samai rahithile ebong 2000 masiharu shay ugandara kampalare rahuchanti, jeunthare shay taanka chitrakala pradarshan kariba ebong karjya jaari rakhichhanti. taanka sailee sudanara purbatana samasamajika kalakaramananka dwara prabhabita hoithiba kuhajae, jeunthire ebrahim ell salahi ebong raseed dijaba antarbhukta . purbaru ullekha karajaithiba naama byatita, 20shaa shatabdir anya sudani kalakaramane adhunika african kalaa upare smithsonian laibrereere padhuthiba talikare achanti musa khalifa (janma 1941), mahammad omer bushara (janma 1946), ebong salih abadu masamun (janma 1946). ekabingsha shatabdi ebong biplabara kalaa. sudanara sikhyabit ahammed sikanga 2012 ray lekhithile je sudanare adhunika kalaa andolana ebong semanankara samajika prusthabhumi kalaa aitihasikanka dwara adhika bishleshanaku akarshita karinahin. tebe, 2018/19 rahr sudan biplaba samajare, kalakaramananka bhumika antarjatija ganamadhyamare report karajaichi, jaahaa barttamanara ghatana prati semanankara aagrahaku pratiphalita kare . biplaba purbaru ebong samajare, kalakaramane samaj ebong rajneeti upare semanankara mott byakta karithile, jadio ehi abhibyakti omer all bashiranka purbatana sarakaranka dwara gurutara bhabare seemita thila . navember 2020 ray, sudan bigyana ebong prajuktibidya biswabidyalaja (sustech) rahr lalita kalaa mahabidyalajara chhatramane biplabara sloganaku pratinidhitwa karuthiba eka smaraki murti pradarshan karithileh swadheenata, shanti ebong nyaaja . 2021 masiha april maasare, biplaba samajare nihata hoithiba biplaba ebong bikhyobhakareemananku smarana kariba paain khartumare adhika kalaa pradarshani anusthita hoithila. jane rajanaitika cartoonist ebong manabadhikara karmi khaleed albaih taanka facebook pages "khartun!"madhyaprachya ebong paschatya ganamadhyamare tankara sakhyatakara madhya. 2019 ray, shay sachitra pustaka "sudan retold" rahr saha-sampadana karithile. bibhinna kalatmaka sailee, jepariki graphic kahani kahiba, jalarangi chitrakala kimba photography byabahara curry, juba kalakaramananka eka gosthi sudanara itihas, bartamana ebong bhabisyatara sanskarana bishajare kahithile. ehi juba kalakaramananka madhyaru jane, amnah elhassan, germanyra frankafartasthita prasidha skirn art museyamare 2022 ray eka ekaka pradarshani sahita eka antarjatija kyariyara arambha karichanti. sudan biplabare mahilamananka gurutwapurna bhumika tatha mahila kalakaramananka kalatmaka karjyaku ullekha curry, semananka abadanaku nibandha, pradarshani ebong sarbajaneena kalatmaka pradarshanare alokapata karajaichi. 2023 sudan sangharsha samajare khartum ebong anyanya sudan saharare zeeban ebong bhittibhumi nust heba parey, aneka sudan nagarika sudan bandara bhali surakhita saharaku kimba padoshi deshaku palajana karithile. nirbasanare thiba sudani kalakaramananku samarthan kariba paain, downtown gallery kalaa curator rahim shadad, jie 2019 masiharu biplabara kalaku prostahita karibare sakriya thile, sudani kalakaramananku samarthan kariba paain panthi sangraha karibaku eka panthi srusti karithile. kalaa gallery ebong prusthaposhakata. 2009 masihare, "sudanare adhunika kalaa" upare lekhare kuhajaichhi je "khartumar kalakaramane pradarshani sthanara abhaba ebong prusthaposhakatara abhaba dwara gurutara bhabare badhaprapta hoichhanti."ethire khartumre kebala gotie 'ardha-sarbajaneena' art gallery ebong budd hotel madhyaru gotiere belebele pradarshani bishajare ullekha karajaithila. barang, ehaa great britten, frances ebong germanyra tinoti bideshi sanskrutika kendra dwara khelajaithiba "pramukh bhumika" ku shreya deithila . ehaa byatita, gharoi gallery gudiku sudani kalakara ahammed mahammad shibrine ebong raseed dijaba kholithile. dijabanka kalaa kendra madhya sehi sthana thila, jeunthare 1978 masiharu nirbasita abasthare rahuthiba ebrahim ell-salahinka karjya 2000 masihare sudanara kalaa jagataku pradan karajaithila. khartumare sudani kalakaramananku prostahita karuthiba anya eka gallery heuchhi dabanga gallery, jahara malika lina hagger 2017 ray "samasamajika sudan kalakarah pratikula samajare kalaa" pustakaku sampadana karithile. 2016 ray, mojo art gallery sudani kalaa upasthapana karuthiba alpa keteka banijyika kalaa sthana madhyaru gotie thila . 2022 masiha parjyanta, khartumre downtown art gallery bhali anyanya aneka art gallery karjya karuthila. kamika ebong cartoon lokpriya kalaa roop bhabare . mudrita kimba unlinere prakashita cartoon ebong commics pari lokpriya kalaa madhya antarjatija kovida-19 mahamari pari sampratika ghatanagudika prati adhika dhyana ebong pratikrija paichi . 2018 masiharu, sudanara hasya kalakara ebong semananka darshakanka paain eka pradarshani bhabare "khartum comic conn" namaka kamika paain eka utsaba ayojan karajaichi. sudan ray cinema ebong photography bideshi anusandhanakari ebong photographermane unabinsha shatabdir madhyabhagaru chitra ebong photograph srusti karichanti. binsha shatabdire, sudanara dakhina bhagare thiba nuba lokamananka bishajare photographer george rudder ebong lenny refenstalanka dwara niajaithiba phato kahani, tatha manab sankataku kavara karuthiba phato sambadikamananka dwara deshar antarjatija bhabamurtiku aakaar deichi . ekabingsha shatabdir prarambhare, digital photographyra prabartana sudan photographermananka dwara eka byapaka photographic ebong kalatmaka kabharej arambha karithila . binsha shatabdir prathamardhare british oupanibeshika samajare sudan ray chalachitra nirmana ebong cinema arambha heba parey, khartum ebong anyanya saharare sudani darshakamane bidesharu documentary ebong fitcher chalachitraku unmukta karithile, ebong 1930 dashakaru, sethare aneka outdoor cinema thila . swadheenata parey, pratham pidhira sudan chalachitra nirmatanka dwara kichhi chalachitra nirmita hoithila jepariki gadala gubara kimba hussen sarif. 2019 ray, 1960 dashkar tini sudani chalachitra nirmatanka jeebani documentary chalachitrare brukhya bishajare alochana karajaithila, jaahaa sudan ray cinema ebong chalachitra nirmanara abanati hebara kaaran bishajare byaktigata antardrusti madhya anshidara kare .

sudan dee visual arts sudan deeaan visual arts witch ajj dey sudan ganraj dey vasnikan duaara banaiaan gaeeaan vastuaan dey itihasak atey samkali utpadan noon shamal keeta giaa haii atey uhanan dey sabandhat sabheyacharan laee vishesh haii. iss witch uttar-purbi africa dey khetar deeaan sabheyacharak parampravan deeaan vastuaan shamal hunn jinhan noon itihasak taur 'teey sudan kiha jaanda haii, jiss witch dakkhni khetar vee shamal hunn joe 2011 witch dakkhni sudan vajon sutantar hoye sunn. aapne poore itihaas dauran, sudan maddh africa, purbi africa, misser, mediterian sabheyacharan, pachham witch upp-sahara africa atey desh dey purab witch laal samunder dey tatt dey vichkaar ikk sanchar riha haii. keeti। sadee toon pahilan, ih sabheyacharak parampravan savdeshi african, ferroni, yunani-roman, byzantine atey arabi sabheyacharan toon prabhavit sunn jinhan neey sabheyacharak pragtaviaan dee ikk vaddi vibhinnta liaandi haii, joe aksar nasli jaan smajik samooh laee vishesh hundi haii joe uhanan noon paida karde atey varatade hunn. samaaj dey bhautik sabheyachar dey pragtave vajon, lagu kalavan atey dastkari noon sudan witch kalavan dey iss itihaas witch lalit kalavan dey naal shamal keeta giaa haii. neey sadee dey arambh witch, pahilan turki-misari atey baad witch angrezi-misari shasan dee sathapana, jiss dee visheshta videshi fauji atey rajneetik dabdabe duaara keeti gaee see, neey sudanese dee jeevan shaili atey bhautik sabheyachar utte navein sabheyacharak prabhavan dey naal ikk aadhunik rashter raaj dey hauli-hauli vikas dee shuruat keeti. 1956 witch aazadi toon baad, bastiwadi sikkhiaa pranali dey sudani graduates neey navein raaj witch pramukh ahudiaan noon sambhaliaa atey iss tarahan shahiri sabheyachar atey aadhunik qalaa dey ubhaar witch yogdan paaiaa. ih sabheyacharak vikas 1950 toon 1980 dey dahake takk sabh toon vaddh dikhai denh lagge, ikk ajiha samaan jiss noon baad witch "sudan witch aadhunik qalaa andolan daa nirman" kiha giaa. haii। sadee witch, desh witch visual kalatmak vikas dee visheshta sanchar dey digital roopan duaara keeti gaee haii, jiss witch audio-visual qalaa daa prasaar atey satellite television, online media dey naal-naal tasviran atey filman duaara prapat keeta giaa haii. 2018 atey 2019 dee sudani kranti dauran, naujwan kalakaran neey prasidh andolan dey virodh atey manobal witch yogdan paaiaa, kandh chittarkari, graphiti, cartoon, fotoan jaan vdo sandesh banaae. samkali sudan toon pahilan daa itihasak samaan. purav-itihasak samaan. neubia witch bhautik kalakritiaan deeaan sabh toon puraniaan maujood vastuaan, jiven kii patthar dey sand, purav-itihasak samein deeaan hunn. sabbu-jaddi chattan qalaa sathaan vakkh-vakkh itihasak periodan dey 1600 toon vaddh chattan chittran daa ikk vilakkhan samooh haii joe kii 6000 saalan toon vaddh samein takk neubian sabhiata dey vakkh-vakkh yuggan witch failda riha haii. changi tarahan surakhiat chittar jangli atey gharelu janwaran, manukkhan atey kishtiaan dee numaindagi karde hunn atey vishav smark fund duaara dekhan laee smarkan dee suchi witch shamal keete gaye sunn. horr prachin chattanan dey chittar sukki ghaati witch mille sunn jinhan noon baida maruthal witch vaadi aboo dome vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. ikk horr mahattavpuran purav-itihasak sathaan sudan, libia atey misser dey vichkaar sarhaddi khetar witch gabal all uveenat parbat luddy witch paaiaa giaa see. sudan dey pachmi khetar witch, jebal mokram samooh, jiss witch iss dey mitty dey bartan atey janwaran deeaan chhotiaan mitty deeaan shakhsiatan hunn, ikk purav-itihasak, navv-patthar sabheyachar see joe duji hazaar saal bee. see. ee. witch prafullat hoiaa see. karma atey kush daa raaj. prachin africa deeaan sabh toon puraniaan sabhiatavan vicchon ikk, karma sabheyachar (2500-1500 bc) toon, hathiaar, mitty dey bartanan deeaan cheezan atey horr gharelu cheezan noon ajaib gharan jiven kii sudan dey rashtari ajaib gharr, karma ajaib gharr, british ajaib gharr jaan metropolitan ajaib gharr witch pesh keeta jaanda haii. kush dey raaj dauran (lagbhag 950 ee. poo.-350 ee.), jadon kush dey rajiaan neey aapne uttri guandhi misser utte ikk sadee toon vaddh samein takk raaja vajon shasan keeta, taan nubian murtiaan jiven kii taharka dey spinks neey misari visheshtavan prapat keetiaan atey mandran jaan nubian pyramid witch sathapat keetiaan gaeeaan, jiven kii mero witch, joe kii sudan dey vishav virasat sathanan vicchon ikk haii. horr sarotan dey naal, prachin nubia dey bhautik sabheyachar witch sone, haathi dand, aabnun, dhoop, chhaale jaan keemati pathran dee varton keeti jaandi see, atey haar jaan kangan shaahi parivaran deeaan kabran witch paae gaye hunn. nubian rajiaan atey raniaan, jinhan noon kush dey kandke kiha jaanda haii, noon mandran utte patthar deeaan murtiaan witch darsaiaa giaa see, jiven kii naaka vikhe apedemak (shher mandar) noon samarpit keeta giaa see. prachin neubian architecture deeaan horr udaharnan chattan witch katte mandar, "daifufa" namak chikkad-ittaan dey mandar, patthar deeaan kandhan valiaan kabran jaan chikkad deeaan ittaan, lakkad atey patthar dey farsh, mahil atey changi tarahan tiaar sadkan hunn. yunani-roman sabheyachar duaara prabhav. tiji sadee eesvi purav toon tiji sadee eesvi purav takk, uttri neubia utte hamla keeta giaa atey misser naal jode ditta giaa, jiss utte tolemic raaj atey baad witch roman samraj daa shasan see. iss samein dey sabheyacharak prabhav nubia dey dakkhan witch mairo witch akhauti 'roman baath' witch dekhe jaa sakde hunn, ikk khudai keeti imaarat jiss noon "african raaj atey yunani-roman sabheyachar darmiaan sabheyacharak tabadale dee ikk shandar udaharan kiha jaanda haii." misser witch tolemic shasan dauran neubia dey sabheyacharak prabhav dee ikk horr udaharan ikk neubian naujwan daa sangamarmar daa sir haii, joe shayed purbi mediterian khetar witch banaiaa giaa see, atey hunn sanyukat raaj witch brooklin ajaib gharr witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii. madhkali neubia. madhkali neubia witch (see. 500-1500 CE), isai raajan makuria, nobadia atey alodia dey vasnikan neey architecture dey vakkhre roop tiaar keete, jiven kii faaras cathedral, murtiaan atey kandh chittarkari, jinhan vicchon 650 toon vaddh aadhunik vidvatapuran granthan witch prakashit keete gaye hunn. ih misser dee coptic qalaa naal sabandhat hunn, atey kaee vaar ethiopian qalaa naal vee sabandhat hunn. uhanan neey vakkh-vakkh dharmik jaan dharam nirpakh granthan laee purani nubian bhasha, coptic, yunani jaan arabi dee varton keeti, hatth-likhtan utte jaan patthar, sangamarmar jaan terracotta utte shilalekh vajon surakhiat rakkhi. bhaven kii muslim parvasi, shayed vapari atey karigar, karigar sadee toon hethle neubia witch vas gaye sunn, parr neubia daa asal islamikaran islamikaran sadee dey akheer witch shuru hoiaa see. islam atey arbikaran daa aagman. ਆਗਮਨ। atey atey sadee witch, navein islami raaj sathapat keete gaye-fanj salatnat atey darfar dee salatnat, jiss neey sudan witch hauli-hauli islamikaran atey arbikaran dee ikk lammi miaad dee shuruat keeti. ih saltanatan atey uhanan dey samaaj udon takk maujood sunn jadon takk kii 1820 witch ottoman misari hamle duaara sudan noon jitt naheen liaa giaa see, atey darfar dey mamle witch, 1916 takk vee. iss samein deeaan pramukh sabheyacharak tabdiliaan islami dharam noon apnaun atey rozana jeevan dey tattan vajon arabi bhasha dee vaddh rahee varton duaara darsaiaan gaeeaan sunn. videshi sailaniaan duaara horr sabheyacharak vikas dee report keeti gaee see jiven kii fredrik caliad atey kasbiaan atey masjidan dey architecture, chaku suttan jaan "kaskara" talwaran varge hathiaaran dey nirman-atey gulam vapaar naal sabandhat see. iss samein dauran, arabi bhasha atey islami adhiaen laee school, jinhan noon "khalwa" kiha jaanda haii, dee sathapana keeti gaee atey soofi bhaichare neey sudan witch jadahn jamaa laeeaan. uhanan dey bhautik sabheyachar deeaan udaharnan witch vishwas dey islami biaan vaala jhanda, joe hunn british ajaib gharr witch haii, jaan 19 veen sadee dey akheer witch ikk lakkad dee takhti haii, joe kurran sikkhan vaale vidiaarthiaan laee likhan board vajon varti jaandi haii, joe kii brooklin ajaib gharr, newyork shehar duaara online pesh keeti jaandi haii. neey atey keeti। sadee aazadi takk. neey sadee dee shuruat toon, videshi sailaniaan duaara lae gaye chittar jaan fotoan, vakkh-vakkh nasli atey smajik samoohan deeaan ravaiti kalavan, jiven kii architecture, kappde, vaal style, gahiniaan jaan scarificationan laee kujh sabh toon purane ricard hunn. turki-misari shasan (1821-1885) dey pahile arse toon baad, mehdist raaj (1885-1899) neey omdurman witch mahattavpuran nishan chadde, joe kii vadde khartoum dey tinn pramukh khetran vicchon ikk haii. mahadi dee kabar, khalifa gharr, mehdisht sikke atey vishesh kisam dey kappde, jiven kii mahadi dey pairokaran duaara pahiniaa giaa "jibba" coat, iss samein dey sabheyacharak charittar daa gawah hunn. neey sadee dey arambh witch, misariaan, british atey khartoum dey horr videshi vasnikan neey shehar noon ikk fauji camp toon lae keey sainkade ittaan naal baney gharan dey shehar takk vadha ditta see. atey angrezi-misari sudan (1899-1956) dey condominium dauran, british fauj atey nagrik parshasana neey samaaj, arthvivastha atey sabheyachar witch mahattavpuran tabdiliaan liaandiaan. british parshasana neey schoolan witch ucch sikkhiaa atey qalaa sikkhiaa laee gorden memorial kaalaj dey naal ikk pachmi sikkhiaa pranali vee pesh keeti, atey 1945.this witch kholhe gaye design dey school noon sudan witch aadhunik qalaa dey vikas dee shuruat manniaa jaanda haii, atey pachmi arthan witch painting jaan murti neey jadahn fadniaan shuru qarr dittiaan. itihaskar heather jey. sharki neey british sikkhiaa pranali raahin visual sabheyachar dey prabhav baare heth likhi tippni kitia "tasviran atey tasviran neey gorden kaalaj dey mundiaan atey buddhiaan noon vekhan dey yog banaiaa atey iss laee dunia, british samraj atey sudan dee kalpana curran laee navein tarikiaan naal, visual sabheyachar rashtarvad dey vikas laee shabdan dey sabheyachar jinna mahattavpuran see."ih bilkul dastavezi filman dee ubbhardi visual qalaa witch see kii gadalla gubara, jiss noon pahila sudani cameraman kiha jaanda haii, noon bastiwadi film ikai laee sikhlai ditti gaee see. adhiaapkan noon sikhlai denh laee, khaas karke kittamukhi sikhlai laee, 1943 witch sikkhiaa sanstha witch ikk qalaa course shuru keeta giaa see atey tinn saal baad, ikk school aaf design dee sathapana keeti gaee see. sann 1951 witch iss school noon khartoum takniki sanstha witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa atey sann 1971 witch ih sudan university aaf science aind technology (sustech) witch fine aind uplied arts dee faculty bann gaee. kaee sarkaran dee angahili caarn kaafi rukawatan dey bavjood, ih 2021 witch jaari haii atey ih uh jagha haii jitthe sudan dey bahut saare aadhunik visual kalakaran atey sangeetkaran neey aapni kalatmak sikkhiaa shuru keeti haii. ravaiti uplied arts atey shilpkari. kise vee smajik samooh dey bhautik sabheyachar deeaan samkali dharnavan dey anusar, "ravaiti kalavan, lock kalavan, uplied arts, shilpkari" jaan "hatth-shilpkari" shabad manukkhan duaara banaiaan gaeeaan sabheyacharak vastuaan dee ikk vishal shreni noon darsaunde hunn. akhauti "lalit kalavan" toon ilava, ih kappde atey pahirave vargiaan vibhinn sudani rachnavan utte lagu hunda haii, jiss witch ravaiti "galabia", purshan laee pagg atey khopdi jaan aurtan laee "toob", gahiniaan, juttiaan atey horr kisam dey chamde dey kamm jiven kii jutti, chamde dey taviz jiss witch pavittar lippy, gahine atey horr kisam dey nijji shingar, jiven hatthan jaan gitte utte mahindi dey gahine shamal hunn. lakkad dey kamm, mitty dey bartan jaan dhatu dey nirman deeaan sudani parampravan ravaiti furniture jiven kii "angrib" bistre witch, private gharan dey bahr peenn vaale paanee laee mitty dey bhande witch, dhoop saadan laee dabbiaan vajon jaan ravaiti kaufi dey bartanan vajon mill sakdiaan hunn jinhan noon "jabana" kiha jaanda haii. sann 2017 witch, sabheyacharak manav vigiaani griselda all tayib neey aapni kitaab "sudan dey khetri lock pushakan" noon sudan dey vakkh-vakkh nasli samoohan dey pahirave atey horr kisman dey nijji shingar dey chittran naal prakashit keeta. iss toon ilava, sareer qalaa deeaan nasli parampravan jiven kii secaterization, vaal style, jiven kii bradd jaan hadenoa purshan dey akhauti "fazi-vazi" vaal style, aadhunik dreadlock atey meek-upp rozana varton witch rahey hunn jaan ajey vee hunn. isey vishe utte, "grove encyclopaedia aaf islamik aart aind architecture" chetavani dinda haii kii "1990 dey dahake takk sudan deeaan bahut saariaan ravaiti kalavan aadhunikikaran atey vadde paddhar utte paida hoiaan vastan dey aayat toon khatre witch sunn." keeti। sadee dee aadhunik qalaa. 1940 dey dahake witch atey 1960 dey dahake takk. 1940 dey dahake dey akheer witch khartoum witch graphik kalakaran atey chittarkaran dey ikk shuruati samooh daa zikar karde hoye, vidvanan verner daum atey rasheed dieb duaara 2009 witch prakashit "sudan witch aadhunik qalaa" baare sankhep jankari witch "kaufi haoosan dee qalaa" ("fain all-makahi") daa zikar keeta giaa haii. inhan kalakaran neey utpaad packing laee sudani roop-rekha atey easle utte pahili dastavezi painting tiaar keeti, atey kiha jaanda haii kii unhan daa kalatmak output rajdhani witch ubbhar rahey shahiri samaaj noon darsaunda haii, jiss witch aadhunik qalaa neey nasli parampravan dee thaan ikk vishesh kabaili sabheyachar takk seemat qarr ditti haii. aadhunik qalaa dey khartoum school" dey ubhaar daa nirnayak samaan, halanki, 1950 dey dahake dey maddh witch shuru hoiaa, jadon pahile sudani alankarik kalakar england witch aapni post graduate padahi toon baad gharr parte. unhan dey kamm noon desh atey videsh dovan witch maanta milni shuru hoow gaee atey samkali african qalaa dey vikas witch ikk mahattavpuran yogdan vajon janhiaa jaanh lagga. aapni sankhep jankari witch, daum atey dieb neey aadhunik sudani qalaa noon "aapniaan jadahn atey pachmi prabhav dee pushti dey vichkaar ghumdi hoee" dassiaa. [...] pahile andolan neey sudani virasat atey sabheyachar noon kalatmak sirjanatmakta dey buniaadi kaarak vajon padhan dee koshish keeti...] iss vishesh arab-islami-african sabheyachar dee smajik sathiti toon prabhavit. agli peedhi qalaa dee sarabviaapeeta dee pushti curran laee pachmi schoolan atey shailiaan noon puurii tarahan apnayegi, jiven kii abstract painting, cubism jaan sarriyalvad. teeje rujhan noon dovan dey vichkaar ikk maddh maarag manniaa jaa sakda haiyav sudani, arab atey african tattan dee varton uhanan noon siddha sanket ditte binan pachanh dee bhaal witch, parr uhanan noon ikk navintakari tarike naal badalna atey vikast karna." pramukh pradarshaniaan atey sangrah 1995 witch, london witch whitechappel gallery neey "africa 95" utsav dey hisse vajon "africa witch aadhunik qalaa baare satt kahaniaan" pardarshani pesh keeti. mukkh curator, clementin delis neey kiha kii pardarshani neey darshakan noon veehvin sadee dey dooje addh dauran africa witch visual arts dey sankalpik atey suhaj pragtave dey ikk chhote jihe hisse daa anubhav curran laee sadda ditta."iss pardarshani atey africa jaan african parvasiaan dey curatoran atey kalakaran dee bhagidari noon baad witch tiuhar dey sabh toon mahattavpuran samagman vicchon ikk manniaa giaa. sudan dey hissa lainn vaale kalakaran witch moow abaro, rasheed dieb, kamla ibrahim ishaq, abdel baasit all khatim, severino matti, husson moosa, ameer noor, ibrahim all-salahi atey osman vakila shamal sunn. 2016 witch, sharzah aart foundation, sanyukat arab amirat neey ikk yadgari pardarshani pesh keeti jiss daa sirlekh see "khartoum school-sudan witch aadhunik qalaa andolan daa nirman (1945-varatman)", jiss witch sudani visual kalakaran deeaan pentingan, fotoan atey murtiaan shamal hunn, jiven kii hussain sharif atey ibrahim all salahi duaara painting jaan rasheed mahadi atey gadalla gubara duaara fotoan. sudan witch aadhuniktavadi andolan dee numaindagi curran vaale horr kalakar osman vakila, bastavi bagdadi, ahmed shibrain, abdelarzig abdelghafar, mohammad umar khalil, taeg all-sir ahmed, mohammad all husson abdel raheem, jinhan noon shaggy, siddig all nigaumi, magdaub rabba, ahmed hamid all arabi atey griselda all-tayib kiha jaanda haii, sunn. iss pichokad vaale shoa noon doou vakkhariaan ikalliaan pradarshaniaan duaara poorak keeta giaa see, jiss witch kamla ibrahim ishaq deeaan pentingan atey ameer noor deeaan murtiaan 'teey dhiaan kendrat keeta giaa see. saal 2016 witch ibrahim all-salahi duaara kamman dee pichokad pardarshani dey mauke 'teey, london witch tett modern aart gallery neey khartoum school noon "1960 witch sudan witch baniaa ikk aadhuniktavadi qalaa andolan kiha jiss neey navein sutantar rashter dee vilakkhan pachanh noon darsaun laee ikk naveen visual shabdawali vikast curran dee koshish keeti." sanyukat arab amirat witch barjeel aart foundation aapne online pej utte abdel kaadar husson, kamla ibrahim ishaq, mohammad umar khalil, umar khairi, ibrahim all-salahi, hussain sharif, ahmed shibrain atey khalid albaih duaara graphik aart duaara sudani chittar pesh kardi haii. viaktigat kalakar. osman vakiala (1925-2007) neey chittarkar atey calligrapher vajon kamm keeta. unhan neey 1945 witch khartoum dey gorden memorial kaalaj dey design school toon graduation keeti atey baad witch london atey carro witch aapni kalatmak padahi jaari rakkhi. arabi sundari dee varton ikk aadhunik, gair-dharmik graphik roop vajon arabi qalaa andolan dey ander vakialla noon rakkhdi haii joe hurufia andolan vajon jaanhi jaandi haii. 1960 dey dahake dey arambh witch, khartoum witch uss dey kujh vidiaarthi, jiven kii ahmed mohammad shibrain (aaa. 1931), ibrahim all-salahi (aaa. 1930) atey taeg all-sir ahmed (aaa. 1933) baad witch 'aadhunik qalaa daa khartoum school' kahey jaanh vaale sudani qalaa andolan dee sirjana witch vakiala naal shamal hoow giaa. griselda all tayib (1928-2022) ikk british-jampal qalaa itihaskar, qalaa sikkhiak atey visual kalakar see, joe mukkh taur utte ravaiti pushakan dee aapni mohri khoj atey water cler pentingan laee jaanhi jaandi haii, kiunki uh 1970 dey dahake toon sudan dey sabheyachar atey samaaj noon darsaundi haii. sudan witch qalaa witch uss dey lambe samein toon yogdan daa zikar karde hoye, "sudan witch aadhunik qalaa" lekh dey lekhakan neey uss noon "british mool dee ikk sudani kalakar" kiha. ibrahim all-salahi (aaa. 1930) sudan dey kise vee chittarkar laee viaapak antarashtari maanta laee janhiaa jaanda haii. uss noon "african aadhuniktavad dey khartoum school" atey hurufia qalaa andolan dey pramukh memberan vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda haii, jiss neey samkali qalaa dey naal islami sundari dey ravaiti roopan noon joden dee koshish keeti see. saal 2016 witch, london witch tett modern aart gallery neey kalakar dey antarashtari crear dey panjah saalan toon vaddh samein witch 100 rachnavan dey naal "ibrahim all-salahia ikk durdarshi aadhuniktavadi" pardarshani pesh keeti. iss neey all-salahi noon "african atey arab aadhuniktavad witch sabh toon mahattavpuran shakhsiatan vicchon ikk" kiha, jiss neey uss dey kamm noon qalaa dey vishav itihaas dey sandrabh witch sathapat keeta. ahmed shibrain (aaa. 1931) neey khartoum dey kaalaj aaf fine aind uplied arts atey firr london dey central school aaf arts aind design witch padahi keeti, graphik design witch muharat haasal keeti. 1960 witch sudan waps aaunn toon baad, unhan neey kaalaj aaf fine aind uplied arts witch graphik design laee ikk vibhag dee sathapana keeti, jitthe unhan neey deane vajon vee kamm keeta. shibrain aapniaan pentingan witch sundari dey aapne aadhunik roopan laee janhiaa jaanh lagga atey iss noon "hurufia" andolan daa hissa manniaa jaanda haii, naal hii naal 'khartoum dey school' dey kalakaran vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda haii. siddik all nigaumi (1931-1996) neey kalatmak mitty dey bartan banaae. uh pahili vaar sudan witch padhe-likhe sunn atey 1967 toon baad sanyukat raaj witch rahinde sunn. aapne sadde hoye terracotta mitty dey bhande witch, usne european atey african prabhav noon jodiaa. london dey victoria atey albert ajaib gharr witch uss deeaan kujh rachnavan rakkhiaan gaeeaan hunn, jiss witch uss dey "ibric", ikk ravaiti sudani kaufi pott daa ikk aadhunik sanskaran, online pesh keeta giaa haii. hussain sharif (1934-2005), ikk chittarkar, kavee, film nirmata atey khartoum university dey qalaa vibhag witch lacturar, ikk sudani budhijivi atey kalakar see, joe 1950 dey dahake dey akheer toon 1990 dey dahake takk sargaram see. england dee cambridge university witch aadhunik itihaas dee padahi toon baad, usne london dey slad school aaf fine arts toon maastar dee digri prapat keeti, jitthe usne lucien fried dey adheen padahi keeti. horr kamman dey naal, uss dee painting "chandrama naal garbhavati doot", 1960 witch london dee gallery witch pradarshit keeti gaee see, atey london witch rashtari portrait gallery witch sharif duaara aapniaan pentingan dey sahmane baithiaan tasviran rakkhiaan gaeeaan hunn. kiha jaanda haii kii sharif neey 500 toon vaddh pentingan pent keetiaan hunn, parr unhan vicchon siraf kujh hii dastavezi hunn. moow abaro (1935-2016), mohammad ahmed abdallah abaro dey roop witch paida hoiaa, ikk murtikar see joe aapni vasravik qalaa laee janhiaa jaanda see. aapni peedhi dey horr kalakaran dey roop witch, usne khartoum witch lalit atey uplied arts dey kaalaj toon graduation keeti atey firr london dey kendri school aaf arts aind craft witch vasraviks dee padahi keeti. sanati mitty dey bartanan dey design witch aapni post graduate dee padahi toon baad, uh kujh saalan laee vasraviks sikhaun laee sudan waps aaa giaa, parr 1966 witch britten witch aapna carrier banaun laee england waps aaunn daa faisla keeta. uss dey kamm noon ravaiti sudani gumbad atey kamanan dey naal-naal calabash atey tokri dey aakaar noon darsaun dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa see. kamla ibrahim ishaq (aaa. 1936), sudan dee pahili aadhunik mahila chittarkar, neey khartoum witch sudan university aaf science aind technology dey kaalaj aaf fine arts atey baad witch london dey raail kaalaj aaf aart witch painting dee padahi keeti. aapne vidiaarthiaan mohammad hamid shaddad atey naeela all tayib naal mill keey, uh "crystalist" namak sankalpik qalaa samooh dee sansthapak see jiss neey sudani qalaa noon naviaan dishavan dittiaan. sharzah aart foundation dey anusar, uss daa kamm "sudan witch qalaa dey ravaiti purash drishtikon noon chunhauti dinda haii, jiss witch aurtan dey jeevan dey drishan noon suraj, rait atey asman dey rangan witch darsaiaa giaa haii." mohammad umar khalil (aaa. 1936) neey 1959 takk khartoum witch lalit kalavan daa adhiaen keeta, atey 1963 toon, florence, itali witch painting atey printmaking daa adhiaen keeta. sanyukat raaj amrica witch 1967 toon kaee dahakiaan takk kamm curran atey sikhaun toon baad, usne ravaiti rangan dey naal-naal labbhiaan gaeeaan vastuaan, puralekh samaggari, kappde jaan fotoan dee varton keeti haii. aapne printan witch, uh kaale dey vakkh-vakkh rangan noon tarjih dinda haii, jiven kii usne 2020 witch london dey mozek kamriaan witch aapni pardarshani "merey nahuaan heth vatan" dey mauke 'teey samjhaiaa see. khalil noon "arab dunia dey sabh toon mahattavpuran samkali chittarkaran vicchon ikk kiha giaa haii, jiss neey khetri kalakaran deeaan doou peedhiaan noon prabhavat keeta haii."2012 witch, uss daa kamm paris witch institute duu monde areb vikhe pichokad pardarshani witch pesh keeta giaa see. ameer I. aim. noor (1936-2021), ikk murtikar atey akadamik, neey cent university witch african qalaa atey murti daa adhiaen keeta. andrews, scotland, raail kaalaj aaf aart, london, yuu.keey. atey yell university, sanyukat raaj amrica dey school aaf aart aind architecture. uss deeaan murtiaan, joe concreet, fiberglass jaan steel vargiaan samaggariaan toon baniaan hunn, amurat atey ghatto ghatt hunn, parr firr vee janwaran, landscape atey architecture daa havala dindiaan hunn joe sudan atey uss dee jawani dey afro-islami sabheyachar naal sabandhat hunn. umar khairi (1939-1999) neey secondary school witch aapne pramukh vishe vajon qalaa dee padahi shuru keeti atey 1960 toon, usne lalit atey uplied arts kaalaj witch padahi jaari rakkhi. mansik sihat samassiaavan caarn unhan noon aapni padahi witch vighan pauna piaa. firr vee, uh sathanak pradarshaniaan witch aapniaan pentingan laee janhiaa jaanh lagga, joe udon toon jantak sangrah witch pesh keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. sudani film nirmata aaliaa moosa iss rahass baare ikk dastavezi film project witch rujhe hoye hunn, ithon takk kii unhan laee vee joe unhan dee derpok maujudgi atey unhan dee daler kalakari noon gherde hunn." husson moosa (b.1951), jiss neey 1970 dey dahake witch france witch post graduate padahi laee sudan chhadd ditta see, noon chittarkar, calligrapher, ukkari vajon janhiaa jaanda haii atey usne kaee kitaban noon darsaiaa haii. 1960 dey dahake dauran, uh daak qalaa dee prasidh shaili witch rujhe hoye sunn, jiss noon "post aart" vee kiha jaanda haii, joe sathapana virodhi gatividhiaan naal judee hoee haii. unhan dee rachna 'sant sebastian dee shahadat' noon 1997 witch venis binell vikhe pardarshani 'aadhunikta atey yaadan' witch shamal keeta giaa see. kiha jaanda haii kii classical pachmi masterpiece dey aapne anukulan laee, usne "pachmi qalaa, rajneeti atey sabheyachar 'teey ikk aalochnatmak drishtikon paida keeta see." rasheed dieb (janam 1957) neey sabh toon pahilan khartoum witch painting atey qalaa itihaas daa adhiaen keeta atey spain dey medrid witch complutains university witch aapni post graduate dee padahi jaari rakkhi. spain witch uss dey shuruati samein deeaan rachnavan noon amurat, mazboot chittran vajon darsaiaa giaa haii, joe uss dey jaddi desh dey rangan atey banatar noon darsaundiyan hunn. sudan waps aaunn 'teey, usne aapne sathanak darshakan duaara viaakhiaa dey vakkh-vakkh tarikiaan daa jawab ditta atey pragtave dey vadhere pachanan yog roopan vall mudd giaa, jiven kii aurtan "bilkul kujh vee naheen" witch sett kardiaan hunn. dieb deeaan rachnavan noon antarashtari paddhar 'teey pradarshit keeta giaa haii, atey kujh noon jorden witch hindi qalaa ajaib gharr duaara online pesh keeta giaa haii. salah all murr (janam 1966) antarashtari paddhar utte chittarkar, graphik designer, pustak lekhak atey film nirmata vajon jaanhi jaandi haii. uss deeaan pentingan parampra, lock kathavan, vakkh-vakkh lokan atey vatavaran dey prabhav noon darsaundiyan hunn, atey uss dey rung dee varton viaapak lines witch bould tone noon darsaundi haii. uh carro atey khartoum dey vichkaar rahinda haii atey kamm karda haii atey uss deeaan pentingan noon maddh purab, yoorap atey sanyukat raaj amrica dovan witch pradarshaniaan witch dikhaiaa giaa haii. saal 2018 witch, uss deeaan pentingan noon "jangal atey aatmea khartoum school dee alankarik qalaa" namak ikk pardarshani witch london dee sachchi gallery duaara kamla ishaq atey ibrahim all-salahi duaara keetiaan gaeeaan rachnavan dey naal pesh keeta giaa see." ahmed abusharia (aaa. 1966) neey 1990 witch kaalaj aaf fine aind uplied arts toon graduation keeti atey 90 dey dahake dey maddh witch keenia witch rahinde sunn. baad witch uh colone, germany witch kujh samein laee rahey atey 2000 toon uh kampala, yuganda witch rahi rahey hunn, jitthe uh kamm karna atey aapniaan pentingan pradarshit karna jaari rakkhde hunn. uss dee shaili noon sudan dey pahile samkali kalakaran toon prabhavit kiha jaanda haii, jinhan witch ibrahim all salahi atey rasheed dieb shamal hunn. pahilan hii zikar keete naavan toon ilava, keeti। sadee dey horr sudani kalakar joe smithsonian libraries witch aadhunik african qalaa baare padhan dee suchi witch shamal hunn, uh hunn moosa khalifa (janam 1941), mohammad umar bushara (janam 1946), atey salih abdu mashamon (janam 1946). haii। sadee atey inqalaab dee qalaa. jiven kii sudani akadamik ahmed sikanga neey 2012 witch likhiaa see, sudan witch aadhunik qalaa andolanan atey unhan dey smajik pichokad neey qalaa itihaskaran duaara ziaada vishleshan noon aakarshit naheen keeta haii. halanki, 2018/19 dee sudani kranti dauran, kalakaran dee bhumika antarashtari media witch report keeti gaee haii, joe maujuda ghatnavan witch unhan dee dilchaspi noon darsaundi haii. inqalaab toon pahilan atey dauran, kalakaran neey samaaj atey rajneeti baare aapne vichaar pragat keete, bhaven kii ih pragtave umar all basheer dee sabka sarkaar duaara gambhir taur 'teey seemat keete gaye sunn. navambar 2020 witch, sudan university aaf science aind technology (sustake) dey kaalaj aaf fine arts dey vidiaarthiaan neey kranti dey naariaan dee numaindagi curran vaali ikk yadgar murti daa pardarshan keetaau aazadi, shanti atey niaan. aprail 2021 witch, inqalaab atey inqalaab dauran maare gaye pradarshankariaan dee yaad witch khartoum witch horr qalaa pradarshaniaan lagaiaan gaeeaan. ikk rajneetak cartoonist atey manukkhi adhikar karkun khalid albaih neey aapne facebook pej 'khartun!' raahin prasidhi prapat keeti."naal hii maddh purbi atey pachmi media witch unhan dey interview vee. saal 2019 witch, unhan neey sachitra kitaab "sudan retold" daa sahi-sampadan keeta. vakkh-vakkh kalatmak shailiaan dee varton karde hoye, jiven kii graphik kahani sunaun, water cler painting jaan photography, naujwan kalakaran dey ikk samooh neey sudani itihaas, varatman atey bhavikh dey aapne sanskarnan noon dassiaa. aamna alhasana, joe kii ihanan naujwan kalakaran vicchon ikk haii, neey udon toon ikk antarashtari carrier dee shuruat keeti haii, 2022 witch germany dey frankfurt witch prasidh sharan aart ajaib gharr witch ikk solo pardarshani dey naal. sudani inqalaab witch aurtan dee mahattavpuran bhumika dey naal-naal mahila kalakaran deeaan kalatmak rachnavan daa zikar karde hoye, lekhan, pradarshaniaan atey jantak kalatmak pardarshan witch unhan dey yogdan noon ujagar keeta giaa haii. 2023 dey sudan sanghrash dauran khartoum atey horr sudani shahiran witch jeevan atey buniaadi dhanche dey vinash toon baad, bahut saare sudani surakhiat shahiran jiven kii bandargah sudan jaan guandhi deshan witch bhajj gaye. jalawatni witch sudani kalakaran daa samarthan curran laee, downtown gallery dey qalaa curator raheem shaddad, joe 2019 toon kranti dee qalaa noon utshahit curran witch sargaram sunn, neey sudani kalakaran daa samarthan curran laee fund ikkatha curran laee ikk fund banaiaa. qalaa galleries atey sarprasti. 2009 witch, "sudan witch aadhunik qalaa" baare lekh witch kiha giaa see kii "khartoum witch kalakaran noon pardarshani dee jagha dee ghaat atey sarprasti dee ghaat caarn gambhir taur 'teey rukawat aaee haii."iss witch khartoum witch siraf ikk 'aradh-jantak' aart gallery atey ikk vadde hotel witch kadey-kadayin pardarshani daa zikar keeta giaa haii. iss dee bajaae, iss neey gret britten, france atey germany dey tinn videshi sabheyacharak kendran duaara nibhai gaee "pramukh bhumika" noon credit ditta. iss toon ilava, nijji galleries sudani kalakaran ahmed mohammad shibrain atey rasheed dieb duaara kholhiaan gaeeaan sunn. dieb daa qalaa kendra vee uh sathaan see, jitthe 1978 toon jalawatni witch rahi rahey ibrahim all-salahi daa kamm 2000 witch sudani qalaa jagat noon pesh keeta giaa see. khartoum witch sudani kalakaran noon utshahit curran vaali ikk horr gallery dabanga gallery haii, jiss dee maalak leena hugger neey 2017 witch "samkali sudan kalakaur bipta dey samein witch qalaa" kitaab daa sampadan keeta see. 2022 takk, kaee horr qalaa galleries jiven kii downtown aart gallery khartoum witch kamm qarr rahiaan sunn. comics atey cartoon prasidh qalaa roopan vajon. print jaan online witch prakashit cartoon atey comics varge prasidh qalaa roopan neey vee vaddh riha dhiaan paaiaa haii atey antarashtari covid-19 mahamari vargiaan maujuda ghatnavan pratee pratikiriaa ditti haii. 2018 toon, comics laee ikk tiuhar, jiss noon "khartoum kamik cone" kiha jaanda haii, sudani kamik kalakaran atey unhan dey darshakan laee ikk pardarshani vajon aayojit keeta giaa haii. sudan witch cinema atey photography. videshi khojkartavan atey photographeran neey neey sadee dey maddh toon baad dey chittar atey fotoan banaiaan hunn. keeti। sadee witch, sudan dey dakkhni hisse witch neuba lokan baare foto kahaniaan joe photographer jaaraj rodder atey lennie refenstall duaara khicchiaan gaeeaan sunn, atey naal hii manukkhi sankatan noon cover curran vaale foto pattarkaran duaara desh dey antarashtari akas noon aakaar ditta giaa haii. haii। sadee dee shuruat witch, digital photography dee shuruat neey sudani photographeran duaara ikk viaapak photographic atey kalatmak coverage dee shuruat keeti. keeti। sadee dey pahile addh dauran british bastiwadi samein witch sudan witch film nirman atey cinema shuru honn toon baad, khartoum atey horr shahiran witch sudani darshakan noon videshan toon dastavezi atey feature filman daa sahmana karna piaa see, atey 1930 dey dahake toon, itthe bahut saare outdoor cinema sunn. aazadi toon baad, sudani film nirmatavan dee pahili peedhi jiven kii gadalla gubara jaan hussain sharif duaara kujh filman daa nirman keeta giaa see. saal 2019 witch, 1960 dey dahake dey tinn sudani film nirmatavan deeaan jeevaniaan noon darakhtan baare gall curran vaali dastavezi film witch pesh keeta giaa see, joe sudan witch cinema atey film nirman dey patan dey kaarnan baare nijji samajh vee sanjhi kardi haii.

sudan-deshasya drushyakalaah sudan-deshasya drushyakalaah, adyatane sudan-ganarajyasya nivaasinah swa-swasamskruteh vishishtaih cha nirmitanam vastoonaam aitihasikanam samakalinanam cha utpaadanam paryaveshtate. asmin, aitihaasikaroopena sudana iti namna nirdishyamaanasy, 2011 tame varshe dakshinasudaan iti namna swatantram jaataani dakshinapradeshah api, uttar-poorva-africa-deshasya saamskrutikaparamparaabhih vastooni antarbhavanti. sampoorne itihaase, sudan-deshah madhya-africa, poorva-africa, easypt, bhoomadhyasaagareey-samskrutihi, paschimadishi upa-sahara-africa, poorvadishi raktasamudra-tatasya cha madhye sandhihi asti. 20 shataabdeh poorvam, etaani saamskrutikaparamparaah desheeyaih aafrikan-, phaaronik-, greeko-roman, baijantain, arabic-samskrutibhihi prabhaavitaani aasan, ye saamskrutika-abhivyaktehe vishaal-vividhataa aaneetavantah, praayah vishishtatayaa jaateey-samajika-samuhasya krute, ye taan utpaadya prayuktavantah cha. samajasya bhautikasamskruteh abhivyaktehe rupena, sudan-deshasya kalanam itihaase lalitakalaasu upayokta-kalaah hastakalaah cha antarbhavanti. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe, prathame turkee-egyptian ityasya, pashchat aangl-egyptian-shasanasya, videsheey-sainya-raajanaitik-aadhipatyasy lakshanasy, sthapana, sudani-jananam jeevanashailyaah bhautika-samskrutehe cha upari nootan-saamskrutika-prabhaawaih aadhunik-rashtra-rajyasya kramena vikaasasya aarambham akarot. 1956 tame varshe swaatantryaanantaram, aupaniveshika-shiksha-vyavasthaayaah sudanese-snaatak-janaah nootan-raajye pramukhapadaveem agruhnan, evam nagariya-samskrutyaah aadhunikakalaayah cha aavirbhaave yogadam dattavantah. ete saamskrutikavikaasaah 1950 taha 1980 paryantam sarvaadhikam drushyante sma, yah kaalah pashchat "sudan-deshe adhunikakala-aandolanasy nirmaanam" iti namna prasidhah. 21 shataabdyaam deshe drushyakalaatmakavikaasah sanchaarasya digital-prakaaraih niroopitah asti, yasmin shravya-drushyakalaa prasarita tathaa upagraha-dooradarshanasy madhyamena, antarjaaleey-madhyamena, tathaa cha samajika-madhyamena saha-panktitaah pratimaah, chalacchitraani cha santi. 2018 tathaa 2019 tame varshe sudanese-kraante yuvakalaakaaraah lock-aandolanasy virodham, manodhairyam cha pradadat, bhittichitraani, bhittichitraani, cartoon, chaayaachitraani athavaa veediyo-sandeshaani cha nirmitavantah. samakaaleenasy sudan-deshaat poorvam aitihaasikakaalah. pragaitihasikakalaha. nubia-deshe vidyamananam prachinatamanam bhautika-kalaakrutayah yathaa shilaawastuh pragaitihasikakalat santi. sabu-jaddee-shilaa-kalaa-sthalam vibhinna-aitihaasika-kalakhandat 1600 taha adhikanam shilaa-chitraanaam vishishta-samoohah asti, yah 6000 varshaanaam api adhikam yaavat nubian-sabhyatayaha vibhinna-yugaan yaavat vistaaritah asti. susamrakshitaani rekhaachitraani vanyanam gruhapaalinaam pashunam, manushyanam, naukanayananam cha pratinidhitvam kurvanti, vishva-smaarak-nidhyaa vikshaniyanam smarakanam suchyam cha antarbhavanti. anyaani prachinaha shilalekhaha, bayuda-marubhoomau vaadee-abu-dome iti namna prasiddhe shushka-upatyakayam praaptaah. anyat mahattvapoornam pragaitihasikam sthalam sudanasya, libyaa-deshasya, easypt-deshasya cha madhye simasthale, gabal-ell-uveenaat-parvatashrenyaam praaptam. sudan-deshasya pashchimakshetre, jebal-mokraam-samoohah, tasya mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya kermaa tathaa kush-raajyam cha. prachina-africa-deshasya prachina-sabhyatasu ekasya kermaa-samskrutihi (2500-1500 BCE), shastraani, mrunmaya-mrunmaya-vastooni, anye gruhasaamagreeh cha sudan-deshasya rashtriya-sangrahaalaye, kermaa-sangrahaalaye, british-sangrahaalaye, athavaa metropalitan-myusiyam aaf art ityaadishu sangrahaalayeshu prastutah santi. kush-rajyasya kaale (praayah saa. sha. poo. 950-saa. sha. 350), yadaa kush-ityasya raajnaah swasyaah uttar-prativeshtim easypt-desham ekashataabdim yaavat fero-rupena ashaasuh, tadaa taharka-ityasya sphink-sadrushaani nubian-pratimaah egyptian-visheshaan praaptavantah, tathaa cha mandireshu athavaa nubian-pyramid-madhye sthaapitaah, yathaa sudanasya vishva-dharohar-sthaleshu anyatam mero-nagare. anyaih samsaadhanaih saha, prachina-nubia-deshasya bhautikasamskruteh krute suvarnasya, hastidantasya, aabanookasy, dhupasya, charmasya vaa bahumulyashilanam vaa upayogah aasit, rajaparivaranam samaadhishu harasya vaa breaslet-ityasya vaa upayogah abhavat. nubian-rajanaha, raajnyaah cha, ye kush-ityasya kandake iti namna prasidhaah, te naka-nagarasya apedemac (simhamandiram) ityasmai samarpitehe shilaalekheshu pratiroopitaah aasan. prachina-nubian-vaastukalaayaah anyaani udaaharanaani santi shilaalekh-mandiraani, "defufa" iti namna khyatani mruttikaa-itica-mandiraani, shilaalekhayuktaani samaadhayah athavaa shilaalekhaih nirmitaani nivasasthanani, kaashta-shilaamandalam, prasadaha, susthitaani maargaah cha. greeko-roman-samskrutehe prabhaawah. saa. sha. poo. truteeyashataabdyaah saa. sha. truteeyashataabdyaah paryantam uttar-nubia-pradesha aakramitah easypt-deshe samlagnah abhavat, yat tolemic-rajyena, pashchat roman-samrajyena cha shaasitam aasit. asya kaalasy saamskrutikaprabhaavaha dakshinadishi nubia-deshe yathaa sudoorah, mero-nagare tathaakathitaasu 'roman-snaanagruheshu' drushyate, yat "aafrikan-rajyasya madhyasy bhoomadhyasaagareey-greeko-roman-samskrutyaah cha saamskrutika-sthanantaranasya utkrushtam udaaharanam" iti namna khyaatam asti." easypt-deshe tolemic-shasanakale nubia-deshasya saamskrutikaprabhaavasya anyam udaaharanam asti, sambhawatah poorva-bhumadhya-pradeshe nirmitam, adhunaa amerikaadeshasy brooklin-sangrahaalaye pradarshitam, nubian-yuvasya marble-shiraha. madhyayugeen-nubia. madhyayugeen-nubia-madhye (c. 500-1500 CE), christian-rajyanam makuria, nobadia, alodia ityetayoho nivaasinah, faaraas-kethedral, shilpaani, bhittichitraani ityadini vishishtaani vastukalarupani nirmitavantah, yeshu 650 taha adhikaah aadhunik-vidvataapoorna-grantheshu prakashitaha santi. etaani easypt-deshasya captic-kalaya, kadaachit ethiopian-kalaya cha sambadhaah santi. te puratanam nubian-bhasham, captic, greek athavaa arabik ityetaan, vividhaanaam dharmikanam vaa dharmanirapekshanam vaa granthaanaam krute upayujyant, pandulipyam vaa valukashilayam, marble-shilaalekheshu, terracota-shilaalekheshu vaa rakshitavantah. yadyapi muslim-pravaasinah, sambhawatah vanijaha, shilpinah cha 9 shataabdyaah anantaram nimna-nubia-pradeshe sthitaah iti nishchita asti, tathaapi nubia-pradeshasya vaastavika-islaameekaranasy aarambhah 14 shataabdyaah ante abhavat. islaam-matam aarab-matam cha. 16 tame saptadashayoho shataabdayoh, nutaniyaha islaameey-rajyani sthaapitaani-phunj-saltanatah, darfur-saltanatah cha, sudan-deshe kramena islaameekaranasy arabikaranasya cha dirghakalam aarabhat. ete sultanet-samsthah teshaam samajaha cha 1820 tame varshe ottoman-egyptian-aakramanen sudan-raajyam parajitya, darfar-ityasya vishaye cha 1916 tamavarshaparyantam cha aasan. asya kaalasy pramukhah saamskrutikaparivartanaah islaamik-matasya sweekaranam, arabic-bhashayaha dainandinajeevanasya ghatakabhyam upayogena cha lakshitah aasan. anyaih saamskrutikavikaasaih, yathaa fredrick calliad ityanena videsheey-aagantukaih suchitam yat, nagaranam masjidanam cha vaastukalayaa, chaakuh vaa "kaskara" khadgasya vaa nikshepa ityadinam shastranam nirmanaya, dasavyaparaya cha sambadhaah aasan. asmin kaale "khalvaa" iti namna khyataha arabee-bhashayaha, islaameey-adhyayanasya cha vidyaalayaah sthaapitaah, sufi-bhraatrutvasya mulani soodaan-deshe eva abhavan. teshaam bhautikasamskruteh udaaharanaani santi, adhunaa british-sangrahaalaye islaamik-mata-kathanayuktah dhwajah, athavaa 19 shataabdyaah ante kaashtaphalakah, yah nyuyaark-nagarasya brooklin-sangrahaalayen anlain-madhyamena prastutah kuraan-adhyayan-chhatranam lekhanafalakaroopena upayujyate. 19 tamam 20 tamam cha shataabdam swaatantryam yaavat aasit. 19 shataabdyaah arambhat aarabhy videsheey-aagantukaih gruheetaani rekhaachitraani chaayaachitraani vaa, vastukala, vastraani, keshavinyaasaah, aabhushanaani athavaa scarifications ityadinam vividhajanaamjaateeyaanaam samajikanam cha samuhanam paramparikakalanam krute kechan praarambhik-abhilekhaah santi. turkee-egyptian-shasanasya prathamakaalasy (1821-1885) anantaram mah-dist-raajyam (1885-1899) bruhattar-khartoom-pradeshasya pramukha-kshetratrayeshu anyatamasy omdurman-pradeshe mahattvapoornaani chihnaani avashishtam. mahadee-ityasya samaadhih, khalifa-gruhah, mahadee-mudraah, vishishtaprakaaraah vastraani, yathaa mahadee-anuyaayinah dharanti "jibbaa"-kotah, asya kaalasy saamskrutika-swaroopasya sakshyam kurvanti. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe, egyptian-janaah, british-janaah, khartoom-nagarasya anye videsheeyaah nivaasinah cha, nagarasya sainya-shibirat shatashah itica-nirmitanam gruhaanaam nagaraparyantm vistaaram krutavantah. aangl-egyptian-sudan (1899-1956) ityasya prantasya kaale british-senaa nagarika-prashasanam cha samaaje, arthavyavasthaayaam, samskrutehe cha mahattvapoornaani parivartanaani praarabdhavantah. british-prashasanam paashchaty-shikshaavidheyam api pravartayat, vidyaalayeshu ucchashikshaayaah kalashikshayaha cha krute gorden-smaarak-mahaavidyaalayaha aasit, tathaa cha 1945.this madhye udghaatitam vinyaas-vidyaalayam sudana-deshe aadhunikakalaayah vikaasasya aarambhah iti manyate, paashchaty-arthe chitrakalaa athavaa shilpakala cha mulabhutaha bhavitum aarabdhavantah. itihaasakaarah heather jey. sharky ityayam british-shikshaawidheyen drushyasamskruteh prabhaavasya vishaye nimnalikhitam vaktavyam krutavaanh "chaayaachitraani chitraani cha gorden-mahaavidyaalayasya balakan vruddhaan cha drashtum samarthawantah, ataha vishvam, british-samrajyam, sudan ityetaan nootan-vidhaihi kalpayitum, drushyasamskrutih raashtravaadasya vikasaya shabdasamskruteh iva mahattvapoornam aasit."yatharthataya sakshyachitranam udayonmukh-drushyakalaayaam eva prathama-sudanis-chhaayaagraahakah iti kathitah gadallaa-gubra, aupaniveshika-chalacchitra-vibhagaya prashikshita aasit. shikshakaan, visheshatah vyaavasaayik-prashikshanartham, prashikshanartham 1943 tame varshe shiksha-samsthaayaam kalaa-paathyakramah pravartitah, varshatrayam yaavat anantaram, vinyaas-vidyaalayah sthaapitah. 1951 tame varshe eshaa vidyaalayah khartoom-praawidhik-samsthaam prati sthanantarita, 1971 tame varshe sudan-vijnaana-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalaye (suestech) lalita-anuprayukta-kalanam adhyapika abhavat. mukhyataya anekasarvakaarasya avahelanaabhih yatheshtaani badhani utpannaani satsu api 2021 tame varshe api etat prachalati, yatra sudan-deshasya aneke aadhunik-drushya-kalakaraha, sangeetadnyaah cha swakalaayaah shikshaam aarabhant. paaramparika-prayukta-kalaah shilpakala cha. kasyaapi samajikasamuhasya bhautikasamskruteh samakaaleen-dharananam anusaaram "paaramparika-kalaah, lock-kalaah, upayokta-kalaah, hastakalaah" athavaa "hastakalaah" iti padaani manavena nirmitanam saamskrutika-vastoonaam vistrutaam shrenim soochayanti. tathakathitanam "lalitakalaah" ityetaan vihaay, etat vastraani, vastraani ityadinam vividha-sudanis-srushtim prati api prayujyate, yathaa paaramparikaani "galabia", purushaanaam krute pagadee, shirastraanaani, athavaa mahilanam krute "tob", aabhushanaani, paadukaah, anyaani charmakarmaani yathaa padatranani, pavitralipihi yuktaani charma-taaveejaani, aabhushanaani, anyaani vyaktigata-alankaranaani, yathaa hasteshu vaa padatraneshu vaa mehandi-aabhushanaani. kaashtakarmasya, mrunmayashilpasya vaa dhatushilpasya sudanese-paramparaah paaramparika-peetopakaraneshu yathaa "angarib" shayanagruheshu, nijigruhanam bahihi sthaapiteshu peyajalasy mrunmayapaatreshu, dhoopam prajwaalayitum paatraroopen athavaa "jabana" iti namna khyataha paaramparika-kaafeepaatraroopen drushyante. 2017 tame varshe saamskrutika-maanavashaastrajnaa griselda ell-taib ityeshaa "reasonal-phok-castumes-aaf-sudan" iti swapustakam sudan-deshasya vividhajanaam samuhanam vastraanaam, anyaprakaranam vyaktigata-alankarananam cha chitraihi saha prakaashitavatee. api cha, shareerakalaayaah jaateeyaparamparaah yathaa sikaatrijeshan, keshavinyaasah, yathaa veshtanam athavaa hadendoa-purushaanaam "fazee-vazee" keshavinyaasah, aadhunik-dredlocks, mekap cha nityena vaa upayujyante. tasmin eva vishaye, "da grove encyclopedia aaf islaamik art and architecture" iti vidnyaapayati yat "1990 tamam dashakaparyantam sudanasya anekaani paaramparika-kalaah aadhunikikaranaat, bruhat-utpaadita-vastoonaam ayatat cha shankayam aasan." 20 shataabdyaah adhunikakala. 1940 tame dashake aarambhah 1960 tame dashake cha. 1940 tamasya dashakasy uttaraardhasy khartoom-nagare graphic-kalakaranam chitrakaranam cha praarambhikasamoohasy vishaye ullekhayan, 2009 tame varshe vidvaamsaihi werner-daum tathaa rasheed-diyaab ityanena prakashitasya "madern-art inn-sudan" iti vishaye avalokane "art aaf da-kaafee-house" ("faan-all-makaahi") ityasya ullekhah asti. ete kalakaraha utpaada-pyaakejing-krute sudanis-roopakalpanaani, chitrafalakaanaam upari prathama-abhilekhita-chitraani cha nirmitavantah, teshaam kalaatmak-utpaadanam rajadhanyam udayonmukh-nagarasamajam pratiphalishyati iti kathyate, aadhunik-kalaa vishishta-janajaateey-samskrutehe parimita-jaateey-paramparanam sthaane asti. aadhunikakalaayah khartoom-vidyaalayasya" udayah nirnaayakah kaalah, tathaapi, 1950 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage aarabdhah, yadaa prathamah sudanis-aalamkaarik-kalakaraha england-deshe snaatakottar-adhyayananantaram gruham pratyagatavan. teshaam kaaryam swadeshe videshe cha manyatam praaptum aarabdham, samakaaleen-aafrikan-kalayaha vikaase mahattvapoornam yogadam cha iti khyaatam. swasya avalokane, doum tathaa diab ityeshaa aadhunikasy sudanese-kalayaha varnanam "swamoolasya paashchatyaprabhaavasya cha drudhataayaah madhye asthiram iti krutavantah. [.]..] prathamam andolanam sudana-deshasya paramparaam samskrutehe cha kalaatmak-srujanatmakatayaha moolaghatakaroopen pathitum prayatate...] asya visheshasya arab-islaamik-aafrikan-samskrutyaah samajika-sthityaa prabhaawitah. agrimaa peedee paashchaty-vidyaalayaah shailayah cha purnataya sveekrutya, yathaa amurta-chitrakalaa, ghanavaadah athavaa ativaastavikavaadah, kalayaha saarvabhoumikataam drudeekrutya. truteeyapravruttih dwayoh madhye madhyamamargah iti manyate-sudanis, arab, aafrikan-tattvanam pratyaksha-sanketam vinaa, parichayah anveshtum, parantu nootan-rupena parivartanam vikaasam cha." pramukhah pradarshanaah, sangrahah cha. 1995 tame varshe landan-nagarasya vaitchaapel-gallery "africa-95" iti utsavasya bhagarupena "africa-deshe aadhunikakalaayah vishaye sapta kathaah" iti pradarshanm pradarshayat. mukhya-curator clementain delis ityanena avadat yat, "pradarshanena prekshakaah, vimshatishataabdyaah dwiteeyaardhe africa-deshasya drushyakalaayaah parikalpanaatmak-saundarya-abhivyaktehe laghubhagasya anubhavaay aamantritaah."eshaa pradarshanee, africa-deshasya athavaa aafrikan-pravaasinah curator-kalakaranam sahabhaagitvam cha anantaram utsavasya mahattvapoornaasu karyakrameshu anyatam iti nirdhaaritam. sudaan-deshasya bhaagam agruhnan kalaakaarau mo abaaro, rasheed diyaab, kamalaa ibraahim ishkha, abdel baasit ell khateem, sevarino matti, husson moosaa, ameer noor, ibraahim all-salahi, usmaan vakiyallaa cha aasan. 2016 tame varshe, samyukta-arab-amirates-samsthaayaah, sharjaa-art-foundation-samsthayaa "da-khartoom-school-da making aaf da madern-art-movement inn-sudan (1945-vartamaanam)" iti sheershakam smaraki-pradarshanee praadarshyat, yasmin sudan-drushyakalakaranam chitraani, chaayaachitraani, shilpaani cha aasan, yathaa hussen-shareef-ibraahim-ell-salahi-varyasya chitraani, vaa rasheed-mahadee-gadallaa-gubra-varyasya chaayaachitraani cha. sudaan-deshe aadhunikataavaadi-aandolanasy pratinidhitvam kurwantah anye kalakaraha usmaan vakeellaa, bastaavee bagadadi, ahmed shibrain, abdelrajig abdelghaffar, muhammad omer khaleel, tyag ell-sir ahamad, muhammad ell husson abdel raheem, shaigee, siddig ell nigaumee, magadoub rabbaa, ahmed hameed all arabee, griselda ell-taiyib cha aasan. kamalaa ibraahim-ishkhasya chitraani, ameer-noor ityasya shilpaani cha kendreekrutaih pruthak pruthak ekala-pradarshanaih asya poorvaanvaya-pradarshanm pooritam. 2016 tame varshe ibraahim-ell-salahi ityasya krutaanaam purvavyapi-pradarshanasy avasare, landan-nagarasya tett-madern-art-gallery, khartoom-vidyaalayam "1960 tame varshe sudan-deshe nirmitam aadhunik-kalaa-andolanam" iti aahvayata, yat navasvatantra-rashtrasya vishishta-parichayam pratiphaliyitum nootan-drushya-shabdasangrahasya vikaasam kartum prayatatatam." samyukta-arab-amirata-deshasya barjeel-art-foundation-samsthaa abdel-khaadar-husson, kamala-ibraahim-ishk, mohammad-omer-khaleel, omer-khairi, ibraahim-ell-salahi, hussen-shareef, ahamad-shibren, khaalid-alabaih ityasya graphic-art ityetaih sudanis-chitraani swa-anlain-prushthe prastooyati. vyaktigatah kalakaraha. usmaan vakeellaa (1925-2007) chitrakaroopen sulekhanakaaratvena cha karyam krutavaan. saha 1945 tame varshe khartoom-nagarasya gorden-smaarak-mahaavidyaalayasya vinyaas-vidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, anantaram landan-kairo-nagare cha swasya kalaatmak-adhyayanm anwawartat. aadhunikaroopen, a-dhaarmikaroopen chitrarooparoopen arabee-sulekhanasy tasya upayogah, vakeellam arabee-kalaa-aandolanasy antah sthaapayati, yat hurufia-andolanam iti namna prasidham abhavat. 1960 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, khartoom-nagare tasya kechan chhaatraah, yathaa ahamad-muhammad-shibrain (ja. 1931), ibraahim all-salahi (ja. 1930) tathaa tyag ell-sir ahamad (kha. 1933) sudanis-kalaa-aandolanasy nirmanartham vakeeallaa ityanena saha militavaan, yat pashchat 'aadhunikakalaayah khartoom-vidyaalayah' iti namna khyaatah. griselda ell taib (1928-2022) ekaa british-janmitaa kalaa-itihaasakaarah, kalaa-shikshikaa, drushya-kalakaraha cha aasit, yaa mukhyataya paaramparika-veshabhooshaa-chitraanaam jalawarn-chitraanaam cha pravartaka-shodhasya krute prasiddha asti, yatah taani 1970 tamaat dashakaat sudana-deshasya samskrutim samaajam cha pratibimbayanti. sudan-deshasya kalaasu tasyaah dirghakalam yaavat yogadam ullikhan, "madern art inn sudan" iti lekhasya lekhakaah saa "british-mulasya sudan-kalakaraha" iti abhinishyant. ibraahim all-salahi (kha. 1930) sudan-deshasya kasyaapi chitrakaarasya krute vyaapak-antarashtriya-manyatayaha krute prasidhah abhavat. saha "aafrikan-aadhunikataavaadasy khartoom-vidyaalayasya" agraganya-sadasyeshu anyatamah iti manyate, tathaa cha hurufia-kalaa-aandolanasy, yat paaramparika-islaameey-sulekhan-prakaran samakaaleen-kalaya saha samyojayitum prayatate sma. 2016 tame varshe landan-nagarasya tett-madern-art-gallery ityasmin "ibraahim-ell-salaaheeh-e-visionary-modernist" iti 100 kalaakrutayah pradarshitaah, ye kalakarinaha panchashat varshaanaam antarashtriya-vruttijeevanasya vistaaram kurvanti. ell-salahi iti "aafrikan-arab-aadhunikataavaadasy mahattvapoorna-vyaktishu anyatamah" iti saha uktavaan, yena tasya krutihi kalayaha vaishvika-itihasasya sandarbhe sthaapitah. ahamad shibrain (kha. 1931) khartoom-nagarasya lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalaye, tatah landan-nagarasya kendriyakalaa-vinyaas-vidyaalaye cha, graphic-vinyaas-vishaye visheshadnyataam praapya, adhyanam akarot. 1960 tame varshe sudan-desham pratyaagatya, saha lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalaye graphic-vinyaasavibhaagam sthapitavan, yatra saha dean-rupena api karyam krutavaan. shibren ityayam swasya chitreshu aadhunik-sulekhanaprakaranam krute prasidhah abhavat, tathaa cha "hurufia"-aandolanasy bhaagah iti manyate, tathaiva "khartoom-vidyaalayasya" kalaavidaasu anyatamah iti cha manyate. siddeek ell nigaumee (1931-1996), kalaatmakam mrunmaya-mrunmaya-nirmitavaan. prathame sudaanadeshe shikshitah saha 1967 tamavarshaat aarabhy samyuktaraajye nivasat. swasya jwaalayite terracota-mruttikaavastooshu saha europiya-aafrikan-prabhavan samyojitavaan. landan-nagarasya victoria-albert-sangrahaalaye tasya kaanichan rachanaah santi, tasya "ibreek" iti paaramparikasy sudanese-kaafee-paatrasya aadhunikam samskaranam antarjaaliye prastujyate. hussain shareef (1934-2005), cartoom-vishvavidyaalayasya kalaa-vibhaagasya chitrakaarah, kavihi, chalacchitranirmaataa, vyakhyata cha, sudan-deshasya bauddhikah, kalakaraha cha aasit, yah 1950 tamaat dashakasy ante 1990 tamam dashakam yaavat sakriyah aasit. england-deshasya kembridge-vishvavidyaalaye aadhunik-itihasasya adhyayananantaram saha landan-nagarasya slade-school-aaf-fain-art-madhye snaatakottarapadaveem praptavan, yatra saha lucian-fried ityasya adheenam adhyanam akarot. anyaih chitraihi saha, tasya chitram "angel pregnan-vida-moon" 1960 tame varshe landan-nagarasya prathama-chitrashalayam pradarshitam aasit, landan-nagarasya rashtriya-chitrashalayam tasya chitraanaam sammukhe upavishya shaaraf ityasya chaayaachitraani santi. shareef 500 taha adhikaah chitraani chitritavaan iti kathyate, parantu teshu katipayaah eva abhilekhitaani santi. mo abaaro (1935-2016), mohammad ahamad abdallaa abaaro iti namna janitah, ekaha shilpakaarah aasit yah syramic-kalayaha krute prasidhah aasit. swasya peedhyaah anyakalaakaararupen saha khartoom-nagarasya lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, tatah landan-nagarasya kendriyakalaa-shilpa-vidyaalaye mrunmaya-shaastram abhyanayt. audyogika-mrunmaya-vinyaase snaatakottar-adhyayananantaram saha katipayavarshaani yaavat mrunmaya-shaastram shikshayitum sudan-desham pratyagatavan, parantu 1966 tame varshe britton-deshe swasya vruttijeevanam anuvartayitum england-desham pratyaagantum nishchitavaan. tasya krutihi paaramparika-sudanis-gambujanam, kamananam cha pratibimbah, tathaa cha kalabyash-basketry-aakrutayah cha iti varnitaa. kamalaa ibraahim ishkhak (kha. 1936), sudan-deshasya prathamaa aadhunikamahila chitrakaarinee, khartoom-nagarasya sudan-vijnaana-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalayasya lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalaye, anantaram landan-nagarasya rayal-college-aaf-art-madhye chitrakaushalam abhyanayt. swachhaatraih muhammad hameed shaddaad, nayala ell taib cha saha saa "crystalist" iti avadhaaranaatmak-kalaa-samuhasya samsthaapakah aasit, yaa sudani-kalayaha krute nootanaani dishaani aanitavati. sharaja-art-foundation ityasya mate, tasyaah krutihi "sudan-deshe kalayaha paaramparikam purusha-drushtikonam uddishya, surya-baaluk-aakaash-varnaihi mahilanam jeevanasya drushyaan chitrayati." muhammad omer khaleel (kha. 1936) 1959 paryantam khartoom-nagare lalitakalaayaah adhyayanm akarot, 1963 taha italee-deshasya florence-nagare chitrakarme mudrana-nirmanasya cha adhyayanm akarot. 1967 tamaat varshaat amerikaadeshe anekaani dashakaani yaavat karyam, shikshanm cha krutvaa, saha paramparikavarnanam atiriktam, praaptaah vastooni, abhilekheeyasaamagreeh, vastraani, chaayaachitraani vaa upayujyate. swasya mudraneshu saha krushnavarnasya vividhavarnaan rochate, yatah saha 2020 tame varshe landan-nagarasya mojack-prakoshteshu "maay-neyal-under-mai-neyal" iti swasya pradarshanasy avasare avadat. khalil ityeshah "arab-vishvasya mahattvapoornaasu samakaaleen-chitrakaareshu anyatamah" iti uchyate, yah pradeshikakalakaranam dwayoh peedhishu prabhaavam akarot."2012 tame varshe, tasya krutihi pyaris-nagarasya institute du monde areb ityatra poorvavyaapeepradarshane upasthapita. ameer I. emm. noor (1936-2021) naamakah shilpakaarah, shikshaawidah cha, sent vishvavidyaalaye aafrikan-kalayaha shilpakalaayaah cha adhyayanam krutavaan. androos, scatland, rayal college aaf art, landan, yu.key. tathaa yel vishvavidyaalayasya kalaa-vastukala-vidyaalayah, samyuktarajyamerika. tasya shilpaani, yantrena, tantupalakayaa athavaa ukkaya vaa nirmitaani, amoortaani, nyoonatamaani cha santi, parantu adyaapi sudan-deshaat tasya yuvatnena saha sambadhaah pashavah, bhoodrushyaani, vaastukalaani cha uddharanti. omer khairi (1939-1999) maadhyamikavidyaalaye kalaa-vishayasya pramukha-vishayatvena adhyayanm aarabdhavaan, 1960 tamaat varshaat saha lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalaye cha abhyanayt. manasika-swaasthya-samasyanam karanat tasya adhyayanm avarodhayitum baadhyah abhavat. tathaapi, saha sthaniyapradarshaneshu swasya chitraanaam krute prasidhah abhavat, ye tatah param saarvajanikasangraheshu upasthapitaha santi. sudan-deshasya chalacchitranirmaataa alyaa moosaa, tasya bhirutvapurnam upasthitim, tasya saahasik-kalaakrutim cha pariveshtitaanaam krute api, asya "rahasyasy" vishaye vruttachitra-pariyojanaayaam karyam krutavaan asti." husson moosaa (b.1951), yah 1970 tame dashake francey snaatakottar-adhyayanartham sudan-desham parityajy, chitrakaarah, sulekhanakaarah, utkeernakah iti namna prasidhah asti, tathaa cha anekeshaam pustakanam chitranam krutavaan asti. 1960 tame dashake saha "post-art" iti namna api prasiddhasy, lokapriy-patrakalayaha prakaare, pratishtaavirodhee-karyena saha sambadhah, samlagnah aasit. 1997 tame varshe venis-dvivaarshika-kridaayaam 'aadhunikatam smrutayah cha' iti pradarshane tasya krutihi 'da shahatya da sent-sebastian' iti antarbhavati sma. shaastreey-paashchaty-utkrushta-krutinaam roopaantaranaartham, saha "paashchaty-kalaa, rajanitihi, samskrutihi cha vishaye vimarshaatmak-drushtikonam" nirmitavaan iti kathyate." rasheed diyaab (janma 1957) prathame khartoom-nagare chitrakalaayaah kalaa-itihasasya cha adhyayanam krutvaa spen-deshasya madrid-nagarasya complutains-vishvavidyaalaye snaatakottar-adhyayanm anwawartat. spen-deshe nirmitaani tasya prarambhikakalasya rachanaah amoortaani, drudaani chitraani iti varnitaah santi, ye tasya janmadeshasya varnaan, vinyaasam cha pratibimbayanti. sudan-desham pratyaagatya, saha swasya sthaniya-shrotrubhihi bhinna-bhinna-vyakhyanam prati pratyuttarm dattavaan, api cha "nirapeksha-shunyatayam" sthiteshu mahilanam sadrusham, adhika-maanya-abhivyakti-roopaani prati cha pravruttavaan. diab ityasya kalaakrutayah antarashtriyarupena pradarshitaah santi, kechan cha jordan-nagarasya hindee-kalaa-sangrahaalayen antarjaladwara prastutah santi. salaah ell murr (janma 1966) ityayam chitrakah, graphic-desainer, pustaka-lekhakah, chalacchitranirmaataa cha iti antarashtriya-khyaatah asti. tasya chitraani paramparayaha, lokakathanam, bhinnajananam, paryaavaranasya cha prabhavan darshayanti, tasya varnasya upayogah vishaalarekheshu drudhaswaraan darshayati. saha kairo-khartoom-deshayoho madhye nivasati, karyam cha karoti, tasya chitraani madhyapoorva-europe-samyuktarajyamerika-deshayoho pradarshaneshu pradarshitaah santi. 2018 tame varshe, landan-nagarasya sachi-gallery-dwara kamalaa-ishkha-ibraahim-ell-salahi-varyasya chitraihi saha tasya chitraani "vanaihi aatmaih cha-khartoom-vidyaalayasya aalamkaarik-kalaa" iti pradarshane upasthapitaha." ahamad abusharia (kha. 1966) 1990 tame varshe lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, 90 tame dashakasy madhyabhaage kenyaa-nagare nivasan. pashchat saha jarmaneedeshasy collon-nagare alpakalam nivasat, 2000 tamaat varshaat saha ugaandaadeshasy kampala-nagare nivasati, yatra saha swasya chitraanaam pradarshanm cha nirantaram karoti. tasya shailee, ibraahim ell salahi, rasheed diyaab ityaadibhih sudan-deshasya poorvakaalasy samakaaleenakalaakaaraih prabhaawitah iti kathyate. poorvamev ullikhitaanaam naman vihaay, 20 shataabdyaah anyaani sudanese-kalakarani, aadhunik-aafrikan-kalayaha vishaye patitaanaam suchishu smitsonian-granthaalayeshu, moosaa-khalifa (janma 1941), mohammad-omer-bushara (janma 1946), saalih-abdou-mashamaun (janma 1946) cha santi. 21 shataabdih, krantyaha kalaa cha. sudanis-shikshaavid ahamad sikingah 2012 tame varshe likhitavaan, sudanis-deshe adhunikakala-aandolanaani, teshaam samajika-prushtabhoomau cha kalaa-itihaasakaaraih adhikam vishleshanam naa aakrushtam. tathaapi, 2018/19 ityasya sudanis-kraante, kalaavidaanaam bhumika antarashtriya-maadhyameshu niveditam asti, yat vartamaan-ghatanasu teshaam ruchim pratibimbayati. kraamteh poorvam tathaa kaale cha kalakaraha samajasya rajanitihi cha vishaye svaveekshanaani prakatayan, yadyapi eshaa abhivyaktihi omer-all-basheer ityasya poorvasarvakaaren katoratayaa seemitah aasit. 2020 tame varshe november-maase, sudan-vijnaana-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalayasya (sustuke) lalitakalaa-mahaavidyaalayasya chhaatraah, swaatantrya-shaanti-nyayah iti krantyaha ghoshanaam pratinidhitvam kurwantah smaarak-shilpam pradarshan. 2021 april-maase, kraante, kraante cha maaritaah pradarshanakaareeh cha smrutya, khartoom-nagare anyaah kalaa-pradarshanayah abhavan. raajanaitik-cartoonist tathaa maanav-adhikaar-kaaryakartah khaleed alabaih ityeshah swasya facebook-prushtasya "khartoon!" dwara prasiddhim avaapnot."api cha madhyapoorva-paashchaty-maadhyameshu tasya sakshatkaraha. 2019 tame varshe saha "sudan retold" iti sachitragranthe sahasampadanam krutavaan. chitrakathaavastu, jalavarnachitram athavaa chaayaachitranam ityadinam vividhakalaatmak-prakaranam upayogena, yuvakalaakaaraanaam ekaha samoohah, sudanis-itihasasya vartamaanasya bhavishyasya cha samskaranaan avadat. eteshu yuvakalaakaareshu anyatama amnaa elhaasan ityeshaa, tatah param antarashtriya-vruttijeevanam aarabhat, 2022 tame varshe germany-deshasya frankfurt-nagarasya prasiddh-skirn-kalaa-sangrahaalaye ekala-pradarshanena saha. sudanis-kraante mahilanam mahattvapoornaam bhumikam tathaa mahilaa-kalakaranam kalaatmak-karyan cha ullikhayan, teshaam yogadam lekheshu, pradarshaneshu, saarwajanik-kalaatmak-pradarshaneshu cha pramukharoopen darshitam asti. 2023 tame varshe sudana-dwandwasya samaye khartoom-nagareshu anyeshu sudana-nagareshu cha jeevanasya, moolasaukaryasya cha vinaashanaanantaram bahavah sudana-janaah sudana-naukaashrayam vaa samipasthadeshan vaa ityadeen surakshitanagarebhyah palaayitaah. nirvaasane sudanese-kalakaranam samarthanaay, down-town-gallery ityasya kalaa-samrakshakah raheem-shaddaad, yah 2019 tamavarshaat kraanteh kalayaha pracharartham sakriyah aasit, saha sudanis-kalakaranam samarthanaay nidhisankalanaartham nidhim nirmitavaan. kalaa-pradarshanashalam tathaa samrakshanam. 2009 tame varshe "madern art inn sudan" iti vishaye lekhah avadat yat "pradarshanayam sthanasya abhavena, samrakshanasya abhavena cha khartoom-nagarasya kalakaraha teevratayaa baadhitaah santi."asmin khartoom-nagare kevalam ekam 'ardha-saarvajanikam' kalaa-pradarshanashalam, tathaa cha ekasmin bruhattameshu upaahaaragruheshu kadaa kadaa pradarshanm cha ullikhitam. apitu, gret-britton, france, germany ityetayoho videsheey-saamskrutikakendratrayam "pramukha-bhumikam" niravahat iti shreyam dattam. etaan atirichya, sudanis-kalaakaaraih ahamad-muhammad-shibrain-rasheed-diyaab-ityanena cha nijee-pradarshashalani udghaatitaah aasan. diab ityasya kalaa-kendram api tatt sthaanam aasit, yatra 1978 tamaat varshaat nirvaasane nivasatah ibraahim-ell-salahi ityasya krutihi 2000 tame varshe sudanese-kalaa-jagati upasthapita. khartoom-nagare sudanese-kalakaran protsaahayitum anyat chitrashalam dabanga-chitrashalam vartate, yasya swami lina hugger ityeshaa 2017 tame varshe "samakalinaha sudana-kalaakaaraah pratikulakale kalaa" iti pustakasya sampaadanam krutavatee. 2016 tame varshe, sudanese-kalaam pradarshayantah katipayeshu vaanijyakalaasthaleshu mojo-kalaa-chitrashalam anyatam aasit. 2022 tamavarshaparyantam, khartoom-nagare downtown-art-gallery ityaadayah anyaah kalaa-pradarshikaah karyam kurwantah aasan. kaamik-chitraani cartoon-chitraani cha lokapriy-kalaa-roopaani santi. mudrana-madhyamena athavaa antarjaale vaa prakashitani cartoon-chitraani, kaamik-chitraani ityadini lokapriyaani kalaa-roopaani api vardhamaanam avadhaanam praaptaah, antarashtriya-covid-19-mahamarihi ityadinam vartamaan-ghatanaabhyah cha pratikriyaam adadat. 2018 tamaat varshaat, "khartoom kaamik kaan" iti namna khyaatah kaamik-utsavah, sudanese-hasyakalakaranam teshaam prekshakanam cha pradarshanaroopen aayojitah asti. sudan-deshe chalacchitram chaayaachitranam cha. videsheeyaah anweshakah chaayaachitrakaaraah cha 19 shataabdyaah madhyabhagat aarabhy rekhaachitraani chaayaachitraani cha nirmantau. 20 shataabdyaam, sudan-pradeshasya dakshinabhaage nyuba-jananam vishaye chhaayaachitrakaaraih jaarj rodger tathaa leni refenstall ityetabhyam, tathaa cha maanav-sankataan aacchaadayan chaayaachitra-patrakaaraih chitrakathaah, deshasya antarashtriya-praticchayaam roopayan. 21 shataabdyaah aarambhe, digital-chaayaachitranasya pravartanena sudanese-chhaayaachitrakaaraih vistrutam chhaayaachitran-kalaatmakam cha prasaaranam praarabdham. 20 shataabdyaah poorvaardhe british-aupaniveshika-kaale sudan-deshe chalacchitranirmaanam, chalacchitragruham cha aarabhy, khartoom-nagare, anyeshu nagareshu cha sudan-prekshakaah videshaat sakshyachitrani, chalacchitraani cha drashtum aagataah, 1930 tamaat dashakaat, tatra bahwyah baahya-chalachchitragruhaani aasan. swaatantryaanantaram, prathama-pustaah sudanese-chalacchitranirmaataarah yathaa gadallaa-gubra athavaa hussen-shareef ityanena katipayaah chalacchitraani nirmitaani. 2019 tame varshe, 1960 tame dashake tribhihi sudanis-chalacchitra nirmatrunam jeevanavruttaantaani vruttachitrasya vrukshaanaam vishaye kathayan upasthapitaha, ye sudan-deshe chalacchitra-nirmanasya cha patanasya karananam vishaye vyaktigata-antardrushtim api vahanti.

suudaanin kaatchi kalaigal suudaanin kaatchi kalaigal intraiya suudaan kudiyarasil vasippavargalaal thayaarikkappatta porutkalin varalaattru mattrum samagaala urpaththiyai ulladakkiyathu mattrum anthantha kalaachchaaranggalukku kurippittathu. 2011 aam aandil therku suudaan endru suthanthiram pettra therku piraanthiyangkal udpada, varalaattru reethiyaaga suudaan endru kuripidappadum vadakizhakku aaprikkaavin piraanthiyaththin kalaachaara marabukalin porutkalai idhu ulladakkiyathu. adhan varalaaru muzhuvathum, matthiya aprica, kilakku aprica, egipthu, matthiya tharaikkadal kalaachchaarangkal, maerkil thunai-sahaaraa aprica mattrum naattin kilakkil senkatal kadarkarai aagiyavattrukku idaiyae suudaan oru kurukkuvettu vazhiyaaga irunthu varukirathu. 20 aam noottraandukku munbu, inththa kalaachaara marabukal pazhangudi aaprikka, parvonic, kiraekka-romanian, byzandine mattrum arabu kalaachchaaranggalaal eerkkappattana, avai kalaachaara velippaadugalin periya panmugaththanmaiyaik kondu vanththullana, perumpaalum avattrai urpaththi seithu payanpaduththiya ina allathu samooga kuzhuvirku kuripittavai. oru samoogaththin porul kalaachaaraththin velippaadugalaaga, soodaanil ulla kalaikalin inththa varalaattril nunkalaikalin payanpaattu kalaigal mattrum kaivinaip porutkal serkkappattullana. 19aam noottraandin thodakkaththil, muthalil turkiya-egypthiya aatchiyum pinnar anglo-egypthiya aatchiyum niruvappattathu, idhu velinaattu iraanuvam mattrum arasiyal maelaathikkaththaal vagaippaduththappattathu, soodaaniyargalin vaazhkkai muraigal mattrum porul kalaachaaraththil puthiya kalaachaara thaakkangaludan oru naveena thaesiya arasin padippadiyaana parinaama valarcchikku vazhivaguththathu. 1956ill suthanthiraththirkup piragu, kaalanitthuva kalvi muraiyin soodaaniya pattathaarikal puthiya maanilaththil munnani padhavigalai aetrtrukkondanar, ithanaal nagarppura kalacharam mattrum naveena kalai thoattraththirku bangaliththanar. inththa kalaachaara valarchchigal 1950 kazhil irunthu 1980 kall varai migavum thelivaagath thoantrina, idhu pinnar "soodaanil naveena kalai iyakkaththai uruvaakkuvathu" endru azhaikkappattathu. 21aam noottraandil, naattil kaatchi kalai valarchchigal digital thagavalthodarpu vadivangkalaal vagaippaduththappattulana, idhil audio-kaatchi kalai paravuthal mattrum seyarkaikkoal tholaikaatchi, anline uudakangkal mattrum samooga uudakangkal moolam pagirappadum padangkal mattrum thiraippatankal moolam perappattathu. 2018 mattrum 2019 aam aandugalil soodaaniyap puratchiyin poathu, ilam kalaignargal makkal iyakkaththin poaraattangkalukkum mana uruthikkum bangaliththanar, suvar ooviyangkal, craffity, kaarttoongal, pugaippadangkal allathu veediyoa seithigalai uruvaakkinar. samagaala soodaanukku munththaiya varalaattruk kaalangal. varalaattrukku munththaiya kaalam. nubiyaavil ulla cull karuvigal poantra porul kalaipporutkalin migap palamaiyaana porutkal varalaattrukku munththaiya kaalatthaich saernthavai. sabu-juddy paaraik kalaith thalam enbathu palvaeru varalaattruk kaalakattangalilirundhu 1600 kkum maerpatta paarai varaipadangkalin thaniththuvamaana thoguppaagum, idhu 6000 aandugalukkum maelaaga nubian naagarigaththin palvaeru kaalakattangal vazhiyaaga virivadaigirathu. nanku paathukaakkappatta varaipadangkal kaattu mattrum veettu vilangkugal, manitharkal mattrum padagugalaik kurikkindrana, maelum avai ulaga ninaivuchinna nidhiyaththaal paarkka vaendiya ninaivuchchinnangalin pattiyalil serkkappattana. pira pandaiya paarai varaipadangkal paayuda paalaivanaththil vaadi abuu toam endru azhaikkappadum varanda pallaththaakkil kaanappattana. mattroru mukkiyamaana varalaattrukku munththaiya thalam suudaan, libia mattrum egipthu idaiyaeyaana ellaip paguthiyil kabal ell euvenat malaiththodarin ellaip paguthiyil kandupidikkappattathu. suudaanin merkaththiya piraanthiyaththil, jebel mokhram kuzhu, adhan matpaandangkal mattrum siriya kaliman vilangkugalaal vagaippaduththappattathu, idhu kimu irandaavathu milliniyaththil sezhiththoangkiya varalaattrukku munththaiya, puthiya karkaala kalaachchaaramaagum. kerma mattrum kush iraajjiyam. pandaiya aaprikkaavin aarambagaala naagarigangalil ontraana kerma kalaachchaaraththilirunthu (kimu 1), aayuthangkal, matpaandangkal mattrum pira veettu porutkal suudaanin thaesiya arungaatchiyagam, kerma arungaatchiyagam, british arungaatchiyagam allathu perunagara kalai arungaatchiyagam poantra arungaatchiyagangkalil vazhangkappadugindrana. kush iraajjiyaththin poathu (kimu 950-kimu 350), kush mannargal thangal vadakku andai naadaana egipthai oru noottraandukkum maelaaga paarvoakkalaaka aatchi seithapoathu, taharka sphinks poantra nubian silaigal egypthiya amsangkalaip petrtrana, maelum suudaanin ulaga paarambariya thazhangalil ontraana mero poantra koayilgal allathu nubian piramidugalil amaikappattana. pira valangkaludan, pandaiya nubiyaavin porul kalacharam thangam, thantham, ebony, thoopam, thoalkal allathu vilaimathippattra karkalaip payanpaduththiyathu, maelum arasa kudumbangalin kallaraigalil necklaeskal allathu valaiyalgal kaanappadugindrana. nubian mannargalum raanigalum, kush kandakaekkal endru azhaikkappadupavargal, naagaavil ulla abedemac (singak koayil) kku arppanikkappattathaip poala koayilgalil cull sirpangalil pirathinithiththuvappaduththa. pandaiya nubian kattidakkalaiyin pira eduththukkaattukal paarai vettapatta koayilgal, "defufa" endru azhaikkappadum mann sengal koayilgal, kallal seiyappatta suvarkal allathu mann sengal, maram mattrum cull thazhangal, aranmanaigal mattrum nanku amaikappatta salaigalal seiyappatta kudiyiruppugal aagum. kiraekka-romanian kalaachaaraththin thaakkangkal. kimu 3aam noottraandu muthal kibi 3aam noottraandu varai, vadakku nubia padaiyeduththu egipthudan inaikkappattathu, idhu dolamic iraajjiyaththaal pinnar romaniap beararasaal aalappattathu. aaprikka iraajjiyaththirkum matthiya tharaikkadal kiraekka-romanian kalaachchaaraththirkum idaiyilaana kalaachaara parimaattraththirku oru sirantha eduththukkaattu" endru azhaikkappadum agazhvaaraaichchi seiyappatta kattidamaana merovil ulla 'romanian kuliyalaraigal' endru azhaikkappadupavattril inththa kaalakattathin kalaachaara thaakkangalai nubia poantra therkil kanalaam." egypthil dolamic aatchiyin poathu nubiyaavin kalaachaara selvaakkirku mattroru eduththukkaattu oru nubian ilaignanin palingku thalai, anegamaaga kilakku matthiya tharaikkadal piraanthiyaththil thayaarikkappattathu, ippoathu americavil ulla brooklin arungaatchiyagaththil kaatchikku vaikkappattullathu. idaikkaala nubia. idaikkaala nubiyaavil (ii. kibi), christhava iraajjiyangkalaana mahuria, nopadia mattrum alodia aagiyavattril vasippavargal faraz cathetral, sirpangal mattrum suvar ooviyangkal poantra thaniththuvamaana kattidakkalai vadivangkalai uruvaakkinar, avattril 650 kkum maerpattavai naveena arivaattral noolgalil veliyidappattullana. ivai egypthin kaaptik kalai mattrum sila nerangalil ethiobian kalaikaludan thodarpudaiyavai. avarkal pazhaiya nubian mozhiyaana kaaptik, greakkam allathu arabu mozhiyai palvaeru madha allathu mathachchaarpattra noolkalukku payanpaduththinar, avai kaiyezhuththup pirathikalil allathu manarkal, palingku allathu terracotta aagiyavattril kalvettugalaagap paathukaakkappattana. musleem pulampeyarnthoar, anegamaaga vanikarkal mattrum kaivinaignargal, 9 aam noottraandilirunthu keezh nubiyaavil kudiyaeriyadhaaga urudhippaduththappattaalum, nubiyaavin unmaiyana islamiyamayamaakkal 14 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil thodangiyathu. islaam mattrum arabu mayamaakkalin varugai. 16 mattrum 17 aam noottraandugalil, puthiya islaamiya iraajjiyangkal niruvapattana-fanjch sulthaanagam mattrum tarfoor sulthaanagam, soodaanil padippadiyaana islamiyamayamaakkal mattrum arabumayamaakkalin neenda kaalatthaith thodangiyathu. 1820ill oottoamaan egypthiya padaiyeduppaal suudaan kaippattrappadum varai inththa sulthaanagangalum avattrin samoogangalum irunththana, maelum tarfar vishayathil 1916 varai kooda irunththana. inthak kaalakattathin mukiya kalaachaara maattrangkal islaamiya mathaththai aetrtrukkolvathilum, andraada vaazhkkaiyin koorugalaaga arabu mozhiyai payanpaduththuvathilum kurikappattana. frederic kailiot poantra velinaattu paarvaiyaalargalaal pira kalaachaara munnaettrangkal therivikkappattana, maelum avai nagarangal mattrum masoothigalin kattidakkalai, kaththigal allathu "kaskara" vaal veechuthal poantra aayuthangkal urpaththi mattrum adimai varththagam aagiyavattrudan thodarpudaiyavai. inthak kaalakattathil, arabu mozhi mattrum islaamiya padippugalukkaana palligal, "kalwa" endru azhaikkappattana, maelum sufi cakootharaththuvangkal soodaanil vaerkalai eduththana. avarkalin porul kalaachaaraththin eduththukkaattukal, ippoathu british arungaatchiyagaththil ulla islaamiya nambikkaiyin arikkaiyudan koodiya kodi allathu 19 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil oru maraa palagaiyaagum, idhu kuraanaik karkum maanavargalukku ezhuthum palagaiyaaka payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu newyorg nagaraththin brooklin arungaatchiyagaththaal anline vazhangkappadukirathu. 19 mattrum 20aam noottraandugal suthanthiram perum varai. 19 aam noottraandin thodakkaththil irunthu, velinaattu paarvaiyaalargalaal edukkappatta varaipadangkal allathu pugaippadangkal, kattidakkalai, udai, sigai alangkaarangkal, nagaikal allathu scarificationgal poantra palvaeru ina mattrum samooga kuzhukkalin paarambariya kalaikalin aarambagaala pathivukal aagum. turkiya-egypthiya aatchiyin muthal kaalakattathirkup piragu (1821-1885), mahtist maanilam (1885-1899) periya cardoomin moontru mukiya pakuthikalil ontraana omdurmanil mukkiyamaana thadayangalai vittuch sentrathu. mahthiyin kallarai, khalifa illam, mahtist naanayangkal mattrum mahthiyaip pinpattrupavargalaal aniyapatta "jiba" code poantra kuripitta vagaiyaana aadaikal inthak kaalaththin kalaachaara thanmaiyai saatchi koorugindrana. 19aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, egipthiyarkal, british mattrum cardoomin pira velinaattu kudiyiruppaalargal inththa nagaraththai oru iraanuva mugaamil irunthu noottrukkanakkaana sengal kattapatta veedugalaik konda nagaramaaga virivupaduththinar. anglo-egypthiya suudaanin (1899-1956) kudiyiruppup paeravaiyin poathu, british iraanuvamum sivil nirvaagamum samoogam, porulaathaaram mattrum kalaachaaraththil mukkiyamaana maattrangkalai konduvandhana. british nirvaagam oru merkaththiya kalvi muraiyaiyum arimugappaduththiyathu, palligalil uyar kalvi mattrum kalaik kalvikkaaga carden memorial kalluri arimugappaduththiyathu, maelum 1945.this ill thirakkapatta oru vadivamaippu palli soodaanil naveena kalaiyin valarcchikkaana thodakkamaagak karudhappadugiradhu, maelum merkaththiya arththaththil ooviyam allathu sirpam vaerkalai edukkath thodangiyathu. varalaattraasiriyar heather jay. british kalvi muraiyin moolam kaatchi kalaachaaraththin thaakkam kuritthu sharki pinvarum karutthai therivithaar "pugaippadangkal mattrum padangkal carden kallooriyin siruvarkal mattrum muthiyavarkalukku paarkka uthaviyathu, enavae ulagam, british paerarasu mattrum soodaanai puthiya vazhigalil karpanai seiya, kaatchi kalacharam dhesiyavaathaththin valarcchikku mukkiyamaanathu, vaarththaigalin kalacharam."thulliyamaaga aavanappadangkalin valarnthu varum kaatchi kalaiyilthaan kadalla kubara, muthal soodaaniya olippathivaalaraagak koorappadugiraar, kaalanitthuva thiraippada privukku payirchi pettraar. aasiriyarkalukku, kurippaaga tholirpayirchikku payirchi alikka, 1943 aam aandil kalvi niruvanaththil oru kalaip paadaneri arimugappaduththappattathu, moontru aandugalukkup piragu, oru vadivamaippu palli niruvappattathu. 1951 aam aandil, inththa palli cartoom thozhilnutpa niruvanaththirku maattrappattathu, maelum 1971 aam aandil, idhu suudaan ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththil (sustech) nunkalai mattrum payanpaattu kalaikalin peedamaaga maariyathu. pala arasaangkangkalin purakkanipaal kanisamaana pinnadaivugal aerpatta poathilum, idhu 2021 aam aandil thodarkirathu, maelum suudaanin naveena kaatchi kalaignargal mattrum isaikkalainarkal palar thangal kalaik kalviyaith thodangiya idamaagum. paarambariya payanpaattu kalaigal mattrum kaivinaip porutkal. endhavoru samoogak kuzhuvin porul kalacharam pattriya samagaalak karutthukkalukku aerpa, "paarambariya kalaigal, naattuppura kalaigal, payanpaattuk kalaigal, kaivinaip porutkal" allathu "kaivinaip porutkal" endra sorkal manitharkalaal uruvaakkappatta parantha alavilaana kalaachaarap porutkalaik kurikkindrana. nunkalaikal" endru azhaikkappaduvathaith thavira, paarambariya "kalabia", aangalukkaana thalaippaakaikal mattrum mandai oottai allathu penkalukkaana mukkaadu mattrum thoppul, nagaikal, kaalanigal mattrum seruppugal, punitha ezhuththu vadivangkalaik konda thoal thaalismaangal, nagaikal mattrum kaikal allathu kanukkaal meethu ulla marudhaani aabaranangkal poantra pira vagaiyaana thanipatta alangkaarangkal ullitta javuli mattrum udai poantra palvaeru soodaaniya padaippugalukku idhu porunthum. maravaelai, matpaandangkal allathu uloagak kaivinaip porutkalin soodaaniya paarambariyangkalai "angareep" padukkai virippugal poantra paarambariya thalapaadangalilum, thaniyar veedugalukku veliyae vaikkappadum kudineer mann paaththirangkalilum, thoopam erippatharkaana kolgalangalaagavum allathu "jabana" endru azhaikkappadum paarambariya kaapi paanangkalaakavum kanalaam. 2017 aam aandil, kalaachaara maanudaviyalaar chryselta ell thaayip thanathu puththagaththai veliyittaar "suudaanin piraanthiya naattuppura udaigal" suudaanin palvaeru inakkuzhukkalidamirunthu aadai mattrum pira vagaiyaana thanipatta alangaarangkalin vilakkappadangkaludan. maelum, sikaatrisaeshangal, sadai poantra sigai alangkaarangkal allathu hadendova aangalin "thelivattra-sarukkal" sigai alangkaarangkal endru azhaikkappadubavai, naveena treatlaakkukal mattrum oppanai poantra udal kalaiyin ina paarambariyangkal andraada payanpaattil ullana allathu innum ullana. athae thalaippil, "islaamiya kalai mattrum kattidakkalaiyin thoattam kalaikkalanjchiyam" echcharikkirathu, "1990 kazhil suudaanin pala paarambariya kalaigal naveenamayamakkal mattrum vegujana urpaththi seiyappatta porutkalin irakkumathi aagiyavattraal achurutthalukku ullaakiyirunththana." 20aam noottraandin naveena kalai. 1940kazhil thodangi 1960kall varai. 1940 kalin pirpaguthiyil cardoomil irunththa graphic kalaignargal mattrum ooviyargalin aarambak kuzhuvaik kurippidugaiyil, 2009 aam aandil arinyarkalaana verner daam mattrum rasheet diap aakiyoaraal veliyidappatta "soodaanil naveena kalai" pattriya kannoattam, "kaapi havusin kalai" ("fubbon all-mahahi") pattri kurippidugiradhu. inththa kalaignargal thayaarippu backaging mattrum eesalgalil muthal aavanappaduthappatta oviyangkalukkaana soodaaniya maiyakkaruththukkalai thayaariththanar, maelum avarkalin kalai veliyeedu thalaynagaril valarnthu varum nagarppura samoogaththai pirathipalippathaaka koorappadugiradhu, naveena kalai oru kuripitta pazhangudi kalaachchaaraththirku mattuppaduthappatta ina paarambariyangkalai maattrukirathu. iruppinum, "cartoom naveena kalaip palli" thoandruvatharkaana theerkkamaana kaalam, 1950 kalin naduppaguthiyil thodangiyathu, muthal soodaaniya adaiyaalak kalaignargal englaanththil muthukalaip padippukkup piragu veedu thirumbinar. avarkalin padaippugal ullnaattilum velinaattilum angkeekarikkappadath thodangkina, maelum samagaala aaprikka kalaiyin valarcchikku oru mukkiyamaana bangalippaaga ariyappattathu. daam mattrum diab thangal kannoattaththil, naveena soodaaniyak kalaiyai "adhan sontha vaerkal mattrum merkaththiya selvaakkin uruthippaduthalukku idaiyil thadumaaruvathaaga" vivariththanar. [...] muthal iyakkam soodaaniya paarambariyam mattrum kalaachaaraththai kalai padaippaattralukkaana adippadai kaaraniyaagap padikka muyantrathu...] inththa kuripitta arabu-islaamiya-aaprikka kalaachaaraththin samooga nilaimaiyaal paathikkappattathu. aduththa thalaimurai merkaththiya palligal mattrum paanigalai muzhumaiyaaga aetrtrukkondathu, athaavathu surukka ooviyam, cubism allathu surrealism poantravai kalaiyin ulagalaaviya thanmaiyai urudhippaduththuvatharkaana oru nadavadikkaiyaaga irukkum. moontraavathu poakku irandirkum idaiyilaana oru naduththara vazhiyaagak karudhappadalaam sudaaniya, arabu mattrum aaprikka koorugalai neradi kurippugalaich seiyaamal adaiyaalaththirkaana thaedalil payanpaduththuvathu, aanaal avattrai puthumaiyaana vazhiyil maattri valarppathu." mukiya kankaatchigal mattrum sekarippukal. 1995 aam aandil, landanil ulla oyit sappel calory "aprica 95" thiruvizhaavin oru paguthiyaaga "aaprikkaavil naveena kalai pattriya aezhu kadhaigal" endra kankaatchiyai valangkiyathu. irupathaam noottraandin irandaam paathiyil aaprikkaavil kaatchi kalaikalin karutthiyal mattrum azhagiyal velippaadugalin oru siriya paguthiyai anubavikka paarvaiyaalargalai inththa kankaatchi azhaiththathaaga mukiya kankaanippaalaraana clementine delis koorinaar."inththa kankaatchi mattrum aappirikkaavilirunthu allathu aaprikka pulampeyarnthoaraich saerntha kankaanippaalargal mattrum kalaignargalin pankeerpu pinnar thiruvizhaavin miga mukkiyamaana nigazhvugalil ontraaka theermaanikkappattathu. soodaanaich saerntha kalaignargal moow abaro, rasheet tiab, kamala ibrahim ishaq, abdul paasith ell kaathim, severino matti, hasaan moosaa, ameer noor, ibrahim ell-salahi mattrum osman vagiyallah aagiyoar pankettranar. 2016 aam aandil, sharja kalai arakkattalai, aikkiya arabu ameeragangkal, "cartoom palli-soodaanil naveena kalai iyakkaththai uruvaakkuvathu (1945-tharpoothu varai)" endra thalaippil oru ninaivu kankaatchiyai vazhangkina, idhil soodaaniya kaatchi kalaignargalin ooviyangkal, pugaippadangkal mattrum sirpangal adangkum, idhil huusain sharif mattrum ibrahim ell salahi aagiyoarin ooviyangkal allathu rasheet mahti mattrum kadalla kubara aagiyoarin pugaippadangkal adangkum. soodaanil naveenathuva iyakkaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum pira kalaignargalil osman vagiyallah, bastavi bhagtati, ahmat shibrain, abdelrajic abdulqafar, mugamathu oomar kaalil, take ell-sirr ahmat, mugamathu ell hasaan abtel raheem, shahki, siththik ell nigaumi, maktoop rabba, ahmat hamith all arabi mattrum chryselta ell-thayip aagiyoar adangkuvar. inththa pinnoakkiya nigazhchchi irandu thanithani thanii kankaatchigalaal nirambiyathu, idhil kamala ibrahim ishaqin ooviyangkal mattrum ameer noorin sirpangal aagiyavai kavanam seluththappattana. 2016 aam aandil ibrahim ell-salahiyin padaippugalin pinnoakkiya kankaatchiyin poathu, landanil ulla dade naveena kalaikkoodam cartoom palliyai "1960 aam aandil soodaanil uruvaakkappatta oru naveena kalai iyakkam endru azhaiththathu, idhu puthithaaga suthanthiram pettra dhesaththin thaniththuvamaana adaiyaalaththai pirathipalikkum vagaiyil oru puthiya kaatchi sorkalanjiyaththai uruvaakka muyantrathu." aikkiya arabu ameeragangkalil ulla parjil kalai arakkattalai abdul kaathar hasaan, kamala ibrahim ishaq, mugamathu oomar kaleel, oomar kairi, ibrahim ell-salahi, huusain sharif, ahmat shibrain mattrum kaleet albain graphic kalai aagiyoarin soodaaniya oviyangkalai avarkalin anline pakkaththil valangkukirathu. thanipatta kalaignargal. osman vagiyallah (1925-2007) ooviyaraagavum, kaiyezhuththup poriyaalaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. 1945 aam aandil cardoomil ulla carden memorial kallooriyil vadivamaippu pallyil pattam pettraar, pinnar lundon mattrum keyroavil thanathu kalaip padippaith thodarnthaar. avar arabu kaiyezhuththup pirathiyai oru naveena, mathachchaarpattra graphic vadivamaaga payanpaduththiyathu, vakkiyallaavai arabu kalai iyakkaththirkul vaikkirathu, idhu hurufiya iyakkam endru ariyappattathu. 1960kalin murpaguthiyil, cartoomil ulla ahmat mugamathu shibrain (pii. 1931), ibrahim ell-salahi (pii. 1930) mattrum ell-sirr ahmat (pii. 1933) pinnar 'cartoom naveena kalaip palli' endru azhaikkappadum soodaaniya kalai iyakkaththai uruvaakkuvathil vakkiyallaavudan saernthaar. chryselta ell thaayip (1928-2022) oru british-pirantha kalai varalaattraasiriyar, kalai kalviyaalar mattrum kaatchi kalaignar aavaar, avar mukkiyamaaga paarambariya aadaikalin munnoadi aaraaichi mattrum neer vanna ooviyangkalukkaaga ariyappadugiraar, aenenil avai 1970 kazhil irunthu suudaanin kalaachchaaraththaiyum samoogaththaiyum pirathipalikkintrana. soodaanil kalaikalukku avar neendakaalamaaga aattriya pankalippukalaik kurippidugaiyil, "soodaanil naveena kalai" endra katturaiyin aasiriyargal avarai "british vamsaavaliyaich saerntha soodaaniya kalaignar" endru azhaiththanar. ibrahim all-salahi (pii. 1930) soodaanil irunthu endhavoru ooviyarukkum parantha sarvadesa angkeekaaraththirku peyar pettrathu. avar "aaprikka naveenaththuvaththin cartoom palli" mattrum hurufiya kalai iyakkaththin munnani uruppinargalil oruvaraagak karudhappadugiraar, idhu paarambariya islaamiya kaiyezhuththup pirathikalai samagaala kalaiyudan inaikka muyantrathu. 2016 aam aandil, landanil ulla dade naveena kalaikkoodam, kalaignarin aimpathu aandugalukkum maelaana sarvadesa vaazhkkaiyin 100 padaippugaludan "ibrahim ell-salahi oru tholainoakku naveenavaathi" endra kankaatchiyai valangkiyathu. idhu ell-salahi "aaprikka mattrum arabu naveenaththuvaththin miga mukkiyamaana nabarkalil oruvar" endru azhaiththathu, idhu avarathu padaippugalai ulagalaaviya kalai varalaattrin pinnaniyil amaiththathu. ahmat shibrain (pii. 1931) cardoomil ulla nunkalai mattrum payanpaattu kalaik kallooriyilum, pinnar landanil ulla matthiya kalai mattrum vadivamaippu palliyilum, graphic designil nibunaththuvam pettraar. 1960 aam aandil soodaanukkuth thirumbiya piragu, avar nunkalai mattrum payanpaattu kalaik kallooriyil graphic designukkaana oru thuraiyai niruvinaar, angku avar deenagavum paniyaattrinaar. shibrane thanathu ooviyangkalil ulla naveena kaiyeluththu vadivangkalukkaaga ariyappattaar, maelum avar "hurubia" iyakkaththin oru paguthiyaagavum, "cartoom palliyin" kalaignargalil oruvaraagavum karudhappadugiraar. siththik ell nigaumi (1931-1996), kalai matpaandangkalai uruvaakkinaar. soodaanil muthalil kalvi payintra avar, 1967 muthal aikkiya raachchiyaththil vasiththu vanthaar. avar thanathu erintha terracotta mann paaththirangkalil, iroappiya mattrum aaprikka thaakkangalai inaithaar. landanil ulla victoria mattrum albert arungaatchiyagaththil avarathu sila padaippugal ullana, avarathu "ibric", oru paarambariya soodaaniya kaapi paanaiyin naveena pathippu, anline vazhangkappadukirathu. cartoom palkalaikkazhagaththin kalaip peedaththil ooviyar, kavignar, thiraippadath thayaarippaalar mattrum virivuraiyaalar huusain sharif (1934-2005), 1950 kalin pirpaguthi muthal 1990 kall varai sudaaniya arivujeeviyum kalaignarum aavaar. englaanththil ulla cambridge palkalaikkazhagaththil naveena varalaaru padiththa piragu, landanin slate school off fine ardsil muthukalaip pattam pettraar, angku avar lucian frydine keezh padiththaar. mattra padaippugaludan, avarathu ooviyam "chandranudan karppini thevathai", 1960 aam aandil landanin caloryil kaatchikku vaikkappattathu, maelum landanil ulla thaesiya uruvappada caloryil shahrif thanathu oviyangkalukku munnaal amarnthirukkum pugaippadangkal ullana. shahrif 500 kkum maerpatta oviyangkalai varainththathaakak koorappadugiradhu, aanaal avattril sila mattumae aavanappaduththappattullana. mohamat ahmat abdallah abaro endra peyaril pirantha moow abaro (1935-2016), thanathu beengaon kalaikku peyar pettra oru sirpi aavaar. thanathu thalaimuraiyin mattra kalaignargalaaga, avar cardoomil ulla nunkalai mattrum payanpaattu kalaik kallooriyil pattam pettraar, pinnar landanil ulla matthiya kalai mattrum kaivinaip pallyil matpaandaviyal payintraar. thozhilthurai matpaanda vadivamaippil muthukalaip padippukkup piragu, avar sila aandugal matpaandangkalai karpikka soodaanukkuth thirumbinaar, aanaal 1966 aam aandil englaanththukkuth thirumba mudivu seithu brittanil thanathu tholilaith thodara mudivu seithaar. avarathu padaippugal paarambariya soodaaniya kuvimaadangal mattrum valaivugal, athae poal kalabash mattrum koodaigalin vadivangkalai pirathipalippathaaka vivarikkappattana. kamala ibrahim ishaq (pii. 1936), suudaanin muthal naveena penn ooviyar, kaardooththil ulla suudaan ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththin nunkalai kallooriyilum, pinnar landanil ulla raayal kalluri kalaikalilum ooviyam padiththaar. thanathu maanavargalaana mugamathu hamith shatad mattrum naila ell thayip aakiyoarudan saernthu, soodaaniya kalaikku puthiya thisaikalaik konduvandha "padigavaathigal" endra karutthiyal kalaik kuzhuvin niruvanar aavaar. sharja kalai arakkattalaiyin koottruppadi, avarathu padaippugal "soodaanil kalaiyin paarambariya aann kannoattaththai sawal seigindrana, penkalin vaazhkkaiyin kaatchigalai suuriyan, manal mattrum vaanam aagiya vannangkalil siththarikkindrana." mugamathu oomar kaleel (pii. 1936) cartoomil 1959 varai nunkalaigalaip padiththaar, 1963 muthal itaaliyin florence nagaril ooviyam mattrum achuth thayaarippu padiththaar. 1967 muthal americavil pala thasaapthankalaaka panipurinthu karpiththa avar, valakkamaana vannappoochchugalukku appaal kandupidikappatta porutkal, kaappaka porutkal, javuli allathu pugaippadangkalaip payanpaduththiyullaar. 2020 aam aandil landanin mosaik araikalil "enn nagangkalin keezh thaayagam" endra thanathu kankaatchiyin poathu vilakkiyapadi, thanathu achchugalil, avar karuppu niratthin vevvaeru nizhalgalai virumbukiraar. kalil "arabu ulagin miga mukkiyamaana samagaala ooviyargalil oruvar" endru azhaikkappadugiraar, irandu thalaimurai piraanthiya kalaignargalai paathiththullaar."2012 aam aandil, paarisil ulla institute duu monde araabaeyil nadantha pinnoakkiya kankaatchiyil avarathu padaippugal vazhangkappattana. ameer I. emm. noor (1936-2021), oru sirpiyum kalviyaalarum, saint palkalaikkazhagaththil aaprikka kalai mattrum sirpaththaip padiththaar. andruz, skaatlaanthu, raayal kaalej off ard, lundon, yuu.kae. mattrum americavin yael palkalaikkazhagaththin kalai mattrum kattidakkalaip palli. concreed, fiber classes allathu efku poantra porutkalaal seiyappatta avarathu sirpangal surukkamaanavai mattrum migak kurainthavai, aanaal innum suudaan mattrum avarathu ilamaikkaalaththin abro-islaamiya kalaachchaaraththudan thodarpudaiya vilangkugal, nilaparappu mattrum kattidakkalaiyai maerkoal kaattugindrana. oomar kairi (1939-1999) maelnilaip pallyil thanathu mukiya paadamaaga kalaiyaip padikkath thodangkinaar, 1960 muthal, avar nunkalai mattrum payanpaattu kalaik kallooriyil thodarnthaar. mananalap pirachchanaikal kaaranamaaga, avar thanathu padippaith thaduka vaendiyirunththathu. iruppinum, ulloor kankaatchigalil avarathu ooviyangkalukkaaga avar ariyappattaar, avai pinnar podhu sekarippukalil vazhangkappattullana. soodaaniya thiraippadath thayaarippaalar alia moosaa inththa marmaththaip pattri oru aavanappadath thittaththil eedupattullaar, avarathu payamuruththum iruppu mattrum avarathu thunichalaana kalaippadaippugalaich suttriyullavargalukkaaka kooda." 1970kazhil brancil mudugalai padippukkaaga soodaanai vittu veliyaeriya hasaan moosaa (b.1951), ooviyar, kaiyezhuththup poriyaalar, poriyaalar endru azhaikkappadugiraar, maelum aeraalamaana puththagangkalai vilakkiyullaar. 1960kazhil, avar "tabal kalai" endrum azhaikkappadum pirabalamaana anjal kalai vagaikalil eedupattaar, idhu sthaabana ethirppu nadavadikkaigaludan thodarpudaiyathu. 1997 venis pannirendaam aandil nadaipettra 'naveenaththuvanggal mattrum ninaivugal' kankaatchiyil 'punitha sebastian thiyaagam' endra avarathu padaippu serkkappattathu. paarambariya merkaththiya thalaisirantha padaippugalai avar thaluvik kondatharkaaga, avar merkaththiya kalai, arasiyal mattrum kalacharam kuritthu oru vimarsanak kannoattaththai uruvaakkiyathaagak koorappadugiradhu." rasheet tiab (pirappu 1957) cartoomil muthalil ooviyam mattrum kalai varalaattraip padiththaar, maelum spainin maatrittil ulla compludence palkalaikkazhagaththil thanathu mudugalai padippaith thodarnthaar. speyinil uruvaakkappatta avarathu aaramba kaalaththin padaippugal avarathu sontha naattin nirangkalaiyum amaippaiyum pirathipalikkum surukkamaana, valuvaana padangkal endru vivarikkappattullana. soodaanukkuth thirumbiya piragu, avar thanathu ulloor paarvaiyaalarkalin palvaeru vilakkangkalukku pathilaliththaar, maelum penkal "muzhumaiyaana ondrumillaatha nilaiyil" iruppathu poala migavum adaiyaalam kaanakkoodiya velipaattu vadivangkalukkuth thirumbinaar. diabin padaippugal sarvadesa alavil kaatchikku vaikkappattullana, avattril sila jordanil ulla hinthiyae kalai arungaatchiyagaththaal anline vazhangkappadugindrana. salaa ell muur (pirappu 1966) sarvadesa alavil ooviyar, graphic designer, puththaga ezhuththaalar mattrum thiraippadath thayaarippaalar endru azhaikkappadugiraar. avarathu ooviyangkal paarambariyam, naattuppurak kadhaigal, vevvaeru makkal mattrum soozhalgalin thaakkangalaik kaattugindrana, maelum avarathu vannap payanpaadu parantha varigalil thairiyamaana thonigalaik kaattukirathu. avar cairo mattrum cartoom idaiyae vasikkiraar mattrum vaelai seikiraar, maelum avarathu ooviyangkal matthiya kilakku, iropa mattrum america aagiya iru naadugalilum kankaatchigalil kaattappattullana. 2018 aam aandil, avarathu ooviyangkal kamala ishaq mattrum ibrahim ell-salahi aagiyoarin padaippugaludan landanil ulla saachi caloriol "kaadugal mattrum aavikal cardoom palliyin adaiyaalak kalai" endra kankaatchiyil vazhangkappattana." ahmat abushariya (pii. 1966) 1990 aam aandil nunkalai mattrum payanpaattu kalaik kallooriyil pattam pettraar mattrum 90 kalin naduppaguthiyil kenyaavil vasiththu vanthaar. pinnar avar germanyin colonil sirithu kaalam vaalnththaar, 2000 aam aandu muthal, avar ugaandaavin kambaalaavil vasiththu varukiraar, angku avar thodarnthu thanathu oviyangkalai kaatchippadutthi varukiraar. avarathu paani soodaanil munththaiya samagaala kalaignargalaal eerkkappattathaakak koorappadugiradhu, idhil ibrahim ell salahi mattrum rasheet tiab udpada. aerkanavae kurippidapatta peyarkalaith thavira, 20 aam noottraandin mattra soodaaniya kalaignargal naveena aaprikka kalai pattriya vaasippu pattiyalil smithsonian noolagangalil moosaa khalifa (pirappu 1941), mugamathu oomar bushara (pirappu 1946), mattrum saalih abdoo mashmoun (pirappu 1946) aavar. 21aam noottraandum puratchiyin kalaiyum. soodaaniya kalviyaalar ahmat sikainga 2012 aam aandil ezhuthiyathu poal, soodaanil naveena kalai iyakkangkalum avattrin samoogap pinnaniyum kalai varalaattraasiriyargalaal adhiga pakuppaaivai eerkkavillai. iruppinum, 2018/19 inn soodaaniyap puratchiyin poathu, kalaignargalin pangku sarvadesa uudakangkalil therivikkappattullathu, idhu tharpoothaiya nigazhvugalil avarkalin aarvatthai pirathipalikkirathu. inthap poakku oomar all basheerin munnaal arasaangkaththaal kadumaiyaaga mattuppaduththappattiruntha, puratchikku munnum pinnum, kalaignargal samoogam mattrum arasiyal kuritthu thangal karutthukkalai velippaduththinar. 2020 novemberil, suudaan ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththin (sustutech) nunkalai kallooriyin maanavargal puratchiyin kooshangalaik kurikkum oru ninaivu sirpaththai kaatchippadutthinar suthanthiram, amaithi mattrum neethi. 2021 aepralil, puratchiyin poathu kollapatta puratchiyaalarkalaiyum poaraattakkaarargalaiyum ninaivukoorum vagaiyil cartoomil maelum kalai kankaatchigal nadaipettrana. arasiyal cartoonistum manitha urimai aarvalarumaana kaalit albaih, thanathu facebook pakkamaana "cartoon!" moolam pugazh pettraar."matthiya kilakku mattrum merkaththiya uudakangkalil avar aliththa nerkaanalkalum kooda. 2019 aam aandil, avar "suudaan redold" endra vilakkapatta puththagaththai inaith thoguththaar. graphic kathaisollal, watercolour ooviyam allathu pugaippadam eduththal poantra palvaeru kalai vagaikalaip payanpaduththi, ilam kalaignargal kuzhu ondru soodaaniya varalaaru, nigazhkaalam mattrum ethirkaalam pattriya thangal pathippukalaich sonnathu. inththa ilam kalaignargalil oruvaraana amnah elhasson, germanyin frankfurtle ulla pugazhpettra shirn kalai arungaatchiyagaththil 2022 aam aandil oru thanii kankaatchiyudan oru sarvadesa vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. soodaaniyap puratchiyil penkalin mukkiyap pangku pattriyum, penn kalaignargalin kalaip padaippugal pattriyum kurippidugaiyil, avarkalin pankalippukal katturaigal, kankaatchigal mattrum podhu kalai nigazhchchigalil munnilaippaduththappattan. 2023 suudaan moathalin poathu cartoom mattrum pira soodaaniya nagarangalil uyirgal mattrum ulkattamaippu azhikkappattathaith thodarnthu, pala soodaaniyargal suudaan thuraimugam poantra paathukaappaana nagarangalukku allathu andai naadugalukku tappich sendranar. naadukadaththappatta soodaaniya kalaignarkalukku aatharavalikka, 2019 muthal puratchiyin kalaiyai ookkuvippathil theeviramaaga irunththa downtown caloryin kalai kankaanippaalar raheem shadad, soodaaniya kalaignarkalukku aatharavalikka nidhi sekarikka oru nidhiyai uruvaakkinaar. kalaikkoodangal mattrum aatharavu. 2009 aam aandil, "soodaanil naveena kalai" kuriththa katturai, "cartoomil ulla kalaignargal kankaatchi idam illaathathaalum, aatharavu illaathathaalum kadumaiyaaga paathikkappadukiraarkal" endru kooriyadhu."cartoomil ulla oru 'arai-podhu' kalaikkoodam mattrum periya hotelgalil ondril avvappoathu nadaiperum kankaatchi kuritthu mattumae adhu kurippittathu. maaraaga, grade brittan, brance mattrum jermani aagiya moontru velinaattu kalaachaara maiyangkal aattriya "mukiya pankirku" idhu parattu aliththathu. ivai thavira, sudaaniya kalaignargalaana ahmat mugamathu shibrain mattrum rasheet tiab aakiyoaraal thaniyar kaatchiyagangal thirakkappattana. 1978 muthal naadukadaththappatta ibrahim ell-salahiyin padaippugal 2000 aam aandil soodaaniya kalai ulagirku valangkappatta idamaagavum diabin kalai maiyam irunththathu. cardoomil soodaaniya kalaignargalai ookkuvikkum mattroru calory tabanga calory aagum, adhan urimaiyaalar lina hucker 2017 aam aandil "suudaanin samagaala kalaignargal thunba kaalangalil kalai" endra puththagaththai thoguththaar. 2016 aam aandil, soodaaniya kalaiyai vazhangkum sila vaniga kalai idangkalil mojo ard kaelariyum ontraakum. 2022 varai, downtown ard calory poantra pala kalaikkoodangal cartoomil iyangkina. comics mattrum kaarttoongal pirabalamaana kalai vadivangkalaaka ullana. achu allathu anline veliyidappatta kaarttoongal mattrum comics poantra pirabalamaana kalai vadivangkalum adhigariththu varum kavanaththai eerththullana, maelum sarvadesa koovit-19 thottrunoai poantra tharpoothaiya nigazhvugalukku pathilalikkindrana. 2018 muthal, "cartoom kaamik qaan" endru azhaikkappadum comics thiruvilaa, soodaaniya kaamik kalaignargal mattrum avarkalin paarvaiyaalarkalukkaana kaatchiyaaga aerpaadu seiyappattullathu. soodaanil chinima mattrum pugaippadam eduththal. 19aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil irunthu velinaattu aaraaychchiyaalarkal mattrum pugaippadak kalaignargal varaipadangkalaiyum pugaippadangkalaiyum uruvaakkiyullanar. 20 aam noottraandil, suudaanin therkup paguthiyil ulla nuba makkalaip pattriya pugaippadak kadhaigal pugaippadak kalaignargalaana jaarj rodger mattrum lenny refenstall aakiyoaraalum, manitha nerukkadigalai ulladakkiya pugaippada paththirikaiyaalarkalaalum edukkappattavai naattin sarvadesa pimpaththai vadivamaiththullana. 21 aam noottraandin thodakkaththil, digital pugaippadaththin arimugamaanathu soodaaniya pugaippadak kalaignargalaal oru parantha pugaippada mattrum kalai kavarej thodangiyathu. 20aam noottraandin muthal paathiyil british kaalanitthuva kaalaththil soodaanil thiraippadath thayaarippu mattrum thiraiyarangkukal thodangiya piragu, cartoom mattrum pira nagarangalil ulla soodaaniya paarvaiyaalarkal velinaattilirunthu aavanappadangkal mattrum thiraippatankalai velippaduththinar, 1930kazhil irunthu pala velippura thiraiyarangkukal irunththana. suthanthiraththirkup piragu, kadalla kubara allathu huusain shahrif poantra muthal thalaimurai soodaaniya thiraippadath thayaarippaalargalaal sila thiraippatankal thayaarikkappattana. 2019 aam aandil, 1960 kalin moontru soodaaniya thiraippadath thayaarippaalarkalin vaazhkkai varalaarugal marangkalaip pattri paesum aavanappadaththil vazhangkappattana, idhu soodaanil chinimaakkal mattrum thiraippadath thayaarippukalin sarivukkaana kaaranangal kuriththa thanipatta nunnarivugalaiyum pagirnthu kolgiradhu.

sudan drushya kalalu sudan drushya kalalu neti sudan republic nivaasulu tayaaru chesina vastuvula chaaritraka mariyu samakaaleena utpattini kaligi untaayi mariyu vaari sambandhita samskrutulaku pratyekamainavi. idhi 2011loe dakshina sudanga swatantram pondina dakshina praantaalatoo sahaa chaaritraatmakamgaa sudan anie piluvabade eshaanya aafrikaaloni eee praantamlooni saamskrutika sampradaayaala vastuvulanu kaligi undhi. daani charitra antataa, sudan madhya africa, thoorpu africa, eejipt, madhyadhara samskrutulu, paschimaana sub-sahara africa mariyu deshaaniki thoorpuna erra samudra teeram madhya kuudaligaa undhi. 20va sataabdaaniki mundu, eee saamskrutika sampradaayaalu sthaanika african, pharonic, greco-roman, byzantine mariyu arabic samskrutulachae prabhaavitamayyaayi, ivi saamskrutika vyakteekaranala yokka pedda vaividhyaanni teesukuvacchaayi, tarachugaa vaatini utpatti chesi upayoginchina jaathi ledhaa saamaajika samuuhaaniki pratyekamainavi. oka samajam yokka bhouthika samskruti yokka vyakteekaranalugaa, sudan looni kalala charitralo anuvartita kalalu mariyu hastakalalu lalita kalalatho cherchabaddaayi. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo, videshee sainika, raajakeeya aadhipatyam kaligina modata turkish-egyptian, taruvaata aanglo-egyptian paalana sthaapana, sudanese jeevanasaili, bhouthika samskrutipai kotta saamskrutika prabhaavaalato aadhunika jaateeya rajyam yokka kramamga parinaamaaniki naandi palikindi. 1956loe swaatantryam vacchina taruvaata, valasavaada vidya vyavasthaku chendina sudanese pattabhadrulu kotta raashtramlo pramukha sthaanaalanu sweekarinchaaru, tadwara pattana samskruti mariyu aadhunika kala aavirbhaavaaniki dohadapaddaru. eee saamskrutika parinaamaalu 1950la nundi 1980la varaku chaalaa spashtamgaa kanipinchaayi, eee kaalanni taruvaata "sudan loe aadhunika kalaa udyamam yokka nirmaanam" anie pilicharu. 21va sataabdamloo, desamlo drushya kalaatmaka parinaamaalu digital communication roopaala dwara vargeekarinchabaddaayi, veetilo audeo-vijuval art vyaapti mariyu upagraha television, online media dwara sweekarinchadam, alaage soshal media dwara panchukune chitraalu mariyu chalanachitraalu unnaayi. 2018 mariyu 2019 naati sudanese viplavam samayamlo, yuva kalaakaarulu praja udyamam yokka nirasanalu mariyu dhairyaniki dohadapaddaru, goda chitraalu, graphiti, kaartoonlu, chaayaachitraalu ledhaa veediyo sandeshaalanu srushtinchaaru. samakaaleena sudan kuu mundu chaaritraka kaalalu. charitrapurva kaalam. raathi panimutlu vanti nubialo unna puraatana bhouthika kalakhandalu charitrapurva kaalam nativi. sabu-jaddi rock art sait anedi vividha chaaritraka kaalaala nundi 1600 kante ekkuva rock draayingla pratyaekamaina samuuham, idhi nubian nagarikata yokka vividha yugaala dwara 6000 samvatsaraalaku paiga vistarinchindi. baga samrakshinchabadina rekhaachitraalu adavi mariyu pempudu jantuvulu, maanavulu mariyu padavalanu suuchistaayi mariyu prapancha smaaraka nidhi chudavalasina smaaraka chihnala jaabitaalo cherchabaddaayi. bayuda edaarilooni vaadi abu dome anie piluvabade shushka loyalo itara puraatana raathi chitraalu kanugonabaddayi. maroka mukhyamaina charitrapurva pradaesam sudan, libia mariyu eejiptu madhya sarihaddu praantamloo gabal ell uveenat parvata shrenilo kanugonabadindi. sudan yokka paschima praantamloo, jabel mokram samuuham, daani kundalu mariyu chinna bankamatti jantuvula bommalatho vargeekarinchabadindi, idhi kristupurvam rendava sahasraabdiloo abhivruddhi chendina charitrapurva, noothana raathi samskruti. kerma mariyu kush rajyam. puraatana africa yokka mottamodati nagarikatalalo okataina kerma samskruti (2500-1500 BCE) nundi, aayudhalu, kundala vastuvulu mariyu itara gruha vastuvulu sudan jaateeya museum, kerma museum, british museum ledhaa metropolitan museum off art vanti museumlalo pradarsinchabadataayi. kush raajyamlo (cree. puu. 950-cree. puu. 350), kush chakravartulu tama uttara porugu eejiptunu oka sataabdaaniki paiga faarolugaa paalinchinappudu, taharka yokka simpadam vanti nubian vigrahalu eejiptu lakshanaalanu pondaayi mariyu sudan yokka prapancha vaarasatva pradaesaalaloo okataina mero vanti devalayalu ledhaa nubian pyramidlalo nirminchabaddaayi. itara vanarulatho paatu, puraatana nubia yokka bhouthika samskruti bangaaram, dantaalu, ebony, dhoopam, todugulu ledhaa viluvaina raallanu upayoginchindi mariyu raaja kutumbaala samaadhulalo necklesslu ledhaa kankanaalu kanugonabaddayi. kush yokka kandakes anie piluvabade nubian raajulu mariyu raanulu, naaka vadda apedemac (simha aalayam) kuu ankitam chesinatlugaa, devalayalapy raathi shilpaalalo praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. puraatana nubian vaastusilpaaniki itara udaaharanalu raallatho chekkina devalayalu, "defufa" anie piluvabade matti-ituka devalayalu, raallatho chesina godalu ledhaa matti itukalatho chesina nivaasaalu, kalapa mariyu raathi antastulu, rajabhavanalu mariyu baga nirminchina roadlu. greco-roman samskruti yokka prabhavalu. kristupurvam 3va sataabdam nundi kristupurvam 3va sataabdam varaku, uttara nubia daadi cheyabadi egyptutho vileenam cheyabadindi, dheenini tolemic rajyam, taruvaata roman saamrajyam paalinchindi. nubialo chaalaa dakshinaana unna eee kaalaaniki chendina saamskrutika prabhavalanu meroyloni 'roman snanalu' anie pilavabade vaatilo chudavachu, idhi "african rajyam mariyu greco-roman madhya saamskrutika badileeki oka adbhutamaina udaaharana" anie piluvabade travvakaala bhavanam." egyptulo tolemic paalanalo nubia nundi saamskrutika prabhaavaaniki maroe udaaharana, bahusha thoorpu madhyadhara praantamloo tayaaru cheyabadina, ippudu americaloni brooklin museumlo pradarsinchabadutunna oka nubian yuvakudi palarayi thala. madhyayuga nubia. madhyayuga nubialo (c. cree. sha.), kraistava raajyaalaina makuria, nobadia mariyu alodia nivaasulu faras cathedral, silpaalu mariyu goda chitraalu vanti vibhina nirmaana roopaalanu utpatti chesaaru, veetilo 650 kante ekkuva aadhunika panditula grandhaalalo prachurinchabaddaayi. ivi eejiptu captic kalaku, konnisaarlu ethiopian kalaku sambandhinchinavi. vaaru puraatana nubian bhasha, captic, greeku ledhaa arabiknu vividha mataparamaina ledhaa loukika grandhaala kosam upayoginchaaru, veetini vraatapratulapai ledhaa isukaraayi, palarayi ledhaa terrakotapai sasanaluga bhadraparichaaru. muslim valasadaarulu, bahusha vyaapaarulu mariyu chetivruttulavaaru, 9va sataabdam nundi diguva nubialo sthirapaddaarani dhruvikarinchabadinappatiki, nubia yokka vaastava islaameekarana 14va sataabdam chivaralo praarambhamaindi. islam mariyu arabic matam yokka raaka. 16va mariyu 17va sataabdaalaloo, kotta islaamik rajyalu sthaapinchabaddaayi-funge sultanet mariyu darfar sultanet, idhi soodaanlo kramamga islaameekarana mariyu arabikkarana yokka sudeergha kaalanni praarambhinchindi. 1820loe ottoman eejiptu dandayaatra dwara sudan jayinchabade varaku, mariyu darfar vishayamlo 1916 varaku kooda eee sultanetlu mariyu vaati samajalu unikilo unnaayi. eee kaalamlo pradhana saamskrutika maarpulu islaamik mataanni sweekarinchadam mariyu arabic bhashanu rojuvaaree jeevitamlo bhaagamgaa upayoginchadam dwara gurtinchabaddaayi. frederic kailiad vanti videshee sandarsakulu itara saamskrutika parinaamaalanu nivedinchaaru, ivi pattanaalu mariyu maseedula nirmaanam, kattulu ledhaa "kaskara" kattulu visireyadam vanti aayudhaala tayari-mariyu baanisa vaanijyaaniki sambandhinchinavi. eee kaalamlo, arabic bhasha mariyu islaamik adhyayanala kosam "khalwa" anie piluvabade paatasaalalu sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu suufii sodarabhaavaalu soodaanlo muulaalu yerparachukunnayi. vaari bhouthika samskrutiki udaaharanalu, ippudu british museumlo unna vishwaasam yokka islaamik prakatanatho kuudina genda ledhaa 19va sataabdam chivaralo unna chekka palaka, newyork nagaramloni brooklin museum aanlainlo samarpinchina khurran neerchukunee vidyaarthulaku vraata palakaga upayoginchabadindi. 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaalu swaatantryam vachhe varaku. 19va sataabdam prarambham nundi, videshee sandarsakulu teesina draayinglu ledhaa chaayaachitraalu, vaastusilpam, dustulu, kesalankarana, aabharanaalu ledhaa scarifications vanti vividha jaathi mariyu saamaajika samuuhaala saampradaaya kalalaku sambandhinchina konni prarambha recorduluga unnaayi. turkish-eejiptu paalana modati kaalam (1821-1885) taruvaata, mahdist rashtram (1885-1899) grater khaartoomloni moodu pradhana praantaalalo okataina omdurmanlo mukhyamaina jadalanu vadilivesindi. mahadii samadhi, khalifa illu, mahdist naanhelu mariyu mahadii anucharulu dharinche "jibba" kotu vanti nirdishta rakaala dustulu eee kaalam yokka saamskrutika swabhaavaaniki sakshyam. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo, egyptianlu, british mariyu khaartoomloni itara videshee nivaasulu nagaranni sainika shibiram nundi vandalaadi itukalatho nirminchina gruhaala pattanaaniki vistarinchaaru. aanglo-eejiptu sudan (1899-1956) yokka nivaasa samayamlo, british sainyam mariyu poura paripalana samajam, aardhika vyavastha mariyu samskrutilo mukhyamaina maarpulaku naandi palikindi. british paripalana paaschaatya vidya vyavasthanu kooda pravesapettindi, paatasaalallo unnata vidya mariyu kalaa vidya kosam gordan memorial kalaasaala, mariyu 1945.this loe praarambhamaina design paatasaala sudan loe aadhunika kala abhivruddhiki prarambhamga pariganinchabadutundi, mariyu paaschaatya konamlo painting ledhaa shilpam muulaalu veyadam praarambhinchindi. charitrakaarudu heather zhe. british vidya vyavastha dwara drushya samskruti prabhaavampai sharkey eee krindi vyakhya chesaru "chaayaachitraalu mariyu chitraalu garden kalaasaalalooni baluru mariyu vruddha baluru chuudataaniki veelu kalpinchaayi, anduvalla prapanchaanni, british saamrajyaanni mariyu sudaannu kotta margallo oohinchukoovachchu, drushya samskruti padaala samskruti valene jaateeyavaadam abhivruddhiki kooda mukhyamainadi."documentary chitraala abhivruddhi chendutunna drushya kalalone modati sudanese camera myaan anie cheppabade gadalla gubaraku valasa chitra vibhaagaaniki sikshana icchaaru. upaadhyaayulaku, mukhyamgaa vrutti sikshana kosam sikshana ivvadaaniki, 1943loe institute off educationlo oka art korsunu pravesapettaaru, moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata, oka design paatasaala sthaapinchabadindi. 1951loe, eee paatasaalanu khartoom technical instituteku marcharu, 1971loe, idhi sudan university off sains und technology (sustetch) loe fine und uplied arts facultiga maarindi. pradhanamgaa aneka prabhutvaala nirlakshyam valla gananeeyamaina edurudebbalu edurainappatiki, idhi 2021loe konasaagutundi mariyu chaalaa mandhi sudan aadhunika drushya kalaakaarulu mariyu sangeetakaarulu vaari kalaatmaka vidyanu praarambhinchina pradaesam. saampradaaya anuvartita kalalu mariyu chetipanulu. edainaa saamaajika samuuham yokka bhouthika samskruti yokka samakaaleena bhavanalaku anugunamgaa, "saampradaaya kalalu, jaanapada kalalu, anuvartita kalalu, chetipanulu" ledhaa "hastakalalu" anae padaalu maanavulu tayaaru chesina vistruta shreni saamskrutika vastuvulanu suuchistaayi. lalita kalalu" anie pilavabadevi kakunda, idhi saampradaaya "galabia", purushulaku talapaagaalu mariyu scalpaps ledhaa mahilalaku musugulu mariyu "tub", aabharanaalu, bootlu mariyu pavitra lipi, aabharanaalu mariyu itara rakaala vyaktigata alankaranalu, chetulu ledhaa cheelamandalapai gorinta aabharanaalu vanti itara rakaala tholu panitanam vanti vastraalu mariyu dustulu vanti vibhina sudanese srushtulaku vartistundi. chekka pani, kundalu ledhaa lohapu chetipanula yokka sudanese sampradaayaalanu "angarib" padakalu vanti saampradaaya furniturelo, private illa velupala unchina taguneeti kosam matti paatralalo, dhoopam kaalchadaaniki kantainarlugaa ledhaa "jabana" anie piluvabade saampradaaya coffey kundalalo chudavachu. 2017loe, saamskrutika maanava shaastravetta griselda ell taib thana pustakam "praantiiya jaanapada dustulu sudan" nuu sudan yokka vividha jaathi samuuhaala nundi dustulu mariyu itara rakaala vyaktigata alankaranala drushtaamtaalatoo prachurinchaaru. alaage, shareera kala yokka jaathi sampradaayaalu, sikaatrijeshanlu, kesalankarana, braids vanti ledhaa hadendova purushula "fazi-vajji" kesalankarana anie pilavabadevi, aadhunika dreadlocklu mariyu makeup rojuvaaree upayogamlo unnaayi ledhaa ippatikee unnaayi. adhe amsampai, "islaamik art und architecture yokka grove encyclopedia" heccharistuu, "1990la natiki sudan yokka aneka saampradaaya kalalu aadhuneekarana mariyu bhaarii utpatti vastuvula digumati nundi muppuku gurayyayi." 20va sataabdapu aadhunika kala. 1940laloe praarambhamai 1960la varaku konasaagindi. 1940la chivaralo khartoomlo graphic kalaakaarulu mariyu chitrakaarula prarambha samuuhaanni suuchistuu, 2009loe panditulu verner doum mariyu rasheed diab prachurinchina "sudan loe aadhunika kala" paie avalokanam, "coffey housela kala" ("funn all-makahi") gurinchi prastaavinchindi. eee kalaakaarulu utpatti packaging kosam sudanese muulaamsaalanu mariyu eesels meeda modati document chesina chitraalanu tayaaru chesaaru, mariyu vaari kalaatmaka utpatti rajadhanilo abhivruddhi chendutunna pattana samajanni pratibimbistumdani, jaathi sampradaayaala sthaanamlo aadhunika kala oka nirdishta girijana samskrutiki parimitam cheyabadindani chebutaaru. ayithe, "khartoom aadhunika kala paatasaala" aavirbhaavaaniki nirnayaatmaka kaalam 1950la madhyalo praarambhamaindi, modati sudanese alankaarika kalaakaarulu inglandlo post graduate chaduvula tarvaata intiki tirigi vacchaaru. vaari pani swadesamlo mariyu videshaalalo gurtinchabadatam praarambhinchindi, mariyu samakaaleena african kala abhivruddhiki mukhyamaina sahakaramga prasiddhi chendindi. vaari avalokanamlo, doum mariyu diab aadhunika sudanese kalanu "daani swantha muulaala dhruvikarana mariyu paaschaatya prabhavam madhya asthiramgaa undhi" anie varninchaaru. [...] modati udyamam kalaatmaka srujanaatmakataku sudanese vaarasatvam mariyu samskrutini praathamika karakamga chadavadaaniki prayatninchindi...] eee pratyeka arab-islaamik-african samskruti yokka saamaajika paristhiti dwara prabhaavitamaindi. taruvaati taram kala yokka saarvatrikatanu dhruveekarinche charyalo nairoopya painting, cubism ledhaa surrealism vanti paaschaatya paatasaalalu mariyu sailulanu puurtigaa sweekaristundi. moodava dhoranini rendinti madhya madhya maargamgaa pariganinchavacchuhu sudanese, arab mariyu african muulakaalanu vaati gurinchi pratyakshamgaa suuchimchakumdaa gurtimpu kosam anveshanhalo upayoginchadam, conny vaatini vinootna maargamlo marchadam mariyu abhivruddhi cheyadam." pradhana pradarsanalu mariyu sekaranalu. 1995loe, landanlooni whitechappel gallery "africa 95" utsavamlo bhaagamgaa "aafrikaalo aadhunika kala gurinchi edu kathalu" anae pradarsananu pradarsinchindi. iravayyava sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo aafrikaalo drushya kalala yokka sambhaavita mariyu soundarya vyakteekaranalalo oka chinna bhaganni anubhavinchadaaniki eee pradarsana prekshakulanu aahvaaninchindani pradhana curator clementine delis paerkonnaaru."eee pradarsana mariyu africa ledhaa african pravaasula nundi curatorlu mariyu kalaakaarula bhagaswamyam taruvaata panduga yokka atyanta mukhyamaina karyakramalalo okatigaa pariganinchabadindi. sudan nundi palgonna kalaakaarulu moe abaro, rasheed diyab, kamala ibraheem ishaq, abdel basit ell khatim, severino maatti, husson moosa, ameer naur, ibraheem ell-salahi mariyu osman vakiyalla. 2016loe, sharza art foundation, united arab emirates, "dha khartoom school-dhi making off dhi moderan art movement inn sudan (1945-prastutam)" anae paerutoe oka smaaraka pradarsananu pradarsinchindi, indulo hussen sharif mariyu ibraheem ell salahi chitraalu ledhaa rasheed mahadii mariyu gadalla gubara chaayaachitraalu vanti sudanese drushya kalaakaarula chitraalu, chaayaachitraalu mariyu silpaalu unnaayi. soodaanlo aadhunikavaada udyamaaniki praatinidhyam vahistunna itara kalaakaarulu osman vakiyalla, bastavi baghdadi, ahmed shibrain, abdelrajig abdelgafar, mahmad omar khaleel, tagg ell-sir ahmed, shaigi anie piluvabade mahmad ell husson abdel raheem, siddig ell nigaumi, magdoub rabba, ahmed hameed all arabi mariyu griselda ell-taib. eee punaraavrutta pradarsana rendu ververu solo exhibitionlatho puurti cheyabadindi, idhi kamala ibraheem ishaq chitraalapai mariyu ameer noor silpaalapai drushti pettindi. 2016loe ibraheem ell-salahi rachanala punaraavrutta pradarsana sandarbhamgaa, landanlooni tate moderan art gallery khartoum paatasaalanu "1960loe soodaanlo erpadina aadhunika kala udyamam" anie pilichindi, idhi kottagaa swatantra desham yokka vilakshanhamaina gurtimpunu pratibimbimchadaaniki kotta drushya padajaalaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi." united arab emiratesloni barjeel art foundation vaari online pageelo abdel khadar husson, kamala ibraheem ishaq, mahmad omer khaleel, omer khairi, ibraheem ell-salahi, hussen sharif, ahmed shibrain mariyu khaleed albaih yokka graphic art chitraalanu pradarsistundi. vyaktigata kalaakaarulu. osman vakiyalla (1925-2007) chitrakaarudigaa mariyu sulekhanakaarudigaa panicheesaaru. athanu 1945loe khaartoomloni gordan memorial kalaasaalalooni school off design nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu, taruvaata london mariyu kairolo thana kalaatmaka adhyayanalanu konasaginchadu. arabic chetivraatanu aadhunika, matha-rahita graphic roopamgaa ayana upayoginchadam valla vakiyallaanu arabic kalaa udyamamlo unchaaru, idhi hurufia udyamam anie piluvabadindi. 1960la praarambhamlo, ahmed mohammed shibrain (jaa. 1931), ibraheem ell-salahi (jaa. 1930) mariyu tagg ell-sir ahmed (bii. 1933) taruvaata 'khartoom school off moderan art' anie piluvabade sudanese kalaa udyamaanni srushtinchadamlo vakiyallaatho cheraadu. griselda ell taib (1928-2022) british-janminchina kalaa charitrakaaruraalu, kalaa vidyavetta mariyu drushya kalaakaarini, aame pradhanamgaa saampradaaya dustula maargadarsaka parisoedhana mariyu jalavarna chitraalaku prasiddhi chendindi, endukante avi 1970la nundi sudan samskruti mariyu samajanni pratibimbistaayi. sudan loe kalalaku aame deerghakaala sahakaranni prastaavistuu, "sudan loe aadhunika kala" anae vyaasam rachayitalu aamenu "british muulaaniki chendina sudanese kalaakaarini" anie pilicharu. ibraheem ell-salahi (bii. 1930) sudan nundi yea chitrakaaruniki ayina vistruta antarjaateeya gurtimpuku prasiddhi chendindi. athanu "african aadhunikavaadam yokka khartoom paatasaala" mariyu hurufia kalaa udyamamlo agragami sabhyulalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, idhi saampradaaya islaamik chetivraata roopaalanu samakaaleena kalatho militam cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi. 2016loe, landanlooni tate moderan art gallery "ibraheem ell-salahi eah visinary modernist" anae pradarsananu pradarsinchindi, indulo kalakarudi yaabhai samvatsaraala antarjaateeya kereerku paiga 100 rachanalu unnaayi. idhi ell-salaaheeni "african mariyu arab aadhunikataavaadamlo atyanta mukhyamaina vyaktulalo okaru" anie pilichindi, idhi athani kalanu prapancha kala charitra sandarbhamlo amarchindi. ahmed shibrain (bii. 1931) khaartoomloni lalita mariyu anuvartita kalala kalasalalo, aapai landanlooni central school off arts und designlo graphic designlo pratyekata kaligi chaduvukunnaru. 1960loe sudan kuu tirigi vacchina taruvaata, athanu lalita mariyu anuvartita kalala kalasalalo graphic design kosam oka vibhaganni sthaapinchaadu, akkada athanu deane gaa kooda vyavaharinchaadu. shibrain thana chitraalalo thana aadhunika chetivraata roopaalaku prasiddhi chendaadu mariyu "hurufia" udyamamlo bhaagamgaa, alaage "khartoom paatasaala" kalakarulalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaadu. siddiq ell nigaumi (1931-1996) kalaatmaka kundalanu srushtinchaadu. modata soodaanlo chaduvukunna ayana 1967 nundi united kingdamlo nivasinchaaru. thana kaalipoyina terrakota matti paatralalo, athanu european mariyu african prabhavalanu militam chesaadu. landanlooni victoria mariyu albert museum athani konni rachanalanu kaligi undhi, athani "ibreak", saampradaaya sudanese coffey pott yokka aadhunika version, aanlainlo pradarsinchabadindi. hussen sharif (1934-2005), oka chitrakaarudu, kavi, chitranirmaata mariyu khartoom vishwavidhyaalayamloni kalala adhyaapakulalo lecturer, 1950la chivari nundi 1990la varaku churukuga unna sudan medhavi mariyu kalakarudu. inglaandlooni cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamlo aadhunika charitranu adhyayanam chesina taruvaata, athanu landanlooni slade school off fine artslo masters degreeni pondaadu, akkada athanu lucian frayid aadhvaryamlo chaduvukunnadu. itara chitraalato paatu, athani painting "chandruditho garbhavati ayina angel", 1960loe london gallerylo pradarsinchabadindi, mariyu landanlooni jaateeya portrait gallerylo sharif thana chitraala mundu kuurchunna chaayaachitraalanu kaligi undhi. sharif 500 kante ekkuva chitraalanu chithrinchinatlu chebutaaru, conny vaatilo konni matrame namodu cheyabaddaayi. mohamad ahmed abdallah abaro gaa janminchina moe abaro (1935-2016), syramic kalaku prasiddhi chendina shilpi. thana taraaniki chendina itara kalakaruluga, athanu khaartoomloni college off fine und uplied arts nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu, aapai landanlooni central school off arts und craftslo seramics abhyasinchaadu. paarisraamika kundala roopakalpanalo post graduate chaduvukunna taruvaata, athanu konni samvatsaraalu seramics bodhinchadaaniki sudan tirigi vacchaadu, conny 1966loe britainlo thana vruttini konasaaginchadaaniki inglaandku tirigi raavaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. athani pani saampradaaya sudanese gopuraalu mariyu vampulu, alaage kaalabaashlu mariyu buttala aakaralanu pratibimbistumdi. kamala ibraheem ishaq (bii. 1936), sudan loe modati aadhunika mahilaa chitrakaaruraalu, khartoom looni sudan university off sains und technology yokka college off fine artslo painting abhyasinchaaru, taruvaata london looni raayal college off artlo. aame thana vidyaarthulaina mohammed hameed shaddad mariyu nayla ell taiblatho kalisi, sudanese kalaku kotta disalanu teesukuvacchina "chrystalistlu" anae sambhaavita kalaa samuuhaanni sthaapinchindi. sharza art foundation prakaram, aame rachana "suuryudu, isuka mariyu aakaasam rangulalo mahilala jeevita drushyaalanu chithreekaristuu, sudan looni kala yokka saampradaaya purusha drukpathaanni savaalu chestundi." mohammed omer khaleel (bii. 1936) 1959 varaku khartoomlo lalita kalalanu abhyasinchaaru, mariyu 1963 nundi, italeelooni florencelo painting mariyu print making chesaaru. 1967 nundi united stateslo aneka dasabdaluga panichesi, bodhinchina ayana, sampradaaya rangulatho paatu kanugonna vastuvulu, archival materials, vastraalu ledhaa chaayaachitraalanu upayoginchaaru. thana mudranalalo, athanu nalupu rangulo vividha rangulanu ishtapadataadu, 2020loe landanlooni mosaic gadulalo thana pradarsana sandarbhamgaa "naa golla kinda matrubhumi" anie vivarinchaadu. khalilnu "arab prapanchamlooni atyanta mukhyamaina samakaaleena chitrakaarulalo okadu, rendu taraala praantiiya kalaakaarulanu prabhaavitam chesaadu."2012loe, paarislooni institute du monde arabelo jarigina punaraavrutta pradarsanalo ayana rachanalu pradarsinchabaddaayi. ameer I. emm. shilpi mariyu vidyavetta ayina naur (1936-2021), seyint vishwavidhyaalayamlo african kala mariyu silpaanni abhyasinchaadu. andrus, scatland, dhi raayal college off art, london, yuu.keey. mariyu united states looni yael vishwavidyaalayam yokka school off art & architecture. concreetu, fiber glass ledhaa ukku vanti padaarthaalatho chesina athani silpaalu nairoopyamainavi mariyu atyalpamainavi, conny ippatikee jantuvulu, prakruti drushyam mariyu nirmaanaanni sudan mariyu athani yavvanamloni afro-islaamik samskrutiki sambandhinchinavigaa paerkontunnaayi. omar khairi (1939-1999) madhyamika paatasaalalo kalanu thana pradhana amsamgaa adhyayanam cheyadam praarambhinchaadu mariyu 1960 nundi, athanu lalita mariyu anuvartita kalala kalasalalo konasaginchadu. manasika aarogya samasyala kaaranamgaa ayana thana chaduvulaku antaraayam kaliginchaalsi vachindi. ayinappatikee, athanu sthaanika pradarsanalalo thana chitraalaku prasiddhi chendaadu, avi appati nundi praja sekaranalalo pradarsinchabaddaayi. sudan chitranirmaata alya moosa eee "mystery" gurinchi oka documentary film prajectlo nimagnamai unnadu, athani piriki unikini mariyu athani saahasopetamaina kalanu chuttumuttina vaari kosam kooda." 1970laloe fraanslo post graduate chaduvula kosam sudaannu vidichipettina husson moosa (b.1951), chitrakaarudu, sulekhanakaarudu, chekkina vyaktigaa prasiddhi chendaaru mariyu aneka pustakaalanu vivarinchaaru. 1960laloe, athanu "post art" anie kooda piluvabade prasiddha mail art shaililo nimagnamayyadu, idhi sthaapana vyatiraeka kaaryakalaapaalato mudipadi undhi. ayana rachana 'dhi amaraveerudu off seyint sebastian' 1997 venis binello jarigina 'aadhunikatalu mariyu ghnaapakaalu' pradarsanalo cherchabadindi. shaastreeya paaschaatya kalakhandala anusaranala kosam, athanu paaschaatya kala, rajakeeyaalu mariyu samskrutipai vimarsanaatmaka drukpathaanni srushtinchaadani chebutaaru." rasheed diab (jananam 1957) modata khartoomlo painting mariyu kalaa charitranu abhyasinchaadu mariyu speyinlooni madridloni complutains vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana post graduate adhyayanalanu konasaginchadu. speyinlo srushtinchabadina athani prarambha kaalapu rachanalu athani swadesam yokka rangulu mariyu aakrutini pratibimbimchae nairoopya, balamaina chitraalugaa varninchabaddaayi. sudan kuu tirigi vacchina taruvaata, athanu thana sthaanika prekshakula vividha maargaala vivaranaku pratispandinchaadu mariyu mahilalu "sampoorna shoonyata" loe unnatlugaa marinta gurtinchadagina vyakteekarana roopaala vaipu moggu chuupaadu. diab rachanalu antarjaateeyamgaa pradarsinchabaddaayi, mariyu konnintini jordanloni hindhi museum off art aanlainlo pradarsinchindi. salaa ell murr (jananam 1966) antarjaateeyamgaa chitrakaarudu, graphic designer, pustaka rachayita mariyu chitranirmaatagaa prasiddhi chendaaru. ayana chitraalu sampradaayam, jaanapada kathalu, vividha vyaktulu mariyu parisaraala prabhavalanu chuuputaayi mariyu ayana rangu vadakam vistruta panktulalo bolled tonelanu chooputundi. athanu kairo mariyu khartoom madhya nivasistaadu mariyu panicheestaadu mariyu athani chitraalu madhyaprachyam, eurup mariyu united states rendintiloonuu pradarsanalalo pradarsinchabaddaayi. 2018loe, landanlooni saachii gallerylo "forrests und spirits figurative art frum dhi khartoom school" anae pradarsanalo kamala ishaq mariyu ibraheem ell-salahi chitraalato paatu ayana chitraalanu pradarsinchaaru." ahmed abusharia (bii. 1966) 1990loe lalita mariyu anuvartita kalala kalaasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu 90la madhyalo kenyaalo nivasinchaadu. taruvaata athanu germanyloni kolonlo kontakaalam nivasinchaadu mariyu 2000 nundi, athanu ugaandaalooni kampalalo nivasistunnadu, akkada athanu thana chitraalanu pradarsistuu pani konasagistunnadu. athani shaili ibraheem ell salahi mariyu rasheed diyaablatoe sahaa sudan looni munupati samakaaleena kalaakaarulache prabhaavitamaindani chebutaaru. ippatike perkonna paerlatoe paatu, aadhunika african kalapai chaduvutunna jaabitaalo 20va sataabdaaniki chendina itara sudanese kalaakaarulu moosa khalifa (jananam 1941), mahmad omar bushara (jananam 1946), mariyu salih abdo mashmoun (jananam 1946). 21va sataabdam mariyu viplavam yokka kala. sudanese vidyavetta ahmed sikanga 2012loe rasinatluga, sudaanlo aadhunika kalaa udyamaalu mariyu vaati saamaajika nepathyam kalaa charitrakaarulache peddagaa vislaeshanhanu aakarshinchaledu. ayithe, 2018/19 yokka sudanese viplavam samayamlo, kalaakaarula paatra antarjaateeya medialo nivedinchabadindi, idhi prastuta sanghatanalapai vaari aasaktini pratibimbistumdi. eee vyakteekarananu omar all basheer maajee prabhutvam teevramgaa parimitam chesinappatiki, viplavaniki mundu mariyu samayamlo, kalaakaarulu samajam mariyu rajakeeyaalapai tama abhipraayaalanu vyaktam chesaaru. 2020 navambarulo, sudan university off sains und technology (sustutech) looni lalita kalala kalaasaala vidyaarthulu viplavam yokka ninaadaalanu soochinche smaaraka silpaanni pradarsinchaaruh swechcha, shanti mariyu nyayam. 2021 eprillo, viplavam samayamlo maraninchina viplavam mariyu nirasanakaarula ghnaapakaartham khartoomlo marinni kalaa pradarsanalu jarigaayi. raajakeeya cartoonist mariyu maanava hakkula kaaryakarta khaleed albaih thana facebook paejee "khartoon!" dwara keertini pondaaru."alaage madhyapraachya mariyu paaschaatya medialo ayana icchina interviewlu. 2019loe ayana "sudan retold" anae sachitra pustakaanni saha-sankalanam chesaaru. graphic katha cheppadam, jalavarna painting ledhaa photography vanti vividha kalaatmaka sailulanu upayoginchi, yuva kalaakaarula brundam tama sudanese charitra, prastuta mariyu bhavishyattu gurinchi vivarinchindi. eee yuva kalakarulalo okaraina amnah elhasson, appati nundi antarjaateeya vruttini praarambhinchindi, 2022loe germanyloni frankfurtloni prakhyaata skirn art museumlo solo exhibitiontho. sudanese viplavamlo mahilala mukhyamaina paatranu, alaage mahilaa kalaakaarula kalaatmaka rachanalanu prastaavistuu, vaari rachanalu vyasalu, pradarsanalu mariyu praja kalaatmaka pradarsanalalo highlight cheyabaddaayi. 2023 sudan sangharshana samayamlo khartoom mariyu itara sudanese nagarallo praananashtam mariyu moulika sadupayalu naasanam ayina taruvaata, chaalaa mandhi sudanese odarevu sudan vanti surakshita nagaralaku ledhaa porugu deshaalaku paaripoyaaru. bahishkaranalo unna sudanese kalaakaarulaku maddatu ivvadaaniki, 2019 nundi viplavam yokka kalanu prothsahinchadamlo churukuga unna down town gallerieki chendina art curator raheem shaddad, sudanese kalaakaarulaku maddatu ivvadaaniki nidhulanu sekarinchadaaniki oka nidhini srushtinchaaru. art gallerylu mariyu prothsaaham. 2009loe, "sudan loe aadhunika kala" anae vyaasam "pradarsana sthalam lekapovadam mariyu prothsaaham lekapovadam valla khaartoomloni kalaakaarulu teevramgaa debbatinnaru" anie perkondi."idhi khartoomlo oke oka 'pakshika-praja' art galleryni mariyu pedda hotels okadaanilo appudappudu pradarsinche pradarsananu matrame prastaavinchindi. badulugaa, grate britton, france mariyu germany anae moodu videshee saamskrutika kendraalu pooshinchina "pradhana paatra" kii idhi ghanata ichindi. veetitho paatu, sudanese kalaakaarulu ahmed mohammed shibrain mariyu rasheed diab private gallerylanu praarambhinchaaru. diab yokka kalaa kendram kooda 1978 nundi pravaasamlo nivasistunna ibraheem ell-salahi yokka panini 2000loe sudanese kalaa prapanchaaniki samarpinchina pradaesam. khartoomlo sudanese kalaakaarulanu prothsahinche maroe gallery dabamgaa gallery, dheeni yajamani leana hugger 2017loe "samakaaleena kalaakaarulu sudanu pratikuula samayaallo kala" anae pustakaanni savarinchaaru. 2016loe, sudanese kalanu pradarsinche konni vaanijya kalaa pradaesaalaloo mojo art gallery okati. 2022 varaku, down town art gallery vanti aneka itara art gallerylu khartoomlo panicheestunnaayi. comics mariyu kaartoonlu prajaadarana pondina kalarupaluga unnaayi. mudrana ledhaa aanlainlo prachurinchabadina kaartoonlu mariyu comics vanti prasiddha kalaa roopaalu kooda perugutunna drushtini aakarshinchayi mariyu antarjaateeya covid-19 mahammari vanti prastuta sanghatanalaku pratispandinchaayi. 2018 nundi, "khartoom comic cohn" anie piluvabade comics kosam oka panduga, sudanese comic kalaakaarulu mariyu vaari prekshakula kosam pradarsanagaa nirvahinchabadindi. sudan loe cinema mariyu photography. videshee anveshakulu mariyu photographerlu 19va sataabdam madhyakaalam nundi draayinglu mariyu chaayaachitraalanu roopondinchaaru. 20va sataabdamloo, sudan dakshina bhaagamlo unna neuba prajala gurinchi photographerlu georg rodger mariyu leni refenstall teesina photo kathalu, alaage maanava sankshobhaalanu cover chese photo journalistlu teesina photo kathalu desham yokka antarjaateeya pratishtanu roopondinchaayi. 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo, digital photography parichayam sudanese photographerlache vistruta photographic mariyu kalaatmaka kavarejeeni praarambhinchindi. 20va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo british valasavaada kaalamlo sudan loe chalanachitra nirmaanam mariyu cinema theatres praarambhamaina taruvaata, khartoom mariyu itara nagaraalloni sudanese prekshakulu vidaesaala nundi documentary mariyu chalana chitraalaku gurayyaru, 1930la nundi, aneka bahiranga sinimaalu undevi. swaatantyram vacchina taruvaata, modati taram sudanese chitranirmaatalu gadalla gubara ledhaa hussen sharif vanti konni chitraalanu nirminchaaru. 2019loe, 1960laku chendina mugguru sudanese chitranirmaatala jeevita charitralanu chetla gurinchi matlade documentary chitramlo pradarsinchaaru, idhi sudan loe sinimaalu mariyu chitranirmaanam ksheeninchadaaniki gala kaaranaalapai vyaktigata antardrushtulanu kooda panchukuntundi.

sodaan kay basri fanoon sodaan kay basri fanoon aaj kii jamhuria sodaan kay baashindon kii taraf say banayi gayee aur apnee apnee saqafaton kay liye makhsus ashyaa kii tarikhi aur asree paidawar kaa ahatah kartay haine. iss mein shamaal mashriqi afriqah kay khatay kii saqafati rawayaat kii ashyaa shaamil haine jinhein tarikhi toor parr sodaan kahaa jaataa hay bashmol janubi elaqay juu 2011 mein janubi sodaan kay toor parr aazaad hoay. apnee poori tareekh mein sodaan wastee afriqah mashriqi afriqah misar bahirah room kii saqafaton maghrab mein sabb sahaara afriqah aur milk kay mashriq mein bahirah ahmar kay saahil kay darmiyan eek sangam rehaa hay. 20 wein sadee say pehley yaha saqafati rawayaat maqami afriqi farauni yunani-roman bazantini aur arbee saqafaton say mutasir thein jinhon nay saqafati taasraat kaa eek badaa tanoo laaya hay aksar inn nasli yaa samaji garwah kay liye makhsus hay juu inhein tayaar kartay aur istemaal kartay haine. muashiray kii maadi saqafat kay izhaar kay toor parr itlaaqi fanoon aur dastkari kuu sodaan mein fanoon kii iss tareekh mein fanoon latifah kay saath shaamil kiyaa gayaa hay. 19 wein sadee kay awail mein pehley turk-masri aur baad mein anglo-masri hukmarani kay qayaam jiss kii khususiyat ghair milki foji aur seyasi taslat say hay nay eek jadeed qomi riyasat kay batadreej irtaqaa kaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss kay tarz zindagi aur maadi saqafat parr nayey saqafati asraat martab hoay. 1956 mein aazadi kay baad nawabadiyati nazaam taleem kay sodani graduates nay nayee riyasat mein sarkardah ahadon parr faiz how kirr shehri saqafat aur jadeed funn kay zahoor mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa. yaha saqafati paish raft 1950 kii dahayi say 1980 kii dahayi takk sabb say ziyadah nazar aaney lagee eek aisa door jasay baad mein "sodaan mein jadeed aart tehreek kii tashkil" kahaa gayaa. akiswein sadee mein milk mein basri fankarana paish raft kii khususiyat mawasilat kii degital shaklein haine jinn mein audio visiol aart kaa phailao aur satellite teeli vision aann line mediya kay saath saath soshal mediya kay zariye shayer kii jaanay waali tasavir aur filmein shaamil haine. 2018 aur 2019 kay sodani inqilaab kay doraan naujawan funkaron nay awami tehreek kay ahtajaj aur huslah afzayi mein hasah daalaa dewaar kii pentings graphti cartoon tasavir yaa video paighamat banaye. asree sodaan say pehley kay tarikhi adwaar. qabal az tareekh zamanay. nobiya mein maadi namunon kii qadeem tareen mojud ashyaa jeesay pathar kay auzaar qabal az tareekh zamanay kii haine. saabo juddy raak aart saait mukhtalif tarikhi adwaar say 1600 say ziyadah chatanon kii drying kaa eek anokha majmuah hay juu nobeen tehzeeb kay mukhtalif adwaar kay zariye 6000 saal say ziyadah arsey takk phaila hawaa hay. achhi tarah say mahfuz kardah drying jangli aur gharilo janwaron insaanon aur kashtiyon kii numaindagi karti haine aur inhein world monoments fund nay dekhnay kay liye yaadgaaron kii fehrist mein shaamil kiyaa thaa. deegar qadeem chataan kii tasavir banjar waadi mein milly thein jasay biyada kay sahra mein waadi aboo gunbad kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. eek aur aham maaqabal tarikhi maqaam sodaan libiya aur misar kay darmiyan sarhadi elaqay mein gabal ill awainaat pahaadi silsilay mein paaya gayaa. sodaan kay maghrabi elaqay mein jabal mokaram group jiss kii khususiyat mutty kay bartanon aur janwaron kii chhoti mutty kii shaklein haine eek qabal az tareekh nopathic saqafat thee juu dosri sadee qabal maseeh mein parwaan chadhi. karma aur kash kii baadshahi. karma culture (2500-1500 BCE)yee juu qadeem afriqah kii ibtadayi tehzeebon mein say eek hay hathiyar mutty kay bartanon kii ashyaa aur deegar gharilo ashyaa ajayeb gharoon mein paish kii jaati haine jeesay sodaan kaa qomi ajayeb gahar karma museum bartanvi ajayeb gahar yaa metropolitan museum aaf aart. kash kii sultanat kay doraan (taqriba 950 qabal maseeh 350 qabal maseeh)yee jabb kash kay baadshahon nay apnay shamali padosi misar parr eek sadee say ziyadah arsey takk fero kii haisiyat say hukumat kii tubb taharuqah kay isfinks jeesay nobeen majsamon nay masri khususiyat haasil kein aur mandaron yaa nobeen ahramon mein khaday kiye gayey jeesay kahh miro mein juu sodaan kay aalimi saqafati warsay mein say eek hay. deegar wasail kay alawah qadeem nobiya kii maadi saqafat mein sonay haathi daanat abuni bakhur khaal yaa qeemati pathar kaa istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa aur shaahi khandanon kay qabron mein haar yaa kangan paaye gayey haine. nobeen baadshahon aur malkahon jinhein baad mein kash kay kandakay kahaa jaataa hay kii numaindagi mandaron parr pathar kii nqashi mein kii jaati thee jeesay kahh nakaa mein apdemic (sheer mandar) kay liye waqaf kiyaa gayaa thaa. qadeem nobeen funn tameer kii deegar misalein chataan say katay hoay mandar mutty kii ainton kay mandar jinhein "defofa" kahaa jaataa hay pathron say bunny dewaron waali qabrein yaa mutty kii ainton say bunny rehaish gaahein lakdi aur pathar kay farsh mahlaat aur achhi tarah say tayaar kii gayee sadkein haine. yunani roman saqafat kay asraat. teesri sadee qabal maseeh say teesri sadee qabal maseeh takk shamali nobiya parr hamlah kiyaa gayaa aur asay misar say joad diyaa gayaa jiss parr batlimos kii sultanat aur baad mein roomi sultanat kii hukumat thee. nobiya takk janub mein iss door kay saqafati asraat moroo mein naam nahaad 'roman baath' mein dekhay jaa saktay haine eek khidayi shadah emarat jasay "afriqi sultanat aur bahirah room kii yunani-roman saqafat kay darmiyan saqafati muntaqli kii eek shandar misaal" kahaa jaataa hay." misar mein batlimos kii hukmarani kay doraan nobiya kay saqafati asar woo rasokh kii eek aur misaal eek nobeen naujawan kaa sing marmar kaa sarr hay juu shayed mashriqi bahirah room kay elaqay mein banaya gayaa thaa aur abb america kay brokleen museum mein numaish kay liye rakhaa gayaa hay. qaroon wastee nobiya. qaroon wastee kay nobiya mein (c. 500-1500 CE)yee eisayi sultanaton makuriya nobadiya aur alwadiya kay baashindon nay funn tameer kii alg alg shaklein tayaar kein jeesay kahh faars cathedral mujasme aur dewaar kii pentings jinn mein say 650 say ziyadah jadeed elmi matun mein shaye hoyee haine. inn kaa taaluq misar kay coptic aart say hay aur baaz auqaat aithopian aart say bhee. inhon nay mukhtalif mazhabi yaa secular matun kay liye praani nobeen zabaan coptic yunani yaa arbee kaa istemaal kiyaa juu makhtutat parr mahfuz hay yaa reet kay pathar sing marmar yaa terracota parr naushtah jaat kay toor parr mahfuz hay. agarcha musliman mahajirin ghaliba taajir aur karigar 9 wein sadee kay baad say nichli nobiya mein aabaad honay kii tasdiq kirr chakay haine nobiya kii asl islamization 14 wein sadee kay aakhir mein sharoo hoyee. islaam aur arbee kii aamad. 16 wein aur 17 wein sadee mein nayee islaami sultantein qayem hoyein-panj sultanat aur darfoor kii sultanat jiss nay sodaan mein batadreej islamization aur arbiyaizishan kay eek taweel door kaa aaghaz kiyaa. yaha sultantein aur inn kay muashiray iss waqat takk mojud thay jabb takk kahh sodaan kuu 1820 mein usmani masri hamlay nay fatah nahein kiyaa aur darfoor kay muamile mein yahaan takk kahh 1916 takk. iss door kii bury saqafati tabdiliyan islaami mazhab kuu apnanay aur rozmarah kii zindagi kay anaasir kay toor parr arbee zabaan kay badhtay hoay istemaal say nashaan zad hoyein. deegar saqafati paish rafton kii atlaa ghair milki zaireen nay dee jeesay frederk caliad aur inn kaa taaluq qasbon aur masajid kay funn tameer chaqo yaa "kaskara" talwaar phainaknay jeesay hathiyaron kii tayari-aur ghalamon kii tajarat say hay. iss door mein arbee zabaan aur islaami taleem kay liye school qayem kiye gayey jinhein "khilwa" kahaa jaataa hay aur soofi bhayee chaaray kii jadein sodaan mein jadein pakad gayein. inn kii maadi saqafat kii misalein eek islaami biyaan kay saath eek jhanda hay juu abb bartanvi ajayeb gahar mein hay yaa 19 wein sadee kay aakhir kii lakdi kii eek takhtah juu qaraan seekhnay waalay talbaa kay liye tehriri board kay toor parr istemaal hoti hay jasay brokleen museum neoyork shehar nay aann line paish kiyaa hay. 19 wein aur 20 wein sadee aazadi takk. 19 wein sadee kay aaghaz say ghair milki zaireen kay zariye lee gayee drying yaa tasaveer mukhtalif nasli aur samaji grohon kay rawayati fanoon kay liye kachh ibtadayi record banaati haine jeesay funn tameer labaas hair style zewaraat yaa daagh. turk-masri hukmarani kay pehley door (1821-1885) kay baad riyasat mahdast (1885-1899) nay azeem tarr khartoom kay teen baday elaqon mein say aike aumadarman mein aham nishanaat chhoday. mehdi kaa maqbarah khalifah kaa gahar mahaz kay sakay aur makhsus qasm kay labaas jeesay kahh mehdi kay pirokaron kay pehney hoay "jabah" coat iss door kii saqafati noiyat kay gawah haine. 19 wein sadee kay awail mein masriyon angrezon aur khartoom kay deegar ghair milki baashindon nay shehar kuu eek foji camp say sainkadon ainton say banay gharoon kay qasbey takk badhaa diyaa thaa. aur anglo masri sodaan (1899-1956) kay condomanium kay doraan bartanvi foj aur shehri intezamiya nay maashray maeshat aur saqafat mein aham tabdiliyon kaa aaghaz kiyaa. bartanvi intezamiya nay schoolon mein aalee taleem aur aart kii taleem kay liye gorden memorial college kay saath taleem kaa eek maghrabi nazaam bhee mutaarif karaya aur 1945.this mein khola gayaa design kaa eek school sodaan mein jadeed funn kii tarqi kaa aaghaz samjha jaataa hay aur maghrabi maanon mein masuri yaa mujasmah saazi nay jadein pakadni sharoo kirr dain. morakh haithar jay. shaarki nay bartanvi taleemi nazaam kay zariye basri saqafat kay asraat parr mandarjah zeel tabsarah kiyaa: "tasavir aur tasavir nay gorden college kay ladkon aur boodhon kuu dekhnay kay qaabil banaya aur iss liye duniya bartanvi sultanat aur sodaan kaa nayey tareeqon say tasavur karnaa basri saqafat qoom parasti kii tarqi kay liye atnee hyee aham thee jitni alfaz kii saqafat."yaha balkal dastawezi filmon kay ubharte hoay basri funn mein thaa kahh gadla gobra jiss kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa hay kahh wah pehla sodani kimrah meen thaa kuu nawabadiyati film yount kay liye tarbiyat dee gayee thee. asatazah kuu tarbiyat deenay kay liyay khaas toor parr paishah waranah tarbiyat kay liyay 1943 mein insity teut aaf ajucation mein eek aart kors mutaarif karaya gayaa aur teen saal baad eek school aaf design qayem kiyaa gayaa. 1951 mein iss school kuu khartoom technical insity teut mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa aur 1971 mein yaha sodaan university aaf science aind technology (sistich) mein fayen aind applied arts kaa faculty bunn gayaa. bunyadi toor parr kayee hukumaton kii nazar andaaz kii wajah say kaafi dhachke kay bawajood yaha 2021 mein jaari hay aur yaha wah jagah hay jehaan sodaan kay behat say jadeed basri funkaron aur mausiqaron nay apnee fankarana taleem kaa aaghaz kiyaa hay. rawayati itlaaqi fanoon aur dastkari. kasee bhee samaji garwah kii maadi saqafat kay asree tasvaraat kay mutabiq astalahat "rawayati fanoon lock fanoon itlaaqi fanoon dastkari" yaa "dastkari" insaanon kay zariah banayi gayee saqafati ashyaa kii eek wasee renj say maraad haine. naam nahaad "fanoon latifah" kay alawah yaha sodani takhliqat jeesay kapday aur labaas parr laago hotaa hay bashmol rawayati "gulbiya"yee mardon kay liye pagdi aur khopdi yaa khwatin kay liye "tob"yee zewaraat jotay aur deegar qasm kay chamday kay kaam jeesay sendal muqadas rasm alkhat parr mushtamil chamday kay talisman zewaraat aur deegar qasm kii zaati sajawat jeesay haathon yaa takhon parr mahundi kay zewaraat. lakdi kay kaam mutty kay bartanon yaa dhaat kay daston kii sodani rawayaat rawayati furniture jeesay "angreb" bedisteds mein najee gharoon kay baahir pinay kay paani kay liye mutty kay bartanon mein bakhur jalanay kay containers kay toor parr yaa rawayati kaafi kay bartanon kay toor parr payee jaa sakti haine jinhein "jabna" kahaa jaataa hay. 2017 mein saqafati maahir bashriyaat gracelda altaib nay apnee kitaab "sodaan kay elaqayi lock malbusaat" shaye kii jiss mein sodaan kay mukhtalif nasli grohon kay labaas aur deegar qasm kii zaati sajawat kii akaasi kii gayee. neez jasmani funn kii nasli rawayaat jeesay secatrization hair style jeesay chodiyan yaa hadendwa mardon kay naam nahaad "faji wazee" hair style jadeed dread laak aur meek app rozmarah kay istemaal mein rahay haine yaa abb bhee haine. asee mozua parr "grove encyclopaedia aaf islamik aart aind architecture" khabardar kartaa hay kahh "1990 kii dahayi takk sodaan kay behat say rawayati fanoon jadeed kaaree aur baday paimanay parr tayaar kardah saamaan kii daraamad say khatray mein thay." 20 wein sadee kaa jadeed funn. 1940 kii dahayi mein aur 1960 kii dahayi takk. khartoom mein 1940 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein graphik funkaron aur masuron kay eek ibtadayi grop kaa hawalah deetay huay 2009 mein scholars werner daaod aur rasheed diyaab kay zariah shaye kardah "jadeed funn sodaan" parr jaizah "kaafi houses kay funn" ("funn almaqahi") kaa zakar kartaa hay. inn funkaron nay product packaging kay liye sodani naqshe tayaar kiye aur aizal parr pehli dastawezi pentings aur inn kii fankarana paidawar kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa hay kahh wah darulhukumat mein ubharte hoay shehri muashiray kii akaasi karti hay jiss mein jadeed funn eek makhsus qabaili saqafat takk mahdud nasli rawayaat kii jagah lay leeta hay. tahim "khartoom school aaf modern aart" kay zahoor kaa faislah kunn door 1950 kii dahayi kay wast mein sharoo hawaa jabb pehley sodani alamati fankaar england mein apnee post graduate taleem kay baad gahar waps aayey. inn kay kaam kuu andron woo berun milk tasleem kiyaa jaanay lagaa aur wah asree afriqi funn kii tarqi mein eek aham sharakat kay toor parr jaana jaanay lagaa. apnay jaizah mein dome aur diyaab nay jadeed sodani funn kuu "apnee jadoon kii tasdiq aur maghrabi asar woo rasokh kay darmiyan ataar chadhao" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa. [.]..] pehli tehreek nay sodani warsay aur saqafat kuu fankarana takhliqi salahiyaton kay bunyadi ansar kay toor parr padhnay kii koshish kii...] iss khaas arab-islaami-afriqi saqafat kii samaji haalat say mutasir. agli nasal funn kii aalamgiriyat kii tasdiq kay liye maghrabi schoolon aur andazon kuu makmal toor parr apnaye gee jeesay kahh tajridi masuri cubism yaa haqeeqat pasandi. teesre rajhaan kuu donon kay darmiyan eek darmiyani raastah samjha jaa saktaa hay: shanakhat kii talaash mein sodani arab aur afriqi anaasir kaa istemaal inn kii taraf braah raast asharah kiye baghair leakin inhein akhtarayi andaaz mein tabdil aur tarqi deena." bury numaishein aur majmuay. 1995 mein landan kii waait cheepal gallery nay festival "afriqah 95" kay hasay kay toor parr "afriqah mein jadeed funn kay baaray mein saat kahaniyan" kii numaish paish kii. markazi curator clementin deals nay kahaa kahh numaish nay saamayin kuu beswein sadee kay dosray nasf kay doraan afriqah mein basri fanoon kay tasvarati aur jamaliyati mazharon kay eek chhotay say hasay kaa tajarbah karnay kii daawat dee."iss numaish aur afriqah yaa afriqi tarkeen watan kay curators aur funkaron kii sharkat kuu baad mein festival kay sabb say aham waaqiaat mein say eek qaraar diyaa gayaa. sodaan kay shareek funkaron mein muu abaru rasheed diyaab kamla ibraheem ashaq abdal baasiyat alkhatam seureno mutty hasan mousi ameer noor ibraheem alsalahi aur asmaan waqasila shaamil thay. 2016 mein muthadah arab amaraat kii sharjah aart foundation nay "khartoom school-sodaan mein jadeed aart tehreek kii tashkil (1945-maujudah)" kay anwaan say eek yaadgaari numaish paish kii jiss mein sodani basri funkaron kii pentings tasavir aur mujasme shaamil thay jeesay haseen shareef aur ibraheem alsalahi kii pentings yaa rasheed mehdi aur gadalah gabra kii tasavir. sodaan mein jadeed tehreek kii numaindagi karnay waalay deegar fankaar asmaan waqaas allah bastarawi baghdadi ahmad shabrayan abad alrazg abad alghafar mohammad amar khalji teeg alsar ahmad mohammad hasan abdal raaham jinhein sheegi kahaa jaataa hay sadag ill nigomi magdob rabaah ahmad hameed alarabi aur garisalda altaib thay. iss maazi kay show kuu duu alg alg solo numaishon say makmal kiyaa gayaa jinn mein kamla ibraheem ashaq kii pentings aur ameer noor kay majsamon parr taujah markoz kii gayee. 2016 mein ibraheem alsalahi kay kaamon kii maazi kii numaish kay moqaa parr landan mein teat modern aart gallery nay khartoom school kuu "1960 mein sodaan mein tashkil paaney waali eek jadeed aart tehreek qaraar diyaa jiss nay eek neeya basri alfaz tayaar karnay kii koshish kii taakah nayee aazaad qoom kii makhsus shanakhat kii akaasi how." muthadah arab amaraat mein barjeel aart foundation nay apnay aann line paij parr abdulqadir hasan kamalah ibraheem ashaq mohammad amar khalji amar khair ibraheem alsalahi haseen shareef ahmad shabrayan aur khalji albaah kii graphik aart kii sodani pentings paish kii haine. infiradi fankaar. asmaan waqailah (1925-2007) nay penter aur kaali grapher kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. inhon nay 1945 mein khartoom kay gorden memorial college kay school aaf design say graduation kiyaa aur baad mein landan aur kaifay mein apnee fankarana taleem jaari rakhee. arbee khatati kuu eek jadeed ghair mazhabi graphik shakal kay toor parr iss kaa istemaal waqaas kuu arbee aart tehreek kay andar rakhta hay juu kahh haroofiya tehreek kay naam say mashhur hoyee. 1960 kii dahayi kay awail mein khartoom mein inn kay kachh shagird jeesay ahmad mohammad shebrain (bub. 1931)yee ibraheem alsalahi (bub. 1930) aur teeg alsar ahmad (bub. 1933) nay baad mein sodani aart tehreek kii takhliq mein waqafah mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jasay 'khartoom school aaf modern aart' kahaa gayaa. gracelda altaib (1928-2022) eek bartanvi nazaad aart morakh aart kii taleem yaaftah aur basri fankaar thein juu bunyadi toor parr apnee ibtadayi tehqeeq aur rawayati malbusaat kii waater cler pentings kay liye jaanee jaati haine keunkah wah 1970 kii dahayi say sodaan kii saqafat aur muashiray kii akaasi karti haine. sodaan mein fanoon mein inn kii derinah khidmaat kaa hawalah deetay huay mazmun "sodaan mein jadeed funn" kay masnafeen nay inhein "bartanvi nazaad sodani fankaar" qaraar diyaa. ibraheem alsalahi (bub. 1930) sodaan kay kasee bhee masoor kay liye wasee tareen beenn alaqwami shanakhat kay liye jaana jaataa hay. inhein "afriqi jadidiyat kay khartoom school" aur horofiya aart movment kay sarkardah arakeen mein say eek samjha jaataa hay jiss nay islaami khatati kii rawayati shaklon kuu asree funn kay saath jodnay kii koshish kii thee. 2016 mein landan mein teat modern aart gallery nay fankaar kay beenn alaqwami carrier kay pachaas saal say ziyadah parr maheet 100 kaamon kay saath "ibraheem alsalahi: eek basirat jadeed" kii numaish paish kii. iss nay alsalahi kuu "afriqi aur arab jadidiyat kii sabb say aham shaqsiyat mein say eek" qaraar diyaa jiss nay inn kay kaam kuu funn kii aalimi tareekh kay tanazar mein tartib diyaa. ahmad shebriyan (bub. 1931) nay khartoom kay college aaf fayen aind applied arts mein aur phir landan kay central school aaf arts aind design mein graduation kii aur graphik design mein maharat haasil kii. 1960 mein sodaan wapsi kay baad inhon nay college aaf fayen aind applied arts mein graphik design kaa eek shobah qayem kiyaa jehaan inhon nay deane kay toor parr bhee kaam kiyaa. shebrain apnee pentings mein apnee jadeed qasm kii khatati kay liye mashhur hoay aur inhein "haroofiya" tehreek kaa hasah samjha jaataa hay saath hyee saath "school aaf khartoom" kay funkaron mein say eek samjha jaataa hay. saddiq ill nagomi (1931-1996) nay fankarana mutty kay bartan banaye. sabb say pehley sodaan mein taleem haasil kii wah 1967 kay baad say bartaniah mein rahay. apnay jaltay hoay terracota mutty kay bartanon mein iss nay europi aur afriqi asraat kuu yakja kiyaa. landan kay victoriah aur albert museum mein inn kay kachh kaam mojud haine jinn mein inn kaa "abrek"yee juu kahh eek rawayati sodani kaafi paat kaa jadeed warzan hay aann line paish kiyaa gayaa hay. haseen shareef (1934-2005)yee juu kahh eek masoor shayer film saaz aur khartoom university kay faculty aaf arts mein lecturer thay eek sodani danishwar aur fankaar thay juu 1950 kii dahayi kay aakhir say 1990 kii dahayi takk srgarm rahay. england kii camberge university mein jadeed tareekh kii taleem haasil karnay kay baad inhon nay landan kay sleed school aaf fayen arts say maaster digri haasil kii jehaan inhon nay locien fried kay maatehat taleem haasil kii. deegar kaamon kay saath inn kii penting "chaand say haamilah farishta"yee 1960 mein landan kii gallery mein numaish kay liye rakhee gayee thee aur landan kii qomi portrait gallery mein inn kii pentings kay saamney bethay hoay sheeraf kii tasavir mojud haine. kahaa jaataa hay kahh shareef nay 500 say ziyadah pentings paint kii haine leakin inn mein say sarf chand hyee dastawezi haine. mohammad ahmad abdullah abaro kay naam say paida honay waalay muu abaro (1935-2016) eek mujasmah saaz thay juu apnay seramic aart kay liye mashhur thay. apnee nasal kay deegar funkaron kii haisiyat say inhon nay khartoom kay college aaf fayen aind applied arts say graduation kii aur phir landan kay central school aaf arts aind craft mein seramics kii taleem haasil kii. sanaati mutty kay bartanon kay design mein post graduate kii taleem kay baad wah kachh saalon takk seramics padhanay kay liye sodaan waps aayey leakin inhon nay bartaniah mein apnaa carrier bananay kay liye 1966 mein england waps aaney kaa faislah kiyaa. inn kay kaam kuu rawayati sodani gunbadon aur mehrabon kay saath saath calbush aur tokri kii shaklon kii akaasi karnay waalay donon kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. kamalah ibraheem ashaq (bub. 1936)yee sodaan kii pehli jadeed khaatun penter nay khartoom mein sodaan university aaf science aind technology kay college aaf fayen arts mein aur baad mein landan kay raail college aaf aart mein penting kii taleem haasil kii. apnay shagirdon mohammad hameed shadaab aur neelah altaib kay saath mill kirr wah "crystalist" naami tasvarati aart grop kii baanee thein jiss nay sodani aart kuu nayee samat dee. sharjah aart foundation kay mutabiq iss kaa kaam "sodaan mein funn kay rawayati mard naqtah nazar kuu challenge kartaa hay jiss mein khwatin kii zindagiyon kay munazir kuu suraj reet aur aasman kay rangon mein dikhaya gayaa hay." mohammad amar khalji (bub. 1936) nay 1959 takk khartoom mein fanoon latifah kaa mutalah kiyaa aur 1963 say atlee kay shehar fluorance mein penting aur print meking kaa mutalah kiyaa. 1967 say kayee dahayiyon takk riyasathaye muthadah mein kaam karnay aur sikhanay kay baad inhon nay rawayati paint kay elawah payee jaanay waali ashyaa archive mawaad textile yaa tasavir kaa istemaal kiyaa hay. apnay prents mein wah seeyah rung kay mukhtalif rangon kuu tarjih deetay haine jaisa kahh inhon nay 2020 mein landan kay mozeek romaz mein apnee numaish "hoam lend inder mayee cales" kay moqaa parr wazahat kii. khalal kuu "arab duniya kay sabb say aham humm asar masuron mein say eek kahaa jaataa hay jiss nay elaqayi funkaron kii duu naslon kuu mutasir kiyaa hay."2012 mein inn kaa kaam peers kay insity teut duu monday arabay mein maazi kii numaish mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. ameer I. ayem. noor (1936-2021)yee eek mujasmah saaz aur taleemi mahir nay sent university mein afriqi funn aur mujasmah saazi kaa mutalah kiyaa. andrews scott lend raail college aaf aart landan yuu.kay. aur yail university riyasathaye muthadah kay school aaf aart aind architecture. concret fibre glaas yaa steel jeesay mawaad say banay iss kay mujasme tajridi aur kumm say kumm haine leakin phir bhee janwaron zameen kii tazyeen aur funn tameer kaa hawalah deetay haine juu sodaan aur iss kii jawani kii afriqi islaami saqafat say mutaliq haine. amar khairi (1939-1999) nay secondry school mein apnay baday mazmun kay toor parr aart kii taleem haasil karnaa sharoo kii aur 1960 say inhon nay college aaf fayen aind applied arts mein kaam jaari rakhaa. zahni sehat kay masail kii wajah say inhein apnee padhayi mein khalal daalna padaa. iss kay bawajood wah maqami numaishon mein apnee pentings kay liye mashhur huay juu iss kay baad say awami majmuon mein paish kii gayee haine. sodani film saaz aaliyah mosi iss "israar" kay baaray mein eek dastawezi film kay mansubay mein masruf haine yahaan takk kahh inn logon kay liye bhee jinhon nay inn kii ghabrahat waali maujudgi aur inn kay bahadar funn paaray kuu gaheer liyaa thaa." hasan mosi (b.1951)yee jinhon nay 1970 kii dahayi mein france mein post graduate kii taleem kay liye sodaan chhod diyaa penter kaali grapher kandah kaaree kay naam say jaanay jaatay haine aur inhon nay mutadid kitaabon kii akaasi kii hay. 1960 kii dahayi kay doraan wah meel aart kii maqbool sanaf mein masruf rahay jasay "post aart" kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa hay juu stablishment mukhalif sargarmiyon say waabistah hay. inn kaa kaam 'dee shatadmot aaf sent sebistin' 1997 kay wens beneel mein numaish 'jadidiyat aur yaadein' mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. classici maghrabi shahkaron kii mawafiqat kay liyay kahaa jaataa hay kahh inhon nay "maghrabi funn seyasat aur saqafat parr eek tanqidi nazariyah paida kiyaa." rasheed diyaab (paidaish 1957) nay sabb say pehley khartoom mein masuri aur aart kii tareekh kii taleem haasil kii aur speen kay shehar medrade mein waaqa compotens university mein apnee post graduate kii taleem jaari rakhee. speen mein takhliq kiye gayey inn kay ibtadayi door kay kaamon kuu tajridi mazboot tasavir kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay juu inn kay aabayi milk kay rangon aur saakhat kii akaasi kartay haine. sodaan wapsi parr iss nay apnay maqami saamayin kii taraf say tashrih kay mukhtalif tareeqon kaa jawaab diyaa aur izhaar kii ziyadah qaabil shanakhat shaklon kii taraf maail how gayaa jeesay khwatin "mutliq bay maanee" mein parh gayein. diyaab kay funn paaron kii beenn alaqwami satah parr numaish kii gayee hay aur kachh kuu ardan mein hindy museum aaf aart kay zariye aann line paish kiyaa gayaa hay. salaam ill marr (paidaish 1966) beenn alaqwami satah parr penter graphik designar kitaab kay masnaf aur film saaz kay toor parr jaanee jaati haine. inn kii pentings rawayat lock daastanon mukhtalif logon aur maahul kay asraat kuu zahir karti haine aur inn kay rangon kaa istemaal wasee linon mein bould tones kuu zahir kartaa hay. wah kaif aur khartoom kay darmiyan rehta hay aur kaam kartaa hay aur iss kii pentings mashriq wastee europ aur america donon mein numaishon mein dikhayi gayee haine. 2018 mein inn kii pentings kuu kamalah ashaq aur ibraheem alsalahi kay kaamon kay saath saath saachi gallery landan kay zariah "janglaat aur spirts: khartoom school say alamati funn" kay naam say eek numaish mein paish kiyaa gayaa." ahmad abusharia (bub. 1966) nay 1990 mein college aaf fayen aind applied arts say graduation kiyaa aur 90 kii dahayi kay wast mein kinya mein rehtay thay. baad mein wah germani kay coloon mein mukhtasir arsey kay liye rahay aur 2000 say wah kampala yuganda mein rahh rahay haine jehaan wah kaam karnaa aur apnee pentings kii numaish jaari rakhay hoay haine. kahaa jaataa hay kahh inn kaa andaaz sodaan kay pehley asree funkaron say mutasir thaa jinn mein ibraheem alsalahi aur rasheed diyaab shaamil haine. pehley say mazkur naamon kay alawah 20 wein sadee kay deegar sodani fankaar juu jadeed afriqi funn parr samthasoneen librariyon kii padhnay kii fehrist mein shaamil haine mosi khalifah (paidaish 1941)yee mohammad amar bashara (paidaish 1946)yee aur saalih abdo mashamon (paidaish 1946) haine. akiswein sadee aur inqilaab kaa funn. jaisa kahh sodani taleemi ahmad skyenga nay 2012 mein likhaa thaa sodaan mein jadeed aart kii tehreekon aur inn kay samaji piss manzar nay aart kay morkheen kii taraf say ziyadah tajziya kuu raghib nahein kiyaa hay. tahim 2018/19 kay sodani inqilaab kay doraan funkaron kay kirdaar kii atlaa beenn alaqwami mediya mein dee gayee hay juu maujudah waaqiaat mein inn kii dilchaspi kii akaasi karti hay. inqilaab say pehley aur iss kay doraan funkaron nay muashiray aur seyasat kay baaray mein apnay khayalat kaa izhaar kiyaa halankah amar albasher kii sabqah hukumat nay iss izhaar kuu sakht hadd takk mahdud kirr diyaa thaa. nomber 2020 mein sodaan university aaf science aind technology (systic) kay college aaf fayen arts kay talbaa nay inqilaab kay naaron kii numaindagi karnay waalay eek yaadgaar mujasme kii numaish kii: aazadi aman aur insaaf. apreel 2021 mein inqilaab aur inqilaab kay doraan maaray gayey muzahireen kii yaad mein khartoom mein mazeed aart kii numaishein munaqid hoyein. seyasi cartonist aur insani haqoq kay carcan khalji albaah nay apnay fees buck paij "khartoon!" kay zariye shahrat haasil kii."neez mashriq wastee aur maghrabi mediya mein inn kay interviews. 2019 mein inhon nay tasveeri kitaab "sodaan retold" mein shareek tarmim kii. mukhtalif fankarana anwaa kaa istemaal kartay huay jeesay graphik kahaani sunana waater cler penting yaa foto girafi naujawan funkaron kay eek grop nay sodani tareekh haal aur mustaqabil kay apnay warzan bataye. inn naujawan funkaron mein say aike amnaa alhasana nay iss kay baad say beenn alaqwami carrier kaa aaghaz kiyaa hay 2022 mein germani kay frankfurt kay mashhur sheeran aart museum mein eek solo numaish kay saath. sodani inqilaab mein khwatin kay aham kirdaar kay saath saath khwatin funkaron kay fankarana kaamon kaa hawalah deetay huay inn kii sharakat kuu mazamin numaishon aur awami fankarana performans mein ajagar kiyaa gayaa hay. 2023 kay sodaan tanazah kay doraan khartoom aur deegar sodani shehron mein zindagiyon aur bunyadi dahanchay kii tabahi kay baad behat say sodani mahfuz shehron jeesay port sodaan yaa padosi mamalik mein bhaag gayey. jalawatni mein sodani funkaron kii madad kay liyay shehar kay markaz kii gallery kay aart curator raheem shaadid juu 2019 say inqilaab kay funn kuu farogh deenay mein srgarm thay nay sodani funkaron kii madad kay liye funds aktha karnay kay liye eek fund banaya. aart gallerian aur sarparasti. 2009 mein "sodaan mein jadeed funn" kay mazmun mein kahaa gayaa thaa kahh "khartoom mein funkaron kuu numaish kii jagah kii kamee aur sarparasti kii kamee kii wajah say shadeed rukawat kaa saamna karnaa padaa hay."iss mein khartoom mein sarf eek 'neem awami' aart gallery aur baday hotelon mein say eek mein kabhi kabhaar numaish kaa zakar kiyaa gayaa hay. balkah iss nay bartaniah france aur germani kay teen ghair milki saqafati marakaz kay zariye adaa kiye gayey "aham kirdaar" kuu sehra diyaa. inn kay alawah najee gallerion kuu sodani fankaar ahmad mohammad shebrain aur rasheed diyaab nay khola thaa. diyaab kaa aart center wah jagah bhee thee jehaan 1978 say jalawatni mein rehney waalay ibraheem alsalahi kaa kaam 2000 mein sodani aart kii duniya kay saamney paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. khartoom mein sodani funkaron kuu farogh deenay waali eek aur gallery dabanga gallery rahee hay jiss kii maalik leena hugger nay 2017 mein "asree sodaan fankaar: mashkalaat kay waqat aart" kitaab kii tarmim kii thee. 2016 mein moju aart gallery sodani aart kuu paish karnay waalay chand tajarti aart maqamat mein say eek thee. 2022 takk khartoom mein kayee deegar aart gallerian jeesay kahh shehar kay markaz mein aart gallery kaam kirr rahee thein. mazahiya aur carton maqbool aart kii shaklon kay toor parr. print yaa aann line mein shaye honay waalay carton aur kaamaks jaisi maqbool aart farmon nay bhee beenn alaqwami coved-19 wabayi amraz jeesay maujudah waaqiaat parr taujah aur radamil mein izafah paaya hay. 2018 say mazahiya kay liye eek festival jasay "khartoom mazahiya kaan" kahaa jaataa hay sodani mazahiya funkaron aur inn kay saamayin kay liye eek numaish kay toor parr munaqid kiyaa gayaa hay. sodaan mein cinema aur foto girafi. ghair milki mutlashiyon aur photographers nay 19 wein sadee kay wast say drying aur tasavir banayi haine. 20 wein sadee mein sodaan kay janubi hasay mein noba logon kay baaray mein photographers jaarj raajar aur leeni refenistal kay saath saath insani behranon kaa ahatah karnay waalay foto journaliston kii taraf say lee gayee tasveeri kahaniyon nay milk kii beenn alaqwami shabiah kuu tashkil diyaa hay. akiswein sadee kay aaghaz mein degital foto girafi kay taaruf nay sodani photographers kay zariah eek wasee tarr foto girafi aur fankarana courage kaa aaghaz kiyaa. 20 wein sadee kay pehley nasf kay doraan bartanvi nawabadiyati door mein sodaan mein film production aur cenma gharoon kay aaghaz kay baad khartoom aur deegar shehron mein sodani saamayin kuu berun milk say dastawezi aur fatcher filmon kaa saamna karnaa padaa aur 1930 kii dahayi say wahaan mutadid beruni cenma gahar thay. aazadi kay baad sodani film saazon kii pehli nasal jeesay kahh gadla gobra yaa haseen shareef nay chand filmein tayaar kein. 2019 mein 1960 kii dahayi kay teen sodani film saazon kii sawanah umri dastawezi film mein paish kii gayee thee jiss mein darkhaton kay baaray mein baath kii gayee thee juu sodaan mein cenma gharoon aur film saazi kay zawal kii wajuhaat kay baaray mein zaati basirat bhee shayer karti hay.

0007a03b2f16430035eff7f47be54464636e993d120821a4eabb5884e9d3b053

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48269693

Liberal Gun Club

Liberal Gun Club American gun owners group Liberal Gun Club is an American gun owners group composed primarily of people with modern liberal views. The group was founded in 2008 and has a pro-Second Amendment position on gun ownership. Its mission statement states that “the mission of The Liberal Gun Club is to provide a pro-Second Amendment voice for left-of-center gun owners in the national conversations on firearms. In order to achieve our mission, we encourage new participants in the shooting sports and provide firearms safety and shooting instruction programs; as well as providing a forum for civil discourse on these issues.” In regard to gun control, the group favors "root cause mitigation for violence prevention, stronger mental health care, addressing poverty, homelessness and unemployment rather than focusing on prohibiting or restricting one tool." They also generally oppose "assault weapon" bans, but individual members have a wide range of opinions. In 2014, the group had about 1,200 members. From 2016 to 2017, after the Orlando nightclub shooting and the 2016 United States presidential election, membership swelled 65% year over year and the group's Facebook and social media presence grew significantly as well. As of August 2019, the Liberal Gun Club claims to have over 11,500 supporters and more than 2,500 contributing members. Chapters. The Liberal Gun Club operates throughout the United States with Chapters on a state or regional level. As of June 2019, the club had active chapters in New England, Texas, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Washington, Virginia/DC/Maryland, Wisconsin, Rocky Mountains, Tennessee, and the "Flyover States" (which are states within a six-hour drive of Chicago, Illinois). Other chapters have been proposed. Members who do not belong to a regional Chapter participate in national and regional events. California is the largest chapter, with Oregon and Texas as the second and third largest chapters, respectively. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

loberal gaan club loberal gaan club hoise ek aamerikan bondukor malikor gutt ji prodhankoi aadhunik udaar dristibhongi thoka lukoxokolor dwara gothito. ei guttu 2008 sonot protistha koraa hoisil aaru bondukor malikanar uporot dwitiyo xongxudhonir pokhyot sthiti aase. iyar obhijan bibritit kuwa hoise je "loberal gaan clubber lokhyo hoise aagneyastror uporot rastriyo kothupkothonot baufalor bondukor malikxokolor baabe dwitiyo xongxudhonir baabe etaa kontho prodan koraa. aamar lokhyot uponeet hoh "boloi aami swuting krirat notun ongxogrohonkarixokolok utxahito koru aaru aagneyastro xurokhya aaru swuting nirdexona karzoxusi prodan koru; logote ei bixoiburor uporot nagorik alusonar baabe ek moncho prodan koru." bonduk niyontronor khetrot, doltuwe etaa xojuli nixidho baa ximabodho korar uporot gurutwo diyar poriworte "hingxa protirudh, xoktixali manoxik swasthyo xewa, doridrota, grihohinota aaru berujgarir xomosya xomadhanor mool kaaron" ror pokhyo loy."teuluke xadharonote" "aakromon ostro" "nixiddhokoronor birudhita kore, kintu byoktigoto xodosyoxokolor motamotor ek bistrito porixor thaake. 2014 sonot ei guttut pray 1,200 john xodosyo aasil. 2016 sonor poraa 2017 sonoloike, orlandu nightclubor gulisalona aaru 2016 sonor aamerika juktorastror rastropoti nirbasonor pisot, bosori bosore xodosyopod 65 xotangxo briddhi paisil aaru guttur fesbuk aaru cho "siyel miriyar uposthitiu ullekhjugyobhabe briddhi paisil. 2019 sonor aagosto maholoike, loberal gaan clube 11,500ru odhik xomorthok aaru 2,500ru odhik obodankari xodosyo thokar daabi korise. odhyayxomuh. loberal gaan clubtuwe xomogro aamerika juktorastrote rajyik baa ancholik porzayot xakhar xoite kaam kore. june 2019 sonoloike, clubtur niu england, texus, erijuna, aarkansas, fluorida, georgia, ilinoy, mesasusets, misigan, minesuta, misouri, niu jarchi, niu eork, northo kerulina, ukolahuma, oh "regg 'noo, waswington, virginia/disi/maryland, wisconcin, roki mountain, tenesi, aaru "flywar states" (jibur sikagu, ilinoysor choy ghontar driver bhitorot rajyo). aan odhyayxomuhor prostab diya hoise. ancholik odhyayor ontorgoto nuhuwa xodosyoxokole rastriyo aaru ancholik onusthanot ongxogrohon kore. oreg 'noo aaru texa krome dwitiyo aaru tritiyo brihottom odhyay hisape thokar xoite california hoise ataitkoi dangor odhyay.

liberal gaan club liberal gaan club ekti american banduk malikder gosthi jaa prathomikbhabe adhunik udar drishtibhongi soho lokder niye gothito. eyi gosthiti 2008 saale protisthito hoyechilo ebong bonduker malikanar upor dwitiya sangshodhani-somorthok abosthan royeche. err mission bibritite bolla hoyeche jey "liberal gaan cluber mission holl agneyastrer jatiya kothopokothone baam-kendrer banduk malikder jonno ekti dwitiya sangshodhani kanthaswar pradan koraa. amader lakkhya orjoner jonno, amra shooting sportse notun ongshogrohonkarider utsahito corry ebong agneyastra surakkha oo shooting nirdeshmulak karmasuchi pradan corry; pashapashi eyi vishaygulite nagrik alochonar jonno ekti forum pradan corry." banduk niyantraner khettre, gosthiti ekti saranjam nishiddho baa seemaboddho korar dike mononibesh korar poriborte "sahingsata protirodh, shaktishali mansik swasthoseba, daridro, grihohinota ebong bekarotter samadhaner mool karoner pokkhe."taaraa sadharonoto" "akramankari ostro" "nishedhaggar birodhita korey, tobey prithak sadasyader motamoter bistrito porisor royeche. 2014 saale eyi doler pray 1,200 john sadasya chhilen. 2016 theke 2017 saal porjonto, orlando nightcluber shooting ebong 2016 saaler markin juktorashtrer rashtrapati nirbachoner porey, sadasyapada bochorer porr bochor 65 shotangsho briddhi peyeche ebong grouper facebook ebong samajik jogajog madhyomer uposthitio ullekhjoggobhabe briddhi peyeche. 2019 saaler august porjonto, liberal gaan clubti 11,500-ero beshi somorthok ebong 2,500-ero beshi abodankari sadasya thucker daabi korey. adhyay. liberal gaan clubti rajyo baa anchalik store adhyay soho markin juktorashtro judey kaaj korey. june 2019 porjonto, neu ingland, texus, arizona, arcansus, florida, georgia, ilinoy, massachusets, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, neu jersey, neu eork, north carolina, oklahoma, oregon, washington, virginia/dissy/maryland, wisconsin, pathure pahad, tennessi, ebong "flyover rajyo" (jaa shikago, ilinoyer chhoy ghantar driver modhye rajyo). anyanno adhyayer prostab deoa hoyeche. jey sadasyara konao anchalik adhyayer ontorgoto nonn, taanra jatiya oo anchalik anusthane ongshogrohon corren. california holl brihottomo adhyay, oregon ebong texus jothakrome dwitiya ebong tritiya brihottomo adhyay.

liberal gunn club liberal gunn club aee american bandook malikoni aek jooth chhe jeey mukhyatve aadhunik udaar mantavyo dharaavtaa lokonee banelee chhe. aaa juthnee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey bandukni maliki parr teey beeja sudhaaraani tarfen karey chhe. tenaa mission nivedanmaa janavama aavyu chhe keey "liberal gunn klabnu mission hathiyaaro parr raashtriy vaatchitma left-off-center bandook maliko maate proo-second amendment avaaj pradaan karvaanu chhe. amara missionne haansal karvaa maate, amey shooting sportsmaa navaa sahbhagione protsaahit kareeae chhiae aneey hathiyaaroni salaamati aneey shooting soochnaa kaarykramo pradaan kareeae chhiae; temaj aaa muddaao parr nagrik pravachan maate aek munch pradaan kareeae chhiae." bandook niyantranna sandarbhma, jooth aek sadhanne pratibandhit karvaa athavaa pratibandhit karvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karvaane badale "hinsa nivaaran, majboot mansik svaasthya sambhaal, garibi, beghartaa aneey berojgaareene sambodhvaa maate mool kaaran ghatadvani tarfen karey chhe."teo saamanya reete" "humalo hathiyar" "pratibandhno pann veerodh karey chhe, parantu vyaktigat sabhyona mantavyoni vishaal shrenee hoya chhe". chhe" aaa juthamaa aashre 1,200 sabhyo hataa. 2016 thee 2017 sudhee, orlendo niteclub shooting aneey 2016 united statesnee rashtrapramukhni chuntani pachhi, sabhyapadma varsh darmiyan 65 takaa vadhaaro thayo aneey juthnee facebook aneey soshiyal mediani hajarima pann nondhpaatra vadhaaro thayo. august 2019 sudhimaa, liberal gunn club 11,500 thee vadhu samarthako aneey 2,500 thee vadhu yogdaan aaptaa sabhyo hovaano daavo karey chhe. prakarano. liberal gunn club samagr united statesma raajy athavaa praadeshik stare prakarano saathe kaaryarat chhe. juuna 2019 sudhimaa, klabmaa nyu ingland, taxas, arizona, arkansas, florida, georgia, eleanois, mesatusates, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, nyu jersey, nyu york, north kerolina, oklahoma, oregon, washington, virginia/deesee/maryland, wisconsin, khadkaal parvato, tenacy, aneey "flyover states" (jeey shikago, ileenoisna chh kalaaknaa driveni andarnaa raajyo chhe). anya prakarano prastaavit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. jeey sabhyo praadeshik prakaranna nathee teo raashtriy aneey praadeshik karykramoma bhaag leey chhe. california sauthee motoo prakaran chhe, jemaa oregon aneey taxas anukrame beeja aneey trija sauthee motaa prakarano chhe.

liberal gunn club liberal gunn club ack americi bandook malik samooh haye joe mukhya roop seey aadhunik udaar vichaaron vaale logon seey banaa haye. samooh kii sthaapana 2008 mein kii gaee thee aur bandook key swaamitva parr doosara sanshodhan paksh haye. isake mission bayaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "liberal gunn club kaa mission agneyastron parr rashtriya baatchit mein left-off-center bandook maalikon key liye ack pro-sekand sanshodhan aavaaj pradaan karna haye. apane mission koo praapt karane key liye, humm shooting khelon mein nae pratibhagiyon koo protsaahit karate hain aur agneyastra suraksha aur shooting nirdesh karyakram pradaan karate hain; saath hii inn muddon parr nagrik vimarsh key liye ack munch pradaan karate hain." bandook niyantran key sambandh mein, samooh ack upkaran koo pratibandhit karane yaa pratibandhit karane parr dhyaan kendrit karane key bajaay hinsa kii roktham, majboot mansik swaasthya dekhbhal, garibi, begharta aur berojgari koo sambodhit karane key liye mool kaaran shaman kaa samarthan kartaa haye."way aam taur parr" "hamla karane vaale hathiyar" "pratibandh kaa bhee virodh karate hain, lekin vyaktigat sadasyon kii raay kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoti haye. 2014 mein, samooh mein lagbhag 1,200 sadasya they. 2016 seey 2017 taka, orlando night club shooting aur 2016 sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati chunaav key baad, sadasyata mein saal darr saal 65 pratishat kii vriddhi hui aur samooh kii facebook aur soshal media upasthiti mein bhee kaafee vriddhi hui. agast 2019 taka, liberal gunn club kaa daavaa haye kii usake 11,500 seey adhik samarthak aur 2,500 seey adhik yogdan dene vaale sadasya hain. adhyaay. liberal gunn club raajya yaa kshetriya star parr adhyaayon key saath poore sanyukt raajya mein sanchaalit hotaa haye. juuna 2019 taka, club key nyu ingland, texas, arizona, arconsus, florida, georgia, ilinois, massachusets, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, nyu jersey, newyork, north carolina, oclahoma, oregan, washington, virginia/dc/maryland, wisconsin, chattani pahaad, tenacy, mein sakriya adhyaay they. aur "flyover raajya" (joe shikago, ilinois key chhah ghante key drive key bheetar raajya hain). anya adhyaay prastaavit kiye gaye hain. joe sadasya kissy kshetriya adhyaay seey sambandhit naheen hain, way rashtriya aur kshetriya karyakramon mein bhaag lete hain. california sabse badaa adhyaay haye, jisamen oregan aur texas kramshah dusare aur teesare sabse badey adhyaay hain.

liberal gunn club liberal gunn club embudu prathamikavagi aadhunika udaaravaadi drashtikonagalannu hondiruva janarannolagonda american gunn malikara gumpagide. ee gumpannu 2008ralli sthaapisalaayitu mattu bandooku malikatvada eradane tiddupadiya paravagi sthana padedide. adara mission helikeyu "liberal gunn clubna uddeshavu bandookugala rashtriya sambhashanegalalli eda-madhyada gunn malikarige eradane-tiddupadi paravaada dhwaniyannu odagisuvudu" endu heluttade. namma dhyeyavannu sadhisalu, naavu shooting kridegalalli hosa bhagavahisuvavarannu proothsaahisutteve mattu bandooku surakshate mattu shooting suchana kaaryakramagalannu odagisutteve; jotege ee vishayagala bagge nagarika pravachanakkagi ondu vedikeyannu odagisutteve." bandooku niyantranakke sambandhisidante, gumpu ondu saadhanavannu nishedhisuva athawa nirbandhisuva badalu "himsachara tadegattuvike, balavaada manasika aarogya raksane, badatana, niraashritate mattu nirudyogavannu pariharisalu moola kaaranavannu bembalisuttade."avaru samanyavagi" "akramana shastrastra" "nishedhavannu virodhisuttaare, aadare vaiyaktika sadasyaru vyaapakavaada abhiprayagalannu hondiruttaare". 2014ralli, ee gumpinalli sumaru 1,200 sadasyariddaru. 2016rinda 2017ravarege, orlando niteclub shooting mattu 2016rahra united states adhyakshiya chunavaneya nantara, sadasyatvavu varshakke shekada 65rashtu hechchaayitu mattu gumpina facebook mattu samajika madhyamada upasthitiyoo gamanarhavagi beleyitu. august 2019 rahra hottige, liberal gunn club 11,500 kkoo hecchu bembaligaru mattu 2,500 kkoo hecchu koduge needuva sadasyarannu hondide endu helikondide. adhyayagalu. liberal gunn club raajya athawa praadeshika mattadalli adhyayagalondige united statesnadyanta kaaryanirvahisuttade. zoon 2019 rahra hottige, club nyoo inglend, texas, arizona, arkansas, florida, georgia, ileanois, mastusets, minnesota, misauri, newjersey, newyork, uttara kerolina, oklahoma, oregon, washington, virginia/disi/maryland, wisconsin, kallina parvatagalu, tenessea, mattu "melsetuve rajyagalu" (ivu chikago, ileanoisn aaru gantegala prayanadolagina raajyagalaagive). itara adhyayagalannu prastaapisalaagide. praadeshika adhyayakke serada sadasyaru rashtriya mattu praadeshika karyakramagalalli bhagavahisuttare. californiavu atidodda adhyayavagiddu, oregon mattu texas kramavagi eradane mattu moorane atidodda adhyayagalagive.

udarmatvadi bandook club liberal gunn club haah eka american bandook malakancha gut aahe joou pramukhyane aadhunik udarmatvadi drushtikon asalelya lokancha banalela aahe. yaa gatachi sthapana 2008 madhye jhaali hotee aanee tofa malkibabat malakanna durustichya bajoone aahe. tyachya mission statementmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee "liberal gunn clubche dhyey mhanje bandukanvaril rashtriy sambhashanat davya-madhya bandukichya malakanna malakanna durusticha aavaj dene. aamche dhyey sadhya karnyasathi, aamhi nembaji khelanmadhye naveen sahbhaginna protsahit karato aanee banduk suraksha aanee nembaji soochana karyakram pradan karato; tasech yaa muddyanvar nagri charchela eka munch pradan karato." bandukichya niyantranachya sandarbhat, haah gut eka sadhanavar bandee ghalanyavar kinwa tyavar nirbandh ghalanyavar laksh kendrit karnyaivaji hinsacharache mool kaaran qamee karane, mansik aarogya seva majboot karane, garibi, begharpana aanee berojgariche nirakaran karane hyanna anukool aahe."teey samanyatah" "aakraman shastra" "bandila virodh karatat, parantu vaiyaktik sadasyanchi matey vistrut asatat". 2014 madhye yaa gatache sumare 1,200 sadasya hote. 2016 teey 2017 yaa kalat, orlando niteclubmadhil golibar aanee 2016 chya amerikechya adhyakshiy nivadanukinantar, sadasyatva varshaganik 65 takkyanni vadhale aanee gatachi facebook aanee soshal media upasthiti dekhil lakshaniy vadhali. august 2019 paryant, liberal gunn club 11,500 hoon adhik samarthak aanee 2,500 hoon adhik yogdan denare sadasya asalyacha dawa karato. adhyay. liberal gunn club sampoorn americet rajya kinwa pradeshik staravar shakhansah karyarat aahe. juuna 2019 paryant, nyu ingland, texas, arizona, arkansas, florida, georgia, eleanoy, massatusates, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, nyu jersey, newyork, north carolina, oklahoma, oregon, washington, virginia/dc/maryland, wisconsin, rock parvatanmadhye, tenesimadhye clubche sakriy shakha hote. aanee 'uddanpul rajye' (jee shikago, eleanoischya sahaa tasanchya pravasachya aat asaleli rajye aahet). itar adhyay prastavit karnyat aale aahet. pradeshik shakheche nasalele sadasya rashtriy aanee pradeshik karyakramanmadhye sahbhagi hotat. california haah sarvat motha adhyay aahe, jyamadhye oregon aanee texas heey anukrame dusare aanee tisare sarvat mothe adhyay aahet.

liberal gunn club liberal gunn club euta americi banduk malikharuko samuha how june mukhyataya adhunik udar vichar bhaeka manisharule milera baneko chha. yo samuha sann 2008 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo rar bandukko swamitwama dosro sanshodhanko pakshama raheko chha. yasako mission statementle bhancha kii "liberal gunn clubko mission agneyastraharuma rashtriya kurakanima left-aff-centre banduk malikharuka lagi dosro sanshodhanko awaz pradan garnu how. hamro mission prapta garna, hammy suiting khelharuma nayan sahabhagiharulai protsahit gardachaun rar agneyastra suraksha rar suiting nirdeshan karyakramharu pradan gardachaun; sathai yee muddaharuma nagarik prawachanka lagi forum pradan gardachaun." banduk niyantranko sandarbhama, samuhale euta upkaranlai nishedh wa pratibandhit garnama dhyan kendrit garnuko satta hinsa rokatham, baliyo manasik swasthya herchah, garibi, gharbarwihinta rar berojgarilai sambodhan garna muel karan shamanko pakshama chha."tiniharule samanyataya" "akraman hatiyar" "pratibandhako virodh garchhan, tara wyaktigat sadasyaharuko wistrit vicharharu hunchhan. sann 2014 maa yass samuhama karib 1,200 sadasyaharu thie. sann 2016 dekhi 2017 samma, orlando nightclubma goli hanahan rar sann 2016 ko sanyukta rajya americako rashtrapati chunawapachhi, sadasyata warshai-warsha 65 pratishat badhyo rar samuhako facebook rar samajik sanjalko upasthiti pani ullekhaniya rupma badhyo. august 2019 samma, liberal gunn cluble 11,500 bhanda badhi samarthakharu rar 2,500 bhanda badhi yogdan garne sadasyaharu raheko dabi gardacha. adhyayharu. liberal gunn club rajya wa khetriya starma adhyayaharusahit sanyukta rajya americabhari sanchalan hunchha. june 2019 samma, clubsanga nyu england, texas, arizona, arkansas, florida, georgia, eleanois, massachusets, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, nyu georcy, nyu york, north carolina, oklahoma, oregon, wassington, bharjinia/dc/maryland, wisconsin, chattani parwatharu, tenesima sakriya adhyayharu thie. rar "flyover rajyaharu" (june shikago, ilinoisko chha-ghantako drive bhitraka rajyaharu hun). anya adhyayharu prastawit chhan. khetriya adhyayaka sadasyaharu rashtriya rar khetriya karyakramharuma bhag lindainan. oregon rar texas kramashah dosro rar tesro thulo adhyayaka rupma raheko california sabaibhanda thulo adhyaya how.

liberal gunn club liberal gunn club heuchhi eka americae bandhuka malika gosthi jaahaa mukhyatah adhunika udaara mott thiba lokanku nei gathita . ehi gosthi 2008 ray sthapita hoithila ebong bandhuka malikana upare dwiteeja sanshodhana sapakhyare sthiti achhi . ehara mission bibruttire kuhajaichhi je "liberal gunn clubber mission heuchhi agnejastra upare jatiah barttalapare baama-kendra bandhuka malikamananka paain eka dwiteeja sanshodhana swara pradan kariba . ammer lakhya hassel kariba paain, aame suting kreedare nutan anshagrahanakareenku prostahita karu ebong agnejastra surakhya ebong suting nirdesh karjyakram pradan karu; tatha ehi prasangare nagarika alochana paain eka mancha pradan karu." bandhuka nijantrana sambandhare, gostheeti gotie upakaranaku nishedha kariba kimba seemita kariba upare dhyana deba paribarte hinsa pratirodha, drudha manasika swasthyaseba, daridrya, gruhahinata ebong bekari doora kariba paain moola kaaran hrasaku samarthan kare ."semane sadharanatah" "aakramanakaree astra" "nishedhadeshaku birodha karanti, kintu byaktigata sadasyamanankara bistruta matamata achhi . 2014 masihare ehi gostheere pakhapakhi 1200 sadasya thile. 2016 ru 2017 parjyanta, orlando niteclub gulikanda ebong 2016 juktarastra americara rastrapati nirbachana parey, sadasyata barshaku barsha 65 pratishata brudhi paithila ebong groupra facebook ebong social midia upasthiti madhya ullekhaneeah bhabare brudhi paithila . august 2019 suddha, liberal gunn club daabi karichhi je ehara 11,500 ru adhika samarthaka ebong 2,500 ru adhika jogadanakari sadasya achanti. adhyaja. liberal gunn club samagra aamerikare rajya kimba anchalika starare adhyaja sahita karjya kare . june 2019 suddha, nyu englanda, texas, arizona, archansas, florida, georgia, eleanois, massachusets, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, nyu georcy, nyujarka, uttara carolina, okalahoma, oregon, washington, bharjinia/disey/maryland, wisconsin, raak mountain, tenesi, ebong "flyover states" (jaahaa chikago, eleanoy thaaru chhaa ghantara drive madhyare rajya) . anya adhyajagudika prastaba diajaichhi. jeun sadasyamane kaunasi anchalika adhyajara nuhanti, semane jatiah ebong anchalika karjyakramare anshagrahana karithanti. california heuchhi sarbabruhata adhyaja, oregon ebong texas jathakrame dwiteeja ebong truteeja bruhattama adhyaja .

libral gunn club libral gunn club ikk amriki banduk malkan daa samooh haii joe mukkh taur utte aadhunik udarvadi vicharan vaale lokan daa baniaa hoiaa haii. iss samooh dee sathapana 2008 witch keeti gaee see atey banduk dee malki baare iss dee duji sodh dee sathiti haii. iss dey mission biaan witch kiha giaa haii kii "libral gunn club daa mission hathiaaran baare rashtari gallbat witch khabbe-dey-kendra banduk malkan laee ikk duji sodh dee aavaaz pardan karna haii. aapne mission noon prapat curran laee, aseen nishanebazi khedan witch navein bhagidaran noon utshahit karde haan atey hathiaaran dee surakhiaa atey nishanebazi nirdesh program pardan karde haan; naal hii inhan muddiaan 'teey sival bhashan laee ikk munch pardan karde haan." banduk niyantaran dey sambandh witch, samooh ikk saadhan noon rokann jaan seemat curran 'teey dhiaan kendrat curran dee bajaae hinsa dee roktham, mazboot mansik sihat dekhbhal, garibi, begharta atey beruzgari noon hall curran laee mool caarn noon ghataun daa pakkh purda haii."uh aam taur utte" "hamle dey hathiaar" "pabandiaan daa virodh vee karde hunn, parr viaktigat memberan dey vichaar viaapak hunde hunn. saal 2014 witch iss group dey lagbhag 1,200 member sunn. 2016 toon 2017 takk, orlando night club dee golibari atey 2016 sanyukat raaj amrica deeaan rashtarpati chonhan toon baad, membership witch saal darr saal 65 pratishat daa vaadha hoiaa atey samooh dee facebook atey soshal media dee maujudgi witch vee kaafi vaadha hoiaa. agast 2019 takk, libral gunn club daa daava haii kii iss dey 11,500 toon vaddh samarthak atey 2,500 toon vaddh yogdan paunh vaale member hunn. adhiaai. libral gunn club raaj jaan khetri paddhar 'teey adhiaaiaan dey naal poore sanyukat raaj witch kamm karda haii. juun 2019 takk, club dey sargaram adhiaai nioo england, taxas, arizona, arconsas, florida, georgia, eleanois, massachusets, mishigan, minnesota, misauri, nioo jarsi, newyork, uttri carolina, oklahoma, oregan, washington, virginia/dc/maryland, visconsin, chatani pahadan, tennessi witch sunn. atey "flyover states" (joe kii shikago, eleanois toon chhe ghante dee drive dey ander raaj hunn). horr adhiaai prastavit keete gaye hunn. uh member joe kise khetri adhiaai naal sabandhat naheen hunn, rashtari atey khetri programan witch hissa lainde hunn. california sabh toon vadda adhiaai haii, jiss witch oregan atey taxas kramvaar dooje atey teeje sabh toon vadde adhiaai hunn.

liberal gun club liberal gun club iti amerikaadeshasy ekaha gun-swaaminah samoohah asti yah mukhyataya aadhunik-udaaramat-matanam jananam nirmitah asti. 2008 tame varshe asya samuhasya sthapana abhavat, tathaa cha bandookasy svaamitvasya vishaye dwiteeya-samshodhana-anukool-sthitihi asti. tasya mission-vaktavyam kathayati yat "liberal gun-club ityasya mishanah agneyastranam vishaye rashtriya-vaartaalaapeshu vaama-kendra-gun-swaminam krute dwiteeya-samshodhana-anukool-dhwanih pradadaati. asmakam laxyasya praaptyartham, vayam shooting-kreedaasu nutanan pratibhaaginah protsaahayanti, tathaa cha aagneyaastr-surakshaam shooting-suchana-karyakraman pradasyatam, tathaiva eteshu vishayeshu nagarika-pravachanaartham mancham pradasyatam.iti. bandookaniyantranasy vishaye, samoohah "himsaa-nivaaranasya moolakaaranasy shamanasy, drudasya manasika-swaasthya-sewaayaah, daridryam, gruhahinata, berojagaari ityetayoho nivaaranasya, ekam saadhanam nishedhayitum vaa parimitim kartum vaa naa dhyanam dadati."te samanyataya" aakraman-shastrasya "nishedhasya api virodham kurvanti, parantu vyaktigata-sadasyanam matanam vistrutah shreyah asti. 2014 tame varshe asya samoohe praayah 1,200 sadasyaah aasan. 2016 taha 2017 paryantam, orlando-natclub-madhye golikapraharasya, 2016 samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya raashtrapatinirvaachanen cha anantaram, sadasyatvam prativarsham 65 pratishatam vardhamana abhavat, tathaa cha samuhasya facebook-samajika-madhyamasya cha upasthitihi api mahatee vardhamana abhavat. 2019 august-maasaparyantam, liberal gun-club-samsthaayaah 11,500 taha adhikaah samarthakaah, 2,500 taha adhikaah yogadanakartaraha sadasyaah cha santi iti pratipaadayati. adhyaye. liberal gun club iteedam sampoorne samyuktarajyamerika-deshe rajya-stare vaa praadeshika-stare vaa adhyaayen karyam karoti. 2019 joon-maasaparyantam nyoo england, texas, arizona, arkansas, florida, georgia, ileanois, massachusets, mishigan, minnesotaa, misauree, nyoo jersey, nyoo yaark, naarth carolina, oklahoma, oregan, washington, virginia/dee. see/maryland, visconsin, raakin parvataani, tenacy ityeteshu club-madhye sakriya-shaakhaah aasan. tathaa "flaover-states" (ye shikaago, ileanois-nagaraat shut-ghantaayaah yatrayaha antargatah rajyani santi). anye adhyayah api prastutah santi. ye sadasyaah kshetriya-adhyaayeh naa santi te rashtriya-praadeshika-karyakrameshu bhaagam vahanti. california-raajyam bruhattamam adhyaym asti, yatra oregon tathaa texas kramashah dwiteeyam tathaa truteeyam bruhattamam adhyaym vartate.

thaaraalavaatha thuppakki kilap liberal qann kilap enbathu oru america thuppakki urimaiyaalargal kuzhuvaagum, idhu muthanmaiyaaga naveena thaaraalavaatha karutthukkalaik konda makkalaik kondullathu. inththa kuzhu 2008 aam aandil niruvappattathu mattrum thuppakki urimai kuriththa irandaavathu thiruththaththirku aatharavaana nilaipaattaik kondullathu. adhan panii arikkai koorukirathu, "thaaraalavaatha thuppakki kilappin noakkam thuppaakkikal kuriththa thaesiya uraiyaadalgalil idathu-maiya thuppakki urimaiyaalargalukku irandaavathu thiruththaththirku aatharavaana kuralai vazhangkuvathaagum. engkal paniyai adaivatharkaaga, thuppakki sudum vilaiyaattil puthiya pankerpaalarkalai naangkal ookkuvikkiroam, maelum thuppakki paathukaappu mattrum thuppakki sudum arivuruththal thittangalai valangkukiroam; athae poal inththa pirachchanaikal kuritthu sivil sorpozhivukku oru mandraththai valangkukiroam." thuppaakkik kattuppaadu thodarbaaga, kuzhu oru karuviyai thadai seivathiloa kattuppaduththuvathiloo kavanam seluththuvathai vida, vanmuraith thaduppu, valuvaana mananalap paramarippu, varumai, veedattra thanmai mattrum vaelaiyinmai aagiyavattrai nivarthi seivatharkaana moola kaaranatthaith thanippathai aatharikkirathu."avarkal podhuvaaga" "thaakkuthal aayutham" "thadaikalai ethirkkintranar, aanaal thanipatta uruppinarkal parantha alavilaana karutthukkalaik kondullanar". 2014 aam aandil, kuzhuvil sumar 1,200 uruppinarkal irunththanar. 2016 muthal 2017 varai, oorlaandoa nite kilap thuppaakkich soodu mattrum 2016 america janathipathi thaerthalukkup piragu, uruppinar ennikkai aandukku aandu 65 sathaveetham athikariththathu mattrum kuzhuvin muganool mattrum samooga uudakangkalin iruppu kanisamaaga valarnthathu. august 2019 nilavarappadi, thaaraalavaatha thuppakki kilap 11,500 kkum maerpatta aatharavaalargalaiyum 2,500 kkum maerpatta pankalippu uruppinargalaiyum kondiruppathaagak koorukirathu. aththiyaayangkal. thaaraalavaatha thuppakki kilap oru maanila allathu piraanthiya mattaththil aththiyaayangkaludan america muzhuvathum seyalpadugirathu. juun 2019 nilavarappadi, kilap neu englaanthu, texas, arizona, argansas, plorida, georgia, illinoys, massusets, michikan, minnesota, mizori, neu jersey, newyorg, vadakku carolina, oklahoma, oorigaan, washington, virginia/dissy/maerilaanthu, visconsin, paarai malaikal, dennessy, mattrum "maempaalam maanilangkal" (ivai illinoisin sikaakoavilirunthu aaru manii naera payanaththirkul maanilangkal). mattra aththiyaayangkal munmozhiyappattullana. oru piraanthiya aththiyaayatthaich saernthavargal allaatha uruppinarkal thaesiya mattrum piraanthiya nigazhvugalil pankerkiraarkal. california migapperiya aththiyaayamaagum, oorigaan mattrum texas muraiyae irandaavathu mattrum moontraavathu periya aththiyaayangkalaaka ullana.

liberal gunn club liberal gunn club anedi pradhanamgaa aadhunika udaaravaada abhipraayaalatho kuudina vyaktulatoe kuudina american gunn yajamaanula samuuham. eee samuuham 2008loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu tupaki yaajamaanyampai rendava savarana anukuula sthaanaanni kaligi undhi. daani mission statement prakaram "liberal gunn club yokka lakshyam thupaakeelapai jaateeya sambhaashanhalalo edama-madhya tupaki yajamaanulaku rendava savarana anukuula swaraanni andinchadam. maa lakshyanni saadhinchadaaniki, shooting creedalalo kotta paalgonevaarini memu prothsahistaamu mariyu tupaki bhadrata mariyu shooting bodhanaa kaaryakramaalanu andistaamu; alaage eee samasyalapai poura charcha kosam oka vedikanu andistaamu." tupaki niyantranaku sambandhinchi, samuuham oka saadhananni nishedhinchadam ledhaa parimitam cheyadampai drushti pettadam kante "himsa nivaarana, balamaina manasika aarogya samrakshana, pedarikam, niraasrayulu mariyu nirudyogaanni parishkarinchadaaniki muula kaaranam" kuu anukuulamgaa untundi."vaaru saadhaaranamgaa" "daadi ayudham" "nishedhaalanu kooda vyatiraekistaaru, conny vyaktigata sabhyulaku vistruta shreni abhiprayalu untaayi". 2014loe eee groupulo sumaru 1,200 mandhi sabhyulu unnaaru. 2016 nundi 2017 varaku, orlaando niteclub shooting mariyu 2016 united states adhyaksha ennikala taruvaata, sabhyatvam samvatsaraaniki 65 saatam perigindi mariyu samuuham yokka facebook mariyu soshal media uniki kooda gananeeyamgaa perigindi. augustu 2019 natiki, liberal gunn club 11,500 mandiki paiga maddatudaarulu mariyu 2,500 mandiki paiga sabhyulanu kaligi undani perkondi. adhyayalu. liberal gunn club rashtra ledhaa praantiiya sthaayilo adhyaayaalatho united states antataa panichestundi. juun 2019 natiki, club nyuu ingland, texas, arizona, arkansas, florida, georgia, illinais, masachusets, michigaon, minnesota, misauri, newjersey, newyork, north carolina, oklahoma, oregon, washington, virginia/disi/maryland, wisconsin, raathi parvataalu, tennis, mariyu "flyover states" (ivi chikago, illinais nundi aaru gantala drive lopala unna rashtraalu). itara adhyayalu pratipaadinchabaddaayi. praantiiya vibhaagaaniki chendina sabhyulu kaani vaaru jaateeya mariyu praantiiya karyakramalalo palgontaru. california atipedda adhyayam, oregon mariyu texas varusaga rendava mariyu moodava atipedda adhyayaluga unnaayi.

libral gunn kalb libral gunn kalb eek americi bandoq maalkaan kaa grop hay juu bunyadi toor parr jadeed libral nazaryaat kay haamil logon parr mushtamil hay. iss grop kii bunyaad 2008 mein rakhee gayee thee aur iss kaa bandoq kii malkiyat parr dosri tarmim kay haami moqaf hay. iss kay mission biyaan mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh "libral gunn kalb kaa mission aatishein hathiyaron parr qomi guftagu mein bayein baazo kay markaz bandoq kay maalkaan kay liye dosri tarmim kii aawaz farahim karnaa hay. apnay mission kuu haasil karnay kay liyay humm shoting kay kheelon mein nayey sharkaa kii huslah afzayi kartay haine aur aatishein hathiyaron kii hifazat aur shoting kay taleemi prograam farahim kartay haine vovo saath hyee inn masail parr soul discourse kay liye eek forum farahim kartay haine.” bandoq parr qaabu paaney kay hawalay say yaha grop eek toal kuu mamnua yaa mahdud karnay parr taujah markoz karnay kay bajaye tashdad kii rook thaam mazboot zahni sehat kii deekh bhaal gharbat bay gahar aur bay rozgaari say namatnay kay liye "bunyadi wajah say takhfif" kay haqh mein hay."wah aam toor parr" "hamlah aawar hathiyaron" "kii pabandi kii bhee mukhalifat kartay haine leakin infiradi arakeen kii raaye kii eek wasee renj hoti hay. 2014 mein iss grop kay taqriba 1,200 arakeen thay. 2016 say 2017 takk aurlendo night kalb kii shoting aur 2016 kay riyasathaye muthadah kay sadarati intekhabat kay baad rakniyat mein saal bahh saal 65 faisad izafah hawaa aur grop kii fees buck aur soshal mediya kii maujudgi mein bhee numayan izafah hawaa. agast 2019 takk libral gunn kalb kaa daawi hay kahh iss kay 11,500 say ziyadah haami aur 2,500 say ziyadah hasah daar arakeen haine. abwaab. libral gunn kalb riyasat yaa elaqayi satah parr chapters kay saath puray america mein kaam kartaa hay. joone 2019 takk kalb kay neo england taxas arezona archensas fluoreda jarjiya aleenwaye misachosts mashee gunn menisota mesori neo jarsi neoyork naarth carolina oklahuma auregon washington warjiniya/ddee see/meeri lend waskonsan raaki mountains tenneesi mein faal chapter thay. aur "flayee auvar riyasatein" (juu shikago aleenwaye say chh ghantay kii drive kay andar riyasatein haine). deegar abwaab tajweez kiye gayey haine. wah arakeen jinn kaa taaluq kasee elaqayi baab say nahein hay wah qomi aur elaqayi taqribaat mein hasah leetay haine. california sabb say badaa baab hay auregon aur taxas baltarteeb dosray aur teesre sabb say baday baab haine.

0007a347a6c18afb7f88a2e05d507900fb772b61736514b786e48775980000ad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37508883

Let the Power Fall

Let the Power Fall Let the Power Fall is the second studio album by Max Romeo, released in 1971. The album, in contrast to Romeo's debut "A Dream", included politically charged material. It was engineered by Carlton Lee and Sid Bucknor. Track listing. All tracks composed by Max Romeo; except where noted. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xokti komi jaboloi diyok lett dyo pawar foll hoise 1971 sonot mukti puwa max romiyo 'ror dwitiyo studio' elbam. romiyo 'ror aatmoprokax "e dream" ror biporite elbamtut rajnoitikbhabe charge koraa xamogri ontorbhukto aasil. iyak carlton lee aaru sid bakonore obhijantrik korisil. trekk talika. ullekh koraa thair baahire max rumio "ror dwara rosit xokolu trekk.

bidyut choley jaak leeta dya pawar foll holl max romeor dwitiya studio album, jaa 1971 saale mukti paay. albumtite, romeor prothom "aaa drima"-err biporite, rajnaitikbhabe charge koraa upadan antarbhukta chhilo. etty carlton ly ebong seed bucknor dwara engineer koraa hoyechilo. track talika. jekhane ullekh koraa hoyeche taa chhada samasta gaan max romio dwara rachito.

shakteene neeche aavvaa doo leeta dhaa power phola aee makes romeo dwara dwara rajoo karaayel beeju studiyo album chhe. romeeyona pratham "aek swapna" thee vipareet, aaa aalbamma raajkeey reete charge karelee saamgreeno samaavesh thaay chhe. teey carlton lii aneey sida buckner dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. track listing. jyaan nondhvaamaa aavyu hoya teey sivaay tamaam track makes romeo dwara rachvaamaa aavyaa chhe.

bijli gir jaane dou lait dha power faul max romeo kaa doosara studio album haye, jise 1971 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. romeo key pahale "aeye dream" key vipareet, album mein raajneetik roop seey charge kii gaee samagri shamil thee. ise carlton lii aur sid baknor dwara engineer kiya gayaa thaa. track soochi. max romeo dwara rachit sabhi geet; sivaay jahan ullekh kiya gayaa hoe.

vidyut kusiyali lett dhii power phaal embudu 1971ralli bidugadeyaada max romeo avara eradane studio album aagide. romeo avara chocchala "aa dream" ge vyatiriktavagi, ee album raajakiyavaagi charge maadalaada vishayavannu olagondittu. idannu carlton lea mattu side buckner avaru vinyaasagolisidaru. track patti. ella haadugalannu max romeo samyojisiddaare; ullekhisalaada sthalavannu horatupadisi.

vaidyuthi thazhaan anuvadikkuka 1971ll purathirangiya maiks romeoyude randaamathe studiyo aalbamaan lettu dhii power phaal. romeoyude aadya chithramaaya "eiii dream" ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi aalbathil raashtreeyamaayi charjju cheytha metteeriyal ulppedunnu. calton leeyum sidu buckner chernnaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythath. track listt. maiks romeo rachicha ellah traakkukalum; soochippicha sthalangalilozhike.

veej kosaloo dya lett daad power phaul haah max romiocha 1971 madhye pradarshit jhalela dusra studio album aahe. romiochya pahilya 'aaa dream' chya ulat, yaa albammadhye rajkiyadrushtya charge keleli samagri samavisht hotee. tyachi rachana carlton lii aanee seed baknor yanni kelee hotee. track yadee. serve ganee max romione rachali aahet; jethe nondavale aahe teey vagalata.

shakti jharna dinuhos lett da pawar fall max romeoko dosro studio album how, june sann 1971 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. romeoko pahilo "ae dream" ko viparit, albumma rajnitik rupma charge garieko samagri samawesh thiyo. yo carlton lea rar sid baknordwara engineer garieko thiyo. track suchi. sabai trackharu adhikatam romiyodwara rachana garieko; jahaan ullekha garieko chha bahek.

shakti hrass hebaku dia lett daa pawara fall heuchhi max romionka dwiteeja studio album, jaahaa 1971 ray muktilabha karithila. album, romionka pratham "eka swapna" rahr bipareet, rajanaitika charges samagri antarbhukta . ehaaku carlton lea ebong seed buckner engineer karithile. track talika. sarbadhika romionka dwara rachita samasta geeta; ullekha karajaithiba sthana byatita.

bijli dhiggan dio lett dha pawar faal maikas romio dee duji studio album haii, joe 1971 witch jaari keeti gaee see. album, romio dee pahili "aii dream" dey ulat, rajneetik taur 'teey chaaraj keeti gaee samaggari shamal see. iss noon carlton lee atey sidd baknor duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. track suchi. saare track maikas romio duaara tiaar keete gaye hunn; sivaae jitthe nott keeta giaa haii.

shakttih patati. lett da power faal iti 1971 tame varshe pradarshitam max romeo ityasya dwiteeyam studio-aalbam asti. romeo ityasya prathamasya "e dream" ityasya vipareetam, asmin aalbam madhye raajanaitikaroopen aaweshit-saamagri aasit. carlton lee tathaa sid buckner ityetabhyam asya abhiyantranam krutam. anusuchyam soochayati. max romeo ityanena rachitaah sarvaani geetaani; yatra ullekhah asti tatra vihaay.

sakthi veezhchchiyadaiyattum 1971 aam aandil veliyidappatta makes romeovin irandaavathu studio aalbam power phaal aagum. romeovin arimugamaana "oru kanavu" kku maaraaga, inththa aalpaththil arasiyal reethiyaaga saarj seiyappatta porul serkkappattullathu. idhu carlton liie mattrum chith paknaraal vadivamaikkappattathu. thadap pattiyal. anaitthu paadalkalum adhigapatcha romeowal iyatrtrappattana; kurippidapatta idaththaith thavira.

shakti padiponivvandi lett dhi power phaal anedi 1971loe vidudalaina maaks romeo yokka rendava studio album. romeo yokka toli "eah dream" kuu viruddhamgaa, eee albumlo rajakeeyamgaa charge cheyabadina amsaalu unnaayi. dheenini carlton lii mariyu side buckner roopondinchaaru. track jabita. anni paatalu garishta romeoche swaraparachabaddaayi; gurtinchina chota tappa.

taaqat kuu girr jaanay duu lait dee pawar faal meks romiyo kaa dosra studio album hay juu 1971 mein release hawaa thaa. album romiyo kay pehley "aey dream" kay barakas seyasi toor parr chaarij shadah mawaad shaamil thaa. asay carlton lee aur sudd buckner nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. track listing. tamaam track juu meks romiyo nay banaye haine vovo sawaye iss kay kahh jehaan nott kiyaa gayaa how.

0007a35a98c596bbd6bf3e14d774d23e02e9efd893d94c2775f49c77d1e10ddb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57766720

2018 Liga 3 Jakarta

2018 Liga 3 Jakarta The 2018 Liga 3 Jakarta is a qualifying round for the national round of 2018 Liga 3. Villa 2000 21 FC, the winner of the 2017 Liga 3 Jakarta are the defending champions. The competition will begin on July 20, 2018. Group stage. The 21 probable teams to compete are mentioned below. This stage scheduled starts on 21 July 2018. Group A. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Group B. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Group C. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Group D. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Knockout stage. <section begin=bracket /><section end=bracket /> References.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jacarta hoise 2018 liga 3 ror rastriyo roundor baabe ek jugyota orjon round. bhila 2000 21 efsi, 2017 liga 3 jakartar bijoyi hoise defending champion. 2018 sonor 20 julyte protijugitakhon aarombho hoh 'bob. groop porzay. protijugitat ongxogrohon koribo poraa 21taa xombhabyo dolor bixoye tolot ullekh koraa hoise. ei porzaytu 2018 sonor 21 julyte aarombho hoh 'bob. groop e. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> groop bi. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> groop chi. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> groop di. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> nockout porzay. <xakha aarombho = bondhoni/> <xakhar xex = bondhoni /> proxongo.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jakarta holl 2018 liga 3-err jatiya rounder jonno ekti jogyata orjon round. villa 2000 21 fc, 2017 liga 3 jakartar vijayira holl defending champion. protijogitati 2018 saaler 20shhey julai theke shuru hobey. group porjai. protijogitai ongshogrohoner jonno 21tii sombhabbo doll neeche ullekh koraa hoyeche. eyi porjayti 21 julai 2018 theke shuru hobey. group ayee. <*> </Â> group bii. <*> </Â> group shee. <*> </Â> group dii. <*> </Â> nockout porbo. <bibhag shuru = bandhani/> <bibhag shesh = bandhani /> reference.

2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jakarta aee 2018 liga 3 naa raashtriy round maate qualifying round chhe. veela 2000 21 aefsee, 2017 liga 3 jakartana vijeta defending champiyan chhe. aaa spardhaa 20 julai, julai roj sharoo thashe. jooth tabakko. spardhaa karvaa maate 21 sambhaveet teamo neeche ullekheet chhe. aaa tabakko 21 julai julai sharoo thashe. jooth aee. <</Â> jooth bii. <</Â> jooth see. <</Â> jooth dii. <</Â> nockout stage. <vibhag praarambh = kauns/> <vibhag anta = kauns /> sandarbho.

2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 leega 3 key rashtriya daur key liye ack yogyata daur haye. vilaa 2000 21 aff. see., 2017 leega 3 jakarta key vijeta gata champion hain. pratiyogita 20 julaai, 2018 seey shuru hogi. samooh charan. pratispardha karane key liye 21 sambhaavit teams kaa ullekh neeche kiya gayaa haye. yeh nirdhaarit charan 21 julaai 2018 seey shuru hotaa haye. samooh aeye. <> </Â> samooh bee. <> </Â> samooh see. <> </Â> samooh dee. <> </Â> nockout charan. <khand praarambh = koshthak/> <khand anta = koshthak /> sandarbh.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018rahra liga 3 jakaartaavu 2018rahra liga 3rahra rashtriya suttina arhata suttinagide. villa 2000 21 effsey, 2017rahra liga 3 jakaartaada vijetaru haali champiyangalagiddare. 2018rahra julai julai spardhe aarambhavaagalide. gumpu hanta. spardhisalu 21 sambhaavya tandagalannu kelage ullekhisalaagide. ee hantavu 2018rahra julai julai praarambhavaagalide. gumpu aa. <> </Â> gumpu bii. <> </Â> gumpu sii. <> </Â> gumpu dii. <> </Â> nockout hanta. <vibhaga prarambha = brocket/> <vibhaga antya = brocket /> ullekhagalu.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jakarta hii 2018 liga 3 chya rashtriy ferisathi patrata pherii aahe. villa 2000 21 eff. see., 2017 liga 3 jakartacha vijeta haah gatavijeta aahe. 20 julai 2018 roji yaa spardhela suruvat hoil. gut tappa. spardha karnyasathi 21 sambhavya sangh khalee namood kele aahet. haah niyojit tappa 21 julai 2018 roji suru hoto. gut aaa. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> gut buub. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> gut qa. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> gut dii. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> baad fericha tappa. <vibhag prarambh = cons/> <vibhag shevat = cons /> sandarbh.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 ko rashtriya charanko lagi yogyata charan how. bhila 2000 21 fc, 2017 liga 3 jakartako vijeta defending champion hun. pratiyogita 20 july 2018 dekhi suru hunechha. samuha charan. pratispardha garne 21 sambhawit toliharu tall ullekha garieko chha. yo charan 21 july 2018 maa suru hune chha. samuha ae. <</>> samuha bee. <</>> samuha see. <</>> samuha dee. <</>> nockout charan. <khanda suru = koshthak/> <khanda antya = koshthak /> sandarbhaharu.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jakarta heuchhi 2018 liga 3 rahr jatiah round paain eka jogyata parjyaja. bhila 2000 21 aif. sii., 2017 liga 3 jakartara bijeta defending champion atanti . ehi pratijogita 2018 july 20ru arambha heba. group parjyaja. pratidwandita karibaku 21 tii sambhabya dala nimnare ullekha karajaichi . ehi parjyaja 21 july 2018 ray arambha heba. group aii. <Â> </Â> group bii. <Â> </Â> group sii. <Â> </Â> group dii. <Â> </Â> nockout parjyaja. <bibhaga arambha = bandhani/> <bibhaga shesh = bandhani /> sandarbha.

2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 leega 3 dey rashtari daur laee ikk qualifying daur haii. ih mukabala 20 julai, 2018 noon shuru hovega. group padaa. mukabala curran laee 21 sambhavit teaman daa zikar hethan keeta giaa haii. ih padaa 21 julai 2018 noon shuru hovega. group aii. <<// <> group bee. <<// <> group see. <<// <> group dee. <<// <> nockout padaa. <section shuru = bracket/> <section ant = bracket /> havale.

2018 ligaa 3 jakarta 2018 ligaa 3 jakarta iti 2018 ligaa 3 ityasya rashtriya-chakrasya yogyata-chakram asti. villaa 2000 21 ef. sii. iti 2017 ligaa 3 jakarta ityasya vijetaah rakshakaah chaampiyan-kreedakaah santi. 2018 julai 20 dinaanke pratiyogitaa arabhyate. samoohah charanah. spardhaam kartum 21 sambhaavyadalaani adhah ullikhitaah santi. etat charanam 2018 julai 21 dinaanke arabhyate. samoohah a. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> samoohah B. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> samoohah sii. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> samoohah D. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> nocout-charanam. <vibhaagah aarambhah = koshtakam/> <vibhaagah antah = koshtakam /> sandarbhah.

2018 liga 3 jagartha 2018 liga 3 jagartha enbathu 2018 liga 3 inn thaesiya suttrukkaana thaguthich suttraagum. villa 2000 21 eff. chii, 2017 liga 3 jagaardhaavin vetrtriyaalar tharkaappu saambiyangal. inthap poatti juulai 20,2018 andru thodangum. kuzhu nilai. poattiyidakkoodiya 21 anigal keezhae kurippidapattullana. inththa kattam juulai 21,2018 andru thodangukirathu. kuzhu a. <> <//> kuzhu pii. <> <//> chii. kuzhu. <> <//> kuzhu dii. <> <//> naak awood nilai. <pirivu thodakkam = adaippukkuri/> <pirivu mudivu = adaippukkuri /> kurippugal.

2018 liga 3 jakarta 2018 liga 3 jakaarta anedi 2018 liga 3 jaateeya roundku arhata round. villa 2000 21 effsy, 2017 liga 3 jakaarta vijaeta defending champiyanlu. eee pootii 2018 juulai 20naa praarambhamavutundi. group dasha. pootii cheyadaaniki 21 sambhaavya jatlu krinda perkonabaddaayi. eee dasha 21 juulai 2018naa praarambhamavutundi. samuuham a. <</Â> group bii. <</Â> group sii. <</Â> group dii. <</Â> nakout dasha. <vibhagam prarambham = brocket/> <vibhagam mugimpu = brocket /> suuchanalu.

2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 leega 3 jakarta 2018 leega 3 kay qomi round kay liye qualifying round hay. walaa 2000 21 aif see 2017 leega 3 jakarta kay faatah dafayi champine haine. muqabilah 20 jolayi 2018 kuu sharoo hoga. grop marhalah. muqabilah karnay waali 21 mamkanah teamon kaa zakar zeel mein kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha marhalah 21 jolayi 2018 kuu sharoo hoga. grop aey. <</Â> grop bee. <</Â> grop see. <</Â> grop ddee. <</Â> naak aaot marhalah. <section start = breaket/> <section aind = breaket /> hawalah jaat.

0007adbcdf68bf73ac5778e59041839bac56fb908db484932ad1a21b961faef6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27293597

1878 college football season

1878 college football season American college football season The 1878 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the "Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book" listing Princeton as having been selected national champions. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1878 college football season 1878nee college football seasonma koee spasht vijeta naa hato, jemaa "sattavaar aena. see. aee. aee. division I football records book" maan prinstonne raashtriy champiyan tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

1878 college football season 1878 key college football season mein koee spasht champion naheen thaa, jisamen "aadhikarik aine. see. aeye. aeye. division aaee football record book" ney prinston koo rashtriya champion key roop mein soochibaddh kiya thaa.

1878 kaaleju football season 1878rahra kaaleju football rtuvinalli yaavude spashta champiyan iralilla, "adhikruta enn. sii. aa. aa division I football records book" prinston avarannu rashtriya champiyangalagi ayke maadide endu patti maadide.

1878 koleju football season 1878 leeii koleju football seasonil vyakthamaaya chaambyan undaayirunnilla, "audyogika enn. sii. eiii. eiii division I football records book" prinsettane deseeya chaambyanmaaraayi thiranjedutthu.

1878 mahavidhyalayin football hangam 1878 chya mahavidhyalayin football hangamat konatahi spasht vijeta navhata, 'adhikrut aine. see. aii. aii. vibhag I football reecord book' madhye prinstonla rashtriy vijete mhanoon nivadle gele hote.

1878 kaalaj football season 1878 dey kaalaj football season witch koee spasht champion naheen see, "adhikarat ainn. see. aii. aii division I football ricard book" neey prinston noon rashtari champion vajon chunhiaa see.

1878 kalluri kaalpandhu season 1878 kalluri kaalpandhu seasonil thelivaana saambiyan illai, "athikaarappoorva enn. chii. aee. aee pirivu I kaalpandhu pathivukal puththagam" brinsettanai thaesiya saambiyangalaaga thaervu seithathaaga pattiyalittathu.

0007b34b5d88a1415e28bd7431566cf3294850171c9d57914e576a4452093b30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61265345

2019–20 FC Arsenal Tula season

2019–20 FC Arsenal Tula season The 2019–20 FC Arsenal Tula season was the club's fourth season back in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of association football in Russia, since relegation at the end of the 2014–15 season, and their fifth in total. Season events. On 17 March, the Russian Premier League postponed all league fixtures until April 10th due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 1 April, the Russian Football Union extended the suspension of football until 31 May. On 15 May, the Russian Football Union announced that the Russian Premier League season would resume on 21 June. On 17 June, FC Rostov announced that six of their players had tested positive for COVID-19. On 1 July 2020, Igor Cherevchenko resigned as manager, with Sergei Podpaly being appointed as the clubs caretaker manager. "As of 22 July 2020" Squad. <templatestyles src="Template:Football squad player/styles.css" /> Out on loan. <templatestyles src="Template:Football squad player/styles.css" /> "As of match played 22 July 2020" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2019-20 ef. chi. arsenel tulaa sijon 2019-20 efsi arsenel tulaa sijon aasil clubber soturtho sijon rasian primiyar leegot, rasiyar ess "siyesyon footballor xorbuscho stor, 2014-15 sijonor xexot proityawortonor pisot, aaru muth teulukor ponchom. ritur ghotonaxomuh. 17 marchot rasian primiyar leege koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe 10 apriloloike xokolu leeg fixcher sthogito rakhisil. 1 aprilot rasian football unione footballor sthogitadex 31 mey 'loike briddhi korisil. 15 mey 'too rasian football unione ghuxona korisil je rasian primiyar leeg sijon 21 junot punor aarombho hoh' bob. 17 junot ef. chi. ror 'stove ghuxona korisil je teulukor soijon kheluwoi koo "vid-19ror baabe positive porikhya korise. 2020 sonor 1 julyte igur serevsenkuwe menezar hisape podotyag kore, aaru sargei podpalik clubber totwabodhayok menezar hisape nijukti diya hoy.

2019-20 fc astragar tula morsum 2019-20 fc arsenal tula morsumti russian premiere lige cluber choturtho morsum chhilo, jaa russier association footballer sorbochcho stor, 2014-15 morsumer sheshe abonotir porr theke, ebong taader moat pancham. morshumer ghotona. 17 march, russian premiere ligg covid-19 mahamarir karone 10ee april porjonto samasta liger fixture sthogito korey. 1 april, russian football union 31 meey porjonto footballer sthogitadesh baday. 15ee meey, russian football union ghoshana korey jey russian premiere liger morsum 21shhey june theke punra shuru hobey. 17ee june, fc rostove ghoshana corren jey taader chhoyjon kheload covid-19-err jonno itibachak porikkha korechen. 2020 saaler 1 julai, igor cherevchenko manager podo theke podotyag corren, ebong sargei podpalike cluber tottabodhayok manager hisabe nijukto koraa hoy.

2019-20 aef. see. arsenal tulaa season 2019-20 aef. see. arsenal tulaa season aee russian premiere leegma clubney chothee season hatee, jeey russiama association footballnu sarvoch star hatoo, jeey 2014-15 seasonna ante deshnikaal pachhi, aneey coole maleene temnee paanchmee hatee. mosamnee ghatanao. 17 marche, russian premiere leege covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane 10 april sudhee tamaam leag fixer mulatvi rakhyaa hataa. 1 aprilnaa roj, russian football yuniyane footballnaa suspensionne 31 meey sudhee lambaavyu. 15 menaa roj, russian football yuniyane jaaherat curry keey russian premiere leag season 21 junanaa roj pharii sharoo thashe. 17 junanaa roj, aef. see. rostoway jaaherat curry hatee keey temnaa chh khelaadeeo covid-19 maate sakaratmak parikshan karyoo chhe. 1 julai 2020naa roj, igor cherevchenkoae manager tareeke raajinaamu aapyu hatoo, jemaa sergei podpeline klabnaa kaaryvaahak manager tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

2019-20 aff. see. shastragar tulaa season 2019-20 aff. see. arsenal tulaa season russie premiere leag mein club kaa chautha season thaa, joe roose mein association football kaa uchchatam star thaa, kyonki 2014-15 season key anta mein nirvaasan huaa thaa, aur kull milakar unakaa paanchvaan. mausam kii ghatanaaen. 17 march koo, russie premiere leag ney covid-19 mahamari key kaaran sabhi leag mukabalon koo 10 aprail taka key liye sthagit curr diyaa. 1 aprail koo, russie football sangh ney football key nilamban koo 31 maee taka badhaa diyaa. 15 maee koo, russie football sangh ney ghoshana kii kii russie premiere leag season 21 juuna koo phir seey shuru hoga. 17 juuna koo, aff. see. rostove ney ghoshana kii kii unake chhah khilaadiyon mein covid-19 kii pushti hui haye. 1 julaai 2020 koo, igor cherevchenko ney prabandhak key roop mein istifa dey diyaa, jisamen sergei podpeli koo club key karyavahak prabandhak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa.

2019-20 effsey arsenal tula season 2019-20 eff. sii. arsenal tula season, rashyaada premiere leagnalli clubna nalkane season aagiddu, idu rashyaadalli association footballn atyunnata hantavagide, idu 2014-15 season koneyalli gadiparugonda nantara, mattu ottu aidaneyadaagide. rtumaanada ghatanegalu. march 17randu, covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi rashyaada premiere leigh ellah leigh pandyagalannu april 10ravarege munduditu. april 1randu, rashyaada football okkootavu football amanatugolisuvikeyannu mayee 31ravarege vistarisitu. mayee 15randu, rashyaada premiere leigh season zoon 21randu punaraarambhagollalide endu rashyaada football okkootavu ghoshisitu. zoon 17randu, eff. sii. rostove tamma aaru aatagaararalli covid-19 possitive bandide endu ghoshisidaru. 2020rahra julai 1randu, igor cherevchenko avaru vyavasthapaka huddege rajiname niididaru, serge paadpaaliyannu clubna ustuvaari vyavasthaapakaraagi nemisalaayitu.

2019-20 eff. see. shastragar tula hangam 2019-20 eff. see. arsenal tula hangam haah russian premiere leegmadhil clubcha chautha hangam hota, joou rashiyatil association footballcha sarvoch star hota, 2014-15 hangamachya shevati nirvasana jhalyapasun aanee tyancha ekoon pachva. hangamatil ghatana. 17 march roji, russian premiere leegne covid-19 mahamarimule serve leag samne 10 eprilparyant pudhe dhakalale. 1 april roji russian football unionne footballche nilamban 31 meparyant vadhavale. 15 meey roji, russian football unionne jaheer kele qee russian premiere leegcha hangam 21 juuna roji punha suru hoil. 17 juuna roji, eff. see. rostovene jaheer kele qee tyanchya sahaa kheladunchi covid-19 chachani positive aalee aahe. 1 julai 2020 roji, igor cherevchenko yanni vyavasthapak padacha rajinama deela, aanee sergei podpally yanchi clubche karyavahak vyavasthapak mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee.

2019-20 fc arsenal tula sijan 2019-20 fc arsenal tula sijan rusi premiere ligma clubko chautho sijan thiyo, rasiyama association footbalko uchchatam star, 2014-15 sijanko antyama nirvasana pachhi, rar kull panchaun. mausam ghatanaharu. 17 marchma, rusi premiere ligle covid-19 mahamarika karan sabai ligg fixtureharu april 10 sammaka lagi sthagit garyo. april 1 maa, rusi football unionle footbalko nilamban 31 mesamma wistar garyo. 15 mema, rusi football unionle ghoshana garyo kii rusi premiere ligg sijan 21 junema punah suru hunechha. 17 junema, fc rostovele afna chha zana kheladiharu covid-19 kaa lagi sakaratmak parikshan gareko ghoshana gare. 1 july 2020 maa, igor cherebhachenkole prabandhakko rupma rajinama die, sargei podapelilai clubko karyawahak prabandhakko rupma niyukta gariyo.

2019-20 aif. sii. arsenal tula rutu 2019-20 aif. sii. arsenal tula sijan roosh premiyara ligre clubber chaturtha sijan thila, jaahaa roosh association footballer sarbocha stara, 2014-15 sijan sheshare pratyarpana heba paratharu, ebong semanankara mote pancham . rutu ghatana. march 17 ray, rusher premiyara ligg kovida-19 mahamari hetu samasta ligg fixtureku april 10 tarikh parjyanta sthagita rakhithila. april 1 tarikhare rushiah football sangha meey 31 parjyanta footballer nilambanaku brudhi karithila. meey 15 tarikhare rushiah football sangha ghoshana karithila je rushiah premiyara ligg rutu june 21 tarikhare puni arambha heba. june 17 ray, aif. sii. rostove ghoshana karithile je semanankara chhaa john khelali kovida-19 paain pajitibh parikhya karichanti. 2020 july 1 tarikhare, igora cherebhachenko manager padaru istafa deithile, ebong sergei podpalinku clubber tatwabadharaka manager bhabe nijukta karajaithila.

2019-20 eff. see. arsenal tula season 2019-20 eff. see. arsenal tula season russie premiere leeg witch club daa chautha season see, joe kii roos witch association football daa sabh toon uccha paddhar see, jadon toon 2014-15 season dey ant witch vaapsee hoee, atey kull milaa keey unhan daa panjwan season see. season deeaan ghatnavan. 17 march noon, russie premiere leeg neey covid-19 mahamari caarn saare leeg fixture 10 aprail takk multavi qarr ditte. 1 aprail noon, russie football union neey football dee muattali noon 31 maee takk vadha ditta. 15 maee noon, russie football union neey ailaan keeta kii russie premiere leeg season 21 juun noon dubara shuru hovega. 17 juun noon, eff. see. rostove neey ailaan keeta kii unhan dey chhe khidariaan neey covid-19 laee skaratmak test keeta see. 1 julai 2020 noon, igor cherevchenko neey manager dey ahude toon astifa dey ditta, jiss witch sargei podpeli noon club daa karajvahak manager niyukat keeta giaa.

2019-20 ef. see. arsenal tulaa season 2019-20 ef. sii. arsenal tulaa-creedaa-rutuhu, russian-premiyar-leag-kridaayaam club-ityasya chaturtha-creedaa-rutuhu aasit, yat rashiyadeshe sangha-football-kreedaayaah sarvoccha-starah aasit, yadaa cha 2014-15 creedaa-rutuhu samaaptah, tatah param nirvaasanam jaatam, tathaa cha teshaam panchamah samagrah. rutu-ghatanaah. maarch 17 dinaanke, covid-19 mahamarina russian-premiyar-leag ityanena april 10 paryantam sarvaani leag-spardhaah sthagitaah. april-masasya 1 dinaanke, russian-football-sanghah football-kreedaayaah sthaganam mey-masasya 31 dinaankaparyantam vistrutaa. mey 15 dinaanke, russian-football-sanghah, joon 21 dinaanke russian-premiyar-leag-kreedaarutuh punah arabhyate iti ghoshayat. joon 17 dinaanke, ef. see. rostove ityanena, teshaam shut kreedakaah covid-19 ityasya krute sakaratmakam pareekshitavantah iti ghoshitam. 2020 julai 1 dinaanke, igor cherevchenko ityeshah vyavasthaapakaroopen nishkaasayat, tathaa sergei podpali ityeshah club ityasya kaaryavaahak-vyavasthaapakaroopen niyuktah.

2019-20 eff. chii. aayuthak kazhanjiya thula paruvam 2019-20 eff. chii. aayuthak kazhanjiya thula season enbathu russia premiier leakil kilappin naankaavathu seesanaaga irunththathu, idhu russiavil association kaalpandhin miga uyarnththa adukku, 2014-15 season mudivil veliyaettrappattathilirunthu, mattrum moththaththil avarkalin ainthaavathu. paruva nigazhvugal. maarch 17 andru, russia premiier leak koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga anaitthu leak poattikalaiyum aepral 10 aam thaethi varai oththivaithathu. aepral 1 andru, russia kaalpandhu ontriyam kaalpandhu idaineekkaththai mae 31 varai neettiththathu. mae 15 andru, russia premiier leak season juun 21 andru meendum thodangum endru russia kaalpandhu ontriyam ariviththathu. juun 17 andru, eff. chii. rostove thangal aaru veerargalukku koovit-19 thottru uruthi seiyappattathaaga arivitthaar. juulai 1,2020 andru, ikoar serevsengo maelaalar padhaviyai rajinama seithaar, serji potpali kilappin idaikkaala maelaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar.

2019-20 effsy arsenal tulaa season 2019-20 effsy arsenal tulaa season anedi russian premiere leaglo club yokka nalgava season, idhi russialo association football yokka atyunnata shreni, 2014-15 season mugimpulo bahishkarana tarvaata, mariyu mottam vaari aidavadi. season eevents. marchi 17naa, covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa russian premiere leag anni leag myaachlanu april 10 varaku vaida vesindi. april 1naa, russian football union football suspensionnu mae 31 varaku podiginchindi. mae 15naa, russian premiere leag season juun 21naa tirigi praarambhamavutundani russian football union prakatinchindi. juun 17naa, tama aatagaallalo aaruguriki covid-19 nirdhaarana ayindani effsy rostov prakatinchaaru. 2020 juulai 1naa, igor cherevchenko manager padaviki rajinama chesaaru, sergey podpalini club cair taker managerga niyaminchaaru.

2019-20 aif see arsenal tola seezan 2019-20 aif see arsenal tola seezan rosee premier leeg mein kalb kaa chotha seezan thaa juu roos mein aisosi aishan fitt baal kaa sabb say ooncha darjah hay 2014-15 seezan kay ikhtatam parr jalawatni kay baad say aur majmuyi toor parr inn kaa panchwan. seezan kay waaqiaat. 17 maarch cow rosee premier leeg nay coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say leeg kay tamaam fixture 10 apreel takk maltawi kirr diye. yakam apreel kuu rosee fitt baal union nay fitt baal kii maatli mein 31 mayee takk tausia kardi. 15 mayee cow rosee fitt baal union nay aalaan kiyaa kahh rosee premier leeg kaa seezan 21 joone kuu dobarah sharoo hoga. 17 joone cow aif see rastof nay aalaan kiyaa kahh inn kay chh khiladiyon kaa coved-19 kaa test masbat aayaa hay. 1 jolayi 2020 cow aaigor cheriochenko nay meniger kay ahday say istefi day diyaa jiss mein sargi podapli kuu kalb kaa nigraan meniger muqarar kiyaa gayaa.

0007b4b5cb74b3438ecc6d3332537fa31af120d328229ecd59e602f86c6ed906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40140939

A.J. Crew

A.J. Crew American hip-hop artist and producer A.J. Crew is an American Hip-Hop artist and producer, born and raised in Toledo, Ohio. He is known for his work with Skhye Hutch, Naledge (of Kidz in the Hall fame) and charitable efforts towards furthering Sickle Cell Anemia research. He previously attended Columbia College Chicago and Roosevelt University. Early life. Crew was born July 1, 1990, in Toledo, Ohio and grew up on the South End of the city. He was raised by his mother, attended E.L. Bowsher High School and graduated in the year 2008. It was then that he decided to move to Chicago, Illinois, to pursue music. He was diagnosed with sickle cell disease at age 8. Career. Crew started his career in 2009. Upon his arrival to Chicago, Illinois, he attended Columbia College Chicago where he met Austin Neely, and together they released a street album, "Nightmares & Daydreams". The album was released on September 1, 2009, via RubyHornet.com, Dope Couture and Soundscape Studios, with owner Michael Kolar serving as executive producer. The Chicago Reader featured a review of said album with Miles Raymer writing, "...on the album in question, Crew shows a lot of potentials - he's got a talent for punch lines and a way of mixing long lyrical with short chopped lines." In 2009, He worked with Grammy award-winning Rhymefest on "Destiny & Desire", a song from his first mixtape, "Nightmares & Daydreams". On May 1, 2013, A.J. released "The Reality Of It All", The project features a collaboration with Naledge from the indie hip-hop duo, Kidz in the Hall, entitled, "Nah Mean?". In 2017, he was featured in "The Thing I Am" a hip-hop musical by Steve Bannon based on Shakespeare's Coriolanus and it was produced and realised by NowThis. He was invited by Converse to record at OutKast’s legendary Stankonia Studios in Atlanta, Georgia as a part of their global Rubber Tracks initiative. One of the songs recorded during these sessions was "Vibes", a song that appears on his 2018 project "Excuses." The single was also released by Converse and Amoeba Music on 7" vinyls distributed at Amoeba Music in Hollywood, California during a show Crew performed at for the Converse Rubber Tracks campaign in 2016.[] In 2018, he featured on Rafters by Clarence Clarity, the song was reviewed by Anthony Fantano of The Needle Drop. Charity work. In February 2012, Crew launched a "Still Waiting" campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for Sickle Cell Anemia research and donated half of the proceeds from promotional single, "Still Waiting", to the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. He was interviewed by The Torch about his charity work the same year. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

e.je. kormosarixokol e.je. kormosarixokol egoraki aamerikan hipp-hopp xilpi aaru projujok, ji oh 'hiyo' ror tot 'ledut jonmogrohon korisil aaru dangor hoisil. teu skye huts, nalez (holl femot kidgeor) aaru sikol chell anaemia gowexonar dixot datobyo prochestar xoite koraa kaamor baabe jonajat. iyar purbe teu kolombiya kolej sikagu aaru ruzvelt biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. prarombhik jiwan. 1990 sonor 1 july oh 'hoh' ror tot 'ledu' too nabikxokolor jonmo hoisil aaru sohorkhonor dokhyin prantot teuluk dangor hoisil. teur maake teuk dangor korisil, ee uposthito aasil.el. bauchar haiskul aaru 2008 sonot snatok degree laabh korisil. tetiya teu xongit onudhabon koriboloi ilinoyor sikaguloi juwar xiddhanto loisil. 8 bosor boyoxot teur sikol chell rug dhora porisil. keriyar. 2009 sonot kormosarixokole teur keriyar aarombho korisil. ilinoysor sikagut uposthito huwar pisot teu kolombiya kolej sikagut uposthito hoisil zo 'too teu aastin nilir xoite log paisil, aaru ekeloge teuluke "durdoxa aaru diboxor dore" naamor etaa pothor elbam mukoli korisil. elbamtu 2009 sonor 1 septemborot rubihornetor joriyote mukoli koraa hoisil.komm, dope kasur aaru soundscape studio ', maalik michael kulare karzobahi projujok hisape xewa aagborhaisil. sikagu ridare maail remar likhonir xoite ukto elbamor ek porzaluchona prodorxon korisil...prosnor elbamtut, kormosarixokole bohutu xombhawona dekhuway-teu panch lineor baabe protibha laabh korise aaru suti kotaa xarir xoite dighol gitor misronor ek upay paise." 2009 sonot teu graami botaa bijoyi raimefestor xoite "destiny endo weyar" gitor uporot kaam korisil, jitu teur prothom mixtep "nightmayers endo dedrims" ror etaa geet aasil. 1 mey, 2013, e.je. ei xokoluburor bastobota" mukoli koraa hoise, prokolpotut indie hipp-hopp jutir nalejor xoite ek xohojugita aase, holot kidge, "naah maane?". 2017 sonot, teu swexpiyaror koo "riyo" lanesor uporot aadharito steve benonor hipp-hopp xongitor "dyo thing aai em" too obhinoy korisil aaru iyak etiyar dwara prostut aaru upolobdhi koraa hoisil. teuk teulukor biswobyapi robor trekk udyugor ongxo hisape georgier atlantat thoka outcastor kingbodonti stankonia studio 'too record koriboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil. ei odhibexonburor xomoyot record koraa gitburor bhitorot etaa aasil "bhaibes", jitu geet teur 2018 sonor prokolpo "ojuhat" too dekha yaay."2016 sonot converse robar trekor baabe poriwexon koraa etaa swo 'krur xomoyot californier holywodor emiba xongitot bitorito 7" bhinailot converse aaru emiba xongitor dwarau ekoktu mukoli koraa hoisil. 2018 sonot, teu clarence spostotar dwara raftarot boixistyojukto hoisil, gittu bezi dropor enthoni funtanur dwara porzaluchona koraa hoisil. datobyo kaam. 2012 sonor februaryt, kormosarixokole xikol chell anaemia gowexonar baabe xojagota biyopaboloi aaru puji xongroho koriboloi ek "etiyau opekhya kori thoka" obhijan aarombho korisil aaru prosarmulok ekok "etiyau opekhya kori thoka" ror poraa ohaa aayor aadha ongxo aamerikar sikol chell digies ess "siyesyonoloi daan korisil. xei bosorote teur datobyo kaamor bixoye moxalor dwara teur xakhyatkar luwa hoisil.

ayee.jeey. kru ayee.jeey. kru ekjon american hipa-hopp shilpi ebong projojok, jini ohaior toledote jonmogrohon corren ebong bede othen. tini skye hutch, nalez (holl khyatir kids) ebong sickle seela anaemia gobeshonar dike datobbo prochestar jonno porichito. tini err agey kalambia college shikago ebong ruzvelt bishwobidyaloye padashona korechilen. prathomik jeebon. 1990 saaler 1laa julai ohaior toledote kru jonmogrohon corren ebong shohorer dakkhin prante bede othen. tini taanr mayer dwara borh hoyechilen, uposthito chhilen.ell. bausher hye school ebong 2008 saale snatok hohn. tarpor tini sangiter jonno ilinoyer shikagote choley yawar siddhanta nene. 8 bochor boyse taanr sickle seela roga dhora porey. karmajiban. 2009 saale ilinoyer shikagote pouchonor porr tini kalambia college shikagote jog deena jekhane taanr austin nilir saathe dekha hoy ebong taaraa eksange ekti rastar album, "duhshopno oo dibalok" prakash korey. albumty rubihornoter madhyome 1laa septembara, 2009-ayee mukti paay.qama, dope poshak ebong soundscape studio, malik michael colar nirbahi projojok hisabe kaaj korchen. shikago ridder myle remer lekhar saathe ukto albumer ekti porjalochona tuley dhoreche...proshnobiddho albume, krura onek sombhabona dekhay-tini punch liner jonno ekti protibha peyechen ebong chhoto kaata linegulir saathe deergho gitikbita mishrito korar ekti upay peyechen." 2009 saale, tini taanr prothom mixtep, "duhshopno ebong dibalok"-err ekti gaan "niyati oo ichcha"-rawr upor grammy puraskar vijayi chhora niye kaaj korechilen. 1 meey, 2013, ayee.jeey. eyi samasta kichur bastobota" mukti peyeche, prokolpotite indie hipa-hopp jutir nalezer saathe ekti sahojogita royeche, holer kids, shironam, "naah maane?". 2017 saale, tini shakespeare coriolanuser upor vitti korey stibha byanoner ekti hipa-hopp musical "dya thing aaee emm"-ayee prodorshito hoyechilen ebong etty ekhoni toiri ebong upolobdhi koraa hoyechilo. taader baishwik rabar track uddoger ongsho hisabe georgier atlanta outcaster kingbadanti stankonia studiote record korar jonno tini converse dwara amantrito hoyechilen. eyi odhibeshongulite record koraa gangulir modhye ekti chhilo "vibes", ekti gaan jaa taar 2018 saaler prokolpe "ajuhat" hisabe prodorshito hoy."ekokti 2016 saale converse rabar track procharabhijaner jonno poribeshito ekti shoe kru chalakalin hollywood, california amoba sangeete bitoron koraa 7" "vinailer upor converse ebong amoba sangeet dwara mukti paay. 2018 saale, tini clarence clarityr madhyome raftergulite prodorshito hohn, ganti sui droper anthony fantano dwara porjalochona koraa hoyechilo. datobbo kaaj. 2012 saaler februaryte, nabikdal sickle seela anaemia gobeshonar jonno sachetanata chhoriye ebong tehbil sangraher jonno ekti "ekhono apekkha" prochar shuru korey ebong procharmulok ekok "ekhono apekkha korche" theke prapto orther ardhek sickle seela digiz association off america daan korey. ekoi bochor taanr datobbo kaaj somporke moshaler dwara taanr sakkhatkar neoa hoyechilo.

aee.jeey. cru aee.jeey. cru aek american hipa-hoopa kalakar aneey nirmata chhe, jeno janm aneey uchher toledo, oheeyoma thayo chhe. teo skye hutch, nalej (holl femamaa kidz) aneey sickle seela anaemia sanshodhanne aagad vadhaarvaa maatena sakhaavati prayaaso maate jaanita chhe. temane agau kolambiya college shikago aneey roosewelt universityma abhyaas karyo hato. praarambhik jeevan. kruno janm 1 julai, julai roj oheeyona toledomaa thayo hato aneey teey shahernaa dakshin chhede uchharyo hato. temno uchher temnee maataa dwara karvaamaa aavyo hato, temane haajari aapee hatee.aela. bosher haai school aneey varsh 2008 maan snaatak thayaa. teey pachhi temane sangeetne aagad vadhaarvaa maate shikago, eleanois javaanu nakki karyoo. temne 8 varshnee ummare sickle seela rooga hovaanu nidan thayu hatoo. karkirdi. kruae 2009 maan temnee karkidrini sharuaat curry. shikago, ileenoisma aagman parr, temane kolambiya college shikagoma haajari aapee jyaan teo ostin nileene malyaa, aneey teoae saathe maleene aek sheree album, "duhswapna aneey divaswapna" rajoo karyoo. aaa album 1 september, september roj rubihornet dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.qoma, doopa coacher aneey soundscape studiyo, jemaa maaleek michael collar kaarykaari nirmata tareeke sevaa aape chhe. shikago readerma mile remer lekhan saathe kahevata aalbamni samiksha darshavvama aavee hatee...prashnama album parr, cru ghanee badhee sambhavnao darshaave chhe-tenee paase punch lino maate pratibha chhe aneey tunkee kaapeli rekhaao saathe laambi gitaatmak mishran karvaanee reet chhe." chhe.", temane "destiny anned issure" parr grammy award vijeta kaveeta saathe kaama karyoo, jeey temnaa pratham mixtep, "nitemers anned dedreams" noon geet hatoo. 1 meey, 2013 naa roj, aaa.jeey. aaa badhaani vastivakta" prakashit karvaamaa aavee, aaa projectmaa indii hipa-hoopa jodee, kidz ina dhaa holnaa nalej saathe sahyog darshavvama aavyo chhe, jenu sheershak chhe, "naa matlab?". 2017 maan, teey shakespearena coriolanus parr aadharit steve benan dwara hipa-hoopa musical "dhaa thing aaee aema" maan darshavvama aavyo hato aneey teey havethee utpann thayo hato aneey tene sakaar karvaamaa aavyo hato. temne temnee vaishvik rubber track pahelnaa bhagroope georgiana aetalaantaama outcastna suprasiddh stanconia studiyomaa reqorda karvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa satro darmiyan reqorda karvaamaa aavela gitomaanu aek geet "wibes" hatoo, jeey geet temnaa 2018 naa project "bahaanu" parr dekhaay chhe."aaa singalne 7" "parr converse aneey amiba sangeet dwara pann rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey hollywood, californiama emiba sangeetma vitareet karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, 2016 maan converse rubber track abhiyaan maate pradarshan karaayela cru darmiyan. 2018 maan, temane spashtata spashtata dwara rafters parr darshaavyu hatoo, geetnee samiksha soya dropnaa aenthanee funtano dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. daannu kaama. februari februari, kruae sickle seela anaemia sanshodhan maate jagruti felavva aneey bhandol aektra karvaa maate "hajee raah jovi" abhiyaan sharoo karyoo aneey promotional single "hajee raah jovi" maanthi malelee adadhi rakam sickle seela disease association off americane daanmaa aapee. teey jaj varshe temnaa daan kaary vishe mashaal dwara temno interview levaamaa aavyo hato.

aeye.jey. dall aeye.jey. chaalak dall ack americi hip-hopp kalakar aur nirmaata haye, jiska janm aur paalan-poshan toledo, ohiyo mein huaa haye. unhein skaay hutch, nalez (holl fame mein kidge) aur sickle cell anaemia anusandhaan koo aage badhaane kii disha mein dharmarth prayason key saath unake kaam key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. unhone pahale kolambiya college shikago aur roozvelt vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya thaa. praarambhik jeevan. chaalak dall kaa janm 1 julaai, 1990 koo toledo, ohiyo mein huaa thaa aur way shahar key dakshin chhor parr paley-badhe they. unakaa paalan-poshan unaki maan ney kiya thaa, unhone ee. mein bhaag liya.ell. bosher hyee school aur varsh 2008 mein snaatak kiya. taba unhone sangeet koo aage badhaane key liye shikago, ilinois jaane kaa faisala kiya. unhein 8 saal kii umr mein sickle cell roga kaa pataa chalaa thaa. carrier. dall ney 2009 mein apana currier shuru kiya. shikago, ilinois pahunchane parr, unhone kolambiya college shikago mein bhaag liya, jahan way austin neeli seey mille, aur unhone ack saath ack street album, "burey sapane aur divaswapna" jaari kiye. album 1 sitambar, 2009 koo rubihornet key madhyam seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa.comm, dope cotcher aur soundscape studio, jisamen malik michael coller karyakari nirmaata key roop mein kaary curr rahey hain. shikago reader ney myle remer lekhan key saath ukt album kii sameeksha koo pradarshit kiya...vicharadhin album mein, dall bahut saaree sambhaavanaon koo darshaata haye-unake paas punch lines key liye ack pratibha haye aur chhoti cutty hui lines key saath lambi geetaatmak mishran kaa ack tarika haye." 2009 mein, unhone apane pahale mixtep, "burey sapane aur divaswapna" key geet "destiny aind vish" parr grammy puraskar vijeta kavita key saath kaam kiya. 1 maee, 2013 koo aeye.jey. inn sabhi kii vaastaviktaa" koo jaari karate hue, iss pariyojana mein indee hip-hopp jodee key nalez key saath ack sahyog haye, kids inn dha holl, jiska sheershak haye, "naah mean?". 2017 mein, unhein shekspeare key coriolonus parr adharit steve bainan dwara hip-hopp sangeet mein "dha thing aaee aim" mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa aur ise abb taka nirmit aur mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa. unhein georgia key atlanta mein outcast key prasiddh stankonia studio mein record karane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, joe unaki vaishvik rubber track pahal kaa ack hissa thaa. inn satron key dauran record kiye gaye geeton mein seey ack "wibes" thaa, ack geet joe unaki 2018 kii pariyojana "bahaana" parr dikhaai detaa haye."ekal koo 7" "parr converse aur amiba sangeet dwara bhee jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jise hollywood, california mein amiba sangeet mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa, 2016 mein converse rubber track abhiyaan key liye ack show cru key dauran. 2018 mein, unhone spashtata spashtata dwara rafters parr dikhaaya, iss geet kii sameeksha suee drop key anthany fantano dwara kii gaee thee. daan kaa kaam. farwari 2012 mein, chaalak dall ney jagrukta failaane aur sickle cell anaemia anusandhaan key liye dhana jutaane key liye ack "abhee bhee prateeksha" abhiyaan shuru kiya aur prachaar ekal, "abhee bhee prateeksha" seey praapt aaya kaa aadhaa hissa sickle cell roga sangh off america koo daan curr diyaa. usee varsh unake daan kaary key baare mein mashal dwara unakaa sakshatkar liya gayaa thaa.

aa.zhe. sibbandi aa.zhe. sibbandi americada hip-hop kalaavida mattu nirmaapakaraagiddu, ohiyoda toledodalli janisidaru mattu beledaru. aata skoy hutch, naledge (haal khyaatiyalli kids) mattu sickle sell raktahinateya samshoodhaneyannu mattashtu hechhisalu datti prayatnagalige hesaruvasiyagiddare. avaru ee hinde columbia kaaleju chikago mattu roosevelt vishvavidyaalayadalli vyasanga maadiddaru. arambhika jeevana. sibbandigalu julai 1,1990 randu ohiyoda toledodalli janisidaru mattu nagarada daksina tudiyalli beledaru. aatanannu aatana taayiye belesidaru, ii.ell. bousher proudhashaale mattu 2008ralli padavi padeda nantara, aata sangeetavannu munduvarisalu ileanoisn chikagokke teralalu nirdharisidaru. aatanige 8neey vayassinalli kudagolu kanada kaayile iruvudu patteyagittu. vrattijeevana. tandavu 2009ralli tanna vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisitu. ileanoisn chikagokke agamisida nantara, avaru columbia kaaleju chikagodalli vyasanga maadidaru, allie avaru austin neeli avarannu bhetiyaadaru, mattu avaru ottige "duhswapnagalu mattu hagalu kanasugalu" emba streat album annu bidugade maadidaru. ee album annu september 1,2009 randu rubihornet moolaka bidugade maadalaayitu.com, dope fashion mattu soundscape studiyogalu, maaleeka micheal kolar karyanirvahaka nirmaapakaraagi seve sallisuttiddaare. chikago reader miles raymer baravanigeyondige helalaada albumna vimarsheyannu olagondittu.endu baredukondiddaare.endu baredukondiddaare.prashnarha albamnalli, tandavu bahalashtu samarthyagalannu torisuttade-avaru punch laingalige pratibhe mattu sanna kattarisida saalugalondige uddavaada bhaavageetegalannu beresuva maargavannu hondiddaare." 2009ralli, avaru tamma modala mixtape, "duhswapnagalu mattu hagalu kanasugalu" emba haadina "destiny & bayake" yaya mele grammy prashasti vijeta raimefestnondige kelasa maadidaru. mayee 1,2013 randu, aa.zhe. ellah vaastava" vannu bidugade maadida ee yojaneyu indee hip-hop jodiyaada, kidge inn dhii haal nondige sahayogavannu hondide, "naa mean?"endu baredukondiddaare. 2017ralli, shakespearen coriolanasannu aadharisida steve bannon avara hip-hop sangeetada "dhii thing aii aum" nalli avaru kanisikondaru mattu adannu eegale nirmisalaayitu mattu aritukondaru. georgiyada atlaantaadalliruva outcastna prasiddha stanconia studiyogalalli tamma jagatika rabbar trackgala upakramada bhagavagi dhwanimudrana maadalu avarannu aahvaanisalaayitu. ee adhiveshanagalalli dhwanimudritawaada hadugalalli ondu "wibes", idu avara 2018 rahra project "excusus" nalli kanisikolluva haadu."2016ralli converse rabbar trackgala abhiyanakkagi pradarshana needida kaaryakramada samayadalli californiada hollywoodnalli ameeba sangeetadalli vitarisalaada 7" vinailgalalli converse mattu ameeba sangeetadinda ekageeteyannu bidugade maadalaayitu. 2018 ralli, avaru clarence clarity moolaka raftergalalli kanisikondaru, ee haadannu sooji dropna anthony fantano parishilisidaru. daanada kelasa. 2012rahra phebravariyalli, sibbandigalu arivannu haradalu mattu sickle sell raktahinateya samshoodhanege hanavannu sangrahisalu "innoo kayuttiruva" abhiyaanavannu praarambhisidaru mattu prachaarada ekageeteyinda baruva ardhadashtu hanavannu "innoo kayuttide" endu sickle sell diseys association off americakke daana maadidaru. adhe varsha aata tanna daana kaaryada bagge torchninda sandarshanagondanu.

aaa.jeey. karmchari aaa.jeey. karmcharivarg haah eka american hiip-hopp kalakar aanee nirmata aahe, jyacha janm aanee vaadh toledo, ohayo yethe jhaali. teey skye hutch, nalej (holl famemadhil kids) aanee sickle seela anaemia sanshodhan pudhe nenyachya dharmaday prayatnansathi olakhale jaatat. tyanni yapurvi kolambiya college shikago aanee roozvelt vidyapithat shikshan ghetale hote. prarambhik jeevan. jeevan janm 1 julai 1990 roji ohayochya toledo yethe jhaala aanee teey shaharachya dakshin tokavar vadhale. tyala tyachya aaeene vadhavale, eae.ell. bosher highschoolmadhye shikshan ghetale aanee 2008 saalee padvi prapt kelee. tyanantarach tyane sangitacha pathpurava karnyasathi shikago, eleanoy yethe jaanyacha nirnay ghetala. vayachya 8 vya varshi tyanna sickle selcha aajaar jhalyache nidan jhaale. karkird. tyachya chamoone 2009 madhye tyachya karkirdila suruvat kelee. eleanoymadhil shikago yethe aagman jhalyanantar, too kolambiya college shikagomadhye gela, jithe too austin nileela bhetala aanee tyanni ekatra 'duhswapna aanee divaswapna' haah rastyavaril album prakashit keela. haah album 1 september 2009 roji rubihornetdware prakashit karnyat aala.com, dope cotcher aanee soundscape studio, malak michael collar karyakari nirmata mhanoon kaam karat aahet. shikagochya vachkane mails remerchya likhanasah yaa albumche punaravalokan kele...sambandhit albammadhye, karmchari bharpur kshamata dakhavtat-tyachyakade punch olinchi pratibha aahe aanee chhotya kapalelya oleensah lamb gitatmak misalanyacha eka marg aahe." 2009 madhye, tyane grammy puraskar vijetya 'remefest' sobat 'destiny andd ishyar' yaa tyachya pahilya mixtepmadhil 'duhswapna aanee divaswapna' yaa ganyavar kaam kele. 1 meey 2013 roji aaa.jeey. yaa sarvanchi vastavikta' prakashit jhalelya yaa prakalpat indii hiip-hopp joditil nelz, kids inn daad holl, yanchya sahkaryane 'naah mean?' asey shirshak denyat aale aahe.". 2017 madhye, shakespearechya koriolensavar aadharit steve bannonchya hiip-hopp sangitamadhye 'daad thing aay emm' madhye too chitrit karnyat aala hota aanee tyachi nirmiti aanee jaaniv aatachya kalat jhaali. tyanchya jaagtik rubber track upkramacha eka bhag mhanoon tyanna georgiachya atalanta yetheel outcastchya prasiddha stanconia studiomadhye dhwanimudran karnyasathi vartaharanni aamantrit kele hote. yaa satranmadhye dhwanimudrit kelelya ganyanpaiki eka gaane 'vibes' hote, jeey tyachya 2018 chya prakalpachya 'bahanyanmadhye' disate."2016 madhye converse rubber track mohimesathi sadar kelelya eka karyakramadarmyan californiatil hollywoodmadheel amiba sangitamadhye vitarit 7" vinailavar converse aanee amiba sangitadvare heey ekal dekhil pradarshit karnyat aale hote. 2018 madhye, too spasht spashtatene raftersver chitrit jhaala, suichya thembachya anthany fantanone yaa ganyache punaravalokan kele. dandharm. februwari 2012 madhye, madhye sickle seela anaemia sanshodhanasathi jagrukta pasaravanyasathi aanee nidhi gola karnyasathi 'sthir pratiksha' moheem suru kelee aanee pracharatmak ekal, 'sthir pratiksha' madhoon milanari ardhi rakkam sickle seela disease association auph americela daan kelee. tyach varshi mashalane tyachya dharmaday karyabaddal tyachi mulakhat ghetali.

ae.jey. chalak dall ae.jey. tolly ek americi hipp-hup kalakar rar nirmata hun, toldo, ohayoma janmieka rar hurkeka hun. uni skaya hutch, nalez (hull femma kidjako) rar sikal cell anaemia anusandhanlai agadi badhaune paropkari prayasharuka lagi parichit chhan. unle yasaghi columbia college shikago rar rujwelt vishwavidyalayama adhyayan gareka thie. prarambhik jiwan. tolly july 1,1990 maa toledo, ohayoma janmieko thiyo rar saharko dakshin chheuma hurkeko thiyo. unlai unaki amale hurkaeki thiin, upasthit thiin.ell. bauser hai schol rar warsha 2008 maa snatak gare. tyasapachhi unle sangit pachhyauna shikago, eleanois sarne nirnaya gare. uni 8 warshako umerma sikal cell rogbata pidit thie. currier. tolile sann 2009 maa afno currier suru suru. ilinoisko sikago aipugepachhi, unle columbia college sikagoma bhag lie jahaan unle astin nililai bhete, rar sangai uniharule "duswapna rar diwaswapna" namak sadak album jaari gare. album september 1,2009 maa rubihornet marfat jaari garieko thiyo.cum, dope kochar rar soundscape studiyoharu, malik micheal coller karyakari nirmatako rupma sewa gardai. sikago readerle mile remer lekhanko sath ukta albumko samiksha prastut garyo...prashnama raheko albumma, tolile dherai sambhawanaharu dekhaunchha-unisanga panch lineharuka lagi pratibha chha rar chhoto katieka lineharusanga lamo githaru misaune tarika chha." sann 2009 maa, unle afno pahilo mixtep, "duswapna rar diwaswapna" ko geet "destiny anned dishare" maa graimi puraskar vijeta rimefestsanga kaam gare. maee 1,2013, ae.jey. yo sabai wastawikta" jaari gariyo, pariyojanale indie hipp-hup jodiko nalejsanga sahakarya prastut gardacha, halma kidge, shirshak, "hoina matlab?". sann 2017 maa, unlai shakespeareko koreolanasma adharit steve bannonko hipp-hup sangitik "da thing ai emm" maa chitrit garieko thiyo rar yo naothisdwara nirman rar mahasus garieko thiyo. unlai conversdwara uniharuko vishwawyapi robber track pahalko ek bhagko rupma georgiako atlantama raheko autakastako pauranik stanconia studioma record garna amantrit garieko thiyo. yee satraharuma record garieka githaru madhye euta "bhaibsa" thiyo, june geet unko 2018 pariyojana "bahana" maa dekha pardachha."yo ekal converse rar amiba sangitdwara 7" "winailharuma rilij garieko thiyo june holywood, californiako amiba sangitma 2016 maa converse robber track abhiyanka lagi pradarshan garieko show kruko samayama witarit garieko thiyo. sann 2018 maa, unle spashtata spashtata dwara raftersma prastut gare, yass gitko samiksha sui drapko anthony fantanole gareka thie. paropkarko kaam. february 2012 maa, tolile sikal cell anaemia anusandhanka lagi jagarukta failauna rar kosh jutauna "still waiting" abhiyan suru garyo rar prachar ekal "still waiting" batt ayako adha bhag sikal cell digies association aff americalai daan garyo. sohi warsha unko paropkar karyako barema mashalle unko antarwarta leo.

aii.jay. dala aii.jay. kru jane americae hip-hup kalakara ebong nirmata, jieki toledo, ohiore janmagrahana karithile ebong badhithile. shay skye hutch, nalez (hull phemare kidge) ebong sickle cell raktahinata gabeshanaku aagaku badhaiba digare databya prayasa paain janashuna . purbaru shay kalambia college, chikago ebong rujbhelta biswabidyalajare adhyajana karithile. prarambhika zeeban. dala july 1,1990 ray ohiora taledore janmagrahana karithile ebong saharar dakhina prantare badhithile . shay taanka maanka dwara lalitapalita hoithile, upasthita thile ee.ell. bosher haiskulare padhiba parey 2008 masihare snataka hassel karithile. taa 'parey shay sangeeta adhyajana kariba paain eleanoire chikago jibaku nishpatti neithile. 8 barsha bajasare shay sickle cell rogare akranta hoithile. kyariyara. 2009 ray dala taanka kyariyara arambha karithile. eleanoisra chikagore pahanchiba parey, shay kalambia college chikagore joga deithile jeunthare shay astin nelinku bhetithile, ebong ekathi semane eka street album, "duhswapna ebong dibaswapna" prakash karithile . ehi album rubihornt jariaare september 1,2009ray muktilabha karithila.qama, dope cuture ebong soundscape studio, malika michael collar karjyanirbahee nirmata bhabare karjya karuchanti . chikago reader ukta albummer eka samikhya mile remer lekhasaha pradarshita karithile...ukta alabamre, karmacharimane aneka sambhabana dekhaichhanti-taanka pakhare pancha line paain pratibha achhi ebong chhot kataa line sahita lamba geetikara mishran karibara eka upaiah achhi ." 2009 ray, shay grammy puraskara bijeta rimefest sahita "bhagya ebong ichha" upare kaama karithile, jaahaa tankara pratham mixtep, "duhswapna ebong dibaratra" rahr eka geeta . meey 1,2013ray, a.jay. daa reality off eat all" ray prakashita hoithiba ehi prakalpare indi hip-hup jodi, kidge inn daa hull rahr nalejnka sahjog sahita eka sahjog rahichhi, jahara shirshaka, "naa maane?". 2017 ray, shay shakespijaranka coriolance upare aadharita stibh bananka dwara hip-hup musical "dee thing aai aam" ray pradarshita hoithile ebong ehaa bartamana dwara nirmita ebong hrudajangama karajaithila . biswa rabar track padakhyepara eka ansha bhabare georgier atlantare thiba outcaster kimbadanti stanconia studiore record karibaku tanku converse dwara nimantran karajaithila. ehi adhibeshanare record karajaithiba gitagudika madhyaru gotie thila "bhaibsa", eka geeta jaahaa taanka 2018 prakalpa "ajuhat" ray dekhajaithae ."ehi ekakati madhya 7" "bhinailare converses ebong ameeba music dwara muktilabha karithila jaahaa holywood, californier ameeba myujikare 2016 ray converses rabar track abhijana paain eka shoe kru pradarshan samajare bitarana karajaithila . 2018 ray, shay clarence spastata dwara rafter upare pradarshita hoithile, ehi geetaku sui dropro anthony fantano dwara samikhya karajaithila . daana karjya. februari 2012 ray, kru sickle cell raktahinata gabeshana paain sachetanata bistara ebong panthi sangraha karibaku eka "sthira prateekhya" abhijana arambha karithile ebong promotional singal "sthira prateekhya" ru ayara adhaa, americara sickle cell roga sanghaku daana karithile . sehi barsha tankara databya karjya bishajare mashal dwara tankara sakhyatakara niajaithila.

aii.jey. chaalak dall aii.jey. chaalak dall ikk amriki hipp-hopp kalakar atey nirmata haii, joe toldo, ohio witch paida hoiaa atey vadda hoiaa. uh sakai hutch, nalej (haal fame witch kids) atey sickle saill anaemia khoj noon agge vadhaun laee daani yatnan laee janhiaa jaanda haii. uh pahilan columbia kaalaj shikago atey roozvelt university witch padhe sunn. mudhla jeevan. chaalak dall daa janam 1 julai, 1990 noon toledo, ohio witch hoiaa see atey uh shehar dey dakkhni sire utte vadda hoiaa see. uss daa paalan-poshan uss dee maan neey keeta see, jiss witch uss neey hissa liaa see.aill. bausher hyee school atey saal 2008 witch graduate hoiaa. udon usne sangeet noon agge vadhaun laee shikago, eleanois jaanh daa faisla keeta. unhan noon 8 saal dee umar witch sickle saill dee bimari daa pataa lagga see. carrier. chaalak dall neey aapne carrier dee shuruat 2009 witch keeti see. shikago, eleanois pahunchan 'teey, usne columbia kaalaj shikago witch padahi keeti jitthe uh austin neeli noon miliaa, atey uhanan neey mill keey ikk street album, "burey sapne atey dialu sapne" jaari keete. ih album 1 satambar, 2009 noon rubihornet raahin jaari keeti gaee see.company, dope cotcher atey soundscape studios, jiss dey maalak michael collar karajkari nirmata vajon kamm qarr rahey hunn. shikago reeder neey mayilan remer likhan dey naal kiha album dee samikhiaa pesh keeti...swal witch album utte, chaalak dall bahut saariaan sambhavnavan dikhaunda haii-uss cole punch lines laee ikk pratibha haii atey chhotiaan kattiaan lines dey naal lambe geetan noon milaun daa ikk tarika haii." sann 2009 witch, uss neey grammy puraskar jetu kavita naal "kismat atey ichha" utte kamm keeta, joe uss dee pahili mixtep, "burey sapne atey dialu supniaan" daa ikk geet haii. 1 maee 2013 noon aii.jey. iss sabh dee asliat" jaari keeti gaee, project witch indee hipp-hopp jodee, kids inn dha haal dey naal ikk sahiyog haii, jiss daa sirlekh haii, "naheen matlab?". 2017 witch, uss noon shakespeare dey coriolance utte adharat steve bannon duaara ikk hipp-hopp sangeet witch "dha thing aaee aim" witch pradarshit keeta giaa see atey iss noon naothis duaara tiaar atey mahisus keeta giaa see. uss noon sanvaad duaara aapne vishwaviaapi rubbed track pahilkadmi dey ikk hisse vajon georgia dey atlanta witch outcast dey prasidh stanconia studio witch ricard curran laee sadda ditta giaa see. inhan saishanan dauran ricard keete gaye geetan vicchon ikk "wibes" see, ikk geet joe uss dey 2018 dey project "dey bahaane" utte dikhai dinda haii."single noon 7" "viniles utte converse atey amiba sangeet duaara vee jaari keeta giaa see joe hollywod, california witch amiba sangeet witch 2016 witch converse rubbed track muhim laee pesh keete gaye ikk shoa chaalak dall dauran vandiaa giaa see. saal 2018 witch, uss neey sapashtata duaara rafteran utte pradarshit keeta, iss geet dee samikhiaa suee dee boond dey anthony fantano duaara keeti gaee see. daan daa kamm. farvari 2012 witch, chaalak dall neey jagrukta failaun atey sickle saill anaemia khoj laee fund ikkathe curran laee ikk "ajey vee udeek" muhim shuru keeti atey prachar single, "ajey vee udeek" toon addhi aamdan sickle saill disease association aaf amrica noon daan qarr ditti. use saal uss dey charity kamm baare tarch duaara uss dee interview laee gaee see.

a.jey. dalah a.jey. chaalakadalah ekaha amerikeeyah hip-haap-kalakaraha nirmata cha asti, yah ohiyo-nagarasya toldo-nagare janitah, utthaapitah cha. saha skai hach, naaledj (haal fame madhye kids) ityetaih saha karyartham, sickle-sell-anaemia-samshodhanasya krute daatrutvaprayaasebhyah cha prasidhah asti. saha poorvam chikaago-nagarasya columbia-mahaavidyaalaye, roosvelt-vishvavidyaalaye cha abhyanayt. praarambhikajeevanam. nausainikadalasya janma 1990 julai 1 dinaanke ohiyo-nagarasya toldo-nagare abhavat, nagarasya dakshinatame bhaage cha saha vardhata. saha swamaatrubhih paalitah, ee. ityasmin upasthitah aasit.a. bosher-ucchavidyaalaye 2008 tame varshe snaatakapadaveem praptavan. tadaa eva saha sangeetasy anudhaavanaartham ileanois-nagarasya chikaago-nagaram gantum nishchitavaan. saha 8 vayasi sickle-sell-rogena peeditah iti dnyaatah. vruttihi. 2009 tame varshe dalasya kaaryavruttasya aarambhah abhavat. ileanois-nagarasya chikaago-nagare aagaty, saha columbia-mahaavidyaalaye chikaago-nagare upasthitah, yatra saha austin-neelee ityenam militavaan, tathaa cha te militvaa "duhswapnaani tathaa divaasvapnaani" iti veethi-aalbam prakaashitavantah. 2009 september 1 dinaanke rubiharnet ityasya madhyamena asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam krutam.kaam, dope-kauchar tathaa soundscape-studios, maalikah mckell collar ityanena saha karyakari-nirmaatruroopen karyam karoti. chikaago-reeder ityasmin mails-remer-ityasya lekhanam saha uktasya aalbam ityasya samiksha pradarshita.iti.iti.vichaaraadheenasy aalbam madhye, dalasya sadasyah bahunam sambhaavanaam darshayati-tasya panch-lans ityasya pratibhaa asti, laghu-kataah lans ityetaih saha deergha-gitanam mishranasya cha upaayah asti." 2009 tame varshe, saha grami-puraskarapraptena ramefest ityanena saha "destiny and disair" iti geetam krutavaan, yat tasya prathamasya mixtep ityasya "duhswapnaani tathaa divaasvapnaani" iti geetam aasit. 2013 mey 1 dinaanke a.jey. da reality aaf itt aal" iti prakaashitam, asmin prakalpe indee hip-haap-yugalasya, haal-madhye kids ityasya, naalej ityanena saha sahayogah asti, "naa mean?" iti sheershakam asti."iti. 2017 tame varshe, shekspiyar ityasya coriolanus ityasya aadhaaren steve bainan ityanena hip-haap-sangeeta-kaaryakrame "da thing aii aam" ityasmin saha abhyanayt, tathaa cha tatt nauthis ityanena nirmitam, anubhootam cha abhavat. georgia-deshasya atlanta-nagare autkaast-nagarasya prasiddh-stankonia-studios-madhye dhvanimudranaartham, teshaam vaishvika-rabbar-track-upakramasya bhagarupena, saha vaartaalaapaken aamantritah. eteshu satreshu dhwanimudritam geetam "webs" iti aasit, yat tasya 2018 tame varshe prakalpe "xcuscus" iti geetam drushyate."ekakam, 2016 tame varshe, kaaliforneeyaadeshasya hollywood-nagare, amiba-sangeete vitreetasya 7" vinail-geetaani, converse-rubber-track-abhiyanasya krute pradarshite pradarshana-dalasya samaye, converse-amiba-sangeeten api pradarshitam. 2018 tame varshe, saha spashtatayaa rafter-madhye abhyanayt, suchya-drap ityasya enthonee faantaano ityanena gitasya samiksha krutaa. paropakarakaram. 2012 februvari-maase, dalasya sadasyaih sickle-sell-raktaalpataa-samshodhanaartham cha "nishchal-pratiksha" abhiyanam aarabhat, prachaar-ekagitat "nishchal-pratiksha" ityasya ardham dhanam sickle-sell-roga-sanghaay daanam akarot. tasmin eva varshe tasya danakaryasya vishaye dipadwara tasya sakshatkaraha krutah.

auuu.jay. kuzhuvinar auuu.jay. kuzhu oru america hiip-haap kalaignar mattrum thayaarippaalar, toledo, ohiyoavil piranthu valarnthaar. skai hutch, naledge (haal pugazh konda kitts) mattrum arivaal chell iraththa soagai aaraaychchiyai maelum athikarippatharkaana thondu muyarchigalukkaaga avar ariyappadugiraar. avar munbu kolambiya kalluri sikago mattrum roosevelt palkalaikkazhagaththil payintraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. juulai 1,1990 andru ohiyoavin toletovil pirantha kuzhu nagarin therku munaiyil valarnthathu. avar thanathu taayaal valarkkappattaar, kalandhu kondaar.ell. bavushar uyarnilaip palli mattrum 2008 aam aandil pattam pettraar. appoathuthaan avar isaiyaith thodara illinoisin sikakovukku sella mudivu seithaar. avarukku 8 vayathil arivaal chell noai iruppathu kandariyappattathu. thozhil. 2009 aam aandil avarathu kuzhuvinar thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinar. illinoayisil ulla sikakovukku vantha piragu, avar kolambiya kalluri sikakovil payintraar, angku avar austin neeliyai sandhiththaar, maelum avarkal ontraaka oru theru aalpaththai veliyittanar, "kanavugal & pakalnaera kanavugal". inththa aalbam septumber 1,2009 andru rubiharnet vazhiyaaga veliyidappattathu.com, poathaipporul aadai mattrum olii kaatchi studiyoakkal, urimaiyaalar michael koolar nirvaaga thayaarippaalaraaga paniyaattrukiraar. sikago reader mile raymer ezhuththudan antha aalpaththin mathippaaivaik kondirundhadhu.endru koorinaar.endru koorinaar.kelvikkuriya aalpaththil, kuzhuvinar niraiya thirankalaik kaattukiraargal-avarukku panjch koadugalukku oru thiramai ullathu mattrum kurugiya thundugalaaga vettapatta varigaludan neenda paadal kalakkum vazhi ullathu." 2009 aam aandil, avar thanathu muthal kalavaiyana "deitapes & daidreams" endra paadalil "vidhi & aasai" endra paadalin meethu kirami viruthu pettra rheimefestuden paniyaattrinaar. mae 1,2013 andru, a.jay. anaiththin yadhaarththamum" endra peyaril veliyidappatta inthath thittaththil, indi hiip-haap irattaiyarkalidamirunthu oru koottu muyarchiyai kondullathu, kitts haalil, "naa endraal?"endru koorinaar. 2017 aam aandil, shakespearin choreolanusai adippadaiyaagak konda steve banan ezhuthiya hiip-haap isaip padaththil "thii thing aii aam" endra padaththil avar idampettraar, maelum adhu ippoathu thayaarikkappattu unarappattathu. georgiavin atlaandaavil ulla avutcastin pugazhpettra stanconia studiyoakkalil avarkalin ulagalaaviya rubber tracugal munmuyarchiyin oru paguthiyaaga pathivu seiya avar alaikkappattaar. inththa amarvugalin poathu pathivu seiyappatta paadalkalil ondru "athirvukal", idhu avarathu 2018 thittaththin "saakkugalil" thoandrum oru paadal."inththa ottrai 7" "vinail isai moolam veliyidappattathu, idhu hollywood, californiavil ulla ameeba isaiyil 2016 aam aandil converse rubber trax pirachchaaraththirkaaka nigazhththappatta oru nigazhchchiyin poathu viniyoagikkappattathu". 2018 aam aandil, avar thelivuththiran thelivaal raftergalil idampettraar, inththa paadal oosi thuli anthoni fandanowal mathippaaivu seiyappattathu. thondu vaelai. pipravari 2012 ill, kuzhu arivaal chell iraththa soagai aaraaychchikku vizhippunarvai parappuvatharkum nidhi thirattuvatharkum oru "innum kaatthirukkum" prachchaaraththaith thodangiyathu mattrum vilambara ottrai, "innum kaaththirukkirathu", irunthu varum varumanaththil paathiyai americavin arivaal chell noai sangaththirku nankodaiyaaga valangkiyathu. athae aandu avarathu thondu paniyaip pattri avar deepaththaal nerkaanal seiyappattaar.

eah.zhe. sibbandi eah.zhe. sibbandi oka american hip-haap kalakarudu mariyu nirmaata, toledo, ohiyolo janminchi perigaaru. athanu skye hutch, naledge (haall famelo kidge) mariyu sikil sell raktaheenata parisoedhananu marinta munduku teesukelladaaniki swachchanda prayatnaalaku prasiddhi chendaadu. athanu gatamlo columbia kalaasaala chikago mariyu roosvelt vishwavidhyaalayamlo chadivaadu. prarambha jeevitam. sibbandi juulai 1,1990naa ohiyoloni toledolo janminchaaru mariyu nagaram yokka dakshina chivaralo perigaaru. athanu thana talli dwara perigaadu, hajarayyadu.ell. bousher unnata paatasaalalo chadivi, chadivi pattabhadrudayyaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu sangeetaanni abhyasinchadaaniki illinayisloni chikagoku vellaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. aayanaku 8 samvatsaraala vayassulo sikil sell vyaadhi unnatlu nirdhaarana ayindi. vrutti. undhi." sibbandi thana vruttini praarambhinchaaru. illinayisloni chikagoku vacchina taruvaata, athanu columbia kalaasaala chikagolo chadivaadu, akkada athanu austin neeleeni kalusukunnadu, mariyu vaaru kalisi "nitemares & daledreams" anae veedhi albumnu vidudala chesaaru. eee album september 1,2009naa rubihornet dwara vidudalaindi.com, dope fyaashan mariyu soundscape studiolu, yajamani maikhel kolar executive nirmaatagaa panicheestunnaaru. chikago reader miles raymer rachanatho aaa album yokka sameekshanu pradarsinchindi.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru.prashnaarthakamaina albumlo, sibbandi chaalaa saamardhyaalanu chuuputaaru-ataniki punch linela kosam pratibha undhi mariyu chinna mukkalu chesina lainlatho podavaina geetaanni kalipe maargam undhi." undhi.", athanu thana modati mixes tape, "nitemares & pagatipuuta kalalu" nundi oka paata "vidhi & korika" paie grammy avaardu geluchukunna rimefestho kalisi panicheesaadu. mae 1,2013naa, a.zhe. anninti vaastavikata" gaa vidudala cheyabadina eee prajectulo indii hip-haap dvayam nundi vacchina naledge, haall loe unna kidge, "naa mean?" anae paerutoe oka sahakaram undhi."anie paerkonnaaru. paerkonnaaru, shakespeare yokka coriolanus aadhaaramgaa steve baanan roopondinchina hip-haap sangeeta chitram "dhi thing ii yaam" loe ayana kanipinchaaru, mariyu adhi ippudu utpatti cheyabadindi mariyu grahinchabadindi. georgialoni atlanta looni outcast yokka puraana stanconia studiolalo vaari prapancha rabbaru trackla choravalo bhaagamgaa record cheyadaaniki athanu ahvaninchabaddadu. eee sessionlalo record cheyabadina paatallo okati "wibes", idhi athani 2018 project "saakulu" loe kanipinche kanipinche converse rabbaru trackla pracharam kosam pradarsinchina pradarsana brundam samayamlo hollywood, californialoni amiba sangeetamlo pampinhee cheyabadina 7" "viniles paie converse mariyu amiba sangeetam dwara kooda eee single vidudala cheyabadindi". cheyabadindi", athanu spashtatato teppalapai kanipinchaadu, eee patanu suudi drop yokka anthony fantano sameekshinchaaru. daatrutva pani. fibravari fibravari, sibbandi sikil sell raktaheenata parisoedhana kosam avagahana kalpinchadaaniki mariyu nidhulanu sekarinchadaaniki "inca vechi unna" pracharanni praarambhinchaaru mariyu prachara single "inca vechi unna" nundi vachhe aadaayamlo sagam sikil sell disease association off americaku viraalamgaa icchaaru. adhe samvatsaram thana swachchanda seva gurinchi tarch dwara interview cheyabaddaadu.

aey.jay. emlah aey.jay. emlah eek americi hipp hopp artist aur producer hay juu toledo auhaiyo mein paida hawaa aur prorish payee. wah iski hutch naalij (haal kii shahrat mein kadz) kay saath apnay kaam aur sakal sail anaemiya kii tehqeeq kuu aagay badhanay kay liye khairati koshishon kay liye jaana jaataa hay. iss say qabal inhon nay columbia college shikago aur rosewelt university mein taleem haasil kii. ibtadayi zindagi. amley kii paidaish yakam jolayi 1990 kuu toledo auhaiyo mein hoyee aur wah shehar kay janubi saray parr plaa badhaa. iss kii prorish iss kii maan nay kii iss nay ayee mein sharkat kii.eel. bousher hayee school aur saal 2008 mein graduation kiyaa. tubb hyee inhon nay mausiqi kii peervi karnay kay liye shikago aleenwaye jaanay kaa faislah kiyaa. inhein 8 saal kii amar mein sakal sail kii bemari kii tashkhis hoyee thee. carrier. amley nay apnay carrier kaa aaghaz 2009 mein kiyaa. shikago aleenwaye pahunchnay parr inhon nay columbia college shikago mein taleem haasil kii jehaan inn kii mulaqat auston neeli say hoyee aur inhon nay mill kirr eek strait album "drawnay khwaab aur day dreams" jaari kiyaa. yaha album yakam satambar 2009 kuu ruby haarant kay zariye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa.kaam dope kochar aur sound scape studios jiss kay maalik michael collar execto producer kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam day rahay haine. shikago reader nay meel remer tehreer kay saath mazkurah album kaa jaizah paish kiyaa. ..zeer bahas album mein amley nay behat saaree salahiyatein dikhayi haine-iss kay paas pinch linon kay liye eek hunner hay aur mukhtasir cutty hoyee linon kay saath lambi geeton kuu milaa kirr bananay kaa eek tariqah hay." 2009 mein inhon nay greemi aiward yaaftah reemi fest kay saath "taqdir aur khwahish" parr kaam kiyaa juu inn kay pehley miks taip "drawnay khwaab aur day dreams" kaa eek gaana hay. yakam mayee 2013 cow aey.jay. iss sabb kii haqeeqat" kuu jaari kiyaa gayaa iss project mein indee hipp hopp jodee kay naalij kay saath taawan kii khususiyat haine haal mein cudz jiss kaa anwaan hay "nahein matlab?". 2017 mein inhein shakespear kay coriolence parr mubni steve benan kay hipp hopp musical "dee thang aayee ayem" mein dikhaya gayaa thaa aur asay nothas nay tayaar kiyaa aur mahsus kiyaa thaa. inhein inn kay aalimi rabad track pehal kay eek hasay kay toor parr atlanta jarjiya mein aaot cast kay afsanvi stankonia studios mein record karnay kay liye madau kiyaa gayaa thaa. inn seshnon kay doraan record kiye gayey gaanon mein say eek "waibas" thaa juu eek gaana thaa juu inn kay 2018 kay project "bahanay" parr zahir hotaa hay."yaha sangal kanwars aur ameeba music kay zariye 7" wanael parr bhee jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa juu haali woad california mein emiba music mein 2016 mein kanwars rabad tracks muham kay liye paish kiye gayey eek show kay amley kay doraan taqsim kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2018 mein inhon nay waazah wazahat kay zariye rafters parr numayan kiyaa iss gaaney kaa jaizah soyee kay qatray kay ainthoni funtano nay liyaa. khairati kaam. faroori 2012 mein amley nay bedari phelanay aur sakal sail anaemiya kii tehqeeq kay liye funds aktha karnay kay liye eek "abb bhee intezar" muham sharoo kii aur promotional sangal "abb bhee intezar kirr rehaa hay" say haasil honay waali nasf aamadni sakal sail ddeziz aisosi aishan aaf america kuu atiyah kii. asee saal mashaal nay inn kay khairati kaam kay baaray mein inn kaa intervieve liyaa.

0007b6ceec098913b9451de66124d388ef433165dd19922957c93854b5375490

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28024912

Aloeides mbuluensis

Aloeides mbuluensis Species of butterfly Aloeides mbuluensis, the Mbulu copper, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa, where it is known from bare patches of ground in highland grassveld in the Mbulu area of the Eastern Cape and the area near Loteni in KwaZulu-Natal. The wingspan is 26–32 mm for males and 29–37 mm females. Adults are on wing from November to January. There is one generation per year. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alloids embuluensis embulu taam, el "ides embuluensis hoise licenidae poriyalor etaa pokhila. iyak dokhyin africat puwa yaay, zo 'too iyak pubo kepor embulu oncholor uschobhumi ghahonir maatir khaali ongxo aaru kuwajulu-natalor lutenir usoror oncholor poraa jonaa yaay. puruxor baabe wingspen 26-32 mimi aaru 29-37 mimi mohilar baabe. novemboror poraa januaryloike praptoboyoskoxokol uingot thaake. proti bosore etaa projonmo thaake.

alloids ambuluensis alloids ambuluencies, embulu taama, lycanidae poribarer ekti prajapati. etty dakkhin africa pawa yaay, jekhane etty purbo cape-err mbulu elaka uchchobhumir ghaser samtal bhumir khaali ongsho ebong koazulu-nataler lotenir kachakachi anchal theke jaanaa yaay. purushder jonno danna 26-32 mimmy ebong mohilader jonno 29-37 mimmy. praptoboyoskora navembar theke januari porjonto danna thaake. proti bochor ekti korey projonmo thaake.

alloids mbuluensis alloids mbuluensis, mbulu copper, lycanidae parivaarnu aek patangiyu chhe. teey dakshin africama jovaa maley chhe, jyaan teey purveey kepnaa mbulu vistaarmaa uchch jameenna ghaasnaa medanoma jameenna khulla tukadao aneey kwazulu-natalma loteni najiknaa vistarmathi odakhaay chhe. pankhni paankh purusho maate 26-32 mm aneey 29-37 mm streeo maate chhe. pukht vayanaa loko novemberthi january sudhee paankh parr hoya chhe. darr varshe aek pedhhi hoya chhe.

alloids mbuluensis alloids mbuluensis, mbulu copper, lycanidae parivaar kii ack titali haye. yeh dakshin africa mein paaya jaataa haye, jahan yeh purvi cape key mbulu kshetra mein oonche ghaas key maidan mein jameen key nange hisson aur kwazulu-natal mein loteni key paas key kshetra seey jaanaa jaataa haye. purushon key liye pankhon kaa aakar 26-32 mimi aur 29-37 mimi maadaon key liye hotaa haye. vayask navambar seey janwari taka pankhon parr hotey hain. prati varsh ack peedhi hoti haye.

alloids embuluvensis alloids embuluvensis, embulu taamravu lysenidae kutumbada chitte. idu daksina aafrikaadalli kandubaruttade, allie idu purva kepna mbulu pradeshada ettarada hullugavalugalalli mattu kwajulu-natalna loteni baliya pradeshadinda tilidide. rekkegalu purusharige 26-32 mimee mattu 29-37 mimee hennu. vayaskaru novemberninda janavariyavarege rekkegala mele iruttaare. varshakke ondu talemaaru iruttade.

alloids mbuluensis mbulu tambe, haah alloids mbuluensis haah lycanidae kutumbatil eka phulpakharu aahe. too dakshin aafriket aadhalato, jithe too purvekadil kepchya mbulu bhagatil unch gavatal pradeshatil jaminichya ughadya pattyanpasoon aanee kwazulu-natalmadhil lotenijavalachya bhagatoon olakhala jaato. purushansathi pankhanchi lambi 26-32 miimii aanee mahilansathi 29-37 miimii aahe. november teey janevariparyant praudh lock ranget asatat. darvarshi eka pidhi asate.

alloids mbuluensis alloids mbuluensis, mbulu tama, lycanidae pariwarko ek titli how. yo dakshin africama painchha, jahaan yo purvi kepko mbulu kshetrama uccha bhumi ghaanse maidan rar kwajulu-natalma loteni najikaiko kshetrabata thaha hunchha. purushharuka lagi pakhako lambai 26-32 mimmy rar 29-37 mimmy mahilaharuka lagi hunchha. wayaskaharu novemberdekhi janawarisamma wingma hunchhan. tyahan prati warsha ek pusta hunchha.

alaids ambuluensis lads embuluensis, embulu tamba, lycanidae paribarara eka prajapati . ehaa dakhina africare dekhajae, jeunthare ehaa purba kepra mbulu anchalare uchchabhumi ghasare bhumira khaali ansharu ebong kwajulu-nataler loteni nikatabartee anchalaru janashuna . purushamananka paain paakh pakhar lumb 26-32 mimi ebong mahilanka paain 29-37 mimi. bajaskamane navembararu januari parjyanta danga upare ruhanti . barshaku gotie pidhi rahichhi.

alloids ambulances alloids ambulances, embulu kaapar, lycanidae parivaar dee ikk titli haii. ih dakkhni africa witch paaiaa jaanda haii, jitthe ih purbi cape dey mabulu khetar witch ucche zamini ghaah dey maidaan witch zameen dey nange tukdiaan atey kavasulu-natal witch loteni dey nede dey khetar toon janhiaa jaanda haii. purshan laee khambhan daa pakkh 26-32 millimeter atey aurtan laee 29-37 millimeter haii. baalag navambar toon janwari takk wing utte hunde hunn. harr saal ikk peedhi hundi haii.

alloids mbuluensis alloids-mbulyoonsis, mbulu-taamrah, lacanidae-kulasya chitraphlai asti. dakshina-africa-deshe etat drushyate, yatra poorva-kep-pradeshasya mbulu-kshetre ucchabhoomi-trunabhoomau, kwaajulu-nataal-pradeshe loteni-sameepe cha bhoomau riktapradeshaih etat dnyaayate. purushaanaam krute prushtabhaagah 26-32 mimee, mahilanam krute 29-37 mimee cha bhavati. vayaskaah november-masat janavaree-maasaparyantam paksheshu bhavanti. prativarsham ekaha peedihi bhavati.

kattraazhai mbuluvensis kattraazhai mabuluvensis, mabulu sembu, lysenidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru pattampoochi aagum. idhu thennaapirikkaavil kaanappadugiradhu, angku idhu kilakku capin mabulu paguthiyil ulla malaippaangkaana pulveliyil ulla tharaiyin vetrtru thittukalilirunthum, kwazulu-nadaalil lottanikku arugilulla paguthiyilirunthum ariyappadugirathu. irakkaikal aangalukku 26-32 mimee mattrum 29-37 mimee penkal aagum. periyavarkal navambar muthal janavari varai irakkaiyil ullanar. aandukku oru thalaimurai ullathu.

alloids embuluvensis alloids mbuluvensis, mbulu raagi, lysenidae kutumbaaniki chendina seethaakokachiluka. idhi dakshina aafrikaalo kanipistundi, ikkada idhi thoorpu cape yokka mbulu praantamlooni ettaina gaddi maidaanamlo mariyu kwaajulu-nataallooni loteneeki sameepamlo unna praantam nundi telustundi. rekkalu purushulaku 26-32 mm mariyu 29-37 mm streelaku untaayi. peddalu november nundi janavari varaku rekkalu meeda untaaru. samvatsaraaniki oka taram undhi.

elvides ambulances alvides ambulonsis ambulo taanbah lycanady khaandaan kii eek tatli hay. yaha janubi afriqah mein paaya jaataa hay jehaan yaha mashriqi cape kay mabulu elaqay mein pahaadi gahaas kay medaan mein zameen kay nangay takadon aur kawazolo-nataal mein lotni kay qareeb kay elaqay say jaana jaataa hay. mardon kay liye pankh 26-32 milly metter aur 29-37 milly metter khwatin kay liye hotaa hay. baaligh nomber say januri takk paroon parr hotay haine. harr saal eek nasal hoti hay.

0007b93405442cc9384ad3cdda9e0a29319d989da6d72291b94dbb68e2010271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38079552

Puncturella cucullata

Puncturella cucullata Species of gastropod Puncturella cucullata, common name the hooded keyhole limpet, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets and slit limpets. Description. The size of the shell varies between 13 mm and 28 mm. Distribution. This marine species occurs from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ponchurela kukulata pongkchurela cuculata, xadharon naam hooded kihul limpet, hoise xagoriyo xamukor etaa projati, fisurelidae poriyalor ek xamudrik gerastrup mulasko, kihul limpet aaru slit limpet. bornona. xelor aakar 13 mimi aaru 28 mimir maajot hoy. bitoron. ei xamudrik projatitu alaskar poraa maxicor baaja keliforniyaloi dekha yaay.

panchurella cuculata panchurella cuculata, sadharan naam hooded kihol limpet, holl samudrik shamuker ekti prajati, jaa fisurelidae poribarer ekti samudrik gastroped molask, kihol limpet ebong slita limpet. bornona. kholer akaar 13 mimmy ebong 28 mimmy err modhye poribortito hoy. bitoron. eyi samudrik projatiti alaska theke bazza california, mexico porjonto pawa yaay.

pancharela cuculata punturella cuculata, saamanya naam hooded keyhole limpet, aee dariyai gokalgaayni aek prajaati chhe, jeey fisurelidae parivaarmaa dariyai gastropod mollsk chhe, keyhole limpet aneey slita limpet chhe. varnan. shelanu qada 13 meemee aneey 28 meemee vachche badalaay chhe. vitaran. aaa dariyai prajaati alaskathi laeene baajaa california, meksiko sudhee jovaa maley chhe.

pancharela kukulata pancharela kukulata, aam naam hood kihol limpet, samudri ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye, joe fisheralidae parivaar mein ack samudri gastropod molsk haye, joe kihol limpet aur slitt limpet haye. varnan. khol kaa aakar 13 mimi aur 28 mimi key beach hotaa haye. vitaran. yeh samudri prajaati alaska seey baajaa california, mexico taka paaee jaati haye.

puncturella kukulata puncturella cuculata, hooded kee hole limpet emba saamaanya hesaru, samudrada basavana ondu prabhedavagide, idu fissurelidae kutumbadalli ondu sagara gastropod mrudvangi, kee hole limpetgalu mattu slit limpetgalu. vivarane. chippina gatravu 13 mii. mea mattu 28 mii. mea. naduve badalaaguttade. vitarane. ee samudra prabhedavu alaaskaadinda meksikoda baja californiage kandubaruttade.

pancharela kukulata pancharela kukulata, samanya naav hood keyhole limpet, hii sagari gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe, jee fishurelidae kutumbatil sagari gastropod molsk, keyhole limpet aanee slit limpet aahe. varnan. kavachacha aakar 13 miimii teey 28 miimii darmyan badalato. vitaran. hii sagari prajati alaska teey baja california, meksikoparyant aadhalate.

pancharela kukulata puncurela kukulata, samanya naam hood garieko kihol limpet, samudri ghongha, pariwar fisurelidema ek samudri gastrapod molsk, kihol limpet rar slitt limpetko prajati how. warnan. kholko akar 13 mimmy rar 28 mimiko bichma bhinna hunchha. witaran. yo samudri prajati alasca dekhi baja california, meksikosamma painchha.

panchurela kukulata panchurela kukulata, sadharana naama hooded kihol limpet, heuchhi samudrika shamukar eka prajati, fisurelidi paribarara eka samudrika gastropod molsk, kihol limpet ebong slit limpet . barnana. kholara aakaar 13 mea. mea. ru 28 mea. mea. madhyare bhinna hoithae. bunton. ehi samudrika prajati alaskaru baja california, mexico parjyanta dekhajae .

pancturela kukulata pancturela kukulata, aam naam hooded kihol limpet, samundari ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii, joe kii parivaar fishurelidae witch ikk samundari gastropod molsk haii, kihol limpets atey slitt limpets. varnan. shell daa aakaar 13 millimeter atey 28 millimeter dey vichkaar hunda haii. vandd. ih samundari prajati alasca toon baaja california, mexico takk paaee jaandi haii.

pancharela kukulata panchurelaa-kukulata, samanyam naam hooded-kee-hole-limpet iti, samudriya-snell ityasya prajaatih asti, fishurelidae-parivaarasya samudriya-gastropod-molask, kee-hole-limpets, slit-limpets cha. varnanam. koshasya aakaarah 13 mii. mee. taha 28 mii. mee. paryantam bhavati. vitaranam. eshaa samudreeyajaatih alasca-taha meksiko-deshasya baja-california-paryantam drushyate.

banjurella gukulata banjurella gukulata, hood keehol limbet endra podhuvaana peyar, kadal natthai inamaagum, idhu fissurelidae kudumbaththil oru kadal iraichchal molask, keehol limpets mattrum slit limpets aagum. vilakkam. shellin alavu 13 mimee muthal 28 mimee varai maarupadum. viniyoagam. inththa kadal inangkal alaaskaavilirunthu mexikovin baja california varai kaanappadugindrana.

puncturella kukulata puncturella kukullata, saadhaarana paeru hooded keyhol limpet, idhi samudra natta yokka oka jaathi, idhi fissurelidae kutumbamlo oka samudra gastropod molask, keyhol limpets mariyu slit limpets. vivarana. shell yokka parimaanam 13 mimi mariyu 28 mimi madhya maarutuu untundi. pampinhee. eee samudra jaatulu alasca nundi meksikoolooni baja california varaku sambhavistaayi.

panctuarela kakolata panctuarela kakulata aam naam hoaded kii houl lampet samandari ghonga kii eek nooa hay juu fisherlady khaandaan mein eek samandari gastropod mollsk hay juu kii houl lampets aur silt lampets haine. wazahat. khool kaa size 13 milly metter aur 28 milly metter kay darmiyan hotaa hay. taqsim. yaha samandari nooa alaska say lay kirr baaja california mexico takk payee jaati hay.

0007bcf3c6b73a54ddc0ed867bf2717f85f2774343d656ee2231c0b8b912e6de

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1017443

Buckner & Garcia

Buckner & Garcia American musical duo Buckner & Garcia was an American musical duo consisting of Jerry Buckner and Gary Garcia from Akron, Ohio. Their first recording was made in 1972, when they performed a novelty song called "Gotta Hear the Beat", which they recorded as Animal Jack. Later, in 1980, they wrote a novelty Christmas song titled "Merry Christmas in the NFL", imagining sports journalist Howard Cosell as Santa Claus. The recording was credited to Willis the Guard (a character performed by Atlanta radio personality Bob Carr) and fictional group Vigorish. The song reached No. 82 on the Billboard charts. In 1981, the duo wrote a faith-based country theme to back the poem "Footprints in the Sand", performed by Edgel Groves, which reached No. 1 on many Country and Easy Listening radio stations. The duo also produced an extended version of the "WKRP in Cincinnati" theme song released on MCA Records in 1982. However, the duo is best known for their hit novelty song "Pac-Man Fever", released in 1981 on a local record label, BGO Records. Shortly after the duo signed a record deal with Columbia/CBS Records and the record was released nationally. An album of the same name quickly followed composed entirely of video game songs. The single and album both received gold records for combined sales of over two and a half million copies worldwide. The duo later followed up that single with "Do the Donkey Kong", which only made the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Charts, peaking at No. 103. History. The duo's intended follow-up to "Pac-Man Fever" was "E.T., I Love You", which was delayed for release by the label in favor of Neil Diamond's unauthorized "Heartlight". They released a re-recorded version of the song on their 1999 album "Now & Then". The Starlight Children's Chorus recorded a cover version on their album "E.T., I Love You & Other Extra Terrestrial Songs for Children". In 1985, Anne Murray's recording of "On and On", a song written by Jerry Buckner, became a top 10 hit on the Country/Easy Listening charts. In the mid-1990s, Sony Music Entertainment declined to re-release the "Pac-Man Fever" album to CD for reasons unknown. To meet the growing demand for a reissue of the album, the band released a re-recorded version on CD in 1999. When the duo re-formed the band in 1999 to re-record the album, Danny Jones became the group's drummer, Whitaker having died in the interim. Stewart returned as bassist; none of the other band members returned. The duo followed this up with "Now & Then", an album that included four new songs including a new recording of "E.T., I Love You". The pair continued to collaborate, including writing and performing on many original songs for the national restaurant chain Waffle House jukeboxes, several of which were released on a pair of albums. In 2009, "Pac-Man Fever" ranked at No. 98 on VH1's "Top 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 80s" list. On June 10, 2010, the duo released a song titled "Keepin' the Dream Alive", with part of the proceeds being donated to aid the All-American Soap Box Derby in their hometown of Akron. On September 9, 2011, Buckner & Garcia revealed its new song on Whiskey Media's Big Live Live Show: Live 2, called "Found Me the Bomb", which is about the gaming website Giant Bomb. The song was made after an interview in June 2011, in which Jerry Buckner and Gary Garcia called in during a live Pac-Man tournament Giant Bomb was having. Ryan Davis jokingly said during a podcast that the duo should make a song about them and then to his shock one day he received an mp3 containing the new song. The song was distributed free on giantbomb.com and also appeared on the Rock Band Network. On November 17, 2011, Gary Garcia died unexpectedly at his home in Englewood, Florida, at age 63. Buckner later worked with Jamie Houston to write the song "Wreck It, Wreck-It Ralph!" for the Disney film "Wreck-It Ralph" (2012). Jerry Buckner. Following Gary Garcia's death in 2011, Jerry continued on as a songwriter, keyboardist, and arranger. His songs have been recorded by Anne Murray ("On and On"), Bertie Higgins ("The Wall"), Bobby Vinton ("The Wall"), and Seiko ("So in Love with You"). He has scored original music for television and motion picture soundtracks along with jingles for a variety of commercial clients including Coca-Cola, Papa John’s, DirecTV and Waffle House. In 2012, Buckner co-produced and performed the title track to the hit Disney movie "Wreck-It Ralph", which received numerous awards, including Critics' Choice for “Best Movie”, Annie awards for “Best Movie” and “Best Soundtrack” and was nominated for an Oscar. Original members of the duo's band consisted of Ginny Whitaker (drums), Larry McDonald (bass guitar), Chris Bowman (lead and rhythm guitar), Rick Hinkle (lead and rhythm guitar on "Pac-Man Fever", "Mousetrap" and "Goin' Berserk"), Mike Stewart (Moog synthesizer on "Mousetrap" and "Goin' Berserk"), and David "Cozy" Cole (syndrum on "Pac-Man Fever"). Steve Carlisle and Sharon Scott provided background vocals on "Pac-Man Fever". Band members. Pac-Man Fever (1981‒1982) 1982‒1999 1999‒2011 Wreck-It, Wreck-It Ralph (2012) References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bokonar endo garchia bokonar endo garchia aasil ek aamerikan xongitor juti zo 'too oh' hio 'ror ekoronor jeree bakonar aaru geree garchia aasil. teulukor prothom recording 1972 sonot koraa hoisil, jetiya teuluke "gutta hiri dyo beat" naamor etaa notun geet poriwexon korisil, jaak teuluke animal jek hisape record korisil. pisoloi, 1980 sonot, teuluke "meree christomas inn dyo eno. ef. el" xirxok etaa notun khristomas geet likhisil, zo "too krira xangbadik haward koo" chelok xanta clouse hisape kolpona koraa hoisil. recordingor krititwo uilix dyo gaard (atlanta readyo 'byoktitwo bobo kaare poriwexon koraa etaa soritro) aaru kalponik gutt jurisoloi diya hoisil. gittur nombortu puwa nogoisil. bilobo 'rd chartot 82. 1981 sonot, ei jutikhone "balito podosinho" kobitatur aarot etaa biswax-bhittik dexor bixoybostu likhisil, jitu ejel grovese poriwexon korisil, ji nomborot uponeet hoisil. 1 bohu dexot aaru xohoje xuna readyo 'steson. ei jutikhone 1982 sonot em. chi. e. recordot mukoli koraa "wakorpo inn sinchinati" thim gitor ek xomproxarito xongskoronu prostut korisil. obosye, ei jutituwe teulukor hitt notunotwor geet "pess-menn fiver" ror baabe ataitkoi besi porisito, jitu 1981 sonot sthaniyo record label, bi. ji. oh "rcordsot mukti paisil. ei jutikhone kolombiya/chi. bi. ess. recordor xoite ek obhilekh sukti swakhyor korar kichu xomoyor pisote ei obhilekh rastriyo porzayot mukoli koraa hoisil. xompurnorupe video 'gaimor gitor uporot aadharito eke naamor etaa elbam oti xunkale onuxoron koraa hoisil. ekok aaru elbam duyutai biswojuri muth aarai nijutoru odhik kopi bikrir baabe xunor obhilekh laabh korisil. pisoloi ei jutikhone "du dyo donki kong" ror xoite xei ekoktu onuxoron korisil, ji kewol gorom 100 taa chartor odhinot budwudtu bonaisil, nomborot uponeet hoisil. 103. itihax. pess-menn fiver" ror baabe duyure onuxoronor uddesyo aasil "ee".ti., aai laabh eu, "jitu neel hirar ononumudit" heartlight "ror pokhyot labeltuwe mukoli korat polom korisil. teuluke teulukor 1999 sonor elbam "naau endo den" too gittur punor record koraa xongskoron mukoli korisil. starlight xixur kurase teulukor elbam "ee" too etaa proschod xongskoron record korisil.ti., moi tumak bhaal paau aaru xixuxokolor baabe onyanyo otirikto stholoj geet. 1985 sonot, jeree baknaror dwara likhito etaa geet "ono endo ono" ror enne murer recording, dex/xohoj srobon chartot xirxo 10 taa hitt hoi porisil. 1990-ror doxokor majbhagot, soni music entertainment-e ogyat karonot "pess-menn fiver" elbamtu chi. di.-loi punor mukoli koriboloi oswikar korisil. elbamtur punor prokaxor bordhito sahida puron koriboloi, bende 1999 sonot chi. di. too punor record koraa xongskoron mukoli korisil. jetiya ei jute 1999 sonot elbamtu punor record koriboloi bendtu punor gothon korisil, danny jones doltur drummer hoi porisil, hraitekaror ontobortikalin xomoyot mrityu hoisil. stewart basisto hisape ubhoti aahisil; aan kunu bendor xodosyo ghuri ohaa nasil. ei jutikhone iyar pisot "etiya aaru taar pisot" naamor etaa elbam uliyaisil zo 'too "ee" ror etaa notun recordingke dhori sarita notun gaan ontorbhukto aasil.ti., moi tumak bhaal paau. ei jure xohojugita obyahot rakhisil, jaar bhitorot rastriyo resturent sein wafel house jukbokxosor baabe bohutu mool geet likha aaru poriwexon koraa hoisil, jaare keibatau elbamor etaa jurat mukoli koraa hoisil. 2009 sonot "pess-menn fiver" nong sthanot aasil. bhi. eis. 1-ror "80-ror doxokor xirxo 100 goraki xorbosrestho ek-hitt bismoy" ror talikat 98 nombor. 2010 sonor 10 junot ei jutikhone "kipin dyo dream live" xirxok etaa geet mukoli kore, jaar poraa puwa dhonor etaa ongxo teulukor nijor sohor ekoronot thoka ol-aamerikan sabun boxes darbik xohay koriboloi daan koraa hoy. 2011 sonor 9 septemborot bokonar endo garchiyai huiski miriyar big live swo 'too iyar notun geet prokax korisiloh live 2, jaak "found mii dyo buma" buli kuwa hoy, jitu gaming websitor bixal bumar bixoye. 2011 sonor june maahot etaa xakyatkaror pisot ei gittu toiyar koraa hoisil, zo 'too jeree bakonar aaru geree garchiyai etaa live pess-menn turnamentor xomoyot dangor bumar xoite matisil. rian debhise etaa podcastor xomoyot koutuk kori koichil je ei jutituwe teulukor bixoye etaa geet bonabo laage aaru taar pisot edin teu notun gittu thoka etaa mp3 laabh korisil. gittu doityo bumar uporot binamuliyakoi bitoron koraa hoisil.komm aaru rok bendo networkotu dekha goisil. 2011 sonor 17 novemborot, geree garcier 63 bosor boyoxot flo "ridaar engleudot thoka teur ghorot oproityaxitobhabe mrityu hoisil. bokonare pisot jemi houstonor xoite kaam kori" rek itt, rek-itt ralf! "gittu likhisil."dijonee solositro" "rek-itt ralf" "(2012) ror baabe. jeree bakonar. 2011 sonot geree garcier mrityur pisot, jeriye gitikar, kibordobadok aaru aarengjar hisape kaam obyahot rakhisil. teur gitbur enne mure ("ono aaru ono"), barty higgins ("dyo waal"), bobi vinton ("dyo waal"), aaru siku ("xu inn laabh uith eu") ror dwara record koraa hoise. teu kuka-kulaa, paapa jonos, directovy aaru wafel houseke dhori bibhinno banijyik clientor baabe jingolsor logote television aaru muxon pikchar soundtrackor baabe mool xongit rosona korise. 2012 sonot bokonare hitt dijonee solositro "rek-itt ralf" ror title trektu xoho-projujona aaru poriwexon korisil, jiye xomalusokor "shrestho solositro", "shrestho solositro" aaru "shrestho soundtrack" ror baabe eni botaa aaru oskaror baabe monunit huwar logote oxongkhyo botaa laabh korisil. ei jutir bendor mool xodosyoxokolor bhitorot aasil jini huwaitekar (drums), leri mcdonald (bes gitter), crich bomen (lead aaru ridom gitter), rick hinkel ("pess-menn fiver" too lead aaru ridom gitter, "mousetrap" aaru "go 'inn' barsorko"), maik stewart ("mousetrap" aaru "go 'inn' barchork" too mug xongslexok), aaru debhid "kuji" kule ("pess-menn fiver" too chindram). steve carlicel aaru sweron skote "pess-menn fiver" ror uporot nepothyo kontho prodan korisil. bendor xodosyoxokol. pek-menn jwor (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rek-itt, rek-itt ralf (2012)

buckner oo garcia buckner oo garcia chhilen ekti markin sangeet jutee, jaar modhye chhilen ohior akron theke jerry buckner oo gyari garcia. taader prothom recording 1972 saale koraa hoyechilo, jokhon taaraa "gotta hear dya bitt" naame ekti abhinab gaan poribeshon korechilo, jaa taaraa animail jack hisabe record korechilo. porey, 1980 saale, taaraa krida sangbadik haward koselke santa clause hisabe kalpana korey "merry chrismus inn dya nfl" shironame ekti abhinab chrismus gaan likhechilen. recordingtir krititto uilis dya guard (atlanta redio byaktitto bobb kaar dwara poribeshito ekti choritro) ebong kalponik gosthike deoa hoyechilo. ganti naa-teey poucheche. billboarder talika 82tii. 1981 saale, eyi jutee "balite payer chhaap" kobitatir pichhone ekti biswas-vittik desh thim likhechilo, jaa agel groves dwara poribeshito hoyechilo, jaa nong-ayee pouchechilo. 1 onek deshe ebong sahoje shona redio stationgulite. eyi jutee 1982 saale mca recorde prokashito "wekrp inn cincinnati" thim gaaner ekti bordhito sangaskarano toiri korechilo. zaihok, eyi jutee taader janapriya abhinab gaan "pyasa-myana fiver"-err jonno sabcheye beshi porichito, jaa 1981 saale ekti sthaniya record lebel, bii. zii. oo recordsey mukti paay. kalambia/cbs recorder sange eyi jutee ekti record chukti swakkhar korar alpo somoyer modhyei recordti jatiyobhabe prokashito hoy. ekoi naamer ekti album druto sampurnarupe vdo gemer gaaner upor vitti korey anusaran koraa hoy. ekok ebong album ubhayi bishwobyapi adai millionero beshi kopir sommilito bikrir jonno swarna record peyeche. porey eyi jutee "doo dya donkey kong" ganti anusaran korey, jaa shudhumatra 100tii charter neeche budwud toiri korey, ebong nomborer shirshe pouche yaay. 103. itihas. eyi jutir uddeshya chhilo "pyasa-myana jwar"-err anusaran koraa.tii., aaee laav eu, "jaa neel diamonder ananumodito" heartlight "-err pokkhe lebel dwara mukti petey bilambito hoyechilo. taaraa taader 1999 saaler album "naao anned deena"-ayee gantir ekti punra record koraa sanskaran prakash koreche. starlite shishuder corus taader album "ee"-teey ekti prochchod sanskaran record koreche.tii., aami tomake bhalobasi ebong shishuder jonno anyanno atirikto stholoj gaan. 1985 saale, jerry buckner rachito ekti gaan, ayana murer "ono anned ono" recording, country/iji leisoning charte sheersho 10 hitt hoye othe. 1990-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye, sonny music binodan ajana karone "pyasa-myana fiver" albumty seedy-teey punra prakash korte aswikar korey. albumer punoprokasher kromobordhoman chahida metate, bandti 1999 saale seedy-teey ekti punra record koraa sanskaran prakash korey. jokhon 1999 saale eyi jutee albumty punra record korar jonno bandti punra gathon korey, danny johns doler drummer hoye othen, antarbartikalin somoye hoaitkar maaraa zaan. stuart bassist hisabe firey esechilen; onno konao banned sadasya firey asenni. eyi jutee "ekhon ebong tarpor", ekti album niye egiye yaay, jaar modhye "ee"-err ekti notun recording soho charti notun gaan antarbhukta chhilo.tii., aami tomay bhalobasi. eyi jutee jatiya restoran chein waffle house jukeboxer jonno onek mool gaan lekha ebong poribeshona koraa soho sahojogita abyahoto rakhe, jaar modhye besh koyekti albume mukti paay. 2009 saale, "pyasa-myana fiver" nong sthane chhilo. vaich1-err "80-err doshoker sera 100tii eka-hitt bismoy"-err talika 98tii. 2010 saaler 10ee june, eyi jutee "kippin dya drima live" shironame ekti gaan prakash korey, jaar theke prapto orther ekti ongsho taader niz shohor akrone oll-american saban boxes darbike sahayata korar jonno daan koraa hoy. 9ee septembara, 2011-ayee, buckner anned garcia huiski medier borh live shoh live 2-ayee taar notun gaan prakash koreche, jaake bolla hoy "amake boma khunje pawa", jaa gaming websiter bishal boma somporke. ganti 2011 saaler june maase ekti sakkhatkarer porey toiri koraa hoyechilo, jekhane jerry buckner ebong gyari garcia ekti live pyasa-myana turnamenter giant bomar somoy duck diyechilen. rayan davies ekti podcaster somoy rasikatar saathe bolechilen jey eyi jutir uchito taader somporke ekti gaan toiri koraa ebong tarpore ekdin tini notun ganti sombolito ekti mp 3 peyechilen. ganti jayantbombe binamulye bitoron koraa hoyechilo.qama ebong rock banned networkeo uposthito hoyechilo. 2011 saaler 17ee navembar, gyari garcia 63 bochor boyse floridara ingleude taanr barite aprottashitobhabe maaraa zaan. buckner porey jyamir saathe kaaj korey "reeka itt, reeka-itt ralf!" ganti lekhen."disney cholochchitro" "rekara-itt ralf" "(2012)-err jonno. jerry buckner. 2011 saale gyari garcier mrityur porr, jerry ekjon geetikar, keyboardbadok ebong arranger hisabe kaaj chaliye zaan. taanr ganguli record korechen ayana murre ("ono anned ono"), barty higgins ("dya oyala"), bobby vinton ("dya oyala") ebong seiko ("shoe inn laav uith eu"). tini coca-cola, papa johns, directive ebong waffle house soho bivinno banijyik clientder jonno jingler pashapashi television ebong moshana picture soundtracker jonno mool sangeet korechen. 2012 saale, buckner hitt disney cholochchitro "rekara-itt ralf"-err title tracti soho-prajojana ebong poribeshon korechilen, jaa somalochokder pochondo "sera cholochchitro", "sera cholochchitro" ebong "sera soundtrack"-err jonno annie puraskar soho asankhya puraskar peyechilo ebong askarer jonno manoneet hoyechilo. eyi jutir mool sadasyader modhye chhilen zini hoaitkar (drums), lurry mcdonald (bases gitter), criss bowman (lida ebong ridam gitter), rick hinkel ("pyasa-myana fiver"-err lida ebong ridam gitter, "mousetrap" ebong "goin 'barsark"), maik stuart ("mousetrap" ebong "goin' barsark"-err mugh synthesizer), ebong david "koji" cole ("pyaka-myana fiver"-err syndrum). stibha carlisel ebong sharon scott "pyasa-myana fiver"-err upor background kontho diyechen. banned sadasyara. pyasa-myana jwar (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 dhongso-etty, dhongso-etty ralf (2012)

buckner anned garcia buckner anned garcia aek american sangeetni jodee hatee jemaa jairie buckner aneey geree garcia akron, oheeyothi hataa. temnu pratham reqordina 1972maan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare teoae "gotta hear dhaa beat" naamnu naveen geet rajoo karyoo hatoo, jene teoae animal jeeka tareeke reqorda karyoo hatoo. paachhalthi, 1980maan, teoae "meerii chrismus ina dhaa aena. aef. aela." sheershak dharaavtu aek naveen natalnun geet lakhyu, jemaa ramatgamat patrakaar hovarda koselne saanta clouse tareeke kalpanaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. recordingno shrey villis dhaa gaard (atlanta rediyo personality boob kaar dwara rajoo karaayel paatra) aneey kaalpaneek juthane aapvama aavyo hato. geet naa sudhee pahonchyu. billboard chaart parr 82. 1981maan, aaa jodiae "reteemaa pagnee chhaap" kaveeta paachhal vishvaas aadharit desh theem lakhee hatee, jeey agel groves dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey number parr pahonchi hatee. 1 ghanaa deshomaa aneey sambhalvama saral rediyo stationo parr. aaa jodiae 1982maan mca records parr rajoo thayela "doubleu. keey. aar. pii. ina cincinnati" theem gitanu vistrut sanskaran pann banaavyu hatoo. jooe keey, aaa jodee temnaa lokpreey naveen geet "peeka-meena feaver" maate jaaniti chhe, jeey 1981maan sthaaneek reqorda label, bii. jee. oo. records parr rajoo thayu hatoo. banneae kolambiya/cbs records saathe reqorda karaar karyaa pachhi toonk samayma jaj reqorda raashtriy stare jaaher karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa jaj naamnaa aalbamne zadapthi sampurnpane videeyo game gitonaa aadhare anusarvaamaa aavyu. aaa single aneey album bannene vishvbharma saadaa beey millionthi vadhu nakalona sanyukt vechaan maate suvarn vikramo praapt thayaa hataa. paachhalthi aaa jodiae "doo dhaa donki cong" saathe teey singalne anusaryu, jene maatra 100 chartma garam parpota karyaa, jeey number parr pahonchyu. 103. itihas. aaa jodeeno irado "shaant maanas taav" noow follow-up "ee" hato.tii., aaee lava yuu, "jeey niil hiraanaa anadhikrut" hartlight "nee tarfenma label dwara release karvaamaa veelamb thayo hato. teoae temnaa 1999 naa album "naau anned theyn" parr gitanu fareethi reqorda karelu sanskaran rajoo karyoo. starlite baadakona samoohgite temnaa album "ee" parr cover version reqorda karyoo hatoo.tii., huun tamane prem karoo chhu aneey baadako maate anya ateerikt parthiv geeto. 1985maan, jairie buckner dwara lakhaayelu geet, "ona anned ona" noon aenee murrenu reqordina, desh/saral shravan chartma tochnaa 10 hita banyu hatoo. 1990naa daykana madhyamaa, soonee music entertainmente agnaat kaaranosar "peeka-meena feaver" aalbamne fareethi seedeema rajoo karvaano incar karyo hato. aalbamna punahmudranni vadhati maangne pahonchi vadvaa maate, bende 1999maan seedee parr fareethi reqorda karelu sanskaran bahaar paadyu hatoo. jyaare aaa jodiae 1999maan aalbamnu punahmudran karvaa maate bendnee punahrachnaa curry, tyaare denny johns juthano drummer banyo, jeey vachgalana samayma mrutyu paamyo hato. stuart bassist tareeke paachho faryo; anya bendnaa sabhyomathi koee parat faryu nahee. aaa jodiae "hamanaa aneey pachhi" saathe aaa pachhi, aek album jemaa "ee" naa navaa reqordina saheet chaar navaa geeto saamel hataa.tii., huun tamane prem karoo chhu. aaa jodiae sahyog karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, jemaa raashtriy restaurant chain waffle house jukebox maate ghanaa mool geeto lakhvaa aneey pradarshan karvaano samaavesh thaay chhe, jemathi ketlaak albumsnee jodee parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2009maan, "packman feaver" nann. vh1nee "80naa daaykaani tochnee 100 sauthee motee aek-hita ajaybio" nee yaadimaa 98. 10 juuna, 2010naa roj, aaa jodiae "keepin dhaa dream live" sheershak dharaavtu geet bahaar paadyu hatoo, jemaa temnee aavakno aek bhaag temnaa vatan akronma ola-american sopa booaks derbyne madad karvaa maate daanmaa aapvama aavyo hato. 9 september, 2011naa roj, buckner anned garcia whisky mediana motaa jivant kaarykramah live 2 parr tenu navoo geet jaaher karyoo, jene "maney bomb malyo" kahevaay chhe, jeey gamming websitenaa vishaal bomb vishe chhe. juuna 2011maan aek mulakat pachhi aaa geet banavvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa jairie buckner aneey geree garcia jivant peey-meena tournamentna vishaal bomb darmiyan bolaavyaa hataa. reyan davise aek podcast darmiyan majakma kahyoo hatoo keey aaa jodiae temnaa vishe aek geet banaavvu joiae aneey pachhi aek divas temne navoo geet dharaavtu mp 3 malyun. aaa geet giantbomb parr mafatma vahenchvaamaa aavyu hatoo.qoma aneey roqa benned network parr pann dekhaayo. 17 november, 2011naa roj, geree garcia 63 varshnee ummare floridana englewoodma temnaa ghare anadhaari reete mrutyu pamya hataa. bucknerey paachhalthi jemee huston saathe kaama kareene geet "rrack itt, rrack-itt ralf!" lakhyu hatoo."disney film" "rrack-itt ralf" "(2012) maate". jairie buckner. 2011maan geree garciana mrutyu pachhi, jairie gitkaar, keyboard vaadak aneey arranger tareeke chaalu rahyaa. temnaa geeto aene murre ("ona anned ona"), berty higgins ("dhaa wall"), bobby winton ("dhaa wall") aneey seiko ("soow ina lava with yuu") dwara reqorda karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. temane kokaa-qolaa, paapa john, directovy aneey waffle house saheet viveedh vyaapaari graahako maate jingles saathe television aneey motion picture soundtrack maate mool sangeet aapyu chhe. 2012maan, bucknerey hita disney film 'rrack-itt ralf' noon saha-nirmaan aneey sheershak geet rajoo karyoo hatoo, jene "shreshth film" maate vivechakoni pasandagi, "shreshth film" aneey "shreshth soundtrack" maate aenee puraskaaro saheet asankhya puraskaaro malyaa hataa aneey tene oskar maate namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa jodeena mool sabhyomaa ginny whiteker (drum), lerii mcdonald (baas gitaar), criss bomen (lead aneey ridam gitaar), rick hinkle ("peeka-meena feaver" parr lead aneey ridam gitaar, "mausetrep" aneey "goin 'burserk"), mike stuart ("mausetrep" aneey "goin' burserk" parr moog synthesizer), aneey david "cosey" coley ("peeka-meena feaver" parr syndrum) noow samaavesh thato hato. steve carlis aneey shaaron skote "pays-meena feaver" parr paarshv gaayan purun paadyu hatoo. bendnaa sabhyo. peeka-meena taav (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rrack-itt, rrack-itt ralf (2012)

buckner aur garcia buckner aur garcia ack americi sangeet jodee thee jisamen acron, ohiyo seey jairi buckner aur gairi garcia shamil they. unaki pahali recording 1972 mein kii gaee thee, jaba unhone "gotaa hearing dha beat" naamak ack naveen geet kaa pradarshan kiya, jise unhone animal jack key roop mein record kiya thaa. baad mein, 1980 mein, unhone ack nayaa chrismus geet likhaa jiska sheershak thaa "merrie chrismus inn dha aine. aff. ell", jisamen khel patrakaar howard kosel koo saanta closs key roop mein kalpana kii gaee thee. recording kaa shreya vilis dha gaard (atlanta radio vyaktitva bobb kaar dwara prastut ack charitra) aur kaalpanik samooh koo diyaa gayaa thaa. geet naheen taka pahunch gayaa. billboard chart parr 82. 1981 mein, donon ney "rait mein pairon key nishan" kavita key samarthan mein ack vishvaas-adharit desh vishay likhaa, joe adgel groves dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa, joe number parr pahunch gayaa thaa. 1 kaee deshon mein aur sunane mein aasaan radio stations parr. donon ney 1982 mein mca record parr jaari kiye gaye "wkrp inn cincinnati" theem geet key ack vistaarit sanskaran kaa bhee nirmaan kiya. haalaanki, donon koo unake lokpriya nae geet "paik-maine fever" key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, joe 1981 mein ack sthaaniya record label, bee. jee. oh. record parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. donon ney kolambiya/see. bee. aiss. record key saath ack record samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye aur record koo rashtriya star parr jaari kiya gayaa. usee naam kaa ack album jaldi seey poori tarah seey video game geeton parr adharit thaa. ekal aur album donon koo duniya bhar mein dhaaee million seey adhik pratiyon kii sanyukt bikri key liye swarn record praapt hue. baad mein donon ney usa ekal geet koo "doo dha dockie kaang" key saath anusaran kiya, jisane kewal 100 chart key neeche bulbula banaaya, joe number parr thaa. 103. itihas. donon kaa irada "shaant vyakti bukhaar" kaa anusaran karna thaa.tii., aaee lava yuu, "jise neel diamond key anadhikrit" hartlight "key paksh mein label dwara jaari karane mein deree hui thee. unhone apane 1999 key album "naau aind thor" parr geet kaa ack punah record kiya gayaa sanskaran jaari kiya. starlite bachchon key corus ney apane album "ee" parr ack cover sanskaran record kiya.tii., aaee lava yuu aind adar extra terrestrial song forr childran ". 1985 mein, jairi buckner dwara likhit ack geet, "onn aind onn" kii annie murre kii recording, desh/aasaan sunane key chart parr sheersh 10 hitt bunn gaee. 1990 key dashak key madhya mein, soney sangeet manoranjan ney agyaat karanon seey "paik-maine fever" album koo phir seey jaari karane seey incar curr diyaa. album key punah jaari karane kii badhati maang koo puuraa karane key liye, baind ney 1999 mein cd parr ack punah record kiya gayaa sanskaran jaari kiya. jaba donon ney 1999 mein album koo phir seey record karane key liye baind kaa punarnirmaan kiya, tou danny johns samooh key drummer bunn gaye, joe antarim mein marr gaye. stuart bassist key roop mein laut aae; baind key anya sadasyon mein seey koee bhee vaapas naheen aaya. donon ney isake baad "abb aur phir", ack album key saath aage badhe jisamen "ee" kii ack naee recording sahit chaar nae gaane shamil they.tii., main tumse pyaar kartaa huun. iss jodee ney sahyog karna jaari rakhaa, jisamen rashtriya restaraan shrinkhala wafal house jukebox key liye kaee mool geeton parr lekhan aur pradarshan karna shamil thaa, jinamen seey kaee albums kii ack jodee parr jaari kiye gaye they. 2009 mein, "paik-maine fever" number parr thaa. vh1 kii "80 key dashak key sheersh 100 sabse badey ack-hitt ashcharya" kii soochi mein 98. 10 juuna, 2010 koo, donon ney "keepin dha dream live" sheershak seey ack geet jaari kiya, jisamen seey kuchh aaya apane grihnagar acron mein aul-american sabun boxes derby kii sahaayata key liye daan kii gaee thee. 9 sitambar, 2011 koo, buckner aind garcia ney whisky media key badey live shoh live 2 parr apane nae gaane kaa khulasa kiya, jise "find mee dha bumm" kahaa jaataa haye, joe gaming website key vishal bumm key baare mein haye. yeh geet juuna 2011 mein ack sakshatkar key baad banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen jairi buckner aur gairi garcia koo ack live paik-maine tournament key dauran bulaaya gayaa thaa. ack podcast key dauran raayan davis ney majaak mein kahaa kii donon koo unake baare mein ack geet banaana chaahiye aur phir ack dinn unhein nayaa geet vaalaa ack mp3 milaa. geet koo vishal bumm parr muft mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa.comm aur rock baind network parr bhee dikhaai diyaa. 17 navambar, 2011 koo, gairi garcia kii 63 saal kii umr mein, inglewood, florida mein apane ghar parr apratyaashit roop seey mrityu hoe gaee. buckner ney baad mein jaimi huston key saath kaam karke geet "rack itt, rrack-itt ralf!" likhaa."disney film" "rrack-itt ralf" "(2012) key liye. jairi buckner. 2011 mein gairi garcia kii mrityu key baad, jairi ney ack geetkaar, keyboard vaadak aur arranger key roop mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa. unake geet annie murre ("onn aind onn"), berty higgins ("dha wall"), bobby winton ("dha wall") aur seeko ("sou inn lava vid yuu") dwara record kiye gaye hain. unhone coca-colla, papa johns, directovy aur waffle house sahit vibhinn prakaar key vaanijyik grahakon key liye jingle key saath television aur motion picture soundtrack key liye mool sangeet diyaa haye. 2012 mein, buckner ney hitt disney film "rrack-itt ralf" key sheershak geet kaa saha-nirmaan aur pradarshan kiya, jise "sarvshreshth film" key liye alochakon kii pasand, "sarvshreshth film" aur "sarvshreshth soundtrack" key liye annie puraskar sahit kaee puraskar mille aur ack auskar key liye namankit kiya gayaa. donon key baind key mool sadasyon mein ginni whiteker (drum), lairi mcdonald (baas gitar), criss bowman (leed aur ridam gitar), rick hinkle ("paik-maine fever" parr leed aur ridam gitar, "mausetrap" aur "goin 'burserk"), mike steert ("mausetrap" aur "goin' burserk" parr moog synthesizer), aur david "kozi" coley ("paik-maine fever" parr syndrum) shamil they. steve carlisley aur sharon scott ney "paik-maine fever" parr paarshv gaayan pradaan kiya. baind key sadasya. paik-maine bukhaar (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rrack-itt, rrack-itt ralf (2012)

buckner & garcia buckner & garcia ohiyoda akran jerri buckner mattu gyaari garcia avarannu olagonda americada sangeetada jodiyagittu. 1972ralli avaru "gotta hear dhii beat" emba hosa haadannu hadidaga, adannu avaru animal jack endu dhwanimudrana maadidaru. nantara, 1980ralli, avaru creeda patrakarta hovard cossel avarannu santa classes endu bhavisi "merri chrismus inn dhii enfl" emba shirshikeya hosa chrismus haadannu baredaru. dhwanimudranawu villis dhii gaard (atlanta radeo vyaktitva baab kaarrinda pradarsisalpatta patra) mattu kaalpanika gumpina hurupina shreyankavannu padeyitu. haadu illa endu talupitu. billboard chartgalalli 82. 1981ralli, ee jodiyu "maralinallina hejjegurutugalu" emba kaviteyannu bembalisalu nambike aadhaarita deshada theem annu baredaru, idannu edgel groves pradarshisidaru, idu namm. 1 aneka desagalalli mattu sulabhavaagi keluva radeo kendragalalli. ee jodiyu 1982ralli emm. sii. aa. daakhalegalalli bidugadeyaada "doubleu. keey. aarr. pii inn cincinnati" theem haadina vistruta aavruttiyannu saha nirmisitu. aadaagyoo, ee jodiyu 1981ralli sthaliya record label, bii. zii. oo recordsonalli bidugadeyaada "pyaak-myaan feavour" emba janapriya hosa haadugaagi hesaruvaasiyaagide. ee jodiyu columbia/cbs daakhalegalondige daakhale oppandakke sahi haakida swalpa samayada nantara, aaa daakhaleyannu raashtriyavaagi bidugade maadalaayitu. adhe hesarina album annu tvaritavagi sampoornavaagi video game haadugalannu aadhariside. eka mattu album eradoo vishvaadyanta eradoovare dashalakshakku hecchu pratigala ottu maratakkagi chinnada daakhalegalannu svikarisidavu. nantara ee jodiyu "doo dhii docky kong" emba ekageeteyannu anusarisitu, idu kevala 100 chartgala adiyalli gullegalannu maaditu, namm. 103. itihaasa. ii" embudu ee jodiya uddeshita "pyaak-myaan feavour" naa anusaraneyagittu.tii., aii love yuu, "idu niil diamond naa anadhikruta" hartlight "paravagi lebalninda bidugadege vilambavaayitu. avaru tamma 1999rahra album "eega mattu nantara" nalli haadina maru-dhwanimudrita aavruttiyannu bidugade maadidaru. starr light makkala corus tamma album "ii" nalli cover aavruttiyannu record maadide.tii., naanu ninnannu pritisuttene mattu makkaligaagi itara hechchuvari bhumiya haadugalu. 1985ralli, jerri buckner bareda "aun und aun" haadina aanne murreya dhwanimudranawu kantri/eesi lissoning chartgalalli top 10 hitt aayitu. 1990rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli, agnaata karanagaligagi "pyaak-myaan feavour" album annu sidige maru-bidugade maadalu sooni sangeeta manaranjane nirakarisitu. albumna marumudranakkagi hechchuttiruva bedikeyannu puraisalu, byaand 1999 ralli cd yalli maru-dhwanimudrita aavruttiyannu bidugade maaditu. 1999 ralli album annu maru-dhwanimudrana maadalu ee jodiyu byaand annu maru-rachisidaaga, danny johns gumpina drummer aadaru, madhyantaradalli shvetavarniyaru nidhanaraadaru. stewart bassist aagi maralidaru; bandna itara sadasyaru yaaroo hintirugalilla. ee jodiyu "eega mattu nantara" emba album annu anusarisitu, idaralli "ii" naa hosa recording seridante naalku hosa haadugalu seriddavu.tii., naanu ninnannu pritisuttene. ee jodiyu rashtriya restaurant sarapali waffle house jukeboxgagi aneka moola haadugalannu bareyuvudu mattu pradarshisuvudu seridante sahayogavannu munduvarisitu, avugalalli halavaaru aalbangalalli bidugadeyaadavu. 2009ralli, "pyaak-myaan feavour" namm. vh1naa "80rahra dashakada 100 shreshtha one-hitt adbhutagala" pattiyalli 98 sthana padedide. zoon 10,2010 randu, ee jodiyu "keeping dhii dream live" emba shirshikeya haadannu bidugade maaditu, adara aadayadalli ondu bhagavannu tamma tavaru nagaravaada akraannalliruva aall-american sope boxes derby sahayakkagi daana maadalaayitu. september 9,2011 randu, buckner & garcia tanna hosa haadannu visky meediyaada bigg live shoh live 2 nalli bahirangapadisitu, idannu "fined mii dhii bomb" endu kareyalaaguttade, idu gaming website daitya bomb bagge. zoon 2011 ralli sandarshanavondara nantara ee haadannu tayaarisalaayitu, idaralli jerri buckner mattu gyaari garcia live pyaak-myaan pandyavaliya daitya bomb annu hondiddaru. rayon davis podcastinalli tamaasheyaagi, ee jodiyu avara bagge ondu haadannu maadabeku mattu nantara ondu dina hosa haadannu hondiruva mp3 annu sweekarisidanu. ee haadannu daitya bambnalli uchitavaagi vitarisalaayitu.com mattu rock byaand networknalliyu kaanisikonditu. november 17,2011 randu, gyaari garcia tanna 63 neey vayassinalli floridada inglvudnalliruva tanna maneyalli anirikshitavagi nidhanaraadaru. buckner nantara jaami houseton avarondige "reck itt, reck-itt ralf!" emba haadannu bareyalu kelasa maadidaru."disney chalanachitra" "reck-itt ralf" "(2012) gaagi". jerri buckner. 2011ralli gyaari garcia avara maranada nantara, jerri geetarachanekaara, keyboard vaadaka mattu vyavasthaapakanaagi munduvaredaru. avara haadugalannu aanne murre ("aun und aun"), burty higgins ("dhii wall"), baabi winton ("dhii wall"), mattu seeko ("sooe inn love vith yuu") dhwanimudrisiddaare. avaru coca-cola, papa johns, directive mattu waffle house seridante vividha vanijya grahakarige jingalgalondige duradarshana mattu chalanachitra dhwanipathagalige moola sangeetavannu niididdaare. 2012ralli, buckner avaru hitt disney chalanachitra "reck-itt ralf" naa shirshike haadannu saha-nirmisidaru mattu pradarshisidaru, idu "atyuttama chalanachitra", "atyuttama chalanachitra" mattu "atyuttama dhwanipatha" gaagi anie prashastigalu mattu askarge namanirdeshanagondiddakka vimarshakara ayke seridante halavaaru prashastigalannu padeyitu. ee jodiya vaadyavrundada moola sadasyaru ginny vaitekar (drums), laurie mcdonald (baas guitar), criss boman (lead mattu rhythm guitar), rick hinkle ("pyaak-myaan feavour", "mousetrop" mattu "goin 'burse"), mike stewart ("mousetrop" mattu "goin' burse" nalli moog synthesizer), mattu david "koji" cole ("pyaak-myaan feavour" nalli syndrum) galannu olagondittu. steve carlisley mattu sharon scott avaru "pyaak-myaan feavour" nalli hinnele gaayanavannu niididaru. byaand sadasyaru. pyaak-myaan jwara (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 reck-itt, reck-itt ralf (2012)

buckner aanee garcia buckner aanee garcia hii eka american sangeet jodee hotee jyat akron, ohayo yetheel jairie buckner aanee garry garcia yancha samavesh hota. tyanche pahile dhwanimudran 1972 madhye jhaale, jevha tyanni 'gota hearing daad beat' navache naveen gaane sadar kele, jeey tyanni animal jacq mhanoon dhwanimudrit kele. nantar, 1980 madhye, tyanni 'merrie khrismas inn daad aine. eff. ell.' heey naav asalele eka naveen khrismas gaane lihile, jyat creeda patrakar howard kosel yanchi santa clodge mhanoon kalpana kelee gelee. dhvanimudranache shrey vilis daad guard (atalanta redio vyaktimatva bobb cair yanni sadar kelele eka patra) aanee kalpanik gatala dile gele. gaane nam. jahiratpatrachya taktyavar 82. 1981 madhye, yaa doghanni 'valvantatil padchinhe' yaa kavitechya samarthanarth eka shraddha-aadharit deshi sankalpana lihili, jee agel grovejane sadar kelee, jee nambarvar pohochali. 1 anek deshantil aanee sahaj aiknyajogya redio kendranvar. yaa jodine 1982 madhye emm. see. aii. recordver pradarshit jhalelya 'doubleu. keey. aar. pii. inn cincinnati' yaa theem songchi vistarit aavrutti dekhil tayar kelee. tathapi, hii jodee tyanchya lokpriy navinyapurn ganyasathi prasiddha aahe, jeey 1981 madhye sthanik reecord label, bii. jee. oo. recordver pradarshit jhaale. yaa jodine kolambiya/see. bii. ess. nondishi vikrami karar kelyanantar lagechach aanee haah vikram rashtriy staravar prasiddha karnyat aala. tyach navacha eka album lavkarach purnapane video game ganyanvar aadharit jhaala. yaa ekal aanee dhvanimudrik yaa donhi dhvanimudrikanna jagbharat adich dashalaksh pratinchya ektrit vikrisathi suvarn vikram midale. yaa jodine nantar 'duu daad donk kong' yaa ganyacha pathpurava keela, jyane keval 100 chya garam taktyanmadhye budbude kele aanee pahilya kramankavar pohochale. 103. itihas. yaa jodicha 'pack-mann fever' chaa pathpurava karnyacha hetu 'eae' hota.tii., aay love yuu, jeey niil hinyachya anadhikrut 'hartlight' chya bajoone lebaldware pradarshit honyas vilamb jhaala. tyanni tyanchya 1999 chya 'aata aanee nantar' yaa albamvar ganyachi punha dhwanimudrit keleli aavrutti prakashit kelee. starlite mulanchya samoohageetane tyanchya 'eae' yaa albamvar eka mukhprushth aavrutti reecord kelee.tii., aay love yuu aanee mulansathi itar atirikt sthaliy ganee. 1985 madhye, jairie bucknerne lihilele 'aun andd aun' heey aine murreche dhwanimudran, country/sahaj aikanyachya yadeet top 10 hiit tharale. 1990 chya dashakachya madhyat, soonee music entertainmentne adnyat karananmule 'pack-mann fever' album see. dii. madhye punha prakashit karnyas nakar deela. albumchya punha pradarshanachi vadhati magani purn karnyasathi, bandney 1999 madhye see. dii. varr punha dhwanimudrit keleli aavrutti jaaree kelee. jevha yaa jodine 1999 madhye dhwanimudrit karnyasathi bandchi punarbandhani kelee, tevha danny johns yaa gatache drummer banale, whitekerche hangami kalat nidhan jhaale. stuart bassist mhanoon paratala; bandche itar sadasya paratale naheet. yaa jodine 'aata aanee nantar' haah eka album tayar keela, jyamadhye 'eae' chya naveen dhvanimudranasaha chaar naveen ganyancha samavesh hota.tii., mea tujhyavar prem karato. yaa jodine rashtriy restaurant sakhali waffle haus jukeboxsathi anek mool ganee lihine aanee sadar karane yasah sahkarya karane suru thewale, jyapaiki anek albumchya jodivar prakashit karnyat aale. 2009 madhye, 'pack-mann fever' neey kramank patkavla. vhee. etch. 1 chya 80 chya dashkatil 100 sarvat mothya eka-yashasvi aashcharyanchya yadeet 98. 10 juuna 2010 roji, yaa doghanni 'keeping daad dream live' heey shirshak asalele eka gaane prakashit kele, jyacha kahee bhag tyanchya mool gavee asalelya akron yetheel serve-american sope boxes derbyla madat karnyasathi daan keela jaat aahe. 9 september 2011 roji, buckner andd garciane visky mediachya mothya thet thet karyakramavar tyache naveen gaane ughad keleh live 2, jyala 'mallah bomb sapadala' mhanatat, jeey gaming websitechya giant bombabaddal aahe. juuna 2011 madhye eka mulakhatinantar heey gaane tayar karnyat aale hote, jyamadhye jairie buckner aanee garry garcia yanni eka thet pack-mann spardhedarmyan bolavale hote. eka podcastadarmyan rayan davis vinodane mhanala qee yaa doghanni tyanchyavishayi eka gaane tayar karave aanee nantar eka divas tyala naveen gaane asalela eka mp 3 midala jyamule tyala dhakka basala. heey gaane giantbombower vinamulya vitarit karnyat aale.com aanee rock band networkwar dekhil disala. 17 november 2011 roji, garry garcia yanche vayachya 63 vya varshi, floridatil englishwood yetheel tyanchya gharee anpekshitpane nidhan jhaale. buckner yanni nantar jammy huston yanchyasobat 'rack iit, rack-iit ralf!' heey gaane lihinyasathi kaam kele."disney chitrapat" "rrek-iit ralf" "(2012) sathee". jairie buckner. 2011 madhye garry garciachya mrutyunantar, jairie gitkar, kalfalak vadak aanee vyavasthapak mhanoon pudhe rahila. tyachi ganee enee murre ('aun andd aun'), berty higgins ('daad wall'), bobby winton ('daad wall') aanee seiko ('sooe inn love with yuu') yanni dhwanimudrit kelee aahet. koka-koola, papa johns, directovy aanee waffle haus yasah vividh vyavsayik grahakansathi jingles tyane durchitravani aanee chitrapatanchya dhvanimudransathi mool sangeet dile aahe. 2012 madhye, bucknerne 'rack-iit ralf' yaa yashasvi disney chitrapatachya shirshak ganyachi saha-nirmiti aanee sadarikaran kele, jyala samikshakanchi 'sarvotkrusht chitrapat' sathichi nivad, 'sarvotkrusht chitrapat' aanee 'sarvotkrusht dhwanimudran' sathee enee puraskaransah anek puraskar midale aanee tyala auskarsathi namankan midale. yaa jodichya bandchya mool sadasyanmadhye ginni whiteker (drum), larry mcdonald (baas gitar), criss boman (lead aanee ridam gitar), rick hinkle (pack-mann feevarvar lead aanee ridam gitar, mousetrape aanee goin 'burserk), mike stuart (mousetrape aanee goin' bersercover moog synthesizer) aanee david kozi cole (pack-mann feevarvar syndrum) yancha samavesh hota. steve carlisley aanee sharon scott yanni 'pack-mann feaver' varr parshvasangit dile. band sadasya. pack-mann taap (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rrek-iit, rrek-iit ralf (2012)

buckner rar garcia buckner rar garcia ek americi sangitik jody thiyo jasma akron, ohayoka jery buckner rar geri garcia thie. tiniharuko pahilo recording sann 1972 maa bhaeko thiyo, jab uniharule "gota hear da beat" namak nayan geet prastut gare, jaslai uniharule animal jacko rupma record gare. pachhi, sann 1980 maa, uniharule khelkud patrakar haward kosellai santa clauseko rupma kalpana gardai "merry christmas inn da nfl" shirshakko nayan christmas geet lekhe. recordinglai willis da gard (atlanta radio wyaktitwa bub kardwara prastut charitra) rar kalpanik samuha jordarlai shreya diieko thiyo. geet namma pugyo. billboard chartma 82. sann 1981 maa, yee jodile adjel grobhsdwara prastut "baluwama khuttako chhap" kawitalai samarthan garna vishwasma adharit deshko vishayavastu lekhe, june nambarma pugyo. 1 dherai deshharuma rar sunna sajilo radio stationharuma. yee jodile sann 1982 maa mca recordma jaari garieko "dablukearpi inn cincinnati" thim gitko wistarit sanskaran pani nirman gare. yadyapi, yee jody uniharuko heat navinta geet "pyak-myan fiver" kaa lagi parichit chhan, june 1981 maa sthaniya record lebel, bigo recordma jaari garieko thiyo. duwaile columbia/cbs recordharusanga record samjhautama hastakshar garepachhi kehi samayapachi record rashtriya starma jaari gariyo. uhi namko album chaandai purna rupma bhidiyo game githaruma adharit bhayo. ekal rar album duwaile vishwawyapi rupma sadhe dui lakh bhanda badhi pratilipiharuko sanyukta bikrika lagi suna record prapta prapta. yo jodile pachhi "du da dunke kong" ko sath tyo ekallai pachhyae, jasle kewal tato 100 chart antargat bulbule banayo, nambarma pugyo. 103. itihas. pyak-myan jwaro" ko lagi jodiko laxit anuwarti "eae" thiyo.tea., aie love yu, "june neel diamondko anadhikrit" hartlight "ko pakshama lebaldwara jaari garna dhilai bhaeko thiyo. uniharule afno 1999 album "nau anned dena" maa gitko punah record garieko sanskaran jaari gare. starlight childrenko korasle uniharuko album "eae" maa kabhar sanskaran record garyo.tea., mahm timilai maya garchhu rar bachchaharuka lagi anya atirikta parthiva githaru. sann 1985 maa, jery bakanardwara lekhieko geet "unn anned unn" ko annie murreko recording, desh/sunna sajilo chartma shirsha 10 heat bhayo. sann 1990 ko dashakko madhyama, sony sangit manoranjanle agyat karanharule garda "pyak-myan fiver" albumlai punah cdma jaari garna aswikar prapta. albumko punah prakashanko badhdo maglai pura garna, bandley 1999 maa cdma punah record garieko sanskaran jaari garyo. jab yo jodile 1999 maa album punah record garna bandlai punah gathan garyo, denny johns samuhako drummer bane, whitekerko antarimma mrityu bhayo. stuart basistako rupma farke; bandka anya sadasyaharu madhye kohi pani farkenan. yo jodile "ahile rar tyasapachhi", euta albumko sath yasalai pachhyae jasma "eae" ko nayan recording sahit chaar nayan githaru samawesh thie.tea., mahm timilai maya garchhu. yo jodile rashtriya resturant chenn wafle house jukeboxka lagi dherai maulik githaru lekhna rar pradarshan garna sahit sahayog garna jaari rakhyo, jasmadhye dherai albumharuko jodima jaari garieko thiyo. sann 2009 maa, "pyak-myan jwaro" nambarma thiyo. 98 98 ko "80 ko dashakko shirsha 100 sabaibhanda thulo ek-heat ashcharya" suchima chha. june 10,2010 maa, yo jodile "keeping da dream laibh" shirshakko geet jaari garyo, jasko ayako kehi bhag uniharuko grihanagar akronma sabai-americi sabun bucks derbylai sahayog garna daan garieko thiyo. september 9,2011 maa, buckner anned garciale whisky mediako thulo laibh soh laibh 2 maa afno nayan geet prakat garyo, jaslai "fined mea da bumm" bhaninchha, june gaming website vishal bamko barema how. yo geet june 2011 maa ek antarwarta pachhi banaieko thiyo, jasma jery buckner rar gyari garciale laibh pyak-myan turnamentko vishal bamko samayama bolaeka thie. reyan devisle podakastako kramama majakma bhane kii yo jodile uniharuko barema geet banaunuparchha rar tyasapachhi ek dina unlai nayan geet bhaeko mp 3 prapta bhayo. yo geet giant bambama nihshulk witaran garieko thiyo.cum rar ruck banned networkma pani dekha paryo. november 17,2011 maa, gyari garciaco 63 warshako umerma floridako englewodma raheko unko gharma apratyashit rupma mrityu bhayo. bakanarle pachhi jammy hyustansanga "rack eat, rrek-eat ralf!" geet lekhna kaam gare."disney film" "rrek-eat ralf" "(2012) kaa lagi. jery buckner. sann 2011 maa gyari garciaco mrityu pachhi, jerile gitkar, kiboardwadak rar arenjarko rupma jaari rakhe. unka githaru ene murre ("unn anned unn"), berty higgins ("da wall"), babi winton ("da wall"), rar seiko ("soe inn labh whith yu") dwara record garieka chhan. unle koka-kola, papa john, directive rar wafle house lagayat vibhinna wyawasayik grahakharuka lagi jingleka sath television rar chalchitra soundtracka lagi maulik sangit score gareka chhan. sann 2012 maa, bakanarle heat disney chalchitra "rrek-eat ralf" ko shirshak tracko saha-nirman rar pradarshan gare, jasle "utkrishta chalchitra" kaa lagi alochakharuko chhanauta, "sarwashreshtha chalchitra" rar "sarwashreshtha soundtrack" kaa lagi annie puraskarharu sahit dherai puraskarharu prapta prapta rar askarka lagi manonit bhaeko thiyo. jodiko bandka muel sadasyaharuma ginni whiteker (drum), leri mcdonald (bases gitar), criss boman (lead rar rhythm gitar), rick hinkel ("pyak-myan fiver", "mousetrap" rar "goina 'berserk" maa lead rar rhythm gitar), mick stuart ("mousetrap" rar "goina' berserk" maa moog synthesizer), rar devid "koji" cole ("pyak-myan fiver" maa cindrum) samawesh thie. steve carlisal rar sharon scotle "pyak-myan fiver" maa prishthabhumi gayan pradan gare. bandka sadasyaharu. pyak-myan jwaro (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rrek-eat, rrek-eat ralf (2012)

buckner ebong garcia buckner ebong garcia eka americae sangeeta jodi thile jaahaa ohiora akronra jairie buckner ebong gaari garsianku nei gathita . semanankara pratham recording 1972 ray karajaithila, jetebele semane "gota hear daa bitt" namaka eka abhinaba geeta paribeshana karithile, jaahaaku semane animail jack bhabare record karithile . parey, 1980 masihare, semane "enn. aif. ell. ray merry christmas" shirshaka eka abhinaba christmas geeta lekhithile, jeunthire krida sambadika haward koselanku santa cluse bhabare kalpana karajaithila. recordingra shreya willis daa gard (atlanta redio byaktitwa bub karnka dwara paribeshana karajaithiba eka charitra) ebong kalpanika gostheeku diajaithila. geetati nong. billboard chartre 82. 1981 ray, ehi jodi eka biswasa-aadharita desh bishajabastu lekhithile, jaahaa agel grobh dwara paribeshana karajaithiba kabita "balire padchinh" ku samarthan kare, jaahaa nong ray pahanchithila . 1 aneka deshare ebong sahajare suniba redio stationre. ehi jodi 1982 masihare emm. sii. aii. recordre muktilabha karithiba "wickrop inn cincinnati" thim geetara eka bardhita sanskarana madhya prastuta karithile. tebe, ehi jodi semananka heat abhinaba geeta "paak-myan fiver" paain janashuna, jaahaa 1981 ray eka sthaniah record lebel, bii. jii. oh recordre muktilabha karithila . ehi jodi kalambia/cbs record sahita eka record chukti swakhyara karibara kichhi samai parey recordti jatiah starare muktilabha karithila. ehi naamare eka album khub shighra sampurna bhabe bhidio game geeta upare aadharita hoithila. ekaka ebong album ubhaja biswabyapee adhei nijutaru adhika kapira milita bikrai paain swarna record grahan karithile . parey ehi jodi sehi ekaka geetaku "du daa danki konga" sahita anusarana karithile, jaahaa kebala kebala hutt chartre budwuda srusti karithila, ebong nambarare pahanchithila. 103. itihas. paak-myan jwara" ku anusarana kariba paain ehi jodinka uddeshya thila "ee".tii., aai labh jayu, "jaahaa nill hirara anadhikruta" hartlight "sapakhyare lebel dwara muktilabha paain bilamba hoithila . semane semanankara 1999 album "bartamana ebong taa 'parey" ray geetara eka punah record hoithiba sanskarana jaari karithile. starlight pilamananka courus semananka album "ee" ray eka kavara sanskarana record karithila .tii., aai labh jayu ebong pilamananka paain anyanya atirikta bhougolika geeta. 1985 masihare, jairie baknaranka dwara likhita eka geeta, "aun anded aun" rahr aane murrenka recording, desh/sahajare suniba chartre eka shirsha 10 heat hoigala . 1990 dashkar madhyabhagare, agyata karanaru sony music manoranjan "paak-myan fiver" alabamku sidi ray punah muktilabha karibaku manah karideithila. albummer punah prakashan paain bardhita chahidaku purana kariba paain, banned 1999 ray sidire eka punah record hoithiba sanskarana jaari karithila. jetebele ehi jodi 1999 ray album punah record kariba paain byandaku punah gathan karithile, daani johnes group rahr drummer hoithile, whitekar madhyabarti samajare mrutyubarana karithile . stewart bassist bhabe pherithile; bander anya kaunasi sadasya ferry nathile. ehi jodi "bartamana ebong parey" sahita ehaa anusarana karithile, eka album jeunthire "ee" rahr eka nutan recording sameth charoti nutan geeta antarbhukta thila .tii., mun tumaku bhal paae. ehi jodi sahjog jaari rakhithile, jeunthire jatiah resturant chenn waffle houses jukebox paain aneka moola geeta lekhiba ebong pradarshan kariba antarbhukta, jeunthiru aneka eka yoda alabamare muktilabha karithile . |, "paak-myan jwara" nong sthanare rahithila. ରହିଥିଲା। "80 dashkar shrestha 100 sarbashrestha eka-heat ashcharjya" talikare 98. june 10,2010 ray, ehi jodi "kippin 'daa dream live" shirshaka eka geeta jaari karithile, jeunthire ayara kichhi ansha semananka sahara aakronare all-americae sabun bucks darbinku sahajya karibaku daana karajaithila. september 9,2011 ray, buckner & garcia ehara nutan geetaku huisky mdr budd live live shoh live 2 ray prakash karithila, jaahaaku "find mea daa boma" kuhajae, jaahaa geming website joint boma bishajare . ehi geetati june 2011 ray eka sakhyatakara parey tiari hoithila, jeunthire jairie buckner ebong geri garcia eka live paak-myan turnamentare bishala boma khaithiba samajare cull karithile . eka podcast samajare rian devisa majalia bhabare kahithile je ehi jodi semananka bishajare eka geeta tiari kariba uchit ebong taa 'parey dine tanku nutan geeta thiba eka mp 3 milithila. ehi geetati jaentabamware maganare bunton karajaithila.comm ebong rock banned netawarkare madhya dekhajaithila . navember 17,2011 ray, geri garcia 63 barsha bajasare floridara englandaudare thiba taanka ghare apratyashita bhabare mrutyubarana karithile. buckner parey jaami houstanka saha kaama curry "rek eat, rek-eat ralf!" geetati lekhithile."disney chalachitra" "rek-eat ralf" "(2012) paain. jairie buckner. 2011 ray gaari garsianka mrutyu parey, jairie jane geetikara, kiboardbadaka ebong arranger bhabare jaari rakhithile. taanka gitagudika aane murre ("aun ebong aun"), berty higgins ("daa waal"), bubby bhintan ("daa waal"), ebong seiko ("soe inn labh with jayu") nka dwara record karajaichi. shay coca-cola, papa zohn 'shh, directive ebong waffle houses sameth bibhinna banijyika grahakanka paain jingal sahita television ebong mosan picture soundtrack paain moola sangeeta score karichanti . 2012 ray, buckner heat disney chalachitra "rek-eat ralf" rahr title track saha-prajojana ebong pradarshan karithile, jaahaa "shrestha chalachitra" paain samalochakanka pasanda, "shrestha chalachitra" ebong "shrestha soundtrack" paain aani puraskara sameth aneka puraskara paithila ebong eka askara paain manoneet hoithila . ehi jodinka bander moola sadasyamane thile jini whitekar (drum), leri mcdonald (baas gitara), criss boman (lead ebong ridam gitara), rick hinkal ("paak-myan fiver", "mousetrap" ebong "goin 'bursk" upare lead ebong ridam gitara), mick stewart ("mousetrap" ebong "goin' bursk" ray moog synthesizer), ebong devida "koji" cole ("paak-myan jwara" upare cindrum). stibh carlisley ebong shaaran scott "paak-myan jwara" upare prusthabhumi kantha pradan karithile. bander sadasyamane. paak-myan jwara (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rek-eat, rek-eat ralf (2012)

buckner atey garcia buckner atey garcia ikk amriki sangeetak jodee see jiss witch acron, ohio toon jairi buckner atey gairi garcia shamal sunn. unhan dee pahili recording 1972 witch keeti gaee see, jadon unhan neey "gota hear dha beat" namak ikk navaan geet pesh keeta, jiss noon unhan neey animal jaik vajon ricard keeta see. baad witch, 1980 witch, uhanan neey ikk navaan christmas geet likhiaa jiss daa sirlekh see "ainn. eff. aill. witch merrie christmas", jiss witch khed pattarkar haward kosel noon centa clause vajon kalpana keeti gaee see. recording daa sihra villis gaard (atlanta radio shakhsiat baub qaar duaara pesh keeta giaa ikk paatar) atey kalpanik samooh noon ditta giaa see. geet number 'teey pahunch giaa. billboard chaart utte 82. 1981 witch, dovan neey aijail groves duaara pesh keeti gaee kavita "rait witch pair dey nishan" dey samarthan witch ikk vishwas adharat desh daa visha likhiaa, joe number ikk 'teey pahunch giaa. 1 bahut saare deshan witch atey sunan witch assan radio stationan utte. iss jodee neey 1982 witch aimm. see. aii. records utte jaari keete gaye "dablioo. keey. aar. pee. inn sinsinati" theem geet daa ikk vistrit sanskaran vee tiaar keeta. halanki, ih jodee aapne hitt navinata geet "paek-maen fever" laee sabh toon vaddh jaanhi jaandi haii, joe kii 1981 witch ikk sathanak ricard label, bee. jee. ou. records utte jaari keeta giaa see. dovan neey columbia/see. bee. aiss. recordan naal ikk ricard samjhaute 'teey hastakhar curran toon turant baad ricard noon rashtari paddhar' teey jaari keeta giaa. isey naam dee ikk album neey puurii tarahan vdo game geetan dey adhaar teey turant palna keeti. single atey album dovan noon dunia bharr witch dhaai million toon vaddh kapiaan dee sanyukat vikri laee sone dey ricard prapat hoye. baad witch iss jodee neey uss single noon "duu dha donki kaang" naal apnaiaa, jiss neey siraf 100 chartan dey hethan bulbale banaiaa, number 'teey pahunch giaa. 103. itihaas. paekk-maen fever" laee dovan daa udesh falo-upp "ee" see.tii., aaee lava yuu, "jiss noon neel diamond dey anadhikarat" hartlight "dey huck witch label duaara jaari curran witch deree keeti gaee see. unhan neey aapni 1999 dee album "hunn atey firr" utte geet daa ikk dubara ricard keeta sanskaran jaari keeta. starlight bacchiaan dey course neey aapni album 'ee' 'teey ikk cover sanskaran ricard keeta.tii., main tuhanun piaar karda haan atey bacchiaan laee horr vadhu dharti dey geet. 1985 witch, ainee murre dee "aana aind aana" dee recording, jairi buckner duaara likhiaa giaa ikk geet, desh/assan sunan dey chaart utte choti dey 10 hitt bann giaa. 1990 dey dahake dey maddh witch, soonee sangeet manoranjan neey anjaan kaarnan karke "paek-maen fever" album noon cd witch dubara jaari curran toon inkaar qarr ditta. album dey mudd jaari curran dee vaddh rahee mung noon poora curran laee, baind neey 1999 witch cd utte ikk dubara ricard keeta sanskaran jaari keeta. jadon dovan neey 1999 witch album noon dubara ricard curran laee baind daa mudd gathan keeta, taan danny jonas group daa drummer bann giaa, antrim witch whiteker dee maut hoow gaee. stevert bassist vajon waps aaiaa; baind daa koee horr member waps naheen aaiaa. iss toon baad dovan neey "hunn atey firr", ikk album banayi jiss witch "ee" dee ikk naveen recording samet chaar navein geet shamal sunn.tii.main tuhanun piaar karda haan ". iss jodee neey sahiyog karna jaari rakkhiaa, jiss witch rashtari restaurant chenn waffle haaoos jukibox laee bahut saare mool gaane likhna atey pardarshan karna shamal haii, jinhan vicchon kaee ailabman dee ikk jodee utte jaari keete gaye sunn. saal 2009 witch "paekk-maen fever" number ikk sathaan utte see. 98 noon vee. aich. 1 dee "80 dey dahake dey choti dey 100 sabh toon vadde ikk-hitt ajubiaan" dee suchi witch shamal keeta giaa haii. 10 juun, 2010 noon, dovan neey "keeping 'dha dream live" sirlekh vaala ikk geet jaari keeta, jiss vicchon prapat hoee rakam daa ikk hissa uhanan dey jaddi shehar akron witch aal-american saaban boxes derby dee sahaita laee daan keeta giaa. 9 satambar, 2011 noon, buckner atey garcia neey viski media dey vadde live live shoau live 2 'teey aapne navein gaane daa khulasa keeta, jiss noon "find mee dha bumb" kiha jaanda haii, joe kii gaming website dey vishal bumb baare haii. ih geet juun 2011 witch ikk interview toon baad banaiaa giaa see, jiss witch jairi buckner atey gairi garcia neey ikk live paekk-maen tournament dey vishal bumb dauran sambodhan keeta see. reyan davis neey ikk podcast dauran mazak witch kiha kii dovan noon unhan baare ikk geet banauna chahida haii atey firr ikk dinn unhan noon navaan geet vaala ikk aimm. pee. 3 miliaa. ih geet vishal bumb utte mufat vandiaa giaa see.com atey raak baind network utte vee dikhai ditta. 17 navambar, 2011 noon, gairi garcia dee 63 saal dee umar witch florida dey inglewood witch aapne gharr witch achanak maut hoow gaee. buckner neey baad witch jaimi hoston naal mill keey "raek itt, raek-itt ralf!" geet likhan laee kamm keeta."disney film" "raek-itt ralf" "(2012) laee. jairi buckner. 2011 witch gairi garcia dee maut toon baad, jairi neey ikk geetkar, keyboardist atey arranger vajon kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa. uss dey geet ainee murre ("teey atey"), berty higgins ("kandh"), baubi winton ("kandh"), atey siko ("tuhade naal piaar witch") duaara ricard keete gaye hunn. uss neey coca-colla, papa johns, directvy atey waffle haaoos samet kaee tarahan dey vaparak gaahkan laee jingles dey naal television atey motion picture soundtrack laee asal sangeet tiaar keeta haii. sann 2012 witch, buckner neey hitt disney film "rarekk-itt ralf" daa title track sahi-nirmit atey pardarshan keeta, jiss noon "sarbottam film" laee aalochakan dee pasand, "sarbottam film" atey "sarbottam soundtrack" laee ainee award samet kaee puraskar mille atey ikk aaskar laee namzad keeta giaa see. iss jodee dey baind dey mool memberan witch ginni whiteker (drums), lairi mcdonald (baas gitar), criss bowman (leed atey ridam gitar), rick hinkle ("paek-maen fever", "mossetrap" atey "goen 'barsarak" utte leed atey ridam gitar), mike stevert ("mossetrap" atey "goen' barsarak" utte moog synthesizer), atey david "kozi" cole ("paek-maen fever" utte syndrum) shamal sunn. steve carlisal atey sharon scott neey "paekk-maen fever" utte pichokad dee aavaaz ditti. baind dey member. paekk-maen bukhar (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rarekk-itt, rarekk-itt ralf (2012)

buckner & garcia buckner and garcia iti amerikaadeshasy sangeeta-yugalam aasit yasmin akran, ohiyo-nagarasya jeree buckner tathaa gairee garcia cha aasan. teshaam prathamam dhwanimudranam 1972 tame varshe krutam, yadaa te "gotta hear da beat" iti nootanam geetam abhyanayt, yat te animal-jyaak iti namna dhwanimudranam krutavantah. pashchat 1980 tame varshe te "merry chrismus inn da enn. ef. ell" iti sheershakam nootanam chrismus-geetam likhitavantah, yasmin creedaa-patrakaarah haward kosel ityeshah santa class iti paatram abhyanayt. dhvanimudranasya shreyah vilis da gaard (atlanta-radio-vyaktitvena baab-kaar ityanena abhineetam paatram) tathaa kaalpanikasamoohasy vairish ityetasmai aasit. geetam naa abhavat. 82 bilboard-charts madhye asti. 1981 tame varshe, edgel-groves ityanena pradarshite "padamudram vaalukaayaam" iti kaavyasya samarthanartham, ubhayau vishvaasa-aadharitam desha-vishayam alikhan, yat nam praapnot. 1 anekadesheshu, sulabham shravana-radio-kendraani cha. 1982 tame varshe emm. see. e. abhilekheshu prakashitasya "doubleu. key. aar. pee. inn sinkinnati" iti vishaya-gitasya vistrutam samskaranam api ubhayatam nirmitam. parantu, 1981 tame varshe sthaniya-dhvanimudrikayam, bee. jee. o. dhvanimudrikayam, prakashitasya "paak-myaan feavour" iti swasya nootan-gitasya krute, tau prasiddhau stah. yadaa dampatee columbia/see. bee. ess. abhilekhena saha abhilekha-karaaram krutavantah, tatah kinchitkalanantaram abhilekhah raashtriyaroopen prakaashitah. sampurnataya veediyo-gem-gitanam aadhaaren, tatt eva naamnah ekaha aalbam sheeghramev anuvartat. ekageetasy tathaa aalbam ityasya cha dhwanimudrikaayaah vishvavyaapeeroopena dvivaaram dashalakshat adhikanam pratinaam samyuktavikrayanasya suvarna-abhilekhah praaptah. pashchat te yugalam "doo da dock kong" iti ekakam geetam anuvartayat, yat kevalam 100 haat-charts ityasya antargatam budbud-visphotanam krutvaa nam-sthaane aasit. 103. itihaasah. peek-myaan-feavour" ityasya anuvartee-kaaryam iti dwayam "ee" iti uddeshayat.tea., aii love yoo" iti, yat neel-daimand ityasya anadhikrutasya "hartlet" ityasya krute label-dwara vimochanaartham vilambitam abhavat. te 1999 tame varshe "nau and den" iti swarasangeete gitasya punah dhwanimudritam samskaranam praadarshayan. starr-lait-balanam samohageetasy "ee" iti swarasankate aawaran-samskaranam abhilekhitam.tea., aii love yoo tathaa balanam krute anye atirikta-sthaliya-geetaani. 1985 tame varshe, enne murre ityasya "aan and aan" iti gitasya dhwanimudranam, jeree buckner ityanena likhitam, contry/eezee lissoning charts madhye shirsha-10 hitt abhavat. 1990 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage sonee-sangeeta-manoranjana-samsthaa ajnaatakaaranaat "paak-myaan-feavour" iti aalbam punah sii. dii. krute pradarshayitum niraakrutavatee. aalbam ityasya punah prakashanasya vardhamaanaam apekshaam poorayitum, 1999 tame varshe see. dee. ityatra punah dhwanimudritam samskaranam bend-ityanena pradarshitam. yadaa 1999 tame varshe aalbam punah dhvanimudranaartham dwayam punah sangeetavrundam nirmitam, tadaa danny johns samuhasya drummer abhavat, vaitekar iti antarbhaage mrutah. stevert ityeshah bassist-rupena pratyagatavan, anyeshu vaadyavrundasya sadasyeshu kashchit api naa pratyagatavan. tadanantaram, "idaaneem tatah" iti ekena aalbam ityanena saha, yasmin "ee" ityasya nootanam dhwanimudranam sahitam chatwaarah nootanaani geetaani aasan.tea.aham tava prema karomi ". rashtriya-bhojanaalay-shrunkhalaayaah waffle-house-jyook-baaks ityasya krute aneke moolageetaih lekhanam pradarshanm cha sahitam, dampatee sahayogam nirantaram kurvan aasit, yeshu bahavah aalbam-yugmeshu pradarshitaah aasan. 2009 tame varshe "paak-myaan-feavour" iti namakam sthaanam praapnot. vee. ech. 1 ityasya "80 dashakasy sheershe 100 shreshteshu eka-hitt-adbhuteshu" 98 sthaanam asti. 2010 joon 10 dinaanke, dampatee "keeping da dream liv" iti sheershakam geetam prakaashitavantah, yasya praaptasya bhaagah swagraamasya akran-nagare sarva-american-sope-baaks-derby ityasya sahayartham daanam akarot. 2011 september 9 dinaanke, buckner and garcia, vhiskee-madhyamanam bigg-laiv-shoho laiv 2 ityatra swasya nootanam geetam prakatayt, yat "faind mee da-baamb" iti namna prasidham, yat gaming-jaalaputasy giant-baamb ityasya vishaye asti. 2011 joon-maase ekasmin saakshaatkaarasy anantaram etat geetam nirmitam, yasmin jeree buckner tathaa gairee garcia cha laiv-pess-myaan-tournament-giant-baamb ityasya samaye aahooyant. reyan davis ityayam podcast-madhye hasyena uktavaan yat te dwau teshaam vishaye ekam geetam nirmaatum shaknuvanti, tatah ekasmin dine saha nootanam geetam yukttam emm. pi. 3 praptavan. geetam giant-baamb ityatra nihshulkam vitaritam.kaam tathaa raak-bend-jaalasy upari api drushtah. 2011 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 17 dinaanke, geree garcia, 63 varsheeyah, floridaadeshasya englewood-nagare sthitasya swagruhe apratyashitataya mrutah. pashchat buckner, jemee hyoostan ityanena saha "rek itt, rek-itt ralf!" iti geetam likhitum karyam krutavaan."disney-chalacchitrasya" rek-itt ralf "(2012) krute. jeree buckner. 2011 tame varshe gyaaree garcia ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, jeree gitarachayitrurupena, keyboard-vaadakatvena, aaranjar-rupena cha nirantaram pravartat. tasya geetaani enne murre ("aan and aan"), berty higgins ("da wall"), baabi vintan ("da wall"), seeko ("so inn loved vit yoo") ityetabhyam dhwanimudritaah santi. saha kokaa-cola, papa johns, darect-vi, waffle-house ityadinam vividhaanaam vaanijya-grahakanam krute jingles ityanena saha dooradarshanasy, motion-picture-soundtraak-krute moolasangeetam akurvan. 2012 tame varshe, buckner ityayam hitt disney-chalacchitrasya "rek-itt ralf" ityasya shirsha-gitasya saha-nirmaanam, pradarshanm cha krutavaan, yat "sarvashreshta-chalacchitrasya" krute vimarshakaanaam chayanam, "sarvashreshta-chalacchitrasya" krute enee-puraskaarah, "sarvashreshta-dhwanimudrikaayaah" cha krute anekaan puraskaran praapnot, tathaa cha oscar-krute naamaankitam abhavat. dwayam vaadyavrundasya moolasadasyeshu ginnie-vaitekar (drums), laaree-mcdonald (baas-gitaar), criss-boman (leed tathaa ridam-gitaar), rick-hinkil ("paak-myaan-feavour", "mousetrop" tathaa "goyin-barserk" ityatra leed tathaa ridam-gitaar), maik-stevert ("mousetrop" tathaa "goyin-barserk" ityatra moog-synthesaisar), david "kozie" cole ("paak-myaan-feavour" ityatra sindram) cha aasan. steve carlisley tathaa shaaran scott cha "paak-myaan feavour" iti vishaye paarshvagaayanam akurvan. samuhasya sadasyaah. pee. e. see.-myaan-jwarah (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rek-itt, rek-itt ralf (2012)

buckner & karsia buckner & carcia enbathu ohiovin agranil irunthu jerri buckner mattrum carrie carcia aakiyoaraik konda oru america isai irattaiyargal. avarkalin muthal pathivu 1972 aam aandil seiyappattathu, avarkal "kotta heary thii beat" endra puthumaiyaana paadalai nigazhththiyapoathu, adhai avarkal vilangku jaak endru pathivu seithanar. pinnar, 1980 aam aandil, avarkal oru puthumaiyaana christhumas paadalai ezhuthinar, "enfl ill merri christhumas" endra thalaippil, vilayaattu paththirigaiyaalar hovard kosalai sanda classes endru karpanai seithanar. inththa pathivu willis thii kaardu (adlanda radio aalumai paap karaul nigazhththappatta oru paaththiram) mattrum karpanaiyaana kuzhu veerish aagiyavattrirku paaraattappattathu. paadal illai endra nilaikkuth thallappattathu. vilambarap palagaiyil 82. 1981 aam aandil, iruvarum "manalil kaalthadangal" endra kavithaiyai aatharikka oru nambikkai adippadaiyilaana naattu karupporulai ezhuthinar, idhu edjel thoappugalaal nigazhththappattathu, idhu illai. pala naadugalil 1 mattrum kaetkum radio nilaiyangkal. 1982 aam aandil emm. chii. aee pathivukalil veliyidappatta "doublue. kae. aarr. pii inn cincinetti" theem paadalin virivaakkappatta pathippaiyum inththa jody thayaariththathu. iruppinum, inththa jody 1981 aam aandil ulloor pathivu lable veliyidappatta "paak-maen kaaichchal" endra avarkalin puthiya paadalukku migavum pirabalamaanathu, pii. jii. ooo pathivukal. iruvarum kolambiya/cps pathivukaludan oru saathanai oppanthaththil kaiyeluththitta sirithu neraththilaeyae, antha pathivu thaesiya alavil veliyidappattathu. athae peyaril oru aalbam viraivaaga muttrilum veediyoa came paadalkalai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. inththa ottrai mattrum aalbam irandum ulagalavil irandarai milliyanukkum athigamaana pirathikal virpanai seithathan moolam thangap pathivukalaip petrtrana. pinnar iruvarum antha ottraip paadalai "doow thii tanki cong" endra paadaludan pinthodarnthanar, idhu 100 tharavarisaigalin keezh mattumae kumizhiyaaga irunththathu, idhu nambar onnil uyarnthathu. 103. varalaaru. paek-maen kaaichchal" enbathaip pinthodara inththa jody thittamittathu "ii.dii., aii love yuu, "idhu neel vairaththin angkeekarikkappadaatha" hardlight "kku aatharavaaka lable veliyida thaamathamaanathu. avarkal thangal 1999 aalpaththil "ippoathu mattrum pinnar" paadalin marupathippu pathippai veliyittanar. natchatthira olii kuzhandhaigalin corus avarkalin aalpaththil oru kavar pathippai pathivu seithathu.dii., naan unnai nesikkiraen mattrum kuzhandhaigalukkaana pira koodudhal nilap paadalkal. 1985 aam aandil, jerri buckner ezhuthiya "aann andd aann" endra paadalin annae murreyin pathivu, naadu/elithil kaetkum tharavarisaiyil muthal 10 idangkalaip pidiththathu. 1990 kalin naduppaguthiyil, soani isai pozhuthupoakku ariyappadaatha kaaranangalukkaaga "paek-maen kaaichchal" aalpaththai chii. dii. kku meendum veliyida maruththuvittathu. inththa aalpaththin maruu veliyeettirkaana valarnthu varum thevaiyai poorthi seiya, 1999 aam aandil chii. dii. yill meendum pathivu seiyappatta pathippai isaikkuzhu veliyittathu. 1999 aam aandil inththa aalpaththai meendum pathivu seiya iruvarum isaikkuzhuvai maruseeramaiththapoathu, danny johns kuzhuvin trummer aanaar, idaikkaalaththil iranthuvittaar. stevard paasistaaka thirumbinaar; mattra isaikkuzhuvin uruppinarkal yaarum thirumbi varavillai. inththa jody idhaith thodarnthu "ippoathu & pinnar" endra aalpaththudan vanthathu, idhil "ii" inn puthiya pathivu udpada naanku puthiya paadalkal adangkum.dii., naan unnai nesikkiraen. thaesiya unavaga sangkili waffle havus jookpaaksugalukkaana pala asal paadalkalai ezhuthuvathu mattrum nigazhththuvathu udpada inththa jody thodarnthu oththulaiththathu, avattril pala oru jody aalbangkalil veliyidappattana. 2009 aam aandil, "paek-maen kaaichchal" enn idaththil irunththathu. vh1 inn "80 kalin sirantha 100 sirantha oru vettri athisayangkal" pattiyalil 98. juun 10,2010 andru, iruvarum "keepin thii tream live" endra thalaippil oru paadalai veliyittanar, idhil irunthu kidaikkum varumaanathin oru pakuthi anaitthu america soap backs terbicu uthavuvatharkaaka avarkalin sontha uuraana agranil nankodaiyaaga vazhangkappattathu. septumber 9,2011 andru, buckner & carcia adhan puthiya paadalai visky meediyaavin periya neradi neradi nigazhchchiyil velippaduththinaar live 2, idhu caming valaiththalamaana maaperum vedigundaip pattriyathu. juun 2011 ill oru nerkaanalukkup piragu inththa paadal thayaarikkappattathu, athil jerri buckner mattrum carrie carcia oru neradi paek-maen poattiyin poathu azhaikkappattanar. rian davis oru potcastine poathu nagaichchuvaiyaaga, iruvarum avarkalaip pattri oru paadalai uruvaakka vaendum endrum, pinnar oru naall puthiya paadalaik konda oru embi 3 aip petrtrathaakavum koorinaar. inththa paadal maaperum kundil ilavasamaaka viniyoagikkappattathu.kaam mattrum raak isaikkuzhuvin netvorkkilum thoantriyathu. navambar 17,2011 andru, carrie carcia thanathu 63 vayathil ploaridaavin englewootil ulla thanathu veettil ethirpaaraatha vithamaaga iranthaar. buckner pinnar jaami howstenuden inainthu "reck idd, reck-idd ralf!" endra paadalai ezhuthinaar."disney thiraippatamaana" "reck-idd ralf" "(2012) kkaaga". jerri buckner. 2011 aam aandil carrie carciavin maranatthaith thodarnthu, jerri oru paatalaasiriyar, visaippalakai kalaignar mattrum aerpaattaalaraakath thodarnthaar. avarathu paadalkalai annae murre ("aann andd aann"), berdy hijins ("thii wall"), baabi winton ("thii wall") mattrum seeko ("zoo inn love vith yuu") aagiyoar pathivu seithullanar. kookaa-koolaa, baabaa johns, direct vii mattrum waffle havus ullitta palvaeru vaniga vaadikkaiyaalargalukku jinglegaludan tholaikaatchi mattrum thiraippada olippathivukalukkaana asal isaiyai avar pettrullaar. 2012 aam aandil, buckner vettri disney thiraippatamaana "reck-idd ralf" endra thalaippup paadalai inainthu thayaariththu nigazhththinaar, idhu "sirantha thiraippadam", "sirantha thiraippadam" mattrum "sirantha olippathivu" aagiyavattrirkaana anni viruthugal udpada pala viruthugalaip pettrathu mattrum askar viruthukku parinthuraikkappattathu. inththa irattaiyargalin isaikkuzhuvin asal uruppinarkal jinni oitaker (trums), laurie mcdonald (baas kittar), chriss boman (munnani mattrum thaala kittar), rick hinkle ("paak-maen kaaichchal", "mouchetraap" mattrum "coin 'berzerg" aagiyavattril munnani mattrum thaala kittar), maik stevard ("mouchetraap" mattrum "coin' berzerg" aagiyavattril mook orunginaippaalar), mattrum davit "ghosi" cole ("paak-maen kaaichchal" ill chindram) aagiyavattraik kondirunthanar. steve carlisley mattrum sharon scott aagiyoar "paek-maen kaaichchal" kuritthu pinnani kuralgalai vazhangkinar. isaikkuzhuvin uruppinarkal. paek-maen kaaichchal (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 reck-idd, reck-idd ralf (2012)

buckner & garsia buckner & garsia anedi ohiyoloni akran nundi jerrie buckner mariyu gyaarii garsiato kuudina american sangeeta dvayam. vaari modati recording 1972loe jarigindi, vaaru "gotta hear dhi beat" anae kotta patanu pradarsinchaaru, dheenini vaaru animal jackga record chesaaru. taruvaata, 1980loe, vaaru "merrie chrismus inn dhi nfl" anae paerutoe oka kotta chrismus patanu raasaaru, creeda paatrikeyudu howard koselnu shanta classga oohinchaaru. recording vilis dhi gaard (atlanta radeo vyaktitvam baab kaar pradarsinchina paatra) mariyu kaalpanika samuuha saktivantamaina ghanata pondindi. paata nem. billboard chaartulalo 82. 1981loe, eee janta "isukalo paadamudralu" anae kavitaku maddatugaa vishwaasam aadhaarita dhesha itivruttaanni raasaaru, idhi edgel groves pradarsinchindi, idhi nem. 1 aneka deshaalalo mariyu sulabhamgaa vinee radeo stationlalo. eee janta 1982loe mca recordulalo vidudalaina "wkrp inn sinsinnati" theem sang yokka podiginchina versionnu kooda nirminchaaru. ayithe, eee janta 1981loe sthaanika rikaardu label, bii. zii. oo recordslo vidudalaina vaari kotta paata "paak-myaan feavour" kuu prasiddhi chendaaru. columbia/cbs recordulatho rikaardu oppandam kudurchukunna koddikaalaanike aaa rikaardu jaateeyamgaa vidudala cheyabadindi. adhe paerutoe oka album twaragaa puurtigaa veediyo game paatala aadhaaramgaa anusarinchabadindi. eee single mariyu album rendoo prapanchavyaaptamgaa rendunnara million kaapeelaku paiga ammakalaku bangaaru recordulanu andukunnaayi. aaa janta taruvaata aaa singilnu "doo dhi dankey kaang" thoo anusarinchaaru, idhi hott 100 chaartla krinda matrame budagalu chesindi, nem. 103. charitra. paak-myaan feavour" kuu anusarinchadaaniki eee janta uddesinchinadi "ii.tii., ii love yuu, "idhi neel diamond yokka anadhikaarika" haart light "kuu anukuulamgaa label dwara vidudala cheyadaaniki alasyam cheyabadindi. vaaru tama 1999 album "ippudu & taruvaata" loe paata yokka tirigi record chesina samskarananu vidudala chesaaru. starlite pillala corus vaari album "ii" loe cover versionnu record chesindi.tii., neenu ninnu premistunnaanu mariyu pillala kosam itara adanapu bhusambandhamaina paatalu ". 1985loe, jerrie buckner raasina "aann und aann" anae paata yokka aann murre recording, country/eejee leasoning chaartlo top 10 hitt ayindi. 1990la madhyalo, soonee music entertainment teliyani kaaranaala valla "paak-myaan feavour" albumnu tirigi vidudala cheyadaaniki niraakarinchindi. album yokka punahprachurana kosam perugutunna demandnu teerchadaaniki, byaand 1999loe CDloe tirigi record cheyabadina samskarananu vidudala chesindi. 1999loe eee albumnu tirigi record cheyadaaniki dvayam byaandnu tirigi erpaatu chesinappudu, daanii johns samuuham yokka drummer ayyadu, aaa madhyantaramlo whitekar maraninchaadu. stevert bassistga tirigi vacchaadu; itara byaand sabhyulu evaruu tirigi raaledu. eee janta dheenini "ippudu & taruvaata" anae albumto anusarinchindi, indulo "ii" yokka kotta recordingtho sahaa naalugu kotta paatalu unnaayi.tii., neenu ninnu premistunnaanu. eee janta jaateeya restaurant golusu waffill house jukebox kosam aneka asalu paatalanu rayadam mariyu pradarsinchadam sahaa sahakarinchadam konasaaginchindi, veetilo chaalaa varaku oka jatha albumlalo vidudala cheyabaddaayi. 2009loe, "paak-myaan feavour" nem. vihech1 yokka "80lalooni 100 goppa vann-hitt adbhutaala" jaabitaalo 98. juun 10,2010naa, eee janta "keeping dhi dream live" anae paerutoe oka patanu vidudala chesaaru, daanilo kontha bhaganni vaari swasthalamaina akraanlooni aall-american sope baaks derbeaki sahayam cheyadaaniki viraalamgaa icchaaru. september 9,2011naa, buckner & garsia wiskey media yokka bigg live sholo thana kotta patanu velladinchindihi live 2, "find mii dhi bambu" anie piluvabadindi, idhi gaming website diggajam bambu gurinchi. juun 2011loe oka interview tarvaata eee paata roopondinchabadindi, indulo jerrie buckner mariyu gyaarii garsia live paak-myaan tornament diggajam bambu samayamlo pilicharu. oka podcast samayamlo ryaan davis saradaagaa matladutu, vaariddaruu vaari gurinchi oka paata padalani, aapai oka roeju kotta patanu kaligi unna oka empi3 andukuni tanani shacku gurichestaarani cheppadu. eee patanu jaint bomblo uchitamgaa pampinhee chesaaru.com mariyu rock byaand networklo kooda kanipinchindi. november 17,2011naa, gyaarii garsia 63 samvatsaraala vayassulo floridaloni inglvudloni thana intlo anukokunda maraninchaadu. buckner taruvaata jaamee houstontho kalisi "reck itt, reck-itt ralf!" anae patanu vraasaadu."disney chitram" "reck-itt ralf" "(2012) kosam". jerrie buckner. 2011loe gyaarii garsia maranam taruvaata, jerrie paatala rachayita, keyboard vaadyakaarudu mariyu nirvahakudiga konasagaru. athani paatalanu anae murre ("aann und aann"), berty higgins ("dhi wall"), baabii winton ("dhi wall"), mariyu seeko ("soe inn love vith yuu") record chesaaru. athanu coca-cola, papa johns, directive mariyu waffle housto sahaa vividha rakaala vaanijya khaataadaarulaku jingilsto paatu television mariyu chalana chitra soundtrackla kosam asalu sangeetaanni andinchaadu. 2012loe, buckner hitt disney chitram "reck-itt ralf" kuu taitil track nuu saha-nirminchi, pradarsinchaaru, idhi vimarsakula empika "uttama chitram", "uttama chitram" mariyu "uttama soundtrack" kosam anee avaardulatoe sahaa aneka avaardulanu andukundi mariyu ascar kuu nominate cheyabadindi. eee dvayam yokka bandloni asalu sabhyulalo ginnie vaitekar (drums), laurie mcdonald (baas guitar), criss boman (lead mariyu rhythm guitar), rick hinkley ("paak-myaan feavour", "mousetrop" mariyu "goin 'bersker" paie lead mariyu rhythm guitar), mike stevert ("mousetrop" mariyu "goin' bersker" paie moog synthesizer), mariyu david "koji" cole ("paak-myaan feavour" paie syndrum) unnaayi. steve carlisle mariyu shahran scott "paak-myaan feavour" paie nepathya gaatraanni andinchaaru. byaand sabhyulu. paak-myaan feavour (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 reck-itt, reck-itt ralf (2012)

buckner aur garshiya buckner aur garshiya eek americi mausiqi kii jodee thee juu ackern auhaiyo say taaluq rakhnay waalay jairi buckner aur geeri garshiya parr mushtamil thee. inn kii pehli recording 1972 mein kii gayee thee jabb inhon nay "gotaa hair dee bait" naami eek neeya gaana paish kiyaa jasay inhon nay anaemal jeek kay toor parr record kiyaa. baad mein 1980 mein inhon nay "meeri karsams inn dee aine aif eel" kay anwaan say eek neeya karsams gaana likhaa jiss mein sports journalist howard koseel kuu saanta klaaz kay toor parr tasavur kiyaa gayaa. recording kaa sehra waleem dee gaard (atlanta redio kii shaqsiyat baab kaar kay zariah adaa kiyaa gayaa eek kirdaar) aur afsanvi grop kuu diyaa gayaa thaa. gaana number parr pahunch gayaa. bull board chaart parr 82. 1981 mein iss jodee nay "reet mein qadmon kay nishanaat" kii nazam kii pasht panahi kay liye aqeede parr mubni milki theem likhaa juu aijal groves kay zariah paish kii gayee thee juu number parr pahunch gayee. 1 behat say mamalik mein aur sunnay mein aasaan redio stationon parr. iss jodee nay 1982 mein ayem see aey records parr jaari honay waalay "dabliyo kay aar pee inn sankanati" theem gaaney kaa eek tausiyi warzan bhee tayaar kiyaa. tahim yaha jodee apnay hutt naawal "peek meen fever" kay liye mashhur hay juu 1981 mein maqami record label bee jee awo records parr release hawaa thaa. iss kay foraa baad jabb donon nay columbia/see bee aiss records kay saath eek record muahide parr dastakhat kiye aur record kuu qomi satah parr jaari kiyaa gayaa. asee naam kaa eek album teezi say makmal toor parr video gaim kay gaanon parr mubni hawaa. sangal aur album donon nay duniya bhar mein dahayee millin say ziyadah kaapiyon kii mushtarkah farokhat kay liye gold record haasil kiye. baad mein iss jodee nay iss sangal kuu "duu dee denk kaang" kay saath faalo kiyaa jiss nay sarf 100 charts kay tahat balbalay banaye juu number parr pahunch gayaa. 103. tareekh. peek meen bakhaar" kay liye inn donon kii matlubah peervi "ayee" thee.tye.yee aayee low yue "jasay neel diamond kii ghair majaz" haart light "kay haqh mein leebal kii taraf say release karnay mein takhir hoyee. inhon nay apnay 1999 kay album "abb aur phir" parr gaaney kaa dobarah record shadah warzan jaari kiyaa. staar light childern kors nay apnay album "ayee" parr eek sarwaraq warzan record kiyaa.tye.yee mein aap say pyaar kartaa hoan aur bachon kay liye deegar izaafi zamini gaaney. 1985 mein aine mory kii "aann aind aann" kii recording juu jairi buckner kaa likhaa hawaa gaana hay milk/aasaan sunnay waalay charts parr topp 10 hutt bunn gayaa. 1990 kii dahayi kay wast mein sonee music entertainment nay namalum wajuhaat kii banaa parr "peek meen fever" album kuu see ddee mein dobarah jaari karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa. album kay dobarah release kii badhti hoyee maang kuu poraa karnay kay liyay bend nay 1999 mein see ddee parr dobarah record shadah warzan jaari kiyaa. jabb iss jodee nay album kuu dobarah record karnay kay liye 1999 mein bend kuu dobarah tashkil diyaa tuu deaney jonaz grop kay dermer bunn gayey whitekar aburi toor parr inteqal kirr gayey. stevart baasist kay toor parr waps aayaa vovo bend kay deegar arakeen mein say koyee bhee waps nahein aayaa. iss kay baad donon nay "abb aur phir" kay saath eek album banaya jiss mein "ayee" kii nayee recording sameet chaar nayey gaaney shaamil thay.tye.mein tamm say pyaar kartaa hoan. iss jodee nay taawan jaari rakhaa jiss mein national reestoran cheen weafle house joke baaksaz kay liye behat say asl gaaney likhna aur paish karnaa shaamil thaa jinn mein say kayee albamon kay joday parr jaari kiye gayey thay. 2009 mein "peek meen bakhaar" number parr thaa. 98 wee aich 1 kii "80 kii dahayi kay sabb say baday 100 azeem tareen winn hutt ajubon" kii fehrist mein shaamil hay. 10 joone 2010 cow donon nay "keepan dee dream laiyo" kay anwaan say eek gaana jaari kiyaa jiss say haasil honay waali raqam kaa eek hasah inn kay aabayi shehar ackern mein aal american saabin baaks durby kii madad kay liye atiyah kiyaa gayaa. 9 satambar 2011 cow buckner aind garshiya nay wahaski mediya kay baday laiyo show: laiyo 2 parr apnay nayey gaaney kaa inkshaf kiyaa jasay "found mee dee bumm" kahaa jaataa hay juu gaming waib saait kay diyo bumm kay baaray mein hay. yaha gaana joone 2011 mein eek intervieve kay baad banaya gayaa thaa jiss mein jairi buckner aur geeri garshiya nay eek laiyo pais meen tornament kay doraan kaal kiyaa thaa. riyaan ddios nay eek podd cast kay doraan mazaaq mein kahaa kahh donon kuu inn kay baaray mein eek gaana banana chahiye aur phir eek dunn inhein eek neeya gaana parr mushtamil ayem pee 3 milaa jiss say wah hairan rahh gayey. yaha gaana washaal bumm parr mufta taqsim kiyaa gayaa thaa.kaam aur raak bend neet wark parr bhee namodar hawaa. 17 nomber 2011 kuu geeri garshiya 63 saal kii amar mein fluoreda kay angle wode mein waaqa apnay gahar mein ghair matuqa toor parr inteqal kirr gayein. baad mein bakar nay jaimi hewston kay saath mill kirr "reek autt reek-autt raalif!" gaana likhaa."dazni film" "rekar-autt raalif" "(2012) kay liye. jairi buckner. 2011 mein geeri garshiya kii moth kay baad jairi nay eek naghmah nigaar kii bordist aur aarganjar kay toor parr kaam jaari rakhaa. inn kay gaaney aine mory ("aann aind aann")yee berty huggins ("dee waal")yee boby winton ("dee waal")yee aur seeko ("sue inn low wad yuu") nay record kiye haine. inhon nay kokaa kolaa paapa jaanz direct wee aur weafle house sameet mukhtalif tajarti gahikon kay liye zangalz kay saath teeli vision aur motion pakchar sound tracks kay liye asl mausiqi score kii hay. 2012 mein bakar nay hutt dazni film "rekar-autt raalif" kaa tytle track mushtarkah toor parr prodios aur paish kiyaa jiss nay mutadid ewards haasil kiyay jinn mein naqdin kaa "behtareen film" kay liye intekhaab "behtareen film" aur "behtareen sound track" kay liye ainee ewards aur aaskar kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa. jodee kay bend kay asl arkaan mein ganee waitikar (drum)yee leeri mcdonald (baas gataar)yee curse bomeen (leed aur ratham gataar)yee rakk hunkle ("peek meen bakhaar" parr leed aur ratham gataar "mous trape" aur "goyan barsark")yee mayik stuart ("mous trape" aur "goyan barsark" parr mogh centhesizer)yee aur dude "kozy" cole ("peek meen bakhaar" parr cendrum) shaamil thay. steve carlicil aur sharoon scott nay "peek meen bakhaar" parr piss manzar kii aawaz farahim kii. bend kay arakeen. peek meen bakhaar (1981-1982) 1982-1999 1999-2011 rekar-autt rekar-autt raalif (2012)

0007bedf3a71c291aa194ec1abf33414d7b36c8976f3de1b8fcd5de6d695f444

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44933692

List of Violence by BJP

List of Violence by BJP

bii. jeey. pii. dwara hinsani yaadee

bee. jey. pee. dwara hinsa kii soochi

bii. zhe. pii. yaya himsaachaarada patti

bii. jeey. pii. yude akramangalude pattika

bii. jeey. pii. dware hinsacharachi yadee

bee. jey. pee. duaara hinsa dee suchi

bee. jey. pee. dwara himsaayaah soochee

bii. zhe. pii. himsa jabita

0007c1ab8b9cc6928cd740ff80be2ef94227139adb416a26ad4737586fb571e4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26192793

Lalita Shastri

Lalita Shastri Wife of Lal Bahadur Shastri, former Prime Minister of India Lalita Shastri (born Lalmani Devi; 11 January 1910 – 13 April 1993) was the wife of Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri. Lalita Devi was from Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. She married Lal Bahadur Shastri on 16 May 1928. After marriage, the couple lived for several years in Prayagraj before moving to Lucknow and then to New Delhi. Lal Bahadur Shastri spent nine years of his life in jail. During these spells, Lalita looked after the children and household. The family moved to New Delhi in 1952 when Shastri became the railway minister. However they vacated the premises after his death. But in 1968, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted the house to Lalita Shastri, the wife of Lal Bahadur Shastri, and she lived there till her death in 1993. Today "Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial" run by Lal Bahadur Shastri National Memorial Trust, is situated next to 10 Janpath the official residence of her husband as prime minister, at 1, Motilal Nehru Place, New Delhi. She founded the "Shastri Sewa Niketan". Her son Sunil Shastri is its present chairman. Lalita Shastri died in 1993 in New Delhi. Anil Shastri, one of her sons, is a former Lok Sabha member. An epic poetry book in Hindi titled "Lalita Ke Aansoo" written by Krant M. L. Verma was published in 1978. In this book the complete story of her husband Lal Bahadur Shastri has been narrated by Lalita Shastri. Lalita herself wrote verse on occasion, and a few songs written by her (such as "भोला भोला रटते रटते") were set to tune by Chitragupta and sung by Lata Mangeshkar. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

lolita xastri lolita xastri (jonmogoto naam lalmoni debi; 11 january 1910-13 april 1993) aasil bharotor prodhanmontri laal bahadur xastrir potni. lolita debi uttor prodexor mirojapuror poraa aahisil. 1928 sonor 16 mey 'too teu laal bahadur xastrik biyaa koraisil. bibahor pisot, dompotihale lokhnou aaru taar pisot notun dilliloi juwar aagote allahabadot keiba bosor dhori baax korisil. laal bahadur xastriye jiwanor noo bosor karagarot kotaisil. ei montroburor xomoyot lolitai xixu aaru poriyalor suwasita korisil. 1952 sonot xastri rey "lo montri huwar loge loge poriyaltu notun dilliloi sthanantorito hoisil. obosye teur mrityur pisot teuluke poriwexkhon khaali korisil. kintu 1968 sonot tetiyar prodhanmontri indira gandhiye ei ghortu laal bahadur xastrir potni lolita xastrik bitoron korisil aaru 1993 sonot mrityu huwaloike teu taat baax korisil. aaji laal bahadur xastri rastriyo smarok nyaxor dwara porisalito "laal bhadur xastri smarok", notun dillir 1 nong mutilal nehoru sthanot prodhanmontri hisape teur swamir sorkari baxosthan 10 jonopothor kaxot owosthito. teu "xastri xewa niketon" protistha korisil. teur putro xunil xastri iyar bortoman odhyokhyo. 1993 sonot notun dillit lolita xastror mrityu hoy. teur ejon putro onil xastri lukoxobhar prakton xodosyo. kranto em-ror dwara likhito "lolita key aansu" xirxok hindi bhaxat ekhon mohakabyik kobita grontho. el. 1978 sonot borma prokax paisil. ei gronthokhonot teur swami laal bahadur xastror xompurno kahini lolita xastriye bornona korise. lolitai nijei ketiyaba kobita likhisil, aaru teur dwara likha keitaman geet (jene "bhula bhula rotte rotte") sitroguptor dwara xur diya hoisil aaru lotaa mongexokare gaisil.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (jonmo lalmoni debi; 11 januari 1910-13 april 1993) chhilen bharoter prodhanmontri laal bahadur shastrir stree. lalita debi uttorprodesher mirjapur theke esechilen. 1928 saaler 16ee meey tini laal bahadur shastrike biye corren. biyer porr, eyi dampati lakhnou ebong tarpor notun dillite choley yawar agey besh koyek bochor allahabade bosobas corren. laal bahadur shastri taanr jeeboner noy bochor karagare katiechen. eyi montrer somoy, lalita santan ebong poribarer dekhashona korten. 1952 saale shastri railmontri holey poribarti notun dillite choley aase. tobey taanr mrityur porr taanra chattorti khaali korey deena. kintu 1968 saale tatkalin prodhanmontri indira gandhi eyi baditi laal bahadur shastrir stree lalita shastrike baradda corren ebong 1993 saale taanr mrityur augh porjonto tini sekhane bosobas corren. aaz laal bahadur shastri jatiya smritisoudho trust dwara porichalito "laal bhadur shastri smritisoudho" nayadillir 1 nong motilal nehru sthane prodhanmontri hisabe taanr swamir sarkari basbhobon 10 jonopother paashe abosthito. tini "shastri seba niketon" protistha korechilen. taanr putro suneel shastri err bortoman sabhapati. 1993 saale notun dillite lalita shastri maaraa zaan. taanr eka putro onil shastri loksovar praktan sadasya. lolito keey ansu' naame hindite ekti mahakabyik kobitar boi likhechen srikanta emm. ell. verma 1978 saale prokashito hoy. eyi boiye taanr swami laal bahadur shastrir sampurna golpoti lalita shastri bornona korechen. lolito nize majhe majhe kobita lekhen ebong taanr lekha koyekti gaan (jemon "vola vola rotte rotte") chitrogupter surey ebong lataa mangeshkar gaoa.

lalita shaastri lalita shaastri (janm lalmani devee; 11 january 1910-13 april 1993) bhaaratnaa vadapradhan laal bahadur shaastrini patnee hatee. lalita devee uttar pradeshnaa mirzapurni rahevasi hatee. temane 16 meey meey roj laal bahadur shaastri saathe lagna karyaa hataa. lagna pachhi, aaa dampati lakhnau aneey pachhi navee dilhi jataa pahelaa ghanaa varsho sudhee allahabadma rahyaa hataa. laal bahadur shaastriae temnaa jeevannaa nava varsh jailma vitaavyaa hataa. aaa mantra darmiyan, lalita baadako aneey gharnee sambhaal raakhtee hatee. hatee jyaare shaastri railway mantree banyaa tyaare temno parivaar navee dilhi rahevaa gayo hato. joke, temnaa mrutyu pachhi teoae parisar khaalee curry deedho hato. parantu parantu tatkalin vadapradhan indeera gaandhiae aaa ghar laal bahadur shaastrini patnee lalita shaastrine faalvi didhu hatoo aneey teo shaastrinu temnaa mrutyu sudhee tyaan jaj rahyaa hataa. aaje laal bahadur shaastri raashtriy smaarak trust dwara sanchaalit "laal bhadur shaastri smaarak", navee dilhimaa 1, motilal nehru sthal parr, 10 janpathni bajuma stheet chhe, jeey temnaa vadapradhan tarikenaa patinaa sattavaar nivassthan chhe. temane "shaastri sevaa niketan" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. temnaa putra suniil shaastri tenaa vartmaan adhyaksh chhe. lalita shaastrinu shaastrinu navee dilhimaa avsaan thayu hatoo. temnaa aek putra anil shaastri loksabhaanaa bhutpurv sabhy chhe. laleet keey ansu' sheershak dharaavtu hindimaa mahakavya kaavyanu pustak, jeey kaant aema. dwara lakhaayu chhe. aela. varmaa varmaa prakashit thayu hatoo. aaa pustakma temnaa patee laal bahadur shaastrini sampoorn vaarta lalita shaastri dwara varnavama aavee chhe. lalita pote prasangopaat kaveetao lakhee hatee aneey temnaa dwara lakhaayela ketlaak geeto (jaim keey "bholaa bholaa ratte ratte") chitragupta dwara tune karvaa maate taiyar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey lataa mangeshkar dwara gaavaama aavyaa hataa.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (janm lalmani devi; 11 janwari 1910-13 aprail 1993) bhaarat key pradhaanmantri laal bahadur shastri kii patni theen. lalita devi uttar pradesh key mirjapur kii rahane vaali theen. unhone 16 maee 1928 koo laal bahadur shastri seey shaadi kii. shaadi key baad, dampati lakhanau aur phir naee dilli jaane seey pahale kaee varshon taka allahabad mein rahey. laal bahadur shastri ney apane jeevan key nau saal jail mein bitaaye. inn mantron key dauran, lalita bachchon aur ghar kii dekhbhal karati thee. 1952 mein jaba shastri rail mantri baney tou unakaa parivaar naee dilli chalaa gayaa. haalaanki unhone unaki mrityu key baad parisar khaali curr diyaa. lekin 1968 mein tatkalin pradhaanmantri indira gaandhi ney yeh ghar laal bahadur shastri kii patni lalita shastri koo aavantit kiya aur vaha 1993 mein apani mrityu taka vaheen raheen. aaj laal bahadur shastri rashtriya smaarak nyaas dwara sanchaalit "laal bhadur shastri smaarak", pradhaanmantri key roop mein unake pati key aadhikarik nivaas 10 janpath key buggle mein, 1, motilal nehru sthaan, naee dilli mein sthit haye. unhone "shastri seva niketan" kii sthaapana kii. unake bete suneel shastri isake vartamaan adhyaksh hain. lalita shastri kaa 1993 mein naee dilli mein nidhan hoe gayaa. anil shastri, unake beton mein seey ack, poorv loksabha sadasya hain. kranti aim dwara likhit hindi mein ack mahakavya kavita pustak jiska sheershak "lalita key aansu" haye. ell. verma 1978 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. iss pustak mein unake pati laal bahadur shastri kii poori kahani lalita shastri ney sunai haye. lalita ney swayam iss avsar parr kavita likhi, aur unake dwara likhe gaye kuchh geet (jaise "bhola bhola ratte ratte") chitragupta dwara dhuna key liye taiyar kiye gaye they aur lataa mangeshkar dwara gaaye gaye they.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (janana lalmani devi; 11 janavari 1910-13 april 1993) bhaaratada pradhani laal bahaddur shastri avara patniyagiddaru. lalita devi uttara pradeshada mirjapuradavaragiddaru. avaru 1928rahra mayee 16randu laal bahaddur shaastriyannu vivaahavaadaru. maduveya nantara, dampatigalu lakhanouge mattu nantara hosadillige teraluva modalu halavaaru varshagala kaala allahabadnalli vaasisuttiddaru. laal bahaddur shastri tamma jeevanada ombattu varshagalannu jailinalli kaledaru. ee mantragala samayadalli, lalitalu makkalu mattu maneyavarannu nodikondalu. 1952ralli shastri railway sachivaragiddaga avara kutumbavu navadehalige sthalaantaragonditu. aadaagyoo, avara maranada nantara avaru aaa aavaranavannu khaali maadidaru. aadare 1968ralli andina pradhani indira gandhi avaru ee maneyannu laal bahaddur shastri avara patni lalita shastri avarige niididaru mattu avaru 1993ralli tamma maranadavaregu alliye vaasisuttiddaru. indu laal bahaddur shastri rashtriya smaaraka trust nadesuttiruva "laal bhadur shastri smaaraka" vu navadehali 1, motilal neharu sthaladalli 10 janpath bully ide. aake "shastri sewa niketan" annu sthaapisidaru. avara putra suneel shastri adara prastuta adhyaksharagiddare. lalita shastri 1993ralli navadehaliyalli nidhanaraadaru. aakeya putraralli obbaraada aniil shastri, maaji lokasabheya sadasyaragiddare. kranth emm bareda "lalita keey ansoo" emba shirshikeya hindiyalli mahaakaavyada kavana pustaka. ell. varmavannu 1978ralli prakatisalaayitu. ee pustakadalli aakeya pathi laal bahaddur shaastriya sampoorna katheyannu lalita shastri vivarisiddaare. lalita swatah kelavu sandarbhagalalli padyagalannu baredaru, mattu avaru bareda kelavu haadugalannu (udaaharanege "bhola bhola ratte ratte") chitragupta avaru hadiddare mattu lathaa mangeshkar hadiddare.

lalita shaasthri indiayude pradhaanamantri laal bahadur shaasthriyude bhaaryayaayirunnu lalitha shaasthri (jananam lalmani devi; 11 januvari 1910-13 epril 1993). utharpradeshile mirzapur swadeshiniyaayirunnu lalitha devi. 1928 meyy 16 nuu avar laal bahadur shaasthriye vivaham kazhichu. vivaahasesham, dambathikal laknauvilekkum pinneedu newdelhiyilekkum maarunnathin munbu niravadhi varshangal alahaabaadil thaamasichu. laal bahadur shaasthri thante jeevithathinte onpathu varsham jayilil chelavazhichu. eee manthrangalil lalitha kuttikaleyum kudumbatheyum paripaalichu. 1952ll shaasthri railway manthriyaayappol kudumbam newdelhiyilekku thamasam maari. ennaal addehathinte maranashesham avar aaa sthalam ozhinjupoyi. ennaal 1968ll annathe pradhaanamantri indiraagaandhi laal bahadur shaasthriyude bhaarya lalitha shaasthrikk veedu anuvadikkukayum 1993ll marikkunnathuvare avar avide thaamasikkukayum cheythu. innu laal bahadur shaasthri naashanal memorial trastt nadathunna "laal bhadur shaasthri memorial", newdelhiyile mothilaal nehru sthalamaaya 10 janpath enna avarude bharthaavinte pradhaanamanthriyaayulla audyogika vasathikk aduthaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. avar "shaasthri sewa nikethan" sthaapichu. avarude makan sunil shaasthriyaan ippozhathe chairman. lalitha shaasthri 1993ll newdelhiyil vachu antharichu. avarude puthranmaaril oralaaya aneel shaasthri muun loksabha amgamaanu. kranth emm ezhuthiya "lalita keey ansoo" enna peril hindiyile oru itihaasa kavita pusthakam. ell. 1978ll verma prasidheekarichu. eee pusthakatthil avarude bharthaav laal bahadur shaasthriyude muzhuvan kathayum lalitha shaasthri vivarichittundu. lalita thanne idaykkide kavithakal ezhuthukayum avar ezhuthiya chila ganangal ("bhola bhola ratte ratte" polullava) chitraguptan tyoon cheyyukayum lathaa mankeshkar alapikkukayum cheythu.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (janm lalmani devi; 11 janewari 1910-13 april 1993) yaa bharatachya pantpradhan laal bahadoor shastri yanchya patni hotya. lalita devi uttar pradeshatil mirzapurchi rahivasi hotee. 16 meey 1928 roji tyanni laal bahadoor shastri yanchyashi vivah keela. lagnanantar heey jodape lakhnaula aanee nantar navee dillila jaanyapurvi anek varshe alahabadmadhye rahile. laal bahadoor shastri yanni tyanchya aayushyatil nauu varshe turungat ghalavali. yaa mantrandarmyan lalitane mule aanee gharachi kalji ghetali. 1952 madhye shastri railwaymantri jhaale tevha heey kutumb navee dilli yethe sthayik jhaale. matra, tyanchya nidhananantar tyanni parisar rikama keela. pann 1968 madhye tatkalin pantpradhan indira gandhi yanni heey ghar laal bahadoor shastri yanchya patni lalita shastri yanna dile aanee 1993 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant tyaa tethech rahilya. aaj laal bahadoor shastri rashtriy smarak nyasadvare chalavale jaanare "laal bhadur shastri smarak", navee dillitil 1, motilal nehru thikani, pantpradhan mhanoon tyanchya patiche adhikrut nivassthan 10 janpathchya shejari aahe. tine 'shastri seva niketan' chee sthapana kelee. tyanche putra suniil shastri heey tyache sadhyache adhyaksh aahet. lalita shastri yanche 1993 madhye navee dilli yethe nidhan jhaale. tyanchya mulanpaiki eka anil shastri heey loksabheche majee sadasya aahet. lalit keey aansu' heey hinditale eka mahakavya asoon teey grunth kaant emm. yanni lihile aahe. ell. verma 1978 madhye prakashit jhaala. yaa pustakat ticha patee laal bahadoor shastrichi sampoorn katha lalita shastrine sangitali aahe. lalitane swatah prasangi padya lihile aanee tine lihileli kahee ganee (jase qee 'bhola bhola ratte ratte') chitraguptane gayali hotee aanee lataa mangeshkar yanni gayali hotee.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (janma lalmani devi; 11 janawari 1910-13 april 1993) bharatka pradhanmantri lall bahadur shastriki patni thiin. lalita devi uttar pradeshko mirjapurki thiin. unle 16 mey 1928 maa lall bahadur shastrisanga vivaha garin. vivahapachhi, dampati lakhanau rar tyasapachhi nayan delhi januaghi allahabadma dherai warsha basin. lalbahadur shastrile afno jiwanko nau warsha jailma bitae. yee mantraharuma lalitale balbalika rar gharapariwarko herchah garthin. shastri railmantri banepachhi sann 1952 maa unko pariwar nayan delhi sareko thiyo. tara, unko mrityupachhi uniharule parisar khali gare. tara sann 1968 maa tatkalin pradhanmantri indira gandhile lalbahadur shastriki patni lalita shastrilai ghar die rar uni sann 1993 maa afno mrityusamma tyahan base. az lall bahadur shastri rashtriya smarak trustdwara sanchalit "lall bhadur shastri smarak", nayan delhiko 1, motilal neharu sthanma, pradhanmantrika rupma unka patiko adhikarik niwas 10 janapathko chheuma awasthit chha. unle "shastri sewa niketan" ko sthapana garin. unka chhora suniel shastri yasaka wartaman adhyaksha hun. lalita shastriko sann 1993 maa nayan delhima nidhan bhaeko thiyo. unka chhora anil shastri loksabhaka purva sadasya hun. kranti emdwara likhit "lalita key ansu" shirshakko hindima mahakawya kawita pustak. ell. warma sann 1978 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yass pustakma unka pati lalbahadur shastriko sampurna katha lalita shastrile warnan gareki chhan. lalitale afai awasarma kawita lekheki thiin, rar unle lekheka kehi githaru (jastai "bhola bhola ratte ratte") chitraguptale dhunka lagi tayar parin rar lata mangeskarle gaeki thiin.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (janma lalmoni debi; 11 januari 1910-13 april 1993) bharatara pradhanamantri laal bahadur shastreenka patni thile. lalita debi uttara pradeshar mirjapur thile. shay 16 meey 1928 ray laal bahadur shastreenku bibaha karithile. bibaha parey, ehi dampati lakshnau ebong parey nuadilli jiba purbaru allahabadare aneka barsha rahithile. laal bahadur shastri taanka jeebner naaa barsha jelare bitaithile. ehi mantra samajare, lalita pila ebong paribarara jatna neuthile. 1952 masihare shastri rela mantri heba parey taanka paribara nooa dilli chalijaithile. tebe taanka mrutyu parey semane ukta sthana khaali karideithile. kintu 1968 masihare tatkaleena pradhanamantri indira gandhi ehi gharati laal bahadur shastreenka patni lalita shastreenku pradan karithile ebong shay 1993 masihare mrutyu parjyanta sethare rahithile. aaji laal bahadur shastri jatiah smaraki trust dwara parichalita "laal bhadur shastri smaraki" nooa delhir 1, motilal neheru sthanare pradhanamantri bhabe taanka swameenka sarkari basabhabana 10 janpath nikatare abasthita. shay "shastri seba niketan" pratistha karithile. taanka pua suneel shastri ehara barttamanara adhyakhya achanti. 1993 masihare nooa delhire lalita shastreenka dehant hoithila. taanka puamananka madhyaru jane aneel shastri jane purbatana lokasabha sadasya. lalita kee aansu "shirshaka eka mahakabya kabita pustaka, jaahaa hindeere' kranti emm" nka dwara likhita. ell. 1978 masihare 'barma' prakashita hoithila. ehi pustakare taanka swamee laal bahadur shastreenka sampurna kahani lalita shastreenka dwara barnana karajaichi. lalita nije belebele pada lekhithile, ebong taanka dwara likhita kichhi geeta (jepariki "bhola bhola ratte ratte") chitraguptanka dwara suit karibaku ebong lataa mangesakaranka dwara gaibaku sthira karajaithila .

lalita shastari lalita shastari (janam lalmani devi; 11 janwari 1910-13 aprail 1993) bharat dey pardhan mantri laal bahadur shastari dee patni see. lalita devi uttar pradesh dey mirzapur dee rahinn vaali see. uss neey 16 maee 1928 noon laal bahadur shastari naal viaah karvaiaa. viaah toon baad, ih jodda lakhnau atey firr naveen dilli jaanh toon pahilan kaee saalan takk allahabad witch riha. laal bahadur shastari neey aapni zindagi dey naun saal jailh witch bitaae. inhan mantraliaan dauran, lalita neey bacchiaan atey gharr dee dekhbhal keeti. ih parivaar 1952 witch naveen dilli chalaa giaa jadon shastari rail mantri baney. halanki unhan neey uss dee maut toon baad imaarat khaali qarr ditti. parr sann 1968 witch tatkali pardhan mantri indra gandhi neey ih gharr laal bahadur shastari dee patni lalita shastari noon allot keeta atey uh sann 1993 witch aapni maut takk utthe rahee. ajj laal bahadur shastari national memorial trust duaara chalaiaa jaa riha "laal bhadur shastari smark", pardhan mantri vajon unhan dey patee dee sarkari rihaish 10 janpath dey naal, 1, motilal nahiru sathaan, naveen dilli vikhe sathit haii. uss neey "shastari seva niketan" dee sathapana keeti. uss daa puttar suneel shastari iss daa maujuda chairman haii. lalita shastari dee maut sann 1993 witch naveen dilli witch hoee see. anil shastari, uss dey puttran vicchon ikk, ikk sabka lock sabha member haii. krant aimm duaara likhi gaee hindi witch ikk mahankavi kavita kitaab "lalita keey aansu" sirlekh haii. aill. varma 1978 witch prakashit hoiaa see. iss pustak witch uss dey patee laal bahadur shastari dee puurii kahani lalita shastari duaara sunayi gaee haii. lalit neey khud kaee maukiaan 'teey kavita likhi atey uss duaara likhe gaye kujh geet (jiven kii' bhola bhola ratte ratte ') chitragupta duaara ginne jaanh laee tiaar keete gaye sunn atey lataa mangeshkar duaara gaae gaye sunn.

lalitashaastrih lalitaa shaastri (janma laalamanidevee; 11 janavaree 1910-13 april 1993) bharatasya pradhaanamantri laal bahadur shaastri ityasyaah patnee aasit. lalitaadevee uttarpradeshasy mirjaapuratah aasit. saa 1928 mey 16 dinaanke laal-bahadur-shaastri-varyam parineetavatee. vivaahaanantaram, dampatee lakhanau-nagaram, tatah navadehali-nagaram cha gantum poorvam, allahabad-nagare anekavarshaani yaavat nivasan. laal bahaadur shaastri swasya jeevanasya navavarshaani karagare vyateetavaan. eteshu mantreshu lalitayaa balakanam gruhasya cha paripaalanam krutam. 1952 tame varshe yadaa shaastri relmantrimantree abhavat tadaa tasya parivaarah navadehaleenagaram gatavaan. parantu tasya mrutyoho anantaram te parisaram riktavantah. parantu 1968 tame varshe tatkalinapradhanamantrina indiragandhi, laal-bahadur-shaastri ityasyaah patnee lalita-shaastri ityasyaah krute gruham dattavatee, saa 1993 tame varshe mrutyuparyantam tatra eva nivasat. adya "laal bhaadur shaastri smarakam", laal bahadur shaastri rashtriya-smaarak-nyasena sanchaalitam, 10 janapath ityasya sameepe, pradhaanamantreeroopen tasyaah patyoho aadhikaarikavaasasthaanasy sameepe, 1, motilal neharoo-sthaane, navadilli-nagare sthitam asti. saa "shaastri sevaa niketan" samsthaapayat. tasyaah putrah suneel shaastri asya vartamaanah adhyakshah asti. lalitashaastrih 1993 tame varshe navadilli-nagare mrutaa. tasyaah putrena anil shaastri, lokasabhaayaah poorvasadasyah asti. hindibhashayam "lalita key ansoo" iti sheershakam mahakavya-kaavyapustakam, yat krantihi emm ityanena likhitam. a. varma 1978 tame varshe prakaashitam aasit. asmin pustake tasyaah pati laal bahaadurashaastrih sampornakathaa lalitashastrina varnitaa asti. lalitayaha svameva kadaachit padyam likhitam, tasyaah likhitaani kaanichan geetaani (yathaa "bholaa bholaa ratte ratte") chitraguptena geeyitum, lataa mangeshkarena gaayitum cha nishchitaah aasan.

lalita sastri lalita sastri (pirappu lalmony thevi; 11 janavari 1910-13 aepral 1993) inthiyaavin pirathamar laal bhagathoor saasthiriyin manaivi aavaar. lalita thevi uththarappiradhaesaththin mirsapuraich sernthavar. avar 1928 mae 16 andru laal bhagathoor saasthriyai mananthaar. thirumanaththirkup piragu, inththa jody laknoavukkum pinnar pudhu thillikkum selvatharku munbu alagaapaaththil pala aandugal vaalnththathu. laal bhagathoor sastri thanathu vaazhnaalin onbathu aandugalai siraiyil kaliththaar. inththa manthirangkalin poathu, lalita kuzhandhaigalaiyum kudumbaththinaraiyum kavaniththuk kondaar. 1952 aam aandil sastri rayilway amaichcharaaga pathaviyaettrapoathu avarathu kudumbam pudhu thillikku kudipeyarndhadhu. iruppinum, avar iranththa piragu avarkal antha valaagaththai kaalii seithanar. aanaal 1968 aam aandil, appoathaiya pirathamar indhira kaanthi inththa veettai laal bhagathoor saasthiriyin manaivi lalita saasthirikku odhukkinaar, avar 1993 ill irakkum varai angku vaalnththaar. intru laal bhagathoor sastri thaesiya ninaivu arakkattalaiyaal nadatthappadum "laal badoor sastri ninaivuchinnam", pudhu thilliyil ulla 1, moathilaal nehru idaththil, pirathamaraaga avarathu kanavarin athikaarappoorva illamaana 10 janpaaththirku arugil amainthullathu. avar "sastri sewa nigethan" endra amaippai niruvinaar. avarathu magan sunil sastri adhan tharpoothaiya thalaivaraaga ullaar. lalita sastri 1993 aam aandil pudhu thilliyil iranthaar. avarathu magangalil oruvaraana anil sastri, munnaal loksaba uruppinar aavaar. granth emm ezhuthiya "lalita kae ansoo" endra thalaippil inthiyil oru kaaviya kavidhai puththagam. ell. verma 1978 ill veliyidappattathu. inththa puththagaththil avarathu kanavar laal bhagathoor saasthiriyin muzhu kadhaiyaiyum lalita sastri vivaritthullaar. lalitada thaanae sila santharppangalil vasanam ezhuthinaar, maelum avar ezhuthiya sila paadalkal (poala poala rutte rutte poantravai) siththiragupthaavaal isaikkappadavum, lathaa mankeshkar paadavum amaikappattana.

lalita shaastri lalita shaastri (jananam lalmani deevi; 11 janavari 1910-13 april 1993) bhaarata pradhani laal bahadur shaastri bhaarya. lalitadevi uttara pradaeslooni mirjapurku chendinavaaru. aame 1928 mae 16naa laal bahadur saastrini vivaham chesukundi. vivaham taruvaata, eee janta lakno, aapai kotta dhilleeki velladaaniki mundu allahabadlo chaalaa samvatsaraalu nivasinchaaru. laal bahadur shaastri thana jeevitamlo tommidi samvatsaraalu jailulo gadiparu. eee mantraala samayamlo, lalita pillalu mariyu kutumbaanni chusukunedi. 1952loe shaastri railway mantri ayinappudu aaa kutumbam kotta dhilleeki valasa vachindi. ayithe ayana maranaanantaram vaaru aaa praamganaanni khaalii chesaaru. conny 1968loe appati pradhani indiraagaandhii eee intini laal bahadur shaastri bhaarya lalita shaastri kii ketaayinchaaru, aame 1993loe maraninche varaku akkade nivasinchaaru. eee roeju laal bahadur shaastri national memorial trust naduputunna "laal bhadur shaastri memorial", newdhilleelooni 1, motilal nehru pradaesamloe, aame bhartha pradhaanamantrigaa unna adhikaarika nivaasam 10 janpath pakkana undhi. aame "shaastri seva niketan" nuu sthaapinchindi. aame kumarudu suneel shaastri dheeniki prastuta chairmanga unnaaru. lalita shaastri 1993loe newdhilleeloo maraninchaaru. aame kumaarulalo okaraina aniil shaastri maajee loksabha sabhyudu. hindeeloo "lalita kae ansoo" anae paerutoe oka puraana kavitva pustakam, dheenini emm. ell. varma 1978loe prachurinchabadindi. eee pustakamlo aame bhartha laal bahadur shaastri yokka puurti kathanu lalita shaastri vivarinchindi. lalita swayamgaa konni sandarbhaallo padyaalu vraasindi, aame raasina konni paatalanu ("bhola bhola ratte ratte" vantivi) chitraguptudu tune chesi, lathaa mangeshkar paadaaru.

lalita shastri lalita shastri (paidaish lalmani dewi vovo 11 januri 1910-13 apreel 1993) hindustan kay wazeer aizam laal bahadar shastri kii ahliyah thein. lalita dewi kaa taaluq utar pardesh kay marza poor say thaa. iss nay 16 mayee 1928 kuu laal bahadar shastri say shaadi kii. shaadi kay baad yaha jodaa likhno aur phir nayee dehli jaanay say pehley kayee saal alah aabaad mein rehaa. laal bahadar shastri nay apnee zindagi kay noow saal jail mein guzaray. inn marahil kay doraan lalita bachon aur gahar waalon kii deekh bhaal karti thee. yaha khaandaan 1952 mein nayee dehli chalaa gayaa jabb shastri railway kii wazeer bunain. tahim inhon nay inn kii moth kay baad ahatah khaali kirr diyaa. leakin 1968 mein iss waqat kii wazeer aizam andra gaandhi nay yaha gahar laal bahadar shastri kii bewi lalita shastri kuu alaat kiyaa aur wah 1993 mein apnee moth takk wahein rahein. aaj laal bahadar shastri national memorial trust kay zeer intezam "laal bhadoor shastri memorial"yee 10 jinn pathh kay saath waaqa hay juu kahh wazeer aizam kay toor parr inn kay shohar kii sarkaari rehaish gaah hay 1yee motee laal nehru jagah nayee dehli mein waaqa hay. iss nay "shastri seeva nakitan" kii bunyaad rakhee. inn kaa betaa sunail shastri iss kay maujudah chairmeen haine. lalita shastri kaa inteqal 1993 mein nayee dehli mein hawaa. inn kay beton mein say aike aneel shastri lock sabhaa kii saabiq rakan haine. hindy mein eek mahakawi shayeri kii kitaab jiss kaa anwaan "lalita kay anso" hay jasay karaanat ayem nay likhaa hay. eel. warma 1978 mein shaye hawaa thaa. iss kitaab mein inn kay shohar laal bahadar shastri kii makmal kahaani lalita shastri nay biyaan kii hay. lalita nay khood moqaa parr shayeri kii aur inn kay likhay hoay kachh gaaney (jeesay "bolah bolah raatay raatay") chatar gupta kay zariye gaaney kay liye tayaar kiye gayey thay aur lataa mangeshkar nay gaaye thay.

0007c7102d07a886d76aa5537128cb61f98242dd5d29ddcb88f0271582a92b33

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=550453

totty

totty English. Etymology 1. Noun. Usage notes. Although denoting a countable subject, the noun is most often a mass noun. A single person is described as "some totty" or "a bit of totty". But a group of people can also be referred to as "some totty" or "the totty". Etymology 2. Compare . Adjective. "Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of "", which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.<br>(See the entry for )" <includeonly></includeonly> Etymology 3. From .

totty english. etymology 1. noun. usage notes. although denoting a countable subject, the noun is most often a mass noun. a single person is described as "some totty" or "a bit of totty". but a group of people can also be referred to as "some totty" or "the totty". etymology 2. compare . adjective. "part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of "", which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. the imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing. (see the entry for )"

totti ingrezi. byutpatti 1. bishessho. note byabohar korun. jodio ekti gananajogya vishayake bojhai, bishesshoti prayashai ekti bhor bishessho. ekjon ekok byaktike "kichhu totti" baa "ektu totti" hisabe bornona koraa hoy. kintu ekodol lokke "kichhu totti" baa "totti" hisabeo ullekh koraa jete paare. byutpatti 2. tulna korun. biseshon. "eyi entrir kichhu ongsho baa samasta ongsho 1913 saaler sanskaran theke amdani koraa hoyeche, jaa ekhon kopirait mukto ebong taai public domene royeche. amdanikrito sangyaguli ullekhjoggobhabe purano hotey paare ebong arow samprotik indriyaguli sampurnarupe onuposthito hotey paare. (err jonno probeshika dekhun) "

totty angreji. vyutpatti 1. sangyaa. upyogni nondho. ganvaa yogya vishhay soochave chhe, tema chhataa sangyaa mote bhaage saamuhik sangyaa hoya chhe. aek jaj vyakteene "amuk totty" athavaa "thodee totty" tareeke varnavama aave chhe. parantu lokonaa juthane "sama totty" athavaa "dhaa totty" tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe. vyutpatti 2. sarkhaamani karoo. visheshan. "aaa entrino aek bhaag athavaa tamaam bhaag 1913nee aavruttimathi aayaat karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jeey havey copyrite mukt chhe aneey tethee jaaher kshetramaa chhe. aayaat karelee vyakhyao nondhpaatra reete juunii thaee shake chhe, aneey koipan vadhu taajetarni indriyo sampurnpane khoote chhe. (maate entry juo) "

totti angrezi. vyutpatti 1. sangya. noton kaa upayog karein. yadyapi ack ganana yogya vishay koo darshaata haye, sangya aksar ack saamoohik sangya hoti haye. ack ekal vyakti koo "kuchh totti" yaa "thodaa totti" key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye. lekin logon key ack samooh koo "kuchh totti" yaa "totti" key roop mein bhee sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye. vyutpatti 2. tulanaa karein. visheshan. "iss pravishti kaa kuchh yaa poori pravishti 1913 key sanskaran seey ayaat kii gaee haye, joe abb copyrite seey mukt haye aur isaliye saarvajanik kshetra mein haye. aayatit paribhaashaaen kaafee hudd taka purani hoe sakati hain, aur koee bhee aur haal kii indriyaan poori tarah seey gayab hoe sakati hain. (key liye pravishti dekhein) "

totti inglish. vyutpatti 1. naamapada. tippanigalannu balasi. enisabahudaada vishayavannu soochisuttadeyaadaru, naamapadavu hechchaagi saamuhika naamapadavaagide. obba vyaktiyannu "kelavu totti" athawa "swalpa totti" endu vivarisalaaguttade. aadare janara gumpannu "kelavu totti" athawa "totti" endoo kareyabahudu. vyutpatti 2. holike maadi. visheshana. "ee namoodina bhagashah athawa ellah bhagavannu 1913rahra aavruttiya" "dhii" "ninda aamadu maadikollalaagide, idu eega krutisvaamyadinda muktavaagide mattu aaddarinda saarvajanika valayadallide". aamadu madikonda vyaakhyaanagalu gamanarhavagi halataagirabahudu, mattu yaavude ittichina indriyagalu sampoornavaagi kaneyagirabahudu. (ee kurita namoodannu nodi)"

totty engleesh. vyuthpathi 1. namam. kurippukal upayogikkuka. kanakkakkavunna oru vishayathe soochippikkunnuvenkil, namam mikkappozhum oru maas naamamaan. orotta vyakthiye "chila thotti" allengil "oru cheria thotti" ennu visheshippikkunnu. ennaal oru koottam aalukale "chila thotti" allengil "thotti" ennum vilikkam. padavyuthpatthi 2. thaarathamyam cheyyuka. namakaranam. "eee entriyude bhaagamo muzhuvano 1913-leeii pathippil ninnu irakkumathi cheythathaanu, athu ippol pakarppavakaashamillaathathum athinaal pothu domainilaanu". irakkumathi cheytha nirvachanangal ganyamaayi kaalaharanappettathaakam, koodaathe ettavum puthiya indriyangal poornnamaayum illaathaayekkaam. (entry kaanuka) "

totti ingraji. vyutpatti 1. sandnya. notes vapara. jaree gananiy vishay darshavat asale taree, sandnya bahutek vela samoohik sandnya asate. eka vyaktiche varnan 'kahee totti' kinwa 'thode totti' asey kele jaate. parantu lokanchya gatala 'summ totti' kinwa 'daad totti' asehi sambodhale jaau shakate. vyutpatti 2. tulana qaraa. visheshan. "yaa nondicha kahee bhag kinwa serve bhag 1913 chya aavruttitun aayat karnyat aala aahe, joou aata copyrite mukt aahe aanee mhanoon sarvajanik domenmadhye aahe. aayat kelelya vyakhya lakshaniyaritya kalbahya jhalya asateel aanee aanakhi alikadil indriye purnapane gahal asoo shakatat. (yasathichi nond pahaa) "

totti angreji. wyutpatti 1. sangya. noteharu prayog garnuhos. ganana yogya vishayalai sanket garne bhae tapani, sangya prayaha samuhik sangya how. ekal wyaktilai "kehi totti" wa "thorai totti" bhanera warnan garieko chha. tara manisharuko samuhalai "kehi totti" wa "totti" pani bhanna sakinchha. wyutpatti 2. tulana garnuhos. visheshan. "yass prawishti ko bhag wa sabai 1913 ko sanskaranbata ayat garieko chha," "june ab pratilipi adhikarbata mukta chha rar tyasaile sarvajanik domenma chha. ayatit paribhashaharu ullekhaniya rupma purano huna sakchha, rar kunai pani halko indriyaharu purna rupma harairaheka huna sakchhan. (prawishti hernuhos) "

totti ingraji. byutpatti 1. biseshya. note byabahara karantu. jadio eka gananajogya bishajaku suchita kare, bishesyati prajatah eka samuhika biseshya . jane ekaka byaktinku "kichhi totti" kimba "tike totti" bhabare barnana karajae . kintu eka gosthi lokanku "kichhi totti" kimba "totti" madhya kuhajaipare. byutpatti 2. tulana karantu. biseshana. "ehi prabeshara kichhi ansha kimba samasta 1913 sanskaranaru amdani karajaichi, jaahaa bartamana kapirait mukta ebong tenu sarbajaneena domenare achhi . amdani karajaithiba sangya gudika bahu matrare puruna hoithaipare, ebong kaunasi sampratika indriya sampurna anupasthita thaipare. (paain prabeshika dekhantu) "

toti angrezi. 1. shabad-vigiaan naam. notes dee varton crow. halanki ikk ginti yog vishe noon darsaunda haii, naam aksar ikk punj naam hunda haii. ikk single viakati noon "kujh toti" jaan "thoda toti" vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. parr lokan dey ikk samooh noon "kujh toti" jaan "toti" vee kiha jaa sakda haii. 2. shabad-vigiaan tulna crow. visheshan. "iss entary daa hissa jaan saara hissa 1913 dey edition" "toon aayat keeta giaa haii, joe hunn copyright toon mukat haii atey iss laee jantak khetar witch haii. daramad keetiaan paribhashavan kaafi puraniaan hoow sakdiaan hunn, atey koee vee taaza indriaan puurii tarahan gaib hoow sakdiaan hunn. (laee entary dekho) "

totty anglabhashayam. vyutpatti 1. naam. tippanyah upayujyataam. yadyapi gananeeyavishayam soochayati tathaapi naamavaachakam praayah saamuhikanaama bhavati. ekavyaktih "sam-totty" athavaa "bitt-aaf-totty" iti varnyate. parantu jananam samoohah "sam totty" athavaa "totty" iti api nirdishyeta. vyutpatti 2. tulanam karotu. visheshanam. "asya pravishtihi bhaagah athavaa sampoornah 1913 tame varshe" "iti samskaranaat ayatitaha asti, yat adhunaa pratilipyaadhikaaramuktam asti, ataha saarvajanikakshetre asti. aayaatitavyaakhyaah bahudhaa aprachalitaani bhaveyuhu, adhunaatanaani indriyaah api purnataya anupasthitani bhaveyuhu. (pravishtim pashyatu) "

totty aangkilam. sorpirappiyal 1. peyarchchol. kurippugalaip payanpaduththunggal. oru ennakkoodiya porulaik kurikkum entraalum, peyarchchol perumpaalum oru vegujana peyarchchol aagum. oru thanii nabar "sila thotti" allathu "oru pitt thotti" endru vivarikkappadugiraar. aanaal oru kuzhuvinarai "sila thotti" allathu "thotti" endrum kuripidalaam. sorpirappiyal 2. oppidungkal. peyarchchol. "inththa ulleettin oru pakuthi allathu anaiththum 1913 pathippilirunthu irakkumathi seiyappattullana, idhu ippoathu pathippurimai illaathathu, enavae podhu kazhaththil ullathu. irakkumathi seiyappatta varaiyaraikal kanisamaaga kaalaavathiyaanathaaga irukkalaam, maelum sameepathiya pulangal muttrilum kaanaamal poagalaam. (nuzhaivaip paarkkavum)"

tutty aanglam. vyutpatti 1. namavachakam. upayoginche gamanikalu. lekkinchadagina amsaanni suuchistunnappatikii, namavachakam chaalaa tarachugaa saamuuhika namavachakam. oka vyaktini "kontha totti" ledhaa "konchem totti" gaa varnistaaru. conny oka samuuhaanni "konni totti" ledhaa "totti" anie kooda suuchimchavachchu. vyutpatti 2. polchi chudandi. visaeshanhamu. "eee namodulo kontha bhaagam ledhaa mottam 1913 edition nundi digumati cheyabadindi, idhi ippudu copyrite rahitamgaa undhi mariyu anduvalla public domainlo undhi. digumati chesukunna nirvachanalu gananeeyamgaa paatavi kaavacchu, mariyu iteevali indriyaalu puurtigaa kanipinchakapovacchu. (kosam namodu chudandi) "

tutee angrezi. mushtaqiyat 1. asm. nott istemaal karein. agarcha shamaar kay qaabil mozua kii nishandahi kartaa hay asm aksar eek baday paimanay parr asm hotaa hay. eek waahid shaqs kuu "kachh tutee" yaa "thoda saa tutee" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa jaataa hay. leakin logon kay eek garwah kuu "kachh tutee" yaa "tutee" bhee kahaa jaa saktaa hay. mushtaqiyat 2. mawaznah karein. sifat. "iss andraj kaa kachh hasah yaa tamaam hasah 1913 kay edition say daraamad kiyaa gayaa hay juu abb kaapi raait say paak hay aur iss liye awami domain mein hay. daraamad shadah tareefain numayan toor parr praani how sakti haine aur koyee bhee haaliyah hawaas makmal toor parr ghaib how saktay haine. (andraj dekhein) "

0007c8b782303ba61e4433c33357072ddbe281c9376f4751181ba49e07f48ed6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49704923

Company register

Company register Faomco company A company register is a register of organizations in the jurisdiction they operate under. A statistical business register has a different purpose than a company register. While a commercial/trade register serves a purpose of protection, accountability and control, a statistical register plays a central part in a system of official economic statistics at a national statistics office. Company registers by country. Each country's company register has different registrar types, contents, purpose, and public availability. Botswana. Companies and Intellectual Property Authority is responsible for registering companies in Botswana. Canada. The Director General of Corporations Canada is responsible for federally-incorporated corporations. Each province has a registrar who is responsible for provincially-incorporated corporations. Czech Republic. You can apply for the company's entry into the Commercial Register kept by an applicable court. Business companies that have their registered office in Prague and the Central Bohemian Region are registered in the commercial register maintained by the Municipal Court in Prague. If you want to start doing business in the Czech Republic, under the Czech Trade Licensing Act you must submit a trade registration which will issue an extract from the Trade Licensing Register ("výpis z živnostenského rejstříku)." United Kingdom. The Registrar of Joint Stock Companies was established under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. Registrars of Companies. The Registrar of Companies for England, Wales & Scotland is the official responsible for Companies House, which deals with all filings relating to the Companies Act 1985 to 2006. Companies House ensures that the document filings are kept up to date and deals with any breaches of the Companies Act. The Registrar of Companies for England & Wales is Louise Smyth, who is based at Companies House, Cardiff. The Registrar of Companies for Scotland is Lisa Davis, who is based at Companies House, Edinburgh. The Registrar of Companies for Northern Ireland is Helen Shilliday, whose office is based in Belfast. Registrar of Mutuals. The Financial Conduct Authority is responsible for the maintenance of the Mutuals Public Register of co-operative societies, building societies, friendly societies, credit unions and other registered mutuals, and deals with all the filings related to the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014 and other relevant legislation. The registration of registered societies and credit unions in Northern Ireland was transferred to the Financial Conduct Authority in 2018. Jersey. The Registrar of Companies for Jersey is the Jersey Financial Services Commission. India. India has one registrar of companies for each of the below regions. Each state typically has one registrar office or shares an office with neighbouring states and/or union territories. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are the only states to have two offices and two registrar of companies. Puducherry is the only union territory to have its own office. Ireland. Registrar of Companies. The Registrar of Companies is the official responsible for the Companies Registration Office (Ireland), which deals with all filings relating to the Companies Act 2014, as amended, in addition to the registration of business names and limited partnerships, in Ireland. The Companies Registration Office ensures that the document filings are kept up to date and deals with most administrative breaches of the Companies Act. More serious breaches of the Companies Act are investigated and enforced by the Corporate Enforcement Authority. Registrar of Societies. The Registrar of Friendly Societies is the official responsible for the registration of industrial and provident societies (the vast majority of which are co-operatives and friendly societies in Ireland. The Registrar deals with all filings related to the industrial and provident society, and friendly society legislation, and deals with most administrative breaches of the Acts. Registrar of Credit Unions and Building Societies. The Central Bank of Ireland is the official responsible for the registration of credit unions (Registrar of Credit Unions) and building societies in Ireland. Openness. According to ratings published by the website OpenCorporates, Denmark and United Kingdom are the leaders with regard to openness of information available in a company's register. Registries/registrars in these countries are named, correspondingly, Central Business Register and Companies House. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

companyr ponjiyon companyr ponjiyon hoise teulukor odhinot kaam koraa khetrokhyetrot thoka xongothonxomuhor ponjiyon. etaa companyr ponjiyonor tulnat etaa porixongkhyagot byowoxayik ponjiyonor etaa beleg uddesyo aase. banijyik/banijyo ponjiyonoye xurokhya, daybodhota aaru niyontronor uddesyo puron korar biporite, etaa rastriyo porixongkhya karzaloyot sorkari orthonoitik porixongkhya byowosthat etaa porixongkhya ponjiye ek kendriyo bhumika paalon kore. dex onuxori company ponjiyon kore. protikhon dexor companyr ponjiyonor bibhinno ponjiyonkarir prokar, bixoybostu, uddesyo aaru rajohuwa upolobdhota aase. botoxuwana. botchowanat companyxomuh ponjiyon korar baabe company aaru boudhik xompoti kortripokhyo daybodho. kanada. kanadar nigomxomuhor xonsalok prodhan federal-nigomito nigomxomuhor baabe daybodho. protikhon prodexot ejon ponjiyonkari thaake ji pradexikbhabe nigomito nigomxomuhor baabe daybodho. chek gonorajyo. aapuni projujyo aadalotor dwara rokha banijyik ponjiyonot companyr prowexor baabe aabedon koribo paare. praguwa aaru kendriyo bohemian oncholot ponjiyonbhukto karzaloy thoka byowoxayik companybur praguwar pour aadalotor dwara porisalona koraa banijyik ponjiyonot ponjiyon koraa hoy. jodi aapuni chek gonorajyot byoboxai aarombho koribo bisare, tente chek banijyo onugyapotro aainor odhinot aapuni ek banijyo ponjiyon daakhil koribo lagibo jiye banijyo onugyapotro ponjiyonor poraa etaa extract jaari koribo ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstríko")." juktorajyo. companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari. england, wels aaru scotlandor companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari hoise company housor baabe daybodho sorkari, ji company aain 1985ror poraa 2006 sonoloike xomporkito xokolu filingor xoite kaam kore. company hause nischito kore je nothipotro dakhilxomuh aap tu dett rokha hoise aaru company aainor jikunu ulonghonor xoite kaam kore. england endo welsor companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari hoise luis smith, ji companyr ghor, cardifot owosthito. scotlandor companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari hoise lisa debhis, ji edinbergor company housot owosthito. uttor irelandor companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari hoise helen swilide, jaar karzaloy belfastot owosthito. miusuwelor ponjiyonkari. bittiyo aasoron kortripokhyo xomobay xomiti, building xomiti, bondhutwopurno xomiti, credit union aaru onyanyo ponjiyonbhukto miusuwelor parosporik rajohuwa ponjiyonor rokhyonabexonor baabe daybodho, aaru xomobay aaru xomproday laabh xomiti aain 2014 aaru onyanyo praxongik aainor xoite xomporkito xokolu filingor xoite mukabila kore. uttor ayarlandot ponjiyonbhukto xomiti aaru rino xonghor ponjiyon 2018 sonot bittiyo aasoron kortripokhyoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. jarchi. jarseer baabe companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari hoise jarsee bittiyo xewa aayug. bharot. bharotot tolot ullekh koraa protitu oncholor baabe companyr ejon ponjiyonkari aase. protikhon rajyor xadharonote etaa ponjiyonkari karzaloy thaake baa suburiya rajyo aaru/baa kendriyo xaxito oncholor xoite etaa karzaloy bhag-botora kore. moharastro aaru tamilnadu hoise ekmatro rajyo zo 'too dutaa karzaloy aaru dutaa companyr ponjiyonkari aase. puduseri hoise ekmatro kendriyo xaxito onchol jaar nijoswo karzaloy aase. ireland. companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari. companyxomuhor ponjiyonkari hoise companyxomuhor ponjiyon karzaloy (ireland) ror baabe daybodho sorkari, ji ayarlandot byowoxayik naam aaru ximito ongxidaritwor ponjiyonor uporiu xongxudhito company aain 2014 xomporkiyo xokolu filingor xoite kaam kore. companyr ponjiyon karzaloye nischito kore je nothipotror dakhilxomuh aap tu dett rokha hoise aaru company aainor besibhag proxaxonik ulonghonor xoite mukabila kore. company aainor odhik gurutor ulonghonxomuh korpo "rett proborton kortripokhyor dwara todonto aaru bolowot koraa hoy. xomitir ponjiyonkari. bondhutwopurno xomajor ponjiyonkari hoise oudyugik aaru provident xomitir ponjiyonor baabe daybodho sorkari (jaar odhikangxoi irelandor xomobay aaru bondhutwopurno xomiti. ponjiyonkariye oudyugik aaru bhobisyot xomaj, aaru bondhutwopurno xomaj aainor xoite xomporkito xokolu filingor xoite kaam kore, aaru aainxomuhor besibhag proxaxonik ulonghonor xoite kaam kore. rino xongho aaru building cho "saitir ponjiyonkari. irelandor kendriyo benk hoise ayarlandot credit union (credit unionor ponjiyonkari) aaru building cho "saitir ponjiyonor baabe daybodho sorkari. mukoli. website oh 'pancarp' retchor dwara prokaxito rating onuxori, denmark aaru united kingdom hoise companyr ponjiyonot upolobdho tothyor mukolitar xondorbhot aagxarir. ei dexxomuhor ponjiyon/ponjiyonkarixokolor naam, xei onuxori, kendriyo byowoxayik ponjiyon aaru companyr griho hisape rokha hoy.

companyr rejistara ekti company rejistara holl taader adhine porichalito ekhtiar modhye thaka sangosthagulir ekti rejistara. ekti porisongkhangoto byabasayik nibondhoner uddeshya ekti companyr nibondhoner cheye alada. ekti banijyik/banijya nibondhok surakkha, jobabdihita ebong niyantraner uddeshye kaaj korey, ekti porisongkhyan nibondhok ekti jatiya porisongkhyan office sarkari orthonoitik porisongkhyan byabasthai kendriya bhumika palon korey. desh anujayi company nibondhito hoy. protiti desher company registere bivinno dharaner rejistrara, visayavastu, uddeshya ebong jonosadharoner jonno upolobdho royeche. batsoana. company ebong bouddhik sampatti kortripokkho batsoana company nibondhoner jonno dayabaddha. kanada. kanadar corporationer mahanirdeshak yuktarashtriya-nigomito corporationgulir jonno dayabaddha. protiti prodesher ekjon rejistrara royechen jini pradeshikbhabe-nigomito corporationgulir jonno dayabaddha. check projatontro. upney ekti prajojya adalat dwara sanrakkhito banijyik registere companyr probesher jonno abedon korte paren. jey byabasayik sangosthagulir prag ebong kendriya bohemian anchale taader nibondhito karjaloy royeche seguli prager pour adalat dwara rakkhanabekkhan koraa banijyik registere nibondhito hoy. upney jodi check projatontre byabosa shuru korte chaan, tahle check trade licensing aainer adhine aponake aboshyoi ekti trade rejistreshana jomaa ditey hobey jaa trade licensing rejistara theke ekti extract jaari korbe ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstriuku")." juktorajyo. kompanigulir rejistrara. ingland, oyelasa ebong scotlander kompanigulir rejistrara hollen company houser jonno dayee kormokorta, jaa company aain 1985 theke 2006 somporkito samasta filing niye kaaj korey. company house nischito korey jey nothi filinguli up too dett rakha hoyeche ebong company aainer jey konao longghoner saathe mokabila korey. ingland anned wellser kompanigulir rejistrara hollen lui smith, jini company house, cardife abosthito. scotlander kompanigulir rejistrara hollen lissa davies, jini edinberger company housey thaken. uttor irelander kompanigulir rejistrara hollen helen shiliday, jaar karjaloy belfaste abosthito. mutual rejistrara. arthik acharan kortripokkho somobai samiti, bilding society, bondhuttopurno samiti, credit union ebong anyanno nibondhito parosporiker parosporik public rejistara rokkhonabekkhoner jonno dayabaddha ebong somobai oo sampradai subidha samiti aain 2014 ebong anyanno prasongik aain somporkito samasta filing porichalona korey. uttor irelande nibondhito samiti ebong credit uniongulir nibondhokoron 2018 saale arthik acharan kortripokkher kachhe sthanantorito hoyechilo. jersey. jarsir jonno kompanigulir rejistrara hollen jersey arthik porisheba kamishana. bharat. bharte nicher protiti anchaler jonno companyr ekjon korey rejistrara royechen. protiti rajyer sadharonoto ekti korey rejistrara offices thaake baa protibeshi rajyo ebong/athoba kendroshasito anchalgulir sange ekti offices bhag korey neyo. maharashtra oo tamilnadui ekmatro rajyo jekhane duti offices ebong duti companyr rejistrara royeche. puducherry holl ekmatro kendroshasito anchal jaar nijaswa karjaloy royeche. ireland. kompanigulir rejistrara. company rejistrara hollen company rejistreshana officer (ireland) jonno dayee kormokorta, jaa irelande byabasayik naam ebong seemit angshidaritter nibondhoner pashapashi, sangshodhito company aain 2014 somporkito samasta filing niye kaaj korey. company rejistreshana offices nischito korey jey nothi filinguli up too dett rakha hoyeche ebong company aainer beshirbhag proshashonik longghoner saathe mokabila korey. company aainer arow gurutoro langhanguli corporate prayogkari kortripokkho dwara todonto ebong prayog koraa hoy. societyr rejistrara. bondhuttopurno samitir rejistrara hollen shilp oo bhabishyat samitir (jaar odhikangshoi irelander somobai oo bondhuttopurno samiti) nibondhoner jonno dayee kormokorta. rejistrara shilp oo bhabishyat samaj ebong bondhuttopurno samaj aain somporkito samasta filing porichalona corren ebong aainer beshirbhag proshashonik langghan niye kaaj corren. credit union ebong bilding societyr rejistrara. irelander kendriya bank irelande credit union (credit uniongulir rejistrara) ebong bilding societyr nibondhoner jonno dayabaddha. unmuktota. website open corporation dwara prokashito retting onusare, denmark ebong juktorajyo ekti companyr registere upolobdho tothyer unmuktotar khettre agrani. eyi deshgulite registry/registrarder naam deoa hoy, todonusare, kendriya byabasayik rejistara ebong company house.

kampani nondhani kampani register aee temnaa adhikarkshetrama kaaryarat sansthaaonu register chhe. aankadaakiy vyavsaay rajistarno hetu kampani register karataa alag hoya chhe. jyaare vyaapaari/vepaar register rakshan, javabdari aneey niyantranna hetune purn karey chhe, tyaare aankadaakiy register raashtriy aankada karyalayma sattavaar aarthik aankadashastrani pranaalimaa kendriya bhaag bhajve chhe. desh pramaane kampani nondhani karey chhe. darek deshnaa kampani rajistarmaa alag-alag prakaarnaa rajistrar, samagri, hetu aneey jaaher uplabdhataa hoya chhe. botswana. botswanama companyoni nondhani maate companyo aneey bauddhik sampada sattadhikari jawabdar chhe. keneda. kenedana corporation director general sangheey-nigmeet corporation maate jawabdar chhe. darek praantmaa aek nondhani adheekari hoya chhe jeey praantiy reete nigmeet nigamo maate jawabdar hoya chhe. check prajasattak. tame laagu adalat dwara rakhvama aavela vyaapaari rajistarmaa companyna pravesh maate arji curry shako chho. praag aneey kendreey bohemian pradeshmaa temnee nondhaayel offices dharaavati vyavsayik companyo pragma municiple court dwara jalavama aavtaa vyaapaari rajistarmaa nondhaayeli chhe. jooe tame check prajasattakma vyavsaay sharoo karvaa maangtaa hoow, too check vepaar licensing adhiniyam hethal tamaare vepaar nondhani submit karvee aavashyak chhe jeey vepaar licensing rajistarmathi aek arqa jaaree karashe ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstíko")." united kingdom. companyona rajistraro. ingland, wells aneey scotland maate companyona rajistrar kampani house maate jawabdar sattavaar chhe, jeey kampani adhiniyam 1985 thee 2006 sudhee sambandhit tamaam filing saathe kaama karey chhe. kampani house aee sunishchit karey chhe keey dastavej filing adhyatan rakhvama aave chhe aneey kampani adhiniyamnaa koipan bhang saathe vyavhaar karey chhe. ingland aneey wells maate companyona rajistrar louis smith chhe, jeey companyona ghar, cardiffma stheet chhe. scotland maate companyona rajistrar lisa davis chhe, jeey kampani house, edinberghma stheet chhe. uttari ireland maate companyona niyaamak hellen shiliday chhe, jenee offices belfastma stheet chhe. mutualnaa rajistrar. nanakiy aachaar sattaa sahakaari mandaleeo, building societyo, maitripurn mandaleeo, credit uniono aneey anya nondhaayela mutualnaa mutual jaaher rajistarni jaalvani maate jawabdar chhe aneey sahakaari aneey saamudaayik laabh mandalee adhiniyam 2014 aneey anya sambandhit kaayada saathe sambandhit tamaam filing saathe vyavhaar karey chhe. uttari irelandma nondhaayeli mandaleeo aneey credit uniononi nondhani 2018maan nanakiy aachaar sattamandalne transfer karvaamaa aavee hatee. jersey. jersey maate companyona rajistrar jersey nanakiy sevaao aayog chhe. bhaarat. bharatma neechena darek pradesh maate companyono aek nondhani adheekari chhe. darek rajyamaa saamanya reete aek nondhani adhikarini kacheree hoya chhe athavaa padoshi raajyo aneey/athavaa kendrashasit pradesho saathe kaaryalay hoya chhe. maharashtra aneey tamilnadu ekmatra aevaa raajyo chhe jyaan beey kachereeo aneey companyona beey rajistrar chhe. puducherry ekmatra kendrashasit pradesh chhe jenee potaani offices chhe. ireland. companyona niyaamak. companyona rajistrar companyoni nondhani kacheree (ireland) maate jawabdar sattavaar chhe, jeey irelandma vyavsaaynaa naamo aneey maryadit bhagidarini nondhani upraant, kampani adhiniyam 2014 sambandhit tamaam filing saathe kaama karey chhe. companyoni nondhani kacheree aee sunishchit karey chhe keey dastavej dakhal karvaanee taarikh adhyatan rakhvama aave aneey kampani adhiniyamnaa motabhagna vahivati bhang saathe vyavhaar karey. kampani adhiniyamnaa vadhu gambhir ullanghanni tapaas karvaamaa aave chhe aneey corporate amalikaran sattaa dwara laagu karvaamaa aave chhe. societyona rajistrar. maitripurn samajona rajistrar audhyogik aneey provident societyoni nondhani maate jawabdar adheekari chhe (jemathi motaa bhagni irelandma sahakaari sansthao aneey maitripurn societyo chhe. rajistrar audhyogik aneey provident sosayati aneey maitripurn samaaj kaayada saathe sambandhit tamaam filing saathe vyavhaar karey chhe aneey kayadaona motabhagna vahivati bhang saathe vyavhaar karey chhe. credit uniono aneey building societyona rajistrar. irelandnee kendreey benk irelandma credit uniono (credit unionona rajistrar) aneey building societyoni nondhani maate jawabdar chhe. khullapanu. website opencorporates dwara prakashit ratings anusaar, denmark aneey united kingdom companyna rajistarmaa uplabdh maahiteeni muktataana sandarbhma agranee chhe. aaa deshomaa rajistrio/rajistraarone tadnusar, kendreey vyavsaay register aneey companyona gharnu naam aapvama aave chhe.

company kaa panjikaran company register una sangathanon kaa register haye joe unake adhikaar kshetra mein kaam karate hain. ack saankhyikiya vyavasaay register kaa uddeshya company register seey alag hotaa haye. jabaki ack vaanijyik/vyaapaar register suraksha, jawabdehi aur niyantran key uddeshya koo puuraa kartaa haye, ack saankhyikiya register ack rashtriya saankhyiki karyalaya mein aadhikarik aarthik saankhyiki kii pranali mein ack kendriya bhoomika nibhaata haye. desh key anusaar company kaa panjikaran. pratyek desh key company register mein alag-alag panjiyak prakaar, samagri, uddeshya aur saarvajanik upalabdhata hoti haye. botswana. botswana mein companiyon koo panjikrit karane key liye companiyan aur bauddhik sampada pradhikaran jimmedaar hain. kanada. kanada key nigamon kaa mahanideshak sanghiya roop seey nigamit nigamon key liye jimmedaar haye. pratyek praant mein ack panjiyak hotaa haye joe praantiya roop seey nigamit nigamon key liye jimmedaar hotaa haye. check ganarajya. aap ack lagu adalat dwara rakhe gaye vaanijyik register mein company key pravesh key liye aavedan curr sakate hain. jinn vyaavsaayik companiyon kaa panjikrit karyalaya praag mein aur kendriya bohemian kshetra mein haye, way praag mein nagarpalika adalat dwara banaae gaye vaanijyik register mein panjikrit hain. yadi aap check ganarajya mein vyavasaay karna shuru karna chaahte hain, tou check vyaapaar licenses adhiniyam key tahat aapako ack vyaapaar panjikaran jamaa karna hoga joe vyaapaar licenses register ("vípis z zivnostenského Rejstríko") seey ack uddharan jaari karega." united kingdam. companiyon key panjiyak. ingland, wells aur scotland key liye companiyon kaa panjiyak company house key liye jimmedaar adhikaari haye, joe company adhiniyam 1985 seey 2006 taka seey sambandhit sabhi filing seey sambandhit haye. company house yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii dastaavez filing koo adyatit rakhaa jaae aur company adhiniyam key kissy bhee ullanghan seey nipata jaae. ingland aur wells key liye companiyon key panjiyak luis smith hain, joe company house, cardiff mein sthit hain. scotland key liye companiyon kii panjiyak lissa davis hain, joe company house, edinberg mein sthit hain. uttari ireland key liye companiyon key panjiyak helen shiliday hain, jinka karyalaya belfast mein sthit haye. parasparik key panjiyak. vittiya aacharan pradhikaran sahakaari samitiyon, bhawan samitiyon, mitravat samitiyon, rinn sanghon aur anya panjikrit parasparik key parasparik saarvajanik register key rakharkhaav key liye jimmedaar haye, aur sahakaari aur samudayik laabh samitiyon adhiniyam 2014 aur anya praasangik vidhaanon seey sambandhit sabhi filing seey sambandhit haye. uttari ireland mein panjikrit samitiyon aur credit yuniyanon kaa panjikaran 2018 mein vittiya aacharan pradhikaran koo hastaantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jersey. jersey key liye companiyon kaa panjiyak jersey vittiya seva aayog haye. bhaarat. bhaarat mein nimnalikhit kshetron mein seey pratyek key liye companiyon kaa ack panjiyak haye. pratyek raajya mein aam taur parr ack panjiyak karyalaya hotaa haye yaa padosi raajyon aur/yaa kendra shaasit pradeshon key saath ack karyalaya saajha kartaa haye. maharashtra aur tamilanadu ekmatra aise raajya hain jahan dou karyalaya aur dou companiyon key panjiyak hain. puducherry ekmatra kendra shaasit pradesh haye jiska apana karyalaya haye. ireland. companiyon key panjiyak. companiyon kaa panjiyak company panjikaran karyalaya (ireland) key liye jimmedaar adhikaari haye, joe ireland mein vyavasaay naamon aur seemit saajhedaari key panjikaran key alawa, company adhiniyam 2014 seey sambandhit sabhi filing seey sambandhit haye. company panjikaran karyalaya yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii dastaavez dakhil karane kii prakriya adyatit rakhee jaae aur company adhiniyam key adhikansh prashaasnik ullanghanon seey sambandhit hoe. company adhiniyam key adhik gambhir ullanghanon kii jaanch kii jaati haye aur corporate pravartan pradhikaran dwara lagu kiya jaataa haye. samitiyon key panjiyak. maitripurna samitiyon kaa panjiyak audyogik aur bhavishyavaadi samitiyon (jinamen seey adhikansh ireland mein sahakaari samitiyan aur maitripurna samitiyan hain) key panjikaran key liye jimmedaar adhikaari hotaa haye. panjiyak audyogik aur bhavishyavaadi samaaj aur maitripurna samaaj vidhaan seey sambandhit sabhi filing seey nipatata haye, aur adhiniyamon key adhikansh prashaasnik ullanghanon seey nipatata haye. credit yuniyanon aur bhawan samitiyon key panjiyak. ireland kaa kendriya baink ireland mein credit yuniyanon (credit yuniyanon key panjiyak) aur bhawan samitiyon key panjikaran key liye jimmedaar adhikaari haye. khulapan. website open corporates dwara prakaashit rating key anusaar, denmark aur united kingdam company key register mein upalabdh jaankaari key khulepan key sambandh mein agrani hain. inn deshon mein rajistriyon/rajistraron key naam, tadnusar, kendriya vyaapaar register aur companiyon key ghar key roop mein rakhe jaate hain.

kampani nondani kampaniya nondaniyu avaru kaaryanirvahisuva vyaaptiyalliruva samsthegala nondaniyagide. ankiamshagala vyavahaarada nondaniyu kampaniya nondaniyinda bhinnavaada uddeshavannu hondide. vanijya/vyapara nondaniyu raksane, honegaarike mattu niyantranada uddeshavannu pooraisuttadeyaadaru, rashtriya ankiamshagala kacheriyallina adhikruta arthika ankiamshagala vyavastheyalli ankiamshagala nondaniyu kendra patravannu vahisuttade. deshadinda deshakke kampani nondayisuttade. prati deshada kampani register vividha registrar prakaaragalu, vishayagalu, uddesha mattu saarvajanika labhyateyannu hondide. botswana. botswanadalli kampanigalannu nondayisuva jawabdari kampanigalu mattu bouddhika aasti praadhikaarada melide. kenada. kenadaada nigamagala mahaa nirdeshakaru samyuktavaagi sanghatitavaada nigamagalige javabdararagiruttare. prati praantyavu praantiyavaagi sanghatitavaada nigamagalige javabdariyutavada registrar annu hondide. jeck ganarajya. anvayavaguva nyaayaalayavu ittukondiruva vanijya nondanige neevu kampaniya praveshakkagi arji sallisabahudu. pragnalli tamma nondayita kacheriyannu hondiruva vyapara kampanigalu mattu kendra bohemian pradeshavannu pragnalli purasabheya nyaayaalayavu nirvahisuva vanijya nondaniyalli nondayisalagide. neevu jeck ganaraajyadalli vyaapaaravannu prarambhisalu bayasidare, jeck vyapara paravaanagi kaydeya adiyalli neevu vyapara nondaniyannu sallisabeku, adhu vyapara paravaanagi nondaniyinda ("vípis z zivnostenského rustríko") ondu saaravannu niiduttade." united kingdom. kampanigala registraargalu. kampanigala housege adhikruta javaabdaariyannu hondiruva inglend, wales mattu scotlandna kampanigala registrar, kampanigala kayde 1985 rinda 2006 ravarege sambandhisida ellah daakhalegalondige vyavaharisuttade. kampanigala house document failgalannu navikrutavagi irisalaagideye endu khachitapadisuttade mattu kampanigala kaydeya yaavude ullanghanegalondige vyavaharisuttade. louis smith avaru inglend mattu walesna kampanigala registrar aagiddu, avaru kampanigala maney, cardifnalli nelesiddaare. edinbargnalliruva kampanigala nivaasadalliruva lisa davis scotlendna kampanigala registrar agiddare. uttara airlendna kampanigala registrar helen shilliday aagiddu, avara kacheriyu belfastnalli nelegondide. myuchuyalgala registrar. arthika nadavalikeya praadhikaaravu sahakari sanghagalu, kattada sanghagalu, snehi sanghagalu, saala sanghagalu mattu itara nondayita parasparagala paraspara saarvajanika nondaniya nirvahaneya javaabdaariyannu hondide mattu sahakari mattu samudaaya prayojana sanghagala kayde 2014 mattu itara sambandhita shaasanagalige sambandhisida ellah daakhalaatigalondige vyavaharisuttade. uttara airlendnalli nondayita sanghagalu mattu saala okkootagala nondaniyannu nondaniyannu hanakasu nirvahanaa pradhikarakke vargaayisalaayitu. jarsiyannu. jarsiya kampanigala registrar endare jarsiya hanakasu sevegala aayoga. bhaarata. bhaaratavu ee kelagina pratiyondu pradeshakku kampanigala obba registrar annu hondide. prati raajyavu samanyavagi ondu registrar kacheriyannu hondiruttade athawa nereya rajyagalu mattu/athawa kendraadalita pradeshagalondige kacheriyannu hanchikolluttade. maharashtra mattu tamilunadu rajyagalu eradu kacherigalannu mattu eradu kampanigala registraargalannu hondiruva ekaika raajyagalaagive. puducherry tannade aada kacheriyannu hondiruva ekaika kendraadalita pradeshavaagide. airlend. kampanigala registrar. kampanigala registrar kampanigala nondani kacherige (airlend) javabdararagiruttare, idu kampanigala kayde kayde sambandhisida ellah daakhalaatigalondige vyavaharisuttade, tiddupadi maadidante, airlendnalli vyaapaarada hesarugalu mattu seemita paludarikegala nondaniya jotege. kampanigala nondani kacheriyu daakhalegala daakhalaatigalannu navikrutavagi irisalaagideye endu khachitapadisuttade mattu kampanigala kaydeya hecchina aadalitaatmaka ullanghanegalondige vyavaharisuttade. kampanigala kaydeya hecchu gambhira ullanghanegalannu corporate jaari praadhikaaravu tanikhe maaduttade mattu jarigolisuttade. sanghagala registrar. snehapara sanghagala registrar kaigarika mattu bhavishya samitigala nondanige javabdararagiruttare (ivugalalli bahupalu airlendnalli sahakari mattu snehapara sanghagalaagive. registrar kaigarika mattu bhavishya samajakke sambandhisida ellah daakhalaatigalannu mattu snehapara samajada shasanagalannu nirvahisuttaane mattu kaayidegala hecchina aadalitaatmaka ullanghanegalannu nirvahisuttaane. credit yooniyangalu mattu kattada sanghagala registrar. airlendna kendriya bank, airlendnalli credit yooniyangalu (credit yooniyangala registrar) mattu kattada sanghagala nondanige javabdariyutavada adhikruta samstheyaagide. muktate. jaalataanavu prakatisida ratinggala prakara, kampaniya registernalli labhyaviruva maahitiya muktatege sambandhisidante denmark mattu united kingdom nayakaru. ee deshagalallina registrigalu/registraargalannu, adakke anugunavagi, kendriya vyapara register mattu kampanigala maney endu hesarisalaaguttade.

kambani rajisttar kambani rajisttar ennathu avar pravartthikkunna adhikaaraparidhiyilulla samghadanakalude rajistaraanu. oru stattistikkal bisinus rajisttarinu oru kambani rajisttarinekkaal vyathyasthamaaya uddeshyamundu. oru vaanijya/vyapara rajisttar samrakshanam, utharavaaditham, niyanthranam ennivaykkaayi pravartthikkumbol, oru deseeya statistiks offeesile audyogika saambathika sthithivivarakkanakku samvidaanathil oru stattistikkal rajisttar oru kendra punk vahikkunnu. kambani raajyam anusarichu rajisttar cheiyunnu. oro raajyathinteyum kambani rajisttarinu vyathyastha rajistraar tharangal, ulladakkangal, uddeshyam, pothu labhyatha ennivayundu. botswana. botswanayil kambanikal rajisttar cheiyunnathinu kambanikalum boudhika swathavakaasha authorityum utharavaadikalaanu. canada. federal incorporate korppareshanukalude utharavaaditham kaanadayile korppareshanukalude director generalaanu. oro pravishyayilum pravishya-incorporate korppareshanukalude utharavaadithamulla oru rajistraar undu. check republic. baadhakamaaya kodathi sookshikkunna vaanijya rajistarilekku kambaniyude praveshanathinaayi ningalkk apekshikkaam. praagilum central bohemian mekhalayilum rajisttar cheytha oafees ulla bisinesses kambanikal praagile munisippal kodathi paripaalikkunna vaanijya rajisttaril rajisttar cheythittundu. ningalkk check republicil bisinesses aarambhikkanamenkil, check trade licensing act prakaram ningal oru trade rajistreshan samarppikkanam, athu trade licensing rajisttaril ninnu oru ekstraakt nalkum ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstríko")." yunaittad kingdom. kambanikalude rajistraarmaar. 1985 muthal 2006 vareyulla kambani niyamavumaayi bandhapetta ellah filingukalum kaikaaryam cheiyunna kambani housinte utharavaadithamulla audyogika utharavaaditham englandu, weils, skotlandile kambanikalude rajistraaraanu. kambani house rekhakal filing kaalikamaayi sookshikkunnundennum kambani niyamatthinte eathenkilum lamghanangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvennum urappaakkunnu. kambani hausaaya cardifil thamasikkunna luis smith aanu englandu & veyilsile kambanikalude rajistraar. edinburghile kambani hausil thamasikkunna lisa davis aanu skotlandile kambanikalude rajistraar. belfast aasthaanamaayulla helen shillidayaanu vadakkan irelandile kambanikalude rajistraar. myoochwal rajistraar. sahakarana samghangal, kettidanirmmaana samghangal, sauhruda samghangal, credit unionukal, mattu rajisttar cheytha myoochvalukal ennivayude myoochwal public rajisttar paripalikkunnathinum sahakarana, community benifit sosaittikal niyamam 2014, mattu prasakthamaaya niyamanirmmaanangal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta ellah filingukalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum saambathika perumatta authority utharavaadiyaanu. vadakkan irelandile rajisterdu sosaittikaludeyum credit unionukaludeyum rajistreshan 2018 ll financial kandakdu athorittiyilekku maatti. jezhsi. jezhsiyude kambanikalude rajistraar jezhsi financial sarveesas kammeeshanaanu. india. thaazhepparayunna oro mekhalaykkum indiayil oro rajistraar oof kambanikal undu. oro samsthaanathinum saadhaaranayaayi oru rajistraar oafees undu allengil ayal samsthaanangalumaayum/allengil kendrabharana pradesangalumaayum oru oafees pankidunnu. maharashtrayilum thamizhnaattilum maathramaan rund offeesukalum rund rajistraar oof kambanikalum ullathu. svanthamaayi oafees ulla eaka kendrabharana pradesamaanu puthucheri. ireland. kambanikalude rajistraar. kambani rajisttar offeesile (ireland) audyogika utharavaadithamaanu kambanikalude rajistraar, ithu kambani act 2014-maayi bandhapetta ellah filingukalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, bhedagathi cheythathupole, irelandile bisinesses perukaludeyum parimithamaaya pankaalitthatthinteyum rajistreshanu purame. rekhakal phayal cheiyunnathu kaalikamaayi sookshikkunnundennum kambani niyamatthinte mikka bharanaparamaya lamghanangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvennum kambani rajistreshan oafees urappaakkunnu. kambani niyamatthinte kooduthal gurutharamaaya lamghanangal korpparettu enfozhsment authority anweshikkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheiyunnu. sosaittikalude rajistraar. sauhruda samoohangalude rajistraaraanu vyaavasaayika, provident sosaittikalude (avayil bhooribhaagavum irelandile sahakarana samghangalum sauhruda samoohangalumaanu) rajistreshante utharavaaditham vahikkunna audyogika udyogasthan. rajistraar vyavasaya, provident samoohavumaayi bandhapetta ellah filingukalum sauhruda samooha niyamanirmmanavum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum niyamangalude mikka bharanaparamaya lamghanangalum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. credit unionukaludeyum building sosaittikaludeyum rajistraar. irelandile credit unionukaludeyum (credit yooniyanukalude rajistraar) building sosaittikaludeyum rajistreshante utharavaaditham central baank oof irelandilaanu. thuranna manass. websait ooppan korpparettukal prasidheekaricha ratingukal anusarichu, oru kambaniyude rajisttaril labhyamaya vivarangalude thuranna manassumaayi bandhappett denmark yunaittad kingdavumaanu munnitt nilkkunnath. eee raajyangalile rajistrikal/rajistraarukalkk athinanusarichu kendra bisinus rajisttarum kambanikalude bhavanavum ennu perunalkunnu.

companychi nondani company nondani hii tyanchya adhikarkshetratil sansthanchi nondani aahe. sankhyikeey vyavasay nondanicha uddesh companychya nondanipeksha vegala asato. vyavsayik/vyapar nondani sanrakshn, uttardayitva aanee niyantranacha uddesh sadhya karate, tarr sankhyiki nondani rashtriy sankhyiki karyalayatil adhikrut aarthik sankhyiki pranalimadhye madhyavarti bhoomika bajavate. deshanusar companychi nondani. pratyek deshachya company nondanimadhye vegvegalya prakarche nibandhak, aashay, uddesh aanee sarvajanik upalabdhata asate. botswana. botsavanamadhye companyanchi nondani karnyasathi kampanya aanee bauddhik sampada pradhikaran jababdar aahe. canada. canadachya mahamandalanche mahasanchalak heey sangharajya-nigamit mahamandalansathi jababdar asatat. pratyek prantat eka nibandhak asato joou prantiy-nigamit mahamandalansathi jababdar asato. check prajasattak. lagoo asalelya nyayalayane thevalelya vyavsayik nondanimadhye companychya praveshasathi tumhi arj karoo shakata. prag aanee madhya bohemian pradeshat tyanche nondanikrut karyalay asalelya vyavsayik kampanya pragmadhil nagarpalika nyayalayadvare rakhalya jaananya vyavsayik nondanimadhye nondanikrut aahet. jarr tumhala check prajasattakat vyavasay suru karayacha asel, tarr check vyapar parwana kayadyantargat tumhi vyapar nondani sadar karane aavashyak aahe jee vyapar parwana nondanimadhun eka ark jaaree karel ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstríko")." united kingdam. companyanche nibandhak. ingland, wells aanee scotlandsathi companyancha nibandhak haah company hausasathi jababdar adhikari aahe, joou company kayada 1985 teey 2006 shhee sambandhit serve filings hatalato. company haus heey sunishchit karate qee dastaivaj filing adyayavat thewali gelee aahe aanee company kayadyachya konatyahi ullanghananshi sambandhit aahe. ingland aanee velsasathi companyanche nibandhak louis smith aahet, jeey cardiff yaa companychya gharee aahet. lisa davis yaa scotlandchya companyanchya nibandhak aahet, jyaa edinberg yetheel company haus yethe rahatat. uttar irelandsathi companyanche nibandhak helen shiliday aahet, jyanche karyalay belfast yethe aahe. parasparanche nibandhak. aarthik aacharan pradhikaran heey sahkari sanstha, imarat sanstha, maitripurna sanstha, patasanstha aanee itar nondanikrut parasparanchya paraspar sarvajanik nondanichya dekhbhalisathi jababdar aahe aanee sahkari aanee samudayik laabh sanstha kayada 2014 aanee itar sambandhit kayadyanshi sambandhit serve dakhalya hatalate. uttar irelandmadhil nondanikrut sanstha aanee patasansthanchi nondani 2018 madhye vittiy aachar pradhikaranakade hastantarit karnyat aalee. jersey. jarsisathi companyancha nibandhak haah jersey vittiy seva aayog aahe. bharat. bharatat khaleel pratyek pradeshasathi companyancha eka nibandhak aahe. pratyek rajyache samanyatah eka nibandhak karyalay asate kinwa shejaril rajye aanee/kinwa kendrashasit pradeshansobat karyalay samayik karate. maharashtra aanee tamilanadu hii ekmev ashee rajye aahet jithe done karyalaye aanee done companyanche nibandhak aahet. pudducherry haah ekmev kendrashasit pradesh aahe jyache swatache karyalay aahe. ireland. companyanche kulasachiv. irelandmadhil vyavasayanchi nave aanee maryadit bhagidarichya nondanivyatirikt, company kayada 2014 shhee sambandhit serve filings hatalananya company nondani karyalayasathi (ireland) jababdar asalele companyanche nibandhak heey adhikari aahet. company nondani karyalay heey sunishchit karate qee dastaivaj dakhal karane adyayavat thewale jaate aanee company kayadyachya bahutek prashasakeey ullanghananshi sambandhit aahe. company kayadyachya adhik gambhir ullanghananchi nigamit amalbajavani pradhikaranadvare chaukashi kelee jaate aanee tyanchi amalbajavani kelee jaate. sansthanche kulasachiv. maitripurna sansthancha nibandhak haah audhyogik aanee bhavishya nirvah sansthanchya (jyapaiki bahutansh irelandmadhil sahkari sanstha aanee maitripurna sanstha aahet) nondanisathi jababdar asalela adhikari asato. audhyogik aanee bhavishyavadi samaj aanee maitripurna samaj kayadyanshi sambandhit serve filingscha vyavhar nibandhak karato aanee kayadyanchya bahutek prashasakeey ullanghanancha vichar karato. patasanstha aanee imarat sansthanche kulasachiv. irelandchi madhyavarti banq hii irelandmadhil patt sanghatana (patt sanghatananche nibandhak) aanee bandhkam sansthanchya nondanisathi jababdar asaleli adhikrut sanstha aahe. khulepana. open corporates yaa sanketsthalane prakashit kelelya manankananusar, companychya nondanimadhye upalabdh asalelya mahitichya khulyapanachya sandarbhat denmark aanee united kingdam heey agraganya aahet. yaa deshantil nondani/nondanikartyanna tyanusar kendriya vyavasay nondani aanee companyanchya gharanchi nave dilee jaatat.

company darta company darta bhaneko uniharule sanchalan garne kshetradhikarma raheka sansthaharuko darta how. ek sankhyikiya wyapar darta company darta bhanda farak uddeshya chha. jabki ek wyawasayik/wyapar registerle suraksha, uttardayitwa rar niyantranko uddeshya pura gardacha, ek sankhyikiya registerle rashtriya tathyanka karyalayama adhikarik arthik tathyankako pranalima kendriya bhumika khelchha. company deshanusar darta hunchha. pratyek deshko company registerma vibhinna rajishtrar prakar, samagri, uddeshya, rar sarvajanik upalabdhata hunchha. botsawana. companyharu rar baudhik sampatti pradhikaran botsawanama companyharu darta garna jimmewar chhan. canada. canadaka nigamharuko mahanirdeshak sanghiya rupma nigamit nigamharuka lagi jimmewar chhan. pratyek prantama ek rajishtrar hunchha jo prantiya rupma nigamit nigamharuka lagi jimmewar hunchha. check ganatantra. tapainle lagu adalatdwara rakhieko wyawasayik registerma companyko praweshka lagi avedan dina saknuhunchha. prag rar kendriya bohemian kshetrama afno darta karyalaya bhaeka wyaparik companyharu pragma nagarpalika adalatle rakheko wyawasayik registerma darta hunchhan. yadi tapain check ganatantrama wyapar suru garna chahanuhunchha bhane, check wyapar ijajatpatra aina antargat tapainle wyapar darta paces garnuparchha jasle wyapar ijajatpatra darta ("vípis z zivnostenského Rejstríko") batt euta uddharan jaari garnechha." sanyukta adhirajya. companyharuka rajistrarharu. england, wells rar scotlandka lagi companyharuko rajishtrar company houseka lagi jimmewar adhikarik how, jasle company aina 1985 dekhi 2006 samma sambandhit sabai filingharusanga wyawahar gardacha. companyharule kagjat filingharu adyawadhik rakhieko chha rar company ainako kunai pani ullanghansanga wyawahar gardacha bhanera sunishchit gardacha. england anned welska lagi companyharuko rajishtrar luis smith hun, jo company house, cardifma adharit chhan. scotlandka lagi companyharuko rajishtrar lisa devis hun, jo company house, edinbergma adharit chhan. uttari ayarlandka lagi companyharuko rajishtrar heylen siliday hun, jasko karyalaya belfastma adharit chha. parasparikko rajishtrar. wittiya acharan pradhikaran sahakari samiti, bhawan samiti, maitripurna samiti, credit union rar anya darta garieko parasparikko parasparik sarvajanik rajistarko marmatka lagi jimmewar chha, rar sahakari rar samudayik labh samiti adhiniyam 2014 rar anya sandarbhik kanunsanga sambandhit sabai filingharusanga wyawahar gardacha. uttari ayarlandma darta garieka samajharu rar credit unionharuko darta sann 2018 maa wittiya acharan pradhikaranma hastantaran garieko thiyo. georcy. georcyka lagi companyharuko rajishtrar georcy wittiya sewa ayog how. bharat. bharatma talka pratyek kshetraka lagi companyharuko ekjana rajishtrar chhan. pratyek rajyako samanyataya euta rajishtrar karyalaya hunchha wa chhimeki rajyaharu rar/wa kendra shasit pradeshharusanga karyalaya sajha gardacha. maharashtra rar tamilnadu matra rajyaharu hun jahaan duiwata karyalaya rar duiwata companyharuko rajishtrar chhan. puducherry afnai karyalaya bhaeko ek matra kendra shasit pradesh how. ireland. companyharuko rajishtrar. companyharuko rajishtrar company darta karyalaya (ireland) kaa lagi jimmewar adhikarik how, jasle ayarlandma wyawasaya naam rar simit sajhedariko panjikaranka atirikta company adhiniyam 2014 sanga sambandhit sabai filingharu sanshodhan garejhain wyawahar gardacha. company darta karyalayale kagjat fileharu adyawadhik rakhieko sunishchit gardacha rar company adhiniyamko adhikansh prashasanik ullanghanharusanga wyawahar gardacha. company adhiniyamko adhik gambhir ullanghanharu corporate prawartan pradhikarandwara anusandhan rar lagu garinchha. samajka rajishtrar. maitripurna samajharuko rajishtrar audyogik rar bhavishyavadi samajharuko panjikaranka lagi jimmewar adhikarik how (jasmadhye adhikansh ayarlandma sahakari rar maitripurna samajharu hun. rajistralle audyogik rar bhavishyavadi samaj, rar maitripurna samaj kanunsanga sambandhit sabai filingharu wyawahar gardacha, rar adhiniyamharuko adhikansh prashasanik ullanghanharu wyawahar gardacha. credit union rar bhawan samajharuko rajishtrar. ayarlandko kendriya bank ayarlandma credit unionharu (credit unionharuko rajishtrar) rar nirman samajharuko panjikaranka lagi jimmewar adhikarik how. khulapan. website open corporatesdwara prakashit mulyangkananusar, denmark rar united kingdom companyko registerma upalabdha jankariko khulapanko sandarbhama aguwa hun. yee deshharuma rajistriharu/rajistrarharu naam diinchha, tadanusar, kendriya wyapar register rar companyharuko ghar.

company panjikarana company register heuchhi semananka adheenare karjya karuthiba adhikara khetrare thiba sangathanagudikara eka register . eka parisankhyana byabasai panjikara eka company panjika thaaru bhinna uddeshya achhi . eka banijyika/banijya panjika surakhya, uttaradajitwa ebong nijantrana uddeshyare karjya karuthibabele, eka parisankhyana panjika eka jatiah parisankhyana karjyalajare sarkari arthanaitika parisankhyana byabasthare eka kendriah bhumika grahan kare . desh anusare company panjikarana karithae. pratyeka deshar company rejistarare bhinna bhinna registrara prakara, bishajabastu, uddeshya ebong sarbajaneena upalabdhata rahichhi. botaswana. company ebong boudhika sampatti kartrupakhya botaswanare company panjikarana paain daie . kanada. kanadara karporesangudikara mahanirdeshaka sangheeah-nigamita corporation paain daie . pratyeka pradeshar jane registrara achanti jie pradeshika-nigamita nigama paain daie . check ganarajya. apana eka prajujya adalat dwara rakhajaithiba banijyika rejistarare companyra prabesha paain abedan kariparibe. jeun byabasajika companygudikara panjikruta karjyalaja praga ebong kendriah bohemian anchalare rahichhi, semane pragare municipality court dwara parichalita banijyika rejistarare panjikruta hoithanti. jadi apana check ganarajyare byabasai arambha karibaku chahunchhanti, tebe check banijya laisensing adhiniam anujai aapananku eka banijya panjikaran dakhal karibaku padiba jaahaa banijya laisensing rejistararu eka niryasa jaari kariba ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstriuku)." juktarajya. companygudikara registrara. englanda, wels ebong scotland paain companygudikara registrara heuchhanti company houses paain daie adhikari, jaahaa company adhiniam 1985 ru 2006 parjyanta samasta phailing parichalana kare. company houses nischita kare je document phailing up tuu dett achhi ebong company adhiniyamara kaunasi ullanghana sahita karbar kare . englanda ebong wels paain companygudikara registrara heuchhanti louis smith, jie company houses, cardiff ray abasthita . scotland paain companygudikara registrara heuchhanti lissa devisa, jieki edinabargasthita company hausare abasthapita. uttara irelander companygudikara registrara hele hellen siliday, jahanka karjyalaja belaphastare abasthita. parasparika panjikare. arthika acharan kartrupakhya samabai samiti, building society, bandhutwapurna society, credit union ebong anyanya panjikruta parasparika panjikara rakhyanabekhyana paain daie ebong samabai ebong gosthi laabh samiti adhiniam 2014 ebong anyanya prasangika ine sahita jadita samasta phailing parichalana karanti . uttara aajarlandare panjikruta society ebong credit unionara panjikaran 2018 ray arthika acharan kartupakhyanku sthanantarita hoithila . georcy. georcy paain companygudikara registrara heuchhanti georcy arthika seba aajoga. bharat. bharatare nimnokta pratyeka anchala paain companyra jane registrara achanti. pratyeka rajyara sadharanatah gotie registrara karjyalaja thaae kimba padoshi rajya ebong/kimba kendrasasita anchala sahita eka karjyalaja anshidara kare . maharastra ebong tamilanadu heuchhi ekamatra rajya jeunthare duiti karjyalaja ebong duiti company registrara achanti. puducherry heuchhi ekamatra kendrasasita anchala jahara nijara karjyalaja achhi . ireland. companygudikara registrara. company panjikarana karjyalaja (ireland) paain company registrara heuchhanti dajitwabana adhikari, jaahaa aajarlandare byabasajika naama ebong seemita bhagidarira panjikaran byatita, sanshodhita company adhiniam 2014 sahita jadita samasta phailinga sahita karjya kare . company panjikarana karjyalaja sunishchita kare je document phailing up tuu dett achhi ebong company einer adhikansha prashasanika ullanghana sahita jadita . company adhiniyamara adhika gurutara ullanghana corporate prabartana kartupakhyanka dwara jancha ebong karjyakaree karajae . societyra registrara. bandhutwapurna samajara registrara heuchhanti shilpa ebong providenta societyra panjikaran paain daie adhikari (jeungudika madhyaru adhikansha irelander samabai ebong bandhutwapurna society. registrara shilpa ebong providenta society ebong bandhutwapurna samaj ine sahita jadita samasta phailinga parichalana karanti ebong einer adhikansha prashasanika ullanghana sahita karjya karanti . credit union ebong building societyra registrar. irelander kendriah byanka heuchhi aajarlandare credit union (credit unionara registrar) ebong building societyra panjikaran paain daie adhikari . kholakholi. website dwara prakashita reting anujai, open corporate, denmark ebong britten companyra rejistarare upalabdha suchanara unmuktata sambandhare agrani atanti. ehi deshagudikare registry/rejistraramananku tadanusare, kendriah byabasai register ebong company houses bhabare namit karajae .

company register company register uss adhikar khetar witch sangathanan daa ikk register hunda haii jiss dey tehat uh kamm karde hunn. ikk ankada carobar register daa udesh ikk company register naalon vakkhra hunda haii. jadon kii ikk vaparak/vapaar register surakhiaa, jawabdehi atey niyantaran dey udesh noon poora karda haii, ikk ankada register ikk rashtari ankada daftar witch adhikarat aarthik ankadiaan dee pranali witch ikk kendri bhumika nibhaunda haii. desh anusar company register hundi haii. harek desh dey company register witch vakkh-vakkh registrar kisman, samaggari, udesh atey jantak uplabbadhta hundi haii. botswana. companyan atey baudhik sampati atharty botswana witch companyan noon register curran laee zimmevar haii. canada. canada dey corporationan daa director general sanghi-nigmit corporationan laee zimmevar haii. harek soobe witch ikk registrar hunda haii joe subai taur utte nigmit corporationan laee zimmevar hunda haii. check ganraj. tusin kise lagu adalat duaara rakkhe gaye vaparak register witch company dey dakhle laee arzi dey sakde hoow. vaparak companyan jinhan daa registered daftar praag witch atey kendri bohemian khetar witch haii, uh praag witch mioonspal court duaara rakkhe gaye vaparak register witch registered hunn. jey tusin check ganraj witch carobar karna shuru karna chahunde hoow, taan check vapaar licensing aikat dey tehat tuhanun ikk vapaar registration jamhan curney chahidi haii joe vapaar licensing register ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstríko) toon ikk abstract jaari karegi." united kingdom. companyan dey registrar. england, wells atey scotland laee companyan daa registrar companyan dey gharr laee zimmevar adhikari haii, joe companyan aikat 1985 toon 2006 takk sabandhat saariaan filingan naal najithda haii. companyan daa gharr ih sunishchit karda haii kii dastavez filing noon taaza rakkhiaa giaa haii atey companyan aikat dee kise vee ulanghna naal najithda haii. england atey wells laee companyan dey registrar luis smith hunn, joe companyan dey gharr, cardiff witch adharat hunn. scotland laee companyan dee registrar leesa davis haii, joe companyan dey gharr, edinberg witch adharat haii. uttri ireland laee companyan daa registrar hellen shiliday haii, jisda daftar belfast witch sathit haii. mutuals daa registrar. vitti sanchalan atharty sehkari sabhavan, building susaitiaan, dostana sabhavan, credit unionan atey horr registered aapsi lokan dey aapsi jantak register dey rakkh-rakhaa laee zimmevar haii atey sehkari atey community laabh susaitiaan aikat 2014 atey horr sabandhat kanoonan naal sabandhat saariaan filingan naal najithdi haii. uttri ireland witch registered susaitiaan atey credit unionan dee registration noon 2018 witch vitti aacharan atharty noon tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. jarsi. jarsi laee companyan daa registrar jarsi vitti sevavan commission haii. bharat. bharat witch heth likhe harek khetar laee companyan daa ikk registrar haii. harek raaj daa aam taur utte ikk registrar daftar hunda haii jaan guandhi raajan atey/jaan kendra shasit pradeshan naal ikk daftar sanjha karda haii. maharashtar atey tamilnadu iklaute raaj hunn jitthe doou daftar atey companyan dey doou registrar hunn. puducherry iklauta kendra shasit pradesh haii jiss daa aapna daftar haii. ireland. companyan dey registrar. companyan daa registrar companyan dey registration daftar (ireland) laee zimmevar adhikari hunda haii, joe companyan aikat 2014 naal sabandhat saariaan filingan naal najithda haii, jiven kii sodhiaa giaa haii, vaparak naavan atey seemat bhaiwali dee registration toon ilava, ireland witch. companyan daa registration daftar ih sunishchit karda haii kii dastavez filing noon taaza rakkhiaa jaanda haii atey companyan aikat deeaan ziaadaatar parshaski ulanghnavan naal najithda haii. company aikat dee vadhere gambhir ulanghna dee jaanch keeti jaandi haii atey corporate lagu curran vaale authority duaara lagu keeti jaandi haii. susaitiaan dey registrar. dostana susaitiaan daa registrar uh adhikari hunda haii joe udyogik atey provident susaitiaan (jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar ireland witch sehkari atey dostana susaitiaan hunn) dee registration laee zimmevar hunda haii. registrar sanati atey bhavikhvadi samaaj atey dostana samaaj kanoonan naal sabandhat saariaan filingan naal najithda haii, atey aikatan dee ziaadaatar parshaski ulanghna naal najithda haii. credit unionan atey building susaitiaan dey registrar. ireland daa kendri baink, ireland witch credit unionan (credit unionan dey registrar) atey building susaitiaan dee registration laee zimmevar adhikari haii. khullh keey. website opencorporates duaara prakashit retingan dey anusar, danmark atey united kingdom company dey register witch upalbadh jankari dee khulhapan dey sambandh witch mohri hunn. inhan deshan witch registerariaan/registraran dey naam, use anusar, kendri vaparak register atey companyan dey gharr hunn.

kampanee-panjeekaranam kampanee-panjee iti teshaam adhikaarakshetre kaaryam aacharantah sanghatanana panjee asti. saankhyikeey-vyavasaay-panjeeh kampanee-panjeeh apekshayaa bhinnah uddeshyah asti. vaanijya-vyaapaar-panjee surakshayaha, uttaradaayitvasya, niyantranasya cha uddeshyam nirvahati, rashtriya-saankhyikee-karyalaye aadhikaarik-aarthik-saankhyikee-vyavasthaayaam saankhyikeey-panjee kendriya-bhumika nirvahati. deshanusaram kampanee-panjeekaranam bhavati. pratyekasya deshasya kampanee-panjeeye bhinnani rajistraar-prakaraha, vishayavastuh, uddeshyah, saarwajanik-upalabdhata cha santi. botswana. botswana-deshe kampenee-samsthanam panjikaranartham kampanee-samsthah bauddhika-sampatti-praadhikaranam cha uttaradaayi asti. kenada-deshe. kenada-deshasya nigamanam mahanirdeshakah sangha-nigamita-nigamanam krute uttaradaayi asti. pratyekasmin pradeshe ekaha rajistraar asti yah prantiya-nigamita-nigamanam krute uttaradaayi asti. check-ganaraajyam. bhavaan lagoo-nyayalayena rakshitasy vaanijya-panjee-madhye kampenee-ityasya praveshaartham aavedanam kartum shaknoti. praag-nagare, kendriya-bohemian-pradeshe cha panjeekruta-kaaryaalayayuktaah vyaapaar-samsthah praag-nagare nagar-nyayalayena rakshit-vaanijya-panjee-madhye panjeekrutaah santi. yadi bhavaan check-ganarajye vyaapaaram aarabhum icchati tarhi check-vyaapaar-anujnaapatra-adhiniyamasya antargatam bhavaan vyaapaar-panjeekaranam avashyam samarpayet, yat vyaapaar-anujnaapatra-panjeetah ("vípis z zivnostenského Rejstríko") uddharanam pradaasyati." samyuktaraajyam. kampanee-samsthanam rajistraar-ityete. england, wells & scatland-deshasya kampanee-samsthanam rajistraar ityeshah kampanee-gruhasya krute uttaradaayeeh adhikarikaha asti, yah kampanee-adhiniyamah 1985 taha 2006 paryantam sambaddhaan sarvaani filing-patraani vyavaharati. kampanee-gruhah sunishchitam karoti yat dastaawez-filing-patraani adyataneeyaah santi, kampanee-adhiniyamasya kasyaapi ullanghanasya vishaye cha vyavaharanti. england-and-wells-deshasya kampanee-samsthanam rajistraar-adhikaarinee louis-smith asti, yaa kampanee-house, cardiff ityatra sthitaa asti. scatland-deshasya kampanee-samsthanam rajistraar-adhikaarinee lisaa davis asti, yaa edinberg-nagarasya kampanee-house-madhye sthitaa asti. uttar-airlend-deshasya kampanee-ityasya rajistraar hellen shilliday asti, yasya karyalayaha belfast-nagare asti. parasparikanam rajistraar. vitteey-aacharan-praadhikaranah, sahakaar-samiti-bhavana-samiti-mitra-samiti-runa-sangha-anya-panjeekruta-paarasparik-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-samooh-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha-sangha uttar-airlend-deshe panjikrutanam sanghaanaam, runa-sanghaanaam cha panjeekaranam 2018 tame varshe vitteey-aacharan-pradhikaranaya sthanantaritam. jersey. jersey-krute kampanee-ityasya rajistraar iti jersey-vitteeyasevaa-ayogah asti. bharatam. bhaarate adhah ullikhiteshu pratyekasya pradeshasya krute ekaha kampanee-rajistraar asti. pratyekam rajyasya samanyataya ekaha panjeeyak-karyalayaha bhavati athavaa sameepasthaih raajyaih/kendrashaasitapradeshaih saha karyalayaha sahabhagyam karoti. maharashtra-tamilunaadu-rajyayoho karyalayadvayam, kampanee-rajistraar-dwau cha santi. puducheri iti ekamaatram kendrashasita-pradesha asti yasya swakeeyah karyalayaha asti. ayarlyaand-deshe. kampanee-samsthanam rajistraar. kampanee-panjikaranakaryalayasya (airlyaand) krute kampanee-panjeekartuh adhikrutah asti, yah airlyaand-deshe vyavasaay-namanam, seemita-sahabhagitayaha cha panjikaranat atiriktam, kampanee-adhiniyamah 2014 ityanena sambaddhaani sarvaani patraani samshodhanena vyavaharati. kampanee-panjikaranakaryalayaha sunishchitam karoti yat dastaawej-patraani adyataneeyaah santi, kampanee-adhiniyamasya adhikaamshaprashaasanika-ullanghanena saha vyavahaaram cha kurvanti. kampanee-adhiniyamasya gambheerataraani ullanghanaani nigamitapravartana-praadhikaranen anveshtum pravartayitum cha shakyate. samsthanam kulasachivah. maitreepoorn-samajanam rajistraar audyogika-bhavishya-samajanam panjikaranasya krute uttaradaayeeh adhikarikaha asti (yaasu adhikaamshah ayarlyaand-deshe sahakaarinah, maitreepoorn-samajaha cha santi. rajistraar audyogika-bhavishya-samaaj-sambaddhaani sarvaani patraani, tathaa cha maitreepoorn-samaaj-vidhaanaani cha sampaadayati, tathaa cha adhiniyamanam adhikamshanam prashaasanik-ullamghanaam cha sampaadayati. runa-sanghaanaam tathaa bhavana-sanghaanaam cha rajistraar. ireland-deshe credit-unions (credit-unions ityasya rajistraar), building-societies ityetayoho panjikaranasya krute, ireland-deshasya kendriya-byaank iti adhikarikaha asti. muktah. jaalaputen prakashitanam retting-prakaaren, open-corporates iti samsthaayaah panjeeye upalabhyamananam suchananam muktataayaah vishaye denmark, unated-kingdam cha agragaamih santi. eteshu desheshu registris/rajistraar ityetaani tadanusaram kendriya-vyaapaar-panjee, kampanee-gruhaani cha iti naamaani santi.

niruvanam pathivu oru niruvanaththin pathivu enbathu avarkal seyalpadum athikaara varambil ulla amaippugalin pathivaedu aagum. oru niruvanaththin pathivettai vida oru pullivivara vanigap pathivaettil vaerupatta noakkam ullathu. oru vaniga/varthagap pathivu paathukaappu, poruppukkooral mattrum kattuppaadu aagiyavattrin nokkaththirkaakach seyalpadugirathu, oru pullivivarap pathivu oru thaesiya pullivivara aluvalagaththil athikaarappoorva porulaathaara pullivivarangkalin amaippil oru maiyap pangaik kondullathu. naadu vaariyaaga niruvanam pathivu seikirathu. ovvoru naattin niruvanap pathivaettil vevvaeru pathivaalar vagaikal, ulladakkangkal, noakkam mattrum podhu kidaikkum thanmai ullana. bodswana. potswanavil niruvanangalaip pathivu seivatharku niruvanangal mattrum arivusaar soththurimai aanaiyam poruppaagum. kanada. kanadaavin peruniruvanangkalin iyakkunar general koottaatchi-orunginaintha peruniruvanangkalukku poruppaaka ullaar. ovvoru maagaanaththilum oru pathivaalar ullaar, avar maagaanaththil orunginaikkappatta niruvanangalukku poruppaaka ullaar. seck kudiyarasu. porunthakkoodiya neethimandraththaal vaikkapattulla vanigap pathivaettil niruvanaththin nulaivukku neengkal vinnapikkalaam. piraagu mattrum matthiya bohemian piraanthiyaththil thangal pathivu seiyappatta aluvalagaththaik konda vaniga niruvanangal piraagu nagaril ulla nagaraatchi neethimandraththaal paraamarikkappadum vanigap pathivaettil pathivu seiyappattullana. neengkal seck kudiyarasil vanigam seiyath thodanga virumbinaal, seck varththaga urimach sattaththin keezh neengkal oru varththaga pathivai samarppikka vaendum, idhu varththaga urimap pathivaettil irunthu oru saattrai veliyidum ("vípis z zivnostenského rustríko")." aikkiya raachchiyam. niruvanangalin pathivaalarkal. 1985 muthal 2006 varai niruvanangal sattam thodarpaana anaitthu aavanangkalaiyum kaiyaalum niruvanangalin illaththirku englaanthu, wales & skaatlaanthirkaana niruvanangalin pathivaalar poruppaaka ullaar. niruvanangal illam aavanangkalai pudhuppiththa nilaiyil vaiththiruppathai uruthi seikirathu mattrum niruvanangal sattaththin endhavoru meeralgalaiyum kaiyaalgiradhu. englaanthu & wales niruvanangalin pathivaalar luis smith aavaar, avar cardiff niruvana illaththil ullaar. edinbarkkil ulla companis havusai thalamaagak konda lissa davis skaatlaanthirkaana niruvanangalin pathivaalar aavaar. vadakku ayarlaandhin niruvanangalin pathivaalar helen shillidae aavaar, avarathu aluvalagam belfastil amainthullathu. paraspara pathivaalarkal. kootturavu sangangal, kattida sangangal, natpu sangangal, cuddon sangangal mattrum pira pathivu seiyappatta parasparangkalin paraspara podhu pathivaettaip paraamarippatharku nidhi nadaththai aanaiyam poruppaagum, maelum kootturavu mattrum samooga nanmai sangangal sattam 2014 mattrum pira thodarpudaiya sattangal thodarpaana anaitthu aavanangkalaiyum kaiyaalgiradhu. vadakku ayarlaandhil pathivuseiyappatta sangangal mattrum cuddon sangangalin pathivu 2018 aam aandil nidhi nadaththai athikaaraththirku maattrappattathu. jersey. jersikaana niruvanangalin pathivaalar jersey nidhi sevaigal aanaiyam aagum. india. inthiyaavil keezhkkanda piraanthiyangkalil ovvondrirkum oru niruvanaththin pathivaalar ullaar. ovvoru maanilamum podhuvaaga oru pathivaalar aluvalagaththaik kondullathu allathu andai maanilangkal mattrum/allathu union pirathaesangkaludan oru aluvalagaththaip pagirnthu kolgiradhu. maharashtra mattrum tamilnadu aagiya maanilangkalil mattumae irandu aluvalagangkalum irandu niruvanangalin pathivaalarkalum ullanar. puducheriyil mattumae sonthamaaga aluvalagam ullathu. ayarlaandhu. niruvanangalin pathivaalar. ayarlaandhil vanigap peyarkal mattrum varaiyarukappatta koottaanmaip pathivukalukku koodudhalaaga, niruvanangal sattam 2014 thodarpaana anaitthu aavanangkalaiyum kaiyaalum niruvanangal pathivu aluvalagaththirku (ayarlaandhu) porupaana athikaarappoorva niruvanam niruvanangalin pathivaalar aavaar. niruvanangal pathivu aluvalagam aavanangkalai thaakkal seivathu pudhuppiththa nilaiyil iruppathai uruthi seikirathu mattrum niruvanangal sattaththin perumpaalaana nirvaaga meeralgalaik kaiyaalgiradhu. niruvanangal sattaththin migavum kadumaiyaana meeralgal corporate amalakka athikaaraththaal visaarikkappattu amalpaduththappadugindrana. sangangalin pathivaalar. natpuravuch sangangalin pathivaalar thozhilthurai mattrum varungkaala vaippuch sangangalin (ayarlaandhil ulla kootturavu mattrum natpuravuch sangangalil perumbaanmaiyaanavai) pathivukku porupaana athikaariyaaga ullaar. thozhilthurai mattrum varungkaala samoogam mattrum natpuravu samoogach sattam thodarpaana anaitthu aavanangkalaiyum pathivaalar kaiyaalugiraar, maelum inthach seyalkalin perumpaalaana nirvaaga meeralgalaik kaiyaalgiraar. cuddon sangangal mattrum kattida sangangalin pathivaalar. ayarlaandhin matthiya vangki ayarlaandhil cuddon sangangal (cuddon sangangalin pathivaalar) mattrum kattida sangangalin pathivukku porupaana athikaariyaagum. thirantha manappaanmai. thirantha niruvana valaithalaththaal veliyidappatta mathippeedugalinpadi, denmark mattrum united kingtam aagiyavai oru niruvanaththin pathivaettil kidaikkum thagavalkalin thirantha thanmai kuritthu thalaivarkal. inththa naadugalil ulla pathivaedugal/pathivaalarkal, atharkaerpa, matthiya vanigap pathivaedu mattrum niruvanangal illam endru peyaridappattullana.

company register company register anedi vaaru panichese adhikara paridhiloo unna samsthala register. ganaanka vyapara register company register kante bhinnamaina uddesyaanni kaligi untundi. vaanijya/vaanijya register rakshana, javaabudaareetanam mariyu niyantrana prayojanaaniki upayogapadutundagaa, jaateeya ganaanka karyalayamlo adhikaarika aardhika ganaamkaala vyavasthalo ganaanka register kendra paatra poeshistumdi. desham vaareegaa company namodu. prati desham yokka company registerlo vividha registrar rakalu, vishayalu, prayojanam mariyu praja labhyata unnaayi. botswana. botswanalo companylanu namodu cheyadaaniki companylu mariyu medho sampatti adhikaram baadhyata vahistaayi. kenada. kenada corporationla director general samakhya-vileenam chesina corporationlaku baadhyata vahistaaru. prati provincelo praantiiyamgaa vileenam cheyabadina corporationlaku baadhyata vahinche registrar untaaru. check republic. vartinche kortu unchina vaanijya registerlo company pravesam kosam meeru darakhaastu chesukovacchu. praaglo mariyu central bohemian praantamloo tama namodaina karyalayanni kaligi unna vyapara companylu praaglo munisipal kortu nirvahinche vaanijya registerlo namodu cheyabadataayi. meeru check republicklo vyaparam praarambhinchaalanukunte, check trade licensing chattam kinda meeru trade registrationnu samarpinchaali, idhi trade licensing register nundi oka saaranni jaarii chestundi ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstíko")." united kingdom. companyla registraarlu. ingland, wales & scatland companyla registrar companyla houseku adhikaarika baadhyata vahistaaru, idhi companyla chattam 1985 nundi 2006 varaku sambandhinchina anni filinglatho vyavaharistundi. companyla house document filinglanu tajaga unchela mariyu companyla chattam yokka edainaa ullanghanalatho vyavaharinchaelaa chusukuntundi. ingland & wales companyla registrar luis smith, athanu companyla house, cardiflo unnadu. edinberg looni company house loe unna lisa davis scatland companyla registrar. uttara ireland kosam companyla registrar helen shilliday, dheeni karyalayam belfastlo undhi. mutual registrar. aardhika pravartana adhikaram sahakaara sanghaalu, bhavana sanghaalu, snehapoorvaka sanghaalu, credit unionlu mariyu itara namodaina paraspara samsthala yokka paraspara praja register nirvahanaku baadhyata vahistundi mariyu sahakaara mariyu samaja prayojana sanghaala chattam 2014 mariyu itara sambandhita chattalaku sambandhinchina anni daakhalu patraalatoe vyavaharistundi. uttara irelandlo registered societylu mariyu credit unionla namodu 2018loe aardhika pravartana adhikaaraaniki badilee cheyabadindi. jersey. jersey kosam companyla registrar jersey financial services commission. bharatadesam. bhaaratadesamlo diguva perkonna prati praantaaniki oka registrar off companylu unnaayi. prati raashtraaniki saadhaaranamgaa oka registrar karyalayam untundi ledhaa porugu rashtraalu mariyu/ledhaa kendrapalita praantaalatoo oka karyalayanni panchukuntundi. maharashtra, tamilanadu rashtraallo matrame rendu karyalayalu, rendu companyla registrar unnaayi. puducherry daani swantha karyalayanni kaligi unna ekaika kendrapalita praantam. ireland. companyla registrar. companyla registrar companyla registration kaaryaalayaaniki (ireland) baadhyata vahinche adhikaarika adhikari, idhi companyla chattam 2014kii sambandhinchina anni filinglatho vyavaharistundi, savarinchinatlugaa, vyapara paerlu mariyu parimita bhagaswamyala namoduto paatu, irelandlo. companyla registration karyalayam document filingnu tajaga unchela chestundi mariyu companyla chattam yokka chaalaa paripalana ullanghanalatho vyavaharistundi. companyla chattam yokka marinta teevramaina ullanghanalu corporate amalu adhikaram dwara daryaaptu cheyabadataayi mariyu amalu cheyabadataayi. societyla registrar. snehapoorvaka sanghaala registrar paarisraamika mariyu provident sanghaala (veetilo ekkuva bhaagam irelandlo sahakaara sanghaalu mariyu snehapoorvaka sanghaalu) namoduku baadhyata vahinche adhikaarika adhikari. registrar paarisraamika mariyu bhavishyat samaajaaniki sambandhinchina anni filinglatho vyavaharistaadu, mariyu snehapoorvaka samaja chattaalatho vyavaharistaadu mariyu chattaala yokka chaalaa paripalana ullanghanalatho vyavaharistaadu. credit unionlu mariyu building societyla registrar. irelandloni credit unionlu (credit unionla registrar) mariyu building societyla namoduku baadhyata vahinche adhikaarika baadhyata central byaank off ireland. bahirangamgaa. website open corporates prachurinchina ratings prakaram, denmark mariyu united kingdom anevi company registerlo andubaatulo unna samacharam yokka nishkaapatyataku sambandhinchi nayakulu. eee deshaalalo registrylu/registraarlaku tadanugunamgaa, kendra vyapara register mariyu companyla inti paerlu pettabaddayi.

company kaa andraj company register inn tanzimon kaa register hay juu inn kay dairah akhtiyar mein kaam karti haine. shumariyati karobari register kaa maqsad company register say mukhtalif hotaa hay. jabb kahh tajarti/tajarti register tahfuz jawabdahana aur control kay maqsad kuu poraa kartaa hay eek shumariyati register qomi shumariyat kay daftar mein sarkaari iqtesadi aidaad woo shamaar kay nazaam mein markazi kirdaar adaa kartaa hay. company milk kay lahaaz say register karti hay. harr milk kay company register mein mukhtalif registrar kii aqsaam mawaad maqsad aur awami dastiyabi hoti hay. botswana. companiyan aur danishwarana amlaak kii atharti botswana mein companiyon kuu register karnay kay liye zamah daar hay. canada. corporations canada kaa director general wafaqi toor parr shaamil corporations kaa zamah daar hay. harr soobay mein eek registrar hotaa hay juu soobayi toor parr shaamil corporations kaa zamah daar hotaa hay. jamhuria cheek. aap qaabil itlaaq adaalat kay zariah rakhay gayey tajarti register mein company kay andraj kay liye darkhwast day saktay haine. karobari companiyan jinn kaa registard daftar praag aur markazi bohemin khatay mein hay praag mein municiple adaalat kay zeer intezam tajarti register mein registard haine. agar aap jamhuria cheek mein karobar sharoo karnaa chahtay haine tuu cheek trade licensing aikat kay tahat aap kuu eek tajarti registration jamaa karaani hogi juu tajarti licensing register say eek iqtebas jaari karay gee ("vípis z zivnostenského rjstríko)." bartaniah. companiyon kay registrar. england wells aur scott lend kay liye companiyon kaa registrar company house kaa zamah daar sarkaari idaarah hay juu companeez aikat 1985 say 2006 takk say mutaliq tamaam filing say mutaliq hay. companeez house iss baath kuu yaqeeni banata hay kahh dastaviz filing kuu taazah tareen rakhaa jaaye aur companeez aikat kii kasee bhee khalaaf warzi say namta jaaye. england aind wells kay liye companiyon kay registrar lois samath haine juu cardif kay company house mein maqeem haine. scott lend kay liye companiyon kii registrar leesa ddios haine juu company hows edinberg mein maqeem haine. shamali ireland kay liye companiyon kaa registrar healen shalede hay jiss kaa daftar belfast mein waaqa hay. bahami kay registrar. maaliyaati tarz amal kaa akhtiyar coopreto societiyon building societiyon friendly societiyon creadt uninon aur deegar registard mutual kay mutual publik register kii deekh bhaal kay liye zamah daar hay aur coopreto aind community beneft societiyon aikat 2014 aur deegar mutaliqah qanoon saazi say mutaliq tamaam filing say namatta hay. shamali ireland mein registard societiyon aur creadt uninon kaa andraj 2018 mein maaliyaati tarz amal atharti kuu muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. jarsi. jarsi kay liye companiyon kaa registrar jarsi maaliyaati khidmaat commission hay. bhaarat. hindustan mein darj zeel elaqon mein say harr eek kay liye companiyon kaa eek registrar hay. harr riyasat kaa aam toor parr eek registrar daftar hotaa hay yaa padosi riyasaton aur/yaa markaz kay zeer intezam elaqon kay saath eek daftar mushtarik hotaa hay. maharashtar aur taamil naado waahid riyasatein haine jinn kay duu dafatir aur duu registrar aaf companiyan haine. padocherry waahid markaz kay zeer intezam elaqah hay jiss kaa apnaa daftar hay. ireland. companiyon kay registrar. companiyon kaa registrar companeez registration aafs (ireland) kaa zamah daar ahdidar hay juu ireland mein karobari naamon aur mahdud sharakat daariyon kay andraj kay alawah companeez aikat 2014 say mutaliq tamaam filing say mutaliq hay jaisa kahh tarmim kii gayee hay. companeez registration aafs iss baath kuu yaqeeni banata hay kahh dastaviz kii filing kuu taazah tareen rakhaa jaaye aur companeez aikat kii ziyadah tarr intezami khalaaf warziyon say namta jaaye. companeez aikat kii ziyadah sangeen khalaaf warziyon kii corporate inforcement atharti kay zariye tehqiqat aur nafaz kiyaa jaataa hay. societies kay registrar. dostana societiyon kaa registrar wah sarkaari idaarah hay juu sanaati aur provident societiyon kay andraj kaa zamah daar hay (jinn mein say aksariyat ireland mein cooperative aur dostana societiyan haine. registrar sanaati aur provident society aur dostana society kay qanoon saazi say mutaliq tamaam filing say namatta hay aur qawanin kii ziyadah tarr intezami khalaaf warziyon say namatta hay. creadt uninon aur building societiyon kay registrar. ireland kaa markazi benak ireland mein creadt uninon (creadt uninon kay registrar) aur building societiyon kay andraj kaa zamah daar hay. khilaa punn. waib saait open corporates kay zariah shaye kardah darjah bundi kay mutabiq company kay register mein dastiyaab malumat kay khalay punn kay hawalay say dunmark aur bartaniah rehnuma haine. inn mamalik mein registriyon/registraron kay naam asee kay mutabiq markazi karobari register aur companiyon kay gahar kay naam diye jaatay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10067

Episcopal polity

Episcopal polity Hierarchical form of church governance An episcopal polity is a hierarchical form of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") in which the chief local authorities are called bishops. The word "bishop" here is derived via the British Latin and Vulgar Latin term "*ebiscopus"/"*biscopus", from the Ancient Greek "epískopos" meaning "overseer". It is the structure used by many of the major Christian Churches and denominations, such as the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Anglican, Lutheran and Methodist churches or denominations, and other churches founded independently from these lineages. History. Churches with an episcopal polity are governed by bishops, practising their authorities in the dioceses and conferences or synods. Their leadership is both sacramental and constitutional; as well as performing ordinations, confirmations, and consecrations, the bishop supervises the clergy within a local jurisdiction and is the representative both to secular structures and within the hierarchy of the church. Bishops are considered to derive their authority from an unbroken, personal apostolic succession from the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Bishops with such authority are said to represent the historical episcopate or historic episcopate. Churches with this type of government usually believe that the Church requires episcopal government as described in the New Testament (see 1 Timothy 3 and 2 Timothy 1). In some systems, bishops may be subject in limited ways to bishops holding a higher office (variously called archbishops, metropolitans, or patriarchs, depending upon the tradition). They also meet in councils or synods. These gatherings, subject to presidency by higher ranking bishops, usually make important decisions, though the synod or council may also be purely advisory. For much of the written history of institutional Christianity, episcopal government was the only known form of church organization. This changed at the Reformation. Many Protestant churches are now organized by either congregational or presbyterian church polities, both descended from the writings of John Calvin, a Protestant reformer working and writing independently following the break with the Catholic Church precipitated by The Ninety-Five Theses of Martin Luther. However, some people have disputed the episcopal polity before the reformation, such as Aerius of Sebaste in the 4th century. Overview of episcopal churches. The definition of the word "episcopal" has variation among Christian traditions. There are subtle differences in governmental principles among episcopal churches at the present time. To some extent the separation of episcopal churches can be traced to these differences in ecclesiology, that is, their theological understanding of church and church governance. For some, "episcopal churches" are churches that use a hierarchy of bishops who identify as being in an unbroken, personal apostolic succession. "Episcopal" is also commonly used to distinguish between the various organizational structures of denominations. For instance, "Presbyterian" (, presbýteros) is used to describe a church governed by a hierarchy of assemblies of elected elders, referred to as presbyterian polity. Similarly, "episcopal" is used to describe a church governed by bishops. Self-governed local congregations, governed neither by elders nor bishops, are usually described as "congregational". More specifically, the capitalized appellation "Episcopal" is applied to several churches historically based within Anglicanism ("Episcopalianism"), including those still in communion with the Church of England. Using these definitions, examples of specific episcopal churches include: Some Lutheran churches practice congregational polity or a form of presbyterian polity. Others, including the Church of Sweden, practice episcopal polity; the Church of Sweden also counts its bishops among the historic episcopate. This is also the case with some American Lutheran churches, such as the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, Lutheran Orthodox Church, Lutheran Church - International, and the Lutheran Episcopal Communion. Many Methodist churches (the United Methodist Church, among others) retain the form and function of episcopal polity, although in a modified form, called connexionalism. Since all trace their ordinations to an Anglican priest, John Wesley, it is generally considered that their bishops do not share in apostolic succession. However, United Methodists affirm that their bishops share in the historic episcopate. Formation. The Apostle Paul in the letter to Philippians, Clement of Rome and the Didache when talking about the church system of governance, mention "bishops and deacons", omitting the word "presbyter", which has been argued by some to show that there was no presbyter-bishop distinction yet in the first century. Ignatius of Antioch writing in already the early second century makes a clear distinction of bishops and presbyters, meaning that his letters show that an episcopal system was already existing by his time. However Bart Erhman sees it as significant that Ignatius in his letter to the Romans never mentioned a bishop in Rome. Later also Tertullian very clearly distinguishes the presbyters and bishops as a separate office, Irenaeus made lists of the succession of bishops, though bishop succession lists made by early church fathers are highly contradictory. By the second century it appears that the episcopal system had become the majority, universal view among Christians. Even schismatic sects such as the Novatians and Donatists would use the episcopal system. Except for Aerius of Sebaste, who contested the episcopal system and started his own sect. Jerome stated that churches were originally governed by a group of presbyters but only later churches decided to elect bishops to suppress schisms. Catholic Church. The Catholic Church has an episcopate, with the Pope, who is the Bishop of Rome, at the top. The Catholic Church considers that juridical oversight over the Church is not a power that derives from human beings, but strictly from the authority of Christ, which was given to his twelve apostles. The See of Rome, as the unbroken line of apostolic authority descending from St. Peter (the "prince and head of the apostles"), is a visible sign and instrument of communion among the college of bishops and therefore also of the local churches around the world. In communion with the worldwide college of bishops, the Pope has all legitimate juridical and teaching authority over the whole Church. This authority given by Christ to St. Peter and the apostles is transmitted from one generation to the next by the power of the Holy Spirit, through the laying on of hands from the Apostles to the bishops, in unbroken succession. Eastern Orthodox Church. The conciliar idea of episcopal government continues in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In Eastern Orthodoxy, all autocephalous primates are seen as collectively gathering around Christ, with other archbishops and bishops gathering around them, and so forth. There is no single primate with exclusive authority comparable to the Pope in Rome. However, the Patriarch of Constantinople (now Istanbul) is seen as the "primus inter pares", the "first among equals" of the autocephalous churches of Eastern Orthodoxy. Oriental Orthodox churches. The Oriental Orthodox Churches affirm the ideas of apostolic succession and episcopal government. Within each national Church, the bishops form a holy synod to which even the Patriarch is subject. The Syriac Orthodox Church traces its apostolic succession to St. Peter and recognises Antioch as the original See of St. Peter. The Armenian Apostolic Church traces its lineage to the Apostle Bartholomew. The Indian Orthodox Church traces its lineage to the Apostle Thomas. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church received its lines of succession (Frumentius) through the Coptic Orthodox Church in the fifth century. Both the Greek and Coptic Orthodox Churches each recognise their own Pope of Alexandria (Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa, and Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria respectively), both of whom trace their apostolic succession back to the figure Mark the Evangelist. There are official, ongoing efforts in recent times to heal this ancient breach. Already, the two recognize each other's baptisms, chrismations, and marriages, making intermarriage much easier. Church of the East. Historically, the Church of the East has traced its episcopal succession to St. Thomas the Apostle. Currently the bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East continue to maintain its apostolic succession. Anglican Communion. Anglicanism is the most prominent of the Reformation traditions to lay claim to the historic episcopate through apostolic succession in terms comparable to the various Roman Catholic and Orthodox Communions. Anglicans assert unbroken episcopal succession in and through the Church of England back to St. Augustine of Canterbury and to the first century Roman province of Britannia. While some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The legislation of Henry VIII effectively establishing the independence of the Church of England from Rome did not alter its constitutional or pastoral structures. Royal supremacy was exercised through the extant legal structures of the church, whose leaders were bishops. Episcopacy was thus seen as a given of the Reformed "Ecclesia Anglicana", and a foundation in the institution's appeal to ancient and apostolic legitimacy. What did change was that bishops were now seen to be ministers of the Crown for the spiritual government of its subjects. The influence of Richard Hooker was crucial to an evolution in this understanding in which bishops came to be seen in their more traditional role as ones who delegate to the presbyterate inherited powers, act as pastors to presbyters, and holding a particular teaching office with respect to the wider church. Anglican opinion has differed as to the way in which episcopal government is "de jure divino" (by the Divine Right of Kings). On the one hand, the seventeenth century divine, John Cosin, held that episcopal authority is "jure divino", but that it stemmed from "apostolic practice and the customs of the Church ... [not] absolute precept that either Christ or His Apostles gave about it" (a view maintained also by Hooker). In contrast, Lancelot Andrewes and others held that episcopal government is derived from Christ via the apostles. Regardless, both parties viewed the episcopacy as bearing the apostolic function of oversight which both includes, and derives from, the power of ordination, and is normative for the governance of the church. The practice of apostolic succession both ensures the legitimacy of the church's mission and establishes the unity, communion, and continuity of the local church with the universal church. This formulation, in turn, laid the groundwork for an independent view of the church as a "sacred society" distinct from civil society, which was so crucial for the development of local churches as non-established entities outside England, and gave direct rise to the Catholic Revival and disestablishmentarianism within England. Functionally, Anglican episcopal authority is expressed synodically, although individual provinces may accord their primate with more or less authority to act independently. Called variously "synods," "councils," or "conventions," they meet under episcopal chairmanship. In many jurisdictions, conciliar resolutions that have been passed require episcopal assent or consent to take force. Seen in this way, Anglicans often speak of "the bishop-in-synod" as the force and authority of episcopal governance. Such conciliar authority extends to the standard areas of doctrine, discipline, and worship, but in these regards is limited by Anglicanism's tradition of the limits of authority. Those limits are expressed in Article XXI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, ratified in 1571 (significantly, just as the Council of Trent was drawing to a close), which held that "General Councils ... may err, and sometimes have erred ... wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture." Hence, Anglican jurisdictions have traditionally been conservative in their approach to either innovative doctrinal development or in encompassing actions of the church as doctrinal (see "lex orandi, lex credendi"). Anglican synodical government, though varied in expression, is characteristically representative. Provinces of the Anglican Communion, their ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses are governed by councils consisting not only of bishops, but also representatives of the presbyterate and laity. There is no international juridical authority in Anglicanism, although the tradition's common experience of episcopacy, symbolised by the historical link with the See of Canterbury, along with a common and complex liturgical tradition, has provided a measure of unity. This has been reinforced by the Lambeth Conferences of Anglican Communion bishops, which first met in 1867. These conferences, though they propose and pass resolutions, are strictly consultative, and the intent of the resolutions is to provide guideposts for Anglican jurisdictions—not direction. The Conferences also express the function of the episcopate to demonstrate the ecumenical and catholic nature of the church. The Scottish Episcopal Church traces its history back to the origins of Christianity in Scotland. Following the 1560 Scottish Reformation the Church of Scotland was initially run by Superintendents, episcopal governance was restored in 1572, but episcopalianism alternated with periods when the Kirk was under presbyterian control until the 1711 Act allowed formation of the independent non-established Scottish Episcopal Church. The Nonjuring schism led to the British Government imposing penal laws against the church. In 1784 the Scottish church appointed Samuel Seabury as first bishop of the American Episcopal Church, beginning the worldwide Anglican Communion of churches, and in 1792 the penal laws were abolished. The church accepted the articles of the Church of England in 1804. The spread of increasingly democratic forms of representative governance has its origin in the formation of the first General Conventions of the American Episcopal Church in the 1780s, which established a "House of Bishops" and a "House of Deputies". In many jurisdictions, there is also a third, clerical House. Resolutions may be voted on jointly or by each House, in the latter case requiring passage in all Houses to be adopted by the particular council. Churches that are members of the Anglican Communion are episcopal churches in polity, and some are named "Episcopal". However, some churches that self-identify as Anglican do not belong to the Anglican Communion, and not all episcopally-governed churches are Anglican. The Roman Catholic Church, the Old Catholic Churches (in full communion with, but not members of, the Anglican Communion), and the Eastern Orthodox churches are recognized, and also their bishops, by Anglicans. American Methodist churches. As an offshoot of Anglicanism, Methodist churches often use episcopal polity for historical as well as practical reasons, albeit to limited use. Methodists often use the term "connexionalism" or "connexional polity" in addition to "episcopal". Nevertheless, the powers of the Methodist episcopacy can be relatively strong and wide-reaching compared to traditional conceptions of episcopal polity. For example, in the United Methodist Church, bishops are elected for life, can serve up to two terms in a specific conference (three if special permission is given), are responsible for ordaining and appointing clergy to pastor churches, perform many administrative duties, preside at the annual sessions of the regional Conferences and at the quadrennial meeting of the worldwide General Conference, have authority for teaching and leading the church on matters of social and doctrinal import, and serve to represent the denomination in ecumenical gatherings. United Methodist bishops in the United States serve in their appointed conferences, being moved to a new "Episcopal Area" after 8 (or 12) years, until their mandated retirement at the end of the quadrennium following their sixty-sixth birthday. British Methodism holds that all ordained ministers are equal in terms of spirituality. However, for practical management lines are drawn into President of Conference, Chair of District, Superintendent Minister, Minister. However, all are ministers. Episcopal government in other denominations. The Reformed Church of Hungary and the Lutheran churches in continental Europe may sometimes be called "episcopal". In these latter cases, the form of government is not radically different from the presbyterian form, except that their councils of bishops have hierarchical jurisdiction over the local ruling bodies to a greater extent than in most Presbyterian and other Reformed churches. As mentioned, the Lutheran Church in Sweden and Finland are exceptions, claiming apostolic succession in a pattern somewhat like the Anglican churches. Otherwise, forms of polity are not mandated in the Lutheran churches, as it is not regarded as having doctrinal significance. Old World Lutheranism, for historical reasons, has tended to adopt Erastian theories of episcopal authority (by which church authority is to a limited extent sanctioned by secular government). In the United States, the Lutheran churches tend to adopt a form of government that grants congregations more independence, but ultimately has an episcopal structure. A small minority of Episcopal Baptists exists. Most Anabaptist churches of the plain dress tradition follow an episcopal system, at least in name. Congregational governance is strongly emphasized, and each congregation elects its pastor. Bishops enforce inter-congregational unity and may discipline pastors for breaking from traditional norms. Although it never uses the term, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is episcopal, rather than presbyterian or congregational, in the sense that it has a strict hierarchy of leadership from the local bishop/branch president up to a single prophet/president, believed to be personally authorized and guided by Jesus Christ. Local congregations (branches, wards, and stakes) have "de jure" boundaries by which members are allocated, and membership records are centralized. This system developed gradually from a more presbyterian polity (Joseph Smith's original title in 1830 was "First Elder") for pragmatic and doctrinal reasons, reaching a full episcopacy during the Nauvoo period (1839–1846). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

episcopal rajneeti episcopal rajneeti hoise girja xaxonor ek kromobordhito rup ("girja xombondhiyo rajneeti") zo 'too mukhyo sthaniyo kortritwoxomuhok bixop buli kuwa hoy. ("bixop" xobdotu britis letin aaru oslil letin xobdo "* abiscopus"/"* biskupas" ror joriyote udbhob hoise, prasin greek "episcopus" ror poraa, jaar ortho hoise "odhyokhyo".) ee bohutu prodhan khristan girja aaru xomprodayor dwara byobohrito gathoni, jene ketholik, pubo orthodox, prasyo orthodox, pubor girja, inglis, lutheran aaru poddhotibadi girja baa xomproday, aaru onyanyo girja ei bongxor poraa swadhinbhabe protistha koraa hoisil. episcopal rajneeti thoka girjabur bixopor dwara porisalito hoy, daay "sis aaru xonmilon baa sinadxomuhot teulukor kortritwo onuxilon kore. teulukor netritwo xongoskoronmulok aaru xangbidhanik ubhoy dhoronor; logote porisalona, nischitokoron aaru obhixek xompadon korar logote bixope sthaniyo ektiyar bhitorot poriyalor uporot nirikhyon kore aaru dhormoniropekhyo gathoni aaru girjar podanukrom duyutare protinidhi. bixopxokolok jisur barjon preritor poraa ek obischinno, byoktigoto prerito uttoradhikaror poraa teulukor kortritwo laabh koraa buli gonyo koraa hoy. ene kortritwo thoka bixopxokole oitihaxik episcopate baa oitihaxik episcopatok protinidhitwo kore buli kuwa hoy. ei dhoronor sorkaror girjabure xadharonote biswax kore je notun niyomot bornona koraa onuxori girjaburok episcopal sorkaror proyujon (1 timuthi 3 aaru 2 timuthi 1 sauk). kisuman pronalit, bixopxokol uscho podor odhisthito bixopxokolor (poromporar uporot nirbhor kori bibhinnobhabe aarsobixop, mohanogori baa puruxpurux buli kuwa hoy) ximito upayere odhin hoh 'bob paare. teuluke porixod baa sinadotu milito hoy. ei xomawexbur, uscho podor bixopxokolor dwara rastropotir bixoy hoi, xadharonote guruttopurno xiddhanto loy, jodiu chinad baa porixod xompurnorupe poramorxomulok hoh 'bob paare. protisthanik khristan dhormor besibhag likhito itihaxor baabe, episcopal sorkar aasil girja xongothonor ekmatro gyat rup. xongskaror xomoyot ee xoloni hoisil. bohutu protestent girja etiya mondoli baa presbyterian girja rajyor dwara xongothito hoy, duyutai john kelvinor lekhar poraa aahise, ejon protestent xongoskarok jiye martin lutharor posixta thisixor dwara probhabito ketholik girjar xoite bisinno huwar pisot swadhinbhabe kaam korisil aaru likhisil. obosye kisuman luke xongskaror aagote episcopal rajneetir uporot bitorko korise, jene soturtho xotikat arius owo sebasto. episcopal girjar xongkhipto biboron. episcopal" xobdotur xongyat khristan poromporar maajot bhinnota aase. bortoman xomoyot episcopal girjar maajot sorkari nitixomuhor xukhmo parthokyo aase. kichu porimane episcopal girjar prithokikoronor xondhan koribo paari iklixiyo "lojir ei parthokyoburor poraa, orthat girja aaru girjar xaxonor bixoye teulukor dhormiyo buja. kisumanor baabe, "episcopal girja" hoise girja jiye bixopor ek podanukrom byobohar kore jixokole ek obischinno, byoktigoto apostolic uttoradhikar hisape sinakto kore. "episcopal" xadharonote bibhinno projatir xangothonik gathonir maajot parthokyo koriboloiu byobohar koraa hoy. udahoronsworupe, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) nirbasito jyesthoxokolor bidhanxobhar podanukromor dwara porisalito etaa girzak bornona koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy, jaak presbyterian rajneeti buli kuwa hoy. ekedore, bixopor dwara porisalito girzak bornona koriboloi "episcopal" byobohar koraa hoy. praptoboyosko baa bixopor dwara porisalito nuhuwa swo-xaxito sthaniyo mondolixomuhok xadharonote "mondolimulok" buli bornona koraa hoy. odhik bixexbhabe, "episcopal" naamor capitalised epilation oitihaxikbhabe inglisbad ("episcopalianism") ror bhitorot aadharito keibatau girjat proyug koraa hoy, jaar bhitorot aase etiyau englandor girjar xoite xomporko thoka girja. ei xongyaxomuh byobohar kori, nirdisto episcopal girjar udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aaseh kisuman lutheran girjai mondoligot rajneeti baa presbyterian rajneetir ek prokar onuxilon kore. girja owo suidenoke dhori aanxokole episcopal rajneetir onuxilon kore; girja owo suideneu iyar bixopok oitihaxik episcopator bhitorot gonyo kore. kisuman aamerikan lutheran girjar khetrotu eituwei hoy, jene inglu-lutheran ketholik girja, lutheran orthodox girja, lutheran girja-antohrastriyo, aaru lutheran episcopal communion. bohutu poddhotibadi girjai (aanburor bhitorot united methodist girjai) episcopal rajneetir rup aaru karjyo bojai rakhise, jodiu ek poribortito rupot, jaak xongzugbad buli kuwa hoy. jihetu xokoluwe teulukor nijukti ejon inglis puruhito john wesolir usorot bisari paay, xeyehe xadharonote teulukor bixope opostolic uttoradhikarot bhag noloy buli gonyo koraa hoy. obosye, united methodistxokole nischito kore je teulukor bixope oitihaxik episcopateot ongxogrohon kore. itihax. philipianxokololoi likha potrot, rumor clement aaru didase girjar xaxon byowosthar bixoye kotha kuwar xomoyot, "bixop aaru dicon" ror ullekh kore, "presbiter" xobdotu baad diye, jitu kisumane jukti diye je prothom xotikat etiyau presbiter-bixopor maajot kunu parthokyo nasil. itimodhye dwitiyo xotikar aarombhonite antiok likhonir ignaciuse bixop aaru presbyteror ek sposto parthokyo prokax kore, orthat teur potroxomuhe dekhuway je teur xomoyoloike itimodhye episcopal byowostha bidyoman aasil. obosye bart erohmene iyak guruttopurno buli bibesona kore je ignaciuse rumanxokolok likha potrot ketiyau rumot ejon bixopor ullekh koraa nasil. pisoloi tertulianeu presbiter aaru bixopok prithok karzaloy hisape oti spostobhabe prithok kore, ireniuse bixopor uttoradhikaror talika prostut korisil, jodiu prarombhik girjar pitrixokole toiyar koraa bixop uttoradhikaror talika otyonto birudhi. dwitiyo xotikar bhitorot ene dekha yaay je episcopal byowostha khristanxokolor maajot xongkhyagoristho, xarbojonin dristibhongi hoi porisil. aanoki nobojatok aaru dandatar dore bibhedmulok xomprodayxomuheu episcopal pronali byobohar koribo. episcopal byowosthar biruddhe protidondita koraa aaru nijor xomproday aarombho koraa arius owo sebastor baahire. jerume koichil je girjabur mulotoh presbyteror etaa gutor dwara porisalito hoisil kintu kewol pisot girjaxomuhe bibhed domon koriboloi bixopok nirbason korar xiddhanto loisil. ketholik girja. ketholik girjar etaa episcopate aase, zo 'too pup, ji hoise rumor bixop, xirxot aase. ketholik girjai bibesona kore je girjar uporot aainee nirikhyon manuhor poraa udbhob huwa ek xokti nohoy, boroncho kothurbhabe khristor kortritwor poraa, jitu teur barjon preritok diya hoisil. rumor drishyo, saintor poraa owotoron koraa opostolic kortritwor obischinno rekha hisape. pitter ("rajkumar aaru preritoxokolor murobbi"), bixopxokolor mohabidyaloyor maajot aaru xeyehe xomogro biswor sthaniyo girjar maajot ek drishyoman sinho aaru xompritir xojuli. biswobyapi bixop mohabidyaloyor xoite xongzug sthapon kori, pupor xomogro girjar uporot xokolu boidho aainee aaru xikhyok kortritwo aase. khristoi ei kortritwo centok disil. powitro aatmar xoktir dwara, opustolxokolor poraa bixopxokololoi haat raakhi, obisinnobhabe ekerahe pitter aaru preritoxokol etaa projonmor poraa poroborti projonmoloi xongkromito hoy. pubo orthodox girja. pubo orthodox girjat episcopal sorkaror mimangxamulok dharona obyahot aase. pubor gura dhormot, xokolu autochephalus primatexokolok khristor sariufale xamuhikbhabe ekotrito huwa hisape dekha yaay, aan aarsobixop aaru bixopxokole teulukor sariufale ekotrito hoy, ityadi. rumor pupor xoite tulona koribo porakoi eksetiya kortritwo thoka kunu ekok primate naai. obosye, constantinupolor (bortoman istanbul) puruxxokolok pubor rothador dhormor swo-prosolito girjar "primus inter parch", "xomanxokolor bhitorot prothom" hisape dekha yaay. prasyor orthodox girja. prasyor orthodox girjabure opostolic uttoradhikar aaru episcopal sorkaror dharonaburok nischito kore. protitu rastriyo girjar bhitorot, bixope ek pobitro chinad gothon kore jaar odhinotu pitriprodhanu hoy. siriyak orthodox girjai iyar opostolic uttoradhikar sintoloi bisari paay. pitare aaru antiokok saintor mool drishyo hisape swikriti diye. pitter. armenian apostolic girjai iyar bongxor xondhan rastropoti bartholmeur poraa laabh kore. bharotiyo orthodox girjai iyar bongxor xondhan preron kore prerito thomasor poraa. ponchom xotikat ethiopian orthodox girjai coptic orthodox girjar joriyote iyar uttoradhikar laabh korisil. greek aaru coptic orthodox girjaxomuhe protyekei alekjendriyar nijor pup (alekjendriya aaru xomogro africar pup aaru purux, aaru alekjendriyar coptic orthodox girjar pup) koo swikriti diye, jaar duyujone teulukor opostolic uttoradhikarok dhormoprosarokor sinhor aakritir poraa bisari paay. ei prasin bhangon niramoyor baabe xehotiya xomoyot sorkari, soli thoka prochesta aase. itimodhye, duyujone ijone xijonor baptismo, crismession aaru bibahok sinakto kore, jaar folot antohbibah bohut xohoj hoi pore. pubor girja. oitihaxikbhabe, pubor girjai iyar episcopal uttoradhikar sintoloi bisari paise. thomas dyo ep 'cho' lo. bortoman pubor asiarian girjar bixope iyar apostolic uttoradhikar bojai rakhise. inglis communion. bibhinno ruman ketholik aaru orthodox xomprodayor xoite tulona korar khetrot opostolic uttoradhikaror joriyote oitihaxik episcopator daabi koraa xongskar poromporar bhitorot inglisbad hoise ataitkoi bixisto. englisxokole englandor girjar bhitorot aaru taar joriyote saintoloi obischinno episcopal uttoradhikar daabi kore. kentarbarir augustin aaru britaineer prothom xotikar ruman prodexoloi. huitbir sinadot kisuman celtic khristan protha xoloni koraa hoisil jodiu britis dippunjor girjatu prasin kaalor porai pupor kortritwor odhinot aasil. henori VIII-ror aainkhone rumor poraa englandor girjar swadhinota protistha kori iyar xangbidhanik baa poxupalok gathoni xoloni koraa nasil. girjar bidyoman aainee gathonir joriyote rajokiyo aadhipotyo proyug koraa hoisil, jaar netaxokol bixop aasil. eidore episcopakik xongskarito "eklexiya inglisona" ror ek prodan hisape dekha goisil, aaru prasin aaru apostolic boidhotar proti protisthantur aabedonor ek bheti hisape dekha goisil. poriwortontu aasil je bixopxokolok etiya iyar projar adhyatmik sorkaror baabe mukutor montri hisape dekha goisil. ei budhgomyot rechard hukaror probhab ek bibortonor baabe guruttopurno aasil zo 'too bixopxokolok teulukor odhik poromporagot bhumikat dekha goisil jixokole presbyteret uttoradhikari khyomota prodan kore, presbyterxokolor baabe pastar hisape kaam kore, aaru bistrito girjar xondorbhot ek nirdisto xikhyon karzaloy raakhe. episcopal sorkartu "di jur dibhinu" (rojaxokolor oisworik odhikaror dwara) kenedore hoy xei bixoye inglis motamot prithok. efale, xoptodox xotikar oisworik john koo "chine koichil je episcopal kortritwo hoise" jur dibhinu ", kintu ee" apostolic onuxilon aaru girjar reeti-nitir poraa udbhob hoisil... khristo baa teur preritxokole ei bixoye diya xompurno niyom [nohoy] "(hukoreu etaa dristibhongi bojai rakhisil). iyar biporite, lencelot andrews aaru aanxokole dharona korisil je episcopal sorkar khristor poraa preritoxokolor joriyote udbhob hoise. obosye, duyupokhyoi episcopakik nirikhyonor opostolic karjyo bohon koraa hisape dekhisil zo 'too ubhoye ontorbhukto kore, aaru iyar poraa aahoron kore, aaru ee girjar xaxonor baabe mandondo. opostolic uttoradhikaror onuxilone duyutai girjar lokhyor boidhota nischito kore aaru xarbojonin girjar xoite sthaniyo girjar ekota, xompriti aaru dharabahikota protistha kore. ei gothonoi, iyar pholsworupe, girzak nagorik xomajor poraa prithok ek "powitro xomaj" hisape ek swadhin dristibhongir bheti sthapon korisil, ji englandor bahirot oh-protisthito xotta hisape sthaniyo girjar bikaxor baabe oti guruttopurno aasil, aaru englandor bhitorot ketholik punorujjibon aaru bischinnotabador proityokhyo jonmo disil. karjyokoribhabe, inglis episcopal kortritwo sinudikoli prokax koraa hoy, jodiu prithok prithok prodexxomuhe teulukor primator xoite komm besi porimane swadhinbhabe kaam korar kortritwo prodan koribo paare. bibhinno dhorone "chinad", "porixod" baa "convension" buli kuwa hoy, teuluke episcopal odhyokhyotat milito hoy. bohutu khetrot grihit huwa mimangxamulok prostawxomuh bolowot koriboloi episcopalor xonmoti baa xonmotir proyujon hoy. eidore dekha yaay, englisxokole praye "bixop-inn-sinod" koo episcopal proxaxonor xokti aaru kortritwo hisape koy. ene mimangxamulok kortritwo motobad, onuxaxon aaru upaxonar maanok khetroloi xomproxarito hoy, kintu ei khetrot inglisbador kortritwor ximar poromporar dwara ximabodho. xei ximabodhota dhormor unotirixota onuschedor onusched xi-too prokax koraa hoise, jitu 1571 sonot onumudit hoisil (ullekhjugyobhabe, trent porixodor xomaptir thik jenekoi hoisil), zo 'too "xadharon porixod" buli kuwa hoisil... hoyotu bhul hoh "bob paare, aaru ketiyaba bhul hoh" bob paare... xeyehe poritranor baabe proyujoniyo buli teuluke nirdharon koraa bostuburor kunu xokti baa kortritwo nathake, jodihe xeibur pobitro xastror poraa uliyai luwa hoise buli ghuxona koraa nohoy."xeyehe, inglis rajyokhyetroxomuh poromporagotobhabe udbhawonimulok motobadgot bikaxor proti teulukor dristibhongi baa girjar karzokolapburok motobad hisape xamori luwar khetrot rokhyonxil hoi aahise (" "lakes orandi, lakes credendy" "sauk). inglis sinudical sorkar jodiu obhibyoktito bibhinno, kintu boixistyogotobhabe protinidhitwo kore. inglis communionor prodex, teulukor girja xombondhiyo prodex aaru diochis kewol bixopore nohoy, presbyterate aaru xadharon lukor protinidhixokolere gothito porixodor dwara porisalito hoy. inglisbadot kunu antohrastriyo aainee kortritwo naai, jodiu poromporar xadharon obhigyota, kentarbarir drishyor xoite oitihaxik xongzugor dwara protik koraa, ek xadharon aaru jotil prothar poromporar logote, ekotar ek poriman prodan korise. 1867 sonot prothombaror baabe milito huwa inglis communion bixopxokolor lambeth xonmilonor dwara iyak xoktixali koraa hoise. jodiu ei xonmilonbure prostab aaru prostawxomuh grihit kore, tothapiu kothurbhabe poramorxomulok, aaru prostawxomuhor uddesyo hoise inglis ekhtoriksyonor baabe nirdexona prodan koraa-nirdexona nohoy. xonmilonxomuhe girjar acumenical aaru ketholik prokriti prodorxon koriboloi episk 'petor karjyou prokax kore. scotlandor episcopal girjai iyar itihax scotlandot khristan dhormor utpottir poraa bisari uliyaise. 1560 sonor sko 'tiss xongskaror pisot sko' tolendor girjatu prothomote odhikhyokxokolor dwara porisalito hoisil, 1572 sonot episcopal xaxon punoruddhar koraa hoisil, kintu 1711 sonor aain onuxori swadhin oh-protisthito sko 'tiss episcopal girja gothonor onumoti diya porjonto carc presbyterian niyontronot thoka xomoyor xoite episcopelianbad xoloni hoisil. oh-bisarmulok bibhedor folot britis sorkare girjar biruddhe xastimulok aain aarup korisil. 1784 sonot scotix girjai semuwel sibarik aamerikan episcopal girjar prothom bixop hisape nijukti disil, jaar folot biswojuri girjar inglis communion aarombho hoisil, aaru 1792 sonot dondomulok aain bilupto koraa hoisil. 1804 sonot girjai englandor girjar probondhoxomuh grohon korisil. protinidhitwomulok xaxonor bordhito gonotantrik rupor proxaror utpotti 1780-ror doxokot aamerikan episcopal girjar prothom xadharon xonmilon gothonor poraa hoisil, jiye "house owo bixop" aaru "house owo deput" protistha korisil. bohutu khetrot etaa tritiyo, clarical hausou aase. prostawxomuh jutiyabhabe baa protitu xodonor dwara bhutdan koribo paari, pisor khetrot xokolu xodonot bixex porixode grihit korar proyujon hoy. inglis communionor xodosyoxokolor girja hoise rajyot episcopal girja, aaru kisumanor naam "episcopal". obosye, kisuman girja ji nijoke inglis buli sinakto kore, xeibur inglis communionor ontorgoto nohoy, aaru xokolu episcopal-xaxito girja inglis nohoy. ruman ketholik girja, puroni ketholik girja (inglis communionor xodosyoxokolor xoite xompurno communionot nohoy), aaru pubo orthodox girja aaru teulukor bixopxokolok englisxokole swikriti diye. aamerikan poddhotibadi girja. inglisbador etaa xakha hisape, poddhotibadi girjabure praye oitihaxik aaru byowoharik karonot episcopal rajneeti byobohar kore, jodiu ximito byoboharot. poddhotibidxokole praye "episcopal" ror uporiu "xongzugbad" baa "xongzug rajneeti" xobdotu byobohar kore. tothapiu, episcopal rajneetir poromporagot dharonar tulnat poddhotibadi episcopaxir khyomota tulonamulokbhabe xoktixali aaru bistrito hoh 'bob paare. udahoronsworupe, united methodist girjat, bixopxokol aajiwon nirbasito hoy, etaa nirdisto xonmilonot dutaa karzokaloloike xewa aagborhabo paare (jodi bixex onumoti diya hoy tente tinita), pastar girjat parji nijukti aaru nijuktir baabe daybodho, bohutu proxaxonik kortobyo paalon kore, ancholik xonmilonor barxik odhibexonot xobhapotitwo kore aaru biswobyapi xadharon xonmilonor soturbarxik xobhat xobhapotitwo kore, xamajik aaru motobadgot gurutwor bixoyot girjar xikhyadan aaru netritwo diyar kortritwo aase, aaru acumenical xomawexot xomprodaituk protinidhitwo koriboloi xewa aagborhai. aamerika juktorastror united methodist bixope teulukor nijukto xonmilonot xewa aagborhai, 8 (baa 12) bosoror pisot etaa notun "episcopal onchol" loi sthanantorito koraa hoy, teulukor xaat-xostho jonmodinor pisot soturboixotro xexot teulukor badhyotamulok owoxoroloike. britis poddhotibador mote adhyatmikotar khetrot xokolu nijukto montri xoman. obosye, byowoharik byowosthaponar baabe xonmilonor xobhapoti, jilaar odhyokhyo, odhikhyok montri, montrir sthan luwa hoy. kintu xokolu montri. onyanyo xomprodayor episcopal sorkar. mohadexiyo europor hangarir xongskarito girja aaru lutheran girzak ketiyaba "episcopal" buli kuwa hoh 'bob paare. ei pisor khetroburot, sorkaror rup presbyterian rupor poraa moulikbhabe prithok nohoy, kewol teulukor bixop porixodor sthaniyo xaxok xongsthar uporot besibhag presbyterian aaru onyanyo xongskarito girjatkoi odhik porimane kromik odhikar aase. ullekh koraa onuxori, suiden aaru finlandor lutheran girja iyar byotikrom, jiye kichu porimane inglis girjar dore aarhito opostolic uttoradhikar daabi kore. onyotha, lutheran girjaxomuhot rajneetir rupxomuh badhyotamulok nohoy, kiyonu iyak motobadgot gurutwo thoka buli gonyo koraa nohoy. puroni biswor lutheranism, oitihaxik karonot, episcopal kortritwor irastian totwo grohon korar probonota dekhuwaise (jaar dwara girjar kortritwo ximito porimane dhormoniropekhyo sorkaror dwara onumudit). aamerika juktorastrot lutharan girjabure mondolibador xoite odhik tuloniyo sorkaror etaa rup grohon korar probonota dekhuway. episcopal baptistoxokolor ek xoru xongkhyaloghu aase. xadharon puchak poromporar besibhag anabuptist girjai ontotoh naamot episcopal pronali onuxoron kore. mondoliyo xaxonor uporot gurutwo diya hoy, aaru protitu mondoliye nijor dhormojajok nirbason kore. bixope aantoh-congressio ekota bolbot kore aaru poromporagot niyom bhongo korar baabe partorxokolok sringkholabodho koribo paare. jodiu ee ketiyau ei xobdotu byobohar nokore, pisor dinor xadhuxokolor jisu khristor girja (lds girja) hoise presbyterian baa mondolir poriworte episcopal, ei orthot je iyar sthaniyo bixop/xakhar xobhapotir poraa ekok protinidhi/rastropotiloi netritwor ek kothur podanukrom aase, ji jisu khristor dwara byoktigotobhabe onumudit aaru nirdexito buli biswax koraa hoy. sthaniyo mondolixomuhor (xakha, ward aaru stake) "di jur" xeema thaake jaar dwara xodosyoxokolok aabonton koraa hoy, aaru xodosyopodor tothyo kendribhut koraa hoy. ei byowosthatu kromanwoye odhik presbyterian rajneetir poraa bikoxito hoisil (1830 sonot juxef smithor mool upadhi aasil "prothom jyestho") byowoharik aaru motobadgot karonot, noo 'bhu jugot (1839-1846) ek xompurno episcopat uponeet hoisil.

episcopal rajneeti episcopal polity holl girjar shasoner ekti shreniboddho roop ("girjar rajneeti") jekhane prodhan sthaniya kortripokkhoke bishop bolla hoy. ("bishop" shobdoti eseche, british lattin ebong ashleel lattin shobdo "* abiscopus"/"* biscopus" theke, prachin greek "episcopes" theke jaar ortho "adhyakkha".) etty onek prodhan khristan girja ebong sampradai dwara byabohrito kathamo, jemon catholic, purbo gonda, prachyer gonda, purber girja, ingrez, lutheran ebong poddhotibadi girja baa sampradai ebong anyanno girja eyi bongsho theke swadhinbhabe protisthito. episcopal rajneeti soho girjaguli bishop dwara porichalito hoy, dioces ebong sommelon baa synday taader kortripokkho anushilan korey. taader netritto dharmiya ebong sangbidhanik ubhayi; pashapashi ordination, nischitkaran ebong abhishek sampadan korey, bishop sthaniya ekhtiar modhye padrider tadarki corren ebong dhormoniropekkho kathamo ebong girjar shrenibinnas ubhoyeri protinidhi. bishopoder jishur barro john preriter kachh theke ekti abichchinno, byaktigato prerito uttoradhikar theke taader kortritto orjon koraa boley money koraa hoy. eyi dharaner kortritter sange bishopoder oitihasik episcopate baa oitihasik episcopater protinidhitto korey boley money koraa hoy. eyi dharaner sarkarer saathe girjaguli sadharonoto biswas korey jey notun niyame bornito hisabe girjar episcopal sarkarer prayojan (1 timothi 3 ebong 2 timothi 1 dekhun). kichhu byabasthai, bishopra uchcho podey adhisthito bishoper (oitijhyer upor nirbhar korey bibhinnobhabe archbishop, mahanagar baa pitripurush bolla hoy) seemit upaye sapekkhe hotey paare. taaraa porishod baa dharmasabhar boithokeo milit hoy. eyi samabeshguli, uchchotoro podomorjadar bishopoder dwara presidency sapekkhe, sadharonoto guruttopurno siddhanta neyo, jodio dharmasabha baa council bishuddhobhabe poramorshomuloko hotey paare. pratisthanik khristodhormer beshirbhag likhito itihase, girja sangathaner ekmatro porichito roop chhilo episcopal sarkar. sangoskarer somoy etty poribortito hoy. onek protestant girja ekhon mandali baa presbyterian girjar rajneeti dwara sangathito hoy, ubhayi john calviner lekha theke udbhuto, jini ekjon protestant sangoskarak jini martin luther panchanabbaiti thissis dwara udbhuto catholic girjar saathe bichcheder porey swadhinbhabe kaaj ebong lekhen. tobey kichhu looka sangoskarer agey episcopal rashtrobyabosthar bishoye bitorko korechen, jemon 4rtho shotabdite arius off sebest. episcopal girjar sangkhipto biboron. episcopal" shobder sangyay khristan oitijhyer modhye boichitro royeche. bortoman somoye episcopal girjar modhye sarkari nitite sukkho parthokyo royeche. kichhu porimane episcopal girjar prithokikoroner kaaron holl upodeshkobidyar eyi parthokyo, arthat girja ebong girjar shasson somporke taader dhormotattik bodhgamyata. carro carro kachhe, "episcopal girja" holl emon girja jaa bishoper ekti shrenibinnas byabohar korey jaaraa ekti abichchinno, byaktigato prerito uttoradhikar hisabe chinnito korey. "episcopal" sadharonoto bivinno sampradayer sangathanik kathamor modhye parthokyo korte byabohrito hoy. udahoronsorup, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) nirbachito probinder somabesher shrenibinnas dwara porichalito ekti girja bornona korte byabohrito hoy, jaa presbyterian rajneeti hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. ekibhabe, bishop dwara porichalito ekti girjar bornona ditey "episcopal" byabohar koraa hoy. probin baa bishopoder dwara shasito swa-shasito sthaniya mondoligulike sadharonoto "mandalimulak" hisabe bornona koraa hoy. arow sunirdishtobhabe, "episcopal" upadhiti oitihasikbhabe ingrezibad ("episcopalianism") vittik besh koyekti girjar khettre prayog koraa hoy, jaar modhye ekhono church off englander saathe jogajog royeche. eyi sangyaguli byabohar korey, nirdishto episcopal girjar udahorongulir modhye royeche kichhu lutheran girja mandaliya rajneeti baa presbyterian rajneetir ekti roop anushilan korey. suidener girja soho annannora episcopal rajneeti anushilan korey; suidener girjao oitihasik episcopater modhye taar bishopoder ganana korey. kichhu american lutheran girjar khettreo etty ghote, jemon anglo-lutheran catholic girja, lutheran orthodox girja, lutheran girja-antorjatik ebong lutheran episcopal communion. onek poddhotibadi girja (annannoder modhye united methodist girja) episcopal rashtronitir roop ebong karjokarita bojay rakhe, jodio ekti poribortito akare, jaake sangjogbad bolla hoy. jehetu sokolei ekjon ingrez purohito john oyeslir kachhe taader niyoger sandhan paan, taai sadharonoto money koraa hoy jey taader bishopra prerito uttoradhikarer angshidar nonn. tobey, oikyoboddho poddhotibidra nischito korechen jey taader bishopra oitihasik dhormoprocharer angshidar. itihas. phillipioder kachhe lekha chitthite prerito poll, roam oo didacher clement churcher shasson byabostha somporke kotha bolar somoy, "bishop ebong dicon" ullekh korechen, "presbyter" shobdoti baad diye, jaa keu keu jukti dekhiyechen jey prothom shotabdite ekhono konao presbyter-bishop parthokyo chhilo naa. itimadhye dwitiya shatabdir godar dike antiochier lekhar ignasius bishop ebong presbyterder modhye ekti sposhto parthokyo korey, jaar ortho taanr chitthiguli dekhay jey taanr somoyer modhye ekti episcopal byabostha itimadhye vidyaman chhilo. tobey bart erman etike tatporjopurno hisabe dekhen jey ignasius romander kachhe taar chitthite romey konao bishoper ullekh korenni. poreo tertullian khub sposhtobhabe presbyter ebong bishopoder ekti prithak offices hisabe alada korechen, ireneus bishopoder uttoradhikarer talika toiri korechen, jodio prathomik girjar pitader dwara toiri bishop uttoradhikarer talika atyanta porosporbirodhi. dwitiya shatabdir modhye money hoy jey, episcopal byabostha khristander modhye sankhyagarishtha, sorbojonin drishtibhongite porinoto hoyechilo. emonki nobagoto ebong danshilder moto vishmayavadi sampradaygulio episcopal byabostha byabohar koroto. sebaster arius chhada, jini episcopal byabosthar biruddhe ladai korechilen ebong nijer sampradai shuru korechilen. jerom bolechilen jey girjaguli mulat ekodol presbyter dwara porichalito hoto tobey porey girjaguli bived domon korar jonno bishop nirbachan korar siddhanta neyo. catholic girja. catholic girjar ekti dharmasabha royeche, jaar shirshe pope, jini romer bishop. catholic girja money korey jey girjar upor aainee tadarki emon konao shakti noy jaa manusher kachh theke udbhuto hoy, tobey kathorbhabe khrister kortritto theke, jaa taanr barro john preritke deoa hoyechilo. romke dekhun, seenta theke abotoronkari prerito kortritter abichchinno line hisabe. pitter ("preritder rajkumar ebong prodhan"), bishopoder colleger modhye ebong taai vishwajude sthaniya girjar modhyeo ekti drishyoman chinno ebong sampreetir jontro. bishopoder bishwobyapi colleger saathe mill rekhe, somogro girjar upor poper samasta boidho aainee ebong shikkhadaner kortritto royeche. khrishto sentke eyi kortritto diyechilen. pobitro atmar shaktir dwara, preritder kachh theke bishopoder haate haat deoar madhyome, abichchinnobhabe pitter ebong preritora eka projonmo theke onno projonme sthanantorito hoy. purbo gonda girja. purber gonda girja episcopal sarkarer samajhotamulak dharona abyahoto royeche. purbo gonda dhorme, samasta autocephalus primateder khrister charpashe ekotrito hotey dekha yaay, anyanno archbishop ebong bishopra taader charpashe joro hoy ityadi. romey poper saathe tuloniyo ekchetia kortritto soho konao ekok primate nei. zaihok, constantinopler (bortomane istanbul) pitritantrake "primus inter peres" hisabe dekha hoy, jaa purbo gonda dhormer autocephalus girjar "somander modhye prothom". prachyer gonda girja. prachyer gonda girjaguli prerito uttoradhikar ebong episcopal sarkarer dharonaguli nischito korey. protiti jatiya girjar modhye, bishopra ekti pobitro upasonaloy gathon corren jaar adheen emonki kulpatirao thaken. siriya orthodox girja seenta err kachhe taar prerito uttoradhikarer sandhan korey. pitter ebong center mool drishya hisabe antioke swikriti deyo. pitter. armenian apostolic girjati prerito bertholomeu theke taar bongshodhorder sandhan korey. bharatiya gonda girjati prerito thomaser bongshodhor. pancham shotabdite coptic orthodox girjar madhyome ethiopian orthodox girja uttoradhikarer line peyechilo. greek ebong coptic orthodox girjaguli prottekei taader nijaswa alekjandria popke (alekjandria ebong somogro africar pope ebong kulpati ebong jothakrome alekjandria coptic orthodox girjar pope) swikriti deyo, jaader ubhoyeri dhormoprocharokke chinnito korey taader prerito uttoradhikarer chinno pawa yaay. samprotik somoye eyi prachin langghan niramoyer jonno anusthanik, chalman prochesta royeche. itimodhyei, dujone eke oporer baptismo, khristodhormo ebong bibahke swikriti deyo, jaa antohbibahke onek sahaj korey toley. purber girja. oitihasikbhabe, purber girjati seenta err kachhe taar episcopal uttoradhikarer sandhan koreche. prerito thomas. bortomane purber assyrian girjar bishopra taar prerito uttoradhikar bojay rekhechen. ingrez sampradai. bivinno roman catholic ebong gonda sampradayer saathe tuloniyo dick theke prerito uttoradhikarer madhyome oitihasik dhormoprocharer daabi korar jonno sangoskar oitijhyer modhye ingrezibad sabcheye bishishto. ingrezra church off englande ebong seenta angels porjonto abichchinno episcopal uttoradhikar daabi korey. canterbury augustin ebong prothom shatabdir roman pradesh britania. jodio whitebir dhormosobhai kichhu celtic khristan protha poriborton koraa hoyechilo, british dweeppunjer girjati prachinkal thekei poper kortritter adhine chhilo. henry VIII-err aain karjokorbhabe roam theke englander girjar swadhinota protistha korey err sangbidhanik baa jajok kathamoke poriborton koreni. girjar vidyaman aini kathamor madhyome rajakiya adhipatya prayog koraa hoto, jaar netara chhilen bishop. eibhabe, dhormo-procharke sangoskarkrito "eklesia anglicana"-rawr ekti prodotto ongsho ebong prachin oo prerito boidhota somporke protisthaner abedoner ekti vitti hisabe dekha hoto. jaa poribortito hoyechilo taa holl bishopoder ekhon taar prajader adhyattik sarkarer jonno mukuter montri hisabe dekha hoto. richarda hooker prabhab eyi bojhar bibortoner jonno atyanta guruttopurno chhilo, jekhane bishopoder taader arow oitijjobahi bhumikai dekha jete thaake, jaaraa presbyterate uttoradhikarsutre prapto khomota arpan korey, presbyterder jajok hisabe kaaj korey ebong brihottor girjar khettre ekti nirdishto shikkhadaner karjaloy dharon korey. episcopal sarkar kibhabe "dii jurie divino" (rajader oissorik adhikar dwara) hoy seey somporke ingrezder motamot vinno. ekodike, saptadash shatabdir oissorik, john cosin, money korechilen jey episcopal kortritto holl "jurie divino", tobey etty "prerito anushilan ebong girjar ritiniti theke udbhuto... [naa] porom niyam jaa khrishto baa taanr preritora etty somporke diyechilen "(ekti drishtibhongi jaa hooker dwarao bojay rakha hoyechilo). err biporite, lancellot andrus ebong annannora money korten jey, episcopal sarkar preritder madhyome khrister kachh theke udbhuto hoy. nirbisheshe, ubhoy pokkhoi dhormo-birodhitake tottabodhaner prerito karjo bohonkari hisabe dekhechilo jaa ubhayi antarbhukta ebong theke udbhuto, samanwaya khomota, ebong girjar shasoner jonno adarshik. prerito uttoradhikarer anushilan ubhayi girjar missioner boidhota nischito korey ebong sarbojonin girjar saathe sthaniya girjar oikyo, sampradai ebong dharabahikata protistha korey. eyi sutroti, nagrik samaj theke prithak ekti "pobitro samaj" hisabe girjar ekti swadhin drishtibhongir vitti sthapon korechilo, jaa englander baire aaa-protisthito sotta hisabe sthaniya girjar bikasher jonno etotai guruttopurno chhilo ebong sarasari englander modhye catholic punarujjiban oo bichchinnotar jonmo diyechilo. karjokoribhabe, ingrez episcopal kortritto sinodikbhabe prakash koraa hoy, jodio prithak prodeshguli taader primateke swadhinbhabe kaaj korar jonno kambeshi kortritto ditey paare. bibhinnobhabe "sinned", "council" baa "convention" naame porichito, taaraa episcopaler sovapotitte milit hoy. onek bicharbyabosthai, jey samajhota prostabguli pusses koraa hoyeche segulir karjokor korar jonno episcopal sammati baa sammati prayojan. eibhabe dekhle, ingrezra prayashai "bishop-inn-synode" keey episcopal proshashoner shakti ebong kortritto hisabe boley. eyi dharaner samajhota kortritto motobad, srinkhala ebong upasonar manok khetrogulite prosarito, tobey eyi khettre kortritter seamer ingrezibader oitijhyo dwara seemaboddho. eyi simabaddhata dhormer unotrishti dharar xi anuchchede prakash koraa hoyeche, jaa 1571 saale onumodito hoyechilo (ullekhjoggobhabe, jemon trent council shesh hotey jachchilo), jaa bolechilo jey "sadharan porishod"... bhul hotey paare, ebong kokhono kokhono bhulo hotey paare... ataeb, poritraner jonno prayojaniya hisabe taader dwara nirdharito jinisgulir konao shakti baa kortritto nei, jodi naa etty ghoshana koraa hoy jey seguli pobitro dhormogrontho theke neoa hoyeche."taai, ingrez bicharbyabostha oitijjogotobhabe udbhaboni motobadgoto bikasher khettre baa motobad hisabe girjar kriyakalapgulike antarbhukta korar khettre rakkhanshil hoyeche (" "lakes orandi, lakes credendy" "dekhun). ingrez sinodical sarkar, jodio abhibyaktite boichitromoy, tobey choritrogotobhabe protinidhittomulok. ingrez sampradayer pradesh, taader girjar pradesh ebong diocessguli cable bishopoder noy, borong presbyterate ebong sadharan manusher protinidhider niye gothito porishod dwara porichalito hoy. ingrezibade konao antorjatik aainee kortritto nei, jodio oitijhyer sadharan obhiggota, canterbury dekhar saathe oitihasik sangjoger protik, ekti sadharan ebong jotil dharmiya oitijhyer saathe, oikyer ekti porimap pradan koreche. 1867 saale prothom boithok haoya ingrez sampradai bishopoder lambeth sammelanguli etike arow zordar koreche. jodio eyi sammelanguli prostab deyo ebong prostabguli pusses korey, tobey kathorbhabe poramorshomulok ebong prostabgulir uddeshya holl ingrez ekhtiar jonno nirdeshika pradan koraa-nirdeshona noy. sammelanguli girjar bishwojonin ebong catholic prokriti prodorshoner jonno dhormoprocharker kaajo prakash korey. scottish episcopal girja taar itihas scotlande khristodhormer utpotti theke khunje paay. 1560 khristabder scottish sangoskarer porr scotlander girja prathomikbhabe tottabodhayokder dwara porichalito hoyechilo, 1572 khristabde episcopal shasson punoruddhar koraa hoyechilo, kintu 1711 khristabder aain swadhin aaa-protisthito scottish episcopal girja gathoner anumati naa deoa porjonto episcopalianism porjaykrome poribortito hoyechilo jokhon kirk presbyterian niyantrane chhilo. aaa-bicharmulok bived british sarkarke girjar biruddhe shastimulok aain arop korte porichalito korey. 1784 saale scottish girja samuel sibari keey american episcopal girjar prothom bishop hisabe nijukto korey, jaa girjar bishwobyapi ingrez sampradai shuru korey ebong 1792 saale shastimulok aain bilupto koraa hoy. 1804 saale church off englander nibondhoguli grohon korey. 1780-err doshke american episcopal girjar prothom sadharan sommelon gathoner madhyome protinidhittomulok proshashoner kromobordhoman ganotantrik rooper bistarer sutropat hoy, jaa ekti "house off bishop" ebong ekti "house off deputis" protistha korey. onek ekhtiare, ekti tritiya, dharmiya sabhao royeche. prostabguli jouthobhabe baa protiti house dwara bhot deoa jete paare, porer khettre samasta housey pusses korar prayojan hoy nirdishto council dwara grihito. jey girjaguli anglican sampradayer sadasya, seguli holl rashtrer episcopal girja ebong kichhu girja "episcopal" naame porichito. tobey, kichhu girja jaa ingrez hisabe swa-porichoy deyo taa ingrez sampradayer ontorgoto noy ebong samasta dhormo-shasito girja ingrez noy. roman catholic girja, purano catholic girja (ingrez sampradayer sadasyader saathe sampurna sangjoge noy) ebong purbo gonda girjaguli ebong taader bishopodero ingrezra swikriti deyo. american poddhotibadi girja. ingrezibader ekti shakha hisabe, poddhotibadi girjaguli prayashai oitihasik ebong byaboharik karone episcopal rajneeti byabohar korey, jodio seemit byaboharer jonno. poddhotibidra prayashai "episcopal" chharao "sangjogbad" baa "sangjogmulak rajneeti" shobdoti byabohar corren. taa sotteo, dhormoprocharok rashtrotontrer oitijjobahi dharonar tulna poddhotibadi dhormoprocharer khomota tulonamulokbhabe shaktishali ebong bistrito hotey paare. udahoronsorup, united methodist girja, bishopoder ajibon nirbachito koraa hoy, ekti nirdishto sommelone dui meyade (tinti bishesh anumati deoa holey) kaaj korte paare, jajok girja padri niyog oo niyoger jonno dayabaddha, onek proshashonik dayitto palon korey, anchalik sommeloner barshik adhibeshone sovapotitto korey ebong bishwobyapi sadharan sommeloner chaturbhuj sabhay sovapotitto korey, samajik oo motobadgoto vishaygulite girjar shikkhadan oo netritto deoar kortritto royeche ebong acumenical somabeshe sampradaytir protinidhitto korar jonno kaaj korey. markin juktorashtre united methodist bishopra taader nijukto sommelone kaaj corren, 8 (baa 12) bochor porey ekti notun "episcopal elaka" sthanantorito hohn, jotokkhon naa taader shatotomo jonmodiner porey chaturbhuj sheshe taader badhyotamulok abosar grohon koraa hoy. british poddhotibader motey, adhyattikotar dick theke samasta nijukto montri soman. tobey, byaboharik byabosthaponar jonno sommeloner sabhapati, jelara sabhapati, tottabodhayok montri, montrike beche neoa hoy. tobey, taanra sobai montri. anyanno sampradaye episcopal sarkar. hangari sangoskar koraa girja ebong mahadeshiya europer lutheran girjagulike kokhono kokhono "episcopal" bolla jete paare. eyi poroborti khettre, sarkarer rupti presbyterian rooper theke amul alada noy, tobey taader bishopoder councilgulir beshirbhag presbyterian ebong anyanno sangoskarkrito girjar tulna sthaniya shasok sangosthagulir upor shreniboddho ekhtiar royeche. jemon ullekh koraa hoyeche, suiden ebong finlander lutharan girja byatikram, jaa kichuta ingrez girjar moto patterney prerito uttoradhikar daabi korey. onnothai, lutheran girjagulite rashtrobyabosthar rupguli badhyotamulok noy, kaaron etir motobadgoto tatporjo hisabe bibechito hoy naa. oitihasik karone prachin bishwer lutheranbad episcopal kortritter irastian tottoguli grohon korar probonota dekhiyeche (jaar dwara girjar kortritto seemit porimane dhormoniropekkho sarkar dwara onumodito). markin juktorashtre, lutharan girjaguli mondolibader saathe arow tuloniyo sarkarer ekti roop grohon korey. episcopal byapotistoder ekti chhoto sankhyalaghu vidyaman. sadharan poshak oitijhyer beshirbhag anabaptist girjaguli ontoto naame ekti episcopal byabostha anusaran korey. mandaliya shasonbyabosthar upor jore deoa hoy ebong protiti mandali taader jajokke nirbachan korey. bishopra antahkangriya oikyo prayog korey ebong oitijjobahi niyam bhonger jonno jajokder shringkholaboddho korte paare. jodio etty kokhono eyi shobdoti byabohar korey naa, tobey poroborti diner sadhuder girja (lds girja) holl episcopal, presbyterian baa mandalir poriborte, eyi orthe jey etir sthaniya bishop/shakha sabhapati theke ekok nobee/rashtrapati porjonto netritter kathor shrenibinnas royeche, jaa byaktigatabhabe jeeshu khrishto dwara onumodito ebong porichalito boley money koraa hoy. sthaniya mandaligulir (shakha, oyarda ebong stack) "dii jurie" seemana royeche jaar dwara sadasyader baradda koraa hoy ebong sadasyapada recordguli kendribhuto hoy. eyi byabosthati dheere dheere arow presbyterian rajneeti theke bikoshito hoyechilo (1830 saale josepha smither mool upadhi chhilo "prothom probin") byaboharik ebong motobadgoto karone, naovu juge (1839-1846) ekti sampurna episcopacyte pouchechilo.

episcopal rajneeti episcopal rajneeti aee church shaasan ("sampradayik rajneeti") noon aek adhikrameek swaroop chhe jemaa mukhya sthaaneek adheekarione bishop kahevama aave chhe. ("bishop" shabd british lattin aneey ashleel lattin shabd "* abiscopus"/"* biscopus" parthee aavyo chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe "nirikshak".) teey ghanaa mukhya khristi charcho aneey sampradaayo dwara upyogmaa levaatu maalakhu chhe, jaim keey ketholik, purveey rudhichust, praachya rudhichust, purvanu church, angreji, lutheran aneey paddhativadi charcho athavaa sampradaayo, aneey anya charcho aaa vanshajothi swatantra reete sthapaaya hataa. episcopal rajneeti dharaavtaa charcho bishop dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe, jeo temnaa sattavalaone dharamprant aneey parishado athavaa padarimandaloma practices karey chhe. temnu netrutva dhaarmik aneey bandhaaraniy banne chhe; temaj nimanuko, pushtio aneey abhisheko karvaa saathe, bishop sthaaneek adhikarkshetrama paadarioni dekhrekh raakhe chhe aneey binsapradayik maalkhaao aneey churchna padanukram bannena pratinidhi chhe. bishapone isuna baar prerito pasethi akhandit, vyaktigat dharmprachaarak uttaradhikarmathi temnee sattaa melavati hovaanu manvama aave chhe. aavaa sattaa dharaavtaa bishapo aitihasik episcopate athavaa aitihasik episkopetnu pratinidhitva karey chhe. aaa prakaarnee sarkaar dharaavtaa charcho saamanya reete maane chhe keey navaa vasiyatnama varnavyaa mujab churchne episcopal sarkaarni jaroor chhe (1 teemothi 3 aneey 2 teemothi 1 juo). ketalik pranalioma, bishop uchch hoddo dharaavtaa bishop (viveedh reete archbishop, mahanagaro athavaa pitrusattaak tareeke odakhaata, paramparana aadhare) maate maryadit reete vishhay hoi shake chhe. teo parishado athavaa paadari mandalomaa pann maley chhe. aaa melavadao, uchch kramaankit bishapo dwara adhyakshpadne aadheen, saamanya reete mahatvapurn nirnayo leey chhe, jooe keey paadari mandal athavaa parishad pann sampoorn reete salaahkaar hoi shake chhe. sansthakeey khristi dharmnaa motabhagna lekheet itihaasmaa, church sangathannu ekmatra jaanitu swaroop episcopal sarkaar hatoo. aaa sudhara darmiyan badalaayu. ghanaa protestant charcho havey mandal athavaa presbyterian churchnee rajneeteeo dwara aayojit karvaamaa aave chhe, banne martin luthernaa nevu-paanch theses dwara prereet ketholik church saathena veeram pachhi swatantra reete kaama kartaa aneey lakhata protestant sudhaarak john kelvinnaa lakhaanona vanshaj chhe. jooe keey ketlaak lokoae sudhara pahelaa episcopal rajneeti parr vivaad karyo chhe, jaim keey chothee sadimaa arius off sebesta. episcopal charchonu vihangaavalokan. episcopal" shabdni vyakhya khristi paramparaoma vividhataa dharaave chhe. vartmaan samayma episcopal charcho vachche sarkari siddhaantomaa sookshm tafavto chhe. amuk hudd sudhee episcopal charchonu vibhajan churchnee dharamshastrioma aaa tafavto, etale keey church aneey church shaasannee temnee dhaarmik samjanma shodhee shakaay chhe. ketlaak loko maate, "episcopal charcho" aee charcho chhe jeey bishapnaa padanukramno upyog karey chhe jeo akhand, vyaktigat apostolic uttaradhikar tareeke odakhaay chhe. "episcopal" noow upyog saamanya reete sampradayona viveedh sangathhanaatmak maalkhaao vachche tafaavat karvaa maate pann thaay chhe. dakhala tareeke, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) noow upyog chuntayela vadiloni vidhansabhaona padanukram dwara sanchaalit churchnu varnan karvaa maate thaay chhe, jene presbyterian rajneeti tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. tevee jaj reete, "episcopal" noow upyog bishop dwara sanchaalit churchnu varnan karvaa maate thaay chhe. swa-sanchaalit sthaaneek mandalo, jeey naa too vadilo dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe aneey naa too bishop dwara sanchaalit, saamanya reete "mandal" tareeke varnavama aave chhe. vadhu chokkaspane, capitalized episcopal "episcopal" naam aitihasik reete anglicanism ("episcopalianism") maan aadharit ketlaak charchone laagu padey chhe, jemaa haju pann church off ingland saathe jodanma chhe. aaa vyakhyaono upyog kareene, chokkas episcopal charchona udaharanoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh ketlaak lutheran charcho mandalni rajneeti athavaa presbyterian rajkarana aek swarupno abhyaas karey chhe. sweedennaa church saheet anya loko episcopal rajtantrano abhyaas karey chhe; sweedennaa church pann tenaa bishapone aitihasik episcopatema ganaave chhe. ketlaak american lutheran charcho, jaim keey anglow-lutheran ketholik church, lutheran orthodox church, lutheran church-international aneey lutheran episcopal communionma pann aaa sthitee chhe. ghanaa paddhativadi charcho (anya loko vachche sanyukt paddhativadi church) episcopal rajtantranu swaroop aneey kaary jaalvi raakhe chhe, joke temaa ferfar karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jene jodanvad kahevaay chhe. badhaa temnaa nimanunko angreji paadari, john wesleyne shodhee kaadhe chhe, tethee saamanya reete aevu manvama aave chhe keey temnaa bishop apostolic uttaradhikarma bhaag letaa nathee. jooe keey, sanyukt paddhativadio pushti karey chhe keey temnaa bishop aitihasik dharmopadeshmaa bhaag leey chhe. itihas. dharmprachaarak poley phillipiansne lakhela patramaa, romnaa clement aneey didaache jyaare churchnee shaasan pranali vishe vaat curry tyaare "bishop aneey decons" noow ullekh karyo hato, "presbyter" shabdne baad karataa, jeey darshaavvaa maate ketlaak loko dwara daleel karvaamaa aavee chhe keey pratham sadimaa haju sudhee koee presbyter-bishapno tafaavat nahoto. pahelethee jaj beejee sadeeni sharuaatmaa antioc lekhannaa ignatius bishop aneey presbyterno spasht tafaavat karey chhe, jeno arth chhe keey temnaa patro darshaave chhe keey temnaa samay sudhimaa episcopal system pahelethee jaj astitvamaa hatee. jooe keey, ignatius romnone lakhela patramaa romamaa bishapno kyaarey ullekh karyo naa hato teey baabatne bart airman nondhpaatra maane chhe. paachhalthi pann tertullion khoob jaj spasht reete presbyters aneey bishopsne aek alag kaaryalay tareeke alag paade chhe, ireniuse bishopsna uttaradhikarni yaadee banaavi hatee, joke praarambhik churchna pitaa dwara banavvama aaveli bishopsna uttaradhikarni yaadee atyant virodhabhasi chhe. beejee sadee sudhimaa aevu laage chhe keey episcopal pranali kharistioma bahumatee, saarvtrik drashtikon bunny gaee hatee. novetian aneey danvadio jevaa vivaadi sampradaayo pann episcopal paddhatino upyog kartaa hataa. abastna arius sivaay, jemane episcopal pranali saame ladat aapee aneey potaano sampradaay sharoo karyo. jerome janaavyu hatoo keey charcho mulroope presbytersnaa jooth dwara sanchaalit hataa parantu pachhithi jaj charchoae matbhedne dabavva maate bishopsne pasand karvaano nirnay leedho hato. ketholik church. ketholik churchma aek episcopate chhe, jemaa pope, jeey romnaa bishop chhe, toach parr chhe. ketholik church maane chhe keey church parr nyaayik dekhrekh aee aevee shaktee nathee jeey manushya pasethi udbhave chhe, parantu kharistna adhikarmathi sakhat reete, jeey tenaa baar preritone aapvama aavee hatee. romnee drashti, sentathi utartaa apostolic sattaani akhand rekhaa tareeke. pieter ("rajkumar aneey preritonaa vadaa"), bishaponi college aneey tethee vishvbharnaa sthaaneek charcho vachche samvaadnu drashyamaan sanket aneey saadhan chhe. vishvbharnaa bishaponi college saathe jodanma, pope paase samagr church parr tamaam kaydesar nyaayik aneey shikshan sattaa chhe. kharist dwara sentne aapvama aaveli aaa sattaa. pieter aneey prerito pavitra aatmani shaktee dwara, prerito tarafthi bishapone haath aapeene, akhand uttaradhikarma aek pedhhithi beejee pedhhimaa prasaarit thaay chhe. purveey rudhichust church. purveey rudhichust churchma episcopal sarkaarno samadhankari vichaar chaalu chhe. purveey rudhichustatama, tamaam svayambhu vaandaraaone kharistni aaspaas saamuhik reete bhegaa thataa, anya archbishop aneey bishop temnee aaspaas bhegaa thataa, vagere tareeke jovama aave chhe. romamaa pope saathe tulnaatmak vishisht sattaa saathe koee aek primate nathee. jooe keey, constantinople (havey istanbul) naa vadaaone "primus inter pares" tareeke jovama aave chhe, jeey purveey rudhichustataanaa autocephalus charchona "samkakshomathi pratham" chhe. praachya rudhichust charcho. praachya rudhichust charcho apostolic uttaradhikar aneey episcopal sarkaarnaa vichaarone samarthan aape chhe. darek raashtriy churchnee andar, bishop aek pavitra paadari mandal banaave chhe, jenaa vadaa pann aadheen hoya chhe. syriac rudhichust church tenaa apostolic uttaradhikarne saint. pieter aneey sentnaa mool drashya tareeke antiokne odakhe chhe. pieter. armeniyan apostolic church tenaa vanshane prereet bartholomeu sudhee anusare chhe. bhaartiy rudhichust church tenaa vanshane prereet thomas sudhee anusare chhe. ethiopian rudhichust churchne paanchmee sadimaa qoptiqa rudhichust church dwara uttaradhikarni rekhaao malee hatee. grick aneey qoptiqa rudhichust charcho banne alexandriana potaana pope (alexandriana pope aneey vadaa aneey samagr africana pope aneey anukrame alexandriana qoptiqa rudhichust churchna pope) neey maanyata aape chhe, jeey banne temnaa dharmprachaarak uttaradhikarne dharmpracharakni aakrutima shodhee kaadhe chhe. aaa praachin bhangne matadva maate taajetarnaa samayma sattavaar, chaalu prayaaso chhe. pahelethee jaj, banne aekbijaanaa baptisma, khrisamshan aneey lagnane odakhe chhe, jenaathi aantar lagna vadhu saral baney chhe. purvanu church. aitihasik reete, purvnaa churche tenaa episcopal uttaradhikarne saint. thomas dhaa apostal. haalmaa purvnaa assyrian churchna bishapo tenaa dharmprachaarak uttaradhikarne jaalvi raakhe chhe. angreji samudaay. viveedh rooman ketholik aneey rudhichust samudaayo saathe tulnaatmak drashtiae dharmprachaarak uttaradhikar dwara aitihasik dharmprachaarakno daavo karvaa maate sudhaaraani paramparaoma angrejeevaad sauthee agranee chhe. angrej loko englandnaa churchma aneey tenaa dwara saint pietersberg sudhee akhand episcopal uttaradhikarno daavo karey chhe. kentarbarinaa ogasteen aneey pratham sadeena rooman praant britannia. jyaare whitebyna padarimandalma ketalik celtic khristi prathaoma ferfar karvaamaa aavyo hato, tyaare british tapuoma church praarambhik samaythi popnaa sattaa hethal hatoo. henry VIII naa kaayadae romthee englandnaa churchnee svatantrataane asarkarak reete sthaapit curry tenaa bandhaaraniy athavaa pashupalan malkhama ferfar karyo naa hato. shaahee sarvochchtaano upyog churchna haalnaa kaanuni maalkhaao dwara karvaamaa aavto hato, jemnaa netaao bishop hataa. aama, dharmanishtha sudharela "acclessia anglicana" naa pradaan tareeke aneey praachin aneey dharmprachaarak kaaydesartaa maate sansthaani apeelma aek paayo tareeke jovama aavee hatee. jeey badalaayu teey aee hatoo keey bishapo havey tenaa vishhayoni aadhyatmik sarkaar maate taajnaa mantreeo tareeke jovama aavtaa hataa. richard hookarno prabhaav aaa samjanma utkranti maate nirnayak hato, jemaa bishapone temnee vadhu paramparagat bhoomikama aevaa loko tareeke jovama aavyaa hataa jeo presbitate vaarsaagat sattaaone sonpata hataa, presbyterne paadario tareeke kaama kartaa hataa aneey vishaal churchna sandarbhma chokkas shikshan kaaryalay dharaavtaa hataa. episcopal sarkaar "dii jyur divino" (rajaona daivi adhikaar dwara) kevee reete chhe teey ange angreji abhipray alag chhe. aek taraf, sattarmee sadeena divya, john koseene aevu maanyu hatoo keey episcopal sattaa "jyur divino" chhe, parantu teey "apostolic prathaa aneey churchna rivajo" maanthi udbhave chhe... kharist athavaa temnaa preritoae tenaa vishe aapelo sampoorn upadesh [nahee] "(hooker dwara pann jalavama aavelo mutt). tenaathi vipareet, lanslot andruz aneey anya lokoae aevu maanyu hatoo keey episcopal sarkaar kharistmathi prerito dwara udbhave chhe. anulakshine, banne paksho episcopacyne dekhrekhnaa apostolic kaary tareeke jotaa hataa, jemaa bannemaa samnvayni shaktino samaavesh thaay chhe aneey temathi udbhave chhe, aneey teey churchna shaasan maate pramanbhut chhe. apostolic uttaradhikarni prathaa banne churchna missionni kaaydesartaani khaatari aape chhe aneey saarvtrik church saathe sthaaneek churchnee aektaa, samvadita aneey saataty sthaapit karey chhe. aaa rachnaae, badalaama, churchna "pavitra samaaj" tarikenaa swatantra drashtikon maate payani rachnaa curry, jeey nagrik samajthi alag chhe, jeey englandnee bahaar biin-sthaapit sansthao tareeke sthaaneek charchona vikaas maate khoob jaj nirnayak hatoo, aneey englandnee andar ketholik punrutthaan aneey sthaapnaavaadne seedho janm aapyo. kaaryatmak reete, anglican episcopal sattaa synodic reete vyakt karvaamaa aave chhe, jooe keey vyaktigat praanto temnaa primatene swatantra reete kaary karvaa maate vadhu keey ochha adhikaar saathe sahmat curry shake chhe. viveedh reete "synodes", "council" athavaa "sammelno" tareeke odakhaata, teo episcopal adhyakshta hethal maley chhe. ghanaa adhikarkshetroma, jeey samadhankari tharaavo pasaar karvaamaa aavyaa chhe tene amalmaa mukavaa maate episcopal sammatee athavaa sammatini jaroor padey chhe. aaa reete jovama aave too, angreji loko ghanivaar "bishop-ina-synode" neey episcopal shaasannaa bada aneey sattaa tareeke bolle chhe. aavee samadhankari sattaa siddhaant, sheest aneey pujaanaa pramanbhut kshetro sudhee vistare chhe, parantu aaa sandarbhma angrejeevaadni sattaani maryadaoni parampara dwara maryadit chhe. teey maryadao dharmnaa 39 lekhonaa lekh xximaan vyakt karvaamaa aavee chhe, jene 1571maan bahaali aapvama aavee hatee (nondhpaatra reete, jaim trent council bundh thaee rahee hatee), jemaa aevu manvama aavyu hatoo keey "saamanya parishado"... bhool thaee shake chhe, aneey kyarek bhool pann thaee shake chhe... tethee moksh maate jaroori tareeke temnaa dwara nirdharit vastuo paase naa too shaktee hoya chhe aneey naa jaj sattaa hoya chhe, sivaay keey teey jaaher karvaamaa aave keey teo pavitra granthmathi bahaar kadhvama aave."tethee, angreji adhikarkshetro paramparagat reete naveen saiddhaantik vikaas athavaa churchnee kreeyaone saiddhaantik tareeke aavari levaanaa temnaa abhigamma rudhichust rahyaa chhe (juo" "lakes orandi, lakes credendy" ")". angreji synodical sarkaar, abhivyaktimaa vaividhyasabhar hovaa chhataa, lakshaneek reete pratinidhi chhe. anglican samudaaynaa praanto, temnaa sampradayik praanto aneey dharmprantonu sanchalan maatra bishaponi jaj nahee, parantu presbitate aneey saamanya jantaanaa pratinidhioni banelee parishado dwara pann karvaamaa aave chhe. angrejivaadmaa koee aantarrashtriy nyaayik sattaa nathee, jooe keey paramparana gnyanvistarna saamanya anoobhav, kentarbarinaa darshan saathe aitihasik jodaan dwara prateek, aek saamanya aneey jatil dhaarmik parampara saathe, aektaanu maap purun paadyu chhe. aaney anglican communion bishaponi lambeth parishado dwara majboot karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jeey saupratham 1867 maan malee hatee. aaa parishado, teo tharaavo rajoo karey chhe aneey pasaar karey chhe, tema chhataa, sakhat paramarshatmak chhe, aneey tharaavono hetu anglican adhikarkshetro maate margdarshika pradaan karvaano chhe-disha nahee. aaa parishado churchnee vishvavyaapi aneey ketholik prakrutee darshaavvaa maate dharmprachaaraknu kaary pann vyakt karey chhe. skotisha episcopal church teno itihas skotlendmaa khristi dharmnee utpattimaa shodhee kaadhe chhe. 1560naa skotisha sudhara pachhi church off scotland sharuaatmaa adhikshako dwara chalavvama aavtu hatoo, episcopal shaasan 1572maan punsthapit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, parantu 1711naa kaayadae swatantra biin-sthaapit skotisha episcopal churchnee rachnaane manjuri aapee tyaan sudhee episcopalvad aevaa samaygaalaa saathe badalaayo jyaare kirk presbyterian niyantran hethal hatoo. biin-nyaayik matbhedne kaarane british sarkaare church saame dandaatmak kaayada laadhya. 1784maan skotisha churche semual seaburyne american episcopal churchna pratham bishop tareeke niyukt karyaa, charchona vishvavyaapi angreji samudaayni sharuaat curry aneey 1792maan dandaatmak kaayadao nabud karvaamaa aavyaa. churche 1804maan church off englandnaa lekho sweekarya hataa. pratinidhi shaasannaa vadhune vadhu lokshaahi swarupono felaavo 1780naa daykama american episcopal churchna pratham saamanya sammelanoni rachnaamaa thayo hato, jene "house off bishop" aneey "house off deputies" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. ghanaa adhikarkshetroma, triju, kaarkuni gruh pann chhe. tharaavo parr sanyukt reete athavaa darek gruh dwara matdaan thaee shake chhe, pachhinaa kissaamaa tamaam gruhomaa pasaar thavaani jaroor hoya chhe jene chokkas parishad dwara apnavvama aave chhe. jeey charcho anglican communionna sabhyo chhe teey rajkaranma episcopal charcho chhe, aneey ketalaakne "episcopal" naam aapvama aavyu chhe. jooe keey, ketlaak charcho keey jeey swa-odakh angreji tareeke karey chhe teey angreji samudaay saathe sambandhit nathee, aneey tamaam episcopaly-sanchaalit charcho angreji nathee. rooman ketholik church, junaa ketholik charcho (sampoorn samvaadmaa, parantu anglican communionna sabhyo nahee), aneey purveey rudhichust charchone, aneey temnaa bishapone pann, anglicno dwara maanyata aapvama aave chhe. american methodist church. angrejeevaadni shaakha tareeke, paddhativadi charcho ghanivaar aitihasik temaj vyavhaaru kaaranosar episcopal raajkiytaano upyog karey chhe, joke teno upyog maryadit chhe. paddhatishastrio ghanivaar "episcopal" upraant "jodanvad" athavaa "jodaan raajkaaran" shabdno upyog karey chhe. tema chhataa, episcopal rajtantrani paramparagat vibhavnaoni sarkhaamanimaa paddhativadi episcopacyni shakteeo pramanma majboot aneey vyaapak hoi shake chhe. udaaharan tareeke, sanyukt paddhativadi churchma, bishapo jivanbhar maate chuntaay chhe, chokkas parishadma beey mudat sudhee sevaa aapee shake chhe (jooe vishesh parvangi aapvama aave too trana), paadari charchoma paadarione niyukt karvaa aneey niyukt karvaa maate jawabdar chhe, ghanee vahivati farajo karey chhe, praadeshik parishadonaa vaarshik satromaa aneey vishvavyaapi saamanya parishadni chaar varshnee bethakma adhyakshta karey chhe, saamaajik aneey saiddhaantik baabto parr churchnu shikshan aneey netrutva karvaa maate sattaa dharaave chhe, aneey vishvavyaapi melavadaoma sampradaaynu pratinidhitva karvaa maate sevaa aape chhe. united statesma united methodist bishop temnee nimanook karelee parishadma sevaa aape chhe, 8 (athavaa 12) varsh pachhi navaa "episcopal vistaar" maan khasedvama aave chhe, jyaan sudhee temnaa chhaththasathma janmadivas pachhi quadreniumna ante temnee farjiyat nivrutti naa thaay. british paddhativaadnu maanvu chhe keey aadhyatmiktani drashtiae tamaam niyukt mantreeo samaan chhe. joke, vyavhaaru vyavsthaapan maate parishadna adhyaksh, jeellana adhyaksh, adhikshak mantree, mantree tareeke dorvaamaa aave chhe. joke, badhaa mantreeo chhe. anya sampradayoma episcopal sarkaar. hangerinaa sudharela church aneey khandeey europema lutheran churchne ketalikvaar "episcopal" pann kahee shakaay. aaa pachhinaa kissaaomaa, sarkaarnu swaroop presbyterian swarupthi dharmulthi alag nathee, sivaay keey temnee bishaponi parishado motabhagna presbyterian aneey anya sudharela charchoni sarkhaamanimaa sthaaneek shaasak sansthao parr vadhu pramanma adhikrameek adhikarkshetra dharaave chhe. ullekh karyo chhe tema, sweeden aneey finlandma lutheran church apvaad chhe, jeey angreji charchoni jaim jaj patternma apostolic uttaradhikarno daavo karey chhe. anyatha, lutheran charchoma raajkeey swarupo farjiyat nathee, kaaran keey tene saiddhaantik mahatv tareeke ganvaamaa aavtu nathee. aitihasik kaaranosar, junaa vishvanu lutheranism episcopal sattaana erastian siddhaantone apnaavvaanu valan dharaave chhe (jenaa dwara church sattaa maryadit hudd sudhee binsapradayik sarkaar dwara manjur karvaamaa aave chhe). united statesma, lutheran charcho mandalvaad saathe vadhu tulnaatmak sarkaarnu swaroop apnaavvaanu valan dharaave chhe. episcopal baptistsnee aek naanee laghumati astitvamaa chhe. saadaa poshaak paramparana motabhagna anabeptist charcho episcopal pranaaline anusare chhe, ochhama ochhu naammaa. mandal shaasan parr bhaar mukvaamaa aave chhe, aneey darek mandal tenaa paadarine pasand karey chhe. bishop aantar-congregational aektaane laagu karey chhe aneey paramparagat niyamonu ullanghan karvaa maate paadarione sheest aapee shake chhe. jooe keey teey kyaarey aaa shabdno upyog karatu nathee, parantu church off jeesas christ off latter-deey saints (aela. dii. aesa. church) aee presbyterian athavaa mandalne badale episcopal chhe, aaa arthamaa keey temaa sthaaneek bishop/shaakha pramukhthi laeene aek jaj prabodhak/pramukh sudhee netrutvano kadak padanukram chhe, jeey vyaktigat reete adheekrut aneey isu kharist dwara margdarshan aapvama aave chhe. sthaaneek mandalo (shaakhao, ward aneey daav) nee "kaydesar" seemaao hoya chhe jenaa dwara sabhyoni falvani karvaamaa aave chhe aneey sabhyapadnaa reqorda kendrit hoya chhe. aaa pranali dheeme dheeme vadhu presbyterian rajneeti (1830maan joseph smeethnu mool sheershak "pratham vadil" hatoo) thee vyavhaaru aneey saiddhaantik kaaranosar vikaseet thaee, jeey nauvu samaygaalaa (1839-1846) darmiyan sampoorn gnyanvistar sudhee pahonchi.

episcopal rajneeti ack episcopal rajneeti church shasson ("church kii rajneeti") kaa ack padaanukramit roop haye jisamen mukhya sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo bishap kahaa jaataa haye. ("bishap" shabd british lattin aur ashleel lattin shabd "* abiscopus"/"* biscopus" key madhyam seey pracheen yunani "episcopus" seey nikla haye jiska arth haye "paryavekshak".) yeh sanrachana kaee pramukh isai churchon aur sampradayon dwara upayog kii jaati haye, jaise kii catholic, purvi roodhivaadi, praachya roodhivaadi, poorv kaa church, anglican, luthran aur paddhativaadi church yaa sampradaay, aur anya church inn vanshon seey swatantra roop seey sthaapit kiye gaye hain. ack episcopal rajneeti vaale church bishap dwara shaasit hotey hain, joe dioces aur sammelanon yaa aradhanalayon mein apane adhikaariyon kaa abhyaas karate hain. unakaa netritva sanskar aur samvaidhaanik donon haye; saath hii saath samanvaya, pushti aur abhishek karane key saath, bishap ack sthaaniya adhikaar kshetra key bheetar paadari varg kii dekhrekh kartaa haye aur dharmnirpeksh sanrachanaon aur church key padanukram donon key liye pratinidhi haye. bishapon koo yeeshu key baarah preriton seey ack akhand, vyaktigat apostolic uttaradhikar seey apana adhikaar praapt karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye. aise adhikaar vaale bishapon koo aitihaasik episcopate yaa aitihaasik episcopate kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar kii sarkaar vaale church aamtaur parr maanate hain kii church koo episcopal sarkaar kii aavashyakta hoti haye jaisa kii nae vasiyatname mein varnit haye (1 timothi 3 aur 2 timothi 1 dekhein). kuchh pranaliyon mein, bishap uchch pada dhaaran karane vaale bishapon key liye seemit tarikon seey vishay hoe sakate hain (parampara key aadhar parr vibhinn roop seey archbishop, mahanagar yaa kulpita kahaa jaataa haye). way parishadon yaa sabhaon mein bhee milate hain. yeye sabhaaen, uchch shreni key bishapon dwara adhyakshata key adheen, aamtaur parr mahatvapurna nirnay letee hain, halanki sabhaa yaa parishad bhee vishuddh roop seey salaahkaar hoe sakati haye. sansthaagat isai dharm key adhikansh likhit itihas key liye, episcopal sarkaar church sangathan kaa ekmatra gyaat roop thaa. sudhaar key samay yeh badal gayaa. kaee protestant church abb yaa tou mandali yaa presbyterian church rajneeti dwara aayojit kiye jaate hain, donon johnn calvin key lekhan seey nikale hain, joe ack protestant sudhaarak they aur martin luther key nabbe-paanch thesis dwara prerit catholic church key saath tootane key baad swatantra roop seey kaam curr rahey they. haalaanki kuchh logon ney sudhaar seey pahale episcopal rajneeti parr vivaad kiya haye, jaise kii chauthi shatabdi mein arius off sebest. episcopal churchon kaa avalokan. episcopal" shabd kii paribhasha mein isai paramparaon key beach bhinnata haye. vartamaan samay mein episcopal churchon key beach sarkari siddhanton mein sookshm antar hain. kuchh hudd taka episcopal churchon key algaav kaa pataa church aur church shasson kii unaki dhaarmik samajh, church mein inn matbhedon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. kuchh logon key liye, "episcopal church" aise church hain joe bishap key padanukram kaa upayog karate hain joe ack akhand, vyaktigat apostolic uttaradhikar mein honey key roop mein pehchaan karate hain. "episcopal" kaa upayog aamtaur parr sampradayon kii vibhinn sangathanaatmak sanrachanaon key beach antar karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) kaa upayog nirvaachit bujurgon kii sabhaon key padanukram dwara shaasit ack church kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jise presbyterian rajneeti key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. isi tarah, "episcopal" kaa upayog bishap dwara shaasit church kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. swa-shaasit sthaaniya mandaliyaan, joe naa tou badon dwara shaasit hoti hain aur naa hii bishap, aamtaur parr "mandali" key roop mein varnit kii jaati hain. adhik vishesh roop seey, badey naam "episcopal" koo aitihaasik roop seey anglicanism ("episcopalianism") key bheetar adharit kaee churchon parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, jisamen way bhee shamil hain joe abhee bhee ingland key church key saath samvaad mein hain. inn paribhashaon kaa upayog karate hue, vishisht episcopal churchon key udaharanon mein shamil hainh kuchh luther churchon mein mandali kii rajneeti yaa presbyterian rajneeti kaa ack roop prachalit haye. sweeden key church sahit anya loga episcopal rajneeti kaa abhyaas karate hain; sweeden key church bhee apane bishapon koo aitihaasik episcopate mein ginaate hain. kuchh americi luther churchon key saath bhee aisaa hii haye, jaise kii anglo-luthran catholic church, luthran orthodox church, luthran church-international aur luthran episcopal communion. kaee paddhativaadi church (anya key beach sanyukt paddhativaadi church) episcopal rajneeti key roop aur kaary koo banaae rakhate hain, halanki ack sanshodhit roop mein, jise sambandhvaad kahaa jaataa haye. choonki sabhi apane padnaamon kaa pataa ack anglikan paadari, johnn wesley seey lagaate hain, isaliye aam taur parr yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii unake bishap apostolic uttaradhikar mein bhaag naheen lete hain. haalaanki, sanyukt paddhativaadi pushti karate hain kii unake bishap aitihaasik episcopate mein bhaag lete hain. itihas. prerit paul ney philipiyon koo likhe patra mein, rome aur dedache key shasson kii church pranali key baare mein baat karate samay, "bishap aur decan" shabd kaa ullekh karate hue, "presbyter" shabd koo chhod diyaa, joe kuchh logon dwara yeh dikhaane key liye tark diyaa gayaa haye kii pahali shatabdi mein abhee taka koee presbyter-bishap antar naheen thaa. pahale seey hii doosari shatabdi kii shuruat mein antioc lekhan key ignatius mein bishap aur presbyter kaa spasht antar haye, jiska arth haye kii unake patron seey pataa chalata haye kii unake samay taka ack episcopal pranali pahale seey hii maujood thee. haalaanki, bart erman ise mahatvapurna maanate hain kii ignatius ney romanon koo likhe apane patra mein kabhi bhee rome mein ack bishap kaa ullekh naheen kiya thaa. baad mein bhee tertullion bahut spasht roop seey presbyters aur bishap koo ack alag karyalaya key roop mein alag kartaa haye, irenaeus ney bishap key uttaradhikar kii soochi banaai, halanki praarambhik church pitaa dwara banaai gaee bishap uttaradhikar soochi atyadhik virodhabhasi hain. doosari shatabdi taka aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii episcopal pranali isaaiyon key beach bahusankhyak, saarvbhaumik drishtikon bunn gaee thee. yahaan taka kii novetian aur dontist jaise vibhedkari sampradaay bhee episcopal pranali kaa upayog karenge. sebust key arius koo chhodkar, jinhone episcopal pranali kaa chunaav ladaa aur apana sampradaay shuru kiya. jerom ney kahaa kii church mool roop seey presbyters key ack samooh dwara shaasit they, lekin baad mein churchon ney matbhed koo dabaane key liye bishap kaa chunaav karane kaa faisala kiya. catholic church. catholic church mein ack episcopate haye, jisamen pope, joe rome key bishap hain, sheersh parr hain. catholic church kaa maanana haye kii church parr nyaayik nireekshan ack aisee shakti naheen haye joe manushyon seey praapt hoti haye, balki sakhti seey masih key adhikaar seey haye, joe unake baarah preriton koo diyaa gayaa thaa. rome koo sent seey utarate hue apostolic pradhikaran kii akhand rekha key roop mein dekhein. peater ("rajkumar aur preriton kaa pramukh"), bishapon key college key beach aur isaliye duniya bhar key sthaaniya churchon key beach ack drishya sanket aur sahabhagita kaa saadhan haye. bishapon key vishvavyaapi mahavidyalaya key saath sahabhagita mein, pope key paas poore church parr sabhi vaidh nyaayik aur shikshan adhikaar hain. yeh adhikaar masih dwara sent koo diyaa gayaa thaa. peater aur preriton koo pavitra aatma kii shakti dwara ack peedhi seey doosari peedhi mein preshit kiya jaataa haye, preriton seey bishapon koo haath rakhane key madhyam seey, akhand uttaradhikar mein. purvi roodhivaadi church. purvi roodhivaadi church mein episcopal sarkaar kaa sulah vichaar jaari haye. purvi roodhivaadita mein, sabhi swayambhu narvaanaron koo masih key aspas saamoohik roop seey ikattha hotey hue dekhaa jaataa haye, anya archbishop aur bishap unake chaaron or ikattha hotey hain, aur isi tarah aage. rome mein pope key barabar koee ekal primate naheen haye. haalaanki, constantinople (abb istanbul) key kulpita koo purvi roodhivaadita key autocephalus churchon key "primus inter peres", "barabaron mein seey pahala" key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. praachya roodhivaadi church. praachya roodhivaadi church apostolic uttaradhikar aur episcopal sarkaar key vichaaron kii pushti karate hain. pratyek rashtriya church key bheetar, bishap ack pavitra aradhanalaya banaate hain jisake adheen kulpita bhee hotaa haye. siriyai roodhivaadi church apane apostolic uttaradhikar kaa pataa sent taka lagaata haye. peater aur antioc koo sent key mool drishya key roop mein pahachaantaa haye. peater. armenian apostolic church apane vansh kaa pataa prerit bartholomeu seey lagaata haye. bhaaratiya roodhivaadi church apane vansh kaa pataa prerit thomas seey lagaata haye. ethiopian roodhivaadi church koo paanchvin shatabdi mein coptic roodhivaadi church key madhyam seey uttaradhikar kii apani panktiyaan mileen. donon yunani aur coptic roodhivaadi church pratyek alekjendar key apane pope (alekjendar aur poore africa key pope aur kulpita, aur alekjendar key coptic roodhivaadi church key pope) koo maanyata dete hain, donon hii apane apostolic uttaradhikar kaa pataa lagaate hain. iss pracheen ullanghan koo thheek karane key liye haal key dinon mein aadhikarik, chala rahey prayaas hain. pahale seey hii, donon ack-dusare key bapatisma, dharm aur vivaah koo pahachaante hain, jisase antar-vivaah bahut aasaan hoe jaataa haye. poorv kaa church. aitihaasik roop seey, poorv key church ney apane episcopal uttaradhikar kaa pataa sent seey lagaaya haye. thomas dha preshit. vartamaan mein poorv key assyrian church key bishap apane apostolic uttaradhikar koo banaae rakhate hain. anglican communion. vibhinn roman catholic aur roodhivaadi sanghon key saath tulaniya roop seey apostolic uttaradhikar key madhyam seey aitihaasik episcopate kaa daavaa karane key liye anglicanism sudhaar paramparaon mein sabse pramukh haye. anglican ingland key church mein aur usake madhyam seey sent taka akhand episcopal uttaradhikar kaa daavaa karate hain. canterbury kaa augustein aur pahali shatabdi key roman praant britania taka. jabaki whiteby key aradhanalaya mein kuchh celtic isai prathaon koo badal diyaa gayaa thaa, british dweepon mein church shuruati samay seey pope key adhikaar mein thaa. heinry VIII key kaanoon ney prabhaavi roop seey rome seey ingland key church kii swatantrata kii sthaapana kii, jisase isaki samvaidhaanik yaa dehaati sanrachanaon mein koee badalaav naheen aaya. shaahi sarvochata kaa prayog church kii maujooda kanuni sanrachanaon key madhyam seey kiya jaataa thaa, jinake netaa bishap they. iss prakaar episcopacy koo sudhaar "acclesia anglicana" key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, aur pracheen aur apostolic vaidhata key liye sansthaan kii appeal mein ack neenv key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. joe badalaav aaya vaha yeh thaa kii bishapon koo abb apani praja kii aadhyatmik sarkaar key liye taaj key mantri key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. iss samajh mein ack vikas key liye richard hooker kaa prabhaav mahatvapurna thaa jisamen bishap koo unaki adhik paaramparik bhoomika mein dekhaa jaane lagaa joe presbitate koo viraasat mein millie shaktiyon koo saunpate hain, presbyters koo paster key roop mein kaary karate hain, aur vyaapak church key sambandh mein ack vishesh shikshan karyalaya rakhate hain. anglican raay iss baat key baare mein alag haye kii kiss tarah seey episcopal sarkaar "dee jeur divino" (raajaon key divya adhikaar dwara) haye. ack or, satrahavin shatabdi key divya, johnn kosin ney maanaa kii episcopal pradhikaran "jeur divino" haye, lekin yeh "apostolic abhyaas aur church key reeti-rivaajon seey utpann hotaa haye... [naheen] poorna upadesh joe yaa tou masih yaa unake preriton ney isake baare mein diyaa thaa "(ack drishtikon joe hooker dwara bhee banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa). isake vipareet, lanslot andru aur anya logon kaa maanana thaa kii episcopal sarkaar preriton key madhyam seey masih seey praapt hoti haye. isake bavjood, donon pakshon ney episcopacy koo nireekshan key apostolic kaary key roop mein dekhaa, jisamen donon shamil hain, aur joe samanvaya kii shakti seey praapt hotey hain, aur church key shasson key liye maanak haye. apostolic uttaradhikar kaa abhyaas donon church key mission kii vaidhata sunishchit kartaa haye aur saarvbhaumik church key saath sthaaniya church kii ekataa, sahabhagita aur nirantarta sthaapit kartaa haye. iss sutrikaran ney, badale mein, nagrik samaaj seey alag ack "pavitra samaaj" key roop mein church key ack swatantra drishtikon key liye aadhar taiyar kiya, joe ingland key baahar gair-sthaapit sansthaon key roop mein sthaaniya churchon key vikas key liye itna mahatvapurna thaa, aur ingland key bheetar catholic punrutthan aur vighatanvaad koo seedhe janm diyaa. karyatmak roop seey, anglican episcopal pradhikaran koo synodic roop seey vyakt kiya jaataa haye, halanki alag-alag praant apane primate koo swatantra roop seey kaary karane key liye cumm yaa jyada adhikaar dey sakate hain. vibhinn prakaar key "aradhanalaya", "parishad" yaa "sammelan" kahey jaane vaale way episcopal kii adhyakshata mein milate hain. kaee adhikaar kshetron mein, sulah prastaav joe paarit kiye gaye hain, unhein bull dene key liye episcopal sahamati yaa sahamati kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss tarah seey, anglican aksar "bishap-inn-synod" koo episcopal shasson key bull aur adhikaar key roop mein bolate hain. iss tarah kaa sulah adhikaar siddhant, anushasana aur pooja key maanak kshetron taka faila huaa haye, lekin inn sambandh mein adhikaar kii seemaon kii anglikanism kii parampara dwara seemit haye. una seemaon koo dharm key untees anuchhedon key anuchhed xxi mein vyakt kiya gayaa haye, jisaki pushti 1571 mein kii gaee thee (mahatvapurna roop seey, jaise trent kii parishad ack karib aaa rahee thee), jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "samanya parishaden... galati hoe sakati haye, aur kabhi-kabhi galati bhee hoe sakati haye... isaliye moksh key liye aavashyak unake dwara nirdhaarit cheejon mein naa tou shakti hoti haye aur naa hii adhikaar, jaba taka kii yeh ghoshit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye kii unhein pavitra granth seey baahar leey jaaya gayaa haye."isaliye, anglikan kshetradhikar paaramparik roop seey yaa tou naveen siddhant vikas key liye apane drishtikon mein roodhivaadi rahey hain yaa church key karyon koo siddhant key roop mein shamil karate hain (" "lakes orandi, lakes credendy" "dekhein). anglikan synodical sarkaar, halanki abhivyakti mein vividh haye, charitragat roop seey pratinidhi haye. anglican samudaay key praant, unake church sambandhi praant aur dharmprant naa kewal bishapon seey milkar bunny parishadon dwara shaasit hotey hain, balki presbitate aur samanya logon key pratinidhiyon seey bhee milkar baney hotey hain. anglikanism mein koee antarrashtriya nyaayik adhikaar naheen haye, halanki parampara key episcopacy key samanya anubhav, joe ack samanya aur jatil dhaarmik parampara key saath canterbury key drishya key saath aitihaasik sambandh kaa prateek haye, ney ekataa kaa ack upaay pradaan kiya haye. ise anglican communion bishap key lambeth sammelanon dwara majboot kiya gayaa haye, joe pahali baar 1867 mein mille they. yeye sammelan, halanki way prastaav dete hain aur prastaav paarit karate hain, sakhti seey paramarshatmak hain, aur prastaavon kaa irada anglican kshetradhikar key liye dishanirdesh pradaan karna haye-disha naheen. sammelan church kii vishvavyaapi aur catholic prakriti koo pradarshit karane key liye episcopate key kaary koo bhee vyakt karate hain. scotish episcopal church apane itihas kaa pataa scotland mein isai dharm kii utpatti seey lagaata haye. 1560 key scotish sudhaar key baad scotland key church koo shuru mein adhikshakon dwara chalaaya gayaa thaa, 1572 mein episcopal shasson koo bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1711 key adhiniyam taka episcopalvad koo una avadhiyon key saath baari-baari seey kiya gayaa jaba kirk presbyterian niyantran mein thaa jaba swatantra gair-sthaapit scotish episcopal church key gathan kii anumati dee gaee thee. gair-nyaayik matbhed key kaaran british sarkaar ney church key khilaf dandaatmak kaanoon lagu kiye. 1784 mein scotish church ney saimuel seabury koo americi episcopal church key pahale bishap key roop mein niyukt kiya, jisase churchon key vishvavyaapi anglican communion kii shuruat hui, aur 1792 mein dandaatmak kaanoonon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa. church ney 1804 mein ingland key church key lekhon koo sweekaar kiya. pratinidhi shasson key teji seey badhate loktaantrik roopon key prasaar kii utpatti 1780 key dashak mein americi episcopal church key pahale samanya sammelanon key gathan mein hui, jisane ack "house off bishap" aur "house off deputies" kii sthaapana kii. kaee adhikaar kshetron mein, ack teesara, lipic ghar bhee haye. prastaavon parr sanyukt roop seey yaa pratyek sadan dwara matdan kiya jaa sakata haye, baad key mamle mein sabhi sadanon mein paarit honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye jise vishesh parishad dwara apanaaya jaanaa chaahiye. church joe anglican communion key sadasya hain, way rajneeti mein episcopal church hain, aur kuchh koo "episcopal" naam diyaa gayaa haye. haalaanki, kuchh church joe anglican key roop mein swayam koo pahachaante hain, way anglican samudaay seey sambandhit naheen hain, aur sabhi episcopaly-shaasit church anglican naheen hain. roman catholic church, puraane catholic church (poorna samudaay mein, lekin anglican samudaay key sadasyon key saath naheen), aur purvi roodhivaadi churchon koo maanyata dee jaati haye, aur unake bishap bhee, anglican dwara. americi paddhativaadi church. anglicanism kii ack shakha key roop mein, paddhativaadi church aksar aitihaasik key saath-saath vyaavhaarik karanon key liye episcopal rajneeti kaa upayog karate hain, halanki seemit upayog key liye. vidhivetta aksar "episcopal" key alawa "sambandhvaad" yaa "sambandh rajneeti" shabd kaa upayog karate hain. phir bhee, episcopal rajneeti kii paaramparik avadhaaranaon kii tulanaa mein paddhativaadi episcopacy kii shaktiyaan apekshaakrit majboot aur vyaapak hoe sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, sanyukt paddhativaadi church mein, bishap jeevan bhar key liye chune jaate hain, ack vishisht sammelan mein dou karyakal taka seva curr sakate hain (teen yadi vishesh anumati dee jaati haye), paadari churchon mein paadari koo niyukt karane aur niyukt karane key liye jimmedaar hotey hain, kaee prashaasnik kartavyon kaa paalan karate hain, kshetriya sammelanon key vaarshik satron mein adhyakshata karate hain aur vishvavyaapi samanya sammelan kii chaturbhuj baithak mein, samajik aur saiddhaantik mahatva key mamalon parr church koo padhaane aur netritva karane kaa adhikaar hotaa haye, aur vishvavyaapi samarohon mein sampradaay kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye seva karate hain. sanyukt raajya america mein sanyukt paddhativaadi bishap apane niyukt sammelanon mein seva karate hain, 8 (yaa 12) varshon key baad ack nae "episcopal kshetra" mein sthanantarit kiye jaa rahey hain, jaba taka kii unake chhiyaasathven janmadin key baad quadrenium key anta mein unaki anivarya sevaanivritti naheen hoe jaati haye. british paddhativaad kaa maanana haye kii sabhi niyukt mantri aadhyatmikta key mamle mein samaan hain. haalaanki, vyaavhaarik prabandhan key liye sammelan key adhyaksh, jilaa adhyaksh, adheekshak mantri, mantri key roop mein rekhaaen kheenchi jaati hain. lekin sabhi mantri hain. anya sampradayon mein episcopal sarkaar. hangri key sudhaar church aur mahadvipiya europe mein luthran churchon koo kabhi-kabhi "episcopal" kahaa jaa sakata haye. inn baad key mamalon mein, sarkaar kaa roop presbyterian roop seey maulik roop seey alag naheen haye, sivaay isake kii unaki bishap parishadon kaa sthaaniya sattaaroodh nikaayon parr padaanukramit adhikaar kshetra adhikansh presbyterian aur anya sudhaar churchon kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka haye. jaisa kii ullekh kiya gayaa haye, sweeden aur finland mein luther church apavaad hain, joe kuchh hudd taka anglican churchon kii tarah ack pattern mein apostolic uttaradhikar kaa daavaa karate hain. anyatha, luther churchon mein rajneeti key roop anivarya naheen hain, kyonki ise saiddhaantik mahatva naheen maanaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik karanon seey, purani duniya key luthranwad ney episcopal pradhikaran key erastian siddhanton koo apanaane kii pravritti dikhaai haye (jisake dwara church pradhikaran koo dharmnirpeksh sarkaar dwara seemit seema taka sweekrit kiya gayaa haye). sanyukt raajya america mein, luther churchon ney sarkaar key ack roop koo apanaaya haye joe mandaliwad key saath adhik tulaniya haye. episcopal baptists kaa ack chhota saa alpasankhyak maujood haye. saade paridhan parampara key adhikansh anabaptist church cumm seey cumm naam mein ack episcopal pranali kaa paalan karate hain. mandali shasson parr dridhata seey jore diyaa jaataa haye, aur pratyek mandali apane paadari kaa chunaav karati haye. bishap antar-kshetriya ekataa koo lagu karate hain aur paaramparik maandandon koo todane key liye pasters koo anushaasit curr sakate hain. haalaanki yeh kabhi bhee iss shabd kaa upayog naheen kartaa haye, lekin baad key dinon key santon (ell. dee. aiss. church) kaa church presbyterian yaa mandali key bajaay episcopal haye, iss arth mein kii isamen sthaaniya bishap/shakha adhyaksh seey laker ack hii paigambar/rashtrapati taka netritva kaa sakht padanukram haye, maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh vyaktigat roop seey yeeshu masih dwara adhikrit aur nirdeshit haye. sthaaniya mandaliyon (shaakhaon, wardon aur daanvon) kii "nyaayik" seemaaen hoti hain jinake dwara sadasyon koo aavantit kiya jaataa haye, aur sadasyata record kendrikrit hotey hain. yeh pranali dheere-dheere adhik presbyterian rajneeti (1830 mein joseph smith kaa mool sheershak "pahala bujurg" thaa) seey vyaavhaarik aur saiddhaantik karanon seey vikasit hui, joe nauvu avadhi (1839-1846) key dauran ack poorna episcopacy taka pahunch gaee.

episcopal rajakiya episcopal raajakeeyavu church aadalitada ("charchina rajakiya") ondu shrenikruta roopavaagiddu, idaralli mukhya sthaliya adhikaarigalannu bishapgalu endu kareyalaaguttade. ("bishop" emba padavu british lattin mattu asabhya lattin pada "* ebiscopus"/"* biscopus" moolaka bandide, idu praachina greek "episcopus" ninda bandide, idarartha "melvichaaraka".) idu catholic, purva saampradaayika, oriental saampradaayika, purvada church, anglican, lutheran mattu methodist charchugalu athawa pangadagalantaha aneka pramukha christian charchugalu mattu pangadagalu balasuva rachaneyagide mattu ee vamshaavaligalinda svatantravagi sthaapisalaada itara charchugalu. episcopal raajakeeyavannu hondiruva charchugalannu bishapgalu nirvahisuttaare, diosysgalu mattu sammelanagalu athawa sinodgalalli tamma adhikaarigalannu abhyasa maaduttaare. avara naayakatvavu dharmika mattu saamvidhaanika eradoo aagide; jotege, pourohitya, drudhikarana mattu pratishtapanegalannu nirvahisuva bishop, sthaliya nyaayavyaaptiyolage padrigalannu melvichaarane maaduttaare mattu jatyatita ranchanegalu mattu churchna kramaanugategaleradakkoo pratinidhiyagiruttare. bishapgalu tamma adhikaaravannu yesuvina hanneradu apostalara akhanda, vaiyaktika apostala uttaraadhikaaradinda padeyuttaare endu pariganisalaagide. antaha adhikaaravannu hondiruva bishapgalu aitihaasika episcopate athawa aitihaasika episcopate annu pratinidhisuttaare endu helalaaguttade. ee reetiya sarkaaravannu hondiruva charchugalu samanyavagi hosa odambadikeyalli vivarisiruvante charchige episcopal sarkaarada agatyavide endu nambuttave (1 timoti 3 mattu 2 timoti 1 annu nodi). kelavu vevasthegalalli, bishapgalu unnata huddeyannu hondiruva bishapgalige (sampradaayavannu avalambisi, vividha reetiyalli aarchbishapgalu, mahanagaragalu athawa pitruprabhutvagalu endu kareyuttaare) seemita reetiyalli olapattirabahudu. avaru mandaligalu athawa sinodgalalliyu bhetiyaguttare. ee kootagalu, unnata shreniya bishapgala adhyakshatege olapattiruttave, samanyavagi pramukha nirdhaaragalannu tegedukolluttave, aadaroo synode athawa council saha sampoornavaagi salahakararagirabahudu. samsthika christian dharmada hecchina likhita itihaasadalli, episcopal sarkaaravu church samstheya ekaika roopavaagittu. idu sudhaaraneya samayadalli badalaayitu. aneka protestant charchugalannu eega sabeya athawa presbyterian church raajakeeyagalu ayojisive, iveradoo martin lutherna tombattaidu prabandhagalinda untaada catholic charchinondigina viraamada nantara svatantravagi kelasa maaduva mattu bareyuva protestant sudharaka zaan calvin barahagalinda bandive. aadaagyoo, kelavaru sudhaaranege modalu episcopal raajakeeyavannu virodhisiddaare, udaaharanege 4neey shatamaanadalli arius off sebast. episcopal charchugala avalokana. episcopal" emba padada vyaakhyaanavu christian sampradaayagalalli vyatyaasavannu hondide. prastuta samayadalli episcopal charchugala naduve sarkari tatvagalalli sukshma vyatyaasagalive. episcopal charchugala pratyekateyannu swalpa mattige charchu mattu church aadalitada bagge avara devataashaastrada tiluvalikeyaada charchushaastradallina ee vyatyaasagalinda gurutisabahudu. kelavarige, "episcopal charchugalu" embudu muriyada, vaiyaktika apostolic uttaradhikaaradalliddaare endu gurutisuva bishapgala shreniyannu balasuva charchugalaagive. "episcopal" annu samanyavagi pangadagala vividha samsthika ranchanegala naduve vyatyaasavannu gurutisalu balasalaaguttade. udaaharanege, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) annu chunaayita hiriyara sabhegala shreniyinda niyantrisalpaduva church annu vivarisalu balasalaaguttade, idannu presbyterian polity endu kareyalaaguttade. anteye, bishapgalinda niyantrisalpaduva church annu vivarisalu "episcopal" annu balasalaaguttade. hiriyaru athawa bishapgalinda niyantrisalpadada swayam-aadalitada sthaliya sabhegalannu samanyavagi "sabeya" endu vivarisalaaguttade. hecchu nirdishtavagi heluvudaadare, "episcopal" emba doddaksharada manaviyannu aitihaasikavaagi anglican dharma ("episcopalianism") dolage nelegondiruva halavaaru charchugalige anvayisalaaguttade, idaralli innoo church off inglendnondige samparkadalliruva charchugaloo serive. ee vyakhyanagalannu balasikondu, nirdishta episcopal charchugala udaaharanegalu seriveh kelavu lutheran charchugalu saamuhika rajakiya athawa presbyterian raajakeeyada ondu roopavannu abhyasa maaduttave. sweeden church seridante itararu, episcopal raajakeeyavannu abhyasa maaduttaare; sweeden church tanna bishapgalannu aitihaasika episcopetnalli pariganisuttade. anglo-lutheran catholic church, lutheran orthodox church, lutheran church-international mattu lutheran episcopal kamyuniyanantaha kelavu american lutheran charchugala vishayadalloo idu anvayisuttade. aneka kramavaadi charchugalu (united methodist church, itarara naduve) episcopal raajakeeyada roopa mattu kaaryavannu ulisikondive, aadaagyoo maarpadisida roopadalli, idannu samparkavaada endu kareyalaaguttade. ellaroo tamma nemakagalannu angla padri zaan vesliyavarige gurutisuvudarinda, avara bishapgalu apostolic uttaraadhikaaradalli bhagiyaguvudilla endu samanyavagi pariganisalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, tamma bishapgalu aitihaasika dharmopadeshadalli bhagiyaguttare endu samyukta vidhaanavaadigalu drudhikarisuttaare. itihaasa. apostala paul philipiyara patradalli, roman clement mattu deedache church aadalita vevastheya bagge maatanaaduvaaga, "bishapgalu mattu dikangalannu" ullekhisi, "presbyter" emba padavannu bittubittaru, idu modala shatamaanadalli innoo yaavude presbyter-bishop vyatyaasaviralilla endu kelavaru vaadisiddaare. eegaagale eradane shatamaanada aarambhadalli antiochna baravanigeya ignatius bishapgalu mattu presbytergala spashta vyatyaasavannu maaduttade, andare avara patragalu avara samayada velege episcopal vyavastheyu eegaagale astitvadallittu endu torisuttave. aadaagyoo, ignatius romannarige bareda patradalli roman bhasheyalli bishop obbarannu endigoo ullekhisilla embudu gamanarhavendu bart erman pariganisuttaare. nantara tertullion kooda presbytergalu mattu bishapgalannu pratyeka kacheriyagi bahala spashtavagi pratyekisuttaane, irenius bishapgala uttaraadhikaarada pattigalannu maadidanu, aadaroo arambhika church tandegalinda maadida bishop uttaraadhikaarada pattigalu hecchu virodhatmakavagive. eradane shatamaanada velege, episcopal vyavastheyu christianneralli bahusankhyaata, saarvatrika drashtikoonavaagi maarpattide endu toruttade. novaatiyannaru mattu daanadharmadavarantaha bhinnamatada panthagalu saha episcopal vyavastheyannu balasuttiddavu. episcopal vyavastheyannu virodhisida mattu tannade aada panthavannu praarambhisida arius off sebast annu horatupadisi. charchugalannu moolatah presbytergala gumpu niyantrisuttittu aadare nantara charchugalu bhinnabhiprayagalannu nigrahisalu bishapgalannu ayke maadalu nirdharisidavu endu gerom helidaru. catholic church. catholic charchnalli ondu episcopate iddu, romna bishop aagiruva pope agrasthanadalliddare. catholic church, churchna melina kaanoonu melvichaaraneyu manushyarinda padeda shaktiyalla, aadare kattunittaagi kristana adhikaaradinda bandide, idannu avana hanneradu apostalarige nidalaayitu endu pariganisuttade. romna nota, sentninda iliyuttiruva apostolic adhikaarada muriyada rekheyaagi. peater ("apostalara rajakumara mattu mukhyastha"), bishapgala collegina naduve mattu aaddarinda vishvadaadyantada sthaliya charchugala naduve communion ondu gochara chihne mattu saadhanavaagide. vishvaadyantada bishapgala kaalejinondige oggattinalli, pope idee churchna mele ellah kanunubaddha kaanoonu mattu bodhana adhikaaravannu hondiddaare. kristanu sentge needida ee adhikara. pavitraatmada shaktiyinda, apostalara kaigalannu bishapgalige, muriyada anukramadalli haakuva moolaka peater mattu apostalaru ondu piligeyinda mundina piligege haraduttaare. purva saampradaayika church. purvada saampradaayika charchinalli episcopal sarkaarada saamarasyada kalpane munduvariyuttade. purva sampradaayadalli, ellah svayamprerita sastanigalu ottaagi kristana suttaloo ottuguduttave, itara aarchbishapgalu mattu bishapgalu avara suttaloo seruttaare, mattu heege. romnalli popge hoolisabahudaada vishesha adhikaaravannu hondiruva onde primate illa. aadaagyoo, constantinopalna (eega istanbul) kulapatiyannu purva sampradayavadada svayamprerita charchugala "samaanaralli modalaneyavaru" "primus inter parace" endu pariganisalaaguttade. oriental orthodox charchugalu. oriental orthodox charchugalu apostolic uttaradhikara mattu episcopal sarkaarada vichaaragalannu drudhikarisuttave. prati rashtriya charchnolage, bishapgalu pavitra synode annu rachisuttaare, idakke pitruprabhutvadavaru saha olapattiruttaare. syriac orthodox church tanna apostolic uttaraadhikaaravannu saint. peater mattu antioc annu saint avara moola sea endu gurutisuttaare. peater. armeniyan apostolic church tanna vamshaavaliyannu apostala barthalomeuge gurutisuttade. bhaaratiya saampradaayika church tanna vamshaavaliyannu apostala thamasninda gurutisuttade. ethiopian saampradaayika charchu aidane shatamaanadalli coptic saampradaayika churchna moolaka tanna uttaraadhikaarada saalugalannu padeyitu. greek mattu coptic saampradaayika charchugalu pratiyondoo tammade aada alexandriyada pope (alexandriyada pope mattu pitruprabhutva mattu ellah aafrikaada pope, mattu alexandriyada coptic saampradaayika churchna pope) avarannu gurutisuttave, avaribbaroo tamma apostolic uttaraadhikaaravannu suvaartaabodhakana gurutannu gurutisuva anki amshadinda gurutisuttaare. ee praachina ullanghaneyannu gunapadisalu ittichina dinagalli adhikruta, nadeyuttiruva prayatnagalive. eegaagale, ibbaroo parasparara dikshasnan, kraistadharma mattu vivaahagalannu gurutisuttaare, idu antarvivaahavannu hecchu sulabhagolisuttade. purvada church. aitihaasikavaagi, purvada church tanna episcopal uttaraadhikaaravannu saint. thamus dhii apostala. prastuta purvada asiriyaada churchna bishapgalu adara apostolic uttaraadhikaaravannu kapadikolluttiddare. angla communion. vividha roman catholic mattu saampradaayika samudaayagalige hoolisabahudaada reetiyalli apostolic uttaraadhikaarada moolaka aitihaasika episcopatege hakku saadhisuva sudhaaraneya sampradaayagalalli aanglikavaadavu atyanta pramukhavaagide. aanglikannaru church off englendnalli mattu adara moolaka muriyada episcopal uttaraadhikaaravannu sthapisuttare. canterbury augustein mattu modala shatamaanada roman praantyavaada britania. white bii sinodnalli kelavu celtic christian paddhatigalannu badalaayisalaagiddaru, british dweepagalallina church modalinindaloo pope adhikaaradallittu. romrinda inglendna churchna svatantryavannu parinamakariyagi sthaapisida henry henry shaasanavu adara saamvidhaanika athawa grameena ranchanegalannu badalayisalilla. churchna astitvadalliruva kaanoonu ranchanegala moolaka raaja praabalyavannu chalaayisalaayitu, adara nayakaru bishapgalaagiddaru. heege, dharmapragneyannu sudhaarita "ecclesia anglikana" dha ondu kodugeyagi mattu praachina mattu apostolic nyaayasammatatege samstheya manaviyalli adipayavagi nodalaayitu. eega bishapgalu adara prajegala aadhyaatmika sarkaarada kireetada mantrigalaagi kaanuttiddaru embudu badalaayitu. richard hukarna prabhaavavu ee tiluvalikeya vikasakke nirnaayakavaagittu, idaralli bishapgalu tamma hecchu saampradaayika patradalli presbytate aanuvamshika adhikaaragalige niyojisuvavaragi, presbytergalige paadrigalaagi karyanirvahisuvavaragi mattu vishaalavaada churchge sambandhisidante nirdishta bodhana kacheriyannu hondiruvavaragi kaanuttaare. episcopal sarkaaravu "dii jyoor divino" (rajara daivika hakkina prakara) yaava reetiyalli ide embudara bagge anglikara abhiprayavu bhinnavagide. wandede, hadinelane shatamaanada daivika, zaan kosin, episcopal adhikaaravu "jyoor divino" endu pariganisidaru, aadare idu "apostolic abhyasa mattu churchna paddhatigalinda udbhaviside"... krista athawa avana apostalaru adara bagge needida sampoorna niyamavalla (ee drashtikonavannu hukkar saha nirvahisuttiddanu). idakke vyatiriktavagi, lancellat andrus mattu itararu episcopal sarkaaravu apostalara moolaka kristaninda bandide endu nambiddaru. lekkisade, eradoo pakshagalu ee dharmabhrashtateyannu melvichaaraneya apostolic kaaryavannu hondiruvante nodikondavu, idu samanvayada shaktiyannu olagondiruttade mattu adarinda vyutpannavagide mattu churchna aadalitakke maanadandavaagide. apostolic uttaraadhikaarada abhyaasavu churchna dhyeyada nyaayasammatateyannu khatripadisuttade mattu saarvatrika charchnondige sthaliya churchna ekate, communion mattu nirantarateyannu sthaapisuttade. ee sutrikaranavu, church annu nagarika samajakkinta bhinnavaada "pavitra samaja" endu swatantra drashtikonakke adipaya haakitu, idu inglendna horage sthaliya charchugala abhivraddhiyalli bahala nirnaayakavaagittu, mattu englendnolage catholic punarujjeevana mattu asthiratege neravaada janma needitu. kriyatmakavagi, anglican episcopal adhikaaravannu synodic aagi vyaktapadisalaaguttade, aadaagyoo pratyeka praantyagalu tamma praimetge svatantravagi kaaryanirvahisalu hecchu kadime adhikaaravannu niidabahudu. vividha "sinodgalu", "kaunsilgalu" athawa "samaveshagalu" endu kareyalpaduva avu episcopal adhyakshateyalli bhetiyaguttave. aneka nyayavyaptigalalli, angeekarisalaada sandhana nirnayagalige episcopal oppige athawa wappigeya agatyaviruttade. ee reetiyalli nodidare, aanglikarannu samanyavagi "bishop-inn-sinode" annu episcopal aadalitada shakti mattu adhikaaravendu kareyuttaare. antaha saamarasyada adhikaaravu siddhaanta, shistu mattu aaradhaneya pramanita kshetragalige vistarisuttade, aadare ee nittinalli anglikavadada adhikaarada mitigala sampradaayadinda simitavagide. aaa mitigalannu mitigalannu anumodisalaada moovattombattu dharmada lekhanagala lekhanagala vyaktapadisalaagide (gamanarhavagi, trent council muktayagolluttiddente), idu "saamaanya mandaligalu" endu helitu... kelavomme tappagirabahudu, mattu kelavomme tappagirabahudu... aaddarinda, mokshakke agatyavendu avaru nigadipadisida vishayagalu pavitra granthadinda tegeduhaakalpattive endu ghoshisada horatu, avugalige bala athawa adhikaravilla."aaddarinda, anglican nyaayavyaaptigalu sampradayikavagi naveena saiddhaantika abhivruddhiya athawa churchna kaaryagalannu saiddhaantikavaagi olagolluva vidhaanadalli sampradaayasheelavaagive (" "lexes orandi, lexes credendy" "nodi)". anglican synodical sarkaaravu abhivyaktiyalli bhinnavagiddaroo, vishishtavaagi praatinidhikavaagide. anglican communion praantyagalu, avugala charchina praantyagalu mattu diosysgalannu bishapgalu matravallade presbyterate mattu samanyara pratinidhigalannu olagondiruva mandaligalu nirvahisuttave. anglikavadadalli yaavude antararashtriya kanunubaddha adhikaravilla, aadaagyoo, saamaanya mattu sankeerna dharmika sampradaayadondige, canterbariyondige aitihaasika samparkadinda sanketisalpattiruva ee sampradaayada saamaanya anubhavavu ekateya alateyannu odagiside. idannu idannu modala baarige bhetiyaada anglican communion bishapgala lambeth sammelanagalu balapadisive. ee sammelanagalu, avu prastapagalannu mundittaroo mattu nirnayagalannu angeekarisidaroo, kattunittaagi samalochisuttave, mattu nirnayagala uddeshavu anglican nyaayavyaaptigalige maargasuchigalannu odagisuvudu-nirdeshanavalla. charchina ecumenical mattu catholic svaroopavannu pradarshisalu episcopaten kaaryavannu saha sammelanagalu vyaktapadisuttave. scottish episcopal church tanna itihaasavannu scotlendnallina christian dharmada moolakke hintirugisuttade. 1560rahra scottish sudhaaraneya nantara scotlendna church annu aarambhadalli sooparintendentgalu nadesuttiddaru, nadesuttiddaru episcopal aadalitavannu punahsthaapisalaayitu, aadare 1711rahra kaayideyu swatantra scottish episcopal churchna ranchanege avakasha niiduvavarege episcopalianism annu paryayavagi kirk presbyterian niyantranadallidda avadhigalondige badalaayisalaayitu. kanunubahira bhinnaabhipraayavu british sarkaaravu churchna viruddha dandanaatmaka kaanunugalannu vidhisalu kaaranavaayitu. kaaranavaayitu scottish church samuel seebariyannu american episcopal churchna modala bishop aagi nemisitu, idu vishvaadyanta anglican communion off charchugalannu praarambhisitu mattu mattu dandanaatmaka kaanunugalannu raddupadisalaayitu. raddupadisalaayitu church off inglendna lekhanagalannu church sweekarisitu. pratinidhi aadalitada hechchuttiruva prajaprabhutva rupagala haraduvikeyu 1780rahra dasakadalli american episcopal churchna modala saamaanya samaveshagala rachaneyalli tanna moolavannu hondide, idu "house off bishop" mattu "house off deputy" galannu sthaapisitu. aneka nyayavyaptigalalli, moorane, gumastara sadanavoo ide. nirnayagalannu jantiyagi athawa prati sadanadinda matha chalaayisabahudu, nantarada sandarbhadalli ellah sadanagalalli angeekaaravannu nirdishta mandaliyu angikarisabekaguttade. anglican communion sadasyaraagiruva charchugalu raajakeeyadalli episcopal charchugalaagive mattu kelavannu "episcopal" endu kareyalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, anglican endu swayam-gurutisikolluva kelavu charchugalu anglican kamyuniyange serilla, mattu ellah episcopal-aadalitada charchugalu anglican alla. roman catholic church, haleya catholic charchugalu (anglican kamyuniyannondige purna kamyuniyannalli, aadare sadasyaralla), mattu purvada saampradaayika charchugalannu mattu avugala bishapgalannu saha aanglikannaru gurutisuttaare. american methodist charchugalu. anglikavadada ondu shaakheyaagi, vidhaanavaadi charchugalu samanyavagi episcopal raajakeeyavannu aitihaasika mattu prayogika karanagaligagi balasuttave, aadaroo seemita balakege. vidhaanashaastragnaru samanyavagi "episcopal" jotege "samparkavaada" athawa "samparka rajakiya" emba padavannu balasuttaare. aadaagyoo, episcopal raajakeeyada saampradaayika parikalpanegalige holisidare methodist episcopacy adhikaragalu tulanaatmakavaagi balavaadavu mattu vyaapakavaagirabahudu. udaaharanege, united methodist charchnalli, bishapgalannu jeevanakkaagi ayke maadalaaguttade, nirdishta sammelanadalli eradu avadhigalavarege seve sallisabahudu (vishesha anumati niididare mooru), padri charchugalige padrigalannu nemisuva mattu nemisuva javaabdaariyannu hondiruttaare, aneka aadalitaatmaka kartavyagalannu nirvahisuttaare, praadeshika sammelanagala varshika adhiveshanagalalli mattu vishvaadyanta saamaanya sammelanada chaturvaarshika sabheyalli adhyakshateyannu vahisuttaare, samajika mattu saiddhaantika vishayagala bagge church annu bodhisuva mattu munnadesuva adhikaaravannu hondiruttaare mattu ecumenical kutagalalli pangadavannu pratinidhisalu seve sallisuttaare. united statesnallina united methodist bishapgalu tamma aravattarane janmadinada nantara quadrenniumna koneyalli tamma kaddaya nivruttiyavarege, 8 (athawa 12) varshagala nantara hosa "episcopal pradesha" kke sthalaantaragondu, tamma nemakagonda sammelanagalalli seve sallisuttaare. british vidhaanavaadavu ellah deekshe padeda mantrigalu aadhyaatmikateya vishayadalli samaanaru endu heluttade. aadaagyoo, prayogika nirvahanege sammelanada adhyaksharu, jilleya adhyaksharu, superintendent sachivaru, sachivaru emba saalugalannu eleyalaaguttade. aadare, avarellaroo mantrigale. itara pangadagalli episcopal sarkara. europe khandada hangariya samskarisida church mattu lutheran charchugalannu kelavomme "episcopal" endu kareyabahudu. ee nantarada prakaranagalalli, sarkaarada roopavu presbyterian roopakkinta sampoornavaagi bhinnavagilla, aadare avara bishapgala mandaligalu hecchina presbyterian mattu itara sudhaarita charchugaliginta hecchina pramaanadalli sthaliya aadalita samsthegala mele shrenikruta nyaayavyaaptiyannu hondive. ullekhisidante, sweeden mattu finlandnalliruva lutheran charchgalu idakke horataagiddu, svalpamattige anglican charchugalanteye apostolic uttaraadhikaaravannu hondive. illadiddare, lutheran charchugalalli raajakeeyada roopagalannu kaddayagolisalagilla, ekendare idu saiddhaantika mahatvavannu hondilla endu pariganisalaagide. praachina jagattina lutheran vaadavu, aitihaasika karanagaligagi, episcopal adhikaarada erestian siddhaantagalannu alavadisikolluva pravruttiyannu hondide (idara moolaka church adhikaaravannu jatyatita sarkaaravu seemita pramaanadalli anumodiside). united statesnalli, lutheran charchugalu sabeya vaadakke hoolisabahudaada ondu reetiya sarkaaravannu alavadisikolluttave. episcopal byaptistgala ondu sanna alpasankhyaataru astitvadalliddaare. sarala uduge sampradaayada hecchina anabaptist charchugalu kanishta hesarinalli episcopal vyavastheyannu anusarisuttave. sabeya aadalitakke balavaada ottu nidalaaguttade mattu prati sabeyu tanna padriyannu ayke maaduttade. bishapgalu antara-congressional aikyateyannu jaarige taruttaare mattu saampradaayika roodhigalannu ullanghisiddakkagi padrigalannu shistugolisabahudu. idu endigoo ee padavannu balasadiddaroo, nantarada dinada santara (lds church) jeesas christ church presbyterian athawa sabeya badalu episcopal aagide, idarartha idu sthaliya bishop/shakheya adhyaksharinda hididu obba pravaadi/adhyaksharavarege naayakatvada kattunittaada shreniyannu hondide, idu vaiyaktikavagi yesukristaninda adhikrutavaagide mattu margadarshanagondide endu nambalaagide. sthaliya sabhegalu (shakhegalu, vaardgalu mattu stakes) "dii jyoor" gadigalannu hondiddu, adara moolaka sadasyarannu hanchalaaguttade mattu sadasyatvada daakhalegalannu kendrikarisalaguttade. ee vyavastheyu kramena hecchu presbyterian raajakeeyadinda raajakeeyadinda joseph smith avara moola shirshikeyu "modala hiriya") prayogika mattu saiddhaantika karanagaligagi abhivruddhi honditu, idu nauvoo avadhiyalli (1839-1846) sampoorna gnanagrahanavannu talupitu.

episcopal raashtreeyam mukhya praadeshika adhikaarikale bishappukal ennu vilikkunna sabhaabharanathinte ("sabhaa raashtreeyam") oru sreniparamaaya roopamaanu episcopal raashtreeyam. ("melnottakkaaran" ennartham varunna purathana greak "episcopos" ennathil ninnu britiish laattin, ashleela laattin padamaaya "ebiscopus"/"biscopus" ennathiloodeyaanu "bishop" enna vaakk uruthirinjathu.) catholica, kizhakkan yaadhaasthithika, ooriyantal oorthadoox, kizhakkan sabha, engleesh, lutheran, methadist pallikal allengil vibhagangal, eee vamshaavalikalil ninnu swathanthramaayi sthaapithamaaya mattu pallikal thudangi niravadhi pradhana kristhyan pallikalum vibhaagangalum upayogikkunna gadanayaanithu. oru episcopal raashtreeyamulla pallikal bharikkunath bishappumaraanu, avar avarude adhikaarikal roopathakalilum konfaransukalilum sinadukalilum pariseelikkunnu. avarude neethrthwam mathaparamayathum bharanaghadanaaparavumaanu; athupole thanne sthaananirnayangal, sthireekaranangal, prathishtakal enniva nadathukayum, bishop praadeshika adhikaaraparidhiyilulla purohitharude melnottam vahikkukayum mathethara gadanakaludeyum sabhayude shreniyudeyum prathinidhiyakukayum cheiyunnu. yeshuvinte panthrand apposthalanmaril ninnulla thakarkkappedaatha, vyakthiparamaaya appastholika pinthudarchaavakaashathil ninnaan bishappukal avarude adikaaram nedunnathennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. atharam adikaaramulla bishappukal charitraparamaaya episcopatineyo charitraparamaaya episcopatineyo prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu parayappedunnu. puthiya niyamathil vivarichirikkunnathu sabhaykku episcopal gavanment aavasyamaanennu itharathilulla gavanmentulla pallikal saadhaaranayaayi vishwasikkunnu (1 timoti 3,2 timoti 1 enniva kaanuka). chila samvidaanangalil, uyarnna padavi vahikkunna (paarambaryatthe aashrayich aarch bishappukal, metropolitans allengil pathriyarkkis ennu vilikkappedunna) bishappukalkk parimithamaaya reethiyil vidheyamaayekkaam. avar kaunsilukaliloo sinadukalilo koodicherunnu. sinado kaunsiloo poornnamaayum upadeshakamaayirikkaamenkilum uyarnna raankulla bishappumaarude presidensic vidheyamaayi eee othucheralukal saadhaaranayaayi pradhana theerumaanangal edukkunnu. sthaapanaparamaaya kristhumathatthinte likhithacharithrathinte bhooribhaagavum, sabhaa samghadanayude ariyappedunna eaka roopamaayirunnu episcopal gavanment. parishkaranatthode ithu maari. martin lutherinte thonnootti anchu sidhaanthangal moolam catholica sabhayumaayulla bandham verpeduthiyathinethudar swathanthramaayi pravartthikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheytha oru protestant parishkarthaavaaya joonn kaalvinte rachanakalil ninnu uthbhavicha niravadhi protestant pallikal ippol samghadithamaayirikkunnathu sabhaaparamo presbytarian sabhaaparamo aaya raashtreeyangalaan. ennirunnaalum, naalam noottaandile erius oof sebaast pole, parishkaranatthinu munbu chila aalukal episcopal raashtreeyathe tharkkikkunnund. episcopal pallikalude avalokanam. episcopal" enna vaakkinte nirvachanathinu kristheeya paarambaryangalkkidayil vyathyaasamund. episcopal pallikalkkidayil sarkkar thathwangalil sookshumamaaya vyathyaasangalund. oru paridhivare episcopal pallikalude verthiriv ecclesiology eee vyathyasangalil ninnu kandethanakum, athaayath sabhayey sabhaa bharanatheyum kurichulla avarude daivashaasthraparamaaya dhaarana. chilare sambandhichidatholam, "episcopal pallikal" ennathu, thakarkkappedaathathum vyakthiparavumaaya appastholika pinthudarchayaayi thirichariyunna bishappumaarude oru shreni upayogikkunna pallikalaanu. "vibhaagangalude vividha samghadanaa gadanakal thammil verthirichariyaan "episcopal" saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, thiranjedukkappetta mooppanmaarude sammelanangalude oru shreni bharikkunna oru sabhaye vivarikkan "presbytarian" (, presbyteros) upayogikkunnu, ithu presbytarian raashtreeyam ennu vilikkunnu. athupole, bishappukal bharikkunna oru palliye vivarikkan "episcopal" upayogikkunnu. muthirnnavaro bishappumaro bharikkaatha svayambharana praadeshika sabhakale saadhaaranayaayi "sabhaa" maayi visheshippikkunnu. kooduthal vyakthamaayi paranjaal, engleesh sabhayumaayi ippozhum bandham pularthunnava ulppede, charitraparamaayi aamglikkanisathil ("episcopalism") adhishtithamaaya niravadhi pallikalkk "episcopal" enna capitalised appaleshan baadhakamaan. eee nirvachanangal upayogichu, nirddishta episcopal pallikalude udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu chila lutheran pallikal sabhaa raashtreeyam allengil oru tharatthilulla presbytarian raashtreeyam pariseelikkunnu. sweeden sabha ulppedeyulla mattullavar episcopal raashtreeyam pariseelikkunnu; sweeden sabayum charitraparamaaya episcopettukalil athinte methraanmaare kanakkakkunnu. anglo-lutheran catholica sabha, lutheran oorthadoox sabha, lutheran sabha-internaashanal, lutheran episcopal communion thudangiya chila american lutheran pallikalude kaaryatthilum ithu baadhakamaan. pala methadist pallikalum (yunaittad methadist charchu, mattullavaykkoppam) episcopal raashtreeyathinte roopavum pravartthanavum nilanirthunnu, ennirunnaalum parivartthanam cheytha roopathil, connectionivalism ennu vilikkunnu. ellaavarum avarude sthaanaarohanam oru engleesh purohithanaaya joonn wesleyode kandethunnathinaalaan, avarude bishappukal apostolica pinthudarchaavakaashathil pankaalikalallennu pothuve kanakkaakkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, thangalude bishappukal charitraparamaaya episcopattil pankucherunnuvennu aikya methadistukal sthireekarikkunnu. charithram. onnaam noottaandil ithuvare prisbetter-bishop vyathyasam undaayirunnillenn kaanikkan chilar vaadicha "prisbetter" enna vaakk ozhivaakki, aposthalanaaya pooll philippiyarmaarkkulla kathil, romum deedash sabhayude bharanasamvidhaanathekkurichu samsaarikkumbol "bishappumareyum deconukaleyum" paraamarsikkunnu. randaam noottaandinte thudakkathil thanne anthiyokya ezhuthukalude ignatius bishappukaleyum prisbittarukaleyum kurichu vyakthamaaya vyathyasam nalkunnu, athaayath addehathinte kathukal kaanikkunnath addehathinte kaalathuthanne oru episcopal sambradaayam nilavilundaayirunnuvenna. ennirunnaalum ignatius romakkaarkkulla kathil orikkalum romile oru bishappine paraamarshichittilla ennathu pradhaanamaanennu bart erman kaanunnu. pinneedu tertulian prisbittarukaleyum bishappumareyum oru prathyeka offeesaayi valare vyakthamaayi verthirikkunnu, irenius bishappumaarude pinthudarchayude pattika thayyarakki, ennirunnaalum aadyakaala sabhaa pithakkanmaar nirmmicha bishop pinthudarcha pattikakal valare parasparavirudhamaanu. randaam noottaandode episcopal sambradaayam kristhyaanikalkkidayil bhooripakshavum saarvathrikavumaaya kazhchappadayi mariyathaayi thonnunnu. novaashyanmaarum donaattistukalum polulla bhinnamathavibhagangal polum episcopal sambradaayam upayogikkum. episcopal sanbradaayathe ethirkkukayum swantham vibhaagam aarambikkukayum cheytha eriyas oof sebaast ozhike. pallikal aadyam bharichirunnathu oru koottam prisbittarukalaayirunnum ennaal pinneedu maathramaan bhinnathakal adichamarthaan pallikal bishappukale thiranjedukkaan theerumaanichathennum jerom prasthaavichu. catholica sabha. catholica sabhaykku oru episcopettundu, rominte bishappaya maarppaappayaanu mukalil. sabhayude melnottam nadathunnathu manushyaril ninnu uruthirinja oru shakthiyallennum marichu thante panthrand apposthalanmaarkk nalkappetta kristhuvinte adhikaarathil ninnaan karsanamaayi varunnathennum catholica sabha karuthunnu. sent. yill ninnu erangivarunna apostolica adhikaarathinte thakarkkappedaatha rekhayaayi romine kaanuka. peettar ("apposthalanmaarude rajakumaran thalavan"), bishappumaarude koleju, athinaal lokamembaadumulla praadeshika pallikal ennivaykkidayilulla oru drishyamaaya adayaalavum koottaaymayude upakaranavumaan. lokamembaadumulla bishappumaarude kolejumaayi sahakarichu, paappaykku muzhuvan sabhayudeyum mail niyamaanusrithamaaya ellah niyamaparavum adhyapanaparavumaaya adhikaaramund. kristhu sent. vishudhaathmaavinte shakthiyiloodeyum apposthalanmaril ninnu methraanmaark kaikal vekkunnathiloodeyum, thudarchayaayi, peettarum apposthalanmaarum oru thalamurayil ninnu adutha thalamurayilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. kizhakkan oorthadoox palli. episcopal gavanmentinte anuranjana ashayam kizhakkan yaadhaasthithika sabhayil thudarunnu. kizhakkan yaadhaasthithikathayil, ellah svayampreritha praimettukalum kristhuvinu chuttum koottamaayi othukoodunnathaayi kaanapedunnu, mattu aarch bishappumarum bishappumarum avarkk chuttum othukoodunnu. romile maarppaappayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna prathyeka adikaaramulla orotta primate illa. ennirunnaalum, constantinoppilinte (ippol istanbul) paathriyarkkeesine kizhakkan yaadhaasthithikathayude svayampreritha pallikalude "thulyaril aadyatheyaalaaya" "primus inter parez" aayi kaanunnu. ooriyantal oorthadoox pallikal. ooriyantal oorthadoox pallikal apostolica pinthudarchayudeyum episcopal gavanmentinteyum ashayangal sthireekarikkunnu. oro deseeya sabhaykkullil, bishappukal oru vishudha syned roopeekarikkunnu, athinu pathriarchese polum vidheyanaanu. syrian oorthadoox sabha athinte apostolica pinthudarcha sent. peettar antiokya sent. peettar. armeniyan apostolica sabha athinte vamshavali aposthalanaaya barthalomiyovilaanu kandethunnathu. indian oorthadoox sabha athinte vamshavali aposthalanaaya thomasil ninnaan kandethunnathu. anchaam noottaandil kooptik oorthadoox sabhayiloode ethiopian oorthadoox sabhaykku athinte pinthudarchaavakaashangal labhichu. greak, kooptik oorthadoox pallikal oronnum avarude swantham poppu oof alexandry (poppum poppum, ellah aafrikkayileyum, kooptik oorthadoox sabhayude poppum yathaakramam) amgeekarikkunnu, iruvarum avarude apostolica pinthudarcha pinthudarnnu suvisheshakane adayaalappeduthunnu. eee purathana lamghanam sukhappeduthunnathinulla audyogikavum sameepakaalathayi nadannukondirikkunnathu sramangal nadakkunnundu. ithinakam, iruvarum parasparam snapanangal, kristhumathangal, vivahangal enniva thirichariyukayum ithu antharvivaaham valare eluppamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. kizhakk palli. charitraparamaayi, kizhakk sabha athinte episcopal pinthudarcha sent. thomas apposthalan. nilavil kizhakk assyrian sabhayude methranmar athinte appastholika pinthudarcha nilanirthunnu. engleesh communian. vividha roman catholica, yaadhaasthithika communiyanukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol apostolica pinthudarchayiloode charitraparamaaya episcopattine avakaashappedunna parishkarana paarambaryangalil ettavum pradhaanamaan anglicanism. englandile sabhayilum athiloode sent. kaantarbariyile augustin, onnaam noottaandile roman pravisyayaaya britania. vaittbiyude sinadil chila celtic kristhyan sanbradaayangal maattiyengilum britiish dveepukalile palli aadyakaalam muthal maarppaappayude adhikaarathilaayirunnu. henry VIII-nte niyamanirmmanam romile englandinte sabhayude swaathanthryam phalapradamaayi sthaapichu, athinte bharanaghadanaaparamo idaya ghadanayo mattiyittilla. bishappukalaayirunna nethaakkalude sabhayude nilavilulla niyamaparamaaya gadanakaliloodeyaanu rajakeeya aadhipathyam prayogikkappettathu. angane, parishkaricha "ecclessia aamglikkaana" yude oru nalkappettathum puraathanavum apostholikavumaaya niyamasaadhuthayodulla sthaapanathinte abhyarthanayude aditharayaayum episcopacy kaanapettu. athinte prajakalude athmeeya gavanmentinte kireedatthinte mantrimaaraayi ippol bishappukal kaanapedunnu ennathaanu maattam varuthiyathu. eee dhaaranayile oru parinaamathinu richard hookarude swaadheenam nirnaayakamaayirunnu, athil methranmar avarude parambaraagatha rolil presbittett paarambarya adhikaarangalkk kaimarukayum presbitermaarude paastarukalaayi pravartthikkukayum vishalamaaya sabhayumaayi bandhappett oru prathyeka adhyapana oafees vahikkukayum cheiyunnu. episcopal gavanment "dii juur divino" (rajaakkanmaarude daivika avakasham) enna reethiyil angleya abhipraayangal vyathyasthamaan. oru vashath, pathinezhaam noottaandile divyanaaya joonn cosin, episcopal adikaaram "juur divino" aanennum ennaal athu "apostolica parisheelanatthil ninnum sabhayude achaarangalil ninnum" uthbhavichathaanennum abhiprayappettu... kristhuvo avante aposthalanmaaro athinekkurichu nalkia samboornna kalppanayalla (hooker nilanirtthiya oru kaazhchappaad). ithinu vipareethamaayi, episcopal gavanment kristhuvil ninnu apposthalanmar vazhi uruthirinjathaanennu lancelot andrew mattullavarum abhiprayappettu. pariganikkathe, iru kakshikalum melvichaaranayude apostolica pravartthanam vahikkunnathayi kaanukayum athu samanvayathinte shakti ulkkollukayum athil ninnu uruthirinjedukkum sabhayude bharanathinu maanadandamaavukayum cheiyunnu. apostolica pinthudarchayude sambradaayam sabhayude douthyathinte niyamasadhutha urappakkukayum saarvathrika sabhayumaayi praadeshika sabhayude aikyam, aikyam, thudarcha enniva sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee roopeekaranam, englandinu purathulla praadeshika pallikalude vikasanathinu valare nirnayakamaaya oru "vishudha samooham" enna nilayil sabhayekkurichulla oru swatantra kaazhchappaadin adithara paakukayum englandinullile catholica punarujjeevanathinum vighadanavaadathinum nerittu kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. oro pravishyakalum thangalude primettinu swathanthramaayi pravartthikkaan erekkure adikaaram nalkiyittundenkilum, aamglikan episcopal adikaaram sinodicaayi pravartthikkunnu. vividha "sinadukal", "kaunsilukal" allengil "kanvenshanukal" ennu vilikkappedunna avaa episcopal chairmanshippil yogam cherunnu. pala adhikaaraparidhiyilum, pasakia anuranjana prameyangalkku praabalyatthil varaan episcopal sammathamo sammathamo aavasyamaanu. eee reethiyil nokkumbol, engleesh aalukal palappozhum "bishop-inn-synode" neey episcopal bharanathinte shakthiyum adhikaaravumaayi visheshippikkunnu. atharam anuranjana adikaaram sidhaantham, achadakkam, aaradhana ennivayude saadhaarana mekhalakalilekku vyaapikkunnu, ennaal eee kaaryatthil adhikaaraparidhiyekkurichulla anglicanism paarambaryatthaal parimithappedutthiyirikku. 1571ll amgeekaricha muppathombathu mathavibhaagangalude article xxi-ll aaa paridhikal prakadippichirikkunnu (ganyamaayi, trant kaunsil avasaanikkunnathupole), athu "general kaunsilukal" ennu vidhichu... chilappol thettu pattukayum chilappol thettu sambhavikkukayum cheythekkaam... athinaal rakshaykk aavashyamaayava ennu avar nischayicha kaaryangalkk avaa vishudha thiruvezhuthukalil ninnu eduthathaanennu prakhyaapikkunnillengil avaykku shaktiyo adhikaaramo illa."athinaal, engleesh adhikaaraparidhikal parambaraagathamaayi noothanamaaya saidhaanthika vikasanathodulla sameepanathilo allengil sabhayude pravartthanangale saidhaanthikamaayi ulkkollunnathilo yaadhaasthithikamaanu (" "lexes ooraandi, lexes credendy" "kaanuka)". angleeya synadical gavanment, aavishkaarathil vyathyasthamaanenkilum, swabhaavaparamaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu. aamgleekkan communion pravishyakalum avarude sabhaa pravishyakalum roopathakalum bharikkunath bishappukal mathramalla, presbittettinteyum saadhaaranakkaarudeyum prathinidhikalum adangunna kaunsilukalaanu. engleeshisathil anthaaraashtra niyamaparamaaya adhikaaramillengilum, kaantarbariyumaayulla charitraparamaaya bandhatthinte pratheekamaaya eee paarambaryatthinte pothuvaaya anubhavavum pothuvayathum sankeernavumaaya aradhana paarambaryavum aikyathinte alavu nalkiyittundu. 1867ll aadyamaayi yogam chernna engleesh communion bishappumaarude lambeth konfaransukalaanu ithu shakthippeduthiyath. eee konfaransukal, avaa nirddeshikkukayum prameyangal pasakkukayum cheiyunnundenkilum, karsanamaayi koodiyaalochana nadathunnu, prameyangalude uddeshyam aamglikan adhikaaraparidhikalkk maargganirddeshangal nalkuka ennathaanu-nirddeshamalla. sabhayude ecumenical, catholica swabhaavam prakadippikkunnathinula episcopattinte pravartthanavum sammelanangal prakadippikkunnu. scotish episcopal sabha athinte charithram skotlandile kristhumathatthinte uthbhavam vare kandethunnu. 1560leeii scotish parishkaranathetthudarnnu scotland charchu thudakkathil sooprandumaaraanu nadathiyirunnathu, 1572ll episcopal bharanam punasthaapichu, ennaal 1711leeii niyamam swathanthramaayi sthaapithamallaatha scotish episcopal sabhayude roopeekaranam anuvadikkunnathuvare kirk presbytarian niyanthranathilaayirunna kaalaghattangalumaayi episcopalianism marimari maari. joothathvam illaatha bhinnatha britiish sarkkar sabhaykkethire shiksha niyamangal adichelppikkaan kaaranamaayi. 1784-ll scotish sabha saamuval seabery american episcopal sabhayude aadya bishappayi niyamichu, ithu lokamembaadumulla aamglikkan communian 1792-ll shiksha niyamangalum nirthalaakki. 1804ll charchu oof englandinte lekhanangal sabha amgeekarichu. 1780kalil american episcopal sabhayude aadyathe pothu kanvenshanukal roopeekarikkunnathiloodeyaan vardhichuvarunna janaadhipathya roopangalaaya praathinidhya bharanathinte vyaapanam uthbhavichath, athu oru "house oof bishappukalum" "house oof deputies" sthaapichu. pala adhikaaraparidhiyilum moonnaamathe oru purohithabhavanavumund. prameyangal samyukthamaayo oro sabhayaayo vottucheyyaam, pinneedulla saahacharyathil ellah sabhakalilum prathyeka kaunsil paasaakkendathund. aamglikan kammyooniyanile amgangalaaya pallikal raashtreeyathile episcopal pallikalaanu, chilath "episcopal" ennu vilikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, aamgleekkan ennu svayam thirichariyunna chila pallikal aamgleekkan communiyanil pedunnilla, koodaathe ellah episcopal bharanathilulla pallikalum aamgleekkan allah. roman catholica sabha, pazhaya catholica pallikal (engleesh communion amgangalallengilum poornnamaaya communiyanil), kizhakkan oorthadoox pallikal, avarude bishappukal ennivare engleeshukaar amgeekarikkunnu. american methadist pallikal. aamglikanisathinte oru shaakha enna nilayil, methadist pallikal palappozhum episcopal raashtreeyam upayogikkunnu, parimithamaaya upayogathinu aanenkilum charitraparavum praayogikavumaaya kaaranangalal. methadistukal palappozhum "episcopal" ennathinu purame "connectionism" allengil "connectionism raashtreeyam" enna padam upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, episcopal raashtreeyathekkurichu parambaraagatha aashayangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol methadist episcopasy sakthikal thaarathamyena shakthavum vishaalavumaan. udaaharanathinu, aikya methadist sabhayil, bishappukal aajeevanaanthamaayi thiranjedukkappedunnu, oru prathyeka konfaransil rund thavana vare sevikkaan kazhiyum (prathyeka anumathi nalkiyittundenkil moonnu), paasttar pallikalilekku purohithanmaare niyamikkunnathinum niyamikkunnathinum utharavaadikalaanu, niravadhi bharanaparamaya chumathalakal nirvahikkunnu, praadeshika konfaransukalude vaarshika sessionukalilum lokamembaadumulla pothusammelanatthinte naaluvarsha yogathilum adhyakshatha vahikkunnu, saamoohikavum saidhaanthikavumaaya kaaryangalil sabhaye padippikkunnathinum nayikkunnathinum adikaaram undu, koodaathe ecumenical othucheralukalil vibhaagathe prathinideekarikkaan sevikkunnu. american aikyanaadukalile yunaittad methadist bishappukal avarude arupathiyaaraam janmadinathe thudarnnu kwaadrenniyathinte avasaanathil nirbandhitha viramikkal vare, 8 (allengil 12) varshangalkk sesham oru puthiya "episcopal eriya" yilek maattappettukond avarude niyukta konfaransukalil sevanamanushtikkunnu. britiish methodism anushaasikkunnathupole, niyuktharaaya ellah manthrimaarum aathmeeyathayude kaaryatthil thulyaraanu. ennirunnaalum, praayogika maanejmentinaayi konfarans president, jilla chairman, suuprand mantri, mantri ennivare varaykkunnu. ennaal ellaavarum manthrimaaraanu. mattu vibhaagangalile episcopal gavanment. hangariyile parishkaricha pally europile lutheran pallikaleyum chilappol "episcopal" ennu vilikkam. eee randaamathe kesukalil, gavanmentinte roopam presbytarian roopathil ninnu samoolamaayi vyathyasthamalla, avarude bishappumaarude kaunsilukalkku mikka presbytarian, mattu parishkaricha pallikalekkaalum praadeshika bharanasamithikalude mail valia paridhivare sreniparamaaya adhikaaraparidhiyaanullath. soochippichathupole, sweedenileyum finlandileyum lutheran sabha apavaadangalaanu, engleesh pallikal pole oru maathrkayil apostolica pinthudarcha avakaashappedunnu. allaathapaksham, lutheran pallikalil rashtreeya roopangal nirbandhamalla, kaaranam ithinu saidhaanthika praadhaanyamilla. charitraparamaaya kaaranangalal pazhaya loka lutheranism, episcopal adhikaarathinte iraastik sidhaanthangal sweekarikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu (ithu mathanirapeksha sarkkar parimithamaaya alavil sabhayude adikaaram anuvadikkunnu). amerikkayil lutheran pallikal sabhaasamghadanayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna oru tharatthilulla gavanment sweekarikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu. episcopal baapttistukalude oru cheria nyoonapaksham nilavilundu. playin dress paarambaryatthile mikka anabaptist pallikalum kuranjathu peril oru episcopal sanbradaayamenkilum pinthudarunnu. sabhaabharanathin shakthamayi oonnal nalkukayum oro sabayum athinte paasttare thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunnu. bishappukal anthar-kongrageshanal aikyam nadappilaakkukayum parambaraagatha maanadandangal lamghichathinu paastarmaare achadakkam nadathukayum cheyyaam. eee padam orikkalum upayogikkunnillenkilum, yeshukristhuvinte vyakthiparamaaya adikaaravum maarganirdeshavum ullathayi vishwasikkappedunna, praadeshika bishop/branch president muthal orotta pravaachakan/president vareyulla neethrthwathinte karsanamaaya shreniyundu enna ardhathil, pilkkala vishudharude (ell. dii. ezz. charchu) yeshukristhuvinte sabha, presbytarian allengil sabhaaparamaayathinekkaal episcopalaanu. praadeshika sabhakalkk (shaakhakal, vaardukal, oharikal) amgangalkku anuvadikkunna "dii juur" athirthikalundu, koodaathe angathwa rekhakal kendreekrithamaanu. praayogikavum saidhaanthikavumaaya kaaranangalal kooduthal presbytarian raashtreeyathil ninnu (1830-ll joseph smithinte yadhaartha peru "aadya moothavan") kramena vikasippichedutha eee sambradaayam nauvoo kaalaghattatthil (1839-1846) poornnamaaya episcopacyil ethi.

episcopal rajkaran episcopal rajvat haah church prashasanacha ("charchshastriy rajvat") eka shrenibaddha prakar aahe jyamadhye mukhya sthanik adhikanyanna bishop mhanatat. ('bishop' haah shabd british lattin aanee ashleel lattin shabd 'abiscopus'/'biscopus' varoon aala aahe, joou pracheen greek 'episcopus' mhanje 'paryavekshak' pasoon aala aahe.) hii rachana catholic, purv orthodox, prachya orthodox, purveche church, anglican, lutheran aanee paddhatvadi church kinwa sampraday aanee yaa vanshanpasun swatantrapane sthapan jhalelya itar charchansarkhya anek pramukh khrishchan church aanee sampradayanni vaparali aahe. episcopal rajvat asalelya churchche prashasana bishop karatat, jeey tyanchya adhikadhyancha abhyas bishop aanee parishadanmadhye kinwa dharamsabha yethe karatat. tyanche netrutva sanskaratmak aanee ghatanatmak donhi aahe; tasech, nembaji, pushti aanee pratishthapan karane, bishop sthanik adhikarkshetratil padrinche nirikshan karato aanee dharmnirpeksh sanrachananche aanee charchchya padanukramatil pratinidhi asato. yeshuchya baaraa preshitankadun akhand, vaiyaktik preshit uttaradhikaratun bishapanna tyancha adhikar prapt jhalyache manale jaate. asha adhikar asalele bishop heey aitihasik episcopate kinwa aitihasik episcopateche pratinidhitva karatat asey mhatale jaate. yaa prakarchya sarkar asalelya charchcha sahasa assa vishvas asato qee naveen kararat varnan kelyapramane charchala episcopal sarkarchi aavashyakta aahe (1 timothi 3 aanee 2 timothi 1 pahaa). kahee pranalinmadhye, bishop heey uchch padd dharan karananya bishapanchya (paramparenusar, vividh prakare archbishop, mahanagar kinwa kulguru mhanoon olakhale jaanare) maryadit marganni adheen asoo shakatat. teey parishadanmadhye kinwa dharamsabha dekhil bhetatat. heey melave, uchch darjachya bishapanchya adhyakshapadachya adheen rahoon, sahasa mahattvache nirnay ghetat, jaree dharamsabha kinwa parishad dekhil purnapane sallagar asoo shakate. sansthatmak khrishchan dharmachya bahutansh likhit itihasasathi, church sanghatanecha episcopal sarkar haah ekmev dnyat prakar hota. sudharanannantar heey badalale. anek protestant church aata ektar mandalachya kinwa presbyterian charchchya rajkaranadvare aayojit kelya jaatat, donhihi martin leutherchya panchanvya prabandhanni prerit kelelya catholic charchashi jhalelya breaknanter swatantrapane kaam karnare aanee lihinare protestant sudharak johnn calvin yanchya lekhanatun utaralele aahet. tathapi, kahee lokanni sudharananpurvi episcopal rajvativar vaad ghatala aahe, jase qee chauthya shatkatil arius auph sebest. episcopal churchche vihangavalokan. episcopal' yaa shabdachya vyakhyet khrishchan paramparanmadhye farak aahe. sadhyachya kalat episcopal charchmadhye sarkari tattvanmadhye sookshm farak aahet. kahee pramanat episcopal churchche vibhajan heey charchmadhil yaa farkanmadhun, mhanje church aanee church prashasanabaddalchya tyanchya dharmik samajatoon shodhale jaau shakate. kahee lokansathi, "episcopal church" hii church aahet jee akhand, vaiyaktik apostolic uttaradhikar mhanoon olakhalya jaananya bishapsachya padanukramacha vapar karatat. "episcopal" haah shabd samanyatah panthanchya vividh sanghatanatmak sanrachananmadhye farak karnyasathi dekhil vaparla jaato. udaharanarth, 'presbyterian' (, presbyteros) chaa vapar nivadoon aalelya vadildhanyanchya sabhanchya padanukramadware shasit churchche varnan karnyasathi keela jaato, jyala presbyterian rajvyavastha mhanatat. tyachpramane, bishpadware shasit churchche varnan karnyasathi 'episcopal' vaparale jaate. vadildhadhyandvare kinwa bishpadware shasit nasalelya swashasit sthanik mandalyanche varnan sahasa "mandali" asey kele jaate. adhik visheshtah, capitalised episcopal heey naav aitihasikdrushtya anglicanism (episcopalianism) madhye aadharit asalelya anek charchana lagoo kele jaate, jyat ajunahi church auph englandshee sambandh asalelya charchcha samavesh aahe. yaa vyakhya vaparoon, vishisht episcopal charchchya udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh kahee lutheran church mandalache rajkaran kinwa presbyterian rajvaticha eka prakar palatat. sweedenchya churchs itar, episcopal rajvaticha sarav karatat; sweedenchya charchane dekhil tyache bishop aitihasik episcopatemadhye ganale aahet. anglo-lutheran catholic church, lutheran orthodox church, lutheran church-international aanee lutheran episcopal communion yasarkhya kahee american lutheran charchchya babatitahi asech aahe. anek paddhatvadi church (united methodist church, itarambarobarach) episcopal rajvatiche swaroop aanee karya kayam thevatat, jaree sudharit swarupat, jyala connectionvad mhanatat. sarvajan tyanche padgrahan ingraji dharmaguru johnn wesley yanchyakade shodhatat, tyamule tyanche bishop preshitanchya uttaradhikarat sahbhagi hott naheet asey samanyatah manale jaate. tathapi, sanyukt paddhatvadi pushti karatat qee tyanche bishop aitihasik episcopatemadhye sahbhagi aahet. itihas. preshit paul yanni phillipians, romche clement aanee didache yanna lihilelya patrat charchchya shasson paddhatibaddal bolatana, 'bishop aanee decons' chaa ullekh keela aahe, 'presbyter' haah shabd vagalala aahe, joou kahinni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee pahilya shatkat adyap presbyter-bishapmadhye konatahi farak navhata. aadhich dusya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat antiok likhanachya ignatiusne bishop aanee presbytermadhye spasht farak keela aahe, mhanje tyachya patranmadhun asey disun yete qee tyachya kalaparyant episcopal pranali aadhich astitvat hotee. tathapi, ignatiusne roman lokanna lihilelya patrat rommadhil bishapcha ullekh kadhich keela nahee heey bart ermanla mahattvache vatate. nantar dekhil tertullion agadi spashtapane presbyter aanee bishop yanna eka swatantra karyalay mhanoon vegale karato, ireniusne bishapanchya uttaradhikarachi yadee kelee, jaree suruvatichya charchchya vadilanni kelelya bishop uttaradhikar soochi atyant virodhabhasi aahet. dusya shatkaparyant asey disate qee episcopal pranali hii khrishchananmadhil bahusankhya, sarvatrik drushtikon bunley hotee. navodit aanee danshur yansarkhe vivadi panthahi episcopal pranalicha vapar kartil. episcopal pranalicha virodh karananya aanee swatacha panth suru karananya arius auph sebest vagalata. jeromne sangitale qee church heey moolatah presbyterschya gatadware shasit hote parantu nantarach charchani matbhed dadapun taknyasathi bishop nivadanyacha nirnay ghetala. catholic church. catholic charchmadhye eka dharmopadeshak aahe, jyachya shirshasthani pope aahe, joou romcha bishop aahe. catholic church asey manate qee churchvaril kayadeshir dekhrekh hii manavankadun milanari shakti nahee, tarr tyachya baaraa preshitanna dilelya khristachya adhikaratun katekorpane prapt hote. romche darshan, sentpasoon utarananya apostolic adhikarachi akhand resha mhanoon. pieter ("preshitancha rajkumar aanee pramukh") heey bishop mahavidhyalayatil aanee tyamule jagbharatil sthanik charchmadhil eka drishyaman chinh aanee sanvadache sadhan aahe. jagbharatil bishop mahavidhyalayachya sahkaryane, popala sampoorn churchwar serve kayadeshir aanee adhyapan adhikar aahet. khristane sentala dilela haah adhikar. pieter aanee preshit heey pavitra aatmyachya samarthyane, preshitankadun bishapanna haat deuun akhand uttaradhikarane eka pidhikadun dusya pidhikade sankramit hotat. purv orthodox church. purv orthodox charchmadhye episcopal sarkarchi tadjod kalpana suru aahe. purvekadil rudhivadat, serve swayambhu narvanar khristachya bhovati ektritpane ekatra yet asatat, itar mukhya dharmaguru aanee bishop tyanchya bhovati ekatra jamtat, ityadi. rommadhil popashi tulana karata, vishesh adhikar asalela ekahi narvansh nahee. tathapi, constantinople (aata istanbul) chya kulgurupakade "primus inter peres" mhanoon pahile jaate, jeey purvekadil rudhivadi svayampravartak churchche "samatulyanpaiki pahile" aahe. prachya orthodox church. prachya orthodox church apostolic uttaradhikar aanee episcopal sarkarchya kalpananchi pushti karatat. pratyek rashtriy charchmadhye, bishop eka pavitra dharamsabha tayar karatat jyachya adheen kulgurudekhil asato. siriyai orthodox church tyachya apostolic uttaradhikaracha magova seent. pieter aanee sentcha mool drushya mhanoon antiokala olakhato. pieter. armeniyan apostolic charchchi vanshaval preshit bartholomeuperyant aahe. bharatiy rudhivadi charchchi vanshaval preshit thomasparyant aahe. ethiopian orthodox charchala pachvya shatkat coptic orthodox charchdware tyachya uttaradhikaranchya olee midalya. greek aanee coptic orthodox church donhi alexandriachya swatachya popala (alekzandriya aanee sampoorn aafrikeche pope aanee kulguru aanee anukrame alexandriachya coptic orthodox churchche pope) manyata detat, jeey doghehi tyanchya preshit uttaradhikaracha magova dharmpracharak chinhankit karatat. haah pracheen bhang barah karnyasathi alikadchya kalat adhikrut, chaloo asalele prayatna suru aahet. aadhich, doghe ekmekancha baptisma, khrisamshan aanee vivah olakhatat, jyamule aantarvivah khoop sopa hoto. purvekadil church. aitihasikdrushtya, church auph daad eastney tyacha episcopal uttaradhikar seent. preshit thomas. sadhya purvechya assyri churchche bishop tyanche apostolic uttaradhikar kayam thevat aahet. anglican communion. vividh roman catholic aanee orthodox samudayanchya tulanet, apostolic uttaradhikaradvare aitihasik dharmopadeshaktvavar dawa karnyasathi, sudharanechya paramparanpaiki anglikwad haah sarvat pramukh aahe. englandchya charchmadhye aanee tyadvare seent pietersbergparyant akhand episcopal uttaradhikar asalyacha dawa anglican karatat. canterburycha augustein aanee pahilya shatkatil roman prant britania. whitebeachya dharmasabhet kahee celtic khrishchan pratha badalalya gelya, tarr british betanvaril church suruvatichya kalapasoon popchya adhikarakhali hote. heinry VIII chya kayadyane prabhavipane church auph englandche rompasoon swatantrya prasthapit kele, tyamule tyachya ghatanatmak kinwa pashupalan sanrachananmadhye badal jhaala nahee. charchchya vidyaman kayadeshir sanrachanandware shahee varchasva vaparale jaat hote, jyanche nete bishop hote. asha prakare, episcopasykade sudharit 'acclessia anglicana' chaa eka aadhar mhanoon aanee pracheen aanee apostolic vaidhatesathi sansthechya aavahanatil eka paya mhanoon pahile gele. jeey badalale teey mhanje bishop aata tyachya prajechya aadhyatmik sarkarsathi mukutche mantri mhanoon pahile jaat hote. yaa samajutitil utkrantisathi richard hookarcha prabhav mahattvapoorn hota, jyamadhye bishapanna tyanchya adhik paramparik bhoomiket, presbitate varshane midalelya adhikaranna sopavanare, presbyterna padri mhanoon kaam karnare aanee vyapak charchchya sandarbhat vishisht shikshan karyalay dharan karnare mhanoon pahile jaau lagale. episcopal sarkar 'dii jeur divino' (rajanchya daivi adhikaranusar) kase aahe yabaddal ingraji mutt bhinn aahe. ekikade, sataravya shatkatil daivi johnn kosinane asey manale qee episcopal adhikar haah "jeur divino" aahe, parantu too "apostolic pratha aanee charchchya reetee rivajanmadhun udbhavala aahe... khrist kinwa tyachya preshitanni tyabaddal dilela paripoorn niyam [nahee] "(hukardware dekhil palala jaanara drushtikon). yaulat, lanslot andrews aanee itaranche asey mutt hote qee episcopal sarkar preshitanchya madhyamatoon khristakadun ghetale jaate. kahihi vicharat naan gheta, donhi pakshankade, dharmanishtha heey dekharekhiche apostolic karya aahe asey manale jaate, jyamadhye samanvay shakti samavisht aahe aanee tyatoon prapt hote aanee charchchya prashasanasathi teey pramanak aahe. apostolic uttaradhikar paddhati hii charchchya dhyeyachi vaidhata sunishchit karate aanee sthanik charchchi sarvatrik charchsobat ekata, sanvad aanee satatya sthapit karate. yaa rachanene, tyaa badalyat, charchchya nagri samajapeksha vegala 'pavitra samaj' mhanoon swatantra drushtikonasathi payabharani kelee, joou englandbaheril bigger-sthapit sanstha mhanoon sthanik charchchya vikasasathi itka mahattvapoorn hota aanee englandmadhye catholic punarujjivan aanee vighatanvadala thet janm deela. jaree swatantra prant tyanchya narvanshala swatantrapane kaam karnyacha qamee-adhikaracha adhikar deu shakatat, taree karyatmakdrushtya, anglican episcopal adhikar synodic paddhatine vyakt keela jaato. vividh prakare 'synodes', 'parishada' kinwa 'adhiveshan' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya tyaa episcopal adhyakshatekhali bhetatat. anek adhikarkshetranmadhye, sammat jhalelya tadjodiche tharav lagoo karnyasathi episcopal sammati kinwa sammati aavashyak asate. asha prakare pahile tarr, anglican lock anekada 'bishop-inn-synod' laa episcopal governance shakti aanee adhikar mhanoon bolatat. asha tadjodicha adhikar siddhant, shist aanee upasanechya manak kshetranparyant vistarato, parantu yaa sandarbhat adhikaranchya maryadanvishayichya ingrajivadachya paramparedvare maryadit aahe. tyaa maryada 1571 madhye manyata dilelya, (lakshaniyaritya, trent parishad jyapramane jawal yet hotee), dharmachya ekonatis kalmanchya kalam xxi madhye vyakt kelya aahet, jyat asey mhatale hote qee "samanya parishada"... kadachit chook jhaali asel aanee kadhikadhi chookahi jhaali asel... mhanoon, mokshasathi aavashyak asalelya tyanni tharavalelya goshtinna, pavitra shastratun kadhoon ghetale gele aahe asey ghoshit kelyashivay, naa shakti asate naa adhikar asato."mhanoon, ingraji adhikarkshetra heey ektar navinyapurn saiddhantik vikasasathi kinwa charchchya krutinna saiddhantik mhanoon samavisht karnyachya tyanchya drushtikonat paramparikaritya puranmatvadi rahile aahet (" "lakes orandi, lakes credendy" "pahaa)". ingraji synodical sarkar, jaree abhivyaktimadhye vaividhyapurn asale, taree vaishishtyapurnapane pratinidhik aahe. anglican communionche prant, tyanche charchsambandhi prant aanee dharmprant heey keval bishapach navhe tarr presbyterian aanee samanya lokanche pratinidhi asalelya parishadandvare shasit kele jaatat. jaree paramparechya samanya anubhavane, canterberrychya darshanasah aitihasik sambandhadvare prateek kelelya, tasech eka samanya aanee guntaguntichya dharmik paramparene, jaree, jaree ingrajivadat konatehi aantarrashtriy kayadeshir adhikar naheet, taree tyanni ekteche eka mojmap pradan kele aahe. 1867 madhye pahilyanda bhetalelya anglican communion bishapsachya lambeth parishadanni heey adhik drudh kele aahe. yaa parishada, jaree tyaa tharav prastavit karatat aanee manjur karatat, taree katekorpane sallamasalat karatat aanee tharavancha hetu anglican adhikarkshetransathi margdarshak soochana pradan karane haah aahe-disha nahee. churchche vaishvik aanee catholic swaroop darshavinyasathi yaa parishadanmadhye dharmopadeshakanche karya dekhil vyakt kele jaate. scottish episcopal charchcha itihas scotlandmadhil khrishchan dharmachya utpattiparyant mage jaato. 1560 chya scottish sudharanannantar church auph scotland suruvatila adhikshakandware chalavale jaat hote, 1572 madhye episcopal prashasana punarsanchayit kele gele, parantu 1711 chya kayadyane swatantra naun-establish episcopal charchchya nirmitila parvanagi mileparyant episcopalvad haah kaal presbyterian niyantranakhali asatana badalat gela. gair-nyayik matbhedamule british sarkarne charchchya virodhat dandatmak kayade ladale. 1784 madhye scottish charchane samuel seaberyla american episcopal churchche pahile bishop mhanoon niyukt kele, jyane charchchya jagbharatil anglican communionchi suruvat kelee aanee 1792 madhye dandatmak kayade radd karnyat aale. charchane 1804 madhye church auph englandche lekh sweekarle. pratinidhi prashasanachya vadhatya lokshahi prakaranchya prasaracha ugam 1780 chya dashakat american episcopal charchchya pahilya samanya adhiveshananchya sthapanemadhye jhaala, jyane 'haus auph bishops' aanee 'haus auph deputies' chee sthapana kelee. anek adhikarkshetranmadhye, eka tisare, lipic gruh dekhil aahe. tharavanvar sanyuktapane kinwa pratyek sabhagruhadvare matdan kele jaau shakate, nantarchya prakaranat serve sabhagruhanmadhye tharav manjur karane aavashyak aahe jeey vishisht parishadedvare manjur kele jaave. anglican communionche sadasya asalelya charchanna rajvatitil episcopal church mhanatat aanee kahinna 'episcopal' asey naav dile jaate. tathapi, kahee church jee swatahla anglican mhanoon olakhatat tee anglican communionshi sambandhit naheet aanee serve episcopely-shasit church anglican naheet. roman catholic church, junie catholic church (anglican communionchya sadasyansah purn sanvadat, parantu sadasya nahee) aanee purvekadil orthodox church aanee tyanche bishop dekhil anglikandware olakhale jaatat. american paddhatvadi church. anglicanismchi eka shakha mhanoon, paddhatvadi church anekada aitihasik tasech vyavharik karanansathi episcopal rajvaticha vapar karatat, jaree maryadit vaparasathi. paddhatvadi anekada 'episcopal' vyatirikt 'connectionvad' kinwa 'connectional polity' hii sandnya vapartat. tathapi, episcopal rajvatichya paramparik sankalpananchya tulanet paddhatvadi episcopacyche adhikar tulanene majboot aanee vyapak asoo shakatat. udaharanarth, sanyukt paddhatvadi charchmadhye, bishop ayushyabhar nivadoon yetat, eka vishisht parishadet done mudatiparyant seva deu shakatat (vishesh parvanagi midalyas teen), padari charchmadhye padrinchi niyukti aanee niyukti karnyasathi jababdar asatat, anek prashasakeey kartavye paar padatat, pradeshik parishadanchya varshik satranmadhye aanee jaagtik sarvasadharan parishadechya chaturvarshik baithakit adhyakshapad bhushavatat, samajik aanee saiddhantik mahattvachya babinvar churchche shikshan aanee netrutva karnyacha adhikar asato aanee vishvavyapi melavyanmadhye panthache pratinidhitva karatat. united statesmadhil united methodist bishop tyanchya niyukt parishadanmadhye seva detat, 8 (kinwa 12) varshannantar naveen "episcopal bhagat" halavale jaatat, tyanchya sathavya vadhadivsachya nantar quadriniumchya shevati tyanchi anivarya nivrutti hoiparyant. british paddhatvadache asey mutt aahe qee serve niyukt mantri adhyatmachya babatit samaan aahet. tathapi, vyavharik vyavasthapanasathi parishadeche adhyaksh, jilhyache adhyaksh, adhikshak mantri, mantri ashee padey ghetali jaatat. matra, serve mantri aahet. itar panthanmadhil episcopal sarkar. hangeriche sudharit church aanee khandiy europemadhil lutheran charchana kadhikadhi "episcopal" mhatale jaau shakate. yaa nantarchya prakarananmadhye, sarkarche swaroop presbyterian swarupapeksha purnapane vegale nahee, fakt tyanchya bishapanchya parishadanna bahutek presbyterian aanee itar sudharit charchpeksha mothya pramanat sthanik sattadhari sansthanvar shrenibaddha adhikarkshetra aahe. namood kelyapramane, sweeden aanee finlandmadhil lutheran church apavad aahet, jeey kahee pramanat anglican charchpramanech apostolic uttaradhikar asalyacha dawa karatat. anyatha, leutheran charchmadhye rajvatiche prakar anivarya naheet, kaaran tyala saiddhantik mahatva manale jaat nahee. aitihasik karananmule, junya jagatil luthernismne episcopal pradhikaranache erastian siddhant swikaranyacha cull darshavila aahe (jyadvare churchche adhikar dharmnirpeksh sarkardware maryadit pramanat manjur kele jaatat). americet, lutheran church mandalachya matashi adhik tulanatmak assa sarkarcha eka prakar swikaranyacha cull dakhavtat. episcopal baptistschi eka chhotishi alpasankhyak astitvat aahe. sadhya poshakh paramparetil bahutek anabaptist church kiman naav taree asso, episcopal pranaliche palan karatat. mandalachya prashasanavar bharr deela jaato aanee pratyek mandali aapala dharmaguru nivadte. bishop aantar-pradeshik ektechi amalbajavani karatat aanee paramparik nikash modalyabaddal padryanna shist lavu shakatat. jaree teey kadhihi hii sandnya vaparat nasale taree, yeshu khristache church auph latered-day sents (ell. dii. ess. church) heey presbyterian kinwa mandalache nasoon episcopal aahe, yaa arthane qee tyat sthanik bishop/shakha adhyakshanpasun teey eka sandeshta/adhyakshaparyant netrutvacha kathor padanukram aahe, jeey yeshu khristadvare vaiyaktikaritya adhikrut aanee margdarshit asalyache manale jaate. sthanik mandalyanchya (shakha, prabhag aanee bhag) "kayadeshir" seema asatat jyadvare sadasyanche vatap kele jaate aanee sadasyatva nondi kendrikrut kelya jaatat. hii pranali haloohaloo adhik presbyterian rajvatipasun (1830 madhye joseph smithche mool shirshak 'first elder' hote) vyavharik aanee saiddhantik karanansathi vikasit jhaali, jee nauvu kalat (1839-1846) purn episcopasiparyant pohochali.

episcopal rajneeti eka episcopal rajneeti heuchhi church shasson ("mandaleeja rajneeti") rahr eka padanukramika roop jeunthire mukhya sthaniah kartupakhyanku bishop kuhajae . ("bishop" shabdati british latin ebong asangata latin sabda "* abiscopes"/"* biscopes" madhyamare utpanna hoichhi, jaahaa pracheen greek "episcopos" ru aasichhi jahara artha "tatwabadharaka" .) ehaa aneka pramukh khristian church ebong sampradai dwara byabahruta sanrachana, jepariki catholic, purba orthodox, prachya orthodox, purbara church, ingraji, lutheran ebong methodist church kimba sampradai, ebong ehi bansharu swadheena bhabare sthapita anya church . eka episcopal rajneeti thiba church bishapamananka dwara parichalita, dioces ebong sammilani kimba sainodare semanankara kartrupakhya abhyasa karanti . semanankara netrutwa ubhaja sanskaragata ebong sambidhanika; tatha adesh, nischitakarana ebong abhisheka sampadana kariba sahita, bishop eka sthaniah adhikara khetra madhyare padarinka tadarakh karanti ebong ubhaja dharmanirapekhya sanrachana ebong churcher padanukram madhyare pratinidhi atanti . bishapmane jeesunka baara john preritanka thaaru eka abichhinna, byaktigata prerita uttaradhikararu semanankara khyamata prapta karithiba bibechana karajae . epari khyamata thiba bishapmane aitihasika episcopate kimba aitihasika episcopatra pratinidhitwa karanti bolly kuhajae . ehi prakarara sarkar thiba charchagudika sadharanatah biswasa karanti je nutan nijamare barnita church episcopal sarkar aabasyaka kare (1 timothi 3 ebong 2 timothi 1 dekhantu). keteka byabasthare, bishapamane uccha padabee dhaaran karuthiba bishapamananka (parampra upare nirbhara curry, bibhinna bhabare archabishapa, mahanagar, kimba pitrupurusha kuhajauthiba) seemita upaajare bishai hoiparanti. semane parishad kimba dharmasabha gudikare madhya bhetithanti. ehi samabeshagudika, uccha pahya bisista bishapmananka dwara adhyakhyatadheena, sadharanatah gurutwapurna nishpatti neithanti, jadio sinode kimba parishad madhya sampurna paramarshadata hoipare . sansthagata khreestijanatara adhikansha likhita itihas paain, episcopal sarkar church sangathanara ekamatra janashuna roop thila . sanskara parey ehaa badalithila. aneka protestant church bartamana mandali kimba presbyterian church rajneeti dwara sangathita, ubhaja zohn kalavinnka lekharu utpanna, jane protestant sanskaraka jieki martin lutharanka panchanabeti thijis dwara prerita catholic church sahita birati parey swadheena bhabare karjya ebong lekhanti . tebe kichhi lock sanskara purbaru episcopal rajneeti upare bibada karichanti, jepariki chaturtha shatabdire arias off sebest. episcopal charchagudikara sankhipta bibaranee. episcopal" shabdar sangyare khristian parampra madhyare bhinnata rahichhi. bartamana samajare episcopal charchagudika madhyare sarkari neetigudikare sukshma parthakya rahichhi. kichhi matrare episcopal charchagudikara pruthakeekaranaku upadesaka bigyanara ehi parthakya, arthat, church ebong church shasson bishajare semanankara dharmatwagata bujhamana dwara chinhat karajaipariba. ketekanka paain, "episcopal church" heuchhi church jaahaa bishapnka eka padanukram byabahara kare jeunmane eka abichhedya, byaktigata prerita uttaradhikara bhabare chinhat karanti . "episcopal" madhya sadharanatah sampradayara bibhinna sangathanika sanrachana madhyare parthakya karibaku byabahruta hue . udaharana swaroopa, "presbyterian" (, presbyterian) eka charchaku barnana karibaku byabahruta hue jaahaa nirbachita bajaskamananka samabeshar eka padanukram dwara parichalita, jaahaaku presbyterian rajneeti bhabare ullekha karajae . sehipari, bishapmananka dwara parichalita eka charchaku barnana kariba paain "episcopal" byabahruta hue . bayaska kimba bishapnka dwara parichalita swajangsasita sthaniah mandaleegudiku sadharanatah "mandaleegata" bhabare barnana karajae . adhika nirdista bhabare, 'episcopal' namati aitihasika bhabare ingrajibad ('episcopalianism') madhyare aadharita aneka charchare prajoga karajae, jeunthire church off englanda sahita bartamana madhya jogajogare thiba church antarbhukta . ehi sangyagudiku byabahara curry, nirdista episcopal charchagudikara udaharanagudika antarbhuktah keteka lutheran church mandaleeja rajneeti kimba presbyterian rajneetira eka roop abhyasa karanti . anyamane, swidenara church sameth, episcopal rajneeti abhyasa karanti; swidenara church madhya ehara bishapmananku aitihasika episcopate madhyare ganana kare . keteka americae lutheran church, jepariki anglo-lutheran catholic church, lutheran orthodox church, lutheran church-international, ebong lutheran episcopal communion khetrare madhya ehaa heuchhi. aneka paddhatibadee church (anyamananka madhyare sanjukta paddhatibadee church) episcopal rajanakatiku bajaiah rakhichhanti, jadio eka paribartita roopare, jaahaaku sanjogabada kuhajae. jehetu samaste semanankara nijuktiku jane ingraji purohita, zohn weslinka nikatare chinhat karanti, ehaa sadharanatah bibechana karajae je semanankara bishapmane prerita uttaradhikarare bhaga nianti naahin . tebe, milita paddhatigyamane nischita karanti je semanankara bishapamane aitihasika episcopatere bhaga neuchhanti. itihas. church shasson byabastha bishajare kathabartta kariba samajare, prerita pull philipeejamananku lekhithiba chithire, rome ebong deedachenka clement, "bishop ebong decon" bishajare ullekha karichanti, "presbyter" shabdaku baada deichhanti, jaahaa kichhi lokanka dwara jukti karajaichi je pratham shatabdire eparjyanta kaunasi presbyter-bishop bheda nathila . dwiteeja shatabdir prarambhare thiba antiac lekhare ignacius bishop ebong preswitermananka madhyare eka spust parthakya srusti karichhi, arthat taanka chithigudika darshae je taanka samai suddha eka episcopal byabastha bidyamana thila . tebe bart erahman ehaaku gurutwapurna bolly bibechana karanti je ignacius romanmananku lekhithiba chithire romare jane bishapnka bishajare ullekha karinathile. parey madhya tertulian eka pruthaka karjyalaja bhabare presbyter ebong bishapnku spust bhabare pruthaka karanti, irenius bishapnka uttaradhikara talika karithile, jadio prarambhika church pitanka dwara prastuta bishop uttaradhikara talika atyanta paraspara birodhi . dwiteeja shatabdi suddha ehaa janapade je episcopal byabastha khreestianamananka madhyare sankhyagaristha, sarbajaneena drustikonare parinata hoithila . epariki nabagata ebong danadatanka bhali bibhedabadee sampradai madhya episcopal byabasthara byabahara karuthile. sebestra eriasnku chhadi, jie episcopal sistamaku pratidwandita karithile ebong nijara sampradai arambha karithile . gerom kahithile je charchagudika moolatah presbytermananka eka gosthi dwara parichalita heuthila, kintu parey charchagudika bhinnamataku daman kariba paain bishapamananku chayan karibaku nishpatti neithile. catholic church. catholic charchare eka episcopate achhi, jeunthire pope, jie romer bishop, sheershare achanti . catholic church bibechana kare je church upare nyajika tadarakh eka shakti nuhen jaahaa manishankatharu utpanna hue, barang khristanka kartupakhyankatharu kathore bhabare, jaahaa taanka baara john preritanku diajaithila . rome rahr drushya, prerita kartupakhyanka abichhinna rekha bhabare St ru abataran kare . pieter ("preritamananka rajkumar ebong mukhya"), bishapmananka college ebong sethipain biswara sthaniah charchagudika madhyare eka drushyamana sanketa ebong sahabhagitara upakarana . biswabyapee bishop college sahita mishi, popnkara samagra church upare samasta baidha nyajika ebong sikhyadana khyamata achhi . khristanka dwara ehi khyamata sentanku diajaithila. pabitra atmara shakti dwara, preritamananka thaaru bishapmananku haata deba dwara, abichhinna bhabare, pieter ebong preritamane eka pidhiru anya pidhiku sankramita huanti . purba orthodox church. purba orthodox charchare episcopal sarakaranka bujhamana dharana jaari rahichhi. purba gonda dharmare, samasta autocephals primetmane khristanka charipakhare samuhika bhabare ekatrita heba bhabare dekhajanti, anya archwishop ebong bishop semananka charipakhare ekatrita huanti . romare popnka saha tulanatmaka swatantra khyamata thiba kaunasi ekaka primate naahin . tebe, constantinople (bartamana istanbul) rahr pitrupurushanku "primes inter peres" bhabare bibechana karajae, jaahaa purba gonda dharmara autocephals churcher "samananka madhyare pratham" . prachya orthodox church. prachya orthodox charchagudika apostolic uttaradhikara ebong episcopal sarakaranka bicharaku nischita karanti . pratyeka jatiah church madhyare, bishapamane eka pabitra dharmasabha gathan karanti jahara madhya pitrupurusha bishai atanti . syriac orthodox church ehara prerita uttaradhikaraku cent. pieter ebong aantiakoku sentanka moola drushya bhabare swekruti dianti . pieter. armenian apostolic church ehara banshadhara prerita bartholomiunka thaaru chinhat kare . bharatiah orthodox church ehara banshadhara prerita thomasanka thaaru chinhat kare . pancham shatabdire ethiopian orthodox church cuptic orthodox church madhyamare ehara uttaradhikara paithila . ubhaja greek ebong cuptic orthodox church pratyeka alekjandriar nijaswa pope (alekjandria ebong samagra africar pope ebong pitrupurusha, ebong jathakrame alekjandriar cuptic orthodox churcher pope) nku swekruti dianti, jeunmananka madhyaru ubhaja semanankara prerita uttaradhikaraku dharmapracharaka chinhare chinhat karanti . ehi pracheen bhangaku bhal kariba paain sampratika samajare sarkari, chaluthiba prayasa achhi . purbaru, duhen paraspar baptisma, christmas ebong bibahaku sweekara karanti, jaahaa aantahbibahaku bahuta sahaja karithae . purba digaru church. aitihasika bhabare, purba church ehara episcopal uttaradhikaraku cent. prerita thamas. bartamana purba assyrian churcher bishapmane ehara prerita uttaradhikara bajaiah rakhichhanti. ingraji communion. bibhinna roman catholic ebong orthodox sampradai sahita tulanatmaka drustiru, aitihasika episkopetaku apostolic uttaradhikara madhyamare daabi kariba paain sanskara parampra madhyaru ingrajibad heuchhi sabutharu pramukh . ingrajeebaseemane church off englandare ebong taa 'madhyamare cent tuu cent parjyanta abichhinna episcopal uttaradhikara daabi karanti . canterberry augustin ebong pratham shatabdir roman pradesh britaniaaku. whitebir dharmasabha thaare keteka celtic khristian pratha badalithiba bele, british dwepapunjara church pracheen kalaru popnka adheenare thila. heinry VIII rahr ine phalaprad bhabare romaru englandara churcher swadheenata pratistha curry ehara sambidhanika kimba pashupalaka dhanchare paribartana karinathila . churcher barttamanara aaingata sanrachana madhyamare rajkiah sarbochata prajoga karajaithila, jahara netamane bishop thile . tenu, episkopasiku sanskarita "acclesia anglikana" rahr eka pradan ebong pracheen ebong prerita baidhata prati anusthanara aabedanare eka muladua bhabare dekhajaithila. jaahaa badalithila taaha heuchhi je bishapmane bartamana ehara prajamankara adhyatmika sarakaranka paain mukut mantri bhabare dekhajauthile . richard hukarnka prabhaba ehi bujhamanare eka bibartana paain gurutwapurna thila jeunthire bishapmane semananka adhika paramparika bhumikare presbyterate uttaradhikarare prapta shaktiku pratyarpana karanti, preswitermananka paain padri bhabare karjya karanti ebong byapaka church sambandhare eka nirdista sikhyadana karjyalaja dhaaran karanti . episcopal sarkar kipari "dii zur divino" (rajamananka dibya adhikara dwara) shay bishajare ingraji mott bhinna . gotie pate, saptadasa shatabdir dibya, zohn kosin, kahichanti je episcopal kartrupakhya heuchhanti "nyajika divino", kintu ehaa "prerita abhyasa ebong churcher reetineeti" ru utpanna ..... [nuhen] sampurna niam jaahaa khrista kimba taanka preritamane ehaa bishajare deithile "(hooker dwara madhya eka drustikona bajaiah rakhajaithila) . aparapakhyare, lancelot andrews ebong anyamane mott rakhithile je episcopal sarkar preritamananka madhyamare khreestankatharu utpanna hoichhi. nirbisheshare, ubhaja pakhya ehi dharma-nirapekhyataku nireekhyanara prerita karjya bahn karuthiba bhabare dekhuthile, jaahaa ubhaja antarbhukta, ebong sethiru utpanna, samanwaja shakti, ebong churcher shasson paain manaka . ubhaja churcher missioner baidhata sunishchita kariba ebong sarbajaneena church sahita sthaniah churcher ekataa, sahabhagita ebong nirantarata pratistha kariba paain prerita uttaradhikara abhyasa. ehi sutra, pratibadalare, charchaku eka "pabitra samaj" bhabare eka swadheena drustikona paain muladua pakaithila, jaahaa nagarika samajatharu bhinna thila, jaahaa englanda bahare anah-pratisthita sanstha bhabare sthaniah charchagudikara bikash paain ete gurutwapurna thila, ebong englanda madhyare catholic punaruddhara ebong pratisthabadaku sidhasalakha janma deithila . karjyatmaka bhabare, ingraji episcopal kartupakhyanku sinodical bhabare prakash karajae, jadio pruthaka pradesh swadheena bhabare karjya kariba paain semananka primate sahita comm kimba adhika adhikara pradan karipare . bibhinna prakarara "synode", "parishad", kimba "sammilani" kuhajauthiba semane episcopalanka adhyakhyatare bhetithanti. aneka nyajika khetrare, jeun bujhamana prastaba parita hoichhi, taaha karjyakaree heba paain episcopalanka sammati kimba sammati aabasyaka kare . ehi upaajare dekhile, ingraji lokamane prajatah "bishop-inn-sinode" ku episcopal prashasanara shakti ebong kartrupakhya bhabare kuhanti . epari bujhamana kartrutwa siddhanta, shrunkhala ebong pujara manaka khetraku prasarita hue, kintu ehi pariprekheere ingrajeebadara kartrutwara seema parampra dwara seemita . sehi seemagudika dharmara unatirishati dharara anuchheda xi ray prakash paichi, jaahaa 1571 ray anumodita hoithila (gurutwapurna bhabare, jepari trent parishad samapta heuthila), jaahaa "sadharana parishad" bolly bichara karithila ..... huet bhul hoipare, ebong belebele bhul madhya hoipare..... tenu semananka dwara paritrana paain aabasyaka bolly nirdharita jinisagudikara kaunasi shakti kimba kartrutwa naahin, yadina segudiku pabitra shastraru bahara karidiajaithiba ghoshana karajae ."tenu, ingraji adhikara khetragudika paramparika bhabe abhinaba matabadara bikash prati semananka abhimukhya kimba churcher karjyakalapaku matabada bhabare antarbhukta karibare rakhyanashila hoichhi (" "lakes orandi, lakes credendy" "dekhantu). jadio ingraji sinodical sarkar abhibyakti bhinna, baisistya drustiru pratinidhitwa kare . ingraji sampradayara pradesh, semanankara mandaleeja pradesh ebong dioces kebala bishop nuhen, barang presbyterate ebong sadharana lokanka pratinidhinku nei gathita parishad dwara parichalita . ingrajeebadare kaunasi antarjatija nyajika pradhikarana naahin, jadio paramparar sadharana abhigyata, jaahaa canterberry drushya sahita aitihasika sanjoga dwara pratiki, eka sadharana ebong jatila dharmika parampra sahita, ekatara eka mapa pradan karichhi . 1867 masihare pratham thara paain ajojita hoithiba ingraji sampradai bishapmananka lambeth sammilani dwara ehaa sudrudha hoichhi. jadio ehi sammilaneegudika prastaba ebong prastaba parita karanti, tathapi ehaa kathore paramarshamulaka, ebong ehi sankalpara uddeshya heuchhi ingraji adhikara khetra paain nirdesh pradan kariba-nirdesh nuhen. ehi sammilaneegudika mandalira sarbajaneena ebong catholic swabhaba pradarshan kariba paain dharmagurunka karjyaku madhya prakash karithae. scottish episcopal church ehara itihasaku skatalyandare khreestijanatara utpatti parjyanta anusandhana kare . 1560 scottish sanskara parey scotlander church prathame adheekhyakanka dwara parichalita hoithila, 1572 ray episcopal shasson punaruddhara karajaithila, kintu 1711 adhiniam swadheena anah-pratisthita scottish episcopal church gathan karibaku anumathi deba parjyanta kirk presbyterian nijantranare thiba samai sahita episcopalianbada bikalpa hoithila . aaa-bicharagata matabhed hetu british sarkar church biruddhare dandatmaka ine laagu karithile. 1784 masihare scottish church samuel sibareenku americae episcopal churcher pratham bishapa bhabe nijukta karithila, jaahaa dwara charchagudikara biswabyapee ingraji sampradai arambha hoithila ebong 1792 masihare dandatmaka ine uchheda karajaithila. 1804 masihare church off englandara nibandhagudiku church grahan karithila. pratinidhi shasson byabasthara ganatantrika rupagudikara bistarara utpatti 1780 dashakare americae episcopal churcher pratham sadharana sammilani gathanaru hoithila, jaahaa eka "house off bishapa" ebong "house off deputi" pratistha karithila. aneka nyajika khetrare, eka truteeja, dharmagurunka gruha madhya rahichhi. prastabagudika milita bhabe kimba pratyeka gruha dwara bhota diajaipare, parabarti khetrare samasta gruhare paasa heba aabasyaka, jaahaa nirdista parishad dwara gruheeta heba. jeun charchagudika ingraji sampradayara sadasya, segudika rajatware episcopal church ebong ketekanku "episcopal" kuhajae. tebe, keteka church jaahaa ingraji bolly nijaku parichai dianti, segudika ingraji sampradayara nuhen, ebong samasta dharma-shasita charchagudika ingraji nuhen. roman catholic church, puruna catholic church (ingraji communionara sadasyanka sahita sampurna sanjogare, kintu sadasya nuhen), ebong purba orthodox charchaku ingrajeemananka dwara swekruti diajaichhi, ebong semanankara bishop madhya . americae paddhatibadee church. ingrajeebadara eka shakha bhabare, paddhatibadee charchagudika prajatah aitihasika tatha byabaharika kaaran paain episcopal rajneeti byabahara karanti, jadio seemita byabahara paain . paddhatigyamane prajatah "episcopal" byatita "sanjogabada" kimba "sanjoga rajneeti" sabda byabahara karanti . tathapi, episcopal rajneetira paramparika dharana tulanare paddhatibadee episkopasira shakti apekhyakruta shaktishali ebong byapaka hoipare . udaharana swaroopa, sanjukta paddhatibadee charchare, bishapamane jeebanasara nirbachita hoithanti, eka nirdista sammilaneere dui thara parjyanta karjya kariparibe (jadi swatantra anumathi diajae tebe tini thara), padri charchare padarimananku nijukta kariba ebong nijukti deba paain daie, aneka prashasanika karttabya sampadana karanti, anchalika sammilanigudikara barshika adhibeshanare ebong biswabyapee sadharana sammilanira chaturshabdika baithakare adhyakhyata karanti, samajika ebong matabada sambandheeah prasangare charchaku sikhyadana ebong netrutwa neba paain khyamata rakhanti, ebong acumenical samaabeshare sampradayara pratinidhitwa karibaku karjya karanti . juktarastrare sanjukta paddhatibadee bishapamane semananka nijukta sammilaneere seba karanti, 8 (kimba 12) barsha parey eka nutan "episcopal anchala" ku sthanantarita huanti, semanankara shatt-shastha janmadina parey chaturbhuja sheshare semanankara badhyatamoolaka absar parjyanta . british paddhatibadara mott heuchhi je adhyatmikata drustiru samasta nijukta mantri samaana. tebe, byabaharika parichalana paain sammilanira adhyakhya, zillah adhyakhya, adhikhyaka mantri, mantreenku chayan karajaithae. tebe samaste mantri. anya sampradajare episcopal sarkar. hangerira sanskarita church ebong yuropara lutheran charchaku belebele "episcopal" kuhajaipare . ehi parabarti khetrare, sarakaranka roop presbyterian form thaaru moulika bhabare bhinna nuhen, kebala ehaa byatita je adhikansha presbyterian ebong anyanya sanskarita church tulanare semanankara bishop parisadara sthaniah shasaka sanstha upare adhika matrare padanukramika adhikara achhi . ullekha karajaithiba anujai, swidena ebong finlander lutheran church byatikrama, jaahaa kichhi matrare ingraji church bhali eka dhanchare prerita uttaradhikara daabi kare . anyatha, lutheran charchagudikare rajatwara rupagudika badhyatamoolaka nuhen, kaaran ehara matabadagata gurutwa naahin bolly bibechana karajae . aitihasika karanaru, puruna biswa lutheranism episcopal kartupakhyanka erastian siddhanta grahan karibaku prabrutti rakhichhi (jaahaa dwara church kartrupakhya dharmanirapekhya sarakaranka dwara seemita parimanare anumodita) . juktarastrare, lutheran charchagudika mandaleejabada sahita adhika tulanatmaka eka prakarara sarkar grahan karibaku prabrutti karanti . episcopal baptistmanankara eka chhot sankhyalaghu bidyamana achanti . sadasidha poshaka paramparar adhikansha anabaptist church eka episcopal system anusarana karanti, ati kamare naamare . mandaleeja shasson upare drudha bhabe gurutwa diajae, ebong pratyeka mandali nijara dharmajajakanku nirbachita karithae. bishapamane aantah-gosthigata ekataa laagu karanti ebong paramparika niam bhanga karithibaru padrimananku shrunkhalita kariparanti. jadio ehaa kebe bii ehi sabda byabahara kare naahin, parabarti dinara santhamananka yeeshu khristanka church (ell. dii. ess. church) presbyterian kimba mandali paribarte episcopal atte, ehi arthare je ehara sthaniah bishop/shakha sabhapatinkatharu ekaka bhabishyadwakta/rastrapati parjyanta netrutwara eka kathore padanukram achhi, jaahaa yeeshu khristanka dwara byaktigata bhabare pradhikruta ebong parichalita bolly biswasa karajae . sthaniah mandaleegudikara (shakha, ward ebong stake) "dii juar" seema rahichhi jaahaa dwara sadasyamananku abunton karajaithae, ebong sadasyata recordgudika kendribhuta hoithae. ehi byabastha dheere dheere eka adhika presbyterian rajneeti (1830 ray joseph smithnka moola upadhi "pratham bayaska" thila) ru byabaharika ebong matabada kaaran paain bikashita hoithila, jaahaa naubhu samajare (1839-1846) eka sampurna episkopasire pahanchithila .

episcopal raaj shastar ikk episcopal raaj-pranali church shasan ("dharmik raaj-pranali") daa ikk ladiwar roop haii jiss witch mukkh sathanak adhikariaan noon bishop kiha jaanda haii. (shabad "bishop" british latini atey ashleel latini shabad "* ebiscopes"/"* biscopus" raahin liaa giaa haii, joe prachin yunani "episcopos" toon aaiaa haii jisda arth haii "nigran".) ih uh dhancha haii joe bahut saare pramukh isai charchan atey sampardavan duaara vartiaa jaanda haii, jiven kii catholic, purbi orthodox, purbi orthodox, purab daa church, angrezi, luthern atey vidhivadi church jaan sampardavan, atey horr church ihanan vansh toon sutantar taur 'teey sathapat keete gaye hunn. ikk episcopal raaj shastar vaale charchan noon bishpan duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii, joe diocese atey conferences jaan sansad witch aapne adhikariaan daa abhiaas karde hunn. uhanan dee agvai sanvidhanak atey sanvidhanak doven haii; naal hii naal adesh, pushti atey pavittarta curran dey naal, bishop sathanak adhikar khetar dey ander padrian dee nigrani karda haii atey dharam nirpakh dhanchiaan atey church dey ladiwar dovan daa pratinidh haii. bishpan noon yisu dey baaran rasoolan toon ikk attutt, nijji apostolic uttradhikari toon aapna adhikar prapat curran laee manniaa jaanda haii. ajihe adhikar vaale bishpan noon itihasak episcopate jaan itihasak episcopate dee numaindagi curran laee kiha jaanda haii. iss kisam dee sarkaar vaale charchan daa aam taur utte mannana haii kii church noon episcopal sarkaar dee zaroorat haii jiven kii navein name witch darsaiaa giaa haii (1 timothi 3 atey 2 timothi 1 dekho). kujh pranaliaan witch, bishop seemat tarikiaan naal ucch ahude vaale bishpan (parampra dey adhaar teey vakkh-vakkh tarahan dey archbiship, mahanagar jaan paterrheox kiha jaanda haii) dey adheen hoow sakde hunn. uh kaunsalan jaan sansad witch vee milde hunn. ih ikkath, ucch darje dey bishpan duaara rashtarpati dey adheen, aam taur 'teey mahattavpuran faisle lainde hunn, halanki sansad jaan consul vee puurii tarahan salahkar hoow sakadi haii. sansthagat isai dharam dey ziaadaatar likhti itihaas laee, episcopal sarkaar church sangathan daa iklauta janhiaa roop see. ih sudhar dey samein badal giaa. bahut saare protestant church hunn jaan taan kalisiyavadi jaan presbyterian church deeaan sarkaran duaara aayojit keete jaande hunn, doven john calvin deeaan likhtan toon utpan hunn, joe ikk protestant sudharak see joe martin luther dey pannabe thesis duaara catholic church naal tuttan toon baad sutantar taur 'teey kamm qarr riha see atey likh riha see. halanki kujh lokan neey sudhar toon pahilan episcopal raaj shastar noon lae keey vivaad keeta haii, jiven kii chauthi sadee witch arius aaf sebast. episcopal charchan dee sankhep jankari. episcopal" shabad dee paribhasha isai parampravan witch bhinnta haii. varatman samein witch episcopal charchan witch sarkari sidhantan witch sookham antar hunn. kujh hadd takk episcopal charchan dee vakkh-vakhta daa pataa church atey church shasan dee dharam shastari samajh, joe kii church witch inhan antran toon lagaiaa jaa sakda haii. kujh lokan laee, "episcopal church" uh church hunn joe bishpan dee ikk luddy dee varton karde hunn joe ikk attutt, nijji apostolic uttradhikari vajon pachanh karde hunn. "episcopal" dee varton aam taur utte sampardavan dey vakkh-vakkh sangathnatmak dhanchiaan witch farak curran laee vee keeti jaandi haii. udaharan dey laee, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) dee varton chunhe hoye bazurgan deeaan vidhan sabhavan dey ladiwar duaara niyantrit ikk church daa varnan curran laee keeti jaandi haii, jiss noon presbyterian rajneeti kiha jaanda haii. isey tarahan, "episcopal" dee varton bishpan duaara niyantrit church daa varnan curran laee keeti jaandi haii. sway-shasit sathanak kalisiyavan, jinhan noon naa taan bazurgan atey naa hii bishpan duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii, noon aam taur utte "kalisiyavan" vajon darsaiaa jaanda haii. vadhere vishesh taur utte, vadde paddhar utte apeel "episcopal" itihasak taur utte angreziwad ("episcopalvad") dey ander adharat kaee charchan utte lagu hundi haii, jiss witch uh vee shamal hunn joe ajey vee england dey church naal samparak witch hunn. ihanan paribhashavan dee varton karde hoye, vishesh episcopal charchan deeaan udaharnan witch shamal hann kujh luthern church sangat dee rajneeti jaan presbyterian rajneeti dey ikk roop daa abhiaas karde hunn. horr, jiss witch sweden daa church vee shamal haii, episcopal raaj daa abhiaas karde hunn; sweden daa church vee aapne bishpan noon itihasak episcopate witch giniaa jaanda haii. ih kujh amriki luthern charchan dey naal vee haii, jiven kii anglo-luthern catholic church, luthern orthodox church, luthern church-international atey luthern episcopal communion. bahut saare vidhivadi charchan (sanyukat vidhivadi church, horaan dey naal) episcopal raaj shastar dey roop atey kaaraj noon barkarar rakkhde hunn, halanki ikk sodhe hoye roop witch, jiss noon connectionalism kiha jaanda haii. kiunki saare aapne ahude ikk angrezi padri, john vesli noon dinde hunn, aam taur utte ih manniaa jaanda haii kii unhan dey bishop apostolic uttradhikari witch hissa naheen lainde. halanki, sanyukat vidhivadi iss gall dee pushti karde hunn kii unhan dey bishop itihasak sansad witch hissa lainde hunn. itihaas. rasool paul neey filipiaan noon likhi chitthi witch, rome dee clement atey didache neey church dee shasan pranali baare gall karde hoye, "bishpan atey deeknan" daa zikar keeta, "presbyter" shabad noon chhadd ditta, jiss dee daleel kujh lokan duaara ih darsaun laee ditti gaee haii kii pahili sadee witch ajey takk koee presbyter-bishop antar naheen see. pahilan hii duji sadee dey arambh witch antioc likhan daa ignatius bishpan atey presbyteran witch spasht antar karda haii, bhaav uss dey pattar darsaunde hunn kii uss dey samein takk ikk episcopal pranali pahilan hii maujood see. halanki baart erman iss noon mahattavpuran mannade hunn kii ignatius neey romanan noon likhi aapni chitthi witch rome witch kadey vee bishop daa zikar naheen keeta. baad witch tertulian vee presbyteran atey bishpan noon ikk vakkhre daftar vajon bahut spasht taur 'teey vakkhra karda haii, irenius neey bishpan dey uttradhikariaan deeaan suchiaan banaiaan, halanki shuruati church dey pitaa duaara banayi gaee bishop uttradhikari suchiaan bahut virodhi hunn. duji sadee takk ih japda haii kii isaiaan witch episcopal pranali bahuginti, vishwaviaapi drishtikon bann gaee see. ithon takk kii novatian atey donetist varge shishmai sampardavan vee episcopal pranali dee varton kardiaan sunn. sebast dey arius noon chhadd keey, jiss neey episcopal pranali daa mukabala keeta atey aapna samparda shuru keeta. jerom neey kiha kii charchan noon asal witch presbyteran dey ikk samooh duaara chalaiaa jaanda see parr baad witch charchan neey bhinntavan noon dabaun laee bishpan dee chonh curran daa faisla keeta. catholic church. catholic church witch ikk episcopate haii, jiss witch pope, joe rome daa bishop haii, sikhar utte haii. catholic church daa mannana haii kii church utte kanunni nigrani ikk shakti naheen haii joe manukkhan toon prapat hundi haii, balki sakhti naal masih dey adhikar toon haii, joe uss dey baaran rasoolan noon ditta giaa see. rome daa drishtikon, cent toon utarde apostolic adhikar dee attutt line vajon. pieter ("rasoolan daa rajkumar atey mukhiaa"), bishpan dey kaalaj atey iss laee dunia bharr dey sathanak charchan witch vee ikk pratakh sanket atey bhaicharak saadhan haii. vishwaviaapi bishpan dey kaalaj naal samparak witch, pope cole poore church utte saare jaaiz kanunni atey adhiaapan adhikar hunn. ih adhikar masih duaara cent noon ditta giaa see. pieter atey rasoolan noon pavittar aatma dee shakti duaara, rasoolan toon bishpan noon hatth rakkhan duaara, attutt kramvaar ikk peedhi toon duji peedhi witch sancharit keeta jaanda haii. purbi orthodox church. purbi orthodox church witch episcopal sarkaar daa sulha curran daa vichaar jaari haii. purbi orthodox witch, saare autocephals primates noon masih dey aale-duaale samoohak taur 'teey ikkathe hunde hoye dekhiaa jaanda haii, horr archbishpan atey bishpan dey naal uhanan dey aale-duaale ikkathe hunde hunn, aadi. rome witch pope dey barabar vishesh adhikar vaala koee vee ikkla primate naheen haii. halanki, constantinople (hunn istanbul) dey mukhiaa noon "primes inter peres" vajon dekhiaa jaanda haii, joe purbi orthodox dey autocephals charchan dey "barabaran vicchon pahila" haii. purbi orthodox church. purbi orthodox church apostolic uttradhikari atey episcopal sarkaar dey vicharan dee pushti karde hunn. harek rashtari church dey ander, bishop ikk pavittar padri sabha banaunde hunn jiss dey adheen mukhiaa vee hunda haii. cri orthodox church aapne apostolic uttradhikari daa pataa cent. pieter atey cent dey mool drish vajon antioc noon maanta dinda haii. pieter. armenian apostolic church aapne vansh daa pataa rasool bartholomeu naal lagaunda haii. bharti orthodox church aapne vansh daa pataa rasool thoms takk lagaunda haii. ethopian orthodox church neey panjvin sadee witch coptic orthodox church raahin aapni uttradhikari deeaan lines prapat keetiaan. yunani atey coptic orthodox church doven hii sikandra dey aapne pope (sikandra atey saare africa dey pope atey patrarch, atey sikandra dey coptic orthodox church dey pope) noon maanta dinde hunn, doven aapne apostolic uttradhikari daa pataa lagaunde hunn. iss prachin ulanghna noon theek curran laee haal hii dey samein witch adhikarat, chall rahey yatan hunn. pahilan hii, doven ikk dooje dey baptism, crishmationan atey viaahan noon pachanh lainde hunn, jiss naal antar viaah bahut assan hoow jaanda haii. purab daa church. itihasak taur utte, purab dey church neey aapne episcopal uttradhikari daa pataa cent. thoms rasool. varatman witch purab dey assyri church dey bishop aapne apostolic uttradhikari noon kaaim rakkhde hunn. angrezi bhaicharak sangathan. vakkh-vakkh roman catholic atey orthodox bhaichariaan dey mukabale apostolic uttradhikari duaara itihasak sansad daa daava curran laee sudhar parampravan vicchon angreziwad sabh toon pramukh haii. angrezi lock england dey church witch atey uss raahin cent sann takk attutt episcopal uttradhikari daa daava karde hunn. canterbury daa augustein atey pahili sadee dey roman prant britania takk. jadon kii whiteby dey padri sabha witch kujh celic isai abhiaasan noon badliaa giaa see, british tapuan witch church shuruati samein toon pope dey adhikar adheen see. hannery VIII dey kanoon neey rome toon england dey church dee sutantarta noon prabhavshali dhang naal sathapat curran naal iss dey sanvidhanak jaan padri dhanche witch koee tabdili naheen aaee. church dey maujuda kanunni dhanche raahin shaahi sarabuchta dee varton keeti gaee see, jiss dey aagoo bishop sunn. iss tarahan sanstha noon sudhar keete "acclesia angrezi" dey roop witch dekhiaa giaa atey prachin atey apostolic jaizta laee sanstha dee apeel witch ikk neenh vajon dekhiaa giaa. joe kujh badliaa uh ih see kii bishpan noon hunn iss dey vishiaan dee adhiaatmik sarkaar laee taaj dey mantri vajon dekhiaa jaanda see. iss samajh witch ikk vikas laee richard hooker daa prabhav mahattavpuran see jiss witch bishpan noon uhanan dee vadhere ravaiti bhumika witch dekhiaa jaanh lagga joe presbyterate virasat witch miliaan shaktiaan noon saunpade hunn, presbyteran noon padri vajon kamm karde hunn, atey viaapak church dey sambandh witch ikk vishesh adhiaapan daftar rakkhde hunn. jiss tarike naal episcopal sarkaar "dee juar divino" (rajiaan dey braham adhikar duaara) haii, uss baare angrezi raae vakkhari haii. ikk paase, starhvin sadee dey braham, john cosin neey manniaa kii episcopal adhikar "kanunni taur 'teey divino" haii, parr ih "apostolic abhiaas atey church dey reeti-rivajan toon paida hunda haii... [naheen] sampuran niyam joe masih jaan uss dey rasoolan neey iss baare ditta see "(ikk drishtikon joe hooker duaara vee kaaim rakkhiaa giaa see). iss dey ulat, lancelt andrews atey horaan daa mannana see kii episcopal sarkaar masih toon rasoolan raahin prapat keeti gaee haii. iss dee parwah keete binan, doven dhiran neey sanvaad noon nigrani dey apostolic kaaraj noon sehann curran dey roop witch dekhiaa jiss witch doven shamal hunn, atey krambadh curran dee shakti toon prapat hunde hunn, atey church dey shasan laee aadrash haii. apostolic uttradhikari daa abhiaas doven church dey mission dee jaizta noon yakini banaunda haii atey sarav viaapak church naal sathanak church dee ekta, bhaicharak saanjh atey nirantarta noon sathapat karda haii. iss farmule neey, badle witch, church noon ikk "pavittar samaaj" dey roop witch ikk sutantar drishtikon dee neenh rakkhi joe sival suciety toon vakkhra see, joe kii england toon bahr gair-sathapit ikaiaan dey roop witch sathanak charchan dey vikas laee bahut mahattavpuran see, atey england dey ander catholic punar-surjiti atey asthirta noon siddha janam ditta. karajsheel taur utte, angrezi episcopal adhikar noon sangeet dey roop witch pragat keeta jaanda haii, halanki viaktigat prant aapne primate noon sutantar taur utte kamm curran dey ghatt jaan ghatt adhikar dey sakde hunn. vakkh-vakkh "sansad", "kaunsalan" jaan "sammelanan" vajon jaane jaande, uh episcopal dee pardhangi heth milde hunn. bahut saare adhikar khetran witch, sulha-pakkhi matey joe paas keete gaye hunn, uhanan noon lagu curran laee episcopal dee sehmati jaan sehmati dee zaroorat hundi haii. iss tarike naal dekhiaa jaave taan, angrezi lock aksar "bishop-inn-synode" noon episcopal shasan dee taakat atey adhikar vajon bolde hunn. ajihi sulha adhikar sidhant, anushasana atey pooja dey miaari khetran takk failiaa hoiaa haii, parr inhan sabandhan witch adhikar deeaan seemavan dee angreziwad dee parampra duaara seemat haii. ih seemavan dharam dey unatti anushasanan dey anuchhed xxi witch pragat keetiaan gaeeaan hunn, jinhan dee 1571 witch pushti keeti gaee see (mahattavpuran taur 'teey, jiven kii trent dee consul ikk ant vall aaa rahee see), jiss witch kiha giaa see kii "general kaunsalan"... hoow sakda haii kii galti hoee howay atey kaee vaar galti vee hoee howay... iss laee unhan duaara mukti laee zaruri nirdharat cheezan witch naa taan taakat hundi haii atey naa hii adhikar hunda haii, jadon takk ih ailaan naheen keeta jaanda kii unhan noon pavittar granth vicchon kaddhiaa giaa haii."iss laee, angrezi adhikar khetar ravaiti taur utte navintakari sidhantak vikas jaan church deeaan karvaiaan noon sidhantak vajon shamal curran laee aapni pahunch witch rudiwadi rahey hunn (" "laeks orandi, laeks credendy" "dekho). angrezi sansad dee sarkaar, halanki pragtave witch bhinn haii, parr visheshta dey taur teey pratinidh haii. angrezi communion dey prant, uhanan dey dharmik prant atey diocese kaunsalan duaara niyantrit keete jaande hunn jiss witch naa siraf bishpan, balki presbyterate atey aam lokan dey numainde vee shamal hunde hunn. angreziwad witch koee antarashtari kanunni adhikar naheen haii, halanki parampra dey episcopacy dey aam anubhav, joe kii ikk aam atey gunjhaldar dharmik parampra dey naal-naal canterbury dey drish naal itihasak sambandh duaara darsaiaa giaa haii, neey ekta daa ikk maap pardan keeta haii. iss noon angrezi communion bishpan deeaan lambeth conferences duaara mazboot keeta giaa haii, joe pahili vaar 1867 witch miliaan sunn. ih conferences, halanki uh matey pesh kardiaan hunn atey paas kardiaan hunn, sakhti naal salahkari hunn, atey matey daa udesh angrezi adhikar khetran laee guide post pardan karna haii-nirdesh naheen. sammelanan church dey vishwaviaapi atey catholic subhaa noon pradarshit curran laee sansad dey kaaraj noon vee pragat kardiaan hunn. scottish episcopal church aapne itihaas daa pataa scotland witch isai dharam dee shuruat takk lagaunda haii. 1560 dey scottish sudhar toon baad scotland daa church shuru witch superdentan duaara chalaiaa giaa see, 1572 witch episcopal shasan noon bahaal keeta giaa see, parr episcopalvad uhanan samein dey naal badal giaa jadon curk presbyterian niyantaran witch see jadon takk 1711 dey aikat neey sutantar gair-sathapit scottish episcopal church dey gathan dee aagiaa naheen ditti. gair-kanunni matbhed neey british sarkaar noon church dey virudh sazaa kanoon lagu curran laee prerit keeta. sann 1784 witch scottish church neey semual seabury noon amriki episcopal church daa pahila bishop niyukat keeta, jiss naal charchan dee vishwaviaapi angrezi bhaicharak saanjh dee shuruat hoee atey sann 1792 witch sazaa kanoon khatam qarr ditte gaye. church neey 1804 witch church aaf england dey lekhan noon savikar qarr liaa. pratinidhi shasan dey vadh rahey jamhuri roopan dey failaa dee shuruat 1780 dey dahake witch amriki episcopal church dey pahile aam sammelanan dey gathan witch hoee, jiss neey ikk "haaoos aaf bishop" atey ikk "haaoos aaf deputies" dee sathapana keeti. bahut saare adhikar khetran witch, ikk teeja, clerk haaoos vee haii. matey sanjhe taur utte jaan harek sadan duaara vott keete jaa sakde hunn, baad vaale mamle witch saare sadnan witch paas curran dee zaroorat hundi haii jiss noon vishesh consul duaara apnaiaa jaanda haii. church joe angrezi communion dey member hunn, raaj witch episcopal church hunn, atey kujh noon "episcopal" naam ditta giaa haii. halanki, kujh church joe sway-pachanh noon angrezi vajon darsaunde hunn, angrezi bhaicharak naal sabandhat naheen hunn, atey saare sanvidhanak taur 'teey shasit church angrezi naheen hunn. roman catholic church, purane catholic church (angrezi communion dey memberan naal puurii saanjh witch, parr naheen), atey purbi orthodox charchan noon maanta ditti jaandi haii, atey uhanan dey bishpan noon vee, angrezi duaara maanta ditti jaandi haii. amriki vidhivadi church. angreziwad dee ikk shakha dey roop witch, vidhivadi church aksar itihasak dey naal-naal viharak kaarnan karke episcopal raaj shastar dee varton karde hunn, halanki seemat varton laee. vidhivadi aksar "episcopal" toon ilava "connectionalism" jaan "connectional polity" shabad dee varton karde hunn. firr vee, vidhivadi episcopacy deeaan shaktiaan episcopal raaj shastar deeaan ravaiti dharnavan dee tulna witch mukabaltan mazboot atey viaapak hoow sakdiaan hunn. udaharan dey laee, sanyukat vidhivadi church witch, bishop jeevan bharr laee chunhe jaande hunn, ikk vishesh conferences witch doou karajkal takk seva qarr sakde hunn (tinn jey vishesh aagiaa ditti jaandi haii), padri charchan noon padrian noon niyukat curran atey niyukat curran laee zimmevar hunde hunn, bahut saare parshaski kartavvan noon nibhaunde hunn, khetri conferences dey salana saishanan witch atey vishwaviaapi general conferences dee chauvi saala meating witch pardhangi karde hunn, smajik atey sidhantak mahattav dey mamlian 'teey church noon padhaun atey agvai curran daa adhikar rakkhde hunn, atey sansarak ikkathan witch samparda dee numaindagi curran laee kamm karde hunn. sanyukat raaj amrica witch sanyukat vidhivadi bishop aapniaan niyukat conferences witch seva karde hunn, 8 (jaan 12) saalan baad ikk navein "episcopal khetar" witch tabdil keete jaande hunn, jadon takk kii unhan dey sathh-chheven janam dinn toon baad quadrenium dey ant witch unhan dee lazmi retirement naheen hundi. british vidhivad daa mannana haii kii adhiaatam dey mamle witch saare niyukat mantri barabar hunn. halanki, viharak parbandhan laee sammelan dey pardhan, zilha pardhan, superdent mantri, mantri noon khichiaa jaanda haii. parr saare mantri hunn. horr sampardavan witch episcopal sarkaar. mahandeepi yoorap witch hangri dey sudhar church atey luthern charchan noon kaee vaar "episcopal" kiha jaa sakda haii. inhan baad dey mamlian witch, sarkaar daa roop presbyterian roop toon bilkul vakkhra naheen haii, sivaae iss dey kii unhan deeaan bishpan deeaan kaunsalan daa sathanak sattadhari sansthavan utte ziaadaatar presbyterian atey horr sudhare charchan naalon vaddh hadd takk ladiwar adhikar khetar haii. jiven kii zikar keeta giaa haii, sweden atey finland witch luthern church apvaad hunn, joe kujh hadd takk angrezi charchan wang ikk pattern witch apostolic uttradhikari daa daava karde hunn. naheen taan, luthern charchan witch raaj shastar dey roop lazmi naheen hunn, kiunki iss noon sidhantak mahattav naheen manniaa jaanda haii. purane sansar dey luthernwad neey, itihasak kaarnan karke, episcopal adhikar dey erastian sidhantan noon apnaun daa rujhan rakkhiaa haii (jiss duaara church adhikar noon dharam nirpakh sarkaar duaara seemat hadd takk manzoor keeta giaa haii). sanyukat raaj amrica witch, luthern church sarkaar dey ikk roop noon apnaunde hunn joe sangatvad dey mukabale vadhere tulnatmak haii. episcopal baptistan dee ikk chhoti jihi ghatt ginti maujood haii. saade pahirave dee parampra dey ziaadaatar anabeptist church ghatto ghatt naam witch ikk episcopal pranali dee palna karde hunn. sangat dey shasan utte zor ditta jaanda haii, atey harek sangat aapne padri dee chonh kardi haii. bishop antar-sangh ekta noon lagu karde hunn atey ravaiti niyaman noon todan laee padrian noon anushasit qarr sakde hunn. halanki ih kadey vee iss shabad dee varton naheen karda, parr baad dey dinan dey santan (ail. dee. aiss. church) daa church presbyterian jaan kalisiyavadi dee bajaae episcopal haii, iss arth witch kii iss witch sathanak bishop/shakha pardhan toon lae keey ikk single paigambar/rashtarpati takk dee agvai daa sakhat ladiwar haii, manniaa jaanda haii kii ih nijji taur 'teey yisu masih duaara adhikarat atey sedhit haii. sathanak kalisiyavan (shakhavan, wardan atey daa) deeaan "kanunni" haddan hundiaan hunn jiss duaara memberan noon allot keeta jaanda haii, atey membership ricard kendrikrit hunde hunn. ih pranali hauli-hauli viharak atey sidhantak kaarnan karke ikk vadhere presbyterian raaj neeti (1830 witch joseph smith daa asal sirlekh "pahila bazurg" see) toon vikast hoee, joe nauvu period (1839-1846) dauran ikk puurii episcopacy takk pahunch gaee.

episcopal-rajanitihi episcopal-rajanitihi iti charch-shasanasya ("charchilistikal-rajanitihi") padaanukramitam roopam asti yasmin mukhya-sthaniya-adhikaarinah bishap iti kathyate. ("bishap" iti padam british-lattin-bhashayaha, ashleel-lattin-bhashayaha cha "* abiscopus"/"* biscopus" iti shabdasya madhyamena vyutpannam, yat prachina-greek-bhashayaha "episcopus" iti shabdat vyutpannam, yasya arthah "paryavekshakah" iti.) eshaa samrachanaa aneke pramukheshu christian-charcha-sampradayaih, yathaa catholic, eastern-orthodox, oriental-orthodox, charch aaf da east, aanglan, lootharan tathaa methodist-churchs athavaa sampradayaih, tathaa cha anyaih churchs-dwara upayujyate, ye etebhyah vamshaat swatantraroopena sthaapitaani aasan. episcopal-rajanitihi yukttaah charcha bishap-dwara niyantritaah bhavanti, ye diocese-madhye, sammelneshu athavaa sainod-madhye cha swashaasanam kurvanti. teshaam netrutvam samskaratmakam samvaidhaanikam cha bhavati; api cha samanvayaani, sthireekaranaani, pratishtaapanaani cha kurvan, bishap sthaaneeyakshetraadhikaar antah paadareevargasya paryavekshanam karoti, dharmanirapeksha-samrachanaah, charchasya padanukramasya cha pratinidhihi bhavati. bishap-janaah, yeeshukristasya dvaadasha-prerakaih, avicchinnaat, vyaktigata-apostolic-uttaradhikarat swashaasanam praaptavantah iti manyate. etaadrushaah adhikaarayuktaah bishap-janaah aitihaasika-episcopate athavaa aitihaasika-episcopate ityasya pratinidhitvam kurvanti iti kathyate. etaadrushena sarvakaarasya charcha-mandaleeh praayah manyante yat charcha-mandali nootan-niyamapatre varnitam episcopal-sarvakaarasya aavashyakataa vartate iti (1 timothee 3,2 timothee 1 pashyatu). keshuchit vyavasthaasu, bishap-janaah ucchapadaveem dhaarayantah bishap-ityeteshaam krute seemita-vidhena adheenaah bhavitum arhanti (paramparanusaram, aarch-bishap-ityete, mahanagar-janaah, pitrupurushaah iti vividhaah namna api khyataha). te parishadeshu athavaa sabhaa-sabhaasu api militavantah. ete samagamaha, ucchapadaveem praaptaih bishap-dwara adhyakshapadasya adhyadheenah, praayah mahattvapoornaani nirnayaani kurvanti, yadyapi sabhadhyakshah athavaa parishad api vishuddhatayaa paraamarshaatmakah bhavet. samsthaagata-christian-matasya adhikaamsha-likhita-itihasasya krute, episcopal-sarwakaarah eva charch-samsthaayaah ekamaatrah dnyaatah roopah aasit. sudharakale etat parivartitam. adhunaa bahavah protestant-churchs-samsthah mandaliyaa vaa presbyterian-charch-vyavasthayaa vaa aayojitaah santi, ubhau cha jaan calvin ityasya lekhanaat nishpannau, yah protestant-sudhaarakah aasit, yah martin luther ityasya panchaanabbaishat-siddhaantaih preritena catholic-charch-ityanena saha vicchedanam krutvaa swatantratayaa karyam krutavaan, lekhanam cha krutavaan. parantu kechan janaah sudharat poorvam episcopal-rajatantrasya vishaye vivaadam akurvan, yathaa chaturthashataabdyaam arious aaf sebest. episcopal charchas ityasya avalokanam. episcopal" iti shabdasya paribhashayam christian-paramparasu bhinnata asti. vartamaanakaale episcopal-churchs madhye sarvakaareey-siddhaanteshu sukshma-bhinnaah santi. katipayaparimaanena episcopal-churchs-ityasya pruthakkaranasya karanam, charchal-shasanasya cha vishaye teshaam dharmashaastreey-bodhah iti charchal-vidnyaanasya eteshaam bhedaan dnyaatum shakyate. keshuchit krute, "episcopal-churchs" iti churchs santi ye bishap-ityeteshaam padanukramam upayunjanti ye avicchinnam, vyaktigatam apostolic-uttaradhikaram iti parichintanti. "episcopal" ityasya upayogah samanyataya sampradayanam vividhaanaam sangatanaatmak-samrachanaanaam madhye bhedam kartum api bhavati. yathaa, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) ityasya upayogah nirvaachita-vruddhaanaam sabhanam padanukramena shasitasya charchasya varnanaay bhavati, yat presbyterian-rajanitihi iti nirdishyate. tathaiva, "episcopal" ityasya upayogah bishap-dwara shasitasya charchasya varnanaay bhavati. naa varishtaihi, naa cha bishap-janaihi shaasitaah swashaasitaani sthaniyasamajehe praayah "mandali" iti varnitaah santi. adhika-nirdishtatayaa, "episcopal" iti muladhanam aitihaasikaroopena aanglavaadasy ("episcopalianism") antare sthiteshu anekeshu charchushu prayujyate, yeshu te api santi ye adyaapi charch aaf england ityanena saha saha sangamitaah santi. eteshu paribhashanam upayogena, vishishtaanaam episcopal-charcha-ityeteshaam udaaharaneshu antarbhawantih kechan lootheran-churchs ityete saamoohik-raajaneetim athavaa presbyterian-raajaneetim aacharanti. sweeden-charch-sahitam anye api episcopal-raajaneetim aacharanti; sweeden-charch-api aitihaasika-episcopate-madhye swasya bishap-ganayati. aangl-lutheran-catholic-charch, lutheran-orthodox-charch, lutheran-charch-international, lutheran-episcopal-communion ityadinam keshuchit american-lutheran-charch-ityeteshu api eshaa sthitihi asti. aneke paddhati-charcha (anyeshu samyukta-paddhati-charcha) episcopal-rajanitihi roopam, kaaryam cha dhaarayanti, yadyapi parivartite roope, samyogavaadah iti kathyate. yato hii sarve aanglikan-padrina jaan wesley ityanena saha swaniyuktim anusmarishyanti, ataha teshaam bishap-janaah apostolic-uttaradhikarasya bhaagyam naa kurvanti iti samanyataya manyate. parantu, samyukta-paddhatidnyaah drudatayaa vadanti yat teshaam bishap-janaah aitihaasika-episcopate-madhye bhaagam vahanti iti. itihaasah. philippiece-deshasya paul-dharmaprachaarakah, clement aaf rome tathaa didache ityetau patram, charch-shaasan-vyavasthaayaah vishaye bhashayanti, "bishap-decons" ityetaan ullikhat, "presbyter" iti padam vismrutya, yat kechan tarkayanti yat prathamashataabdyaam api presbyter-bishap iti bhedah naseet iti darshayati. dwiteeyashataabdyaah aarambhe eva antiyok-lekhanasy ignatious-granthah bishap-presbyter-ityetayoho bhedam spashtam karoti, arthaat tasya patraani darshayanti yat tasya kaale eva episcopal-vyavasthaa aasit iti. parantu bart erhamaan ityeshah etat mahattvapoornam manyate yat ignatious-varyaha roman-janaan prati likhitapatre romabhashayaha bishap-ityasya ullekhah kadaapi naa krutavaan iti. pashchat tertulian api presbatters api cha bishap ityetaan pruthak karyalayarupena spashtatayaa vibhedishyati, aireniyas ityeshah bishap-ityeteshaam uttaradhikarasya suchim krutavaan, yadyapi praarambhik-charch-pitrubhihi nirmiyamana bishap-uttaradhikarasuchayaha atyantavibhinnaah santi. dwiteeyashataabdyaam yaavat, episcopal-vyavasthaa christian-janeshu bahusankhyak-saarwatrik-drushtikonah abhavat iti drushyate. novatians tathaa donatists ityaadayah api vishmaatik-sampradaayaah api episcopal-vyavasthaam upayujyante sma. sebest ityasya arious ityetam vihaay, yah episcopal-vyavasthaayaah spardhaam krutvaa swakeeyam sampradayam prarabhata. jerom ityanena avadat yat charcha-kshetraani moolatah press-batter-samuhena shaasyante sma, parantu pashchat eva charcha-kshetraani bhinnabhiprayan damanartham bishap-janaan nirvaachayitum nishchitani. catholic-charch. catholic-charch-madhye ekaha episkopetah asti, yasya sheershe pope, yah rome-nagarasya bishap asti. catholic-charch-samsthaa manyante yat charch-ityasya nyaayi-nirikshanam manavasrushta naa bhavati, apitu tasya dvaadasha-prerakaih pradattasy khrishtasya adhikarat drudatayaa bhavati iti. rome ityasya drushyam, sa. taha avaroheetaam apostolic-adhikarasya avicchinna-rekhaaroopen. peater ("rajakumaraha, preshitaanaam pramukhah cha"), bishap-mahaavidyaalayasya, ataha vishvasya sthaniyanam charchanam cha madhye, pratyaksham chihnam, sahabhaagitvasya saadhanam cha asti. vishvavyaapee-bishap-mahaavidyaalayena saha sahabhagitvena pope ityasya sampoorn-charch-ityasya upari sarwaah nyayasammata-nyaya-shikshan-adhikaarah asti. ayam adhikaarah christen sa. pavitraatmaayaah shaktyaa, preshitaanaam hastaan bishap-janaan prati avicchinnaroopena sthapayitva, peetarah, apostalau cha ekatalaat anatin peedibhyah sankramitaah bhavanti. poorveeya-roodivaadee-charcha. poorveeya-roodivaadee-charch-madhye episcopal-sarvakaarasya sulaha-vichaarah prachalati. poorveeya-roodhi-vyavasthaayaam sarve swayamchaalita-narr-jaatayah kraistasya paritah saamohikaroopen samagataha iti drushyante, anye aarch-bishap-janaah, bishap-janaah cha teshaam paritah samagataha, ityaadayah. rome-bhashayam pope ityanena saha tulanam ekaikah praimet-jeevah naasti yasya vishishtah adhikaarah asti. parantu, constantinople ityasya (adhunaa istanbul) kulapatehe "praimas-inter-peres" iti manyate, yah poorveeya-roodivaadasya autocephalus-churchs ityasya "samatulyanam madhye prathamah" iti manyate. prachya-roodivaadee-charcha. prachya-roodhi-charcha-samsthah apostolic-uttaradhikarasya, episcopal-sarvakaarasya cha vicharan drudheekaroti. pratyekasya rashtriya-charch-madhye, bishap-janaah pavitram syned-mandiram nirmeeyante, yasya adheenam pitrusattaakah api bhavati. syriac-orthodox-charch ityasya apostolic-uttaradhikaraha sent-ityasmai drushyate. peater tathaa cha antiyok iteedam sa. enn. ityasya mool-drushyam iti ankayati. peater. armenian-apostolic-charch ityasya vamshaparamparaa apostal bartholomyoo ityasmai soochayati. bhaarateey-roodhi-mata-charcha apostal thaamas ityasmai svavamshasya anugunam soochayati. panchamashataabdyaam captic-orthodox-charch ityasya madhyamena ethiopian-orthodox-charch ityasya uttaradhikara-rekhaah prapta. greek tathaa captic-arthadox-charchas ityete cha pratyekam aleksaandriyaadeshasy pope-varyam (pope tathaa aleksaandriyaadeshasy tathaa sampoorn-africa-deshasya kulapatehe, tathaa kramashah captic-arthadox-charch aaf aleksaandriyaadeshasy pope-varyam cha) ankayanti, ye dwau api swapreranaatmak-uttaradhikarasya chihnam eva eva praapayanti. asya prachinasya vicchedanam niraamayitum sadyah kaaleshu adhikarikani, nirantaraani prayatnaani prachalanti. poorvamev, tau parasparm baptismam, chrismassion, vivaaham cha jaananti, yena antarwiwaah ateeva sulabhah bhavati. poorvasyaam dishi charcha iti. aitihaasikadrushtyaa, poorvasya charch-samsthaa swasya episcopal uttaradhikaram sent-nagare eva dnyaatavatee. thaamas-da-apostal. samprati poorvadishi sthitasya assyrian-charch ityasya bishap-janaah apostolic-uttaradhikaram nirantaram nirvahanti. aangl-samudayah. vibhinnaih roman-catholic-orthodox-samudaayaih tulyatayaa apostolic-uttaradhikaradwara aitihaasika-episcopate-ityasya davam kartum, sudhaar-paramparasu aangl-mata-siddhantah pramukhah asti. aangl-janaah charch aaf england madhye tathaa tasya madhyamena sent-paryantam avicchinnam episcopal uttaradhikaram praavartayanti. kenterbury-nagarasya augustein-nagaram, prathamashataabdyaah roman-prantasya britania-pradesham cha. vait-bai-ityasya syned-madhye kechan celtic-christian-aachaar-vidhaanaani parivartitaah, british-dvipanam charch-mandalam prachinatamebhyaha eva pope-adhikarasya adheene aasit. heinry VIII ityasya vidhyaa rome-nagaraat england-charch-ityasya swaatantryam prabhaaweeroopen sthaapitam, tasya samvaidhaanikam vaa pashupaalak-samrachanaa vaa naa parivartayat. charchasya vidyamananam vidhisambaddha-samrachanaabhihi raaj-adhipatyam prayujyata, yasya netaarah bishap-janaah aasan. evam, samskrute "acclesia anglikana" ityasya, tathaa cha prachinasya apostolic-vidhitve cha samsthaayaah aagrahasy aadhaararoopen, episcopacy-vyavasthaa drushtaa. parivartanam yat abhavat yat bishap-janaah adhunaa tasya prajanam aadhyaatmikasarvakaarasy raaj-paricharakaha iti drushyante sma. richard hooker ityasya prabhaawah asmin bodhasya vikasaya mahattwapoornah aasit, yasmin bishap-janaah adhikapaaramparikeshu bhumikaayaam presbytet-vamshaanugatashaktim pratyarpayanti, presbyter-ityeteshaam paadriyah rupena karyam kurvanti, vishaal-charch-vishaye vishishtam shikshan-karyalayam dhaarayanti iti drushtaah. episcopal-sarwakaarah "dii-jyoor-divino" (rajanam daivika-adhikaarena) katham bhavati iti vishaye aanglabhaasheey-matasya bhinnabhiprayaha asti. ekasmin bhaage saptadashashataabdyaah divyah jaan cosin ityeshah matavaan yat episcopal-adhikaarah "jyoor divino" iti, parantu "apostolic-abhyaasah, charch-ityasya acharaha cha iti... [naa] christ athavaa tasya prerakaah tasya vishaye yat poornam shasanam dattavantah "(ekaha drushtikonah hooker ityanena api anurakshitah). tadviruddham, lanslot androos tathaa anye cha matam adadan yat episcopal sarwakaarah kristaat preritanam madhyamena vyutpannah asti iti. anapekshayaa, ubhayapakshau api, dharma-bahishkaranam nirikshanasya apostolic-kaaryam iti drushtavantah, yasmin samanvaya-shakttih antarbhavati, tathaa cha tatt tasya parinamat cha nishpanah, tathaa cha charch-shasanasya krute pramanakah asti. apostolic uttaradhikarasya abhyaasah, charch-ityasya mission-ityasya vaidhataam sunishchitam karoti, tathaa cha saarwatrik-charch-ityanena saha sthaniya-charch-ityasya aikyam, sahabhaagitvam, saatatyam cha sthaapayati. anena sutrikarane, nagarikasamajat bhinnah "pavitrasamaajah" iti charch ityasya swatantradrushteh adharaha sthaapitah, yat england-deshaat bahihi sthaniya-charch-ityeteshaam asampurna-samsthanam vikasaya etaavat mahattvapoornam aasit, tathaa england-deshe catholic-punarutthaanasy, vipratishtaavaadasya cha pratyaksham udayah abhavat. kriyaatmakaroopen, aangl-episcopal-praadhikaranam synodic-rupena vyaktam bhavati, yadyapi pratyekam prantaha swapranijanan swatantraroopena karyam kartum praayah atha vaa adhikaarena anumanyante. sanodes", "councils", athavaa "conventions" iti vividharoopen namna prasidhaah te episcopal-adhyakshate militavantah. anekeshu adhikaarakshetreshu, ye sulahayuktaah prastaawaah paritaha santi, teshaam balaprayogaay episcopal-sahamatihi athavaa sahamatihi aavashyakah bhavati. evam drushtaah aangl-janaah praayah "bishap-inn-sinod" iti episcopal-shasanasya balam atha cha adhikaram iti vadanti. etaadrushah sulaha-adhikaarah siddhaantasy, anushasanasya, pujayaha cha maanakakshetreshu vistaaritah asti, parantu eteshu vishayeshu aanglavaadasy adhikarasya simasam paramparayaa seemitah asti. 1571 tame varshe (mahattvapoornatayaa, yathaa trent-parishad samapyamana aasit), dharmasya 39 anucchedaanaam anucchedah xxi madhye taani seemaah vyaktaani santi, yatra "samanya-parishadah" iti abhinirdishtaani... kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit, kadaachit,.. ataha mokshartham teshaam dwara vihitaani vastooni naa shaktivardham naa cha santi, yaavat taani pavitragranthebhyah nishkaasyante iti naa ghoshyate."ataha aangl-kshetraadhikaarah paramparaagataroopen naveenasiddhaanteeyavikaasy athavaa charchasya karyan siddhaantaroopen samaaveshayitum vaa roodichutaah santi (" lakes orandi, lakes credendy "pashyantu). aangl-cinodical-sarwakaarah yadyapi abhivyaktau bhinnah asti, tathaapi vishishtatayaa pratinidhihi asti. aangl-samudaayasy prantaha, teshaam matanuyayinaha prantaha, diocese cha naa kevalam bishap-ityeteshaam, apitu presbytet-samanyajananam pratinidhinam cha parishadaih shaasitaah santi. aanglavaade antarashtriya-nyaya-adhikaarah naasti, yadyapi kenterbury-nagar-darshana-dwara aitihaasika-sambandhena pratiyamana, paramparayaha samanya-anubhawah, samanya-jatil-dhaarmik-paramparayaa saha, aikyam avalambayat. aangl-samudaay-bishap-ityeteshaam lambeth-sammelanaih etat prabalitam asti, ye 1867 tame varshe prathamavaaram militavantah. ete sammelanaani yadyapi prastavan prastooy, prastavan paaritavantah, tathaapi drudatayaa paramarshatmakani santi, prastaavaanaam uddeshyam aangl-adhikarakshetranam krute maargadarshikaah pradadat-naa tu nirdesha. sammelanaani charchasya vishvavyaapeem catholic-swaroopam cha pradarshayitum episcopate ityasya kaaryam api prakatayanti. skaatish-episcopal-charch iteedam swasya itihaasam scatland-deshe christianity-ityasya utpattih iti soochayati. 1560 tame varshe skaatish-samskaranena scatland-charch-ityasya aarambhe adheekshakaih sanchaalitam aasit, 1572 tame varshe episcopal-shasanam punah sthaapitam, parantu 1711 tame varshe adhiniyamah swatantrasya asampurnasya skaatish-episcopal-charch-ityasya nirmanasya anumatim naa dattam yaavat kirk-pradesham presbyterian-niyantrane aasit, tadaa episcopalianism-sampradaayah paryaayaroopen pravartat. a-nyayayukta-vibhedanam british-sarvakaarasya charch-viruddham dandaniyaman praavartayitum kaaranam abhavat. 1784 tame varshe skaatish-charch-samsthaa syaamuyel seabury-varyam american-episcopal-charch-samsthaayaah prathama-bishap-rupena niyuktavatee, yena vishvavyaapee-aangl-charcha-samudayah aarabdhah, 1792 tame varshe dandaniyamah cha samaaptaah. 1804 tame varshe charch-aaf-england ityasya lekhaan charch-samsthaa sveekrutavatee. pratinidhi-shasanasya vardhamaanaanaam lokatantrikaroopanam prasarasya utpattih 1780 tame dashake american-episcopal-charch ityasya prathamanam samanya-sammelananam nirmanat abhavat, yena "house aaf bishap", "house aaf deputies" cha sthaapitaani. anekeshu adhikaarakshetreshu truteeyam, lipikagruham api asti. prastavan samyuktaroopena vaa pratyekam sadanam vaa mataan daatum shakyate, uttarasmin prakarane sarveshu gruheshu vishesha-parishadena sveekrutasya anumodanam aavashyakam bhavati. aangl-samudaayasy sadasyaah charcha-samsthah raaj-vyavasthaayaam episcopal-charcha-samsthah santi, kechan "episcopal" iti namna api khyataha santi. parantu, kechan churchs ye aangl-bhashayaha iti swaparichayante te aangl-samudaayasy naa santi, api cha sarve episcopal-shasita-churchs naa aangl-bhashayaha santi. roman-catholic-charch, puraatanaah catholic-charch (aangl-communion ityanena saha poorna-communion-madhye, parantu sadasyaih saha naa), poorva-orthodox-charch ityete api aangl-mataihi maanyante, teshaam bishap ityete api. american methodist charchas. aanglavaadasy upashakharupena, paddhati-churchs praayah aitihasikanam vyavaharikanam cha kaaranaih episcopal-raajaneetim upayunjanti, yadyapi seemita-upayogartham. paddhatidnyaah praayah "episcopal" ityasya atiriktam "samyojakataa" athavaa "samyojak-rajaniti" iti padam upayunjanti. tathaapi, episcopal-rajaniti-paramparayaha avadhaaranaanaam apekshayaa paddhati-yukta-episcopacy-ityasya shaktayah apekshaakrutaroopen prabalah, vyaapakah cha bhavitum arhanti. udaharanartham, samyukta-paddhati-charcha-madhye, bishap-janaah aajeevanam nirwaachitaah bhavanti, vishishta-sammelane dwayoh padayoho yaavat karyam kartum shaknuvanti (yadi vishesha-anumatihi deeyate tarhi trayah), paadri-charcha-krute padriyam niyuktim cha kartum uttaradaayi bhavanti, anekaah prashaasanik-kartavyaani nirvodum shaknuvanti, praadeshika-sammelananam vaarshik-satreshu, vishvavyaapee-samanya-sammelanasy cha chaturwaarshik-sabhayam adhyakshatam kurvanti, samajika-saiddhaamtika-vishayeshu charcha-ityasya shikshanasy, netrutvasya cha adhikaaram dhaarayanti, tathaa cha vishvavyaapee-sabhaasu sampradaayasy pratinidhitvam kartum cha sevanti. samyuktarajyamerikadesha samyukta-paddhati-bishap-janaah swaniyuktaasu sammelneshu sevanti, 8 (athavaa 12) varshaanaam anantaram nootanam "episcopal-kshetram" prati sthaanaantaritaah bhavanti, yaavat teshaam shashtimshat-janmadinasya anantaram quadrinium ityasya ante teshaam anivaarya-nivruttihi naa bhavati. british-paddhati-siddhantah, sarve niyukta-mantrinah aadhyatmikataayaah drushtyaa samanaha iti manyante. parantu, vyaavahaarikaprabandhanaartham sammelanasy adhyakshah, mandalasya adhyakshah, adhikshaka mantrinah, mantrinah cha iti panktayah ankitaah bhavanti. parantu sarve mantrinah santi. anyeshu sampradayeshu episcopal-sarwakaarah. mahadvipiya-europe-deshe, hangeree-nagarasya samskrute charch tathaa lutheran-charch ityetaani kadaachit "episcopal" iti namna api khyatani bhavanti. eteshu uttaravarteeshu prakaraneshu, sarvakaarasya swaroopam presbyterian-rupat aamulaagram naa bhinnam asti, parantu teshaam bishap-parishadanam sthaniya-shaasak-samsthanam upari adhikaamsheshu presbyterian-churchs-ityasya anyeshu samskruteshu churchs-ityasya apekshayaa adhikaamsheshu padanukramita-adhikaar-paridhihi asti. yathaa ullikhitam, sweeden-deshasya finn-lyand-deshasya cha lootheran-charch iti apavaadaah santi, ye aangl-charch-ityetaih sadrusham pratiroopam apostolic-uttaradhikaram iti pratipaadayanti. anyathaa, lutheran-charch-ityeteshu shaasan-vidhaanaani anivaaryaani naa santi, yatah tasya saiddhaantik-mahattvam naasti iti manyate. praacheenavishvasya luthrenisam-matasya aitihaasikakaaranaani, episcopal-authority ityasya erastian-siddhantan sveekrutya (yasmaat charch-authority-ityasya sweekrutah dharmanirapeksha-sarvakaarena seemitaparimitah). samyuktarajyamerikadesha lutheran-churchs ityete mandaleevaaden saha tulanam shasanasya prakaaram sweekaroti. episcopal-baptists ityasya alpasankhyakaah santi. saadaa-vastra-paramparayaha adhikaamshaah anabaptist-churchs-ityete episcopal-vyavasthaam anusaranti, nyunatinyoonam namna. saamohikashaasanasy prabalam mahattvam bhavati, pratyekah mandala swapaalakam cha nirvaachayati. bishap-janaah antara-sanghatita-aikyam pravartayanti, paaramparika-niyamaan bhangam kartum paadrinah anushaasitum cha shaknuvanti. yadyapi saha kadaapi padam naa upayunjati tathaapi, yeshu-crast-ityasya charch aaf later-day-sents (ell. dii. ess. charch), presbyterian athavaa mandali-ityasya apekshayaa episcopal asti, arthaat tasya sthaniya-bishap/shakha-adhyakshaat ekaat bhavishyadvaktaa/raashtrapatiparyantam netrutvasya kathor-padanukramam vartate, yat vyaktigataroopen yeshu-crast ityanena adhikrutam, maargadarshitam cha iti manyate. sthaniyasamajeshu (shaakhaasu, wards, stakes) "dii-jyoor" iti seemaah santi, yaihi sadasyanam aabantanam bhavati, sadasyatva-abhilekhaah kendreekrutaah cha bhavanti. eshaa vyavasthaa kramena adhika-presbyterian-rajanitihi (1830 tame varshe joseph smit ityasya mool-upadhi "prathama-jyeshtah" iti aasit) ityatah vyaavahaarik-saiddhaantik-kaaranaih vikasitavatee, nauvoo-kaale (1839-1846) poorna-episcopacy-sthitim avaapnot.

episcopal arasiyal episcopal arasiyal enbathu devalaya nirvaagaththin ("thiruchchabai arasiyal") oru padinilai vadivamaagum, idhil thalaimai ulloor athikaarikal aayarkal endru azhaikkappadugiraargal. (bishab endra soll british latheen mattrum moasamaana latheen vaarthaiyaana "* episcopus"/"* biscopus" moolam perappattathu, idhu pandaiya kiraekka "episcopus" enbathilirunthu vanthathu, idhan porul "maerpaarvaiyaalar".) idhu catholica, kilakku marabuvazhi, kilakkatthiya marabuvazhi, kizhakkin devalayam, aangkila, luther mattrum muraiyaana devaalayangal allathu pirivugal mattrum pira devaalayangal poantra pala mukiya christhava devaalayangal mattrum pirivugalaal payanpaduththappadum kattamaippaagum. episcopal arasiyal konda devaalayangal aayarkalaal nirvagikkappadugindrana, avai maraimaavattangkal mattrum maanaadugal allathu sinaatkalil thangal athikaarangkalaip payirchi seigindrana. avarkalin thalaimai sadangu mattrum arasiyalamaippu irandilum ullathu; athae poal niyamanangkal, uruthippaduththalkal mattrum pirathishtaikalaich seivathu, bishab ulloor athikaara varampirkul madhagurumaargalai maerpaarvaiyidugiraar mattrum mathachchaarpattra kattamaippugalukkum devalayaththin padinilaikkum ulla pirathinithiyaaga ullaar. aayarkal thangal athikaaraththai iyaesuvin pannirandu appoasthalarkalidamirunthu udaikkappadaatha, thanipatta apposthala vaarisilirunthu peruvathaakak karudhappadugiraargal. aththagaiya athikaaraththaik konda aayarkal varalaattru episcopate allathu varalaattru episcopate pirathinithiththuvappaduththu koorappadugiradhu. inththa vagai arasaangkaththaik konda devaalayangal vazhakkamaaga puthiya udanpadikkaiyil vivarikkappattullapadi thevaalayaththirku episcopal arasaangkam thaevai endru nambugindrana (1 dimoti 3 mattrum 2 dimoti 1 aip paarkkavum). sila amaippugalil, aayarkal oru uyar padhaviyai vagikkum aayarkalukku (paarambariyaththaip porutthu, thalaimai aayarkal, perunagarangkal allathu moothaathaiyarkal endru azhaikkappadugiraargal) varaiyarukappatta vazhigalil utpaduthappadalaam. avai sabaikal allathu madhagurumaargal koottangalilum koodugindrana. inththa koottangal, uyar pathaviyil ulla aayarkalin janathipathi pathavikku udpattu, podhuvaaga mukkiyamaana mudivugalai edukkindrana, iruppinum sinot allathu council muttrilum aaloachanaiyaaka irukkalaam. niruvana kiristhuvaththin ezhuthappatta varalaattrin perumbaguthikku, episcopal arasaangkam mattumae devalaya amaippin ariyapatta vadivamaaga irunththathu. idhu seerthiruththaththin poathu maariyathu. pala protestant devaalayangal ippoathu sabai allathu prespitarian devalaya arasugalaal ozhungamaikkappattullana, irandum martin lutherine thonnoottru ainthu koatpaadugalaal thoondappatta catholica devaalayaththudan murinthathaith thodarnthu suyaatheenamaaga panipuriyum mattrum ezhuthum oru protestant seerthiruththavaathiyaana john calvin ezhuththukkalilirunthu vanthavai. iruppinum, 4 aam noottraandil sebastin arius poantra seerthiruththaththirku munbu episcopal arasiyalai silar sarchchaikkullaakkiyullar. episcopal devaalayangalin kannoattam. episcopal" endra vaarthaiyin varaiyarai christhava marabukalukku idaiyae marupaattaik kondullathu. tharpoothaiya neraththil episcopal devaalayangalidaiye arasaangkak kolgaigalil nutpamaana vaerupaadugal ullana. episcopal devaalayangalin pirivinai oralavukku thiruchchabaiyil ulla inththa vaerupaadugalaal, athaavathu devalayam mattrum devalaya aalukai pattriya iraiyiyal purithal moolam kandariyappadalaam. silarukku, "episcopal devaalayangal" enbathu pishappukalin padinilaiyaip payanpaduththum devaalayangalaagum, avarkal udaikkappadaatha, thanipatta apposthala vaarisugalil iruppathaaka adaiyaalam kaattukiraargal. "episcopal" podhuvaaga palvaeru niruvana kattamaippugalai vaerupaduththip paarkkap payanpaduththappadukirathu. uthaaranamaaga, thernthedukkappatta moopparkalin koottangalin padinilaiyaal nirvagikkappadum oru devalayattai vivarikka "prespitarian" (, prespidarus) payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu prespitarian arasiyal endru kurippidappadugiradhu. idhaepoal, aayarkalaal nirvagikkappadum oru devalayattai vivarikka "episcopal" payanpaduththappadukirathu. moopparkalaaloa allathu aayarkalaaloa aalappadaatha suyaatchi seiyappatta ulloor sabaikal podhuvaaga "sabai" endru vivarikkappadugindrana. innum kurippaaga, aangkilak kalvettu (episcopalian madham) adippadaiyilaana pala devaalayangalukku "episcopal" endra periya peyar payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhil innum englaanthu devaalayaththudan inainththirukkum devaalayangalum adangkum. inththa varaiyaraigalaip payanpaduththi, kuripitta episcopal devaalayangalin eduththukkaattukal pinvarumaaru sila lutheron devaalayangal sabai arasiyal allathu prespitarian arasiyalin oru vadivaththai kadaippidikkindrana. sweeden devalayam udpada mattravargal episcopal arasiyalai kadaippidikkindranar; sweeden devalayam adhan aayarkalai varalaattru episcopettukalil ontraaka karudhugiradhu. anglo-luther catholica devalayam, luther orthodox devalayam, luthern devalayam-sarvadesam mattrum luther episcopal communion poantra sila america luther devaalayangalilum idhu porunthum. pala muraimaivaatha devaalayangal (aikkiya muraimaivaatha devalayam, mattravattrudan) episcopal arasiyalin vadivaththaiyum seyalpaattaiyum thakka vaitthuk kolgindrana, iruppinum oru maattriyamaikkappatta vadivaththil, inaippu endru azhaikkappadukirathu. anaivarum thangal niyamanangalai oru aangkila madhaguruvaana john wesliyidam kandarivathaal, avarkalin aayarkal apposthala vaarisugalil pangkupattruvathillai endru podhuvaaga karudhappadugiradhu. iruppinum, aikkiyamaana muraimaiyaalargal thangal aayarkal varalaattruch sirappumikka episcopadil pankukolvathai uruthippaduththukintranar. varalaaru. apposthalan paal pilippiyarkalukku ezhuthiya kadithaththil, roamarin clement mattrum theethaach devalaya nirvaaga muraiyaip pattri paesumpoathu, "pishappukal mattrum deakengal" endru kurippidugiraar, "prespitter" endra vaarththaiyai neekkinaar, idhu muthal noottraandil innum prespitter-bishab vaerupaadu illai enbathaik kaatta silaraal vaathidappattullathu. aerkanavae irandaam noottraandin murpaguthiyil antiogia ezhuththin ignacious aayarkal mattrum prespiterkalaip pattri oru thelivaana vaerupaattaik kaattukirathu, athaavathu avarathu kadidhangal avarathu kaalaththirkul oru episcopal amaippu aerkanavae irunthathaik kaattugindrana. iruppinum, roamaaniyargalukku ezhuthiya kadithaththil ignacious roam mozhiyil oru bishappaip pattri orupoathum kuripidavillai enbathai paart erman kurippidathakkathaagak karudhugiraar. pinnar tertullion prespittarkal mattrum aayarkalai oru thanii aluvalagamaaga migavum thelivaaga vaerupaduththukiraar, irenius aayarkalin vaarisugalin pattiyalkalai uruvaakkinaar, iruppinum aarambagaala devalaya thanthaikalaal seiyappatta aayar vaarisu pattiyalkal migavum muranpattavai. irandaam noottraandukkul episcopal amaippu kiristhavarkalidaiye perumbaanmai, ulagalaaviya paarvaiyaaga maariyathaakath therikirathu. puthiyavarkal mattrum nankodaiyaalargal poantra pilavupatta pirivugal kooda episcopal muraiyaip payanpaduththum. episcopal amaippai ethirththu thanathu sontha privaith thodangiya arius off sebastaith thavira. devaalayangal muthalil prespiterkal kuluvaal nirvagikkappattana, aanaal pilavugalai adakkuvatharkaaga aayarkalaith thaernthedukka pinnar devaalayangal mudivu seithana endru jerom koorinaar. catholica devalayam. catholica devalayaththil oru episcopate ullathu, roamin pishappaaga irukkum poap maelae ullaar. devalayaththin meethu sattareethiyaana maerpaarvai enbathu manitharkalidamirunthu perappatta oru sakthi alla, aanaal kiristhuvin athikaaraththilirunthu kandippaaga varukirathu, idhu avarathu pannirandu appoasthalarkalukku vazhangkappattathu endru catholica devalayam karudhugiradhu. roamarin paarvai, saint irunthu irangkukira apposthala athikaaraththin udaikkappadaatha varisai. piittar ("appoasthalarkalin ilavarasar mattrum thalaivar"), aayarkal kalloorikkum, enavae ulagengkilum ulla ulloor devaalayangalukkum idaiyaeyaana ottrumaiyin oru velippadaiyaana adaiyaalam mattrum karuvi. ulagalaaviya aayarkal kallooriyudan inainthu, poap muzhu devalayaththin meethum anaitthu niyayamaana satta mattrum karpiththal athikaaraththaiyum kondullaar. inththa athikaaram kiristhuvaal saint. punitha aaviyin sakthiyaal, appoasthalarkalidamirunthu aayarkalukku kaikalai vaippathan moolam, udaikkappadaatha thodarchchiyil peettarum appoasthalargalum oru thalaimuraiyilirunthu aduththa thalaimuraikku anuppappadugiraargal. kilakku marabuvazhi devalayam. episcopal arasaangkaththin samarasa yoasanai kilakku marabuvazhi devalayaththil thodarkirathu. kilakku marabuvazhip pazhakkaththil, anaitthu thannichaiyaana vilangkinangkalum kiristhuvaich suttri koottamaaga ondrukooduvathaagak kaanappadugindrana, mattra thalaimai aayarkal mattrum aayarkal avarkalaich suttri koodinar, mattrum pala. roam mozhiyil poappudan oppidakkoodiya pirathyaeka athikaaraththudan ottrai primate illai. iruppinum, constantinopline (ippoathu istanbul) moothaathaiyar kilakku marabuvazhiyin thanniyakka devaalayangalin "samamaanavargalil muthal" "primus inter barrays" endru karudhappadugiraar. kilakkatthiya marabuvazhi devaalayangal. kilakkatthiya marabuvazhi devaalayangal apposthala vaarisu mattrum episcopal arasaangkaththin karutthukkalai uruthippaduththukintrana. ovvoru thaesiya devalayaththilum, aayarkal oru punitha aayar mandraththai uruvaakkukiraargal, adharku moothaathaiyar kooda utpaduththappadugiraar. siriya orthodox devalayam adhan aposthalic vaarisai saint varai kandarigiradhu. piittar mattrum andhiyoagiyaavai saint inn asal thoattramaaka angkeekarikkiraar. piittar. armeeniya apposthala devalayam adhan vamsaavaliyai apposthalan parthalomiyoavaik kurikkirathu. inthiya marabuvazhi devalayam adhan vamsaavaliyai apposthalan thamas varai kandarindhulladhu. ethiobian orthodox devalayam ainthaam noottraandil kaaptik orthodox devalayam moolam adhan vaarisugalaip pettrathu. kiraekka mattrum kaaptik orthodox devaalayangal ovvondrum thangal sontha alexandriya poappai (alexandria mattrum anaitthu aaprikkaavin poap mattrum moothaathaiyar, mattrum alexandriavin kaaptik orthodox devalayaththin poap muraiyae) angkeekarikkindrana, ivarkal iruvarum thangal aposthalic vaarisugalai swiseshagaraik kurikkum uruvaththil kanalaam. inththa pandaiya meeralai gunappadutha sameepathiya kaalangalil athikaarappoorvamaana, thodarchchiyaana muyarchigal ullana. aerkanavae, iruvarum oruvarukkoruvar gnanasnanam, christhuvam mattrum thirumanangalai angkeekarikkiraarkal, idhu thirumanatthai migavum elithaakkukirathu. kilakku devalayam. varalaattru reethiyaaga, kizhakkin devalayam adhan episcopal vaarisai saint. appoasthalanaagiya thamas. tharpoothu kizhakkin aseeriya devalayaththin aayarkal adhan aposthalic vaarisai thodarnthu paraamaritthu varukintranar. aangkilak kootturavu. palvaeru roaman catholica mattrum marabuvazhi samoogangaludan oppidugaiyil, apposthala vaarisu moolam varalaattru episcopate urimai kooruvatharkaana seerthiruththa marabukalil aangkilavaatham miga mukkiyamaanathu. aangkilaeyargal englaandhin devalayaththilum adhan moolamaagavum, meendum saint. canterbury augustin mattrum muthal noottraandin romanian maagaanamaana britania. sila seltic christhava nadaimuraigal whiteby cinodil maattrappattaalum, british theevugalil ulla devalayam aaramba kaalaththilirunthae poappin athikaaraththin keezh irunththathu. hendri VIII inn sattam roam nagarilirunthu englaanthu devalayaththin suthanthiraththai thirampada niruviyathu adhan arasiyalamaippu allathu meichchal kattamaippugalai maattravillai. arasa melathikkam devalayaththin tharpoothaiya satta kattamaippugalin moolam payanpaduththappattathu, adhan thalaivarkal aayarkalaaka irunththanar. ivvaaru, kalviyarivu seerthiruththappatta "ecclesia angligana" kodukkappattadhaagavum, pandaiya mattrum apposthala sattapoorvamaana niruvanaththirku muraiyeedu seivatharkaana adiththalamaagavum paarkkappattathu. enna maattram aerpattathu endraal, aayarkal ippoathu adhan kudimakkalin aanmeega arasaangkaththirkaana kireedam amaichcharkalaaka kaanappattanar. inththa purithalil oru parinaama valarcchikku richard hookerin selvaakku mukkiyamaanathu, idhil pishappukal prespiterate parambarai athikaarangkalukku pirathinithiththuvappaduththum, prespiterkalukku poathakarkalaaka seyalpadum mattrum oru kuripitta karpiththal aluvalagaththai nadaththum nabarkalaaka thangal paarambariya paaththiraththil kaanappattanar. episcopal arasaangkam "dii juur divino" (mannargalin theiveega urimaiyaal) endra muraiyil aangkila karutthu vaerupattullathu. orupuram, pathinaezhaam noottraandin theiveegamaana john kosin, episcopal athikaaram "juur divino" endru karuthinaar, aanaal adhu "apposthala nadaimurai mattrum devalayaththin pazhakkavazhakkangkalilirundhu uruvaanathu... christhuvoa allathu avarathu appoasthalargaloa athaip pattri valangkiya muzhumaiyaana kattalai alla "(oru paarvai hookaraal paraamarikkappadukirathu). idharku maaraaga, lancellat andruz mattrum pirar episcopal arasaangkam kiristhuvilirunthu appoasthalargal vazhiyaaga perappattathu endru karudhinar. porutpaduththaamal, iru tharappinarum maelaanmaiyin apposthala seyalpaattaik kondiruppathaagak karudhinar, idhu irandum serkkappatta athikaaraththai ulladakkiyathu mattrum perukirathu, maelum idhu devalayaththin nirvaagaththirku nerimuraiyaanathu. apposthala vaarisu murai devalayaththin paniyin niyaayaththanmaiyai uruthiseikirathu mattrum ulagalaaviya devaalayaththudan ulloor devalayaththin ottrumai, ottrumai mattrum thodarchchiyai niruvugirathu. inththa sooththiram, devalayattai oru "punitha samoogam" endru oru suyaatheenamaana paarvaikku adiththalamaaga amainthathu, idhu sivil samoogaththilirunthu vaerupattathu, idhu englaanththukku veliyae ulla ulloor devaalayangalai niruvappadaatha niruvanangalaaga maempaduththuvatharku migavum mukkiyamaanathu, maelum englaanththukkul catholica marumalarchi mattrum sthaabanavaathaththirku neradi vazhivaguththathu. seyalpaattu reethiyaaga, aangkila episcopal athikaaram sinoadiyaaga velippaduththappadukirathu, iruppinum thanipatta maakaanangkal thangal primate suyaatheenamaaga seyalpada aeraththaazha athikaaram valangkalaam. palvaeru "sinoatkal", "kavunchilkal" allathu "maanaadugal" endru azhaikkappadum avai episcopal thalaimaiyil santhikkindrana. pala athikaara varambugalil, niraivettrappatta samarasath theermaanangalukku episcopal opputhal allathu opputhal thaevaippadukirathu. inththa vazhiyil paarkkumpoathu, aangkilavaasigal perumpaalum "bishab-inn-sinote" aii episcopal nirvaagaththin sakthiyaagavum athikaaramaagavum paesukiraarkal. iththagaiya samarasa athikaaram koatpaadu, ozhukkam mattrum vazhipaattin nilaiyaana pakuthikalukku virivadaigirathu, aanaal inththa vishayangkalil aangkilavaaththin athikaara varambugal pattriya bhaarambariyaththaal mattuppaduththappattullathu. antha varambugal 1571 aam aandil angkeekarikkappatta muppaththonpathu madhak katturaigalin pirivu xi ill velippaduththappattulana (kurippidatthakka vagaiyil, trent council mudivukku vanthathaip poalavae), idhu "podhu kavunchilkal" endru kooriyadhu... sila nerangalil thavaraagavum irukkalaam, sila nerangalil thavaraagavum irukkalaam... enavae iratchippukkuth thaevaiyaanathaaka avarkal niyamittha vishayangkalukku palamo athikaaramum illai, avai punitha vaethaakamaththilirunthu edukkappattathaaga arivikkappadaavittaal."enavae, aangkila athikaara varambugal paarambariyamaaga puthumaiyaana koatpaattu valarcchikkaana anugumuraiyil allathu devalayaththin seyalgalai koatpaattirku udpaduththuvathil pazhamaivaathamaaga irunthu varukintrana (" "lex ooraandi, lex credenti" "aip paarkkavum)". aangkila mathachchaarpattra arasaangkam, velippaadugalil vaerupattirunththaalum, adhu thaniththuvamaana pirathinithiththuvaththai kondullathu. aangkilak communion maakaanangkal, avattrin thiruchchabai maakaanangkal mattrum maraimaavattangkal aayarkal mattumallaamal, prespiterate mattrum saathaarana makkalin pirathinithigalaiyum konda kavunchilkalaal nirvagikkappadugindrana. aangkilavaaththil sarvadesa satta athikaaram illai, iruppinum bhaarambariyaththin podhuvaana anubavamaana kalviyarivu, canterbury kaatchiyudan varalaattru inaippaal adaiyaalappaduththappattullathu, oru podhuvaana mattrum sikkalaana valipaattu paarambariyaththudan, ottrumaiyin alaveettai valangkiyullathu. 1867 aam aandil muthanmuthalil koodiya aangkila communion aayarkalin lambath maanaadugalaal idhu valuppaduththappattullathu. inththa maanaadugal, avai munmozhinthu theermaanangalai niraivaettriya poathilum, kandippaaga aaloachanaiyaakum, maelum theermaanangalin noakkam aangkila athikaara varambugalukkaana vazhikaattuthalgalai vazhangkuvathaagum-thisaiyai alla. devalayaththin ecumenical mattrum catholica thanmaiyai niroopippatharkaana episcopatin seyalpaattaiyum maanaadugal velippaduththukintrana. skaatlaanthu episcopal devalayam adhan varalaattrai scatlandil kiristhuvaththin thoattram varai kandarigiradhu. 1560 skaatlaanthu seerthiruththaththaith thodarnthu skaatlaanthu devalayam aarambaththil kankaanippaalargalaal nadaththappattathu, episcopal aalukai 1572 ill meettedukkappattathu, aanaal episcopalian madham kirk prespitarian kattuppaattin keezh irunththa kaalakattangaludan maari maari 1711 aam aandu sattam suthanthiramaana skaatlaanthu episcopal devalayattai uruvaakka anumathikkum varai irunththathu. pirivinaivaatham british arasaangkaththirku thevaalayaththirku ethiraaga thandanaich sattangalai vithikka vazhivaguththathu. 1784 aam aandil skaatlaanthu devalayam america episcopal devalayaththin muthal pishappaaga saamuvel seabury aii niyamiththathu, ulagalaaviya aangkila devaalayangalin koottaniyaith thodangiyathu, maelum 1792 aam aandil thandanaich sattangal rathu seiyappattana. 1804 aam aandil englaanthu devalayaththin katturaigalai devalayam aetrtrukkondathu. perugiya muraiyil jananaayaga vadivangkalin pirathinithiththuva aalukai paravuvathu 1780kazhil america episcopal devalayaththin muthal podhu maanaadugalai uruvaakkuvathil adhan thoattraththaik kondullathu, idhu oru "aayarkal sabai" mattrum oru "pirathinithikal sabai" aii niruviyathu. pala athikaara varambugalil, moontraavathu, madhaguru sabai ullathu. theermaanangkal koottagavo allathu ovvoru avaiyaalum vaakkalikkappadalaam, pinththaiya vazhakkil anaitthu avaikalilum niraivaettrappada vaendum, kuripitta council. aangkilak koottaniyil uruppinargalaaga irukkum devaalayangal arasiyalil episcopal devaalayangalaagum, maelum sila "episcopal" endru azhaikkappadugindrana. iruppinum, aangkilam endru suyamaaga adaiyaalam kaanum sila devaalayangal aangkilak koottaniyaich saernthavai alla, maelum anaitthu kalviyiyal-aalum devaalayangalum aangkilam alla. roaman catholica devalayam, pazhaiya catholica devaalayangal (aangkilak communionudan muzhu ottrumaiyudan, aanaal angkaththavargaludan alla), mattrum kilakku marabuvazhi devaalayangal angkeekarikkappattullana, maelum avattrin aayarkalum angkeekarikkappattullanar. america muraimai devaalayangal. aangkilavaaththin oru kilaiyaaga, muraiyaana devaalayangal perumpaalum episcopal arasiyalai varalaattru mattrum nadaimurai kaaranangalukkaagap payanpaduththukintrana, iruppinum varaiyarukappatta payanpaattirku. muraimaivaathikal perumpaalum "episcopal" thavira "inaippu arasiyal" allathu "inaippu arasiyal" endra vaarththaiyaip payanpaduththukintranar. iruppinum, episcopal arasiyal pattriya paarambariya karuththukkaludan oppidumpoathu methodist episcopacyin sakthigal oppeettalavil valuvaagavum parantha alavilum irukkalaam. eduththukkaattaaga, aikkiya muraimai devalayaththil, aayarkal vaazhnaal muzhuvathum thaernthedukkappadugiraar, oru kuripitta maanaatil irandu padhavikkaalam varai paniyaattralaam (sirappu anumathi valangkappattaal moontru), paathiriyaar devaalayangalukku madhagurumaargalai niyamitthu niyamikkum poruppu, pala nirvaaga kadamaigalaich seikiraargal, piraanthiya maanaadugalin varudaanthira amarvugalilum ulagalaaviya podhu maanattin naarpathu aandu koottaththilum thalaimai thaangkukiraarkal, samooga mattrum koatpaattu mukiya vishayangkalil devalayattai karpippatharkum vazhinadaththuvatharkum athikaaram kondullanar, maelum christhavak koottangalil pirivaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththa saevai seikiraargal. americavil ulla aikkiya muraimaiyaalar aayarkal thangal niyamikkapatta maanaadugalil paniyaattrukintranar, 8 (allathu 12) aandugalukkup piragu oru puthiya "episcopal pakuthikku" maattrappadugiraargal, avarkalin arupathaaraavathu piranthanaalaith thodarnthu naarkaraththin mudivil avarkal kattaaya oaivu perum varai. british muraimaippadi, niyamikkapatta amaichcharkal anaivarum aanmeegaththin adippadaiyil samam endru karudhugindranar. iruppinum, nadaimurai nirvaagaththirku maanattin thalaivar, mavattath thalaivar, kankaanippaalar amaichar, amaichar aagiya pathavikal varaiyappadugindrana. eninum, anaivarum amaichcharkal. pira pirivugalil episcopal arasaangkam. hangari seerthiruththa devalayam mattrum iropa kandaththil ulla luther devaalayangal sila nerangalil "episcopal" endru azhaikkappadalaam. inththa pinththaiya santharppangalil, arasaangkaththin vadivam prespitarian vadivaththilirunthu muttrilum vaerupattathalla, thavira avarkalin aayarkal sabaikal perumpaalaana prespitarian mattrum pira seerthiruththappatta devaalayangalai vida ulloor aalum amaippugal meethu padinilai athikaara varambaik kondullana. kurippidapattapadi, sweeden mattrum finlandil ulla luther devalayam vithivilakkukal, aangkila devaalayangalaip poalavae oru vadivaththil apposthala vaarisu endru koorukirathu. illaiyenil, lutheron devaalayangalil arasiyal vadivangkal kattaayamaakkappadavillai, aenenil idhu koatpaattu mukkiyatthuvaththaik kondathaaga karudhappadavillai. pazhaiya ulaga lutheranism, varalaattru kaaranangalukkaaga, episcopal athikaaram pattriya erastian koatpaadugalai aetrtrukkondathu (idhan moolam devalaya athikaaram oru kuripitta alavirku mathachchaarpattra arasaangkaththaal angkeekarikkappattullathu). americavil, lutheran devaalayangal sabaivaathaththudan oppidakkoodiya oru vagaiyaana arasaangkaththai pinpattra munaigindrana. episcopal gnaanasnaanavaathikalil oru siriya sirupaanmai ullathu. saathaarana aadai bhaarambariyaththin perumpaalaana anaboptist devaalayangal kurainthapatcham peyaril oru episcopal muraiyaip pinpattrukintrana. sabai nirvaagam valuvaaga valiyuruththappadukirathu, maelum ovvoru sabaiyum adhan poathakaraith thaernthedukkirathu. aayarkal koottangalukku idaiyaeyaana ottrumaiyai amalpaduththukiraarkal, maelum paarambariya vithimuraigalai meeriyatharkaaga poathakarkalai olungkuppaduththalaam. idhu orupoathum inththa vaarththaiyaip payanpaduththavillai entraalum, pinththaiya naall punitharkalin iyaesu kiristhuvin devalayam (ell. dii. ess devalayam) prespitarian allathu sabaiyai vida episcopal aagum, athaavathu idhu ulloor bishab/kilaith thalaivar muthal oru theerkkatharisi/janathipathi varai kadumaiyaana thalaimaip padinilaiyaik kondullathu, idhu thanipatta muraiyil angkeekarikkappattu iyaesu kiristhuvaal vazhinadaththappadukirathu endru nambappadugirathu. ulloor sabaikal (kilaigal, vaardugal mattrum pankukal) uruppinarkal odhukkappadum "sattapoorvamaana" ellaikalaik kondullana, maelum uruppinar pathivukal maiyappaduththappadugindrana. inththa amaippu padippadiyaaga nadaimurai mattrum koatpaattu kaaranangalukkaaga prespitarian arasiyalilirunthu (1830 ill josaph smithin asal thalaippu "muthal mooththavar") uruvaanathu, idhu navoo kaalaththil (1839-1846) oru muzhu episcopacy ettiyathu.

episcopal raajakeeya episcopal polity anedi charchi paalana ("mataparamaina polity") yokka kramaanugata roopam, dheenilo pradhana sthaanika adhikaarulanu bishaplu anie pilustaaru. ("bishop" anae padam british latin mariyu asabhya latin padam "* abiscopus"/"* biscopus" dwara udbhavinchindi, idhi puraatana greeku "episcopus" nundi vachindi, dheeni ardham "paryaveekshakudu".) idhi catholic, thoorpu sampradaaya, oriental sampradaaya, thoorpu charchi, aangla, lutheran mariyu methodist charchilu ledhaa tegala vanti aneka pradhana kraistava charchilu mariyu tegalache upayoginchabade nirmaanam, mariyu eee vamsaala nundi swatantramgaa sthaapinchabadina itara charchilu. episcopal raajakeeya vyavastha kaligina charchilu bishaplache nirvahinchabadataayi, dioces mariyu samavesalu ledhaa sinodelalo vaari adhikaarulanu abhyasistaayi. vaari naayakatvam matakarma mariyu raajyaangabaddhamainadi; alaage niyaamakaalu, dhruveekaranalu mariyu pratishtalanu nirvahistuu, bishop sthaanika adhikara paridhiloo mataadhikaarulanu paryaveekshistaadu mariyu loukika nirmaanaalaku mariyu charchi yokka sopanakramam lopala pratinidhigaa untaadu. bishaplu yesu pannendu mandhi apostalula nundi vidadeeyaraani, vyaktigata apostolic vaarasatvam nundi tama adhikaranni pondaarani bhaavistaaru. atuvanti adhikaram kaligina bishaplu chaaritraka episcopate ledhaa chaaritraka episcopatenu suuchistaarani chebutaaru. eee rakamaina prabhutvam unna charchilu saadhaaranamgaa kotta nibandhanalo vivarinchina vidhamgaa charchiki episcopal prabhutvam avasaramani nammutaayi (1 timoti 3 mariyu 2 timoti 1 chudandi). konni vyavasthalalo, bishaplu unnata padavini kaligi unna bishaplaku (sampradaayaanni batti arch bishaplu, metropaalitanlu ledhaa pithruswaamyulu anie pilustaaru) parimita margallo lobadi undavacchu. vaaru councils ledhaa sinodelalo kooda kalustaaru. eee samavesalu, unnata sthaayi bishapla adhyaksha padaviki lobadi, saadhaaranamgaa mukhyamaina nirnayaalu teesukuntaayi, ayithe sinode ledhaa council kooda puurtigaa salaha ivvavacchu. samsthaagata kraistava matam yokka vraatapuurvaka charitralo ekkuva bhaagam, episcopal prabhutvam charchi samstha yokka ekaika roopamgaa prasiddhi chendindi. samskaranala samayamlo idhi maarindi. aneka protestant charchilu ippudu sangha ledhaa presbyterian charchi raajakeeyaalache nirvahinchabadutunnaayi, rendoo kooda martin luther tombhai aidu siddhaantaala dwara udbhavinchina catholic charchitho vidipoyina taruvaata swatantramgaa panichestunna mariyu vraasina protestant samskarta zaan calvin rachanala nundi vachayi. ayithe 4va sataabdamloo arius off sebast vanti samskaranalaku mundu kontamandi episcopal raajakeeya vidhananni vyatiraekimchaaru. episcopal charchila avalokanam. episcopal" anae padaaniki nirvachanam kraistava sampradaayaala madhya vaividhyaanni kaligi undhi. prastuta samayamlo episcopal charchila madhya prabhutva suutraalaloo suukshmamaina thedaalu unnaayi. episcopal charchila vibajananu kontavaraku mataparamaina charchilalooni eee vyatyaasaala dwara gurtinchavacchu, antey charchi mariyu charchi paalanapai vaari vedaanta avagahana. kontamandiki, "episcopal charchilu" anedi vidadeeyaraani, vyaktigata apostolic vaarasatvamgaa gurtinche bishapla sopaanakramaanni upayoginche charchilu. "episcopal" nuu saadhaaranamgaa tegala yokka vividha samsthaagata nirmaanaala madhya thedaanu gurtinchadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, "presbyterian" (, presbyteros) nuu ennukoobadina peddala samavesala sopanakramam dwara palinchabade charchini vivarinchadaaniki upayogistaaru, dheenini presbyterian polity anie pilustaaru. adevidhamgaa, bishaplache palinchabade charchini vivarinchadaaniki "episcopal" upayoginchabadutundi. peddalu ledhaa bishaplache paripaalinchabadani swayam paalita sthaanika sanghaalanu saadhaaranamgaa "sangha" gaa varnistaaru. marinta pratyaekamgaa, "episcopal" anae pedda aksharaala paeru chaaritraatmakamgaa aanglikavaadam ("episcopalianism") loe unna aneka charchilaku vartinchabadutundi, veetilo ippatikee ingland charchitho anubandhamlo unna charchilu kooda unnaayi. eee nirvachanaalanu upayoginchi, nirdishta episcopal charchila udaaharanalu konni lutheran charchilu sangha raajakeeya ledhaa presbyterian raajakeeya roopaanni abhyasistaayi. sweeden charchitho sahaa itarulu episcopal rajakeeyaalanu abhyasistaaru; sweeden charchi kooda daani bishaplanu chaaritraka episcopetlalo pariganistundi. aanglo-lutheran catholic charchi, lutheran orthodox charchi, lutheran charchi-international mariyu lutheran episcopal communion vanti konni american lutheran charchila vishayamlo kooda idhe paristhiti. aneka methodist charchilu (united methodist charchi, itarulatoe paatu) episcopal polity yokka roopam mariyu paniteerunu konasaginchayi, ayithe idhi oka savarinchina roopamlo, connectionalism anie piluvabadutundi. andaruu tama niyaamakaalu aangla poojaari zaan vesliki chendinavi kabatti, vaari bishaplu apostolic vaarasatvamlo bhaagaswaamulu kaadani saadhaaranamgaa bhaavistaaru. ayithe, aikya paddhatulu anusarinchevaaru tama bishaplu chaaritraka dharmasastramlo bhaagaswaamulu anie dhruveekarinchaaru. charitra. apostaludaina paal philippiyanlaku raasina lekhalo, roman mariyu deedaache yokka clement charchi paalana vyavastha gurinchi matladetappudu, "bishaplu mariyu deaconlu" gurinchi prastaavinchaaru, "presbyter" anae padaanni tolaginchaaru, idhi modati sataabdamloo inca presbyter-bishop vyatyaasam ledani choopinchadaaniki kondaru vaadinchaaru. appatike rendava sataabdam praarambhamlo antioch rachana yokka ignatius bishaplu mariyu presbyters yokka spashtamaina vyatyaasaanni chooputundi, antey athani lekhalu athani samayaniki appatike episcopal vyavastha undani chuuputaayi. ayithe ignatius romanlaku raasina lekhalo roman bishop gurinchi eppuduu prastavinchakapovadam chaalaa mukhyamainadani bart erman bhaavistaadu. taruvaata kooda tertullion presbyters mariyu bishaplanu pratyeka karyalayamga chaalaa spashtamgaa vaeru chestaadu, irenius bishapla vaarasatva jaabitaalanu tayaaru chesaadu, ayithe prarambha charchi tandrulu chesina bishop vaarasatva jaabitaalu chaalaa viruddhamgaa unnaayi. rendava sataabdam natiki kraistavulalo episcopal vyavastha majority, saarvatrika drukpathamgaa maarindani telustondi. novatianlu mariyu donatistulu vanti skishmatic vargaalu kooda episcopal vyavasthanu upayogistaayi. episcopal vyavasthanu vyatirekinchi, thana sonta saakhanu praarambhinchina arius off sebast tappa. charchilu modata presbyterla samuuhamchae paalinchabadutunnaayani gerom paerkonnaadu, ayithe taruvaata charchilu vibhedaalanu anachiveyadaaniki bishaplanu ennukoovaalani nirnayinchukunnaayi. catholic charchi. catholic charchilo oka episcopate undhi, rome bishop ayina pope paina unnaaru. charchipai nyaayaparamaina paryaveekshanha anedi maanavula nundi vacchina shakti kaadani, conny khachitamgaa kreestu adhikaram nundi vachindani, idhi athani pannendu mandhi apostalulaku ivvabadindani catholic charchi bhaavistundi. rome yokka veekshanha, St nundi digutunna apostolic adhikaram yokka vidadeeyaraani rekhagaa. peater ("apostalula yuvaraju mariyu adhipati"), bishapla kalasalalo mariyu anduvalla prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna sthaanika charchilalo kooda kanipinche sanketam mariyu communion sadhanam. prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna bishapla kalasalato kalisi, pope mottam charchipai anni chattabaddhamaina nyaayaparamaina mariyu bodhanaa adhikaranni kaligi unnaaru. kreestu seyint kuu icchina eee adhikaram. peater mariyu apostalulu pavitraatma shakti dwara, apostalula nundi bishaplaku chetulu pettadam dwara, vidadeeyaraani kramamlo oka taram nundi maroka taraaniki badilee cheyabadataru. thoorpu sampradaaya charchi. thoorpu sampradaaya charchilo episcopal prabhutvam yokka raajee aalochana konasagutondi. thoorpu sampradaayavaadamlo, anni swayamprerita primatelu kreestu chuttoo samishtiga gumigudinatlu, itara arch bishaplu mariyu bishaplu vaari chuttoo gumigudinatlu mariyu modalainavi kanipistaayi. romloni popto polchadagina pratyeka adhikaram kaligina okka primate kooda ledhu. edemaina, constantinople (ippudu istanbul) yokka pitarudini thoorpu sampradaayavaada swayampratipatti charchilalo "primus inter parace" gaa, "samaanulalo modativaadu" gaa chuustaaru. oriental orthodox charchilu. oriental orthodox charchilu apostolic vaarasatvam mariyu episcopal prabhutvam yokka aalochanalanu dhruveekaristaayi. prati jaateeya charchilo, bishaplu oka pavitra sinadnu yerparustaaru, dheeniki pithruswaamyulu kooda lobadi untaaru. syriac orthodox charchi daani apostolic vaarasatvaanni seyint. peater mariyu antioknu seyint yokka asalu seegaa gurtinchaadu. peater. armenian apostolic charchi daani vamsaanni apostaludaina bertholomeu nundi gurtistundi. bharatiya sanaatana charchi daani vamsaanni apostaludaina thamus nundi gurtistundi. aidava sataabdamloo captic orthodox charchi dwara ethiopian orthodox charchi vaarasatvaanni pondindi. greeku mariyu captic orthodox charchilu rendoo tama sonta alegzandrian popnu (alegzandrian pope mariyu pitruswamya, mariyu mottam africa, mariyu captic orthodox charchi off alegzandrian pope) gurtistaayi, veeriddaroo tama apostolic vaarasatvaanni suvaartikudini gurtinche bomma varaku gurtistaaru. eee puraatana ullanghananu nayam cheyadaaniki iteevali kaalamlo adhikaarika, konasagutunna prayatnaalu unnaayi. appatike, iddaroo okari baptismalu, kraistava mataalu mariyu vivahalanu gurtistaaru, idhi antar vivahanni chaalaa sulabhataram chestundi. thoorpu charchi. chaaritraatmakamgaa, thoorpu charchi daani episcopal vaarasatvaanni seyint. thamus apostaludu. prastutam thoorpu assyrian charchi yokka bishaplu daani apostolic vaarasatvaanni konasagistunnaru. aangla communion. vividha roman catholic mariyu orthodox communitionlatho polchadagina paramgaa apostolic vaarasatvam dwara chaaritraka episcopetku daavaa vaeyadaaniki samskarana sampradayalalo aanglavaadam atyanta pramukhamainadi. aanglikanlu ingland charchilo mariyu daani dwara tirigi seyint varaku vidadeeyaraani episcopal vaarasatvaanni nokkichepparu. conterbury yokka augustein mariyu modati sataabdapu roman provins britania. whiteby sinode vadda konni seltic kraistava acharalu marchabadinappatiki, british deevulalooni charchi prarambha kaalam nundi papal adhikaaramlo undhi. roman nundi ingland charchi yokka swaatantryaanni samarthavantamgaa sthaapinchina henry VIII chattam daani rajyanga ledhaa mataparamaina nirmaanaalanu maarchaledu. charchi yokka prastuta chattaparamaina nirmaanaala dwara raaja aadhipatyam amalu cheyabadindi, dheeni nayakulu bishaplu. eee vidhamgaa, vidyaavyavasthanu samskarinchabadina "ecclesia anglikana" yokka icchinadigaa mariyu puraatana mariyu apostolic chattabaddhataku samstha yokka vignaptiki punaadigaa chudabadindi. maarpu emitante, bishaplu ippudu daani prajala aadhyaatmika prabhutvaaniki kireetam yokka mantrulugaa kanipinchaaru. richard hooker prabhavam eee avagaahanalo parinaamaaniki keelakam, dheenilo bishaplu presbyterret vaarasatvamgaa vacchina adhikaaraalaku appaginchevaaru, presbyterlaku pasterluga vyavaharinchaevaaru mariyu vistruta charchiki sambandhinchi oka nirdishta bodhanaa karyalayanni nirvahinchevaarugaa vaari saampradaaya paatralo kanipinchaaru. episcopal prabhutvam "dii jyoor divino" (raajula daivika hakku dwara) anae vishayamlo aangla abhiprayam bhinnamgaa undhi. oka vaipu, padihedava sataabdapu daivika, zaan kosin, episcopal adhikaram "jyoor divino" anie, conny adhi "apostolic abhyasam mariyu charchi yokka acharala nundi udbhavinchindani abhiprayapaddaru... kreestu ledhaa athani apostalulu daani gurinchi icchina sampoorna suutram kaadu "(oka drukpathaanni hukkar kooda konasaaginchaaru). dheeniki viruddhamgaa, episcopal prabhutvam apostalula dwara kreestu nundi udbhavinchindani lancellat andrus mariyu itarulu abhiprayapaddaru. sambandham lekunda, rendu paarteelu eee matabhrashtatvaanni paryaveekshanha yokka apostolic vidhulanu kaligi unnatlu bhaavinchaayi, idhi samanvaya saktini kaligi untundi mariyu daani nundi udbhavinchindi mariyu charchi palanaku pramaanamgaa untundi. apostolic vaarasatva abhyasam charchi yokka lakshyam yokka chattabaddhatanu nirdhaaristundi mariyu saarvatrika charchitho sthaanika charchi yokka aikyata, communion mariyu konasaagimpunu sthaapistundi. eee suutreekarana, charchini poura samaajaaniki bhinnamgaa "pavitra samajam" gaa swatantra drukpathaaniki punaadi vesindi, idhi ingland velupala sthaanika charchilanu sthaapinchani samsthalugaa abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki chaalaa keelakam, mariyu ingland lopala catholic punarujjeevanam mariyu asthirataku pratyakshamgaa daariteesindi. kriyaatmakamgaa, aangla episcopal adhikaram sinodicga vyakteekarinchabadutundi, ayinappatikee vyaktigata praavinsulu tama primaetnu swatantramgaa vyavaharinchadaaniki ekkuva ledhaa takkuva adhikaaramtho angeekarinchavacchu. vividha "sinodes", "councils" ledhaa "conventions" anie piluvabade avi episcopal adhyakshatana kalustaayi. aneka adhikara paridhulalo, aamodinchabadina sayodhya teermaanaalaku episcopal aamodam ledhaa sammati avasaram. eee vidhamgaa choosthe, aanglikanlu tarachugaa "bishop-inn-sinode" nuu episcopal paalana yokka shakti mariyu adhikaram anie matladataru. atuvanti raajee adhikaram siddhaantam, kramasikshana mariyu aaradhana yokka praamaanika rangaalaku vistarinchindi, conny eee vishayamlo adhikara parimitula gurinchi aanglavaadam yokka sampradaayam dwara parimitam cheyabadindi. aaa parimitulu 1571loe aamodinchabadina muppai-tommidi mataparamaina articles yokka artical xi loe vyakteekarinchabaddaayi (mukhyamgaa, trent council mugimpuku vachinatle), idhi "saadhaarana councils" anie perkondi... porapaatu kaavacchu, konnisaarlu porapaatu kaavacchu... anduvalla, rakshanaku avasaramainaviga vaaru niyaminchina vatiki balam ledhaa adhikaram undadu, avi pavitra grandham nundi teesukobaddaayani prakatinchakapothe tappa."anduvalla, aangla adhikara paridhi saampradayakamgaa vinootna siddhaantaparamaina abhivruddhiki ledhaa charchi yokka charyalanu siddhaantamgaa kaligi undataaniki vaari vidhaanamlo sampradayavadamga undhi (" "lexes orandi, lexes credendi" "chudandi)". aangla sinodical prabhutvam, vyakteekaranalo vaividhyamgaa unnappatikee, vilakshanamgaa praatinidhyam vahistundi. aangla communition yokka praavinsulu, vaari mataparamaina praavinsulu mariyu diocesslu bishaplatho matrame kakunda, presbyterret mariyu saamaanyula pratinidhulatho kuudina councils dwara nirvahinchabadataayi. aanglavaadamlo antarjaateeya nyaayaparamaina adhikaram ledhu, ayinappatikee sampradaayamlooni saamaanya anubhavam, conterbury darsanamtho chaaritraka anusandhanam dwara suuchimchabadinappatikii, saadhaarana mariyu sanklishtamaina prardhana sampradaayamtho paatu, aikyata yokka kolatanu andinchindi. 1867loe modatisaari samavesamaina aangla communition bishapla lambeth samavesala dwara idhi balopetam cheyabadindi. eee samavesalu, avi teermaanaalanu pratipaadinchi, aamodinchinappatiki, khachitamgaa sampradimpulu jaripevi, mariyu teermaanaala uddesyam aangla adhikara paridhi kosam maargadarsakaalanu andinchadam-dhisha kaadu. charchi yokka kraistava mariyu catholic swabhaavaanni pradarsinchadaaniki eee samavesalu episcopate yokka paniteerunu kooda vyaktam chestaayi. scottish episcopal charchi daani charitranu skaatlaandlooni kraistava matam yokka muulaala varaku velikiteestundi. 1560 scottish samskarana taruvaata scatland charchini praarambhamlo superintendentlu nadiparu, 1572loe episcopal paalana punaruddharinchabadindi, ayithe 1711 chattam swatantra scottish episcopal charchi erpaatuku anumatinche varaku kirk presbyterian niyantranalo unna kaalaalato episcopalianism maarutuu vachindi. juring kaani vibhedaalu british prabhutvam charchiki vyatiraekamgaa sikshaatmaka chattalanu vidhinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. 1784loe scottish charchi american episcopal charchiki modati bishapga shamyul seaburyni niyaminchindi, prapanchavyaaptamgaa aangla charchila communionnu praarambhinchindi mariyu 1792loe sikshaatmaka chattalu raddu cheyabaddaayi. charchi 1804loe church off ingland yokka articlesnu aamodinchindi. perugutunna prajaasvaamya praatinidhya paalana yokka vyaapti 1780laloe american episcopal charchi yokka modati saadhaarana samavesala erpaatulo daani muulaanni kaligi undhi, idhi "house off bishops" mariyu "house off deputies" nuu sthaapinchindi. aneka adhikara paridhulalo, moodava, mataadhikaari sabha kooda undhi. teermaanaalanu samyuktamgaa ledhaa prati sabha dwara ootu veyavachu, taruvaati sandarbhamlo anni sabhalalo aamodam pondadam nirdishta council dwara aamodinchabadaali. aangla communitionnu sabhyuluga unna charchilu rajakeeyaalalo episcopal charchilu, mariyu konnintini "episcopal" anie pilustaaru. ayithe, anglikanga sweeya-gurtimpu pondina konni charchilu anglican communitionku chendinavi kaavu, mariyu anni episcopal-paalinche charchilu anglican kaavu. roman catholic charchi, paatha catholic charchilu (aangla communitiontho puurti sanghamlo, conny sabhyulu kaadu), mariyu thoorpu sampradaaya charchilu, mariyu vaari bishaplu kooda aangleekanlache gurtinchabaddaayi. american methodist charchilu. aanglavaadam yokka saakhagaa, methodist charchilu tarachugaa episcopal raajakeeya vidhananni chaaritraka mariyu aacharanaatmaka kaaranaala kosam upayogistaayi, ayithe parimita upayogam kosam. methadistulu tarachugaa "episcopal" thoo paatu "connectionalism" ledhaa "connectional polity" anae padaanni upayogistaaru. ayinappatikee, episcopal raajakeeya sampradaaya bhaavanalatho poliste methodist episcopacy yokka saktulu saapekshamgaa balamgaa mariyu vistrutamgaa untaayi. udaaharanaku, united methodist charchilo, bishaplu jeevitaantam ennikavutaaru, oka nirdishta samavesamlo rendu padaveekaalaala varaku panicheestaaru (pratyeka anumati isthe moodu), paster charchilaku mataadhikaarulanu niyaminchadam mariyu niyaminchadam, aneka paripalana vidhulanu nirvahinchadam, praantiiya samavesala vaarshika samavesalaku adhyakshata vahinchadam mariyu prapanchavyaapta saadhaarana samavesam yokka naalugu samvatsaraala samavesamlo, saamaajika mariyu siddhaantaparamaina vishayaalapai charchiki bodhana mariyu naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki adhikaram kaligi untaaru mariyu kraistava samavesalalo tegaku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki panicheestaaru. united stateslo united methodist bishaplu vaari aravai aarava puttinaroju taruvaata quadrennium chivarilo vaari tappanisari padavee viramana varaku, 8 (ledhaa 12) samvatsaraala taruvaata kotta "episcopal praantaaniki" taralinchabadi, vaari niyaminchabadina samavesalalo panicheestaaru. british paddativaadam prakaram niyamitulaina mantrulandaruu aadhyaatmikata paramgaa samanamga untaaru. ayithe, aacharanaatmaka nirvahana kosam conferences adhyakshudu, jilla adhyakshudu, superintendent mantri, mantrigaa linelu geestaaru. ayithe, vaarantaa mantrulu. itara tegalalo episcopal prabhutvam. khandantara airopaloni hangari mariyu lutheran charchila samskarinchabadina charchini konnisaarlu "episcopal" anie pilustaaru. eee taruvaati sandarbhaallo, prabhutva roopam presbyterian roopaaniki bhinnamgaa ledhu, vaari bishapla mandalulu chaalaa presbyterian mariyu itara samskarinchabadina charchila kante ekkuva sthaayilo sthaanika paalaka samsthalapai kramaanugata adhikara paridhini kaligi untaayi. paerkonnatlugaa, sweeden mariyu finlandloni lutheran charchi minahaayimpulu, aangla charchila maadirigaane apostolic vaarasatvaanni paerkontunnaayi. lekapothe, lutheran charchilalo raajakeeya roopaalu tappanisari kaadu, endukante dheeniki siddhaantaparamaina praamukhyata unnatlu pariganinchabadadu. puraatana prapancha lutheranism, chaaritraka kaaranaala valla, episcopal adhikaram yokka erastian siddhaantaalanu sweekarinchadaaniki moggu choopindi (dheeni dwara charchi adhikaram loukika prabhutvam dwara parimita sthaayilo manjuru cheyabadindi). samyukta rashtraalalo, lutheran charchilu sanghavaadamtho polchadagina prabhutva roopaanni sweekaristaayi. episcopal baptistulalo oka chinna minority unnaaru. saadaa dustula sampradaayamlooni chaalaa anabaptist charchilu kaneesam paerainaa episcopal vyavasthanu anusaristaayi. sangha palanaku gattiga praadhaanyata ivvabadindi, prati sangham daani paastarnu ennukuntundi. bishaplu antar-praantiiya aikyatanu amalu chestaaru mariyu saampradaaya nibandhanalanu ullanghinchinanduku paastarlanu kramasikshana cheyavachu. idhi eee padaanni ennadoo upayoginchanappatiki, taruvaati roeju saints (lds charchi) yokka yesu kreestu charchi presbyterian ledhaa sammelanaaniki badulugaa episcopal, antey idhi sthaanika bishop/branch president nundi oke pravakta/president varaku naayakatvaaniki kathinamaina sopaanakramaanni kaligi undhi, idhi vyaktigatamgaa adhikaram mariyu yesu christuche maarganirdesam cheyabadindani nammutaaru. sthaanika sammelanaalu (saakhalu, vaardulu mariyu stocks) "dii jyoor" sarihaddulanu kaligi untaayi, dheeni dwara sabhyulu ketayinchabadataru mariyu sabhyatva recordulu kendrikrutamai untaayi. eee vyavastha aacharanaatmaka mariyu siddhaantaparamaina kaaranaala valla marinta presbyterian raajakeeya vyavastha (1830loe joseph smith asalu paeru "modati pedda") nundi kramamga abhivruddhi chendindi, idhi nouvuu kaalamlo (1839-1846) puurti ghnaana vyaaptiki cherukundi.

epscopal seyasat epscopal seyasat charch kii hukmarani ("mazhabi seyasat") kii eek darjah bundi kii shakal hay jiss mein cheef maqami hakaam kuu bashp kahaa jaataa hay. (lafz "bashp" bartanvi laatini aur ghair mahzab laatini astalah "* abscopus"/"* biscopus" kay zariye makhuz hay juu qadeem yunani "episcopus" say hay jiss kaa matlab hay "nigraan".) yaha wah dahancha hay juu behat say baday eisayi girja gharoon aur farqon kay zariah istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay jeesay kahh catholic mashriqi orthodox mashriqi orthodox charch aaf dee aist angrezi lothran aur methodist girja gahar yaa farqay aur deegar girja gahar juu inn naslon say aazadana toor parr qayem hoay. epscopal seyasat waalay girja gharoon parr bashpon kii hukumat hoti hay juu diocese aur conferences yaa senodz mein apnay hakaam parr amal piraa hotay haine. inn kii qayadat mazhabi aur aayeeni donon hay vovo neez ordinance tasdiq aur taqdis anjaam deenay kay saath bashp maqami dairah akhtiyar mein paadriyon kii nigrani kartaa hay aur secular dahanchon aur charch kay darjah bundi donon kaa numaindah hotaa hay. bashpon kuu yasua kay baarah rasoolon say eek atoot zaati rasooli janishini say apnaa akhtiyar haasil karnay kay liye samjha jaataa hay. iss tarah kay akhtiyar kay haamil bashpon kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa hay kahh wah tarikhi apascopate yaa tarikhi apascopate kii numaindagi kartay haine. iss qasm kii hukumat waalay girja gahar aam toor parr yaha maantay haine kahh charch kuu epscopal hukumat kii zarurat hay jaisa kahh nayey ahed naamay mein biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay (1 timothi 3 aur 2 timothi 1 dekhein). kachh nizamon mein bashp aalee ahday parr faiz bashpon kay taabaa how saktay haine (rawayat kay mutabiq mukhtalif toor parr aarch bashp metropolitan yaa padranah kahaa jaataa hay). wah konsalon yaa senodz mein bhee miltay haine. yaha ijtemaat juu aalee darjay kay bashp kii sadarat say mashrut haine aam toor parr aham faislay kartay haine halankah senod yaa konsal bhee khalista mashawarti how sakti hay. idaarah jaati eisaiyat kii ziyadah tarr tehriri tareekh kay liyay charch kii tanzim kii waahid maruf shakal epscopal hukumat thee. yaha aslaah kay waqat badal gayaa. behat say protestant girja gahar abb yaa tuu ijtemayi yaa presbyterian charch kii seyasat kay zariah manzam kiye jaatay haine donon jaan calone kii tehreeron say akhz kiye gayey haine juu eek protestant maslah thaa juu maartan lothar kay pachanwe maqalay kay zariah catholic charch kay saath waqfe kay baad aazadana toor parr kaam kirr rehaa thaa aur likh rehaa thaa. tahim kachh logon nay aslaah say pehley epscopal seyasat parr ikhtelaaf kiyaa hay jeesay chothi sadee mein airis aaf sebast. epscopal girja gharoon kaa jaizah. lafz "epscopal" kii tareef eisayi rawayaat mein mukhtalif hay. maujudah waqat mein epscopal girja gharoon kay darmiyan sarkaari asulon mein barek barek ikhtelafat haine. kasee hadd takk epscopal girja gharoon kii alaihadgi kaa saraag cleasia mein inn ikhtelafat say lagaya jaa saktaa hay yauni charch aur charch kii hukmarani kay baaray mein inn kii mazhabi tafheem. kachh logon kay liyay "epscopal girja gahar" wah girja gahar haine juu bashpon kii darjah bundi kaa istemaal kartay haine juu eek atoot zaati rasooli janishini mein honay kii shanakhat kartay haine. "epscopal" aam toor parr farqon kay mukhtalif tanzimi dahanchon kay darmiyan farq karnay kay liye bhee istemaal hotaa hay. misaal kay toor parr "presbyterian" (yee presbytros) eek charch kuu biyaan karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay juu muntakhib buzurgon kii assembliyon kay darjah bundi kay tahat chalta hay jasay presbyterian seyasat kahaa jaataa hay. asee tarah "epscopal" bashp kay zeer intezam charch kuu biyaan karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. khood mukhtar maqami jamaatein jinn parr naha tuu buzurg hukumat kartay haine aur naha hyee bashp aam toor parr "ijtemayi" kay toor parr biyaan kii jaati haine. mazeed khaas toor parr baday paimanay parr apeel "epscopal" kaa itlaaq tarikhi toor parr anglekanism ("epscoplanism") kay andar maqeem kayee girja gharoon parr hotaa hay jinn mein wah bhee shaamil haine juu abb bhee charch aaf england kay saath raabtay mein haine. inn tareefon kaa istemaal kartay huay makhsus epscopal girja gharoon kii misalon mein shaamil haine: kachh lauthreen girja gahar ijtemayi seyasat yaa presbyterian seyasat kii eek shakal parr amal kartay haine. deegar bashmol sweaden kaa church epscopal polity parr amal piraa hay. sweaden kaa charch bhee apnay bashpon kuu tarikhi epscopate mein shamaar kartaa hay. kachh americi lauthreen girja gharoon kay saath bhee aisa hyee hay jeesay anglo lauthreen catholic church lothran orthodocs church lothran charch-international aur lothran epscopal communine. behat say methodist girja gahar (united methodist church dosron kay darmiyan) epscopal polity kii shakal aur function kuu barqarar rakhtay haine halankah eek tarmim shadah shakal mein jasay conectionalism kahaa jaataa hay. chonkah sabb apnay taqrar kaa saraag eek angrez paadri jaan vesli say lagatay haine iss liye aam toor parr yaha samjha jaataa hay kahh inn kay bashp rasooli janishini mein shareek nahein hotay. tahim muthadah tariqah kaar kay mahireen iss baath kii tasdiq kartay haine kahh inn kay bashp tarikhi apascopate mein shareek haine. tareekh. rasool paal nay filpiyon kuu likhay khath mein room aur dedache kay clement nay charch kay nazaam hukmarani kay baaray mein baath kartay huay "bashpas aur decons" kaa zakar kiyaa lafz "presbator" kuu chhod diyaa jiss parr kachh logon nay yaha istedlal kiyaa hay kahh pehli sadee mein ubhee takk koyee presbator-bashp kaa farq nahein thaa. dosri sadee kay awail mein hyee intakiah tehreer kaa agneshis bashp aur presbators kaa waazah farq kartaa hay jiss kaa matlab hay kahh inn kay khatut say patah chalta hay kahh inn kay waqat takk eek epscopal nazaam pehley say mojud thaa. tahim baart airman asay aham samajhte haine kahh agneshis nay romiyon kuu likhay gayey apnay khath mein room mein kasee bashp kaa zakar nahein kiyaa. baad mein bhee tertolin behat waazah toor parr presbators aur bashpas kuu eek alaihdah daftar kay toor parr mamtaz kartaa hay arenios nay bashpas kii janishini kii fehristein banayein halankah ibtadayi charch kay baap daada kii taraf say banayi gayee bashp janishini kii fehristein intehayi mutzad haine. dosri sadee takk aisa malum hotaa hay kahh epscopal nazaam eisaiyon mein aksariyat aalamgir nazariyah bunn chakaa thaa. yahaan takk kahh shashmati farqay jeesay novishin aur donitist bhee epscopal system kaa istemaal kartay thay. sawaye airis aaf sebast kay jiss nay epscopal system kaa muqabilah kiyaa aur apnaa farqah sharoo kiyaa. jairom nay kahaa kahh girja gharoon parr asl mein presbators kay eek grop kii hukumat thee leakin baad mein girja gharoon nay ikhtelaaf kuu dabanay kay liye bashpon kaa intekhaab karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. catholic charch. catholic charch mein eek epscopate hay jiss mein pope juu room kaa bashp hay sabb say oopar hay. catholic charch kaa khayaal hay kahh charch parr qanuni nigrani koyee aisi taaqat nahein hay juu insaanon say haasil hoti hay balkah sakhti say maseeh kay akhtiyar say hay juu iss kay baarah rasoolon kuu diyaa gayaa thaa. room kaa nizarah sent say utarnay waalay rasooli akhtiyar kii attoot line kay toor parr. petter ("rasoolon kaa shahzadah aur sarbarah")yee bashpon kay college aur iss wajah say duniya bhar kay maqami girja gharoon kay darmiyan eek nazar aaney waali alaamat aur itehad kaa aalah hay. bashp kay aalimi college kay saath ashtaraak mein pope kay paas puray charch parr tamaam jayez qanuni aur tadrisi akhtiyar hay. yaha akhtiyar maseeh kii taraf say sent kuu diyaa gayaa hay. petter aur rasool rooh alqads kii taaqat kay zariye rasoolon say bashpon kuu haath day kirr eek kay baad aike aike eek nasal say dosri nasal mein muntaqil hotay haine. mashriqi orthodocs charch. mashriqi orthodocs charch mein epscopal hukumat kaa masalihat pasand khayaal jaari hay. mashriqi qadamat pasandi mein tamaam autocifals primates kuu maseeh kay ard gird ijtemayi toor parr jamaa hotay hoay dekha jaataa hay dosray aarch bashp aur bashp inn kay ard gird jamaa hotay haine waghairah. room mein pope kay muqabilay mein khususi akhtiyar waala koyee waahid primate nahein hay. tahim constinople (abb istanible) kay sarparast kuu "primes inter perez" kay toor parr dekha jaataa hay juu mashriqi qadamat pasandi kay autocifals girja gharoon mein "barabaron mein pehla" hay. mashriqi orthodocs girja gahar. mashriqi orthodocs girja gahar rasooli janishini aur epscopal hukumat kay khayalat kii tasdiq kartay haine. harr qomi charch kay andar bashp eek muqadas ibadat khaanah banatay haine jiss kay taabaa padar bhee hotaa hay. shaami orthodocs charch nay apnay rasooli janishini kaa saraag sent kuu diyaa hay. petter aur sent kay asl nazar kay toor parr intakiah kuu tasleem kartaa hay. petter. arminiyayi rasooli charch apnay nasb kaa saraag rasool barthlmue say lagaata hay. hindustani orthodocs charch apnay nasb kaa saraag rasool thamas say lagaata hay. aithopian orthodocs charch nay panchwen sadee mein coptic orthodocs charch kay zariye janishini kii apnee linein haasil kein. yunani aur coptic orthodocs donon girja gahar alegzender kay apnay pope (alegzender aur puray afriqah kay pope aur sarparast aur baltarteeb alegzender kay coptic orthodocs charch kay pope) kuu tasleem kartay haine jinn donon nay apnay rasooli janishini kaa saraag anjeeli kay nashaan takk lagaya hay. iss qadeem khalaaf warzi kuu theek karnay kay liye haaliyah dunon mein sarkaari jaari koshishein jaari haine. pehley say hyee donon eek dosray kay baptasmah masihiyat aur shadiyon kuu pehchante haine jiss say bahami shaadi behat aasaan how jaati hay. charch aaf dee aist. tarikhi toor parr charch aaf dee aist nay apnay epscopal janishini kaa saraag sent say lagaya hay. thamas rasool. phee alhaal mashriq kay asuri charch kay bashp apnee rasooli janishini kuu barqarar rakhay hoay haine. angrezi communine. mukhtalif roman catholic aur orthodocs communine kay muqabilay mein rasooli janishini kay zariye tarikhi apascopate kaa daawi karnay kay liye aslaah kii rawayaat mein angreziyat sabb say numayan hay. angrez charch aaf england mein aur iss kay zariye sent england takk attoot epscopal janishini kaa daawi kartay haine. canterbry kaa augustein aur pehli sadee kay roomi subah bartaniah takk. agarcha whiteby kay senod mein kachh celtic eisayi tareeqon kuu tabdil kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin bartanvi jazair mein charch ibtadayi zamanay say hyee pope kay akhtiyar mein thaa. hunry VIII kii qanoon saazi nay room say charch aaf england kii aazadi kuu moasir tareeqe say qayem karnay say iss kay aayeeni yaa paadri dahanchay mein koyee tabdili nahein aayee. shaahi baladasti kaa istemaal charch kay maujudah qanuni dahanchon kay zariye kiyaa jaataa thaa jinn kay rehnuma bashp thay. iss tarah apascopacy kuu aslaah shadah "acclesia anglikana" kay toor parr dekha gayaa aur qadeem aur rasooli qanuni haisiyat kay liye idaarey kii apeel kii bunyaad kay toor parr dekha gayaa. juu cheez badal gayee wah yaha thee kahh abb bashpon kuu iss kay riaya kii rohani hukumat kay liye taaj kay wuzra kay toor parr dekha jaataa thaa. richard hucker kaa asar iss tafheem mein irtaqaa kay liye aham thaa jiss mein bashpon kuu inn kay ziyadah rawayati kirdaar mein inn logon kay toor parr dekha jaanay lagaa juu presbyterate kay warasat mein haasil kardah akhtiyarat kuu tafviz kartay haine presbators kay paadriyon kay toor parr kaam kartay haine aur wasee tarr charch kay hawalay say eek khaas tadrisi daftar rakhtay haine. epscopal hukumat "ddee joyar deveno" (baadshahon kay alhee haqh kay mutabiq) kay baaray mein angrezi raaye mukhtalif hay. eek taraf satrahwein sadee kay alhee jaan kosan nay kahaa kahh epscopal atharti "joyar deveno" hay leakin yaha kahh yaha "rasooli amal aur charch kay rasm woo rawaj say nikla hay... [nahein] mutliq asul juu maseeh yaa iss kay rasoolon nay iss kay baaray mein diyaa thaa "(eek nazariyah juu hucker kay zariah bhee barqarar rakhaa gayaa thaa). iss kay barakas lensult andrews aur deegar kaa khayaal thaa kahh epscopal hukumat maseeh say rasoolon kay zariye haasil kii gayee hay. qataa nazar donon fareeqon nay epscopacy kuu nigrani kay rasooli faal kay toor parr dekha jiss mein donon shaamil haine aur iss say akhz kiyaa gayaa hay aur yaha charch kii hukmarani kay liye mayari hay. rasooli janishini kaa amal donon charch kay mission kii qanuni haisiyat kuu yaqeeni banata hay aur aalamgir charch kay saath maqami charch kay athaad itehad aur taslasal kuu qayem kartaa hay. iss tashkil ney badlay mein charch kuu soul society say alg eek "muqadas muashiray" kay toor parr eek aazaad nazariye kii bunyaad rakhee juu england say baahir ghair qayem shadah idaaron kay toor parr maqami girja gharoon kii tarqi kay liye behat aham thaa aur england kay andar catholic ahyaa aur adam istehkaam kuu braah raast janam diyaa. faal toor parr angrezi epscopal atharti kaa izhaar sneadical toor parr kiyaa jaataa hay halankah infiradi soobay apnay premate kuu kumm woo baish aazadana toor parr kaam karnay kaa akhtiyar day saktay haine. mukhtalif "senodz"yee "konsalen"yee yaa "convention" kahalanay waalay wah epscopal kii sadarat mein miltay haine. behat say dairah akhtiyar mein juu masalhati qarardadein manzoor kii gayee haine inn parr amal daraamad kay liye epscopal kii manzori yaa razamandi kii zarurat hoti hay. iss tarah say dekha jaaye thoo angrez aksar "bashp inn scienod" kuu epscopal governans kii taaqat aur akhtiyar kay toor parr boltay haine. iss tarah kaa masalihat akhtiyar nazariye nazam woo zabt aur ibadat kay mayari shoabon takk phaila hawaa hay leakin inn muamilat mein yaha angrezi kii hadood kii rawayat say mahdud hay. inn hadood kaa izhaar mazhab kay antees mazamin kay artical xxi mein kiyaa gayaa hay jiss kii tausiq 1571 mein kii gayee thee (khaas toor parr jiss tarah konsal aaf trent qareeb aaa rahee thee)yee jiss mein kahaa gayaa thaa kahh "general konsalen"... how saktaa hay ghalti how jaaye aur kabhi kabhi ghalti how jaaye... iss liye najaat kay liye inn kii taraf say muqarar kardah cheezon mein naha tuu taaqat hoti hay aur naha hyee akhtiyar jabb takk kahh yaha aalaan naha kiyaa jaaye kahh wah muqadas saheefa say nikali gayee haine."lehza angrezi dairah akhtiyar rawayati toor parr akhtarayi nazaryati tarqi kay liye yaa charch kay aamaal kuu nazaryati toor parr shaamil karnay kay liye qadamat pasand rahay haine (dekhein" "leks aurandi leks creadendy" "). angrezi sneadical hukumat agarcha izhaar mein mukhtalif hay leakin khususiyat say numaindah hay. anjalikan communine kay soobay inn kay mazhabi soobay aur ddaisis naha sarf bashpon parr mushtamil konsalon kay zeer intezam haine balkah presbyterate aur aam logon kay numaindon parr bhee mushtamil haine. angrezi mein koyee beenn alaqwami qanuni akhtiyar nahein hay halankah rawayat kay aam tajarbay ney juu canterbry kay saath tarikhi taaluq kii alaamat hay eek mushtarkah aur paichidah mazhabi rawayat kay saath itehad kii eek paimaish farahim kii hay. iss kuu anglish communine bashpas kii lambath conferences nay taqwiyat dee hay jinn kaa pehli baar 1867 mein ajlaas hawaa thaa. yaha conference agarcha wah qarardadon kii tajweez aur manzori deeti haine sakhti say mashawarti haine aur qarardadon kaa aradah angrezi dairah akhtiyar kay liye rehnuma khatut farahim karnaa hay-hidayat nahein. yaha conference charch kii accomenical aur catholic noiyat kuu zahir karnay kay liye epscopate kay kaam kaa bhee izhaar karti haine. scotsh epscopal charch apnee tareekh kaa saraag scott lend mein eisaiyat kii ibtada say lagaata hay. 1560 kii scotsh aslaah kay baad charch aaf scott lend ibtadayi toor parr sprintendent kay zariye chalaya jaataa thaa 1572 mein epscopal governans bahaal kii gayee thee leakin epscoplanism inn adwaar kay saath badal gayaa jabb kirk presbyterian control mein thaa jabb takk kahh 1711 kay aikat nay aazaad ghair qayem shadah scotsh epscopal charch kii tashkil kii ajazat nahein dee. ghair qanuni ikhtelaaf bartanvi hukumat kay charch kay khalaaf tazirati qawanin naafiz karnay kaa baais banaa. 1784 mein scotsh charch nay simoil sebri kuu american epscopal charch kaa pehla bashp muqarar kiyaa jiss say duniya bhar mein girja gharoon kii angrezi baradari kaa aaghaz hawaa aur 1792 mein tazirati qawanin kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa. charch nay 1804 mein charch aaf england kay mazamin kuu qabool kiyaa. numaindah hukmarani kii badhti hoyee jamhuri shaklon kay phailao kii ibtada 1780 kii dahayi mein americi epscopal charch kay pehley aam convention kii tashkil say hoyee jiss nay "house aaf bashpas" aur "house aaf dipties" qayem kiyaa. behat say dairah akhtiyar mein eek teesra mazhabi aiwan bhee hay. qarardadon parr mushtarkah toor parr yaa harr aiwan kay zariye woat diyaa jaa saktaa hay moakhar alzikar soorat mein tamaam aiwanon mein manzori kii zarurat hoti hay jasay makhsus konsal kay zariye manzoor kiyaa jaataa hay. charch juu angrezi communine kay rakan haine wah seyasat mein epscopal charch haine aur kachh kuu "epscopal" kahaa jaataa hay. tahim kachh girja gahar juu khood kuu angrez kay toor parr shanakhat kartay haine inn kaa taaluq angrez baradari say nahein hay aur tamaam elmi toor parr zeer intezam girja gahar angrezi nahein haine. roman catholic church paraaney catholic girja gahar (makmal itehad mein leakin angrezi communine kay arakeen kay saath nahein)yee aur mashriqi orthodocs girja gharoon cow aur inn kay bashp kuu bhee angrezon kay zariah tasleem kiyaa jaataa hay. americi methodist girja gahar. angrezi kii eek shaakh kay toor parr methodist girja gahar aksar tarikhi aur emli wajuhaat kay liye epscopal seyasat kaa istemaal kartay haine halankah inn kaa istemaal mahdud hotaa hay. methodist aksar "epscopal" kay elawah "conectionalism" yaa "conectional polity" kii astalah istemaal kartay haine. iss kay bawajood epscopal seyasat kay rawayati tasvaraat kay muqabilay mein methodist apascopacy kii taqatein nasbata mazboot aur wasee paimanay parr how sakti haine. misaal kay toor parr united methodist charch mein bashp zindagi bhar kay liye muntakhib hotay haine eek makhsus conference mein duu madat takk khidmaat anjaam day saktay haine (teen agar khususi ajazat dee gayee how)yee paadri girja gharoon mein paadriyon kuu muqarar karnay aur muqarar karnay kay zamah daar hotay haine behat say intezami faraiz anjaam deetay haine elaqayi conferences kay salanah ajlason mein aur aalimi general conference kay chothayi salanah ajlaas mein sadarat kartay haine samaji aur nazaryati amoor parr charch kii taleem aur qayadat karnay kaa akhtiyar rakhtay haine aur accomenical ijtemaat mein farqay kii numaindagi karnay kii khadmat kartay haine. riyasathaye muthadah mein united methodist bashp apnee muqarar kardah conferences mein khidmaat anjaam deetay haine 8 (yaa 12) saal baad eek nayey "epscopal airiya" mein muntaqil kiye jaatay haine jabb takk kahh inn kii chhiyasath wein salgrah kay baad kwadrenium kay ikhtatam parr inn kii lazmi retirement nahein hoti hay. bartanvi tariqah kaar kaa maanna hay kahh tamaam muqarar shadah wuzraa rohaniyat kay lahaaz say baraabar haine. tahim emli intezam kay liye conference kay sadr zalaa kay sadr sprintendent wazeer wazeer kay toor parr khatut kheenche jaatay haine. tahim sabb wazeer haine. deegar farqon mein epscopal hukumat. hungri kay aslaah shadah charch aur barazmi europ mein lauthreen girja gharoon kuu baaz auqaat "epscopal" kahaa jaa saktaa hay. inn moakhar alzikar kay muamilat mein hukumat kii shakal presbyterian shakal say yaksar mukhtalif nahein hay sawaye iss kay kahh inn kii bashpon kii konsalon kaa maqami hukmaran idaaron parr ziyadah tarr presbyterian aur deegar aslaah shadah girja gharoon kay muqabilay mein ziyadah hadd takk darjah bundi kaa dairah akhtiyar hay. jaisa kahh zakar kiyaa gayaa hay sweaden aur funn lend mein lauthreen charch mustasniyat haine juu kasee hadd takk angrezi girja gharoon kii tarah eek namunay mein rasooli janishini kaa daawi kartay haine. basurat deegar lauthreen girja gharoon mein seyasat kii shaklein lazmi nahein haine keunkah asay nazaryati ahmiyat nahein samjha jaataa hay. praani duniya kii lauthernism tarikhi wajuhaat kii banaa parr epscopal atharti kay airasti nazaryaat kuu apnanay kaa rajhaan rakhti hay (jiss kay zariah charch kaa akhtiyar eek mahdud hadd takk secular hukumat kay zariah manzoor kiyaa jaataa hay). riyasathaye muthadah mein lauthreen girja gahar hukumat kii eek shakal kuu apnatay haine juu ijtemayiyat say ziyadah mawaznah hay. epscopal baptasmah deenay waalon kii eek chhoti see aqliyat mojud hay. saadah labaas kii rawayat kay ziyadah tarr anabopstist girja gahar kumm az kumm naam kay lahaaz say eek epscopal nazaam kii peervi kartay haine. ijtemayi hukmarani parr zoor diyaa jaataa hay aur harr jamaat apnay paadri kaa intekhaab karti hay. bashp beenn alqomi itehad kuu naafiz kartay haine aur paadriyon kuu rawayati asulon say todnay parr nazam woo zabt kirr saktay haine. agarcha yaha kabhi bhee yaha astalah istemaal nahein kartaa hay leakin charch aaf yasua chryst aaf latter day cents (eel ddee aiss charch) presbyterian yaa majmaa kay bajaye epscopal hay iss maanee mein kahh iss mein maqami bashp/branch sadr say lay kirr eek waahid nabee/sadr takk qayadat kaa sakht darjah bundi hay jiss kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah zaati toor parr yasua maseeh kay zariah majaz aur rehnumayi yaaftah hay. maqami jamaaton (shakhein waard aur steaks) kii "ddee joyar" hadood hoti haine jinn kay zariye arakeen kuu mukhtas kiyaa jaataa hay aur rakniyat kay record markazi hotay haine. yaha nazaam emli aur nazaryati wajuhaat kii banaa parr eek ziyadah presbyterian seyasat (1830 mein jozaf samath kaa asl anwaan "frust elder" thaa) say aahista aahista tayaar hawaa juu noow door (1839-1846) kay doraan makmal epscopacy takk pahunch gayaa.

0007ca9d479718241b494197f211df6b6196b075243483fae4e4d908da211bb9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4153422

String Quartet No. 10 (Shostakovich)

String Quartet No. 10 (Shostakovich) 1964 string quartet by Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 10 in A-flat major, Op. 118, was composed from 9 to 20 July 1964. It was premiered by the Beethoven Quartet in Moscow and is dedicated to composer Mieczysław (Moisei) Weinberg, a close friend of Shostakovich. It has been described as cultivating the uncertain mood of his earlier Stalin-era quartets, as well as foreshadowing the austerity and emotional distance of his later works. The quartet typified the preference for chamber music over large scale works, such as symphonies, that characterised his late period. According to musicologist Richard Taruskin, this made him the first Russian composer to devote so much time to the string quartet medium. Music. The work has four movements: Playing time is approximately 22 minutes. I. Andante. The first movement is in sonata rondo form and makes use of soft dynamics. Opening with a four-note motif on solo violin, the movement is largely written in E minor, a minor sixth away from the main key of A-flat major. This E minor/A-flat major dialogue recurs throughout the quartet. Themes in both keys are heard separately, then simultaneously, before being recapitulated in A-flat. It also features sul ponticello playing, an extended technique involving use of the upper harmonics of the strings, and makes use of an anapest rhythm which recurs throughout Shostakovich's oeuvre. The movement contains a derivation of Shostakovich's "musical signature", the DSCH motif, a cryptogram of the composer's name using the German lettering system for musical notes. The movement ends "morendo", denoting gradually dying away in volume. A typical performance takes around 5 minutes. II. Allegretto furioso. The second movement is in E minor and makes extensive use of the Locrian mode. The emotional indicator 'furioso' is unique in Shostakovich's string quartets. Its beginning, four whole tone steps, references a subject used by Shostakovich in his Fifth Symphony and Eighth String Quartet. A typical performance takes around 5 minutes. III. Adagio (attacca). The third movement is written in A minor, a semitone away from the tonic A-flat major, although it also employs the A-flat major and E minor tonalities which recur throughout the work. It is written in the passacaglia form, frequently used in Shostakovich's music, and described as an example of the influence of Baroque period composition on his work. The passacaglia theme is developed, played with and without ground bass, and with added bars and beats throughout the movement. It also features a self-quote of the 'hymn motif' of his Fourth Quartet. A typical performance takes around 7 minutes. IV. Allegretto – Andante. The fourth movement is continuous from the third, played with no pause in between. It is written in A-flat major, the tonic key of the work. It also employs D minor, creating dissonance a tritone away from the tonic. It is written in sonata rondo form and makes extensive use of drones and folk song rhythms. In this movement, the themes of each of the preceding three movements are heard again, against the new rondo theme, including the passacaglia theme of the third movement, which is played "fortississimo", creating a contrast against the movement's largely muted texture. The movement ends, marked "morendo" as with the first movement, creating an uncertain finish. The DSCH cryptogram also returns in this movement. A typical performance takes around 9 minutes. Composition. The string quartet was dedicated to Polish composer Mieczysław Weinberg, a close friend and pupil of Shostakovich. The composers had a mutually influential relationship, as well as a degree of rivalry, which, in part, motivated the dedication. In 1964, Shostakovich wrote: [Weinberg] wrote nine quartets and with the last of them overtook me, since at the time I only had eight. I therefore set myself the challenge of catching up and overtaking Weinberg, which I have now done. The string quartet is written in the traditional four movements, his only quartet composed after his Sixth Quartet, composed in 1956, to do so. This makes it unlike Shostakovich's other quartets at the time, which deviated from tradition by using a variety of movement structures. Its juxtaposition of chromatic and triadic melodies has been noted for its similarity to his Eighth String Quartet, and the melody in the first movement has been said to recall the theme of the first movement of his Fifth Symphony. The structure of the quartet, particularly its combination of calm, relatively quiet introduction and fast, urgent second movement resembles his Tenth Symphony. Its melodies have been described as emblematic of Shostakovich's preference for intervals such as the major and minor third. Featuring more minims and semibreves than any of the composer's previous work, it anticipates an interest in silence and slow development that characterises the composer's late period. Its extensive use of glissandi, sforzandi, and oscillating semitones has also been described as emblematic of his late style. It employs the rhythm of the "betrayal" motif from Shostakovich's opera, "Lady Macbeth". It has also been described as reminiscent in structure of his Third Quartet, for the sequence of the second movement's scherzo, into the third movement's slow passacaglia. Conversely, it foreshadows the austere, subdued mood of Shostakovich's later work, his first quartet since 1956 to not have every movement marked with "attacca." The work was composed over ten days at the Dilijan composers' retreat in Armenia. Some of Shostakovich's works at the time had been subject to condemnation by the Communist Party. His opera "Katerina Izmailova" was a 1962 revision of "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District", which had been banned by the Communist government in 1936. Because of this controversy, it premiered with no publicity. Similarly, his Thirteenth Symphony was censored for its sympathy to the Jewish survivors of the Babi Yar massacres. Ian MacDonald wrote that an attitude of "disgust" to this reception shaped the "puritanical fury" found in the Tenth String Quartet. The formal choice itself to increasingly compose string quartets over symphonies has been used to support this reading of his work, due to the fact that the string quartet and other chamber forms do not appear on the official list of Soviet genres. Reception. Its anxious mood has been linked to Shostakovich's declining physical health at the time of composition. Its sparseness has also been suggested to in part result from his health issues and a consequent inability to handwrite complex lines. Approaches which view the work through the lens of Shostakovich's health or relationship to the government have been described as reductive, such as by critic Thomas May, who wrote that this criticism "tends to obscure the musical and artistic experience" and does not account for the "profound sense of ambivalence" the work contains in spite of its aggressive moments. The quartet has also been interpreted as a representation of the struggle between evil, represented by the theme of the second "furioso" movement, and human emotions. In this interpretation, the lack of this theme in the fourth movement, where all the other themes are restated, symbolises the possibility of overcoming evil. This interpretation has, however, also been criticised as reductive. The quartet's similarity in structure and melodies to other Shostakovich works has led some critics to describe it as a relatively insignificant composition, such as Ian MacDonald, who wrote in "The New Shostakovich" that it lacks "the depth or breadth of [its] finest predecessors". Other critics are more positive, such as Richard Taruskin, who described MacDonald's book as a 'travesty', and suggesting that his dismissal of the Tenth Quartet results from a flawed, overly biographical approach to the composer. Additionally, Judith Kuhn wrote that the quartet's second movement is 'perhaps the most successful and exciting of the composer’s attempts to use the string quartet to depict large-scale conflict'. Influence. The work was arranged for string orchestra by Rudolf Barshai in his Chamber Symphony. Barshai was a friend and colleague of Shostakovich, and frequent conductor of his music, including the premiere of his Fourteenth Symphony. His arrangement is highly faithful to Shostakovich's original, different primarily in its addition of double bass, largely used to emphasise the cello part. Additionally, Anatoli Dmitriev arranged a reduction for piano four hands. Performances and recordings. The work was premiered by the Beethoven Quartet in Moscow in 1964. Following this, it was premiered in the UK by the Alberni Quartet in 1966. Over twenty recordings of the work have been made, the first by the Weller Quartet in 1965. These also include recordings by ensembles that Shostakovich knew and worked with, such as the Borodin Quartet, the Beethoven Quartet, both of whom have released multiple recordings of the work, and the Fitzwilliam Quartet, who recorded it in 1998. Several recordings have also been made of Rudolf Barshai's arrangement for string orchestra, including by the Kiev Virtuosi, conducted by Dmitry Yablonsky in 2017 and the Dmitri Ensemble, conducted by Graham Ross, in 2015. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

string kuwaret nong. 10 (swo 'stakuvis) dimitri swo 'stakubhisor string cowartet nong. 10 e-flate mejrot, opo. 118, 1964 sonor 9 julyr poraa 20 julyloi rosona koraa hoisil. iyak moskut bithuven cowartete primiyar korisil aaru swo 'stakubhisor ghonistho bondhu xurkar miseisilaw (moisei) weinbergor proti utxorgito. iyak teur aagor stellin jugor cowartator onischito monubhab gorhi tulaa, logote teur poroborti kamxomuhor kothurota aaru abegik durotwor purbodorxon hisape bornona koraa hoise. soturthotuwe teur xexor xomoisuwar boixistyojukto simphonir dore brihot porixoror kamotkoi chamber xongitor baabe ogradhikar prokax korisil. xongitbigyani rechard taruskinor mote, iyar folot teu string cowartet madhyomoloi imaan xomoy utxorgito koraa prothom rasian xurkar hisape porigonito hoisil. xongit. ei kaamor sarita goti aaseh khelor xomoy pray 22 minute. moi. andande. prothom gotibidhitu xunata rondu rupot hoy aaru iyat kumol gotibidya byobohar koraa hoy. ekok behalir uporot sarita sworor mutifor xoite aarombho huwa ei andulontu mulotoh ee minerot likha hoy, e-flate mejoror mool sabir poraa ek xoru xosthangxo durot. ei ee miner/e-flate prodhan xonglaptu xomogro soturthangot punorabritti hoy. duyuta sabir bixoybostu prithokbhabe xuna hoy, taar pisot eke xomoyote, e-flateot punorabritti korar aagote. iyat chaal ponticalu bojuwar boixistyou aase, jaar ek xomproxarito kouxol zo 'too taaror uporor xurotar byobohar jorito, aaru ek onapesto chondo byobohar kore ji swo' stakubhisor xomogro oh 'bhorot punorabritti hoy. ei andulontut swo 'stakubhisor "xongitor swakhyor", diessi mutif, xongitor sworor baabe german aakhor byowostha byobohar kori xurkarjonor naamor ek cryptogramor utpotti aase. andulontuwe "morendu" xomapto kore, ji kromanwoye bholiumot mori juwa bujay. etaa xadharon prodorxonot pray 5 minute xomoy laage. 2. algretu furiusu. dwitiyo goti ee minerot hoy aaru ee lo 'kriyan modor byapok byobohar kore. swo 'stakubhisor string cowartetot abegik xusok' furiusu 'ononyo. iyar aarombhoni, sarita xompurno sworor podokhyepe swo 'stakubhise teur ponchom simphoni aaru ostom string cowartetot byobohar koraa etaa bixoy ullekh korise. etaa xadharon prodorxonot pray 5 minute xomoy laage. 3. edajio "(ettakka). tritiyotu gotibidhituk etaa xoru bhaxat likha hoy, tonik e-flate mejoror poraa aatorot etaa semitunot, jodiu ee e-flate mejor aaru ee xoru sworburu byobohar kore jibur xomogro kaamor xomoyot punorabritti hoy. iyak swo 'stakubhisor xongitot xoghonai byobohar koraa pasakaglia rupot likha hoy, aaru teur kaamot baruk jugor rosonar probhawor ek udahoron hisape bornona koraa hoy. pasakaglia thimtu bikoxito koraa hoy, ground besor xoite aaru obihone bojuwa hoy, aaru xomogro andulonote jug koraa baar aaru beator xoite. iyat teur soturtho soturthangor 'stobgitor mulmontro' ror ek swo-uddhritiu aase. etaa xadharon prodorxonot pray 7 minute xomoy laage. iv. algretu-andante. soturthotu goti tritiyotur poraa obirotbhabe soli thaake, maajot kunu biroti obihone khelaa hoy. iyak kaamtur tonik saabi e-flate mejrot likha hoy. ee di mainaru byobohar kore, jaar folot tonikor poraa aatorot etaa tritonor birup sristi hoy. iyak xunata rondu rupot likha hoy aaru iyat drone aaru luk gitor sondor byapok byobohar koraa hoy. ei andulonot, purbor protitur bixoybostu notun rondu thimor biruddhe punor tinita andulon xuna yaay, jaar bhitorot aase tritiyo andulonor pasakaglia thim, jaak "forticisimu" buli bojuwa hoy, jiye andulonor bohulangxe nixobdo gothonor biruddhe ek boixadrishyo sristi kore. andulontu xex hoy, prothom andulonor dore "morendu" sinhito koraa hoy, jaar folot ek onischito xomaptir sristi hoy. ei gotibidhito diessi cryptogramou ghuri aahe. etaa xadharon prodorxonot pray 9 minute xomoy laage. rosona. string cowartetu swo 'stakubhisor ghonistho bondhu aaru xisyo poo' liss xurkar misislaw weinbergor proti utxorgito koraa hoisil. xurkarxokolor parosporik probhawxali xomporko aasil, logote protidonditar ek matra aasil, ji angxikbhabe xomorponok onupranito korisil. 1964 sonot swo 'stakubhise likhisiloh [weinberge] notaa cowartet likhisil aaru taare xexortuwe muk otikrom korisil, kiyonu xei xomoyot mur maatro aathta aasil. xeyehe moi nijoke weinbergok dhori peluwa aaru otikrom korar proityahbanor xonmukhin hoisilu, jitu moi etiya korisu. string cowartetok poromporagot sarita gotibidhot likha hoy, 1956 sonot rosona koraa teur xostho cowartator pisot rosona koraa teur ekmatro cowartete. iyar folot ee xei xomoyot swo 'stakubhisor aan cowartator biporit hoi porisil, ji bibhinno gotir gathoni byobohar kori poromporar poraa bisyut hoisil. iyar rongor aaru tribhuj xuror xongzugok teur ostom string cowartator xoite xadrisyor baabe ullekh koraa hoise, aaru prothom gotir xurtuwe teur ponchom simphonir prothom gotir bixoybostu monot pelai buli kuwa hoise. soturthangor gothon, bixexkoi iyar xanto, tulonamulokbhabe xanto porisoy aaru drut, joruri dwitiyo gotibidhir xongmisrone teur doxom ximphonir xoite xadrisyo raakhe. iyar xurburok brihot aaru gouno tritiyor dore byobodhanor baabe swo 'stakubhisor posondor protik hisape bornona koraa hoise. xurkarjonor purbor jikunu kamotkoi odhik minim aaru semibrivor boixistyojukto, ee xurkarjonor xexor xomoyor boixistyojukto nirobota aaru monthor bikaxor proti aagrohor aaxa kore. iyar glychandy, sphurjendi aaru dulok semitunor byapok byowoharok teur xexor xoilir protik hisape bornona koraa hoise. iyat swo 'stakubhisor opera "leady makebeth" ror "biswaxghatokota" ror rupangkonor chondo byobohar koraa hoise. iyak teur tritiyo soturthangor gathonir baabe, dwitiyo gotir swerjur kromor baabe, tritiyo gotir monthor pasakagliyat smoroniyo buli bornona koraa hoise. iyar biporite, ee swo 'stakubhisor poroborti kaamor kothur, nomoniyo mejajor purbanuman dekhuway, 1956 sonor pisot teur prothom soturthangot protitu gotibidhik "attakka" rey sinhito koraa huwa nasil." ei kaamtu aarmeniyat thoka dilijan xurkarxokolor retreatot doh dinor bhitorot rosona koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot swo 'stakubhisor kisuman kaam communist partyr dwara nindar xonmukhin hoisil. teur opera "keterina ijmailubha" aasil "messenceok jilaar mohila makebeth" ror 1962 sonor xongxudhon, jaak 1936 sonot communist sorkare nixidho korisil. ei bitorkor baabe, ee kunu prosar nuhuwakoi prothom prodorxon korisil. ekedore, teur troyudox ximphony baabi yaar gonohoityar poraa uddhar huwa ihudixokolor proti xohanubhutir baabe sensor koraa hoisil. ian mcdonalde likhisil je ei obhyorthonar proti "ghrina" ror monubhabe doxom xarir soturthangot puwa "bixudho krudh" ror aakriti disil. ximphonir uporot kromanwoye string cowartet rosona korar anusthanik posondotu teur kaamor ei paathok xomorthon koriboloi byobohar koraa hoise, kaaron string cowartet aaru onyanyo chamber rupbur sobhiyet dharar sorkari talikat dekha nayay. obhyorthona. iyar udwegjonok mejajok rosonar xomoyot swo 'stakubhisor owonotixil xaririk swasthyor xoite jorito koraa hoise. iyar birolota angxikbhabe teur swasthyor xomosya aaru iyar pholsworupe jotil xaribur haatot likhiboloi okhyomotar folot huwa buli poramorxo diya hoise. swo 'stakubhisor swasthyo baa sorkaror xoite xomporkor soxomare kaamtu suwa dristibhongiburok hraxjonok buli bornona koraa hoise, jene xomalusok thomas mey' ye, jiye likhisil je ei xomaluchonai "xongit aaru kolatmok obhigyotak osposto kori tule" aaru iyar aakromonatmok muhurtoxomuhor swotweu kaamtut thoka "gobhir dwondwobudh" ror baabe dayee nohoy. soturthotu dustotar maajor xonggramor protinidhitwo hisapeu byakhya koraa hoise, jaak dwitiyo "furiusu" andulonor bixoybostu aaru manob aawegor dwara protinidhitwo koraa hoy. ei byakhyat, soturtho andulonot ei bixoybostur obhab, zo 'too aan xokolu bixoybostu punorabritti koraa hoise, ee oxubhor uporot porasto huwar xombhawonar protik. obosye, ei byakhyatu hraxjonok buliu xomaluchona koraa hoise. gothon aaru xuror khetrot soturtho dolor xadrisyor baabe kisuman xomalusoke iyak tulonamulokbhabe tuscho rosona hisape bornona koriboloi badhyo korise, jene ian mcdonald, jiye "dyo niu swo 'stakuvis" too likhisil je iyat "[iyar] shrestho purboxurixokolor gobhirota baa prosthor" obhab aase. aan xomalusokxokol odhik itibasok, jene rechard taruskin, jiye mcdonaldor kitapkhonok 'travesty' buli bornona korisil, aaru poramorxo disil je teur doxom soturthangxor borkhasto xurkarjonor proti ek trutipurno, otyadhik jibonimulok dristibhongir folot hoisil. iyar uporiu, judith kuhone likhisil je soturbhujor dwitiyo andulontu 'xombhobotoh xurkarjonor brihot porimanor xonghat sitrito koriboloi string soturbhuj byobohar korar prochestar ataitkoi xofol aaru rumanchokor'. probhab. rudolf barsaiye teur chamber simphoneet string orkestrar baabe kaamtur byowostha korisil. boroswai swo 'stakubhisor ejon bondhu aaru xohokormi aasil, aaru teur soturdox simphonir primiyaroke dhori teur xongitor xoghonai porisalok aasil. teur byowosthatu swo 'stakubhisor mulor proti otyonto biswosto, mulotoh iyar daabol besor xongzujonot prithok, jitu mulotoh chell' ongxor uporot gurutwo diboloi byobohar koraa hoy. iyar uporiu, enat 'li dimitriyeve piyanu sarita haator baabe etaa hraxor byowostha korisil. prodorxon aaru recording. 1964 sonot moskut bithuven cowartete ei kaamor primiyar korisil. iyar pisot, 1966 sonot eu. key. too alberni cowartete iyar primiyar korisil. kaamtur bixotkoiu odhik recording koraa hoise, prothomtu 1965 sonot weller cowartete korisil. iyat swo 'stakubhise jonaa aaru kaam koraa encemblor recordingwo ontorbhukto koraa hoise, jene borudin cowartate, bithuven cowartate, jaar duyujone kaamtur ekadhik recording mukoli korise, aaru 1998 sonot iyak record koraa pho' wilitzium cowartete. 2017 sonot demetry iyablonskye porisalona koraa kibh vertuo "chi aaru 2015 sonot grahem rosor dwara porisalito demetry dolor byowosthar rudolf barsair byobo

string quartet nong. 10 (shostakovich) dimitro shostakovicher string quartet nong. 10 ayee-flatt mejor, opp. 118, 1964 saaler 9 theke 20 julai porjonto rachito hoyechilo. etty moscote bithoven quartet dwara premiere koraa hoyechilo ebong shostakovicher ghonistho bondhu surkar measitiol (moisei) weinbergke utsarga koraa hoyeche. etty taanr purboborti stallin juger quartategulir anishchito mejaz gadey tolar pashapashi taanr poroborti kajgulir kathorata ebong mansik durotter purbabhas hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. eyi choukti taanr shesh somoyer baisistyajukta symphonyr moto borh akarer kaajer cheye chembar sangiter pochondoke chinnito korechilo. sangitbigyani richarda taruskin-err motey, etty taanke prothom russian surkar korey toley jini string quartet mediume eto somoy byoy korechilen. sangeet. kaajer charti andolon royeche khelar samaykal pray 22 minit. aaee. andande. prothom andolonti sonata rondo akare hoy ebong norom gotibidya byabohar korey. ekok behala-ayee chaar-swarer motif diye shuru korey, andolonti mulat ee minor bhasay lekha hoy, jaa ayee-flatt mejorer prodhan chaabi theke ekti chhoto shostho doore. eyi ee minor/ayee-flatt prodhan sanglapti puro choukidar judey punorabritti hoy. ubhoy qee-rawr thimguli aladabhabe shona yaay, tarpor ekoi saathe, ayee-flatte punarbibechana korar agey. etite saal ponticello bajanor baisistao royeche, ekti bordhito kaushal jaa stringyer uporer surer byabohar jorito ebong ekti anapest chhondo byabohar korey jaa shostakovicher kaaj judey punorabritti korey. eyi andolone shostakovicher "sangeet swakkhar", dii. esha. eich motif, sangiter swarer jonno german akkhar byabostha byabohar korey surkarer naamer ekti cryptogram theke udbhuto hoyeche. andolonti "morendo" shesh korey, jaa dheere dheere aytone maaraa yawar ingito deyo. ekti sadharan performance pray 5 minit somoy neyo. নেয়।. furioso-err proti sahanubhuti. dwitiya gotibidhiti ee minor-ayee hoy ebong locrian moder byapok byabohar korey. shostakovicher string quartete 'furioso' abeggoto suchakti ananya. err shuru, charti sampurna swarer dhap, shostakovich taanr pancham symphony ebong ashtam string quartete byabohrito ekti vishayake ullekh korey. ekti sadharan performance pray 5 minit somoy neyo. 3. adagio (attacca). tritiya gotibidhiti ekti minor-ayee lekha hoy, tonnic ayee-flatt mejor theke doore ekti semitone, jodio etty ayee-flatt mejor ebong ee minor tonalitio niyog korey jaa puro kaaj judey punorabritti hoy. etty pasakaglia akare lekha hoyeche, jaa prayashai shostakovicher sangeete byabohrito hoy ebong taanr kaajer upor barok juger rachonar probhaber ekti udaharan hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. pasacaglia thimti toiri koraa hoy, ground beser saathe ebong chharai ebong saaraa andolon judey atirikto barr ebong bitt soho bajano hoy. etey taanr choturtho chaukadir 'stabgan motif'-err ekti swa-uddhritio royeche. ekti sadharan performance pray 7 minit somoy neyo. 4. algretto-andante. choturtho andolonti tritiya theke abichchinno, majhkhane konao biroti chharai khela hoy. etty kaajer tonnic qee, ayee-flatt mejor-ayee lekha hoy. etty dii minorkeo nijukto korey, jaa tonnic theke doore ekti tritone toiri korey. etty sonata rondo akare lekha hoy ebong drone ebong loksangiter chhonder byapok byabohar korey. eyi andolone, purboborti protiti bishoyer visayavastu notun rondo thimer biruddhe tinti andolon abar shona yaay, jaar modhye tritiya andoloner pasakaglia thim royeche, jaa "forticisimo" bajano hoy, jaa andoloner mulat nisshobdo texturer biruddhe ekti baiparitya toiri korey. andolonti shesh hoy, prothom andoloner moto "morendo" chinnito koraa hoy, jaa ekti anishchito samapti toiri korey. eyi andolone dii. esha. eich cryptogramo firey aase. ekti sadharan performance pray 9 minit somoy neyo. rachona. string quartati polisha surkar miisisla weinbergke utsarga koraa hoyechilo, jini shostakovicher ghonistho bondhu ebong chhatro chhilen. surkarder modhye parosporik prabhabshali somporko chhilo, pashapashi kichuta protidwondita chhilo, jaa angshikbhabe utsorgoke anupranito korechilo. 1964 saale, shostakovich likhechilenh [weinberg] noyti quartet likhechilen ebong taader modhye sheshti amake chhadiye giechilo, kaaron seii somoy amar matro atti chhilo. taai aami nijeke weinbergke dhorey feller ebong taake chhadiye yawar challenge toiri korechi, jaa aami ekhon korechi. string quartati oitijjobahi charti andolone lekha hoy, 1956 saale rachito taanr shostho quartater porey taanr ekmatro quartet etty korechilo. etty seii somoyer shostakovicher anyanno quartategulir theke alada korey toley, jaa bivinno gotibidhi kathamo byabohar korey oitijhyo theke bichyuto hoyechilo. err chromatic ebong trayi surer sangmishranti taar ashtam string quartater saathe sadrishyer jonno ullekh koraa hoyeche ebong prothom andoloner surti taar pancham symphonyr prothom andoloner thimke smaran korey boley money koraa hoy. chaukadir kathamo, bishesh korey err shanto, tulonamulokbhabe shanto bhumika ebong druto, joruri dwitiya nadachadar sangmishran taanr dasham symphonyr anurup. err surguli mejor ebong minor tharder moto byabodhaner jonno shostakovicher pochonder protik hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. surkarer ager jey konao kaajer tulna beshi minim ebong semibrave baisistyajukta, etty nirobota ebong dheer bikasher proti agroher protyasha korey jaa surkarer shesher somoikalke chinnito korey. err glissandy, sphorejandi ebong dolok semitoner byapok byaboharkeo taanr poroborti shailir protik hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. etty shostakovicher apera, "lady mcbeth" theke "biswasghatokota" motifer chhondoke byabohar korey. etty taanr tritiya chaukadir kathamote, dwitiya andoloner sherzor kromer jonno, tritiya andoloner dheer pasacaglia smaran koriye deoar moto hisabeo bornona koraa hoyeche. onnodike, etty shostakovicher poroborti kaajer kathor, namanian mejazer purbabhas deyo, 1956 saaler porr theke taanr prothom choukidar jekhane protiti nadachada "attakka" diye chinnito koraa hoyney." armenia dilijan surkarder poschadposorone dosho dinero beshi somoy dhorey kaajti rachito hoyechilo. seii somoye shostakovicher kichhu kaaj communist partyr dwara ninder shicker hoyechilo. taanr apera "caterina izmailova" chhilo "matsensk jelara lady mcbeth"-err 1962 saaler ekti sanskaran, jaa 1936 saale communist sarkar dwara nishiddho koraa hoyechilo. eyi bitorker karone, etty konao prochar chharai premiere hoyechilo. ekibhabe, taanr trayodash symphony bubby ear ganahatyay benche yawa ihudider proti sahanubhutir jonno censor koraa hoyechilo. iyana mcdonald likhechen jey eyi abhyarthanar proti "ghrinar" monovab dasham string quartete pawa "bishuddho krodh" keey roop diyeche. taanr kaajer eyi pathke samarthan korar jonno symphonyr poriborte kromobordhoman string quartet lekhar anusthanik pochondoti byabohar koraa hoyeche, kaaron string quartet ebong anyanno chembar formoguli soviet gharanar sarkari talika uposthito hoy naa. abhyarthana. err udwegjonok mejazti rachonar somoy shostakovicher sharirik swasther potoner saathe jukto koraa hoyeche. taar swastho samasya ebong jotil lineguli haate likhte okkhomotar foley err birlatao angshikbhabe dekha diyeche. jey ponthaguli shostakovicher swastho baa sarkarer saathe somporker chashmar madhyome kaajtike dekhe, jemon somalochok thomas meey, jini likhechen jey eyi samalochana "sangeet oo shoilpik obhiggotake osposhto korey deyo" ebong akromonattok muhurta sotteo eyi kaajer "govir dwandwer anubhuti"-rawr jonno dayee noy. choturthangshoke ashubher modhye sangramer protinidhitto hisabeo byakhya koraa hoyeche, jaa dwitiya "furioso" andoloner thim ebong manusher abeger dwara protinidhitto koraa hoy. eyi byakhyay, choturtho andolone eyi visayavastur abhab, jekhane anyanno samasta vishay punra bolla hoyeche, taa mondoke katiye othar sombhabonar protik. tobey, eyi byakhyatike hraskari hisabeo samalochana koraa hoyeche. anyanno shostakovicher rachonar saathe eyi chaukadir gathon ebong surer sadrishya kichhu somalochokke etike tulonamulokbhabe tuchcho rachona hisabe bornona korte porichalito koreche, jemon iyana mcdonald, jini "dya neu shostakovich"-ayee likhechen jey etey "[taar] sera purbosurider govirota baa prosther" abhab royeche. anyanno samalochakra arow itibachak, jemon richarda taruskin, jini mcdonalder boitike ekti 'travesty' hisabe bornona korechen ebong poramorsho diyechen jey taanr dasham chaukadike borkhasto koraa surkarer proti trutipurno, atirikto jeebonimulok poddhotir falaswarup. uporontu, judith kuhno likhechen jey chaukadir dwitiya andolonti 'sombhoboto borh akarer dwandwa chitrito korar jonno string chaukadike byabohar korar surkarer prochestar modhye sabcheye sofol ebong uttejonapurno'. prabhab. rudloff barshai taanr chembar symphony-teey string orchestra jonno kaajtir byabostha korechilen. barshai chhilen shostakovicher bondhu ebong sahakarmi ebong chaturdash symphonyr premiere soho taanr sangiter ghono ghono porichalok. taanr byabostha shostakovicher mool rachonar proti atyanta bishwasto, prathomikbhabe err double bases jog korar khettre vinno, jaa mulat cello ongsher upor jore ditey byabohrito hoy. uporontu, anatoli dimitriev piano chaar haat komanor byabostha korechilen. anusthan ebong recording. 1964 saale moscote bithoven quartet dwara kaajtir premiere koraa hoy. err porey, 1966 saale alberney quartet dwara juktorajye etty premiere koraa hoy. kaajer bishtiro beshi recording koraa hoyeche, prothomti vall quartet dwara 1965 saale. egulir modhye shostakovich jey dalgulir saathe porichito ebong kaaj korechilen taader recording antarbhukta royeche, jemon borodine quartet, bithoven quartet, jaaraa ubhoyei kaajer ekadhik recording prakash koreche ebong 1998 saale etty record koraa fuilitzium quartet. string orchestra jonno rudloff barshaier byabostha, jaar modhye royeche 2017 saale demetry iablonsky dwara porichalito kiv vertuocy ebong 2015 saale graham ross dwara porichalito demetry doll.

string chokadi nann. 10 (shostakovich) dimitra shostakovichni string chokadi nann. 10 aee-flat mejarmaa, opa. 118, 9 thee 20 julai 1964 darmiyan rachvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tenu moskomaa beethovan chokadi dwara premiere karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey teey shostakovichna najiknaa mitra sangeetkaar miexislo (moisei) wenbergne samarpeet chhe. tene temnaa agaauna stellin-yugnaa quartetnaa aneeshchit moodne vikasavva temaj temnaa pachhinaa kaaryoni karaksar aneey bhavnatmak antarnee purvachhaya tareeke varnavama aavyu chhe. chokadiae tenaa antamaa aavela samaygalani lakshanikta dharaavtaa simphany jevaa motaa paaye kaama karataa chamber sangeetni pasandagi darshaavi hatee. sangitshastri ritchard taruskinna janaavya anusaar, aaa kaarane teo string chokadi maadhyamma aatalo samay samarpeet karnara pratham russian sangeetkaar banyaa hataa. sangeet. aaa kaaryamaa chaar hilchal chheh ramvaano samay lagbhag 22 minuteno chhe. aaee. aandre. pratham hilchal sonata rondo swarupma chhe aneey soft dynamicsno upyog karey chhe. solo violine parr chaar-swarnaa mukhya bhaav saathe sharoo thatee aaa hilchal motaabhaage ee-minormaan lakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey aee-flat mejarnee mukhya chaavithi chh gano naano bhaag door chhe. aaa ee-naanu/aee-flat mukhya samvaad samagr chokadimaa punraavartit thaay chhe. banne keeomaani theemsne alagthi sambhalvama aave chhe, pachhi aek saathe, aee-flatmaa punraavartit karvaamaa aave teey pahelaa. temaa sull ponticello vagaadvaani pann suveedha chhe, jeey aek vistrut takneek chhe jemaa taarnaa upala sumelno upyog thaay chhe, aneey teey aek anapest layano upyog karey chhe jeey shostakovichna samagr kaaryamaa punraavartit thaay chhe. aaa chalvalma shostakovichni "sangeetni sahee", dii. aesa. aech. theem, sangeetni nondho maate german akshar pranaalino upyog kareene sangitkaarnaa naamnee aek goopt lipi chhe. aaa chalval "morendo" noow anta laave chhe, jeey dheeme dheeme kadamaa mrutyu paame chhe. aek saamanya pradarshan lagbhag 5 minut leey chhe. II. furioso saathe sambandh. beejee hilchal ee minormaan chhe aneey lokriyan modno vyaapak upyog karey chhe. bhavnatmak soochak 'furioso' shostakovichna string quartatemaa ananya chhe. tenee sharuaat, chaar sampoorn swarnaa pagalaa, shostakovich dwara temnee paanchmee simphany aneey aathmee string chokadimaa upyogmaa levaata vishhayno sandarbh aape chhe. aek saamanya pradarshan lagbhag 5 minut leey chhe. 3. edajiyo (ataka). triji hilchal naana swarmaan lakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey tonic aee-flat mejarthee door chhe, jooe keey teey aee-flat mejar aneey ee naana swarono pann upyog karey chhe jeey samagr kaary darmiyan punraavartit thaay chhe. teey pasacaglia swarupma lakhaayelu chhe, jeno upyog shostakovichna sangeetma vaaramvaar thaay chhe, aneey temnaa kaary parr berok samaygalani rachnana prabhaavnaa udaaharan tareeke varnavama aavyu chhe. pasacaglia theem vikasavvama aave chhe, ground baas saathe aneey vagar vagadvama aave chhe, aneey samagr hilchal darmiyan vadharana baar aneey dhabkara saathe vagadvama aave chhe. temaa temnee chothee chokadinaa 'stotranaa swaroop' noow swa-avtaran pann chhe. aek saamanya pradarshan lagbhag 7 minut leey chhe. IV. algreto-andante. chothee hilchal trijaathi satat chaale chhe, jeey vachche koee veeram vinaa ramaay chhe. teey aee-flat mejarmaa lakhaayel chhe, jeey kaamnee tonic qee chhe. teey dii minorno pann upyog karey chhe, jeey tonikthi door aek treaton banaave chhe. teey sonata rondo swarupma lakhaayelu chhe aneey drone aneey lokgitonaa layano vyaapak upyog karey chhe. aaa chalvalma, agaauna dareknaa vishhayo navee rondo theem saame trana hilchal fareethi sambhalvama aave chhe, jemaa triji chalvalni pasacaglia theemno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey "forticisimo" vagadvama aave chhe, jeey chalvalna motaa bhaage mute texture saame virodhabhas banaave chhe. chalvalno anta aave chhe, pratham hilchaalnee jaim "morendo" tareeke chinhit thaay chhe, jeey aneeshchit anta banaave chhe. aaa hilchaalmaa dii. aesa. aech. cryptogram pann parat aave chhe. aek saamanya pradarshan lagbhag 9 minut leey chhe. rachnaa. aaa taarnee chokadi polisha sangeetkaar mizislo weinbergne samarpeet hatee, jeey shostakovichna najiknaa mitra aneey vidhyarthi hataa. sangitkaarono paraspar prabhavshali sambandh hato, temaj amuk anshe dushmanavat hatee, jene anshatah samarpanne prereet karyoo hatoo. 1964maan, shostakoviche lakhyu [wenberge] nava quartet lakhyaa hataa aneey temathi chhellae maney paachhal chhodi deedho hato, kaaran keey teey samaye maaree paase maatra aath hataa. tethee meyn maaree jaatne wenbergne pakadvaano aneey tene paachhal chhodvano padkaar mookyo, jeey meyn havey karyo chhe. string chokadi paramparagat chaar hilchaalmaa lakhaayeli chhe, temnee ekmatra chokadi temnee chhaththi chokadi pachhi rachvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey 1956 maan rachvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa tene teey samaye shostakovichna anya quartethee vipareet banaave chhe, jeey viveedh hilchal maalkhaaono upyog kareene paramparathi vichaleet thaee hatee. tenee rangeen aneey trikoneey dhunni sanyojan temnee aathmee taar chokadi saathe samaantaa maate nondhvaamaa aavee chhe, aneey pratham hilchaalmaa melodeene temnee paanchmee symphanyni pratham hilchaalnee theem yaad hovaanu kahevaay chhe. chokadinu maalakhu, khaas kareene tenaa shaant, pramanma shaant parichay aneey zadpi, taatkaalik beejee hilchaalnu sanyojan tenee dasmee simphany jevu jaj chhe. tenaa dhunane shostakovichni mukhya aneey naana trija jevaa antaraalo maateni pasandaginaa prateek tareeke varnavama aavyaa chhe. sangitkaarnaa agaauna koipan kaary karataa vadhu laghu aneey ardh-rachnaa darshaavtaa, teey maun aneey dheema vikasma rasnee apeksha raakhe chhe jeey sangitkaarnaa antamaa samaygaalaane darshaave chhe. glissandy, sphorzendi aneey ausilating semitonsano teno vyaapak upyog pann temnee chhelli shaileena prateek tareeke varnavama aavyo chhe. teey shostakovichna opera, "lady mcbath" maanthi "vishvaasghaat" naa layano upyog karey chhe. tene tenee triji chokadinaa malkhama, beejee hilchaalnaa sherzona krama maate, triji hilchaalnaa dheema pasacagliama yaad apaave chhe. tenaathi vipareet, teey shostakovichna pachhinaa kaarynaa kathor, shaant moodne purvavlokan karey chhe, 1956 pachhini temnee pratham chokadi jemaa darek hilchaalne "atakka" saathe chinhit karvaamaa aavee naa hatee." aaa krutee armeniyama dilijan sangitkaaronaa aashraysthanma dass divasma rachvaamaa aavee hatee. teey samaye shostakovichni ketalik kruteeo saamyavaadi paksh dwara ninda karvaamaa aavee hatee. temnu opera "ketarinaa ismailova" "metsensk jeellana lady mcbath" noon 1962noon punraavartan hatoo, jenaa parr 1936maan saamyavaadi sarkaar dwara pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa vivaadne kaarane, tenu koee prachaar vinaa premiere thayu hatoo. tevee jaj reete, temnee termee simphanyne babby yaar hatyakandma bachee gayelaa yahudeeo pratyeni sahanubhuti maate censor karvaamaa aavee hatee. ian mcdonalde lakhyu hatoo keey aaa swaagat pratye "anagamo" naa valanthi dasmaa taarnee chokadimaa jovaa maltaa "shuddh krodh" neey aakaar malyo hato. symphanyo parr vadhune vadhu string quartet lakhvaani aupcharik pasandageeno upyog temnaa kaarynaa aaa vaanchanne teko aapvaa maate karvaamaa aavyo chhe, kaaran keey string quartet aneey anya chamber swarupo soviyet shailioni sattavaar soochima dekhaata nathee. swaagat. tenaa chintagrast moodne rachnaa samaye shostakovichna ghatata shaaririk svaasthya saathe jodvama aavyo chhe. tenee viralataa pann aansheek reete tenee svaasthya samasyao aneey parinaame jatil rekhaao haaththee lakhvaamaa asamarthataana parinaame hovaanu suchavvama aavyu chhe. shostakovichna svaasthya athavaa sarkaar saathena sambandhona chashmaane jotaa abhigamone ghatadnar tareeke varnavama aavyaa chhe, jaim keey vivechak thomas meey, jemane lakhyu hatoo keey aaa teeka "sangeet aneey kalaatmak anoobhavne aspasht karey chhe" aneey tenee aakramak kshano hovaa chhataa aaa kruteema "undee dhvidha" noow samaavesh thato nathee. chokadine dusht vachchena sangharshnaa pratinidhitva tareeke pann arthghatan karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jeey beeja "furioso" aandolanni theem aneey manveey laaganeeo dwara rajoo thaay chhe. aaa arthghatanma, chothaa aandolanma aaa vishhayno abhaav, jyaan anya tamaam vishhayone punraavartit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe, teey dushtataa parr kaabu melavani shakyataanu prateek chhe. joke, aaa arthghatanne ghatadnaru pann ganaaveene tenee teeka karvaamaa aavee chhe. chokadini rachnaa aneey anya shostakovich kruteeo saathe madhurtama samaantaae ketlaak vivechakone tene pramanma najivi rachnaa tareeke varnavaa taraf doree chhe, jaim keey ian mcdonald, jemane "dhaa nyu shostakovich" maan lakhyu hatoo keey temaa "[tenaa] shreshth purogaamioni undaai athavaa paholai" noow abhaav chhe. anya vivechako vadhu hakaaraatmak chhe, jaim keey richard taruskin, jemane mcdonaldnaa pustakne 'majaak' tareeke varnavyu hatoo, aneey soochavyu hatoo keey dasmee chokadine bartaraf karvaanu parinam sangeetkaar pratyenaa khaamiyukt, vadhu padata jivancharitratmak abhigamne kaarane chhe. vadhumaa, judith kuhne lakhyu hatoo keey chokadini beejee hilchal 'motaa paaye sangharshne darshaavvaa maate taar chokadino upyog karvaanaa sangitkaarnaa prayasoma kadaach sauthee safal aneey uttejak chhe'. prabhaav. rudolph barshai dwara temnaa chamber simphanyma string orchestra maate aaa kaarynee vyavastha karvaamaa aavee hatee. barshai shostakovichna mitra aneey sahyogi hataa, aneey temnaa chaudma symphanyna premiere saheet temnaa sangeetnaa vaaramvaar sanchaalak hataa. temnee vyavastha shostakovichna mool maate atyant vafaadaar chhe, mukhyatve tenaa double baasnaa umerathi alag chhe, jeno upyog mote bhaage selo bhaag parr bhaar mukavaa maate thaay chhe. vadhumaa, anatoli dimitriyeve piyanona chaar haath ghatadvani vyavastha curry. pradarshan aneey reqordina. aaa kaaryanu moskomaa 1964maan beethovan chokadi dwara premiere karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tyarbad, tenu premiere 1966maan albernie chokadi dwara yukemaa karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. kaamnee visthee vadhu recordings karvaamaa aavee chhe, jeey 1965maan pratham saaree chokadi dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. aamaa shostakovich jaantaa aneey temnee saathe kaama kartaa encembles dwara recordings pann saamel chhe, jaim keey borodine chokadi, beethovan chokadi, jeey banneae kaarynaa bahuveedh recordings bahaar paadya chhe, aneey fwilitzium chokadi, jemane tene 1998maan reqorda karyoo chhe. rudolph barshaini string orchestra maateni gothvannaa ghanaa recordings pann karvaamaa aavyaa chhe, jemaa 2017maan keev varchuosi dwara haath dharvaamaa aavela, demetry yablonsky dwara haath dharvaamaa aavela aneey 2015maan graaham roosa dwara haath dharvaamaa aavela demetry samoohno samaavesh thaay chhe.

string chaukadi nam. 10 (shostakovich) dimitra shostakovich kii string chaukadi nam. 10 ack-flat mejar mein, opp. 118, 9 seey 20 julaai 1964 taka rachit kiya gayaa thaa. iska premiere mosco mein beethoven chaukadi dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh sangeetkaar meekzislav (moisei) weinberg koo samarpit haye, joe shostakovich key karibi dost they. ise unake pahale key stallin-yug key quartet kii anishchit manodasha koo vikasit karane key saath-saath unake baad key karyon kii tapasya aur bhaavnaatmak doori koo poorvavat karane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. chaukadi ney badey paimaane parr kaam karane vaale sangeet key liye vareeyata koo darshaaya, jaise kii symphany, joe unaki dair seey avadhi kii visheshta thee. sangeetvid richard tarskin key anusaar, isase way pahale russie sangeetkaar bunn gaye jinhone taar chaukadi madhyam koo itna samay diyaa. sangeet. iss kaary mein chaar andolan hainh khelane kaa samay lagbhag 22 minut haye. aaee. aurant. pahala andolan sonata rondo roop mein hotaa haye aur naram gatishilata kaa upayog kartaa haye. ekal violine parr chaar-nott key rupankan key saath shuru honey parr, andolan kaafee hudd taka ee minor mein likhaa jaataa haye, joe ack-flat mejar kii mukhya kunji seey ack mamuli chhathaa door haye. yeh ee-minor/aeye-flat pramukh samvaad poore chaukadi mein dohraya jaataa haye. donon kunji mein vishayon koo alag seey sunaa jaataa haye, phir ack saath, ack-flat mein punah prastut kiye jaane seey pahale. isamen sull ponticello bajaana bhee shamil haye, ack vistaarit takneek jisamen taaron key oopari samanjasya kaa upayog shamil haye, aur ack anapest lay kaa upayog kartaa haye joe shostakovich key poore kaam mein dohrata haye. iss andolan mein shostakovich key "sangeet hastakshar", dee. aiss. aich. rupankan, sangeet key swaron key liye german akshar pranali kaa upayog karate hue sangeetkaar key naam kaa ack gupt lipi shamil haye. andolan "morendo" koo samaapt kartaa haye, joe dheere-dheere matra mein marr rhaa haye. ack vishisht pradarshan mein lagbhag 5 minut lagate hain. II. algrato furioso. doosara andolan ee minor mein haye aur locrian mode kaa vyaapak upayog kartaa haye. bhaavnaatmak sanketak 'furioso' shostakovich key string quartet mein advitiya haye. isaki shuruat, chaar poore swar key kadam, shostakovich dwara apani paanchvin symphany aur aathvin string chaukadi mein upayog kiye gaye vishay kaa sandarbh dete hain. ack vishisht pradarshan mein lagbhag 5 minut lagate hain. iii. adaggio (atakka). teesari chaal ack minor mein likhi jaati haye, ack semitone tonic aeye-flat mejar seey door, halanki yeh aeye-flat mejar aur ee minor tonality koo bhee niyojit kartaa haye joe poore kaam mein doharati haye. yeh pasacaglia roop mein likhaa gayaa haye, jiska aksar shostakovich key sangeet mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur unake kaam parr barok avadhi kii rachana key prabhaav key ack udaaharan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. pasacaglia vishay vikasit kiya jaataa haye, ground baas key saath aur binaa khele, aur poore andolan mein atirikt baar aur beats key saath khela jaataa haye. isamen unaki chauthi chaukadi key 'bhajan rupankan' kaa ack swa-uddharan bhee haye. ack vishisht pradarshan mein lagbhag 7 minut lagate hain. iv. algrato-endent. chautha andolan teesare seey nirantar haye, joe beach mein koee viram key binaa khela jaataa haye. yeh ack-flat mejar mein likhaa gayaa haye, joe kaam kii tonic kunji haye. yeh dee minor koo bhee niyojit kartaa haye, jisase tonic seey door ack triton kaa vighatan hotaa haye. yeh sonata rondo roop mein likhaa gayaa haye aur drone aur lock geeton kii lay kaa vyaapak upayog kartaa haye. iss andolan mein, pratyek poorvavarti key vishay nae rondo vishay key khilaf teen andolanon koo phir seey sunaa jaataa haye, jisamen teesare andolan kii pasacaglia vishay vastu bhee shamil haye, jise "forticimo" khela jaataa haye, joe andolan kii badey paimaane parr mook banaavat key khilaf ack virodhabhas paida kartaa haye. andolan samaapt hotaa haye, pahale andolan key saath "morendo" chihnit kiya jaataa haye, jisase ack anishchit anta hotaa haye. iss andolan mein dee. aiss. aich. cryptogram bhee lautata haye. ack vishisht pradarshan mein lagbhag 9 minut lagate hain. rachana. string chaukadi polish sangeetkaar meekzislav weinberg koo samarpit thee, joe shostakovich key ack karibi dost aur shishya they. sangeetkaron key beach parasparik roop seey prabhaavshaali sambandh they, saath hii pratidvandvita kii ack degree thee, joe kuchh hudd taka samarpan koo prerit karati thee. 1964 mein, shostakovich ney likhaah [weinberg] ney nau chaturthansh likhe aur unamen seey antim ney mujhe peechhe chhod diyaa, kyonki usa samay merey paas kewal aathh they. isaliye maine khud koo weinberg koo pakadane aur usase aage nikalane kii chunauti dee, joe maine abb curr lii haye. taar chaukadi paaramparik chaar andolanon mein likhi gaee haye, unaki ekmatra chaukadi ney 1956 mein unaki chhathi chaukadi key baad aisaa kiya thaa. yeh usa samay key shostakovich key anya chaturthansh key vipareet haye, joe vibhinn prakaar kii andolan sanrachanaon kaa upayog karke parampara seey vichalit hoe gayaa thaa. varna aur trikoniya dhunon key sanyojan koo unaki aathvin string chaukadi key saath samaantaa key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, aur pahale andolan mein dhuna koo unaki paanchvin symphany key pahale andolan key vishay koo yaad karane key liye kahaa gayaa haye. chaukadi kii sanrachana, vishesh roop seey shaant, apekshaakrit shaant parichay aur tej, tatkaal doosari gati kaa sanyojan unaki dasavin symphany seey milata-julata haye. isake dhunon koo pramukh aur laghu teesare jaise antaral key liye shostakovich kii vareeyata key prateek key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. sangeetkaar key pichhale kissy bhee kaam kii tulanaa mein adhik laghu aur ardh-rachanaon kii visheshta, yeh maun aur dheemi gati seey vikas mein ruchi kaa anuman lagaata haye joe sangeetkaar kii dair seey avadhi koo darshaata haye. glissandy, sphorgendy aur ausilating semitones key vyaapak upayog koo bhee unaki dair seey shally key prateek key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. yeh shostakovich key opera, "lady mcbeth" seey "vishvaasghaat" rupankan kii lay koo niyojit kartaa haye. ise unaki teesari chaukadi kii sanrachana mein, dusare andolan key sherzo key anukram key liye, teesare andolan key dheeme pasacaglia mein yaad dilaane key roop mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa haye. isake vipareet, yeh shostakovich key baad key kaam key kathor, shaant manodasha koo darshaata haye, 1956 key baad seey unaki pahali chaukadi mein "atakka" key saath chihnit pratyek andolan naheen thaa." yeh kaam duss dinon mein armenia mein dilijan sangeetkaron key retreat mein rachit kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay shostakovich key kuchh karyon kii communist party dwara ninda kii gaee thee. unakaa opera "catarina izmailova" "matsensk jile kii lady mcbeth" kaa 1962 kaa sanshodhan thaa, jise 1936 mein communist sarkaar dwara pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss vivaad key kaaran, iska premiere binaa kissy prachaar key huaa. isi tarah, unaki terahavin symphany koo bebi yaar narsamhar seey bache yahudi logon key prati sahaanubhooti key liye sensor kiya gayaa thaa. ian mcdonald ney likhaa kii iss swaagat key prati "ghrina" key ravaiye ney dasavin string chaukadi mein paae gaye "shuddh krodh" koo aakar diyaa. symphany parr string quartet kii rachana karane key liye aupchaarik vikalp kaa upayog unake kaam key iss padhane kaa samarthan karane key liye kiya gayaa haye, iss tathya key kaaran kii string quartet aur anya kaksh roop soviyat shailiyon kii aadhikarik soochi mein dikhaai naheen dete hain. swaagat. isaki chinta kii manodasha koo rachana key samay shostakovich key ghatate shaaririk swaasthya seey jodaa gayaa haye. isaki viralata kaa bhee sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh unake swaasthya key muddon aur jatil rekhaaon koo haath seey likhane mein asamarthata key parinamswarup haye. shostakovich key swaasthya yaa sarkaar key saath sambandhon key chashme key madhyam seey kaam koo dekhane vaale drishtikonon koo cumm karane vaale key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii aalochak thomas ney likhaa haye kii yeh aalochana "sangeet aur kalaatmak anubhav koo aspasht curr detee haye" aur yeh "aspashtata kii gahari bhavna" key liye jimmedaar naheen haye joe isake aakramak kshanon key bavjood kaam mein shamil haye. chaukadi kii vyakhya burai key beach sangharsh key pratinidhitva key roop mein bhee kii gaee haye, jise dusare "furioso" andolan aur maanav bhaavanaon key vishay dwara darshaaya gayaa haye. iss vyakhya mein, chauthe andolan mein iss vishay kii kamee, jahaan anya sabhi vishayon koo phir seey prastut kiya gayaa haye, burai parr kaaboo paane kii sambhavana kaa prateek haye. haalaanki, iss vyakhya kii aalochana bhee cumm karane vaali key roop mein kii gaee haye. anya shostakovich kritiyon key saath sanrachana aur dhunon mein chaukadi kii samaantaa ney kuchh alochakon koo ise apekshaakrit mahatvaheen rachana key roop mein varnit karane key liye prerit kiya haye, jaise kii ian mcdonald, jinhone "nae shostakovich" mein likhaa haye kii isamen "[isake] behtareen poorvavartiyon kii gaharaai yaa chaudaai" kaa abhaav haye. anya aalochak adhik sakaratmak hain, jaise kii richard tarruskin, jinhone mcdonald kii pustak koo 'travesty' key roop mein varnit kiya, aur sujhaav diyaa kii unaki dasavin chaukadi koo barkhast karane kaa parinam sangeetkaar key prati ack trutipurna, atyadhik jeevani drishtikon seey haye. isake alawa, judith kuhn ney likhaa kii chaukadi kaa doosara andolan 'shayed badey paimaane parr sangharsh koo chitrit karane key liye string chaukadi kaa upayog karane key sangeetkaar key prayason mein sabse safal aur romanchak haye'. prabhaav. rudolf barshai dwara apane kaksh symphany mein string orchestra key liye kaam kii vyavastha kii gaee thee. barshai shostakovich key mitra aur sahayogi they, aur apane sangeet key lagaatar sanchaalak they, jisamen unaki chaudahavin symphany kaa premiere bhee shamil thaa. unaki vyavastha shostakovich key mool key prati atyadhik wafadar haye, joe mukhya roop seey double baas key atirikt haye, jiska upayog badey paimaane parr cello bhaag parr jore dene key liye kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, anatoli dimitriv ney piano key chaar haathon key liye ack katauti kii vyavastha kii. pradarshan aur recording. iss kaam kaa premiere 1964 mein mosco mein beethoven chaukadi dwara kiya gayaa thaa. isake baad, iska premiere 1966 mein alburney chaukadi dwara yuke mein kiya gayaa thaa. kaam kii bees seey adhik recording kii gaee hain, pahali baar 1965 mein weller chaukadi dwara kii gaee haye. inmein una tukadiyon dwara recording bhee shamil haye jinhen shostakovich jaanate they aur unake saath kaam kiya thaa, jaise kii borodine chaukadi, beethoven chaukadi, donon ney kaam kii kaee recording jaari kii hain, aur fitzvillium chaukadi, jinhone ise 1998 mein record kiya thaa. kaee recording bhee kii gaee hain, jisamen 2017 mein keevo vertuci dwara kii gaee string orchestra kii vyavastha, aur 2015 mein graham ross dwara sanchaalit demetry ensemble shamil hain.

string quartet namm. 10 (shostakovich) dimitriya shostakovich avara string quartet namm. 10 ondu-flat majer, opp. 118, annu 1964rahra julai julai 9rinda rachisalaayitu. idannu maskoda beethoven quartet prathama pradarshana maaditu mattu idannu shostakovichna aapta sneehitanaada samyojaka mikjisla (moyse) weinbergge samarpisalaagide. idu avara hindina stallin-yugada quartetgala anishchita manasthitiyannu belesuttade mattu avara nantarada krutigala kathinate mattu bhavanatmaka antaravannu munsuchisuttade endu vivarisalaagide. avara koneya avadhiya laksanagalannu hondiruva simphanigalantaha dodda pramanada krutigaliginta chamber sangeetakke aadyate needuva bagge chaukattu niroopisitu. sangeetashaastragna richard taruskin avara prakara, idu avarannu string quartet madhyamakke hecchu samayavannu meesalitta modala rashyaada samyojakarannagi maaditu. sangeeta. ee krutiyu naalku chalanegalannu hondideh aatada samayavu sumaru 22 nimishagalu. aii. andante. modala chalaneyu sonata rando roopadallide mattu mrudu chalanashaastravannu balasuttade. ekavyakti piteelu mele naalku-svaragala vishishta lakshanadondige praarambhavaaguva ee chalaneyannu hechchaagi ii-minernalli bareyalaaguttade, idu aa-flat majer naa mukhya keeliyinda aarane ondu sanna antaradallide. ee ii-mainer/aa-flat pramukha sambhashaneyu chaukattina uddakkoo punaraavartaneyaaguttade. eradoo kiligalallina thimgalannu pratyekavagi kelalaaguttade, nantara ekakaaladalli, aa-flatnalli marukalisuva modalu. idu tantigala melina saamarasyada balakeyannu olagondiruva vistruta tantravaada sull ponticello nudisuvikeyannu saha olagondide mattu shostakovichna krutiya uddakkoo punaraavartisuva anapest layavannu balasuttade. ee chaluvaliyu shostakovichna "sangeetada sahi", dshech motifna vyutpattiyannu olagondide, idu sangeetada tippanigaligagi german aksara vyavastheyannu balasuva samyojakara hesarina gupta lipi. chalaneyu "morendo" endu konegolluttade, idu kramena parimaanadalli saayuvudannu soochisuttade. ondu vishishta pradarshanavu sumaru 5 nimishagalannu tegedukolluttade. II. furiosoge purakavagide. eradane chalaneyu ii mainarnallide mattu locrian mode annu vyaapakavaagi balasuttade. bhavanatmaka suchaka 'furioso' shostakovichna string quartetgalalli vishishtavaagide. adara arambha, naalku purna swara hantagalu, shostakovich tanna aidane swaramela mattu entane string quartetnalli balasida vishayavannu ullekhisuttade. ondu vishishta pradarshanavu sumaru 5 nimishagalannu tegedukolluttade. 3. adagio (atakka). mooraneya chalaneyannu aa-flat majer tonicninda dooradalliruva ondu sanna, ondu arey-dhwaniyalli bareyalaaguttade, aadaagyoo idu aa-flat majer mattu ii sanna svaragalannu saha balasuttade, idu kelasada uddakkoo punaraavartaneyaaguttade. idannu pasacaglia roopadalli bareyalaagide, idannu aagaagge shostakovich avara sangeetadalli balasalaaguttade, mattu avara kelasada mele barok avadhiya samyojaneya prabhaavada udaaharane endu vivarisalaagide. pasacaglia theem annu abhivraddhipadisalaagide, ground basnondige mattu illade aadalaaguttade mattu chalaneya uddakkoo hechchuvari baargalu mattu beetgalondige aadalaaguttade. idu aatana nalkane chaukattina 'stutigeetegala vishishta laksana' dha swayam-ullekhavannu saha olagondide. ondu vishishta pradarshanavu sumaru 7 nimishagalannu tegedukolluttade. IV. alegretto-andante. nalkane chalaneyu mooraneyadarinda nirantaravagi nadeyuttade, naduve yaavude viraamavillade aadalaaguttade. idannu krutiya tonnic keeyaada aa-flat majer nalli bareyalaagide. idu dii mainer annu saha balasuttade, idu tonicninda duraviruva tritone annu srushtisuttade. idannu sonata rando roopadalli bareyalaagide mattu idu dronegalu mattu jaanapada geetegala layagalannu vyaapakavaagi balasuttade. ee chalavaliyalli, hindina pratiyondu vishayagalu hosa rando theem viruddha mooru chalanegalu matte kelibaruttave, idaralli moorane chalavaliya pasacaglia theem seride, idannu "fortissimo" endu aadalaaguttade, idu chalavaliya hechchaagi mute maadalaada ranchanege viruddhavaagi vyatiriktateyannu srushtisuttade. chalaneyu konegolluttade, modala chalaneyante "morendo" endu gurutisalaguttade, idu anishchita muktaayavannu srushtisuttade. ee chalaneyalli dii. ess. etch. cryptogram saha maraluttade. ondu vishishta pradarshanavu sumaru 9 nimishagalannu tegedukolluttade. samyojane. string quartet annu polish samyojaka mikjislav weinbergge samarpisalaayitu, avaru shostakovichna aapta sneehita mattu shishyaraagiddaru. samyojakaru paraspara prabhavashali sambandhavannu hondiddaru, jotege swalpa mattige paipotiyannu hondiddaru, idu bhagashah samarpaneyannu prerepisitu. krutiyannu, shostakovich baredaruh [weinberg] ombattu quartetgalannu baredaru mattu avugalalli koneyadu nannannu meerisitu, ekendare aaa samayadalli nanna bully kevala entu maatra iddavu. aaddarinda naanu eega maadida weinbergannu hidiyuva mattu hindikkuva savaalannu naane hondiddene. string quartet annu saampradaayika naalku calanegalalli bareyalaagide, 1956 ralli rachisalaada avara aarane quartet nantara rachisalaada avara ekaika quartet. idu aaa samayadalli shostakovichna itara kwaartetgaliginta bhinnavagide, idu vividha chalaneya ranchanegalannu balasuva moolaka sampradaayadinda bhinnavagide. varnamaya mattu trikona ragagala samyojaneyu avara entane tanti choukattige hoolikeyaagiruvudakke hesaruvaasiyaagide, mattu modala chalaneyallina ragavu avara aidane svaramelada modala chalaneya vishayavannu nenapisuttade endu helalaaguttade. chaukattina rachane, visheshavaagi adara shaanta, tulanaatmakavaagi shaantavaada parichaya mattu vegada, turtu eradane chalaneya samyojaneyu avana hattane svaramelavannu holuttade. adara ragagalannu dodda mattu sanna mooraneyantaha madhyantaragalige shostakovich avara aadyateya sanketavendu vivarisalaagide. samyojakara hindina yaavude krutigaliginta hecchu minimgalu mattu arebreevgalannu hondiruva idu, sangeeta samyojakara koneya avadhiyannu niroopisuva mouna mattu nidhaanagatiya belavanigeya aasaktiyannu nirikshisuttade. adara vyaapakavaada glissandy, sphorejandy mattu andolanada semitongala balakeyannu saha avara koneya sailiya sanketavendu vivarisalaagide. idu shostakovichna opera, "lady mack beth" ninda "droha" lakshanada layavannu balasuttade. eradane chalaneya sherzoda anukramakkagi, moorane chalaneya nidhaanagatiya pasakagliyakke, idu avana moorane chaukattina rachaneyalli nenapisuttade endu vivarisalaagide. idakke viruddhavaagi, idu shostakovich avara nantarada krutiya kathina, nigraha manasthitiyannu munsuchisuttade, 1956rahra nantara avara modala chaukattinalli prati chalaneyannu "atakka" endu gurutisalagilla." armeniyaadalliruva dilijan samyojakara ashrayadalli hattu dinagala kaala ee krutiyannu rachisalaayitu. aaa samayadalli shostakovich avara kelavu krutigalu communist pakshadinda khandanegolagaadavu. avara opera "catarina izmailova" izmailova" prakatavaada "lady mack beth off dhii metsensk district" naa parishkaraneyagiddu, idannu idannu communist sarkaaravu nishedhisittu. ee vivadadindagi, yaavude prachaaravillade idara prathama pradarshanavaayitu. anteye, baabi yaar hatyaakaandadalli badukulida yahoodigala bagegina sahaanubhutigaagi avara hadimoorane svaramelavannu sensor maadalaayitu. ee svagatada bagegina "asahya" manobhaavavu hattane tanti chaukattinalli kandubaruva "suddha koopada" svaroopavannu roopisitu endu eoin mcdonald barediddaare. tanti chaukattu mattu itara chamber roopagalu soviyat prakaaragala adhikruta pattiyalli kanisada kaarana, simphanigala mele string quartetgalannu rachisuva oupachaarika aaykeyannu avara krutiya ee oduvikeyannu bembalisalu balasalaagide. svaagata. adara aatankada manasthitiyu samyojaneya samayadalli shostakovichna kshinisuttiruva daihika aarogyakke sambandhiside. adara viralate bhagashah avara aarogya samasyegalu mattu sankeerna saalugalannu kaibarahadalli bareyalu asamarthateyindaagi untaaguttade endu soochisalaagide. ee krutiyannu shostakovich avara aarogya athawa sarkaaradondigina sambandhada drashtaantada moolaka noduva vidhaanagalannu kadime maaduva vidhaanagalendu vivarisalaagide, udaaharanege vimarshaka thamus mayee, ee tikeyu "sangeeta mattu kalaatmaka anubhavavannu aspashtagolisuttade" mattu adara akramanakari kshanagala horataagiyoo krutiyu olagondiruva "aalavaada dvandvaarthateya pragne" ge karanavaguvudilla endu barediddaare. chaukattannu dushtateya naduvina horaatada praatinidhyavendu vyaakhyaanisalaagide, idannu eradane "furioso" chaluvaliya vishaya mattu manava bhavanegalu pratinidhisuttave. ee vyakhyanadalli, nalkane chalavaliyalli ee vishayada korateyu, allie ellah itara vishayagalannu punaraavartisalaagide, dushtatanavannu jayisuva saadhyateyannu sanketisuttade. aadaagyoo, ee vyaakhyaanavu kadime endu tikisalagide. itara shostakovich krutigalige chaukattina rachane mattu madhuradallina holikeyu kelavu vimarshakaru idannu tulanaatmakavaagi atyalpa samyojane endu vivarisalu kaaranavaagide, udaaharanege eoin mcdonald, avaru "hosa shostakovich" nalli "adara" [adara] atyuttama purvajara aala athawa agala "dha korateyide endu barediddaare. itara vimarshakaru hecchu sakaaraatmakavaagiddaare, udaaharanege richard taruskin, avaru mcdonald avara pustakavannu 'travesty' endu bannisiddaare mattu hattane chaukattina vajagolisuvikeyu samyojakarige doshapoorita, atiyaada jivanacharitreya vidhaanadinda untaaguttade endu soochisuttaare. hechchuvariyagi, judit kuhn avaru chaukattina eradane chalaneyu 'dodda pramanada sangharshavannu chithrisalu string chaukattannu balasuva samyojakara prayatnagalalli bahushah atyanta yashasvi mattu romaanchanakaariyaagide' endu barediddaare. prabhaava. ee kelasavannu rudolph barshoy avaru tamma chamber simphany yalli string archestrakkagi vyavasthegolisidaru. barshoy avaru shostakovichna sneehita mattu sahodyogiyagiddaru mattu avara hadinalkane svaramelada prathama pradarshanavu seridante avara sangeetada aagaagge nirvaahakaraagiddaru. avana vyavastheyu shostakovichna moolakke hecchu nishtaavantavaagide, mukhyavaagi double basna serpadeyalli bhinnavagide, idannu hechchaagi cello bhagakke ottu needalu balasalaaguttade. hechchuvariyagi, anatoli demetrieve piano naalku kaigalige kaditavannu airpadisidaru. pradarshanagalu mattu dhwanimudranagalu. ee krutiyannu krutiyannu maskoda beethoven quartet prathama pradarshana maaditu. idara nantara, nantara alburney quartet idannu yukeyalli prathama pradarshana maaditu. ee krutiya ippattakkoo hecchu dhwanimudranagalannu maadalaagide, modalaneyadu modalaneyadu velar quartetninda. ivugalalli shostakovichge tilidiruva mattu avarondige kelasa maadida tandagala dhwanimudranagalu serive, udaaharanege borodine quartet, beethoven quartet, ibbaroo kelasada aneka dhwanimudranagalannu bidugade maadiddaare, mattu mattu adannu dhwanimudrisida fwitzium quartet. quartet demetry yablansky nadesida keev virtuosi mattu mattu graham rose nadesida demetry samooha seridante string archestrakkagi rudolph barshoy avara vevastheya halavaaru dhwanimudranagalannu saha maadalaagide.

string kwaarttett nambar. 10 (shostakovichu) dimithriyude shosthaakovichinte string kwaarttett nambar. 10 inn eiii-phlait mejar, oo. pii. 1964 juulai 9 muthal 20 vare rachicha 118, moscoyile beethovan kwaarttett pradharshippicha ithu shostaakovichinte adutha suhruthaaya samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya measisslav (moisey) weinberginu samarppichirikkunnu. addehathinte munkaala staalin kaalaghattatthile kwaarttattukalude anishchithathva manobhaavam valarthiyedukkunnathum addehathinte pilkkala kruthikalude kaadinyavum vaikaarika akalavum munkootty kaanikkunnathumayi ithine visheshippichittundu. addehathinte avasana kaalaghattatthinte savisheshathakalaaya symphonykal polulla valia thothilulla kruthikalekkaal chamber samgeethathinulla munganana kwaarttett vyakthamaakkunnu. samgeethajnjanaaya richard taruskin parayunnathanusarichu, ithu string kwaarttett meediyathinaayi ithrayum samayam chelavazhikkunna aadya russian samgeethasamvidhaayakanaayi addehathe maatti. samgeetham. eee kruthiyil naalu chalanangalunda ekadesham 22 minittaan kaliyude dairkhyam. aii. aandant. aadyathe chalanam sonaatta ronto roopathilaanu, sophtt dynamics upayogikkunnu. sooloo vayalinil naalu-nottu rooparekhayode aarambikkunna eee chalanam pradhaanamaayum iii-mainaril ezhuthappettirikkunnu, eiii-phlait mejarinte pradhana thacolil ninnu aaraamathe cheria bhagam akaleyaan. eee iii-minor/eiii-phlait pradhana sambhashanam chathuppunilatthudaneelam aavarthikkunnu. rund keekalileyum theemukal vevvere kelkkunnu, thudarnnu oresamayam, eiii-flaattil punarnirmmikkunnathin munbu. charadukalude mukalile harmonics upayogikkunnathu ulppedunna vipuleekritha saankethikavidyayaya sall ponticello play cheiyunnathum shostaakovichinte oovyuriludaneelam aavarthikkunna oru anaastest rhythm upayogikkunnathum ithil ulppedunnu. shostaakovichinte "myoosikkal signature", dii. ezz. echu motif, sangeetha kurippukalkkaayi jarmman akshara samvidaanam upayogikkunna samgeethasamvidhaayakante perinte cryptogram ennivayil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu eee prasthaanam. chalanatthinte avasaanam "morendo" ennathukondu kramena alavil illaathaakunnathine soochippikkunnu. oru saadhaarana prakadanam ekadesham 5 minitt edukkum. II. algretto furioso. randaamathe chalanam iii minorilaanu, ithu locrian mooad vipulamaayi upayogikkunnu. shostaakovichinte string kwaarttattukalil vaikaarika soochakamaaya 'furioso' savisheshamaan. athinte thudakkam, naalu muzhuvan toonn gattangal, shostakovichu thante anchaamathe symphanyilum ettaamathe string kwaarttattilum upayogicha oru vishayathe paraamarsikkunnu. oru saadhaarana prakadanam ekadesham 5 minitt edukkum. 3. adajio (attakka). moonnaamathe chalanam oru cheria aksharathil ezhuthappettirikkunnu, tonic eiii-phlait mejaril ninnu akaleyulla oru semiton, ennirunnaalum ithu eiii-phlait mejar, iii minor tonaalittikal enniva upayogikkunnu, ithu joliyiludaneelam aavarthikkunnu. shostaakovichinte samgeethathil pathivayi upayogikkunna pasacaglia roopathilaanu ithu ezhuthappettirikkunnathu, addehathinte kruthikalil barok kaalaghattatthile rachanayude swaadheenathinte udaaharanamaayi ithine visheshippikkunnu. pascaglia theem vikasippikkukayum graundu baas upayogichum allatheyum play cheyyukayum chalanatthiludaneelam adhika baarukalum beettukalum cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. addehathinte naalaamathe chathurbhaagatthinte 'sthuthigeeta roopathinte' oru svayam udharani ithil ulkkollunnu. oru saadhaarana prakadanam ekadesham 7 minitt edukkum. IV. algretto-aandante. naalaamathe chalanam moonnaamathethu muthal thudarchayaayi nadakkunnu, athinidayil oru edavelayum illaathe kalikkunnu. ithu kruthiyude tonic qee aaya eiii-phlait mejaril ezhuthappettirikkunnu. ithu dii minor upayogikkunnu, ithu tonikkil ninnu akale oru traitton srishtikkunnu. ithu sonaatta ronto roopathil ezhuthappettirikkunnu, koodaathe dronukalum naadodi gaana thaalangalum vipulamaayi upayogikkunnu. eee prasthaanatthil, munkaalangalile oronninteyum prameyangal fortissimo" ennu play cheiyunna moonnaamathe prasthaanatthinte pasacaglia theem ulppede puthiya ronto prameyathinethire moonnu chalanagal veendum kelkkunnu, ithu prasthaanatthinte valiyathothil nishabdamaaya gadanaykkethire oru vairudhyam srishtikkunnu. aadyathe chalanatthilennapole "morendo" ennu adayaalappeduthiya chalanamaanu avasaanikkunnath, ithu anischithamaaya oru avasaanam srishtikkunnu. eee chalanatthil dii. ezz. echu. cryptogram madangivarunnu. oru saadhaarana prakadanam ekadesham 9 minitt edukkum. rachana. shostaakovichinte adutha suhruthum sishyanumaaya poolish samgeethasamvidhaayakan meesislav weinberginu samarppichathaayirunnu string kwaarttett. samgeethasamvidaayakarkku paraspara swaadheenamulla bandhavum oru paridhivare sathruthayum undaayirunnu, ithu bhaagikamaayi samarppanathe prachodippichu. 1964ll shostakovichu ezhuthi [weinberg] onpathu kwaarttattukal ezhuthi, avayil avasaanatheth enne marikadannu, kaaranam aaa samayat enikku ettu maathrame undaayirunnulloo. athinaal njaan ippol cheytha weinberghine pidikkaanum marikadakkaanum njaan svayam velluvili uyarthi. string kwaarttett parambaraagatha naalu chalanangalil ezhuthappettirikkunnu, 1956 ll rachicha addehathinte aaraamathe kwaarttettinu sesham rachicha eaka kwaarttett. ithu akkaalathe shostaakovichinte mattu kwaarttattukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaakkunnu, ithu vaividhyamaarnna chalana gadanakal upayogichu paarambaryatthil ninnu vyathichalichu. chrometic, triadic gaanangalude samyojanam addehathinte ettaamathe string kwaarttattumaayi saamyamullathinaal sradheyamaanu, koodaathe aadya chalanatthile ragam addehathinte anchaamathe symphanyude aadya chalanatthinte prameyathe ormmippikkunnuvennu parayappedunnu. chathushkonatthinte ghadana, prathyekichu shaanthavum thaarathamyena shaanthavumaaya aamukhathinteyum vegathayeriyathum adiyanthiravumaaya randaamathe chalanatthinteyum samyojanam addehathinte pathaamatthe symphonic samaanamaan. mejar, minor therd thudangiya edavelakalil shostaakovichinte mungananayude pratheekamaayi athinte ganangal visheshippikkappettindu. samgeethasamvidhaayakante munkaala srishtikalekkaal kooduthal minimukalum semibrivukalum avatharippikkunna ithu samgeethasamvidhaayakante avasana kaalaghattatthe savisheshamaakkunna nishabdathayilum mandagathiyilulla vikasanathilum thaalparyam prathekshikkunnu. glissandy, sphoresandy, ausilating semittonukal ennivayude vipulamaaya upayogavum addehathinte avasana shailiyude pratheekamaayi visheshippikkappettindu. shostaakovichinte oopparayaaya "lady mcbethyl" ninnulla "vanchana" prameyathinte thaalam ithu upayogikkunnu. addehathinte moonnaamathe chathushkonatthinte ghadanayil, randaamathe chalanatthinte sherzoyude kramatthil, moonnaamathe chalanatthinte mandagathiyilulla pasacagliayilekku ithu anusmarippikkunnuvennum visheshippikkappettindu. neremarichu, shostaakovichinte pilkkala kruthiyude kadinavum shaanthavumaaya maanasikaavasthaye ithu munkootty kaanikkunnu, 1956 nuu sheshamulla addehathinte aadya chathushkonatthil ellah chalanangalum "attakka" ennu adayaalappeduthiyittilla." armeniyayile dilijan samgeethajnjarude retreatilaanu patthu divasathiladhikam eee kruthi rachichathu. akkaalat shostaakovichinte chila kruthikal communist party apalapikkapettu. 1936ll communist sarkkar nirodhichirunna "lady mcbeth oof dhaa mattsensk distrikt" enna pusthakatthinte 1962leeii punaravalokanamaayirunnu addehathinte ooppara "kaattarina ismailova". eee vivaadam kaaranam, athu parasyamillathe pradarshippikkappettu. athupole, baabi yaar koottakkolakale athijeevicha joothanmaarodulla anukambayude peril addehathinte pathimoonnaamatthe symphany sensor cheyyappettu. eee sweekaranathodulla "veruppinte" manobhaavam pathaamatthe string kwaarttattil kandethiya "puritanical furie" roopappeduthiyathaayi iyaan mcdonald ezhuthi. soviyatt vibhaagangalude audyogika pattikayil string kwaarttattum mattu chamber roopangalum kaanappedaathathinaal simphanikalekkaal string kwaarttattukal kooduthalaayi rachikkunnathinulla aupachaarika thiranjeduppu addehathinte kruthiyude eee vayana pinthunaykkaan upayogichu. sweekaranam. athinte uthkandayulla maanasikavastha rachanayude samayat shostaakovichinte shaareerika aarogyam kurayunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. addehathinte aarogyaprasnangalum sankeernamaaya varikal kaikondu ezhuthaanulla kazhivillaaymayum athinte apoornnathayude bhagikamaaya falamaanennu abhipraayappedunnu. shostaakovichinte aarogyathinteyo sarkkarumaayulla bandhatthinteyo kanniloode eee kruthiye veekshikkunna sameepanangale kuraykkunnavayaayi vimarsakanaaya thomas meeii visheshippichittundu, eee vimarsanam "samgeethatheyum kalaparavumaaya anubhavathe avyakthamaakkunnu" ennum aakramanathmaka nimishangal undaayirunnittum kruthiyil adangiyirikkunna "aazhathilulla avyakthatha" kku kaaranamakunnillennum addeham ezhuthi. randaamathe "furioso" prasthaanathinteyum manushya vikaarangaludeyum prameyamaayi prathinidheekarikkunna thinma thammilulla pooraattatthinte praathinidhyamaayum chathushkonathe vyaakhyaanichittund. eee vyaakhyaanathil, matellaa prameyangalum aavarthikkunna naalaamathe prasthaanatthil eee prameyathinte abhavam thinmaye marikadakkaanulla saadhyathaye pratheekappeduthunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee vyaakhyaanam kuraykkunnathaayi vimarshikkappettittundu. mattu shostakovichu kruthikalumaayi ghadanayilum gaanangalilum kwaarttettinte saamyam chila vimarshakare ithine thaarathamyena nissaramaaya rachanayayi visheshippikkaan prerippichu, athaayath "puthiya shostaakovichil" "athil" [athinte] mikacha mungaamikalude aazhamo veethiyum "illennu ezhuthiya iyaan mcdonald. mattu vimarshakar kooduthal anukoolamaanu, mcdonaldinte pusthakatthe oru 'parihasam' ennu visheshippicha richard taruskin, patthaam kwaarttattine purathaakkiyathu samgeethasamvidhaayakanodulla thettaaya, amithamaya jeevacharitraparamaaya sameepanathinte falamaanennu nirddeshikkunnu. koodaathe, judith kuhn ezhuthiyathu, chathushkonatthinte randaamathe chalanam 'valia thothilulla samgharsham chithreekarikkaan string chathushkonathe upayogikkaanulla samgeethasamvidhaayakante sramangalil ettavum vijaykaravum aaveshakaravumaanu' ennaanu. swaadheenam. rudolph barshay thante chamber symphanyil string orkkastraykkaayi eee kruthi krameekarichu. shostaakovichinte suhruthum sahapravartakanum pathinaalaamatthe symphanyude premiier ulppede addehathinte samgeethathinte pathiv kandakdarumaayirunnu barshay. addehathinte krameekaranam shostaakovichinte yadhaartha rachanayodu valare vishwasthamaanu, pradhaanamaayum cello bhaagathinu oonnal nalkaan upayogikkunna eratta baas kootticherkkunnathil ithu vyathyasthamaan. koodaathe, anattoli dimitrivu piano phoor hands kuraykkaan krameekarichu. prakadanangalum recordingukalum. 1964ll moscoyile beethovan kwaarttett eee kruthi aadyamaayi pradharshippichu. ithinethudarnnu 1966ll albernie kwaarttett ithu yukeyil pradharshippichu. 1965ll velttar kwaarttett aadyamaayi irupathiladhikam recordingukal nadathiyittundu. shostaakovichinu ariyukayum pravartthikkukayum cheytha grouppukalude recordingukalum ithil ulppedunnu, borodine kwaarttett, beethovan kwaarttett, iruvarum eee srishtiyude onniladhikam recordingukal puratthirakki, 1998ll athu record cheytha fviltsiyam kwaarttett. 2017ll demetry yaabonski nadatthiya keevu vertuosi, 2015ll graham rooss nadatthiya demetry team ennivayulppede string orkkastraykkaayi rudolph barshaayiyude krameekaranathekkurichum niravadhi recordingukal nadathiyittundu.

string chaukadi kra. 10 (shostakovich) dimitra shostakovichi string chaukadi kra. 10 aii-flat mejarmadhye, aup. 118, 9 teey 20 julai 1964 darmyan rachala gela. moscotil beethovan chaukadine tyacha pratham pradarshan keela aanee too shostakovicha jawalcha mitra sangitkar mikzislav (moisei) weinberg yala samarpit aahe. tyache varnan tyachya purvichya stallin-yugatil chaturthanshanchi anishchit manahsthiti vikasit karane, tasech tyachya nantarchya kamanchi tapashcharya aanee bhavnik antar purvachhayache chitran karane asey kele gele aahe. yaa chaukadine tyachya uttaradhatil vaishishtyapurn simphanisarkhya mothya pramanavaril kamanpeksha chamber sangeetala pradhanya dile. sangitshastradnya richard taruskin yanchya matey, yamule teey taar chaukadi madhyamasathi itka vel samarpit karnare pahile russian sangitkar banale. sangeet. yaa kamat chaar halchali aaheth khelanyachi vel andaje 22 minite aahe. aay. aandant. pahili halchal sonata rondo swarupat asate aanee tyat mauu gatishilatecha vapar keela jaato. ekal violinavar chaar swaranchya rachnesah prarambh, hii halchal mothya pramanat eae-minormadhye lihili jaate, jee aii-flat mejarchya mukhya killipasoon eka kirkol sahava door aahe. haah eae-minor/aii-flat mejar sanvad sampoorn chaukatit punha punha hoto. donhi killimadhil vishay swatantrapane aikale jaatat, nantar ekach velee, aii-flatmadhye punaravrutti karnyapurvi. yaat sul ponticello vajavane heey eka vistarit tantra dekhil aahe, jyamadhye taranchya varchya susangatatecha vapar keela jaato aanee shostakovichya sampoorn karyat punaravrutti honanya anapest layacha vapar keela jaato. yaa chalvalit shostakovichya "sangeet swakshari", dii. ess. etch. motif, sangeet swaransathi german akshar pranalicha vapar karoon sangitkarachya navacha eka guptalekhan yancha vyutpann aahe. hii halchal "morendo" sampate, jee haloohaloo khandat nasht hott asalyache darshavate. eka samanya sadarikaranala sumare 5 minite lagatat. II. furiosochya babatit. dusari halchal eae minormadhye aahe aanee lokriyan modacha vyapak vapar karate. shostakovichya string quartetmadhye bhavnik soochak 'furioso' adviteey aahe. tyachi suruvat, chaar purn swar payya, shostakovichane tyachya pachvya swarmelamadhye aanee aathvya taar chaukatit vaparlelya vishayacha sandarbh detat. eka samanya sadarikaranala sumare 5 minite lagatat. 3. adagio (atakka). tisari halchal hii aii-flat mejar tonikpasoon door asalelya eka ardhaswarat lihileli asate, jaree tyat aii-flat mejar aanee eae kirkol tonality dekhil vaparlya jaatat jyaa sampoorn kamat punaravrutti hotat. too pasacaglia swarupat lihila gela aahe, joou shostakovichya sangeetat varanvar vaparla jaato aanee tyachya kamavar barok kalatil rachanechya prabhavache udaharan mhanoon tyache varnan kele gele aahe. pasacaglia sankalpana vikasit kelee jaate, ground bassah aanee tyashivay vajavali jaate aanee sampoorn halchalit atirikt baar aanee beats vajavali jaate. tyat tyachya chauthya chaukadichya 'stotra rachane' chaa swa-uddharan dekhil aahe. eka samanya sadarikaranala sumare 7 minite lagatat. 4. elgreto-aandante. chauthi halchal tisyapaaasoon satat suru asate, jee darmyan konatahi viram naan gheta khelali jaate. heey kamachi tonnic qee, aii-flat mejarmadhye lihile aahe. heey dii minorcha dekhil vapar karate, jyamule tonikpasoon door eka triton tayar hoto. heey sonata rondo swarupat lihile gele aahe aanee drone aanee lokgitanchya talancha vyapak vapar karate. yaa chalvalit, aadhichya pratyek chalvaliche vishay navya rando sankalpanechya virodhat punha teen halchali aikalya jaatat, jyat tisya chalvalichi pasacaglia sankalpana samavisht aahe, jee 'forticisimo' vajavali jaate, jyamule chalvalichya mothya pramanat mook rachneviruddha virodhabhas nirman hoto. pahilya halchalipramanech 'morendo' mhanoon chinhankit karoon, anishchit shevat nirman karoon, chalval sampate. yaa halchalit dii. ess. etch. cryptogram dekhil parat yeto. eka samanya sadarikaranala sumare 9 minite lagatat. rachana. string chaukadi polish sangitkar mikzislav weinberg yanna samarpit hotee, joou shostakovicha jawalcha mitra aanee shishya hota. sangitkaranche paraspar prabhavshali sambandh hote, tasech kahee pramanat vair hote, jyamule kahee pramanat samarpanala prerana midali. 1964 madhye shostakovich yanni lihileh [weinberg] yanni nauu chaturthansh lihile aanee tyapaiki shevatchya neey mallah mage takale, kaaran tyaveli majhyakade fakt aath hote. tyamule mea aata jeey kele aahe, teey weinbergla pakadanyache aanee tyala mage takanyache aavhan mea swatahsamor thewale. taranchi chaukat paramparik chaar halchalinmadhye lihili gelee aahe, 1956 madhye rachalelya tyachya sahavya chaukatinnantar rachali geleli tyachi ekmev chaukat. yamule teey tyaa kalatil shostakovichya itar chaturthanshanpeksha vegale hote, jeey vividh halchalinchya sanrachanancha vapar karoon paramparepasun vichalit jhaale hote. tyachya varn aanee trikoni raganchya sanyogachi nond tyachya aathvya taar chaukadishi asalelya samanatesathi jhaali aahe aanee pahilya halchalitil raag tyachya pachvya swarmelyachya pahilya halchalicha vishay aathavato asey mhatale jaate. chaukadichi rachana, visheshtah shant, tulanene shant parichay aanee vegwan, tatadichya dusya halchaliche sanyojan tyachya dahavya swarmelasarkhe aahe. tyachya ganyanche varnan shostakovichya mejar aanee minor third sarkhya antaransathichya pradhanyache prateek mhanoon kele gele aahe. sangitkarachya aadhichya konatyahi kamapeksha adhik laghupat aanee ardh-rachana asalele heey sangitkarachya shevatchya kalavadhiche vaishishtya asalelya shantata aanee santh vikasamadhye swarasya darshavate. glissandy, sphorjandi aanee ausilating semitonescha tyacha vyapak vapar dekhil tyachya uttaradhatil shailiche prateek mhanoon varnan keela gela aahe. yaat shostakovichya 'lady mcbeth' yaa operatil 'vishvasaghat' sankalpanecha ly vaparla aahe. dusya halchalichya sherzochya kramanusar, tisya halchalichya santh pasacagliamadhye, tyachya tisya chaukadichya sanrachanemadhye tyachi aathvan karoon denari mhanoon dekhil tyache varnan kele gele aahe. yaulat, 1956 nantarchya tyachya pahilya chaukatit, jyachya pratyek halchalila 'atakka' asey chinhankit kele gele nahee, tyaa shostakovichya nantarchya kamachi kathor, shant manahsthiti heey yatoon purvavat hote." aarmeniyatil dilijan sangitkaranchya vishramgruhat daha divasanhun adhik kaal heey kaam rachale gele. tyaveli shostakovichya kahee kamancha communist pakshane nishedh keela hota. tyanche aupera 'caterina izmelova' heey 'lady mcbeth auph daad matsensk district' chey 1962 chey punaravalokan hote, jyavar 1936 madhye communist sarkarne bandee ghatali hotee. yaa vadamule, tyacha konatahi prachar naan hota. tyachpramane, babinchya hatyepasoon vachalelya jyoo lokanprati asalelya sahanubhutisathi tyachya teravya swarmelavar sensor lavnyat aala. ian mcdonaldne lihile qee yaa swagatabaddalachya "tiraskar" chya vruttimule dahavya taranchya chaukatit aadhalanaya "shuddhatavadi rosh" laa aakar midala. swarmelanpeksha adhikne adhik swarvarni chaturthansh lihinyachi aupcharik nivad tyachya kamachya yaa vachanas samarthan denyasathi vaparali gelee aahe, kaaran taar chaukadi aanee itar kaksh prakar soviet shailinchya adhikrut yadeet disat naheet. swagat. tyachi chintechi manahsthiti hii rachana kartana shostakovichya ghatatya sharirik aarogyashi jodali gelee aahe. tyachya aarogyachya samasya aanee parinami guntaguntichya olee hatane lihinyat asamarthata yamulehi tyachi kamatarata kahee pramanat disun yete. shostakovichya aarogyachya drushtikonatun kinwa sarkarshi asalelya sambandhanchya drushtikonatun kamakade pahana drushtikonanche varnan qamee karnare asey kele gele aahe, jase qee samikshak thomas meey yanni lihile aahe qee hii teeka "sangeet aanee kalatmak anubhav aspasht karate" aanee tyachya aakramak kshanannantarhi yaa kamat asalelya "gahan dvidha manahsthiti" chaa hishob karat nahee. dusya 'furioso' chalvalicha vishay aanee manvi bhavnandware darshavilelya dushtanmadhil sangharshache pratinidhitva mhanoonahi chaukadicha arth lavala gela aahe. yaa vyakhyemadhye, chauthya chalvalit yaa vishayacha abhav, jithe itar serve sankalpana punha mandalya aahet, teey vaitavar maat karnyachya shakyateche prateek aahe. tathapi, yaa vyakhyevar qamee karnara mhanoon teeka dekhil karnyat aalee aahe. chaughanchi rachana aanee itar shostakovichya ganyanmadhil samyamule kahee samikshakanni tyache varnan tulanene kshullak rachana mhanoon kele aahe, jase qee ian mcdonald, jyanni 'daad nyu shostakovich' madhye lihile aahe qee tyat '[tyachya] utkrusht purvavartinchya kholicha kinwa rundicha' abhav aahe. itar samikshak adhik sakaratmak aahet, jase qee richard taruskin, jyanni mcdonaldchya pustakache varnan 'upahasatmak' asey kele aanee suchavale qee tyane dahavya chaukadichi hakalpatti hii sangitkarakade asalelya sadosh, atee charitratmak drushtikonatun jhaali aahe. yavyatirikt, judith kuhnane lihile qee chaukadichi dusari halchal 'mothya pramanat sangharsh darshavinyasathi taar chaukadicha vapar karnyachya sangitkaranchya prayatnanpaiki kadachit sarvat yashasvi aanee romanchak aahe'. prabhav. rudolph barshai yanni tyanchya chamber symphanymadhye string aurkestrasathi kamachi vyavastha kelee hotee. barshai heey shostakoviche mitra aanee sahkari hote aanee tyanchya chaudavya swarmelatil pratham pradarshanasah tyanchya sangitache varanvar vahak hote. tyachi vyavastha shostakovichya mool shailishi atyant vishvasoo aahe, pramukhyane duheri baschya jodanimadhye vegali aahe, jee mukhyatve cello bhagavar jore denyasathi vaparali jaate. yavyatirikt, anatoli dimitriyevne piyanochya chaar hatanchi vyavastha kelee. sadarikaran aanee dhwanimudran. 1964 madhye mosco yetheel beethovan chaukadine yaa kamacha shubharambh keela. tyanantar 1966 madhye alburney chaukadine brittenmadhye yache udghatan kele. kamachi visahoon adhik dhwanimudrane karnyat aalee, pahili 1965 madheel changli chaukadine. yamadhye shostakovichala mahit asalelya aanee tyanchyasobat kaam kelelya tukadyanchya dhvanimudranancha dekhil samavesh aahe, udaharanarth borodine chaukadi, beethovan chaukadi, jyanni yaa kamachi anek dhwanimudrane prakashit kelee aahet aanee 1998 madhye dhwanimudrit kelelya fwilitzium chaukadine. rudolph barshaichya string aurkestrachya vyavasthechi anek dhwanimudrane dekhil kelee gelee aahet, jyat 2017 madhye demetry yablonskine aayojit kelelya keev virtuosy aanee 2015 madhye grahm ross yanni aayojit kelelya demetry samoohane kelee hotee.

string quartet nan. 10 (shostakobhich) dimitra shostakobhichko string quartet nan. 10 ae-flatt mejarma, ope. 118, 9 dekhi 20 july 1964 samma rachana garieko thiyo. yasako premiere maskoma bithobhen quartetdwara garieko thiyo rar yo sostakobhichko ghanishtha mitra sangitkar miezislav (moisei) weinberglai samarpit chha. yasalai unko pahileko stallin-yug quartetharuko anishchit manodasha kheti garne, sathai unko pachhika karyaharuko tapasya rar bhawanatmak duriko purwachhaya dine rupma warnan garieko chha. chaukadile unko pachhillo awadhiko visheshta bhaeko simphany jasta thula starka kamharu bhanda chember sangitko prathamiktalai wargikrit गऱ्यो।. sangitwid richard taruskinka anusar, yasale unlai string quartet mediumma yati dherai samaya samarpit garne pahilo rusi sangitkar banayo. sangit. yass karyama charawata andolanharu chhanh khelko samaya lagbhag 22 minet how. mahm. andante. pahilo andolan sonata rondoko rupma hunchha rar yasale suft dynamicsko prayog gardacha. ekal bhayalinma chaar-note motifko sath kholda, andolan dherai hadasamma eae minorma lekhieko chha, ae-flatt mejarko mukhya kunjibata ek sano chhaitaun tadha. yo ei minor/ae-flatt pramukh sanwad chaukatbhari punarawritti hunchha. duwai kunjiharuma vishayavastuharu chhuttai sunchhan, tyasapachhi ekaisath, ae-flatma punah ganana garnu aghi. yasama sall ponticelo bajaune suwidha pani chha, stringko mathillo harmonicsko prayog samawesh bhaeko ek wistarit prawidhi, rar ek anapest talko prayog gardacha june sostakobhichko karyabhari punarawritti hunchha. yass andolanle sostakobhichko "sangitik hastakshar", dsh motif, sangitik noteharuka lagi german akshar pranali prayog garera sangitkarko namko cryptogramko wyutpatti samawesh gardacha. andolan "morendo" samapta hunchha, jasle bistarai matrama marne sanket gardacha. euta samanya pradarshanle lagbhag 5 minet linchha. II. algreto furioso. dosro andolan eae minorma chha rar lokrian modko wyapak prayog gardacha. bhawanatmak suchak 'furioso' sostakobhichko string quartetharuma adwitiya chha. yasako suruwat, chaar sampurna swar charanharu, sostakobhichle afno panchaun simphany rar athaun string quartetma prayog gareko vishayalai sandarbha gardacha. euta samanya pradarshanle lagbhag 5 minet linchha. 3. edazio (ataka). tesro chaal sanoma lekhieko chha, tonic ae-flatt mejarbata tadha ek semitone, yadyapi yasale ae-flatt mazer rar eae minor tonalityharu pani prayog gardacha june kambhari punarawritti hunchha. yo pasakaglia rupma lekhieko chha, prayaha sostakobhichko sangitma prayog garinchha, rar unko kamma barok kalko rachanako prabhawko udaharanko rupma warnan garieko chha. pasakaglia vishayavastu wiksit garieko chha, ground basasanga rar bina nai khelinchha, rar andolanbhari thap barharu rar bitharu chhan. yasama unko chautho chaukadiko 'bhajan motif' ko atma-uddharan pani chha. euta samanya pradarshan lagbhag 7 minet lagchha. IV. algreto-andante. chautho chaal tesrobata nirantar hunchha, bichma kunai viram bina khelinchha. yo kamko tonic kunji, ae-flatt mejarma lekhieko chha. yasale dodd minerlai pani prayog gardacha, jasle tanikbata tadha tritonko visangati sirjana gardacha. yo sonata rondoko rupma lekhieko chha rar yasale drone rar lock geet talko wyapak prayog gardacha. yass andolanma, pratyek aghilla vishayavastuharu nayan rondo wishayawastuko viruddhama tinawata andolanharu feri suninchha, jasma tesro andolanko pasakaglia vishayavastu samawesh chha, june "forticisimo" khelinchha, jasle andolanko dherai hadasamma mauna banawatko viruddhama bhinnata sirjana gardacha. andolan samapta hunchha, pahilo andolanko rupma "morendo" chinha lagainchha, anishchit antya sirjana gardacha. yass gatima dsh cryptogram pani farkanchha. euta samanya pradarshanle lagbhag 9 minet linchha. rachana. string quartet polish sangitkar mikjislav weinberglai samarpit thiyo, jo sostakobhichka ghanishtha mitra rar vidyarthi thie. sangitkarharuko parasparik prabhawashali sambandha thiyo, sathai pratispardhako ek degree thiyo, jasle anshik rupma samarpanlai prerit गऱ्यो।. sann 1964 maa, sostakobhichle lekheh [weinberg] ley nau quartetharu lekhe rar tiniharu madhye antimle malai uchhindai gayo, kinki tyas samayama masanga atha matra thie. tyasaile maile afulai weinberglai samatne rar uchhinne chunauti tayar paaren, june maile ahile gareko chhu. string quartet paramparagat chaar chalharuma lekhieko chha, unko ek matra quartet unko chhaitaun quartet pachhi rachana garieko thiyo, 1956 maa rachana garieko thiyo. yasale yasalai sostakobhichko tyas samayaka anya quartetharubhanda farak banaunchha, june vibhinna gati sanrachanaharu prayog garera paramparabata wichlit bhayo. chromatic rar tridic dhunharuko yasako sanyojan unko athaun string quartetsanga mildojuldo bhaeko chha, rar pahilo andolanko dhunle unko panchaun simphaniko pahilo andolanko vishayavastulai samjhan bhanieko chha. chaukadiko sanrachana, vishesh gari yasako shanta, apekshakrit shanta parichaya rar druta, tatkal dosro chalko sanyojan unko dasaun simphanisanga mildojuldo chha. yasako dhunharulai mazer rar minor third jasta antaralharuka lagi sostakobhichko prathamiktako pratikko rupma warnan garieko chha. sangitkarko aghillo kunai pani kambhanda badhi minim rar semibrebhharu prastut gardai, yasale maunata rar dhilo vikasma chasoko apeksha gardacha jasle sangitkarko pachhillo awadhiko visheshta how. yasako glycandi, sforzandi, rar dolankari semitonesko wyapak prayoglai pani unko pachhillo shailiko pratikko rupma warnan garieko chha. yasale sostakobhichko opera, "leady mcbeath" batt "vishwasaghat" motifko laya prayog gardacha. yasalai unko tesro chaukadiko sanrachanama, dosro andolanko sherzoko anukramka lagi, tesro andolanko dhilo pasakagliama smaran garaunchha bhanera pani warnan garieko chha. yasako viparit, yasale sostakobhichko pachhiko kamko kathora, vinamra manodasha, 1956 pachhi unko pahilo chaukadilai "atakka" ley chihnit gareko chhaina." yo kriti armaniama raheko dilijan sangitkarharuko retreatma das dina bhanda badhi samayaka lagi rachana garieko thiyo. tyas samayama sostakobhichka kehi kritiharu communist partyle ninda gareko thiyo. unko opera "catarina ismailobha" sann 1962 maa "metsensk jillako leady mcbeath" ko sanshodhan thiyo, jaslai sann 1936 maa communist sarkarle pratibandha lagaeko thiyo. yass vivadka karan, yasako kunai prachar bina premiere bhaeko thiyo. tyasai gari, unko tehraun simphanilai babi yarr narasanharbata bancheka yahudiharuprati sahanubhuti dekhaunda censor garieko thiyo. ian mcdonaldle lekheka chhan kii yass swagatprati "ghrina" ko manowrittile dashaun string quartetma fela pareko "puritanical fury" lai akar diyo. string quartet rar anya kakshaka rupharu sobhiyat widhaharuko adhikarik suchima dekha pardaina bhanne tathyaka karan simphaniharu bhanda string quartetharu lekhne aupacharik chhanautalai unko kamko yass pathanlai samarthan garna prayog garieko chha. swagat. yasako chintit manodasha sostakobhichko sanrachanako samayama ghatdo sharirik swasthyasanga jodieko chha. yasako viraltalai anshik rupma unko swasthya samasyaharu rar jatil rekhaharu hastalekhan garna asakshamtako parinamko rupma pani sujhau diieko chha. sostakobhichko swasthya wa sarkarsangko sambandhako lensbata kamlai herne drishtikonlai hraskariko rupma warnan garieko chha, jastai alochak thomas medwara, jasle lekheka chhan kii yo alochanale "sangit rar kalatmak anubhawlai aspashta parchha" rar yasako akramak kshanharuko bawajud yass kritima samawesh "gahiro dwidha bhawana" ko lagi jimmewar chhaina. chaukadilai dosro "furioso" andolanko vishayavastu rar manav bhawanaharudwara pratinidhitwa garieko dushtata bichko sangharshako pratinidhitwako rupma pani wyakhya garieko chha. yass wyakhyama, chautho andolanma yass wishayawastuko abhawa, jahaan anya sabai vishayavastuharu punah prastut garieko chha, dushtatalai parr garne sambhawanalai pratik gardacha. yadyapi, yo wyakhyalai hraskariko rupma pani alochana garieko chha. sanrachana rar anya sostakobhich kritiharusanga talma quartetko samantale kehi alochakharulai yasalai apekshakrit mahatwahin rachanako rupma warnan garna prerit gareko chha, jastai ian mcdonald, jasle "nayan sostakobhich" maa lekheka chhan kii yasama "[yasako] utkrishta purwawartiharuko gahirai wa chaudaiko" abhawa chha. anya alochakharu badhi sakaratmak chhan, jastai richard taruskin, jasle mcdonaldko pustaklai 'upahas' ko rupma warnan gare, rar dasaun chaukadiko barkhastikaran sangitkarprati trutipurna, atyadhik jiwani drishtikonko parinam how bhanera sujhawa die. thap rupma, judith kuhnale lekhe kii chaukadiko dosro andolan 'sambhawatah sabaibhanda safal rar romanchak chha sangitkarko prayasharu string chaukadilai thulo matrama dwandwa chitran garna prayog garne'. prabhawa. rudolf barsaile afno chember simphanyma string archestraca lagi kaam wyawasthit gareka thie. barsai sostakobhichka sathi rar sahakarmi thie, rar unko chaudhaun simphaniko premiere sahit unko sangitko barambar conductor thie. unko wyawastha sostakobhichko maulikprati atyadhik wafadar chha, mukhyataya yasako double basko thapma farak chha, june dherai hadasamma selo bhaglai jode dina prayog garinchha. thap rupma, anatoly dimitriwale piano chaar hatka lagi katautiko wyawastha gare. pradarshan rar recordingharu. yass kamko premiere sann 1964 maa maskoma bithobhen quartetdwara garieko thiyo. yasapachhi, yasako premiere sann 1966 maa albernie quartetdwara belayatma garieko thiyo. kamko beas bhanda badhi recordingharu garieko chha, pahilo sann 1965 maa weller quartetdwara garieko thiyo. yasama shostakobhichle thaha paeko rar kaam gareko samuhaharudwara recordingharu pani samawesh chhan, jastai borodine quartet, bithobhen quartet, jasle duwaile kamko dherai recordingharu jaari gareka chhan, rar 1998 maa yasalai record garne fwilitzium quartet. string archestraca lagi rudolf barsaiko wyawasthako dherai recordingharu pani garieko chha, jasma sann 2017 maa demetry yablonskidwara sanchalit kibh virtuocy rar 2015 maa graham rosdwara sanchalit demetry samuha pani samawesh chha.

stringa quartet nong. 10 (shostakovich) dimri shostakovichnka string quartet nong. nong aii-flat mejarare, app. 118, 1964 masiha july 9 ru 20 tarikh parjyanta rachita hoithila. ehara premiyara maskore bithoven quartet dwara karajaithila ebong ehaa shostakovichnka ghanistha bandhu, composure miejisla (moisei) wenabarganku utsarga karajaichi. ehaa taanka purba stallin-jugara quartetgudikara anischita manobrutti srusti kariba sahita taanka parabarti karjyagudikara kathorata ebong bhabapraban durata purbabhasa deba bhabare barnana karajaichi . ehi chatuhparswati taanka shesh samaira biseshatwa bahn karuthiba simphany bhali budd dharanara karjyagudika apekhya chember sangeetaku pasanda karithila. sangeetabigyanee richard taruskinanka anujai, ehaa tanku pratham rushiah sangeetakara karithila jie kii string quartet madhyama paain ete samai utsarga karithile. sangeeta. ehi karjyare charoti gatibidhi rahichhih khelibara samai pakhapakhi 22 minute. aai. andante. pratham gatibidhi sonata rondo roopare hoithae ebong ethire naram gatisheelata byabahara karajaithae. ekaka bhajolinare chaari-note motif sahita arambha curry, ehi andolana mukhyatah ee mainarare lekhajae, aii-flat mejarara mukhya chabitharu eka minor shastha doorare . ehi ee-minor/aii-flat pramukh bartalapa samagra chatuhparshware punarabrutti hue . ubhaja chabir bishajabastugudika alga alga sunajae, taa 'parey ekakaleena, aii-flatre punahsrusti heba purbaru. ethire sul ponticello bajaiba madhya rahichhi, jaahaa eka samprasarita kaushala jeunthire taarara upara harmonics byabahara karajaithae, ebong eka anapest chhanda byabahara karithae jaahaa shostakovichnka karjyakala madhyare punarabrutti hoithae. ehi aandolanare shostakovichnka "musical signechar", dsch motif, sangeeta note paain german akhyara pranali byabahara curry surakaranka namara eka cryptograph rahr eka byutpatti achhi . ehi andolana "morendo" ray shesh hue, jaahaa dheere dheere aajatanare marijauthiba suchaithae. eka sadharana pradarshan praiah 5 minute neithae . 2. algreto furioso. dwiteeja gati ee mainarare achhi ebong locrean modra byapaka byabahara kare . shostakovichnka string quartetre aabegika suchaka 'furioso' ananya . ehara arambha, charoti sampurna swara padakhyepa, shostakovichnka dwara taanka pancham simphany ebong astama string quartatere byabahruta eka bishajaku ullekha kare . eka sadharana pradarshan praiah 5 minute neithae . 3. adaggio (attakka). truteeja gati eka chhot akhyarare lekhajae, tonic aii-flat mejara thaaru doorare eka semitone, jadio ehaa aii-flat mejara ebong ee minor tonality madhya nijojita kare jaahaa samagra karjya samajare punarabrutti hue . ehaa pasacaglia roopare lekhajaichhi, jaahaa shostakovichnka sangeetare barambar byabahruta hue, ebong taanka karjya upare barok samaira rachnar prabhabara eka udaharana bhabare barnana karajaichi . pasacaglia bishajabastu bikashita hoichhi, ground baas sahita ebong bina, ebong samagra gati samajare atirikta baar ebong bitt sahita khelajae . ethire taanka chaturtha chaukadira 'bhajan motif' rahr eka swa-uddhruti madhya rahichhi. eka sadharana pradarshan praiah 7 minute neithae . 4. algreto-andante. chaturtha gati truteejaru nirantara, majhire kaunasi birati bina khelajae . ehaa eka-flat mejarare lekhajaichhi, jaahaa karjyara tonic chaabi . ehaa dii mainaraku madhya nijojita kare, jaahaa tanikaru doorare eka triton srusti kare . ehaa sonata rondo roopare lekhajaichhi ebong drone ebong lock geetara taalara byapaka byabahara kare . ehi aandolanare, purbabarti pratyekatira bishajabastu nutan rondo bishajabastu biruddhare tinoti andolana punarbara sunajae, jeunthire truteeja andolanara pasacaglia bishajabastu antarbhukta, jaahaa "forticisimo" khelajae, jaahaa andolanara mukhyatah nihshabda gathan biruddhare eka baiparitya srusti kare . andolana shesh hue, pratham andolana sahita "morendo" chinhita hue, eka anischita samapti srusti kare . ehi gatibidhire dii. ess. sii. cryptogram madhya pheriase. eka sadharana pradarshan praiah 9 minute neithae . rachna. stringa quarteti polish composure mikjisla wenabarganku utsarga karajaithila, jieki shostakovichnka jane ghanistha bandhu ebong chhatra thile. sangeetakaramananka madhyare parasparika prabhabasali samparka thila, ebong kichhi matrare pratidwandita madhya thila, jaahaa aanshika bhabe utsargeekrutataaku prerita karithila. 1964 masihare, shostakovich lekhithileh [wenberg] nauty quartet lekhithile ebong segudika madhyaru sheshati mote atikrama karithila, kaaran sehi samajare more maatra athati thila. tenu mun wenabarganku dhariba ebong parasta karibara aahwanaku sthira colly, jaahaa mun bartamana karichhi. string quartetku paramparika charoti gatibidhire lekhajaichhi, 1956 ray rachita tankara shastha quartet parey epari kariba paain tankara ekamatra quartet rachna karajaithila . ehaa sehi samajare shostakovichnka anya quartet thaaru bhinna, jaahaa bibhinna gati pranali byabahara curry parampararu bichyuta hoithila . chromatic ebong trikonian surara ehara mishran taanka astama string quartet sahita samanata paain janashuna, ebong pratham gatibidhire melody taanka pancham simphanira pratham gatibidhira bishajabastu smarana kare bolly kuhajae . chatuhparshwara gathan, bisesh curry ehara shant, apekhyakruta shant parichai ebong druta, jaruri dwiteeja gatibidhi taanka dasham simphany sahita samaana . ehara suragudiku mejara ebong minor truteeja pari byabadhana paain shostakovichnka pasander pratika bhabare barnana karajaichi . sangeetakaranka purba karjya tulanare adhika minim ebong semibrev pradarshita curry, ehaa nirabata ebong manthara bikashare agraha aasha kare jaahaa sangeetakaranka shesh abadhiku chinhita kare . ehara glissandy, sphorjandi ebong dolanakaree semitongudikara byapaka byabaharaku madhya taanka shesh saileera pratika bhabare barnana karajaichi . ehaa shostakovichnka apera, "ledi mcbeth" ru "biswasghatakata" motifra taalaku nijojita kare . ehaa madhya tankara truteeja chatuhparshwara gathanare, dwiteeja gatibidhira sherzor krama paain, truteeja gatibidhira manthara pasakagliaku smarana karaibare barnana karajaichi. aparapakhyare, ehaa shostakovichnka parabarti karjyara kathore, shant manobruttiku purbabhasa deithae, 1956 paratharu tankara pratham chaukadire pratyeka gatibidhi "attakka" ray chinhita hoinathila ." armeniare thiba dilijan sangeetakaranka retreat thaare ehi karjya dasha deane dhari rachna karajaithila . sehi samajare shostakovichnka keteka karjya communist party dwara nindara bishai hoithila . taanka apera "katerina ijamailova" thila "metsensk jillara ledi mcbeth" rahr 1962 masihar eka sanshodhana, jaahaaku 1936 masihare communist sarkar nishedha karithile. ehi bibada karanaru, ehara kaunasi prachara bina pratham pradarshan karajaithila. sehibhali, taanka trayodasha simphany baabi yaar ganahatyara banchithiba ihudeemananka prati sahanubhuti paain censor karajaithila. ian mcdonald lekhichhanti je ehi swagata prati "ghrunara" manobhaba dasham string quartatere miluthiba "puritanical krodha" ku aakaar deithila . simphany upare adhikaru adhika stringa quartet rachna kariba paain aanusthanika pasandaku taanka karjyara ehi pathaku samarthan karibaku byabahruta hoichhi, kaaran stringa quartet ebong anyanya chember form sobhiet saileera sarkari talikare dekhajai naahin . swagata. ehara chintita manobrutti rachna samajare shostakovichnka sharirika swasthya hrass paiba sahita jadita . ehara biralata madhya aanshika bhabare taanka swasthya samasya ebong phalaswaroopa jatila rekha lekhibare akhyamata karanaru suchita hoichhi . jeun abhimukhyagudika shostakovichnka swasthya kimba sarakaranka sahita samparkara drustikonaru karjyaku dekhanti, segudiku hraskari bolly barnana karajaichi, jepariki samalochaka thamas meey, jie lekhichhanti je ehi samalochana "sangeeta ebong kalatmaka abhigyataku aspasta karideithae" ebong ehara aakramanatmaka muhurta satwe ehi karjyare thiba "gabhira dwandwa bhabana" paain daie nuhen. chaturthangshaku madhya manda madhyare sangharshara eka pratinidhitwa bhabare byakhya karajaichi, jaahaa dwiteeja "furioso" andolanara bishajabastu ebong manab abeg dwara pratinidhitwa kare . ehi byakhya anusare, chaturtha aandolanare ehi bishajabastura abhaba, jeunthare anya samasta bishajabastu punah upasthapita hoichhi, manda upare bijai laabh karibara sambhabanaku darshauchhi. tebe, ehi byakhyaku hraskari bolly madhya samalochana karajaichi. anya shostakovich rachna sahita chatushkonara gathan ebong surare samanata kichhi samalochakanku ehaaku eka apekhyakruta tuchha rachna bhabare barnana karibaku prerita karichhi, jepariki ian mcdonald, jie "nutan shostakovich" ray lekhithile je ethire "[ehara] sarbottama purbasurinka gabhirata kimba prasthara abhaba achhi . anya samalochakamane adhika sakaratmaka, jepariki richard taruskin, jie mcdonaldnka pustakaku eka 'parihas' bhabare barnana karithile, ebong paramarsha deithile je dasham chaukadiku barakhasta kariba surakaranka prati trutipurna, atyadhika jeebani drustikonaru phalaphal . ehaa byatita, judith kuhn lekhichhanti je chatushkonara dwiteeja andolana 'budd dharanara sangharshaku chitrana kariba paain string chatushkonaku byabahara karibaku surakaranka prajasara sabutharu saphala ebong romanchkar' . prabhaba. rudolf barshainka dwara taanka chember simphanire string arkestra paain karjya ayojan karajaithila . barshai shostakovichnka jane bandhu ebong sahakarmee thile, ebong taanka chaturdasha simphanira premiyara sameth taanka sangeetara barambar conductor thile . tankara byabastha shostakovichnka moola prati atyanta biswasta, mukhyatah double baas joga karibare bhinna, mukhyatah cello ansha upare gurutwa deba paain byabahruta . ehaa byatita, anatoli dimitrijebh piano chaari haata paain eka hrass byabastha karithile. pradarshan ebong recording. 1964 masihare maskore bithoven quartet dwara ehi karjyara premiyara karajaithila. ehaa parey, 1966 masihare alburney quartet dwara ehaa britenare premiyara karajaithila. kamara kodieru adhika recording karajaichi, prathamati 1965 ray bhal quartet dwara . ethire shostakovich janithiba ebong karjya karithiba ensemble dwara recording madhya antarbhukta, jepariki borodine quartet, bithoven quartet, jaahaa ubhaja karjyara ekadhika recording prakash karichanti, ebong fwilitgium quartet, jie ehaaku 1998 ray record karichanti. string arkestra paain rudolf barsainka byabastha bishajare aneka recording madhya karajaichi, jeunthire 2017 ray demetry yablonsky dwara parichalita kibh bhartuosi ebong 2015 ray graham roses dwara parichalita demetry samishrana .

satar chaukadi nann. 10 (shostakovach) dimiti shostakovic dee satar chaukadi nann. 10 aii-flat mejar witch, ope. 118, 9 toon 20 julai 1964 takk banayi gaee see. iss daa premiere masco witch beethoven chaukadi duaara keeta giaa see atey ih shostakovic dey nazdiki dosat sangeetkar meezeeslav (moisei) weinberg noon samarpit haii. iss noon uss dey pahile stallin-yugg dey quartetan dey anishchit mood noon paida curran dey naal-naal uss dey baad dey kamman dee tapassiaa atey bhavnatmak doori noon darsaun dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa haii. chaukadi neey vadde paddhar dey kamman, jiven kii symphanies, joe kii uss dey akhirle samein dee visheshta haii, utte chamber sangeet dee tarjih noon darsaiaa. sangeet vigiaani richard terrskin dey anusar, iss neey uss noon satar chaukadi madhiam noon inna samaan denh vaala pahila russie sangeetkar bnaa ditta. sangeet. kamm witch chaar andolan hann khedan daa samaan lagbhag 22 mint haii. I. andey. pahili lahir sonata rondo roop witch haii atey saaft dynamics dee varton kardi haii. ikalle violin utte chaar-nott dey roop naal shuru hunda haii, andolan vadde paddhar utte ee-minor witch likhiaa jaanda haii, joe kii aii-flat mejar dee mukkh kunji toon ikk mamuli chhevan door haii. ih ee-minor/aii-flat pramukh sanvaad poore chaukadi witch duhraunda haii. doven kunjiaan witch theem noon vakkhre taur 'teey suniaa jaanda haii, firr ikko samein, aii-flat witch mudd-sankhep keete jaanh toon pahilan. iss witch sall ponticello khedan dee vee visheshta haii, ikk vistrit takneek jiss witch taaran dey upparle harmonics dee varton shamal haii, atey ikk anapest taal dee varton kardi haii joe shostakovic dey poore kamm witch duhrai jaandi haii. iss andolan witch shostakovic dey "sangeetak dastkhat", dee. aiss. see. roop, sangeet dey notan laee german akkhar pranali dee varton karde hoye sangeetkar dey naam daa ikk cryptogram shamal haii. andolan "morando" noon khatam karda haii, joe hauli-hauli matra witch khatam hoow riha haii. ikk aam pardarshan witch lagbhag 5 mint laggde hunn. II. alegreto furioso. duji lahir ee minor witch haii atey locarian mode dee viaapak varton kardi haii. bhavnatmak sanketak 'furioso' shostakovic dey satar dey quartetan witch vilakkhan haii. iss dee shuruat, chaar poore surr dey kadam, shostakovic duaara aapni panjvin simphany atey athvin satar chaukadi witch varte gaye ikk vishe daa havala dinde hunn. ikk aam pardarshan witch lagbhag 5 mint laggde hunn. 3. adaggio (ataka). tiji lahir ikk minor witch likhi jaandi haii, ikk semitone tonic aii-flat mejar toon door, halanki ih aii-flat mejar atey ee minor tonelities noon vee varatadi haii joe poore kamm dauran duhraundiyan hunn. ih pasakaglia roop witch likhiaa giaa haii, joe aksar shostakovic dey sangeet witch vartiaa jaanda haii, atey uss dey kamm utte barok period rachna dey prabhav dee ikk udaharan vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. pasakaglia theem noon vikast keeta jaanda haii, graoond baas dey naal atey binan khediaa jaanda haii, atey poore andolan dauran vadhu baaran atey beetan dey naal khediaa jaanda haii. iss witch uss dee chauthi chaukadi dey 'bhajan roop' daa ikk sway-havala vee haii. ikk aam pardarshan witch lagbhag 7 mint laggde hunn. IV. alegreto-andete. chauthi lahir teeje toon nirantar haii, jiss noon vichkaar koee viram naheen ditta jaanda. ih kamm dee tonic kunji, aii-flat mejar witch likhi gaee haii. ih dee minor noon vee varatda haii, jiss naal tonic toon door ikk tritone vigaad paida hunda haii. ih sonata rondo dey roop witch likhiaa giaa haii atey drone atey lock geet dee taal dee viaapak varton karda haii. iss andolan witch, pichle harek dey vishe navein rondo theem dey virudh tinn andolanan noon dubara suniaa jaanda haii, jiss witch tiji lahir daa pasakaglia theem vee shamal haii, jiss noon "forticisimo" khediaa jaanda haii, joe andolan dee vadde paddhar 'teey mioot text dey virudh ikk virodhabhas paida karda haii. andolan khatam hunda haii, pahile andolan dey naal "morando" vajon chinhit keeta jaanda haii, ikk anishchit ant banaunda haii. iss andolan witch dee. aiss. see. cryptogram vee waps aaunda haii. ikk aam pardarshan witch lagbhag 9 mint laggde hunn. rachna. satar chaukadi polish sangeetkar meekjislav weinberg noon samarpit see, joe shostakovic daa ikk karibi dosat atey vidiaarthi see. sangeetkaran daa aapsi prabhav vaala rishta see, naal hii ikk hadd takk pratibadhta see, jiss neey kujh hadd takk samarpan noon prerit keeta. 1964 witch, shostakovic neey likhiaao [weinberg] neey naun quarts likhe atey unhan vicchon aakhri neey mainoon pachad ditta, kiunki uss samein merey cole siraf atth sunn. iss laee main aapne aap noon weinberg noon fadan atey uss noon pachadan dee chunhauti ditti, joe main hunn keeta haii. satar chaukadi ravaiti chaar andolanan witch likhi gaee haii, uss dee iklauti chaukadi neey 1956 witch banayi gaee aapni chhevin chaukadi toon baad ajiha keeta. ih iss noon uss samein dey shostakovic dey horr quartetan dey ulat banaunda haii, joe kii kaee tarahan dey andolan dey dhanchiaan dee varton karke parampra toon bhatak giaa see. iss dey rung atey trikoni dhunan dey sumel noon uss dee athvin satar chaukadi naal samanta laee janhiaa jaanda haii, atey pahili lahir witch dhun noon uss dee panjvin simphany dey pahile andolan dey vishe noon yaad curran laee kiha giaa haii. chaukadi dee banatar, khaas karke iss dee shaant, mukabaltan shaant jaanh-pachanh atey tez, zaruri duji lahir daa sumel uss dee dasvin simphany naal milda julda haii. iss deeaan dhunan noon pramukh atey mamuli teeje varge antralan laee shostakovic dee tarjih dey prateek vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. sangeetkar dey pichle kamm naalon vadhere minim atey aradh-sangeet dee visheshta, ih chupp atey hauli vikas witch dilchaspi dee umeed karda haii joe sangeetkar dey akhirle samein dee visheshta haii. iss dee glycendy, sporzandy atey ausilating semitone dee viaapak varton noon vee uss dee dair toon shaili dey prateek vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. ih shostakovic dey opera, "lady mcbeth" toon "vishvasghat" dey roop dee taal noon varatda haii. iss noon uss dee tiji chaukadi dee banatar witch, duji lahir dey sherzo dey kram laee, tiji lahir dey hauli pasakaglia witch yaad divaunda haii. iss dey ulat, ih shostakovic dey baad dey kamm dey sakhat, naram mood noon darsaunda haii, 1956 toon baad uss dee pahili chaukadi jiss witch harr harkat noon "attakka" naal chinhit naheen keeta giaa see." ih rachna armenia witch dilijan sangeetkaran dey retreat witch dass dinan witch banayi gaee see. uss samein shostakovic deeaan kujh rachnavan dee communist party duaara ninda keeti gaee see. uss daa opera "catarina izmelova" "metsensk zilhe dee lady mcbath" daa 1962 daa sanshodhan see, jiss utte 1936 witch communist sarkaar duaara pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see. iss vivaad dey caarn, iss daa premiere binan kise prachar dey keeta giaa see. isey tarahan, uss dee tervin simphany noon bebi yaar dey katal toon bache yahudi lokan pratee hamdardi laee censor keeta giaa see. iaan mcdonald neey likhiaa kii iss suagat pratee "nafrat" dey ravaiye neey dasven satar chaukadi witch paae gaye "shudh gusse" noon aakaar ditta. symphanies utte satar dey quartet noon tezi naal likhan dee rasmi chonh dee varton uss dey kamm dey iss padhan daa samarthan curran laee keeti gaee haii, iss tatth dey caarn kii satar dey chaukadi atey horr chamber roop soviat shailiaan dee adhikarat suchi witch naheen dikhai dinde hunn. suagat. iss dey chintat mood noon rachna dey samein shostakovic dee ghatdi sarirak sihat naal jodiaa giaa haii. iss dee ghaat noon kujh hadd takk uss dee sihat dey muddiaan atey gunjhaldar lines noon hatth naal likhan witch asamratha dey natije vajon vee sujhaa ditta giaa haii. shostakovic dee sihat jaan sarkaar naal sabandhan dey chashme raahin kamm noon vekhan vaale drishtikon noon ghataun vaala dassiaa giaa haii, jiven kii aalochak thamas meye, jiss neey likhiaa haii kii ih alochna "sangeet atey kalatmak anubhav noon aspasht kardi haii" atey iss dey hamlawar palaan dey bavjood kamm witch "dunghi dubidha dee bhavna" daa caarn naheen haii. chaukadi dee viaakhiaa burai dey vichkaar sanghrash dee numaindagi vajon vee keeti gaee haii, joe dooje "furioso" andolan dey vishe atey manukkhi bhavnavan duaara darsai gaee haii. iss viaakhiaa witch, chauthe andolan witch iss vishe dee ghaat, jitthe horr saare vishiaan noon duhraiaa giaa haii, burai utte kabu paunh dee sambhavna daa prateek haii. halanki, iss viaakhiaa dee alochna vee keeti gaee haii kii ih ghatt curran vaali haii. horr shostakovic rachnavan naal dhanche atey dhunan witch chaukadi dee samanta neey kujh aalochakan noon iss noon ikk mukabaltan mahattavpuran rachna vajon varnan curran laee prerit keeta haii, jiven kii iaan mcdonald, jiss neey "nioo shostakovic" witch likhiaa see kii iss witch "[isade] bihtarin purvajan dee dunghai jaan chaudai" dee ghaat haii. horr aalochak vadhere skaratmak hunn, jiven kii richard terrskin, jiss neey mcdonald dee kitaab noon ikk 'mazak' dassiaa, atey sujhaa ditta kii dasvin chaukadi noon barkhast curran daa natija sangeetkar pratee ikk nukasdar, bahut ziaada jeevani pahunch haii. iss toon ilava, judith kuhan neey likhiaa kii chaukadi dee duji lahir 'vadde paddhar dey takraa noon darsaun laee satar chaukadi dee varton curran deeaan sangeetkar deeaan koshishan vicchon shayed sabh toon safal atey dilchsap' haii. prabhav. iss kamm daa parbandh rudolf barshai duaara aapne chamber simphany witch satar archestra laee keeta giaa see. barshai shostakovic daa mittar atey sehyogi see, atey aapne sangeet daa aksar sanchalak see, jiss witch uss dee chaudanvin simphany daa premiere vee shamal see. uss daa parbandh shostakovic dey mool pratee bahut vafadar haii, mukkh taur 'teey double baas dey vaadhe witch vakkhra haii, joe vadde paddhar' teey sailo hisse 'teey zor denh laee vartiaa jaanda haii. iss toon ilava, anatoli dimitriv neey piano chaar hatthan laee ikk katauti daa parbandh keeta. pardarshan atey recording. iss kamm daa premiere 1964 witch masco witch beethoven chaukadi duaara keeta giaa see. iss toon baad, iss daa premiere 1966 witch albarni chaukadi duaara yuke witch keeta giaa see. kamm deeaan veeh toon vaddh recordingan keetiaan gaeeaan hunn, pahili vaar 1965 witch changi chaukadi duaara keeti gaee see. inhan witch uhanan samoohan duaara recording vee shamal haii jinhan noon shostakovic janade sunn atey unhan naal kamm keeta see, jiven kii borodin chaukadi, beethoven chaukadi, jinhan dovan neey kamm deeaan kaee recordingan jaari keetiaan hunn, atey favilitzium chaukadi, jiss neey iss noon 1998 witch ricard keeta see. kaee recordingan vee keetiaan gaeeaan hunn jiss witch rudolf barshai dey satar archestra laee parbandh, jiss witch keev vertuci duaara 2017 witch demetery yablonsky duaara aayojit keeta giaa see atey 2015 witch graiham ross duaara aayojit demetery samooh vee shamal haii.

string quartet nam. 10 (shostaakovich) dimitra shostaakovich ityasya string quartet nam. 10 e-flaat measure madhye, aap. 118, 1964 julai 9 taha 20 paryantam rachitam aasit. maasko-nagare beethoven-chatushkoneey-dalena asya prathamapradarshanm krutam, tathaa cha shostaakovich ityasya nikatamitraay sangeetakaaraay mikajisla (moysei) wenberg ityasmai samarpitam asti. tasya poorvakaalasy stellin-yugasya quartets ityasya anishchita-manovruttim samvardhayati, tathaa cha tasya pashchat krutaanaam tapasya bhaavanaatmak-duratayaha cha purvasuchanam iti varnitam asti. chaturthah tasya antimakaalasya lakshanani, symphonies ityadinam bruhatkrushtinaam apekshayaa chember-sangeetasy pradhanyam avarnayat. sangeetashaastrajnasya richard taruskin ityasya matena, tena saha string-quartet-madhyamena ete samayam samarpitah prathamah russian-sangeetakaarah abhavat. sangeetam. kaarye chatwaarah gatihi santi. kreedaayaah samayah praayah 22 nimeshaani bhavati. a. andante. prathamam chalanam sonata-rondo-rupena bhavati, tathaa cha mrudu-gatividnyaanasya upayogam bhavati. ekala-vayolin-bhashayam chaturna-swara-mulamshena udghaatitam, etat chalanam bahusankhyaya ee-mainar-bhashayam likhitam asti, yat e-flaat-measure ityasya mukhya-kee-taha laghutaram shashtam doore asti. ayam ee-mainar/e-flaat-pramukha-samvaadaha sampoorne chatushkone aavartate. dwayoh kii-ityeteshaam vishayavastuh pruthak shrutau, tatah ekayoge, e-flaat madhye punah sankalitaat poorvam. asmin sul ponticelo-vaadanam api asti, yasyaah vistrutaa tantrasya upayoge taranam uparishraavya-saamanjasyasy upayogah bhavati, tathaa cha shostaakovich ityasya samagra-kriyayaha aavartanam kurvatee anapest-layasy upayogah bhavati. asmin aandolane shostaakovich ityasya "sangeeta-hastaksharasya" vyutpattih asti, dii. ess. ech. motif iti, sangeeta-svaranam krute german-akshar-pranaalim upayujya sangeetakartuh naamnah guptalekhah asti. aandolanasy samaaptih "morendo" iti bhavati, yat kramena parimanam mriyamaanam iti soochayati. ekaa vishishtam pradarshanm praayah 5 nimeshaan yaavat bhavati. II. furioso iti. dwiteeyam chalanam ee-mainar madhye bhavati tathaa cha lokriyan-vidhaanasya vistrutam upayogam karoti. shostaakovich ityasya string quartets madhye bhaavanaatmak-soochakah 'furioso' vishishtah asti. tasya aarambhah, chaturnam poornaswar-charaneshu, shostaakovich ityanena swasya panchame symphony ityasmin, ashtame string-quartet ityasmin cha prayuktasya vishayasya ullekhah asti. ekaa vishishtam pradarshanm praayah 5 nimeshaan yaavat bhavati. 3. adazio (atakka). truteeyah chalanam laghu-dhvanyaam likhitam asti, e-flaat-measure-taanik-taha doore ardha-swarah asti, yadyapi etat e-flaat-measure-ee-laghu-swaraan api upayujyate, ye sampoorne kaarye punaraavartante. eshah pasacaglia-rupena likhitah asti, yah shostaakovich ityasya sangeete bahudhaa upayujyate, tasya kaarye barok-kaalasy rachanaayaah prabhaavasya udaaharanaroopen varnitah asti. pasacaglia iti vishayavastuh vikasitah, ground-baas ityanena saha vinaa cha vaayyate, sampoorne aandolane cha atirikttaih baar-beat-ityanena cha saha vaayate. asmin tasya chaturtha-chaturthah 'bhajan-roopakam' swa-uddharanam api asti. ekaa vishishtam pradarshanm praayah 7 nimeshaan yaavat bhavati. IV. alegreto-andente. chaturtham chalanam truteeyebhyah nirantaram bhavati, madhye viraamam vinaa kreedyate. etat e-flaat measure ityasmin likhitam asti, yat krutyaah taanik kee asti. etat dii-mainar ityetam api upayunjate, yena taanik-taha doore triton iti visangatam bhavati. etat sonata-rondo-rupena likhitam asti, drones-ityasya, lokagitanam cha layanam cha vyaapakah upayogah karoti. asmin aandolane, pratyekasya poorvavarteenaam vishayanam nutanasya rondo-vishayasya viruddham punah treeni aandolanaani shrutaani, truteeya-aandolanasy pasacaglia-vishayavastuh api cha, yat "forticissimo" iti kreedyate, yena aandolanasy bahubhaagatah nishabda-vinyaasasya viruddham vairuddhyam nirmitam. andolanam samaaptam bhavati, prathama-aandolanasy rupena "morendo" iti ankitam bhavati, anishchita-samaaptim kalpayati. asmin aandolane dee. ess. ech. cryptograam api punaraavartate. ekaa vishishtam pradarshanm praayah 9 nimeshaan yaavat bhavati. rachanaa. string-quartet iteedam polish-sangeeta-rachanakaraya mixislav wenberg ityasmai samarpitam aasit, yah shostaakovich ityasya nikatamitrah shishyah cha aasit. sangitakaranam paraspar-prabhaawinah sambandhah aasit, tathaiva pratidwandweetaayaah cha matra aasit, yaa amshatah samarpanm prerepitavatee. 1964 tame varshe shostaakovich varyaha likhati yat - [wenberg] nava chaturthaamshaani likhitavaan, teshu antimam cha mahyam agraahrutavaan, yatah tasmin samaye mama kevalam ashtah eva aasan. ataha aham wenberg-nagaram graheetum, tasya upari cha gantum cha swasyaah eva aavhaanam ayudhyaami, yat idaaneem krutavaan. string-quartet iteedam paaramparika-chaturnam chalaneshu likhitam asti, tasya ekamaatrah quartet 1956 tame varshe rachitasya shashta-quartet ityasya anantaram rachitah, yena saha tatt kartum shaknoti. anena tatt samaye shostaakovich ityasya anyeshu quartet-ityetaih bhinnam bhavati, yat vividha-chalana-samrachanaanaam upayogena paramparayaha viruddham jaatam. tasya varna-trikoniya-raganam samyojanam tasya ashtamam taar-chatushkonam iva samanatayaha karanat lakshitam asti, prathama-chalanasy raagah tasya panchamam symphony ityasya prathama-chalanasy vishayam smaryati iti kathyate. chatushkoneeyasy samrachanaa, visheshatah tasya shantasya, apekshaakrutasya shantasya parichayasy, drutasya, taatkaalikasy dwiteeyasya cha gatihi cha tasya dashamam swaramelam iva drushyate. asya madhurasangeetaani shostaakovich ityasya pramukha-laghu-truteeya-viraamaanaam praadhaanyasy prateekaani iti varnitaah santi. sangeetakaarasy purvakarmanam apekshayaa adhikaani laghuroopaani ardha-vibhaktaah cha darshayan, etat maunasya, mandavikaase cha ruchim apekshate, yat sangeetakaarasy antimakaalasya lakshanam asti. asya glisaandi, sphorjaandi, dolana-semitones ityetaanaam vyaapakah upayogah api tasya antimashailyaah prateekah iti varnitah asti. etat shostaakovich ityasya operaa "leady mcbeath" ityasya "wishwaasaghaat" iti moolaamshasy layam upayujyate. tasya truteeya-chatushkoneeyasy samrachanaayaam, dwiteeya-chalanasy sherzo ityasya kramasya krute, truteeya-chalanasy manda-pasacaglia ityasya krute api etat smaraniyam iti varnitam asti. tadviruddham, etat shostaakovich ityasya pashchat krutasya kathoram, shithilam manobhaavam poorvadrusham karoti, 1956 tamaat varshaat tasya prathamam chatushkonam yatra pratyekam gatihi "atakkaa" ityanena naa ankitaa aasit." armenia-nagare dileejan-sangitakaranam retreat-nagare dashadineshu etat krutihi rachitaa aasit. tasmin samaye shostaakovich ityasya kaanichan rachanaah communist-pakshena ninditaah aasan. tasya operaa "katerina ismailovaa" iti "metsonsk-mandalasya leady makbeth" ityasya 1962 tame varshe krutasya samskaranam aasit, yat 1936 tame varshe samyavada-sarvakaarena nishedhitam aasit. asya vivaadasya karanat, asya prathamapradarshanm vinaa prachaarah abhavat. tathaiva, tasya trimshatihi symphony api bebby yaar-hatyakandat uttarajeevitaah yahoodee-janaanaam prati sahaanubhootih aasit iti karanat censor-krutah. ian mcdanald varyaha likhati yat asya swaagatasya prati "ghrunaayaah" manovruttyaa dashame taar-chatushkone praaptah "shuddhikrodah" akaritaha. symphonies ityasya apekshayaa string quartets ityasya rachanartham aupachaarikam vikalpam tasya krutyaah pathanasya samarthanaay prayuktam asti, yatah string quartet tathaa anye chember-roopaah soviyat-prakaranam aadhikaarikasuchyaam naa drushyante. sweekaranam. asya chintayaha manodashaa rachanasamaye shostaakovich ityasya ksheenatamaanen shaareerik-swaasthyena saha sambaddham asti. tasya swaasthya-samasyanam parinaamatah, jatil-rekhanam hastalekhanasy akshamata cha asya viralataayaah aamshikaroopena parinaamaroopen syaat iti api soochitam asti. shostaakovich ityasya swaasthyasya athavaa sarvakaarasya saha sambandhasya drushtikonena kaaryam avalokayantah sameekaraneh avadhaanam nyoonam iti varnitam asti, yathaa vimarshakah thaamas mey, yah likhati yat eshaa alochana "sangeetasy kalaatmakasya cha anubhavasya aspashtatam janayati", tathaa cha asya krutyaah akramaka-kshananam sattapi "gahan-dwidhaa bhaawah" naa bhavati iti. chaturthaamshah dushtatayaha madhye sangharshasya pratinidhitvaroopena api vyaakhyaayate, yasya pratinidhitvam dwiteeyasya "furioso" aandolanasy vishayavastuh, maanav-bhaavanaah cha. asmin vyakhyayam, chaturtha-aandolane asya vishayasya abhaawah, yatra anye sarve vishayaani punaraawartitaah santi, dushtatam parityaajya sambhaavanaam pratiyati. parantu eshaa vyakhya api hraasaatmakam iti ninditaa asti. chatushkoneeyasy samrachanaa, raagam cha anyaih shostaakovich-krutayah saha samanatam praapya kechan vimarshakah etat apekshaakrutam mahatvaheena-rachanaa iti varnayitum preritaah, yathaa ian mcdonald, yah "da nyoo shostaakovich" ityasmin "tasya utkrushtasya poorvavartinaam gahanataayaah vaa vistaarasya vaa abhaawah asti" iti likhitavaan. anye vimarshakah adhika-sakaratmaka-santi, yathaa richard taruskin, yah mcdonald ityasya pustakam 'travesty' iti varnayat, tathaa cha tasya dashamam chatushkonasya nishkasanam sangeetakaarasy prati doshapoornasy, atijeevanavrutteey-drushtikonasya parinaamen bhavati iti soochayati. tadatiriktam, joodit kuhn ityanena likhitam yat chatushkonasya dwiteeyam andolanam "bahushah bruhad-starasya sangharsham niroopayitum tanti-chatushkonasya upayogam kartum rachanakarasya prayaaseshu sarvaadhikam safalam romanchakaram cha asti" iti. prabhaawah. rudalf baarshai ityanena swasya chember symphony ityasmin string archestra ityasya krute etat kaaryam aayojitam aasit. baarshai shostaakovich ityasya mitrah sahakarmi cha aasit, tasya chaturdasha-symphony ityasya prathamapradarshanen saha tasya sangeetasy niyamita-sanchaalakah cha aasit. tasya vyavasthaa shostaakovich ityasya mulasya prati atyantam vishvasaneeyaa asti, mukhyataya dviguna-baas ityasya yojanayam bhinnam, praayah selo-bhagasya upari mahattvam daatum upayujyate. tadatiriktam, anatoli dimitriyev ityayam piano-ityasya chaturshu hastanam hrasasya vyavasthaa krutavaan. pradarshanm tathaa dhwanimudranam cha. 1964 tame varshe maasko-nagare beethoven-quartet ityanena asya karyasya prathamapradarshanm krutam. tadanantaram 1966 tame varshe alberney-quartet ityanena yooke-deshe asya prathamapradarshanm krutam. asya karyasya vimshati-taha adhikaani abhilekhanaani krutaani, prathamam 1965 tame varshe velar-quartet ityanena. eteshu shostaakovich ityanena jnaataanaam tathaa kaaryam krutaanaam samuhanam abhilekhanaani api antarbhavanti, yathaa borodin-quartet, beethoven-quartet, yasyaah karyasya bahuvidha-abhilekhanaani prakashitani, 1998 tame varshe dhwanimudritam fwilitzium-quartet cha. rudalf-barshay ityasya string-archestra-ityasya vyavasthaayaah aneke abhilekhanaani api krutaani, yeshu 2017 tame varshe demetry-yablansky ityanena sanchaalitam keev-varchuyosee ityanena api cha 2015 tame varshe graham-rose ityanena sanchaalitam demetry-samoohah cha.

saram narkali enn. 10 (shostakovich) demetry shostakovichin saram naalvar enn. 10 oru plaat maejaril, aap. 118, juulai 9 muthal 20,1964 varai iyatrtrappattathu. idhu mascovil ulla beethovan sathukkaththaal thiraiyidappattathu mattrum shostakovichin nerungiya nanbaraana isaiyamaippaalar meesisila (moisi) veinperkkirku arppanikkappattullathu. idhu avarathu munththaiya stallin-sagaaptha kaalaandugalin nichchayamatra mananilaiyai valarppathaakavum, athae poal avarathu pirkaala padaippugalin sikkanaththanmai mattrum unarchchi reethiyaana thooraththai munnarivippathaagavum vivarikkappattullathu. avarathu pirpaguthiyil irunththa kaalatthai vagaippaduththum simbanigal poantra periya alavilaana padaippugalai vida samber isaikkaana virupaththai inththa naalvar kuzhu vagaippaduththiyathu. isai nipunar richard daruskin karuththuppadi, idhu saram narkali uudakaththirku adhiga neraththai odhukkiya muthal russia isaiyamaippaalaraaka avarai maattriyathu. isai. inththa vaelai naanku iyakkangkalaik kondullathuh vilaiyaadum neram sumar 22 nimidangal aagum. aii. aandan. muthal iyakkam sonata rondo vadivaththil ullathu mattrum menmaiyaana iyakkaviyalaip payanpaduththukirathu. thanii vayalin meethu naanku-kurippu maiyakkaruththudan thodangum inththa iyakkam perumpaalum eee mainaril ezhuthappattullathu, idhu aee-plaat mejarin mukiya visaiyilirunthu aaraavathu siriya thooraththil ullathu. inththa siriya/oru-plaat periya uraiyaadal narkali muzhuvathum meendum meendum nigazhkirathu. irandu visaigalilum ulla karupporulgal thaniththaniyaaga ketkappadugindrana, pinnar oray neraththil, oru plaattil marupariseelanai seiyappaduvatharku munbu. idhu sarangalin mael harmonixipe payanpaduththuvathai ulladakkiya oru neettikappatta nutpamaana suul ponticello vaachippaiyum kondullathu, maelum idhu shostakovichin euver muzhuvathum meendum meendum nigazhum oru anabest thaalaththaip payanpaduththukirathu. inththa iyakkam shostakovichin "isai kaiyoppam", dii. ess. ech maiyakkaruththu, isaik kurippugalukkaana jerman ezhuththu muraiyaip payanpaduththi isaiyamaippaalarin peyarin kuriyaakka varaipadam aagiyavattrin vazhiththoantralaik kondullathu. inththa iyakkam "mornto" endru mudivadaigirathu, idhu padippadiyaaga alavil iranththu kondiruppathaik kurikkirathu. oru valakkamaana seyalthiran sumar 5 nimidangal edukkum. II. freozovin uruvam. irandaavathu iyakkam eee mainaril ullathu mattrum logrian muraiyai virivaagap payanpaduththukirathu. shostakovichin saram kuvaardettugalil unarchchik kurikatti 'furioso' thaniththuvamaanathu. adhan thodakkam, naanku muzhu thoni padigal, shostakovich thanathu ainthaavathu simboni mattrum ettaavathu saram naalvar kuzhuvil payanpaduththiya oru vishayaththaik kurikkirathu. oru valakkamaana seyalthiran sumar 5 nimidangal edukkum. III. adajio (attaka). moontraavathu iyakkam oru siriya ezhuththil ezhuthappattullathu, idhu oru thattaiyaana periya thoniyilirunthu oru arai thoniyil ullathu, iruppinum idhu oru thattaiyaana periya mattrum eee siriya thoniyaiyum payanpaduththukirathu, idhu vaelai muzhuvathum meendum nigazhkirathu. idhu basacaclia vadivaththil ezhuthappattullathu, idhu adikkadi shostakovichin isaiyil payanpaduththappadukirathu, maelum avarathu padaippugalil barok kaala kalavaiyin thaakkaththirku oru eduththukkaattu endru vivarikkappadugirathu. basakaklia karupporul uruvaakkappattathu, tharai paasudan mattrum illaamal vilaiyaadappadukirathu, maelum iyakkam muzhuvathum koodudhal paarkal mattrum thudippukaludan vilaiyaadappadukirathu. idhu avarathu naankaavathu naalvar kuzhuvin 'paadalkalin maiyakkaruththu' pattriya suya maerkoalaiyum kondullathu. oru valakkamaana seyalthiran sumar 7 nimidangal edukkum. IV. alegreto-andande. naankaavathu iyakkam moontraavathu iyakkaththilirunththu thodarkirathu, idaiyil endha idainiruththamum illaamal vilaiyaadappadukirathu. idhu oru plaat maejaril ezhuthappattullathu, idhu padaippin danic visaiyaagum. idhu dii mainaraip payanpaduththukirathu, idhu daanikkilirunthu vilagi oru tridonai uruvaakkukirathu. idhu sonata rondo vadivaththil ezhuthappattullathu mattrum tronkal mattrum naattuppura paadal thaalangalai virivaagap payanpaduththukirathu. inththa iyakkaththil, munththaiya ovvoru iyakkaththin karupporulgalum puthiya rondo karupporulukku ethiraaga moontru iyakkangkal meendum ketkappadugindrana, idhil moontraavathu iyakkaththin basacaclia karupporul adangkum, idhu "forticisimo" endru vilaiyaadappadukirathu, idhu iyakkaththin perumpaalum mudakkapatta amaippukku ethiraaga oru marupaattai uruvaakkukirathu. iyakkam mudivadaigirathu, muthal iyakkaththaip poalavae "mornto" endru kurikkappadugiradhu, idhu oru nichchayamatra mudivai uruvaakkukirathu. inththa iyakkaththil dii. ess. ech cryptogram thirumbukirathu. oru valakkamaana seyalthiran sumar 9 nimidangal edukkum. kalavai. saram naalvar kuzhu shostakovichin nerungiya nanbarum maanavarumaana bolish isaiyamaippaalar meesisila veinperkkirku arppanikkappattathu. isaiyamaippaalargal paraspara selvaakku mikka uravaiyum, athae poal oru alavilaana poattiyaiyum kondirunthanar, idhu oru paguthiyaaga, arppanippai ookkuviththathu. 1964 aam aandil, shostakovich ezhuthinaar [weinberg] onbathu kuvaardettugalai ezhuthinaar, avattril kadaisi ennai munthiyathu, aenenil antha neraththil enakku ettu mattumae irunththana. enavae naan ippoathu seitha weinberkaip pidiththu munthuvatharkaana savaalai naanae amaitthuk kondaen. saram naalvar paarambariya naanku iyakkangkalil ezhuthappattullathu, avarathu oray naalvar kuzhu 1956 ill iyatrtrappatta avarathu aaraavathu naalvar kuzhuvirkup piragu iyatrtrappattathu. idhu antha neraththil shostakovichin mattra kuvaardettugalaip poalallaamal seikirathu, idhu palvaeru iyakka kattamaippugalaip payanpaduththuvathan moolam bhaarambariyaththilirunthu vilagich sentrathu. nira mattrum mukkoana mellisaigalin adhan kalavaiyaanathu avarathu ettaavathu saram naalvar kuzhuvudan adhan ottrumaikkaaka kurippidappattullathu, maelum muthal iyakkaththil ulla mellisai avarathu ainthaavathu simbaniyin muthal iyakkaththin karupporulai ninaivukooruvathaaga koorappadugiradhu. inththa naalvar kuzhuvin amaippu, kurippaaga adhan amaithiyaana, oppeettalavil amaithiyaana arimugaththin kalavaiyum, vaekamaana, avasaramaana irandaavathu iyakkamum avarathu paththaavathu simponiyai othirukkirathu. adhan mellisaigal periya mattrum siriya moontraavathu poantra idaiveligalukku shostakovichin viruppaththin adaiyaalamaaga vivarikkappattullana. isaiyamaippaalarin munththaiya padaippugalai vida adhiga minimgal mattrum arai pirevgalaik konda idhu, isaiyamaippaalarin pirpaguthiyil ulla kaalatthai vagaippaduththum mounam mattrum methuvaana valarchchiyil aarvatthai ethirpaarkkirathu. clissandy, sphoresandy mattrum uusalaadum semitonkalin virivaana payanpaadu avarathu pirpaguthiyil paaniyin adaiyaalamaaga vivarikkappattullathu. idhu shostakovichin ooparaa, "laedi mcpeth" enbathilirunthu "thuroagam" maiyakkaruththin thaalaththaip payanpaduththukirathu. idhu avarathu moontraavathu naalvar kuzhuvin kattamaippil, irandaavathu iyakkaththin shersovin varisaikku, moontraavathu iyakkaththin methuvaana paasakaakliyaavirku ninaivoottuvathaaga vivarikkappattullathu. idharku nermaaraaga, shostakovichin pirkaala padaippugalin kadumaiyaana, adakkamaana mananilaiyai idhu munnarivikkirathu, 1956 kkup piragu avarathu muthal naalvar kuzhu ovvoru asaivaiyum "attaka" endru kurikkavillai." inththa padaippu armeeniyaavil ulla dilijan isaiyamaippaalargalin oaivu viduthiyil paththu naatkalukku mael iyatrtrappattathu. antha neraththil shostakovichin sila padaippugal communist katchiyaal kandikkappattana. avarathu ooparaa "catarina ismailova" enbathu 1936 aam aandil communist arasaangkaththaal thadaiseiyappatta "metchensk maavattaththin laedi mcpeth" inn 1962 thiruththamaagum. inththa sarchchai kaaranamaaga, idhu vilambaram illaamal thiraiyidappattathu. idhaepoal, baabi yaar padukolaiyil thappippizhaiththa yootharkalukku anuthaapam theriviththatharkaaga avarathu pathinmoondraavathu simboni thanikkai seiyappattathu. inththa varavaerpukku "veruppu" endra manappaanmai paththaavathu saram naalvar kuzhuvil kaanappadum "thooimaiyaana gopaththai" vadivamaiththathu endru iyaan mcdonald ezhuthinaar. saram gwarded mattrum pira arai vadivangkal soviyath vagaikalin athikaarappoorva pattiyalil thoantraathathaal, simbanigalai vida saram kuvaardettugalai athikalavil ezhuthuvatharkaana muraiyaana thaervu avarathu padaippin inththa vaasippai aatharikka payanpaduththappadukirathu. varavaerpu. adhan kavalai mananilai, shostakovichin udal aarokkiyam seerazhivudan inaikkappattullathu. avarathu udalnalap pirachchanaikal mattrum adhan vilaivaaga sikkalaana varigalai kaiyal ezhutha iyalaamai aagiyavattraal adhan pattraakkurai oralavu iruppathaaka parinthuraikkappadukirathu. shostakovichin udalnalam allathu arasaangkaththudanaana uravin kannoattathin moolam padaippaip paarkkum anugumuraigal kuraippu endru vivarikkappattullana, vimarsagar thamas mae poantravarkal, inththa vimarsanam "isai mattrum kalai anubavaththai maraikka munaigirathu" endrum, adhan aakiramippu tharunangal irunththapoathilum padaippil ulla "aalamaana thelivattra unarvu" kku kaaranam alla endrum ezhuthinaar. irandaavathu "firioso" iyakkaththin karupporulaal pirathinithiththuvappaduththam theeyathu mattrum manitha unarchchigalukku idaiyilaana poaraattaththin pirathinithiththuvamaakavum inththa naalvar kuzhu vilakkappattullathu. inththa vilakkaththil, naankaavathu iyakkaththil inththa karupporul illaathathu, mattra anaitthu karupporulgalum meendum koorappadugindrana, theemaiyai samaalippatharkaana saaththiyatthai kurikkirathu. iruppinum, inththa vilakkam kuraippu endrum vimarsikkappattullathu. mattra shostakovich padaippugaludan kattamaippu mattrum mellisaigalil naalvarin ottrumai sila vimarsagargal idhai oppeettalavil mukkiyamattra thoguppu endru vivarikka vazhivaguththathu, athaavathu iyaan mcdonald, "puthiya shostakovich" ill "[adhan] sirantha munnoadigalin aalam allathu agalam" illai endru ezhuthinaar. mattra vimarsagargal migavum nermaraiyaanavargal, richard daruskin poantravarkal, mcdonaldin puththagaththai oru 'kelikkooththu' endru vivariththanar, maelum paththaavathu naalvarai avar neekkiyathu isaiyamaippaalaridam oru kuraipaadulla, athigappadiyaana vaazhkkai varalaattru anugumuraiyin vilaivaagum endru parinthuraiththullaar. koodudhalaaga, judit kuun, inththa naalvar kuzhuvin irandaavathu iyakkam 'periya alavilaana moathalai siththarikka saram naalvar kuzhuvaip payanpaduththuvatharkaana isaiyamaippaalarin muyarchigalil migavum vetrtrikaramaana mattrum urchaakamaanathaaka' ullathu endru ezhuthinaar. selvaakku. inththa vaelai rudalf parshoy thanathu arai simponiyil saram isaikkuzhuvirku aerpaadu seiyappattathu. parshoy shostakovichin nanbaraagavum saga oozhiyaraagavum irunthaar, maelum avarathu pathinaankaavathu simponiyin muthal kaatchi udpada avarathu isaiyin thodarchchiyaana nadaththunaraagavum irunthaar. avarathu aerpaadu shostakovichin asal padaththirku migavum visuvaasamaaga ullathu, idhu muthanmaiyaaga irattai baas serppathil vaerupattathu, idhu perumpaalum cello paguthiyai valiyuruththa payanpaduththappadukirathu. koodudhalaaga, anatoli demetrieve biano naanku kaikalukkaana kuraippai aerpaadu seithaar. nigazhchchigal mattrum pathivukal. 1964 aam aandil mascovil ulla beethovan gwarded moolam inththa vaelai muthanmuthalil thiraiyidappattathu. idhaith thodarnthu, idhu 1966 aam aandil albernie gwarded moolam englaanththil thiraiyidappattathu. vaelaiyin irupathukkum maerpatta pathivukal seiyappattullana, muthal 1965 ill nalla gwarded moolam. idhil shostakovich arintha mattrum panipurintha kuzhukkalin pathivukalum adangkum, athaavathu poaroadin gwarded, beethovan gwarded, iruvarum vaelaiyin pala pathivukalai veliyittullanar, maelum 1998 ill adhai pathivu seitha phvilitsium gwarded. 2017 aam aandil demetry yablonskyal nadatthappatta keev vertuosi mattrum kiraham roas nadaththiya demetry kuzhumam ullitta string aarkestraavukkaana rudaalp parshoin aerpaattaip pattriyum pala pathivukal seiyappattullana.

string quartet nem. 10 (shostakovich) dimitri shostakovich yokka string quartet nem. 10 oka flat majer loe, opp. 118, 1964 juulai 9 nundi 20 varaku swaraparachabadindi. dheenini mascoloni beethoven quartet pradarsinchindi mariyu idhi shostakovich yokka sannihita snehitudu swarakarta mikjisla (moise) weinbergku ankitam cheyabadindi. idhi athani munupati stallin-yugam quartetla yokka anischita manasika sthithini pempondinchadamtho paatu athani taruvaati rachanala yokka kaatinyam mariyu bhavodvega dooraanni mundhe chooputundani varninchabadindi. athani chivari kaalanni varninche symphonylu vanti pedda ettuna rachanala kante chhambar sangeethaaniki praadhaanyatanivvadaanni eee quartet vargeekarinchindi. sangeeta shaastravetta richard taruskin prakaram, idhi string quartet medium kosam ekkuva samayanni ketaayinchina modati russian swarakartagaa nilichaadu. sangeetam. eee paniloo naalugu kadalikalu unnaih aata samayam sumaru 22 nimishalu. ii. andante. modati kadalika sonata rondo roopamlo untundi mariyu saft dynamicsnu upayogistundi. solo violinpy naalugu-swaraala muulaamsamtoe praarambhamayye eee udyamam ekkuvagaa ii mainarlo vraayabadutundi, idhi eah-flat majer yokka pradhana kii nundi aarava chinnadi. eee chinna/eah-flat pradhana sambhaashana quartet antataa punaraavrutamavutundi. rendu keelalo theemlu vidigaa vinabadataayi, taruvaata ekakaalamlo, eah-flat loe recopitulate cheyadaaniki mundu. idhi teegala eguva samarasyanni upayoginche vistruta saanketikata ayina sull ponticello vaayinchadaanni kooda kaligi undhi, mariyu shostakovich yokka pani antataa punaraavrutamayye anapest layanu upayogistundi. eee udyamam shostakovich yokka "sangeeta santakam", dshech muulaamsam, sangeeta swaraala kosam german aksharaala vyavasthanu upayoginche swarakarta paeru yokka guudha lipi lipi nundi udbhavinchindi. kadalika "morendo" thoo mugustundi, idhi kramamga parimaanamlo ksheeninchadaanni suuchistumdi. oka saadhaarana pradarsanaku sumaru 5 nimishalu padutundi. II. furioso yokka saaraamsam. rendava kadalika ii mainarlo untundi mariyu locrian modnu vistrutamgaa upayogistundi. bhavodvega suuchika 'furioso' shostakovich yokka string quartetlalo pratyekamainadi. daani prarambham, naalugu puurti swara dasalu, shostakovich thana aidava symphony mariyu enimidava string quartetlo upayoginchina amsaanni suuchistumdi. oka saadhaarana pradarsanaku sumaru 5 nimishalu padutundi. 3. adazio (atakka). moodava kadalika chinna aksharamlo vraayabadutundi, tannic eah-flat majer nundi semitone dhooramlo untundi, ayinappatikee idhi pani antataa punaraavrutamayye eah-flat majer mariyu ii chinna swaraalanu kooda upayogistundi. idhi pasacaglia roopamlo vraayabadindi, tarachugaa shostakovich sangeetamlo upayoginchabadutundi, mariyu athani rachanalapai barok kaalapu kuurpu prabhaavaaniki udaaharanagaa varninchabadindi. pasacaglia theem abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, ground basto mariyu lekunda, mariyu kadalika antataa adanapu baarlu mariyu beetlatho vaayinchabadutundi. idhi athani nalgava chatushtayam yokka 'shloka muulaamsam' yokka sweeya-kotnu kooda kaligi undhi. oka saadhaarana pradarsanaku sumaru 7 nimishalu padutundi. IV. alegretto-andante. naalugo kadalika moodava nundi konasaagutundi, madhyalo viramam lekunda aadabadutundi. idhi pani yokka tannic kii ayina eah-flat majerlo vraayabadindi. idhi dii mainarnu kooda upayogistundi, idhi tannic nundi dhooramgaa tritone srushtistundi. idhi sonata rondo roopamlo vraayabadindi mariyu dronelu mariyu jaanapada paatala layalanu vistrutamgaa upayogistundi. eee udyamamlo, munupati prati amsam yokka itivruttaalu kotta rondo theemku vyatiraekamgaa moodu kadalikalu mallee vinipistaayi, veetilo moodava udyamam yokka pasacaglia theem kooda undhi, idhi "fortissimo" gaa aadabadutundi, idhi udyamam yokka ekkuvagaa mute cheyabadina aakrutiki viruddhamgaa untundi. udyamam mugustundi, modati kadalika vale "morendo" anie gurtinchabadindi, idhi anischita mugimpunu srushtistundi. eee kadalikalo dshech cryptogram kooda tirigi vastundi. oka saadhaarana pradarsana sumaru 9 nimishalu padutundi. kuurpu. string quartet shostakovich yokka sannihita snehitudu mariyu vidyaarthi ayina polish swarakarta mikjisla weinbergku ankitam cheyabadindi. swarakartalu paraspara prabhaavavantamaina sambandhaanni kaligi unnaaru, alaage kontavaraku satrutvaanni kaligi unnaaru, idhi kontavaraku ankitabhaavaanni prerepinchindi. 1964loe, shostakovich ilaa vraasaadu [weinberg] tommidi quartetlanu raasaaru mariyu vaatilo chivaridi nannu adhigaminchindi, endukante aaa samayamlo naaku enimidi matrame unnaayi. anduvalla neenu ippudu chesina weinbergnu pattukuni adhigaminche savaalunu neenu pettukunnanu. string quartet saampradaaya naalugu kadalikalo vraayabadindi, 1956loe rachinchina athani aarava quartet tarvaata vraayabadina athani ekaika quartet. idhi aaa samayamlo shostakovich yokka itara quartetlaku bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi vividha rakaala kadalika nirmaanaalanu upayoginchadam dwara sampradaayam nundi vaidoligindi. chromatic mariyu tridic sraavyamaina vaati kalayika athani enimidava string quartetho saaruupyataku prasiddhi chendindi, mariyu modati kadalikaloni sraavyata athani aidava symphany yokka modati kadalika yokka itivruttaanni gurtuchestundani cheppabadindi. quartet yokka nirmaanam, mukhyamgaa daani prasaantamaina, saapekshamgaa nissabdamaina parichayam mariyu vegavantamaina, atyavasara rendava kadalika kalayika athani padava simphaneeni pooli untundi. daani sraavyamaina paatalu majer mariyu mainer third vanti viraamaalaku shostakovich praadhaanyataku chihnamgaa varninchabaddaayi. swarakarta yokka munupati rachanala kante ekkuva minims mariyu semibrevlanu kaligi unna idhi, swarakarta yokka chivari kaalanni vargeekarinche nissabdam mariyu nemmadigaa abhivruddhi chendadamlo aasaktini anchanaa vestundi. daani vistrutamaina glissandy, sphorjandi mariyu dolana semitonlanu upayoginchadam kooda athani chivari sailiki chihnamgaa varninchabadindi. idhi shostakovich yokka opera, "laedii makbet" nundi "droham" muulaamsam yokka layanu upayogistundi. idhi athani moodava quartet yokka nirmaanamloo, rendava kadalika yokka sherzo yokka kramam kosam, moodava kadalika yokka nemmadigaa unde pasacaglialoki gurtuchestundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, idhi shostakovich yokka taruvaati rachana yokka kathinamaina, anachivesina manasika sthithini, 1956 nundi athani modati quartet prati kadalikanu "attakkaatho" gurtinchaledani, mundugaane choopistundi." armeniyaaloni dilijan swarakartala retreatlo padhi rojula paatu eee rachananu swaraparichaaru. aaa samayamlo shostakovich rachanalalo konni communistu paarteeche khandinchabaddayi. athani opera "catarina izmailova" anedi "laedii makbet off dhi mtsensk district" yokka 1962 punarvimarsha, dheenini 1936loe communist prabhutvam nishedhinchindi. eee vivaadam kaaranamgaa, idhi etuvanti pracharam lekunda pradarsinchabadindi. adevidhamgaa, baabi yaar oochakotha nundi praanaalatoe bayatapadina yoodula patla saanubhooti choopinanduku athani padamuudava symphany sensor cheyabadindi. eee swaagatam patla "asahyam" yokka vaikhari padava string quartetlo kanipinche "puritanical fury" nuu roopondinchindani eoin mcdonald raasaaru. string quartet mariyu itara chhambar roopaalu soviet kalaa prakriyala adhikaarika jaabitaalo kanipinchakapovadam valla, symphonyla kante string quartetlanu ekkuvagaa vraayadaaniki adhikaarika empika athani rachana yokka eee pathanaaniki maddatugaa upayoginchabadindi. swaagatam. daani aandolanakaramaina manasika sthithi kuurpu samayamlo shostakovich yokka ksheenistunna saareeraka aarogyamtho mudipadi undhi. athani aarogya samasyalu mariyu sanklishtamaina panktulanu chethitho vraayalekapovadam valla kontavaraku daani korata kooda undani soochinchabadindi. shostakovich aarogyam ledhaa prabhutvamtho sambandhaanni drushtilo unchukuni panini chuse vidhaanaalanu tagginchevigaa abhivarninchaaru, udaaharanaku vimarsakudu thamus mae, eee vimarsha "sangeeta mariyu kalaatmaka anubhavanni aspashtam chestundi" mariyu daani dookudu kshanaalu unnappatikee rachanalo unna "lothaina sandigdhata" kii kaaranam kaadani raasaaru. rendava "furioso" udyamam yokka itivruttam mariyu maanava bhavodvegala dwara suchinchabade chedu madhya pooraataaniki praatinidhyam vahistuu kooda eee chatushtayam ardham cheyabadindi. eee vivaranalo, nalgava udyamamlo eee itivruttam lekapovadam, ikkada anni itara itivruttaalu punaraavrutam cheyabaddaayi, chedunu adhigaminche avakaasaanni suuchistumdi. ayithe, eee vivarana kooda taggimpugaa vimarsinchabadindi. itara shostakovich rachanalatho nirmaanam mariyu sraavyamaina eee chatushtayam yokka saaruupyata kontamandi vimarsakulu dheenini saapekshamgaa chinna kuurpugaa varninchadaaniki daariteesindi, eoin mcdonald vanti vaaru "kotta shostakovich" loe "[daani] atyuttama puurveekula lothu ledhaa vedalpu" ledani raasaaru. itara vimarsakulu marinta sanukoolamgaa unnaaru, richard taruskin vanti vaaru, mcdonald pustakaanni 'parihasam' gaa abhivarninchaaru, mariyu athanu padava quartetnu tolaginchadam swarakarta patla lopabhooyishtamaina, atigaa jeevitacharitra vidhanam valla jarigindani suuchimchaaru. adanamgaa, judit kuhn, quartet yokka rendava kadalika 'pedda ettuna sangharshananu varninchadaaniki string quartetnu upayoginchadaaniki swarakarta chesina prayatnaalalo bahusha atyanta vijayavantamainadi mariyu uttejakaramainadi' anie raasaadu. prabhavam. eee panini string archestra kosam rudolph barsai thana chhambar symphonylo erpaatu chesaaru. shostakovich snehitudu mariyu sahodyogi ayina barshay, thana padnaalugo symphony premiere thoo sahaa athani sangeetaanni tarachugaa nirvahinchevaadu. athani amarika shostakovich yokka asalu rachanaku chaalaa nammakamainadi, pradhanamgaa double baas adanamgaa bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi ekkuvagaa sello bhaganni nokki cheppadaniki upayoginchabadutundi. adanamgaa, anatoli demetrieve piano naalugu chetula kosam taggimpunu erpaatu chesaadu. pradarsanalu mariyu recordinglu. eee panini 1964loe mascoloni beethoven quartet pradarsinchindi. dheeni taruvaata, dheenini 1966loe alberney quartet UKloe pradarsinchindi. eee pani yokka iravaiki paiga recordinglu cheyabaddaayi, modatidi 1965loe vellar quartet. veetilo shostakovich telisina mariyu panichesina brundaala recordinglu kooda unnaayi, borodine quartet, beethoven quartet, iddaroo pani yokka bahula recordinglanu vidudala chesaaru, mariyu 1998loe record chesina fwilitzium quartet. string archestra kosam rudolph barshoy erpaatu gurinchi aneka recordinglu kooda cheyabaddaayi, veetilo 2017loe demetry ablansky nirvahinchina keev vertuosi mariyu 2015loe graham rose nirvahinchina demetry samishti kooda unnaayi.

string choki number. 10 (shostakovich) damtari shostakovich kii string choki number. 10 eek fleet meejar mein oop. 118yee 9 say 20 jolayi 1964 takk tartib diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kaa premier maasko mein bethoon kwartt nay kiyaa thaa aur yaha shostakovich kay qareebi dost mausiqar mikislao (moyeesi) wenberg kay liye waqaf hay. asay inn kay ibtadayi stallin door kay coarts kay ghair yaqeeni moad kuu farogh deenay kay saath saath inn kay baad kay kaamon kii kafayat shaari aur jazbati fasilay kii paish goyee kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. choki nay baday paimanay parr kaam jeesay sumphonies juu inn kay aakhri door kii khususiyat rakhtay haine kay muqabilay chamber music kuu tarjih dee. maahir mausiqi richard tarskin kay mutabiq iss say wah pehley rosee mausiqar bunn gayey jinhon nay string kwartt medium kay liye atnaa waqat diyaa. mausiqi. kaam mein chaar harkatein haine: khelnay kaa waqat taqriba 22 mint hay. I. andante. pehli harkat sonata rondo kii shakal mein hoti hay aur naram harkiyaat kaa istemaal karti hay. solo wilen parr chaar nott kay nqsh kay saath sharoo honay waali harkat bury hadd takk ayee minor mein likhee gayee hay juu kahh aey-fleet meejar kii markazi kaleed say eek mamuli chhataa door hay. yaha ayee mamuli/aey-fleet badaa makalmah puray choki mein dohraya jaataa hay. donon chabiyon mein theemz kuu alg alg sunaa jaataa hay phir beek waqat eek fleet mein dobarah tartib deenay say pehley. iss mein sall ponticillo bajanay kii bhee khususiyat hay juu eek tausiyi taknik hay jiss mein taaron kay opri humm aahingi kaa istemaal shaamil hay aur eek ghair mamuli taal kaa istemaal kartaa hay juu shostakovich kay puray kaam mein dohraya jaataa hay. iss tehreek mein shostakovich kay "musical segniture"yee ddee aiss aich motaf mausiqar kay naam kaa eek cryptogram juu musical noton kay liye german harfi nazaam kaa istemaal kartaa hay say makhuz hay. tehreek "morando" kuu khatam karti hay jiss say zahir hotaa hay kahh hajm mein aahista aahista marr rehaa hay. eek aam karkardgi mein taqriba 5 mint lagtay haine. II. algrative feureoso. dosri harkat ayee minor mein hay aur lokri मोड kaa wasee istemaal karti hay. jazbati asharay 'feureso' shostakovich kay string coarts mein manfard hay. iss kaa aaghaz chaar makmal toone kay marahil shostakovich kay zariye apnee panchwen sumphany aur aathwein string kawart mein istemaal kiye gayey mozua kaa hawalah deetay haine. eek aam karkardgi mein taqriba 5 mint lagtay haine. III. adigio (ataka). teesri harkat eek mamuli mein likhee jaati hay taank aey-fleet meejar say door eek seemi toone halankah iss mein aey-fleet meejar aur ayee mamuli tonalties bhee istemaal hoti haine juu puray kaam mein dohrayi jaati haine. yaha pasakaglia kii shakal mein likhaa gayaa hay juu aksar shostakovich kii mausiqi mein istemaal hotaa hay aur asay inn kay kaam parr barok door kii tarkib kay asar kii eek misaal kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. pasakaglia theem tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay ground baas kay saath aur iss kay baghair kheela jaataa hay aur poori harkat mein izaafi salakhon aur dhadkanon kay saath. iss mein inn kii chothi chothi chothi kay 'geeth kay nqsh' kaa eek khood iqtebas bhee hay. eek aam karkardgi mein taqriba 7 mint lagtay haine. IV. algrative-andantay. chothi harkat teesre say muslisil hoti hay juu darmiyan mein baghair kasee waqfe kay khaili jaati hay. yaha kaam kii taank kaleed eek fleet meejar mein likhaa gayaa hay. yaha ddee minor kuu bhee istemaal kartaa hay jiss say taank say door eek treaton kii bay tartibi paida hoti hay. yaha sonata rondo kii shakal mein likhaa gayaa hay aur drone aur lock geeton kii taal kaa wasee istemaal kartaa hay. iss tehreek mein harr eek sabqah kay mozuaat nayee rondo theem kay khalaaf teen harkaat dobarah sunee jaati haine jinn mein teesri tehreek kaa pasakaglia theem bhee shaamil hay jasay "forticimo" kheela jaataa hay jiss say tehreek kii bury hadd takk khamush saakhat kay khalaaf tazaad paida hotaa hay. tehreek khatam hoti hay jiss parr pehli harkat kii tarah "morando" nashaan lagaya jaataa hay jiss say eek ghair yaqeeni ikhtatam paida hotaa hay. iss harkat mein ddee aiss aich cryptogram bhee waps aataa hay. eek aam karkardgi mein taqriba 9 mint lagtay haine. saakhat. string kwartt paalish mausiqar macaseslao wenberg kay liye waqaf thaa juu shostakovich kay qareebi dost aur shagird thay. mausiqaron kay darmiyan bahami toor parr baasir taluqat kay saath saath eek hadd takk dushmani bhee thee jiss nay jazwi toor parr lagan kuu tehreek dee. 1964 mein shostakovich nay likhaa: [wenberg] nay noow coarts likhay aur inn mein say aakhri nay majhay peeche chhod diyaa keunkah iss waqat miray paas sarf aath thay. iss liye mein nay apnay liye wenberg kuu pakadnay aur iss say aagay nikalnay kaa challenge muqarar kiyaa juu abb mein nay kiyaa hay. taar choki rawayati chaar harkaat mein likhee gayee hay inn kii waahid choki nay 1956 mein tashkil dee gayee inn kii chhatti choki kay baad tashkil dee. yaha asay iss waqat kay shostakovich kay deegar coarts kay barakas banata hay juu mukhtalif qasm kay harkat kay dahanchay kaa istemaal karkay rawayat say hutt gayaa thaa. rangeen aur sah rakhee dhanon kaa iss kaa imtazaaj inn kii aathwein taar choki say mamasilat kii wajah say jaana jaataa hay aur pehli harkat mein raag kuu inn kii panchwen sumphany kii pehli harkat kay mozua kuu yaad karnay kay liye kahaa gayaa hay. choki kaa dahancha khaas toor parr iss kaa perscon nasbata perscon taaruf aur teez fouri dosri harkat kaa imtazaaj iss kii daswein sumphany say milta jaltaa hay. iss kii dhanon kuu baday aur chhotay teesre jeesay waqfon kay liye shostakovich kii tarjih kii alaamat kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. composure kay pachlay kaam kay muqabilay mein ziyadah maneem aur seemi brewz kii khususiyat yaha khamushi aur sast tarqi mein dilchaspi kii toqaa kartaa hay juu composure kay aakhri door kii khususiyat rakhta hay. iss kay glycendi sphorzandy aur ausculting semiton kay wasee istemaal kuu bhee inn kay aakhri andaaz kii alaamat kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha shostakovich kay opera "leady meek beeth" kay "dhokah dahee" kay nqsh kii taal kuu istemaal kartaa hay. asay iss kii teesri chothi kii saakhat mein dosri harkat kay sheerzo kii tartib kay liyay teesri harkat kay sast pasakaglia kii yaad dehani kay toor parr bhee biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kay barakas yaha shostakovich kay baad kay kaam kay sakhat muatadil moad kii paish goyee kartaa hay 1956 kay baad say inn kii pehli choki jiss mein harr harkat kuu "ataka" say nashaan zad nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa." yaha kaam arminiah mein dalijan mausiqaron kay retrait mein duss dunon mein tartib diyaa gayaa thaa. iss waqat shostakovich kay kachh kaamon kii communist paarti nay mazmat kii thee. inn kaa opera "catarina azmilova" "leady meek beeth aaf dee metsink distrikt" kaa 1962 kaa tarmim thaa jiss parr 1936 mein communist hukumat nay pabandi lagaa dee thee. iss tanazah kii wajah say iss kaa premier baghair kasee tashheer kay hawaa. asee tarah inn kii teerhawein sumphany kuu beebi yaar qatal aam say bach jaanay waalay yahudi logon kay saath humdardi kii wajah say sansar kiyaa gayaa. ayaan mcdonald nay likhaa hay kahh iss isteqbaliya kay liye "nafrat" kay royay nay daswein taar kay choki mein paaye jaanay waalay "puratencal feury" kii tashkil kii. samphoneez kay bajaye string coarts kuu teezi say tartib deenay kaa bazabtah intekhaab khood inn kay kaam kay iss padhnay kii himayat kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay iss haqeeqat kii wajah say kahh string kwartt aur deegar chamber faarm soweet anwaa kii sarkaari fehrist mein zahir nahein hotay haine. isteqbaliya. iss kay bay cheeni kay mazaaj kuu saakhat kay waqat shostakovich kii girti hoyee jasmani sehat say jodaa gayaa hay. iss kii kamee kaa natijah jazwi toor parr iss kii sehat kay masail aur iss kay natijay mein paichidah lakiron kuu haath say likhnay mein nakami kaa natijah bhee bataya gayaa hay. shostakovich kii sehat yaa hukumat kay saath taluqat kay einak kay zariye kaam kuu dekhnay waalay tareeqon kuu takhfif kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay jeesay kahh nqad thamas mey jinhon nay likhaa hay kahh yaha tanqeed "mausiqi aur fankarana tajarbay kuu mubham karti hay" aur iss kay jarhana lamhaat kay bawajood iss kaam mein mojud "gehrey adam tawazan kay ahsaas" kaa hasaab nahein rakhti hay. choki kii tashrih barayee kay darmiyan jadujahad kii numaindagi kay toor parr bhee kii gayee hay jiss kii numaindagi dosri "feureso" tehreek kay mozua aur insani jazbaat say hoti hay. iss tashrih mein chothi tehreek mein iss mozua kii kamee jehaan deegar tamaam mozuaat kuu dohraya gayaa hay barayee parr qaabu paaney kay amkaan kii alaamat hay. tahim iss tashrih kuu takhfif kay toor parr bhee tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya gayaa hay. saakhat aur dhanon mein choki kii deegar shostakoch kay kaamon say mamasilat nay kachh naqdin kuu asay nasbata ghair aham composition kay toor parr biyaan karnay parr majbur kiyaa hay jeesay ayaan mcdonald jinhon nay "dee neo shostakoch" mein likhaa hay kahh iss mein "[iss kay] behtareen paishroon kii gahrayi yaa wasaat" kaa faqdan hay. dosray naqdin ziyadah masbat haine jeesay kahh richard tarskin jinhon nay mcdonald kii kitaab kuu 'mazaaq' qaraar diyaa aur tajweez kiyaa kahh daswein choki kuu inn kii bartarfi mausiqar kay baaray mein naqis hadd say ziyadah sawanhi naqtah nazar kaa natijah hay. mazeed baraan jodath kohan nay likhaa kahh choki kii dosri harkat 'shayed mausiqar kii taar choki kuu baday paimanay parr tanazah kii akaasi karnay kay liye istemaal karnay kii koshishon mein sabb say kamiyab aur dilchasp hay'. asar. iss kaam kaa ahtamam string archistra kay liye rudolf barsayi nay apnay chamber sumphany mein kiyaa thaa. barsayi shostakovich kay dost aur saathi thay aur inn kii mausiqi kay aksar conductor thay bashmol inn kii chudhawein sumphany kaa premier. iss kaa intezam shostakovich kay asl kay liye intehayi wafadar hay bunyadi toor parr double baas kay izaafe mein mukhtalif hay juu bury hadd takk seelo hasay parr zoor deenay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. mazeed baraan anatoli damtario nay pyano kay chaar haathon kay liye eek kamee kaa ahtamam kiyaa. performans aur recording. iss kaam kaa premier 1964 mein maasko mein bethoon kwartt nay kiyaa thaa. iss kay baad iss kaa premier 1966 mein bartaniah mein albarni kwartt nay kiyaa thaa. iss kaam kii bees say ziyadah recording kii jaa chaki hay pehli baar 1965 mein weller kwartt nay kii thee. inn mein shostakoch kay inn annisables kii recording bhee shaamil hay jinhein wah jaantay thay aur jinn kay saath kaam kiyaa thaa jeesay kahh borodeen kawart bethoon kawart jinn donon nay kaam kii mutadid recording jaari kii hay aur foltzium kawart jiss nay asay 1998 mein record kiyaa thaa. string archestra kay liye rudolf barsayi kay intezamat kii kayee recording bhee kii gayee haine jinn mein 2017 mein demetry yablosky kay zeer ahtamam kiyo warchosi aur 2015 mein graham raas kay zeer ahtamam damitari kay majmuay kii bhee recording shaamil hay.

0007cd2186b32fb1867201517bd13cfb2221ca843f54cf603c914f559340ae9b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53322026

Amy Elkins

Amy Elkins American photographer Amy Elkins (born 1979) is an American photographer based in California. She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts in photography from the School of Visual Arts in New York City. Her photographs are formal portraits, through which she captures intimacy while exploring masculinity, vulnerability, and identity. Elkins has several series including Elegant Violence, Danseur, Wallflower, Parting Words, and Black is the Day, Black is the Night. In 2014 she won the "Aperture" Portfolio Prize for her series Parting Words, a collection of black and white portraits of men and women who have been executed. Since 2005 Elkins has used incarceration as a theme. In 2020 Elkins was awarded a Cadogan Art Award presented by the SOMArts Cultural Center and the San Francisco Foundation. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

emi elkins emi elkins (jonmo 1979) californiat owosthito egoraki aamerikan photographer. teu nework sohoror skool owo bhijuwel artsor poraa photographyt snatok degree laabh korisil. teur photographbur anusthanik chitro, jaar joriyote teu puruxotwo, durbolota aaru porisoy onwexon korar xomoyot ghonisthota dhore. elkinsot keibatau sringkhola aase jaar bhitorot aase marjeet hingxa, nrityoxilpi, dewalful, bisched xobdo, aaru koo 'laa hoise dinn, koo' laa hoise raati. 2014 sonot teu nijor bhag luwa xobdor baabe "eporsar" portfulio "botaa laabh korisil, ji hoise mrityudondo diya purux aaru mohilar koo 'laa aaru bogaa sitror xongroho. 2005 sonor poraa elkinse karagarok ek bixoybostu hisape byobohar kori aahise. 2020 sonot elkinsok xomarts xangoskritik kendro aaru chaan franchisoku foundationor dwara prodan koraa kedugon kolaa botaa prodan koraa hoisil.

ammy elkins ammy elkins (jonmo 1979) california vittik ekjon markin photographer. tini neu eork shohorer school off visual artasa theke photographyte bachelor off fine artasa orjon corren. taar photographguli anusthanik protikriti, jaar madhyome tini purushotto, durbolota ebong porichoy anweshan korar somoy antarangata dharon corren. elkinser besh koyekti sirij royeche jaar modhye royeche marjit hingsa, nrityashilpi, oyala flower, bichched shobdo ebong kaalo holl deane, kaalo holl raat. 2014 saale tini taar sirij partim shobder jonno "aperture" portfolio puraskar jitechilen, purush ebong mohilader kaalo ebong saadaa protikritir ekti sangraha jaader mrityudanda deoa hoyeche. 2005 saal theke elkins karabaske ekti thim hisabe byabohar koreche. 2020 saale elkinske somerts cultural center ebong shaan francisco phaundeshana dwara uposthapito ekti cadogan art award pradan koraa hoy.

aemee alkins aemee alkins (janm 1979) californiama stheet aek american photographer chhe. temane newyork shahernee school off visual artsmanthi photographyma laleet kalaama snatakni padvi melvee hatee. teneena photographs aupcharik potret chhe, jenaa dwara tenee purushatva, nabalai aneey odakhnee shodhkhol karatee vakhate aatmiyataane melve chhe. alkinsma bhavya hinsa, nrutyangna, divaalnaa phool, vidaay shabdo aneey kaado divas chhe, kaado raat chhe saheet ghanee shreneeo chhe. 2014 maan teneeae temnaa shrenibaddh vidaay shabdo maate "chhidra" portfolio puraskar jeetyo, jeey purusho aneey strionaa kaalaa aneey safed chitrono sangrah chhe jaimne faansi aapvama aavee chhe. 2005 thee alkinse jailvasno upyog aek vishhay tareeke karyo chhe. chhe alkinsne somarts saanskrutik kendra aneey saana francisco foundation dwara prastut kedogan aart award enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato.

ammy alkins ammy alkins (janm 1979) california mein sthit ack americi photographer hain. unhone newyork shahar mein drishya kalaa key school seey photography mein snaatak kii upaadhi praapt kii. unaki tasveeren aupchaarik chitra hain, jinake madhyam seey vaha mardanagi, bhedyata aur pehchaan kii khoj karate hue antarangata koo pakadati hain. alkins mein kaee shrinkhalaaen hain jinamen suruchipurna hinsa, nartak, bhitti phool, vibhajan shabd, aur kaalaa dinn haye, kaalaa raat haye. 2014 mein unhone apani shrinkhala vibhajan shabdon key liye "aperture" portfolio puraskar jeetaa, purushon aur mahilaaon key kaale aur safed chitron kaa sangrah jinhen nishpaadit kiya gayaa haye. 2005 seey alkins ney karawas kaa upayog ack vishay key roop mein kiya haye. 2020 mein alkins koo somarts saanskritik kendra aur saine francisco foundation dwara prastut ack cadogan kalaa puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.

amii elkins amii elkins (janana 1979) californiada moolada american chayagrahakaragiddare. avaru newyork nagarada drashya kalegala shaaleyinda chayagrahanadalli lalita kalegala padavi padedaru. aakeya chayachitragalu oupachaarika bhaavachitragalaagiddu, adara moolaka aake purushatva, durbalate mattu gurutannu anveshisuvaga anyonyateyannu serehidiyuttaale. elkins sogasaada himse, nartaka, walflower, vichchedanada padagalu mattu kappu hagalu, kappu ratri seridante halavaaru saranigalannu hondide. 2014ralli avaru tamma sarani vichchedana padagaligaagi, maranadandanegolagaada purusharu mattu mahileyara kappu mattu bili bhaavachitragala sangrahakkagi "dyutirandhra" portfolio prashastiyannu geddaru. 2005rinda elkins serevaasavannu ondu vishayavaagi balasiddaare. 2020ralli elkins avarige somarts saamskrutika kendra mattu syaan francisco foundation needida cadogan kalaa prashastiyannu nidalaayitu.

aami elkins california aasthaanamaayulla oru american photographeraanu amii elkins (jananam 1979). newyork nagaratthile school oof vishwal artsil ninnu photography baachilar oof phine arts nedi. avalude photographukal aupachaarika chhaayaachitrangalaanu, athiloode aval purushathvam, durbalata, swathuam enniva paryavekshanam cheyyumbol aduppam pidichedukkunnu. elkkinsil gambheeramaaya akramam, nritham, walflower, verpiriyal vaakkukal, karupp pakal, karupp ratri ennivayulppede niravadhi parambarakalundu. 2014-ll vadikkappetta purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum karuppum veluppum chhaayaachithrangalude shekharamaaya avarude parambarayile verpiriyal vaakkukalkk avar "aperture" portfolio sammanam nedi. 2005 muthal elkins thadankal oru prameyamaayi upayogikkunnu. 2020ll elkkinsinu somarts kalcharal sentarum saan francisco foundeshanum nalkunna cadogan art award labhichu.

emee elkins emee elkins (janm 1979) hii california yetheel eka american chhayachitrakar aahe. tine newyork shaharatil school auph visual artsmadhun chhayachitranamadhye lalit kalanmadhye padvi prapt kelee. tichi chhayachitre hii aupcharik chitre aahet, jyadvare tee purushatva, asurakshitata aanee olakh shodhatana jawalik tipate. elkinsmadhye mohak hinsa, nartak, walflower, viday shabd aanee kaala divas aahe, kaala ratra aahe yasah anek malika aahet. 2014 madhye tine tichya maliketil vibhakt shabdansathi, jyaa purush aanee striyanna fashi denyat aalee aahe tyanchya kalya aanee aanee chhayachitranchya sangrahasathi 'aperture' portfolio puraskar jinkla. 2005 pasoon elkinsney turungvasacha vishay mhanoon vapar keela aahe. 2020 madhye elkins yanna somarts sanskrutik kendra aanee sann francisco foundation pradan kelela cadogan qalaa puraskar pradan karnyat aala.

ammy alkins ammy alkins (janma 1979) californiama adharit ek americi photographer hun. unle newyork saharko schol aff bhijual artsbatt photographyma bachelor aff fine arts prapta garin. unka photoharu aupacharik chitraharu hun, jasko madhyambata unle mardanagi, asuraksha rar pahichanko anweshan garda antarangata khicchin. alkinssanga suruchipurna hinsa, nartak, bhitta full, bida shabdaharu, rar callo dina how, callo raat how sahit dherai shringkhalaharu chhan. sann 2014 maa unle afno shringkhalabadha bida shabdaharuka lagi "aperture" portfolio puraskar jitin, mrityudanda diieka purush rar mahilaharuko callo rar seto chitraharuko sangraha. sann 2005 dekhi alkinsle jelwaslai wishayawastuko rupma prayog gardai aeka chhan. sann 2020 maa alkinslai somarts sanskritik kendra rar saan francisco foundationle pradan gareko cadogan kala puraskar pradan garieko thiyo.

emi elkins emi elkins (janma 1979) kalipharniaare rahuthiba jane americae photographer. shay nyujarka saharar skula off vijual artaru photographyre fine artre snataka hassel karithile. tankara phatogudika heuchhi aanusthanika portrait, jaahaa madhyamare shay purushatwa, durbalata ebong parichai anweshana kariba samajare antarangata dhaaran karanti . elkinsnka pakhare aneka shrunkhala achhi jeunthire marjeet hinsa, nrutyashilpi, kanth phul, bichheda sabda, ebong kalaa deane, kalaa raati . 2014 ray shay taanka sirij bibhajan sabda paain "opperture" portfolio puraskara jitithile, purush ebong mahilanka kalaa ebong dhalaa portrait sangraha jaahaa fashi diajaichhi . 2005 masiharu elkins karagaraku eka bishajabastu bhabare byabahara karichanti. 2020 ray elkinsanku somarts sanskrutika kendra ebong shaan francisco foundation dwara pradan karajaithiba eka cadogan kalaa puraskara pradan karajaithila.

aimee alkins aimee alkins (janam 1979) california witch sathit ikk amriki photographer haii. uss neey newyork shehar dey school aaf visual arts toon photography witch bachelor aaf fine arts prapat keeta. uss deeaan tasviran rasmi portrait hunn, jiss raahin uh mardanagi, kamzori atey pachanh dee padchol karde hoye nedta noon darsaundi haii. alkins witch shandar hinsa, dancer, walflower, vakkh honn dey shabad atey qaala dinn haii, qaala raat haii samet kaee ladiwar hunn. 2014 witch uss neey aapni ladiwar vandann vaale shabdan laee "aperture" portfolio puraskar jittiaa, jiss witch mardan atey aurtan dey kaale atey chitte portrait daa sangrah haii jinhan noon fansi ditti gaee haii. 2005 toon alkins neey qaid noon ikk theem vajon vartiaa haii. saal 2020 witch alkins noon somarts cultural center atey sainn francisco foundation duaara pesh keete gaye cadogan aart award naal sanmanit keeta giaa see.

amee elkins amee elkins (janma 1979) california-deshasya american-chaayaachitrakaarah asti. saa nyuyaark-nagarasya drushya-kalaa-vidyaalayaat chhaayaachitran-kshetre lalitakalaayaah snaatakapadaveem praapnot. tasyaah chaayaachitraani aupachaarikaani chitraani santi, yeshu saa purushatvam, durbalataam, parichayah cha anveshayan antarangataam graheeti. elkins ityasmin anekaani shrunkhalaah santi, yathaa-maarjitah himsaa, nartakah, bhittipushpah, vibhaajanaashabdaani, krushnah dinam, krushnah raatrih cha. 2014 tame varshe saa "aperture" portfolio puraskaram swasyaah shrunkhalaayaah vibhajanashabdanam krute, mrutyudanditaanaam purushaanaam mahilanam cha krushna-shveta-chitraanaam sangrahasya krute praapnot. 2005 tamaat varshaat elkins ityeshah kaaraavaasasy vishayam upayujyate. 2020 tame varshe, somarts-saamskrutika-kendrena, syaan-francisco-pratishtaanena cha pradanam maadan-kalaa-puraskaaren elkins-varyaha puraskrutah.

amii elkins amii elkins (pirappu 1979) californiavai thalamaagak konda oru america pugaippadak kalaignar aavaar. avar newyorg nagaril ulla kaatchi kalaip pallyil irunthu pugaippadakkalaiyil thanathu ilangkalai nunkalai pattam pettraar. avarathu pugaippadangkal muraiyaana uruvappadangkal, idhan moolam avar aanmai, paathippu mattrum adaiyaalaththai aarayum poathu nerukkatthai pidikkiraar. elkinsil nerththiyaana vanmurai, nadanak kalaignar, suvar malar, pirinthu sellum vaarththaigal mattrum karuppu enbathu pakal, karuppu enbathu iravu ullitta pala thodarkal ullana. 2014 aam aandil avar thanathu thodar pirivinai vaarththaigalukkaaga "thulai" portfolio parisai ventraar, idhu aangalin karuppu mattrum vellai uruvappadangkalin thoguppaagum. 2005 muthal elkins siraivaasaththai oru karupporulaagap payanpaduththukiraar. 2020 aam aandil elkinsukku somarts kalaachaara maiyam mattrum chaan francisco arakkattalai valangkiya kadogan kalai viruthu vazhangkappattathu.

amee elkins amee elkins (jananam 1979) californialo unna oka american photographer. aame newyork nagaramloni school off vijuval arts nundi photography bachelor off fine artsnu andukundi. aame chaayaachitraalu adhikaarika chitraalu, dheeni dwara aame purushatvam, durbalatvam mariyu gurtimpunu anveshinchetappudu saannihityaanni sangrahistundi. elkins loe sogasaina himsa, nrutyakaarudu, wall flover, vidipoye padaalu, mariyu nalupu antey pagalu, nalupu antey raatri vanti aneka shrenulu unnaayi. unnaayi aame thana syries parting words kosam "eperture" portfolio bahumatini geluchukundi, idhi uriteeyabadina purushulu mariyu mahilala nalupu mariyu telupu chitraala sekarana. 2005 nundi elkins khaideelanu oka itivruttamgaa upayoginchaaru. upayoginchaaru elkins kuu somarts saamskrutika kendram mariyu shaan francisco foundation pradaanam chesina cadogan art avaardu labhinchindi.

amee elkins aimi elkins (paidaish 1979) california mein maqeem eek americi photographer hay. inhon nay neoyork shehar kay school aaf visiol arts say foto girafi mein bachelor aaf fayen arts haasil kiyaa. iss kii tasavir rasmi portrait haine jinn kay zariye wah mardangi kamzori aur shanakhat kii talaash kartay hoay qurbat kuu zahir karti hay. elkins mein kayee seerez haine jinn mein khubsurat tashdad raqaas waal flower alaihadgi kay alfaz aur seeyah dunn hay seeyah raat hay. 2014 mein iss nay apnay seerez kay alaihadgi kay alfaz kay liye "aperture" port folio anaam jeetaa juu mardon aur auraton kii seeyah aur safed tasveeron kaa majmuah hay jinhein phansi dee gayee hay. 2005 say elkins nay qaid kuu eek mozua kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa hay. 2020 mein elkins kuu somarts cultural center aur saan francesco foundation kii taraf say paish kardah cadogan aart aiward say nawaza gayaa.

0007cd7a58c2e1dda089353734724f13602c2b986bdfa04c1aabfd25ddba32b5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15475664

Hoàng Su Phì district

Hoàng Su Phì district Hoàng Su Phì is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019[ [update]] the district had a population of 66 683. The district covers an area of 629 km². The district capital lies at Vinh Quang. Hoàng Su Phì is famous for its rice field terraces, especially on the road between Hoàng Su Phì and Xín Mần, where those terraces are classified as a National Heritage by the Vietnamese Government. Administrative divisions. Hoàng Su Phì District consists of the district capital, Vinh Quang, and 24 communes: Bản Luốc, Bản Máy, Bản Nhùng, Bản Péo, Bản Phùng, Chiến Phố, Đản Ván, Hồ Thầu, Nam Sơn, Nàng Đôn, Nậm Dịch, Nậm Khòa, Nậm Ty, Ngàm Đăng Vài, Pố Lồ, Pờ Ly Ngài, Sán Xả Hồ, Tả Sử Choóng, Tân Tiến, Thàng Tín, Thèn Chu Phìn, Thông Nguyên, Tụ Nhân and Túng Sán. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hoh 'yang su phi jilaa huang su phi hoise vietnamor uttor-pubo oncholor haa gyang prodexor ekhon gramyo jilaa. jilakhonor jonoxongkhya aasil 66,683 john. jilakhonor aayoton 629 borgo kilometer. jilaar rajdhani bhin kuwangto owosthito. hung su phi iyar dhaanor potharor teresor baabe bikhyat, bixexkoi hung su phi aaru chinn maanor maajor pothot, zo 'too xei teresburok bhiyetnami sorkare rastriyo oitijyo hisape shrenibodho korise. proxaxonik bibhagxomuh. hoh 'yang su phi jilaa jilaar rajdhani bhin kuwang aaru 24taa communore gothitoh bob' yaan luch, baan maai, baan nohung, baan peo ', baan fung, chinn faa, daan bhaan, hu thau, naam xaan, naang daan, naam dongso, naam khuwa, naam taai, nogam daang bhai, pu lu, poo' laai engai, chaan ex hu, tot 'nyun cho' yong, taan tiyen, thaang tinn, thaan su, tho 'yang, tho' yang, tot 'yang, tot' yang, tot 'yang, tot' yang, tot 'yang, tot' yang tot 'yang, tot' yang tot 'yang, tot' yang tot 'yang, tot' yang tot 'yang, tho' yang tot 'yang, tho' yang tot 'yang, tho' yang cho 'yang, tho' yang cho 'yang, tho' yang tot 'yang, tho' yang tot 'yang tot' yang, tho 'yang tot' yang tot

hong shoo phii zela hoang shoo phii vietnamer uttor-purbo anchaler haha giang prodesher ekti gramin zela. jelara jonosongkha chhilo 66,683 john. jelatir ayton 629 borgo kilometres. jelara rajdhani vinn kuang-ayee abosthito. hoang shoo phii taar dhaner kheter sopangulir jonno bikhyato, biseshoto hoang shoo phii ebong zina maan-err modhyoborti rastai, jekhane eyi sopangulike vietname sarkar jatiya oitijhyo hisabe shreniboddho koreche. proshashonik bibhag. hong shoo phii jelati jelatir rajdhani vinn kuang ebong 24tii sampradai niye gathitoh baan luch, baan maai, baan noung, baan peo, baan phung, chien phaa, dunn vyana, hoe thau, naam shaan, nang dunn, naam dongch, naam khoa, naam tii, nogam dung bhai, paolo, paai engai, shaan eksa hoe, taun chong, taan tn, thang tinn, thaan chu, thangu, taan, taan taan ebong taan.

hong suu phii jeello hong suu phii aee viyetnaamnaa uttarpurviy pradeshmaa haa giang praantno graameen jeello chhe. aaa jeellani vastee 66,683 hatee. aaa jeello 629 choras keemeena vistaarmaa felaayelo chhe. aaa jeellani raajdhaani winh kwang khaate aaveli chhe. hong suu phii tenaa chokhana khetarnaa terres maate prakhyaat chhe, khaas kareene hong suu phii aneey sheen maana vachchena rastaa parr, jyaan teey terres vietnamese sarkaar dwara raashtriy vaarsa tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aave chhe. vahivati vibhago. hong suu phii jeellama jeellani raajdhaani, vinah kwang aneey 24 samudaayo chheh baan luech, baan maai, baan nhung, baan peo, baan phung, cheeyan faa, naan vaan, hoow thoo, naam saana, naan done, naam dunch, naam khoa, naam tii, nagaam deng vaai, poow loow, poow lii ngee, saana ex hoow, toona choong, toona tn, thang tinn, thayne chuu, thangu, thangu aneey tangu.

hong sue phee jilaa hong sue phee viyatnam key poorvottar kshetra mein haa jiang praant kaa ack graameen jilaa haye. jile kii aabaadi 66,683 thee. jile kaa kshetrafal 629 varg kilometres haye. jile kii rajdhani vinh kwang mein sthit haye. hong sue phee apane chawal key khet kii chhaton key liye prasiddh haye, vishesh roop seey hong sue phee aur shinn maan key beach kii sadak parr, jahaan una chhaton koo viyatnami sarkaar dwara rashtriya viraasat key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. prashaasnik prabhaag. hong suu phee jile mein jilaa rajdhani, vinah kwang aur 24 samudaay shamil hainh baan look, baan maaee, baan nyung, baan peo, baan phung, chinn faa, daan vaan, hoe thau, naam saan, nang daan, naam dunch, naam khoa, naam tii, nagaam daang vaaee, poe low, poe lii nagaai, saan aiks hoe, tone chong, taana tn, thang tinn, thaan chu, thang, thang, thang, thang aur taang.

hong suu phii jille hong suu phii embudu vietnamna eeshaanya pradeshada haa jiang praantyada grameena jilleyaagide. jilleya janasankhyeyu 66,683. jilleya vistirna 629 chadara kii. mea.. jilleya rajadhaniyu vinh kwangnallide. hong suu phee tanna bhattada maidaanada mahadigalige hesaruvaasiyaagide, visheshavaagi hong suu phee mattu xin maan naduvina rasteyalli, allie aaa mahadigalannu vietnam sarkaaravu rashtriya parampare endu vargeekariside. aadalitaatmaka vibhagagalu. hong suu phii jilleyu jilleya rajadhani, vinh kwang mattu 24 samudaayagalannu olagondideh baan look, baan mye, baan n hong, baan peo, baan fong, chien phaa, hohn vaan, hoow thaav, naam saan, naan daan, naam dutch, naam khowa, naam tii, naam dong vaii, polo, pou lii ngai, saan ex hoow, town chong, tonn tinn, thong tinn, then chu, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong, thong,

hong suu phii jilla viyatnaaminte vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile haah jiang pravishyayile oru grameena jillayaan hong suu phii. jillayude janasamkhya 66,683 aanu. jillayude vistheernnam 629 chathurashra kilometres. jilla thalasthaanam winn kwaangilaanu. hong suu phii nelvayalukalude melkkoorakalkku prashasthamaan, prathyekichu hong suu phii, siin maan ennivaykkidayilulla roadle, aaa melkkoorakale vietnaamees sarkkar deseeya paithrukamaayi tharamthirichittundu. bharanaparamaya divisionukal. jilla thalasthaanamaaya vinh kwang, 24 kammyoonukalum ulkkollunna jillayaan hong suu phii jilla baann lukk, baann mye, baann nhung, baann pio, baann phung, chiin phoo, daan vaan, hoow thaav, naam soonn, nang doonn, naam datch, naam khoo, nang tii, nangam dang vaii, poow loow, poow lye ngai, saan ex hoow, taann chong, taann tinn, thaang tinn, thaan chuu, thaan phu, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan, thaan

hong suu phii jilha hong suu phii haah vhietanamchya ishanya bhagatil haah giang prantacha eka grameen jilha aahe. jilhyachi loksankhya 66,683 hotee. jilhyache kshetrafal 629 chauras kiimii aahe. jilhyachi rajdhani winh kwang yethe aahe. hong suu phii heey tandalachya shetatil terressathi prasiddha aahe, visheshtah hong suu phii aanee sheen maan darmyanchya rastyavar, jithe tyaa terresche vietnami sarkarne rashtriy varsa mhanoon vargikaran kele aahe. prashasakeey vibhag. hong suu phii jeelhyat jilhyachi rajdhani, vinah kwang aanee 24 samudayancha samavesh hotoh bohn lukh, bohn maee, baen nyung, baen peo, bohn phung, chian phaa, dohn vanne, hoow thau, naam saan, nong daana, nome dunch, nome khoa, naem tii, nagam dang weey, poe loow, paa laai enji, saan ex hoow, taun choong, taen tn, thong tiin, thaen chu, thong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong, nong

hong su fee zilla hong su fee bhiyatnamko uttarpurvi kshetrako hah jiang prantako gramin zilla how. jillako janasankhya 66,683 thiyo. jillako kshetrafal 629 warga kilometer chha. jillako rajdhani bhin kwangma awasthit chha. hong su fee yasako dhanko khetko teresharuka lagi prasidha chha, vishesh gari hong su fee rar sine maan bichko sadakma, jahaan tee teresharulai bhiyatnami sarkarle rashtriya sampadako rupma wargikrit gareko chha. prashasanik vibhagharu. hong su fee jillama zilla rajdhani, bhin kwang, rar 24 wata samudayharu samawesh chhanh baan luch, baan mai, baan nung, baan peo, baan fung, chinn foe, daan bhyan, how thu, naam saan, nang dong, naam dunch, naam khoa, naam tea, nagam dang wai, poe lo, paap lai enji, saan ex how, tauna chong, taan tiena, thang tinn, thann chu, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna, thuna

honga suu phi zillah honga suu phi heuchhi bhietanamara uttara-purba anchalara haa gijanga pradeshar eka grameena zillah . ehi jillara janasankhya 66,683 thila. ehi jillara khetraphala 629 berg kii. mea.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. hong suu phi ehara dhaana khyeta terres paain prasidha, bisesh curry hong suu phi ebong sinh maan madhyare thiba rastare, jeunthare sehi terres bhietnami sarkar dwara eka jatiah aitihya bhabare bargeekruta . prashasanika bibhaga. hong suu phi zillah zillah rajdhani, bhina kwang, ebong 24tii kamyunaku nei gathitah baana look, baana maai, baana nhung, baana peo, baana phung, chien faa, daana bhaan, hoe thau, naama shaan, naana daan, naama daan, naama khoa, naama tii, nagam dang bhai, paolo, paugh 'laai engei, saana ex hoe, tano chong, taana tinn, thaang tinn, thaan chu, thanga, thanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tanga, tott

hong suu phee zilha hong suu phee viatnam dey uttar-purbi khetar witch haa gyang prant daa ikk pendu zilha haii. zilhe dee aabadi 66,683 see. zilhe daa khetarfal 629 varag kilometer haii. zilha rajdhani vinah kuang vikhe sathit haii. hong suu faaee aapne chaulan dey khet deeaan chhattan laee mashur haii, khaskar hong suu faaee atey zinn maan dey vichkaar dee sadak utte, jitthe unhan chhattan noon viatnami sarkaar duaara rashtari virasat vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa haii. parshaski vibhag. hong suu phee zilhe witch zilha rajdhani, vinah kuang atey 24 kamioon shamal hann baan look, baan myee, baan nung, baan peo, baan faang, chinn faa, daan vain, hoow thau, naam shaan, naan donn, naam dench, naam khoa, naam tii, nagam deng vaaee, paulo, pau lee aingai, sainn aiks hoow, tou noo chung, taan tien, thang tinn, thaan chu, thang, thang, thang atey taang.

hong su fee mandalam hong su fee iti vietnaam-deshasya eeshaanye sthitasya haa-jiang-prantasya graminamandalam asti. asya mandalasya janasankhyaa 66,683 aasit. asya mandalasya kshetrafalam 629 vargakilomeetar asti. mandalasya rajadhani vinh kwang ityatra asti. hong-su-fee tandulakshetrasy sopananam krute prasidham asti, visheshatah hong-su-fee tathaa sinn-maan ityetayoho madhye maarge, yatra taani sopanani vietnaamees-sarvakaarena rashtriya-parampara iti vargeekrutaah santi. prashaasanikavibhaagaah. hong su fee mandale mandalasya rajadhani vinh kwang, 24 samudayah cha santi-baan look, baan mai, baan nhung, baan peo, baan phung, chinn faa, haan vaan, how thaau, naam saan, naan daang, naam daach, naam kho, naam tea, nam daang ve, po low, po lai enge, saan eksa how, tnon chong, taan tean, thaang tinn, then chu, ngun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun, tsun

hoong chuu phii maavattam hoong chuu fabai enbathu vietnaamin vadakizhakku piraanthiyaththil ulla haa kiang maagaanaththin graamappura maavattamaagum. inththa maavattaththin makkal thogai 66,683 aagum. inththa maavattaththin parappalavu 629 sathura kilometer aagum. mavattath thalaynagaram vinn gwang nagaril amainthullathu. hoong chuu fabai adhan arisi vayal maadikku pirabalamaanathu, kurippaaga hoong chuu fabai mattrum chinn maan idaiyae ulla saalaiyil, antha maadi maadigal vietnaam arasaangkaththaal thaesiya paarambariyamaaga vagaippaduththappattulana. nirvaagap pirivugal. hong chuu fabai maavattam mavattath thalaynagaraana vinh gwang mattrum 24 kamyoongalaik kondullathuh paan luke, paan mae, paan naang, paan beoo, paan bung, chinn phoo, paan vaan, haa thaav, naam chaan, naang dawn, naang dawn, naang dawn, naang tong vaa, naang tong vaa, phaa loow, phaa lye naang, chaan ex hoow, dawn soong, dawn dinn, tong dinn, thaang chuu finn, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong, naang tong tong, naang tong tong, naang tong tong, naang tong tong, naang tong tong, naang tong tong tong, naang tong tong tong

hong suu phii jilla hong suu phii vietnam eshaanya praantamlooni haa jiang provinceloni graameena jilla. eee jilla janabha 66,683. jilla 629 chadarapu kilometres vistiirnamloo undhi. jilla rajadhani vinh kwang vadda undhi. hong suu phii vari polapu terraslaku prasiddhi chendindi, mukhyamgaa hong suu phii mariyu sinn maan madhya rahadaaripai, aaa terraslanu vietnamese prabhutvam jaateeya vaarasatvamgaa vargeekarinchindi. paripalana vibhagalu. hong suu phii jillaalo jilla rajadhani, vinh kwang, mariyu 24 communelu unnaih baan look, baan mye, baan n haang, baan pio, baan fung, chian phaa, hohn vaan, hoow thaav, naam saan, naan daan, naam dutch, naam khowa, naam tii, naam dang vai, poe loe, poe lye ngai, saan ex hoow, town chone, thaan tinn, thang tinn, then chu, thang, thang, thang, thang, thang, thang, tong, tong, tong, tong, tong.

hong sue fayee zalaa hong sue fayee weet naam kay shamaal mashriqi elaqay mein subah haa gayang kaa eek deehi zalaa hay. zalaa kii aabadi 66,683 thee. zalaa 629 marbaa chlometer kay raqbe parr maheet hay. zalaa kaa darulhukumat winn kawang mein waaqa hay. hong sue fayee chawal kay kheet kii chhaton kay liye mashhur hay khaas toor parr hong sue fayee aur zeen maan kay darmiyan sadak parr jehaan inn chhaton kuu vietnami hukumat nay qomi warsay kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa hay. intezami taqsim. hong sue fayee zalaa zalaa kay darulhukumat winn kawang aur 24 kamyunon parr mushtamil hay: baan lock baan mayee baan hoong baan piyo baan phang cheen pahan hown waan hown thow naam suun nung ddaan naam daine naam khawaa naam tayee nigaam deng waayi pone low pone lee aingi saan aiks how town chong taan tyeen, thang tunn theen choo theeng theeng theeng aur teng.

0007d21e13c9569bcec3a2f83b38358e25221edadbb64eaff2126fb7ac696b4b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=104711

Vina, Alabama

Vina, Alabama Vina is a town in Franklin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 358, down from 400 in 2000. Carl Elliott, the representative of Alabama's 7th congressional district from 1949 to 1965, graduated in 1929 from Vina High School. Johnny Mack Morrow, who served in the Alabama Legislature from 1990 to 2018 was born in Vina. Vina was incorporated in 1909. History. Vina was originally known as "Jones Crossroads," and later as "New Burleson." When a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad was constructed through the area in the early 1900s, the community was renamed "Vina" after the wife of a railroad engineer. Geography. Vina is located in southwestern Franklin County County at (34.374874, -88.053498). Alabama State Route 19 passes through the town, leading northwest to Red Bay and south to Hamilton. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land. The town sits on the Tennessee Valley Divide, with the north side draining via several creeks to Bear Creek, a north-flowing tributary of the Tennessee River; the south side of town drains to Hurricane Creek, a southwest-flowing part of the Tombigbee River watershed. Demographics. <templatestyles src="US Census population/styles.css"/> As of the census of 2000, there were 400 people, 155 households, and 110 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 188 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.50% White, 0.50% Black or African American, 0.25% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 1.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 155 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 21.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.11. In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $18,594, and the median income for a family was $20,625. Males had a median income of $23,000 versus $19,444 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,662. About 46.1% of families and 47.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 69.3% of those under age 18 and 52.9% of those age 65 or over. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bhina, alabama bhina aamerika juktorastror alabamar franklin countyr ekhon sohor. 2010 sonor lukopiyolot jonoxongkhya aasil 358 john, 2000 sonot 400 jonor poraa hraax paisil. 1949 sonor poraa 1965 sonoloike alabamar 7moo congressional jilaar protinidhi carl eliot 1929 sonot bhina haiskulor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. 1990 sonor poraa 2018 sonoloike alabama bidhan xobhat karzonirbah koraa johnny mekor kailoi bhinat jonmo hoisil. bhina 1909 sonot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. itihax. bhinak prothome "jonos crossroads" aaru pisoloi "niu barleson" buli jonaa goisil."1900 sonor aarombhonite jetiya ilinoy kendriyo railpothor etaa xakha oncholtur maajere nirman koraa hoisil, tetiya xomprodaituk ejon railpoth obhijontar potnir naamere" "bhina" "buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. bhugul. bhina dokhyin-poschim franklin county countyt (34.374874,-88.053498) owosthito. alabama rajyik poth 19 sohorkhonor maajere paar hoi yaay, ji uttor-poschimor redd bey aaru dokhyine hemiltonoloi yaay. eur mote.ess. lukpiyol byur ", sohorkhonor muth eleka, xokolu bhumi. sohorkhon tense upotyoka bibhajonot owosthito, uttor faale keibatau khaarir maajere niskaxito hoi khaari bohon kore, jitu tense nodir uttore boi juwa uponodi; sohoror dokhyin faale ghurnibotah khariloi niskaxito hoy, jitu tombigobi nodir jolobibhajikar dokhyin-poschimoloi boi juwa ongxo. jonogathoni. 2000 sonor lukpiyol onuxori sohorkhonot 400 john luk, 155 taa poriyal aaru 110 taa poriyal baax korisil. jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. gorh ghonotwot 188taa grihonirman gutt aasil. sohorkhonor jatigoto gothon aasil 97.50% bogaa, 0.50% koo 'laa baa african aamerikan, 0.25% onyanyo jaatir, aaru 1.75% dutaa baa totudhik jaatir. 1.jonoxongkhyar 75 xotangxo hispanik baa jikunu jaatir letin 'aasil. 155taa poriyal aasil, jaar bhitorot 31.0% ror xoite baax koraa 18 bosoror tolor xontan aasil, 41.9% bibahito dompoti aasil ekeloge baax korisil, 21.3% ror egoraki mohila grihostho aasil jaar swami uposthito nasil, aaru 29.0% poriyalbihin aasil. 26.xokolu poriyalor 5 xotangxo byoktir dwara gothito aasil, aaru 13.5% too 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor kunuba ejon okole baax korisil. gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.58 aaru gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 3.11. sohorkhonot jonoxongkhya 18 bosoror tolor 31.8%, 18-ror poraa 24 bosor boyoxor 5.3%, 25-ror poraa 44 bosor boyoxor <ID2,45-ror poraa 64 bosor boyoxor <ID4, aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor 13.5% ror xoite bistrito aasil. gorh boyox aasil 34 bosor. proti 100 goraki mohilar biporite 99 purux aasil. 18 bosor aaru taar uporor boyoxor proti 100 goraki mohilar baabe 90.9 goraki purux aasil. sohorkhonor etaa poriyalor majomiya aay aasil 18,594 dollar, aaru etaa poriyalor majomiya aay aasil 20,625 dollar. puruxor majomiya aay aasil 23,000 dollar biporite mohilar 19,444 dollar. sohorkhonor jonomuri aay aasil 10,662 dollar. pray 46.1% poriyal aaru 47.5% jonoxongkhya doridrotarekhar tolot aasil, jaar bhitorot 18 bosoror tolor lukoxokolor 69.3% aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor lukoxokolor 52.9% aasil.

vina, alabama vina markin juktorashtrer alabamar franklin kauntir ekti shohor. 2010 saaler jonogonona anujayi jonosongkha chhilo 358, jaa 2000 saale 400 chhilo. 1949 theke 1965 saal porjonto alabamar 7maum congressional jelara protinidhi curl elliot 1929 saale vina hye school theke snatok hohn. 1990 theke 2018 saal porjonto alabama ainsabhai dayitto palon koraa johnny mack agamikal vinay jonmogrohon corren. vina 1909 saale antarbhukta koraa hoy. itihas. vina mulat "johns crossroad" ebong porey "neu barlson" naame porichito chhilo."1900-err doshoker godar dike jokhon ilinoy kendriya railpother ekti shakha eyi anchaler modhyo diye nirmito hoyechilo, tokhon ekjon railpoth engineer strir naame eyi sampradayer naam poriborton korey" "vina" "rakha hoyechilo. bhugol. vina dakkhin-poschim franklin county kauntite (34.374874,-88.053498) abosthito. alabama rajyo rutt 19 shohorer modhyo diye geche, jaa uttor-poschime reeda beey ebong dakkhine hamilton porjonto yaay. eu onusare.esha. jonogonona bureau, shahartir moat ayton, samasta jommy. shaharti tennessi upottoka bibhajoner upor abosthito, uttor dikti tennessi nadeer uttor-probahito uponodi, khandi bohon korar jonno besh koyekti khandi diye nishkashito hoy; shohorer dakkhin dikti tombigby nadeer jolobibhajikar dakkhin-poschim-probahito ongsho hariken khandi porjonto probahito hoy. jonosongkha. 2000 saaler jonogonona anujayi, shohore 400 john manush, 155tii poribar ebong 110tii poribar bosobas koroto. jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo. gadey 188tii abason unit chhilo. shohorer jatigoto gathon chhilo 97.50% saadaa, 0.50% kaalo baa african american, 0.25% anyanno jaati theke, ebong 1.75% dui baa totodhik jaati theke. 1.jonosongkhar 75 shotangsho chhilo jey konao jaatir hyspanic baa latino. 155tii poribar chhilo, jaar modhye aidi2-err 18 bochorer qama vayasi santan chhilo, aidi3-err bibahito dampati eksange thakat, aidi4-err ekjon mohila grihokorta chhilen, jaar konao swami uposthito chhilen naa ebong aidi1-err poribar chhilo naa. 26.samasta poribarer 5 shotangshoi chhilo swatantra byakti dwara gothito, ebong 13.5%-ayee 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi keu ekaa bosobas korten. garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.58 ebong garh poribarer akaar chhilo 3.11. shohore jonosongkha chhoriye chhilo, 18 bochorer qama boyosider modhye 31.8%, 18 theke 24 bochor boyosider modhye 5.3%, 25 theke 44 bochor boyosider modhye 27.3%, 45 theke 64 bochor boyosider modhye 22.3% ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider modhye 13.5% chhilo. garh boyce chhilo 34 bochor. proti 100 john mohilar jonno 99 john purush chhilen. 18 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi proti 100 john mohilar jonno 90.9 john purush chhilen. shohorer ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 18,594 markin dollar ebong ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 20,625 markin dollar. purushder garh aay chhilo 23,000 markin dollar bonam mohilader 19,444 markin dollar. shohorer mathapichu aay chhilo 10,662 markin dollar. pray poribargulir 46.1% ebong jonosongkhar 47.5% daridrosimar niche chhilo, jaar modhye 18 bochorer qama boyosider 69.3% ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider 52.9% chhilo.

veenaa, alabama vinaa aee united statesnaa alabamama franklin kaauntimaa aavelu aek nagar chhe. chhe vastee ganatarimaa vastee 358 hatee, jeey jeey 400 hatee. 1949 thee 1965 sudhee alabamana alabamana kongresanal jeellana pratinidhi carle elliot, 1929 maan veenaa haai schoolmathi snaatak thayaa. 1990 thee 2018 sudhee alabama vidhansabhama sevaa aapnaar johnny makeno janm vinaamaa thayo hato. vinaano samaavesh samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato. itihas. veenaane mulroope "johns crossroads" tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtu hatoo, aneey pachhithi "nyu berleson" tareeke jaanitu hatoo."jyaare hatoo."jyaare daaykaani sharuaatmaa eleanois central railroadni aek shakhanu nirmaan aaa vistarmathi karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, tyaare samudaaynu naam railroad angineerni patneena naam parr" "veenaa" "rakhvama aavyu hatoo". bhugol. veenaa dakshinpashchim franklin kaauntimaa (34.374874,-88.053498) stheet chhe. alabama raajy maarg 19 shahermathi pasaar thaay chhe, jeey uttarpashchimma laal khaadi taraf aneey dakshinma hamilton taraf doree jaay chhe. yuu anusaar.aesa. vastee ganatari beuro, aaa nagarmaa coole jameenno vistaar chhe. aaa nagar tenasi kheennaa vibhajan parr aavelu chhe, jemaa uttar bajuae khaadi, tenasi nadeeni uttar taraf vahetee upanadi, nadeene sahan karvaa maate ghanee khadiomathi vahe chhe; shahernee dakshin baaju hariken khaadimaa vahe chhe, jeey tombigby nadeena dakshinpashchim taraf vahetaa bhaag chhe. vastee vishhayak. vishhayak vastee ganatari mujab, shaherma 400 loko, 155 parivaaro aneey 110 parivaaro raheta hataa. vasteeni ghanata hatee. tyaan 188 aavaas aekamo hataa, jenee sarerash ghanata hatee. aaa nagarnee vansheey rachnaa 97.50% safed, 0.50% kaalaa athavaa african american, 0.25% anya jatiomathi, aneey 1.75% beey athavaa vadhu jatiomathi hatee. 1.75 takaa vastee koipan jaatinaa hyspanic athavaa leteeno hataa. tyaan 155 parivaaro hataa, jemathi 31.0% paase temnee saathe raheta 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadako hataa, 41.9% saathe raheta parineet yugalo hataa, 21.3% paase koee patee vinaa maheela gruhasth hatee, aneey 29.0% biin-parivaaro hataa. 26.tamaam gharomathi 5 takaa vyaktiomathi banelaa hataa, aneey 13.5% paase 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnee vyaktee aekalee rahetee hatee. sarerash gharnu qada 2.58 hatoo aneey sarerash kutumbanu qada 3.11 hatoo. shaherma, vastee felaayelee hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 31.8%, 18 thee 24 varshnee vaya vachchena 5.3%, 25 thee 44 varshnee vaya vachchena <ID1,45 thee 64 varshnee vaya vachchena <ID2, aneey 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 13.5% loko hataa. sarerash ummar 34 varsh hatee. darr 100 maheelao maate 99 purusho hataa. 18 varsh aneey tethee vadhu umarnee darek 100 maheelao maate 90.9 purusho hataa. shaherma aek gharnee sarerash aavak $18,594 hatee, aneey aek parivaarni sarerash aavak $20,625 hatee. purushoni sarerash aavak $23,000 hatee jyaare streeo maate $19,444 hatee. aaa shahernee mathadith aavak 10,662 dollar hatee. lagbhag parivaaroni 46.1% aneey vasteeni 47.5% garibi rekhaa neeche hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa lokonee 69.3% aneey 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa lokonee 52.9% noow samaavesh thaay chhe.

veena, albama veena sanyukt raajya america key alabama raajya key franklin county mein sthit ack shahar haye. 2010 kii janganana mein jansankhya 358 thee, joe 2000 mein 400 thee. 1949 seey 1965 taka alabama key 7vein congressional jile key pratinidhi carle elliot ney 1929 mein veena hyee school seey snaatak kiya. 1990 seey 2018 taka alabama vidhanmandal mein seva karane vaale johnny mack kaa cull veena mein janm huaa thaa. veena koo 1909 mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. itihas. veena koo mool roop seey "johns chauraha" aur baad mein "nyu berleson" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa."jaba 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein ilinois kendriya rail maarg kii ack shakha kaa nirmaan iss kshetra key madhyam seey kiya gayaa thaa, tou samudaay kaa naam ack rail engineer kii patni key naam parr" "veena" "rakhaa gayaa thaa. bhugol. veena dakshin-paschimi franklin county county mein (34.374874,-88.053498) sthit haye. alabama raajya maarg 19 shahar seey hocker gujarta haye, joe uttar-paschim mein laal khaadi aur dakshin mein hamilton kii or jaataa haye. yuu key anusaar.aiss. janganana beuro, shahar kaa kull kshetrafal, poori bhoomi haye. yeh shahar tenacy ghaati vibhajan parr sthit haye, jisamen uttar kii or kaee khaadiyon key madhyam seey khaadi koo sahan karane key liye bahati haye, joe tenacy nadee kii uttar-bahane vaali sahayak nadee haye; shahar kaa dakshin bhaag toofaan khaadi mein bahata haye, joe tombigby nadee key jalvibhaajak kaa ack dakshin-paschim-bahane vaalaa hissa haye. jansankhyiki. 2000 kii janganana key anusaar, shahar mein 400 loga, 155 ghar aur 110 parivaar rahate they. jansankhya ghanatva thaa. vahaan 188 awas ikaaiyaan theen jinka ausat ghanatva thaa. shahar kaa nasleeya swaroop 97.50% safed, 0.50% kaalaa yaa african americi, 0.25% anya naslon seey, aur 1.75% dou yaa dou seey adhik naslon seey thaa. 1.75 pratishat aabaadi kissy bhee jaati kii hyspanic yaa latino thee. 155 ghar they, jinamen seey aaee. dee. 2. key 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche unake saath rahate they, aaee. dee. 3. vivaahit jode they joe ack saath rahate they, aaee. dee. 4. kii ack mahila grihasthi thee jiska koee pati maujood naheen thaa, aur aaee. dee. 1. gair-parivaar they. 26.sabhi gharon mein seey 5 pratishat vyaktiyon seey baney they, aur 13.5% mein koee aisaa vyakti thaa joe akela rahata thaa jisaki ayu 65 varsh yaa usase adhik thee. ausat parivaar kaa aakar 2.58 thaa aur ausat parivaar kaa aakar 3.11 thaa. shahar mein, aabaadi faili hui thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key 31.8%, 18 seey 24 varsh kii ayu key 5.3%, 25 seey 44 varsh kii ayu key <ID2,45 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key 22.3% aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key 13.5% they. ausat ayu 34 varsh thee. pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye 99 purush they. 18 varsh aur usase adhik ayu kii pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye, 90.9 purush they. shahar mein ack parivaar kii ausat aaya 18,594 dollar thee, aur ack parivaar kii ausat aaya 20,625 dollar thee. purushon kii ausat aaya 23,000 dollar thee jabaki mahilaaon kii 19,444 dollar thee. shahar kii prati vyakti aaya 10,662 dollar thee. lagbhag 46.1% parivaar aur 47.5% aabaadi garibi rekha seey neeche thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key logon kii 69.3% aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key logon kii 52.9% shamil thee.

vina, alabama vina united statesna alabaamaada franklin kountiyalliruva ondu pattanavagide. 2010rahra janaganatiyalli janasankhyeyu 358 aagittu, aagittu idu 400 aagittu. aagittu 1949rinda alabaamaada 7neey congressina jilleya pratinidhiyagidda carle elliot, elliot vina proudhashaaleyinda padavi padedaru. padedaru 1990rinda alabama shasakangadalli seve sallisida johnny mack avaru naale veenaadalli janisidaru. veenaavannu veenaavannu samyojisalaayitu. itihaasa. veenaavannu moolatah "johns crossroads" endu kareyalaaguttittu mattu nantara "nyoo burleson" endu endu dashakada aarambhadalli ileanois central railroadna ondu shakheyannu ee pradeshada moolaka nirmisidaaga, samudaayavannu railroad engineerna patniya hesarannu "vina" endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. bhougolika. veena nairtya franklin kountiyalli (34.374874,-88.053498) ide. alabama raajya maarga 19 pattanada moolaka haaduhoguttade, idu vaayuvyakke kempu kolliyavarege mattu dakshinakke hamiltonge daari maadikoduttade. yuu prakara.ess. janaganati beuro, pattanavu ottu bhoopradeshavannu hondide. pattanavu tenessea kaniveya vibhajaneya mele nelegondide, uttara bhagavu halavaaru toregala moolaka hariyuttade, idu tenessea nadiya uttara-hariyuva upanadiyagide; pattanada daksina bhagavu chandamarutada kollige hariyuttade, idu tombigie nadiya nairtya-hariyuva bhagavagide. janasankhyaashaastra. 2000rahra janaganatiya prakara, pattanadalli 400 janaru, 155 kutumbagalu mattu 110 kutumbagalu vaasisuttiddavu. jansankhyeya saandrate ittu. 188 vasati ghatakagalu sarasari saandrateyallive. pattanada janangiya rachaneyu 97.50% bili, 0.50% kappu athawa african american, 0.25% itara janangagalinda, mattu 1.75% eradu athawa hecchina janangagalinda aagittu. 1.jansankhyeya shekada shekada janaru yaavude janangada hysponic athawa latino aagiddaru. allie 155 kutumbagaliddavu, avugalalli aii. dii. 2.18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu hondiddavu, aii. dii. 4. vivaahita dampatigalu ottige vaasisuttiddaru, aii. dii. 3. gandanillada mahila gruhasthiyannu hondiddaru mattu aii. dii. 1. kutumbagalalladavaragiddaru. 26.ellah kutumbagalalli shekada shekada vyaktigalinda koodittu, mattu 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaru obbare vasisuttiddavaru. maneya sarasari gaatra 2.58 mattu kutumbada sarasari gaatra 3.11 aagittu. pattanadalli, janasankhyeyu 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaraada <aii. dii. 4>, 18 rinda 24 varshadolaginavara 5.3%, 25 rinda 44 varshadolaginavara <aii. dii. 2,45 rinda 64 varshadolaginavara <aii. dii. 3> mattu 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavara <aii. dii. 1 + janasankhyeyondige haradittu. sarasari vayassu 34 varshagalu. prati 100 mahileyarigomme 99 purushariddaru. 18 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina prati 100 mahileyaralli 90.9 purushariddaru. pattanadalli ondu maneya sarasari aadaayavu $18,594 aagittu, mattu ondu kutumbada sarasari aadaayavu $20,625 aagittu. purusharu sarasari aadaayavannu $23,000 mattu mahileyarige $19,444 hondiddaru. pattanakke talaa aadaayavu $10,662 aagittu. sumaru kutumbagala 46.1% mattu jansankhyeya 47.5% badatana rekheginta kelagiddavu, idaralli 18 varshadolaginavara 69.3% mattu 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavara 52.9% seriddavu.

vina, alabama american aikyanaadukalile alabaamayile franklin kaundiyile oru pattanamaan vina. vina sensus prakaram janasamkhyaashaasthram 400ll ninnu kuranjathu 358 aayirunnu. 1949 muthal 1965 vare alabaamayude ezhaamathe kongras jillayude prathinidhiyaayirunna kaal eliot 1929 ll vina haiskoolil ninnu birudam nedi. 1990 muthal 2018 vare alabama niyamasabhayil sevanamanushticha johnny mack naale vinayilaanu janichathu. janichathu vina samyojippichathu. charithram. johns crossroads" ennum pinneedu "nyoo barlasan" ennum vina ariyappettirunnu."1900 kalude thudakkathil illinois central reyilrodinte oru shaakha eee pradeshathiloode nirmmichappol, oru railway enchineeyarude bhaaryayude peril eee samoohathe vina ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. bhoomishaasthram. thekkupadinjaaran franklin kaundi kaundiyil (34.374874,-88.053498) vina sthithicheyyunnu. alabama stettu root 19 pattanatthiloode kadannupokunnu, ithu vadakkupadinjaaru redu beyilekkum thekk hamiltonilekkum nayikkunnu. yuu prakaram.ezz. sensus beuroyude motham vistheernnam, muzhuvan bhoomiyumaanu. tennisi thaazhvarayude vibhajanathilaan eee pattanam sthithicheyyunnathu, vadakku bhagam niravadhi aruvikaliloode ozhuki, tennisi nadiyude vadakkott ozhukunna poshakanadiyaaya creak vahikkunnu; pattanatthinte thekk bhagam tompigbee nadiyude neertthadatthinte thekkupadinjaraayi ozhukunna bhagamaaya chuzhalikkaatt kreekkilekk ozhukunnu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. janasamkhyaashaasthram sensus prakaram 400 perum 155 kudumbangalum 110 kudumbangalum pattanatthil thaamasichirunnu. janasandrata undaayirunnu. sharashari saandrathayil 188 bhawana unitukalundaayirunnu. pattanatthinte vamseeya ghadana 97.50% vella, 0.50% karutha allengil aafrikkan american, 0.25% mattu vamshangalil ninnullava, 1.75% rando athiladhikamo vamshangalil ninnullava aayirunnu. 1.janasamkhyayude 75 sathamaanavum eathenkilum vamshathile hyspanic allengil laattino aayirunnu. 155 kudumbangalundaayirunnu, athil 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikalulla aii. dii. 1, vivahita dambathikal orumichu thamasikkunna aii. dii. 3, aii. dii. 2 enna sthree veettammaar, bharthaavillaatha sthree veettammaar, aii. dii. 4 enna kudumbamallathavar ennivaraayirunnu. 26.5 sathamaanam kudumbangalum vyakthikal ulppettathaayirunnu, koodaathe 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamulla oraal ottaykku thaamasikkunnundaayirunnu. sharashari kudumba valuppam 2.58 umm sharashari kudumba valuppam 3.11 umm aayirunnu. 18 vayassinu thaazheyullavarude ennam aii. dii. 2 umm 18 muthal 24 vare praayamullavarude ennam 5.3 sathamaanavum 25 muthal 44 vare ullavarude ennam aii. dii 3 umm 45 muthal 64 vare ullavarude ennam aii. dii 4 umm 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamullavarude ennam aii. dii 1 umm aayirunnu. sharashari praayam 34 vayassayirunnu. oro 100 sthreekalkkum 99 purushanmaaraan undaayirunnathu. 18 vious athil kooduthalumulla oro 100 sthreekalkkum 90.9 purushanmaaraan undaayirunnathu. pattanatthile oru kudumbatthinte sharashari varumanam 18,594 dollar oru kudumbatthinte sharashari varumanam 20,625 dollarumaayirunnu. purushanmaarude sharashari varumanam 23,000 dollar sthreekalude sharashari varumanam 19,444 dollarumaayirunnu. pattanatthinte prathiseersha varumanam 10,662 dolaraayirunnu. 18 vayassinu thaazheyullavarude thaazheyullavarude 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamullavarude praayamullavarude ulppede ekadesham kudumbangalude kudumbangalude janasamkhyayude janasamkhyayude daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyaayirunnu.

viina, alabama viina heey amerikechya alabama rajyatil franklin countymadhil eka shahar aahe. 2010 chya jangananenusar loksankhya 358 hotee, jee 2000 madheel 400 varoon qamee jhaali. 1949 teey 1965 yaa kalat alabamachya 7vya congress jilhyache pratinidhi carl elliot yanni 1929 madhye viina highschoolmadhun padvi prapt kelee. 1990 teey 2018 paryant alabama vidhimandalat kaam kelelya johnny mccha udyacha janm viina yethe jhaala. viina 1909 madhye samavisht karnyat aalee. itihas. viina heey moolatah 'johns crossroads' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote aanee nantar 'nyu burlson' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote."1900 chya dashakachya suruvatila jevha eleanoy madhyavarti railwaymargachi eka shakha yaa bhagatoon bandhali gelee, tevha yaa samudayache naav badaloon railway abhiyantyachya patniche naav badaloon" "viina" "asey karnyat aale". bhoogol. viina heey nairutya franklin county countymadhye (34.374874,-88.053498) yethe sthit aahe. alabama rajya marg 19 shaharatoon jaato, joou vayvyes laal khadee aanee dakshines hamiltonla jaato. yuu. nusar.ess. janganana karyalay, yaa shaharache ekoon kshetrafal, serve jameen aahe. heey shahar tenacy khonyachya vibhajanavar vasalele aahe, uttarechi bajoo anek khadyanmadhun vahoon jaat asoon, tenacy nadichi uttarekade vahanari upanadi, shaharachya dakshinekadil bajoo chakrivadal khadimadhye jaate, joou tombigby nadichya panlot kshetracha nairutyela vahanara bhag aahe. loksankhyashastra. 2000 chya jangananenusar, shaharat 400 lock, 155 ghare aanee 110 kutumbe rahat hotee. loksankhyechi ghanata hotee. 188 gruhnirman kendre hotee, jyachi sarasari ghanata hotee. shaharachi vanshik rachana 97.50% pandhari, 0.50% krishna kinwa african american, 0.25% itar vanshatil aanee 1.75% done kinwa adhik vanshatil hotee. 1.75 takke loksankhya konatyahi jaatichi hyspanic kinwa latino hotee. 155 ghare hotee, jyapaiki id3> chee 18 varshankhalil mule tyanchyasobat rahat hotee, id2 hii vivahit jodapi ekatra rahat hotee, id1 chee mahila gruhastha hotee aanee patee navhata aanee id4 hii gair-kutumbe hotee. 26.serve gharanpaiki 5 takke ghare vyaktinni banaleli hotee aanee id1 madhye 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi vyakti ekti rahat hotee. kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.58 hota aanee kutumbacha sarasari aakar 3.11 hota. shaharat, 18 varshankhalil 31.8%, 18 teey 24 vayogatatil 5.3%, 25 teey 44 vayogatatil 27.3%, 45 teey 64 vayogatatil 22.3% aanee 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayache 13.5% ashee loksankhya pasarali hotee. sarasari vay 34 varshe hote. darr 100 mahilanmage 99 purush hote. 18 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya pratyek 100 mahilansathi 90.9 purush hote. shaharatil eka kutumbache sarasari utpann $18,594 hote aanee eka kutumbache sarasari utpann $20,625 hote. purushanche sarasari utpann $23,000 hote tarr mahilanche $19,444 hote. shaharache dardoi utpann $10,662 hote. sumare 46.1% kutumbe aanee 47.5% loksankhya daridrya reshekhali hotee, jyat 18 varshankhalil 69.3% aanee 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachya 52.9% lokancha samavesh hota.

vina, alabama bhina sanyukta rajya americako alabamako franklin countyko euta sahar how. sann 2010 ko janaganaanusar janasankhya 358 thiyo, june sann 2000 maa 400 thiyo. sann 1949 dekhi 1965 samma alabamako 7 aun congressional jillako pratinidhi carle aliotle 1929 maa bhina hai schoolbata snatak gare. sann 1990 dekhi 2018 samma alabama wyawasthapikama sewa gareka johnny mcco bholipalta vinama janma bhaeko thiyo. bhina sann 1909 maa samawesh garieko thiyo. itihas. bhinalai suruma "johns crossroads" rar pachhi "nyu berleson" bhanera chininthyo."jab eleanois kendriya railmargko shakha 1900 ko dashakko suruma yass kshetrabata nirman garieko thiyo, taba yass samudayako naam railroad engineerki patniko namama" "bhina" "rakhieko thiyo. bhugol. bhina dakshinapashchimi franklin county countyma (34.374874,-88.053498) maa awasthit chha. alabama rajya marga 19 saharbata bagchha, uttarapashchimma redd bey rar dakshinma hamiltonsamma janchha. yu anusar.ess. janagana byuro, saharko kull kshetrafal, sabai jamin chha. yo sahar tenessy upatyaka vibhajanma awasthit chha, uttartarfa khadi boknaka lagi dherai khadalharu hundai bagchha, tenessy nadiko uttar-bagne sahayak nadi; saharko dakshinpatti aandhiko khadima bagchha, tombigbi nadiko jalawibhajakko dakshinapashchim-bagne bhag. janasankhyiki. sann 2000 ko janaganaanusar saharma 400 zana manis, 155 gharpariwar rar 110 pariwar basobas garthe. janasankhya ghanatwa thiyo. tyahan 188 awas ekaiharu ausat ghanatwama thie. saharko jatiya banawat 97.50% seto, 0.50% callo wa africi americi, 0.25% anya jatiharubata, rar 1.75% dui wa badhi jatiharubata thiyo. 1.75 pratishat janasankhya kunai pani jatika hispainik wa latino thie. tyahan 155 gharharu thie, jasmadhye 31.0% kaa 18 warsha munika bachchaharu uniharusanga basdai aeka thie, 41.9% sangai basne vivahit dampatiharu thie, 21.3% ko pati bina mahila grihasthi thiyo, rar 29.0% gaira-pariwarharu thie. 26.sabai gharapariwarko 5 pratishat wyaktiharu milera baneko thiyo, rar 13.5% maa 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika kohi eklai basne thie. ausat gharko akar 2.58 thiyo rar ausat pariwarko akar 3.11 thiyo. saharma, janasankhya failieko thiyo, 18 warsha munika 31.8%, 18 dekhi 24 sammaka 5.3%, 25 dekhi 44 sammaka 27.3%, 45 dekhi 64 sammaka 22.3%, rar 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika 13.5%. ausat umera 34 warsha thiyo. pratyek 100 mahilaka lagi 99 purush thie. 18 warsha rar sobhanda mathika pratyek 100 zana mahilaka lagi 90.9 zana purush thie. saharko euta pariwarko ausat aya $18,594 thiyo, rar euta pariwarko ausat aya $20,625 thiyo. purushharuko ausat aya $23,000 thiyo bhane mahilaharuko ausat aya $19,444 thiyo. saharko pratiwyakti aya $10,662 thiyo. lagbhag 46.1% pariwarharu rar 47.5% janasankhya garibiko rekhamuni thie, jasma 18 warsha munika 69.3% rar 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika 52.9% umerka 69.3% thie.

bhina, alabama bhina heuchhi americara alabama rajyara phrankalin kauntira eka sahara. 2010 janganana samajare janasankhya 358 thila, jaahaa 2000 masihare 400ru hrass paithila. 1949 ru 1965 parjyanta alabamanka 7maha congressal jillara pratinidhi carle eliot 1929 ray bhina haiskularu snataka hoithile. 1990 ru 2018 parjyanta alabama bidhanasabhare karjya karithiba janii make kaali bhinare janmagrahana karithile. bhina 1909 ray antarbhukta hoithila . itihas. bhina prathame "johnes cross road" ebong parey "nyu barlesan" bhabare janashuna ."1900 dashkar prarambhare jetebele eleanoy kendriah relapathara eka shakha ehi anchala dei nirmana karajaithila, setebele jane relpath injinijaranka patneenka naamare ehi sampradayara naama" "bhina" "rakhajaithila. bhugol. bhina dakhina-paschima phrankalin county kauntire (34.374874,-88.053498) abasthita . alabama rajya marga 19 sahara dei jaai uttara-paschimaku redd bay ebong dakhinaku hamilton parjyanta jaithae . jayu anujai.ess. janganana byurora, saharar mote khetraphala heuchhi, samasta jami. ehi sahara tensey upatyaka bibhajan upare abasthita, uttara parswa aneka khadi dei nishkasita hoi, tenesi nadira uttara-prabahita upanadi, nadee bahn kare; saharar dakhina parswa jhada khadi, tumbigby nadira jalabibhajikara dakhina-paschima-prabahita anshaku nishkasita hue . janasankhyika. 2000 masihar janganana anujai, saharare 400 john lock, 155tii paribara ebong 110tii paribara basabasa karuthile. janasankhyara ghanatwa thila. harahari ghanatware 188tii abas unit thila. saharar jatigata gathan thila 97.50% dhalaa, 0.50% kalaa kimba african americae, 0.25% anya jaatira, ebong 1.75% dui kimba adhika jaatira . 1.janasankhyara 75 pratishata hyspanic kimba kaunasi jaatira latino thile. 155tii paribara thila, jeunthiru 'id4' rahr 18 barsharu comm baisar pila semananka sahita rahuthile, 'id1' bibahita dampati thile, 'id2' rahr jane mahila gruhinee thile, ebong 'id3' anah-paribara thile. 26.samasta paribarara 5 pratishata byaktimananka dwara gathita thila, ebong 13.5% ray 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar kehi jane ekaki rahuthile. harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.58 ebong harahari paribarara aakaar thila 3.11. saharare, janasankhya bistara hoithila, 18 barsharu comm baisar 31.8%, 18 ru 24 barsha baisar 5.3%, 25 ru 44 barsha baisar 27.3%, 45 ru 64 barsha baisar 22.3%, ebong 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 13.5%. harahari bayasa 34 barsha thila. prati 100 john mahilanka pichha 99.0 john purush thile. 18 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru adhika baisar prati 100 john mahilanka paain 90.9 john purush thile. saharar gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila $18,594, ebong gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila $20,625. purushanka madhyama aaja thila $23,000 banam mahilanka paain $19,444. saharar mundapicha aaja thila $10,662. praiah paribaragudikara 46.1% ebong janasankhyara 47.5% daridrya seemarekha tale thile, jeunthire 18 barsharu comm baisar 69.3% ebong 65 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 52.9% antarbhukta.

veena, alabama veena sanyukat raaj amrica dey alabama witch frankleen kaoonti daa ikk shehar haii. 2010 dee mardamshumari witch aabadi 358 see, joe 2000 witch 400 see. kaaral eliot, 1949 toon 1965 takk alabama dey dey congress zilhe dey numainde, neey 1929 witch veena hyee school toon graduation keeti. 1990 toon 2018 takk alabama vidhan sabha witch seva curran vaale johnny maek daa janam kallh veena witch hoiaa see. veena noon 1909 witch shamal keeta giaa see. itihaas. veena noon asal witch "jonas crossroad" atey baad witch "nioo berlson" vajon janhiaa jaanda see."jadon 1900 dey dahake dey arambh witch eleanois kendri railmarg dee ikk shakha daa nirman keeta giaa see, taan community daa naam ikk railmarg engineer dee patni dey naam utte" "veena" "rakkhiaa giaa see. bhugol. veena (34.374874,-88.053498) utte dakkhan-pachmi frankleen kaoonti kaoonti witch sathit haii. alabama raaj maarag 19 shehar vicchon langhda haii, joe uttar-pachham witch laal khaadi atey dakkhan witch hamilton vall jaanda haii. yuu dey anusar.aiss. mardamshumari beoro, shehar daa kull khetarfal, saaree zameen haii. ih shehar tensi ghaati dey vandd utte sathit haii, uttar vaala paase kaee khadiaan raahin vahinda haii, joe kii tensi nadee dee uttar vall vahindi sahaik nadee haii; shehar daa dakkhan vaala paase toofan creak vall vahinda haii, joe kii tombigby nadee dey watershed daa ikk dakkhan-pachham vagan vaala hissa haii. jansankhiaa. saal 2000 dee mardamshumari anusar, shehar witch 400 lock, 155 gharr atey 110 parivaar rahinde sunn. aabadi dee ghanta see. itthe 188 rihaishi ikaiaan sunn joe kii austan ghanta 'teey sunn. shehar daa nasli banatar 97.50% chitta, 0.50% qaala jaan african amriki, 0.25% horr naslan toon, atey 1.75% doou jaan doou toon vaddh naslan toon see. 1.75 pratishat aabadi kise vee nasal dee hyspanic jaan latini see. 155 gharr sunn, jinhan vicchon aaee. dee. 1. dey 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacche sunn, aaee. dee. 3. viaahe jode sunn joe ikkathe rahinde sunn, aaee. dee. 4. dee ikk mahila gharelu aurat see jiss daa koee patee maujood naheen see, atey aaee. dee. 2. gair-parivaar sunn. 26.saare gharan vicchon 5 pratishat viaktiaan dey sunn, atey 13.5% witch koee ajiha viakati see joe ikalla rahinda see jiss dee umar 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh see. ausat gharelu aakaar 2.58 see atey ausat parivarak aakaar 3.11 see. shehar witch, aabadi fail gaee see, jiss witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey 31.8%, 18 toon 24 saal dee umar dey 5.3%, 25 toon 44 saal dee umar dey 27.3%, 45 toon 64 saal dee umar dey 22.3% atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey 13.5% sunn. ausat umar 34 saal see. harr 100 aurtan laee 99 marad sunn. 18 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar deeaan harr 100 aurtan laee 90.9 marad sunn. shehar witch ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan 18,594 dallar see, atey ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan 20,625 dallar see. mardan dee ausat aamdan 23,000 dallar see jadon kii aurtan dee 19,444 dallar see. shehar dee pratee viakati aamdan 10,662 dallar see. lagbhag 46.1% parivaar atey 47.5% aabadi garibi rekha toon hethan see, jiss witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey lokan daa 69.3% atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey lokan daa 52.9% shamal see.

vina, alabama vina samyuktarajyamerikadesha alabama-nagarasya franklin-prantasya ekam nagaram asti. 2010 janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 358 aasit, 2000 tame varshe 400 aasit. 1949 taha 1965 paryantam alabama-nagarasya 7 tamasya congressional-mandalasya pratinidhihi carl aliot, 1929 tame varshe vina-ucchavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan. 1990 taha 2018 paryantam alabama-vidhaanasabhaayaam sevaam akarot jaanee-myaak-shwah vina-nagare ajayata. vina 1909 tame varshe nigamitam. itihaasah. vina-nagaram moolatah "johns-cross-roads" iti namna, anantaram "nyoo berleson" iti namna cha prasidham aasit."1900 tame dashakasy aarambhe yadaa ileanois-kendriya-relamaargasy shaakhaayaah nirmanam asmin kshetre krutam tadaa asya samudaayasy naam" vina "iti rail-abhiyantru-patnee ityasya namna punah namakaranam krutam. bhoogolah. vina dakshinapashchim-franklin-kaunti-kauntee-madhye (34.374874,-88.053498) asti. alabama-rajyamargaha 19, nagaram avasaren gacchati, yena vaayavyadishi raktasaagaram, dakshine hamilton-nagaram cha gacchati. yoo ityasya anusaaram.ess. janaganana-karyalayasya, nagarasya sampoornam kshetrafalam sampoornam bhoomih asti. idam nagaram tenacy-upatyakayaha vibhaajane sthitam asti, uttardishi anekaih khaadibhih pravahantee, tena creak-dhaarayitum, tenacy-nadyaah uttarapravahita upanadee, nagarasya dakshinadishi tombigby-nadyaah jalavibhaajasya nairutyapravaahita-bhaage, harikena-creak-dwara pravahati. janasaamkhyikee. 2000 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram, nagare 400 janaah, 155 gruhaani, 110 parivaaraah cha nivasanti sma. janasankhyaa-ghanataa aasit. atra 188 aawaas-ghatakaani aasan, ye samanya-ghanate aasan. asya nagarasya jaateey-aakrutihi 97.50% shwetah, 0.50% krushnavarneeyaha athavaa aafrikan-amerikeeyah, 0.25% anya-jaatayah, 1.75% cha dwe vaa adhika-jaatayah aasan. 1.75 pratishatam janasankhyaa hispaanik athavaa latino iti kasyaapi jaatyaah aasit. 155 gruhaani aasan, yeshu aii. dii. 4. ityasya 18 varshaat nyoonawayaskaah baalaah aasan, aii. dii. 2. ityasya parineeta-dampatee ekatra nivasanti sma, aii. dii. 1. ityasya stree-gruhasthee aasit, tasyaah pati naseet, aii. dii. 3. ityasya parijanah naa aasan. 26.sarveshu gruheshu 5 pratishatam vyaktibhihi nirmitam aasit, tathaa cha 13.5% ityatra 65 varshaani vaa adhikavayaskah kashchan ekaki nivasati sma. gruhasya madhyamah aakaarah 2.58 aasit, tathaa cha madhyamah parivaarah 3.11 aasit. 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 31.8%, 18 taha 24 varshaparyantam 5.3%, 25 taha 44 varshaparyantam 27.3%, 45 taha 64 varshaparyantam 22.3%, 65 varshaani vaa adhikavayaskaanaam 13.5% ityeteshaam janasankhyaayaah vistaarah aasit. asya madhyayuhu 34 varshaani aasit. prati 100 mahilanam krute 99 purushaah aasan. 18 varshaanaam adhikavayaskaanaam prati 100 mahilanam krute 90.9 purushaah aasan. nagarasya ekasmin gruhasya madhyam-aayah $18,594 aasit, tathaa cha ekasmin parivaarasya madhyam-aayah $20,625 aasit. purushaanaam madhyam-aayah $23,000 aasit, mahilanam krute $19,444 aasit. asya nagarasya prativyakti-aayah $10,662 aasit. praayah 46.1% parivaaraah, tathaa cha 47.5% janasankhyaa cha daridryarekhayaha adhah aasan, yeshu 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 69.3%, 65 varshaat adhikavayaskaanaam 52.9% cha aasan.

vinaa, alabama vinaa enbathu aikkiya americavin alabama maanilaththin franklin kavundiyil ulla oru nagaram aagum. 2010 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, 2000aam aandil 400 aaga irunththa makkal thogai 358 aaga kurainthathu. 1949 muthal 1965 varai alapaamaavin 7 vadhu congress maavattaththin pirathinithiyaana carle eliot, 1929 ill vinaa uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettraar. 1990 muthal 2018 varai alabama sattamandraththil paniyaattriya johnny maek naalai vinaavil piranthaar. vinaa 1909 ill inaikkappattathu. varalaaru. vinaa muthalil "johns kurukkuppaathai" endrum pinnar "puthiya burlson" endrum azhaikkappattathu."1900 kalin murpaguthiyil illinoys matthiya irayil paathaiyin oru kilai ippaguthi vazhiyaaga kattappattapoathu, oru irayil paathai poriyaalarin manaiviyin ninaivaaga inththa samoogam 'vinaa' endru marupeyaridappattathu. puviyiyal. vinaa thenmaerku franklin kavundiyil (34.374874,-88.053498) amainthullathu. alabama maanila paathai 19 nagaram vazhiyaaga selkirathu, idhu vadamaerkil sivappu virigudaavirkum therkil haamiltanukkum selkirathu. U inn puddy.ess. makkal thogai kanakkeduppu paniyagaththin keezh, inththa nagaram moththa nilaparappaik kondullathu. inththa nagaram dennessy pallatthaakku pirivin meethu amainthullathu, vadakkup pakkam pala sittroadaigal vazhiyaaga vadikaal paaikirathu, idhu dennessy aattrin vadakkae paayum thunai nadhiyaagum; nagaraththin therkup pakuthi sooraavali sittroadaikkuch selkirathu, idhu kallarai aattrin thenmaerkae paayum paguthiyaagum. makkal thogai. 2000aam aandu makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, inththa nagaraththil 400 paer, 155 kudumbangal mattrum 110 kudumbangal vasiththu vanthanar. makkal thogai adarththi irunththathu. saraasariyaaga 188 veettu alagugal irunththana. nagaraththin ina amaippu 97.50% vellai, 0.50% karuppu allathu aaprikka americar, 0.25% mattra inangkalaich saernthavargal, mattrum 1.75% irandu allathu adharku maerpatta inangkalaich saernthavargal. 1.makkal thogaiyil 75 sathaveetham paer endha inaththaich saerntha hysphonic allathu latheen inaththaich saernthavargal. 155 kudumbangal irunththana, avattril aii. dii. 3> avarkaludan vasikkum 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigalaik kondirunthana, aii. dii. 4> tirumanamaana thambathigal ontraaka vasiththu vanthanar, aii. dii 2> kanavar illaatha penn veettukkarar irunthaar, mattrum aii. dii 1> kudumbangal allaathavarkal. 26.anaitthu veedugalilum 5 sathaveetham thaninaparkalaal aanavai, maelum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpatta oruvar thaniyaaga vasiththu vanthaar. sarasari kudumba alavu 2.58 aagavum, sarasari kudumba alavu 3.11 aagavum irunththathu. nagaraththil, makkal thogai paravalaaka irunththathu, 18 vayathirkutpattavarkal 31.8%, 18 muthal 24 varai 5.3 sathaveetham, 25 muthal 44 varai 27.3%, 45 muthal 64 varai 22.3%, mattrum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargal 13.5%. sarasari vayathu 34 aagum. ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 99 aangalae irunththanar. 18 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 90.9 aangal irunththanar. nagaraththil oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam $18,594 aagavum, oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam $20,625 aagavum irunththathu. aangalin sarasari varumaanam $23,000 aagavum, penkalukku $19,444 aagavum irunththathu. nagaraththin thaninabar varumaanam $10,662 aagum. sumar kudumbangalin 46.1% mattrum makkal thogaiyil 47.5% varumaik koattirkuk keezhae irunththanar, idhil 18 vayathirkutpattavarkalin 69.3% mattrum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargalin 52.9% adangkum.

vinaa, alabama vinaa anedi united states looni alabaamaaloni franklin kounteelooni oka pattanam. 2010 janabha lekkala prakaram 2000loe 400 mandhi janabha undagaa, adhi 358gaa taggindi. 1949 nundi 1965 varaku alabama yokka 7va congress jilla pratinidhi ayina carle elliot, 1929loe vinaa unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. 1990 nundi 2018 varaku alabama saasanasabhalo panichesina johnny maak repu vinaalo janminchaaru. veenaa 1909loe vileenam cheyabadindi. charitra. veenaanu modata "johns crossroads" anie, taruvaata "nyuu burlson" anie pilicheevaaru."1900la praarambhamlo illinais central railroad yokka oka saakha eee praantam gundaa nirminchinappudu, oka railroad injanir bhaarya paeru meeda eee samaajaaniki" "vinaa" "anie paeru maarchabadindi". bhougolikam. vinaa nairuti franklin counteeloo (34.374874,-88.053498) undhi. alabama rashtra maargam 19 pattanam gundaa velutundi, idhi vaayuvya disalo erra samudram varaku mariyu dakshinaana hamilton varaku velutundi. U prakaram.ess. janabha lekkala beuro, pattanamlo mottam bhoomi mottam visteernam undhi. eee pattanam tenessey loya vibhajanapai undhi, uttara vaipu aneka kreekla dwara pravahistundi, idhi tenessey nadhi yokka uttaraana pravahinche upanadi; pattanaaniki dakshina vaipu hariken kreekku pravahistundi, idhi samadhibi nadhi pareevaahaka praantamloo nairuti disalo pravahinche bhaagam. janabha. 2000 janabha lekkala prakaram, pattanamlo 400 mandhi, 155 kutumbaalu mariyu 110 kutumbaalu nivasistunnaayi. janabha saandrata undedi. sagatu saandrata vadda 188 gruha unitlu unnaayi. pattana jaathi alankarana 97.50% telupu, 0.50% nalla ledhaa african american, 0.25% itara jaatula nundi, mariyu 1.75% rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jaatula nundi. 1.janabhalo 75 saatam mandhi hysponic ledhaa edainaa jaatiki chendina laatinolu. 155 kutumbaalu unnaayi, veetilo 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu vaaritho nivasistunnaaru, 41.9% vivaahita jantalu kalisi nivasistunnaaru, 21.3% bhartha laeni mahilaa gruhasthuraalu unnaaru, mariyu 29.0% kutumbaalu kaanivaaru. 26.mottam kutumbaalalo 5 saatam mandhi vyaktulu unnaaru, mariyu 13.5% loe 65 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna evarainaa ontarigaa nivasistunnaaru. sagatu gruha parimaanam 2.58 mariyu sagatu kutumba parimaanam 3.11. pattanamlo, 18 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 31.8%, 18 nunchi 24 ellalopu vaaru 5.3%, 25 nunchi 44 ellalopu vaaru 27.3%, 45 nunchi 64 ellalopu vaaru 22.3%, 65 ellu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaaru 13.5% thoo janabha vistarinchindi. sagatu vayassu 34 samvatsaraalu. prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku 99 mandhi purushulu unnaaru. 18 ellu mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku, 90.9 mandhi purushulu unnaaru. pattanamlooni oka inti sagatu aadaayam $18,594, mariyu oka kutumbaaniki sagatu aadaayam $20,625. purushula sagatu aadaayam $23,000, mahilala sagatu aadaayam $19,444. pattanaaniki talasari aadaayam $10,662. sumaru kutumbaala 46.1% mariyu janabhalo 47.5% pedarika rekhaku diguvana unnaaru, indulo 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaari 69.3% mariyu 65 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaari 52.9% unnaayi.

winaa alabama veena franklin county alabama riyasathaye muthadah kaa eek qasbah hay. 2010 kii mardam shumari mein aabadi 358 thee juu 2000 mein 400 say kumm thee. 1949 say 1965 takk alabama kay 7 wein congress kay zalaa kay numayende carle eleot nay 1929 mein veena hayee school say graduation kiyaa. 1990 say 2018 takk alabama kii maqnanah mein khidmaat anjaam deenay waalay jaanee meek kill veena mein paida hoay. veena kuu 1909 mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. tareekh. veena kuu asl mein "jonaz karaas roads" aur baad mein "neo barlesan" kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa."jabb 1900 kii dahayi kay awail mein iss elaqay mein aleenwaye central railway kii eek shaakh tameer kii gayee tuu iss community kaa naam eek railway engineer kii bewi kay naam parr" "veena" "rakh diyaa gayaa. geografiya. veena janub maghrabi franklin county county mein (34.374874yee-88.053498) waaqa hay. alabama riyasati raastah 19 shehar say guzarta hay juu shamaal maghrab mein reed bay aur janub mein hammelton kii taraf jaataa hay. yuu kay mutabiq.aiss. mardam shumari beuro qasbey kaa kill raqbah tamaam zameen hay. yaha qasbah tenneesi waadi kay taqsim parr waaqa hay jiss kay shamaal kii taraf kayee naaliyon say guzar kirr crack hoti hay juu kahh tenneesi daryaa kii shamaal kii taraf behnay waali maawan nadee hay. shehar kaa janub kii taraf samandari toofan kii crack mein behta hay juu tombagby daryaa kay watersheed kaa janub maghrab kii taraf behta hawaa hasah hay. aabadi. 2000 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq shehar mein 400 afraad 155 gahar aur 110 khaandaan rehtay thay. aabadi kii kasafat thee. 188 housing units thein jinn kii ausat kasafat 1.0 thee. shehar kaa nasli meek app 97.50% safed 0.50% seeyah faam yaa afriqi americi 0.25% deegar naslon say aur 1.75% duu yaa duu say ziyadah naslon say thaa. 1.75 faisad aabadi kasee bhee nasal kii hispanvi yaa laatini thee. 155 gahar thay jinn mein say aayee ddee 2 kay saath 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay rehtay thay aayee ddee 1 shaadi shadah joday thay juu eek saath rehtay thay aayee ddee 4 kii eek khaatun gharilo khaatun thee jiss kaa koyee shohar mojud nahein thaa aur aayee ddee 3 ghair khaandaan thay. 26.tamaam gharaanon mein say 5 faisad afraad parr mushtamil thay aur 13.5% mein koyee aisa shaqs thaa juu akeela rehta thaa jiss kii amar 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah thee. ausat gharilo size 2.58 thaa aur ausat khaandaani size 3.11 thaa. shehar mein aabadi phaili hoyee thee jiss mein 18 saal say kumm amar kay afraad kay liye 31.8%yee 18 say 24 saal kii amar kay liye 5.3 faisad 25 say 44 saal kii amar kay liye 27.3%yee 45 say 64 saal kii amar kay liye 22.3%yee aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay afraad kay liye 13.5% shaamil thay. ausat amar 34 saal thee. harr 100 khwatin kay liye 99.0 mard thay. 18 saal aur iss say ziyadah amar kii harr 100 khwatin kay liye 90.9 mard thay. shehar mein eek gharanay kii ausat aamadni 18,594 ddaalar thee aur eek khaandaan kii ausat aamadni 20,625 ddaalar thee. mardon kii ausat aamadni 23,000 ddaalar thee jabkah khwatin kii 19,444 ddaalar thee. shehar kii phee kiss aamadni 10,662 ddaalar thee. taqriba 46.1% khandanon aur 47.5% aabadi gharbat kii lakeer say neechey thee bashmol 18 saal say kumm amar kay logon kii 69.3% aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay logon kii 52.9%.

0007d46947d24e5e69c11ff5cb5f24d3f4e53b10ab4373221e5f9bd695fc5578

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58432196

Love Does Not Love

Love Does Not Love Love Does Not Love () is a 2014 Russian romantic comedy film is a relationship cheating. The film is directed by Klim Shipenko, stars Maksim Matveyev, Lyubov Aksyonova, and Svetlana Khodchenkova. Plot. Aleksey is a young ambitious man preparing for his wedding with Alyona, She is a sweet and kind girl who loves him. In addition, Alyona is the daughter of his boss. Before making an offer, Aleksey asks for the chef’s blessing. He agrees, and also insistently hints that Alyona always wanted to hear “Marry Me“ in Paris, on the Eiffel Tower. Aleksey is not against Paris, but he is terribly afraid of heights. However, he buys a ring and tickets to France. However, on the eve of the trip, the boss sends him to work in Saint Petersburg. In the Northern capital on the street he is harassed by a blonde who asks to donate to the musicians. But she refuses, then the girl begins to read poetry to him. Soon we see that this girl is actually an authoritative and famous Moscow journalist Irina, who writes on the topic of fashion, openly despises her work in a cool magazine, and secretly writes reverent poems that she has the courage to send only to her friend in her beloved Paris. Ira is beautiful, independent, bitchy and lonely. The meeting with Ira drops Aleksey's suspicion that he is not strong and loves his kind and charming Alyona. But he still flies to Paris, where Alyona, who arrived a day earlier, is already waiting for him. On the plane, Aleksey meets Irina, who also goes to Paris to cover Fashion Week. He is surprised. Passengers get drunk and stuck in the toilet room, where they went with the intention of smoking. They are detained by the police, but then released. At the airport, Alyona sees Irina with Aleksey, but she is not jealous, she sincerely admires Irina's articles. Despite doubts, Aleksey makes an offer to Alyona at the Eiffel Tower. She says yes. Returning to Moscow, the groom is tormented by feelings of sympathy for Irina and calls her. Irina says that she is in Saint Petersburg. Aleksey, telling Alyona that he was going on a business trip, rushing to St. Petersburg. In the Northern capital, Irina and Aleksey understand that they cannot be together because of the groom's obligations to Alyona. But as a result of ridiculous coincidence, they cannot part (they lose their luggage, then the keys to the hotel room, etc.). Aleksey lies to Alyona that his grandmother is ill. The situation is complicated by the arrival of Alyona's father in St. Petersburg, who not only stays in the same hotel as his son-in-law, but also falls in love with Irina. Worried about the groom's grandmother, Alyona is also in St. Petersburg. In the end, Ira refuses Aleksey, because she does not want to spoil the life and psyche of such a good and young girl as Alyona (so that she does not get burned). She decides to quit her unloved job and fly to Paris to write poetry. Sensitive and kind Alyona, passionate about preparations for the wedding, can not help noticing the change of mood of the groom. You don't love me? — she asks him just the day before the wedding. Hearing in response to the silence, Alyona understands and noble lets go of Aleksey. He gets on a plane to Paris, where the Ira is sitting. He says he won't marry. They happily walk the streets and kiss. Alyona also takes Irina's place in a cool magazine, because for her it is just her dream job. Release and criticism. The premiere took place on 4 December 2014 in Russia. The film earned $2.3 million at the box office. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

prem nohoy prem prem nokore () hoise 2014 sonor rasian romantik comedy solositro. sobikhonor porisalona korise clim swipenku, obhinoy korise makchim matveiv, lyubov aksiyunubha aaru swetlana khudsenkubha. plot. alexi hoise eliyunar xoite biyar baabe prostuti solai thoka ejon ussakangkhyi juwok. taai egoraki mitha aaru doyalu suwali ji taik bhaal paay. iyar uporiu, eliyuna teur bob 'sor konya. etaa prostab diyar aagote, alexei randhonijonor axirbad bisare. teu xonmot hoy, aaru logote jurere ingito diye je eliyunaye xoday perisot, aaifel tawarot "muk biyaa koraa" xunibo bisarisil. alexey perisor birudhi nohoy, kintu teu uschotat bhoy kore. obosye, teu ekhon aanguthi aaru franceloi juwar tikot kinny loy. obosye, bhromonor purbe, bose teuk saint pietersburgot kaam koriboloi pothiyai diye. uttor rajdhanir rastat teuk ejon xunaliye hoyora kore jiye xongitogyoxokolok daan koriboloi koy. kintu taai oswikar kore, taar pisot suwalijoniye teuk kobita porhiboloi aarombho kore. oti xunkalei aami dekhim je ei suwaligoraki prokritote egoraki probhawxali aaru bikhyat mosko 'xangbadik irina, jiye feswonor bixoyot lekhe, etaa xitol alusonit teur kaamok mukolibhabe ghrina kore, aaru gupone sroddhaxil kobita likhe jitu teur kewol teur priyo perisot thoka bondhugorakikhe pothiyaboloi xahox aase. iraa xundor, swadhin, kutxito aaru nixongo. iraar xoite huwa xakhyatro folot alexir xondehor sristi hoy je teu xoktixali nohoy aaru teur doyalu aaru monumuha alionak bhaal paay. kintu teu etiyau perisoloi uri yaay, zo 'too edin aagote ohaa eliyuna itimodhye teur baabe opekhya kori aase. bimankhonot alexei aairinak log paay, ji fasion xoptahtu kobhar koriboloi perisoloiu yaay. teu aasorit hoy. jatrixokole matal hoi xousagar kuthat aabodho hoi pore, zo 'too teuluke dhumpan korar uddesyore goisil. teulukok arokhyiye aatok kore, kintu taar pisot mukoli kori diya hoy. bimanbondorot eliyunaye alexir xoite irinak dekhe, kintu taai irxanwito nohoy, taai antorikotare irinar probondhoxomuhor proxongxa kore. xondeh thoka swotweu, alexei aaifel tawarot alionak etaa prostab diye. taai hoy koy. moskuloi ubhoti aahi, boruwatuwe irinar proti xohanubhutir onubhutit jontrona paay aaru taik phone kore. irinaye koy je teu saint pietersburgot aase. alexe, alionak koichil je teu etaa byowoxayik bhromonoloi goi aase, saintoloi douri aase. pietersberg. uttor rajdhanit, irina aaru alexei buji paay je eliyunar proti borjonor daybodhotar baabe teuluke ekeloge thakibo nuware. kintu haisyorxomulok kakotaliyo ghotonar pholsworupe, teuluke prithok hoh "bob nuware (teuluke teulukor logej heruway, taar pisot hutelor kuthar saabi aadi.). alexe alionak misa koy je teur aaitak oxustho korise. eliyunar deutakor saintot aagomonor folot poristhiti jotil hoi pore. pietersberg, ji kewol teur jamair xoite eketa hutelote nathake, kintu irinar premotu pore. dorar aaitak loi sintit hoi eliyunau saintot aase. pietersberg. xexot, irai alexir proityakhyan kore, kiyonu taai eliyunar dore egoraki bhaal aaru xoru suwalir jiwan aaru monn nosto koribo nibisare (jaate taai jwola nohoy). taai nijor opritikor sakori eri kobita likhiboloi perisoloi uri juwar xiddhanto loy. biyar prostutir proti aagrohi xongbedonxil aaru doyalu eliyunaye boruwar mejajor poriworton lokhyo korat xohay koribo nuware. tumi muk bhaal nupuwa neki? - taai teuk biyar thik edin aagote xudhile. ei nirobotar protikriya xuni eliyunaye buji paay aaru obhijatxokole alexir kotha buji paay. teu perisoloi bimanot uthi yaay, zo 'too aaira bohi aase. teu koichil je teu biyaa nokoribo. teuluke xukhere rastat khuj karhibo aaru sumbon koribo. eliyunau etaa xitol alusonit irinar sthan loy, kiyonu taair baabe eyaa kewol taair xopunor sakori. mukti aaru xomaluchona. primiyartu 2014 sonor 4 disemborot rasiyat onusthito hoisil. sobikhone boxes ofisot 23 laakh dollar uparjon korisil.

bhalobasa bhalobase naa laav dozz nott laav' 2014 saaler ekti russian romantic comedy cholochchitro. cholochchitroti porichalona korechen clim shipenko, etey abhinoy korechen maksim matveyev, leubov aksionova ebong swetlana khodchenkova. plot. alexei ekjon uchchakangkhi jubok, jey alonake biye korar prostuti nichche. seey ekti mishti ebong dayalu meye jey taake bhalobase. echhadao, aleona taar boser meye. prostab deoar agey, alexei randhunir ashirbad chaay. seey raji hoy, ebong joralovabe ingito deyo jey aleona sabsamoy pyarise, aifel taware "amake biye korun" shunte cheyechilo. alexey pyariser biruddhe noy, tobey seey uchchota niye bhoy paay. tobey, tini ekti angti ebong francer ticket kenen. tobey, soforer prakkale, boss taake seenta pietersberge kaaj korte pathan. uttor rajdhanite rastar eka swarnakeshi taake hoyrani korey, jey sangitshilpider daan korte boley. kintu seey aswikar korey, tarpor meyeti taake kobita padte shuru korey. shighroi amra dekhte paai jey eyi meyeti asle ekjon kortrittopurno ebong bikhyato mosco sangbadik irina, jini fashion bishoye lekhen, ekti sheetal magazine prokashye taar kaajke ghrina corren ebong gopone shroddhashil kobita lekhen jaa taar priya pyarise cable taar bondhuke pathanor sahos royeche. ira sundar, swadhin, kutsito ebong ekaki. irar saathe sakkhater foley alexir sandeha komey yaay jey seey shaktishali noy ebong taar dayalu ebong akarshaniya aleonake bhalobase. kintu seey ekhono pyarise udey yaay, jekhane aleona, jey ekdin agey esechilo, itimodhyei taar jonno apekkha korche. bimane, alexeir saathe airina dekha korey, jey fashion saptahti cover korte pyariseo yaay. seey abak hoy. jatrira matal hoye shouchagare atke yaay, jekhane taaraa dhumpaner uddeshye giechilo. pulish taader atok korey, kintu porey chhede deyo. bimanbandare, aleona alexeir saathe airinake dekhe, kintu seey irshannito hoy naa, seey antorikbhabe irener nibondhogulir proshongsha korey. sandeha thaka sotteo, alexei aifel taware aleonake ekti prostab deyo. seey hyaan boley. moscote firey borr irener proti sahanubhutir onubhutite jontrona paay ebong taake phone korey. irina boley jey seey seenta pietersberge achhe. alexey, aleonake boley jey seey ekti byabasayik sofore jachche, seenta center dike chhute jachche. pietersberg. uttor rajdhanite, irina ebong alexei bujhte paare jey alionar proti borer badhyobadhokotar karone taaraa eksathe thakte paare naa. kintu hasyokor kaktaliya ghotonar foley, taaraa alada hotey paare naa (taaraa taader lagez, tarpor hoteler ghorer chaabi ityadi haray.). alexei aleonake mithya boley jey taar thakuma oshustho. seenta allionar babar agmoner foley poristhiti jotil hoye othe. pietersberg, jini cable taanr jamaiyer moto ekoi hotele thaken naa, tini irener premeo paden. borer nanike niye chintito, aleonao seenta seenta-ayee royeche. pietersberg. shesh porjonto, ira alexei prottakhyan korey, kaaron seey allionar moto ekti vall ebong alpavayasi meyer jeebon ebong monn noshto korte chaay naa (jaate seey pudey naa yaay). seey taar opochonder chakri chhede kobita lekhar jonno pyarise yawar siddhanta neyo. sangbedanshil ebong sadaya aleona, biyer prostuti somporke abegprobon, borer mejazer poriborton lakkhya korte sahajyo korte paare naa. tumi kii amay valobaso naa? - biyer thhik ager deane seey taake jigyasa korey. nirobotar protikriya shune, aleona bujhte paare ebong abhijatora alexike chhede deyo. seey pyariser bimane uthhe yaay, jekhane ira bosey achhe. seey boley seey biye korbe naa. taaraa sukhe rastai hantte thaake ebong chumban korey. aleona ekti sheetal magazine irener jaiga neyo, kaaron taar kachhe etty cable taar swapner kaaj. mukti ebong samalochana. 2014 saaler 4thhaa december russia premiere onusthito hoy. chhobiti boxes office 23 lokkho markin dollar aay korey.

prem nathee karato lava doose nooat lava () 2014nee russian romentic komedi film chhe jeey sambandhoni chhetarpindi chhe. aaa filmnun nirdeshan clim shipenko dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jemaa maxim metwave, leubov axionova aneey svetalana ghodchenkova chhe. plooat. alexey aek mahatvakankshi yuvan chhe jeey elyona saathe tenaa lagnani taiyari curry rahyo chhe. teey aek meethee aneey dayaalu chhokari chhe jeey tene prem karey chhe. vadhumaa, elyona tenaa bosnee putri chhe. prastaav mukataa pahelaa, alexey rasoiyano aashirvaad maange chhe. teey sammat thaay chhe, aneey aagrahpurvak sanket pann aape chhe keey elyona hammesha pereesmaa, ephil tower parr "maaree saathe lagna karoo" sambhalva maangato hato. alexey perisnee viruddh nathee, parantu teey unchaiothi khoob darto hoya chhe. joke, teey france javaa maate aek vintee aneey ticket khareede chhe. joke, safarnee purvasandhyaae, booas tene saint pietersbergma kaama karvaa mokale chhe. uttareey rajdhanima shereemaa tene aek soneri dwara herran karvaamaa aave chhe jeey sangitkaarone daan aapvaanu kahe chhe. parantu teey naa paade chhe, pachhi chhokari tene kaveeta vaanchvaanu sharoo karey chhe. toonk samayma aapane joiae chhiae keey aaa chhokari vaastavma aek adheekrut aneey prakhyaat mosko patrakaar irina chhe, jeey fationnaa vishhay parr lakhe chhe, aek saras saamyikma khulleaam tenaa kaamne dhikkare chhe, aneey goopt reete aadarneey kaveetao lakhe chhe keey tenimaa maatra tenaa preey pereesmaa tenaa meetrane mokalvani himmat chhe. iraa sunder, swatantra, vichitra aneey ekalataa chhe. iraa saatheni mulakat alexini shankaa door karey chhe keey teey majboot nathee aneey tenaa dayaalu aneey mohak elonane prem karey chhe. parantu teey haju pann pereesmaa udaan bharey chhe, jyaan aek divas pahelaa pahonchela elyona pahelethee jaj tenee raah joee rahyaa chhe. vimaanmaa, alexey ireenane maley chhe, jeey fashion veekne aavari levaa maate paris pann jaay chhe. teey aashcharyachakit thaay chhe. musafaro nashaama dhoot thaee jaay chhe aneey shauchaalaynaa oradama atvai jaay chhe, jyaan teo dhumrapaan karvaanaa iradathi gayaa hataa. teo police dwara atkayatma levaamaa aave chhe, parantu pachhi mukt karvaamaa aave chhe. airport parr, elyona ireenane alexey saathe juae chhe, parantu teey irshya karatee nathee, teey nishthapurvak ireenana lekhoni prashansa karey chhe. shankaa hovaa chhataa, alexey ephil tower parr elonane rajuaat karey chhe. teey haa kahe chhe. mosko parat fartaa varrajane ireena pratyeni sahanubhutini laganiothi pidaa thaay chhe aneey tene phone karey chhe. ireena kahe chhe keey teey saint pietersbergma chhe. alexey, elonane kahe chhe keey teey aek vyavsayik suffer parr jaee rahyo chhe, saint taraf dodee rahyo chhe. pietersberg. uttareey rajdhanima, ireena aneey alexey samaje chhe keey teo varrajani elyona pratyeni javabdarione kaarane saathe naa hoi shake. parantu hasyaspad sanyognaa parinaame, teo bhaag laee shaktaa nathee (teo temno saaman, pachhi hotelnaa roomni chaaveeo vagere gumaave chhe.). alexey elyonaane juthu bolle chhe keey tenee daadi beemar chhe. sentamaa elonana pitana aagmanthi paristhiti jatil bunny jaay chhe. pietersberg, jeey maatra tenaa jamaini jaim jaj hotelma raheto nathee, parantu ireena saathe premmaa pann padey chhe. varrajani daadini chinta kartaa, elyona pann sentamaa chhe. pietersberg. ante, iraa alexino incar karey chhe, kaaran keey teey elona jevee saaree aneey yuvan chhokarinu jeevan aneey munn bagaadvaa maangati nathee (jethee teey badee naa jaay). tenee potaani prem naa karatee nokri chhodvaanu aneey kaveeta lakhvaa maate paris javaanu nakki karey chhe. lagnani taiyario vishe jussadar samvedansheel aneey dayaalu elyona, varrajana mudmaan ferfaarne dhyanma levaamaa madad curry shaktaa nathee. toon maney prem nathee karatee? - teey tene lagnana aek divas pahelaa jaj puchhe chhe. maunanaa javabma sambhaline, elyona samaje chhe aneey umadaa loko alexine javaa deey chhe. teey paris javaa maate vimaanmaa chade chhe, jyaan iraa betho chhe. teey kahe chhe keey teey lagna nahee karey. teo khushithi shereeomaa chaale chhe aneey chumban karey chhe. aek saras saamyikma pann eleona aairinaanu sthaan leey chhe, kaaran keey tenaa maate teey maatra tenaa swapnani nokri chhe. muktee aneey teeka. premiere 4 december 2014 naa roj russiama thayu hatoo. aaa filme booaks offices parr 23 laakh dollarni kamaani curry hatee.

pyaar naheen hotaa lava doose nott lava () 2014 kii ack russie romantic comedy film haye joe ack rishte koo dhokha detee haye. film kaa nirdeshan clim shipenko ney kiya haye, jisamen mcsim matweave, leubov axionova aur swetlana khodchenkova hain. plot. alexey ack yuva mahatvakankshi vyakti haye joe alyona key saath apani shaadi kii taiyari curr rhaa haye. vaha ack pyaari aur dayalu ladki haye joe usase pyaar karati haye. isake alawa, alyona unake malik kii betty haye. prastaav dene seey pahale, alexey rasoiye kaa aashirvaad maangata haye. vaha sahmat hotaa haye, aur yeh bhee jore seey sanket detaa haye kii alyona hamesha peris mein, ephil tower parr "mujhase shaadi karein" sunana chaahata thaa. alexey peris key khilaf naheen haye, lekin vaha oonchaai seey bahut dartaa haye. haalaanki, vaha ack angoothi aur france key liye tikat khareedata haye. haalaanki, yatra kii poorv sandhya parr, boss usey sent pietersberg mein kaam karane key liye bhejata haye. uttari rajdhani mein sadak parr usey ack goraa dwara pareshan kiya jaataa haye joe sangeetkaron koo daan karane key liye kahata haye. lekin vaha manaa curr detee haye, phir ladki usey kavita padhana shuru curr detee haye. jald hii humm dekhate hain kii yeh ladki vaastav mein ack aadhikarik aur prasiddh mosco patrakaar irina haye, joe fashion key vishay parr likhati haye, khule taur parr ack shaant patrika mein apane kaam koo napsand karati haye, aur gupt roop seey shraddhapurna kavitaaen likhati haye joe usey kewal apane priya peris mein apane dost koo bhejane kaa saahas haye. iraa sunder, swatantra, badtamiji aur akela haye. iraa key saath mulakat alexey key sandeh koo cumm karati haye kii vaha majboot naheen haye aur apane dayalu aur aakarshak alyona seey pyaar kartaa haye. lekin vaha abhee bhee peris key liye udaan bharata haye, jahan alyona, joe ack dinn pahale aaee thee, pahale seey hii uska intezar curr rahee haye. vimaan mein, alexey kii mulakat irina seey hoti haye, joe fashion weak koo cover karane key liye peris bhee jaati haye. vaha hairan haye. yatri nashe mein dhut hoe jaate hain aur shauchalaya key kamare mein funce jaate hain, jahan way dhumrapan karane key iraade seey gaye they. unhein pulis dwara hirasat mein liya jaataa haye, lekin phir riha curr diyaa jaataa haye. havaai adde parr, alyona alexey key saath irina koo dekhti haye, lekin usey jalan naheen hoti haye, vaha imandari seey irina key lekhon kii prashansa karati haye. sandeh key bavjood, alexey ephil tower parr alyona koo ack prastaav detaa haye. vaha haan kahati haye. masco lautate hue, dulha irina key liye sahaanubhooti kii bhaavanaon seey peedit hotaa haye aur usey phone kartaa haye. irina kahati haye kii vaha sent pietersberg mein haye. alexey, alyona koo yeh bataate hue kii vaha ack vyaavsaayik yatra parr jaa rhaa haye, sent key liye bhaag rhaa haye. pietersberg. uttari rajdhani mein, irina aur alexey samajhate hain kii way alona key prati doolhe key daayitvon key kaaran ack saath naheen hoe sakate hain. lekin hasyaspad sanyog key parinamswarup, way alag naheen hoe sakate (way apana saman khou dete hain, phir hotal key kamare kii chaabiyan, aadi.). alexey alyona seey jhooth bolata haye kii usaki daadi beemar haye. sent mein alyona key pitaa key aagaman seey sthiti jatil hoe jaati haye. pietersberg, joe naa kewal apane damad key saath usee hotal mein rahata haye, balki usey irina seey bhee pyaar hoe jaataa haye. doolhe kii daadi key baare mein chintit, alyona bhee sent mein haye. pietersberg. anta mein, iraa alexei seey incar curr detee haye, kyonki vaha alona jaisi achchi aur yuva ladki key jeevan aur munn koo kharaab naheen karna chaahati haye (taaki vaha jall naa jaae). vaha apani napsand kii naukari chhodane aur kavita likhane key liye peris jaane kaa faisala karati haye. shaadi kii taiyari key baare mein bhavuk samvedansheel aur dayalu alyona, doolhe key mood mein badalaav koo dhyaan mein rakhane mein madad naheen curr sakati haye. kyaa tum mujhase pyaar naheen karate? - vaha usase shaadi seey thheek ack dinn pahale poochhati haye. maun key jawab mein sunkar, alyona samajhati haye aur kuleen alexei koo jaane detaa haye. vaha peris key liye ack vimaan mein chadhata haye, jahan iraa baithaa haye. vaha kahata haye kii vaha shaadi naheen karega. way khushi-khushi sadakon parr chalate hain aur choom lete hain. ack shaant patrika mein elena bhee irina kii jagah letee haye, kyonki usake liye yeh sirf usake sapanon kii naukari haye. mukti aur aalochana. iska premiere 4 disambar 2014 koo roose mein huaa thaa. film ney boxes offices parr 23 laakh dollar kii kamai kii.

pritige premavilla. love duses nott love () 2014rahra rashyaada romantic kamidi chitravagiddu, idu sambandhada vanchaneyagide. ee chitravannu clim shipenko nirdeshisiddare, idaralli maxim matwave, lubov axionova mattu swetlana khodchenkova natisiddaare. kathaavastuvu. alexeu tanna maduvege alyona jote tayari nadesuttiruva mahatvakanksheya yuvakanobba. avalu avanannu pritisuva sihi mattu daye hudugi. idallade, alyona avana meladhikaariya magalu. prastapavannu maaduva modalu, alexei banasigana aashirvaadavannu keluttaane. avanu opputtaane, mattu alyona yavagalu parisonalli, aifel gopuradalli "nannannu maduveyagalu" kelalu bayasiddanendu ottayadinda sulivu niiduttaane. alexeu parisna viruddhavagilla, aadare aata ettarakke tumba hedaruttaane. aadaagyoo, aata ondu ungura mattu francege hoguva tiketgalannu khareedisuttaane. aadaagyoo, pravaasada munnaadinadandu, baas avanannu saint petersburgnalli kelasa maadalu kaluhisuttaane. uttara raajadhaaniyalli beediyalli aatanige obba hombannada hudugiyu kirukula niiduttaane, aata sangeetagaararige daana maadalu keluttaane. aadare avalu niraakarisuttaale, nantara hudugi avanige kaviteyannu odalu prarambhisuttale. shighradalle ee hudugi vaastavaagi adhikruta mattu prasiddha masco patrakarte airina endu naavu nodutteve, avaru fashion vishayada bagge bareyuttaare, tampaada niyatakaalikeyalli tamma kelasavannu bahirangavagi tiraskarisuttaare, mattu rahasyavaagi poojya kavitegalannu bareyuttaare, adhu tanna preetiya parisonalli tanna sneehitanige maatra kaluhisuva dhairyavannu hondide. ira sundaravagide, svatantravagide, vichitravaagide mattu ekaangiyaagide. ira jotegina bhetiyu alexia anumaanavannu kadime maaduttade, avanu balashaliyalla mattu tanna daye mattu akarshaka alyonavannu pritisuttaane. aadare avanu innoo pyaarisge haarihoguttaane, allie ondu dina modalu agamisida alyona eegaagale avanigaagi kayuttiddane. vimaanadalli, alexeu airinaalannu bhetiyaguttale, avaru fashion weak annu cover maadalu pyaarisge hoguttaare. aatanige aashcharyavaaguttade. prayanikaru kudidu shauchaalayada kooneyalli silukikolluttaare, allie avaru dhumapana maaduva uddeshadinda hoguttiddaru. avarannu polisaru bandhisuttaare, aadare nantara bidugade maaduttaare. vimaana nildaanadalli, alyona airinaavannu aleksiyondige noduttaale, aadare avalu asooyepaduvudilla, avalu airina avara lekhanagalannu pramanikavagi mechchuttaale. anumanagala horataagiyoo, alexeu aifel gopuradalli alonage prastapavannu niiduttaane. aake houdu endu heluttaale. maskokke hindirugidaaga, varanu airinaage sahanubhootiya bhavagalinda piditaraguttane mattu avalannu kareyuttaane. airina taanu saint pietarsbargnalliddene endu heluttaale. alexei, taanu vyapara pravaasakke hoguttiddene endu alonage heluttaa, sentge dhavisuttiddane. pietersburg. uttara raajadhaaniyalli, airina mattu alexeu, alyonage varana badhyategalindagi taavu ottige iralu sadhyavilla endu arthamadikolluttare. aadare haasyaaspada kakataliyateya parinaamavaagi, avaru bhagavagalu sadhyavilla (avaru tamma saamaanugalannu kaledukolluttaare, nantara hotel kooneya kiligalannu kaledukolluttaare, ityaadi.). tanna ajji anarogyadinda balaluttiddaare endu alexei alonage sullu heluttaane. alyonala tandeya agamanadinda paristhiti sankirnavagide. pietersburg, tanna aliyananteye adhe hotelnalli tanguvudu matravalla, airinaalondige pritiyalli beeluttaane. varana ajji bagge chintitaragiruva alyona kooda sentnalliddaare. pietersburg. koneyalli, ira alexiannu niraakarisuttaale, ekendare avalu antaha olleya mattu chikka hudugiya jeevana mattu manassannu haalumaadalu bayasuvudilla (aaddarinda avalu suttuhoguvudilla). avalu tanna ishtavillada kelasavannu bittu kavite bareyalu pyaarisge haaralu nirdharisuttaale. maduveya siddhategala bagge bhavodriktavagiruva sukshma mattu daye alyona, varana manasthitiya badalaavaneyannu gamanisalu sahaaya maduvudilla. neevu nannannu pritisuvudillave? - maduveya hindina dinavashte avalu avanannu keluttaale. mounakke pratikriyeyagi aalisida alyona arthamadikolluttane mattu udaattaru alexiannu bittubiduttaare. avanu pyaarisge vimaanadalli hoguttaane, allie ira kulitiddaane. aata maduveyaguvudilla endu heluttaane. avaru santoshadinda beedigalalli nadeyuttaare mattu chumbisuttaare. ondu tampaada niyatakaalikeyalli airinaala sthaanavannu saha alyona tegedukolluttaale, ekendare aakege idu kevala aakeya kanasina kelasavaagide. bidugade mattu teeke. prathama pradarshanavu 2014rahra december 4randu rashyaadalli nadeyitu. ee chitravu gallapettigeyalli $23 laksha galisitu.

pranayam pranayikkunnilla. 2014ll purathirangiya oru russian romaantik komadi chithramaanu lavu doose nottu lavu (). klim shipenko samvidaanam cheiyunna chithratthil maxim maattvevu, leubov axionova, swetlaana khodchenkova ennivaraanu pradhana thaarangal. plott. aleonayumaayulla vivaahathin thayyaaredukkunna oru yuvaavaan alexey. avale snehikkunna oru maduravum dayayullathumaaya penkuttiyaanu aval. koodaathe, alyona addehathinte bosinte makalaanu. oru oofar nalkunnathinumumbu, alexey paachakakkaarante anugraham chodikkunnu. avan sammathikkukayum, paareesil eefal gopuratthilvechu "enne vivaham kazhikkuka" ennu aleona eppozhum kelkkaan aagrahikkunnuvennum nirbandhapoorvvam soochana nalkunnu. alexey paareesinu ethiralla, pakshe uyarangale avan bhayappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, addeham oru mothiravum fraansilekkulla tikattum vaangunnu. ennirunnaalum, yaathrayude thalennu, booas avane sent peettezhsbargil jolie cheyyaan ayaykkunnu. vadakkan thalasthaanathe theruvil samgeethajnjarkku sambhavana nalkaan aavashyappedunna oru svarnnakkaaran addehathe upadravikkunnu. ennaal aval visammathikkunnu, thudarnnu penkutty avanodu kavita vaayikkaan thudangunnu. fashion enna vishayathil ezhuthunna, thanuppulla oru maasikayil thante srishtikal parasyamaayi verukkunna, thante priyappetta paareesile suhruthinu maathram ayaykkaan dhairyamulla, bahumaanapoornamaaya kavithakal rahasyamaayi ezhuthunna, yadhaarthathil oru aadhikaarikayum prashasthayumaya mosco pathrapravarthakayaaya ireenayaanu eee penkutty ennu taamasiyaathe naam kaanunnu. aira sundaravum swathanthravum durbalav eakaanthavumaanu. irayumaayulla koodikkaazhcha thaan sakthanallennum thante dayayum aakarshakavumaya alyona snehikkunnuvennum alexiyude samshayam illaathaakkunnu. ennaal avan ippozhum paareesilekk parakkunnu, avide oru divasam munbu ethiya alyona ithinakam thanne avane kaathirikkunnu. vimaanathilvechu, fashion weak cover cheyyaan paareesilekk pookunna ireenaye alexey kandumuttunnu. avan athbhuthappedunnu. yaathrakkaar madyapichu toylet roomil kudungukayum avide pukavalikkaan uddeshichaanu pogunnathu. police avare kastadiyiledukkukayum pinneedu vittayakkukayum cheiyunnu. vimaanathaavalathil, alyona ireenaye alexiyumaayi kaanunnu, pakshe avalkk asooyayilla, aval aireenayude lekhanangale aathmaarthamaayi abhinandikkunnu. samshayangalkkidayilum, eefal gopuratthilvechu alexey alyonaykku oru vaagdaanam nalkunnu. aval athe ennu parayunnu. moscoylake madangumbol, ireenayodulla sahathapam kondu varan peedippikkappedukayum avale vilikkukayum cheiyunnu. thaan sent peettezhsbargilaanennu irena parayunnu. alexey, thaan oru bisinus trippin pookukayaanennu aleonayode parayukayum sentilekku oodukayum cheiyunnu. peettezhsburg. vadakkan thalasthaanathu, alyonayodulla varante kadamakal kaaranam thangalkk orumichu jeevikkaan kazhiyillennu irena alexeyum manassilakkunnu. ennaal parihasyamaaya yaadrishchikathayude falamaayi, avarkk verpiriyaan kazhiyilla (avarkk avarude lagejukalum pinneedu hotel muriyude thaakkolukalum nashtappedunnu.). thante muthasshikku asukhamundennu alexey alyonayodu nuna parayunnu. alyonayude pithaavinte sentsarvakalaashaalayile varavu sthithi sankeernamaakkunnu. marumakante athe hotelil thaamasikkuka mathramalla, irenayumaayi pranayathilaakukayum cheiyunna peettezhsburg. varante muthasshiyekkurichu ashankaakulayaaya alyona sent. peettezhsburg. oduvil, aira alexey nirasikkunnu, kaaranam alyonayeppolulla oru nalla penkuttiyude jeevithavum manasse nasippikkaan aval agrahikkunnilla (avalkk pollalelkkaathirikkaan). aval thante eshtappedaatha jolie upekshichu kavita ezhuthaan paareesilekk parakkaan theerumaanikkunnu. vivaahathinulla thayyaareduppukalil abhiniveshamulla sensiteevum dayayullathumaaya alyonaykku varante maanasikaavasthayile maattam shradhikkaan kazhiyilla. neeyenne snehikkunnille? - vivaahathin thottumumbulla divasam aval avanodu chodikkunnu. nishabdathayodu prathikarikkunnathil alyona manassilakkukayum kuleenan alexey vittayakkukayum cheiyunnu. iraa irikkunna paareesilekkulla vimaanathil avan kayarunnu. avan vivaham kazhikkillennu parayunnu. avar santhoshathode theruvukalil nadakkukayum chumbikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru thanutha maasikayil aireenayude sthaanavum alyonaykkundu, kaaranam avale sambandhichidatholam athu avalude swapna jolie maathramaan. vimarsanavum mochanavum. 2014 desember 4nuu russiayilaanu aadya pradarshanam nadannathu. chithram boxes offeesil 23 laksham dollar nedi.

prem nahee love dudge nott love' haah 2014 salcha russian pranayramya vinodi chitrapat aahe, joou eka natesambandhanchi fasavanuk karnara aahe. yaa chitrapatache digdarshan clim shipenko yanni kele aahe, jyat maxim matvev, leubov axionova aanee swetlana khodchenkova yanchya bhoomika aahet. plot. alexey haah eka mahatvakankshi tarun aahe joou joou tyachya lagnachi tayari karat aahe. tee eka god aanee dayalu mulgi aahe jee tyachyavar prem karate. yavyatirikt, alyona hii tyachya bosschi mulgi aahe. prastav denyapurvi, alexey shefcha aashirvad magto. too sahmat aahe aanee thampane asey sanket dekhil deto qee elonala nehmich parismadhye, iphel towerwar 'majhyashi lagn qaraa' aikayache hote. alexey parisachya virodhat nahee, parantu tyala unchichi khoop bheeti vatate. matra, too eka angathi aanee francela jaanyasathichi tikite kharedi karato. tathapi, sahalichya purvasandhyela, boss tyala seent pietersbergmadhye kaam karnyasathi pathavato. uttarekadil rajdhanit rastyavar tyala eka soneri mulgi tras dete jee sangitkaranna daan karnyas sangate. pann tee nakar dete, mug tee mulgi tyala kavita vachayala lagate. lavkarach aamhala disel qee hii mulgi pratyakshat eka adhikrut aanee prasiddha mosco patrakar irina aahe, jee fashionchya vishayavar lihito, ughadpane eka mast niyatkalikat tichya kamacha tiraskar karato aanee guptapane aadaraniy kavita lihito jyaa tichya priy parismadhil tichya mitrala pathvanyache dhadas teela aahe. iira sunder, swatantra, kuroop aanee ekaki aahe. irashi jhalelya bhetimule alexichi shanka sutate qee too majboot nahee aanee tyachya dayalu aanee aakarshak aakarshak tyache prem aahe. pann too ajunahi parisla jaato, jithe eka divas aadhi pohochaleli alyona aadhich tyachi vaat pahat aahe. vimanat elexichi bhet irinashi hote, jee fashion vikche vartankan karnyasathi parisla dekhil jaate. tyala aashchary vatate. pravasi daruchya nashet aanee shauchalayat adaktat, jithe teey dhoomrapan karnyachya uddeshane gele hote. tyanna polisankadun atak kelee jaate, parantu nantar tyanchi sutka kelee jaate. vimantalavar, alyona alyona irina pahate, pann teela matsar vatat nahee, tee irinachya lekhanche manapasoon kautuk karate. shanka asoonahi, elexey iphel towerchya thikani elonala eka prastav deto. tee hoow mhanate. moscola parat yetana, varala irinabaddal sahanubhootichya bhavna jaanavtat aanee too teela phone karato. irina mhanate qee tee seent pietersbergmadhye aahe. alexey, too sentala dhavun jaat aahe, asey alonala sangat hota. pietersberg. uttarekadil rajdhanit, irina aanee elexey yanna samajate qee, qee varachya varachya teey ekatra rahoo shakat naheet. pann hasyaspad yogayogamule teey vegale houu shakat naheet (tyanche saman, nantar hotelchya kholichya chavya ii. gamavatat.). alexey, tyachi aajee aajari aahe asey asey khote sangato. seent yethe alyonachya vadilanchya aagamanane paristhiti guntaguntichi jhaali aahe. pietersberg, joou keval tyach hotelmadhye tyachya javayachya jaagich rahat nahee, tarr irinachya premat dekhil padato. varchya aajichi kalji vatat asatana, alyona dekhil sentmadhye aahe. pietersberg. shevati, iira alexila nakar dete, kaaran teela teela changlya aanee tarun muliche jeevan aanee munn kharab karayache nahee (jenekarun tee jalanar nahee). tee tichi aavadati nokri sodanyache aanee kavita lihinyasathi parisla jaanyache tharavate. lagnachya tayaribaddal utkat asalelya sanvedanshil aanee dayalu alyona, varchya manahsthititil badal lakshat ghenyas madat karoo shakat naheet. tuu majhyavar prem karat nahees qaa? - tee tyala lagnachya agadi aadalya divashi vicharte. yaa maunache uttar aikoon, alyona samajoon ghete aanee udatt lock alexila sodoon detat. too parisla jaanyasathi vimanat chadhato, jithe iira basala aahe. too mhanato qee too lagn karnar nahee. teey anandane rastyavar firatat aanee chumban ghetat. eka mast niyatkalikat ileona dekhil irinachi jaaga ghetali aahe, kaaran tichyasathi tee keval tichya swapnatil nokri aahe. muktata aanee teeka. 4 december 2014 roji russiamadhye yaa chitrapatacha pahila bhag jhaala. yaa chitrapatane tikitbarivar 23 laakh dollarschee kamai kelee.

premle prem gardaina premle prem gardaina () 2014 ko rusi romantic kamedi film how june sambandha dhoka how. filmlai clim shipenkole nirdeshan gareka chhan, jasma maxim matwebh, lyubobh oxyonova rar swetlana khodchenkobha mukhya bhumikama chhan. plut. alexey ek yuwa mahatwakankshi manis how jo alionasanga afno wiwahako tayari gardaicha. uni ek pyari rar dayalu ketty hun jasle usalai maya garchhin. yasabahek, alyona unko malikaki chhori hun. prastawa garnuaghi, alexile shefko ashirwad magchhan. uni sahamat hunchhan, rar alionale sadhain perisma, ephil towerma "masanga vivaha garnuhos" sunna chahanthe bhanne joddar sanket pani garchhan. alexey perisko viruddhama chhainan, tara uni uchaibata nikai daraunchhan. yadyapi, unle euta aunthi rar france jaane tikat kinchhan. yadyapi, yatrako purwasandhyama, malikle usalai cent pietersbergma kaam garna pathaunchhan. uttari rajdhanima sadakma unlai ekjana gora dwara utpidit garinchha jasle sangitkarharulai daan garna agraha gardacha. tara unle aswikar garchhin, tyasapachhi ketile unlai kawita padhna thalchhin. chaandai hammy dekhchaun kii yo ketty wastawma ek adhikarik rar prasidha masko patrakar irina how, jasle fessionko vishayama lekhchhin, khula rupma ek kull patrikama afno kamlai tuchcha thanchhin, rar gopya rupma shraddhashil kawitaharu lekhchhin june unisanga afno priya perisma afno sathilai matra pathaune sahas chha. ira sunder, swatantra, kurup rar eklo chha. irasangko bhetle alexiko shanka hataunchha kii uu baliyo chhaina rar afno dayalu rar akarshak alionalai maya gardacha. tara uni ajhai pani perisma udchhan, jahaan ek dina aghi aipugeki alyonale unko parkhiraheka chhan. vimanma, alexile irinalai bhetchha, jo fasion saptaha kabhar garna peris pani janchha. uni chakit chhan. yatruharu raksi piera shauchalaya kothama faseka hunchhan, jahaan tiniharu dhumrapan garne uddeshyale gaeka thie. uniharulai policele hirasatma linchha, tara tyasapachhi riha garinchha. vimansthalma, alionale alexysanga irinalai dekhchhin, tara uni irshya gardinan, uni imandaripurwak irinaka lekhharuko prashansa garchhin. shankako bawajud, alexile alionalai ephil towerma prastawa rakhchhan. uni how bhanchhin. masko farkiepachhi dulhalai irinaprati sahanubhutiko bhawanale sataunchha rar usalai fone garchha. irina bhanchhin kii uni cent pietersbergma chhin. alexey, alionalai uni wyaparik yatrama jandaichhan bhanera bhandai centma daudindai. pietersberg. uttari rajdhanima, irina rar alexile alyonapratiko dulahako dayitwaka karan uniharu sangai huna sakdainan bhanera bujhchan. tara hasyaspad sanyogko parinam swarup, tiniharu alag huna sakdainan (tiniharule afno saman gumaunchhan, tyasapachhi hotel kothako chabiharu, adi.). alexile alionalai afnie hajurama birami chhin bhani jhuto bolchhan. centma aleonaka bubako agamanle sthiti jatil baneko chha. pietersberg, jo afno jwainko jastai hotelma matra basdainan, tara irinasanga premma pani parchhan. dulhaki hajuramako chinta gardai, alyona pani centma chhin. pietersberg. antyama, ira alexilai aswikar garchhin, kinbhane uni alona jasta asal rar jawan ketiko jiwan rar manlai bigarna chahandainan (taaki uni jaleki hundainan). unle afno manaparne kaam chhodne rar kawita lekhna peris jaane nirnaya garchhin. wiwahako tayarika barema bhawuk sanvedanshil rar dayalu alyonale dulahako manodasha pariwartanlai dhyanma rakhna maddat garna sakdainan. key tapain malai prem garnuhaunna? - unle wiwahako ek dina aghi usalai sodhchhin. maunatako pratikriyama sunera, alionale bujhdacha rar kulinle alexilai chhodchha. uni peris jaane vimanma chadhchan, jahaan ira basiraheko chha. usale vivaha nagarne bataeko chha. tiniharu khusisath sadakma hindchan rar chumban garchhan. alionale pani euta sunder patrikama irinako sthan linchhin, kinbhane unka lagi yo unko sapanako kaam matra how. mukti rar alochana. premiere 4 december 2014 maa rasiyama bhaeko thiyo. filmle bucks officema 23 lakh dollar kamaeko thiyo.

prem nuhen labh doz naat labh' () heuchhi 2014 masihar eka rushiah romantic kamedi chalachitra, jaahaa eka samparka pratarana. clim shipenkonka nirdeshita ehi chalachitrare maksim matabhebh, lyubov aksijonova ebong swetalana khodachenkova abhinai karichanti. plut. alexei jane juba uchchabhilashee byakti jie aleonanka saha taanka bibaha paain prastuti karuchanti. shay jane madhur ebong dajalu jhia jie tanku bhal paanti . ehaa byatita, alyona taanka malikanka jhia. prastaba deba purbaru alexei rosheiaanka ashirbada maganti. shay raaji huanti, ebong ehaa madhya zid dhari ingita dianti je alyona sarbada iphel tawarare pyarisare "mote bibaha karantu" sunibaku chahunthile. alexei paris bipakhyare nuhnti, kintu shay uchchataku bahuta bhaja karanti . tebe, shay eka mudi ebong frances jiba paain ticket kinuchanti. tebe, jatrara purba sandhyare, malika tanku cent pitarsabargare kaama karibaku pathanti. uttara rajadhanire rastare jane subarna jhia tanku hairana karithae, jie sangeetagyamananku daana karibaku kahe. kintu shay manah karidele, taa 'parey jhiati tanku kabita padhiba arambha kallah . khub shighra aame dekhiparu je ehi jhia prakrutare jane adhikruta ebong prasidha musco sambadika irina, jie fashion bishai upare lekhanti, eka sunder patrikare kholakholi bhabare taanka karjyaku tuchha karanti, ebong gupta bhabare shradhasheela kabita lekhanti jaahaa kebala taanka priya pyarisare thiba taanka bandhunku pathaiba paain tankara sahasa achhi . ira sunder, swadheena, kutsita ebong ekaki . iranka saha sakhyata aleksinka sandehaku hrass kare je shay shaktishali nuhnti ebong taanka dajalu ebong aakarshaneeah alenanku bhal paanti . kintu shay tathapi pyarisaku udaana karanti, jeunthare eka deane purbaru pahanchithiba alyona tanku apekhya karichanti. bimanare, alexei irinanku bhetithae, jie fashion saptaha kabhar karibaku paris madhya jaanti . shay ashcharjya. jatrimane madyapana curry shouchalaja kothareere fasi jaanti, jeunthare semane dhumpan kariba uddeshyare jaithile. semananku police ataka rakhithae, kintu parey chhadi diajae. bimanabandarare, aleona airinaku aleksinka saha dekhanti, kintu shay irsha karanti naahin, shay aairinanka nibandhagudiku antarikatara saha prashansa karanti . sandeha satwe, alexei iphel tawarare aleonanku eka prastaba dianti . shay hohn kahanti. maskoku feriba parey barr irinanka prati sahanubhuti anubhaba curry jantrana anubhaba karanti ebong tanku phone karanti. irina kahanti je shay cent pitarsabargare achanti. alexei, alenanku kahuthila je shay eka byabasajika jatrare jauchhanti, cent ku daudi jauchhanti. pietersberg. uttara rajadhanire, irina ebong alexei bujhanti je aleona prati barara dajitwa hetu semane ekathi rahiparibe naahin. kintu hasyaspada sanjogara parinam swaroopa, semane alga hoiparibe naahin (semane semanankara logages, taa 'parey hotel kotharira chaabi ityadi haraibe .). alexei alenanku micha kuhanti je taanka jejema asustha achanti. sentare alyonanka pitanka agman dwara paristhiti jatila hoithae. pietersberg, jie kebala taanka jwainnka sahita sehi hotelare ruhanti naahin, barang irinanka premare madhya padanti . baranka jejema 'nka paain chintita, alyona madhya sentare achanti. pietersberg. sheshare, ira aleksinku manah karideithae, kaaran shay aleona pari jane bhal ebong jubatee jhiara zeeban ebong manasikataku nust karibaku chahunahanti (jaahaa dwara shay jalijiba naahin). shay taanka apritikara chakiri chhadibaku nishpatti nianti ebong kabita lekhiba paain pyarisaku udanti . bibahara prastuti bishajare utsahi sambedanashila ebong dayaban alyona baranka manobal paribartanaku lakhya karibare sahajya kariparibe naahin . tuu mate bhal paau naahun? - bibahara thick gotie deane purbaru shay tanku pacharanti. nirabatara pratikrija shuni, aleona bujhanti ebong mahan aleksinku chhadanti . shay eka bimanare pyarisaku jaanti, jeunthare ira basichanti. shay bibaha karibe naahin bolly kahichanti. semane khusire rastare chalithanti ebong chumban dianti. eka sunder patrikare aleona madhya irinanka sthana neithanti, kaaran taanka paain ehaa kebala tankara swapnara chakiri. mukti ebong samalochana. ehara premiyara 2014 december 4 tarikhare rushiaare anusthita hoithila. ehi chalachitrati bucks officere 23 lakhya dollar aaja karithila.

piaar piaar naheen karda piaar piaar naheen karda () ikk 2014 dee russie romantic kamedi film haii joe ikk rishtiaan dee dhokhadhadi haii. film daa nirdeshan clim shipenko neey keeta haii, jiss witch maksim matweave, leubov aksiyonova atey swetlana khodchenkova neey abhinai keeta haii. plaat. alexey ikk naujwan abhilashi aadmi haii joe aleona naal aapne viaah dee tiaari qarr riha haii. uh ikk mitthi atey dialu ladki haii joe uss noon piaar kardi haii. iss toon ilava, aleona uss dey baus dee dhee haii. peshkash curran toon pahilan, alexey shaff daa ashirvaad mangda haii. uh sehmat hunda haii, atey zor dey keey ih vee sanket dinda haii kii aleona hamesha paris witch, eiffle tower utte "merey naal viaah crow" sunana chahunda see. alexey paris dey virudh naheen haii, parr uh uchaiaan toon bahut darda haii. halanki, uh ikk anguthi atey france jaanh deeaan tikatan kharidada haii. halanki, yaatra dee purav sandhiaa 'teey, baus uss noon cent pietersburg witch kamm curran laee bhejda haii. uttri rajdhani witch sadak utte uss noon ikk sunhire duaara preshan keeta jaanda haii joe sangeetkaran noon daan curran laee kahinda haii. parr uh inkaar qarr dindi haii, firr ladki uss noon kavita padhna shuru qarr dindi haii. jaldi hii aseen dekhde haan kii ih ladki asal witch ikk adhikarat atey mashur masco pattarkar irena haii, joe fashion dey vishe 'teey likhdi haii, khulheaam ikk thande magazine witch aapne kamm noon nafrat kardi haii, atey gupat roop witch satikaryog kavitavan likhdi haii joe uss witch siraf aapne piaare paris witch aapne dosat noon bhejan dee himmat haii. iraa sunder, sutantar, kukkad atey ikalla haii. iraa naal mulakat naal alexey daa shakk ghatt hoow jaanda haii kii uh mazboot naheen haii atey aapni dialu atey manmohak aleona noon piaar karda haii. parr uh ajey vee paris laee uddada haii, jitthe aleona, joe ikk dinn pahilan pahunchi see, pahilan hii uss dee udeek qarr rahee haii. jahaz witch, alexey irina noon mildi haii, joe fashion weak noon cover curran laee paris vee jaandi haii. uh hairan haii. yaatari sharabi hoow jaande hunn atey tilet room witch phas jaande hunn, jitthe uh sigartnoshi curran dey iraade naal gaye sunn. unhan noon pulis duaara hirasat witch liaa jaanda haii, parr firr rihaa qarr ditta jaanda haii. havaai adde 'teey, aleona irena noon alexey naal vekhadi haii, parr uh irkha naheen kardi, uh imandari naal irena dey lekhan dee parshansa kardi haii. shankiaan dey bavjood, alexey neey eiffle tower utte aleona noon peshkash keeti. uh haan kahindi haii. masco waps aaa keey, laada noon irina pratee hamdardi deeaan bhavnavan toon tang keeta jaanda haii atey uss noon phone karda haii. irina daa kahina haii kii uh cent pietersburg witch haii. alexey, aleona noon dassde hoye kii uh ikk vaparak yaatra 'teey jaa riha see, cent vall bhajj riha see. pietersburg. uttri rajdhani witch, irina atey alexey samajhade hunn kii uh aleona pratee laade deeaan zimmevariaan caarn ikkathe naheen hoow sakde. parr hasohine itfaq dey natije vajon, uh vakkh naheen hoow sakde (uh aapna samaan guaa lainde hunn, firr hotel dey kamre deeaan chabian aadi guaa lainde hunn.). alexey aleona naal jhooth bolda haii kii uss dee daadi bimar haii. cent witch aleona dey pitaa dey aaunn naal sathiti gunjhaldar hoow jaandi haii. pietersburg, joe naa siraf aapne jawai dey naal use hotel witch rahinda haii, balki irina naal vee piaar witch pae jaanda haii. laade dee daadi baare chintat, aleona vee cent witch haii. pietersburg. ant witch, iraa neey alexey toon inkaar qarr ditta, kiunki uh aleona (taan joe uh shudd naa jaave) vargi changi atey jawan ladki dee zindagi atey mansikta noon kharaab naheen karna chahundi. uh aapni anchahe kamm noon chaddan atey kavita likhan laee paris jaanh daa faisla kardi haii. sanvedansheel atey dialu aleona, viaah deeaan tiaariaan baare bhavuk, laade dey mood witch tabdili noon dhiaan witch rakkhan witch sahaita naheen qarr sakda. qee tusin mainoon piaar naheen karde? - uh viaah toon ikk dinn pahilan uss noon puchhdi haii. chupp dey jawab witch sunade hoye, aleona samajhdi haii atey kuleen aleki noon chhadd dindi haii. uh paris laee ikk jahaz witch chadahda haii, jitthe iraa baitha haii. uh kahinda haii kii uh viaah naheen karega. uh khushi-khushi sadkan 'teey turde hunn atey chumde hunn. aleona ikk vadhiaa magazine witch irina dee jagha vee laindi haii, kiunki uss laee ih siraf uss dey supniaan dee naukari haii. rihayi atey alochna. premiere 4 dasambar 2014 noon roos witch hoiaa see. film neey boxes offices 'teey 23 lakkh dallar dee kamai keeti.

prema naa bhavati. love dus naat love () iti 2014 tamavarshasya russian-romantic-haasyachalacchitram asti yat sambandha-vanchanam asti. asya chalacchitrasya nirdeshanm clim shipemko ityanena krutam asti, yasmin maksim matwew, leubov axionova, svetlana khodchemkovaa cha abhinayishtaah santi. plut. alexey ekaha mahattvaakaankshee yuvakah asti yah alenaa ityanena saha vivaahasya tayaaree karoti. saa sveeyaa, krupaa cha balika asti yaa tam preeyati. api cha, alyonaa tasya adhikaarinah putree asti. prastaaweh poorvam alexey, pakashalikayaha aasheervaadam praarthayati. saha sammatam karoti, tathaa cha drudatayaa sanketam karoti yat alyonaa sarvadaa pyaris-nagare, eefil-gopurasya upari "mama vivaaham" iti shrotum icchati sma. alexey paaris-deshasya viruddham naasti, parantu saha ucchataam prati atyantam bhayati. parantu saha france-desham prati ekam anguram, tiket cha kreenaati. parantu yatrayaha purvasandhyayam, mukhyadhikarinaha tam sent pietersberg-nagare karyam kartum preshayati. uttararajadhani-maarge saha ekaha sbarnakanyaya utpeeditah bhavati, yaa sangeetajnaan daanam kartum praarthayati. parantu saa niraakaroti, tatah balika tam kaavyapaatam kartum aarabhate. sheeghramev vayam pashyaamah yat eshaa balika vastutah ekaa adhikarika prasiddha maasko-patrakara irinaa asti, yaa fyaashan-vishaye lekhati, sheetal-patrikaayaam swasya karyam khulyena nindayati, guptarupena shraddha-kavitaani likhati yaa kevalam swamitraaya preyena pyaris-nagare preshayitum saahasam asti. iraa sundarah, swatantrah, durjanah, ekaki cha asti. iraa ityanena saha sakshatkarena alexey ityasya sandehah patati yat saha drudah naasti, swasya krupaaluhu, manodnyah cha alona ityenam cha priyah iti. parantu saha adyaapi pyaris-nagaram prati uddeeyati, yatra ekadivase poorvam aagatyah alyonaa, tasya pratiksham kurvatee asti. vimaane alexey airinaa ityanaya saha militavatee, yaa api faishan-veek iti vaartaam prasaarayitum pyaris-nagaram gacchati. saha aashcharyitah. yaatrikaah madyapitaah shauchaalayagruhe cha aagacchanti, yatra te dhumrapanasya icchayaa gatavantah. te aarakshakaih gruheetaah, parantu tatah mukttaah bhavanti. vimanasthanakasya alyonaa, airinaa iteedam alexey ityanena saha pashyati, parantu saa eershya naa karoti, aireenaa ityasyaah lekhanam atmabhimanam karoti. sandeham satsu api alexey, eefil-gopurasya upari alyonaa ityasmai prastaavam karoti. saa haam vadati. maasko-nagaram pratyaagatya varaha irinaa-prati sahanubhutya peeditah bhavati, tam aahvayati. irinaa ityeshaa vadati yat saa sent pietersberg-nagare asti iti. alexey, alenaa ityasmai vadati yat saha vaanijyayaatraam kurvan sent-nagaram prati dhaavati iti. pietersburg. uttararajadhanimadhye irinaa, alexey cha graheetah yat alyonaa-prati varasya daayitvasya karanat te militum naa shaknuvanti iti. parantu hasyaspada-samyogasya parinaamen te vicchedyum naa shaknuvanti (te swasaamagreem, tatah hotel-kakshasya chaabih ityadini haarayanti).) iti. alexey alina ityasmai tasya maatuh rogaa asti iti mithyati. alenaa ityasya pituhu sent-nagare aagamanaah sthitihi sankirna bhavati. pietersburg, yah naa kevalam tasya jwaain saha tasmin eva hotel madhye nivasati, apitu irinaa ityanena saha api preme bhavati. varasya matamahi vishaye chintitaa alyonaa api sent-nagare asti. pietersburg. ante iraa alexey ityetam niraakaroti, yatah saa alenaa ityeshaa uttamayaha yuvaayaah cha balikayaha jeevanam manam cha vikshayitum naa icchati (yena saa naa jwaalayati). saa swam apriyam karyam tyajayitvaa kavyalekhanartham pyaris-nagaram gantum nishchinoti. vivaahasya sajjataayaah vishaye utkata-bhaavinee, samvedanasheelah krupaalu cha alyonaa varasya manovruttim prati avadhaanam kartum naa shaknoti. tvam kim naa mama prema karoti? vivaahaat poorvamev saa tam prucchati. maunasya pratikriyaaroopen alyona, alaxi ityenam graheeti, udattah cha alaxi ityenam vadati. saha vimanena paaris-nagaram gacchati, yatra iraa upavishyate. saha vadati yat saha naa vivaaham aacharati iti. te sukhena veethishu gacchanti, chumbayanti cha. alina api sheetal-patrikaayaam irinaa ityasya sthaanam vahati, yatah tasyaah krute tatt kevalam tasyaah swapnasya karyam eva asti. vimochanam tathaa vimarshah. 2014 december-masasya 4 dinaanke rashiyadeshe asya prathamapradarshanm jaatam. etat chalacchitram baaks-aafis-madhye $23 laksham aghoshayat.

kaathal kaathal alla. love tuss naat love () 2014 aam aandu veliyaana russia kaathal nagaichchuvaith thiraippatamaagum. inththa thiraippataththai clim shibenko iyakkiyullaar, idhil maxim madwave, lubov aksionova mattrum svetlana kotsenkova aagiyoar nadiththullanar. sathi. alexey oru ilam latchiya manithar, avar aloanaavudan thanathu thirumanaththirku tayaaraagi varukiraar. aval avarai nesikkum oru inimaiyaana mattrum kanivaana penn. koodudhalaaga, alona avarathu muthalaaliyin magal. oru salugaiyai vazhangkuvatharku munbu, alexey samaiyalkaararin aaseervaathaththaik ketkiraar. avar oppukkolkiraar, maelum eepil koopuraththil paarisil "ennai tirumanam seithu kollungal" endru alina eppoathum kaetka virumbinaar endrum valiyuruththukiraar. alexey paarisukku ethiraanavar alla, aanaal avar uyarangkalukku migavum payappadugiraar. iruppinum, avar oru moathiraththaiyum bransku dickettaiyum vaangkukiraar. iruppinum, payanaththirku munnathaaka, muthalaali avarai saint petersburkil vaelai seiya anuppukiraar. vadakku thalaynagaril theruvil ulla oru ilanjchivappu niraththil ulla oru penn isaikkalainarukku nankodai vazhangkumaaru ketkiraar. aanaal aval marukkiraal, pinnar anthap penn avaridam kavidhaigalaip padikkath thodangkukiraal. viraivil inththa penn unmaiyil oru athikaarappoorvamaana mattrum pugazhpettra masco paththirigaiyaalar airina enbathai naam kaankiroam, avar fasion endra thalaippil ezhuthukiraar, oru kulir idhazhil thanathu vaelaiyai velippadaiyaaga verukkiraar, maelum ragasiyamaaga thanathu anbaana paarisil ulla thanathu nanbarukku mattumae anuppa thyrium iruppathaaka mariyaathaikkuriya kavidhaigalai ezhuthukiraar. iraa azhagaagavum, suyaatheenamaagavum, pichi mattrum thanimaiyaagavum ullathu. iraa udanaana santhippu alexey valuvaaga illai mattrum avarathu kanivaana mattrum azhagaana alonavai nesikkiraar endra santhegaththai kuraikkirathu. aanaal avar innum paarisukku parakkiraar, angku oru naall munbu vantha alona aerkanavae avarukkaagak kaatthirukkiraar. vimanaththil, alexey airinaavai santhikkiraar, avar fasion vaaratthai ulladakka paarisukkuch selkiraar. avar aachariyappadugiraar. payanigal kudipoathaiyil kazhipparai araiyil sikkik kolgiraargal, angku avarkal pugaipidikkum nokkaththudan sendranar. avarkal kaavalthuraiyinaraal thadutthu vaikkappattullanar, aanaal pinnar viduvikkappattanar. vimaana nilaiyaththil, alina airinaavai alexiudan paarkkiraar, aanaal aval poraamaippadavillai, aval irinaavin katturaigalai unmaiyaagap paaraattukiraal. santhegam irunththapoathilum, eepil koopuraththil alexey alonavukku oru salugaiyai alikkiraar. aval aam endru solkiraal. maaskovirkuth thirumbum manamagan airina meethaana anuthaaba unarvugalaal thunpuruththappattu avalai alaikkiraar. airina thaan saint petersburkil iruppathaagak koorukiraar. alexey, avar oru vaniga payanaththirkuch selkiraar endru alonavidam koorukiraar, standert nagaraththirku viraikiraar. beatersburg. vadakku thalaynagaril, airina mattrum alexey aagiyoar manamagan aleonaavukkaana kadamaigal kaaranamaaga ontraaka irukka mudiyaathu enbathai purinthukolkiraarkal. aanaal abaththamaana thartseyalin vilaivaaga, avarkal pirikka mudiyaathu (avarkal thangal saamaangalai izhakkiraargal, pinnar hootal araiyin saavigal poantravai.). alexey thanathu paatti noaivaaippattiruppathaaka alonavidam poy solkiraar. aleonavin thanthai St ill varuvathaal nilaimai sikkalaanathu. beatersburg, thanathu marumagan athae hootalil thangkuvathu mattumallaamal, airinaavaiyum kaathalikkiraar. manamagan paattiyaip pattri kavalaipatta alinaavum St. beatersburg. iruthiyil, iraa alexi marukkiraar, aenentraal aval oru nalla mattrum ilam pennin vaazhkkaiyaiyum aanmaavaiyum kedukka virumbavillai (athanaal aval erikkappada mattaal). aval thanathu virumbaththagaatha vaelaiyai vittuvittu, kavidhai ezhutha paarisukku parakka mudivu seikiraal. thirumanaththirkaana thayaarippukalil aarvamulla unarthiran mattrum kanivaana alona, manamagan mananilaiyin maattraththaik kavanikka udhava mudiyaathu. nee ennai kathalikkavillaiyaa? thirumanaththirku munththaiya naall aval avanidam kaetkiraal. mounaththirku pathilalikkum vagaiyil ketpathu, aleona purinthukolgiraar mattrum unnathamaanavar alexi vittuvidugiraar. avar paarisukku oru vimanaththil selkiraar, angku iraa amarnthirukkiraar. avar tirumanam seithu kolla mattar endru koorukiraar. avarkal magizhchchiyudan therukkalil nadanthu sendru muththamidugiraargal. alinaavum oru kulir idhazhil irinaavin idaththaip pidiththaar, aenentraal avalukku adhu avaludaiya kanavu vaelai mattumae. viduthalai mattrum vimarsanam. idhan muthal kaatchi 2014 disambar 4 andru russiavil nadaipettrathu. inthap padam backs aapisil 23 latcham dollarkalai vasooliththathu.

prema anedi prema kaadu. love dozz nott love () anedi 2014 naati russian romantic comedy chitram, idhi oka relationship mosam. eee chitraaniki clim shipenko darsakatvam vahinchagaa, maxim matwave, leubov axionova mariyu swetlana khodchenkova natinchaaru. plaatlu. alexey anedi alyonatho thana pelliki siddhamavutunna oka yuva pratishtaatmaka vyakti. aame atanni preminche madhuramaina mariyu dayagala ammai. adanamgaa, alyona athani baas kumarte. oka pratipaadana chese mundu, alexey cheff aasiirvaadam kosam adugutaadu. athanu angeekaristaadu, mariyu alyona ellappuduu paarislo, eefil towerpy "nannu vivaham chesukondi" anie vinalanukuntunnadani kooda pattubattaru. alexey paarisku vyatiraekamgaa laedu, conny athanu ettulaku chaalaa bhayapadataadu. ayithe, athanu oka ungaraanni mariyu fraansku tikketlanu konugolu chestaadu. ayithe, paryatana sandarbhamgaa, baas atanni seyint petersberglo pani cheyadaaniki pamputaadu. uttara rajadhanilo veedhiloo sangeetakaarulaku viraalam ivvamani adige oka andagatte atanni vedhistundi. conny aame niraakaristundi, appudu aaa ammai ataniki kavitvam chadavadam praarambhistundi. tvaralo eee ammai vaastavaaniki oka adhikaarika mariyu prasiddha masco journalist airina anie manam chustamu, aame fyaashan amsampai vraastundi, oka challani patrikalo thana panini bahirangamgaa trunikaristundi, mariyu rahasyamgaa gouravapradamaina kavitalu vraastundi, aame thana priyamaina paarislooni thana snehitudiki matrame pampe dhairyam kaligi undhi. iraa andamgaa, swatantramgaa, picchigaa mariyu ontarigaa untundi. iraa thoo samavesam athanu balamgaa laedani mariyu thana dayagala mariyu manoharamaina alyonanu premistunnadani alexiki anumanam testundi. conny athanu ippatikee paarisku egurutuu untaadu, akkada oka roeju mundu vacchina alyona appatike athani kosam vechi undhi. vimaanamlo, alexey airinatho kalustaadu, aame kooda fyaashan veeknu cover cheyadaaniki paarisku velutundi. athanu aascharyapotaadu. prayaanikulu madyam mattulo toilet gadilo chikkukupotaru, akkada vaaru dhumapanam cheyalane uddesyamto vellaaru. vaarini pooliisulu adupuloki teesukuntaaru, conny taruvaata vidudala chestaaru. vimaanaasrayamloo, alyona airina alexeetho chustundi, conny aame asuyapadadu, aame airena yokka kathanaalanu hrudayapuurvakamgaa mecchukuntundi. sandehaalu unnappatikee, eefil tower vadda alexey alyanaku oka pratipaadana chestaadu. aame avunu anie chebutundi. mascoku tirigi vacchina varudu airena patla saanubhooti bhaavaalato badhapadatadu mariyu aamenu pilustaadu. aame seyint petersberglo undani airena chebutundi. alexey, taanu oka vyapara paryatanaku velutunnaanani, seyint kuu parugettutunnaani alyonaku chebutaadu. pietersburg. uttara rajadhanilo, airena mariyu alexey, alliana patla varudi baadhyatala kaaranamgaa vaaru kalisi undalerani ardham chesukuntaru. conny haasyaaspadamaina yaadruchikam phalitamgaa, vaaru vidipoleru (vaaru tama saamaanu, aapai hotel gadiki keelu modalainavi kolpotaru).). thana ammamma anaarogyamtho undani alexey alyanaku abaddham chebutaadu. seyint loe alyona tandri raakato paristhiti sanklishtamgaa untundi. pietersburg, thana alludu adhe hotels undatame kakunda, airinatho kooda premalo padataadu. varudi ammamma gurinchi aandolana chendutunna alyona kooda seyint loe undhi. pietersburg. chivariki, iraa alexini tiraskaristundi, endukante aame alona vanti manchi mariyu chinna ammai jeevitaanni mariyu manassunu paadu cheyalanukovadam ledhu (tadwara aame kaalipodu). aame thana ishtapadakapoyina udyogaanni vidichipetti, kavitvam raayadaaniki paarisku vellaalani nirnayinchukuntundi. vivaahaaniki sannaahaala patla makkuvagala sunnitamaina mariyu dayagala alyona, varudi manasika sthithi maarpunu gamaninchadamlo sahaayapadadu. nannu preminchadam ledhaa? - pelliki oka roeju mundu aame atanni adugutundi. nissabdaaniki pratispandanagaa vinadam, alyona ardham chesukuntadu mariyu goppavadu alexini vidichipedataadu. athanu paris kuu vimaanamlo veltaadu, akkada iraa kuurchunnaadu. tanu pelli chesukobodani chebutundi. vaaru santoshamgaa veedhullo naduchukuntu, muddu pettukuntaaru. alyona kooda oka challani patrikalo airena sthaanaanni teesukuntundi, endukante aameku idhi kevalam aame kalala udyogam. vidudala mariyu vimarsha. premiere 4 december 2014naa russialo jarigindi. eee chitram baxafies vadda $23 laksala sampaadinchindi.

mohabat nahein hoti mohabat mohabat nahein karti () 2014 kii rosee romanvi mazahiya film hay juu eek rishtay kii dhokah dahee hay. film kii hidayat kaaree cleam shapinko nay kii hay jiss mein maxim metwef leubof aksionova aur sweetlana khodchinkova nay adakari kii hay. plaat. aleksi eek naujawan parjosh aadmi hay juu eleona kay saath apnee shaadi kii tayari kirr rehaa hay wah eek pyaari aur maharban ladki hay juu iss say mohabat karti hay. iss kay alawah aliwana iss kay baas kii betty hay. paishkash karnay say pehley aleksi sheef say barkat maangta hay. wah raazi hotaa hay aur asraar say yaha asharah bhee deeta hay kahh elena hamishah peers mein aifal tower parr "majh say shaadi crow" sunna chahti thee. aleksi peers kay khalaaf nahein hay leakin wah oonchaiyon say behat dartaa hay. tahim wah eek angothi aur france jaanay kay ticket kharidta hay. tahim safar kay moqaa parr baas asay sent pattersburg mein kaam karnay kay liye bhejta hay. shamali darulhukumat mein sadak parr asay eek sunhare baalon waali haraasaan karti hay juu mausiqaron kuu atiyah karnay kuu kehti hay. leakin wah ankaar kirr deeti hay phir ladki asay shayeri padhnay lagti hay. jald hyee humm dekhtay haine kahh yaha ladki darasil eek mustand aur mashhur maasko kii sahafi areena hay juu fashion kay mozua parr likhti hay khalay aam eek thanday megzin mein apnay kaam say nafrat karti hay aur khafiya toor parr qaabil ehteram nazmein likhti hay juu iss mein sarf apnay dost kuu bhejnay kii hamat hay. airaa khubsurat aazaad kachla aur tanha hay. airaa kay saath mulaqat say aleksi kaa shabah khatam how jaataa hay kahh wah mazboot nahein hay aur apnee maharban aur dilkash eliwana say mohabat kartaa hay. leakin wah abb bhee peers kay liye adtaa hay jehaan eleona juu eek dunn pehley pahunchi thee pehley hyee iss kaa intezar kirr rahee hay. hawai jehaaz mein aleksi kii mulaqat areena say hoti hay juu fashion veek kaa ahatah karnay kay liye peers bhee jaati hay. wah hairan hay. musafir nashay mein aaa jaatay haine aur beeth alkhala kay kamray mein phans jaatay haine jehaan wah tambako noshi kay araday say gayey thay. inhein police nay haraasat mein lay liyaa hay leakin phir rehaa kirr diyaa gayaa. hawai aday parr elena airna kuu aleksi kay saath dekhti hay leakin asay hasd nahein hotaa wah areena kay mazamin kii mukhlisana tareef karti hay. shakok woo shabhaat kay bawajood aleksi eliwana kuu aifal tower parr paishkash kartaa hay. wah haan kehti hay. maasko waps aatay huay dolha kuu areena kay liye humdardi kay ehsasaat say aziyat milti hay aur wah asay phone kartaa hay. areena kehti hay kahh wah sent pattersburg mein hay. aleksi eliwana kuu bataa rehaa thaa kahh wah eek karobari doray parr jaa rehaa hay sent kii taraf dodh rehaa hay. pattersburg. shamali darulhukumat mein areena aur aleksi samajhte haine kahh wah alyona kay liye dolhay kii zamah daariyon kii wajah say eek saath nahein rahh saktay. leakin mazhakah khaiz ittefaq kay natijay mein wah alg nahein how saktay (wah apnaa saamaan khoo deetay haine phir hotal kay kamray kii chabiyan waghairah khoo deetay haine.). aleksi nay elena say jhoot bolaa kahh iss kii daadi beemaar hay. sent mein eliwana kay waalid kii aamad say surathaal paichidah how jaati hay. pattersburg juu naha sarf apnay damaad kay saath asee hotal mein rehta hay balkah areena say bhee mohabat kartaa hay. dolhay kii daadi kay baaray mein fakar mund elena bhee sent mein hay. pattersburg. aakhir mein airaa aleksi say ankaar kirr deeti hay keunkah wah eleona jaisi achhi aur naujawan ladki kii zindagi aur nafsiyaat kuu kharaab nahein karnaa chahti (taakah wah jall naha jaaye). wah apnee ghair pasand kii nokari chhodnay aur shayeri likhnay kay liye peers jaanay kaa faislah karti hay. shaadi kii tayariyon kay baaray mein parjosh hasaas aur maharban elivana dolhay kay moad kii tabdili kuu dekhnay mein madad nahein kirr sakti. kiyaa tamm majh say mohabat nahein kartay? - wah shaadi say eek dunn pehley iss say poochti hay. khamushi kay jawaab mein sunn kirr elena samajh jaati hay aur neek aleksi kuu chhod deeta hay. wah peers kay liye hawai jehaaz parr chadhta hay jehaan airaa betha hay. wah kehta hay kahh wah shaadi nahein karay gaa. wah khushi khushi galiyon mein chaltay haine aur bosah leetay haine. elena eek thanday rasalay mein bhee areena kii jagah leeti hay keunkah iss kay liye yaha sarf iss kaa khwabon kaa kaam hay. rehayi aur tanqeed. premier 4 dasambar 2014 kuu roos mein hawaa. film nay baaks aafs parr 23 laakh ddaalar kamaye.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60392237

2019 AFL Women's best and fairest

2019 AFL Women's best and fairest The 2019 AFL Women's best and fairest was the award presented to the player adjudged the best and fairest player during the 2019 AFL Women's season. Erin Phillips of the Adelaide Football Club won the award for the second time, winning with 19 votes. Voting procedure. The three field umpires (the umpires who control the flow of the game, as opposed to goal or boundary umpires) confer after each match and award three votes, two votes and one vote to the players they regard as the best, second-best and third-best in the match, respectively. The votes are kept secret until the awards night, and are read and tallied on the evening. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2019 afl mohilar shrestho aaru nyajyotom 2019 afl mohilar shrestho aaru nyajyotom botatu aasil 2019 afl mohilar sijonor xomoyot shrestho aaru nyajyo kheluwoi hisape nirbasito kheluoigorakik prodan koraa botaa. adelide football clubber erin philipse 19taa bhut laabh kori dwitiyobaror baabe ei botaa laabh kore. bhutdanor poddhoti. tinijon field umpire (go 'lo baa boundary umpire biporite khelor probah niyontron koraa umpirexokole) protitu mesor pisot prodan kore aaru krome khelot shrestho, dwitiyo shrestho aaru tritiyo shrestho buli gonyo koraa kheluoixokolok tinita bhut, dutaa bhut aaru etaa bhut prodan kore. bhutbur botar nixa loike gupone rokha hoy, aaru xondhiya porha aaru gonona koraa hoy.

2019 afl mohilader sera ebong nyajyotomo 2019 saaler afl mohilader sera ebong nyajyotomo puroskarti chhilo 2019 saaler afl mohilader morshume sera ebong nyajyotomo kheload hisabe nirbachito kheloadke deoa hoyechilo. adelide football cluber erin phillips 19tii bhot peye dwitiyobarer moto puroskarti jitechen. bhotdaner poddhoti. tinjan field umpire (goal baa boundery umpire biporite khelar probaho niyantrankari umpire) protiti matcher porey pradan corren ebong kheloader jothakrome sera, dwitiya-sera ebong tritiya-sera hisabe bibechona korey taader tinti bhot, duti bhot ebong ekti bhot pradan corren. puroskarer raat porjonto bhot gopon rakha hoy ebong sandhyay padaa oo ganana koraa hoy.

2019 afl maheela shreshth aneey nyaayi aee maheelaoni shreshth aneey nyaayi spardhaa aee aee maheelaoni season darmiyan shreshth aneey nyaayi khelaadi jaaher karaayel khelaadeene aapvama aavto puraskar hato. adelaid football klabnaa erine phillipse 19 mutt saathe beejee vakhat award jeetyo hato. matdanni prakriyaa. trana filled umpiro (goal athavaa boundry umpirona virodhmaa ramatnaa pravaahne niyantrit kartaa umpiro) darek match pachhi pradaan karey chhe aneey teo jeey khelaadione shreshth, beeja shreshth aneey trija shreshth tareeke maane chhe temne anukrame trana mutt, beey mutt aneey aek mutt aape chhe. matpatro puraskaarni raat sudhee goopt rakhvama aave chhe, aneey sanje vanchvama aave chhe aneey ganatari karvaamaa aave chhe.

2019 aeye. aff. ell. mahilaaon kii sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh 2019 aeye. aff. ell. mahila sarvshreshth aur nishpakshata puraskar 2019 aeye. aff. ell. mahila satra key dauran sarvshreshth aur nishpakshata seey sammaanit khilaadi koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. adelaid football club key erin phillips ney 19 maton key saath jeet hassil karate hue doosari baar puraskar jeetaa. matdan prakriya. teen feeled umpire (goal yaa seema umpires key vipareet khel key pravaah koo niyantrit karane vaale umpire) pratyek match key baad pradaan karate hain aur una khilaadiyon koo kramshah teen vote, dou vote aur ack vote dete hain jinhen way match mein sarvshreshth, dusare sarvshreshth aur teesare sarvshreshth key roop mein maanate hain. puraskar kii raat taka maton koo gupt rakhaa jaataa haye, aur shaam koo padhaa aur milan kiya jaataa haye.

2019 afl mahila atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta 2019rahra mahila rtuvinalli atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta atagara endu ghoshisalpatta aatagaaranige 2019rahra mahila atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. adelide football clubna erine phillips 19 matagalondige eradane baarige prashastiyannu geddaru. matadaanada prakriye. mooru kshetra ampairgalu (golu athawa boundary ampairgalige viruddhavaagi aatada harivannu niyantrisuva ampairgalu) prati pandyada nantara bahumaanavannu niiduttaare mattu avaru atyuttama, eradane atyuttama mattu moorane atyuttama endu pariganisuva aatagaararige kramavagi mooru matagalu, eradu matagalu mattu ondu matavannu niiduttaare. matagalannu prashasti pradaanada ratriyavarege goupyavaagidalaaguttade mattu sanje odalaaguttade mattu enike maadalaaguttade.

2019 aii. eff. ell. mahilanchi sarvottam aanee nyayya 2019 aii. eff. ell. mahilanchya hangamat sarvotkrusht aanee nyayya kheladu mhanoon nivad jhalelya kheladula 2019 aii. eff. ell. mahilancha sarvotkrusht aanee nyayya puraskar pradan karnyat aala. edelaid football clubchya erine phillipsne 19 matanni vijay midvat dusyanda haah puraskar jinkla. matdanachi prakriya. teen maidani punch (goal kinwa seema panchanchya ulat, khelachya pravahavar niyantran thevanare punch) pratyek samnyanantar pradan karatat aanee teey samnyatil sarvottam, dusya kramankache aanee tisya kramankache sarvottam manana kheladunna anukrame teen matey, done matey aanee eka mutt detat. puraskaranchya ratriparyant matey gupt thewali jaatat aanee sandhyakali tee vachali jaatat aanee mojali jaatat.

2019 afl mahila sarwashreshtha rar nishpaksha 2019 afl mahila utkrishta rar nishpaksha puraskar 2019 afl mahila sijanma sarwashreshtha rar nishpaksha kheladi ghoshit kheladilai pradan garieko thiyo. adelide football clubka erine philipsle 19 mutt prapta garera dosro patak puraskar jiteka chhan. matadan prakriya. tinn field ampayarharu (goal wa boundry umpireharuko viparit khelko prawaha niyantran garne ampayarharu) pratyek khelpachhi pradan garchhan rar uniharule kramashah utkrishta, dosro-sarwashreshtha rar tesro-sarwashreshtha thaneka kheladiharulai tinn mutt, dui mutt rar ek mutt pradan garchhan. puraskarko ratsamma mataharu gopya rakhinchha, rar sanjhama padhera ganana garinchha.

2019 afl mahila shrestha ebong nyajapurna 2019 afl mahila shrestha ebong nyajapurna puraskara 2019 afl mahila ruture shrestha ebong nyajapurna khelali bhabare bibechita khelalinku pradan karajaithila. adelade football clubber erine phillips 19tii bhotre bijai hoi dwiteeja thara paain ehi puraskara jitithile. matadana prakriya. tinijana field umpoyer (goal kimba boundry ampajaranka paribarte, khelara prabahaku nijantrana karuthiba umpoyer) pratyeka match parey pradan karanti ebong match ray jathakrame shrestha, dwiteeja-shrestha ebong truteeja-shrestha bhabare bibechana karuthiba khelalimananku tinoti bhot, duiti bhot ebong gotie bhot pradan karanti . puraskara raati parjyanta bhotku gopana rakhajae, ebong sandhyare padhajae ebong ganana karajae .

2019 aii. eff. aill. aurtan dee sarbottam atey nirpakh 2019 daa mahila sarbottam atey nirpakh puraskar 2019 dey mahila season dauran sarbottam atey nirpakh khidari ailane gaye khidari noon ditta giaa see. adeloid football club dey erin phillips neey 19 votan naal jitt naal duji vaar puraskar jittiaa. voting prakiriaa tinn feeled umpire (umpire joe goal jaan seema umpiran dey ulat khed dey pravaah noon niyantrit karde hunn) harek match toon baad pardan karde hunn atey unhan khidariaan noon kramvaar tinn vott, doou vott atey ikk vott dinde hunn jinhan noon uh match witch sarbottam, dooja sarbottam atey teeja sarbottam mannade hunn. votan noon puraskar dee raat takk gupat rakkhiaa jaanda haii, atey shaam noon padhe atey ank keete jaande hunn.

2019 e. ef. ell. mahilanam sarvashreshtam nyaayyam cha 2019 e. ef. ell. mahilaa-kridaangane 2019 e. ef. ell. mahilaa-kridaangane sarvashreshtam nyaayayutam cha iti puraskaarah pradaanah krutah. adelade-football-club ityasya rarinn phillips ityeshah 19 mataihi vijetvaa dviteeyavaaram puraskaram praapnot. matadanaprakriya. trayah kshetra-ampire-janaah (goal athavaa sima-ampire-ityetayoho vipareetaah, kreedaayaah pravaaham niyantrayantah ampire-janaah) pratyekam spardhayaha anantaram pradanam kurvanti, tathaa cha kridaayaam kramashah sarvottamaa, dwiteeyaa, truteeyaa cha shreshtaa iti manyante tebhyah creedcon trayah mataani, dwau mataani, ekaha matam cha pradadaati. puraskaar-raatraparyantam mataani guptarupena sthaapyante, sayankale cha pathitaah, ankitaah cha bhavanti.

2019 aee. eff. ell penkal sirantha mattrum niyayamaana 2019 aam aandu magalir seasonil sirantha mattrum niyayamaana veeraraaga thaervu seiyappatta veerarukku 2019 aam aandu magalir sirantha mattrum niyayamaana viruthu vazhangkappattathu. adlite kaalpandhu kilappin erin philips irandaavathu muraiyaaga viruthai ventraar, 19 vaakkugaludan vettri pettraar. vaakkuppathivu murai. moontru kazha naduvargal (cole allathu ellai naduvargalukku maaraaga, vilaiyaattin oottaththaik kattuppadutthum naduvargal) ovvoru poattikkup piragum vazhangkukiraargal, maelum poattiyil sirantha, irandaavathu sirantha mattrum moontraavathu sirantha veerargal endru avarkal karudhum veerargalukku muraiyae moontru vaakkugal, irandu vaakkugal mattrum oru vaakkugalai vazhangkukiraargal. vaakkugal viruthu vazhangkum iravu varai ragasiyamaaga vaikkapattu, maalaiyil padikkapattu kanakkidappadugindrana.

2019 mahilala uttama mariyu nyaayamaina 2019 mahilala uttama mariyu nyaayamaina avaardu 2019 mahilala seasonlo uttama mariyu nyaayamaina aatagadiga empikaina aatagaadiki pradaanam cheyabadindi. adelide football klabku chendina erin phillips 19 otlatho rendosari avaardunu geluchukunnaru. oating vidhanam. mugguru feeled ampairlu (goal ledhaa boundary ampairlaku viruddhamgaa aata pravahanni niyantrinche ampairlu) prati match tarvaata pradaanam chestaaru mariyu vaaru uttamamgaa, rendava-uttamamgaa mariyu moodava-uttamamgaa bhaavinche aatagallaku varusaga moodu otlu, rendu otlu mariyu oka otunu pradaanam chestaaru. avaardula raatri varaku otlanu rahasyamgaa unchutaaru, saayantram chadivi lekkistaaru.

2019 aey aif eel khwatin kii behtareen aur munsifana 2019 aey aif eel khwatin kaa behtareen aur munsifana tareen aiward 2019 aey aif eel khwatin kay seezan kay doraan behtareen aur munsifana khilaadi qaraar diye gayey khilaadi kuu diyaa gayaa. adelide fitt baal kalb kay airan flips nay 19 woton say jeeth kirr dosri baar aiward jeeta. voting kaa tariqah kaar. teen feld impire (wah impire juu goal yaa boundry impires kay barakas kheel kay bahao kuu control kartay haine) harr meech kay baad anaam deetay haine aur inn khiladiyon kuu baltarteeb teen woat duu woat aur eek woat deetay haine jinhein wah meech mein behtareen dosray number parr aur teesre number parr behtareen samajhte haine. woton kuu ewards kii raat takk khafiya rakhaa jaataa hay aur shaam kuu padhaa aur shamaar kiyaa jaataa hay.

0007d9efca855702e3ef19bc489461e3409b23c5b34e8e9fc6519065626dba80

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16106889

Galium grayanum

Galium grayanum Species of plant Galium grayanum is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common name Gray's bedstraw. It is native to the high mountains of northern California, western Nevada and southwestern Oregon. "Galium grayanum" is a mat-forming perennial herb that grows in green carpet-like patches amongst the rock litter of mountain slopes. Its creeping stems may reach up to about 20 centimeters long. Leaves are arranged in whorls of four at intervals on the stem. They are oval-shaped, pointed, slightly fleshy, and velvety. The plant is dioecious, but male and female flowers are similar in appearance, with small yellowish to reddish corollas at the ends of the leafy stems. The fruit is a nutlet with a coat of very long hairs. When in fruit with a large number of nutlets the plant takes on a fuzzy appearance. Subspecies. Two subspecies are currently (May 2014) recognized: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

gallium grayanam gallium grayanam hoise kofi poriyalor ek projatir fulor udbhid jaak xadharon naam gre 'jo bedstro' naamere jonaa yaay. ee uttor california, poschim nevada aaru dokhyin-poschim oregonor ukh porbotmalar sthaniyo udbhid. "gallium grayanam" hoise etaa morapat gothon koraa bohuborxiyo udbhid ji paharor dhaalor xilor aaborjonar maajot xeujiya galisar dore poriwexot briddhi paay. iyar xoru xoru kandobur pray 20 centimeteroloike dighol hoh "bob paare. paatbur kandor uporot byobodhanot sarita ghorot xaaj khaai thuwa hoy. xeibur dimbakritir, tikhno, olop mangxol aaru mokhomoljukto. udbhidtu ekjatiyo, kintu purux aaru mohila fulbur dekhat eke, patjukto kandor xexot xoru halodhiyar poraa ronga korula thaake. foltu etaa oti dighol sulir kutt thoka badam. jetiya brihot xongkhyok badam thoka folburot udbhidtuwe osposto rup loy. upo-projati. bortoman dutaa upo-projati sinakto koraa hoise (mey '2014):

gallium grayanam gallium grayanam holl coffey poribarer ekti prajati jaa sadharan naam gray 'shha bedstra naame porichito. etty uttor california, poschim nevada ebong dakkhin-poschim oregoner uchcho porbotmalar sthaniya udbhid. "gallium grayanam" ekti madur-gathankari bohuborshojibi bheshoj jaa pahader ddhaler pathorer aborjonar modhye sobuj karpeter moto pyachgulite briddhi paay. err sarpil kaando pray 20 centimeter porjonto lomba hotey paare. pataguli kander upor ontor chaar ghurnayman sajano hoy. eguli dimbakriti, teekkhno, samanno mangsal ebong makhmaljukta. udbhidti ekling, tobey purush ebong mohila phul dekhte ekoi rakam, patajukto kander sheshe chhoto holud theke lalche corolus thaake. folti ekti badam jaar coat khub lomba chuler. jokhon prachur porimane badamer sange foler modhye thaake tokhon udbhidti osposhto chehara dharon korey. upo-prajati. bortomane duti upo-prajati (meey 2014) swikritoh

gallium greyanam gallium greyanam aee kofee parivaarmaa foolnaa chhodni aek prajaati chhe jeey saamanya naam grays bedstro dwara odakhaay chhe. teey uttareey california, pashchim newada aneey dakshinpashchim oregonna unchaa parvatomaa vase chhe. "gallium greyanam" aek saadadi banaavati barmasi jadibutty chhe jeey parvat dhholavona khadaknaa kacharaama leela carpet jevaa pechomaa uge chhe. tenaa rengnaa daanda lagbhag 20 centimeter laambaa sudhee pahonchi shake chhe. pandadaone daandi parr antarale chaarnaa golaakaar bhagma gothavvama aave chhe. teo andakar aakaarnaa, tikshna, sahej maansal aneey makhmali hoya chhe. aaa chhod ekalingi hoya chhe, parantu narr aneey maadaa phoolo dekhavma samaan hoya chhe, jemaa pandadavala daandinaa chhede naana pilaathi laal rangnaa korola hoya chhe. aaa fala khoob jaj laambaa vaadnaa qota saathenu aek akharotnu fala chhe. jyaare motee sankhyama badaam saathe falmaan hoya tyaare chhod aspasht dekhaav leey chhe. upprajatio. beey petajatio haalmaa (meey 2014) odakhaay chheh

gallium grynum gallium greyanam coffey parivaar mein foolon key paudhe kii ack prajaati haye jise aam naam graze bedstraw seey jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh uttari california, paschimi nevada aur dakshin-paschimi oregan key oonche pahaadon kaa mool nivasi haye. "gallium grynum" ack chataai banaane vaali barahmasi jadee booty haye joe pahaad kii dhalanon key chattan key kachare key beach harey kaaleen jaise dhabbon mein ugati haye. isake rengane vaale tunn lagbhag 20 centimeter lambe hoe sakate hain. pattiyon koo taney parr antaral parr chaar key chakkar mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye. way andakar, nukile, thode mansal aur makhmali hotey hain. paudha ekalingi hotaa haye, lekin narr aur maadaa phool dikhane mein samaan hotey hain, pattedaar tanon key siron parr chhote peele seey laal rung key korola hotey hain. yeh phal ack nutlet haye jisamen bahut lambe baal hotey hain. jaba badee sankhya mein nutlet vaale phal mein paudhe aspasht roop mein dikhaai dete hain. upa-prajaatiyan. vartamaan mein dou upa-prajaatiyon koo maanyata dee gaee haye (maee 2014):

gallium grayanam gallium grayanam embudu kaafhi kutumbadalli samanyavagi boodu bannada bedastrav endu kareyalaaguva hoobiduva sasyada ondu prabhedavagide. idu uttara california, paschima newada mattu nairtya oregon ettarada parvatagalige sthaliyavaagide. "gallium grayanam" embudu chaapeyannu roopisuva ondu deerghakaalika moolikeyagiddu, idu parvata ilijaarugala bandeya kasada naduve hasiru corpet tarahada pyachgalalli beleyuttade. adara tevaluva kandagalu sumaru 20 centimeter uddavannu talupabahudu. elegalannu kandada mele madhyantaragalalli naalku suruligalalli jodisalaguttade. avu andaakaarada, choopaada, swalpa maamsada mattu melabannadavu. ee sasyavu ekalingeeyavaagide, aadare gandu mattu hennu hoovugalu kanisikolluvalli holuttave, elegala kandagala tudiyalli sanna haladi bannadinda kempu bannada korollaagaliruttave. ee hannu bahala uddaneya koodalina padaravannu hondiruva ondu adike. dodda sankhyeya adikegalulla hannugalalli sasyavu aspashtavagi kaanisuttade. upavargagalu. prastuta eradu upavargagalannu gurutisalaagide (mayee 2014):

gallium grayanam grays bedstro enna pothunaamatthil ariyappedunna coffey kudumbatthile poochedikalude oru inamaanu gallium grayanam. vadakkan california, padinjaaran newada, thekkupadinjaaran origon ennividangalile uyarnna parvathanirakalil ithu kaanapedunnu. "malancherivukalile paarakkettukalil pacha paravatani polulla paadukalil valarunna paaya roopappeduthunna vattaatha sasyamaan gallium grayanam. athinte izhayunna thandukalkku ekadesham 20 centimeter vare neelamundakaam. elakal thandil edavelakalil naalu chakrangalayi krameekarichirikkunnu. avaa oval aakruthiyilullathum, chulivullathum, alpam mamsalavum, velvettiyumaanu. eee chedi ekalimgamaanu, ennaal aann, penn pookkal kaanunnathil samaanamaan, ila thandukalude attathu cheria manjaniram muthal chuvapp niramulla korolakalundu. valare neelamulla mudiyulla oru andipparippaanu eee pazham. dhaaraalam natlettukalulla pazhangalil chedi mangiya roopathil kaanapedunnu. upajaathikal. nilavil rund upajaathikal (meyy 2014) amgeekarikkappettittundu

gallium greyanam gallium greyanam hii coffey kutumbatil fulanchya vanaspatichi eka prajati aahe jee samanya navane grays bedstraw mhanoon olakhali jaate. too uttar california, paschim newada aanee nairutya oregonchya unch parvatancha mool rahivasi aahe. "gallium greyanam" hii eka chatai tayar karnari barmahi aushadhi vanaspati aahe jee dongral utaranchya khadakanchya khadakanchya hiravya galichyasarkhya pattyanmadhye vadhate. tyache rengalanare deth sumare 20 centimeterparyant lamb asoo shakatat. paaney khodavar antarane chaar vartulanmadhye mandali jaatat. teey andakar aakarache, tokdar, kinchit mansal aanee makhmali asatat. hii vanaspati ekalingi aahe, parantu narr aanee maadee phule disanyat sarkhich asatat, pananchya dethanchya tokanvar lahan pivalya teey lalsar corolas asatat. heey phal khoop lamb kesancha coat asalele eka nutlet aahe. mothya sankhyene nutlet asalelya falanmadhye asatana vanaspati aspasht disate. upprajati. done upprajati sadhya (meey 2014) olakhalya jaatatah

gallium greyanam gallium greyanam kafi pariwarma full fulne botko ek prajati how jaslai samanya naam graze bedstrale chininchha. yo uttari california, paschimi nebhada rar dakshinapashchimi oreganko aglo pahadharuko muel niwasi how. "gallium greyanam" euta chutney banaune barhamashi jadibuti how june pahadi dhalanharuko chattanko fohorko bichma hariyo carpet jasta patchharuma badhcha. yasako larne tana lagbhag 20 centimeter lamosamma pugna sakchha. patharu tanama antaralma charko ghumnama wyawasthit hunchhan. tiniharu andakar akarka, nukilo, alik mansal rar makhamali hunchhan. yo biruwa eklingi hunchha, tara patdar tanako chheuma sanah pahenlodekhi rato korola bhaeka ner rar mada fulharu dekhinema saman hunchhan. yo fall dherai lamo kapalko kote bhaeko nutlet how. jab falafulma thulo sankhyama nataletharu hunchhan taba boat aspashta dekhinchha. upaprajatiharu. dui upaprajatiharu hall (maee 2014) manyata prapta chhanh

gallium grayanam gallium grayanam heuchhi kaphi paribarara eka prajati phul gacha jaahaa sadharana naama grey 'saas bedastrare janashuna . ehaa uttara californier uccha parbata, paschima nebhada ebong dakhina-paschima oregner sthaniah udbhida. "gallium grayanam" heuchhi eka chataana-gathanakaree baramasi oushadheeja udbhida jaahaa parbata dhalugudikara pathara abarjana madhyare sabuja carpet pari phalakare badhithae . ehara sankuchita kandagudika pakhapakhi 20 centimeter parjyanta lamba hoipare. patragudika kanda upare byabadhanare chariti bruttare sajajae . segudika andakara aakrutira, tikhna, samanya mansal ebong makhmali. ehi gachati ekajateeah, kintu purush ebong mahila phul dekhibaku samaana, patrajukta cander sheshare chhot haladiaaru laal rangara corola sahita . ehi phala eka badam jahara lamba keshar coat thaae. jetebele bahu sankhyaka nutlet thiba phalare gachati aspasta dekhajae . upaprajati. duiti upaprajati bartamana (meey 2014) sweekrutipraptah

gallium greyanam gallium greyanam kaufi parivaar witch fullan dey paude dee ikk prajati haii jiss noon aam naam grays bedstra naal janhiaa jaanda haii. ih uttri california, pachmi nevada atey dakkhan-pachmi oregan dey ucche pahadan daa mool nivasi haii. "gallium greyanam" ikk chatai banaun vaali sadivi jadee-booty haii joe pahadi dhalanan dey chattan dey koode dey vichkaar harey corpet varge paichan witch uggadi haii. iss dey rengan vaale taney lagbhag 20 centimeter lambe hoow sakde hunn. patte noon stam utte antralan utte chaar dey ghumman witch vivasthit keeta jaanda haii. uh andakar aakaar dey, nukile, thode mansal atey makhmali hunde hunn. pauda ikk-bhinn hunda haii, parr narr atey maada full dikkh witch ikko jihe hunde hunn, pattedar taney dey sire 'teey chhote peele toon laal karola hunde hunn. ih fall ikk nutlet haii jiss dey bahut lambe vaal hunde hunn. jadon vaddi ginti witch nutlets vaale fall witch hunda haii taan pauda ikk dhundla roop lainda haii. upp-prajatiaan. iss vele doou upp-prajatiaan (maee 2014) noon maanta ditti gaee haiyav

gallium greyanam gallium-greyanam iti coffee-kulasya pushpa-sasyasya ekaha prajaatih asti, yah grays-bedstrah iti samanyanamna prasidhah asti. uttar-california, pashchim-nevada, dakshina-pashchim-oregan ityeteshu ucchaparvateshu ayam deshah asti. "gallium greyanam" iti chaapam nirmaatum chirasthayee-sasyam asti, yat parvata-vaalaanaam shilavastunam madhye harita-carpet-sadrusha-patteshu vardhate. asya charita-kandaha praayah 20 centimeter yaavat deerghah bhavitum arhanti. patani, kandasya madhyaantare, chaturnam vruttaanaam rupena vyavasthaapitaani bhavanti. te andakara-aakrutyaah, teekshna, alpam maamsalah, makhamalayuktah cha bhavanti. ayam sasyah ekajatiyaha asti, parantu narr-stree pushpau drushye samaanau bhavanti, paatayukta-kandasya ante laghavah peetavarnatah raktavarnaparyantam karlolaa-pushpau bhavanti. phalam ateeva deergha-keshayuktah natlet asti. yadaa bahusankhyaakaah nutlets yukttaah phalaani bhavanti tadaa sasyah aspashtah drushyate. upaprajaatih. samprati (mey 2014) upaprajaatidwayam ankitam asti.

calium kiraiyanam calium kiraiyanam enbathu saambal padukkai endru podhuvaana peyaraal ariyappadum kaapi kudumbaththil ulla pookkum thaavaraththin oru inamaagum. idhu vadakku california, maerku newada mattrum thenmaerku oorikaanin uyarnththa malaikalukku sonthamaanathu. "calium kiraiyanam" enbathu oru paayai uruvaakkum vattraatha mooligaiyaagum, idhu malai sarivugalin paarai kuppaikalukku idaiyil pacchai kambalam poantra thittukalil valarkirathu. adhan uusalaadum thandugal sumar 20 centimeter neelam varai irukkalaam. ilaikal thandin meethu idaiveliyil naanku suzhalgalil amaikkappattullana. avai oval vadivaththil, koormaiyaana, sattrae maamisamaana mattrum velvetti aagum. thaavaram ottraith thoattram kondadhu, aanaal aann mattrum penn pookkal thoattraththil othavai, ilai thandugalin munaigalil siriya manjal niraththilirunthu sivappu nira korolaakkal ullana. pazham migavum neenda mudigal konda oru nutlet aagum. adhiga ennikkaiyilaana nattletkaludan pazhaththil irukkumpoathu, aalai oru thelivattra thoattraththai edukkirathu. kilaiyinangkal. irandu kilaiyinangkal tharpoothu (mae 2014) angkeekarikkappattullana

gallium grayanam gallium grayanam anedi coffey kutumbamlo saadhaarana paeru grays bedstra anie piluvabade pushpinche mokka yokka jaathi. idhi uttara california, paschima newada mariyu nairuti oregon yokka ettaina parvataalaku sthaanikamgaa undhi. "gallium grayanam" anedi chapanu yerparuchukune shaashwata muulika, idhi parvata vaalula raathi chettha madhya aakupaccha tiwachi lanty paacheslo perugutundi. daani tegulla kaandam sumaru 20 centimeters podavu varaku cheravacchu. aakulu kaandam meeda vyavadhilo naalugu chakraalalo amarchabadi untaayi. avi andakaramlo, chuuputoe, koddigaa maamsakruttuto mariyu velveteegaa untaayi. eee mokka ekalinga pushpam kaligi untundi, conny maga mariyu aada puvvulu kanipinchetappudu okela untaayi, aaku kaandam chivarlalo chinna pasupu nundi erupu rangulo untaayi. eee pandu chaalaa podavati ventrukala kotu kaligina oka nutlet. pedda sankhyalo natlatho pandlalo unnappudu mokka aspashtamgaa kanipistundi. upajaatulu. prastutam rendu upajaatulu gurtinchabaddaayi (mae 2014):

galium griyanam galium griyanam kaafi khaandaan mein phulon kay poday kii eek qasm hay jasay aam naam giray beedd stra say jaana jaataa hay. yaha shamali california maghrabi newada aur janub maghrabi auregon kay oonche pahaadon kaa maqami hay. "galium griyanam" chatayi bananay waali barhamasi jadee boaty hay juu pahaadi dhalwanon kay chatanon kay kachray kay darmiyan sabz qaleen jeesay paich mein agti hay. iss kay rengnay waalay tanon kii lambayi taqriba 20 centy metter takk how sakti hay. patiyon kuu tanay parr waqfon parr chaar kay ghooron mein tartib diyaa jaataa hay. wah indakar kii shakal kay nakeeli qadray gosht daar aur mukhmil daar hotay haine. podaa ddaisis hay leakin narr aur maadah phul zahiri shakal mein eek jeesay hotay haine patoon waalay tanon kay saroon parr chhotay pailay say sarkh rung kay karola hotay haine. yaha phal eek natlet hay jiss kay behat lambay baal hotay haine. jabb bury taadad mein nitlets waalay phal mein podaa mubham nazar aataa hay. zeeli aqsaam. phee alhaal (mayee 2014) duu zeeli aqsaam kuu tasleem kiyaa gayaa hay:

0007e8d9d056a7a3b1c961b542d408df49e33bee7a15d6c888a3ac0088fc950b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4778871

Lord of the Barnyard

Lord of the Barnyard Lord of the Barnyard is a novel by Tristan Egolf. Plot synopsis. Somewhere in Kentucky, perhaps Indiana, we learn via third person narration about the life of John Kaltenbrunner. Essentially we follow the life of John and his unimaginably bad luck, until he meets a group that is even worse off - garbage men whom the town considers the lowest of the low - and so John decides to do something about it and starts up a trash-collection strike with horrific consequences. Critical reception. A review in "The New York Times" called the novel "both interesting and exciting without quite managing to be good." A review by "Kirkus" found that in the novel Egolf "too frequently fails to dramatize, indulging instead in lengthy (and, to be fair, frequently hilarious) summary jeremiads." Publication. "Lord of the Barnyard", Egolf's first novel, was rejected by over 50 publishers. It was finally accepted after Egolf befriended French novelist Patrick Modiano's daughter. The novel was first published in a French translation by Gallimard in 1998 before being picked by Grove Press (US) and Picador (UK) who published the original English text. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

lord owo dyo bernoird lord owo dyo bernyard hoise tristan egolfor ekhon uponyax. plotor xongkhipto biboron. kentakir koo 'robat, hoyotu indianer, aami john cultainbraneror jiwanor bixoye tritiyo byoktir bornonar joriyote xikisu. mulotoh aami jonor jiwan aaru teur okolponiyo durbhagyojonok dix onuxoron koru, jetiyaloike teu etaa gutor xoite xakhyat nokore jitu aaruu beyaa-aworjonar manuh jaak sohorkhone nimnotomo buli bibesona kore-aaru xeyehe jone iyar bixoye kiba etaa korar xiddhanto loy aaru bhoyongkor porinamor xoite aaborjona xongroho dhormoghot aarombho kore. xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. dyo nework times" ror ek porzaluchonat uponyaxkhonok "jothesto bhaal huwar byowostha nokorakoi aakorxoniyo aaru rumanchokor duyuta buli obhihito koraa hoisil."kirkasor ek porzaluchonat puwa goise je eaglef uponyaxkhonot" "oti xoghonai natokiyo korat byortho hoy, iyar poriworte digholiya (aaru, xosa koo 'boloi, xoghonai haisyorxatmok) xarangxo jeremiidot lipto hoy." prokax. "lord owo dyo bernyard", egolfor prothom uponyaxkhon 50 jonoru odhik prokaxoke nakoch korisil. egolfe forasi ouponyaxik petrik mudiyanur konyar xoite bondhutwo sthapon korar pisot owoxexot iyak grohon koraa hoisil. uponyaxkhon prothombaror baabe 1998 sonot galimarde forasi onubadot prokax korar aagote grove press (aamerika juktorastro) aaru piccador (iuke) ye baasi loisil jiye mool ingraji pathtu prokax korisil.

bernyarder prabhu lord off dya bernyard holl tristan egolpher ekti uponyas. plot sarsongkhep. kentakir kothao, sombhoboto indiana, amra john caltenbranner jeebon somporke tritiya byaktir bornonar madhyome shikhi. mulat amra joner jeebon ebong taar akalpaniya durbhaggoke anusaran corry, jotokkhon naa seey emon ekti doler saathe dekha korey jaa arow kharap-aborjona manush jaader shaharti sorbonimno boley money korey-ebong taai john etty somporke kichhu korar siddhanta neyo ebong shuru korey bhayankar porinoti soho aborjona sangraher dharmaghata. samalochanamulak abhyarthana. dya neu eork times"-err ekti porjalochonai uponyashtike "besh valo naa hoyeo akarshaniya ebong uttejonapurno" boley abhihito koraa hoyeche."" "kirkas" "-err ekti porjalochonai dekha geche jey, igloff uponyashtite" "prayashai natakiya korte byartho hoy, poriborte deergho (ebong, nyajyabhabe bolte gele, prayashai hasyokor) sangkhipto geremiadgulite lipto hoy." prokashona. "lord off dya bernyard", egolpher prothom uponyas, 50 jonero beshi prokashok dwara prottakhyato hoyechilo. farasi ouponyasik patrick modianor meyer sange iglofer bondhutter porr abosheshe etty grihito hoy. uponyasti prothom 1998 saale gallimarder dwara ekti farasi anubade prokashito hoyechilo, grove presha (us) ebong pikadar (euke) dwara nirbachito howar agey jaaraa mool ingrezi patthyoti prakash korechilo.

kothaarnaa swami looard off dhaa barnyard aee tristana agolphany navalkathaa chhe. kathaano saransh. kentakimaa, kadaach indianama, aapane john kaaltanbranarnaa jeevan vishe third person varnan dwara sheekhiae chhiae. aneevarypane aapane johnna jeevan aneey tenaa akalpaneey durbhagyane anusareeae chhiae, jyaan sudhee teey aek aevaa juthane malato nathee jeey vadhu kharaab chhe-kacharaana maanso jaimne shaher neechala ganvaamaa aave chhe-aneey tethee john tenaa vishe kaneek karvaanu nakki karey chhe aneey bhayanak parinaamo saathe kacharo-sangrah hadtaal sharoo karey chhe. vivechanaatmak swaagat. dhaa newyork times" maan aek samikshaae navalkathaane "saaree reete sanchaalit karyaa vinaa rasprad aneey uttejak banne" ganaavi hatee."" "kirks" "nee samikshaamaa jaanvaa malyun chhe keey navalkathaamaa agolph" "ghanivaar naatkeey banavvama nishfal jaay chhe, tenaa badale laambaa (aneey, vaajbi reete kaheeae too, vaaramvaar aanandi) saranshma vyast rahe chhe"." prakaashan. "looard off dhaa barnyard", agolphany pratham navalkathaa, 50 thee vadhu prakashako dwara nakaari kadhvama aavee hatee. french navalkathaakaar patrick modeeyanoni putri saathe agolphe mitrataa karyaa pachhi aakhare tene svikarvama aavyo hato. aaa navalkathaa saupratham saupratham gallimard dwara french anuvaadmaa prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee, teey pahelaa grove presa (us) aneey piccador (yuke) dwara pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemane mool angreji lakhaan prakashit karyoo hatoo.

godam key swami lord off dha barnyard triston agolph kaa ack upanyaas haye. kathaanak saransh. kentucky mein kaheen, shayed indiana mein, humm johnn caltenbrunner key jeevan key baare mein teesare vyakti key kathan key madhyam seey seekhate hain. anivarya roop seey humm johnn key jeevan aur usake akalpaniya durbhagya kaa anusaran karate hain, jaba taka kii vaha ack aise samooh seey naheen milata joe aur bhee badatar haye-kachra aadami jinhen shahar sabse cumm maanata haye-aur isaliye johnn isake baare mein kuchh karane kaa faisala kartaa haye aur bhayaanak parinamon key saath kachra-sangrah hadtaal shuru kartaa haye. aalochanatmak swaagat. dha newyork times" mein ack sameeksha ney upanyaas koo "dilchasp aur romanchak donon kahaa, binaa achche honey key."" "kirkus" "kii ack sameeksha mein paaya gayaa kii upanyaas agolph mein" "bahut baar naatakiya roop seey whiffle rahata haye, isake bajaay lambe (aur, nishpaksh honey key liye, aksar prafullit karane vaale) saransh mein lipt hotaa haye." prakaashan. "lord off dha barnyard", agolph kaa pahala upanyaas, 50 seey adhik prakashakon dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. ise antatah francisi upanyaskar patrick modiano kii betty seey dosti karane key baad sweekaar curr liya gayaa. upanyaas pahali baar 1998 mein gallimard dwara ack francisi anuvaad mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, isase pahale kii grove press (us) aur piccador (yuke) dwara chunaa gayaa thaa, jinhone mool angreji paath prakaashit kiya thaa.

baarn yard lard lard off dhii baarn yard embudu triston egolph avara kaadambariyaagide. kathaavastuvina saramsha. kentakkiyalli ello, bahushah indiyanaadalli, naavu zaan caltonbrunner avara jeevanada bagge third person niroopaneya moolaka kaliyutteve. moolabhootavaagi naavu zaan avara jeevana mattu avara uhisalaagada duradrushtavannu anusarisutteve, avaru innoo ketta sthitiyalliruva gumpannu bhetiyaguvavarege-pattanavu kelamattadalliddavarannu kasada manushyarendu pariganisuvavarege-mattu aaddarinda zaan adara bagge enaadaroo maadalu nirdharisuttaane mattu bhayanaka parinaamagalondige kasada-sangrahada mushkaravannu prarambhisuttane. vimarshaatmaka svaagata. dhii newyork times" nalli prakatavaada ondu vimarseyu ee kaadambariyannu "saakashtu uttamavagalu saadhyavaagade asaktidayaka mattu romanchakari eradoo endu karedide."kircus" naa vimarseyu, egolph kaadambariyalli "" aagaagge natakiyavagisuvalli viphalavagide, badalige sudeerghavaada (mattu, nyayayutavagi heluvudaadare, aagaagge ullasakara) saramsha jeremiyaadgalalli todagide endu kanduhididide "." prakatane. "lard off dhii baarn yard", egolphne modala kaadambariyannu kaadambariyannu hecchu prakashakaru tiraskarisidaru. french kadambarikara patrick modiano avara magalondige egolph sneha belesida nantara idannu antimavagi angeekarisalaayitu. ee kaadambariyannu modala baarige baarige french bhashantaradalli gallimard prakatisidaru, nantara moola inglish pathyavannu prakatisida grove press (us) mattu piccador (yuke) idannu ayke maadidaru.

barner yaardinte prabhu tristtan egolph ezhuthiya oru novalaanu loard oof dhaa baarn yard. kathayude sangraham. kentakkiyile evideyo, orupakshe indiaanayil, joonn kaalttanbrannarude jeevithathekkurichu moonnaam vyakthi vivaranathiloode nammal padikkunnu. adisthaanaparamaayi njangal johninte jeevithatheyum sangalppikkaanaavaatha vidhathil addehathinte nirbhaagyatheyum pinthudarunnu, athilum moshamaaya oru samghathe addeham kandumuttunnathuvare-nagaram ettavum thazhnnathaayi kanakkaakkunna maalinya manushyar-athinaal joonn athinekkurichu enthengilum cheyyaan theerumaanikkukayum bhayanakamaaya prathyaaghaathangalumaayi oru maalinya shekharana panimudakku aarambikkukayum cheiyunnu. vimarsanaathmakamaaya sweekaranam. newyork timesil" oru avalokanam eee novaline "nallathayi maarathe thanne rasakaravum aaveshakaravumaanennu visheshippichu."kirkkasinte oru avalokanam, egolph enna novalil" "palappozhum naadakeeyavalkkarikkunnath paraajayappedunnu, pakaram dairkhyameriya (nyayamaayum, palappozhum ullasakaramaayum) sangraha jerameedukalil earppedunnu"." prasidheekaranam. "egolfinte aadya novalaaya "loard oof dhaa baarn yard" 50-ladhikam prasadhakar nirasichu. franch novelist patrick modiyaanoyude makalumaayi egolph sauhrudam pulartthiyathine thudarnnu ithu oduvil amgeekarikkappettu. 1998ll galimard franch vivarthanathil eee noval aadyamaayi prasidheekarichu, athinusesham yadhaartha engleesh vaachakam prasidheekaricha grove pras (us), picador (yuke) ennivar thiranjedutthu.

kotharcha swami laurd auph daad barnyard hii triston egolfchi kadambari aahe. kathanak saransh. kentakimadhye kuthetari, kadachit indianamadhye, aapan johnn caltonbrunnerchya jivanabaddalachya tisya vyaktichya kathanadvare shikato. moolatah aamhi johnche jeevan aanee tyachya akalpaneey durdaivache anusaran karato, joparyant too aanakhi white asalelya eka gatala bhetat nahee-kacharapeti karnare lock jyanna shahar sarvat qamee manato-aanee mhanoon johnn tyabaddal kahitari karnyache tharvato aanee bhayanak parinamansah kachara gola karnyacha sump suru karato. samikshatmak swagat. daad newyork times' madheel eka samikshet yaa kadambarila 'changli tharanyachi kshamata naan balgata manoranjak aanee romanchak asey mhatale gele."kirkas" chya eka punaravalokanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee egolph yaa kadambarimadhye "" barechada natyamay karnyat ayashasvi hote, tyaeivaji dirgh (aanee, pramanikpane sangayache tarr, varanvar majedar) saransh jerimiadsmadhye guntalele asate "." prakashan. "laurd auph daad barnyard' hii egolfchi pahili kadambari 50 hoon adhik prakashakanni nakarli hotee. french kadambarikar patrick modiyanochya mulishi egolphane maitri kelyanantar shevati too swikarla gela. mool ingraji majkoor prakashit karananya grove press (us) aanee picador (yooke) yanni nivadanyapurvi hii kadambari 1998 madhye gallymardne french anuvadat pratham prakashit kelee hotee.

barnyardko swami leard aff da barnyard triston egolfko upanyas how. kathanak saransh. kentky, sayed indianama katai, hammy john caltenbranerko jiwanko barema tesro wyaktiko kathan marfat sikdachhaun. aniwarya rupma hammy joneko jiwan rar unko akalpaniya durbhagyalai pachhyaunchhaun, jabasamma usale ajha kharab samuhalai bhetdaina-fohor manisharulai jaslai saharle sabaibhanda cum mandachha-rar tyasaile jonele yasako barema kehi garne nirnaya gardacha rar bhayanak parinamka sath fohor sankalan hadtal suru gardacha. alochanatmak swagat. da newyork times" maa garieko samikshale upanyaslai "ramro huna bina nai rochak rar romanchak duwai" bhaneko chha."kirkus" ko ek samikshale patta lagayo kii upanyas agolfma "dherai patak natakiya banauna asafal hunchha, yasako satta lamo (rar, nishpaksha huna, prayaha hasyaspad) saransh gerimidsma sanlagna hunchha." prakashan. "leard aff da barnyard", egolfko pahilo upanyas, 50 bhanda badhi prakashakharule aswikar gareka thie. egolfle francelli upanyaskar patrick modianoki chhorisanga mitrata garepachhi antatah yasalai swikar gariyo. upanyas pahilo patak 1998 maa galimardwara francelli anuwadma prakashit bhaeko thiyo, grobh press (yues) rar picador (yuke) dwara chhanot garieko thiyo jasle muel angreji path prakashit gare.

barnarder prabhu lord off daa barnard heuchhi tristan egolphnka eka upenyas. plut saransha. kentakire, bodhahue indianare, aame zohn kaltenbranaranka zeeban bishajare truteeja byaktinka barnana madhyamare shikhichhu. aame jananka zeeban ebong taanka akalpaneeah durbhagyaku anusarana karu, je parjyanta shay eka gostheeku bheti nahanti jaahaa ahuri kharap-abarjana purushamananku jaahaa sahara sarbanimna bolly bibechana kare-ebong tenu zohn ehaa bishajare kichhi karibaku nishpatti nianti ebong bhajankara parinam sahita eka abarjana sangraha dharmaghata arambha karanti . samalochanamoolaka swagata. daa nyujarka times" ray eka samikhya ehi upanyasaku "ubhaja aakarshaneeah ebong romanchkar bolly abhihita karichhi, jaahaa bhal heba paain yathesta parichalana karinathila ."" "kirks" "rahr eka samikhyare dekhibaku milichi je 'agolph' upanyasare 'aneka samajare natakiah karibare biphal hue, barang dirgha (ebong, nirapekhya bhabare, barambar hasyaspada) saransha geremiad ray lipta ." prakashan. "lord off daa barnard", egolphanka pratham upenyas, 50 ru adhika prakashakanka dwara pratyakhyana karajaithila . farasi upanyasakara patrick modianonka jhia saha agolph bandhuta kariba parey sheshare ehaa sweekara karajaithila. moola ingraji pathya prakash karithiba grobh press (us) ebong piccador (juke) dwara chayan karajiba purbaru ehi upanyasati prathame 1998 ray galimardanka dwara eka farasi anubadare prakashita hoithila .

barnyard daa maalak lard aaf dha barnyard tristan agolf daa ikk nawal haii. plaat sankhep. shayed indiana dey kaintaki witch kitey aseen jauhan caltenburner dey jeevan baare teeje viakati dey birtant raahin sikhhde haan. zaruri taur utte aseen jauhan dey jeevan atey uss dee kalpana toon vee ghatt badkismat kismat daa paalan karde haan, jadon takk uh ikk samooh noon naheen milda joe kii iss toon vee bhaida haii-kooda-karkat vaale aadmi jinhan noon shehar sabh toon ghatt mannada haii-atey iss laee jauhan iss baare kujh curran daa faisla karda haii atey bhiaanak natijiaan naal ikk kooda-ikkatha curran dee hadtal shuru karda haii. aalochnatmak suagat. dha newyork times" witch ikk samikhiaa neey nawal noon "changa honn dey parbandh toon binan dilchsap atey dilchsap doven kiha."kirks" dee ikk samikhiaa witch paaiaa giaa kii nawal agolf witch "bahut vaar natkikaran curran witch asfal rahinda haii, iss dee bajaae lambe (atey, nirpakh honn laee, aksar hasohine) sankhep geremeads witch shamal hunda haii." parkashan. "lard aaf dha barnyard", agolf daa pahila nawal, 50 toon vaddh parkashakan duaara radd qarr ditta giaa see. iss noon aakharkar udon savikar keeta giaa jadon agolf neey franch navalkar patrick modiano dee dhee naal dosti keeti. ih nawal pahili vaar 1998 witch galimard duaara ikk franch anuvad witch prakashit keeta giaa see, iss toon pahilan kii grove presses (us) atey pickdor (yuke) duaara chunhiaa giaa see, jinhan neey mool angrezi paath prakashit keeta see.

lard aaf da barnyard lard aaf da baarn yard iti tristan agolph ityasya upanyaasah asti. itivruttasya saaraamshaha. kentakee-nagare, sambhawatah indiana-pradeshe, vayam jaan caltenbrunner ityasya jeevanasya vishaye truteeya-vyakti-kathanasya madhyamena janamaha. moolatah vayam jaan ityasya jeevanam, tasya akalpaneeyam durbhaagyam cha anusaramah, yaavat saha ekam samooham militavaan yat adhama-kacharoho, yaan nagaram nimnatamam manyate-ataha jaan tasya vishaye kimapi kartum nirdhaarayati, bhayaanak-parinaamaih saha kacharo-sangraha-praharam aarabhate. vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. da nyuyaark tams" ityasmin samikshayam, "naa tu uttamm bhavitum paryavasaanam, rochakam romanchakaram cha iti navalakathaa abhinidishtam."kirkus" ityasya samikshayam dnyaatam yat egolph iti navale "bahushah natakiyam kartum viphalaah bhavati, tasya sthaane deergham (tathaa, nishpakshataya, praayah ullasakaram) saramsha-gerimeads iti bhaashyate." prakaashanam. "lard aaf da baarn yard" iti agolph ityasya prathamaa kathaa 50 taha adhikaah prakaashakaih nirakruta. antatah, agolph-varyaha french-upanyasakarasya petrick modiyaano ityasya putryaa saha mitratvam krutvaa tatt sveekrutavaan. mool-aangl-grantham prakashitanam grove-press (yoo. ess.) tathaa picadar (yoo. key.) ityetaih cha chayanat poorvam 1998 tame varshe galimard ityanena prathamavaaram french-bhashantaradwara eshaa upanyasika prakashita.

kazhanjiyaththin aandavar lard off thii barnyardu enbathu tristan ecolph ezhuthiya oru naaval aagum. kadhai surukkam. kendakkiyil engo, oruvaelai indiana, john caltenbrannerin vaazhkkaiyaip pattri moontraam nabar kadhai moolam naam katrukkolkiroam. adippadaiyil jaanin vaazhkkaiyaiyum avarathu karpanai seiya mudiyaatha thurathirshtaththaiyum naangkal pinpattrukiroam, avar innum moasamaana oru kuzhuvai santhikkum varai-nagaram migak kurainthathaagak karudhum kuppai manitharkal-enavae john athaip pattri aethaavathu seiya mudivu seithu payankaramaana vilaivugaludan oru kuppai sekarippu vaelainiruththathaith thodangukiraar. vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. thii newyorg times" paththirigaiyil veliyaana oru vimarsanam, inththa naavalai "migavum nandraaga irukkaamal suvaarasyamaanathaagavum urchaakamaanathaakavum" azhaiththathu."girgus ezhuthiya oru mathippaaivu, navalil ecolph" "adikkadi naadagamaakkath thavarividukirathu, adharku pathilaaka neenda (mattrum, niyaayamaaga, adikkadi perungkalippudaiya) surukka jeremiyaatkalil eedupadukirathu"." veliyeedu. "ecolfin muthal navalaana "kazhanjiyaththin iraivan", 50 kkum maerpatta veliyeettaalargalaal niraakarikkappattathu. pirenchu novelasserior paetrik modianovin magaludan ecolph natpu konda piragu idhu iruthiyaaka aetrtrukkollappattathu. inththa naaval muthanmuthalil 1998 aam aandil calimart enbavaraal pirenchu mozhipeyarppil veliyidappattathu, adharku munbu grave piras (yuu. ess) mattrum pictoor (yuu. kae) aakiyoaraal thaernthedukkappattathu, avarkal asal aangkila uraiyai veliyittanar.

baarn yard yokka lard lard off dhi baarn yard anedi tristan egolph raasina navala. kathaamsa saaraamsam. kentakeelo ekkado, bahusha indianalo, zaan caltenbrunner jeevitam gurinchi third purson kathanam dwara manam telusukuntamu. mukhyamgaa memu zaan jeevitaanni mariyu athani oohinchaleni duradrushtaanni anusaristaamu, athanu marinta adhvaannamaina samuuhaanni kalise varaku-chettha manushulu, vaarini pattanam atyalpamgaa pariganistundi-kabatti zaan daani gurinchi edainaa cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu mariyu bhayankaramaina parinaamaalatoe chettha-sekarana sammenu praarambhistaadu. vimarsanaatmaka spandana. dhi newyork times" loe oka sameeksha eee navalanu "chaalaa manchigaa undakunda aasaktikaramgaa mariyu uttejakaramainadigaa perkondi."kircus chesina sameeksha prakaram, egolph navalalo" "chaalaa tarachugaa natakeeyamgaa cheyadamlo viphalamavutaaru, badulugaa sudeerghamaina (mariyu, nijaayiteegaa cheppalante, tarachugaa ullaasakaramaina) saaraamsa geremiadslo nimagnamai untaaru"." prachurana. "egolph yokka modati navala "lard off dhi baarn yard" nuu 50 mandiki paiga prachuranakartalu tiraskarinchaaru. french navala rachayita patrick modiano kumarteto egolph sneham chesina taruvaata idhi chivaraku aamodinchabadindi. eee navalanu mottamodata 1998loe french anuvaadamlo gallimard prachurinchaaru, asalu aangla vachananni prachurinchina grove press (us) mariyu picador (yuke) dheenini enchukunnaaru.

baarni yaard kaa maalik laard aaf dee barniard trustan agolf kaa eek naawal hay. plaat kaa khalasah. cantici shayed indiyana mein kahein humm jaan calton berner kii zindagi kay baaray mein teesre shaqs kii daastaan kay zariye seekhte haine. bunyadi toor parr humm jaan kii zindagi aur iss kii naqabil tasavur badd qasmati kii peervi kartay haine yahaan takk kahh wah eek aisey garwah say milta hay juu iss say bhee badtar hay-kachray kay aadmi jinhein shehar sabb say kumm maanta hay-aur iss liye jaan iss kay baaray mein kachh karnay kaa faislah kartaa hay aur khufnaak nataij kay saath kachray kuu jamaa karnay kii hadtaal sharoo kartaa hay. tanqidi isteqbaliya. dee neoyork times" mein eek jaizay nay naawal kuu "kaafi achhay honay kay baghair dilchasp aur dilchasp donon qaraar diyaa."karkas" kay eek jaizay say patah chalaa hay kahh naawal agolf mein "" behat ziyadah dramayi bananay mein nakaam rehta hay iss kay bajaye taweel (aur munsifana honay kay liyay aksar mazahiya) khalasah gerimades mein malus hotaa hay. " ashaat. "laard aaf dee baarn yaard"yee aglif kaa pehla naawal 50 say ziyadah naashreen nay mustarid kirr diyaa thaa. aakhir kaar asay iss waqat qabool kiyaa gayaa jabb aglif nay francisi naawal nigaar patrick modiyanu kii betty say dosti kii. yaha naawal pehli baar 1998 mein galimard kay zariah francisi tarjumah mein shaye kiyaa gayaa thaa iss say pehley kahh grove prais (yuu aiss) aur pakador (yuu kay) nay asay muntakhib kiyaa jiss nay asl angrezi mutan shaye kiyaa.

0007e9cff11604ea58bcd19ddda57e0372563ec00efc4f61d0e81b203dff03a4

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=253216

Uche Azikiwe

Uche Azikiwe Uche Ewah Azikiwe MFR, (born 4 February 1947) is a Nigerian academic, educator and author. She is the widow of former President of Nigeria Nnamdi Azikiwe. Uche Ewah Azikiwe (born 4 February 1947) is a Nigerian academic, educator and author. She is the widow of former President of Nigeria Nnamdi Azikiwe. She is a professor in the Department of Educational Foundation, Faculty of Education at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. In 1999, she was appointed to the board of directors of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). External links. Wikipedia has an article about:

use aajikiwe use iwah aajikiwe em. ef. aar., (jonmo 4 february 1947) egoraki nigerian xikhyabid, xikhyabid aaru lekhok. teu nigeriar prakton rastropoti naamodi aajikiwer bidhowa potni. use iwaa aajikiwe (jonmo 4 february 1947) ejon nigerian xikhyabid, xikhyabid aaru lekhok. teu nigeriar prakton rastropoti naamodi aajikiwer bidhowa potni. teu ensukkar nigeria biswobidyaloyor xikhya bibhagor aggradicenal foundationor egoraki odhyapok. 1999 sonot teuk centrel benk owo nigeriar (chi. bi. eno.) porisalok porixodot nijukti diya hoisil. bahyik xongzug. wikipediat iyar bixoye etaa probondho aaseh

uche azikioye uche ioa azikioye emm. eff. arr, (jonmo 4 february 1947) ekjon nigerian shikkhabid, shikkhabid ebong lekhok. tini nigeria praktan rashtrapati namdi aziquer bidhoba stree. uche ioa azikioye (jonmo 4 february 1947) ekjon nigerian shikkhabid, shikkhabid ebong lekhok. tini nigeria praktan rashtrapati namdi aziquer bidhoba stree. tini nigeria vishwavidyalaya, ensukar shikkha onushoder shikkha phaundeshana bibhager ekjon adhyapak. 1999 saale, tini central bank off nigeria (shee. bii. enn) porichalona porshode nijukto hohn. bahyik sangjog. wikipedia ekti nibondho royeche

uche azikiway uche evaah azikiway aema. aef. aar., (janm 4 februari 1947) nigerian shaikshanik, shikshak aneey lekhak chhe. teo nigeriana bhutpurv rashtrapati namdi azikiveni vidhavaa chhe. uche evaah azikiway (janm 4 februari 1947) nigerian shaikshanik, shikshak aneey lekhak chhe. teo nigeriana bhutpurv rashtrapati namdi azikiveni vidhavaa chhe. teo university off nigeria, aena. sukkama shaikshanik foundation, shikshan faculty vibhagma prophesara chhe. 1999maan, temne central benk off nigeria (see. bii. aena.) naa booard off directorsmaa niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. baahy links. wikipedia parr aek lekh chheh

uche azikiwe uche evah azikiwe aim. aff. aar., (janm 4 farwari 1947) ack nigerian shikshaavid, shikshak aur lekhak hain. vaha nigeria key poorv rashtrapati namdi azikiwe kii vidhwa hain. uche evah azikiwe (janm 4 farwari 1947) ack nigerian shikshaavid, shikshak aur lekhak hain. vaha nigeria key poorv rashtrapati namdi azikiwe kii vidhwa hain. vaha nigeria vishvavidyalaya, aine. sukka mein shiksha sankaay, shaikshik foundation vibhaag mein professor hain. 1999 mein, unhein nigeria key kendriya baink (see. bee. aine.) key nideshak mandal mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. baahari link. wikipedia mein ack lekh haih

uche ajikeeve uche eva ajikeeve emm. eff. aarr., (janana 4 phebravari 1947) naijeeriyaada shaikshanika, sikshaka mattu lekhakaraagiddaare. aake naijeeriyaada maaji adhyaksha namdi ajikive avara vidhave. uche eva ajikeeve (janana 4 phebravari 1947) naijeeriyaada shaikshanika, sikshaka mattu lekhakaraagiddaare. aake naijeeriyaada maaji adhyaksha namdi ajikive avara vidhave. avaru naijeeriyaada vishvavidyaalayadalli shaikshanika pratishthaanada vibhagadalli pradhyapakaragiddare. 1999ralli, avarannu central bank off naijeeriyaada (sii. bii. enn) nirdesakara mandalige nemisalaayitu. baahya samparkagalu. wikipeediyaadalli ee kelagina vishayagala bagge ondu lekhanavide

oru nigerian academic, adhyapaka, ezhuthukaaranaanu uche asikive uche evaa asikive emm. eph. aarr. (jananam 4 februvari 1947). naijeeriyayude muun president namdi asikiveyude vidhavayaan avar. nigerian academic, adhyapaka, ezhuthukaaranaanu uche evaa asikive (jananam 4 februvari 1947). naijeeriyayude muun president namdi asikiveyude vidhavayaan avar. avar naijeeriya sarvakalaashaalayile vidyaabhyaasa foundeshan vibhaagathile professoraanu. 1999ll central baank oof naijeeriyayude (sii. bii. enn) director bordilekku avar niyamithayaayi. baahya linkukal. wikipediyayil ithinekkurichu oru lekhanamunda

uche azikiwe uche evah azikiwe emm. eff. aar., (janm 4 februwari 1947) heey nigeriache shaikshanik, shikshak aanee lekhak aahet. tee nigeriache majee rashtradhyaksh namdi azikiwe yanchi vidhva aahe. uche evah azikiwe (janm 4 februwari 1947) heey nigeriache shaikshanik, shikshak aanee lekhak aahet. tee nigeriache majee rashtradhyaksh namdi azikiwe yanchi vidhva aahe. tyaa nigeria vidyapith, aine. sukka yetheel shaikshanik sansthetil shikshan pradhyapakanchya vibhagat pradhyapika aahet. 1999 madhye, tichi central banq auph nigeriachya (see. bii. aine.) sanchalak mandalavar niyukti karnyat aalee. bahya duve. wikipediamadhye hyabaddal eka lekh aaheh

uche ajikiwe uche ewah ajikiwe mfr, (janma 4 february 1947) ek nigerially shaikshik, shikshak rar lekhak hun. uni nigeriaca purva rashtrapati namadi ajikiweki vidhava hun. uche ewah ajikiwe (janma 4 february 1947) ek nigerially shikshawid, shikshak rar lekhak hun. uni nigeriaca purva rashtrapati namadi ajikiweki vidhava hun. uni nigeria vishwavidyalaya, enesukkako shaikshik foundation, shiksha sankaya vibhagma pradhyapak hun. sann 1999 maa, uni nigeriako kendriya bank (cbn) ko nirdeshak boardma niyukta bhaeki thiin. bahya linkharu. wikipedia yass vishayama euta lekh chha -

uche aajikiwe uche ewaa aajikiwe emm. aif. aarr., (janma 4 februari 1947) jane nigeria academic, sikhyaka ebong lekhaka . shay nigeriar purbatana rastrapati namadi aajikiwenka bidhaba patni. uche ewaa aajikiwe (janma 4 februari 1947) jane nigeria sikhyabit, sikhyaka ebong lekhaka. shay nigeriar purbatana rastrapati namadi aajikiwenka bidhaba patni. shay nigeria biswabidyalaja, nsukare sikhya foundation bibhagara professor atanti. 1999 masihare, shay kendriah byanka off nigeria (sii. bii. enn.) rahr nirdeshaka mandaleere nijukta hoithile. bahya linka. wikipidiaare eka nibandha rahichhih

uche azikiwe uche evah azikiwe aimm. eff. aar. (janam 4 farvari 1947) ikk nigeriaai akadamik, sikkhiak atey lekhak haii. uh nigeria dey sabka rashtarpati namdi azikiwe dee vidhwa haii. uche evah azikiwe (janam 4 farvari 1947) ikk nigeriaai akadamik, sikkhiak atey lekhak haii. uh nigeria dey sabka rashtarpati namdi azikiwe dee vidhwa haii. uh nigeria university, ainn. sukka witch sikkhiaa foundation vibhag, sikkhiaa faculty witch professor haii. sann 1999 witch, uss noon kendri baink aaf nigeria (see. bee. ainn.) dey nirdeshak mandal witch niyukat keeta giaa see. baahari link wikipedia witch iss baare ikk lekh haiyav

uche azikeeve uche ewaah azikeeve emm. ef. aar., (janma 4 februvari 1947) naijeeriyaadeshasy shikshaawidah, shikshaka, lekhakah cha asti. saa nigeria-deshasya poorvaraashtrapatih namdee azikeeve ityasya vidhavaa asti. uche-e-waah-azikeeve (janma 4 februvari 1947) naijeeriyaadeshasy shikshaawidah, shikshaka, lekhakah cha asti. saa nigeria-deshasya poorvaraashtrapatih namdee azikeeve ityasya vidhavaa asti. saa nigeria-vishvavidyaalayasya, nsukkaa-nagarasya, shaikshik-pratishtaana-vibhaagasya, shiksha-vibhaagasya pradhyapika asti. 1999 tame varshe saa nigeria-deshasya kendriya-vittakoshasya (see. bee. enn.) nirdeshaka-mandale niyuktaa abhavat. baahya-samparkah. wikipedia ityatra ekaha lekhah asti.

usae asikiye usae eevaa ajigiye emm. eff. aarr, (prappu pipravari 4,1947) oru naijeeriya kalviyaalar, kalviyaalar mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar. ivar naijeeriyaavin munnaal janathipathi namdi asikuvaeyin vidhavai aavaar. usae eevaa asikuve (prappu pipravari 4,1947) oru naijeeriya kalviyaalar, kalviyaalar mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar. ivar naijeeriyaavin munnaal janathipathi namdi asikuvaeyin vidhavai aavaar. avar naijeeriyaavin naijeeriyaavil ulla palkalaikkazhagaththil kalvi arakkattalaiyin kalvit thuraiyil paeraasiriyaraaga ullaar. 1999 aam aandil, avar naijeeriyaavin matthiya vangkiyin (chii. pii. enn) iyakkunarkal kuzhuvil niyamikkappattaar. veli inaippugal. vikkippeediyaavil idhu pattri oru katturai ullathu

uche ajikeeve uche eva ajikeeve mfr, (jananam 4 fibravari 1947) nigerian vidyavetta, vidyavetta mariyu rachayita. aame nigeria maajee adhyakshudu namdi ajikeeve bhaarya. uche eva ajikeeve (jananam 4 fibravari 1947) nigeriaku chendina vidyavetta, vidyavetta mariyu rachayita. aame nigeria maajee adhyakshudu namdi ajikeeve bhaarya. aame nigeria vishwavidyaalayam, enn sukkaalo vidya foundation vibhaagamlo professorga unnaaru. 1999loe, aame central byaank off nigeria (cbn) directorla borduku niyamitulayyaaru. bahya linkulu. wikipedialo eee krindi vishayaala gurinchi oka vyaasam undih

yuchay azkiwi yuchay aiwa azkiwi ayem aif aarr (paidaish 4 faroori 1947) eek nigeria kay taleemi astaad aur masnaf haine. wah nigeria kay saabiq sadr naamdi azkiwi kii bewah haine. yuchay aiwa azkiwi (paidaish 4 faroori 1947) eek nigeria kay taleemi astaad aur masnaf haine. wah nigeria kay saabiq sadr naamdi azkiwi kii bewah haine. wah nigeria university nasoka mein shobah taleemi foundation faculty aaf ajucation mein professor haine. 1999 mein inhein central benak aaf nigeria (see bee aine) kay board aaf directors mein muqarar kiyaa gayaa. beruni rawabit. vacapedia mein iss baaray mein eek mazmun hay:

0007e9f87f19cb107289f142eceddb2d6c183febc14347e22b287266310f548b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3829620

Svinesund Bridge

Svinesund Bridge The Svinesund Bridge (, ) is a through arch bridge crossing Iddefjord at Svinesund, and joining Sweden and Norway. Svinesund is a sound separating the Swedish municipality of Strömstad from the Norwegian municipality of Halden, and thus it is the border between Norway and Sweden in this region. The bridge is the westernmost border crossing (and one of the southernmost) between the two countries and carries the European route E6 which is a major traffic route in the area, connecting Oslo and the rest of Norway with Gothenburg, Malmö, Copenhagen and the rest of Europe. Description of the bridge. The New Svinesund Bridge is a highway bridge across the Iddefjord at Svinesund. The bridge's construction cost was NOK 500 million, while the total cost of the project including approach work, customs (this is an EU border) and toll plazas, and new interchanges for E6 (with the old bridge and old E6 becoming local routes) was SEK 1,400 million. The project is a joint venture of the Swedish and Norwegian road authorities, and all costs are to be financed with tolls (some writings refer to them as "road tax") collected. Both bridges were tolled in both directions. The toll plaza stopped on 15. March 2021. The total length of the bridge is and consists of a substructure in ordinary reinforced concrete together with a steel box-girder superstructure. The main span of the bridge between abutments is approximately and consists of a single ordinary reinforced concrete arch which carries two steel box-girder bridge decks, one on either side of the arch. The level of the top of the arch and the bridge deck are + and +, respectively. Over the part of the bridge where the arch rises above the level of the bridge decking, the two bridge decks are joined by traverse beams positioned at centres. The traverse beams are in turn supported by hangers to the concrete arch. Construction notes. The bridge was constructed between 2003 and 2005 and was inaugurated on June 10, 2005, and opened for traffic on June, 13 the same year. Unusually for a two hinge concrete arch bridge, the arch was built using cantilever construction supported by temporary cable stays. The bridge was engineered by Bilfinger Berger, who also acted as general contractors. The two halves of the arch were cast using similar climbing formwork, with concrete provided via a cable conveyor. The construction system had an hydraulic self climbing casting mould which was anchored to the most recently completed arch segment, and segments were added at a rate of about 1 per week (illustration showing process). Each segment used about 60 cubic meters of k70 class concrete, and there were about 50 segments per side. The arch itself is hollow, and has been provided with heating coils to keep it free from ice and snow build up as well as navigation lights and interior maintenance pathways (info taken from this PDF at the joint bridge info site). Once the arch was in place, the stays, temporary concrete stay towers and cable conveyors were removed, and the roadway segments added. Some were added in place, but the centre roadway section under the arch was floated in on barges, as a complete section, and raised into place. Old Svinesund Bridge. The former Svinesund Bridge, inaugurated on 15 June 1946, to the east, was renamed the Old Svinesund Bridge but is still in service as a complement to the new bridge. Heavy trucks (gross weight exceeding ) are no longer permitted on the old bridge now that the new one is available. A significant part of Norwegian trade in goods was carried by trucks crossing the bridge, which now travels on the new bridge. It was built during the war period 1939–1946. It was delayed because of the war and the fact that it was partly destroyed when lightning ignited explosives (1942), placed on the bridge as a defence measure. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

swibhenesondo dolong swibhenesondo dolong (,) hoise swibhenesondot idefjord paar hoi suiden aaru norober xoite milito huwa etaa khilanore bonuwa dolong. swibhenesondo hoise norobeziyo pouroxobha holdenor poraa stromsteador suidix pouroxobhak prithok koraa etaa xobdo, aaru xeyehe ee ei oncholor norowe aaru suidenor maajor xeema. ei dolongkhon duyukhon dexor maajot ataitkoi poschimor ximanto paar huwa (aaru ataitkoi dokhyinor) poth aaru ee-6 europiyo poth bohon kore, ji oncholtur ek prodhan zaan-jotor poth, jiye uslu aaru norober baaki ongxok gothenberg, malmu, coponhagen aaru baaki europor xoite xongzug kore. dolongro bornona. notun swibhenesondo dolong hoise swibhenesondor idefjordor uporot etaa ghaipoth dolong. dolongkhonor nirman byoy aasil 500 nijut tokaa, aanhate prokolpotur muth byoy aasil prokriyar kaam, xulko (eitu etaa europiyo unionor ximanto) aaru tool plaza, aaru aaru baabe notun antoxongzug (puroni dolong aaru puroni ee6 sthaniyo poth hoi porar xoite) 14 kuti tokaa. ei prokolpotu hoise suiden aaru norobejiyan poth kortripokhyor ek jutiya udyug, aaru xokolu byoy tulor joriyote puji jugan dhoribo lagibo (kisuman lekhat iyak "poth korr" buli ullekh koraa hoise). duyuta dolong duyufale tot 'lo koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor 15 marchot tool plaza bondho hoi goisil. dolongtur muth doirghyo hoise aaru iyat etaa steel boxes-garder superstrakcharor xoite xadharon xoktixali koraa concretor etaa upo-gothon aase. xonglogno sthanxomuhor maajor dolongkhonor mool spyan pray aaru iyat etaa xadharon xoktixali concretor khilan aase zo 'too khilanor duyufale dutaa steel boxes-garder dolongro dek aase. khilan aaru dolongro dekor uporor stortu krome + aaru +. dolongro ongxo zo 'too khilantu dolongro dekingor storor uporot uthe, xei dutaa dolongro dek kendrot owosthito travers bimor dwara xongzukto hoy. travers bimbur concretor khilanoloi hengaror dwara xomorthito hoy. nirmanor noot. 2003 sonor poraa 2005 sonor bhitorot nirman koraa ei dolong 2005 sonor 10 junot udwudhon koraa hoisil aaru xei bosorei 13 junot zaan-baahonor baabe mukoli koraa hoisil. dutaa kakoritor khilanor dolongro baabe oswabhabikbhabe, khilantu osthayi kebol steir dwara xomorthito cantilever nirman byobohar kori nirman koraa hoisil. ei dolongkhon bilfinger bergere nirman korisil, jiye xadharon thikadar hisapeu kaam korisil. khilanor dutaa ongxo ekedhoronor aaruhonor formwork byobohar kori dhalibo poraa hoisil, zo "too kebul convairor joriyote concret prodan koraa hoisil. nirman byowosthat etaa jolbahi swo-aaruhon custing sas aasil jitur uporot longor diya hoisil oti xehotiyakoi xompurno koraa khilan khondo, aaru khondobur proti xoptahot pray 1 haarot jug koraa hoisil (prokriya dekhuuwa chitro). protitu khondoi pray 60 ghono mitter mitter shrenir concret byobohar korisil, aaru protitu faale pray 50 khondo aasil. khilantu nijei fapa, aaru iyak borof aaru borphor sristir poraa mukto rakhiboloi heating koyelor logote navigation light aaru abhyontorin rokhyonabexonor poth (jutiya dolongro tothyo saitot ei pdfor poraa luwa tothyo) prodan koraa hoise. ebaar khilantu sthapon huwar pisot, thoka thaibur, osthayi concret thoka tawar aaru kebol conveyarbur aatorai peluwa hoisil, aaru pothor ongxobur jug koraa hoisil. kisuman thait jug koraa hoisil, kintu khilanor tolot thoka kendriyo pothor ongxotu xompurno ongxo hisape barjot bhorai tulaa hoisil, aaru sthanoloi unnit koraa hoisil. puroni swibhenesondo dolong. 1946 sonor 15 junot pube udwudhon koraa prakton swibhenesondo dolongro naam xoloni kori puroni swibhenesondo dolong rokha hoisil jodiu etiyau notun dolongro poripurok hisape xewa aagborhai aase. notunkhon upolobdho huwar pisot puroni dolongtut etiya godhur truck (muth ujonotkoi odhik) ror onumoti diya nohoy. xamogrir norobejiyan banijyor ek guruttopurno ongxotu dolong paar hoi trucke bohon korisil, ji etiya notun dolongro uporot jatra kore. iyak juddhor xomoyot nirman koraa hoisil. juddhor baabe iyak bilombito koraa hoisil aaru protirokya byowostha hisape dolongtut rokha bojropator folot bisfurok jwoluwar folot (1942) ee angxikbhabe dhongxo hoisil.

suinesund setu suinesund setu (,) holl suidene idefjord atikram korey suiden oo norwer sange jukto ekti khilan setu. suidish pourosobha stromstadke norwegian pourosobha halden theke prithak korey suidener suidener ekti shobdo holl suidener suiden ebong norway-err modhye seemanto. setuti dui desher modhye poschimtomo seemanto crossing (ebong dakkhintamgulir modhye ekti) ebong europea rutt ee6 bohon korey jaa eyi anchaler ekti prodhan traffic rutt, jaa oslo ebong norwer bucky ongshoke gothenberg, malmo, koponhegan ebong bucky europer saathe sangjukto korey. setur bornona. notun suinesund setuti suinesunder idefjorder upor ekti mahasadak setu. setu nirmaner kharach chhilo 50 kotee taaka, jekhane prokolper moat kharach chhilo jogajoger kaaj, shulk (etty ekti eu seemanto) ebong toll plaza, ebong ee6-err jonno notun interchange (purano setu ebong purano ee6 sthaniya pothe porinoto haoya) soho 14 kotee taaka. prokolpoti suidish ebong norwegian sadak kortripokkher ekti joutho uddog ebong samasta kharach toll (kichhu lekha taader "sadak corr" hisabe ullekh korey) dwara sangrihito arthayan korte hobey. ubhoy setui ubhoy dikei toll koraa hoyechilo. toll plazati 2021 saaler 15ee march bondho hoye yaay. setur moat doirgho holl ebong etty ekti ispat bucks-guarder uporer kathamo soho sadharan shaktishali kongkriter ekti stor gathon niye gothito. setutir mool doirgho pray ebong ekti sadharan shaktishali concrete khilan niye gothito jaa khilaner ubhoy paashe duti ispat bucks-guarder setu deeka bohon korey. khilaner uporer ongsho ebong setur deker stor jothakrome + ebong +. setur jey ongshe khilanti setur decking storer upore uthhe yaay, sekhane duti setur deeka kendre abosthito traverse beam dwara jukto hoy. traverse bimguli kongkriter khilane hanger dwara somorthito hoy. nirman note. 2003 theke 2005 saaler modhye nirmito eyi setuti 2005 saaler 10ee june udwodhon koraa hoy ebong ekoi bochorer 13ee june zaan cholacholer jonno khule deoa hoy. duti kabji kongkriter khilan setur jonno aswabhabikbhabe, khilanti asthayi taarer stay dwara somorthito cantilever nirman byabohar korey nirmito hoyechilo. setuti bilfinger burger dwara engineer koraa hoyechilo, jini sadharan thikadar hisabeo kaaj korechilen. khilaner duti ongsho ekoi dharaner arohaner formwork byabohar korey ddhalai koraa hoyechilo, jaar modhye ekti cable poribahok dwara concrete sarbaraha koraa hoyechilo. nirman byabasthai ekti jalbahi swa-arohan ddhalai chhanch chhilo jaa nongar koraa hoyechilo oti samprati somponno khilan bibhag, ebong bibhagguli proti saptahe pray 1 haare jukto koraa hoyechilo (prokriya dekhano chitro). protiti segmente pray 60 cubic mitter keey70 shrenir concrete byabohar koraa hoto ebong proti paashe pray 50tii korey segment chhilo. khilanti nijei fanpa, ebong etike baraf ebong tushar theke mukto rakhar jonno gorom korar qayela sarbaraha koraa hoyeche, pashapashi navigation light ebong abhyantarin rokkhonabekkhoner poth (joutho setur tothyo saite eyi pdf theke neoa tothyo). khilanti sthapon howar porey, stay, asthayi concrete stay tower ebong cable poribahokguli sorano hoyechilo ebong sadakpather ongshoguli jukto koraa hoyechilo. kichhu jaiga jog koraa hoyechilo, kintu khilaner neeche kendriya sadakpath bibhagti ekti sampurna bibhag hisabe barjgulite vasman chhilo ebong jaiga utthapito hoyechilo. purno suinesund setu. 1946 saaler 15ee june udwodhon koraa praktan suinesund setur naam poriborton korey purno suinesund setu rakha hoy, kintu ekhono notun setur poripurok hisabe etty kaaj korche. purno setute ekhon notun truckti upolobdho thakay bharee truck (moat ojoner beshi) arr cholacholer anumati deoa hoy naa. ponnodrobyer norwegian banijyer ekti ullekhjoggo ongsho setuti atikram korey truck dwara bohon koraa hoto, jaa ekhon notun setur upor diye yaay. etty juddher somoy nirmito hoyechilo. juddher karone etty bilambito hoyechilo ebong protirokkha byabostha hisabe setur upor bojropater foley bisforok (1942) jaliye deoa holey etty angshikbhabe dhongso hoye giechilo.

swinsund pull swinsund brij (,) aee swinsund khaate edefjordne paar karato aneey sweeden aneey norwene jodato kamaan pull chhe. swinsund aee aek avaaj chhe jeey stromsteadnee swedish nagarpalikane norweni nagarpalika heldenthi alag karey chhe, aneey aama teey aaa pradeshmaa norway aneey sweeden vachcheni sarhad chhe. aaa pull banne desho vachcheno sauthee pashchimno sarhad paar (aneey sauthee dakshinno aek) chhe aneey european maarg ee6 vahan karey chhe jeey aaa vistaarno mukhya traphiqa maarg chhe, jeey oslo aneey baakinaa norwene gothenberg, malmo, coppenhagen aneey baakinaa europe saathe jode chhe. pulnu varnan. navo swinesund pull aee swinesund khaate edefjord parno dhorimaarg pull chhe. pulno bandhkam kharch 50 carode jetalo hato, jyaare projectno coole kharch jemaa sampark kaary, customs (aaa european unionni sarhad chhe) aneey toll plaza aneey ee6 maate navaa interchange (junaa pull aneey junaa ee6 sthaaneek margo banyaa) noow samaavesh thaay chhe, teey 14 carode jetalo hato. aaa project swedish aneey norwegian maarg sattamandalonu sanyukt saahas chhe, aneey tamaam kharchane toll (ketlaak lakhaano temne "rooad takes" tareeke odakhaave chhe) dwara aektrit karvaamaa aave chhe. banne pulone banne dishaamaa toll karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. toll plaza 15 march 2021naa roj bundh thaee gayo hato. pulnee coole lambai steel booaks-girder uparnee rachnaa saathe saamanya prabaleet konkritmaa aek petaa maalakhu chhe aneey temaa samaavesh thaay chhe. sanlagn vistaaro vachchena pulno mukhya vistaar aashre chhe aneey temaa aek saamanya prabaleet concrete kamaan chhe jeey kamaannee banne bajuae beey steel booaks-girder pull deeka dharaave chhe. kamaan aneey pulnaa tutakni tochnu star anukrame + aneey + chhe. pulnaa teey bhaag parr jyaan kamaan pulnaa maalnee sapatithi upar chhe, tyaan beey pulnaa maalkhaane kendramaa stheet travers beam dwara jodvama aave chhe. transa beam concrete kamaan parr lataktaa dwara teko aape chhe. bandhkam nondho. aaa pulnu nirmaan 2003 aneey 2005nee vachche karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tenu udghaatan 10 juuna, 2005naa roj karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey teey jaj varshe 13 junanaa roj tene traphiqa maate kholvaamaa aavyo hato. beey kaaj concrete kamanvala pull maate asamanya reete, kamaan kaamchalaau cable stay dwara samartheet cantilever baandhkaamno upyog kareene banavvama aavee hatee. aaa pull bilfinger burger dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemane saamanya thekedaaro tareeke pann kaama karyoo hatoo. kamaannaa beey ardhbhagne samaan chadai formworkno upyog kareene dorvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa cable conveyor dwara concrete aapvama aavyu hatoo. bandhkam pranaalimaa hydrolic swa chadai casting molled hatoo jeey tenee saathe lunger karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. taajetarma purn thayel kamaan vibhag aneey vibhago darr athvaadiye lagbhag 1 naa darey umervaamaa aavyaa hataa (prakriyaa darshaavtaa cheetra). darek segmentmaa lagbhag 60 ghana meater keey70 vargnaa konkritano upyog thato hato aneey darek baaju lagbhag 50 segment hataa. kamaan pote jaj khoto chhe, aneey tene baraf aneey barafnaa nirmanthi mukt raakhvaa maate heating koil temaj navigation light aneey aantarik jaalvani margo (sanyukt pull maahitee site parr aaa pdfmanthi levaamaa aaveli maahitee) saathe pradaan karvaamaa aavee chhe. aekvaar kamaan sthaane aavee gayaa pachhi, stay, kaamchalaau concrete stay tower aneey cable conveyor door karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey roadway segments umervaamaa aavyaa hataa. ketalaakne sthaane umervaamaa aavyaa hataa, parantu kamaan hethalnaa madhya maarg vibhagne sampoorn vibhag tareeke naukaao parr tarvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene sthaane vadharvama aavyo hato. juno swinsund pull. purvamaa 15 juuna 1946naa roj udghaatan karaayela bhutpurv swinesund pulnu naam badaline junaa swinnesund pull rakhvama aavyu hatoo, parantu teey haju pann navaa pulnaa purak tareeke sevama chhe. junaa pull parr havey bhaare truck (coole vajan karataa vadhu) neey manjuri nathee kaaran keey navo pull uplabdh chhe. malsamanna norwena vepaarno nondhpaatra hisso pulne paar karatee trucko dwara vahan karvaamaa aavto hato, jeey havey navaa pull parr musafari karey chhe. teey yuddhnaa samaygaalaa darmiyan bandhvama aavyu hatoo. teey yuddhne kaarane vilambit thayu hatoo aneey hakeekat aee chhe keey jyaare vijadiae visfotako salgaavyaa tyaare (1942) teey aansheek reete naash paamyu hatoo, jeey sanraxan pagla tareeke pull parr mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

swinesund pull swinesund pull (,) swinesund mein edefjord koo paar karane vaalaa ack mehrab pull haye, aur sweeden aur norwey mein judataa haye. swinesund ack dhwani haye joe stromstead kii swedish nagarpalika koo norwegian nagarpalika seey alag karati haye, aur iss prakaar yeh iss kshetra mein norwey aur sweeden key beach kii seema haye. yeh pull donon deshon key beach sabse paschimi seema paar (aur sabse dakshini mein seey ack) haye aur europeeya maarg ee6 koo leey jaataa haye joe kshetra mein ack pramukh yatayat maarg haye, joe oslo aur norway key baaki hisson koo gothenberg, malmo, coppenhagen aur baaki europe seey jodata haye. pull kaa vivaran. nayaa swinesund pull swinesund mein edefjord key paar ack rajmarg pull haye. pull key nirmaan kii laagat 500 million thee, jabaki pariyojana kii kull laagat jisamen sampark kaary, seema shulk (yeh ack eu seema haye) aur toll plaza, aur ee6 key liye nae interchanges (puraane pull aur puraane ee6 key sthaaniya maarg banane key saath) shamil hain, 1,400 million thee. yeh pariyojana swedish aur norwey key sadak adhikaariyon kaa ack sanyukt udyam haye, aur sabhi lagaton koo toll (kuchh lekhan unhein "sadak curr" key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain) key saath vittaposhit kiya jaanaa haye. donon pulon koo donon dishaaon mein toll kiya gayaa thaa. toll plaza 15 march 2021 koo bund hoe gayaa. pull kii kull lambai aur isamen ack steel boxes-girder adhirachana key saath samanya prabalit concreet mein ack upa-sanrachana hoti haye. pull key beach kaa mukhya vistaar lagbhag haye aur isamen ack sadharan prabalit concreet kaa mehrab hotaa haye jisamen dou steel boxes-girder pull deck hotey hain, joe mehrab key donon or ack hotaa haye. mehrab aur pull key deck key sheersh kaa star kramshah + aur + haye. pull key usa hisse parr jahan mehrab pull key deck key star seey oopar uthati haye, donon pull deck kendron mein sthit traverse beam dwara judey hotey hain. anuprasth kiranon koo concreet key mehrab parr latkaane vaale dwara samarthit kiya jaataa haye. nirmaan nott. iss pull kaa nirmaan 2003 aur 2005 key beach kiya gayaa thaa aur iska udghaatan 10 juuna, 2005 koo kiya gayaa thaa aur usee varsh 13 juuna koo yatayat key liye khola gayaa thaa. asamanya roop seey dou kaaj concreet aark pull key liye, kamaan koo asthaayi cable stay dwara samarthit cantilever nirmaan kaa upayog karke banaaya gayaa thaa. pull koo bilfinger burger dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, jinhone samanya thekedaaron key roop mein bhee kaam kiya thaa. mehrab key dou hisson koo ack cable conveyor key madhyam seey pradaan kiye gaye concreet key saath samaan chadhaai formwork kaa upayog karke cast kiya gayaa thaa. nirmaan pranali mein ack hydrolic swa-chadhaai casting mould thaa joe kii iss parr lunger daaltaa thaa haal hii mein puuraa kiya gayaa kamaan khand, aur khandon koo lagbhag 1 prati saptah kii darr seey jodaa gayaa thaa (prakriya koo dikhaane vaalaa chitran). pratyek khand mein lagbhag 60 ghana meater key. 70 varg concreet kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, aur prati paksh lagbhag 50 khand they. mehrab khud khokhla haye, aur ise burf aur burf key nirmaan seey mukt rakhane key liye heating coil key saath-saath navigation light aur aantarik rakharkhaav maarg (sanyukt pull soochana sthal parr iss pdf seey lii gaee jaankaari) pradaan kiye gaye hain. ack baar jaba mehrab jagah parr thaa, tou thaharaav, asthaayi concreet stay tower aur cable conveyor hataa diye gaye, aur sadak maarg khand jode gaye. kuchh koo jagah-jagah jodaa gayaa thaa, lekin mehrab key neeche key kendra sadak khand koo ack poorna khand key roop mein naukaaon parr tairaaya gayaa thaa, aur jagah-jagah banaaya gayaa thaa. purana swinesund pull. poorv mein 15 juuna 1946 koo udghaatan kiye gaye poorv swinesund pull kaa naam badalkar puraane swinesund pull curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh abhee bhee nae pull key poorak key roop mein seva mein haye. puraane pull parr abb bhaari trucks (sakal vajan seey adhik) kii anumati naheen haye kyonki nayaa upalabdh haye. maal mein norwey key vyaapaar kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa pull koo paar karane vaale trucks dwara leey jaaya jaataa thaa, joe abb nae pull parr yatra karate hain. yeh yuddh kii avadhi key dauran banaaya gayaa thaa. yuddh key kaaran isamen deree hui thee aur yeh tathya kii jaba bijli ney visfotakon koo prajwalit kiya (1942) tou yeh aanshik roop seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa, jise raksha upaay key roop mein pull parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.

swinnescend setuve swinnescend setuveyu (,) swinesandnalli edefjoard annu daatuva mattu sweeden mattu naarveyannu seruva ondu kamanu setuveyagide. sweedish purasabheyaada stramstad annu narveya halden purasabheyinda berpadisuva dhwaniyu swinnescend aagide, heegaagi idu ee pradeshadalli norwey mattu sweeden naduvina gadiyagide. ee setuveyu eradu deshagala naduvina pashchimada gadi daatuvikeyaagide (mattu dakshinada tudiyalli ondaagide) mattu ee pradeshada pramukha sanchara maargavaada european maarga ii6 annu oslo mattu narveya ulida bhagagalannu gothenberg, malmo, kopan haggen mattu ulida yuropinondige samparkisuttade. setuveya vivarane. hosa swinesund setuveyu swinesundnalliruva idefjordge addalaagi nirmisalaada heddaari setuveyagide. setuveya nirmaana vechchavu sumaru 500 dasalaksha dollar aagittu, aadare yojaneya ottu vechchavu samparka kaarya, customs (idu iyu gadiyagide) mattu toll plaajaagalu mattu ii6 gaagi hosa interchangegalu (haleya setuve mattu haleya ii6 sthaliya maargagalaaguvudarondige) seridante 1,400 dasalaksha dollar aagittu. ee yojaneyu sweedish mattu narveya raste adhikaarigala junty udyamavaagide, mattu ellah vechchagalannu sunkada moolaka sangrahisalaaguttade (kelavu barahagalu avugalannu "raste terige" endu ullekhisuttave). eradoo setuvegalannu eradoo dikkugalalli jodisalaayitu. toll plaajaavannu 2021rahra march 15randu nillisalaayitu. setuveya ottu uddavu ukkina pettige-gurder melmaiyondige saamaanya balavardhita concretnallina talaadhaaravannu olagondide. setuvegala naduvina mukhya vyaaptiyu sarisumaaru onde saamaanya balavardhita concrete kamanugalannu hondide mattu idu eradu ukkina pettige-gurder setuve dekgalannu hondide, ondu kamanugala eradoo badigalli. kamanu mattu setuveya meelbhaagada mattavu anukramavagi + mattu + aagive. setuveya melmaiyalli kamanu melakke eruva setuveya bhagadalli, eradu setuveya melmaiyannu madhyadalli irisalaagiruva addalaagi hariyuva kiranagalu serikolluttave. addalaagi hariyuva kiranagalannu concrete kamanuge hyaangargalu bembalisuttave. nirmaana tippanigalu. ee setuveyannu 2003 mattu 2005rahra naduve nirmisalaayitu mattu 2005rahra zoon 10randu udghaatisalaayitu mattu adhe varsha zoon 13randu sanchaarakke tereyalaayitu. eradu hinz concrete kamanu setuvege asamanyavagi, taatkaalika cable stegalinda bembalitavaada cantilever nirmaanavannu balasikondu kamanu nirmisalaagide. setuveyannu bilfinger burger vinyaasagolisidaru, avaru saamaanya guttigedaararaagiyu kaaryanirvahisidaru. kamanina eradu bhagagalannu cable conveyor moolaka concrete annu odagisida idhe reetiya climbing formwork annu balasi erakahoydavu. nirmaana vyavastheyu jalachaalita swayam aarohana erakada achchannu hondittu, idu adara mele langaru haakalpattittu. teeraa ittichege purnagonda kamanu vibhaga, mattu vibhagagalannu varakke sumaru 1 daradalli serisalaayitu (vivarane prakriyeyannu torisuttade). prati vibhagavu sumaru 60 cubic meater keey70 vargada concrete annu balasuttittu mattu prati badiyalli sumaru 50 vibhagagaliddavu. kamanu swatah tollaagide, mattu adannu manjugadde mattu himadinda muktavagirisalu taapana suruligalannu odagisalaagide, jotege sancharane deepagalu mattu aantarika nirvahanaa maargagalannu (junty setuveya mahiti taanadalli ee pdfninda tegedukollalaada mahiti) odagisalaagide. kamanu sthalavaada nantara, tangudaanagalu, taatkaalika concrete stay gopuragalu mattu cable kanveyargalannu tegeduhaakalaayitu mattu raste vibhagagalannu serisalaayitu. kelavannu sthaladalle serisalaayitu, aadare kamanugala kelagiruva madhyada raste vibhagavannu sampoorna vibhaagavaagi doonigalalli telisalaayitu mattu adannu stalakke airisalaayitu. haleya swinnescend setuve. poorvadalli 1946rahra zoon 15randu udghaatisalaada hindina swinesund setuveyannu haleya swinesund setuve endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu, aadare idu innoo hosa setuvege purakavagi kaaryanirvahisuttide. haleya setuveya mele eega hosadu labhyaviruvudarinda bhaaree truckgalige (ottu tukavannu meerida) anumati illa. sarakugala narveya vyaapaarada gamanarha bhagavannu setuveyannu daatuva truckgalu saagisuttiddavu, adhu eega hosa setuveya mele chalisuttade. idannu yuddhada avadhiyalli nirmisalaayitu. yuddhada kaaranadindaagi mattu raxana kramavagi setuveya mele idalaada minchina spotagalinda (1942) bhagashah naashavaada kaarana idu vilambavaayitu.

swinesandu paalam sweeden, norway ennivayumaayi cherunna swinesandil edefjord kadakkunna oru kamana paalamaan swinesandu paalam (,). sweedish munisippaalitti oof stromstaadine norwegian munisippaalitti oof haldenil ninnu verthirikkunna shabdamaanu swinesandu, athinaal ithu eee mekhalayile norwake sweeden edayilulla athirthiyaanu. iru raajyangalum thammilulla ettavum padinjaaran athirthi crossing (thekke attathullathum) eee paalavum eee pradeshathe oru pradhana gathagatha paathayaya europian root iii6 vahikkunnu, ithu ooslooyeyum norwayude backie bhaagangaleyum gothenberg, malmo, copenhagen, yooroppinte mattu bhagangalumaayi bandhippikkunnu. paalatthinte vivaranam. swinesandile edefjordinu kurukeyulla oru haiway paalamaan puthiya swinesandu paalam. paalatthinte nirmmaanachelavu 500 dasalaksham dolaraayirunnu, athesamayam sameepanam, kasttams (ithu oru europian union athirthiyaanu), toll plaasakal, iii6-nulla puthiya interchenchukal (pazhaya paalavum pazhaya iii6 praadeshika ruttukalaayi maarukayum cheythu) ennivayulppede padhathiyude motham chelavu 1,400 dasalaksham dolaraayirunnu. sweedish, norwegian rooad adhikaarikalude samyuktha samrambhamaya eee padhathikku ellah chelavukalum tolukal (chila ezhuthukal avaye "rooad nikuthi" ennu vilikkunnu) upayogichu dhanasahayam nalkanam. rund paalangalum iruvashathekkum toll cheythu. 2021 march 15nuu toll plasa nirtthi. paalatthinte motham neelam saadhaarana shakthippeduthiya konkreettile oru uparithala ghadanayum steel boxes-gurder superstructure ulkkollunnu. ekadesham oru saadhaarana konkreett kamaanam ulkkollunna paalatthinte pradhana spaanil rund steel boxes-gurder bridge dekkukal vahikkunnu, kamaanatthinte iruvashathum onnu. kamaanathinteyum bridge dekkinteyum mukalbhagam yathaakramam + umm + umm aanu. paalatthinte deckinginte nilavaarathinu mukalil kamaanam uyarunna paalatthinte bhaagathinu mukalil, rund paala dekkukalum kendrangalil sthaapichirikkunna thravers beemkalaal bandhippichirikkunnu. konkreett kamaanathilekku hangerukal vazhi sanjarikkunna kiranangal pinthunaykkunnu. nirmmaana kurippukal. 2003num 2005num idayil nirmmicha eee paalam 2005 juun 10nuu udghaadanam cheyyukayum athe varsham juun 13nuu gathaagathathinaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. rund keel konkreett kamana paalathinu asaadhaaranamaamvidham, thaalkkaalika cable stekalude pinthunayode cantilever nirmmaanam upayogichaanu kamaanam nirmmichathu. general kararukar aaya bilfinger bergeranu paalam nirmmichathu. cable kanveyar vazhi konkreett nalkikkond samanamaaya climbing phoom varkk upayogichaanu kamaanatthinte rund bhaagangalum kaast cheythath. nirmmaana samvidaanathinu oru hydrolic selph climbing casting mould undaayirunnu, athu nankooramittu ettavum aduthide poortthiyaakkiya kamana vibhaagavum vibhaagangalum aazhchayil ekadesham 1 enna nirakkil chertthu (chithreekaranam prakriya kaanikkunnu). oro vibhaagathilum ekadesham 60 cubic meter keey 70 klaas konkreett upayogichu, oro vashathum ekadesham 50 segmentukal undaayirunnu. kamaanam thanne pollayaan, aise, manju ennivayil ninnu mukthamayi nilanirthaan choodaakkal koyilukalum naavigeshan laittukalum interior maintainance paathakalum nalkiyittundu (joyint bridge info saittile eee pii. dii. ephil ninnu edutha vivarangal). kamaanam sthaapichukazhinjaal, stey, thaalkkaalika konkreett stey towerukal, cable kanveyarukal enniva neekkam cheyyukayum roadway segmentukal kootticherkkukayum cheythu. chilath sthalathu chertthuvenkilum kamaanathinu keezhilulla madhya rooad way vibhaagam oru samboornna vibhaagamaayi baarjukalil ozhukkil konduvarikayum sthaanathekku uyarthukayum cheythu. pazhaya swinesandu paalam. 1946 juun 15 nuu kizhakk udghaadanam cheytha muun swinesandu paalathe pazhaya swinesandu paalam ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythenkilum puthiya paalatthinte poorakamaayi ippozhum sevanathilaanu. puthiyath labhyamayathinaal pazhaya paalatthil bharameriya trekkukal (motham bharam kaviyunnath) inii anuvadikkilla. charakkukalude norwegian vyaapaarathinte oru pradhana bhagam ippol puthiya paalatthiloode sanjarikkunna trekkukalaanu paalam kadakkunnathu. yudhakaalathaanu ithu nirmmichathu. yudhavum prathirodha nadapadiyaayi paalatthil sthaapicha idiminnal pottithericha sphodakavasthukkal (1942) bhaagikamaayi nashichathum kaaranam ithu vaikukayaayirunnu.

swinsund pool swinsund pool (,) haah swinsund yethe edefjord olandun sweeden aanee norwella jodanara eka kamaan pull aahe. swinsand haah eka aavaj aahe joou straumstadchya swedish nagarpalikela norwechya haldenchya nagarpalikepasun vegale karato aanee asha prakare hii yaa pradeshatil norwey aanee sweedenmadhil seema aahe. haah pool donhi deshanmadhil sarvat pashchimekadil seema olandanara (aanee sarvat dakshinekadil) aahe aanee european marg eae6 vahato joou yaa bhagatil eka pramukh vahtook marg aahe, joou oslo aanee urvarit norwella gothenberg, malmo, copenhagen aanee urvarit europashi jodato. pulache varnan. naveen swinsund pool haah swinsund yetheel edefjordvercha mahamarg pool aahe. pulachya bandhkamasathi sumare 50 kotee rupaye kharch aale, tarr prakalpacha ekoon kharch, jyat sampark karya, simashulk (hii eae. yuu. chee seema aahe) aanee toll plaza aanee eae. 6 sathee naveen aantarparivartan (juna pool aanee juna eae. 6 heey sthanik marg banoon) yancha samavesh hota, too 14 kotee rupaye hota. haah prakalp swedish aanee norwegian raste adhikadhyancha sanyukt upkram aahe aanee serve kharchanna toldware (kahee likhanat tyanna "rasta curr" mhanoon sambodhale jaate) nidhi deela jaato. donhi pool donhi bajunni toll karnyat aale hote. toll plaza 15 march 2021 roji thambla. pulachi ekoon lambi hii steelchya chaukatichya-gorder varchya sanrachanesah samanya prabalit concreetmadheel eka uparachana aahe aanee tyat samavisht aahe. bandhani darmyanchya pulacha mukhya vistar andaje aahe aanee tyat eka samanya prabalit concrete kamaan aahe jyat done steel boxes-gerder pool deck aahet, eka kamanchya donhi bajus aahe. kamaan aanee pulachya dekchya varchya bhagachi patali anukrame + aanee + aahe. pulachya jyaa bhagat kamaan pulachya dekchya patalichya varr aahe, tyaa bhagavar pulachya done deck madhyabhagi asalelya travers bimdware jodale jaatat. pudhe jaananya kirananna konkreetchya kamanila latkavananni aadhar deela jaato. bandhkam nondi. 2003 teey 2005 darmyan bandhanyat aalela haah pool 10 juuna 2005 roji udghatan karnyat aala aanee tyach varshi 13 juuna roji vahatukisathi khula karnyat aala. done kajal asalelya konkreetchya kamaan pulasathi, tatpuratya kebal stedware samarthit cantilever bandhkam vaparoon kamaan bandhanyat aalee hotee. yaa pulachi rachana bilfinger barjarne kelee hotee, jyanni samanya kantratdar mhanoonahi kaam kele. kamanchya done ardhya bhaganna ekach prakarchya chadhaichya formworkcha vapar karoon cast kele gele hote, jyat kebal kanvheyardware concrete pradan kele gele hote. bandhkam pranalimadhye eka hydraulic self climbing casting molled hota joou bandhanivar lunger ghalat hota sarvat alikadech purn jhalela kamaan vibhag aanee vibhag darr aathvadyala sumare 1 chya darane jodale gele (prakriya darshavinare chitran). pratyek vibhagat sumare 60 ghanmeter keey70 varg concreetcha vapar keela jaat asey aanee pratyek bajula sumare 50 khand hote. kamaan swatach pokal aahe aanee burf aanee barfachya ubharanipasun mukt thevanyasathi garam karananya gundalya tasech navigation dive aanee aateel dekhbhal marg (sanyukt pulachya mahitichya thikani yaa pdfmdhun ghetaleli mahitee) puravanyat aale aahet. ekada kamani jaagi aalee qee, mukkam, tatpurte concrete stay towers aanee kebal conveyors kadhoon taknyat aale aanee rastyache bhag jodanyat aale. kahee thikani jodanyat aale, parantu kamanakhalil madhyavarti rastyacha bhag sampoorn vibhag mhanoon nauka mhanoon vahoon nenyat aala aanee tyaa jaagi unchavanyat aala. juna swinsund pool. 15 juuna 1946 roji udghatan jhalelya purvichya swinsund pulache, purvekade, naav badaloon junya swinsund pulache karnyat aale, parantu too ajunahi naveen pulala purak mhanoon sevet aahe. junya pulavar aata avjad truck (ekoon vajanapeksha jaast) aananyas parvanagi nahee kaaran aata naveen pool upalabdh aahe. norwechya vastoonchya vyaparacha eka mahattvacha bhag pool olandun jaananya trakdware vahoon nela jaat asey, jeey aata naveen pulavarun pravas karatat. teey yuddhakalat bandhanyat aale hote. yuddhamule aanee sanrakshn upay mhanoon pulavar thevalelya vijene petavalelya sphotakanmule (1942) teey anshatah nasht jhaale hote yaa vastusthitimule teey vilambit jhaale.

swinsand pull swinisund pull (,) swinisundama edefjoard parr garne, rar swiden rar narvema samel hune euta chap pull how. swinsund stromstadko swidis nagarpalikalai nervegian nagarpalika haldenbata alag garne awaz how, rar yasari yo yass kshetrama nervey rar swidenko bichko sima how. yo pull dui deshharu bichko paschimi sima parr (rar dakshinitam madhye ek) how rar yasale europeli marga eae6 bokchha june yass kshetrako pramukh trafic marga how, jasle oslo rar narveko baanki bhaglai gothenberg, malmo, kopanhegan rar baanki yuropsanga jodchha. pulko vivaran. nayan swinesund pull swinesundko edefjoardma raheko rajmarg pull how. pulko nirman lagat 50 karod thiyo, jabki pariyojanako kull lagat aproch work, bhansar (yo ek eu sima how) rar toll plaza, rar eae 6 kaa lagi nayan interchangeharu (purano pull rar purano eae 6 sthaniya margharu banne) sahit 14 karod thiyo. yo pariyojana swidis rar nervegian sadak adhikariharuko sanyukta udyam how, rar sabai lagatharu tolharu (kehi lekhharule tiniharulai "sadak curr" bhanera ullekha gardacha) sankalan garera vittaposhan garnuparnecha. duwai pull duwai dishama toll garieko thiyo. toll plaza 15 march 2021 maa rokiyo. pulko kull lambai still bucks-girder superstructureko sath sadharan prabalit concreetma ek upasanrachana chha rar samawesh gardacha. abatmentharu bichko pulko mukhya wistar lagbhag chha rar yasama ekal sadharan prabalit concreetko chap hunchha jasle dui still bucks-girder pull dekharu bokchha, euta chapko duwai chheuma. chap rar pulko dekko shirshako star kramashah + rar + how. pulko bhag jahaan chap pulko dekko starbhanda mathi uthcha, dui pull dekharu kendrama rakhieko traverse bimharudwara jodieka chhan. traverse bimharu concreetko chapma hangerharudwara samarthit hunchhan. nirman noteharu. yo pull sann 2003 rar 2005 ko bichma nirman garieko thiyo rar june 10,2005 maa udghatan garieko thiyo rar sohi warsha june 13 maa yatayatka lagi kholieko thiyo. dui hinz concreetko chap pulka lagi asamanya rupma, chap asthayi kebal steharudwara samarthit cantilever nirman prayog garera nirman garieko thiyo. pull bilfinger barjardwara engineer garieko thiyo, jasle samanya thekedarko rupma pani kaam gare. chapka dui bhagharu kebal conveyor marfat pradan garieko concreetko sath saman arohan farmwork prayog garera cast garieko thiyo. nirman pranalima hydrolic self climbing casting mold thiyo june langarma rakhieko thiyo. bharkharai sampanna bhaeko chap khanda, rar khandaharu prati hapta lagbhag 1 ko darma thapie (chitran prakriya dekhaundai). pratyek khandale lagbhag 60 ghan mitter key 70 warga concreet prayog prayog, rar tyahan prati paksha lagbhag 50 khandaharu thie. chap afaima khopa chha, rar yasalai baraf rar hiun nirmanbata mukta rakhnaka lagi tataune koilharu pradan garieko chha sathai navigation lightharu rar bhitri marmat margharu (sanyukta pull suchana cytema yass pdfbata liieko jankari). ekchoti chap thaunma aepachhi, stey, asthayi concreet stey tower rar kebal conveyarharu hataiyo, rar sadak khandaharu thapie. kehi thaunma thapie pani chapmuni raheko madhya sadak khandalai purna khandako rupma barzharuma tainath gariyo rar thaunma khada gariyo. purano swinsund pull. purvama 15 june 1946 maa udghatan garieko purva swinesund pulalai purano swinesund pulko naam pariwartan garieko thiyo tara ajhai pani nayan pulko purakko rupma sewama chha. purano pulma nayan upalabdha bhaepachi bhari truckharu (kull vajanbhanda badhi) lai anumati chhaina. samanma nervegian wyaparko ek mahatwapurna bhag pull parr garne trakharudwara bokeko thiyo, june ahile nayan pulma yatra gardacha. yo yuddhako awadhima nirman garieko thiyo 1939-1946. yo yuddhako karan dhilai bhaeko thiyo rar yo tathya kii yo raksha upayako rupma pulma rakhieko bijulile wisfotakharu (1942) prajwalit garda anshik rupma nashta bhayo.

swinesanda setu swinesanda setu (,,) heuchhi swinesandare idefajardaku atikrama karuthiba ebong swidena ebong naraweku sanjoga karuthiba eka arch setu. swidenara stromstad pourapalika ebong narawejara halden pourapalika madhyare swidenara swidenara swiden ebong swidenara seema madhyare swidenara swidenara swiden-suden heuchhi eka dhwani. ehi setu dui desh madhyare paschimatama seema krasing (ebong dakhinatama madhyaru gotie) ebong europeah marga ee6 bahn kare jaahaa ehi anchalara eka pramukh traphik marga, oslo ebong abasista naraweku gothenberg, malmo, copenhagen ebong yuropara abasista ansha sahita sanjoga kare . sethur barnana. nutan swinesanda setu heuchhi swinesandare idefjord upare eka rajpath setu . sethur nirmana kharcha thila 500 nijuta tanka, jetebele kii prakalpara mote kharcha jeunthire jogajoga karjya, seema shulka (ehaa eka europeah sangha seema) ebong toll plaza, ebong ee6 paain nutan interchange (puruna setu ebong puruna ee6 sthaniah maargare parinata heba sahita) 1400 nijuta tanka thila. ehi prakalpa swiden ebong narawej sadaka kartupakhyanka eka milita udyoga, ebong samasta kharchaku toll (keteka lekhare segudiku "sadaka ticks" bolly ullekha karajaichi) sangraha curry artha pradan karajiba. ubhaja pole ubhaja digaku toll karajaithila. toll plaza 15 march 2021 ray banda hoijaithila. sethur mote dairghya heuchhi ebong ethire eka still bucks-girder upara dhancha sahita sadharana reinforced concret ray eka upa-dhancha rahichhi . prantara madhyare thiba sethur mukhya abadhi pakhapakhi ebong ethire gotie sadharana reinforced concret arch rahichhi jaahaa duiti still bucks-girder brij deck bahn kare, gotie archer ubhaja parsware . khilanara shirsha ebong brij dekra stara jathakrame + ebong + atte . sethur jeun anshare khilanati sethur dekingara stararu uparaku uthithae, sehi anshare duiti setu deck kendrare abasthapita traverse bim dwara sanjukta hoithae. traverse bimgudika concret aarchaku hanger dwara samarthita . nirmana note. ehi setu 2003ru 2005 madhyare nirmana karajaithila ebong 2005 masiha june 10 tarikhare ehara udghatan karajaithila ebong sehi barsha june 13 tarikhare ehaaku jatajata paain kholajaithila. eka dui-hinz concret khilan setu paain, asthajee kebul stay dwara samarthita cantilevera nirmana byabahara curry ehi khilanati nirmana karajaithila. ehi setuku bilfingara barjaranka dwara nirmana karajaithila, jieki sadharana thikadara bhabe madhya karjya karuthile. khilanara duiti ansha samaana aarohan pharmawarka byabahara curry cast karajaithila, eka kebul paribahaka madhyamare concret pradan karajaithila . nirmana byabasthare eka jala-swa-aarohan casting chhancha thila jaahaa nangare nngara karajaithila nikatare sampurna hoithiba arch segment, ebong segmentgudika prati saptahare praiah 1 haarare jodajaithila (prakriya darshai chitrana) . pratyeka khandare praiah 60 cubic mitter kee70 shreni concret byabahara karajauthila, ebong prati parsware praiah 50tii khanda thila. ehi khilanati nije shunya, ebong ehaaku baraf ebong baraf nirmanaru mukta rakhiba paain uttapa kundali sahita navigation light ebong aabhyantareen rakhyanabekhyana path (yugma setu suchana saitare ehi pdfru niajaithiba suchana) pradan karajaichi. thare khilanati sthanita heba parey, stay, asthajee concret stay tawara ebong kebul kanabhejaragudiku hatai diajaithila ebong sadakapath bibhagagudika jodajaithila . keteka sthana jodajaithila, kintu khilan tale thiba kendriah sadakapath anshaku eka sampurna bibhaga bhabare barjare bhasajaithila ebong sehi sthanare uthajaithila . puruna swinesanda setu. 1946 masiha june 15 tarikhare purba digare udghatana hoithiba purbatana swinesunda sethur naama paribartana curry puruna swinesunda setu rakhajaithila, kintu ehaa ebe madhya nutan sethur paripuraka bhabe karjya karuchhi. puruna setu upare ebe nuati upalabdha thibaru bhaari truck (mote ojana thaaru adhika) gudiku aau anumathi naahin. samagri karabarare narawejara eka gurutwapurna anshati truck dwara setu atikrama curry parichalita heuthila, jaahaa bartamana nutan setu upare jatra kare . ehaa juddha samajare nirmita hoithila, kaaran juddha ebong pratirakhya padakhyepa bhabare setu upare rakhajaithiba bajrapata dwara bisphoraka (1942) prajjwalita heba dwara ehaa aanshika bhabare nust hoijaithila .

swinsand pull swinsand pull (,) ikk arch brij haii joe swinsand vikhe idefjord noon paar karda haii, atey sweden atey narve noon jodada haii. swinsand ikk aavaaz haii joe stromstad dee swedish municipality noon norwegian municipality halden toon vakkh kardi haii, atey iss tarahan ih iss khetar witch narve atey sweden dey vichkaar dee sarhadd haii. ih pull dovan deshan darmiaan sabh toon pachmi sarhadd paar (atey sabh toon dakkhni) haii atey european ruut ee 6 noon lae keey jaanda haii joe kii khetar daa ikk pramukh traephik ruut haii, joe oslo atey baaki narve noon gothenberg, malmo, copenhagen atey baaki yoorap naal jodada haii. pull daa verva. navaan swinsand pull swinsand vikhe edefjord dey paar ikk rajmarg pull haii. pull dee usari dee laagat 500 million rupaye see, jadon kii project dee kull laagat jiss witch pahunch daa kamm, customs (ih ikk european union dee sarhadd haii) atey toll plaza, atey ee 6 laee navein interchange (purane pull atey purane ee 6 dey sathanak raste bannan naal) shamal hunn, 14 croad rupaye see. ih project swedish atey norwegian sadak adhikariaan daa ikk sanjha uddam haii, atey saariaan lagtan noon toll (kujh likhtan uhanan noon "road taiks" vajon darsaundiyan hunn) naal vitti sahaita ditti jaanhi haii. doven pulan noon doven dishavan witch toll keeta giaa see. toll plaza 15 march 2021 noon bnd hoow giaa. pull dee kull lambai ikk steel boxes-gerder superstructure dey naal aam prablit concreet witch ikk substructure haii atey iss witch shamal haii. pull daa mukkh hissa lagbhag haii atey iss witch ikk single sadharan prablit concreet kamaan haii joe doou steel boxes-gerder pull dey deck noon lae keey aaundi haii, ikk kamaan dey doven paase. kamaan atey pull dey deck dey sikhar daa paddhar kramvaar + atey + haii. pull dey uss hisse utte jitthe kamaan pull dey decking dey paddhar toon uppar uthhadi haii, doou pull dey deck kendran witch sathit traverse beam duaara jude hunde hunn. traverse beam badle witch hanger duaara concreet dey kamaan takk samarthan prapat karde hunn. usari notes. iss pull daa nirman 2003 atey 2005 dey vichkaar keeta giaa see atey 10 juun, 2005 noon iss daa udghatan keeta giaa see atey use saal 13 juun noon aavajai laee kholhiaa giaa see. asdharan taur utte doou concreet dey kamaan vaale pull laee, kamaan noon asthai cable stay duaara samarthit cantilever nirman dee varton karke banaiaa giaa see. iss pull noon bilfinger barjar duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, jiss neey aam thekedaran vajon vee kamm keeta see. kamaan dey doou addh ikko jihe chadhan dey farmwork dee varton karke katte gaye sunn, jiss witch ikk cable conware duaara pardan keeti gaee concreet see. nirman pranali witch ikk hydraulic sway chadhan casting ulli see joe kii langar teey langar keeti gaee see sabh toon haal hii witch poora keeta giaa kamaan hissa, atey hisse lagbhag 1 pratee hafte dee darr naal jode gaye sunn (prakiriaa noon darsaunde hoye chittar). harek hisse witch lagbhag 60 kioobik meeter k70 class concreet dee varton keeti jaandi see, atey pratee paase lagbhag 50 hisse sunn. kamaan aapne aap witch khokhla haii, atey iss noon baraf atey baraf dey nirman dey naal-naal navigation lightan atey andruni rakkh-rakhaa dey maargan (sanyukat pull jankari site 'teey iss pdf toon laee gaee jankari) toon mukat rakkhan laee heating coil pardan keete gaye hunn. ikk vaar jadon kamaan jagha witch see, taan thehran, asthai concreet stay tower atey cable conware hataa ditte gaye sunn, atey sadak dey hisse shamal keete gaye sunn. kujh noon jagha-jagha jodiaa giaa see, parr kamaan dey hethan kendri sadak maarag bhaag noon ikk sampuran bhaag dey roop witch bajj utte tairaiaa giaa see, atey iss noon jagha-jagha utte uccha keeta giaa see. purana swinsand pull. 15 juun 1946 noon purab vall udghatan keete gaye sabka swinsund pull daa naam badal keey purana swinsund pull rakkhiaa giaa see parr ih ajey vee navein pull dey poorak vajon seva witch haii. purane pull utte bhaari truckan (kull bhaar toon vaddh) dee aagiaa naheen haii kiunki hunn navaan pull upalbadh haii. maal witch norwegiai vapaar daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa pull noon paar curran vaale truckan duaara lijaiaa jaanda see, joe hunn navein pull utte yaatra karde hunn. ih yuddh dey samein dauran banaiaa giaa see 1939-1946. iss witch yuddh atey iss tatth dey caarn deree hoee see kii ih anshak taur 'teey tabah hoow giaa see jadon bijli neey visfotak (1942) noon agg laa ditti see, ikk rakkhiaa upaa vajon pull' teey rakkhiaa giaa see.

swinsund-setuhu swainsund-setuhu (,) swainsund-nagare edefjord-nagaram param krutvaa sweeden-naarve-deshayoho saha militum ekam kamaana-setuhu asti. sweeden-deshasya stromstad-nagarasya nagarapalikam naarve-deshasya halden-nagarasya nagarapalikaya pruthak kurvan swansand iti dhwanih asti, ataha asmin pradeshe naarve-deshasya sweeden-deshasya cha sima asti. ayam setuhu dwayoh deshayoho madhye pashchimatamasima-paarah (dakshinatamah cha) asti, tathaa cha europeeyamaargah ee6 cha vahati, yah asya pradeshasya pramukhah yatayatamargaha asti, yah oslo-nagaram, naarve-deshasya sheshabhagam cha gothenberg, maalmo, kopanahegan-nagaram, sheshabhagena cha saha yojayati. pulasya vivaranam. nootanah swainsund-setuhu swainsund-nagarasya edefjord-nadyaah upari rajamarg-setuhu asti. setunah nirmaanavyayah 50 kotihi aasit, api cha pariyojanaayaah kulavyayah yathaa samipa-kaaryam, simashulkam (eshaa europiya-sangha-sima), toll-plaza, tathaa ee6 ityasya nootan-antara-vinimaya-sthalaani (puratanam setuhu, puratanam ee6 cha sthaniya-maargaroopen parivartitam) cha 14 kotihi aasit. iyam pariyojanaa swedish-norwegian-maarga-pradhikarinam samyukta-udyamah asti, tathaa cha sarvaani vyayaah shulkaih (kechan likhitaah taan "maarga-karaha" iti nirdishyante) sangruhitaah bhavanti. ubhayoho dishayoho setuhu tuchaalitah aasit. 2021 maarch 15 dinaanke toll-plaza-kshetram sthagitam. setunah kula-dirghata samanya-prabalita-concreet-madhye, steel-baaks-gerder-upari-samrachanena saha, upa-samrachanaa asti, asti cha. prakarayoho madhye setunah mukhyah vistaarah praayah asti, ekena samanyena prabalitena concreet-kamanena yuktah asti, yasmin chapasya ubhayapaarshve ekaha, steel-baaks-gerder-setu-peethadwayam asti. kamanasya uparibhagasya, setum cha starah kramashah + tathaa + asti. setunah yatra bhaagam upari kamaanah seturoopen oordhvataayaam oordhvataayaam bhavati, tatra setu-peethadwayam kendrasthaane sthiteshu paara-kiranaihi saha samyojyate. paara-kiranaani kramashah concreet-kamanam prati hengar-dwara samarthitaah bhavanti. nirmaana-tippanyah. 2003 taha 2005 paryantam nirmitah ayam setuhu 2005 joon 10 dinaanke udghaatitah, tasmin eva varshe joon 13 dinaanke yatayataya udghaatitah cha. asamanyataya, dvivaaram hing-concreet-kamaana-setum, asthayee-kebal-stace-dwara samarthitam kentileevar-nirmanam upayujya kamanam nirmitam. setum bilfinger-berger ityanena nirmitam, yah samanya-anubandhakaroopen api karyam krutavaan. kamanasya ardhabhaagadvayam samaan-aarohan-karyasya upayogena nirmitam aasit, kebal-conveyor-dwara pradaatrukam concreet-yuktam. nirmaanavyavasthaayaam jala-swa-aarohan-casting-moldah aasit, yah jala-aarohanasy krute nankuritah aasit. sadyah eva poornah kamaana-khandah, khandaah cha pratisaptaha praayah 1 iti darena yojitaah (prakriyam darshayantah chitraani). pratyekam khandam praayah 60 60 vargasya concreet-ityasya upayogam karoti sma, pratipaarshvam praayah 50 khandaah aasan. kamaanah eva riktah asti, hima-hima-nirmanat mukttam bhavitum taapak-kundaleeh api cha nauparivahana-deepaani, aantarik-rakshan-maargaani cha praadattaani santi (samyukta-setu-suchana-sthale asya pi. dii. ef. taha dattam suchana). ekadaa kamaanah sthite sati, nivasasthanani, asthayee-concreet-stay-towers, kebal-conveyor cha apasaaritaah, tathaa cha margabhagaha api yojitaah. kechan sthaane sthaane yojitaah, parantu kamanasya adhah madhyamaarga bhaagah poornawibhaagaroopen naukaasu pravahat, sthaane cha utthaapitah. puratanam swinsund-setuhu. poorvadishi 1946 joon 15 dinaanke udghaatite poorvasya swainsund-setunah namakaranam puratanasya swainsund-seturoopen krutam, parantu adyapi nutanasya seturoopen sevaayaam asti. adhunaa nootanam upalabhyamaanasy puraatane setuhu upari bhaarayutaani trakku-yaanaani (sthulabharat adhikam) anumoditaah naa santi. norwegian-deshasya saamaan-vyaapaarasy mahattwapoornah bhaagah, idaaneem nootan-seturoopen yaatramaanaih trakkubhihi, setuhu paarya, vahitah aasit. asya nirmanam yuddhakaale 1939-1946 abhavat. yuddhasya karanat vilambah abhavat, tathaa cha raksha-upaayaroopen setuve sthaapite vidyudvayena visphotakaah (1942) prajjwalitaah chet aamshikaroopena nashtaah abhavan iti cha.

swinsand paalam swinsand paalam (,) enbathu swinsandil ulla idefjoard vazhiyaaga sweedan mattrum noarvaeyai inaikkum oru valaivu paalamaagum. swinsand enbathu norwejian nagaraatchiyaana haltonilirunthu stramstat sweediya nagaraatchiyai pirikkum oru olii, enavae idhu norway mattrum sweedanukku idaiyilaana ellaiyaagum. inththa paalam iru naadugalukkum idaiyilaana merkaththiya ellaik kadakkum (mattrum therkae ontraakum) mattrum iroappiya paathai e6 aik kondu selkirathu, idhu ippaguthiyil oru mukiya poakkuvaraththu paathaiyaakum, idhu oosloo mattrum noarvaeyin pira pakuthikalai gothenburg, malmo, gobanhegan mattrum iroappaavin pira paguthigaludan inaikkirathu. baalaththin vivaram. puthiya swinsand paalam enbathu swinsandil ulla idefjord meethu oru nedunjaalai paalamaagum. baalaththin kattumaana selavu 500 million aagum, athae neraththil anugumurai panikal, sunga (idhu oru iroappiya ontriya ellai) mattrum sungach saavadigal mattrum eee6 kkaana puthiya idamaattrangkal (pazhaiya paalam mattrum pazhaiya eee6 ulloor vazhiththadangkalaaka maaruvathu) ullitta thittaththin moththa selavu 1,400 million aagum. inthath thittam sweedish mattrum norway saalaip athikaarigalin koottu muyarchiyaagum, maelum anaitthu selavugalukkum sungachavadi moolam nidhiyalikkappada vaendum (sila ezhuththukkal avattrai "saalai varii" endru kurippidugindrana). irandu paalangkalum iru thisaikalilum inaikkappattana. sungachavadi 15 maarch 2021 andru niruththappattathu. baalaththin moththa neelam mattrum oru efku petti-kirder maerparappu kattamaippudan saathaarana valuvoottappatta concreetil oru thunai kattamaippaik kondullathu. arugugalukku idaiyilaana baalaththin mukiya neelam thoaraayamaaga ullathu mattrum oru saathaarana valuvoottappatta concreed valaivaik kondullathu, idhu irandu efku petti-kirder paala thazhangalaik kondullathu, valaivin irupuramum ondru. valaivin maerpaguthi mattrum baalaththin thalaththin nilai muraiyae + mattrum + aagum. baalaththin adukkukku maelae valaivu ezhum baalaththin oru paguthiyil, irandu baalath thazhangalum maiyangkalil nilainirutthappatta kurukkuk kathirkalaal inaikkappadugindrana. kurukkuk kathirkal concreed valaivukku thongkuthiraigalaal aatharikkappadukintrana. kattumaanak kurippugal. 2003 mattrum 2005 kku idaiyil kattapatta inththa paalam juun 10,2005 andru thiranthu vaikkappattathu, athae aandu juun 13 andru poakkuvaraththukkaaka thirakkappattathu. irandu keel concreed valaivu baalaththirku vazhakkaththirku maaraaga, valaivu thartkaalika cable stakel moolam aatharikkappadum contilever kattumaanatthaip payanpaduththi kattappattathu. inththa paalam bilfinker berger enbavaraal vadivamaikkappattathu, avar podhu oppanthakkaarargalaagavum seyalpattaar. valaivin irandu pakuthikalum oray maathiriyaana aeruthal padivaththaip payanpaduththi poadappattana, cable conveyor vazhiyaaga concreed vazhangkappattathu. kattumaana amaippil oru hydraulic suya aeruthal vaarppu achu irunththathu, idhu nangkooramidappattathu miga sameepaththil mudikappatta valaivu pirivu, mattrum pirivugal vaaraththirku sumar 1 endra vigithaththil serkkappattana (seyalmuraiyaik kaattum vilakkappadam). ovvoru pirivum sumar 60 kana meettar kae70 vaguppu concreettaip payanpaduththiyathu, maelum oru pakkaththirku sumar 50 pirivugal irunththana. valaivae vetrtru, maelum panii mattrum panii kattappaduvadhilirundhu vidupada veppa surulgal vazhangkappattullana, athae poal vazhiseluththal vilakkugal mattrum udpura paramarippu paathaikal (koottu paalam thagaval thalaththil inththa pii. dii. eff ilirunththu edukkappatta thagavalkal). valaivu irunththavudan, thangkumidangal, thartkaalika concreed thangkumida koopurangal mattrum cable kanvaeyargal agattrappattana, maelum saalaip pakuthikal serkkappattana. sila idangkal serkkappattana, aanaal valaivin keezh ulla maiya saalaip pirivu oru muzhumaiyaana paguthiyaaga padagugalil mithakkappattu, antha idaththil uyarththappattathu. pazhaiya swinsand paalam. kizhakkae juun 15,1946 andru thiranthu vaikkapatta munnaal swinescent paalam, pazhaiya swinescent paalam endru marupeyaridappattathu, aanaal puthiya baalaththirku oru nirappaaga innum sevaiyil ullathu. pazhaiya baalaththil kanaraga laarikal (moththa edaiyai vida athigamaaga) inii anumathikkappaduvathillai, aenenil ippoathu puthiya paalam kidaikkirathu. noarvaeyin sarakku varththagaththin kurippidatthakka pakuthi baalaththaik kadakkum laarikalaal kondu sellappattathu, avai ippoathu puthiya baalaththin meethu payanikkindrana. idhu poark kaalaththil kattappattathu. poar mattrum minnal vediththa vediporutkal (1942) kaaranamaaga adhu oralavu azhikkappattathu endra unmai kaaranamaaga idhu thaamathamaanathu, idhu oru paathukaappu nadavadikkaiyaaga baalaththin meethu vaikkappattathu.

swinnesand vantena swinesund vantena (,) anedi swinesund vadda idefjordnu daatutuu, sweeden mariyu naarvelanu kalipe vampu vantena. swedish municipality off stramstadnu norwegian municipality off halden nundi vaeru chese sabdam swinesund, anduvalla idhi eee praantamloo norway mariyu sweeden madhya sarihaddu. eee vantena rendu deshaala madhya paschima sarihaddu daatadam (mariyu dakshinaana okati) mariyu eee praantamloo pradhana traaphik maargam ayina european maargam e6 nuu teesukuvelutundi, idhi oslo mariyu migilina norwaynu gothenberg, malmo, copenhagen mariyu migilina airopatho kaluputundi. vantena yokka vivarana. kotta swinesund vantena anedi swinesund vadda edefzoard meedugaa nirminchina rahadari vantena. vantena nirmaana vyayam 500 millionlu kaga, sameepinche pani, customs (idhi european union sarihaddu) mariyu toll plaajaalu, mariyu ii6 kosam kotta interchangeelu (paatha vantena mariyu paatha ii6 sthaanika margaluga maaradamtho) thoo sahaa project mottam vyayam 1,400 millionlu. eee project swedish mariyu norwegian rahadari adhikaarula ummadi venture, mariyu anni kharchulaku vasoolu chesina sunkaalatoe (konni rachanalu vaatini "rahadari pannu" gaa suuchistaayi) nidhulu samakuurchaali. rendu vantenalanu rendu disalaku toll chesaaru. toll plaza 2021 marchi 15naa aagipoyindi. vantena yokka mottam podavu ukku pette-gurder uparitala nirmaanamtho paatu saadhaarana balopetam cheyabadina concreetulo uparitala nirmaanaanni kaligi untundi. vantena yokka pradhana podavu sumaruga untundi mariyu oke saadhaarana balopetam cheyabadina concreat vampunu kaligi untundi, idhi vampuku iruvaipula rendu ukku baaks-gurder vantena deklanu kaligi untundi. vampu mariyu vantena deck paibhagam yokka sthaayi varusaga + mariyu +. vantena decking sthaayi kante vampu paiki leche vantena bhaagamlo, rendu vantena declu madhyalo unchina traverse kiranaalatoe kalustaayi. traverse kiranaalu concreat vampuku hangerla dwara maddatu istayi. nirmaana gamanikalu. eee vantenanu 2003 mariyu 2005 madhya nirminchaaru mariyu 2005 juun 10naa praarambhinchabadindi mariyu adhe samvatsaram juun 13naa traaphik kosam teravabadindi. rendu keelu concreetu vampu vantena kosam asadhaaranamgaa, vampu taatkaalika cable stays maddatu gala contilever nirmaanaanni upayoginchi nirminchabadindi. eee vantenanu bilfinger berger roopondinchaaru, ayana saadhaarana contractorluga kooda panicheesaaru. vampu yokka rendu bhagalu oke vidhamaina adhirohana formworknu upayoginchi veyabaddaayi, cable conveyor dwara kaankreetunu andinchaaru. nirmaana vyavasthalo hydraulic selph climbing casting acchunu kaligi undhi, idhi dheeniki langaru veyabadindi iteevala puurtayina vampu vibhagam, mariyu vibhagalu vaaraaniki sumaru 1 choppuna jodinchabaddaayi (prakriyanu choopinche drushtaantam). prati vibhaagamlo sumaru 60 cubic meterla keey70 taragati kaankreetunu upayoginchaaru, mariyu prati vaipuku sumaru 50 vibhagalu undevi. vampu kooda bolugaa undhi, manchu mariyu manchu nirminchakundaa unchadaaniki taapana coils, alaage navigation laitlu mariyu antargata nirvahana margalu (ummadi vantena samachara sait vadda eee pdf nundi teesukunna samacharam) andinchabadindi. vampu sthaanamlo unna tarvaata, basalu, taatkaalika concreat stay towerlu mariyu cable kanveyarlanu tolaginchi, rahadaarula vibhaagaalanu jodinchaaru. konnintini aaa sthaanamlo chaerchaaru, conny vampu kinda unna madhya rahadari vibhaganni puurti vibhagamga, padavalapai theeluthuu, aaa sthaanamlo penchaaru. paatha swinesund vantena. thoorpuna 1946 juun 15naa praarambhinchina puurvapu swinesund vantenaku paatha swinesund vantenagaa paeru maarchabadindi, ayithe idhi ippatikee kotta vantenaku puurakamgaa panichestondi. kotta vantena andubaatulo unnanduna paatha vantenapai bhaarii truckulu (sthuula baruvu minchipovadam) ikapai anumatinchabadavu. vastuvula vaanijyamlo gananeeyamaina bhaganni vantenanu daatutunna truckulu teesukuveltaayi, ivi ippudu kotta vantenapai prayaanistunnaayi. idhi yuddha kaalamlo nirminchabadindi. yuddham kaaranamgaa idhi alasyam ayyindi mariyu rakshana charyaga vantenapai unchina merupu paeludu padaarthaalanu (1942) prerepinchinappudu idhi paakshikamgaa naasanam cheyabadindi.

swinesand pull swinesand pull (yee) eek aark pull hay juu swinesand mein iduff jord kuu abur kartaa hay aur sweaden aur naarway kuu jodta hay. swinacend eek aawaz hay juu sweadish baldiyah stromistad kuu naarway kii baldiyah halden say alg karti hay aur iss tarah yaha iss khatay mein naarway aur sweaden kay darmiyan sarhad hay. yaha pull donon mamalik kay darmiyan maghrabi tareen sarhadi guzargah (aur janub mein say eek) hay aur europi roat ayee 6 kuu lay jaataa hay juu iss elaqay mein trafic kaa eek badaa raastah hay juu oslo aur baaqi naarway kuu gothenberg maalmo kopan haggen aur baaqi europ say jodta hay. pull kii wazahat. neeya swinesand pull swinesand mein iduff jord kay paar eek hayee way pull hay. pull kii tameer kii laagat 500 millin ddaalar thee jabkah project kii kill laagat bashmol aproch wark custom (yaha eek europi union kii sarhad hay) aur toal plazah aur ayee 6 kay liye nayey interchanges (paraaney pull aur paraaney ayee 6 kay maqami raastay bannay kay saath) 14,00 millin ddaalar thee. yaha mansubah sweadish aur naarway kay sadak hakaam kaa eek mushtarkah mansubah hay aur tamaam ikhrajat kuu toles (kachh tehreeron mein inhein "road teks" kahaa jaataa hay) kay zariye jamaa kiyaa jaana hay. donon pull donon samaton mein palaye gayey thay. toal plazah 15 maarch 2021 kuu rakk gayaa. pull kii kill lambayi aam mazboot concret mein eek zeeli dahanchay parr mushtamil hay aur iss kay saath eek steel baaks-girder spir structure hay. bastiyon kay darmiyan pull kaa bunyadi doraniah taqriba hay aur eek aam mazboot concret kay mehraab parr mushtamil hay jiss mein duu steel baaks-girder pull deek haine eek mehraab kay donon taraf. mehraab aur pull kay deek kay opri hasay kii satah baltarteeb + aur + hay. pull kay iss hasay parr jehaan mehraab pull kii decking kii satah say oopar uthta hay donon pull deek marakaz mein waaqa traverse beam say jaday hotay haine. traverse beams kuu badlay mein hangers kay zariye concret kay mehraab takk sport kiyaa jaataa hay. tamirati nott. yaha pull 2003 aur 2005 kay darmiyan tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss kaa iftatah 10 joone 2005 kuu kiyaa gayaa thaa aur asee saal 13 joone kuu trafic kay liye khool diyaa gayaa thaa. ghair mamuli toor parr duu qabze waalay concret kay mehraab pull kay liyay mehraab aarizi cable stay kii madad say cantlever kii tameer kaa istemaal kartay hoay banaya gayaa thaa. pull kuu bull funger barjar nay banaya thaa juu general thikedar kay toor parr bhee kaam kartay thay. mehraab kay duu hasoon kuu asee tarah kay chadhnay kay faarm wark kaa istemaal kartay hoay cast kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein cable kanveer kay zariye farahim kardah concret thaa. tamirati nazaam mein eek hydrolic seilf climbing casting mould thaa juu iss parr langar andaaz thaa haal hyee mein makmal honay waala aark segment aur segment kuu taqriba 1 phee haftah kii sharah say shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa (misaal kay toor parr amal dikhaya gayaa hay). harr hasay mein taqriba 60 cubic metter kay 70 klaas concret istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa aur harr taraf taqriba 50 hasay thay. mehraab khood khokhla hay aur asay barf aur barf kii tameer say paak rakhnay kay liye heating kandali kay saath saath navigation lights aur androni deekh bhaal kay raastay (mushtarkah pull kii malumat kii saait parr iss pee ddee aif say lee gayee malumat) farahim kiye gayey haine. eek baar jabb mehraab apnee jagah parr how gayaa tuu qayaam aarizi concret kay qayaam kay towers aur cable kanveerz kuu hataa diyaa gayaa aur sadak kay hasoon kuu shaamil kirr diyaa gayaa. kachh kuu jagah jagah shaamil kiyaa gayaa leakin mehraab kay neechey markazi sadak kay hasay kuu eek makmal hasay kay toor parr bargez parr teraya gayaa aur iss jagah kuu badhaya gayaa. praana swinesand pull. saabiq swinesand pull jiss kaa iftatah 15 joone 1946 kuu mashriq mein hawaa thaa kaa naam badal kirr praana swinesand pull rakh diyaa gayaa thaa leakin yaha abb bhee nayey pull kii takmeel kay toor parr kaam kirr rehaa hay. paraaney pull parr bhaari turkon (majmuyi wazan say ziyadah) kii ajazat nahein hay keunkah abb neeya dastiyaab hay. saamaan kii naarway kii tajarat kaa eek aham hasah pull kuu abur karnay waalay turkon kay zariye lay jayaa jaataa thaa juu abb nayey pull parr safar kartay haine. asay jung kay door mein tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss mein takhir iss jung kii wajah say hoyee thee aur yaha haqeeqat kahh jabb bajli nay dhamakah khaiz mawaad kuu bhadkaya tuu yaha jazwi toor parr tabaah how gayaa thaa (1942)yee jasay dafayi aqdaam kay toor parr pull parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.

0007f7da7964592abafd1700d0492efdd68b96aa6c91f8857d646e204e996c22

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61858247

Ellen Kyle Noel

Ellen Kyle Noel Irish Canadian writer Ellen Kyle Noel pseud. Mrs. J.V. Noel. (22 December 1815 – 20 June 1873), was an Irish Canadian writer who published a number of novels through journals and serialization. Early life and education. Born Ellen Kyle in 1815 to Christopher Kyle and an Anglican family in Ireland. Noel emigrated to Ontario, Canada, settling in Kingston where she met John le Vavasour Noel and they married in 1833. Noel ran a seminary for women in Savannah, Georgia in the United States from about 1836 to 1847. While in the US the family name changed slightly to Vavasour. The couple returned to Kingston in 1847. They had seven children, one of whom, also Ellen, was also a writer. Noel wrote stories and serialized novels in periodicals based in Montreal and Toronto using the name "Mrs JV Noel". Her work appeared in the "Canadian Illustrated News" and the "Saturday Reader". Noel died of liver cancer in 1873.<ref name="CWRC/CSEC 2018"></ref> References and sources. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

elen kaile nuwel elen kaile nuwel sodmoname. srimoti. je.bhi. nuwel. (22 disembor 1815-20 june 1873) ejon aairis kanadian lekhok aasil jiye alusoni aaru dharabahikor joriyote keibakhonu uponyax prokax korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. 1815 sonot irelandor christopher kaail aaru etaa inglis poriyalor poraa elen kailor jonmo hoisil. nuwele kanadar ontoriyuloi probrojon kori kingxtonot boxoti sthapon korisil zo 'too teu john ley bhabhasar nuwelok log paisil aaru teuluke 1833 sonot bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. nuwele 1836 sonor poraa 1847 sonoloike aamerika juktorastror georgier sabhannat mohilaxokolor baabe etaa seminary solaisil. aanhate aamerikat poriyalor naamtu olop xoloni hoi bhabhasar hoisil. dompotihal 1847 sonot kingstonoloi ubhoti aahisil. teulukor xatota xontan aasil, jaar bhitorot ejon, elenou ejon lekhok aasil. nuwele "srimoti je bhi nuwel" naamtu byobohar kori montriyel aaru torontur uporot aadharito xamoyik kakotxomuhot kahini aaru dharabahik uponyax likhisil. teur kaam "kanadian xositro baatori" aaru "xonibare paathok" too prokax paisil. 1873 sonot jokritor korkot rugot nuwelor mrityu hoisil.>

elen kaile noel elin kaile noel chhoddo. misses. jeey.vee. noel. (22 december 1815-20 june 1873), ekjon airish kanadian lekhok chhilen jini journal ebong serializationer madhyome besh koyekti uponyas prakash korechilen. prathomik jeebon ebong shikkha. 1815 saale irelander christopher kaile ebong ekti anglican poribare elen kaile jonmogrohon corren. noel kanadar ontariote choley asen, kingstone bosoti sthapon corren jekhane tini john leey bhavasur noeler saathe dekha corren ebong taaraa 1833 saale biye corren. noel 1836 theke 1847 saal porjonto markin juktorashtrer georgier savana mohilader jonno ekti seminary porichalona korechilen. markin juktorashtre poribarer naam kichuta bodole vavasore hoy. eyi dampati 1847 saale kingstone firey asen. taader satti santan chhilo, jaader modhye ekjon, eleno chhilen ekjon lekhok. noel "misses jebhi noel" namti byabohar korey montrial ebong torronto vittik samoyikigulite golpo ebong dharabahik uponyas likhechilen. taanr kaaj "kanadian sachitra sangbad" ebong "shanibar patthok"-ayee prokashito hoyechilo. 1873 saale libhara cancerey noel maaraa zaan.>

elen kyle noel aelan kyle noel suid. shrimati. jeey.vee. noel. (22 december 1815-20 juuna 1873), aek irish kenediyan lekhak hataa jemane saamyiko aneey shrenibaddh dwara sankhyaabandh navalkathaao prakashit curry hatee. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. shikshan christopher kaayal aneey irelandma aek anglican parivaarmaa elen kayalno janm thayo. noel kenedana ontariyoma sthalaantarit thaee, kingstenma sthaayi thaee jyaan tenee john leey vavasor noelne malee aneey teoae teoae lagna karyaa. noel noel 1847 sudhee united statesma georgiana savannahma maheelao maate seminary chalaavati hatee. jyaare yuu. aesa. maan kutumbanu naam sahej vavasorma badlai gayoo hatoo. aaa dampati dampati kingsten parat faryaa. temne saat baadako hataa, jemathi aek, elen pann, lekhak hataa. noele "shrimati jeey. vee. noel" naamno upyog kareene montriyal aneey torrento aadharit saamyikoma vaartao aneey shrenibaddh navalkathaao lakhee hatee. teneenu kaary "kenediyan sachitra samachar" aneey "shanivaarnaa vaachak" maan dekhaayu hatoo. hatoo noelnu leaver kensarthi mrutyu thayu hatoo.>

elen kyle noel ellen kyle noel chhadm. shrimati. jey.vee. noel. (22 disambar 1815-20 juuna 1873), ack ayrish kanadai lekhak they jinhone patrikaon aur dharavahikon key madhyam seey kaee upanyaas prakaashit kiye. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. 1815 mein christopher kyle aur ireland mein ack anglican parivaar mein ellen kyle kaa janm huaa. noel ontario, kanada mein buss gaee, jahan vaha johnn leey vavasaur noel seey millie aur unhone 1833 mein shaadi kii. noel ney lagbhag 1836 seey 1847 taka sanyukt raajya america mein georgia key sawana mein mahilaaon key liye ack madarsa chalaaya. jabaki america mein parivaar kaa naam thodaa badalkar vavasaur curr diyaa gayaa. dampati 1847 mein kingsten laut aae. unake saat bachche they, jinamen seey ack, elen bhee, ack lekhak they. noel ney "shrimati jey. vee. noel" naam kaa upayog karke montrial aur torrento mein adharit patrikaon mein kahaaniyan aur dharavahik upanyaas likhe. unakaa kaam "kanadai sachitra samachar" aur "shaniwar key paathak" mein dikhaai diyaa. 1873 mein noel kii yakrit cancer seey mrityu hoe gaee.>

ellen kail noel ellen kail noel husi. srimati. zhe.vii. noel. (december 22,1815-zoon 20,1873), airish kenadaada barahagararagiddaru, avaru niyatakaalikagalu mattu dhaaraavaahigala moolaka halavaaru kaadambarigalannu prakatisidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. 1815ralli christopher kail mattu airlendna anglican kutumbakke ellen kail janisidaru. noel kenadaada ontaariyoge valase hodaru, allie avaru zaan leey vavasore noel avarannu bhetiyaadaru mattu avaru 1833 ralli vivaahavaadaru. noel sumaru 1836 rinda 1847 ravarege united statesna georgiyada savannaadalli mahileyarigaagi seminariyannu nadesuttiddaru. aadare usnalli kutumbada hesaru svalpamattige vavasore endu badalaayitu. ee dampatigalu 1847ralli kingstenge maralidaru. avarige elu makkaliddaru, avaralli obbaraada ellen kooda barahagararagiddaru. noel avaru "srimati jevi noel" emba hesarannu balasikondu montrial mattu torranto aadhaarita niyatakaalikagalalli kathegalannu mattu sarani kaadambarigalannu baredaru. aakeya krutiyu "kenadian sachitra suddi" mattu "shanivaarada oduga" dalli kaanisikonditu. 1873ralli noel yakruttina cancerninda nidhanaraadaru.>

elen kyle noel elon kyle noel chhadm. shrimati. jeey.vhee. noel. (22 december 1815-20 juuna 1873), heey eka ayrish canadian lekhak hote, jyanni niyatkalikanchya aanee malikanchya madhyamatoon anek kadambya prakashit kelya. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. 1815 madhye irelandmadhil khristofar kyle aanee eka anglican kutumbat elen kailcha janm jhaala. noel canadatil auntario yethe sthalantarit jhaali, kingstenmadhye sthayik jhaali jithe tee johnn leey vavasore noella bhetali aanee 1833 madhye tyanni lagn kele. noelne sumare 1836 teey 1847 paryant americetil georgiachya savana yethe mahilansathi eka shikshanshala chalavali. tarr americet kutumbache naav thodese badaloon vavasore jhaale. heey jodape 1847 madhye kingstenla paratale. tyanna saat mule hotee, jyapaiki eka, elen dekhil lekhak hota. noelne montriyal aanee toronto yaa bhashetil niyatkalikanmadhye 'shrimati jeey. vhee. noel' heey naav vaparoon katha aanee malika kadambya lihilya. tiche kaam 'canadian sachitra batamya' aanee 'shaniwar vachak' madhye prakashit jhaale. 1873 madhye noelche yakrutachya karkarogane nidhan jhaale. <ref naav = "see. doubleu. aar. see./see. ess. eae. see. 2018"> </ref>

allen kaile noel allen kaile noel chhadma. shrimati. jey.wee. noel. (22 december 1815-20 june 1873), ek iris canadian lekhak thie jasle journal rar serialisation marfat dherai upanyasharu prakashit gare. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. christopher kaile rar ayarlandko euta angreji pariwarma sann 1815 maa allen kyleko janma bhaeko thiyo. noel ontario, canadama basain sareki thiin, kingstonma basobas garin jahaan unle john ley bhabhasor noellai bheteki thiin rar uniharule 1833 maa vivaha gare. noelle lagbhag 1836 dekhi 1847 samma sanyukta rajya americako georgiako sawannama mahilaharuka lagi seminary chalaeki thiin. jabki sanyukta rajya americama pariwarko naam thorai pariwartan bhaera bhabhasor bhayo. dampati sann 1847 maa kingston farke. uniharuka saat santan thie, jasmadhye ek, allen pani, lekhak thie. noelle "shrimati jebhi noel" naam prayog garera montrial rar torantoma adharit patrikaharuma kathaharu rar dharawahik upanyasharu lekhe. unko kaam "canadian sachitra samachar" rar "shanibar pathak" maa dekha paryo. noelko 1873 maa kalejoko cancerbata mrityu bhayo. <ref naam = "cwrc/csec 2018"> </ref>

elen kyle noel elen kyle noel chhadma. srimati. jay.bhi. noel. (22 december 1815-20 june 1873), jane airish canadia lekhaka thile jie journal ebong dharabahikata madhyamare aneka upenyas prakash karithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. 1815 masihare ayaralandara eka ingraji paribara ebong christopher kailnka ghare elen kyle janmagrahana karithile. noel kanadara ontarioku sthanantarita hoithile, kingstanare sthajee bhabe basabasa karithile jeunthare shay zohn leey bhabhasora noelanku bhetithile ebong semane 1833 ray bibaha karithile. noel praiah 1836 ru 1847 parjyanta americara georgier sabhanare mahilamananka paain eka seminary chalauthile. jetebele aamerikare paribarara naama samanya badali bhabhasorare parinata hoithila . ehi dampati 1847 ray kingastanaku pherithile. semanankara saata john pila thile, jeunmananka madhyaru jane, elen madhya jane lekhaka thile . noel "srimati jay. bhi. noel" naama byabahara curry montreal ebong torranto aadharita samajika patrikare kahani ebong dharabahika upenyas lekhithile. taanka karjya "canadia sachitra khabara" ebong "shanibara pathaka" ray prakashita hoithila . 1873 masihare noel jakruta karkata rogare mrutyubarana karithile.>

ailan kayile noel éllen kyle noel pseud. shriman jee. jey.vee. noel. (22 dasambar 1815-20 juun 1873), ikk irish canadian lekhak see jiss neey rasaliaan atey ladivaran raahin kaee nawal prakashit keete. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. 1815 witch christopher kayile atey ireland witch ikk angrezi parivaar witch ailan kayile daa janam hoiaa. noel ontario, canada chalee gaee, kingsten witch vas gaee jitthe uh john leey vavasaur noel noon millie atey unhan neey 1833 witch viaah karwa liaa. noel neey lagbhag 1836 toon 1847 takk sanyukat raaj amrica witch georgia dey swana witch aurtan laee ikk madrassa chalaiaa. jadon kii sanyukat raaj witch parivaar daa naam thodah badal keey vavasaur hoow giaa. ih jodda sann 1847 witch kingsten waps aaiaa. unhan dey satt bacche sunn, jinhan vicchon ikk, ailan vee, ikk lekhak see. noel neey "shrimati jey. vee. noel" naam dee varton karde hoye montrial atey torranto witch adharat rasaliaan witch kahaniaan atey ladiwar nawal likhe. uss daa kamm "canadian sachitra khabran" atey "shanivar reeder" witch prakashit hoiaa. noel dee maut 1873 witch jigar dey cancer naal hoee see.>

elen kail noyal elen kail noyal sood. shrimati. jey.vi. novel. (22 december 1815-20 joon 1873), ekaha airish-kanadian-lekhakah aasit yah niyatakalikanam, dhaaraavaahinaam cha madhyamena anekaani upanyasani prakashitavan. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. 1815 tame varshe christopher kail ityasya, airlyaand-deshasya aangl-kutumbe cha elen kail iti namna janma praapnot. noyel ityeshaa kenadaadeshasy ontario-nagaram prati pravaasam krutvaa kingston-nagare sthayikaya yatra saa jaan leey vavaasor noyel ityenam militavatee, 1833 tame varshe te vivaahitaah cha abhavan. noyel ityeshaa samyuktarajyamerikadesha georgia-deshasya savannaa-nagare praayah 1836 taha 1847 paryantam mahilanam krute seminary chaalayat. amerikaadeshe tasya parivaarasya naam swalpam parivartya vavaasor iti abhavat. dampatee 1847 tame varshe kingston-nagaram pratyaagatavantah. teshaam sapta putraah aasan, yeshu ekaha elen api lekhakah aasit. noyel ityeshaa "shreemati jey. vee. noyel" iti namna montriyal-torrento-bhashayoho niyatakalikasu kathaah, dhaaraawaahik-upanyasani cha alikhat. tasyaah krutihi "kanadian illustrated nyoos" tathaa "shanivaasare reeder" ityasmin prakaashitam. noyel 1873 tame varshe yakruta-karkarogen mrutah. <ref-naam = "cwrc/csec 2018"> </ref>

ellen kyle noyal ellen kyle noel poali. thirumathi. jay.vii. noel. (22 disambar 1815-20 juun 1873), oru airish kanadiya ezhuththaalar aavaar, avar paththirigaigal mattrum thodar moolam pala naavalkalai veliyittaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. 1815 aam aandil christopher kyle mattrum ayarlaandhil oru aangkilak kudumbaththirku ellan kyle piranthaar. noel kanadaavin onrariyoavukku kudipeyarnthaar, kingstenil kudiyaerinaar, angku avar john leeii vavasore noyelai sandhiththaar, avarkal 1833 ill tirumanam seithu kondanar. noel 1836 muthal 1847 varai americavil ulla georgiavin savannaavil penkalukkaana oru seminary nadaththinaar. athae neraththil americavil kudumbaththin peyar sattru maariyathu. inththa jody 1847 aam aandil kingstenukkuth thirumbinar. avarkalukku aezhu kuzhandhaigal irunththanar, avarkalil oruvar, ellen, oru ezhuththaalarum kooda. noel "emm. aarr. ess. jay. vii. noel" endra peyaraip payanpaduththi montrial mattrum torrandovai adippadaiyaagak konda paththirigaigalil kadhaigal mattrum thodar naavalkalai ezhuthinaar. avarathu padaippugal "kanadiyan vilakkapatta seithigal" mattrum "sanikkizhamai vaasagar" aagiyavattril thoantrina. 1873ill kalleeral puttrunoayaal noyel iranthaar.>

ellen kail noel ellen kail noel nakilee. srimati. zhe.vii. noel. (22 december 1815-20 juun 1873), oka airish kenadian rachayita, ayana patrikalu mariyu serialization dwara aneka navlalanu prachurinchaaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. vidya christopher kail mariyu irelandloni oka aangla kutumbamlo ellen kail janminchaaru. noel kenadaaloni antarioku valasa velli, kingstonlo sthirapadindi, akkada aame zaan leey vavasore noyelnu kalusukunnaru mariyu vaaru vaaru vivaham chesukunnaru. noel 1836 nundi 1847 varaku united statesloni georgialoni savannalo mahilala kosam oka seminaryni nadiparu. ayithe ayithe kutumba paeru koddigaa vavasorga maarindi. eee janta janta kingstonku tirigi vacchaaru. vaariki eduguru pillalu unnaaru, vaarilo okaru, ellen kooda rachayita. noel "srimati jevi noel" anae paerunu upayoginchi montrial mariyu torranto aadhaaramgaa patrikalalo kathalu mariyu seeriyal navalalu raasaaru. aame rachanalu "kenadian sachitra vaartalu" mariyu "sanivaaram paatakula" loe kanipinchaayi. kanipinchaayi noel kaaleya cancertho maraninchaadu.>

eline keeli naveel eline keeli naveel farzi. mohtarmah. jay.wee. naveel. (22 dasambar 1815-20 joone 1873)yee eek aairish canadian masnaf thay jinhon nay jarayed aur cerelisation kay zariye mutadid naawal shaye kiye. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. eline keeli 1815 mein christopher keeli aur ireland mein eek angrez khaandaan mein paida hoay. naveel oontario canada hijrat kirr gayee kingsten mein aabaad how gayee jehaan iss kii mulaqat jaan lee waasoor naveel say hoyee aur inhon nay 1833 mein shaadi kii. naveel nay taqriba 1836 say 1847 takk riyasathaye muthadah mein jarjiya kay sawana mein khwatin kay liye eek madarsa chalaya. jabkah america mein khaandaani naam qadray badal kirr waasoor how gayaa. yaha jodaa 1847 mein kingsten waps aayaa. inn kay saat bachay thay jinn mein say aike ailan bhee masnaf thaa. naveel nay "mohtarmah jay wee naveel" kaa naam istemaal kartay hoay montriyal aur torrento mein mubni rasalon mein kahaniyan aur cerelised naawal likhay. inn kaa kaam "canadian alstratod newz" aur "sneacher reader" mein shaye hawaa. naveel 1873 mein jigar kay cancer say inteqal kirr gayey. <reef naam = "cwrc/csec 2018"> </reef>

0007fb285836e581bde629eca2ecbdc0efe2ff045d889f400defaed2d3b6a2f2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34311460

Emperors SaGa

Emperors SaGa is a downloadable social game in the "SaGa" series from Square Enix. The game was released on the GREE platform on September 18, 2012 and on Mobage and NTT DoCoMo on November 28, 2013. It was shut down on April 28, 2017. In "Emperors SaGa", players take the role of the emperor of a nation, and guide the country as its ruler. Gameplay. The game features a combat system utilizing digital playing cards. The game itself is free, and players purchase packs of cards for the game with real money. Those cards represent allies that the player can use to battle enemies. The game can be accessed on Japanese smartphones and feature phones by going to a website hosted by GREE. Story. Players run their own kingdom as the emperor, craft a unique history, and save the world from an unprecedented crisis. Situations, characters and villains from past "SaGa" games are present. Development. Takehiro Ando, a Square Enix executive in charge of social games, said that adapting the SaGa series to a mobile social game was difficult, especially since he grew up with the original games and did not want to upset longtime fans with too many changes. Pre release. The trademark for the title "Emperor SaGa" was registered by Square Enix in September 2010. The game itself was announced at the 2011 Tokyo Game Show. GREE, the Japanese social platform, merged with OpenFeint in 2012, and Emperors SaGa was listed as a title that would be featured on the service. The artwork was designed by Tomomi Kobayashi. Square Enix ran a promotion pre-release that if players registered for the game before it came out, they received a rare in-game card, Andromache. The title is freemium, downloadable for free but allowing a player to purchase more content with in app purchases. The game was produced by GREE, the Japanese gaming social network. Reception. Michael Baker of RPGamer heavily disliked the game when he played a demo of it. He found that much of the plot he saw was directly taken from earlier games like "Romancing SaGa 2" and "Romancing SaGa 3", that the gameplay consisted mainly of clicking on links, and the iPhone game was not responsive to input. 1UP.com listed the game as one of five classic Japanese mobile games unlikely to come to North America. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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0007fd2fa71be10f5ddad6a89f994cb19db7c1288196cd1cd1992c7fc858a209

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=205550

Vasily Blyukher

Vasily Blyukher Vasily Konstantinovich Blyukher (December 1, 1889 – November 9, 1938), also spelled Blücher, was a Russian-Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union from 1935 until his death (under torture by the NKVD) in 1938. External links. Wikipedia has an article about: Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

vesili bliukher vesili constantinovis bliukher (1 disembor, 1889-9 novembor, 1938), jaar baanan blucheru aasil, 1935 sonor poraa 1938 sonot mrityu porjonto (eno. key. bhi. di. ror dwara otyasaror odhinot) sobhiyet unionor ejon rasian-sobhiyet xamorik commander aar aaru marshwel aasil. wikipediat etaa probondho aaseh wikimedia commonxor xoite xomporkito miriya aaseh

vasily bleukhar vasily constantinovich bleukhar (december 1,1889-navembar 9,1938), jini bluecher banano korechilen, ekjon russian-soviet samrik commander ebong 1935 saal theke 1938 saale taanr mrityu porjonto (enn. keey. vee. dii dwara nirjatoner adhine) soviet unioner marshala chhilen. wikipedia ekti nibondho royeche wikimedia commonser midia somporkito royeche

vesili blueker vesili constantinovich blueker (december 1,1889-november 9,1938), jene bluecher pann kahevama aave chhe, teey russian-soveeyat lashkari commander aneey 1935thee temnaa mrutyu sudhee (aena. keey. vee. dii. dwara yaatnaa hethal) soviyet sanghnaa marshel hataa. wikipedia paase aaa vishe aek lekh chheh wikimedia commonsma aaa sambandhit maadhyamo chheh

vasily blueker vasily constantinovic blueker (1 disambar, 1889-9 navambar, 1938), jise bluecher bhee likhaa jaataa haye, ack russie-soviyat sainya commander aur 1935 seey 1938 mein apani mrityu (aine. key. vee. dee. dwara yaatana key tahat) taka soviyat sangh key marshel they. wikipedia mein ack lekh haih wikimedia commons mein nimn seey sambandhit media haih

bluecher endoo uchcharisalaaguva vasily blueker vasily constantinovich blueker (december 1,1889-november 9,1938), 1935rinda 1938ralli avana maranadavaregu (enn. keey. vii. dii. chitrahimsege olagaada) soviyat okkootada rashyaada-soviyat military commander mattu marshel aagiddaru. wikipeediyaadalli ee kelaginavugala bagge ondu lekhanavide wikimedia commons ee kelaginavugalige sambandhisida madhyamagalannu hondideh

oru russian-soviyatt sainika commander 1935 muthal 1938 ll maranam vare (enn. keey. vii. diyude peedanatthinirayaayi) soviyatt yooniyante maarshalumaan bluecher ennum ucharikkappedunna vasily bluekhar vasily konstaantinovichu bluekhar (desember 1,1889-november 9,1938). wikipediyayil oru lekhanamunda wikimedia komansil ithumaayi bandhapetta maadyamangal undu

vasily blueker vasily constantinovich blueker (1 december 1889-9 november 1938), jyala blutcher asehi mhatale jaate, too eka russian-soviet lashkari commander aanee 1935 pasoon 1938 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant (aine. keey. vhee. dii. chya chhalakhali) soviet unioncha marshal hota. bahya duve. wikipediacha eka lekh aaheh wikimedia commonsmadhye khaleel vishayanshi sambandhit madhyame aaheth

bhasili bluekhar bhasili constantinovich bluekhar (december 1,1889-navember 9,1938), jahanku bluecher madhya lekhajae, jane rushiah-sobhieta samarika commander ebong 1935 ru 1938 ray taanka mrutyu parjyanta (enn. kee. bhi. dii. dwara nirjyatana adheenare) sobhiet unionara marshal thile. wikipidiaare eka nibandha rahichhih wikimedia kamansare nimnokta bisajagudika saha jadita ganamadhyama rahichhih

vasily bliookar vasily constantinovic bliookar (1 dasambar, 1889-9 navambar, 1938), jiss noon blitcher vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk russie-soviat fauji commander atey 1935 toon aapni maut takk (ainn. keey. vee. dee. duaara tashadad adheen) soviat union daa marshel see. wikipedia witch ikk lekh haiyav wikimedia commons witch iss naal sabandhat media haiyav

vasily bluekher vasily constantinovich bluekher (december 1,1889-november 9,1938), yah bluecher iti api uccharitah aasit, saha 1935 taha 1938 tame varshe mrutyuparyantam (enn. key. vee. dee. dwara yatanadhine) soviyat-sanghasya russian-soviyat-sainyasenaadhyakshah maarshal cha aasit. wikipedia ityatra ekaha lekhah asti-wikimedia commons ityatra sambaddhaani madhyamaha santi.

vaseeli blueker vassily constantinovich blueker (disambar 1,1889-navambar 9,1938), bluecher endrum ucharikkappadugiraar, oru russia-soviyath iraanuvath thalapathi mattrum 1935 muthal 1938 ill avarathu maranam varai (enn. kae. vii. dii siththiravathaiyin keezh) soviyath ontriyaththin marshell aavaar. vikkippeediyaavil pinvaruvana pattri oru katturai ullathu wikimedia commons idhu thodarpaana uudakangkalaik kondullathuh

vasily blueker vasily constantinovich blueker (december 1,1889-november 9,1938), bluecher anie kooda pilustaaru, 1935 nundi 1938loe athani maranam varaku (enn. keey. vii. dii. himsalo) soviet unionku russian-soviet sainika commander mariyu marshal. wikipedialo oka vyaasam undih wikimedia commons loe eee krindi vatiki sambandhinchina media undih

0007fd4e94addee85d95aaac3ba88f795e09a2738d8cdfba34cda7dcda91d0bf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1624997

Marine reserves of New Zealand

Marine reserves of New Zealand New Zealand has 44 marine reserves (as of August 2020) spread around the North, the South Island, and neighbouring islands, and on outlying island groups. They are governed by the Marine Reserves Act 1971 and administered by the Department of Conservation with assistance from the Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand Customs and the New Zealand Defence Forces. History. The Marine Reserves Act was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1971. In 2000, the Department of Conservation started a review of the Act, resulting in a draft Marine Reserves Bill that was introduced into Parliament in June 2002, but has not yet been voted on. The first marine reserve to be created was the Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve. The Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve was established next, although with only a partial ban on fishing; a full ban was implemented in 1998. The first two marine reserves in Fiordland were established at the request of New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fishermen in 1993. An additional eight reserves were established in Fiordland on the recommendation of the Guardians of Fiordland in 2005. The Whangarei Harbour Marine Reserve was established in 2006 with the active support of the students and faculty of nearby Kamo High School. Effects. The abundance of fish within the reserves creates spillover, or larval export, that boosts catches in neighbouring areas. In general, the reserves tend to attract a lot of recreational divers and fishermen. The divers are attracted to the abundant fish, coral, etc. inside the reserves. The fishermen are attracted to the areas just outside the reserves – where spillover creates an abundance of large game fish not found in other areas. The Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve, in particular, receives more than 200,000 visitors per year. It is a popular spot for snorkelers and scuba-divers, due to the abundance and diversity of fish now living within the reserve after over 30 years of protection. Species that can be found in the reserve include Australasian snapper and New Zealand sea urchin (kina). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

newzealandor xamudrik xongrokhito bonanchol newzealandor 44taa xamudrik xongrokhito bonanchol (2020 sonor aagosto maholoike) uttor, dokhyin dip aaru suburiya dipxomuh aaru baahiror dip gutxomuhot bistrito hoi aase. xeibur xamudrik xongrokhyon aain 1971-ror dwara porisalito hoy aaru mean paalon montraloy, newzealandor xulko aaru newzealandor protirokya bahinir xohayot xongrokhyon bibhagor dwara porisalito hoy. itihax. 1971 sonot newzealandor xongxodot xamudrik xongrokhyon aain grihit hoisil. 2000 sonot xongrokhyon bibhage ei aainor ek porzaluchona aarombho korisil jaar pholsworupe 2002 sonor june maahot xongxodot proborton koraa xamudrik xongrokhyon bidheyokor ekhon khosora proborton koraa hoisil, kintu etiyau bhutdan koraa huwa naai. sristi koraa prothom xamudrik xongrokhito bonanchol aasil kep rodney-ukari point xamudrik xongrokhito bonanchol. iyar pisot durbol nights dippunj xamudrik xongrokhyon sthapon koraa hoisil, jodiu maatro angxikbhabe maach dhorar uporot nixedhagya aarup koraa hoisil; 1998 sonot xompurno nixedhagya rupayan koraa hoisil. 1993 sonot newzealand federation owo commorcial fixorsor onurudhot feordlandot prothom dutaa xamudrik xongrokhyon sthapon koraa hoisil. 2005 sonot feordlandor obhibhawokxokolor poramorxo onuxori feordlandot otirikto aathta xongrokhyon sthapon koraa hoisil. usoror kaamu haiskulor saatro-chatri aaru xikhyokxokolor xokriyo xomorthonot 2006 sonot wangarei bondor xamudrik xongrokhyon sthapon koraa hoisil. probhab. xongrokhito bonancholor bhitorot maasor prosur porimane spilouver baa larbha roptanir sristi kore, jiye suburiya oncholot maach dhorar xongkhya briddhi kore. xadharonote, ei xongrokhito bonancholxomuhe bohutu monuronjonmulok dubujahaj aaru masmoriyaxokolok aakorxito kore. diverxokol prosur porimane puwa maach, probal aadir proti aakorxito hoy. xongrokhito sthanor bhitorot. masmoriyaxokole xongrokhito bonancholor thik baahiror oncholxomuhor proti aakorxito hoy-zo 'too spilouvare aan oncholot puwa nayay ene brihot maasor prosur porimanor sristi kore. kep rodney-ukari point xamudrik xongrokhito oncholot, bixexkoi, proti bosore 2,00,000 tokoiu odhik dorxonarthi aahe. 30 bosororu odhik xurokhyar pisot bortoman xongrokhito bonancholor bhitorot baax koraa maasor prosurota aaru boisitryor baabe ee snorkelor aaru schuba diverxokolor baabe ek jonopriyo sthan. xongrokhito oncholot puwa projatiburor bhitorot aase australier snaper aaru newzealandor chi aarsin (kinaa).

newzealander samudrik sanrakkhanagar newzealande 44tii samudrik sanrakkhanagar royeche (2020 saaler august porjonto) jaa uttor, dakkhin dweep ebong parshoborti dweeppunjo ebong bairer dweep gosthigulite chhoriye royeche. eguli 1971 saaler samudrik sanrakkhan aain dwara porichalito hoy ebong motsyo montrok, newzealand shulk ebong newzealand protirokkha bahinir sahayatai sanrakkhan bibhag dwara porichalito hoy. itihas. 1971 saale newzealander sangsad samudrik sanrakkhan aain pusses korey. 2000 saale sanrakkhan bibhag eyi aainer porjalochona shuru korey jaar foley 2002 saaler june maase sangsade ekti khasda samudrik sanrakkhan bill pesha koraa hoy, kintu ekhono taa niye bhot hoyney. prothom samudrik sanrakkhanagar toiri koraa hoyechilo cape rodney-okakari point samudrik sanrakkhanagar. erpor daridra nights dweeppunjo samudrik sanrakkhanagar protisthito hoy, jodio machh dhorar upor angshik nishedhagga chhilo; 1998 saale ekti sampurna nishedhagga karjokor koraa hoy. 1993 saale newzealand phedareshana off commercial fisherser anurodhe feordlande prothom duti samudrik sanrakkhanagar protisthito hoy. 2005 saale feordlander abhibhabokder superishe feordlande atirikto atti sanrakkhanagar protisthito hoy. nikatbarti camo uchcho bidyalayer shikkharthi ebong onushoder sakriya sahayatai 2006 saale hangarei bondor samudrik sanrakkhanagar protisthito hoy. prabhab. sanrakkhito elakar modhye prachur porimane machh chhoriye porar srishti korey, baa larva roptani korey, jaa parshoborti anchale machh dhora baday. sadharonbhabe, eyi sanrakkhito sthanguli prachur binodonmulok duburi ebong jeleder akrishto korey. duburigan prachur porimane machh, probal ityadir proti akrishto hoy. rijarbhogulir vitore. matsyajibira sanrakkhito elakar thhik bairer anchalgulir proti akrishto hoy-jekhane spielover prachur porimane borh machh toiri korey jaa anyanno anchale pawa yaay naa. cape rodney-okakari point samudrik sanrakkhanagar, bishesh korey, proti bochor 2,00,000 ero beshi dorsonarthi paay. 30 bochorero beshi surakkhar porr sanrakkhito sthane bosobaskari machher prachurjo ebong boichitrer karone etty snorkler ebong scuba-diverder jonno ekti janapriya sthan. eyi sanrakkhito anchale jey prajatiguli pawa yaay taar modhye royeche australian snapper ebong newzealand shee archin (kina).

newzealandna dariyai bhandar newzealandma 44 dariyai bhandar (august 2020 sudhimaa) uttar, dakshin taapu aneey padoshi taapuo aneey bahaarnaa taapu juthomaa felaayela chhe. teo dariyai anaamat adhiniyam 1971 dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe aneey matsyodhyog mantralay, newzealand customs aneey newzealand sanraxan daloni sahaythi sanraxan vibhag dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe. itihas. itihas newzealandnee sansad dwara dariyai anaamat kaayado pasaar karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato sanraxan vibhage aaa kaayadaani samiksha sharoo curry hatee, jenaa parinaame dariyai anaamat beelno musaddo juuna juuna sansadma rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, parantu haju sudhee tenaa parr matdaan thayu nathee. cape roadnee-okkaaree point dariyai anaamat aee saupratham dariyai anaamat banavvama aavee hatee. tyarbad garib nites taapuo dariyai anaamatni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, joke machhimari parr maatra aansheek pratibandh saathe; saathe; sampoorn pratibandh laagu karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato newzealandna vyaapaari machhimarona sanghnee vinanti parr feordlandma pratham beey dariyai anaamatni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee feordlandna vaalioni bhalaaman parr feordlandma vadharana aath anaamatni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. najiknaa kaamo uchch shaalaana vidhyarthio aneey shikshakona sakreey samarthan saathe saathe whangrei bandar dariyai anaamatni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. asaro. bhandarma maachhalini vipulataa spielover athavaa larvani nikas banaave chhe, jeey padoshi vistaroma maachhali pakadvama vadhaaro karey chhe. saamanya reete, aaa bhandar ghanaa manoranjak diverse aneey maachhimaarone aakarshe chhe. diverse vipul pramanma maachhaleeo, coral vagere taraf aakarshaay chhe. anaamatni andar. maachhimaaro anaamatni bahaarnaa vistaaro taraf aakarshaay chhe-jyaan spielover motee ramat maachhalini vipulataa banaave chhe jeey anya vistaroma jovaa malatee nathee. cape roadnee-okkaaree point dariyai anaamat, khaas kareene, darr varshe 200,000 thee vadhu mulaakaatio melve chhe. 30 varshthi vadhu rakshan pachhi havey anaamatmaa rahetee maachhalioni vipulataa aneey vividhtaane kaarane teey snoreclers aneey scuba-diverse maate aek lokpreey sthal chhe. aaa abhayaranyama jeey prajaatio jovaa maley chhe temaa australian snapper aneey newzealand see archin (kinaa) noow samaavesh thaay chhe.

newzealand key samudri bhandar newzealand mein 44 samudri bhandar (agast 2020 taka) uttar, dakshin dweep aur padosi dweepon aur baahari dweep samoohon mein faile hue hain. way samudri bhandar adhiniyam 1971 dwara shaasit hain aur matsya paalan mantralaya, newzealand seema shulk aur newzealand raksha balon kii sahaayata seey sanrakshan vibhaag dwara prashaasit hain. itihas. 1971 mein newzealand kii sansad dwara samudri bhandar adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 2000 mein sanrakshan vibhaag ney adhiniyam kii sameeksha shuru kii jisake parinamswarup juuna 2002 mein sansad mein ack masauda samudri bhandar vidheyak pesh kiya gayaa thaa, lekin abhee taka usa parr matdan naheen kiya gayaa haye. cape rodney-okkari point samudri reserve banaaya jaane vaalaa pahala samudri reserve thaa. isake baad garib night dweep samudri reserve kii sthaapana kii gaee, halanki machhali pakadane parr kewal aanshik pratibandh key saath; 1998 mein ack poorna pratibandh lagu kiya gayaa thaa. 1993 mein vaanijyik machuaaron key newzealand mahasangh key anurodh parr fireland mein pahale dou samudri bhandar sthaapit kiye gaye they. 2005 mein fireland key sanrakshkon kii sifarish parr fireland mein ack atirikt aathh bhandar sthaapit kiye gaye they. whangrei bandargah samudri reserve kii sthaapana 2006 mein paas key kaamo hyee school key chhatron aur sankaay key sakriya samarthan seey kii gaee thee. prabhaav. bhandar key bheetar machhliyon kii prachurta seey risaav yaa larva niryaat hotaa haye, joe padosi kshetron mein machhali pakadane koo badhaava detaa haye. samanya taur parr, bhandar bahut saare manoranjak gotakhoron aur machuaaron koo aakarshit karate hain. gotakhor prachur matra mein machhali, prawal aadi kii or aakarshit hotey hain. bhandar key ander. machuaare bhandar key thheek baahar key kshetron kii or aakarshit hotey hain-jahan risaav badee machhali kii bahutaayat paida kartaa haye joe anya kshetron mein naheen paaee jaati haye. cape rodney-okkari point samudri reserve, vishesh roop seey, prati varsh 200,000 seey adhik agantukon koo praapt kartaa haye. 30 saal seey adhik kii suraksha key baad abb reserve key bheetar rahane vaali machhliyon kii prachurta aur vividhata key kaaran yeh snorkelers aur scuba-diverse key liye ack lokpriya sthaan haye. reserve mein paaee jaane vaali prajaatiyon mein australiyai snapper aur newzealand see archin (kinaa) shamil hain.

newzealandna sagara misalugalu newzealand 44 samudra misalugalannu (august 2020 rante) uttara, daksina dweepa mattu nereya dweepagalu mattu horagina dweepa gumpugalalli haradide. avugalannu 1971rahra sagara meesalu kaayideyu nirvahisuttade mattu meenugaarike sachivalaya, newzealand customs mattu newzealand raxana padegala sahayadinda samrakshana ilakheyu nirvahisuttade. itihaasa. 1971ralli newzealandna samsattu sagara meesalu kaydeyannu angeekarisitu. 2000ralli samrakshana ilakheyu ee kaydeya parishilaneyannu praarambhisitu, idara parinaamavaagi 2002rahra joonnalli samsattinalli karadu samudra meesalu masoodeyannu parichayisalaayitu, aadare innoo adara mele matadaana nadedilla. rachisalaada modala sagara meesalu cape rodney-okari point sagara meesalu pradeshavaagittu. nantara bada nites dweepagala sagara meesalu aranyavannu sthaapisalaayitu, aadaagyoo meenugaarikege bhagashah nishedhavannu maatra vidhisalaayitu; 1998ralli sampoorna nishedhavannu jaarige taralaayitu. 1993ralli newzealand federation off commers minugaarara korikeya merege feordlandna modala eradu samudra misalugalannu sthaapisalaayitu. 2005ralli feordlandna poshakara shifarasina merege feordlandnalli hechchuvari entu meesalu aranyagalannu sthaapisalaayitu. hattirada camo proudhashaaleya vidyaarthigalu mattu bodhakara sakriya bembaladondige 2006ralli vangeri bandaru sagara meesalu aranyavannu sthaapisalaayitu. parinamagalu. meesalu pradeshagalolage heralavaagi meenugalu iruvudarinda sorike athawa larva raftu untaaguttade, idu nereya pradeshagalalli meenu hidiyuvikeyannu hechchisuttade. samanyavagi, ee meesalu pradeshagalu bahalashtu manaranjana divergalu mattu meenugararannu aakarshisuttave. divergalu heralavaada meenugalu, havala ityaadigalige akarshitaraguttare. misalugala olage. meenugaararu meesalu pradeshagala horagina pradeshagalige akarshitaraguttare-allie itara pradeshagalalli kanisada dodda aatada meenugalu heralavaagi srushtiyaguttave. cape rodney-okakari point sagara meesalu aranyavu, nirdishtavagi, varshakke 200,000 kkoo hecchu sandarshakarannu padeyuttade. 30 varshagala raksaneya nantara eega meenina samruddhate mattu vaividhyateyindaagi idu snarklergalu mattu scooba-divergalige janapriya sthalavagide. ee meesalu pradeshadalli kandubaruva prabhedagalalli australian snapper mattu newzealand sea archin (kina) serive.

nyoosilaandile samudra shekharangal nyoosilandil 44 samudra samrakshana kendrangalundu (2020 august vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram) vadakku, thekkan dweep, ayal dveepukal, puram dweep grouppukal ennividangalil vyaapichukidakkunnu. 1971 leeii maraine reserve act anusarichaanu avaa niyanthrikkappedunnath, fisheries mantraalayam, nyoosiland kasttams, nyoosiland prathirodha seena ennivayude sahaayathode samrakshana vakuppaan avaa niyanthrikkunnath. charithram. 1971ll nyoosiland paarlament maraine reserves act pasaki. 2000ll samrakshana vakupp eee niyamatthinte avalokanam aarambhichu, athinte falamaayi 2002 juunil paarlamentil avatharippicha karadu maraine reserves bill, pakshe ithuvare vottucheythitla. keppu rodney-okaari pooyint maraine reserve aayirunnu aadyamaayi srishticha maraine reserve. malsyabandhanathinu bhagika nirodhanam maathramundaayirunnengilum, pavapetta naitts ailands maraine reserve aduthathaayi sthaapikkappettu; 1998ll poornna nirodhanam nadappaakki. 1993ll nyoosilaand federation oof komezhsyal fishermaarude abhyarthana maanich feordlandile aadyathe rund maraine reserveukal sthaapichu. 2005ll feordlandile rakshaakarthaakkalude shupaarshaprakaaram feordlandil ettu adhika reserveukal sthaapichu. aduthulla camo haiskoolile vidyaarthikaludeyum adhyaapakarudeyum sajeeva pinthunayode 2006laanu wangare harber maraine reserve sthaapichathu. phalangal. reservukalkkullil malsyathinte samriddhi ayal pradeshangalil malsyam pidikkaan sahayikkunna spillover allengil larva kayattumathi srishtikkunnu. pothuve, vinoda mungal vidagthareyum mathsyathozhilaalikaleyum eee reserve aakarshikkunnu. mungal vidagdhar samriddhamaaya malsyam, pavizhapputt muthalaayavayilekku aakarshikkappedunnu. reservukalkkullil. mathsyathozhilaalikal reserveukalkku purathulla pradeshangalilekku aakarshikkappedunnu-avide mattu pradeshangalil kaanaatha valia geyim malsyangal dhaaraalam srishtikkunnu. keppu rodney-okakaari pooyint maraine reservil, prathyekichu, prathivarsham 200,000-thiladhikam sandarshakaraanu varunnath. 30 varshathilere neenda samrakshanathinu sesham ippol reservil thamasikkunna malsyangalude samriddhiyum vaividhyavum kaaranam snorkkilarmarkkum scooba diversmaarkkum ithu oru janapriya sthalamaanu. australian snapper, nyoosiland zee archin (kina) ennivayaanu reservil kaanapedunna enangal.

newzealandche sagari rakheev newzealandmadhye 44 sagari rakheev jaaga (august 2020 paryant) uttar, dakshin bett aanee shejaril betanvar aanee bahya bett samoohanmadhye pasarlelya aahet. teey sagari rakheev kayada 1971 dware niyantrit kele jaatat aanee matsyavyavasay mantralay, newzealand simashulk aanee newzealand sanrakshn dalanchya madatine sanwardhan vibhagadvare prashasit kele jaatat. itihas. 1971 madhye newzealandchya sansadene sagari rakheev kayada manjur keela. 2000 madhye sanwardhan vibhagane yaa kayadyacha aadhava ghenyas suruvat kelee, parinami sagari rakheev vidheyakacha masuda juuna 2002 madhye sansadet sadar karnyat aala, parantu adyap tyavar matdan jhaale nahee. cape rodney-okkari point sagari rakheev kshetra heey tayar kele jaanare pahile sagari rakheev kshetra hote. tyanantar garib shoor betanche sagari rakheev kshetra sthapan karnyat aale, jaree masemarivar keval anshatah bandee asali taree; 1998 madhye purn bandee lagoo karnyat aalee. 1993 madhye newzealandchya vyavsayik machchimaranchya mahasanghachya vinantivarun feordlandmadhil pahile done sagari rakheev kshetra sthapan karnyat aale. 2005 madhye feordlandchya palakanchya shifarshinusar feordlandmadhye atirikt aath rakheev kshetra sthapan karnyat aale. jawalchya kamo hyschoolchya vidyarthi aanee pradhyapakanchya sakriy pathimbyane 2006 madhye vangrei bandar sagari rakheev kshetra sthapan karnyat aale. parinam. sathyanmadhye asalelya mashanchya mubalakatemule galatee kinwa alya niryat hote, jyamule shejarchya bhagat pakadalya pakadalya mashanna chalana milate. sarvasadharanpane, yaa rakheev kshetranmadhye bharpur manoranjak muvaiyye aanee machchimar aakarshit hotat. mubalak pramanat aadhalanare maase, praval ityadinkade mubalakpane dubki marnare aakarshit hotat. rakheev jaganchya aat. machchimar rakheev jagechya agadi baherchya bhagakade aakarshit hotat-jithe galatimule itar bhagat naan aadhalanare mothe khelanare maase bharpur pramanat tayar hotat. cape rodney-okakari point sagari rakheev kshetrala, visheshtah, darvarshi 2,00,000 hoon adhik paryatak bhet detat. 30 varshanhun adhik sanrakshanantar aata rakheev pradeshat pradeshat mashanchya vipulatemule aanee vividhatemule heey snorkelers aanee scooba-diversasathi eka lokpriy thikan aahe. rakheev pradeshat pradeshat prajatinmadhye austreliyan snapper aanee newzealand see archin (kiina) yancha samavesh aahe.

newzealandko samudri bhandar newzealandsang 44 wata samudri bhandarharu (august 2020 samma) uttar, dakshin tapu rar chhimeki tapuharu rar bahiri tapu samuhaharuma failieko chha. tiniharu samudri bhandar adhiniyam 1971 dwara shasit chhan rar matsyapalan mantralaya, newzealand bhansar rar newzealand raksha balharuko sahayogma sanrakshan vibhagdwara prashasit chhan. itihas. sann 1971 maa newzealandko sansadle samudri bhandar aina parit gareko thiyo. sann 2000 maa sanrakshan vibhagle yass ainako samiksha suru gyoa jasko parinamswarup june 2002 maa sansadma paces garieko samudri bhandar widheyakko masyauda tayar bhayo, tara ahilesamma matadan bhaeko chhaina. cape rodney-okkari bindu samudri araksha sirjana garine pahilo samudri araksha thiyo. tyasapachhi garib night tapu samudri arakshako sthapana gariyo, yadyapi machha marnema anshik pratibandha matra thiyo; sann 1998 maa purna pratibandha lagu garieko thiyo. 1993 maa newzealandko wyaparik machha marneharuko mahasanghako anurodhma feordlandma pahilo dui samudri bhandarharu sthapana garieko thiyo. sann 2005 maa feordlandka abhibhawakharuko sifarisma feordlandma thap atha bhandarharu sthapana garieko thiyo. whangarei bandargah samudri araksha sann 2006 maa najikaiko camo hai schoolka vidyarthiharu rar sankayako sakriya samarthanma sthapana garieko thiyo. prabhawa. bhandarbhitra machhako prashastatale spielover, wa larbha niryat sirjana gardacha, jasle chhimeki kshetraharuma samatnalai badhawa dinchha. samanyataya, bhandarharule dherai manoranjanatmak gotakhorharu rar machha marneharulai akarshit gardacha. gotakhorharu prachur matrama machha, coral aditira akarshit hunchhan. bhandarbhitra. machha marneharu araksha bahirka kshetraharuma akarshit hunchhan-jahaan spiloverle anya kshetraharuma nabhetieka thula khel machhaharuko prashastata sirjana gardacha. cape rodney-okkari point samudri araksha, vishesh gari, prati warsha 200,000 bhanda badhi agantukharu prapta gardacha. 30 warshabhanda badhi sanrakshanpachhi ahile arakshabhitra basobas garne machhako prashastata rar vividhataka karan yo snorkler rar scuba-diverharuka lagi lokpriya sthan how. rijarvama fela parne sakine prajatiharuma astreliyali snapper rar newzealand samudri archin (kina) samawesh chhan.

nyujilandara samudrika bhandara nyujilandare 44tii samudrika bhandara (august 2020 suddha) rahichhi, jaahaa uttara, dakhina dwepa ebong padoshi dwepapunja ebong bahya dwepa samoohare byapi rahichhi. egudika samudrika sanrakhyana adhiniam 1971 dwara parichalita ebong matsyachasha, nyujilanda seema shulka ebong nyujilanda pratirakhya bahineera sahajatare sanrakhyana bibhaga dwara parichalita. itihas. 1971 masihare nyujilandara sansada dwara samudrika sanrakhyana adhiniam parita hoithila. 2000 masihare sanrakhyana bibhaga ehi adhiniyamara samikhya arambha karithila, jahara phalaswaroopa eka chitha samudrika sanrakhyana bill juna 2002ray sansadare upasthapita hoithila, kintu eparjyanta bhot diajainahni. cape rodney-okakari point samudrika sanrakhyana thila pratham samudrika sanrakhyana jaahaa srusti karajaithila. parabarti samajare, gariba nights dwepapunja samudrika sanrakhyana pratistha karajaithila, jadio maacha dhariba upare kebala aanshika nishedhadesha thila; 1998 masihare eka sampurna nishedhadesha laagu karajaithila. 1993 masihare nyujilandara banijyika matsyajeebeemananka sanghara anurodha krame feordlander pratham duiti samudrika sanrakhyana pratistha karajaithila. 2005 masihare feordlander abhivabakanka suparish krame fiordalandare atirikta athati sanrakhyana pratistha karajaithila. nikatabartee camo highschooler chhatra ebong shikhyakamananka sakriya sahajatare 2006 masihare wangarei bandara samudrika sanrakhyana pratistha karajaithila. prabhaba. bhandara madhyare prachur parimanara maacha spilaovara kimba larbha raptani srusti kare, jaahaa padoshi anchalare maacha dhariba brudhi kare . sadharanatah, ehi sanrakhita anchalagudika aneka manoranjanakari diver ebong matsyajeebeenku akarshita karithae. ehi jalabibhajakamane prachur parimanare miluthiba maacha, prabala ityadi prati akarshita hoithanti. bhandara bhitare. matsyajeebeemane sanrakhita anchala bahare thiba anchala prati akarshita huanti-jeunthare spilaovara prachur parimanara budd maacha srusti kare jaahaa anya anchalare milinathae . bisesh curry cape rodney-okakari point samudrika sanrakhyana, pratibarsha 2,00,000 ru adhika parjyatakanku grahan kare . 30 barsharu adhika surakhya parey bartamana rijarbha madhyare rahuthiba machara prachurya ebong bibidhata hetu ehaa snorkelor ebong scuba-divermananka paain eka lokpriya sthana . ehi sanrakhita anchalare dekhajauthiba prajatigudika madhyare astrelia snapper ebong nyujilanda sii archin (kinah) antarbhukta.

newzealand dey samundari bhandar newzealand witch 44 samundari bhandar (agast 2020 takk) uttar, dakkhni tapu atey guandhi tapuan atey baahari tapu samoohan witch faile hoye hunn. ih samundari bhandar aikat 1971 duaara niyantrit keete jaande hunn atey machhi paalan mantrala, newzealand customs atey newzealand rakkhiaa balaan dee sahaita naal sambhal vibhag duaara parbandhit keete jaande hunn. itihaas. samundari bhandar aikat 1971 witch newzealand dee sansad duaara paas keeta giaa see. 2000 witch sambhal vibhag neey aikat dee samikhiaa shuru keeti jiss dey natije vajon ikk samundari bhandar bill daa kharda juun 2002 witch sansad witch pesh keeta giaa see, parr ajey takk iss utte vott naheen paaee gaee haii. cape radni-okkari bindu samundari reserve banaiaa jaanh vaala pahila samundari reserve see. iss toon baad, garib nights tapu samundari reserve dee sathapana keeti gaee see, halanki machhi fadan 'teey siraf anshak pabandi dey naal; 1998 witch ikk puurii pabandi lagu keeti gaee see. feordland witch pahile doou samundari bhandar 1993 witch vaparak machheriaan dey newzealand federation dee benati' teey sathapat keete gaye sunn. 2005 witch feordland dey sarprastan dee sifarash 'teey feordland witch atth vadhu bhandar sathapat keete gaye sunn. whangrei bandargah samundari reserve dee sathapana 2006 witch nedley camo hyee school dey vidiaarthiaan atey faculty dey sargaram samarthan naal keeti gaee see. prabhav. bhandaran dey ander machhiaan dee bharpurta spillover jaan larva niryaat paida kardi haii, joe guandhi khetran witch fadan noon vadhaundi haii. aam taur utte, bhandar bahut saare manoranjak gotakhoran atey machheriaan noon aakarshit karde hunn. gotakhor bharpur matra witch machhiaan, coral aadi vall aakarshit hunde hunn. bhandar dey ander. machhere bhandaran dey baharle khetran vall aakarshit hunde hunn-jitthe spillover vaddi khed machhiaan dee bahutat paida karda haii joe horr khetran witch naheen mildi. cape rodney-okkari bindu samundari reserve, vishesh taur 'teey, pratee saal 200,000 toon vaddh sailani prapat karda haii. ih 30 saalan toon vaddh dee surakhiaa toon baad reserve dey ander rahinn valiaan machhiaan dee bharpurta atey vibhinnta dey caarn snoreclaran atey scuba-gotakhoran laee ikk prasidh sathaan haii. reserve witch paaiaan jaanh valiaan prajatiaan witch australia snapper atey newzealand see archin (keena) shamal hunn.

nyoojeelyaandadeshasy samudra-bhandaarah newzealand-deshe 44 samudriya-bhandaaraani (2020 august-maasaparyantam) santi, ye uttardishi, dakshinadweepasya, samipasthadvipanam cha, bahyadvipasamuhanam cha vyaaptaani santi. te 1971 tame varshe samudriya-samrakshita-adhiniyamena niyantritaah santi, matsya-mantraalayasy, newjeelyaand-simashulka-mantraalayasy, newjeelyaand-rakshaasainyasy cha saahaayyen samrakshana-vibhagena prashasitaha cha santi. itihaasah. 1971 tame varshe newjeelyaand-deshasya samsadena samudriya-bhandaar-adhiniyamah anumoditah. 2000 tame varshe samrakshana-vibhagena asya adhiniyamasya samiksha arabdha, yasya parinaamen 2002 tame varshe joon-maase samsade samudriya-bhandaar-vidheyakasya praaroopah praavartat, parantu adyaapi matadanm naa krutam. kep radney-okakaari-bindu-samudriya-aarakshit-sthalam prathamam nirmitam aasit. tadanantaram daridra-nats-dvipanam samudriya-samrakshana-kshetrasya sthapana abhavat, yadyapi matsya-palanasya aamshika-nishedhah aasit; 1998 tame varshe poorna-nishedhah kaaryaanwitah abhavat. 1993 tame varshe newzealand-vaanijya-matsyapaalaka-sanghasya anurodhena feord-lyand-madhye prathamam samudriya-samrakshana-kshetradwayam sthaapitam. 2005 tame varshe feord-lyand-deshasya rakshakanam anushamsanusaram feord-lyand-deshe atiriktam ashta-samrakshana-kshetraani sthaapitaani. samipasthasya kaamo-ucchavidyaalayasya chhatranam adhyapakanam cha sakriyasahayogena 2006 tame varshe vaangarey-naukaashraya-samudriya-samrakshana-kshetrasya sthapana abhavat. prabhaawah. arakshakeshu matsyanam prachuryam spill-over athavaa larva-niryaatam janayati, yena sameepastheshu kshetreshu matsyagrahanaani vardhante. samanyataya, aarakshakaah bahubhyah manoranjana-jalacharaan matsyapalan cha aakarshayanti. mushala-pakshina prachuramatrayam matsyaan, pravaalaan ityadeen prati aakarshitaah bhavanti. bhandarasya antah. matsyapaalakaah arakshitasthanat bahihi eva kshetraani prati aakarshitaah bhavanti-yatra spill-over ityanena anyeshu kshetreshu naa praaptaah bruhad-creedaa-matsyaani prachuratayaa utpadyante. kep-radney-okakaari-bindu-samudriya-aarakshane, visheshatah, prativarsham 200,000 taha adhikaah aagantukaah aagacchanti. 30 varshaanaam samrakshanaanantaram adhunaa aarakshake nivasataam matsyanam vipulataayaah vividhataayaah cha karanat, snorkellers-scoobaa-daverse-krute etat lokapriyam sthaanam asti. asmin aarakshane drushyamaaneshu prajaatau australia-deshasya snaapar, newzealand-deshasya see archin (kinaa) cha santi.

newzealaandhin kadal iruppukkal newzealaandhil 44 kadal iruppukkal (august 2020 nilavarappadi) vadakku, therku theevu mattrum andai theevugal mattrum velippura theevu kuzhukkalil paraviyullana. avai 1971 aam aandu kadal iruppukkal sattaththaal nirvagikkappadugindrana mattrum meenvalam, newsilaandhu sunga amaichagam mattrum newsilaandhu paathukaappup padaikalin uthaviyudan paathukaapputh turaiyaal nirvagikkappadugindrana. varalaaru. 1971 aam aandil newsilaandhu naadaalumandraththaal kadal iruppukkal sattam niraivaettrappattathu. 2000 aam aandil paathukaappuththurai inthach sattaththai marupariseelanai seiyath thodangiyathu, idhan vilaivaaga juun 2002 ill naadaalumandraththil arimugappaduththappatta kadal iruppukkal masodha varaivu seiyappattathu, aanaal innum vaakkalikkappadavillai. cape rodney-okakkari pulli kadal iruppu thaan uruvaakkappatta muthal kadal iruppu aagum. aduththathaaga, meenpidikka oru pakuthi thadai mattumae irunththapoathilum, aezhai nites theevugal kadal kaappagam niruvappattathu; 1998 aam aandil oru muzhu thadai amalpaduththappattathu. 1993 aam aandil newsilaandhu vaniga meenavargalin koottamaippin vaendukoalin paeril feartlandle muthal irandu kadal iruppukkal niruvapattana. 2005 aam aandil feartlandin paathukaavalarkalin parinthuraiyin paeril feartlandle koodudhalaaga ettu iruppukkal niruvapattana. arugilulla camo uyarnilaip palliyin maanavargal mattrum aasiriyarkalin theevira aatharavudan 2006 aam aandil wankeray thuraimuka kadal kaappagam niruvappattathu. vilaivugal. inththa iruppukkalukkul aeraalamaana meengal iruppathaal kasivu allathu larva aetrtrumathi aerpadukirathu, idhu andai pakuthikalil pidippukkalai athikarikkirathu. podhuvaaga, inththa iruppukkal aeraalamaana pozhuthupoakku neechal veerargal mattrum meenavargalai eerkkintrana. aeraalamaana meengal, pavalappaaraikal poantravattraal muttrukaiyidupavargal eerkkappadugiraargal. iruppugalukkul. meenpidippaguthikku veliyae ulla pakuthikalukku meenavargal eerkkappadugiraargal-angku kasivu mattra pakuthikalil kaanappadaatha periya vilayaattu meengalai aeraalamaaka uruvaakkukirathu. cape rodney-ogagaari pulli kadal kaappagam, kurippaaga, aandukku 200,000 kkum maerpatta paarvaiyaalargalaip perukirathu. 30 aandugalukkum maelaana paathukaappirkup piragu ippoathu inththa kaappagaththirkul vaazhum meengalin miguthiyum panmugaththanmaiyum kaaranamaaga idhu snoreclergal mattrum scooba-diverskalukku oru pirabalamaana idamaagum. inththa kaappagaththil kaanakkoodiya inangkalil australian snaffer mattrum newsilaandhu chee archin (kiina) aagiyavai adangkum.

newzealand yokka samudra nilvalu nyoojilaandlo 44 samudra nilvalu (augustu 2020 natiki) uttaraana, dakshina dveepam mariyu porugu dveepaalalo mariyu bayati dveepa samoohaalalo vistarinchi unnaayi. veetini samudra nilvala chattam 1971 dwara nirvahistaaru mariyu matsya mantritva saakha, newzealand customs mariyu newzealand rakshana dalaala sahayamtho parirakshana vibhagam nirvahistundi. charitra. 1971loe newzealand paarlamentu samudra nilvala chattanni aamodinchindi. 2000loe parirakshana vibhagam eee chattanni sameekshinchadam praarambhinchindi, phalitamgaa 2002 juunloo paarlamentulo pravesapettina samudra nilvala billu musaida vachindi, conny inca daanipai ootu veyabadaledu. cape rodney-okakari point merine reserve srushtinchabadina modati samudra reserve. taruvaata paedha nites deevula samudra nilvalu sthaapinchabaddaayi, ayithe chepala vetapai pakshika nishedham matrame undhi; 1998loe puurti nishedham amalu cheyabadindi. 1993loe newzealand vaanijya matsyakaarula samakhya abhyardhana meraku feordlandlo modati rendu samudra nilvalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. 2005loe feordland samrakshakula sifaarasu meraku feordlandlo adanamgaa enimidi nilvalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. sameepamloni camo unnata paatasaala vidyaarthulu mariyu adhyaapakula churukaina maddatutoe 2006loe vangare naukashraya samudra nilvalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. prabhavalu. nilvallo chepala samruddhi spillover ledhaa larva egumatini srushtistundi, idhi porugu praantaalalo chepalanu penchutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, eee nilvalu chaalaa mandhi vinoda diverlu mariyu matsyakaarulanu aakarshistaayi. diverlu samruddhiga unde chepalu, pagadapu modalainavi patla aakarshitulavutaaru. nilvalu lopala. matsyakaarulu rijarvulaku velupala unna praantaala vaipu aakarshitulavutaaru-ikkada spillover itara praantaalalo kanipinchani pedda aata chepalanu samruddhiga srushtistundi. cape rodney-okakari point merine reserve, mukhyamgaa, samvatsaraaniki 200,000 mandiki paiga sandarsakulanu andukuntundi. 30 samvatsaraala rakshana taruvaata ippudu reservelo nivasistunna chepala samruddhi mariyu vaividhyam kaaranamgaa idhi snorkellerlu mariyu scooba-diverlaku prasiddha pradaesam. eee rakshita praantamloo kanipinche jaatulalo australian snapper mariyu newzealand sea archin (kina) unnaayi.

newzi lend kay samandari zakhayer newzi lend kay paas 44 samandari zakhayer haine (agast 2020 takk) juu shamaal janubi jazeeray aur padosi jazair aur beruni jazair kay grohon mein phailay hoay haine. inn kaa intezam mirian reserve aikat 1971 kay tahat kiyaa jaataa hay aur wazaarat maahi gairee newzi lend custom aur newzi lend kii dafayi afwaj kii madad say mohkamah tahfuz kay zeer intezam hay. tareekh. mirian reserve aikat 1971 mein newzi lend kii parliament nay manzoor kiyaa thaa. 2000 mein mohkamah tahfuz nay iss aikat kaa jaizah leena sharoo kiyaa jiss kay natijay mein mirian reserve bull kaa masudah joone 2002 mein parliament mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin ubhee takk iss parr woat nahein hawaa hay. pehla samandari zakhirah juu banaya gayaa wah cape rudni-okakari point mirian reserve thaa. iss kay baad gharib nights jazair kaa samandari zakhirah qayem kiyaa gayaa halankah maahi geeri parr sarf jazwi pabandi kay saath vovo 1998 mein eek makmal pabandi naafiz kii gayee. 1993 mein newzi lend federation aaf commercial fasharz kii darkhwast parr fivored lend mein pehley duu samandari zakhayer qayem kiye gayey. 2005 mein fivored lend kay sarparaston kii sfarish parr fivored lend mein izaafi aath zakhayer qayem kiye gayey. wangri bandargah samandari zakhirah 2006 mein qareebi kaamo hayee school kay talbaa aur asatazah kay faal taawan say qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. asraat. zakhayer kay andar machliyon kii kasrat say phailna yaa larwa kii baraamad paida hoti hay juu padosi elaqon mein pakadnay waalon kuu badhata hay. aam toor parr zakhayer behat saaray tafrihi ghotah khooron aur maahi geeron kuu apnee taraf matujah kartay haine. ghotah khooron kuu waafar maqdar mein machliyon marjaan waghairah kii taraf raghib kiyaa jaataa hay. zakhayer kay andar. maahi gair zakhayer say balkal baahir kay elaqon kii taraf raghib hotay haine-jehaan spul auvar bury gaim fash kii kasrat paida kartaa hay juu dosray elaqon mein nahein milti hay. cape rudni-okakari point mirian rezro khaas toor parr harr saal 200,000 say ziyadah zaireen wasool kartaa hay. yaha snorklers aur scoba ghotah khooron kay liye eek maqbool maqaam hay keunkah 30 saal say ziyadah kay tahfuz kay baad abb reserve kay andar rehney waali machliyon kii kasrat aur tanoo kii wajah say. reserve mein payee jaanay waali anwaa mein australiyayi snaper aur newzi lend see archan (keena) shaamil haine.

000800b7891e28f3c03a744153c99a536b9ec3142cd25bfbd8ec224dc3ecf1ea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26522248

Altamont, North Carolina

Altamont, North Carolina Altamont is an unincorporated community in Avery County, North Carolina, United States. The community is located along US 221/NC 194 (Linville Falls Highway), between the town of Crossnore and the community of Linville Falls. Altamont translates to "High Mountain." The Ray Wiseman House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ultamont, uttor kerulina ultamont hoise aamerika juktorastror northo kerulinar ebheri countyt thoka ek onigomito xomproday. ei xomprodaitu krosonur sohor aaru linville jolopropator xomprodayor maajot aamar 221/ency 194 (linville jolopropat ghaipoth) ror kaxot owosthito. ultamontor ortho hoise "ukh porbot"." 1996 sonot rey wizeman houseok oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyonot talikabhukto koraa hoisil.

ultamont, uttor carolina ultamont markin juktorashtrer uttor caroliner avery kauntite abosthito ekti onigomito sampradai. eyi sampradayti crossnor shohor ebong linville jolopropat sampradayer modhye amader 221/ency 194 (linville jolopropat mahasadak) borabor abosthito. ultamont maane "unchu porboto"." 1996 saale reey wizman housety oitihasik sthangulir jatiya registere talikabhukto hoyechilo.

ultamont, uttar kerolina ultamont aee every kaauntii, uttar kerolina, united statesma aek binsangathit samudaay chhe. aaa samudaay crossner shaher aneey linville dhodh samudaay vachche yuu. aesa. 221/aena. see. 194 (linville dhodh dhorimaarg) saathe stheet chhe. ultamontno anuvaad "uncho parvat" thaay chhe." reey wizman housene 1996maan aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhanimaa soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

ultamont, uttari carolina ultamont sanyukt raajya america key uttari carolina mein ack anigamit samudaay haye. yeh samudaay crossnore shahar aur linville fauls key samudaay key beach hamaare saath 221/aine. see. 194 (linville fauls highway) sthit haye. ultamont kaa anuvaad "oonchaa parvat" haye." ray wiseman house koo 1996 mein aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.

altamont, uttara kerolina ultamont embudu united statesna uttara kerolinada averi kountiyalliruva ondu asanghatita samudaayavaagide. ee samudaayavu yuu. ess. naa uddakkoo 221/enn. sii. 194 (linville falls heddaari), crossnore pattana mattu linville jalapaatada samudaayada naduve ide. ultamont endare "ettarada parvata"." ray vaiz myaan house annu 1996 ralli aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya nondaniyalli patti maadalaayitu.

altamont, uttar carolina altamont haah amerikechya uttar carolina rajyatil every countymadhil eka asanghatit samuday aahe. haah samuday crassnore shahar aanee linville dhabdhabyachya samudayachya darmyan, 221/aine. see. 194 (linville fauls hayave) chya bajoone aahe. ultamontcha anuvad 'unch parvat' assa hoto." reey wiseman haus 1996 madhye aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanivar soochibaddha karnyat aale hote.

altament, uttari carolina altament sanyukta rajya americako uttari carolinako every countyma raheko ek anigamit samudaya how. yo samudaya krasner sahar rar linbhil falsako samudayako bichma yues 221/nc 194 (linbhil fals rajmarg) maa awasthit chha. altamontko anuwad "uccha parwat" how." rey wiseman house sann 1996 maa aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya registerma suchibadha garieko thiyo.

altamont, uttara carolina altamont heuchhi juktarastra americara uttara carolina antargata abheri kauntire abasthita eka anigamita sampradai. ehi sampradajati krasnor sahara ebong linville prapata sampradai madhyare aama 221/nc 194 (linville prapata rajpath) sahita abasthita . altamonter artha heuchhi "uccha parbata." 1996 masihare ray wiseman houses aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjikare talikabhukta hoithila.

ultamont, uttri carolina ultamont sanyukat raaj amrica dey uttri carolina witch every kaoonti witch ikk gair-sangathit bhaichara haii. community saade naal 221/ainn. see. 194 (linville falls highway), krasnor shehar atey linville falls dey community dey vichkaar sathit haii. ultamont daa anuvad "uccha pahaad" haii." reey wiseman haaoos noon 1996 witch itihasak sathanan dey rashtari register witch suchibadh keeta giaa see.

altamont, uttar-carolina altamont samyuktarajyamerikadesha uttarakerolina-nagarasya evaree-kaunteetah ekaha asanghatitah samudayah asti. ayam samudayah crossnore-nagarasya linville-jalaprapaatasy samudaayasy cha madhye, ass-deshasya 221/enn. sii. 194 (linville-jalaprapaatah rajamargaha) ityatra sthitah asti. altamont ityasya anuvaadah "ucchaparwatah" iti bhavati." rey-vaijmyaan-house iteedam 1996 tame varshe aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjeeye soocheebaddham aasit.

altamont, vadakku carolina altamont enbathu americavin vadakku carolinavil ulla averi kavundiyil ulla oru inaikkappadaatha samoogamaagum. inththa samoogam engkaludan 221/enn. chii. 194 (linville neerveelchchi nedunjaalai), crossnore nagaraththirkum linville neerveelchchi samoogaththirkum idaiyil amainthullathu. altamont endraal "uyaramaana malai" endru porul." raey wiesman havus 1996 aam aandil varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettil pattiyalidappattathu.

altamont, uttara carolina altamont anedi united states looni uttara carolina looni averi counteeloo unna oka incorporated community. eee community yuu. ess. 221/enn. sii. 194 (linville falls haive) venta, crossnore pattanam mariyu linville falls community madhya undhi. altamont antey "ettaina parvatam" anie ardham." rae wiseman house house chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya registerlo jabita cheyabadindi.

ultamont shamali carolina ultamont ayori county shamali carolina riyasathaye muthadah mein eek ghair marbut community hay. community karaas noor kay qasbey aur linn weel faalz kii community kay darmiyan hamaray saath 221/aine see 194 (linn weel faalz hayee way) waaqa hay. ultamont kaa tarjumah "ooncha pahaad" hay." ray wize meen house kuu 1996 mein tarikhi maqamat kay qomi register mein darj kiyaa gayaa thaa.

00080566c6164d8d87039c0b379839fcff0eb00ec2b6e62e14b324506956ffed

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=16724

攰

攰 + – reminiscent of the idiom (). Chinese. Etymology 1. Likely cognate with . The etymology is uncertain. This character itself is often regarded as the etymological character (), but the expected Cantonese reflex from the "fanqie" found in "" () would be "gwai3" instead of "gui6". In recent years, this character has overtaken as the usual way this word is written, probably because of its appearance on the show in the 1980s. The following are other etymologies that have been proposed:

′ +-() xobdotur kotha monot pelai diye. china. byutpotti 1. xombhobotoh iyar xoite gyat. byutpotti onischito. ei soritrotuk praye byutpotigot soritro () hisape gonyo koraa hoy, kintu "()" too puwa "fenki" ror poraa proityaxito kentonij protibimbo "gui6" ror poriworte "gowai3" hoh "bob. xehotiya bosorburot, ei soritrotuwe ei xobdotu likhaar swabhabik poddhotitu otikrom korise, xombhobotoh 1980-ror doxokot swo 'too iyar uposthitir baabe. tolot ullekh koraa aan byutpottibur aase jiburor prostab diya hoiseh

 +-probad ()-err smaran koriye deyo. cheena. byutpatti 1. sombhoboto err saathe porichito. byutpatti anishchito. eyi choritrotike prayashai byutpottigoto akkhar () hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, tobey "fanky" theke prottashito cantonese reflex "()"-ayee pawa jaabe "gui6"-err poriborte "gawai3" hobey. samprotik bochorgulite, eyi choritroti eyi shobdoti lekhar swabhabik upayke chhadiye geche, sombhoboto 1980-err doshke shote uposthito howar karone. nimnolikhito anyanno byutpattiguli prostabito hoyeche

′ +-rudhiprayog () nee yaad apaave chhe. chaaineez. vyutpatti 1. sambhavatah saathe odakhaay chhe. vyutpatti aneeshchit chhe. aaa paatrane ghanivaar vyutpattishastrana akshar () tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, parantu "()" maan jovaa maltaa "fenaki" maanthi apekshit cantonese reflex "gyui6" neey badale "gavaai3" hashe. taajetarnaa varshomaa, aaa paatra aaa shabd lakhvaani saamanya reetne paachhal chhodi gayoo chhe, kadaach 1980 naa daykama shomaa tenaa dekhaavne kaarane. neecheni anya vyutpattio chhe jeey prastaavit karvaamaa aavee chheh

 +-muhaware () kii yaad dilaata haye. cheeni. vyutpatti 1. sambhavatah isake saath sangyanatmak. vyutpatti anishchit haye. iss charitra koo aksar vyutpatti charitra () key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, lekin "()" mein paae jaane vaale "fankey" seey apekshit cantonese reflex "gee 6" key bajaay "gavaai 3" hoga. haal key varshon mein, iss shabd koo likhane key samanya tareeke seey iss charitra ney peechhe chhod diyaa haye, shayed 1980 key dashak mein show mein isaki upasthiti key kaaran. nimnalikhit anya vyutpattiyan hain joe prastaavit kii gaee hainh

′ +-() emba bhashavaishishtyavannu nenapisuttade. chineeyaru. vyutpatti 1. bahushah adarondige gurutisalpaduttade. vyutpattiyu anishchitavaagide. ee aksharavannu anekavele vyutpattiya aksara () endu pariganisalaaguttade, aadare "fankvy" yinda nirikshita cantonese reflexes "()" nalli kandubaruva "gwi6" badalige "gwai3" aagiruttade. ittichina varsagalalli, ee patravu ee padavannu bareyuva saamaanya vidhaanavannu meeriside, bahushah 1980 rahra dasakadalli pradarshanadalli kanisikonda kaarana. ee kelaginavugalannu prastaapisalaada itara vyutpattigalaagiveh

′ +-() enna padaprayogatthe anusmarippikkunnu. chainees. vyuthpathi 1. orupakshe ariyappedaam. uthbhavam anishchithathvathilaanu. eee kathaapaathrathe palappozhum vyuthpathi pratheekamaayi kanakkakkunnu, ennaal "()" ll kaanapedunna "fanki" yill ninnu prathekshikkunna cantonese reflex "gwi6" nuu pakaram "gwai3" aayirikkum. sameepa varshangalil, eee vaakk ezhuthiya reethi pole eee kathaapaathram marikadannu, orupakshe 1980 kalil shoyil prathyakshappettathukondaa. nirddeshikkappetta mattu padavyuthpatthi padangal thaazhepparayunnavayaanu

′ +-() yaa vakpracharachi aathvan karoon dete. chiinii. vyutpatti 1. bahudha samajanyasarkhe. vyutpatti anishchit aahe. heey akshar swatach anekada vyutpattishastriy varn () mhanoon manale jaate, parantu '()' madhye aadhalanaya 'fankey' madheel apekshit cantonese reflex 'gui6' aivaji 'gwai3' asel. alikadchya varshant, haah shabd nehmipramane lihilya gelelya yaa patrane mage takale aahe, bahudha 1980 chya dashakat yaa karyakramat tyachya upasthitimule. prastavit kelelya itar vyutpatti khalilpramane aaheth

â +-muhawara () ko samjhana garaunchha. chiniyan. wyutpatti 1. sambhawatah yasako sath sangyanatmak. wyutpatti anishchit chha. yo charitralai prayaha wyutpatti charitra () ko rupma manincha, tara "fanky" batt apekshit cantonese reflex "()" maa painchha "" gui6 "ko satta" gawai3 "hunechha. halka warshaharuma, yo charitrale yo shabda lekhne samanya tarikalai uchhindai gaeko chha, sambhawatah 1980 ko dashakma karyakramma yasako upasthitiko karan. nimna anya wyutpattiyaan chhan june prastawit garieko chhah

 +-() abhibyaktira smarana karaithae. chean. byutpatti 1. sambhabatah saha parichita . byutpatti anischita. ehi akhyaraku prajatah byutpattigata akhyara () bhabare bibechana karajae, kintu "()" ray miluthiba "fankee" ru pratyashita cantonese reflexes "gui6" paribarte "gwai3" heba . nikata ateetare, ehi charitrati ehi shabdaku lekhibara sadharana saileeku atikrama karichhi, sambhabatah 1980 dashakare shoe 'ray ehara upasthiti hetu . nimnalikhita anyanya byutpattigudika prastabita hoichhih

 +-muhaware () dee yaad divaunda haii. cheeni. upyogta 1. sambhav taur utte naal sambandhit haii. shabdawali anishchit haii. iss akkhar noon aksar ikk shabad-vigiaan akkhar () manniaa jaanda haii, parr "()" witch paae jaanh vaale "fanky" toon umeed keeti jaanh vaali cantonese pratibimb "gee 6" dee bajaae "gawai 3" hovegi. haal hii dey saalan witch, ih paatar aam taur utte iss shabad noon likhan dey tarike noon pachad giaa haii, shayed 1980 dey dahake witch shoa witch iss dee maujudgi dey caarn. heth likhiaan horr shabdawali hunn joe prastavit keetiaan gaeeaan hann

 +-bhaashaavaishishtasya () smaranam. cheenadeshah. vyutpatti 1. sambhawatah saha sandnyeya. vyutpattih anishchitah asti. etat paatram eva praayah vyutpatti-varnam () iti manyate, parantu "()" madhye drushyamaanaat "fyanki" ityasya apekshitam kentonese-prativartanam "guyi6" ityasya sthaane "gwai3" iti bhavishyati. sadyah eva, praayah 1980 tame dashake asmin kaaryakrame tasya upasthityaa karanena, etat paatram saamaanyaroopen etat padam likhitam padam agragatam. anyaani vyutpattayah ye prastaavitaani santi -

′ +-muttaalthanathai ninaivoottukirathu (). seenargal. sorpirappiyal 1. anegamaaga ariyapattirukkalaam. sorpirappiyal nichchayamatrathu. inththa ezhuththu perumpaalum sorpirappiyal ezhuththu () endru karudhappadugiradhu, aanaal "()" ill kaanappadum "fanki" ilirunththu ethirpaarkkappadum contonese pirathipalippu "kuyy 6" kku pathilaaka "kuvaai 3" aaga irukkum. sameepathiya aandugalil, inththa varththai ezhuthappatta valakkamaana muraiyai inththa kathaapaaththiram munthiyullathu, anegamaaga 1980 kazhil nigazhchchiyil thoantriyathaal. pinvarubavai munmoliyappatta pira sorpirappukkal

′ +-() anae padabandhaanni gurtuchestundi. chainees. vyutpatti 1. bahusha thoo gurtinchabadutundi. vyutpatti anischitamgaa undhi. eee aksharanni tarachugaa vyutpatti aksharamgaa pariganistaaru, ayithe "()" loe kanipinche "fankvy" nundi oohinchina contonese reflexes "gui6" kuu badulugaa "gwai3" gaa untundi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, eee paatra eee padaanni vraasina saadhaarana vidhananni adhigaminchindi, bahusha 1980laloe pradarsanalo kanipinchinanduna. eee krindivi pratipaadinchabadina itara vyutpattuluh

 +-yaha () kay faqray kii yaad dilata hay. cheeni. mushtaqiyat 1. mamkanah toor parr iss kay saath mutabiqat rakhta hay. mushtaqiyat ghair yaqeeni hay. iss kirdaar kuu aksar mushtaq kirdaar () samjha jaataa hay leakin "fenki" say matuqa cantonese iztaraab "() mein paaya jaataa hay" "goyee 6" kay bajaye "goyee 3" hoga. haaliyah barson mein yaha kirdaar mamul kay mutabiq iss lafz kuu likhnay kay tareeqe say aagay nikal gayaa hay shayed 1980 kii dahayi mein show mein iss kii maujudgi kii wajah say. mandarjah zeel deegar mushtaqat haine juu tajweez kiye gayey haine:

0008060ca98e9da44d72cae2f88e2d9772b2e497f71e9fbbf42ac8f9dbe2c529

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11729711

John Thompson (1809–1890)

John Thompson (1809–1890) American politician John Thompson (July 4, 1809 – June 1, 1890) was a U.S. Representative from New York. Born in Rhinebeck, New York, he studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Poughkeepsie, New York. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859). He did not run for reelection in 1858, and resumed the practice of law. Thompson was one of the first trustees of Vassar College, and served from 1861 to 1885. He was also president of the Falkill National Bank. He received honorary Master of Arts degrees from Union College in Schenectady, New York and Yale College. He died in New Hamburg, New York on June 1, 1890. He was interred in Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery. Sources. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

john thomposon (1809-1890) john thomposon (4 july, 1809-1 june, 1890) aasil ejon eu.ess. neworkor protinidhi. neworkor rainbekot jonmogrohon kori teu aain odhyoyon korisil, baarot bhorti hoisil aaru neworkor poo 'kipchi-too onuxilon aarombho korisil. teu poyotrixotom congressor baabe republican hisape nirbasito hoisil (4 march, 1857-3 march, 1859). 1858 sonot teu punor nirbasonor baabe protidondita koraa nasil, aaru aainor onuxilon punor aarombho korisil. thompson bhasar mohabidyaloyor prothom nyaxixokolor bhitorot ejon aasil, aaru 1861 sonor poraa 1885 sonoloike xewa aagborhaisil. teu falkil rastriyo bankor odhyokhyou aasil. teu neworkor swenectedy aaru yel collegeor union collegeor poraa xonmaniyo master owo arts degree laabh korisil. 1890 sonor 1 junot neworkor niu hyambargot teur mrityu hoy. teuk poo 'kipchi gramyo koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil.

john thompson (1809-1890) john thompson (4thhaa julai, 1809-1laa june, 1890) chhilen ekjon eu.esha. newyorker protinidhi. newyorker reinbecke jonmogrohon korey tini aain niye padashona corren, barey bhorti hohn ebong newyorker pofkipsy-teey anushilan shuru corren. tini payatrishtama congresse (4thhaa march, 1857-3raa march, 1859) projatontro hisabe nirbachito hohn. 1858 saale tini punornirbachone ongsho nenni ebong aain anushilan punra shuru corren. thompson vasar colleger prothom trusteeder modhye ekjon chhilen ebong 1861 theke 1885 saal porjonto dayitto palon korechilen. tini falkil jatiya byanker savapatio chhilen. tini neu iyarker shenectady ebong iyela colleger union college theke sommansuchok muster off artasa degree laav corren. 1890 saaler 1laa june neu iyarker neu hamberge taanr mrityu hoy. taanke gramin koborsthane somahito koraa hoy.

john thompson (1809-1890) john thompson (4 julai, 1809-1 juuna, 1890) yuu.aesa. newyorknaa pratinidhi. newyorknaa reinbackma janmela temane kaayadaano abhyaas karyo, baarmaa pravesh melvyo aneey newyorknaa puffkipsyma practices sharoo curry. teo tris-paanchmee congress (4 march, 1857-3 march, 1859) maate prajasattak tareeke chuntaya hataa. teo teo fareethi chuntani ladyaa naa hataa aneey kaayadaani prathaa pharii sharoo curry hatee. thompson vaasar collegena pratham trustiomaanaa aek hataa, aneey 1861 thee 1885 sudhee sevaa aapee hatee. teo falkil national banknaa pramukh pann hataa. temane scannectedy, newyork aneey yell collegemaa union collegemathi maanad master off artsnee degree melvee hatee. teo 1 juuna, juuna roj newyorknaa nyu hambergma mrutyu pamya hataa. temne paugkipi graameen kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa.

johnn thompson (1809-1890) johnn thompson (4 julaai, 1809-1 juuna, 1890) ack yuu they.aiss. newyork seey pratinidhi. newyork key reinbeck mein janme, unhone kaanoon kaa adhyayan kiya, baar mein bharti hue aur newyork key puffkeepsy mein abhyaas shuru kiya. way painteesvin congress (4 march, 1857-3 march, 1859) key liye ack ganarajya key roop mein chune gaye they. way 1858 mein punah chunaav key liye naheen ladey aur kaanoon kaa abhyaas phir seey shuru kiya. thompson wasser college key pahale nyasiyon mein seey ack they, aur 1861 seey 1885 taka seva kii. way falkil rashtriya baink key adhyaksh bhee they. unhone shenectedy, newyork aur yell college mein union college seey maanad master off arts kii degree praapt kii. 1 juuna, 1890 koo nyu york key nyu hamberg mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unhein puffkeepsy graameen kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.

zaan thampson (1809-1890) zaan thampson (julai 4,1809-zoon 1,1890) yuu.ess. newyork ninda pratinidhi. newyorkna rainbeknalli janisida avaru kaanoonu adhyayana maadidaru, barnelli pravesha padedaru mattu newyorkna pougkeepsiyalli abhyasavannu praarambhisidaru. avaru moovattaidane kangresge (march 4,1857-march 3,1859) republican aagi aaykeyaadaru. avaru 1858ralli maru chunavanege spardhisalilla mattu kaanoonu abhyasavannu punaraarambhisidaru. thampson avaru wasser collegina modala trustigalalli obbaraagiddaru mattu 1861rinda 1885ravarege seve sallisidaru. avaru falkill rashtriya bankina adhyaksharu aagiddaru. avaru newyork mattu yail kaalejugalalliruva union kaalejininda gaurava master off arts padavigalannu padedaru. aata 1890rahra zoon 1randu newyorkna nyoo hambergnalli nidhanaraadaru. aatanannu grameena smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu.

joonn thompson (1809-1890) joonn thompson (juulai 4,1809-juun 1,1890) oru yuu.ezz. newyorkkil ninnulla prathinidhi. newyorkkile rainbekkil janicha addeham niyamam padikkukayum baaril praveshikkukayum newyorkkile pougkeepsi yill practies aarambikkukayum cheythu. muppathiyanjaam kongrasilekku (1857 march 4-1859 march 3) addeham republicanaayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1858ll addeham veendum thiranjeduppil malsarichilla, niyamapariseelanam punaraarambhichu. vasar kolejile aadya trasttikalil oralaaya thompson 1861 muthal 1885 vare sevanamanushtichu. faalkkil naashanal baankinte president koodiyaayirunnu. newyorkkile shenektaadiyile union collegil ninnum yaale collegil ninnum addehathinu oonarari maasttar oof arts birudangal labhichu. 1890 juun 1 nuu newyorkkile nyoo hambergill vachu addeham antharichu. addehathe pougkeepsi grameena semitheriyil samskarichu.

johnn thompson (1809-1890) johnn thompson (4 julai 1809-1 juuna 1890) haah eka yu.ess. newyorkcha pratinidhi. newyorkmadheel reinbeck yethe janmalelya tyanni kayadyacha abhyas keela, barmadhye pravesh ghetala aanee newyorkmadheel pogkeepsey yethe sarav suru keela. teey pastisavya kongresasathi (4 march 1857-3 march 1859) prajasattak mhanoon nivadoon aale. 1858 madhye teey punha nivadanuk ladhavu shakale naheet aanee tyanni punha kayadyachi pratha suru kelee. thompson heey vasar mahavidhyalayachya pahilya vishvastanpaiki eka hote aanee tyanni 1861 teey 1885 paryant seva bajavali. teey falkil national bankeche adhyakshahi hote. tyanna newyorkchya shenectady yetheel union college aanee yell collegemadhun manad master auph arts padvi midali. 1 juuna 1890 roji newyorkmadheel nyu hamberg yethe tyanche nidhan jhaale. tyanna paugkeepsee grameen smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale.

john thompson (1809-1890) john thompson (july 4,1809-june 1,1890) ek yu thie.ess. newyorkbata pratinidhi. newyorkko reinbeckma janmeka unle kanunko adhyayan gare, barma bharna bhae rar newyorkko pafakipsima abhyas suru gare. uni paintisaun congress (march 4,1857-march 3,1859) kaa lagi ganatantrawadika rupma nirvachit bhaeka thie. unle sann 1858 maa punah chunawako lagi bhag lienan, rar kanunko abhyas punah suru gare. thompson wasser kalejka pahilo nyasiharu madhye ek thie, rar sann 1861 dekhi 1885 samma sewa gare. uni falkill rashtriya bankka adhyaksha pani thie. unle newyorkko sanctedy rar yell collegeko union kalejbata manad master aff artsko degree prapta gare. unko mrityu june 1,1890 maa nyu hamberg, newyorkma bhayo. unlai paugakipsy gramin kabristanma gadiyo.

zohn thumpson (1809-1890) zohn thumpson (july 4,1809-june 1,1890) jane jayu.ess. nyujarkaru pratinidhi. nyujarkara rainwekthare janmita hoi shay ine adhyajana karithile, baar ray bhartti hoithile ebong nyujarkara puffkeepsy ray abhyasa arambha karithile. shay panjatrishatama congress (march 4,1857-march 3,1859) ku jane ganatantrabadee bhabare nirbachita hoithile. 1858 masihare shay punarbara nirbachana paain pratidwandita karinathile ebong ine abhyasaku punarbara arambha karithile. thompson bhasara colleger pratham trustimananka madhyaru jane thile, ebong 1861 ru 1885 parjyanta karjya karithile. shay falkill jatiah byankara sabhapati madhya thile. shay nyujarkara shenektadira union college ebong yail kalejaru sammanajanaka master off art degree paithile. shay 1890 masiha june 1 tarikhare nyujarkara nyu hambergre mrutyubarana karithile. tanku puffkeepsy grameena kabarasthanare kabara diajaithila.

john thompson (1809-1890) john thompson (4 julai 1809-1 juun 1890) ikk yuu see.aiss. newyork toon numainda. reinback, newyork witch paida hoye, unhan neey kanoon dee padahi keeti, baar witch dakhal hoye atey pogkeepsee, newyork witch abhiaas shuru keeta. uh paintivin congress (4 march 1857-3 march 1859) laee ikk gantantarvadi vajon chunhe gaye sunn. uh 1858 witch mudd chonh naheen ladey atey kanoon daa abhiaas mudd shuru keeta. thomson vaasar kaalaj dey pahile trustiaan vicchon ikk see, atey 1861 toon 1885 takk seva nibhai. uh falkil national baink daa pardhan vee see. unhan neey shannectedy, newyork atey yell kaalaj dey union kaalaj toon aanreri maastar aaf arts deeaan dhigriaan prapat keetiaan. uss dee maut 1 juun 1890 noon nioo hamberg, newyork witch hoee see. uss noon pogkeepsee pendu kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa see.

jaan thompson (1809-1890) jaan thompson (julai 4,1809-joon 1,1890) ekaha yoo.ess. nyuyaark-nagaraat pratinidhihi. nyuyaark-nagarasya ranbeck-nagare janma praapnot, saha vidhi-adhyayanm akarot, baar-madhye pravesham praapnot, nyuyaark-nagarasya paukipsi-nagare abhyaasam aarabdhavaan. saha panchatrimshati-kaangres-krute (maarch 4,1857-maarch 3,1859) republican-rupena nirwaachitah. saha 1858 tame varshe punah nirvaachane naa dhaavan, tathaa cha vidhi-abhyaasam punah aarabdhavaan. thompson, vaasar mahaavidyaalayasya prathama-nyasishu anyatamah aasit, 1861 taha 1885 paryantam sevaam akarot. saha faalkil-rashtriya-byaank ityasya adhyakshah api aasit. saha nyuyaark-nagarasya shenectady-nagarasya union-mahaavidyaalayaat, yel-mahaavidyaalayaat cha gaurava-master-aaf-arts-upaadhim praptavan. 1890 joon 1 dinaanke nyuyaark-nagarasya nyoo-humberg-nagare saha mrutah. saha paukipsi-graameen-shmashaane samaadhisthah.

john thamson (1809-1890) john thamson (juulai 4,1809-juun 1,1890) oru yuu.ess. newyoarkil irunthu pirathinithi. newyorkin rainbeckil pirantha avar, sattaththaip padiththaar, paarr niruvanaththil anumathikkappattaar, newyorkin pufkeepsy endra idaththil payirchi pettraar. muppaththainththaavathu congressukku (maarch 4,1857-maarch 3,1859) avar oru kudiyarasaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. 1858ill avar maruthaerthalukku poattiyidavillai, maelum satta nadaimuraiyai meendum thodangkinaar. thamson vaasar kallooriyin muthal arangkaavalargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar, maelum 1861 muthal 1885 varai paniyaattrinaar. avar falkil thaesiya vangkiyin thalaivaraagavum irunthaar. avar skenectedy, newyorg mattrum yael kalloorigalil ulla union kallooriyil irunthu kavurava maastar off ards pattangkalaip pettraar. avar juun 1,1890 andru newyorkin neu haambarkil iranthaar. avar graamappura kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar.

zaan thampson (1809-1890) zaan thampson (juulai 4,1809-juun 1,1890) oka yuu.ess. newyork nundi pratinidhi. newyorkloni rainbecklo janminchina ayana nyaayasaastram abhyasinchaaru, baarlo cheraaru mariyu newyorkloni puff keepseelo practies praarambhinchaaru. ayana muppai aidava congressku (marchi 4,1857-marchi 3,1859) republicanga ennikayyaaru. 1858loe ayana tirigi ennika kosam pootii cheyaledu, mariyu nyaya sadhananu tirigi praarambhinchaaru. vassar kalaasaala modati dharmakartalalo thampson okaru, 1861 nundi 1885 varaku panicheesaaru. athanu falkill national byankku adhyakshudiga kooda panicheesaaru. athanu scannectody, newyork mariyu yaale kalaasaalalooni union kalaasaala nundi gourava master off arts degreelanu andukunnadu. athanu 1890 juun 1naa newyorkloni nyuu hamberglo maraninchaadu. athanu graameena smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu.

jaan thamson (1809-1890) jaan thamson (4 jolayi 1809-1 joone 1890) eek yuu.aiss. neoyork say numaindah. rhinabic neoyork mein paida huay inhon nay qanoon kii taleem haasil kii baar mein daakhlah liyaa aur neoyork kay pokpesi mein practs sharoo kii. wah painteeswen congress (4 maarch 1857-3 maarch 1859) kay liye batoor republican muntakhib hoay. wah 1858 mein dobarah intekhaab mein hasah nahein lay sakay aur qanoon kii mashq dobarah sharoo kirr dee. thamson waasar college kay pehley trusteez mein say eek thay aur 1861 say 1885 takk khidmaat anjaam dain. wah falcal national benak kay sadr bhee thay. inhon nay shanketdi neoyork aur yail college kay union college say aizazi maaster aaf arts kii dagriyan haasil kein. inn kaa inteqal yakam joone 1890 kuu neo hamberg neoyork mein hawaa. inhein pocapsy deehi qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa.

00080a1032b5ee49fa1379fb0810b00d5f8cb03ddabb64585a0e5973c35517bd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47295522

Eric Chatfield

Eric Chatfield Australian rules footballer, born 1900 Eric Chatfield (26 November 1900 – 27 February 1985) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

erich chatfield erich chatfield (26 navambar 1900-27 farwari 1985) ack australiyai niyam footballer they joe victorian football leag (vee. aff. ell.) mein fitzroy key saath khele they. notes.

erich chatfield erich chatfield (26 november 1900-27 februwari 1985) haah austreliyan niyam footballpatu hota joou victorian football leegmadhye (vhee. eff. ell.) fitzroysobat khelala. nondi.

erich chatfield erich chatfield (26 navember 1900-27 februari 1985) jane astreliah niam football khelali thile jieki victorian football ligg (bhi. aif. ell.) ray phitajarajanka saha khelithile. note.

erik chatfield erik chatfield (26 navambar 1900-27 farvari 1985) ikk australiaai niyam footballer see joe victorian football leeg (vee. eff. aill.) witch fitzroi naal khediaa see. notes.

erika-chaat-feeled rikk chatfield (26 november 1900-27 februvari 1985) ekaha australian-rools-football-kreedakah aasit yah victorian-football-leag (vi. ef. ell.) madhye fitzrai ityanena saha kreeditavaan. tippanyah.

erik arattaippaguthi erik sadfield (26 navambar 1900-27 pipravari 1985) oru australian vithigal kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar victorian kaalpandhu leakil (vii. eff. ell) fitzrayudan vilaiyaadinaar. kurippugal.

00080a86649b3883f2ddcc802fc5ced013366b433e50fc4e188a9246561fe08d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67642468

Rosemarie Brancato

Rosemarie Brancato American soprano Rosemarie Brancato (October 2, 1910 – June 18, 1994) was an American coloratura soprano who had an active performance career in operas, operettas, and concerts on the American stage and on American radio from the mid-1930s into the 1950s. She created the role of Madame Boticini in the original Broadway production of Fritz Kreisler's "Rhapsody" in 1944. Life and career. Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Brancato was the daughter of Maddalena Brancato who was an obstetrician. She trained at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York. Her voice teacher at Eastman was the Irish bass and composer Thomas Austin-Ball (1872-1944). While a student, she was a winner of the Northeastern regional level of the Atwater Kent Foundation's National Radio Audition in 1930; a national singing contest which awarded radio contracts as well as prize money. After graduating, she pursued further vocal studies with Estelle Liebling, the teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City. Brancato made her professional debut with the Chicago Civic Opera in 1934 as Gilda in Giuseppe Verdi's "Rigoletto"; being offered the role just a day prior after Marion Talley walked out of the production. The audience responded enthusiastically to her debut, and gave her an ovation that lasted four minutes. That same year she gave a concert of opera arias at the New York Hippodrome with the Cosmopolitan Opera Association, and began performing on WDAF radio in Kansas City. In 1936 she was signed with the Columbia Concerts Corporation who booked her in national concert tours in venues throughout the United States during the mid to late 1930s. She was heard regularly on CBS Radio in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1944 Brancato portrayed Madame Boticini in the original Broadway production of Fritz Kreisler's "Rhapsody" at the New Century Theatre. In 1946 she made her debut with the New York City Opera as Violetta in Verdi's "La traviata". She sang leading roles with the Detroit Civic Light Opera and the Cincinnati Opera. In the early 1950s she starred in several operettas at the Paper Mill Playhouse, including the roles of Marianne Beaunoir in Sigmund Romberg's "The New Moon" (1950); Nina Hagerup in Robert Wright and George Forrest's "Song of Norway" (1951); and Yum-Yum in Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Mikado" (1953). In 1952 she performed the role of Sybil in Rudolf Friml's "The Firefly" with ballerina Patricia Bowman as her castmate at the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (PCLO). In 1953 she returned to the PCLO in the title role of Victor Herbert's "Naughty Marietta" with tenor Brian Sullivan as her romantic interest in 1953. Brancato died of cancer at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City at the age of 83. She was married to Dr. Lester D. Rothman, and off stage was known as Rosemarie Rothman. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ror 'jomeri brancatu ror "jomeri branketu (2 octobor, 1910-18 june, 1994) egoraki aamerikan koloratura cho 'pranu aasil jaar 1930 sonor majbhagor poraa 1950 sonoloike aamerikan stageot aaru aamerikan readyo' too opara, opereta aaru concertot xokriyo prodorxon korisil. 1944 sonot fritz craceleror "repsudy" ror mool broadway projujonat medam botikinir bhumika sristi korisil. jiwan aaru keriyar. misourir kanchas sohorot jonmogrohon koraa branchatu egoraki proxuti bixexogyo madalena branchatur konya aasil. teu neworkor rochesteror eastman skool owo musicot proxikhyon loisil. chatri hisape thokar xomoyot, teu 1930 sonot etwatar kent foundationor rastriyo readyo 'auditionor uttor-pubo ancholik porzayor bijoyi aasil; ek rastriyo geet protijugita jiye readyo' suktir logote puroskaror dhonou prodan korisil. snatok degree laabh korar pisot, teu nework sohorot beverley silsor xikhyok estel libelingor xoite odhik konthoporayon odhyoyon korisil. brankatuwe 1934 sonot sikagu sibhik operar xoite giyusepe bhardir "regulate" too gildakoi teur pesadari aatmoprokax korisil; marione telee projujonar poraa ulai juwar thik edin aagote ei bhumikatur prostab diya hoisil. dorxoke teur aatmoprokaxor baabe utxahere xohari jonaisil, aaru teuk chaari minute dhori soli thoka etaa proxongxa disil. xei bosorote teu nework hippodromot koo 'mcho' polytan opera ess "siyesyonor xoite opera aariyasor ek xongitanusthan disil, aaru kanchas sohoror dobliu. di. e. ef. readyo" too poriwexon koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1936 sonot teu kolombiya concert korpuresonor xoite swakhyor koraa hoisil jiye 1930-ror doxokor majbhagor poraa xexor faale xomogro aamerika juktorastror sthanxomuhot rastriyo concert bhromonot teuk book korisil. 1930 aaru 1940-ror doxokor xexor faale chi. bi. ess. readyo 'too teur kotha niyomitbhabe xuna goisil. 1944 sonot branchatuwe notun xotikar theaterot fritz craceleror "repsudy" ror mool broadway projujonat medam botikinir sitrogrohon korisil. 1946 sonot teu nework chiti operar joriyote bhardir "laa traviata" too violeta hisape aatmoprokax korisil. teu detroit sibhik light opera aaru sinchinati operar xoite mukhyo bhumika gaisil. 1950-ror doxokor aarombhonite teu kagojor mill playhousot keibatau operetat obhinoy korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil sigmund rombergor "dyo niu muno" (1950)-too marian beunoyoror bhumika; robert waitro ror 'jo forestor "song owo norowe" (1951)-too ninaa heggerup; aaru gilbert aaru sulivanor "dyo mikadu" (1953)-too yum-yum. 1952 sonot teu pitsberg sibhik light operat (pi. chi. el. oh ') bellerina petricia bumenor xoite rudolf freemolor "dyo firefly" too sibilor soritrot obhinoy korisil. 1953 sonot teu victor harbertor "dustu marietta" ror xirxok soritrot pi. chi. el. oh 'loi ubhoti aahisil aaru 1953 sonot tenar briyan sulivanok teur romantik aagroh hisape loisil. branchatur 83 bosor boyoxot nework sohoror beth ijorail sikitsaloyot korkot rugot akranto hoi mrityu hoisil. teu dodd. lester di. rothmen aaru off stageok ror 'jomeri rothmen buli jonaa goisil.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (2raa octobor, 1910-18ee june, 1994) ekjon markin kalaratura soprano chhilen, jini 1930-err doshoker majhamajhi theke 1950-err doshok porjonto markin monche oo markin radiote apera, operatus ebong concerte sakriya abhinoy korechilen. tini 1944 saale fritz chreisler "rhapsody"-rawr mool broadway projojonai madam botinir bhumika toiri korechilen. jeebon oo karmajiban. misaurir cansus shohore jonmogrohonkari brancato chhilen madadalena brancatore konna, jini ekjon prasuti biseshoggo chhilen. tini newyorker rochestere eastman school off music-ayee proshikkhon niyechilen. chhatro thakakalin, tini 1930 saale atwater kent foundationer jatiya redio auditioner uttor-purbo anchalik storer vijayi chhilen; ekti jatiya gaan protijogita jaa redio chuktir pashapashi puroskarer ortho pradan korechilo. snatok howar porr, tini neu eork sitite beverley silser shikkhok estela libelinger saathe arow kanthaswar adhyayan korechilen. 1934 saale shikago civic operar madhyome guseppe verdir "rigoletto"-teey gilda hisabe brancato taar peshadar atmoprokash korechilen; marion tally prajojana theke beriye yawar thhik ekdin agey taake eyi bhumikar prostab deoa hoyechilo. dorshokra taanr abhisheker jonno utsaher sange saadaa diyechilen ebong taanke ekti proshongsha korechilen jaa chaar minit sthayi hoyechilo. seii ekoi bochor tini neu eork hippodrome cosmopolitan apera associationer saathe apera ariaser ekti concert diyechilen ebong cansus shohore dabludief radiote perform korte shuru korechilen. 1936 saale tini kalambia concert corporationer saathe chuktiboddho hohn, jaaraa 1930-err doshoker majhamajhi theke shesher dike markin juktorashtro judey bivinno sthane jatiya concert sofore yawar jonno taake book korey. 1930 ebong 1940-err doshoker shesher dike cbs radiote taanr kotha niyamita shona jeto. 1944 saale branchato notun shatabdir theatrey fritz chreisler "rhapsody"-rawr mool broadway projojonai madam botikinir choritre abhinoy corren. 1946 saale tini neu eork city operar madhyome verdir "laa traviata"-teey violetta hisabe atmoprokash corren. tini detroit civic light apera ebong cincinati operar saathe prodhan bhumika geyechilen. 1950-err doshoker godar dike tini kagaj koler playhouse besh koyekti operetate abhinoy korechilen, jaar modhye siegmund romberger "dya neu moone" (1950)-ayee marian beonoire bhumika; robbert raita ebong george forrester "song off norway" (1951)-ayee nina haggerup; ebong gilbert ebong sulivaner "dya micado" (1953)-ayee iam-iam. 1952 saale tini pitsberg civic light apera (pii. shee. ell. oo)-teey taar customate hisabe bellerina patricia bowmaner saathe rudloff freemler "dya firefly"-ayee sibiler bhumika palon korechilen. 1953 saale tini victor harberter "dushtu marita"-rawr shironame pii. shee. ell. oo-teey firey asen ebong 1953 saale tenor brian sulivanke taanr romantic agroho hisabe niye asen. brancato 83 bochor boyse neu eork shohorer beth israel hospitale cancerey maaraa zaan. tini daa. lester dii. rothman ebong off stage rosemary rothman naame porichito chhilen.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (2 october, 1910-18 juuna, 1994) aek american kalaretura sopraano hataa, jemane 1930naa daykana madhyathi 1950naa daykama american stage parr opera, opereta aneey concertmaa sakreey pradarshan karyoo hatoo. temane 1944maan fritz cresslernaa "rhapsody" naa mool broadway productionmaa medama boteenini bhoomika banaavi hatee. jeevan aneey karkirdi. cansas shaherma misaurima janmela brancato, medalena brankatoni putri hatee, jeey prasutishastri hatee. temane newyorknaa rochesterma eastman school off musicma taaleem leedhi hatee. jyaare teo aek vidhyarthi hataa, tyaare teo 1930maan atwater qenta foundation raashtriy rediyo auditiona uttarpurviy praadeshik starnaa vijeta hataa; aek raashtriy gaayan spardhaa jemaa rediyo karaar temaj puraskaarni rakam aapvama aavee hatee. snaatak thayaa pachhi, temane nyu york shaherma beverley silsanaa shikshak estel libeling saathe vadhu avaajno abhyaas karyo. brancato 1934maan shikago nagrik opera saathe giuseppe verdina "rigoleto" maan gilda tareeke vyaavsaayik padaarpan karyoo hatoo; marrian teleenaa nirmanmathi bahaar nikalyaa pachhi maatra aek divas pahelaa jaj aaa bhoomikani rajuaat karvaamaa aavee hatee. prexakoae teneena padaarpanne utsaahpurvak pratisaad aapyo aneey teneene chaar minut sudhee chaaleli prashansa aapee. teey jaj varshe teneeae newyork hippodrome khaate cosmopolitan opera association saathe opera ariasno concert aapyo, aneey cansas shaherma wdf rediyo parr pradarshan karvaanu sharoo karyoo. 1936maan teneene kolambiya concert corporation saathe hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemane 1930naa daykana madhyathi anta sudhee samagr united statesma sthaloae raashtriy concert pravasoma teneene book curry hatee. 1930 aneey 1940naa daykana antamaa cbs rediyo parr tenee niyamitpane sambhalvama aavtee hatee. 1944maan brancato navee sadeena theatrema fritz cresslernaa "rhapsody" naa mool broadway productionmaa medama boteeninu chitran karyoo hatoo. 1946maan temane newyork ciity opera saathe verdina "laa traviata" maan violetta tareeke padaarpan karyoo hatoo. temane detroit sivik light opera aneey cincinnati opera saathe mukhya bhoomikao gaai hatee. 1950naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa temane papper mill playhousemaa anek operetama abhinay karyo hato, jemaa sigmund rombergnee "dhaa nyu moone" (1950) maan maariyaane buenorni bhoomikao; roobert raitamaa neenaa haggerup aneey george forrestnu "song off norway" (1951); aneey gilbert aneey sullivanni "dhaa mikado" (1953) maan yama-yumno samaavesh thaay chhe. 1952maan temane pitsberg sivik light opera (pii. see. aela. oo.) maan temnaa castmate tareeke bellerina patricia bomen saathe rudolph freemalni "dhaa firefly" maan sibilni bhoomika bhajvi hatee. 1953maan teneeae 1953maan tenaa romentic rus tareeke tenor bryan sullivan saathe victor herbertnee "tofani marita" nee sheershak bhoomikama pii. see. aela. oo. maan paachha faryaa. brancato 83 varshnee ummare newyork shahernee beth israel hospitalma kensarthi mrutyu pamya hataa. teneeae doow. saathe lagna karyaa hataa. lester dii. rothman aneey off stage rosemary rothman tareeke odakhaata hataa.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (2 octuber, 1910-18 juuna, 1994) ack americi kalaretura soprano they, jinhone 1930 key dashak key madhya seey 1950 key dashak taka americi munch parr opera, opereta aur sangeet karyakramon mein sakriya pradarshan kiya thaa. unhone 1944 mein fritz cressler key "rhapsody" key mool broadway production mein maidam botikini kii bhoomika nibhai. jeevan aur currier. kansas shahar, misauri mein paida hue brancato, madalena brancato kii betty theen joe ack prasooti visheshagya theen. unhone newyork key rochester mein eastman school off music mein prashikshan liya. ack chhaatra key roop mein, vaha 1930 mein atwater kent foundation key rashtriya radio audition key poorvottar kshetriya star kii vijeta theen; ack rashtriya gaayan pratiyogita jisane radio anubandh key saath-saath puraskar raashi bhee pradaan kii. snaatak honey key baad, unhone newyork shahar mein beverley sills kii shikshika estel libeling key saath aage kii mukhar padhaai kii. brancato ney 1934 mein shikago nagrik opera key saath giuseppe verdy key "rigoletto" mein gilda key roop mein apani peshevar shuruat kii; marrian tally key utpaadan seey baahar nikalane seey ack dinn pahale bhoomika kii peshkash kii gaee thee. darshakon ney unake padaarpan parr utsaahpoorvak pratikriya dee aur unhein ack abhivaadan diyaa joe chaar minut taka chalaa. usee varsh unhone cosmopolitan opera association key saath newyork hippodrome mein opera arias kaa ack sangeet karyakram diyaa, aur kansas shahar mein wdaf radio parr pradarshan karna shuru kiya. 1936 mein unhein kolambiya sangeet karyakram nigam key saath hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane 1930 key dashak key madhya seey anta taka poore sanyukt raajya mein sthaanon mein rashtriya sangeet karyakram daure mein unhein book kiya thaa. 1930 aur 1940 key dashak key anta mein unhein niyamit roop seey see. bee. aiss. radio parr sunaa jaataa thaa. 1944 mein brancato ney naee sadee key rangmanch parr fritz cressler key "rhapsody" key mool broadway production mein medam botikini kaa chitran kiya. 1946 mein unhone verdy key "laa traviata" mein newyork shahar key opera key saath violetta key roop mein apani shuruat kii. unhone detroit sivik light opera aur sinsinati opera key saath pramukh bhoomikaaen gaaeen. 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein unhone pepper mill playhouse mein kaee opereta mein abhinay kiya, jisamen sigmund romberg kii "dha nyu moone" (1950) mein marian beonoire kii bhoomikaaen shamil theen; robbert raait mein neena heggerup aur george forrest kaa "song off norway" (1951); aur gilbert aur sullivan kii "dha micado" (1953) mein yama-yum. 1952 mein unhone pitsburg nagrik prakaash opera (pee. see. ell. oh.) mein apane castmate key roop mein ballerina patricia bowman key saath rudolf frimmel kii "dha firefly" mein sibil kii bhoomika nibhai. 1953 mein vaha 1953 mein apani romantic ruchi key roop mein tenor bryan sullivan key saath victor herbert kii "shararati marita" kii sheershak bhoomika mein pee. see. ell. oh. mein laut aaeen. brancato kii 83 varsh kii ayu mein newyork shahar key beth israel aspatal mein cancer seey mrityu hoe gaee. lester dee. rothman aur off stage koo rosemary rothman key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (october 2,1910-zoon 18,1994) obba american kalaratura soprano aagiddu, avaru 1930 rahra dashakada madhyadinda 1950 rahra dashakadavarege american vedikeyalli mattu american rediyodalli operaagalu, operettaagalu mattu sangeeta kacherigalalli sakriya pradarshana vrattijeevanavannu hondiddaru. avaru 1944 ralli fritz chryslern "rhapsody" yaya moola broadway nirmaanadalli maydom botikini patravannu rachisidaru. jeevana mattu vrutti. consas nagara, misauriyalli janisida brancato, prasooti vaidyaraada madalena brancato avara magalaagiddalu. avaru newyorkna rochesternalliruva eastman school off musicanalli tarabeti padedaru. vidyarthiyagiddaga, avaru 1930 ralli aut water kent foundation rashtriya radeo audition eeshaanya praadeshika mattadalli vijetaraagiddaru; rashtriya gayana spardheyu radeo oppandagalannu mattu bahumaanada hanavannu needitu. padavi padeda nantara, avaru newyork nagaradalli beverley silsna sikshaka estell libelingnondige mattashtu gayana adhyayanavannu munduvaresidaru. brancato 1934 ralli chikago nagarika operaadondige gilda aagi giuseppe vardiya "rigoletto" nalli tanna vruttipara chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru; mariane tally nirmaanadinda horabanda ondu dinada modalu patravannu nidalaayitu. prekshakaru aakeya chocchala praveshakke utsaahadinda pratikriyisidaru mattu naalku nimishagala kaala nadeda mechchugege patraradaru. adhe varsha avaru newyork hippodromnalli cosmopolitan opera asosiyeshannondige opera arias sangeeta kacheriyannu niididaru mattu consas nagaradalli wdf rediyodalli pradarshana needalu praarambhisidaru. 1936ralli columbia concert kaarporeshannondige sahi haakalaayitu, avaru 1930rahra dashakada madhyadinda koneyavarege united statesnadyantada stalagalalli rashtriya sangeeta kachheri pravaasagalalli avarannu book maadidaru. 1930rahra dashakada koneyalli mattu 1940rahra dasakadalli cbs rediyodalli aake niyamitavagi keluttiddaru. 1944ralli brancato hosa shatamaanada rangabhoomiyalli fritz chryslern "rhapsody" yaya moola broadway nirmaanadalli maydom botikiniyannu chithrisidaru. 1946ralli avaru newyork city operaadondige verdia "laa traviata" nalli violetta patradalli paadaarpane maadidaru. avaru detroit cvk light opera mattu cincinnati operaadondige pramukha patragalannu haadidaru. 1950rahra dashakada aarambhadalli avaru paper mill playhousenalli halavaaru operetaagalalli natisidaru, idaralli sigmund rombergn "dhii nyoo moone" (1950) nalli marian buenoyer patragalu; robbert rait mattu georg forrestn "saang off norwey" (1951) nalli nina haggerup; mattu gilbert mattu sullivan "dhii micado" (1953) nalli yamm-yamm. 1952ralli avaru rudolph frimml avara "dhii firefly" nalli sibil patravannu nirvahisidaru, pitsburg sivil light operaadalli (pii. sii. ell. oo) nartaki patricia boman avara patravargada saha-saha-natiyagi natisidaru. 1953ralli aake victor herbert avara "naagi maritta" shirshikeya patradalli pii. sii. ell. oo. ge maralidaru, 1953ralli tenar brian sullivan avara pranayada aasaktiyaagi. brancato avaru tamma 83neey vayassinalli newyork nagarada beth isrel aaspatreyalli cancerninda nidhanaraadaru. avaru daa. lester dii. rothman, mattu off stage annu rosemary rothman endu kareyalaaguttittu.

rosemary brancato 1930 kalude pakuthi muthal 1950 kall vare american vediyilum american radioyilum oopparakal, oopparattakal, kacherikal ennivayil sajeevamaaya prakadanajeevitham kaazhchavecha oru american kalaraachara soprano aayirunnu rosemary brancato (october 2,1910-juun 18,1994). 1944 ll fritts chraislerude "rhapsody" yude yadhaartha broadway nirmmaanatthil maadam bottikkiniyude vesham avar srishtichu. jeevithavum thozhilum. missouriyile kansas sittiyil janicha brancato oru obstatreeshyanaayirunna madalena braankaattoyude makalaayirunnu. newyorkkile rochasttarile eestmaan school oof myusikkil avar pariseelanam nedi. vidyaarthiniyaayirunpol, 1930-ll attu vaattar kent foundeshante deseeya radio oodishante vadakkukizhakkan praadeshika thalatthil avar vijayiyaayirunnu; radio karaarukalum sammaanathukayum nalkunna oru deseeya gaanamatsaram. birudam nediya sesham, newyork sittiyile beverley silsinte adthyaapikayaaya estel libelinginoppam avar kooduthal shabdapatanam nadatthi. 1934 ll chikkago sivik oopparayiloode giuseppe verdiyude "rigolatto" yill gildayayi brancato thante professional arangettam kurichu; marian tally nirmmaanatthil ninnu purathupoyathinu oru divasam munbu eee vesham vaagdaanam cheyyappettu. prekshakar avarude arangettathodu aaveshathode prathikarikkukayum naalu minitt neenduninna oru kayyadi nalkukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne avar cosmopolitan ooppara associationodoppam newyork hippodromil ooppara eriyaasinte oru kacheri nadathukayum kansas nagaratthile dablyu. dii. eiii. eph radioyil prakadanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1936-ll columbia kansertt korppareshanumaayi avar karar oppittu, avar 1930-kalude pakuthi muthal avasaanam vare amerikkayiludaneelamulla vedikalile deseeya kacheri toorukalil avale book cheythu. 1930 kalude avasaanathilum 1940 kalilum cbs radioyil avar pathivayi kelkkappettu. 1944ll nyoo senchwari thiyettaril fritts chraislerude "rhapsody" yude yadhaartha broadway nirmmaanatthil brancato maadam botikkiniye avatharippichu. 1946-ll newyork sitti oopparayaaya verdiyude "laa travieta" yill violeta enna kathaapaathrathiloodeyaanu avar arangettam kurichathu. detroit sivik laitt oopparayilum sinsinnaatti oopparayilum avar pradhana veshangal aalapichu. 1950 kalude thudakkathil sigmund romberginte "dhii nyoo moonn" (1950) enna chithratthile marian byoonoyarinte veshangal, roobert raittil nina haggerp, jorjju forestinte "soong oof norway" (1951), gilbertil umm-yum, sulivante "dhii micado" (1953) ennivayulppede niravadhi oopparettakalil avar abhinayichu. 1952-ll rudolph frimlinte "dhaa firefly" enna chithratthil sible enna kathaapaathrathe avatharippichu, pittsburg sivik laitt oopparayil (pii. sii. ell. oo) balarina patricia boomaan avalude castmettaayi. 1953-ll victor herbertinte "notti maariyetta" enna taittil rolil 1953-ll tener bryan sullivan enna romaantik thaalpparyamulla kathaapaathrathe avatharippichu avar pii. sii. ell. oyilekku madangi. newyork nagaratthile beth israel ashupathriyil 83-aamm vayassil kyaansar baadhichu brancato marichu. doow. lesttar dii. rosemary rohtman ennum stejinu purathullavar rosemary rohtman ennum ariyappettirunnu.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (2 aktoobar 1910-18 juuna 1994) hii eka american kalarechura soprano hotee, jichi american manchavaril aanee american radiovaril aupera, apereta aanee maifilimadhye 1930 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon 1950 chya dashkaparyant sakriy kamgiri hotee. 1944 madhye fritz cresslerchya 'rhapsody' chya mool broadway nirmitimadhye tine maddam botikinichi bhoomika sakarli. jeevan aanee karkird. misaurichya cances shaharat janmalela brancato hii prasutishastradnya asalelya madalena brankatochi mulgi hotee. tine newyorkmadheel rochester yetheel eastman school auph musicmadhye prashikshan ghetale. vidyarthi asatana, tee 1930 madhye atwater kent foundationchya rashtriy redio auditionchya ishanya pradeshik patalichi vijeti hotee; eka rashtriy gayan spardha jyat redio karar tasech bakshis rakkam pradan kelee gelee. padvi ghetalyanantar, tine newyork shaharatil beverley sillschya shikshika estel libelingsobat pudhil gayan abhyas keela. brankatone 1934 madhye shikago sevic auperamadhun guseppe vardichya "rigoleto" madhye gilda mhanoon vyavsayik padarpan kele; marrian tallyne nirmititun baher padnyachya eka divas aadhi teela hii bhoomika deu karnyat aalee. prekshakanni tichya padarpanala utsahane pratisad deela aanee chaar minite chalalelya talhyancha kadakadat keela. tyach varshi tine newyork hippodrome yethe cosmopolitan aupera associationsobat aupera eriyajchi maifal dilee aanee cances shaharatil wdaf rediovar sadarikaran karnyas suruvat kelee. 1936 madhye teela kolambiya maifili mahamandalasobat kararbaddha karnyat aale, jyane 1930 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon uttaradhaparyant sampoorn americetil thikani teela rashtriy maifilichya dauyanmadhye sahbhagi karoon ghetale. 1930 aanee 1940 chya uttaradhat see. bii. ess. rediovar tee niyamitpane aikali jaat asey. 1944 madhye brankatone nyu century theatermadhe fritz cresslerchya 'rhapsody' chya mool broadway nirmitimadhye maddam botikinichi bhoomika sakarli. 1946 madhye tine newyork ciity auperatoon vardichya 'laa traviata' madhye violetta mhanoon padarpan kele. tine detroit sevic light aupera aanee cincinnati aupera madhye pramukh bhoomika kelya. 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila tine pepper mill plehausmadhil anek apereta chitrapatanmadhye kaam kele, jyat sigmund rombergchya 'daad nyu moone' (1950) madheel mariane bunoirchya bhoomika; robbert rait aanee george forrestchya 'song auph norwey' (1951) madheel neena heggerup; aanee gilbert aanee sullivanchya 'daad mikado' (1953) madheel yama-yum yancha samavesh aahe. 1952 madhye tine rudolph freemalchya 'daad firefly' madhye sibilachi bhoomika sakarli, jyat nrutyangana patricia boman hiney pitsberg sevic light aupera (pii. see. ell. oo.) madhye tichi castmate mhanoon kaam kele. 1953 madhye tee vijetya herbertchya 'notty marita' chya shirshak bhoomiket pii. see. ell. oo. madhye paratali aanee 1953 madhye tenner bryan sullivan hii tichi pranayramya aavad hotee. brancato yanche vayachya 83 vya varshi newyork shaharatil beth israyal rugnalayat karkarogamule nidhan jhaale. tyanche lagn dow. lester dii. rothman aanee auph stage yanna rossmerry rothman mhanoon olakhale jaat asey.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (october 2,1910-june 18,1994) ek americi kaloratura soprano thie jasle americi manchama rar americi radioma 1930 ko dashakko madhyadekhi 1950 ko dashaksamma opera, opereta rar concertharuma sakriya pradarshan currier gareka thie. unle sann 1944 maa fritz cresslerko "rhapsody" ko muel broadway utpadanma medam botikiniko bhumika sirjana garin. jiwan rar currier. cansas sahar, misaurima janmeka brancato medalena brancatoki chhori thiin jo prasuti visheshagya thiin. unle newyorkko rochesterma raheko eastman schol aff musicma prashikshan lieki thiin. ek vidyarthi hunda, uni sann 1930 maa etwater kent foundationko rashtriya radio adisanko uttarpurvi khetriya starki vijeta thiin; ek rashtriya gayan pratiyogita jasle radio anubandhaka sathai puraskar rashi pradan गऱ्यो।. snatak garepachhi, unle newyork saharma beverley silsko shikshak astell laiblingsanga thap mukhar adhyayan garin. brancatole sann 1934 maa sikago nagarik operama giuseppe wardiko "rigoleto" maa gildako rupma afno wyawasayik suruwat garin; marian telly nirmanbata bahirine ek dina aghi bhumikako prastawa garieko thiyo. darshakharule unko debuema utsahapurwak pratikriya die, rar unlai chaar minetsamma chaleko abhiwadan die. sohi warsha unle newyork hippodromema cosmopolitan opera esosiesansanga opera ariasko concert die, rar cansas saharko wdaf radioma pradarshan garna thalin. sann 1936 maa uni columbia concert corporesionsanga hastakshar gareki thiin jasle unlai sann 1930 ko dashakko madhyadekhi antyasamma sanyukta rajya americabharika sthalharuma rashtriya concert turharuma book garayo. uni sann 1930 rar 1940 ko dashakko uttarardhama cbs radioma niyamit rupma suninthyo. sann 1944 maa brankatle nayan shatabdiko thieterma fritz cresslerko "rhapsody" ko muel broadway utpadanma medam botikiniko bhumika nibhaeka thie. sann 1946 maa unle newyork city operako sath wardiko "lah traviata" maa bhayoletako rupma afno suruwat garin. unle detroit sibhik light opera rar cincinnati operama pramukh bhumika gain. sann 1950 ko dashakko prarambhama unle paper mill playhousema dherai operetaharuma abhinaya garin, jasma sigmund rombergko "da nyu munn" (1950) maa mariane byunayarko bhumika; robert right rar george farestako "sang aff nervey" (1951) maa nina hegrap; rar gilbert rar sulibhanko "da mikado" (1953) maa yam-yumko bhumika samawesh chha. sann 1952 maa unle pitsberg sibhik light opera (piclo) maa balerina patricia bomyansanga rudolf freemalko "da firefly" maa sibilko bhumika nibhaeki thiin. sann 1953 maa uni wictor herbertko "shararati marita" ko shirshak bhumikama pee. see. ell. o. maa farkiin rar sann 1953 maa tenner bryan sulibhan unko romantic ruchiko rupma thiin. brancatoko 83 warshako umerma newyork saharko beth israel aspatalma cancerbata mrityu bhayo. uni dah. lester dee. rothman rar aff stagelai rosemary rothman bhanera chininthyo.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (october 2,1910-june 18,1994) jane americae kalaratura soprano thile, jie 1930 dashkar madhyabhagaru 1950 dashaka parjyanta americae manchare ebong americae rediore apera, aperetta ebong concertre sakriya pradarshan kyariyara karithile. shay 1944 ray fritz krijalarnka "rhapsody" rahr moola broadway prodoxon ray maddam botikininka bhumika srusti karithile . zeeban ebong brutti. misaurira cansas saharare janmagrahana karithiba brancato jane prasuti bisheshagya madalena brankatonka jhia thile. shay nyujarkara rochestarare thiba eastman skul off myujikare talim neithile. jane chhatra thiba samajare, shay 1930 ray atwater kent foundationera jatiah redio auditioner uttara-purba anchalika starar bijeta thile; eka jatiah geeta pratijogita jaahaa redio chuktinama tatha puraskara raashi pradan karithila . snataka heba parey, shay nyujarka saharare bebharli silsra sikhyaka estell laiblingnka saha adhika kantha sikhya karithile. brancato 1934 ray chikago sibhika apera sahita giuseppe bhardinka "rigoleto" ray gilda bhabare tankara bruttigata debyu karithile; marian telly prajojanaru bahariba maatra gotie deane purbaru ehi bhumika pradan karajaithila . darshakamane taanka debyuku utsahara saha pratikrija deithile, ebong tanku eka prashansa pradan karithile jaahaa chaari minute parjyanta chalithila . sehi barsha shay nyujarka hippodromare casmopolitan apera association sahita apera arijasara eka sangeeta karjyakram deithile ebong cansas saharare wadaf rediore pradarshan arambha karithile. 1936 masihare shay kalambia concert corporation sahita chuktibaddha hoithile, jieki 1930 dashkar madhyabhagaru shesh parjyanta samagra juktarastra americara sthanagudikare jatiah concert turare tanku book karithile. 1930 ebong 1940 dashkar shesh bhagare cbs rediore shay nijamita bhabare sunajauthile. 1944 masihare brancato nooa shatabdir thietarare fritz krijalarnka "rhapsody" rahr moola broadway pradaksanare maddam botikininka charitrare abhinai karithile. 1946 masihare shay nyujarka city apera sahita bhardinka "laa traviata" ray bhajoleta bhabare debyu karithile. shay detroit sibhika light apera ebong cincinnati apera sahita mukhya bhumika gaithile . 1950 dashkar prarambhare shay pepara mill plehausare aneka aperetta ray abhinai karithile, jeunthire siegmund romabarganka "dee nyu munn" (1950) ray marien bionoiranka bhumika antarbhukta; robert rait ebong george farestanka "sang off narawe" (1951) ray nina hegarap; ebong gilbert ebong sulivanka "dee mikado" (1953) ray yamm-yamm . 1952 masihare shay rudolf frimlnka "daa firefly" ray sibil bhumikare abhinai karithile, jeunthire pitsburg sibhika light apera (pii. sii. ell. oh.) ray balerina patricia boman taanka castmate bhabare abhinai karithile. 1953 masihare shay bijai herbertnka "dustu marietta" rahr shirshaka bhumikare pii. sii. ell. oh. ku pherithile ebong 1953 masihare tenor bryan sulivan tankara romantic agraha thile. brancato 83 barsha bajasare nyujarka saharar beth israela daktarakhanare karkata rogare mrutyubarana karithile. shay dodd. lester dii. rothman, ebong mancha bahare rosemary rothman bhabare janashuna thile .

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (2 aktubar, 1910-18 juun, 1994) ikk amriki colortura soprano see jiss neey 1930 dey dahake dey addh toon lae keey 1950 dey dahake takk amriki stage atey amriki radio utte opera, operetta atey sangeet samarohan witch ikk sargaram pardarshan carrier banaiaa see. uss neey 1944 witch fritz chrysler dey "rhapsody" dey mool broadway production witch maidam botisini dee bhumika nibhai. jeevan atey carrier. kansas shehar, misauri witch paida hoiaa, brancato madelena brancato dee dhee see joe ikk prasuti doctor see. uss neey rochester, newyork witch eastman school aaf music toon sikhlai laee. jadon uh ikk vidiaarthi see, uh 1930 witch atwater cant foundation dey rashtari radio audition dey uttar-purbi khetri paddhar dee jetu see; ikk rashtari gaiki mukabala jiss neey radio theke dey naal-naal inami raashi vee ditti. graduate honn toon baad, uss neey newyork shehar witch beverley sills dey adhiaapak estel liabling naal horr vocal padahi keeti. brancato neey 1934 witch shikago nagrik opera naal gilda dey roop witch giusep verdy dey "rigoletto" witch aapni peshevar shuruat keeti; marian telly dey utpadan toon bahr jaanh toon ikk dinn pahilan bhumika dee peshkash keeti gaee see. darshakan neey uss dee daibioo noon utshah naal pratikiriaa ditti atey uss noon chaar mint takk challan vaali vadhai ditti. use saal uss neey newyork hippodrome witch cosmopolitan opera association naal opera eria daa ikk sangeet samaroh ditta, atey kansas shehar witch wdaf radio utte pardarshan karna shuru qarr ditta. sann 1936 witch uss noon columbia sangeet samaroh nigam naal hastakhar keete gaye sunn, jiss neey uss noon 1930 dey dahake dey addh toon ant takk sanyukat raaj bharr dey sathanan witch rashtari sangeet samaroh tour witch book keeta see. uh 1930 atey 1940 dey dahake dey akheer witch see. bee. aiss. radio utte niyamit taur utte sunee jaandi see. sann 1944 witch brancato neey naveen sadee dey theatre witch fritz chrysler dey "rhapsody" dey mool broadway production witch maidam botisini daa kirdaar nibhaiaa. sann 1946 witch uss neey verdy dey "laa traviata" witch violetta dey roop witch newyork city opera naal aapni shuruat keeti. uss neey detroit sivik light opera atey sinsinati opera naal mukkh bhumikavan nibhaiaan. 1950 dey dahake dey arambh witch uss neey paper mill playhouse witch kaee operetta witch kamm keeta, jiss witch sigmund romberg dee "dha nioo moone" (1950) witch marian beonor deeaan bhumikavan shamal hunn; robbert raeet atey jaaraj forrest dey "geet aaf narve" (1951) witch neena haggerup; atey gilbert atey sulivan dee "dha mikado" (1953) witch yamm-yoom. sann 1952 witch uss neey pitsburg nagrik light opera (pee. see. ail. ou.) witch aapne castmate dey roop witch ballerina patricia bowman dey naal rudolf frimmel dee "dha firefly" witch sibil dee bhumika nibhai. 1953 witch uh jetu herbert dee "shararati marita" dee sirlekh bhumika witch pee. see. ail. ou. witch waps aaee atey 1953 witch tenner bryne sullivan neey aapni romantic dilchaspi vajon kamm keeta. brancato dee 83 saal dee umar witch newyork shehar dey beth israeel hospital witch cancer naal maut hoow gaee. uss daa viaah daa. lester dee. rothman atey stage toon bahr rosemary rothman vajon janhiaa jaanda see.

rosemary braankato rosemary braankato (october 2,1910-joon 18,1994) amerikaadeshasy kolaratura sopraano aasit, yasya 1930 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhagat 1950 tamasya dashakaparyantam american-manche american-radio-madhye operaa-sangeeta-karyakrameshu, operatas-sangeeta-karyakrameshu cha sakriya-pradarshana-vruttihi aasit. saa 1944 tame varshe fritz-chrysler ityasya "rhapsody" ityasya mool-broadway-nirmanasya medam-botikini ityasya paatram niramaat. jeevanam tathaa vruttihi. cansas-nagare, misauree-nagare janma praapnot, braankato, prasooti-chikitsikaa madalena braankato ityasya putree aasit. saa nyuyaark-nagarasya rochester-nagare eastman-school aaf-music ityatra prashikshanm praapnot. chhaatratvena saa 1930 tame varshe atwater kent foundation ityasya rashtriya-radio-pareekshayaha eeshaany-praadeshika-starasya vijetree aasit; rashtriya-gaayan-pratiyogitaa, yasmin radio-anubandhah, puraskaar-rashihi cha pradatta. snaatakapadaveem praapya saa nyuyaark-nagare beverley sills ityasya shikshaken estel-labling ityanena saha swara-adhyayanm agruhnaat. braankato 1934 tame varshe chikaago-nagarika-operaa-karyakramena giusep wordy ityasya "rigoleto" ityasmin gilda iti rupena vyaavasaayik-padaarpanam krutavatee; marian-telly ityasya nirmanat nishkasanat ekadivasarapoorvam tasyaah paatram prastooyat. prekshakaah tasyaah prathama-pradarshanasy utsahapuritam uttaram dattavantah, tathaa cha tasyaah prashamsaam dattavantah yat chaturnitaani nimeshaani yaavat aasit. tasmin eva varshe saa nyuyaark hippodrome-nagare cosmopalitan operaa-sanghena saha operaa arias-ityasya sangeeta-karyakramam pradadat, cansas-nagare doubleu. dee. e. ef. radio-madhye pradarshanm prarabhata. 1936 tame varshe saa columbia-concert-nigamena saha hastaksharita, yah 1930 tame dashakasy madhyabhagat ante yaavat sampoorne samyuktarajyamerika-desheshu sthaleshu rashtriya-concert-paryataneshu tasyaah krute arakshanam krutavaan. saa 1930-1940 dashakayoho ante see. bee. ess. radio-madhye niyamitaroopen shrutavatee. 1944 tame varshe braankato-varyaha nyoo-century-natyashalayam fritz-chrysler ityasya "rhapsody" ityasya mool-broadway-nirmanasya medam-botikini iti paatram niravahat. 1946 tame varshe saa nyuyaark-nagarasya operaa-karyakramena wordy ityasya "laa traviata" ityasmin violetata iti namna padaarpanam krutavatee. saa detroit sivika-lait-operaa tathaa sinkinnaati-operaa ityetayoho pramukhapaatraani aalapat. 1950 tame dashakasy aarambhe saa paper-mill-playhouse-madhye anekeshu operetas-madhye abhyanayt, yasmin sigmund-romberg ityasya "da nyoo-moon" (1950) ityasmin marian-byunaayar ityasya paatram, rabert-rait tathaa jaarj-forrest ityasya "saang-aaf-naarve" (1951) ityasmin ninaa-hegarap ityasya paatram, gilbert tathaa sulivan ityasya "da-mikaado" (1953) ityasmin yam-yam ityetaani paatraani cha antarbhavanti. 1952 tame varshe saa rudalf freeml ityasya "da fairflai" ityasmin sibal iti paatram niravahat, pitsburg civiclat operaa (pee. see. ell. o.) ityasmin nrutyangana petricia boman ityeshaa saha tasyaah saha-kalakaratvena abhyanayt. 1953 tame varshe saa victor-herbert ityasya "natti-maritta" iti shirshakiye paatren pee. see. ell. o. prati pratyaagatavatee, yasmin tenner-brian-sulivan ityeshaa 1953 tame varshe pranaya-ruchihi aasit. braankato nyuyaark-nagarasya beth-isrel-chikitsaalaye 83 varsheeyah karkarogena mrutah. saa daa. lester dee. rothman, tathaa manchaat bahihi cha rosemary rothman iti namna prasidhah aasit.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (october 2,1910-juun 18,1994) oru america vannamayamaana sobrano aavaar, avar 1930 kalin naduppaguthiyil irunthu 1950 kazhil america vanoliyil ooparaakkal, ooparaakkal mattrum kachchaerigalil seyalil irunthaar. 1944 aam aandil fritz chryslerine "rhapsody" inn asal broadway thayaarippil maedam podigni endra paaththiraththai avar uruvaakkinaar. vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. kansas nagaril pirantha brancato, mizori, oru magappaeriyal nipunaraana mattalena brangatovin magal aavaar. avar newyorkin rosesteril ulla eastman isaip pallyil payirchi pettraar. oru maanavaraaga irunththapoathu, 1930 aam aandil add watter kent arakkattalaiyin thaesiya vanoli audition vadakizhakku piraanthiya mattaththil vetrtriyaalaraaka irunthaar; oru thaesiya paadal poatti, idhu vanoli oppanthangkalaiyum parisuth thogaiyaiyum valangkiyathu. pattam pettra piragu, avar newyorg nagaril beverley silsin aasiriyaraana estell liblinguden maelum kural padippaith thodarnthaar. brancato 1934 aam aandil sikago sivik ooparaa moolam kildaavaaga thanathu thozhilmurai arimugamaanaar, cuseb vertiyin "ricoleto" ill; mariane dolly thayaarippilirunthu veliyaeriya oru naall munbu inththa paaththiram vazhangkappattathu. paarvaiyaalarkal avarathu arimugaththirku aarvaththudan pathilaliththanar, maelum naanku nimidangal neediththa oru kaithattalai avarukku vazhangkinar. athae aandu avar newyorg hippotroamil cosmopolitan ooparaa sangaththudan ooparaa arias kacheriyai valangkinaar, maelum kansas nagaril doublue. dii. aee. eff vanoliyil nigazhththath thodangkinaar. 1936 aam aandil avar kolambiya kacherik kazhagaththudan kaiyeluththittaar, avar 1930 kalin naduppaguthi muthal pirpaguthi varai america muzhuvathum ulla idangkalil thaesiya kacheri suttruppayanangkalil avarai munbathivu seithaar. 1930kalin pirpaguthiyilum 1940kazhil cps vanoliyil avar thodarnthu ketkappattaar. 1944 aam aandil puthiya noottraandu thiraiyarangkil fritz chryslerine "rhapsody" inn asal broadway thayaarippil brancato maedam podigniyai siththariththaar. 1946 aam aandil avar newyorg chitty ooparaa moolam vertiyin "laa traviata" ill violet endru arimugamaanaar. avar tetroid sivik lyde ooparaa mattrum cincinetti ooparaa aagiyavattrudan munnani vaedangkalaip paadinaar. 1950 kalin murpaguthiyil avar kaagitha aalai naadagaththil pala ooparaakkalil naditthaar, idhil sigmund romberkin "thii neu muun" (1950) ill marian piyanoayarin paaththirangkal adangkum; robbert raid mattrum jaarj forrestin "saang off norway" (1951) ill nina hagerup; mattrum gilbert mattrum sullivan "thii micado" (1953) ill yamm-yamm. 1952 aam aandil avar rudaalp freemlin "thii firefly" ill sibil paaththiraththai naditthaar, bittsburg sivik lyde ooparaa (pii. chii. ell. ooo) ill balarina patricia boman thanathu nadiganaaga naditthaar. 1953 aam aandil avar victor herbertin "kurumbu maurita" endra thalaippu paaththiraththil pii. chii. ell. ooo-vukku thirumbinaar, 1953 aam aandil denner praiyan sullivan avarathu kaathal aarvamaaga irunthaar. brancato thanathu 83 vayathil newyorg nagaril ulla beth israel maruthuvamanaiyil puttrunoayaal iranthaar. avar doctor. lester dii. rohtman, mattrum off stage rosemary rohtman endru alaikkappattaar.

rosemary brancato rosemary brancato (aktobaru 2,1910-juun 18,1994) oka american kalaratura soprano, athanu 1930la madhya nundi 1950la varaku american vedikapai operaalu, operettaalu mariyu kachereelalo churukaina pradarsana vruttini kaligi unnadu. aame vinipinchedi fritz cressler yokka "rhapsody" yokka asalu broadway utpattilo maydom botini paatranu srushtinchindi. jeevitam mariyu vrutti. consas nagaramaina misouriiloo janminchina brancato, prasuuti vaidyuraalu ayina madalena brancato kumarte. aame newyorkloni rochesterlo eastman school off musiclo sikshana pondindi. vidyaarthigaa unnappudu, aame aame atwater kent foundation yokka jaateeya radeo audition yokka eshaanya praantiiya sthaayilo vijaetagaa nilichindi; radeo contractulatho paatu bahumati dabbunu pradaanam chesina jaateeya gaanam pootii. graduation taruvaata, aame newyork nagaramlo beverley sills upadhyayuralu estelle libelingtho marinta swara adhyayanalanu konasaaginchindi. brancato brancato chikago poura operaatho gilda gaa giusape verdi yokka "rigoletto" loe thana vruttiparamaina pravesam chesindi; marian tolly utpatti nundi bayataku vellae oka roeju mundu paatranu andinchindi. prekshakulu aame toli pradarsanaku utsaahamgaa spandinchi, naalugu nimishala paatu saagina ovation icchaaru. adhe samvatsaram aame newyork hippodromelo cosmopolitan opera association thoo opera arias kachereeni ichindi mariyu consas nagaramlo wdaf radiolo pradarsana ivvadam praarambhinchindi. praarambhinchindi aame columbia kachereela samsthatho santakam cheyabadindi, aame 1930la madhya nundi chivari varaku united states antataa vedikalalo jaateeya kacheri paryatanalalo aamenu book chesindi. 1930la chivaralo mariyu mariyu aame cbs radiolo kramam tappakunda vinipinchedi. vinipinchedi brancato kotta sataabdapu theatres fritz cressler yokka "rhapsody" yokka asalu broadway utpattilo maydom botinini chitreekarinchaaru. chitreekarinchaaru aame newyork city operaatho verdi yokka "laa traviata" loe vailetta gaa thana toli pradarsana chesindi. aame detroit sivik light opera mariyu sinsinnati operaatho pradhana paatralu paadindi. 1950la praarambhamlo aame paper mill playhouselo aneka operetlalo natinchindi, veetilo sigmund romberg yokka "dhi nyuu moone" (1950) loe marian beaunoir paatralu; robbert rait mariyu georg forrest yokka "sang off norway" (1951) loe nina hagerpup; mariyu gilbert mariyu sullivan yokka "dhi micado" (1953) loe yamm-yamm unnaayi. unnaayi aame pitsburg poura light opera (pii. sii. ell. oo) loe balerina patricia boman thoo kalisi rudolph friml yokka "dhi fair fly" loe sibil paatranu pooshinchindi. aame aame aame tenar brian sullivan thoo kalisi victor herbert yokka "konte marietta" anae taitil paatralo pii. sii. ell. oo. kii tirigi vachindi. brancato 83 samvatsaraala vayassulo newyork nagaramloni beth izrael aasupatrilo cancertho maraninchindi. aame daa. lester dii. rothmann, mariyu off stage rosemary rothmann anie piluvabadevaaru.

rozmeeri brancato rozmeeri brancato (2 aktobar 1910-18 joone 1994) eek americi chlortora soperno thee jiss nay 1930 kii dahayi kay wast say 1950 kii dahayi takk americi stage parr aur americi redio parr opera opera aur concerts mein faal karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. iss nay 1944 mein fertz creasler kii "repsody" kii asl braad way production mein medam botikini kaa kirdaar takhliq kiyaa. zindagi aur carrier. kensas shehar mesori mein paida honay waalaa brancato medlina brancato kii betty thee juu eek maahir amraz naswan thee. inhon nay neoyork kay rochister mein aist meen school aaf music say tarbiyat haasil kii. eek talibah kay toor parr wah 1930 mein aett waater kent foundation kay qomi redio audition kay shamaal mashriqi elaqayi satah kii faatah thein. eek qomi gulukari muqabilah jiss mein redio kay muahidon kay saath saath anaami raqam bhee dee gayee. graduation kay baad iss nay neoyork shehar mein beaurley silz kii astaad esteel labling kay saath mazeed suutee taleem haasil kii. brancato nay 1934 mein shikago kay shehri opera kay saath batoor gulda geosepy wordy kay "regulative" mein apnaa paishah waranah aaghaz kiyaa. maariyan teeli kay production say baahir nikalnay say sarf eek dunn pehley asay yaha kirdaar paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. saamayin nay inn kay debio parr josh woo kharoosh say radamil zahir kiyaa aur inhein eek tareefi paigham diyaa juu chaar mint takk jaari rehaa. asee saal inhon nay neo yark hippodrome mein cosmopolitan opera aisosi aishan kay saath opera airyaaz kaa eek concert diyaa aur kensas shehar mein dabliyo ddee aey aif redio parr perform karnaa sharoo kiyaa. 1936 mein inhein columbia concert corporation kay saath muahidah kiyaa gayaa jiss nay 1930 kii dahayi kay wast say aakhir takk puray america mein maqamat parr qomi concert kay dooron mein inhein buck kiyaa. inhein 1930 aur 1940 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein see bee aiss redio parr baqayedgi say sunaa jaataa thaa. 1944 mein brancato nay neo sanchari theater mein fertz creasler kii "repsody" kii asl braad way production mein medam botikini kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. 1946 mein inhon nay neoyork stee opera kay saath wordy kay "laa treviata" mein violeta kay toor parr apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. iss nay detervite soul light opera aur sankanati opera kay saath markazi kirdaar gaaye. 1950 kii dahayi kay awail mein inhon nay peepar mill play house mein kayee opera mein kaam kiyaa jinn mein segmond romberg kii "dee neo moone" (1950) mein maaryaan beunire kay kirdaar shaamil haine. raabart raait aur jaarj farst kay "swing aaf naarway" (1951) mein neena haggrip vovo aur gulbert aur saliwan kii "dee mikado" (1953) mein yamm-youm. 1952 mein iss nay patsburg soul light opera (pee see eel awo) mein bellerina patricia bomeen kay saath batoor cast meet rudolf farmal kii "dee fayer flayee" mein seebal kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. 1953 mein wah faatah herbert kii "shararti marita" kay tytle roll mein pee see eel awo mein waps aayen jiss mein tenor brine saliwan 1953 mein inn kii romanvi dilchaspi kay toor parr thein. brancato 83 saal kii amar mein neoyork shehar kay beeth israel hospital mein cancer say inteqal kirr gayein. inn kii shaadi doctor say hoyee thee. lester ddee. roth meen aur aaf stage kuu roz meeri roth meen kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa.

00080e898942feb67b5321013b73a6cff2dd504af93a2462e1f403b16076c35b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30207095

Francesca De Sapio

Francesca De Sapio Italian actress and acting coach Francesca De Sapio (16 August 1945) is an Italian actress and acting coach, best-known as the young Carmela Corleone in "The Godfather Part II" (1974). The daughter of an architect, she was born in Rome, Italy. After her father's work took him to the United States, she started studying acting in Texas. A life-member of the Actors Studio, having studied there under Lee Strasberg, De Sapio began teaching there as well In the early 1980s. In 1985, she co-founded with Giuseppe Perruccio the Duse Studio in New York City, an international centre for training in acting, film production and theater. In 1987, the Duse Studio moved to Montecatini Terme, Italy, and then to its current base in Rome. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

frences di sepio francesa di sepiyu (ingrajih Francesca de Savio) (16 aagosto 1945) egoraki italy obhinetri aaru obhinoy proxikhyok, ji "dyo godfadar part II" (1974) too juwo carmela corleon hisape xorbadhik porisito. egoraki sthopotibidor konya, teur jonmo hoisil rumot. pitrir kaamor pisot teuk aamerikaloi loi juwar pisot taai texaxot obhinoy odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho korisil. obhinetar studio 'ror ejon jiwan-xodosyo, lee strajbergor odhinot taat odhyoyon korar pisot, di sepiyo "ye 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite taat xikhyokota aarombho korisil. 1985 sonot teu nework sohoror jiyusepe parusio "dyo duj studio" ror xoite xoho-protistha korisil, ji hoise obhinoy, solositro nirman aaru theater proxikhyonor baabe ek antohrastriyo kendro. 1987 sonot duj studio 'tu italyr montekatini termoloi aaru taar pisot rumor bortomanor aadharoloi sthanantorito hoisil.

francesa dii sapio francesa dii sapio (16 august 1945) ekjon italiya abhinetri ebong abhinoy coach, jini "dya godfadar parta II" (1974)-ayee torun carmela corleon hisabe sorbadhik porichito. ekjon sthopotir konna, tini romey jonmogrohon korechilen. taar babar kaajer porr tini markin juktorashtre choley zaan ebong texuse abhinoy niye padashona shuru corren. abhineta studior ekjon ajibon sadasya, ly strusberger adhine sekhane padashona korar porey, dii sapio 1980-err doshoker godar dike sekhaneo shikkhokota shuru korechilen. 1985 saale, tini neu eork sitir giuseppe parrucior saathe dooj studio soho-protistha corren, jaa abhinoy, cholochchitro prajojana ebong theater proshikkhoner jonno ekti antorjatik kendra. 1987 saale, dooj studioti italir montekatini terme ebong tarpor romey taar bortoman ghantite sthanantorito hoy.

french dii sepeeo francesa dii sepeeo (16 august 1945) aek italian abhinetri aneey abhinay coach chhe, jeey "dhaa godfadhar paart II" (1974) maan yuvan carmella corleon tareeke jaaniti chhe. aek architectnee putri, teno janm romamaa thayo hato. tenaa pitaanu kaama temne united states laee gayaa pachhi, teneeae taxasma abhinayno abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo. abhinetaona studiyonaa aajivan sabhy, lii strasberg hethal tyaan abhyaas karyaa pachhi, dii sepiyoae 1980 naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa tyaan pann bhanaavvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. hatoo, temane nyu york shaherma giuseppe parrusio saathe dues studiyoni saha-sthaapnaa curry, jeey abhinay, film nirmaan aneey theatrema taaleem maatenu aantarrashtriy kendra chhe. chhe, dues studiyo italyna montectini termema aneey pachhi romamaa tenaa vartmaan aadhaar parr khasedvama aavyo.

fraansisi day sapio francica dee sapio (16 agast 1945) ack italvi abhinetri aur abhinay prashikshak hain, jinhen "dha godfather part II" (1974) mein yuva carmella corleone key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ack vastukar kii betty, vaha rome mein paida hui thee. apane pitaa key kaam key baad unhein sanyukt raajya america leey jaane key baad, unhone texas mein abhinay kii padhaai shuru kii. abhinetaon key studio key ack aajivan sadasya, lii strasberg key tahat vahaan adhyayan karane key baad, dee sapio ney 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein bhee vahaan padhaana shuru kiya. 1985 mein, unhone newyork shahar mein dues studio, joe abhinay, film nirmaan aur rangmanch mein prashikshan key liye ack antarrashtriya kendra haye, key saath saha-sthaapana kii. 1987 mein, dues studio itali key montekatini terme mein chalaa gayaa aur phir rome mein apane vartamaan aadhar parr chalaa gayaa.

franco dii sapio francesca dii sapio (august 16,1945) obba italian nutty mattu natana tarabetudaararaagiddu, "dhii godfather paart II" (1974) nalli yuva carmela carlione endu prasiddharagiddare. obba vaastushilpiya magalu, avalu romnalli janisidalu. aakeya tandeya kelasavu aatanannu united statesge karedoyda nantara, aake texasnalli natane adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidaru. lea strasberg avara adiyalli adhyayana maadida natara studiyoda jeevamaanada sadasya, dii sapio 1980 rahra dashakada aarambhadalli allie bodhisalu praarambhisidaru. 1985ralli, avaru newyork nagarada duce studiyoda jotegudi natane, chalanachitra nirmaana mattu rangabhoomiyalli tarabetigaagi antararashtriya kendravannu sthaapisidaru. 1987ralli, duce studiyovu itali, mantekatini termege sthalaantaragonditu mattu nantara romnalli adara prastuta nelege sthalaantaragonditu.

francesca dii sapio francesca dii sapio (august 16,1945) oru itaaliyan nadiyum abhinaya pariseelakayumaanu, "dhaa godfather part II" (1974) enna chithratthile yuva carmela corleon ennaanu ettavum ariyappedunnathu. oru vaasthushilpiyude makalaaya avar romil janichu. pithaavinte jolie addehathe amerikkayilekku kondupoya sesham avar texacil abhinayam padikkaan thudangi. liie strasberginte keezhil avide padicha nadanmaarude studiyoyile aajeevanantha amgamaaya dii sapio 1980 kalude thudakkathil avideyum padippikkaan thudangi. 1985-ll avar newyork nagaratthile dues studiyoyaaya giuseppe perusiyoyumaayi chernnu abhinayam, chalachithra nirmmaanam, naadakam ennivayile parisheelanathinulla anthaaraashtra kendramaayi sthaapichu. 1987-ll dues studiyo italiyile mondekaattini termilake pinneedu romile nilavile aditharayilekkum maari.

francechi rajdhani francesca dii sapio (16 august 1945) hii eka italian abhinetri aanee abhinay prashikshak aahe, jee 'daad godfather part II' (1974) madheel tarun carmela corleon mhanoon olakhali jaate. eka vastuvisharadachi mulgi, ticha janm rommadhye jhaala. tichya vadilanchya kamamule too americet gela, tyanantar tine texasmadhye abhinayache shikshan ghenyas suruvat kelee. lii strasbergchya netrutvakhali tethe shikshan ghetalyanantar, abhinetyanchya studiocha aajivan sadasya asalelya dii sapione 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila tethehi adhyapan karnyas suruvat kelee. 1985 madhye, tine newyork shaharatil dues studio, juiceppe perusiosobat saha-sthapana kelee, jeey abhinay, chitrapat nirmiti aanee rangbhumichya prashikshanasathiche aantarrashtriy kendra aahe. 1987 madhye, dues studio italitil montekatini term yethe aanee nantar rommadhil tyachya sadhyachya talavar halavanyat aala.

franceko sapio francesca day sepio (16 august 1945) ek italian abhinetri rar abhinaya prashikshak hun, jaslai "da gadfadar part II" (1974) maa yuwa carmela koraliyonko rupma chininchha. ek wastukarki chhori, uni romema janmieki thiin. unka bubako kamle unlai sanyukta rajya america lagayo, unle texasma abhinayako adhyayan garna thalin. abhineta studioko ajiwan sadasya, lea strasbergko adhinma tyahan adhyayan garisakepachi, day sepiyole 1980 ko dashakko suruma tyahan pani padhauna thale. sann 1985 maa, unle newyork saharko dues studio, abhinaya, chalchitra nirman rar thieterma prashikshanka lagi antarrashtriya kendra, giuseppe perusiosanga saha-sthapana garin. sann 1987 maa, dooj studio italyko montekatini termama sario, rar tyasapachhi romema yasako halko adharma sario.

franchesa dii sapio francesca dii sapio (16 august 1945) jane italiah abhinetri ebong abhinai prashikhyaka, jie "daa gadafadara part 2" (1974) ray juba carmela corleon bhabare janashuna . jane sthapatinka jhia, shay romare janmagrahana karithile. taanka pitanka kaama tanku america neijiba parey, shay teksasare abhinai adhyajana arambha karithile. abhinetanka studiora jane ajiban sadasya, ly strasbarganka adheenare sethare adhyajana curry, dii sapio 1980 dashkar prarambhare sethare madhya sikhyadana arambha karithile. 1985 masihare, shay nyujarka saharar duz studio, juicep perusionka saha mishi abhinai, chalachitra nirmana ebong thietarare talim paain eka antarjatija kendra pratistha karithile. 1987 masihare, duz studio italyra montekatini tarmaku sthanantarita hoithila ebong taa 'parey romare ehara barttamanara aadhaaraku sthanantarita hoithila .

franch day sapio francesa dee sapio (16 agast 1945) ikk italvi abhinetri atey adakari coach haii, joe "godfater bhaag II" (1974) witch naujwan carmela corleone vajon jaanhi jaandi haii. ikk architect dee dhee, uh rome witch paida hoee see. aapne pitaa dey kamm toon baad uh uss noon sanyukat raaj amrica lae gaee, uss neey taxas witch adakari dee padahi shuru keeti. adakaran dey studio dey jeevan-member, lee strasberg dey adheen utthe padahi curran toon baad, dee sapio neey 1980 dey dahake dey arambh witch utthe padhauna shuru qarr ditta. sann 1985 witch, uss neey nioo yarak shehar witch juicepe perrucio dey naal mill keey doos studio dee sathapana keeti, joe adakari, film nirman atey theatre witch sikhlai laee ikk antarashtari kendra haii. 1987 witch, doos studio itali dey montectini terme witch chalaa giaa atey firr rome witch aapne maujuda adhaar teey chalaa giaa.

francici da sepiyo fraamseskaa dee sepiyo (16 august 1945) ekaa italian-abhinetree, abhinaya-prashikshakah cha asti, yaa "da gaadfaadar part II" (1974) ityasmin chalachchitre yuva-carmela-carlion iti namna prasiddha asti. vastukarasya putree saa rome-nagare ajayata. pituhu karyat param tam samyuktaraajyam agruhnaat saa texas-deshe abhinayasy adhyayanm aarabdhavatee. abhinetaa-studio ityasya aajeevan-sadasyah, lee strasberg ityasya adheenam tatra adhyayanam krutvaa, day sepiyo 1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe api tatra adhyaapanam aarabdhavaan. 1985 tame varshe saa gyooseppe perussio ityanena saha nyuyaark-nagare duce-studio iti saha-samsthaapayat, yat abhinayasy, chalacchitranirmaanasya, rangamanchasya cha prashikshanasy antaaraashtriyakendram asti. 1987 tame varshe duce-studio itali-deshasya montekaatini-terme-nagaram prati, tatah rome-nagare tasya vartamaan-aadharam prati cha gatavaan.

francesco dii sabio francesca dii sabio (16 august 1945) oru itaaliya nadigai mattrum nadippu payirchiyaalar aavaar, avar "kadfather pakuthi II" (1974) ill ilam carmela carleone endru nanku ariyapattavar. oru kattidak kalaignarin magal, aval roamil piranthaal. avarathu thanthaiyin vaelai avarai amerikkaavirku alaiththuch sendra piragu, avar texacil nadippu padikkath thodangkinaar. nadigargal studiovin vaazhnaal uruppinar, liie strasberkin keezh angku padiththa dii sabio 1980 kalin murpaguthiyil angku karpikkath thodangkinaar. 1985 aam aandil, newyorg nagaril ulla toose studiovaana cuseppe perusiyoavudan inainthu avar niruvinaar, idhu nadippu, thiraippada thayaarippu mattrum naadagam aagiyavattril payirchikkaana sarvadesa maiyamaagum. 1987 aam aandil, toose studio itaaliyin montegadini termakeum, pinnar roamil ulla adhan tharpoothaiya thalaththirkum maattrappattathu.

frankessa dii sapio francesca dii sapio (16 augustu 1945) oka italian nati mariyu natana coach, "dhi gaad father paart II" (1974) loe yuva carmela carlione gaa prasiddhi chendaaru. oka vaastusilpi kumarte, aame romlo janminchindi. aame tandri udyogam atanni united statesku teesukellina taruvaata, aame texaslo natnanu abhyasinchadam praarambhinchindi. lii strasberg aadhvaryamlo akkada adhyayanam chesina natula studiolo jeevitakaala sabhyudu, dii sapio 1980la praarambhamlo akkada kooda bodhinchadam praarambhinchaadu. 1985loe, aame newyork nagaramloni dues studio, natana, chalanachitra nirmaanam mariyu naatakamlo sikshana kosam antarjaateeya kendramgaa giusape perusiyotho kalisi sthaapinchindi. 1987loe, dues studio italeelooni maantekaatini termeku, aapai romloni daani prastuta sthaavaraaniki maarindi.

francesi ddee saapiyo francesca ddee sepio (16 agast 1945) eek atalvi adakarah aur adakari coach haine juu "dee gaadd faadir paart II" (1974) mein naujawan carmela corleon kay naam say mashhur haine. eek mamaar kii betty wah room mein paida hoyee thee. apnay waalid kay kaam kay baad wah inhein america lay gayein iss kay baad inhon nay taxas mein adakari kii taleem haasil karnaa sharoo kii. adakaron kay studio kay eek amar rasidah rakan lee strasberg kay tahat wahaan taleem haasil karnay kay baad ddee sepio nay 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein wahaan bhee padhana sharoo kiyaa. 1985 mein iss nay neoyork shehar mein ddioz studio juu adakari film production aur theater kii tarbiyat kaa eek beenn alaqwami markaz hay geosepy parocue kay saath mill kirr bunyaad rakhee. 1987 mein ddioz studio montekatini termi atlee mein muntaqil how gayaa aur phir room mein apnay maujudah aday parr chalaa gayaa.

0008131e4bcecf458c619d3c04b7c2b571c657912676edcf5a2e388564650a53

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4903821

Indie Press Revolution

Indie Press Revolution Tabletop role-playing game publisher Indie Press Revolution (also referred to as "IPR") is a sales network that acts as a fulfillment house and distributor for publishers of indie role-playing games. It offers games directly to the public and to game retailers. Justin Joyce for Polygon recommended it for its selection of games and efficient website. Kristina Manente for Syfy called it a great resource to find indie tabletop role-playing games. It was founded in 2004 by Ed Cha of Open World Press and Brennan Taylor of Galileo Games. IPR represents over 100 author/publishers involved in role-playing games. On June 17, 2010 DOJ, Inc. (which also owns Hero Games) announced that they have purchased a majority share of IPR. Brennan Taylor stepped down as President. Jason Walters is now general manager, and much of IPR's energy is currently focused on expanding its convention presence, growing its retailer network, and attracting new publishers. Member publishers. The following publishers and designers distribute games through IPR as of April 2023. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bharotiyo xongbad madhyom biplob indie press revolution ("aai. pi. aar" buliu kuwa hoy) hoise ek bikri network ji indie rul-playing gemor prokaxokxokolor baabe ek puron ghor hisape kaam kore. ee khelxomuh punpotiyakoi jonoxadharon aaru khelor khusura bikretaxokolok prodan kore. bohubhujor baabe justine joyse iyak iyar khelxomuhor basoni aaru dokhyo websitor baabe poramorxo disil. sifir christina manenteye iyak indie tabletop rul-playing game bisari uliuwar baabe ek mohan xompod buli obhihito korisil. iyak 2004 sonot mukto biswo presor aid chaa aaru galileo "gamesor brenan tailore protistha korisil. aai. pi. aar.-e bhumika paalon koraa khelor xoite jorito 100 jonoru odhik lekhok/prokaxokor protinidhitwo kore. 2010 sonor 17 junor dinaa dodd 'jo, inok. (jikhon nayok kheloru goraki) teuluke aai. pi. aar.-ror xongkhyagoristho ongxo kroy koraa buli ghuxona korisil. brenan tailore rastropotir podor poraa podotyag korisil aaru xongkhyaloghu ongxo bojai rakhisil. jeson walters etiya karzobahi xadharon porisalok, aaru aai. pi. aar.-ror besibhag xokti bortoman iyar xonmilonor uposthiti xomproxaron, iyar khusura bikreta network briddhi aaru notun prokaxokxokolok aakorxito korat monuniwex korise. xodosyo prokaxok. 2023 sonor april maholoike nimnolikhito prokaxok aaru designorxokole aai. pi. aar.-ror joriyote khel bitoron kore.

bharatiya sangbadpatra biplob indie presha revolution (ipr nameo porichito) ekti bikroy network jaa indie roll-playing gemer prokashokder jonno ekti poripurnota house hisabe kaaj korey. etty sarasari jonosadharon ebong gema khuchro bikretader kachhe gema sarbaraha korey. bohubhujer jonno justine joyce gema nirbachan ebong dokkho websiter jonno etir superish korechilen. sifir christina manente etike indie tabletop roll-playing gameguli khunje berr korar jonno ekti durdanto sompod boley abhihito korechen. etty 2004 saale open worled presser edd chaa ebong galileo gameser brenan telor dwara protisthito hoyechilo. aaee. pii. arr. bhumika palankari gemer saathe jorito 100 jonero beshi lekhok/prokashokder protinidhitto korey. june 17,2010-ayee, dozz, inock. (jeti hiro gemero malik) ghoshana koreche jey taaraa ipr-err sankhyagarishtha ongsho kineche. brenan telor rashtropotir podo theke podotyag corren ebong sankhyalaghu ongsho bojay rakhen. jesson walters ekhon bharprapto mohabyobosthapok, ebong aaee. pii. arr-err beshirbhag shakti bortomane taar sommeloner uposthiti samprasaran, khuchro bikretar network briddhi ebong notun prokashokder akrishto korar dike mononibesh korche. prokashok sadasya. nimnolikhito prokashok ebong designerra 2023 saaler april porjonto ipr-err madhyome gema bitoron korey.

bhaartiy presa kraanti indii presa revolution (jene "aaee. pii. aar." tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe) aee aek vechaan network chhe jeey indii roll-playing gamesna prakashako maate paripurnataa ghar tareeke kaama karey chhe. teey seedha jaj jaaher janata aneey ramatnaa chhutak vepaareeone ramato pradaan karey chhe. bahukon maate justine joyse tenee ramatoni pasandagi aneey kaaryaksham website maate tenee bhalaaman curry hatee. sifee maate christina manente tene indii tabletop roll-playing games shodhvaa maate aek mahaan srot ganaavyo hato. tenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa open worled presnaa aeda chaa aneey galileeo gamesna brenan taylor dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaee. pii. aar. bhoomika bhajavati ramatomaa saamel 100 thee vadhu lekhak/prakashakonu pratinidhitva karey chhe. juuna juuna roj, doj, ink. (jeey heero gamesnee pann maliki dharaave chhe) aee jaaherat curry keey teoae aaee. pii. aar. noow bahumatee hisso khareedhyo chhe. brenan tellare pramukh padethi raajinaamu aapyu aneey laghumati hisso jaalvi raakhyo. jayson volters havey kaarykaari general manager chhe, aneey aaee. pii. aar. nee motabhagni urjaa haalmaa tenee sammelan haajareene vistrut karvaa, tenaa retailer networkne vadhaarvaa aneey navaa prakashakone aakarshva parr kendrit chhe. sabhy prakashako. neechena prakashako aneey designaro april 2023 sudhimaa aaee. pii. aar. dwara ramatonu vitaran karey chhe.

bhaaratiya press kranti indee press kranti (jise "aaee. pee. aar.". key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) ack bikri network haye joe indee bhoomika nibhaane vaale khelon key prakashakon key liye ack poorti ghar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. yeh seedhe janata aur khel khudra vikretaon koo khel pradaan kartaa haye. bahubhuj key liye justine joyce ney khelon key chayan aur kushal website key liye isaki sifarish kii. sifi key liye christina manent ney ise indee tabletop roll-playing game khojane key liye ack mahaan sansaadhan kahaa. isaki sthaapana 2004 mein open worled press key aid chaa aur galileo games key brenan teller dwara kii gaee thee. aaee. pee. aar. bhoomika nibhaane vaale khelon mein shamil 100 seey adhik lekhak/prakashakon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. 17 juuna, 2010 koo dozz, ink. (joe naayak khelon kaa bhee malik haye) ney ghoshana kii kii unhone aaee. pee. aar. kaa adhikansh hissa khareed liya haye. brenan teller ney rashtrapati key roop mein pada chhod diyaa aur ack alpansh hissedari banaae rakhee. jayson walters abb karyavahak mahaprabandhak hain, aur aaee. pee. aar. kii adhikansh oorjaa vartamaan mein apani sammelan upasthiti kaa vistaar karane, apane khudra network koo badhaane aur nae prakashakon koo aakarshit karane parr kendrit haye. sadasya prakaashak. nimnalikhit prakaashak aur designer aprail 2023 taka aaee. pee. aar. key madhyam seey khelon kaa vitaran karate hain.

bhaaratiya patrika kranti indee press revolution ("ipr" endoo kareyalaaguttade) ondu marata jaalavaagiddu, idu indee roll-playing atagala prakashakarige ondu puraisuva taanavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. idu saarvajanikarige mattu aatada chillare vyaapaarigalige neravagi aatagalannu odagisuttade. bahubhujaakrutiya justine joys tanna atagala ayke mattu parinamakari jaalataanakkaagi idannu shipharasu maadidaru. siphigaagi christina manente idannu indee table top roll-playing aatagalannu hudukalu uttama sampanmoolavendu karedaru. idannu idannu open worled presna edd chaa mattu galileo gamesna brennon taylor sthaapisidaru. ipr patrabhinayada atagalalli todagiruva todagiruva hecchu lekhakaru/prakashakarannu pratinidhisuttade. zoon 17,2010 randu doj, ink. (idu heero gemgala malikatvavannu saha hondide) avaru iprna bahupalu palannu khareedisiddaare endu ghoshisidaru. brennon taylor adhyaksha sthaanadinda kelagilidu alpamatada palannu ulisikondaru. jasson walters eega hangami pradhana vyavasthapakaraagiddaare, mattu iprna hecchina shaktiyu prastuta tanna samaveshada upasthitiyannu vistarisuvudu, adara chillare vyapari jaalavannu belesuvudu mattu hosa prakashakarannu akarshisuvudara mele kendrikrutavagide. prakashaka sadasya. ee kelagina prakashakaru mattu vinyaasakaru 2023rahra april velege ipr moolaka aatagalannu vitarisuttaare.

indian pathraviplavam indi pras revolution ("ipr" ennum ariyappedunnu) indi roll playing geyimukalude prasaadhakarkk oru poorttheekarana kendramaayi pravartthikkunna oru vilppana shringalayaanu. ithu pothujanagalkkum geyim retailermarkkum nerittu geyimukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. polygoninaayulla justin joys athinte geyimukalude thiranjeduppinum kaaryakshamamaya websitinum ithu shupaarsha cheythu. sifiyude kristeena maanent indi table topp roll playing geyimukal kandethunnathinulla mikacha vibhavamaanithenn visheshippichu. ooppan waled pressinte eddu chaa, galilio geyimsinte brennon tailor ennivaraanu 2004 ll ithu sthaapichathu. roll playing geyimukalil earppettirikkunna nooriladhikam ezhuthukaare/prasaadhakare ipr prathinidheekarikkunnu. 2010 juun 17 nuu doj, ink. (heero geyimukalude udamasthathayum) iprinte bhooribhaagam ohariyum vaangiyathayi prakhyaapichu. brennon tailor president sthaanam raajivachu nyoonapaksha vihitam nilanirtthi. jayson vaaltezhs ippol acting general maanejaraan, iprinte oorjjathinte bhooribhaagavum nilavil athinte kanvenshan saannidhyam vipuleekarikkunnathilum chillara vyapara shringhala valarthunnathilum puthiya prasaadhakare akarshikkunnathilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. anga prasadhakar. 2023 epril vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram thaazhepparayunna prasadhakarkkum designermark ipr vazhi geyimukal vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyum.

bharatiy patrakarita kranti indii press revolution (jyala aay. pii. aar. asehi mhanatat) heey eka vikri jaale aahe jeey indii bhoomika bhoomika khelanchya prakashkansathi eka purtata ghar mhanoon kaam karate. tee thet janatela aanee kirkol vikretyanna khel dete. bahubhujasathi justine joycene tyachya khelanchya nivadisathi aanee karyaksham sanketsthalasathi tyachi shifaras kelee. sifisathi christina manentene indii tabletop roll-playing games shodhanyasathi yala eka uttam srot mhatale. yachee sthapana 2004 madhye open world presachya edd chaa aanee galileo gameschya brenan teller yanni kelee hotee. aay. pii. aar. bhoomika bhoomika khelanmadhye sahbhagi asalelya 100 hoon adhik lekhak/prakashakanche pratinidhitva karate. 17 juuna 2010 roji, doj, ink. (jyachi hiro gameschi malki dekhil aahe) tyanni aay. pii. aar. chaa bahutansh hissa kharedi kelyachi ghoshana kelee. brenan teller yanni adhyakshapadacha rajinama deela aanee alpasankhyak vaataa kayam thewala. jasson walters aata karyakari mahavyavasthapak aahet aanee aay. pii. aar. chee bahutansh urja sadhya tyachya adhiveshanatil upasthiticha vistar karane, tyache kirkol vikrete jaale vadhavane aanee naveen prakashakanna aakarshit karnyavar kendrit aahe. sadasya prakashak. april 2023 paryant khaleel prakashak aanee designer aay. pii. aar. chya madhyamatoon khelanche vitaran karatat.

bharatiya press kranti indie press ribholusan (jaslai "ipr" pani bhaninchha) ek bikri sanjal how jasle indie bhumika khelne khelharuka prakashakharuka lagi euta purti gharka rupma kaam gardacha. yasale khelharu sidhai janata rar khel khudra vikretaharulai pradan gardacha. bahubhujka lagi justine joyasle yasalai khelharuko chayan rar kushal websiteka lagi sifaris gare. sifika lagi cristina manantele yasalai indie tabletop bhumika khelne khelharu fela parne utkrishta srota bhane. yo sann 2004 maa open world preska aid chaa rar galileo gameska brenan tellerdwara sthapana garieko thiyo. iprle bhumika khelne khelharuma sanlagna 100 bhanda badhi lekhak/prakashakharuko pratinidhitwa gardacha. june 17,2010 maa, doj, ink. (jasko nayak khelharu pani chhan) uniharule iprko bahumat seyar kineko ghoshana gare. brenan tailerle rashtrapatiko padabata rajinama die rar alpasankhyak hissa kayam rakhe. jayson walters ahile karyawahak mahaprabandhak hun, rar iprko dherai urja hall yasako sammelan upasthiti wistar garna, yasako khudra network badhauna, rar nayan prakashakharulai akarshit garnama kendrit chha. prakashak sadasya. nimna prakashakharu rar designerharule april 2023 samma ipr marfat khelharu witaran garchhan.

bharatiah press biplaba indi press biplaba (aai. pii. aarr. bhabe madhya janashuna) heuchhi eka bikrai netawarka jaahaa indi bhumika nirbahakaree khelara prakashakamananka paain eka paripurana ghara bhabare karjya kare . ehaa sidhasalakha janasadharana ebong khela khuchura byabasajeenku khela pradan kare . bahubhuja paain justine jayas ehara khela chayan ebong dakhya website paain ehaaku suparish karithile. siphi paain christina manente indi tabletop roll-playing game khojiba paain ehaaku eka uttam utsa bolly kahichanti. ehaa 2004 ray open warld presra aid chaa ebong galilio gameser brenan telaranka dwara sthapita hoithila . aai. pii. aarr. bhumika nirbahakaree khelagudikare samprukta 100ru adhika lekhaka/prakashakanku pratinidhitwa karithae. june 17,2010ray, doz, ink. (jaahaa hiro gameser madhya malika) ghoshana karithile je semane aai. pii. aarr. rahr adhikansha ansha kinichanti. brenan taylor rastrapati padaru istafa deithile ebong sankhyalaghu ansha bajaiah rakhithile. jayson walters bartamana karjyakaree mahaprabandhaka achanti, ebong aai. pii. aarr. rahr adhikansha shakti bartamana ehara sammilani upasthitiku bistara kariba, ehara khuchura netawarka brudhi kariba ebong nutan prakashakamananku akarshita kariba upare dhyana kendrit karichhi. prakashaka sadasya. nimnalikhita prakashaka ebong designermane april 2023 suddha aai. pii. aarr. madhyamare khela bunton karanti.

bharti presses kranti indee presses inqalaab (jiss noon "aaee. pee. aar." vee kiha jaanda haii) ikk vikri network haii joe indee roll-playing geman dey parkashakan laee ikk purti gharr vajon kamm karda haii. ih siddhe taur utte janata atey game retaileran noon games dee peshkash karda haii. bahubhuj laee justine joyce neey iss noon khedan dee chonh atey kushal website laee sifarash keeti. sifi laee christina manent neey iss noon indee tabletop roll-playing geman noon labbhan laee ikk vadhiaa sarot kiha. iss dee sathapana 2004 witch open world presses dey aidd chaa atey galileo geman dey brannon teller duaara keeti gaee see. aaee. pee. aar. roll playing geman witch shamal 100 toon vaddh lekhak/parkashakan dee numaindagi karda haii. 17 juun, 2010 noon dose, ink. (joe hiro geman daa vee maalak haii) neey ailaan keeta kii unhan neey aaee. pee. aar. daa bahuginti hissa khareed liaa haii. brannon teller neey rashtarpati dey ahude toon astifa dey ditta atey ghatt ginti hissedari banayi rakkhi. jaisan walters hunn karajkari general manager haii, atey aaee. pee. aar. dee ziaadaatar shakti iss vele aapni sammelan dee maujudgi noon vadhaun, aapne retailer network noon vadhaun atey navein parkashakan noon aakarshit curran 'teey kendrit haii. member parkashak. heth likhe parkashak atey designer aprail 2023 takk aaee. pee. aar. raahin khedan vandade hunn.

bharatiya patrikaa krantihi indee-patrikaa-krantihi ("aii. pi. aar" iti api nirdishtaa) ekaha vikraya-jaalah asti yah indee-paatra-nirwaah-kridaanaam prakaashakebhyah paripooran-gruharoopena karyam karoti. etat kreedaam pratyakshataya janaan, kreedaapravikretaan cha pradaasyati. bahubhujasya justine joyce ityanena kridaanaam chayanartham, daksha-jaalaputasy cha krute asya anushamsaam krutam. sifee ityasya christina menente ityeshaa etat indee-tabultop-roll-pleying-gem ityetaan anveshtum uttamm samsaadhanam iti uktavatee. 2004 tame varshe open-world-press ityasya edd-chaa ityanena, gaililiyo-games ityasya brennon-teller ityanena cha asya sthapana abhavat. aii. pi. aar. iti samsthaa paatra-kreedaasu samlagnaah 100 taha adhikaah lekhakaah/prakaashakaah pratinidhim karoti. joon 17,2010 dinaanke doj, ink. (yah heero-games api dhaarayati) te aii. pi. aar. ityasya bahubhaagah kreenanti iti ghoshayan. brennan teller ityeshah rashtrapatipadat nivruttah, alpasankhyakabhaagam api dhaarayati. jayson valters ityeshah adhunaa kaaryavaahakah mahaaprabandhakah asti, tathaa cha aii. pi. aar. ityasya adhikaamshah shakttih samprati sammelanasy upasthitim vistaarayitum, tasya chillaravikretaa-jaalasy vardhane, nootan-prakashakam aakarshayitum cha kendreekrutah asti. sadasyaprasaadhakaah. 2023 april-maasaparyantam, adhah likhitaani prakaashakaah vinyaasakaah cha aii. pi. aar. dwara kridaanaam vitaranam kurvanti.

inthiya paththirigaip puratchi indi paththirigai puratchi ("ipr" endrum kurippidappadugiradhu) enbathu oru virpanai valaiyamaipu aagum, idhu indi roll-blaming kaemgalin veliyeettaalargalukkaana poorthi illamaaga seyalpadugirathu. idhu podhumakkalukkum vilayaattu sillarai virpanaiyaalargalukkum neradiyaaga vilaiyaattukalai valangkukirathu. palakoanaththirkaana justin joys adhan vilaiyaattukalin thaervu mattrum tiramaiyaana valaiththalaththirku idhai parinthuraiththaar. sifikkaana christina manande, indi dable topp roll-blaying kaemgalaik kandupidippadharkaana sirantha aathaaram endru alaiththaar. idhu 2004 aam aandil thirantha ulaga paththirigaiyin edd chaa mattrum calilio camsin brennon dailor aakiyoaraal niruvappattathu. ipr pangku vagikkum vilaiyaattukalil eedupattulla 100 kkum maerpatta ezhuththaalar/veliyeettaalargalaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. juun 17,2010 andru doj, ink. (hiiroo kaemgalukkum sonthamaanathu) avarkal ipr-inn perumbaanmaiyaana pangai vaangkiyullathaaka ariviththanar. brennon dailor janathipathi pathaviyil irunthu vilaginaar mattrum sirupaanmai pangaip paraamarittaar. jayson walders ippoathu podhu maelaalaraaka ullaar, maelum iprin perumpaalaana aattral tharpoothu adhan maanattu iruppai virivupaduththuvathilum, adhan sillarai virpanaiyaalar valaiyamaippai valarppathilum, puthiya veliyeettaalargalai eerppathilum kavanam seluththukirathu. uruppinar veliyeettaalargal. pinvarum veliyeettaalargal mattrum vadivamaippaalargal aepral 2023 nilavarappadi ipr moolam vilaiyaattukalai viniyoagikkintranar.

bharatiya patrika viplavam indii press revolution ("ipr" anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi indii roll playing games prachuranakartalaku neraverchadaaniki oka vikraya network. idhi prajalaku mariyu aata chillara vyaapaarulaku neerugaa atalanu andistundi. bahubhuji kosam justine joys daani aatala empika mariyu samarthavanthamaina website kosam dheenini sifaarasu chesindi. sifeeki chendina christina manente dheenini indii tabletop roll-playing gemlanu kanugonadaaniki goppa vanarugaa paerkonnaaru. dheenini 2004loe open varald pressku chendina edd chaa mariyu galileo gamesku chendina brennon taylor sthaapinchaaru. ipr paatra poeshinchae aatalalo palgonna 100 mandiki paiga rachayitalu/prachuranakartalaku praatinidhyam vahistundi. juun 17,2010naa doj, ink. (idhi heero games kooda kaligi undhi) vaaru iprlo ekkuva vatanu konugolu chesinatlu prakatinchaaru. brennon taylor adhyaksha padavi nundi vaidoligi, alpasankhyaaka vatanu konasaaginchaaru. jasson walters ippudu taatkaalika general managerga unnaaru, mariyu ipr yokka shakti prastutam daani convention unikini vistarinchadam, daani retailer netvarknu penchadam mariyu kotta prachuranakartalanu aakarshinchadampai drushti saarinchindi. sabhya prachuranakartalu. eee krindi prachuranakartalu mariyu designerlu 2023 april natiki ipr dwara atalanu pampinhee chestaaru.

hindustani prais inqilaab indee prais inqilaab (jasay "aayee pee aar" bhee kahaa jaataa hay) eek seils neet wark hay juu indee roll playing games kay publishers kay liye takmeel gahar kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. yaha braah raast awaam aur gaim khurdah faroshon kuu games paish kartaa hay. justin jawais faar polygon nay iss kay kheelon kay intekhaab aur mosar waib saait kay liye iss kii sfarish kii. seefi kay liye christina meninte nay asay indee table topp roll playing games talaash karnay kay liye eek behtareen wasilah qaraar diyaa. iss kii bunyaad 2004 mein open world prais kay aidd chaa aur galileo games kay brenan teller nay rakhee thee. aayee pee aar roll playing games mein shaamil 100 say ziyadah masnafeen/publishers kii numaindagi kartaa hay. 17 joone 2010 kuu dooj incorporated. (juu herow games kaa bhee maalik hay) nay aalaan kiyaa kahh inhon nay aayee pee aar kaa aksariyat hasah khareed liyaa hay. brenan teller nay sadr kay ahday say istefi day diyaa aur aqliyati hasah barqarar rakhaa. jaisan walters abb qayem maqaam general maneejar haine aur aayee pee aar kii ziyadah tarr tawanayi iss waqat apnee convention kii maujudgi kuu badhanay apnay khurdah farosh neet wark kuu badhanay aur nayey publishers kuu raghib karnay parr markoz hay. rakan publishers. mandarjah zeel publishers aur designars apreel 2023 takk aayee pee aar kay zariye games taqsim kartay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27938943

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397 United Nations Security Council resolution 1397 was a resolution adopted on 12 March 2002 by the United Nations Security Council. The Council demanded an end to the violence that had taken place between the Israeli and Palestinian sides since September 2000 (Second Intifada). It was the first Security Council resolution to call for a two-state solution to the conflict. Before the adoption of the resolution, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan had called on Palestinians to end "morally repugnant" acts of terror and suicide bombings and on Israelis to end their illegal occupation of Palestinian territory and use of excessive force. Resolution. Observations. The Security Council affirmed the vision of Israeli and Palestinian states existing side by side with secure and recognised borders. It expressed concern at events that had taken place since September 2000 in the region and the need for all to ensure the safety of civilians and respect for international humanitarian law. The Council welcomed efforts by the United States, Russia, European Union, Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah and others to bring about a just and lasting peace in the Middle East. Acts. The resolution demanded the immediate cessation of violence, terror, incitement, provocation and destruction, calling upon the Israeli and Palestinian sides to co-operate in the implementation of the Tenet work plan and Mitchell Report. Finally, the efforts of Kofi Annan and others to resume the peace process and end violence were commended. Text of the resolution. "The Security Council, "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions, in particular resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973), "Affirming a vision of a region where two States, Israel and Palestine, live side by side within secure and recognized borders, "Expressing its grave concern at the continuation of the tragic and violent events that have taken place since September 2000, especially the recent attacks and the increased number of casualties, "Stressing the need for all concerned to ensure the safety of civilians, "Stressing also the need to respect the universally accepted norms of international humanitarian law, "Welcoming and encouraging the diplomatic efforts of special envoys from the United States of America, the Russian Federation, the European Union and the United Nations Special Coordinator and others to bring about a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East, "Welcoming the contribution of Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah, "1. Demands immediate cessation of all acts of violence, including all acts of terror, provocation, incitement and destruction; "2. Calls upon the Israeli and Palestinian sides and their leaders to cooperate in the implementation of the Tenet work plan and Mitchell Report recommendations with the aim of resuming negotiations on a political settlement; "3. Expresses support for the efforts of the Secretary-General and others to assist the parties to halt the violence and to resume the peace process; "4. Decides to remain seized of the matter". Votes. Resolution 1397 was adopted by 14 votes to none against and one abstention from Syria, whose representative felt that the resolution did not address the concerns of Arab countries. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rastroxonghor nirapotta porixodor prostab 1397 rastroxonghor nirapotta porixodor prostab 1397 aasil 2002 sonor 12 marchot rastroxonghor nirapotta porixode grohon koraa ek prostab. porixode 2000 sonor septemboror poraa ijorail aaru pelestain pokhyor maajot xonghotit huwa hingxar onto peluwar daabi jonaisil. eitu aasil xonghator dwi-rajyik xomadhanor aahban jonuwa prothom nirapotta porixodor prostab. prostabtu grohon korar purbe, mohaxosibo kofi aanane pelestiniyoxokolok xontraxbad aaru atmoghati buma bisfuronor "noitikbhabe ghrinyo" karjyoxomuh bondho koriboloi aahban jonaisil aaru ijorailor uporot pelestiniyo bhukhondot teulukor oboidho dokhol aaru otyadhik boll proyugor xomapti ghotaboloi aahban jonaisil. xomadhan. porzobekhyon. nirapotta porixode xurokhito aaru swikrito ximar xoite ijorail aaru pelestainor rajyoxomuhor ekeloge thoka dristibhongi nischito kore. 2000 sonor septemboror poraa oncholtut xonghotit huwa ghotonaxomuhor uporot udweg prokax korar logote nagorikxokolor xurokhya aaru antohrastriyo manobiyo aainor proti xonman nischito korar proyujoniyotar uporot udweg prokax kore. porixode modhyo prasyot ek nyayxongot aaru sthayi xanti korhiyai onaar baabe aamerika juktorastro, rasiya, europiyo union, soudir juboraj abdulla aaru onyanyor prochestak aadoroni jonay. karjyoxomuh. prostabtut hingxa, xontraxbad, uskani, uskani aaru dhongxor tatkhyonik bondhor daabi jonuwa hoisil, ijorail aaru pelestain pokhyok nitigoto kormo porikolpona aaru misel protibedon rupayonot xohojugita koriboloi aahban jonuwa hoisil. owoxexot, xanti prokriya punor aarombho koraa aaru hingxar onto peluwar baabe kofi aannan aaru onyanyoxokolor prochestak proxongxa koraa hoisil. xiddhantor paath. "nirapotta porixod, "iyar purbor xokolu praxongik xongkolpo, bixexkoi 242 (1967) aaru 338 (1973) ror xongkolpoxomuhor kotha smoron kori, "ijorail aaru pelestain naamor dutaa rajyo xurokhito aaru swikrito ximar bhitorot ekeloge baax koraa oncholor ek dristibhongir proman kori, "2000 sonor septemboror poraa xonghotit huwa dukhjonok aaru hingxatmok ghotonaxomuh, bixexkoi xehotiya aakromon aaru hotahotor xongkhya briddhi huwat iyar gurutor udweg prokax kori, "nagorikxokolor xurokhya nischito koriboloi xongslisto xokolure proyujoniyotar uporot gurutwo aarup kori, "antohrastriyo manobiyo aainor xarbojoninbhabe swikrito niyomxomuhok xonman korar proyujoniyotar uporotu gurutwo aarup kori, "modhyo prasyot ek byapok, nyayxongot aaru sthayi xantir baabe aamerika juktorastro, rasiya federation, europiyo union aaru rastroxonghor bixex xomonwoykari aaru onyanyoxokolor bixex rastrodutxokolor kutnoitik prochestak aadoroni jonai utxahito koraa. "soudir rajkumar abdullar obodanok aadoroni jonai, "1. xontraxbad, uskani, uskani aaru dhongxatmok karzokolapoke dhori xokolu hingxatmok karzokolap tatkhyonikbhabe bondho korar daabi; "2. ijorail aaru pelestainor pokhyo aaru teulukor netaxkolok nitigoto kormo porikolpona rupayonot xohojugita koriboloi aahban jonuwa aaru rajnoitik mimangxar uporot alusona punor aarombho korar lokhyore misel protibedonor poramorxoxomuh; "3. hingxa bondho koriboloi aaru xanti prokriya punor aarombho korat pokhyoxomuhok xohay koriboloi mohaxosibo aaru onyanyoxokolor prochestar proti xomorthon prokax kore; "4. bixoitur poraa nijor haat xaari luwar xiddhanto loy. bhut. 1397 sonor prostabtu kunu pokhyor biruddhe 14taa bhutot grihit hoisil aaru siriyar poraa ejon birot aasil, jaar protinidhiye onubhob korisil je prostabtuwe aarob dexxomuhor udwegor xomadhan koraa naai.

jatisangha nirapatta porishder prostab 1397 jatisangha nirapatta porishder prostab 1397 chhilo 2002 saaler 12 march jatisangha nirapatta porishod kortrik grihito ekti prostab. council septembara 2000 (dwitiya intifada) theke israeli oo palestini pokkher modhye sanghatito sahingsatar abosaner daabi jaanaay. dwandwer dwi-rashtro samadhaner ahoban janano ate chhilo nirapatta porishder prothom prostab. prostabti grihito howar agey, mahasachib coffey anan palestinioder proti santras oo attoghati boma humler "noitikbhabe ghrinyo" kaaj bondho korar ahoban janiyechilen ebong israelider proti palestinian anchale taader aboidho dokhol ebong atyadhik shakti proyoger abosan ghotanor ahoban janiyechilen. samadhan. porjobekkhon. nirapatta porishod israeli oo palestini rashtrogulir nirapada oo swikrito seemanter pashapashi vidyaman drishtibhongike nischito koreche. etty 2000 saaler septembara theke eyi anchale ghote yawa ghotonagulir bishoye udweg prakash koreche ebong besamoric nagrikder nirapatta ebong antorjatik manobik aainer proti somman nischito korar jonno sokoler prayojaniyata prakash koreche. council modhyoprachye nyayasangata oo sthayi shanti aanar jonno markin juktorashtro, rashiya, europea union, soudi juboraj abdullah ebong annannoder prochestake swagoto janiyeche. abhinoy korey. prostabtite abilambe sahingsata, santras, uskani, uskani oo dhongso bondher daabi janano hoy, ebong israeli oo palestiner pokkhoke neeti parikalpana ebong mitchel report bastobayone sahojogita korar ahoban janano hoy. abosheshe, shanti prokriya punra shuru korte ebong sahingsata bondho korte coffey anan ebong annannoder prochestar proshongsha koraa hoy. prostaber patthyo. "nirapatta porishod, "err ager samasta prasongik prostab, bishesh korey 242 (1967) ebong 338 (1973) prostaber kotha smaran korey, "emon ekti anchaler drishtibhongi nischito koraa jekhane duti rajyo, israel ebong palestine, nirapada ebong swikrito seemanar modhye pashapashi baas korey, "2000 saaler septembara theke ghote yawa mormantik oo sohingso ghotona, bishesh korey samprotik hamla ebong hotahoter sankhya briddhir dharabahikatay govir udweg prakash korey, "besamoric nagrikder nirapatta nischito korar jonno sangshlishto sokoler prayojaniyatar upor jore deoa, "antorjatik manobik aainer sorbojonin swikrito niyamgulike somman korar prayojaniyatar uporo jore deoa hoyeche. "modhyoprachye ekti byapok, nyayasangata ebong sthayi shanti aante markin juktorashtro, russian phedareshana, europea union ebong jatisangher bishesh samanwayakari ebong annannoder bishesh dutoder kutnaitik prochestake swagoto oo utsahito koraa. "soudi juboraj abdullahr abodanke swagoto janai, "1. santras, uskani, uskani oo dhongso soho samasta sahingsata abilambe bondho korar daabi janano; "2. israeli oo palestinian pokkho ebong taader netader neeti parikalpana bastobayone sahojogita korar ahoban janano ebong ekti rajnaitik nishpottir bishoye alochona punra shuru korar lakkhye mitchel reporter superisguli ahoban koraa; "3. sahingsata bondho korte ebong shanti prokriya punra shuru korte pokkhogulike sahayata korar jonno mahasachib ebong annannoder prochestar proti samarthan prakash korey; "4. vishayti niye nojordarite thucker siddhanta neyo. bhot deena. prostab 1397-ayee 14tii bhot dwara grihito hoy jaar biruddhe keu chhilo naa ebong siriya theke ekjon onuposthito chhilo, jaar protinidhi money korechilen jey prostabti arob deshgulir udweger samadhan koreni.

sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishadno tharaav 1397 sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishadno tharaav 1397 aee sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishad dwara 12 march 2002naa roj apnavvama aavelo tharaav hato. parishade september 2000 (beejo intifada) thee israeli aneey palestinian paksho vachche thayelee hinsaano anta laavvaani maang curry hatee. aaa sangharshnaa beey-raajy ukel maate bolavva maateno suraksha parishadno aaa pratham tharaav hato. tharaavne sweekarta pahelaa, mahasachiv kofee annaane palestinian lokone palestinian pradesh parr temnaa gerkaydesar kabaja aneey ateeshay balnaa upyogne samaapt karvaa maate aatankvadi aneey aatmaghaati bomb dhadakana "naiteek reete pratikool" krutyone samaapt karvaa aneey israelione haakal curry hatee. tharaav. avalokno. suraksha parishade israeli aneey palestinian rajyoni suraksheet aneey maanyata praapt sarahado saathe saathe astitvamaa chhe teey drashtikonne samarthan aapyu. tene aaa pradeshmaa september 2000thee banelee ghatanao parr chinta vyakt curry hatee aneey nagrikoni salaamati aneey aantarrashtriy manavtavadi kaayada maate aadar sunishchit karvaanee jaruriyaat vyakt curry hatee. parishade madhya purvamaa nyaayi aneey kaayamee shaanti laavvaa maate united states, russia, european union, saudi kraaun prince abdullah aneey anyanaa prayaasone aavkarya hataa. krutyo karey chhe. tharaavmaa hinsa, aatank, ushkerani, ushkerani aneey vinashni taatkaalik samaptini maang karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa israeli aneey palestinian pakshone siddhaant kaary yojnaa aneey mishel ahevaalnaa amalikaranma sahkaar aapvaa haakal karvaamaa aavee hatee. aakhare, shaanti prakriyaa pharii sharoo karvaa aneey hinsaano anta laavvaa maate kofee annan aneey anya lokonaa prayaasoni prashansa karvaamaa aavee hatee. tharaavno lakhaan. "suraksha parishad, "tenaa agaauna tamaam sambandhit tharaavo, khaas kareene tharaavo 242 (1967) aneey 338 (1973) neey yaad kareene, "aevaa pradeshnaa drashtikonni pushti kartaa keey jyaan beey raajyo, israel aneey palestine, suraksheet aneey maanyata praapt sarahadoni andar saathe saathe rahe chhe, "september 2000thee banelee dukkhad aneey hinsak ghatanao, khaas kareene taajetarnaa humalaao aneey janhanina vadhelaa aankadao parr tenee gambhir chinta vyakt curry hatee. "nagrikoni salaamati sunishchit karvaa maate tamaam sambandhit lokonee jaruriyaat parr bhaar mukataa, "aantarrashtriy manavtavadi kayadana saarvtrik reete sveekrut dhoranonu sanmaan karvaanee jaruriyaat parr pann bhaar mukataa, "madhya purvamaa vyaapak, nyaayi aneey kaayamee shaanti laavvaa maate united states off america, russian federation, european union aneey united nationsnaa vishesh sanyojak aneey anyanaa vishesh raajdutonaa rajdwari prayaasone aavkarva aneey protsaahit karvaa maate, "saudi kraaun prince abdullana yogadaanne aavkarta, "1. traasvaad, ushkerani, ushkerani aneey vinashni tamaam ghatanao saheet hinsaanaa tamaam krutyo taatkaalik bundh karvaanee maang; "2. israeli aneey palestinian paksho aneey temnaa netaaone siddhaant kaary yojnana amalikaranma sahkaar aapvaa aneey raajkeey samadhan parr vataghato pharii sharoo karvaanaa hetuthi meechelnee ahevaalnee bhalamano karvaa haakal karey chhe. "3. hinsa rokvaa aneey shaanti prakriyaa pharii sharoo karvaa maate pakshone madad karvaa maate mahasachiv aneey anyanaa prayaaso maate samarthan vyakt karey chhe; "4. aaa baabatne pakadvaanu nakki karey chhe". mutt aapo. tharaav 1397neey 14 mutt dwara koinee viruddhma aneey aek mutt dwara syriamathi bakaat rakhvama aavyo hato, jenaa pratinidhine laagyu hatoo keey tharaav aarab deshoni chintaaone sambodhit karato nathee.

sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad kaa prastaav 1397 sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad kaa prastaav 1397 sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad dwara 12 march 2002 koo apanaaya gayaa ack prastaav thaa. parishad ney sitambar 2000 (doosara intifada) key baad seey israel aur philistine key pakshon key beach hui hinsa koo samaapt karane kii maang kii. yeh sangharsh key dou-raajya samadhan kaa ahwan karane vaalaa pahala suraksha parishad prastaav thaa. prastaav koo apanaane seey pahale, mahasachiv kofi annan ney philistiniyon seey aatank aur aatmghaati bumm visfoton key "naitik roop seey ghrinit" krityon koo samaapt karane aur israeliyon seey philistine key kshetra parr apane avaidh kabje aur atyadhik bull key upayog koo samaapt karane kaa ahwan kiya thaa. sankalp. avalokan. suraksha parishad ney surakshit aur maanyata praapt seemaon key saath israel aur philistine key raajyon key maujooda drishtikon kii pushti kii. isane iss kshetra mein sitambar 2000 seey hui ghatnaaon parr chinta vyakt kii aur nagrikon kii suraksha aur antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon key liye sammaan sunishchit karane kii sabhi kii aavashyakta parr chinta vyakt kii. parishad ney madhya poorv mein nyaaypurna aur sthaayi shaanti laane key liye sanyukt raajya america, roose, europeeya sangh, saudi crown prince abdullah aur anya logon key prayason kaa swaagat kiya. kaary kartaa haye. prastaav mein hinsa, aatank, ukasaave, ukasaave aur vinash koo tatkaal samaapt karane kii maang kii gaee, jisamen israel aur philistine key pakshon seey tennet kaary yojana aur michel report key karyanvayan mein sahyog karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. anta mein, shaanti prakriya koo phir seey shuru karane aur hinsa koo samaapt karane key liye kofi annan aur anya logon key prayason kii sarahana kii gaee. sankalp kaa paath. "suraksha parishad, "apane pichhale sabhi praasangik prastaavon, vishesh roop seey 242 (1967) aur 338 (1973) koo yaad karate hue, "ack aise kshetra kii drishti kii pushti karate hue jahan dou raajya, israel aur philistine, surakshit aur maanyata praapt seemaon key bheetar saath-saath rahate hain, "sitambar 2000 key baad seey hui dukhad aur hinsak ghatnaaon kii nirantarta parr apani gambhir chinta vyakt karate hue, vishesh roop seey haal key hamalon aur hatahaton kii badhati sankhya, "nagrikon kii suraksha sunishchit karane key liye sabhi sambandhit logon kii aavashyakta parr jore dete hue, "antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon key saarvbhaumik roop seey sweekrit maandandon kaa sammaan karane kii aavashyakta parr bhee jore dete hue, "madhya poorv mein ack vyaapak, nyaaypurna aur sthaayi shaanti laane key liye sanyukt raajya america, russie sangh, europeeya sangh aur sanyukt rashtra vishesh samanvayak aur anya key vishesh dooton key rajanyik prayason kaa swaagat aur protsaahit karna. "saudi crown prince abdullah key yogdan kaa swaagat karate hue, "1. aatank, ukasaave, ukasaane aur vinash key sabhi krityon sahit hinsa key sabhi krityon koo tatkaal samaapt karane kii maang; "2. israel aur philistine key pakshon aur unake netaaon seey tennet kaary yojana key karyanvayan mein sahyog karane kaa ahwan kiya aur ack raajneetik samjhaute parr baatchit phir seey shuru karane key uddeshya seey michel report kii sifaarishen; "3. hinsa koo rokane aur shaanti prakriya koo phir seey shuru karane key liye pakshon kii sahaayata karane key liye mahasachiv aur anya logon key prayason key liye samarthan vyakt kartaa haye; "4. mamle koo apane kabje mein rakhane kaa faisala kartaa haye. vote dein. prastaav 1397 koo kissy key khilaf 14 maton seey aur seeriya seey ack mutt key bahishkaar seey apanaaya gayaa, jisake pratinidhi ney mahsoos kiya kii prastaav arab deshon kii chintaon koo sambodhit naheen kartaa haye.

vishvasamstheya bhadrata mandaliya nirnaya 1397 vishvasamstheya bhadrata mandaliya nirnaya 1397 annu 2002rahra march 12randu vishvasamstheya bhadrata mandaliyu angeekarisitu. 2000rahra septemberninda (eradane intifada) isreli mattu palestiniyada kadeyavara naduve nadeda himsaachaaravannu konegolisabekendu council ottaayisitu. sangharshakke eradu rajyagala pariharakke karey needida modala bhadrata mandaliya nirnaya idaagide. nirnayavannu angeekarisuva modalu, pradhana karyadarshi coffey annan avaru palestiniyadavarige bhayotpadane mattu atmahatya bomb daaligala "naitikavagi asahyakara" krutyagalannu konegolisuvante mattu isreligalu palestiniyada bhoopradeshada mele tamma akrama akramanavannu mattu atiyaada balaprayogavannu konegolisuvante karey niididdaru. nirnaya. avalokanagalu. isreli mattu palestiniyada rajyagalu surakshita mattu maanyate padeda gadigalondige akkapakkadalli astitvadallive emba drashtikonavannu bhadrata mandaliyu drudhapadisitu. september 2000 rinda ee pradeshadalli nadeda ghatanegala bagge mattu nagarikara surakshate mattu antararashtriya manaviya kaanoonige gouravavannu khatripadisikolluva agatyateya bagge adhu kalavala vyaktapadisitu. madhyaprachyadalli nyaayayuta mattu shaashvatavaada shaantiyannu taralu united states, russia, european union, soudi yuvaraja abdullah mattu itararu maadida prayatnagalannu council svaagatisitu. kaaryagalu. ee nirnayavu himsachara, bhayotpadane, prachodane, prachodane mattu vinaashavannu takshana nillisabekendu ottaayisitu, tatvada kaarya yojane mattu mitchel varadiya anushtaanadalli sahakarisuvante isreli mattu palestiniyada kadeyavarige karey needitu. antimavagi, shanti prakriyeyannu punaraarambhisalu mattu himsaachaaravannu konegolisalu coffey annan mattu itararu maadida prayatnagalannu shlaaghisalaayitu. nirnayada pathya. "bhadrata mandali, "adara hindina ellah sambandhita nirnayagalannu, nirdishtavagi 242 (1967) mattu 338 (1973) nirnayagalannu nenapisikollutta, "isrel mattu palestein emba eradu rajyagalu surakshita mattu maanyate padeda gadigalalli akkapakkadalli vasisuva pradeshada drashtikonavannu drudhikarisuvudu, "september 2000 rinda nadeda duranta mattu himsaatmaka ghatanegala munduvarikeya bagge, visheshavaagi ittichina daaligalu mattu hechchida savunovugala bagge tanna gambhira kalavalavannu vyaktapadisuttaa, "nagarikara surakshateyannu khachitapadisikolluva agatyavannu sambandhisida ellaroo ottihelidaru. "antaaraashtriya manaviya kaanoonina saarvatrikavaagi angikarisalpatta manadandagalannu gouravisuva agatyavannu ottiheluttaa, "madhyaprachyadalli samagra, nyaayayuta mattu shaashvatavaada shaantiyannu taralu united states off america, russian federation, european union mattu united nations vishesha samyojakaru mattu itarara vishesha raayabhaarigala rajatantrika prayatnagalannu swaagatisi proothsaahisi. "soudi yuvaraja abdullah avara kodugeyannu swaagatisi, "bhayotpadane, prachodane, prachodane mattu vinaashada ellah krutyagalu seridante ellah himsaachaarada krutyagalannu takshana nillisalu ottaayisuvudu. "2. rajakiya oppandada bagge matukategalannu punaraarambhisuva uddeshadinda tatwa kaarya yojaneya anushtaanadalli sahakarisuvante isreli mattu palestiniyada kadeyavaru mattu avara naayakarige mattu mitchel varadi shiphaarasugalige karey; "3. himsaachaaravannu tadeyalu mattu shanti prakriyeyannu punaraarambhisalu pakshagalige sahaaya maadalu pradhana karyadarshi mattu itarara prayatnagalige bembalavannu vyaktapadisuttade. "4. ee vishayavannu innoo vasadallirisikollalu nirdharisuttade". matagalu. 1397rahra nirnayavannu yaara viruddhavoo illa endu 14 matagalu mattu siriyaadinda obbarinda duraviruvudu angeekarisitu, avara pratinidhiyu nirnayavu arab rashtragala kalavalagalannu pariharisuvudilla endu bhavisidaru.

aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil prameyam 1397 aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil prameyam 1397 2002 march 12 nuu ikyaraashtra suraksha kaunsil amgeekaricha prameyamaanu. 2000 septambar muthal (randaamathe intifada) israelum palasteen thammil nadanna akramangal avasaanippikkanamenn kaunsil aavasyappettu. samgharshathinu dviraashtra pariharam aavashyappedunna aadya suraksha kaunsil prameyamaayirunnu ithu. prameyam amgeekarikkunnathinumbu, sekrattari general coffey annan palestinian pradeshathe niyamavirudhamaaya adhinivesavum amithamaya balaprayogavum avasaanippikkaan israayelikalodulla "dhaarmmikamaayi veruppulavaakkunna" bheekaraakramanangalum chaaver bombakramanangalum avasaanippikkaan palastheeniyanmarod aavasyappettirunnu. pariharam. nireekshanangal. surakshithavum amgeekrithavumaaya athirthikalumaayi israel, palasteen rajyangal chernnu nilkkunna kaazhchappaad suraksha kaunsil sthireekarichu. 2000 septambar muthal eee mekhalayil nadanna sambhavangalil aashanka prakadippicha avar, saadhaaranakkaarude suraksha urappaakkendathinteyum anthaaraashtra maanushika niyamangalodulla bahumaanathinteyum aavashyakathayekkurichum aashanka prakadippichu. middle eesttil neethiyukthavum shaashvathavumaaya samadhaanam konduvarunnathinulla america, russia, europian union, soudi kireedavakashi abdullah, mattullavar ennivarude shramangale kaunsil swaagatham cheythu. pravrithikal. akramam, bheekaratha, prakopanamundaakkal, prakopanamundaakkal, nasham enniva udan avasaanippikkanamenn prameyam aavasyappettu, thathwaparamaaya varkk plan michel report nadappaakkunnathil sahakarikkaan israel, palasteen kakshikalodu aavasyappettu. oduvil, samadhana prakriya punararambhikkunnathinum akramam avasaanippikkunnathinumalu coffey annanteyum mattullavarudeyum sramangal prashamsikkapettu. prameyathinte vaachakam. "suraksha kaunsil, "munkaala prasakthamaaya prameyangalellaam, prathyekichu 242 (1967), 338 (1973) ennee prameyangal, oormmippichu. "israelum palasteen enna rund rajyangal surakshithavum amgeekrithavumaaya athirthikalkkullil arikil thamasikkunna oru pradeshathekkurichulla kaazhchappaad sthireekarikkunnu. "2000 septambarinu sesham nadanna daarunavum akramaparavumaaya sambhavangal, prathyekichu sameepakaala aakramanangalum vardhichuvarunna maranasamkhyayum thudarunnathil gurutharamaaya aashanka prakadippichu. "bandhapetta ellaavarum saadhaaranakkaarude suraksha urappaakkendathinte aavasyakatha oonnipparayunnu. "anthaaraashtra maanushika niyamatthinte saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta maanadandangale maanikkendathinte aavasyakathayum oonnipparayunnu. "middle eesttil samagravum neethiyukthavum shaashvathavumaaya samadhaanam konduvarunnathinaayi america, russian federation, europian union, aikyaraashtrasabhayude prathyeka coordinatoor, mattullavar ennivaril ninnulla prathyeka prathinidhikalude nayatantra shramangale swaagatham cheyyukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunnu. "soudi kireedavakashi abdullayude sambhaavanakale swaagatham cheiyunnu. "1. bheekarapravarthanangal, prakopana pravartthanangal, prakopana pravartthanangal, nasham ennivayulppede ellah akrama pravartthanangalum udan avasaanippikkanamenn aavashyappedunnu. "2. oru rashtreeya othutheerppil charchakal punararambhikkuka enna lakshyathode thathwaparamaaya pravartthana padhathi nadappaakkunnathilum michel report shupaarshakalilum sahakarikkaan israel, palasteen pakshangalodum avarude nethaakkalodum aavashyappedunnu. "3. akramam thadayunnathinum samadhana prakriya punararambhikkunnathinum kakshikale sahayikkunnathinulla sekrattari generalinteyum mattullavarudeyum shramangalkk pinthuna prakadippikkuka. "4. eee vishayathil thudarnnum edapedaan theerumaanikkunnu". " vottu cheyyuka. 1397leeii prameyam 14 vottukalkku amgeekarikkappedukayum oraal syriayil ninnu vittunilkkukayum cheythu, avarude prathinidhikk prameyam arab raajyangalude aashankakale abhisambodhana cheiyunnillennu thonni.

sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishadecha tharav 1397 sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishadecha tharav 1397 haah sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishadene 12 march 2002 roji swikarlela tharav hota. parishadene september 2000 (dusra intifada) pasoon israyali aanee palestini bajunmadhye jhalela hinsachar sampavanyachi magani kelee. yaa sangharshavar done rajyanchya todga kadhanyacha suraksha parishadecha haah pahilach tharav hota. tharav manjur honyapurvi, sarchitanis kofee annan yanni palestini lokanna dahashatvadi aanee aatmaghataki bombsfotanchya 'naitikdrushtya ghrunaspad' krutyancha ant karnyache aanee israyali lokanna palestini pradeshavaril tyancha bekaydeshir kabja aanee atireki balacha vapar sampavanyache aavahan kele hote. tharav. nirikshane. suraksha parishadene surakshit aanee manyataprapt seemansah shejaril israyali aanee palestini rajyanchya drushtikonas dujora deela. september 2000 pasoon yaa pradeshat pasoon ghatanambaddal aanee serve nagarikanni nagarikanchi suraksha sunishchit karanyachi aanee aantarrashtriy manavtavadi kayadyacha aadar karanyachi garaj asalyabaddal tyanni chinta vyakt kelee. parishadene america, russia, european union, saudi yuvraj abdullah aanee itaranchya madhyapurvet nyayya aanee shashvat shantata prasthapit karnyachya prayatnanche swagat kele. krutee. tharavat hinsachar, dahashatvad, ushkerani, chithavani aanee vidhvans twarit thambavanyachi magani karnyat aalee aanee israyali aanee palestini bajunna tattva karya yojana aanee michel ahavalachya amalbajavanit sahkarya karnyache aavahan karnyat aale. shevati, shantata prakriya punha suru karnyasathi aanee hinsachar sampavanyasathi kofee annan aanee itaranchya prayatnanche kautuk karnyat aale. tharavacha majkoor. "suraksha parishad, "tyache mageel serve sambandhit tharav, visheshtah tharav 242 (1967) aanee 338 (1973), aathavun, "israyal aanee palestine hii done rajye surakshit aanee manyataprapt simanmadhye shejari rahoon rahoon pradeshachya drushtikonachi pushti karane, "september 2000 pasoon pasoon dukkhad aanee hinsak ghatana, visheshtah alikadil halle aanee mrutanchya vadhatya sankhyebaddal gambhir chinta vyakt karat, "serve sambandhitanni nagarikanchi suraksha sunishchit karnyachya garjevar bharr dett, "aantarrashtriy manavtavadi kayadyachya sarvatrik manyataprapt nikashancha aadar karnyachya garjevar dekhil bharr dett, "madhyapurvet sarvasamaveshak, nyayya aanee shashvat shantata prasthapit karnyasathi america, russian federation, european union aanee sanyukt rashtranche vishesh samnvayak aanee itaranchya vishesh dutanchya rajnaitik prayatnanche swagat aanee protsahan dene. "saudi yuvraj abdullah yanchya yogdanache swagat, "1. dahashatvadi, chithavani, chithavani aanee vidhvans yasah serve hinsacharachya krutyanna twarit thambavanyachi magani; "2. israyali aanee palestini bajoo aanee tyanchya netyanna siddhant karya yojanechya amalbajavanimadhye sahkarya karnyache aanee rajkiy tadjodivar vataghati punha suru karnyachya uddeshane michel ahwal shifarashi karnyache aavahan; "3. hinsachar thambavanyasathi aanee shantata prakriya punha suru karnyasathi pakshanna madat karnyasathi sarchitanis aanee itaranchya prayatnanna pathimba vyakt karane; "4. yaa prakaranachi dakhal ghet rahanyacha nirnay gheto". matey. tharav 1397 haah 14 viruddha konachyane naan jhalelya matandware aanee eka syriapasoon door rahilyane manjur karnyat aala, jyachya pratinidhila vatale qee yaa tharavat arab deshanchya chinta door kelya gelya naheet.

sanyukta rashtra suraksha parishadko prastawa 1397 sanyukta rashtra suraksha parishadko prastawa 1397 sanyukta rashtra suraksha parishadle 12 march 2002 maa swikrit gareko prastawa thiyo. parishadle september 2000 (dosro intifada) dekhi israel rar palestine pakshaharu bitch bhaeko hinsako antya garna mag gareko chha. dwandwako dui-rajya samadhanko awhan garne yo suraksha parishadko pahilo prastawa thiyo. prastawa parit hunuaghi mahasachiva kofi annanle palestiniharulai atangka rar atmaghati bumm wisfotko "naitik rupma ghrinit" karyaharu antya garna rar palestini kshetrama ijarayaliharuko awaidh kabja rar atyadhik ball prayog antya garna awhan gareka thie. samadhan. awalokanharu. suraksha parishadle surakshit rar manyata prapta simanaharusitai awasthit israeli rar palestini rajyaharuko drishtikonlai pushti garyo. yasale yass kshetrama september 2000 dekhi bhaeka ghatanaharu rar nagarikharuko suraksha rar antarrashtriya manawiya kanunko samman sunishchit garna sabaiko awashyaktama chinta wyakta garyo. parishadle madhyapurvama nyayapurna rar sthayi shanti lyauna sanyukta rajya america, rasiya, europeli sangha, saudi yuwaraj abdullah rar anyako prayaslai swagat gareko chha. karyaharu. prastawama hinsa, atangka, uksai, uksai rar winashko tatkal antyako mag garieko chha, israel rar palestini pakshaharulai siddhanta karya yojana rar michel reportko karyanwayanma sahayog garna awhan garieko chha. antatah, shanti prakriya punah suru garna rar hinsa antya garna kofi annan rar anyako prayasko prashansa gariyo. sankalpako path. "suraksha parishad, "vishesh gari 242 (1967) rar 338 (1973) kaa prastawharuma yasaka aghillo sabai sandarbhik prastawharu samjhandai, "dui rajyaharu, israel rar palestine, surakshit rar manyata prapta simaharubhitra chheuma baschhan bhanne kshetrako drishtikonlai pushti gardai, "september 2000 dekhi bhaeka dukhad rar hinsatmak ghatanaharu, vishesh gari halaika akramanharu rar hatahatharuko badhdo sankhyama jaari rahanma afno gambhir chinta wyakta gardai, "nagarikharuko suraksha sunishchit garna sabai sambandhitharuko awashyaktama jode dindai, "antarrashtriya manawiya kanunko vishwawyapi rupma swikrit mapdandharuko samman garne awashyaktama pani jode dindai, "madhyapurvama wyapak, nyayapurna rar sthayi shanti lyauna sanyukta rajya america, rusi sangha, europeli sangha rar sanyukta rashtrasanghaka vishesh sanyojak rar anyaka vishesh dutharuko kutnitik prayaslai swagat rar protsahit gardai, "saudi yuwaraj abdullako yogadanlai swagat gardai, "atangka, uksaune, uksaune rar vinashka sabai karyaharusahit sabai hinsaka karyaharu tatkal banda garna mag gardacha. "2. israeli rar palestini paksha rar uniharuka netaharulai siddhanta karya yojanako karyanwayanma sahayog garna rar rajnitik samjhautama warta punah suru garne uddeshyaka sath michel report sifarisharu garna awhan gardacha; "3. hinsa rokna rar shanti prakriya punah suru garna pakshaharulai sahayog garna mahasachiva rar anyako prayaslai samarthan wyakta gardacha; "4. yass mamilama sanlagna rahane nirnaya gardacha. mataharu. prastawa 1397 lai 14 matle kunaiko viruddhama rar syriabata ek anupasthitile parit gariyo, jasko pratinidhile prastawale arab deshharuko chintalai sambodhan gareko chhaina bhanne mahasus gare.

milita jatisanghara surakhya parisadara prastaba 1397 milita jatisanghara surakhya parishad prastaba 1397 heuchhi milita jatisanghara surakhya parishad dwara 12 march 2002 ray gruheeta eka prastaba . september 2000 (dwiteeja intifada) paratharu israela ebong palestine pakhya madhyare ghatithiba hinsaku samapta karibaku parishad daabi karithila. bibadara dui-rajya samadhan paain aahwana deba paain ehaa pratham surakhya parishad prastaba thila. ehi prastaba gruheeta heba purbaru, mahasachiba kophi annan palestineejamananku aatankabada ebong atmaghati boma bisphoranara "naitika bhabare ghrunya" karjyakalapaku samapta karibaku ebong palestinian anchalare beaina dakhal ebong atyadhika bala prajogaku samapta karibaku israela upare aahwana karithile. samadhan. parjyabekhyana. surakhya parishad israela ebong palestinian rastragudikara drustikonaku nischita karithila jaahaa surakhita ebong sweekrutiprapta seema sahita parswabarti achhi . september 2000 paratharu ehi anchalare ghatithiba ghatanagudika upare ehaa chinta byakta karithila ebong sadharana nagarikanka surakhya ebong antarjatija manabika ine prati sammana sunishchita karibara abashyakata upare ehaa chinta byakta karithila. madhyaprachyare nyajasangata ebong sthajee shanti aaniba paain america, rushia, europeah sangha, saudi yubraj abdullah ebong anyamananka prajasaku parishad swagata karithila. caryamana. ehi prastabare hinsa, aatankabada, uskanun, uskanun ebong binash turanta banda karibaku daabi karajaithila, ebong israela ebong palestine pakhyanku siddhanta karjya yojana ebong michel report karjyakaree karibare sahjog karibaku aahwana karajaithila. sheshare, shanti prakrijaku punah arambha kariba ebong hinsaku samapta kariba paain kophi annan ebong anyamananka prajasaku prashansa karajaithila. sankalpara pathya. "surakhya parishad, "ehara purbabarti samasta prasangika sankalpa, bisesh curry sankalpa 242 (1967) ebong 338 (1973) ku smarana curry, "epari eka khetrara drustikonaku nischita kariba, jeunthare israela ebong palestine namaka duiti rajya surakhita ebong sweekrutiprapta seema madhyare ekathi basabasa karibe. "september 2000 paratharu ghatithiba duhkhada ebong hinsatmaka ghatana, bisesh curry nikatare ghatithiba aakraman ebong mrutyu sankhya brudhi upare ehara gurutara chinta byakta curry, "sadharana nagarikanka surakhya sunishchita kariba paain samasta sampruktanka abashyakata upare gurutwaropa curry, "antarjatija manabatabadi einer sarbabharatija swekruta manadandaku sammana debara abashyakata upare madhya gurutwaropa curry, "madhyaprachyare eka byapaka, nyajasangata ebong sthajee shanti aaniba paain america, rushiah sangha, europeah sangha ebong milita jatisanghara swatantra sanjojaka ebong anyamananka swatantra rastradootanka kootanaitika prajasaku swagata ebong utsahita kariba. "saudi yubraj abadullanka jogadanaku swagata kariba, "aatankabada, uttejana, uskanun ebong binash bhali samasta karjya sameth samasta hinsa karjya turanta banda karibaku daabi; "2. israela ebong palestinian pakhya ebong semananka netamananku eka rajanaitika samadhan upare alochana punah arambha kariba uddeshyare siddhanta karjya yojanara karjyakaritare sahjog karibaku ebong michel report suparish karibaku aahwana; "3. hinsa banda kariba ebong shanti prakrijaku punah arambha kariba paain pakhyamananku sahajata kariba paain mahasachiba ebong anyamananka prajasaku samarthan janaiba; "4. ehi mamalare niz dakhalare rakhibaku nishpatti nianti. bhota. 1397 masihar prastabaku 14tii bhotare gruheeta karajaithila, jahara kehi bii birodha karinathile ebong siriaru jane anupasthita thile, jahara pratinidhi anubhaba karithile je ehi prastaba arab desagudikara chintadharaku doora karinathila.

sanyukat rashter surakhiaa parishad daa mataa 1397 sanyukat rashter surakhiaa parishad daa mataa 1397 sanyukat rashter surakhiaa parishad duaara 12 march 2002 noon apnaiaa giaa ikk mataa see. consul neey satambar 2000 (dooja intifada) toon israeli atey philistini pakkhan darmiaan hoee hinsa noon khatam curran dee mung keeti. ih sanghrash dey doou-raaj hall dee mung curran vaala surakhiaa parishad daa pahila mataa see. matey noon apnaun toon pahilan, sakattar-general coffey annan neey falastini lokan noon attvad atey aatamghati bumb dhamakiaan deeaan "naitik taur 'teey napak" karvaiaan noon khatam curran atey falastini khetar' teey aapne gair kanunni kabze atey bahut ziaada taakat dee varton noon khatam curran laee izarailiaan noon sadda ditta see. hall. nirikhan. surakhiaa parishad neey israeli atey philistini raajan dey surakhiat atey maanta prapat sarhaddan dey naal-naal maujood drishtikon dee pushti keeti. iss neey satambar 2000 toon iss khetar witch vapariaan ghatnavan atey nagrikan dee surakhiaa atey antarashtari manukhtavadi kanoon daa sanman yakini banaun dee zaroorat 'teey chinta pragtai. consul neey maddh purab witch ikk niaanpuran atey sathayi shanti liaun laee sanyukat raaj amrica, roos, european union, saaoodi kraoon prince abdullah atey horaan dey yatnan daa suagat keeta. karvaiaan. matey witch hinsa, dehshatgardi, bhadkahat, bhadkahat atey tabahi noon turant bnd curran dee mung keeti gaee, jiss witch israeli atey philistini pakkhan noon sidhantak kaaraj yojna atey michel report noon lagu curran witch sahiyog curran daa sadda ditta giaa. ant witch, shanti prakiriaa noon mudd shuru curran atey hinsa noon khatam curran laee coffey annan atey horaan dey yatnan dee shalagha keeti gaee. matey daa paath. "surakhiaa consul, "iss dey pichle saare prasangik matey, vishesh taur 'teey matey 242 (1967) atey 338 (1973) noon yaad karde hoye, "ikk ajihe khetar dey drishtikon dee pushti karde hoye jitthe doou raaj, israeel atey falastin, surakhiat atey maanta prapat sarhaddan dey ander naal-naal rahinde hunn, "satambar 2000 toon baad hoiaan dukhdai atey hinsk ghatnavan, khaas karke haal hii dey hamliaan atey mautan dee vaddh rahee ginti 'teey aapni gambhir chinta pragat karde hoye, "nagrikan dee surakhiaa noon yakini banaun laee saare sabandhat lokan dee zaroorat 'teey zor dinde hoye, "antarashtari manukhtavadi kanoon dey sarabviaapi taur 'teey savikar keete gaye niyaman daa sanman curran dee zaroorat' teey vee zor dinde hoye, "maddh purab witch ikk viaapak, niaanpuran atey sathayi shanti liaun laee sanyukat raaj amrica, russie sangh, european union atey sanyukat rashter dey vishesh coordinator atey horaan dey vishesh rajdootan dey kootnitak yatnan daa suagat atey utshahit karna. "saaoodi kraoon prince abdullah dey yogdan daa suagat karde hoye, "1. dehshatgardi, bhadkahat, uksaun atey vinash deeaan saariaan karvaiaan samet hinsa deeaan saariaan karvaiaan noon turant bnd curran dee mung; "2. israeli atey philistini pakkhan atey unhan dey netavan noon neeti kaaraj yojna noon lagu curran witch sahiyog curran atey ikk rajneetik samjhaute 'teey gallbat dubara shuru curran dey udesh naal michel report sifarshan daa sadda ditta; "3. hinsa noon rokann atey shanti prakiriaa noon mudd shuru curran laee partiaan dee sahaita curran laee general sakattar atey horaan dey yatnan laee samarthan pragat karda haii. "4. mamle noon aapne kabze witch rakkhan daa faisla karda haii. vott paao. matey 1397 noon 14 votan naal koee vee virodh naheen keeta giaa atey siria toon ikk gair-hazri, jiss dey numainde neey mahisus keeta kii matey neey arab deshan deeaan chintavan noon hall naheen keeta.

samyuktaraashtrasanghasya surakshaa-parishad-prastaawah 1397 samyuktaraashtrasanghasya surakshaa-parishadah 1397 iti prastaawah 2002 maarch 12 dinaanke samyuktaraashtrasanghasya surakshaa-parishadah sweekrutah prastaawah aasit. 2000 september-masat (dwiteeyah intifaadaa) isrel-palestiny-pakshayoho madhye krutaayaah himsaayaah antam kartum parishadah yachanat. dwandwasya dwiraashtrasya samadhanasya aahwaanah krutah surakshaa-parishadah prathamah prastaawah aasit. prastaavasya angikarat poorvam, mahaasachivah kofee annan palestiniaran prati aatankasya atmaghataka-visfotaanaam cha "naitikatayaa nindaneeyaani" krutyaani samaaptum, palestiniyarajye avaidha-adhinivesham, atyadhika-balaprayogah cha samaaptum isreleeyaraajyebhyah aahvaanam krutavaan. sankalpah. avalokanam. surakshaa-parishadah isrel-palestiny-rajyayoho, surakshita-maanya-seemaasahitayoh vidyamananam drushyaanaam drudeekaranam akarot. asmin pradeshe 2000 september-masat aarabhy ghatitanam ghatanaabhih, nagarikanam surakshaam, antarashtriya-manaviya-vidhi-sammanam cha sunishchitam kartum sarwaah aavashyakah iti chintaam vyaktam. parishadah america-deshasya, rashiyaayaah, yooropeeyasanghasy, saudee-deshasya yuvaraajasya abdullaahasy, anye cha madhyapoorvadeshe nyaayayutam chirasthayee cha shaantim sthaapayitum krutaan prayatnaan swaagatama. karmani. prastaawah himsaa, aatankah, uskaram, uskaram, vinaasham cha tatkshanameva samaaptim prahrayat, isrel-palestain-pakshan siddhaant-karya-yojanaa, mitchel-prativedanam cha kaaryaanvayane sahayogam kartum aahvayat. ante, shaantiprakriyaayaah punah arambhartham, himsaayaah antaartham cha kofee annan ityakhyasya prayasasya prashamsaam krutam. sankalpasya paathah. "surakshaa parishad, "poorvavartinah sarve praasangikaprastaavaan, visheshatah 242 (1967) tathaa 338 (1973) iti sankalpaan smrutya, "ekam kshetram, yatra isrel-palestain-raajyadwayam, surakshita-maanya-simayam cha saha-saha nivasati, tasya drukpatham pushtam kurvan. "2000 tamasya varshasya september-masat aarabhy ghatitanam dukhadaayakaanaam himsatmakanam cha ghatananam, visheshatah sadyah eva krutaanaam akramananam, mrutaanaam sankhyaa cha vardhamaanaanaam, anuvartane gambheeram chintaam vyaktam. "nagarikanam surakshaam sunishchitum sarveshaam sambadhaanaam aavashyakataam adhomukheekarotu. "antarashtriya-manaviya-vidhi-ityasya sarvasammati-manyanam manadandanam sammanasya aavashyakataam api adhokshayati. "madhyapoorvadeshe vyaapakam, nyaayyam, chirasthayihi cha shaantih sthaapayitum samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya, rusee-sanghasya, europiya-sanghasya, samyuktaraashtrasanghasya cha vishesha-samanvayakartru-vishesha-rajadutanam kootaneetik-prayatnaan swaagatamapi protsahayati cha. "saudee yuvaraajasya abdullaahasy yogadanam swaagatama, "1. aatankavaadah, uskana, uskana, vinaashah ityadinam sarvanam himsaa-kriyaam tatkshanameva samaaptim kartum aagrah. "2. isrel-palestiny-pakshan teshaam netrubhyah cha siddhaant-karya-yojanaa-kaaryaanvayanasya sahakaryam kartum aahvaanam karotu tathaa cha raajanaitik-samadhanasya vishaye vaartaalaapam punah aarabhayitum michel-prativedana-anushamsaam karotu. "3. himsaa-nivaarane, shaanti-prakriyaam punah aarabhy pakshanam sahayyam kartum mahaasachivasya anyaih cha prayasanam samarthanam vyaktam karotu. "4. vishaye avadhaanam sthaapayitum nirdhaarayati. mataan dattavaan. 1397 tame varshe prastaawah 14 mataihi naa vipakshena, ekaha syria-deshaat bahirgatah cha sweekrutah, yasya pratinidhihi abhilakshyat yat prastaawah arab-deshanam chintanam nirakaranam naa karoti iti.

aikkiya naadugal paathukaappu council theermaanam 1397 aikkiya naadugal paathukaappu council theermaanam 1397 enbathu aikkiya naadugalin paathukaappu councilaal 2002 maarch 12 andru aetrtrukkollappatta oru theermaanamaagum. septumber 2000 (irandaavathu indifada) muthal israeliya mattrum balastinian tharapinarukku idaiyil nadantha vanmuraiyai mudivukkuk konduvara council kooriyadhu. moathalukku iru maanila theervu kaana alaippu viduththa muthal paathukaappu council theermaanam idhuvaagum. inthath theermaanam niraivaettrappaduvatharku munbu, podhuchcheyalaalar coffey anaan, israeliyargal meethu "thaarmeega reethiyaaga verukkatthakka" bayangaravaatha mattrum thartkolai kunduvedippu seyalgalaiyum, balastiniap piraanthiyaththil sattaviroathamaaga aakiramiththiruppathai mudivukkuk konduvaruvadharkum, athigappadiyaana palaththai payanpaduththuvatharkum muttruppulli vaika paalastheeniyarkalukku alaippu viduththaar. theermaanam. avathaanippukal. paathukaappaana mattrum angkeekarikkappatta ellaikaludan israeliya mattrum balastinian naadugal arugarugae irukkum paarvaiyai paathukaappu council uruthippaduththiyathu. septumber 2000 muthal ippaguthiyil nadantha nigazhvugal kuriththum, podhumakkal paathukaappai uruthi seivatharkum, sarvadesa manithaapimaanach sattaththirku mathippalippatharkum anaivarum avasiyam endrum adhu kavalai theriviththathu. matthiya kilakkil niyayamaana mattrum neediththa amaithiyaik konduvaruvadharkaana america, russia, iroappiya ontriyam, savuthi pattatthu ilavarasar abdullah mattrum pirarin muyarchigalai council varavaettrathu. seyalgal. inthath theermaanam vanmurai, bayangaravaatham, thoonduthal, aththiramoottal mattrum azhivai udanadiyaaga niruththa vaendum endru kooriyadhu, maelum kolgaith thittaththaiyum mitchell arikkaiyaiyum seyalpaduththuvathil israeliya mattrum balastinian tharappinarai oththuzhaikkumaaru alaippu viduththathu. iruthiyaaka, amaithi munneduppugalai meendum thodanguvatharkum vanmuraiyai mudivukkuk konduvaruvadharkum coffey anaan mattrum pirarin muyarchigal paraattappattana. theermaanaththin urai. "paathukaappu sabai, "adharku munththaiya anaitthuth theermaanangalaiyum, kurippaaga 242 (1967) mattrum 338 (1973) theermaanangalaiyum ninaivu koornthaar. "israel mattrum balastinam aagiya irandu maanilangkal paathukaappaana mattrum angkeekarikkappatta ellaikalukkul arugarugae vasikkum oru piraanthiyaththin paarvaiyai uruthippaduththuthal, "septumber 2000 muthal nadantha sogamaana mattrum vanmurai nigazhvugal, kurippaaga sameepathiya thaakkuthalkal mattrum adhigariththa uyirizhappugalin ennikkai kuritthu thanathu kadumaiyaana kavalaiyai velippaduththinaar. "podhumakkalin paathukaappai uruthi seiya sambanthappatta anaivarum valiyuruththa vaendiyathan avasiyaththai valiyuruththum vagaiyil, "sarvadesa manithaapimaanach sattaththin ulagalavil aetrtrukkollappatta vithimuraigalai mathikka vaendiyathan avasiyaththaiyum valiyuruththukiraar. "matthiya kilakkil virivaana, niyayamaana mattrum neediththa amaithiyaik konduvaruvadharkaaga america, russia koottamaippu, iroappiya ontriyam mattrum aikkiya naadugal sabaiyin sirappu orunginaippaalar mattrum piraridamirunthu sirappu thootharkalin raajathanthira muyarchigalai varavaettru ookkuviththal. "savuthi pattatthu ilavarasar abdullaavin pankalippai varavaerkiraen. "bayangaravaatham, aththiramoottal, thoonduthal mattrum azhivu ullitta anaitthu vanmuraich seyalgalaiyum udanadiyaaga niruththa vaendum endru kooruthal. "2. arasiyal theervu kuriththa paechchuvaarththaigalai meendum thodangum nokkaththudan kolgaith thittatthai seyalpaduththuvathil oththuzhaikkumaaru israeliya mattrum balastinian tharappinarukkum avarkalin thalaivarkalukkum alaippu vidukkirathu. "3. vanmuraiyai niruththuvatharkum, amaithi munneduppugalai meendum thodanguvatharkum katchigalukku udhava podhuchcheyalaalar mattrum pirarin muyarchigalukku aatharavai velippaduththuthal; "4. inththa vishayathai thodarnthu kavanaththil kolla mudivu seikiraar". " vaakkugal. 1397aam aandu theermaanam 14 vaakkugal vidhyaasaththil aetrtrukkollappattathu, yaarukkum ethiraaga vaakkalikkavillai, siriyaavilirunthu oruvar vilaginaar, adhan pirathinithi inthath theermaanam arabu naadugalin kavalaigalai nivarthi seiyavillai endru unarnthaar.

aikyaraajyasamiti bhadrata mandali teermaanam 1397 aikyaraajyasamiti bhadrata mandali teermaanam 1397 anedi 2002 marchi 12naa aikyaraajyasamiti bhadrata mandali aamodinchina teermaanam. 2000 septembaru (rendava intifada) nundi izrael mariyu paalastiinaa pakshaala madhya jarigina himsanu antam cheyaalani council demand chesindi. eee vivaadaaniki rendu raashtraala parishkaram kosam pilupunicchina modati bhadrata mandali teermaanam idhi. teermaanaanni aamodinchadaaniki mundu, secretory general coffey annan paalastiiniyanlaku "naitikamgaa asahyakaramaina" ugravaada mariyu atmahuti bambu daadulanu antam cheyaalani mariyu paalastiinaa bhuubhaagampai izrael vaari akrama aakramananu mariyu adhika balaprayogaanni antam cheyaalani pilupunicchaaru. teermaanam. pariseelanalu. surakshitamaina mariyu gurtimpu pondina sarihaddulato izrael mariyu paalastiinaa deshaalu pakkapakkane unna daarsanikatanu bhadrata mandali dhruveekarinchindi. 2000 septembaru nundi eee praantamloo jarigina sanghatanalapai mariyu pourula bhadrata mariyu antarjaateeya manavata chattanni gowravinchadaanni andaruu nirdhaarinchaalsina avasarampai idhi aandolana vyaktam chesindi. madhyapraachyamlo nyaayamaina mariyu shaashwata saantini teesukuraavadaaniki united states, russia, european union, soudhi yuvaraju abdullah mariyu itarulu chesina prayatnaalanu council swaagatinchindi. charyalu. eee teermaanam himsa, ugravaadam, prerepana, recchagottadam mariyu vidhvamsamnu ventane nilipiveyaalani demand chesindi, siddhaantam pani pranaalika mariyu michel nivedika amalulo sahakarinchaalani izrael mariyu paalastiinaa pakshaalaku pilupunicchindi. chivaraku, shanti prakriyanu tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki, himsanu antam cheyadaaniki coffey annan, itarulu chesina krushini prasamsimchaaru. teermaanam yokka vachanam. "bhadrata mandali, "daani munupati sambandhita teermaanaalannintini, mukhyamgaa 242 (1967) mariyu 338 (1973) teermaanaalanu gurthuchesukuntu, "izrael mariyu paalastiinaa anae rendu rashtraalu surakshitamaina mariyu gurtinchabadina sarihaddulalo pakkapakkane nivasinche praantam yokka drushtini dhruveekarinchadam, "september 2000 nundi jarigina vishaadakaramaina mariyu himsaatmaka sanghatanala konasaagimpupai, mukhyamgaa iteevali daadulu mariyu perigina maranaala sankhyapai thana teevra aandolananu vyaktam chestu, "pourula bhadratanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki sambandhitulandaruu avasaramani nokkichepparu. "antarjaateeya manavata chattam yokka vishwavyaaptamgaa aamodinchabadina nibandhanalanu gowravinchaalsina avasaranni kooda nokki chebutuu, "madhyapraachyamlo samagramaina, nyaayamaina mariyu shaashwata saantini teesukuraavadaaniki united states off america, russian federation, european union mariyu aikyaraajyasamiti pratyeka samanvayakarta mariyu itarula nundi pratyeka raayabaarula dautya prayatnaalanu swaagathinchadam mariyu prothsahinchadam, "soudhi yuvaraju abdullah sahakaranni swaagatistunnaanu. "ugravaadam, recchagottadam, prerepinchadam mariyu vidhvamsam vanti anni charyalatho sahaa anni himsaatmaka charyalanu takshaname nilipiveyaalani demand; "2. raajakeeya parishkaarampai charchalanu tirigi praarambhinchae lakshyamtho siddhaanta kaarya pranaalika amalulo sahakarinchaalani izrael mariyu paalastiinaa pakshalu mariyu vaari nayakulaku mariyu michel nivedika sifaarsulaku pilupunicchaaru. "3. himsanu aapadaniki, shanti prakriyanu tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki paarteelaku sahayam cheyadaaniki secretory general, itarula prayatnaalaku maddatu vyaktam cheyadam; "4. eee vishayanni pattukuni unchaalani nirnayinchukuntundi". otlu vaestaaru. 1397 teermaanam 14 otlatho aamodinchabadindi, evarikee vyatiraekamgaa mariyu siriya nundi oka gairhajaru, dheeni pratinidhi eee teermaanam arab deshaala aandolanalanu parishkarinchaledani bhaavinchaaru.

aqwam muthadah kii salamati konsal kii qarardad 1397 aqwam muthadah kii salamati konsal kii qarardad 1397 aqwam muthadah kii salamati konsal kay zariah 12 maarch 2002 kuu manzoor kii gayee qarardad thee. konsal nay satambar 2000 (dosra intefazah) say israel aur falastin kay fareeqon kay darmiyan honay waalay tashdad kay khaatime kaa mutalibah kiyaa. tanazah kay duu riyasati hall kaa mutalibah karnay waali yaha salamati konsal kii pehli qarardad thee. qarardad kii manzori say pehley secertry general kofi anaan nay falastiniyon say mutalibah kiyaa thaa kahh wah dehshat girdi aur khudkash bumm dhamaakon kii "akhlaqi toor parr nagwar" karwaiyon kuu khatam karein aur israeliyon parr falastin kay elaqay parr inn kay ghair qanuni qabze aur zarurat say ziyadah taaqat kay istemaal kuu khatam karein. hall. mashahidat. salamati konsal nay israel aur falastin kii riyasaton kay mahfuz aur tasleem shadah sarhadon kay saath saath mojud wazan kii tasdiq kii. iss nay khatay mein satambar 2000 say honay waalay waaqiaat parr tashwesh kaa izhaar kiyaa aur shahriyon kii hifazat aur beenn alaqwami insani haqoq kay qanoon kay ehteram kuu yaqeeni bananay kii zarurat parr zoor diyaa. konsal nay mashriq wastee mein munsifana aur payedar aman laanay kay liye america roos europi union saudi walee ahed shahzadah abdullah aur deegar kii koshishon kaa khair muqadam kiyaa. aamaal. qarardad mein tashdad dehshat gardee ashtaal angezi ashtaal angezi aur tabahi kay fouri khaatime kaa mutalibah kiyaa gayaa jiss mein israel aur falastin kay fareeqon say mutalibah kiyaa gayaa kahh wah asul wark plaan aur masheel report kay nafaz mein taawan karein. aakhir kaar aman amal kuu dobarah sharoo karnay aur tashdad kay khaatime kay liye kofi anaan aur deegar kii koshishon kuu saraha gayaa. qarardad kaa mutan. "salamati konsal "iss kii sabqah tamaam mutaliqah qarardadon khaas toor parr qarardadon 242 (1967) aur 338 (1973) kuu yaad kartay huay "eek aisey khatay kay wazan kii tasdiq karnaa jehaan duu riyasatein israel aur falasteen mahfuz aur tasleem shadah sarhadon kay andar shanah bashanah rahein "satambar 2000 kay baad say honay waalay almanaak aur pratashdad waaqiaat khaas toor parr haaliyah hamlon aur halakaton kii badhti hoyee taadad kay taslasal parr apnee shadeed tashwesh kaa izhaar kartay huay "shahriyon kii hifazat kuu yaqeeni bananay kay liye tamaam mutaliqah afraad kii zarurat parr zoor deetay huay "beenn alaqwami insani haqoq kay qanoon kay aalimi satah parr qabool shadah asulon kaa ehteram karnay kii zarurat parr bhee zoor deetay huay "mashriq wastee mein eek jaamaa munsifana aur payedar aman laanay kay liye riyasathaye muthadah america rosee federation europi union aur aqwam muthadah kay khususi coordinator aur deegar kay khususi safiron kii sfarti koshishon kaa khairmuqadam aur huslah afzayi karnaa. "saudi walee ahed shahzadah abdullah kay taawan kaa khair muqadam kartay huay "1. tashdad kii tamaam karwaiyon bashmol dehshat gardee ashtaal angezi ashtaal angezi aur tabahi kay fouri khaatime kaa mutalibah vovo "2. israeli aur falastini fareeqon aur inn kay rehnumaon say mutalibah hay kahh wah seyasi tasfiye parr mazakirat dobarah sharoo karnay kay maqsad say asul wark plaan aur masheel report kii sfarshaat kay nafaz mein taawan karein. "3. tashdad kuu roknay aur aman amal kuu dobarah sharoo karnay mein fariqeen kii madad kay liye secertry general aur deegar kii koshishon kii himayat kaa izhaar vovo "4. muamile parr qaabu paaney kaa faislah kartaa hay." " woat dain. qarardad 1397 kuu 14 woton say kasee kay khalaaf aur eek shaam say ghair haazir rehney kay zariye manzoor kiyaa gayaa jiss kay numayende nay mahsus kiyaa kahh qarardad mein arab mamalik kay khadshaat kuu hall nahein kiyaa gayaa hay.

000817450ff650bcec8b12e56a46891778a9fcb56204ff116de727ac367450af

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11994017

Sílvia Munt

Sílvia Munt Spanish actress and film director Silvia Munt Quevedo, (Barcelona, 24 March 1957) is a Spanish actress and film director. She has won two Goya Awards, namely Best Actress for her role in "Alas de mariposa", and Best Short Documentary, "Lalia", which she wrote and directed. She has a sister and two brothers. Filmography. Theatre (as producer). In 1987 she creates her own company:

silvia munt silvia munt cuvedu, (barcheluna, 24 march 1957) egoraki spanis obhinetri aaru solositro porisalok. teu dutaa guya botaa laabh korise, jene "aalas dey maripucha" too teur soritror baabe shrestho obhinetri, aaru shrestho suti tothyositro "lalia", jitu teu likhisil aaru porisalona korisil. tekhetor egoraki bhogni aaru dujon bhatri aase. solositrographi. theater (projujok hisape). 1987 sonot teu nijor company gothon korisiloh

sylvia monn sylvia munt cuvedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) ekjon spanish abhinetri ebong cholochchitro porichalok. tini duti goa puraskar jitechen, jotha "alas deey mariposa"-teey taanr bhumikar jonno sera abhinetri ebong sera swalpodoirgho tothyochitro "lalia", jaa tini likhechen ebong porichalona korechen. taar eka boone oo dui bhai royeche. philmography. theater (projojok hisabe). 1987 saale tini taar nijaswa sangostha toiri korenoh

sylvia munt sylvia munt cuevedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) aek spanish abhinetri aneey film nirdeshak chhe. teneeae beey goyaa puraskaaro jeetya chhe, jemaa "alas dii mariposa" maan teneeni bhoomika maate shreshth abhinetri aneey shreshth tunkee dastaveji "lalia" noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jenu teneeae lekhan aneey nirdeshan karyoo hatoo. temne aek bahen aneey beey bhaaio chhe. philmography. theatre (nirmata tareeke). 1987maan teneeae potaani kampani banaavih

sylvia munt sylvia munt cuvedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) ack spanish abhinetri aur film nirdeshak hain. unhone dou goya puraskar jeete hain, arthaat "alas dee mariposa" mein unaki bhoomika key liye sarvshreshth abhinetri, aur sarvshreshth laghu vrittachitra, "lalia", jise unhone likhaa aur nirdeshit kiya. unaki ack bahan aur dou bhaai hain. filmography. rangmanch (nirmaata key roop mein). 1987 mein unhone apani khud kii company banaaih

sylvia munt sylvia munt cuevedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) obba spanish nutty mattu chalanachitra nirdeshaki. aake eradu goya prashastigalannu geddiddaare, avugalendare "alas dii mariposa" nallina patrakkagi atyuttama nutty mattu avaru baredu nirdeshisida atyuttama kiru sakshyachitra "lalia". aakege obba sahodari mattu ibbaru sahodarariddaare. chalanachitragala patti. rangabhoomi (nirmaapakaraagi). 1987ralli aake tannade aada kampaniyannu rachisidaruh

sylvia mund oru spanish nadiyum chalachithra samvidaayakayumaanu sylvia mund cuevedo (barsalona, 24 march 1957). alas dii maariposayile abhinayathinu mikacha nadikkulla goya award, thaan ezhuthukayum samvidaanam cheyyukayum cheytha mikacha hraswa dokyumentariyaaya lalia avar nediyittundu. avarkk oru sahodariyum rund sahodaranmaarumaanu. philingraphy. thiyettar (nirmmaathaav enna nilayil). 1987-ll avar svanthamaayi oru kambani sthaapichu

sylvia munt sylvia munt cuevedo (barcelona, 24 march 1957) hii eka spanish abhinetri aanee chitrapat digdarshak aahe. alas dii meriposa' madheel bhoomikesathi sarvotkrusht abhinetri aanee tine lihilelya aanee digdarshit kelelya 'lalia' yaa sarvotkrusht laghupatasathi teela done goya puraskar midale aahet. tyanna eka baheen aanee done bhau aahet. chitrapatalekhan. natyagruh (nirmata mhanoon). 1987 madhye tine swatachi company sthapan keleeh

sylvia munt sylvia munt kyubhedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) ek spainy abhinetri rar chalchitra nirdeshak hun. unle dui goya puraskarharu jitin, arthat "alas day mariposa" maa unko bhumikaka lagi sarwashreshtha abhinetri, rar sarwashreshtha chhoto writtachitra, "lalia", june unle lekhe rar nirdeshan gare. unko ek bahini rar dui bhai chhan. filmography. theater (nirmatako rupma). sann 1987 maa unle afnai company banaeh

silvia munta silvia munta kwebhedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) jane spanian abhinetri ebong chalachitra nirdeshaka. shay duiti goah puraskara jitichanti, jathaa 'alas dii mariposa' ray taanka bhumika paain shrestha abhinetri ebong shrestha khudra documentary, 'lalia', jaahaa shay lekhichhanti ebong nirdeshana deichhanti. tankara jane bhaunee ebong dui bhai achanti. philmography. theatre (prajojaka bhabe). 1987 ray shay nijara company srusti kaleh

silvia munt silvia munt kivedo, (barcelona, 24 march 1957) ikk spanish abhinetri atey film nirdeshak haii. uss neey doou goa puraskar jitte hunn, arthaat 'alaas dee mariposa' witch aapni bhumika laee sarbottam abhinetri, atey sarbottam laghu dastavezi, 'lalia', jiss noon usne likhiaa atey nirdeshit keeta. uss dee ikk bhainn atey doou bharaa hunn. philmography. theatre (nirmata vajon). sann 1987 witch uss neey aapni company banaiaa

sylvia munt sylvia munt kuvedo (barcelona, 24 maarch 1957) ekaa spanish-abhinetree, chalacchitranirdeshikaa cha asti. saa dwayoh goyaa-puraskaarayoh vijetree, yathaa "alaas dey mariposa" ityasmin chalachchitre swapaatrasya krute sarvashreshta-abhinetree, tathaa cha sarvashreshta-laghu-vruttachitram "lalia", yasya saa lekhanam nirdeshanm cha akarot. tasyaah ekaa bhaginee, dwau bhrata cha santi. chalacchitra-rachanaa. naatakaroopen (nirmaatruroopen). 1987 tame varshe saa swakeeyam companym asthaapayat.

sylvia mund sylvia mund gwedo, (parcelona, 24 maarch 1957) oru spanish nadigai mattrum thiraippada iyakkunar aavaar. avar irandu coya virudhugalai ventrullaar, athaavathu "alas dii maribosa" padaththil nadiththatharkaaga sirantha nadigai mattrum avar ezhuthi iyakkiya sirantha kurumpadamaana "lalia". avalukku oru chakoothari mattrum irandu cakoothararkal ullanar. thiraippadaviyal. naadagam (thayaarippaalaraaga). 1987 aam aandil avar thanathu sontha niruvanatthai uruvakkinaar

sylvia munt sylvia munt quevedo, (barcelona, 24 marchi 1957) oka spanish nati mariyu chitra darsakudu. aame rendu goya avaardulanu geluchukundi, avi "alas dii mariposa" loe aame paatraku uttama nati, mariyu aame vraasi darsakatvam vahinchina uttama laghu documentary "lalia". aameku oka sodari, iddaru sodarulu unnaaru. chitralekhanam. theatre (nirmaatagaa). 1987loe aame thana sonta samsthanu srushtinchindih

saloya mint saloya mint caviodo (barsalona 24 maarch 1957) eek hispanvi adakarah aur film director haine. inhon nay duu gawaa ewards jeetay haine yauni "alaas ddee meriposa" mein apnay kirdaar kay liye behtareen adakarah aur behtareen mukhtasir dastawezi film "laliya"yee jasay inhon nay likhaa aur hidayat kaaree kii. inn kii eek behan aur duu bhayee haine. filmgrafi. theater (batoor producer). 1987 mein iss nay apnee company banayi:

000818551bd30d3c64e7cb8e84d2116309d1d4bc30954250c9b6b080cbaa61db

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4936817

Anastasia Zampounidis

Anastasia Zampounidis Anastasia Zampounidis (; born December 28, 1968), is a Greek-German TV host. Climb to Fame. After graduating from high school, Zampounidis spent time in Los Angeles as an au pair, Go-Go dancer, and language tutor. While in LA she broadcast a radio program for Berlin radio. She ranked #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 and #98 2004 in FHM-Germany's Sexiest Women.

anastasia zampunidis anastasia zampunidis (; jonmo 28 disembor, 1968), egoraki greek-german tibhi xonsalok. khyatire uthi jauk. haiskulor poraa snatok degree laabh korar pisot jampunidise los angelsot oh 'peyar, gu-gu nrityoxilpi aaru bhaxa xikhyok hisape xomoy otibahito korisil. laa-too thokar xomoyot teu barlin readyo 'ror baabe etaa readyo' karzoxusi xomprosar korisil. teu ef. eis. em-germanyr jounotom mohilar talikat 2001 sonor <aai. di. 3>, 2002 sonor <aai. di. 2>, 2003 sonor <aai. di. 1> aaru 2004 sonor <aai. di. 4> ror sthan laabh korisil.

anastasia jumpunidies anastasia jumpunidies (; jonmo 28shhey december, 1968) ekjon greek-german television uposthapok. khyati orjon korun. uchcho vidyalaya theke snatok howar porr, jumpunidies loss angelese ekjon ou jutee, goo-goo nrityashilpi ebong bhasha shikkhok hisabe somoy katiechilen. laa-teey thakakalin tini barlin radior jonno ekti betar anusthan samprachar korechilen. tini eff. eich. emm-germanyr jounotomo mohilader modhye #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 ebong #98 2004 sthan peyechen.

anastasia zampounidis anastasia zemponidis (; janm 28 december, 1968), aek grick-german tivi hoosta chhe. prasiddhi taraf vadho. haai schoolmathi snaatak thayaa pachhi, zampaunidise losa angelsmaa oo jodee, goo-goo nrutyangna aneey bhaasha shikshak tareeke samay pasaar karyo. jyaare laa maan teneeae berlin rediyo maate aek rediyo kaarykram prasaarit karyo. teneeae aef. aech. aema.-germanyni sauthee kaamuk mahilaaomaa #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 aneey #98 2004 noon sthaan melavyu hatoo.

anastasia zamponidis anastasia zamponidis (; janm 28 disambar, 1968), ack yunani-german tv host haye. prasiddhi kii or badhein. hyee school seey snaatak honey key baad, zamponidis ney loss angils mein ack auo jodee, goo-goo nartak aur bhasha shikshak key roop mein samay bitaaya. laa mein vaha berlin radio key liye ack radio karyakram prasaarit karati hain. unhone aff. aich. aim.-germani kii sabse kamuk mahilaaon mein #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 aur #98 2004 kaa sthaan praapt kiya.

anastasia jumpounidies anastasia jampounidis (janana december 28,1968), obba greek-german duradarshana niroopaki. khyatige airu. proudhashaaleyinda padavi padeda nantara, jampounidis laas angelisnalli ou jodie, goo-goo nartaki mattu bhasha bodhakaragi samaya kaledaru. laa nalliddaaga avaru burlin rediyokagi radeo kaaryakramavannu prasara maadidaru. avaru efhm-germany sexiest mahileyaralli #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 mattu #98 2004 sthana padediddaare.

anaestasia samponidis anaestasia samponidis (jananam desember 28,1968) oru greak-jerman television avathaarakayaan. prashasthiyilekku kayaruka. haiskoolil ninnu birudam nediya sesham, samponidis loss enchalsil oru aou jody, goo-goo nartthakan, bhasha adthyaapakan ennee nilakalil samayam chelavazhichu. laa yill aayirikkumbol avar berlin radioykkaayi oru radio paripadi prakshepanam cheythu. eph. echu. emm-jermaniyude sexiyast vanithakalil avar <aii. dii. 3> 2001, <aii. dii. 1> 2002, <aii. dii. 4> 2003, <aii. dii. 2> 2004 enniva rank cheythu.

anastasia zampaunidis anastasia zampounidis (; 28 december 1968 roji janmaleli) hii greek-german durchitravani sutrasanchalak aahe. prasiddhivar chadhane. highschoolmadhun padvi ghetalyanantar, zampounidisne losses angelisemadhye eka auu jodee, goo-goo nartak aanee bhasha shikshak mhanoon vel ghalavala. laa madhye asatana tine berlin rediosathi eka redio karyakram prasarit keela. tine eff. etch. emm.-germanychya sarvat kamuk mahilanmadhye #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 aanee #98 2004 heey sthan midavale.

anastasia jampunidis anastasia jampunidis (; janma december 28,1968) jane greek-german tibhi host. prasiddhi aadaku agrasara huantu. haiskularu snataka heba parey, jampunidis lus enjelasare jane aaa-jodi, goo-goo nrutyashilpi ebong bhasha sikhyaka bhabare samai bitaithile. laa ray thiba samajare shay berlin redio paain eka redio karjyakram prasarana karithile. shay aif. etch. emm-germanyra sabutharu kamuka mahilanka madhyare <aai. dii. 1> 2001, <aai. dii. 4> 2002, <aai. dii. 2> 2003 ebong <aai. dii. 3> 2004 ray sthana paichanti.

anastasia zamponidis anastasia zamponidis (; janam 28 dasambar, 1968), ikk yunani-german teevi mezban haii. prasidhi vall vadho. hyee school toon graduate honn toon baad, zamponidis neey laas angels witch ikk auo jodee, goo-goo dancer atey bhasha bhasha vajon samaan bitaiaa. laa witch uss neey barlin radio laee ikk radio program prasarit keeta. uss neey eff. aich. aimm.-jarmani deeaan sabh toon sexi aurtan witch #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 atey #98 2004 daa darja ditta.

anastasia zampounidis anastasia zampounidis (; jananam december 28,1968), greek-german-dooradarshan-upasthapika asti. khyaatim prati arohanam. ucchavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptva, zampounidies ityayam laas-angelies-nagare au-jodihi, go-go-nartakih, bhasha-shikshaka cha iti rupena samayam vyateetavaan. laa-nagare saa berlin-radio-krute radio-karyakramam prasaaritavatee. saa ef. ech. emm-germany ityasya kaamukatamaasu mahilaasu <aii. dii. 3> 2001, <aii. dii. 1> 2002, <aii. dii. 2> 2003, <aii. dii. 4> 2004 cha sthanani praapnot.

anaesthesia jumphonities anaesthesia jumphonities (prappu disambar 28,1968) oru kiraekka-jerman tholaikaatchi thoguppaalar aavaar. pugazh peruvatharku aerungkal. uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettra piragu, saambounidis losses aenchalsil oru joadiyaaga, nadanak kalaignaraaga, mozhi aasiriyaraaga neraththai selavittaar. laa ill irunththapoathu avar berlin vanoliyil oru vanoli nigazhchchiyai oliparappinaar. avar efhm-germanyin kavarchiyaana penkalil #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 mattrum #98 2004 aagiya idangkalil idampidiththaar.

anastasia zamponidis anastasia zamponidis (jananam december 28,1968), oka greeku-german television host. keertini pondandi. unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadrudaina taruvaata, zamponidis laas angelslo ou jantagaa, goo-goo nartakudigaa mariyu bhasha bodhakudigaa gadiparu. laa loe unnappudu aame berlin radeo kosam oka radeo karyakramanni prasaram chesindi. aame efhetchm-germany yokka sexiest umenlalo #55 2001, #68 2002, #57 2003 mariyu #98 2004 sthaanaalanu dakkinchukundi.

anastasia zimponades anastasia zimponades (paidaish 28 dasambar 1968)yee eek yunani-german tye wee mezban hay. shahrat kii taraf badhein. hayee school say faarig altehseel honay kay baad zimponades nay laas angeles mein eek aao jodee gow-gow dancer aur zabaan kay astaad kay toor parr waqat guzara. laa mein rehtay hoay inhon nay barlan redio kay liye eek redio prograam nashar kiyaa. iss nay aif aich ayem germiny kii sexest khwatin mein #55 2001yee #68 2002yee #57 2003 aur #98 2004 kaa darjah haasil kiyaa.

00081ed37f40d10c9b7a7f775eb08a0e7f365719e4da288f38c5045b3f16fe08

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154547

Quetzaltenango

Quetzaltenango City in Guatemala Quetzaltenango (, also known by its Maya name Xelajú or Xela ) is both the seat of the namesake Department and municipality, in Guatemala. The city is located in a mountain valley at an elevation of above sea level at its lowest part. It may reach above within the city. The Municipality of Quetzaltenango consists of an area of . Municipalities abutting the municipality of Quetzaltenango include Salcajá, Cantel, Almolonga, Zunil, El Palmar, Concepción Chiquirichapa, San Mateo, La Esperanza, and Olintepeque in Quetzaltenango department and San Andrés Xecul in Totonicapán department. History. In pre-Columbian times, Quetzaltenango was a city of the Mam Maya people called Xelajú, although by the time of the Spanish Conquest it had become part of the K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj. The name may be derived from "xe laju' noj" meaning "under ten mountains". The city was said to have already been over 300 years old when the Spanish first arrived. With the help of his allies, Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeated and killed the Maya ruler Tecún Umán here. When Alvarado conquered the city for Spain in the 1520s, he called it by the Nahuatl name used by his Central Mexican Indian allies, "Quetzaltenango", generally considered to mean "the place of the quetzal bird." Quetzaltenango became the city's official name in colonial times. However, many people (especially the indigenous population) continue to call the city "Xelajú" or more commonly "Xela" for short, and some proudly, but unofficially, consider it the "capital of the Mayas". From 1838 to 1840 Quetzaltenango was the capital of the state of Los Altos, one of the states or provinces of the Federal Republic of Central America. As the union broke up, the army of Rafael Carrera conquered Quetzaltenango making it part of Guatemala. In 1850, the city had a population of approximately 20,000. During the 19th century, coffee was introduced as a major crop in the area. As a result, the economy of Xela prospered. Much fine Belle Époque architecture can still be found in the city. On October 24, 1902, at 5:00 pm, the Santa María Volcano erupted. Rocks and ash fell on Quetzaltenango at 6 PM, only one hour after the eruption. In the 1920s, a young Romani woman named Vanushka Cardena Barajas died and was buried in the Xela city cemetery. An active legend has developed around her tomb that says those who bring flowers or write a request on her tomb will be reunited with their former romantic partners. The Guatemalan songwriter Alvaro Aguilar wrote a song based on this legend. In 1930 the only electric railway in Guatemala, the "Ferrocarril de Los Altos", was inaugurated. It was built by AEG and Krupp and had 14 train cars. The track connected Quetzaltenango with San Felipe, Retalhuleu. It was soon destroyed by mudslides and finally demolished in 1933. The people of Quetzaltenango are still very proud of the railway. A railway museum has been established in the city center. Since the late 1990s Quetzaltenango has been having an economic boom, which makes it the city with the second-highest contribution to the Guatemalan economy. With its first high-rise buildings being built, it is expected by 2015 to have a more prominent skyline, with buildings up to 15 floors tall. In 2008, the Central American Congress PARLACEN announced that every September 15, Quetzaltenango will be Central America's capital of culture. Quetzaltenango was supposed to host 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games but dropped out due to a lack of funding for the event. In March 2022, indigenous activists began blockading the central waste deposit near Valle de Palajunoj to protest a enacted by the municipal authorities in June 2017. Climate. According to Köppen climate classification, Quetzaltenango features a subtropical highland climate ("Cwb"). In general, the climate in Quetzaltenango can go from mild to chilly, with occasional sporadic warm episodes. The daily high is usually reached around noon. From then on, temperatures decrease exceptionally fast. The city is quite dry, except during the rainy season. Quetzaltenango is the coolest major city in Guatemala. There are two main seasons in Quetzaltenango (as in all of Guatemala); the rainy season, which generally runs from late May through late October, and the dry season, which runs from early November until April. During the rainy season, rain falls consistently, usually in the afternoons, but there are occasions in which it rains all day long or at least during the morning. During the dry season, the city frequently will not receive a single drop of rain for months on end. The coldest months are November through February, with minimum temperatures averaging , and maximum temperatures averaging . The warmest months are March through July, with minimum temperatures averaging and maximum temperatures averaging . Yearly, the average low is and the average high is . Economy. Historically, the city produced wheat, maize, fruits, and vegetables. It also had a healthy livestock industry. Livestock was exported throughout the country and to El Salvador. As of 1850, wheat was the largest export, followed by cacao, sugar, wool and cotton. Sports. Quetzaltenango is home to the Club Xelajú MC soccer team. The team competes at Estadio Mario Camposeco which has a capacity of 13,500 and is the most successful non-capital team in the Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala. Due to the city's high altitude many athletes have prepared themselves here such as Olympic silver medalist Erick Barrondo and the 2004 Cuban volleyball team. The swimming team has enjoyed success in national and international events. Quetzaltenango withdrew from hosting the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games. It planned to build a 30,000-seat stadium by 2016, as well seven new facilities for indoor sports and aquatics. Transportation. The city has a system of micro-buses for quick and cheap movement. A micro-bus is essentially a large van stuffed with seats. Micro-buses are numbered based on the route they take (e.g., "Ruta 7"). There is no government-run mass transport system in the city. The sole public means of transport is the bus or micro-buses. Transportation to other cities is provided by bus. Bicycling is a way to get around and to travel to (and in) rural areas. Quetzaltenango Airport provides air service to the city. Education. Quetzaltenango,(Xela) is the center of many schools and Universities that provide Education to locals and many thousands of students from the surrounding cities and departments (states) and international students from North America and Europe, that's the reason it's a very important city for the south-west/north-west region of the Country of Guatemala, for many decades Quetzaltenango has produced distinguished Citizens through all Educational establishments, among those we can mention: Twin towns – sister cities. Quetzaltenango is twinned with: <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kuwetjaltenangu kuwetjaltenangu (, iyar maaya naam jelaju baa jelau jonaa yaay) hoise guwatamalar naamor bibhag aaru pouroxobha duyutare aaxon. sohorkhon xagorpristhor poraa uschotat etaa porbot upotyokat iyar nimnotomo ongxot owosthito. ee sohoror bhitorot uporoloi jaabo paare. kuwetjaltenangu pouroxobhatur ek eleka aase. cowetzaltenangu pouroxobhar xoite xonglogno pouroxobhar bhitorot aase salkaja, kentel, almulonga, junil, el palmar, concicion sikuirisapa, chaan maatiu, laa esperanja, aaru cowetzaltenangu bibhagor olyntepic aaru tot 'tonikapan bibhagor chaan andress jekul. itihax. praak-columbian xomoyot, quetzaltenangu aasil jailaju naamor maam maaya lukoxokolor ekhon sohor, jodiu spanis bijoyor xomoyot ee cumercajor kiche 'rajyor ongxo hoi porisil. naamtu "je laaju 'nuj" ror poraa udbhob hoh' bob paare jaar ortho hoise "dohta porbotor tolot". spanisxokole prothombaror baabe ohaar xomoyot sohorkhon itimodhye 300 bosorotkoiu odhik puroni aasil buli kuwa hoisil. teur mitroxokolor xohayot, bijoyi pedru di alvaraduwe iyat maaya xaxok tekun umanok porasto kori hotya korisil. 1520 sonot jetiya alvaraduwe spainor baabe sohorkhon joy korisil, tetiya teu iyak teur kendriyo maxican bharotiyo mitroxoktir dwara byobohrito nahuwatol naamere matisil, "kuwetjaltenangu", xadharonote "kuwetjal sorair sthan" buli gonyo koraa hoy."ouponibexik kaalot kuwetjaltenangu sohorkhonor sorkari naam hoi porisil. obosye, bohu luke (bixexkoi tholuwa jonoxongkhya) sohorkhonok "jelaju" baa xadharonote "jail" buli kuwa obyahot rakhise, aaru kisumane gourobere, kintu onanusthanikbhabe, iyak "mayar rajdhani" buli gonyo kore. 1838 sonor poraa 1840 sonoloike modhyo aamerika juktorastror federal republicor onyotomo rajyo baa prodex los alts rajyor rajdhani aasil cowetzaltenangu. xonghotu bhangi juwar loge loge rafel karerar xenai kuwetjaltenangu joy kori iyak guwatamalar ongxo kori tulisil. 1850 sonot sohorkhonor jonoxongkhya aasil pray 20,000. 19xo xotikat ei oncholot kofik ek prodhan xosyo hisape proborton koraa hoisil. pholsworupe, jailer orthoniti xomridho hoisil. sohorkhonot etiyau bohu xukhmo bele ipuk sthapotyo puwa yaay. 1902 sonor 24 octoborot xondhiya 5 bojat xanta maria aagneyogirir bisfuron hoy. bisfuronor maatro eghontar pisote xondhiya 6 bojat kuwetjaltenangur uporot xil aaru saai porisil. 1920-ror doxokot bhanuska cardena borajas naamor egoraki juboti rumani mohilar mrityu hoisil aaru teuk jelaa sohoror koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil. teur xomadhir sariufale etaa xokriyo kingbodonti bikoxito hoise zo 'too kuwa hoise je jixokole ful aane baa teur xomadhir uporot onurudh likhe teulukok teulukor prakton romantik xongir xoite punor milito koraa hoh' bob. guwatelan gitikar alvaru aaguilore ei kingbodontir uporot aadharito kori etaa geet likhisil. 1930 sonot guwatamalar ekmatro boidyutik rey "lopoth" fer "kaaril di los alt" cho "udwudhon koraa hoisil. iyak ej aaru krupe nirman korisil aaru iyat 14 khon rey "lo gaari aasil. trektuwe quitzaltenangok chenn felip, retalhuleur xoite xongzug korisil. ee oti xunkalei bhumiskholonor folot dhongxo hoisil aaru owoxexot 1933 sonot dhongxo koraa hoisil. kuwetjaltenangur jonoxadharon etiyau rey "lopothok loi oti gourowanwito. sohoror kendrot etaa rey "lowe xongrohaloy sthapon koraa hoise. 1990-ror doxokor xexor poraa kuwetjaltenangur orthonoitik bikax hoi aahise, jaar folot ee guwatelan orthonitit dwitiyo xorbadhik obodan aagborhuwa sohor hisape porigonito hoise. iyar prothom ukh ottalika nirman korar loge loge, 2015 sonor bhitorot iyat 15 mohola ukh ottalikar xoite odhik bixisto akaxorekha thakibo buli aaxa koraa hoise. 2008 sonot, kendriyo aamerikan congress parlachene ghuxona korisil je proti septembor 15 tarikhe, kuwetjaltenangu modhyo aamerikar xongoskritir rajdhani hoh 'bob. 2018 sonor kendriyo aamerikan aaru keribiyan khelxomuhor aayujon korar kotha aasil kintu onusthantur baabe pujir obhawor baabe baad porisil. 2022 sonor march maahot tholuwa kormixokole 2017 sonor june maahot pour kortripokhyoi pronoyon koraa aainor proti protibad jonai bhaale dey palajunujor usoror kendriyo aworjona jomatu oworudh koriboloi aarombho korisil. jolobayu. kupen jolobayu shrenibibhajon onuxori, kuwetjaltenangut upo-krantiyo uschobhumi jolobayu ("sidbliubi") aase. xadharonote, quetzaltenangur jolobayu maaje maaje bikhyiptobhabe ushno ghotonar xoite mridur poraa thandaloi jaabo paare. doinik uscho xadharonote duporiyar aaxe-paxe uponeet hoy. tetiyar poraa, tapmatra oti drutogotit hraax paay. borxunor xomoyor baahire sohorkhon jothesto xukan. kuwetjaltenangu hoise guwatamelar ataitkoi xitol prodhan sohor. cowetzaltenangut dutaa mukhyo ritu aase (xokolu guwatamelar dore); xadharonote mey 'maahor xexor poraa octoboror xexor faale sola borxunor ritu, aaru novemboror aarombhonir poraa april maholoike sola xukan ritu. borxunor botorot xadharonote duporiya ekerahe borxun hoy, kintu ene kichu ghotona aase zo 'too gutei dintu baa ontotoh ratipuwa borxun hoy. xukan botorot sohorkhonot maah maah dhori xoghonai ek tupal borxun nohoy. novemboror poraa february maholoike ataitkoi thanda mahbur hoy, zo 'too nimnotomo usnota gorh aaru xorbadhik usnota gorh. ataitkoi ushno mahbur hoise july maahor maajere juwa, zo 'too nimnotomo usnota gorh aaru xorbadhik usnota gorh. barxik gorh nimno aaru gorh uscho. orthoniti. oitihaxikbhabe, sohorkhone ghehu, gumdhan, folmul aaru xaak-pasoli utpadon korisil. iyat ek xustho poxudhon udyugou aasil. xomogro dexote aaru el sarbhadoroloi poxudhon roptani koraa hoisil. 1850 sonoloike ghehu aasil xorbobrihot roptani, taar pisot aasil kuku, cheni, ul aaru kopah. krira. quetzaltenangu club jelaju emsi football dolor ghor. doltuwe 13,500 jonor khyomotar estadiu maario "campusekut protidondita kore aaru ee hoise liga nesnel di football di guwatamalar ataitkoi xofol oh-rajdhani doll. sohorkhonor uscho uschotar baabe bohutu kheluoiye iyat nijoke prostut korise jene olympic rupor podok bijoyi erik barondu aaru 2004 sonor cuban bholibol doll. xatur doltuwe rastriyo aaru antohrastriyo eventot xofolota laabh korise. 2018 sonor modhyo aamerika aaru keribiyan khelxomuhor aayujonor poraa kuwetjaltenanguwe aatori aahisil. ee 2016 sonor bhitorot 30,000 aaxonor ekhon stadium nirman korar logote abhyontorin krira aaru jolojor baabe xatota notun xubidha nirman korar porikolpona korisil. poribohon. sohorkhonot drut aaru xostiya solasolor baabe maikro "-basor byowostha aase. maikro "baach hoise mulotoh aaxonore bhori thoka etaa dangor baahon. maikro "-basbur teuluke luwa pothor uporot bhitti kori nombor diya hoy (udah.ji., "rutaa 7"). sohorkhonot sorkare porisalona koraa kunu gono poribohon byowostha naai. rajohuwa poribohonor ekmatro madhyom hoise baach baa maikro "baach. aan sohoroloi basor joriyote poribohonor byowostha koraa hoy. saikel soluwatu hoise ghoroloi juwa aaru gramyo onsololoi (aaru) bhromon korar ek upay. kuwetjaltenangu bimanbondore sohorkhonok biman xewa prodan kore. xikhya. cowetzaltenangu, (excella) hoise bohutu bidyaloy aaru biswobidyaloyor kendro ji sthaniyo aaru aaxe-paxe thoka sohor aaru bibhag (rajyo) ror bohu haajar saatro-chatri aaru uttor aamerika aaru europor antohrastriyo saatro-satrik xikhya prodan kore, xeyehe ee guwatamala dexor dokhyin-poschim/uttor-poschim oncholor baabe ek oti guruttopurno sohor, bohu doxok dhori kuwetjaltenanguwe xokolu xoikhyik protisthanor joriyote bixisto nagorik prostut korise, jaar bhitorot aami ullekh koribo paruh jomoj sohor-bhogni sohor. kuwetjaltenangur xoite jomoj hoyoh

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, mayya naam jelaju baa zela nameo porichito) guatemalar naam bibhag ebong pourosobha ubhoyer asson. shaharti samudraprishtha theke sorbonimno uchchotai ekti porboto upottokai abosthito. etty shohorer modhye upore pouchte paare. quetzaltenango pourosobha ekti elaka niye gothito. quetzaltenango pourosobha sanglagna pourosobhagulir modhye royeche quetzaltenango bibhager salkaza, cantell, almolonga, junil, ell palmer, concepsion chikirichapa, shaan mateo, laa esperanza ebong olyntepec ebong totonicapan bibhager shaan andres jekul. itihas. praka-columbian juge, quetzaltenango maam mayya jonogoner ekti shohor chhilo jaake jelaju bolla hoto, jodio spanish bijoyer somoy etty qaa 'iche' rajyer ongsho hoye uthechilo. namti "jeey lazu 'noz" theke udbhuto hotey paare jaar ortho "dashti pahader niche". spanishra jokhon prothom esechilo tokhon shaharti 300 bochorero beshi purno boley money koraa hoy. taanr mitroder sahajye, vijayi pedro dii alvarado ekhane mayya shasok tekun umanke porajito oo hotya corren. 1520-err doshke alvarado jokhon spener jonno shaharti joy corren, tokhon tini etike taanr kendriya mexican bharatiya mitroder dwara byabohrito nahuatal naam "quetzaltenango" dwara dakten, jaar ortho sadharonoto "quetzal pakhir sthan" boley money koraa hoy."ouponibeshik amle shohorer sarkari naam hoye othe quetzaltenango. zaihok, onek manush (bishesh korey adibasi janagosthi) shahortike "jelaju" baa arow sadharonbhabe "jeela" boley abhihito korey cholechen, ebong keu keu gorber saathe, kintu ananusthanikbhabe, etike "mayader rajdhani" hisabe bibechona corren. 1838 theke 1840 saal porjonto quetzaltenango chhilo modhyo americar federal projatontrer onnotomo rajyo baa pradesh loss altos rajyer rajdhani. union venge yawar saathe saathe rafael karera senabahini quetzaltenango joy korey guatemalar ongsho hoye othe. 1850 saale, shahartir jonosongkha chhilo pray 20,000. 19shha shotabdite eyi anchale coffey ekti prodhan fosol hisabe chaalu hoyechilo. falaswarup, jelara arthaniti samriddha hoyechilo. onek sukkho beley iko sthapotto ekhono shohore pawa yaay. 1902 saaler 24shhey octobor bickel bickel santa maria agneygirir agnyutpato ghote. agnyutpater matro eka ghanta porr sandhya sandhya quezaltenangote pathor oo chhai porey yaay. 1920-err doshke bhanushka cardena barajas naame eka juboti roman mohila maaraa zaan ebong taanke jeela shohorer koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. taanr samadhir charpashe ekti sakriya kingbadanti gadey utheche jaa boley jey jaaraa phul niye asbe baa taanr samadhite anurodh likhbe taaraa taader praktan romantic angshidarder saathe punra milit hobey. guatemalan geetikar alvarro aguiller eyi kingbadantir upor vitti korey ekti gaan likhechen. 1930 saale guatemalar ekmatro boidyutik railpoth, "ferrocaryl dii loss altos" udwodhon koraa hoy. etty eig ebong croup dwara nirmito hoyechilo ebong etey 14tii trainer gaadi chhilo. tracti quetzaltenangoke shaan felip, retalhuleu-err saathe sangjukto korechilo. etty shighroi bhumidhwase dhongso hoye yaay ebong abosheshe 1933 saale dhongso hoye yaay. quetzaltenangor manush ekhono railpoth niye khub gorbito. shohorer kendre ekti rail jadughar sthapon koraa hoyeche. 1990-err doshoker shesher dick theke quetzaltenango orthonoitikbhabe unnoti korche, jaa etike guatemalan orthonitite dwitiya sorbochcho abodaner shohor korey tuleche. prothom unchu bhobon nirmaner saathe saathe 2015 saaler modhye 15 tolaa porjonto unchu bhobon soho arow bishishto akashrekha thakbe boley aasha koraa hachche. 2008 saale, central american congress parliament ghoshana korey jey proti 15ee septembara, quetzaltenango hobey modhyo americar sangaskritir rajdhani. 2018 saaler modhyo american ebong carribean games quetzaltenangor ayojoner kotha chhilo kintu anusthaner jonno tohobiler abhabe baad porey. 2022 saaler march maase, adibasi karmira 2017 saaler june maase pour kortripokkher ekti aainer protibade valley deey palajunojer kachhe kendriya borjyo amanoto aborodh korte shuru korey. jalbayu. copen jalbayu shrenibibhag onusare, quetzaltenango ekti upokrantiyo parbotto jalbayu ("sidblueby") baisistyajukta. sadharonbhabe, quetzaltenangor jalbayu majhemadhye bikkhipto ushno porbo soho halka theke thhanda hotey paare. daeenik sorbochcho sadharonoto dupur dike pouchai. tarpor theke tapmatra byatikramibhabe druto hrass paay. borshakal chhada shaharti besh shushko. quetzaltenango guatemalar sabcheye sheetal prodhan shohor. quetzaltenangote duti prodhan ritu royeche (samasta guatemalar moto); borsha ritu, jaa sadharonoto meey maaser shesher dick theke octoborer shesher dike choley ebong shushko ritu, jaa novemborer prothom dick theke april porjonto choley. borshakale, brishti dharabahikbhabe hoy, sadharonoto bikele, tobey emon kichhu ghotona royeche jekhane saaraa deane baa ontoto sokale brishti hoy. shushko morshume, shaharti prayashai maaser porr maas dhorey eka fonta brishtipat paabe naa. sorbonimno tapmatra garh ebong sorbochcho tapmatra garh soho navembar theke february holl shitaltama maas. sorbonimno tapmatra garh ebong sorbochcho tapmatra garh soho julaier modhyo diye march hoy ushnotomo maas. barshik garh nimno ebong garh uchcho. arthaniti. oitihasikbhabe, shaharti gomm, bhutta, foll ebong shaksabji utpadon koroto. ekhane ekti swasthokor gobadi poshu shilpou chhilo. saaraa deshe ebong ell salvadore gobadi poshu roptani koraa hoto. 1850 saal porjonto, gomm chhilo brihottomo roptani, tarpore chhilo cocoa, chinny, poshom ebong tulo. krida. quetzaltenango club jelaju emsi football doler abashsthol. dolti estadio mario camposecote protidwondita korey jaar dharonkhomota 13,500 ebong etty liga national dii football dii guatemalar sabcheye sofol aaa-rajdhani doll. shohorer uchchotar karone olympic roupyo padakjayee erik barondo ebong 2004 saaler cuban volleybal doler moto onek kridavid ekhane nijeder prostuto korechen. saantaar doll jatiya oo antorjatik evente safalya upobhog koreche. 2018 saaler modhyo american ebong carribean gameser ayojan theke quetzaltenango sorey esechilen. etty 2016 saaler modhye 30,000 asoner ekti stadium nirmaner parikalpana koreche, pashapashi abhyantarin krida ebong joloj jonno satti notun subidha toiri koreche. poribohon. druto ebong sosta cholacholer jonno shohore micro-baaser byabostha royeche. ekti micro-baas mulat asson bhorti ekti borh vyana. micro-basguli taader pother upor vitti korey sankhya deoa hoy (jemon.zii., "ruta 7"). shohore sarkar porichalito ganoporibohon byabostha nei. ganoporibohoner ekmatro madhyam holl baas baa micro baas. anyanno shohore poribohoner byabostha koraa hoy baaser madhyome. saikela chalano holl gramanchale ghure bedanor ekti upay. quetzaltenango bimanbandar shohore biman porisheba pradan korey. shikkha. quetzaltenango, (jeela) holl onek school ebong bishwobidyaloyer kendra jaa sthaniya ebong ashepasher shohor oo bibhag (rajyo) theke hazar hazar shikkharthi ebong uttor america oo europe theke antorjatik shikkharthider shikkha pradan korey, eyi karonei etty guatemala desher dakkhin-poschim/uttor-poschim anchaler jonno ekti atyanta guruttopurno shohor, bohu doshok dhorey quetzaltenango samasta shikkha protisthaner madhyome bishishto nagrik toiri koreche, jaar modhye amra ullekh korte paarih jomoj shohor-bhagini shohor. quetzaltenango err saathe jodaa hayah

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, jeey tenaa maaya naam zelaju athavaa zelaa dwara pann odakhaay chhe) aee guatemalama naamnaa vibhag aneey nagarpalika banneni bethak chhe. aaa shaher parvat kheenma samudra sapatithi sauthee neechi unchaiae stheet chhe. teey shahernee andar upar sudhee pahonchi shake chhe. quetzaltenangoni nagarpalikama aek vistaarno samaavesh thaay chhe. quetzaltenango nagarpalikane adeene aaveli nagarpalikaoma quetzaltenango vibhagma salkaja, cantell, almolonga, zunil, all palmer, concepsion chikirichapa, saana meteeo, laa esperanza aneey olyntepac aneey totonicapan vibhagma saana andress zekulno samaavesh thaay chhe. itihas. purv-columbian samayma, quetzaltenango aee maam maaya lokonu shaher hatoo jene zelaju kahevaay chhe, jooe keey spanish vijaynaa samay sudhimaa teey kyumarkajna kitche saamraajyno bhaag bunny gayoo hatoo. aaa naam "zey laaju 'noj" parthee utaree aavyu hoi shake chhe jeno arth thaay chhe "dass parvatoni neeche". spanish loko pratham vakhat aavyaa tyaare aaa shaher 300 varsh junun hovaanu kahevaay chhe. potaana saathioni madadthi, vijeta pedro dii alvarado aheen maaya shaasak tekun umanne haraavyo aneey maaree nakhyo. jyaare alvarado alvarado daykama spain maate shaher parr vijay melvyo, tyaare tene tene tenaa madhya meksikana bhaartiy saatheeo dwara upyogmaa levaata nahuatla naam, "quetzaltenengo" dwara bolaavyo, jeno saamanya reete arth "quetzal pakshinu sthaan" thaay chhe."quetzaltenango vasaahati samayma shahernu sattavaar naam banyu hatoo. jooe keey, ghanaa loko (khaas kareene swadeshi vastee) aaa shaherne tunkma "zelaju" athavaa vadhu saamanya reete "zell" kahevaanu chaalu raakhe chhe, aneey ketlaak garvthi, parantu binsattavar reete, tene "maayaani raajdhaani" maane chhe. 1838 thee 1840 sudhee quetzaltenengo losa altos raajyani raajdhaani hatee, jeey madhya americana sangheey prajasattakna raajyo athavaa prantomathi aek hatoo. jaim jaim sangh tutee gayoo, rafael kererani senaae quetzaltenango parr vijay melvyo aneey tene gwatemalano bhaag banaavyo. banaavyo, shahernee vastee aashre 20,000 hatee. hatee sadee darmiyan, kofeene aaa vistaarmaa mukhya paak tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. parinaame, zelaanu arthtantra samruddh thayu. shaherma haju pann ghanee sunder bele ecock sthapatya malee shake chhe. 24 october, october roj sanje 5 vaagye saanta maria jwalamukhi faatee nikalyo hato. visfotnaa maatra aek kalaak pachhi sanje 6 vaagye quetzaltenengo parr khadako aneey raakh puddy hatee. hatee daykama, vanushka cardena barajas naamnee aek yuvan romaani mahilaanu avsaan thayu aneey tene zelaa shahernaa kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavee hatee. temnee kabarnee aaspaas aek sakreey dantkathaa vikasi chhe jeey kahe chhe keey jeo phoolo laave chhe athavaa temnee qabara parr vinanti lakhe chhe teo temnaa bhutpurv romentic bhagidaro saathe pharii jodaya hashe. gwatemalana gitkaar alvaro aguillerae aaa dantkathaa parr aadharit geet lakhyu hatoo. hatoo gwatemalama ekmatra electric railway, "ferrocaryl dii losa altos" noon udghaatan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey aeg aneey kroop dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo aneey temaa 14 train kaar hatee. track kwatzaltenengone seena felipa, retalhulu saathe jodato hato. teey toonk samayma kaadav padvathi naash paamyu hatoo aneey chhevate chhevate todee padvama aavyu hatoo. quetzaltenagona lokone haju pann railway parr khoob garv chhe. shahernaa kendramaa railway sangrahaalayni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee chhe. chhe daykana antathi quetzaltenengoma aarthik tejee aavee rahee chhe, jeey tene gwatemalana arthtantramaa beeja kramnu sauthee vadhu yogdaan aapnaru shaher banaave chhe. tenee pratham unchee imaarato bandhvama aavee rahee hovathi, 2015 sudhimaa 15 maal sudhini imaarato saathe vadhu agranee kshitij hovani apeksha chhe. chhe, central american congress parlasene jaaherat curry hatee keey darr 15 septembernaa roj, quetzaltenengo madhya americani sanskrutini raajdhaani banashe. quetzaltenengo 2018 madhya american aneey kerebiyan ramtotsavnu aayojan karvaanu hatoo, parantu kaarykram maate bhandolnaa abhavne kaarane teey chhodi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. march march, sthaaneek karykartaoae juuna juuna municiple sattavalao dwara ghadvama aavela kayadana virodhmaa vaale dha palajunoj najik kendreey kacharaana bhandarne avrodhit karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. aabohva. copan aabohva vargikaran anusaar, quetzaltenango upaushnakatibandhiy uchch jameen aabohva ("seadblueby") dharaave chhe. saamanya reete, quetzaltenagonu aabohva hadvaathi thandee sudhee jaee shake chhe, jemaa prasangopaat chhutachhvaya garam prasango pann hoya chhe. dainik uchch saamanya reete bapornee aaspaas pahonche chhe. tyaarthi tapmanma asadharan reete zadapthi ghataado thaay chhe. varsadni mosam sivaay shaher ghanoo sooku hoya chhe. quetzaltenango aee gwatemalanu sauthee thandu mukhya shaher chhe. quetzaltenango (tamaam gwatemalani jaim) maan beey mukhya rutuo hoya chhe; varsadni mosam, jeey saamanya reete menaa antathi octobernaa anta sudhee chaale chhe, aneey sookie mosam, jeey novemberni sharuaatthi april sudhee chaale chhe. varsadni mosam darmiyan, varsaad satat padey chhe, saamanya reete bapore, parantu aevaa prasango chhe jemaa aakho divas athavaa ochhama ochho savaare varsaad padey chhe. sookie mosam darmiyan, shaherma maheenao sudhee avaaranvaar varsaadnu aek teepu pann nahee padey. sauthee thandaa maheenao novemberthi februari chhe, jemaa laghutam taapmaan sarerash aneey mahattam taapmaan sarerash hoya chhe. sauthee garam maheenao julythi march sudhee hoya chhe, jemaa laghutam taapmaan sarerash aneey mahattam taapmaan sarerash hoya chhe. vaarshik sarerash neechi chhe aneey sarerash unchee chhe. arthtantra. aitihasik reete, aaa shaherma ghaun, makaai, falo aneey shakbhajinu utpaadan thatu hatoo. temaa tandurast pashudhan udhyog pann hato. samagr deshmaa aneey all salvadorma pashudhanni nikas karvaamaa aavtee hatee. 1850 sudhimaa, ghaun sauthee motee nikas hatee, tyarbad koko, khaand, oon aneey kapasno krama hato. ramatgamat. quetzaltenango club zelaju aemsee sokara teamnu ghar chhe. aaa team estadio maariyo camposeco khaate spardhaa karey chhe, jenee kshamata 13,500 chhe aneey teey liga nacional dha football dha gwatemalama sauthee safal biin-raajdhaani team chhe. shahernee unchaaine kaarane ghanaa ramatveeroae aheen potaane taiyar karyaa chhe jaim keey olympic silver medala vijeta erick berondo aneey 2004 cuban volleyball team. swimming teame raashtriy aneey aantarrashtriy spardhaoma safalataa melvee chhe. quetzaltenengo 2018 madhya american aneey kerebiyan ramtotsavni yajmanimathi pichhehath curry hatee. tene 2016 sudhimaa 30,000 bethakoni bethak dharaavtu stadium banaavvaani yojnaa banaavi hatee, temaj indor sports aneey aquatics maate saat navee suveedhao banaavvaani yojnaa banaavi hatee. parivahan. shaherma zadpi aneey sastee avarjavar maate micro-basonee vyavastha chhe. micro-bus aneevarypane bethakothi bharelee motee vaan chhe. micro-basone teo jeey maarg parr jaay chhe tenaa aadhare kramaankit karvaamaa aave chhe (daa. taa.jee., "rutaa 7"). shaherma sarkaar dwara sanchaalit koee saamuhik parivahan vyavastha nathee. parivahannu ekmatra jaaher saadhan bus athavaa micro-baso chhe. anya shaheroma parivahan bus dwara purun padvama aave chhe. cycle chalavvi aee graameen vistaroma farvaa aneey musafari karvaano aek maarg chhe. quetzaltenengo hawaimathak shaherne havaai sevaa puurii paade chhe. shikshan. quetzaltenango, (zelaa) aee ghanee shaalao aneey universityonu kendra chhe jeey sthaaneek loko aneey aaspasna shahero aneey vibhago (raajyo) naa hajaaro vidhyarthio aneey uttar america aneey yuropnaa aantarrashtriy vidhyarthione shikshan pradaan karey chhe, aaa jaj kaaran chhe keey teey gwatemala deshnaa dakshin-pashchim/uttar-pashchim pradesh maate khoob jaj mahatvapurn shaher chhe, ghanaa daaykaaothi quetzaltenango tamaam shaikshanik sansthao dwara pratishthit nagriko pedaa karyaa chhe, jemathi aapane ullekh curry shakeeae chhiaeh jodeeya nagaro-bahen shahero. quetzaltenango saathe jodaayelo chheh

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (jise isake maaya naam zelaaju yaa zelaa seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) guatemala mein naam vibhaag aur nagarpalika donon kii seat haye. yeh shahar apane sabse nichale hisse mein samudra tala seey oopar ack pahaadi ghaati mein sthit haye. yeh shahar key bheetar oopar taka pahunch sakata haye. quetzaltenango kii nagarpalika mein ack kshetra shamil haye. quetzaltenango kii nagarpalika seey satey nagar paalikaon mein salkaja, cantell, almolonga, zunil, ell palmer, concion chikuirichapa, saine meto, laa esperanza aur quetzaltenango vibhaag mein olyntepec aur totonicapan vibhaag mein saine andress execul shamil hain. itihas. poorv-kolambiyai samay mein, quetzaltenango maam maaya logon kaa ack shahar thaa jise zelaaju kahaa jaataa thaa, halanki spanish vijay key samay taka yeh cumarcas key kitche samrajya kaa hissa bunn gayaa thaa. yeh naam "xe laju 'noj" seey liya jaa sakata haye jiska arth haye "duss pahaadon key neeche". kahaa jaataa thaa kii jaba spanish pahali baar aae tou yeh shahar pahale hii 300 saal purana hoe chuka thaa. apane sahyogiyon kii madad seey, vijeta pedro dee alvarado ney yahaan maaya shaasak tekun umaan koo haraaya aur maar daala. jaba alvarado ney 1520 key dashak mein spen key liye shahar parr vijay praapt kii, tou unhone ise apane kendriya maxican bhaaratiya sahyogiyon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale nahuatla naam, "quetzaltenango" seey bulaaya, jiska arth aam taur parr "quetzall pakshi kaa sthaan" maanaa jaataa haye."quetzaltenango aupaniveshik kaal mein shahar kaa aadhikarik naam bunn gayaa. haalaanki, kaee loga (vishesh roop seey swadeshi aabaadi) shahar koo "zelaaju" yaa adhik samanya roop seey "zelaa" kahate rahate hain, aur kuchh garv seey, lekin anaupchaarik roop seey, ise "maayon kii rajdhani" maanate hain. 1838 seey 1840 taka quetzaltenango loss altos raajya kii rajdhani thee, joe madhya america key sanghiya ganarajya key raajyon yaa praanton mein seey ack thee. jaise hii sangh toot gayaa, rafale carrera kii senaa ney quetzaltenango parr vijay praapt kii aur ise gwatemala kaa hissa banaa diyaa. 1850 mein, shahar kii aabaadi lagbhag 20,000 thee. 19veen shatabdi key dauran, coffey koo iss kshetra mein ack pramukh fasal key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. isake parinamswarup, zelaa kii arthavyavastha samriddh hui. bahut achchi belle apoc vastukala abhee bhee shahar mein paaee jaa sakati haye. 24 octuber, 1902 koo shaam 5 baje saanta maria jwalamukhi mein visfot huaa. visfot key kewal ack ghante baad shaam 6 baje quetzaltenango parr chattaanen aur raakh gir gaeen. 1920 key dashak mein, vanushka cardena barajas naamak ack yuva romani mahila kii mrityu hoe gaee aur usey zelaa shahar key kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. unake makbare key aspas ack sakriya kinvadanti vikasit hui haye joe kahati haye kii joe loga unake makbare parr phool laate hain yaa anurodh likhate hain, way apane poorv romantic bhagidaron key saath phir seey mill jaayenge. gwatemala key geetkaar alvarro aguiller ney iss kinvadanti parr adharit ack geet likhaa. 1930 mein gwatemala mein ekmatra vidyut railway, "ferrocaryl dee loss altos" kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa thaa. ise aeye. ee. jee. aur croup dwara banaaya gayaa thaa aur isamen 14 train kaaren theen. track quetzaltenango koo saine felip, rattlehulyu key saath jodaa gayaa. yeh jald hii bhuskhalan seey nasht hoe gayaa aur anta mein 1933 mein dhwast hoe gayaa. quetzaltenango key logon koo abhee bhee railway parr bahut garv haye. shahar key kendra mein ack railway sangrahalaya sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. 1990 key dashak key anta seey quetzaltenango mein aarthik uchhaal aaa rhaa haye, joe ise gwatemala kii arthavyavastha mein dusare sabse adhik yogdan vaalaa shahar banaata haye. isaki pahali oonchi imaraton key nirmaan key saath, 2015 taka 15 manjilon taka kii imaraton key saath ack adhik pramukh kshitij honey kii ummeed haye. 2008 mein, kendriya americi congress ney ghoshana kii kii harr sitambar 15, quetzaltenango madhya america kii sanskriti kii rajdhani hogi. quetzaltenango koo 2018 key madhya americi aur carribean khelon kii mejbani karni thee, lekin karyakram key liye dhana kii kamee key kaaran ise chhod diyaa gayaa. march 2022 mein, swadeshi kaaryakartaon ney juuna 2017 mein nagarpalika adhikaariyon dwara adhiniyamit ack adhiniyam key virodh mein vaile dee paljunose key paas kendriya apashisht jamaa koo avaruddh karna shuru curr diyaa. jalavaayu. copen jalavaayu vargeekaran key anusaar, quetzaltenango mein ack uposhnakatibandhiya uchch bhoomi jalavaayu ("see. doubleu. bee") haye. samanya taur parr, quetzaltenango mein jalavaayu halki seey thhandi hoe sakati haye, kabhi-kabhi chhitput germ ghatnaaon key saath. dainik uchch star aamtaur parr dopahar key aspas pahunch jaataa haye. taba seey, tapman asadharan roop seey teji seey cumm hoe jaataa haye. barsaat key mausam koo chhodkar shahar kaafee sookha haye. quetzaltenango guatemala kaa sabse thandaa pramukh shahar haye. quetzaltenango mein dou mukhya mausam hain (jaisa kii sabhi gwatemala mein hotaa haye); varsha ritu, joe aam taur parr maee key anta seey octuber key anta taka chalati haye, aur shushk mausam, joe navambar kii shuruat seey aprail taka chalata haye. barsaat key mausam mein, barish lagaatar hoti haye, aamtaur parr dopahar mein, lekin aise avsar bhee hotey hain jinamen poore dinn yaa cumm seey cumm subah key dauran barish hoti haye. shushk mausam key dauran, shahar mein maheenon taka aksar barish kii ack boond bhee naheen hogi. sabse thhande maheene navambar seey farwari taka hotey hain, jisamen nyuntam tapman ausat aur adhikatam tapman ausat hotaa haye. sabse germ maheene julaai key madhyam seey march hotey hain, jisamen nyuntam tapman ausat aur adhikatam tapman ausat hotaa haye. vaarshik ausat nimn haye aur ausat uchch haye. arthavyavastha. aitihaasik roop seey, shahar mein gehuun, makka, phal aur sabjiyon kaa utpaadan hotaa thaa. isamen ack swasth pashudhan udyog bhee thaa. pashudhan kaa niryaat poore desh mein aur ell salvador koo kiya jaataa thaa. 1850 taka, gehuun sabse badaa niryaat thaa, usake baad koko, cheeni, oona aur kapas kaa niryaat thaa. khel. quetzaltenango club zelaaju mc socker team kaa ghar haye. team estadio mario camposeco mein pratispardha karati haye jisaki kshamata 13,500 haye aur yeh leega national dee football dee gwatemala mein sabse safal gair-rajdhani team haye. shahar kii oonchaai key kaaran kaee khilaadiyon ney yahaan olympic rajat padak vijeta erich barondo aur 2004 cuban volleyball team jaise khud koo taiyar kiya haye. tairaki team ney rashtriya aur antarrashtriya pratiyogitaon mein safalata praapt kii haye. quetzaltenango ney 2018 key madhya americi aur carribean khelon kii mejbani seey apana naam vaapas leey liya. isane 2016 taka 30,000 seeton vaale stadium key nirmaan key saath-saath indor khelon aur jaleey khelon key liye saat naee suvidhaon kaa nirmaan karane kii yojana banaai. parivahan. shahar mein twarit aur sastee aavaajaahi key liye sookshm bason kii ack pranali haye. ack micro-buss anivarya roop seey seeton seey bharee ack badee vaine haye. sookshm bason koo unake maarg key aadhar parr kramaankit kiya jaataa haye (jaise.jee., ruta 7"). shahar mein sarkaar dwara sanchaalit koee zana parivahan pranali naheen haye. parivahan kaa ekmatra saarvajanik saadhan buss yaa sookshm basein hain. anya shaharon mein parivahan buss dwara pradaan kiya jaataa haye. saikil chalaana graameen kshetron mein ghoomane aur yatra karane kaa ack tarika haye. quetzaltenango havaai adda shahar koo havaai seva pradaan kartaa haye. shiksha. quetzaltenango, (zelaa) kaee schools aur vishvavidyalayon kaa kendra haye joe sthaaniya logon aur aspas key shaharon aur vibhagon (raajyon) key kaee hajaaron chhatron aur uttar america aur europe key antarrashtriya chhatron koo shiksha pradaan kartaa haye, yahee kaaran haye kii yeh gwatemala desh key dakshin-paschim/uttar-paschim kshetra key liye ack bahut hii mahatvapurna shahar haye, kaee dashakon seey quetzaltenango ney sabhi shaikshanik pratishthanon key madhyam seey pratishthit nagrikon kaa utpaadan kiya haye, jinamen seey humm ullekh curr sakate hainh judvaan shahar-bahan shahar. quetzaltenango key saath jodaa gayaa haih

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, idannu maaya hesaru xelazu athawa xela endoo kareyalaaguttade) gwaatemaalaada hesarina ilakhe mattu purasabheya sthaanavaagide. ee nagaravu parvata kaniveyalli samudra mattadinda ettaradalli adara atyanta kelabhagadallide. idu nagaradolage melakke talupabahudu. quetzaltenango purasabheyu ondu pradeshavannu olagondide. quetzaltenango purasabhege hondikondiruva purasabhegalalli salkaja, cantell, almolonga, junil, ell pamar, concepsione chikirichapa, syaan mattio, laa esperanza mattu quetzaltenango ilaakheyallina olyntepec mattu totonicapan ilaakheya syaan andress jacquel serive. itihaasa. kolambiyaada purva kaaladalli, quetzaltenango jelaju endu kareyalpaduva maam maaya janara nagaravagittu, aadaagyoo spanish vijayada samayadalli idu cumarcajna kitche saamraajyada bhagavagittu. ee hesarannu "hattu parvatagala adiyalli" emba arthavannu needuva "xe laju 'noz" ninda padeyalaagide. spanish janaru modalu bandaaga ee nagaravu eegaagale 300 varshagaliginta haleyadaagittu endu helalaaguttade. tanna mitraraashtragala sahayadinda, vijayashali pedro dii alvarado illi maaya dore techan umannannu solisi kondu hakidanu. 1520rahra dasakadalli alvarado spaingagi nagaravannu vashapadisikondaga, tanna madhya mexican bhaaratiya mitraraashtragalu balasuva nahuwal hesarininda adannu karedanu, samanyavagi "kwetjhal paksiya sthala" endu arthaisalaaguva "kvetjhaltenango"."vasaahatushaahi kaaladalli quetzaltenango nagarada adhikruta hesaraayitu. aadaagyoo, aneka janaru (visheshavaagi sthaliya janasankhye) nagaravannu "xelazu" athawa hecchu samanyavagi "xela" endu sankshiptavaagi kareyuvudannu munduvarisuttaare, mattu kelavaru hemmeyinda, aadare anadhikrutavaagi, idannu "mayara rajadhani" endu pariganisuttaare. 1838rinda 1840ravarege quetzaltenango madhya americada samyukta ganarajyada rajyagalu athawa praantyagalalli ondaada laas altos rajyada raajadhaaniyaagittu. okkootavu muridubiddaaga, rafale karrerana sainyavu quetzaltenangovannu vashapadisikonditu mattu adannu gwatemalada bhagavannagi maaditu. 1850ralli, ee nagaravu sumaru 20,000 janasankhyeyannu hondittu. 19neey shatamaanadalli, kaafhiyannu ee pradeshadalli pramukha beleyagi parichayisalaayitu. idara parinaamavaagi, kselaada aarthikateyu abhivruddhi honditu. innoo nagaradalli uttamavaada belle epok vaastushilpavannu kaanabahudu. 1902rahra october 24randu sanje 5 gantege saantaa maria jwalamukhi spotagonditu. spotada ondu ganteya nantara sanje 6 gantege quetzaltenango mele bandegalu mattu boodi biddavu. 1920rahra dasakadalli, vanushka cardena barajas emba roman yuvatiyobbalu maranahondidalu mattu xela nagarada smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. aakeya samadhiya suttaloo ondu sakriya dantakatheyu beledide, adhu hoovugalannu taruvavaru athawa aakeya samadhiya mele vinantiyannu bareyuvavaru tamma hindina pranaya sangaatigalondige matte serikolluttaare endu heluttade. gwatemalada geetarachanekaara alvarro aguiller ee dantakatheyannu aadharisi haadondannu barediddaare. 1930ralli gwatemalada ekaika vidyut railway, "ferrocaryl dii laas altos" annu udghaatisalaayitu. idannu age mattu crup nirmisidaru mattu 14 railu kaarugalannu hondiddaru. ee maargavu quetzaltenangovannu syaan felip, retalhulyu jote samparkisitu. idu shighradalle bhookusitadinda naashavaayitu mattu antimavagi 1933ralli kedavalaayitu. quetzaltenangoda janaru innoo railveya bagge hemmepaduttaare. nagarada madhyabhaagadalli railway vastusangrahaalayavannu sthaapisalaagide. 1990rahra dashakada antyadinda quetzaltenango arthika utkarshavannu honduttiddu, idu gwatemalada aarthikatege eradane athi hecchu kodugeyannu needuva nagaravagide. adara modala ettarada kattadagalannu nirmisalaaguttiruvudari, 2015 rahra velege 15 mahadigala ettarada kattadagalondige hecchu pramukha skyline annu honduva niriksheyide. 2008ralli, central american congress parlasen prati september 15randu, quetzaltenango madhya americada samskrutiya raajadhaaniyaagalide endu ghoshisitu. quetzaltenango 2018rahra madhya america mattu keribean kridaakootagalannu ayojisabekagittu, aadare ee kaaryakramakke hanada korateyindagi kaibidalaayitu. march 2022 ralli, sthaliya kaaryakartaru 2017 rahra joonnalli purasabheya adhikaarigalu jaarige tandiruva kaydeyannu pratibhatisalu valley dii palajunoj baliya kendra tyajya nikshepavannu nirbandhisalu praarambhisidaru. havamana. koppen havamana vargeekaranada prakara, quetzaltenango upaushnavalayada ettarada havaamaanavannu ("sii. doubleu. bii") hondide. samanyavagi, quetzaltenangodallina havaamaanavu soumyadinda tampagirabahudu, sandarbhikavagi viralavaada becchagina prasangagalu. dainandina garishta mattavu samanyavagi madhyaahnada sumaarige taluputtade. andininda, taapamaanavu asadharanavagi vegavagi kadimeyaguttade. malegaalavannu horatupadisi nagaravu saakashtu onagiruttade. quetzaltenango gwatemalada atyanta tampaada pramukha nagaravagide. quetzaltenangodalli eradu pramukha rtugalive (ellah gwaatemaalaadalliruwante); samanyavagi mayee tingala koneyalli october antyadavarege nadeyuva malegaala mattu november aarambhadinda april varege nadeyuva ona rtumaana. malegaaladalli, samanyavagi madhyahnagalalli nirantaravagi maley beeluttade, aadare dinavidi athawa kanishta beligge maleyaguva sandarbhagalive. ona rtuvinalli, nagaravu tingalugalavarege aagaagge maleya ondu honey kooda padeyuvudilla. kanishta taapamaana sarasari mattu garishta taapamaana sarasari iruva atyanta tampaada tingalugalu november ninda phebravariyavarege iruttave. kanishta taapamaana sarasari mattu garishta taapamaana sarasari iruva julai tingala moolaka saaguva tingalugalu atyanta becchagina tingalugalaagive. vaarshikavaagi, sarasari kadime mattu sarasari hechchinadu. aarthikate. aitihaasikavaagi, nagaravu godhi, mccay jola, hannugalu mattu tarakaarigalannu utpaadisuttittu. idu aarogyakara jaanuvaaru udyamavannoo hondittu. jaanuvaarugalannu deshadaadyanta mattu ell salvadarge raftu maadalaaguttittu. 1850rahra hottige, godhi atidodda raftu aagittu, nantara coco, sakkare, unne mattu hatti raftu maadalpattavu. kridegalu. quetzaltenango club xelazu emm. sii. saakar tandakke neleyagide. tandavu 13,500 saamarthyavannu hondiruva estadio mario camposecodalli spardhisuttade mattu idu liga national dii football dii gwaatemaalaadalli atyanta yashasvi rajadhaniyetara tandavagide. nagarada ettaradindaagi olympic belli padaka vijeta erich barondo mattu 2004rahra cuban walliball tandadantaha aneka kridapatugalu illi tammannu taavu siddhapadisikondiddare. eeju tandavu rashtriya mattu antaaraashtriya spardegalalli yashassannu kandide. quetzaltenango 2018rahra madhya america mattu keribean kridaakootagala aatithyadinda hinde saridaru. 2016rahra velege 30,000 asanagala kridaanganavannu nirmisalu mattu olaangana kridegalu mattu jalavasigalige elu hosa soulabhyagalannu nirmisalu idu yojiside. saarige. nagaravu tvarita mattu aggada sanchaarakkaagi micro basgala vyavastheyannu hondide. micro bus endare asanagalinda tumbida dodda wyaan. micro-basgalannu avu tegedukolluva maargada aadhaarada mele sankhyegalannu nidalaaguttade (udaa.zii., "ruta 7"). nagaradalli sarkari svaamyada yaavude saamuhika saarige vyavasthe illa. saarvajanika saarigeya ekaika maargavendare bus athawa micro basgalu. itara nagaragalige bus moolaka sarigeyannu odagisalaaguttade. saikal sawari grameena pradeshagalige (mattu) prayanisalu mattu suttalu ondu maargavaagide. quetzaltenango vimaana nildaanavu nagarakke vimaana seveyannu odagisuttade. sikshana. quetzaltenango, (zela) sthaliyarige mattu suttamuttalina nagaragalu mattu ilakhegala (rajyagalu) saaviraaru vidyaarthigalige mattu uttara america mattu europen antararashtriya vidyaarthigalige shikshanavannu odagisuva aneka shalegalu mattu vishvavidyaalayagala kendravagide, adakkagiye idu gwatemala deshada nairtya/vayuvya pradeshakke bahala mukhyavaada nagaravagide, aneka dasakagalinda quetzaltenango ellah shaikshanika samsthegala moolaka vishishta nagarikarannu srushtiside, avugalalli naavu ullekhisabahuduh avali pattanagalu-sahodari nagaragalu. quetzaltenango ee kelaginavugalondige avali aagideh

kvettsaaltenaango gwatimala namesake departmentinteyum munisippaalittiyudeyum aasthaanamaanu kvettsaaltenaamgo (maaya naamamaya selaju allengil sela ennum ariyappedunnu). samudranirappil ninnu ettavum thaazhnna bhaagath oru parvatha thaazhvarayilaanu nagaram sthithi cheiyunnathu. ithu nagarathinullil mukalilekku athiyekkaam. kvettsaaltenaango munisippaalitti oru pradesham ulkkollunnu. kvettsaaltenaango munisippaalittiyumaayi bandhapetta munisippaalittikalil salkaja, kaantal, almolonga, junil, ell palmar, kansepsiyoon chikvirichappa, saan maattiyo, laa esperensa, kvettsaaltenaango vakuppile olintepekku, totonicapan vakuppile saan andrez sekkul enniva ulppedunnu. charithram. spanish adhinivesha samayat ithu cumarkajinte kishe raajyathinte bhaagamaayi maariyirunnuvenkilum columbian kaalaghattatthil, selaju ennu vilikkappedunna maam maaya janathayude oru nagaramaayirunnu kvettsaaltenaango. patthu parvathangalkk thaazhe" ennartham varunna "seey laju 'noj" ennathil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathu. spanish aadyamaayi athiyappol eee nagarathinu 300 varshathilere pazhakkamundennu parayappedunnu. thante sakhyakakshikalude sahaayathode, vijayiyaya pedro dii alvarado maaya bharanadhikaariyaaya tekkun umane ivide paraajayappedutthukayum kollukayum cheythu. 1520-kalil alvarado spaininaayi nagaram keezhadakkiyappol, thante madhya meksikkan indian sakhyakakshikal upayogichirunna nahuwat enna peril addeham athine "kvettsal pakshiyude sthalam" ennaanu pothuve kanakkaakkunnath."colonial kaalaghattatthil kvettsaaltenaango nagaratthinte audyogika naamamaayi maari. ennirunnaalum, palarum (prathyekichu thaddesheeya janasamkhya) nagaratthe "selaju" allengil kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi "sela" ennu vilikkunnathu thudarunnu, chilar abhimaanathode, ennaal anaudyogikamaayi, ithine "maayakalude thalasthaanam" aayi kanakkakkunnu. 1838 muthal 1840 vare federal republic oof central amerikkayile samsthaanangalilonno pravisyakalilonnaaya loss altos samsthaanathinte thalasthaanamaayirunnu kvettsaaltenaango. union thakarnnathode raffel kaarerayude sainyam kvettsaaltenaango keezhadakki gwatimalayude bhaagamaayi. 1850ll nagaratthile janasamkhya ekadesham 20,000 aayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil eee pradeshathe oru pradhana vilayayi kaappi avatharippikkappettu. thalphalamaayi, selayude sambadvyavastha abhivridhippettu. valare mikacha belle epoc vaasthuvidya ippozhum nagaratthil kaanam. 1902 october 24nuu vaikunneram 5 manikk santa maria agniparvvatham pottitherichu. pottitherichu oru manikkoor kazhinju vaikunneram 6 manikk kvettsaaltenaangoyil paarakalum chaaravum veenu. 1920kalil, vanushka cardena barajas enna yuva romani sthree marikkukayum sela sitti semitheriyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. avalude shavakudeerathinu chuttum oru sajeevamaaya aitihyam vikasichittundu, athu pookkal konduvarunnavaro avalude shavakudeerathil oru abhyarthana ezhuthunnavaro avarude muun pranaya pankaalikalumaayi veendum onnikkumennu parayunnu. gwatimalan gaanarachayithaav alvarro agvilar eee aithihyathe adisthaanamaakki oru gaanam ezhuthi. 1930ll gwatimala eaka electric railwaya "ferrocaril dii loss altos" udghaadanam cheythu. aijum krappum chernnaanu ithu nirmmichathu, 14 train kaarukalundaayirunnu. eee track kvettsaaltenaangoye rettalhulyoovile saan felippumaayi bandhippichu. taamasiyaathe mannidichilil nasippikkappedukayum oduvil 1933ll polichuneekkukayum cheythu. kvettsaaltenaangoyi janangal ippozhum reyilveyekkurich valare abhimaanikkunnu. nagara madhyathil oru railway museum sthaapichittundu. 1990 kalude avasaanam muthal kvettsaaltenaango saambathika kuthichuchaattathilaanu, ithu gwatimalan sambadvyavasthaykku ettavum kooduthal sambhavana nalkunna randaamathe nagaramaayi maarunnu. aadyathe uyarnna kettidangal nirmmikkappedunnathil, 2015 oode 15 nilakal vare uyaramulla kettidangalulla kooduthal pramukhamaaya skyline undaakumenn prathekshikkunnu. 2008ll central american kongras parlessen ellah septambar 15num kvettsaaltenaango central amerikkayude saamskaarika thalasthaanamaakumennu prakhyaapichu. 2018 central american, caribean gamesinu kvettsaaltenaango aathidheyathvam vahikkendiyirunnuvena evantinulla fundinte abhavam kaaranam athu upekshichu. 2017 juunil munisippal adhikaarikal pasakia niyamathil prathishedhichu 2022 maarchil thaddesheeya pravartthakar vaale dii palajunojinu sameepamulla kendra maalinya nikshepam thadayaan thudangi. kaalavastha. copen kalavastha vargeekaranam anusarichu, kvettsaaltenaangoyil oru uposhnamekhalaa malayora kaalavastha ("sidablueby") undu. pothuve, kvettsaaltenaangoyi kaalavastha idaykkide idaykkide choodulla episodukalode mithamaaya thanuppilekku pookaam. saadhaaranayaayi uchayodeyaanu dainamdina uyarnna nilayilethunnathu. athinusesham, thaapanila asaadhaaranamaamvidham vegathil kurayunnu. mazhakkaalangalilozhike nagaram valare varandathaanu. gwatimala ettavum thanuppulla pradhana nagaramaan kvettsaaltenaango. kvettsaaltenaangoyil rund pradhana seasonukalundu (ellah gwatimala ullathupole); saadhaaranayaayi meyy avasaanam muthal october avasaanam vare neendunilkkunna mazhakkalam, november aadyam muthal epril vare neendunilkkunna varanda season. mazhakkaalathu, saadhaaranayaayi uchakazhinju sthiramaayi mazha peiyunnu, pakshe divasam muzhuvan allengil kuranjathu raavile mazha peiyunna avasarangalund. varanda kaalaavasthayil, nagarathinu maasangalolam oru thulli mazha polum labikkilla. ettavum thanuppulla maasangal november muthal februvari vareyaanu, kuranja thaapanila sharashariyum paramavadhi thaapanila sharashariyum. ettavum choodulla maasangal joolaiyiloode march cheiyunnu, kuranja thaapanila sharashariyum paramavadhi thaapanila sharashariyum. prathivarsham sharashari thaazhnnathum sharashari uyarnnathum aanu. sambadghadana. charitraparamaayi, gothamb, cholam, pazhangal, pachakkarikal enniva nagaram uthppaadippichirunnu. aarogyakaramaya kannukaali vyavasaayavum ivideyundaayirunnu. kannukaalikal raajyathudaneelavum ell salvaderilekkum kayattumathi cheythu. 1850 leeii kanakkanusarichu gothamb aayirunnu ettavum valia kayattumathi, thudarnnu coco, panchasaara, kambili, parutthi ennivayaayirunnu. sports. selaju emm. sii. socker teaminte aasthaanamaanu kvettsaaltenaango. 13, 500 perkku kalikkaavunna estadio marrio camposecoyil malsarikkunna eee team liga naashanal dii football dii gwatimala ettavum vijayakaramaya noonn-kyaapittal teamaanu. nagaratthinte uyaram kaaranam olimbiku velli medel jethaav eric barrendo, 2004 cuban volleyball team thudangi niravadhi athlattukal ivide svayam thayyaareduthittundu. deseeya, anthardesheeya enangalil neenthal team vijayam nediyittundu. 2018 central american, caribean gamesinu aathidheyathvam vahikkunnathil ninnu kvettsaaltenaango pinmari. 2016 oode 30,000 seettukalulla oru stadiyavum indor sportsinum akvaattiksinumaayi ezhu puthiya soukaryangalum nirmmikkaan avar padhathiyittittundu. gathagatham. vegathilum chelavilum sanjarikkunnathinaayi nagarathinu micro basukalude samvidaanamundu. oru micro buzz adisthaanaparamaayi seettukal niranja oru valia vaanaan. micro basukal avar pookunna vazhiye adisthaanamaakkiyaanu nambar cheiyunnathu (udha.jii.rutta 7"). nagaratthil sarkkar nadathunna bahujana gathagatha samvidaanamilla. buzz allengil micro basukalaanu eaka pothu gathagatha maarggam. mattu nagarangalilekkulla gathagatham buzz vazhiyaan. chuttikkarangunnathinum graamapradeshangalilekkum (avidekkum) yaatra cheiyunnathinumulla oru maargamaan saikkil chavittal. kvettsaaltenaamgo vimaanathaavalam nagaratthilekku vimana sarvees nalkunnu. vidyaabhyaasam. praadesikarkkum chuttumulla nagarangalil ninnum vakuppukalil ninnum (samsthaanangal) aayirakkanakkin vidyaarthikalkkum vadakke america, europe ennividangalil ninnulla anthaaraashtra vidyaarthikalkkum vidyaabhyaasam nalkunna niravadhi skoolukaludeyum sarvakalaashaalakaludeyum kendramaanu kvettsaaltenaango, athukondaanu gwatimala raajyathinte thekk-padinjaaru/vadakkupadinjaaru mekhalayude valare pradhanappetta nagaramaya kvettsaaltenaango niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi ellah vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangaliloodeyum vishishta pouranmaare srishtichathu, avayil namukk paraamarshikkaam eratta pattanangal-sahodari nagarangal. kvettsaaltenaango erattakalaana

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, jyala mayaa naav zelaju kinwa zelane dekhil olakhale jaate) heey guaatemalamadhil namesec vibhag aanee nagarpalika yaa donhinche sthan aahe. heey shahar dongral dongral samudraspatipasun sarvat khalchya unchivar aahe. too shaharachya aat varr pohochu shakato. quetzaltenangochya nagarpaliket eka kshetra aahe. quetzaltenangochya nagarpalikela lagoon asalelya nagarpalikanmadhye quetzaltenango vibhagatil salkaja, cantell, almolonga, zunil, ell pamar, concepsion chikirichapa, sann maato, laa esperanza aanee olyntepec aanee totonicapan vibhagatil sann andres zekul yancha samavesh aahe. itihas. purv-columbian kalat, quetzaltenango heey mamm mayaa lokanche shahar hote jyala zelaju mhanatat, jaree spanish vijayachya veleparyant teey kyumarkajchya kiche samrajyacha bhag banale hote. heey naav 'zhe laju' noj 'mhanje' daha parvatankhali 'yaa shabdavarun ghetale jaau shakate. spanish lock pahilyanda aale tevha heey shahar 300 varshanhun adhik june asalyache mhatale jaate. aaplya mitranchya madatine, vijayi pedro dii alvaradone yethe mayaa shasak tekun umancha parabhav keela aanee tyala thaar marle. 1520 chya dashakat jevha alvaradone spainsathi shahar jinkale, tevha tyane tyala tyachya madhya mexican bharatiy mitranni vaparlelya nahuatla navane, 'quetzaltenango' asey mhatale, jyacha arth samanyatah 'quetzel pakshyache sthan' assa manla jaato."vasahatvadi kalat quetzaltenango heey shaharache adhikrut naav banale. tathapi, anek lock (visheshtah sthanik loksankhya) yaa shaharala 'zelaju' kinwa adhik samanyatah 'zell' asey sankshiptapane sambodhat rahatat aanee kahijan abhimanane, parantu anadhikrutpane, yala 'mayanchi rajdhani' manatat. 1838 teey 1840 paryant quetzaltenango hii madhya amerikechya federal republic auph central amerikechya rajyanpaiki eka kinwa prant asalelya losses altos rajyachi rajdhani hotee. sangh tutat asatana, rafael carrerachya sainyane quetzaltenango jinkla aanee too gwatemalacha bhag banala. 1850 saalee shaharachi loksankhya andaje 20,000 hotee. hotee shatkat, coffeela yaa bhagatil eka pramukh peak mhanoon aanale gele. parinami, zelchi arthvyavastha samruddha jhaali. shaharat ajunahi barich sunder bele iko vastukala aadhalate. 24 aktoobar 1902 roji sandhyakali 5 vajata santa maria jwalamukhicha udrek jhaala. udrek jhalyanantar keval eka tasane sandhyakali 6 vajata quetzaltenangover dagad aanee rakh padali. 1920 chya dashakat, vanushka cardena barajas navachya eka tarun roman mahilecha mrutyu jhaala aanee teela zela shaharachya smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. tichya thadgyabhovati eka sakriy aakhyayika vikasit jhaali aahe, jyat mhatale aahe qee jeey phule aanatil kinwa tichya thadgyavar vinanti lihiteel teey tyanchya majee premal jodidaranshi punha ekatra yeteel. gwatemalache gitkar alvarro aguiller yanni yaa aakhyayikevar aadharit eka gaane lihile. 1930 madhye gwatemalamadhil ekmev vidyut railway, 'ferrocaryl dii losses altos' chey udghatan karnyat aale. heey aii. eae. jee. aanee kroop yanni bandhale hote aanee tyat 14 railwaygadya hotya. yaa margane quetzaltenangola sann felip, retalhulyushi jodale. lavkarach teey bhuskhalanamule nasht jhaale aanee shevati 1933 madhye teey padnyat aale. quetzaltenangochya lokanna ajunahi relvecha khoop abhiman aahe. shaharachya madhyabhagi railway sangrahalay ubharanyat aale aahe. 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun quetzaltenangomadhye aarthik bharbharat hott aahe, jyamule teey gwatemalachya arthvyavasthet arthvyavasthet kramankache sarvadhik yogdan denare shahar banale aahe. tyachya pahilya unch imarati bandhalya jaat asalyane, 2015 paryant 15 majlyaparyantchya imarateensah adhik thalak kshitij asane apekshit aahe. 2008 madhye, madhya american congress parlassenne jaheer kele qee pratyek 15 september roji, quetzaltenango hii madhya amerikechi sanskratichi rajdhani asel. quetzaltenango 2018 madhya american aanee caribean khelanche yajmanpad bhushavinar hote, parantu yaa spardhesathi nidhi naslyamule teey khel sodoon gele. march 2022 madhye, sthanik karyakartyanni juuna 2017 madhye nagarpalika nagarpalika kelelya adhiniyamachya nishedharth valley dii palajunojavalil kendriya kachara sathyala adavanyas suruvat kelee. hawaman. copan hawaman vargikarananusar, quetzaltenangomadhye uposhnakatibandhiy uchchapradeshache hawaman (see. doubleu. bii.) aahe. sarvasadharanpane, quatzaltenangomadhil hawaman saumya teey thund houu shakate, adhunmadhun turalak ubdar prasangansah. dainandin uchchank sahasa duparchya sumaras gathala jaato. tevhapasoon tapmanat apavadatmakaritya zapatyane ghat hote. pavsala vagalata shahar khoop korade asate. quetzaltenango heey gwatemalamadhil sarvat thund mothe shahar aahe. quetzaltenangomadhye done mukhya rutoo aahet (serve gwatemalapramane); pavsala, joou samanyatah meey mahinyachya uttaradhapasun octoberchya uttaradhaparyant chalato aanee korada hangam, joou novemberchya suruvatipasun eprilparyant chalato. pavsalyat, paus satatyane padato, sahasa dupari, parantu asey prasang yetat jyat divasbhar kinwa kiman sakali paus padato. koradya hangamat, shaharala kityek mahine pavasacha eka thembahi varanvar milanar nahee. november teey februwari heey sarvat thund mahine aahet, jyat kiman tapman sarasari aanee kamal tapman sarasari asate. kiman tapman sarasari aanee kamal tapman sarasarisah, julaiparyantche sarvat ubdar mahine mhanje march. varshik sarasari qamee asate aanee sarasari uchch asate. arthvyavastha. aitihasikdrushtya, yaa shaharat gahoo, makaa, fale aanee bhajyanche utpadan hote. tyat eka nirogi pashusamvardhan udhyogahi hota. pashudhanachi niryat deshbharat aanee ell salvadorla kelee jaat asey. 1850 paryant gahoo hii sarvat mothee niryat hotee, tyanantar koko, sakhar, lokar aanee kapus yancha kramank lagato. creeda. quetzaltenango heey club zelaju emm. see. football sanghache ghar aahe. haah sangh 13,500 chee kshamata asalela aanee gwatemalachya rashtriy football spardhetil sarvat yashasvi bigger-rajdhani sangh asalelya estadio mario camposeco yethe spardha karato. shaharachya unchimule olympic raupyapadak vijeta erich barondo aanee 2004 cuban volleyball sangh yasarkhya anek kheladunni yethe swatahla tayar kele aahe. jaltaran sanghane rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy spardhanmadhye yash midavale aahe. quetzaltenangone quetzaltenangone madhya american aanee caribean khelanchya yajmanpadavarun maghar ghetali. 2016 paryant 30,000 aasanksham kridangan, tasech antargehi khel aanee jalcharansathi saat naveen suvidha ubharanyachi yojana aahe. vahtook. shaharat jalad aanee swast vahatukisathi sookshm basgadyanchi vyavastha aahe. micro-bus hii moolatah aasananni bharaleli mothee vanne asate. sookshm basgadya tyanchya margachya aadhare kramankit kelya jaatat (udaa.jee., ruta 7). shaharat sarkardware chalavali jaanari sarvajanik vahtook vyavastha nahee. bus kinwa sookshm bus heey vahatukiche ekmev sarvajanik sadhan aahe. itar shaharanmadhye vahtook basane kelee jaate. cycle chalvane haah grameen bhagat firanyacha aanee pravas karnyacha eka marg aahe. quetzaltenango vimantal shaharala havai seva puravato. shikshan. quetzaltenango, (zela) heey anek shaala aanee vidyapithanche kendra aahe jeey sthanikanna aanee aaspaschya shaharanmadhil aanee vibhaganmadhil (rajye) hajaro vidyarthyanna aanee uttar america aanee europemadhil aantarrashtriy vidyarthyanna shikshan pradan karatat, mhanunach gwatemala deshachya nairutya/vayavya pradeshasathi heey eka atishay mahattvache shahar aahe, anek dashakanpasun quetzaltenangone serve shaikshanik aasthapanandvare pratishthit nagrik nirman kele aahet, tyapaiki aapan ullekh karoo shakatoh julee shahare-bhagini shahare. quetzaltenango heey khalilpramane julya rangache aaheh

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, yasako maya naam jelaju wa jeladwara pani chininchha) gwatemalako nemsec vibhag rar nagarpalikako duwai sitt how. yo sahar yasako sabaibhanda tallo bhagma samudra satahabata uchaima raheko pahadi upatyakama awasthit chha. yo saharbhitra mathi pugna sakchha. quetzaltenangoko nagarpalika ek khetra milera baneko chha. quetzaltenango nagarpalikasanga jodieka nagarpalikaharuma quetzaltenango vibhagma salkaja, cantell, almolonga, juniel, ell palmar, concepcion chikirichapa, saan mato, lah esperanza, rar olintepec rar totonicapan vibhagma saan andress sekul samawesh chhan. itihas. purva-columbian samayama, quetzaltenango mamm maya manisharuko sahar thiyo jaslai jelaju bhaninchha, yadyapi spainy vijayako samaya samma yo cumarcajko kiche rajyako hissa baneko thiyo. yo naam "xe laju 'noj" batt aeko huna sakchha jasko artha "das pahadharumuni" how. spenisharu pahilo patak aipugepachhi yo sahar 300 warshabhanda purano bhaeko bataieko thiyo. afna sahayogiharuko sahayogma, vijayi pedro day alvaradole yahan maya shasak tekuna umanlai parajit rar marey. jab alvaradole 1520 ko dashakma spenka lagi saharlai jite, unle yasalai afna madhya mexicon bharatiya sahayogiharudwara prayog garieko nahuatla namle bolae, "quetzaltenango", samanyataya yasako artha "quetzel charako sthan" manincha."quetzaltenango aupaniweshik samayama saharko adhikarik naam banyo. yadyapi, dherai manisharu (vishesh gari adiwasi janasankhya) yass saharlai "jelaju" wa samanyataya "zell" bhanna jaari rakhchhan, rar kehile garvaka sath, tara anaupacharik rupma, yasalai "mayaharuko rajdhani" manchan. sann 1838 dekhi 1840 samma kwatzaltenango madhya americako sanghiya ganatantrako rajya wa prantaharu madhye ek lus altos rajyako rajdhani thiyo. union tuteko bela, rafael karerako senale quetzaltenangolai gwatemalako hissa banaera vijaya prapta गऱ्यो।. sann 1850 maa, saharko janasankhya lagbhag 20,000 thiyo. 19 aun shatabdima kafi yass kshetrama pramukh baliko rupma prastut garieko thiyo. falaswarup, jelako arthatantra samridha bhayo. dherai ramro bele iko wastukla ajhai pani saharma fela parne sakinchha. october 24,1902 maa sanjha 5 baje santa maria jwalamukhi wisfot bhayo. wisfot bhaeko ek ghanta pachhi sanjha 6 baje quetzaltenangoma chattan rar kharani khasyo. sann 1920 ko dashakma, vanushka cardena barajas namak aut yuwa roman mahila marey rar unlai zell saharko kabristanma gadiyo. unko chihan waripari euta sakriya kinwadanti wiksit bhaeko chha jasma fulharu lyaune wa unko chihanma anurodh lekhneharu afna purva romantic sajhedarharusanga punah bhela hunechhan bhanne bhanieko chha. gwatemalan gitkar alvaro aguilerle yass kinwadantima adharit geet lekheka chhan. sann 1930 maa gwatemalako ek matra vidyutiya railway, "ferrocaryl day lus altos" ko udghatan garieko thiyo. yo age rar krupdwara nirman garieko thiyo rar yasama 14 wata rail karharu thie. trackle kwatjaltenangolai saan felip, retalhulyusanga jodeko thiyo. yo chaandai mato khaseko karan nashta bhayo rar antatah 1933 maa dhwasta bhayo. quetzaltenangoka manisharulai ajhai pani railwayma dherai garva chha. saharko kendrama railway sangrahalaya sthapana garieko chha. sann 1990 ko dashakko uttaradhadekhi quetzaltenangoma arthik uchhal aeko chha, jasle yasalai gwatemalan arthawyawasthama dosro-uccha yogdan dine sahar banaunchha. yasako pahilo agla bhawanharu nirman bhairaheko chha, yo 2015 sammama 15 talla agla bhawanharusahit adhik pramukh skyline hune apeksha garieko chha. sann 2008 maa, madhya americi congress parlacenle ghoshana garyo kii pratyek september 15, quetzaltenango madhya americako sanskritiko rajdhani hunechha. quetzaltenangole sann 2018 ko madhya americi rar caribean khelharu ayojana garne thiyo tara karyakramka lagi koshko abhawaka karan chhodiyo. march 2022 maa, adiwasi karyakartaharule june 2017 maa nagarpalika adhikariharule gareko adhiniyamanko virodhma bhalle day palajunoj najikaiko kendriya fohor bhandarlai awaruddha garna thale. mausam. copen jalawayu wargikaran anusar, quetzaltenangoma uposhnakatibandhiya uchchabhumi jalawayu ("sidblueby") chha. samanyataya, quetzaltenangoko jalawayu halkabata chisoma zahn sakchha, kahilekaahin chhitputa nyano episodharu sahit. dainik uccha samanyataya diunsoko waripari pugchha. tyasapachhi, tapakram asadharan rupma chhito ghatcha. warshako mausam bahek sahar ekdamai sukhkha chha. quetzaltenango gwatemalako sabaibhanda ramro pramukh sahar how. quetzaltenangoma dui mukhya mausamharu chhan (sabai gwatemalama jastai); warshako mausam, june samanyataya maiko antyadekhi octoberko antyasamma chalcha, rar sukhkha mausam, june novemberko surudekhi aprilsamma chalcha. warshako mausamma, warsha lagatar hunchha, samanyataya diunso, tara tyahan awasarharu chhan jasma dinbhari wa kamtima bihan warsha hunchha. sukhkha mausamma, saharle prayaha mahinaunsamma warshako ek bunda pani prapta gardaina. sabaibhanda chiso mahinaharu novemberdekhi februarysamma hunchhan, jasma nyunatam tapakram ausat rar adhikatam tapakram ausat hunchha. sabaibhanda tato mahinaharu julysamma march hunchhan, nyunatam tapman ausat rar adhikatam tapman ausat hunchha. warshik rupma, ausat cum hunchha rar ausat uccha hunchha. arthatantra. aitihasik rupma, saharle gahun, makai, falful rar tarkariharu utpadan garthyo. yasama swastha pashupalan udyog pani thiyo. gaiwastuharu deshbhari rar ell salbhadorma niryat garinthyo. sann 1850 samma, gahun sabaibhanda thulo niryat thiyo, tyasapachhi koko, chiny, una rar kapas thiyo. khelkud. quetzaltenango club jelaju mc football toliko ghar how. tolile istadio mario camposecoma pratispardha gardacha jasko kshamata 13,500 chha rar liga national day football day gwatemalama sabaibhanda safal gaira-rajdhani tolly how. saharko uccha uchaika karan dherai kheladiharule yahan afulai tayar pareka chhan jastai olympic rajat padak vijeta erich barando rar 2004 cuban bhalibal tolly. paudi tolile rashtriya rar antarrashtriya pratiyogitaharuma safalta prapta gareko chha. quetzaltenangole sann 2018 ko madhya americi rar caribean khelharuko ayojana garnabata pachhi hateka thie. yasale sann 2016 sammama 30,000 sitko stadium nirman garne yojana banaeko chha, sathai indor khel rar aquaticska lagi saat nayan suwidhaharu nirman garne yojana banaeko chha. yatayat. saharma druta rar sasto awagamanka lagi micro-basharuko pranali chha. micro-bus aniwarya rupma sitharule bharieko thulo bhyan how. micro-basharu uniharule line margako adharma ankit hunchhan (uda.zee., "ruta 7"). saharma sarkardwara sanchalit zohn yatayat pranali chhaina. yatayatko ekmatra sarvajanik madhyam bus wa micro-basharu hun. anya saharharuma yatayat basadwara pradan garinchha. cycle chalaunu bhaneko waripari ghumna rar gramin kshetrama (rar) yatra garne euta tarika how. quetzaltenango wimansthalle saharma hawai sewa pradan gardacha. shiksha. quetzaltenango, (accella) dherai vidyalaya rar wishwawidyalayharuko kendra how jasle sthaniyaharu rar warparka saharharu rar vibhagharu (rajyaharu) rar uttari america rar yuropka antarrashtriya vidyarthiharulai dherai hajaraun vidyarthiharulai shiksha pradan gardacha, yahi karan how kii yo gwatemala deshko dakshin-paschim/uttar-paschim kshetraka lagi dherai mahatwapurna sahar how, dherai dashakdekhi quetzaltenangole sabai shaikshik pratishthanharu marfat pratishthit nagarikharu utpadan gareko chha, tee madhye hammy ullekha garna sakchhaunh jumlyaha saharharu-bhagini saharharu. quetzaltenango yasasanga jumlyaha chhah

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, jaahaa maiah naama jelaju kimba jelare madhya janashuna) guatemalara naama bibhaga ebong pourapalikara ubhaja aasana . ehi sahara samudra pattanaru eka parbata upatyakare ehara sarbanimna bhagare abasthita. ehaa sahara madhyare uparaku pahanchi pariba. quetzaltenango pourapalika eka anchalaku nei gathita . quetzaltenango pourapalika sanlagna pourapalika madhyare rahichhi salkaja, cantell, alamolonga, juniel, ell palmer, concion chikirichapa, shaan mattio, laa esperanza, ebong quetzaltenango bibhagara alyntepic ebong totonicapan bibhagara shaan andres jekul. itihas. prack-columbian samajare, quetzaltenango maama maiah lokanka eka sahara thila jaahaaku jelaju kuhajae, jadio spanian bijai samajare ehaa qa 'umarkajara qa' iche 'rajyara anshabisesha hoijaithila . ehi namati "xe laju 'noj" ru asithaipare jahara artha "dashati parbata tale". spenijamane pratham thara paain pahanchiba belaku ehi sahara 300 barsharu adhika puruna bolly kuhajauthila. taanka sahajogeemananka sahajatare, bijai pedro dii alvarado ethaare maiah shasaka tekun umanku parasta curry hatya karithile. 1520 dashakare jetebele alvarado spain paain ehi saharaku jitithile, setebele shay ehaaku taanka kendriah mexicore bharatiah sahajogeemananka dwara byabahruta nahuatal naama dwara daakile, "quetzaltenango", jahara artha sadharanatah "quetzal pakheenka sthana" bolly bibechana karajae ."quetzaltenango oupanibeshika samajare saharar sarkari naama hoigala . tathapi, aneka lock (bisesh curry swadeshi janasankhya) ehi saharaku "jelaju" kimba adhika sadharana bhabare "jail" bolly sankhipta bhabare dakanti, ebong kichhi garbara saha, kintu ananusthanika bhabare, ehaaku "majamanankara rajdhani" bolly bibechana karanti . 1838 ru 1840 parjyanta quetzaltenango kendriah americara sangheeah ganarajyara rajya kimba pradesh madhyaru gotie, lus altos rajyara rajdhani thila . sangha bhangiba parey, rafale karererara sena quetzaltenangoku bijai curry ehaaku guatemalara anshabisesha karithila. 1850 masihare, saharar janasankhya pakhapakhi 20,000 thila. unabinsha shatabdire, kaphi ehi anchalare eka pramukh fasal bhabare prabartita hoithila . phalaswaroopa, jelara arthaneeti samruddha hoithila. aneka sunder bail ecock sthapatya ebe madhya saharare dekhibaku milithae . october 24,1902 ray, sandhya 5taare, santa maria agnejagiri udgeerana hoithila . bisphoranara maatra eka ghanta parey, sandhya 6taare quetzaltenango upare pathara ebong chhai padithila. 1920 dashakare, bhanushka cardena barajas namaka jane jubatee roman mahila mrutyubarana karithile ebong tanku zela saharar kabarasthanare kabara diajaithila. taanka samadhi charipakhare eka sakriya kimbadanti bikashita hoichhi jaahaa kahichhi je jeunmane taanka samadhi upare phul aanibe kimba anurodha lekhibe semane semanankara purbatana romantic sathinka saha punarbara milibe . guatemalara geetikara alvaro aguilara ehi kimbadanti upare aadharita eka geeta lekhithile. 1930 masihare guatemalara ekamatra bidyuta relpath, "ferrocaryl dii laas altos", udghatita hoithila. ehaa aii. ee. jii. ebong croup dwara nirmita hoithila ebong ethire 14tii train carr thila. ehi track quetzaltenangoku shaan felip, retalhuleu sahita sanjoga karithila . ehaa khub shighra bhuskhalana dwara dhwansa hoijaithila ebong sheshare 1933 ray dhwansa hoijaithila. quetzaltenango lokamane eparjyanta relapathaku nei bahuta garbita . saharar kendrare eka rela sangrahalaja pratistha karajaichi. 1990 dashkar sheshabhagaru quetzaltenangore arthika abhibruddhi ghatuchi, jaahaa ehaaku guatemalan arthaneetire dwiteeja sarbadhika yogdan deuthiba sahara karichhi. ehara pratham uccha-brudhi attalika nirmana heba sahita, 2015 suddha ehaa 15 mahla parjyanta uccha attalika sahita eka adhika pramukh skyline rahiba bolly aasha karajae . 2008ray, kendriah americae congress parlacen ghoshana karithila je prati september 15 tarikhare, quetzaltenango kendriah americara sanskrutira rajdhani heba. quetzaltenango 2018 kendriah americae ebong caribean khela ayojan karibara thila kintu ehi event paain panthi abhaba hetu baada padithila . march 2022 ray, swadeshi karjyakartamane june 2017 ray poura kartupakhyanka dwara adhinijamita pratibada karibaku bhaale dii palajunose nikatare kendriah barjya bhandaraku abarodh kariba arambha karithile. jalabaju. copen jalabaju bargikarana anujai, quetzaltenangore eka upakranteeja uchchabhumi jalabaju ("sidablyubi") rahichhi. sadharanatah, quetzaltenangore jalabaju samanyaru thanda parjyanta jaipare, belebele bikhipta ushma ghatana sahita . dainika uccha sadharanatah madhyahna pakhapakhi pahanchithae . taa 'paratharu, tapmatra asadharana bhabare druta hrass paae . barsha rutu byatita, saharati besh shukhila. quetzaltenango heuchhi guatemalara sabutharu sunder pramukh sahara. quetzaltenangore duiti mukhya rutu achhi (samasta guatemala pari); barsha rutu, jaahaa sadharanatah meey maasa shesharu october shesh parjyanta chalithae, ebong shukhila rutu, jaahaa navember aarambharu april parjyanta chalithae . barsha ruture, barsha nijamita bhabare pade, sadharanatah aparaahnare, kintu epari kichhi ghatana achhi jeunthire dinasara kimba ati kamare sakale barsha hue . shukhila ruture, saharaku maasa maasa dhari eka bunda barsha madhya miliba naahin. sarbanimna tapmatra harahari ebong sarbadhika tapmatra harahari sahita navembararu februari madhyare sabutharu thanda maasa . sarbanimna tapmatra harahari ebong sarbadhika tapmatra harahari sahita july maasa parjyanta sabutharu ushma maasa. barshika harahari sarbanimna ebong harahari uccha. arthabyabastha. aitihasika drustiru, ehi sahara gaham, makaa, phala ebong panipariba utpadana karuthila. ethaare eka sustha pashupalana shilpa madhya thila. saaraa deshare ebong ell salvadoraku pashumananku raptani karajauthila. 1850 masiha suddha gaham sarbabruhat raptani thila, taa 'parey thila coco, chini, pasham ebong kapaa. krida. quetzaltenango heuchhi club jelaju emm. sii. football dalara ghara. ehi dala estadio mario camposecore pratidwandita kare jahara khyamata 13,500 ebong ehaa liga national dii football dii guatemalara sabutharu saphala anah-rajdhani dala . saharar uccha uchchata karanaru aneka athlet ethaare nijaku prastuta karichanti jepariki alympic roupya padaka bijeta erika barando ebong 2004 cuban bhalibal dala . jatiah ebong antarjatija iventare santarana dala saphalata hassel karichhi . quetzaltenango 2018 kendriah americae ebong caribean khela aajojanaru ohari jaithile. ehaa 2016 suddha 30,000 aasana bisista eka stadium nirmana kariba sahita aabhyantareen krida ebong jalachar krida paain satati nutan subidha nirmana karibaku yojana karithila. paribahana. druta ebong shasta jatajata paain saharare micro bus byabastha rahichhi. micro bus heuchhi eka budd bhyan jeunthire aasana bhari rahithae. micro-basgudiku semane jeun maargare jauchhanti (jathahji., "ruta 7"). saharare kaunasi sarkari gana paribahana byabastha naahin. paribahanara ekamatra sarbajaneena madhyama heuchhi bus kimba micro bus . anya saharaku paribahana bus dwara jogai diajae . cycle chalana heuchhi gramanchala buliba ebong sethiki jibaasiba karibara eka upaiah. quetzaltenango bimanbandar saharaku biman seba pradan kare . sikhya. quetzaltenango, (xela) heuchhi aneka bidyalaja ebong biswabidyalajara kendra jaahaa sthaniah ebong akhpakh sahara ebong bibhaga (rajya) rahr aneka hazar chhatra ebong uttara america ebong yuropara antarjatija chatramananku sikhya pradan kare, ehi karanaru ehaa guatemala deshar dakhina-paschima/uttara-paschima anchala paain eka gurutwapurna sahara, aneka dashandhi dhari quetzaltenango samasta sikhyanushthana madhyamare bisista nagarika srusti karichhi, jaahaa aame ullekha kariparibah yamaja sahara-bhaunee sahara. quetzaltenango sahita jodihoi hoichhih

quetzaltenengo quetzaltenengo (, jiss noon iss dey maaiaa naam zelazu jaan zela naal vee janhiaa jaanda haii) guatemala witch naam vibhag atey municipality dovan dee seet haii. ih shehar aapne sabh toon hethle hisse witch samunder tall toon ucchi pahadi ghaati witch sathit haii. ih shehar dey ander uppar takk pahunch sakda haii. cutezaltenengo dee municipality witch ikk khetar shamal haii. quetzaltenengo dee municipality dey naal laggdiaan mioonspelitiaan witch salkaja, cantell, almolonga, zunil, ail palmar, concepcion chikirichapa, sainn maito, laa esperanza atey quetzaltenengo vibhag witch olintapic atey totonicapan vibhag witch sainn andress exual shamal hunn. itihaas. purav-columbian samiaan witch, cutezaltenengo maim maaiaa lokan daa ikk shehar see jiss noon zelazu kiha jaanda see, halanki spanish jitt dey samein takk ih kioomarkaj dey kiche raaj daa hissa bann giaa see. ih naam "xe laju 'noj" toon liaa jaa sakda haii jisda arth haii "dass pahadan dey hethan". kiha jaanda haii kii ih shehar 300 saal purana see jadon spanish pahili vaar aae sunn. aapne sahiyogiaan dee madad naal, jetu pedro dee alvarado neey itthe maaiaa shask tekun umaan noon haraa keey maar ditta. jadon alvarado neey 1520 dey dahake witch spain laee shehar noon jitt liaa, taan usne iss noon aapne kendri mexican bharti sahiyogiaan duaara varte gaye nahuatal naam, "cutezaltenengo" naal sambodhan keeta, jisda aam taur utte arth "cutezel panchhi dee jagha" manniaa jaanda haii."bastiwadi samiaan witch kwetzaltenengo shehar daa adhikarat naam bann giaa. halanki, bahut saare lock (khaas karke savdeshi aabadi) shehar noon "zelazu" jaan vadhere aam taur 'teey "zela" sankhep witch kahina jaari rakkhde hunn, atey kujh maann naal, parr gair-adhikarat taur' teey, iss noon "maaiaan dee rajdhani" mannade hunn. 1838 toon 1840 takk quetzaltenengo laas altos raaj dee rajdhani see, joe kendri amrica dey sanghi ganraj dey raajan jaan prantan vicchon ikk see. jiven hii union tutt gaee, rafael carrera dee fauj neey iss noon guatemala daa hissa banaunde hoye cutezaltenango noon jitt liaa. sann 1850 witch iss shehar dee aabadi lagbhag 20,000 see. see। sadee dauran, kaufi noon iss khetar witch ikk pramukh fasal vajon pesh keeta giaa see. natije vajon, zela dee arthvivastha khushhal hoee. bahut vadhiaa baile apoc architecture ajey vee shehar witch paaiaa jaa sakda haii. 24 aktubar, 1902 noon shaam 5 vaje saanta maria jualamukhi fatt giaa. fatann toon siraf ikk ghante baad shaam 6 vaje kwezaltenengo utte chattanan atey suaah digg gaeeaan. 1920 dey dahake witch, vanushka cardena brajas naam dee ikk naujwan romani aurat dee maut hoow gaee atey uss noon zela shehar dey kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa. uss dee kabar dey aale-duaale ikk sargaram kathaa vikast hoee haii joe kahindi haii kii joe lock full liaunde hunn jaan uss dee kabar utte benati likhade hunn uh aapne sabka romantic saathi naal dubara mill jaange. guatemala dey geetkar alvarro aguiller neey iss kathaa utte adharat ikk geet likhiaa. 1930 witch guatemala witch iklauti electric railway, "ferrocaryl dee laas altos" daa udghatan keeta giaa see. iss noon aii. ee. jee. atey crup duaara banaiaa giaa see atey iss witch 14 rail gaddiaan sunn. track neey quetzaltenengo noon sainn felip, retalhoolu naal jodiaa. ih jaldi hii zameen khiskan naal tabah hoow giaa see atey aakharkar 1933 witch dhaah ditta giaa see. cusaltenango dey lokan noon ajey vee railway utte bahut maann haii. shehar dey kendra witch ikk railway ajaib gharr sathapat keeta giaa haii. 1990 dey dahake dey akheer toon quetzaltenengo witch aarthik uchhal aaa riha haii, joe iss noon guatemala dee aarthikta witch dooja sabh toon vadda yogdan paunh vaala shehar banaunda haii. iss deeaan pahiliaan ucchiaan imaratan dey nirman dey naal, 2015 takk iss witch 15 manzila takk deeaan imaratan dey naal ikk vadhere pramukh asman rekha honn dee umeed haii. sann 2008 witch, kendri amriki congress neey ailaan keeta kii harr 15 satambar noon, kwezaltenengo kendri amrica dee sabheyachar dee rajdhani hovegi. quetzaltenengo neey 2018 kendri amriki atey carribean khedan dee mezbani curney see parr iss program laee fandan dee ghaat caarn iss noon chhadd ditta giaa. march 2022 witch, savdeshi karkunan neey juun 2017 witch mioonspal adhikariaan duaara banaae gaye ikk kanoon dey virodh witch vaile dee plajunoj dey nede kendri rahind-khunhad dey bhandar noon rokna shuru qarr ditta. jalvayu. copan jalvayu vargikaran dey anusar, cutezaltenengo witch ikk upp-khandi uchchai jalvayu ("see. dablioo. bee") haii. aam taur utte, kwezaltenengo witch jalvayu halke toon thande takk jaa sakadi haii, kadey-kadayin chhitput garam episodan dey naal. rozana ucch paddhar aam taur utte duphir dey aas paas pahunch jaanda haii. udon toon, tapman bahut tezi naal ghatda haii. barsaat dey mausam noon chhadd keey shehar kaafi khushak haii. quetzaltenengo guatemala daa sabh toon vadhiaa pramukh shehar haii. quetzaltenengo witch doou mukkh mausam hunn (jiven kii saare guatemala witch); barsaat daa mausam, joe aam taur utte maee dey akheer toon aktubar dey akheer takk chalda haii, atey khushak mausam, joe navambar dey shuru toon aprail takk chalda haii. barsaat dey mausam dauran, meenh lagatar painda haii, aam taur utte duphir noon, parr ajihe mauke vee hunde hunn jinhan witch saara dinn jaan ghatto ghatt savere meenh painda haii. khushak mausam dauran, shehar witch aksar mahiniaan takk meenh dee ikk vee boond naheen aavegi. sabh toon thande maheene navambar toon farvari takk hunde hunn, jiss witch ghatto ghatt tapman ausat atey vaddh toon vaddh tapman ausat hunda haii. sabh toon garam maheene julai toon march hunde hunn, jiss witch ghatto ghatt tapman ausat atey vaddh toon vaddh tapman ausat hunda haii. salana ausat ghatt haii atey ausat ucch haii. arthvivastha. itihasak taur utte, shehar witch kanak, makki, fall atey sabziaan daa utpadan hunda see. iss witch ikk tandrusti bharpur pashu paalan udyog vee see. pashuaan noon desh bharr witch atey all salvador noon niryaat keeta jaanda see. 1850 takk, kanak sabh toon vaddi baramad see, iss toon baad coco, khand, unn atey kapaah see. khedan. kwetzaltenengo club zelazu aimm. see. football team daa gharr haii. ih team estadio mario camposeco witch mukabala kardi haii jiss dee samratha 13,500 haii atey ih leega national dee football dee guatemala witch sabh toon safal gair-rajdhani team haii. shehar dee uchchai dey caarn bahut saare athleetan neey itthe aapne aap noon tiaar keeta haii jiven kii olympic chaandi daa tagma jetu erik brondo atey 2004 kiooban valibal team. tairaki team neey rashtari atey antarashtari mukabaliaan witch safalta prapat keeti haii. quetzaltenengo neey 2018 kendri amriki atey carribean khedan dee mezbani toon pichhe hutt liaa. iss neey 2016 takk 30,000 seetan vaala stadium banaun dey naal-naal indor khedan atey aquatics laee satt naviaan sahulatan banaun dee yojna banayi haii. aavajai. shehar witch tez atey sasti aavajai laee micro-bassan dee pranali haii. ikk micro-buss lazmi taur utte seetan naal bharee ikk vaddi vain hundi haii. micro-bassan noon uhanan dey raste dey adhaar 'teey number ditta jaanda haii (udaharan vajon.jee., ruta 7"). shehar witch sarkaar duaara sanchalit koee jantak aavajai pranali naheen haii. aavajai daa ikko-ikk jantak saadhan buss jaan micro-bassan hunn. dooje shahiran witch aavajai buss duaara pardan keeti jaandi haii. cycle chalauna aale-duaale jaanh atey pendu khetran witch (atey) yaatra curran daa ikk tarika haii. kwezaltenengo havaai adda shehar noon havaai seva pardan karda haii. sikkhiaa. quetzaltenengo, (zela) bahut saare schoolan atey universityan daa kendra haii joe sathanak lokan atey aale duaale dey shahiran atey vibhagan (raajan) dey hazaran vidiaarthiaan atey uttri amrica atey yoorap dey antarashtari vidiaarthiaan noon sikkhiaa pardan karde hunn, isey caarn ih guatemala desh dey dakkhan-pachham/uttar-pachmi khetar laee ikk bahut mahattavpuran shehar haii, kaee dahakiaan toon quetzaltenengo neey saare vidiak sansthanan raahin vilakkhan nagrik paida keete hunn, jinhan vicchon aseen zikar qarr sakde haanau judvan shehar-bhainn shehar. quetzaltenengo naal judvan haiyav

kwaatzaaltenaango quetzaltenango (, maayaa-naamen zelaaju athavaa zelaa ityanena api prasidhah) iti gwatemala-nagarasya naam-vibhaagasya nagarapalika cha sthaanam asti. idam nagaram samudratalaat oordhvataayaam parvata-upatyakayam tasya nimnatamabhaage sthitam asti. idam nagarasya antah upari gantum shaknoti. quetzaltenango-nagarasya nagarapalika asya kshetram asti. quetzaltenango-nagarasya nagarapalikayaha sameepasthaasu nagarapalikasu quetzaltenango-vibhaagasya salkaja, kentel, almolongaa, zunil, ell palmar, concepsion chikirichapa, saan meto, laa esperanza, olyntepic cha totonicapan-vibhaagasya saan andress jekul cha santi. itihaasah. poorva-columbian-kaale, quetzaltenango, zelaaju iti namna namna khyatasya maama-maayaa-jananam nagaram aasit, yadyapi spen-deshasya vijayasamaye etat kyumarkaj-rajyasya kiche-rajyasya bhaagah abhavat. idam naam "xe laju 'noj" ityatah vyutpannam, yasya arthah "dashaparvatanam adhah" iti. spen-deshah yadaa prathamavaaram aagacchat tadaa idam nagaram 300 varshaanaam puratanam iti kathyate. swasahayoginam saahaayyen, vijayah pedro dee alvarado ityeshah, atra maayaa-shasakam tekan uman ityenam parajayya, maritavan. 1520 tame dashake yadaa alvarado spen-deshaay nagaram jitavaan, tadaa saha swasya madhya-mexican-bhaarateey-mitraihi prayuktena naahuatal-namna "quetzaltenango" iti namakam krutavaan, yasya arthah samanyataya "quetzel-paksheh sthaanam" iti manyate."quetzaltenango" iti naam aupaniveshikakaale asya nagarasya adhikarikam naam abhavat. parantu bahavah janaah (visheshatah swadesheeyaah janaah) asya nagaram "zelaaju" athavaa samanyataya "zelaa" iti laghunamna aahvayanti, kechan garvena, parantu anaupachaarikaroopena, etat "mayanam rajadhani" iti manyante. 1838 taha 1840 paryantam quetzaltenango, madhyaamerikaa-sangheey-ganarajyasya raajyeshu athavaa praanteshu anyatamasy laas altos-rajyasya rajadhani aasit. yathaa sanghah vicchinnah, raafel-kareraa ityasya senaa quetzaltenango-nagaram jitvaa gwatemala-pradeshasya bhaagah abhavat. 1850 tame varshe asya nagarasya janasankhyaa praayah 20,000 aasit. 19 shataabdyaam asmin kshetre kaafee-sasyasya pramukha-sasyarupena parichayah abhavat. parinaamatah zelaa-rajyasya arthavyavasthaa samruddhaa abhavat. asmin nagare adyaapi ateeva uttamah bele-ikok-vastukala drushyate. 1902 october 24 dinaanke saayam 5 vaadane santa-maria-jwaalaamukheeh visphotitah. visphotasya ekaghantaayaah anantaram eva saayam 6 vaadane quetzaltenango ityatra shilaani, boosh cha patitaah. 1920 tame dashake, vanushkaa cardena barajas iti namakiya roman-yuvatee mrutvaa zelaa-nagarasya shmashaane samadhistha. tasyaah samaadhih paritah ekaha sakriyah akhyayika vikasitah asti yasmin kathyate yat ye pushpaan aanayanti athavaa tasyaah samaadhih upari nivedanam likhanti te poorvavartinah pranayaramy-sahabhagibhihi saha punah militum shaknuvanti iti. gwaatemaalan-geetarachayitru alvaaro agvilaar ityayam asya akhyayikayaha aadhaaren ekam geetam likhitavaan. 1930 tame varshe gwatemala-nagarasya ekamaatram vidyut-rail-yaanam "ferrocaril dey laas altos" iti udghaatitam. etat e. ee. jee. tathaa krup ityanena nirmitam aasit, yatra 14 relayaanaani aasan. maargah quetzaltenango-nagaram syaan felip, retaalhulyu ityanena saha sambaddhavaan. tatt sheeghramev bhoo-patanen vinaasham jaatam, ante 1933 tame varshe cha dhvamsam abhavat. quetzaltenango-nagarasya janaah adyaapi relmaargasya vishaye ateeva garvam kurvanti. nagarasya kendre rail-sangrahaalayasy sthapana krutaa asti. 1990 tamasya dashakasy antebhyah quetzaltenango-nagare aarthik-vruddhihi prachalitaa asti, yena gwaatemaalan-arthavyavasthaayaam dwiteeyam sarvaadhikam yogadam dattam nagaram bhavati. prathamam uccha-bhavanaani nirmitaani santi, 2015 tamavarshaparyantam asya adhika-pramukha-akasharekha bhavishyati iti apekshitam asti, yatra 15 talaparyantam ucchaani bhavanaani santi. 2008 tame varshe, madhya-amerikiya-kaangres-parlasen-samsthaa, pratyekasmin september-masasya 15 dinaanke, quetzaltenango-nagaram madhya-amerikaadeshasy samskrutyaah rajadhani bhavishyati iti ghoshayat. quetzaltenango-kridaayaam 2018 tame varshe madhya-american-caribean-kreedaayaah ayojanam kartavyam aasit, parantu karyakramasya krute nidhim naa praapya tatt nishkaasayat. 2022 maarch-maase, 2017 joon-maase nagarapalika-adhikarinam adhiniyamanasy virodhaartham swadesheeyaah karyakartaraha vaale dey palaajunoj ityasya sameepe kendriya-apashisht-nikshepam avaruddhum aarabdhavantah. vaayugunah. copen-jalavaayu-vargikarananusaram, quetzaltenango-pradeshe uposhnakatibandheey-ucchabhoomi-vaayugunah ("see. doubleu. bee") asti. samanyataya, quetzaltenango-nagarasya vaayugunah mruduhu taha sheetakaalam yaavat bhavitum arhati, yadaa kadaa ushnaprapaatah bhavati. pratidinam uccham praayah madhyaahnasya sameepe eva praaptam bhavati. tatah param taapamaanam asadharanataya sheeghram nyooneebhavati. varshaakaalam atirichya, nagaram bahu shushkam asti. quetzaltenango iti gwatemala-nagarasya shitalatamam pramukham nagaram vartate. quetzaltenango-nagare dwau mukhyau rutuu stah (yathaa sampoornah gwatemala-deshe)-varshaarutuh, yah samanyataya mey-masasya ante taha october-masasya ante yaavat bhavati, shushkarutuh cha, yah november-masasya arambhat april-maasaparyantam yaavat bhavati. varshartau, samanyataha madhyahnakaale nirantaram varshati, parantu eteshu sandarbheshu sampoorne dine vaa nyunatinyoonam praatahkaale vaa varshati. shushkakaale nagare maasaantaparyantam praayah ekabindu varshaa naa bhavati. november-masat februvari-maasaparyantam sheetalatamah maasah bhavati, nyunatamam taapamaanam, adhikatamm taapamaanam cha samanyam bhavati. julai-maasaparyantam uttamakaalah bhavati, nyunatamam taapamaanam, adhikatamm taapamaanam cha madhyam bhavati. vaarshikam, madhyam nyoonam, madhyam uccham cha bhavati. arthavyavasthaa. aitihaasikadrushtyaa, asmin nagare godhoomah, makkaa, phalaani, shaakaani cha utpaadyante sma. atra swasthah pashu-vyavasaayah api aasit. sampoorne deshe ell-salvador-nagaram prati cha pashunam niryaatah abhavat. 1850 tame varshe godhoomah bruhattamah niryaatah aasit, tadanantaram koko, shakkarah, oonah, kaarpaasah cha aasan. kreedaah. xetzaltenango club zelaaju emm. sii. saakar-dalasya gruham asti. eshah dalah estadio mariyo camposeko-kridaayaam spardhate, yasya kshamata 13,500 asti, tathaa cha ligaa-nyaashanal-day-football-day-gwatemala-kridaayaam saphalatamah rajadhani-niratarah dalah asti. nagarasya ucchataayai karanat alympic-rajat-padaka-vijetaa rikk barrondo, 2004 cuban-walibal-dalah ityaadayah bahavah kreedakaah atra swasyaah sajjataam krutavantah. rashtriya-antarashtriya-spardhaasu taranadalam saafalyam avaapnot. quetzaltenango ityeshah 2018 tame varshe madhya-american-caribean-kreedaayaah ayojanat apasruta. 2016 tamavarshaparyantam 30,000 asananam kreedaamganasya nirmanasya yojanaa, tathaa cha antahsthakridanam jalchar-kridaanaam cha krute sapta nootanaani suvidhaah nirmaatum yojanaa. parivahanam. asmin nagare druta-shastaa-sancharartham sukshma-bus-vyavasthaam vartate. macrow-bus moolatah aasanaih yuktah vishaalah vyaan asti. sukshma-bus-yaanaani teshaam margasya aadhaaren ankitaah bhavanti (udaa.jii.rutaa 7"). nagare sarvakaarena sanchaalitam janaparivahanavyavastha naasti. ekamaatram saarwajanik-parivahana-saadhanam bus-yaanam athavaa sukshma-bus-yaanam asti. anyanagarebhyah parivahanam bus-dwara bhavati. dwichakrikaayaah prayogah, graameshu gantum, (tathaa cha) yatram kartum cha ekaha maargah asti. quetzaltenango-vimaanasthaanakam nagaram prati vimaanasevaa pradadaati. shikshate. quetzaltenango, (zelaa) anekanam vidyaalayaanaam vishvavidyaalayaanaam cha kendram asti, ye sthaniyanam, paritah nagaranam vibhaagaanaam (rajyanam) cha anekaan sahasraan chhaatraan, uttar-america-europe-deshayoho antarashtriya-chhaatraan cha shikshante, ata eva karanam yat gwatemala-deshasya nairutya/vaayavya-pradeshasya krute etat atyantam mahattvapoornam nagaram vartate, aneka-dashakaan yaavat quetzaltenango-samsthah sarveshu shaikshanik-samsthanam madhyamena vishishtaan nagarikan nirmitavaan, teshu vayam ullekham kartum shaknumah. yugmanagaraani-bhaginininyah. quetzaltenango iti dwaitah asti.

gwetzaldenango kwetjaldenango (Quetzaltenango) (, adhan maayaa peyar selaju allathu selawal azhaikkappadukirathu) enbathu kuvaatthamaalaavil ulla peyaralavilaana thurai mattrum nagaraatchiyin iru idamaagum. inththa nagaram kadal mattaththilirunthu miga uyaraththil adhan migak kuraindha paguthiyil oru malaip pallaththaakkil amainthullathu. idhu nagaraththirkul maelae sellalaam. gwetzaldenango nagaraatchi oru pakuthiyaik kondullathu. gwetzaldenango nagaraatchikku arugilulla nagaraatchigalil salkaja, candell, almolonga, junil, ell paamar, concione sigrichaba, chaan matto, laa esperanza mattrum gwetzaldenango thuraiyil olyntebeck mattrum totonicaphan thuraiyil chaan andress segal aagiyavai adangkum. varalaaru. kolambiya kaalaththirku munththaiya kaalaththil, spanish vettriyin poathu idhu qalla 'isae' rajyamaana qalla 'umarkajin oru paguthiyaaga maariyirunththaalum, kwetjaldenango enbathu jelaju endru azhaikkappadum muum maayaa makkalin nagaramaaga irunththathu. inththa peyar "paththu malaikalin keezh" endru porulpadum "xe laju 'noj" enbathilirunthu perapattirukkalaam. spaaniyargal muthanmuthalil vanthapoathu inththa nagaram aerkanavae 300 aandugalukkum maelaanathu endru koorappadugiradhu. thanathu koottaaligalin uthaviyudan, vetrtriyaalar petro dii alvarado maayaa aatchiyaalar techun umaanai ingku thoarkadiththu kondraar. 1520kazhil alvarado speyinukkaaga nagaraththai kaippattriyapoathu, thanathu matthiya mexican inthiya natpu naadugalaal payanpaduththappatta nahuwal peyaraal adhai alaiththaar, "gwetzel paravaiyin idam" endru podhuvaagak karudhappadum "gwetzel paravaiyin idam"."kaalanitthuva kaalangalil gwetzaldenango nagaraththin athikaarappoorva peyaraaga maariyathu. iruppinum, palar (kurippaaga pazhangudi makkal) inththa nagaraththai "selaju" allathu podhuvaaga "sela" endru surukkamaaga azhaikkiraargal, maelum silar perumaiyudan, aanaal athikaarappoorvamattra muraiyil, idhai "maayarkalin thalaynagaram" endru karudhugindranar. 1838 muthal 1840 varai matthiya america koottaatchi kudiyarasin maanilangkal allathu maakaanangkalil ontraana losses altos maanilaththin thalainagaraaga gwetzaldenango irunththathu. thozhirchangam udainthu poanapoathu, rafael karreravin iraanuvam gwetzaldenangovai kaippattri adhai kuvaaththamaalaavin oru paguthiyaaga maattriyathu. 1850 aam aandil, inththa nagaraththin makkal thogai sumar 20,000 aaga irunththathu. 19aam noottraandil, kaapi ippaguthiyil oru mukiya payiraaga arimugappaduththappattathu. idhan vilaivaaga, selaavin porulaathaaram sezhiththathu. migavum sirantha belle ebok kattidakkalai innum nagaraththil kaanappadugiradhu. october 24,1902 andru maalai 5 manikku sanda maria erimalai vediththathu. vedippu aerpatta oru manii neeraththirkup piragu, maalai 6 manikku gwetzaldenango meethu paaraikalum saambalum vizhunththana. 1920kazhil, vanushka cardena parajas endra ilam romaniap penn iranthaar, maelum avar sela nagara kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. avarathu kallaraiyaich suttri oru seyalil ulla puraanakkathai uruvaanathu, adhu malarkalaik konduvarupavargal allathu avarathu kallaraiyil oru koorikkaiyai ezhuthupavargal thangal munnaal kaathal koottaalargaludan meendum inaivaargal endru koorukirathu. gwatemalan paatalaasiriyar alvarro agular inththa puraanatthai adippadaiyaagak kondu oru paadalai ezhuthinaar. 1930 aam aandil kuvaatthamaalaavil ulla oray minsaara rayilvaeyaana "ferrocaril dii losses altos" thirakkappattathu. idhu aej mattrum krub aakiyoaraal kattappattathu mattrum 14 rayil kaarkalaik kondirundhadhu. inththa paathai gwetzaldenangovai chaan felip, retalhulyoovudan inaiththathu. idhu viraivil mansarivugalaal azhikkappattathu, iruthiyaaka 1933 ill idikkappattathu. gwetzaldenango makkal innum rayilway pattri migavum perumaippadugiraargal. nagara maiyaththil oru rayilway arungaatchiyagam niruvapattullathu. 1990 kalin pirpaguthiyil irunthu gwetzaldenango oru porulaathaara valarcchiyaik kondullathu, idhu gwatemalian porulaathaaraththil irandaavathu miga uyarnththa pankalippaik konda nagaramaaga amaikirathu. adhan muthal uyaramaana kattidangal kattappaduvadhaal, 2015 aam aandalavil 15 maadigal varai uyaramaana kattidangaludan migavum mukkiyamaana vanalai irukkum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. 2008 aam aandil, matthiya america congress barliment ovvoru septumber 15 aam thaethiyum, gwetzaldenango matthiya americavin kalaachaara thalaynagaramaaga irukkum endru ariviththathu. 2018 matthiya america mattrum caribean vilaiyaattukalai gwetzaldenango nadaththavirunthathu, aanaal nigazhvukkaana nidhi illaathathaal adhu kaividappattathu. maarch 2022 ill, juun 2017 ill nagaraatchi athikaarigalaal iyatrtrappattathai ethirththu, pazhangudi aarvalargal vaalae dii balajunoj arugae ulla matthiya kazhivu vaippaith thadukath thodangkinar. kaalanilai. copen kaalanilai vagaippaattin puddy, gwetzaldenango oru mithaveppa mandala malaippaangkaana kaalanilaiyaik kondullathu ("chii. doublue. pii"). podhuvaaga, gwetzaldenangovin kaalanilai laesaanathilirunthu kulirchchiyaaga maarum, avvappoathu avvappoathu soodaana aththiyaayangkal aerpadum. thinasari uchchanilai podhuvaaga mathiyam neraththil ettappadukirathu. athanpiragu, veppanilai asaathaaranamaaga vaekamaaka kuraikirathu. malaikkaalaththaith thavira, nagaram migavum varandathaaka irukkirathu. kuvaaththamaalaavin miga arumaiyana mukiya nagaram kwetjaldenango aagum. gwetjaldenangovil irandu mukiya paruvangkal ullana (gwatamala muzhuvathilum ullathaip poalavae); mazhaikkaalam, idhu podhuvaaga mae maatha iruthiyil irunthu october pirpaguthi varai needikkum, mattrum varanda paruvam, idhu navambar thodakkaththil irunthu aepral varai needikkum. mazhaikkaalaththil, mazhai thodarnthu vizhugirathu, vazhakkamaaga pirpakalil, aanaal naall muzhuvathum allathu kurainthapatcham kaalaiyil mazhai peiyum santharppangkal ullana. varanda paruvaththil, nagaraththil pala maathangkalukku oru sottu mazhai kooda adikkadi peiyaathu. migak kuliraana maathangkal navambar muthal pipravari varai, kurainthapatcha veppanilai saraasariyaagavum, adhigapatcha veppanilai saraasariyaagavum irukkum. kurainthapatcha veppanilai sarasari mattrum adhigapatcha veppanilai saraasariyudan juulai varai miga veppamaana maathangkal ullana. varudaanthira sarasari kuraindha alavilum, sarasari uyarnththa alavilum ullathu. porulaathaaram. varalaattru reethiyaaga, inththa nagaram koathumai, makkacholam, pazhangkal mattrum kaaikarigalai urpaththi seithathu. idhu oru aaroakkiyamaana kaalnadaith thozhirthuraiyaiyum kondirundhadhu. kaalnadaigal naadu muzhuvathum mattrum ell saalvadarukku aetrtrumathi seiyappattana. 1850aam aandu nilavarappadi, koathumai migapperiya aetrtrumathiyaakavum, adhaith thodarnthu kokkoa, sarkkarai, kambali mattrum paruththi aetrtrumathiyaakavum irunththathu. vilayaattu. quetzaldenango kilap selaju emm. chii. kaalpandhu aniyin thaayagamaagum. inththa anii estadio marrio cambosecovil poattiyidukirathu, idhu 13,500 thiran kondadhu mattrum liga national dii calbol dii kuvaatthamaalaavil migavum vetrtrikaramaana thalaynagaram allaatha aniyaagum. nagaraththin uyaram kaaranamaaga olympic vellip pathakkam ventra erik barondo mattrum 2004 cuba kaippandhu anii poantra pala vilayaattu veerargal ingku thangalai thayaarpaduththik kondullanar. neechal anii thaesiya mattrum sarvadesa poattikalil vetrtriyaip pettrullathu. 2018 matthiya america mattrum caribean vilaiyaattukalai nadaththuvathil irunthu gwetzaldenango vilagiyullaar. 2016aam aandukkul 30,000 irukkaikal konda staediyaththaiyum, udpura vilaiyaattukal mattrum neervaazh uyirinangkalukkaana aezhu puthiya vasathigalaiyum katta thittamittullathu. poakkuvaraththu. inththa nagaraththil viraivaana mattrum malivaana iyakkaththirkaana micro paerunththugal ullana. micro buss enbathu irukkaikal nirambiya oru periya vaen aagum. micro paerunththugal avai sellum paathaiyin adippadaiyil ennappadugindrana (eeyee.jii., "ruta 7"). inththa nagaraththil arasu nadaththum vegujana poakkuvaraththu amaippu illai. paerunthu allathu micro paerunththugal mattumae podhup poakkuvaraththu vazhi. pira nagarangalukku paerunthu moolam poakkuvaraththu vazhangkappadukirathu. cycle oottuvathu enbathu kiraamappurangalukkuch selvatharkum (mattrum) payanippatharkum oru vazhiyaagum. gwetzaldenango vimaana nilaiyam nagaraththirku vimaana sevaiyai valangkukirathu. kalvi. gwetzaldenango, (jelah) ulloor makkalukkum, suttriyulla nagarangal mattrum thuraikalai (maanilangkal) saerntha pala aayirakkanakkaana maanavargalukkum, vada america mattrum iroappaavaich saerntha sarvadesa maanavargalukkum kalviyai vazhangkum pala palligal mattrum palkalaikkazhagangkalin maiyamaagum, athanaalthaan idhu gwatamala naattin thenmaerku/vadamaerku piraanthiyaththirku miga mukkiyamaana nagaramaagum, pala thasaapthankalaaka gwetzaldenango anaitthu kalvi niruvanangalin moolam pugazhpettra kudimakkalai uruvaakkiyullathu, avattril naam kurippidalaam irattai nagarangal-chakoothari nagarangal. gwetzaldenango pinvaruvanavattrudan inaikkappattullathu

quetzaltenango quetzaltenango (, maaya paeru jelaaju ledhaa zela anie kooda pilustaaru) gwaatemaalaaloni namesake vibhagam mariyu munisipaaliteeki sthaanam. eee nagaram samudra mattaniki ettulo unna parvata loyalo daani diguva bhaagamlo undhi. idhi nagaram lopala paiki cheravacchu. quetzaltenango municipality oka praantaanni kaligi undhi. quetzaltenango munisipaaliteeki sameepamlo unna munisipaalitiilaloo quetzaltenango vibhaagamlo salkaza, contell, almolonga, junil, ell pamar, concepsione chikirichapa, shaan mateo, laa esperanza mariyu olyntepec mariyu totonicapan vibhaagamlo shaan andres jacquel unnaayi. charitra. columbian puurva kaalamlo, quetzaltenango anedi jelaaju anie piluvabade maam maaya prajala nagaram, ayithe spanish vijayam samayaniki idhi cumarcas yokka kiche raajyamlo bhaagamgaa maarindi. eee paeru "padhi parvataala krinda" anie ardham vachhe "xe laju 'noj" nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu. spanish vaaru modatisaari vachinappudu eee nagaram appatike 300 samvatsaraala kante paatadani chebutaaru. thana mitraraajyaala sahayamtho, vijayavantamaina pedro dii alvarado ikkada maaya paalakudaina techan umannu oodinchi champadu. champadu alvarado speyin kosam nagaranni jayinchinappudu, athanu daanini thana madhya mexican bharatiya mitraraajyaalu upayoginche nahuwat paerutoe pilichadu, saadhaaranamgaa "quetzel pakshi pradaesam" anie ardham."valasarajyala kaalamlo quetzaltenango nagaram yokka adhikaarika paerugaa maarindi. ayithe, chaalaa mandhi prajalu (mukhyamgaa sthaanika janabha) eee nagaranni "jelaaju" ledhaa marinta saadhaaranamgaa "zela" anie sankshiptamgaa pilustuunae unnaaru, mariyu kondaru garvamgaa, conny anadhikarikamga, dheenini "maayala rajadhani" gaa bhaavistaaru. 1838 nundi 1840 varaku quetzaltenango federal republic off central americaloni rashtraalu ledhaa provinceulalo okataina laas altos raashtraaniki rajadhaanigaa undedi. union vidipovadamtho, rafale currera sainyam quetzaltenangonu jayinchi gwatemalalo bhaagamaindi. bhaagamaindi, eee nagaram janabha sumaru 20,000. 19va sataabdamloo, eee praantamloo kaafeeni pradhana pantagaa pravesapettaaru. phalitamgaa, zela aardhika vyavastha abhivruddhi chendindi. chaalaa chakkati belle epok vaastusilpam ippatikee nagaramlo kanipistundi. aktobaru 24,1902naa saayantram 5 gantalaku shanta maria agniparvatam visphotanam chendindi. visphotanam jarigina oka ganta taruvaata saayantram 6 gantalaku quetzaltenangopy raallu mariyu buudidalu paddayi. paddayi, vanushka cardena barajas anae yuva roman mahila maraninchindi mariyu zela nagara smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabadindi. aame samadhi chuttoo oka churukaina puraanam abhivruddhi chendindi, idhi puvvulu techhe ledhaa aame samadhi meeda abhyardhana vraase vaaru vaari maajee srungaara bhaagaswaamulato tirigi kalustaarani chebutundi. gwatemalan paatala rachayita alvarro aguiller eee puraanam aadhaaramgaa oka paata raasaaru. raasaaru gwatemalalo unna ekaika vidyut railway, "ferrocaryl dii laas altos" praarambhinchabadindi. dheenini age mariyu crup nirminchaaru mariyu indulo 14 railu kaarlu unnaayi. eee track quetzaltenangonu shaan felip, retalhulyutho anusandhaaninchindi. idhi twaralone buradajallula kaaranamgaa naasanam cheyabadindi, chivaraku chivaraku koolchiveyabadindi. quetzaltenango prajalu ippatikee railway gurinchi chaalaa garvamgaa unnaaru. nagara kendramlo railway museum erpaatu cheyabadindi. 1990la chivari nundi quetzaltenango aardhikamgaa vruddhi chendutondi, idhi gwatemalan aardhika vyavasthaku rendava atyadhika sahakaram andinche nagaramgaa nilichindi. daani modati ettaina bhavanalu nirminchabadutunnanduna, 2015 natiki 15 antastula etthu varaku bhavanaalatho marinta pramukha skyline untundani bhaavistunnaaru. bhaavistunnaaru, central american congress parlasen prati september 15naa, quetzaltenango madhya america saamskrutika rajadhaanigaa untundani prakatinchindi. quetzaltenango 2018 central american mariyu carabian kreedalaku aatidhyam ivvalsi undhi, conny eee kaaryakramaaniki nidhulu lekapovadam valla tappukundi. marchi marchi, sthaanika kaaryakartalu juun juun purapalaka adhikarulu roopondinchina chattanni nirasistuu vaale dii palajunoj sameepamlo kendra vyardhaala nikshaepaalanu digbandham cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. vaataavaranam. koppen vaataavarana vargeekarana prakaram, quetzaltenango upaushnamandala ettaina vaataavaranam ("sidablueby") kaligi untundi. saadhaaranamgaa, quetzaltenangolo vaataavaranam telikapati nundi challaga untundi, appudappudu appudappudu vecchani episodelu untaayi. rojuvaaree garishta sthaayi saadhaaranamgaa madhyahnam samayamlo cherukuntundi. appati nundi, ushnogratalu anoohyamgaa vaegamgaa taggutaayi. varshaakaalam minaha nagaram chaalaa podigaa untundi. quetzaltenango gwatemalalo atyanta chakkani pradhana nagaram. quetzaltenangolo rendu pradhana rutuvulu unnaayi (gwatemala mottam maadirigaane); varshaakaalam, idhi saadhaaranamgaa mae chivari nundi october chivari varaku nadustundi, mariyu podi kaalam, idhi november prarambham nundi april varaku nadustundi. varshakalamlo, saadhaaranamgaa madhyahnam, varshapaatam sthiramgaa kurustundi, conny rojanta ledhaa kaneesam udayam varsham kurise sandarbhaalu unnaayi. podi kaalamlo, nagaram tarachugaa nelala tarabadi okka chukka kooda varshanni pondadu. november nundi fibravari varaku atyanta challani nelalu, kaneesa ushnogratalu sagatuna mariyu garishta ushnogratalu sagatuna untaayi. atyanta vecchani nelalu juulai varaku untaayi, kaneesa ushnogratalu sagatuna mariyu garishta ushnogratalu sagatuna untaayi. vaarshikamgaa, sagatu takkuva mariyu sagatu ekkuva. aardhika vyavastha. chaaritraatmakamgaa, eee nagaram godhumalu, mokkajonna, pandlu mariyu kuuragaayalanu utpatti chesindi. idhi aarogyakaramaina pasuvula parisramanu kooda kaligi undhi. pasuvulu desavyaaptamgaa mariyu ell salvador kuu egumati cheyabaddaayi. 1850 natiki, godhumalu atipedda egumati, taruvaata coco, chakkera, unni mariyu patthi unnaayi. kreedalu. quetzaltenango club jelaaju emsi sacker jattuku nilayam. eee jattu 13,500 saamarthyam kaligina estadio marrio camposecolo pootii chestundi mariyu idhi liga national dii football dii gwatemalalo atyanta vijayavantamaina rajadhani kaani jattu. nagaram yokka ettaina pradaesam kaaranamgaa olympic rajata pataka vijaeta eric barrondo mariyu 2004 cuban wallyball jattu vanti chaalaa mandhi kreedaakaarulu ikkada tamanu taamu siddham chesukunnaru. eee swimming jattu jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeya eeventlalo vijayam saadhinchindi. quetzaltenango 2018 central american mariyu carabian kreedalaku aatidhyam ivvadam nundi vaidoligadu. 2016 natiki 30,000 seetla staediyamnu nirminchaalani, alaage indor kreedalu mariyu jalacharaala kosam edu kotta soukaryaalanu nirminchaalani yochistondi. ravana. nagaramlo vegavantamaina mariyu choukaina kadalika kosam micro bassula vyavastha undhi. micro-bus anedi tappanisarigaa seetlatho nindina pedda vyaan. micro-bassulu avi teesukune maargam aadhaaramgaa sankhyalu ivvabadataayi (udhaa.zii., ruta 7"). nagaramlo prabhutvam naduputunna saamuuhika ravana vyavastha ledhu. bassu ledhaa micro bassulu matrame praja ravana sadhanam. itara nagaralaku bassu dwara ravana andinchabadutundi. saikil tokkadam anedi graameena praantaalaku (mariyu) prayaaninchadaaniki oka maargam. quetzaltenango vimaanaasrayam nagaraniki vimaana sevalanu andistundi. vidya. quetzaltenango, (zela) sthaanikulaku mariyu chuttupakkala nagaralu mariyu vibhagala (rashtraalu) nundi aneka vaela mandhi vidyaarthulaku mariyu uttara america mariyu airopa nundi antarjaateeya vidyaarthulaku vidyanu andinche aneka paatasaalalu mariyu vishwavidhyaalayaalaku kendram, anduke idhi gwatemala desamloni nairuti/vaayuvya praantaaniki chaalaa mukhyamaina nagaram, aneka dasabdaluga quetzaltenango anni vidya samsthala dwara vishishta pourulanu utpatti chesindi, vaatilo manam prastaavinchagalamuh janta pattanaalu-sodari nagaralu. quetzaltenango eee krindi vaatitho jantagaa untundih

quetzaltinengo quetzaltinango (Quetzaltenango) (yee jasay maaya kay naam zeelaju yaa zeelah say bhee jaana jaataa hay) gawatimala mein nemsek mohkamah aur baldiyah donon kii nashast hay. yaha shehar apnay nichley hasay mein satah samandar say bulandi parr eek pahaadi waadi mein waaqa hay. yaha shehar kay andar oopar takk pahunch saktaa hay. quetzaltinengo kii baldiyah kay raqbe parr mushtamil hay. quetzaltinengo kii baldiyah say mutsil baldiyaat mein salkaja cantle almolonga zonal eel palmer conspsiyon checorechpa saan metio laa aspiranza aur quetzaltinengo mohkamah mein olantipec aur totonikapan mohkamah mein saan andress seekol shaamil haine. tareekh. columbia say pehley kay zamanay mein quetzaltinango maama maaya logon kaa eek shehar thaa jasay zeelaju kahaa jaataa thaa halankah hispanvi fatah kay waqat takk yaha qamarkaaj kii kachee sultanat kaa hasah bunn chakaa thaa. yaha naam "xe laju 'noj" say makhuz how saktaa hay jiss kaa matlab hay "duss pahaadon kay neechey". kahaa jaataa hay kahh jabb hispanvi pehli baar aayey tuu yaha shehar pehley hyee 300 saal praana how chakaa thaa. apnay itehadiyon kii madad say faatah pedro ddee alvarado nay maaya kay hukmaran tekon emaan kuu yahaan shakast dee aur qatal kirr diyaa. jabb alvarado nay 1520 kii dahayi mein speen kay liye shehar kuu fatah kiyaa tuu iss nay asay apnay markazi maxican hindustani itehadiyon kay zariah istemaal kiye jaanay waalay nahwatil naam say pakaara "quetzaltinengo"yee jiss kaa aam toor parr matlab "quitzel parinday kii jagah" samjha jaataa hay."nawabadiyati door mein quetzaltinengo shehar kaa sarkaari naam bunn gayaa. tahim behat say loag (khaas toor parr maqami aabadi) iss shehar kuu "zeelaju" yaa ziyadah aam toor parr "zeelah" mukhtasir toor parr kehtay rehtay haine aur kachh fakhar say leakin ghair sarkaari toor parr asay "mayaon kaa darulhukumat" samajhte haine. 1838 say 1840 takk quetzaltinengo riyasat laas altos kaa darulhukumat thaa juu wafaqi jamhuria wastee america kii riyasaton yaa soobon mein say eek hay. jeesay hyee itehad toot gayaa rafeel carrera kii foj nay quetzaltinengo kuu fatah kirr kay asay gawatimala kaa hasah banaa diyaa. 1850 mein shehar kii aabadi taqriba 20,000 thee. 19 wein sadee kay doraan kaafi kuu iss elaqay mein eek bury fasal kay toor parr mutaarif karaya gayaa. iss kay natijay mein zeelah kii maeshat khushhaal hoyee. behat emdah bail apoc funn tameer abb bhee shehar mein paaya jaa saktaa hay. 24 aktobar 1902 kuu shaam 5 bajay saanta maariyah aatish fashaan phatt gayaa. aatish fashaan phatnay kay sarf eek ghantay baad shaam 6 bajay quetzaltinengo parr chatanein aur raakh girr gayein. 1920 kii dahayi mein wanoshaka cardina barajas naami eek naujawan roomi khaatun kaa inteqal how gayaa aur asay zeela shehar kay qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. iss kay maqbaray kay ard gird eek faal daastaan tayaar hoyee hay jiss mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh juu loag phul laatay haine yaa iss kay maqbaray parr darkhwast likhtay haine wah apnay saabiq romanvi sharakat daaron kay saath dobarah mill jayein gay. gawatimalan naghmah nigaar alwaro agailer nay iss daastaan parr mubni eek gaana likhaa. 1930 mein gawatimala mein waahid barqi railway "ferocaral ddee laas altos" kaa iftatah kiyaa gayaa. asay aij aur crip nay banaya thaa aur iss mein 14 train kaarein thein. track nay quetzaltinengo kuu saan fleep retalolive say jodaa. yaha jald hyee mutty kay today garnay say tabaah how gayaa aur aakhir kaar 1933 mein manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa. quetzaltinengo kay logon kuu abb bhee railway parr behat fakhar hay. shehar kay markaz mein eek railway museum qayem kiyaa gayaa hay. 1990 kii dahayi kay aakhir say quetzaltinengo mein maashi teezi aaa rahee hay jiss kii wajah say yaha guatimalin maeshat mein dosra sabb say ziyadah hasah daalnay waala shehar bunn gayaa hay. iss kii pehli oonchi emaratein tameer honay kay saath toqaa hay kahh 2015 takk iss mein 15 manzilon takk kii emaraton kay saath eek ziyadah numayan iskayi line hogi. 2008 mein central american congress parlesan nay aalaan kiyaa kahh harr 15 satambar cow quetzaltinengo wastee america kaa saqafati darulhukumat hoga. quetzaltinengo kuu 2018 kay wastee americi aur caribean kheelon kii mezbani karnee thee leakin avent kay liye funds kii kamee kii wajah say asay chhod diyaa gayaa. maarch 2022 mein maqami karkanon nay joone 2017 mein municiple hakaam kii taraf say naafiz kardah qanoon kay khalaaf ahtajaj kay liye wailay ddee paljonoj kay qareeb markazi kachray kay zakhiray kuu block karnaa sharoo kiyaa. aab woo hawaa. kopan aab woo hawaa kii darjah bundi kay mutabiq quetzaltinengo mein eek zeeli madarini pahaadi aab woo hawaa ("see dabliyo bee") hay. aam toor parr quetzaltinengo mein aab woo hawaa halki say thandi how sakti hay kabhi kabhaar waqfe waqfe say garm waaqiaat kay saath. rozanah kii buland tareen satah aam toor parr dopahar kay aas paas pahunch jaati hay. iss kay baad say darjah hararat ghair mamuli toor parr teezi say kumm hotaa hay. shehar kaafi khashak hay sawaye barsaat kay mosam kay. quetzaltinango gawatimala kaa sabb say thandaa badaa shehar hay. quetzaltinengo mein duu aham mosam haine (jaisa kahh tamaam gawatimala mein hotaa hay) vovo barsaat kaa mosam juu aam toor parr mayee kay aakhir say aktobar kay aakhir takk chalta hay aur khashak mosam juu nomber kay awail say apreel takk chalta hay. barsaat kay mosam mein baarish muslisil hoti hay aam toor parr dopahar mein leakin aisey mawaqa bhee hotay haine jinn mein saara dunn yaa kumm az kumm sabah kay waqat baarish hoti hay. khashak mosam kay doraan shehar mein aksar maheenon takk baarish kaa eek qatrah bhee nahein paray gaa. sabb say sard mahinay nomber say faroori takk hotay haine jinn mein kumm az kumm darjah hararat ausat aur ziyadah say ziyadah darjah hararat ausat hotaa hay. garm tareen mahinay jolayi say maarch hotay haine jinn mein kumm say kumm darjah hararat ausat aur ziyadah say ziyadah darjah hararat ausat hotaa hay. salanah ausat kumm hay aur ausat ziyadah hay. maeshat. tarikhi toor parr shehar mein gandam makaee phal aur sabziyan paida hoti thein. iss mein maveshiyon kii eek sehat mund sanaat bhee thee. maveshi milk bhar mein aur eel silvador kuu baraamad kiye jaatay thay. 1850 takk gandam sabb say bury baraamad thee iss kay baad kokao cheeni oon aur kapaas kaa number thaa. kheel. quetzaltinengo kalb zeelaju ayem see fitt baal team kaa gahar hay. team estadio maaryo camposico mein muqabilah karti hay jiss kii gunjaish 13,500 hay aur yaha leega national ddee fitt baal ddee gawatimala kii sabb say kamiyab ghair darulhukumat team hay. shehar kii oonchayi kii wajah say behat say khiladiyon nay yahaan khood kuu tayaar kiyaa hay jeesay olympic chaandi kaa tamgha jeetnay waalay airak barondo aur 2004 kii cuba waali baal team. teraki team nay qomi aur beenn alaqwami muqabilon mein kamiyabi haasil kii hay. quetzaltinengo nay 2018 kay wastee americi aur caribean kheelon kii mezbani say dastbardari akhtiyar kirr lee. iss nay 2016 takk 30,000 nashaston waala steadium bananay kay saath saath indor sports aur aabi hayaat kay liye saat nayee sahuliyaat bananay kaa mansubah banaya. nql woo hamal. shehar mein teez aur sastee nql woo harkat kay liye micro basoon kaa nazaam hay. micro buss bunyadi toor parr nashaston say bharee eek bury ween hoti hay. micro basoon kuu inn kay raastay kii bunyaad parr number diyaa jaataa hay (misaal kay toor parr.jee.yee "rotaa 7"). shehar mein hukumat kay zeer intezam maas transport kaa koyee nazaam nahein hay. nql woo hamal kaa waahid awami zariah buss yaa micro basein haine. dosray shehron mein nql woo hamal buss kay zariye farahim kii jaati hay. cycling aas paas jaanay aur deehi elaqon mein jaanay kaa eek tariqah hay. quetzaltinengo hawai addah shehar kuu hawai khidmaat farahim kartaa hay. taleem. quetzaltinengo (zeelah) behat say schoolon aur universityon kaa markaz hay juu maqami logon aur aas paas kay shehron aur mahkamon (riyasaton) kay hazaaron talbaa aur shamali america aur europ kay beenn alaqwami talbaa kuu taleem farahim kartay haine yahee wajah hay kahh yaha gawatimala kay milk kay janub maghrabi/shamaal maghrabi khatay kay liye eek behat aham shehar hay kayee dahayiyon say quetzaltinengo nay tamaam taleemi idaaron kay zariye mamtaz shehri paida kiye haine jinn mein say humm zakar kirr saktay haine: jadwaan shehar-behan shehar. quetzaltinengo kay saath jadwaan hay:

000824bad6a946d8c82fe5e957ff9c01c8d33a8ed05433e795a0e19b531f367d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65203228

Liu Gonghui

Liu Gonghui Liu Gonghui is currently President of Beijing University of Technology, located in Beijing, China. Early life. Liu completed his master's degree in mechanical engineering at China University of Mining and Technology in 1989. In 1992, he received his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the same university. From 1992–1994, he did his postdoc work at Beihang University. Career. In 1994, Liu joined China University of Petroleum as an assistant professor. He was later promoted to professor and deputy president. In 2007, he was appointed president of Beijing Union University. In 2011, he became president of Beijing Information Science and Technology University. In 2015, he became president of Beijing University of Technology. In 2018, he established a collaboration agreement with University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland Awards. In 2011, Liu was awarded the honorary doctor of science degree from Anglia Ruskin University, UK. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

liu gonghui liu gonghui bortoman seenor beijingot owosthito beijing projukti biswobidyaloyor xobhapoti. prarombhik jiwan. liuwe 1989 sonot seenor khoni aaru projukti biswobidyaloyot mechanical engineeringot snatokuttor degree xompurno korisil. 1992 sonot teu pieis. di laabh korisil.di. ekekhon biswobidyaloyor poraa mechanical engineeringot degree. 1992-1994 ror poraa teu teur posted 'korr kaam korisil beihang biswobidyaloyot. keriyar. 1994 sonot liuye cheen petro "liam biswobidyaloyot xohokari odhyapok hisape jugdan korisil. pisoloi teuk odhyapok aaru upo-xobhapoti hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. 2007 sonot teuk beijing union biswobidyaloyor xobhapoti hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 2011 sonot teu beijing tothyo bigyan aaru projukti biswobidyaloyor xobhapoti hoisil. 2015 sonot teu beijing projukti biswobidyaloyor xobhapoti hoisil. 2018 sonot teu polyandor ketuwaisot thoka celsia biswobidyaloyor xoite ek xohojugita sukti sthapon korisil. puroskar. 2011 sonot liuk iuker anglia ruskin biswobidyaloyor poraa xonmaniyo sikitsokor bigyan degree prodan koraa hoisil.

liu gonghui liu gonghui bortomane cheener beijingye abosthito beijing prajukti bishwobidyaloyer sabhapati. prathomik jeebon. liu 1989 saale chean bishwobidyaloyer khoni oo prajukti theke mechanical engineeringye snatakottar degree orjon corren. 1992 saale tini paech. dii laav corren.dii. ekoi vishwavidyalaya theke mechanical engineering-ayee degree. 1992-1994 theke, tini taanr postdok kaaj korechilen beihang bishwobidyaloye. karmajiban. 1994 saale liu sahokari adhyapak hisebe chean petroleum bishwobidyaloye jog deena. porey tini adhyapak oo upo-sabhapati podey unnito hohn. 2007 saale tini beijing union bishwobidyaloyer sabhapati nijukto hohn. 2011 saale tini beijing tothyo bigyan oo prajukti bishwobidyaloyer sabhapati hohn. 2015 saale tini beijing prajukti bishwobidyaloyer sabhapati hohn. 2018 saale tini polyander katouise silesia bishwobidyaloyer sange ekti sahojogita chukti sthapon corren. puraskar. 2011 saale, liu juktorajyer anglia ruskin vishwavidyalaya theke bigyaner sommansuchok doctor degree laav corren.

liu gongui liu gonghui haalmaa beijing, cheenma stheet beijing university off technologyna pramukh chhe. praarambhik jeevan. liuae 1989maan chaaina university off mining anned technologyma mechanical angineeringma master degree purn curry hatee. 1992maan temane piaech. dii. praapt curry hatee.dii. aee jaj universitymathi mechanical angineeringma degree. 1992-1994 thee, temane temnu postdock kaama karyoo beihang universityma. karkirdi. 1994maan, liu sahayak prophesara tareeke chaaina university off petroliyamaa jodaya hataa. baadmaa temne prophesara aneey nayab pramukh tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. 2007maan, temne beijing union universityna pramukh tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2011maan teo beijing information science anned technology universityna pramukh banyaa hataa. 2015maan teo beijing university off technologyna pramukh banyaa hataa. 2018maan temane polendnaa katovisma cylasia university saathe sahyog karaar karyo hato. puraskaaro. 2011 maan, leeune englandnee anglia ruskin universitymathi vignanni maanad doctorni degree enayat karvaamaa aavee hatee.

leeu gonghui leeu gonghui vartamaan mein beijing, chean mein sthit beijing praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh hain. praarambhik jeevan. liu ney 1989 mein chean key khanan aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya mein mechanical engineering mein apani master degree poori kii. 1992 mein, unhone apani ph. dee. praapt kii.dee. usee vishvavidyalaya seey mechanical engineering mein degree. 1992-1994 seey, unhone apana postdock kaam kiya behang vishvavidyalaya mein. carrier. 1994 mein, liu ney sahayak professor key roop mein chean vishvavidyalaya mein pravesh liya. baad mein unhein professor aur upaadhyaksh key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. 2007 mein, unhein beijing union vishvavidyalaya kaa adhyaksh niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 2011 mein, vaha beijing soochana vigyaan aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh baney. 2015 mein, vaha beijing praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh baney. 2018 mein, unhone polland key katovis mein silesia vishvavidyalaya key saath ack sahyog samjhauta kiya. puraskar. 2011 mein, lioo koo anglia ruskin vishvavidyalaya, yuke seey vigyaan kii maanad doctor kii degree seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.

liu gongui liu gongui prastuta cheenaada beejingnalliruva beijing tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayada adhyaksharagiddare. arambhika jeevana. liu 1989ralli cheena ganigaarike mattu tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayadalli mechanical engineeringnalli snatakottara padaviyannu poornagolisidaru. 1992ralli avaru ph. dii padedaru.dii. adhe vishvavidyaalayadinda mechanical engineeringnalli padavi. 1992-1994 ninda, avaru tamma post dock kelasavannu maadidaru bihang vishvavidyaalayadalli. vrattijeevana. 1994ralli, liu avaru sahayaka pradhyapakaragi cheena petroleum vishvavidyaalayakke seridaru. nantara avaru professor mattu upa adhyaksharaagi badti padedaru. 2007ralli, avarannu beijing union vishvavidyaalayada adhyaksharaagi nemisalaayitu. 2011ralli avaru beijing mahiti vignaana mattu tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayada adhyaksharaadaru. 2015ralli avaru beijing tantragyaana vishvavidyaalayada adhyaksharaadaru. 2018ralli, avaru polyandna katovisnalliruva sailsia vishvavidyaanilayadondige sahayogada oppandavannu sthaapisidaru. prashastigalu. 2011ralli, liu avarige inglendna anglia ruskin vishvavidyaalayadinda vignaanada gaurava doctorate padaviyannu nidalaayitu.

liu gonghui nilavil chainayile baijingle sthithi cheiyunna baijing yooniversitti oof teknolajiyude presidentaanu liu gonghui. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1989ll chainayile khanana saankethika sarvakalashaalayil ninnu mechanical enchineeyaringil birudaananthara birudam poortthiyaakki. 1992ll addeham phd nedi.dii. athe sarvakalashaalayil ninnu mechanical enchineeyaringil birudam. 1992-1994 ll ninnu addeham thante postdokku jolie cheythu. baihang sarvakalashaalayil. currier. 1994ll liu chainayile petroleum sarvakalashaalayil asisttant professoraayi chernnu. pinneedu professorayum deputy presidentaayum sthaanakkayattam labhichu. 2007ll addeham baijing union sarvakalaashaalayude presidentaayi niyamithanaayi. 2011ll addeham baijing information sayans aandu teknolaji sarvakalaashaalayude presidentaayi. 2015ll addeham baijing yooniversitti oof teknolajiyude presidentaayi. 2018ll addeham polandile kattovisile silesia sarvakalaashaalayumaayi oru sahakarana karar sthaapichu. avaardukal. 2011ll liu yukeyile anglia ruskin sarvakalashaalayil ninnu oonarari doctor oof sayans birudam nedi.

lioo gonghui lioo gonghui heey sadhya chinmadhil beijing yethe asalelya beijing tantradnyan vidyapithache adhyaksh aahet. prarambhik jeevan. lioo yanni 1989 madhye chinmadhil khaan aanee tantradnyan vidyapithatun yantrik abhiyantrikimadhye padvyuttar padvi purn kelee. 1992 madhye tyanni ph. dii. prapt kelee.dii. tyach vidyapithatun yantrik abhiyantrikichi padvi. 1992-1994 pasoon, tyane tyache postdock kaam kele behang vidyapithat. karkird. 1994 madhye lioo yanni chayana university auph petroliummadhye sahayyak pradhyapak mhanoon pravesh ghetala. nantar tyanna pradhyapak aanee upadhyaksh mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. 2007 madhye tyanchi beijing union vidyapithachya adhyakshapadi niyukti karnyat aalee. 2011 madhye teey beijing mahitee vidnyan aanee tantradnyan vidyapithache adhyaksh jhaale. 2015 madhye teey beijing tantradnyan vidyapithache adhyaksh jhaale. 2018 madhye tyanni polandmadhil katovis yetheel sileshiya vidyapithashi sahkarya karar keela puraskar. 2011 madhye, lioo yanna brittonchya anglia ruskin vidyapithatun manad doctor auph science padvi pradan karnyat aalee.

liu gonghui liu gonghui hall beijing, chinma awasthit beijing university aff technologyka adhyaksha hun. prarambhik jiwan. liyule sann 1989 maa chaina university aff mining anned technologyma mechanical engineeringma master degree pura gare. sann 1992 maa unle afno piechdi prapta gare.dee. sohi vishwavidyalayabata mechanical engineeringma degree. 1992-1994 batt, unle afno postdok kaam gare beihang vishwavidyalayama. currier. sann 1994 maa, liu sahayak pradhyapakko rupma chinn university aff petroliumma samel bhae. pachhi uni pradhyapak rar upadhyakshama padonnati bhae. sann 2007 maa uni beijing union vishwavidyalayaka adhyaksha niyukta bhae. sann 2011 maa uni beijing suchana vigyan rar prawidhi vishwavidyalayaka adhyaksha bane. sann 2015 maa uni beijing university aff technologyka adhyaksha bane. sann 2018 maa unle polandko katovisma raheko silesia vishwavidyalayasanga sahakarya samjhauta gare. puraskar. sann 2011 maa, liulai englia ruskin vishwavidyalaya, belayatbata vigyanko manad daktarko degree pradan garieko thiyo.

liu gongahui liu gongahui bartamana cheenara beijingre abasthita beijing technology biswabidyalajara sabhapati atanti. prarambhika zeeban. liu 1989 ray chean junivarasiti off maining anded teknolojire mechanical injinijaringre snatakottara degree samapta karithile. 1992 masihare shay pii. etch. dii. hassel karithile.dii. sehi ekaa biswabidyalajaru mechanical injinijaringre degree hassel karithile. 1992-1994 ru, shay tankara postdock kaama karithile beihanga biswabidyalajare. kyariyara. 1994 masihare liu chean petroleum biswabidyalajare sahakaree professor bhabe joga deithile. parey shay professor ebong upadhyakhya bhabe padonnati paithile. 2007 masihare shay beijing union biswabidyalajara adhyakhya bhabe nijukta hoithile. 2011 masihare shay beijing suchana bigyana ebong prajukti biswabidyalajara adhyakhya hoithile. ହୋଇଥିଲେ। shay beijing technology biswabidyalajara adhyakhya hoithile. 2018 masihare shay polander katowisasthita silesia biswabidyalaja sahita eka sahjog chuktinama sthapana karithile. puraskara. 2011 ray, liu brittener angalia ruskin biswabidyalajaru sammanajanaka doctor off sines degree pradan karajaithila.

lioo gongui leeoo gongui iss vele cheen dey beijing witch sathit beijing university aaf technology dey pardhan hunn. mudhla jeevan. lioo neey 1989 witch cheen university aaf mining aind technology toon mechanical engineering witch aapni maastar digri puurii keeti. 1992 witch uhanan neey aapni ph. dee. keeti.dee. use university toon mechanical engineering witch digri. 1992-1994 toon, usne aapna postdock kamm keeta beihang university witch. carrier. 1994 witch, lioo neey cheen dee petroleum university witch sahaik professor vajon dakhla liaa. baad witch uhanan noon professor atey upp pardhan vajon tarakki ditti gaee. sann 2007 witch, uhanan noon beijing union university daa pardhan niyukat keeta giaa see. sann 2011 witch uh beijing soochna vigiaan atey technology university dey pardhan baney. sann 2015 witch uh beijing university aaf technology dey pardhan baney. saal 2018 witch, unhan neey poland dey catovis witch sileshia university naal ikk sahiyog samjhauta keeta. puraskar. saal 2011 witch, lioo noon anglia ruskin university, yuu. keey. toon aanreri doctor aaf science dee digri naal sanmanit keeta giaa see.

liyu gongui liyu gonghui ityeshah samprati chinadeshasya beijing-nagare sthitasya beijing-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalayasya adhyakshah asti. praarambhikajeevanam. liyu 1989 tame varshe chainaa-vishvavidyaalaye khanan-praudyogikee-madhye yantrika-abhiyaantrike snaatakottarapadaveem praptavan. 1992 tame varshe saha pi. ech. dii. praptavan.dee. tasmin eva vishvavidyaalayaat yantrika-abhiyaantrike snaatakapadaveem praptavan. 1992-1994 ityatah saha swasya postdock-karyam krutavaan. behaang vishvavidyaalaye. vruttihi. 1994 tame varshe, liyu, chayana-vishvavidyaalaye sahaayakapradhyaapakatven pravishtah. pashchat saha pradhyapakaha, upadhyakshah cha iti padonnatah abhavat. 2007 tame varshe saha beejing-union-vishvavidyaalayasya adhyakshatvena niyuktah. 2011 tame varshe saha beejing-suchana-vijnaana-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalayasya adhyakshah abhavat. 2015 tame varshe saha beejing-vishvavidyaalayasya praudyogikee-vibhaagasya adhyakshah abhavat. 2018 tame varshe, saha polend-deshasya katovais-nagare sthitena silesia-vishvavidyaalayena saha sahayog-karaaram sthapitavan. puraskaaraah. 2011 tame varshe, liyu ityayam yoo. key. deshasya anglia-ruskin-vishvavidyaalayaat vidnyaanasya maanad-vaidyapadaveem praptavan.

liu kongui liu kongui tharpoothu chinaavin beijingle amainthulla beijing thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththin thalaivaraaga ullaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. 1989 aam aandil chinaavin suranga mattrum thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththil iyanththira poriyiyalil muthukalaip pattam pettraar. 1992 aam aandil, avar thanathu Ph.dii. athae palkalaikkazhagaththil iyanththirap poriyiyalil pattam pettraar. 1992-1994 ilirunththu, avar thanathu poast tock vaelaiyaich seithaar beehang palkalaikkazhagaththil. thozhil. 1994 aam aandil, liu chinaavin petrooliyam palkalaikkazhagaththil udhavi paeraasiriyaraaga saernthaar. pinnar avar paeraasiriyaraagavum thunaith thalaivaraagavum padhavi uyarvu pettraar. 2007 aam aandil, avar beijing union palkalaikkazhagaththin thalaivaraaga niyamikkappattaar. 2011 aam aandil, avar beijing thagaval ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththin thalaivaraaga aanaar. 2015 aam aandil, avar beijing thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththin thalaivaraaga aanaar. 2018 aam aandil, avar poalanthin kadovisil ulla sailesia palkalaikkazhagaththudan oru oththulaippu oppanthaththai niruvinaar. viruthugal. 2011 aam aandil, liu englaandhin anglia ruskin palkalaikkazhagaththil irunthu kavurava doctor off sayins pattam pettraar.

liu gongui liu gongui prastutam chainaalooni beijing loe unna beijing university off technologyki adhyakshudu. prarambha jeevitam. jeevitam chaina university off maining und technologylo mechanical injaneeringlo masters degree puurti chesaaru. chesaaru ayana pihech andukunnaru.dii. adhe vishwavidyaalayam nundi mechanical injaneeringlo degree. 1992-1994 nundi, athanu thana post dock pani chesaadu beehang vishwavidhyaalayamlo. vrutti. vrutti, liu chaina petrolium vishwavidhyaalayamlo assistant professorga cheraaru. taruvaata ayana professor mariyu deputy president gaa padoonnati pondaaru. pondaaru ayana beijing union vishwavidyaalayam adhyakshudiga niyamitulayyaaru. avaardulu ayana beijing information sains und technology vishwavidhyaalayaaniki adhyakshudayyaru. adhyakshudayyaru ayana beijing university off technologyki adhyakshudayyaru. adhyakshudayyaru, athanu polandloni katovisloni sailsia vishwavidyaalayamtho sahakaara oppandaanni kudurchukunnadu. avaardulu. avaardulu, liu yukeloni anglia ruskin vishwavidyaalayam nundi gourava doctor off sains degreeni andukunnaru.

liyo gongoyi liyo gonghoyi iss waqat beijing university aaf technology kay sadr haine juu beijing cheen mein waaqa hay. ibtadayi zindagi. liyo nay 1989 mein chayina university aaf mining aind technology say mechanical engineering mein maaster digri makmal kii. 1992 mein inhon nay pee aich ddee kii digri haasil kii.ddee. asee university say mechanical engineering mein digri. 1992-1994 say iss nay apnaa post ddaak kaa kaam kiyaa behang university mein. carrier. 1994 mein liyo nay batoor assistent professor chayina university aaf patroleem mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. baad mein inhein professor aur naib sadr kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. 2007 mein inhein beijing union university kaa sadr muqarar kiyaa gayaa. 2011 mein wah beijing information science aind technology university kay sadr banay. 2015 mein wah beijing university aaf technology kay sadr banay. 2018 mein inhon nay poland kay katovees mein university aaf celesia kay saath taawan kaa muahidah kiyaa. ewards. 2011 mein liyo kuu anglia ruskin university bartaniah say aizazi doctor aaf science kii digri say nawaza gayaa.

000826d307efb0cd34ef12dc67b8b3f743248baef2d34560b6591e8cf651cc97

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8672499

Shell Chemicals

Shell Chemicals Petrochemicals division of Shell plc Shell Chemicals is the petrochemicals arm of Shell plc. The name "Shell Chemicals" refers to the nearly seventy companies engaged in chemicals businesses for Shell, which together make up one of the largest petrochemical producers in the world. The company has a wide range of products that include acetone, aromatics, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycols, alkenes, nonene, phenol, polyethylene, polyols, and solvents. History. Shell companies first entered the chemicals industry in 1929, via a partnership with Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken in the Netherlands called NV Mekog, which manufactured ammonia from coke-oven gas produced at the steelworks in IJmuiden. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Shell Chemical Company (founded 1929) began the world's first production of ammonia from natural gas in California in 1931. It also started production of chemical solvents from refinery gases in California during the early 1930s, while in 1942, it pioneered the production of butadiene, a key raw material for synthetic rubbers. In 1941, production of "Teepol" liquid detergent began at Stanlow in the UK, the first manufacture of a petroleum-based organic chemical in Europe. Through out the years as Shell Chemicals business grows inline with the Oil and Gas segment, many plants were set up globally. The Teepol brand is now manufactured in different counterparts globally. Among them are Teepol Products UK based at Orpington in Greater London and Teepol Malaysia based at Klang in Malaysia. From there it is sold worldwide. In the decades that have followed, Shell Chemicals companies have been significant players in the growth of the global petrochemicals sector and have developed some of its key manufacturing processes. Portfolio of businesses. The Shell Chemicals portfolio is focused on six product businesses and two international joint ventures. It includes the operation a number of large-scale plants that produce high volume products. The companies included in Shell Chemicals employ around 8,500 people worldwide. Key manufacturing locations. Shell Chemicals companies source product from manufacturing facilities around the world. Some of these facilities are operated by Shell Chemicals companies, some by other businesses within the Shell Group and others by joint ventures in which Shell holds varying levels of investment. Currently, Shell Chemicals companies' main manufacturing locations for petrochemical building blocks are: <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xel raxayonik podartho xel raxayonik podartho hoise xel pi. el. chi.-ror petro "chemical xakha. xel raxayonik podartho" naamtuwe xelor baabe raxayonik byowoxayot niyujit pray xottorta companyk bujay, jibure ekeloge biswor onyotomo brihot petro "raxayonik utpadok. companytur usorot bibhinno dhoronor xamogri aase jaar bhitorot aase aceton, xugondhi, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, elkin, noo 'ninn, fenol, polyethylene, poliul aaru drobok. itihax. xel companyxomuhe 1929 sonot netherlandor eno. bhi. macog naamor coningcolizoke netherlandse huguvence eno stalfabriacanor xoite ongxidaritwor joriyote prothombaror baabe raxayonik udyugot prowex korisil, jiye izmuidenor steelworkxomuhot utpadito kuk-bunaa gesor poraa emunia utpadon korisil. ifale, aamerika juktorastrot, xel raxayonik companye (1929 sonot protistha) 1931 sonot californiat prakritik gesor poraa biswor prothomtu emunia utpadon aarombho korisil. ee 1930-ror doxokor aarombhonite californiat xudhnagar gesor poraa raxayonik drobok utpadon aarombho korisil, aanhate 1942 sonot ee kritrim robaror baabe ek mool kesa xamogri butadin utpadonor poth prodorxok hoisil. 1941 sonot europor petro "liam-bhittik joibik raxayonik podarthor prothom utpadon" tipol "torol detergentor utpadon aarombho hoisil. bosor bosor dhori tel aaru ges khondor xoite khaap khaai khuwa raxayonik byoboxai briddhi huwar loge loge biswojuri bohutu prokolpo sthapon koraa hoisil. ti-poll brendtu etiya biswobyapi bibhinno xomotulyot nirman koraa hoy. iyar bhitorot aase greater londonor orpingtonot owosthito iuker tipol xamogri aaru maloyesiyar klangto owosthito tipol maloyesiya. taar poraa iyak biswojuri bikri koraa hoy. iyar pisor doxokburot, xel raxayonik companybure biswo petro "raxayonik khondor bikaxot guruttopurno bhumika paalon korise aaru iyar kisuman guruttopurno utpadon prokriya bikoxito korise. byowoxayor portof 'lo'. xel raxayonik portof 'lio' tu soita xamogrir byoboxai aaru dutaa antohrastriyo jutiya udyugor uporot gurutwo aarup korise. iyar bhitorot aase brihot porimanor xamogri utpadon koraa keibatau brihot porimanor prokolpo. xel raxayonik podarthor ontorbhukto companyxomuhe biswojuri pray 8,500 lukok nijukti diye. mool utpadon sthanxomuh. xel raxayonik companyxomuhe xomogro biswor utpadon xubidhar poraa xamogrir utxo hisape loy. iyare kisuman xubidha xel raxayonik companye porisalona kore, kisuman xel gutor bhitorot thoka aan byowoxayxomuhe aaru aanbur jutiya udyugor dwara zo 'too xelor bibhinno storor biniyug thaake. bortoman, petro "chemical building blokor baabe xel raxayonik companyxomuhor mukhyo utpadon sthanxomuh hoh" loh

shale rasayanik shale chemical holl shale pii. ell. shee-rawr petrochemicals shakha. shale chemicals" namti sheler jonno rasayanik byabosar saathe jorito pray sottorti kompanike bojhai, jaa eksathe bishwer brihottomo petrochemical utpadokder modhye ekti. sangosthar kachhe acetone, sugandhi, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, alkins, nonin, fennel, polyethylene, polyol ebong drabok soho ponnogulir ekti bistrito porisor royeche. itihas. shale kompaniguli 1929 saale netherlandser envi mekog naame porichito koninkolijke netherlandshe hugovens enn stalfabricaner saathe angshidaritter madhyome rasayanik shilpe prothom probesh korey, jaa izmuidener ispat kaaje utpadito kooka-bonna gyasa theke amonia toiri koroto. edike, markin juktorashtre, shale rasayanik sangostha (1929 saale protisthito) 1931 saale california prakritik gyasa theke bishwer prothom amonia utpadon shuru korey. etty 1930-err doshoker godar dike california shodhnagar gyasa theke rasayanik drabok utpadono shuru korey, jekhane 1942 saale, etty synthetic rabarer jonno ekti mool kanchamal butadine utpadoner pothprodorshok hoy. 1941 saale, juktorajyer stanlote "tipple" torol detergenter utpadon shuru hoy, jaa europe petroleum-vittik joibo rasayaniker prothom utpadon. teela oo gyasa bibhager sange samanjasya rekhe shale chemical byabosa briddhi pawa saaraa bochor dhorey bishwobyapi onek karkhana sthapon koraa hoyeche. tii-poll brandti ekhon bishwobyapi bivinno protirupe toiri koraa hoy. err modhye royeche brihottor londoner orpington vittik juktorajyer tipol ponno ebong malayeshiyar klang vittik tipol malaysia. sekhan theke etty bishwobyapi bikri hoy. poroborti doshokgulite, shale chemical kompaniguli bishwobyapi petrochemical sectorer briddhite ullekhjoggo bhumika palon koreche ebong err kichhu mool utpadon prokriya bikash koreche. byabosar portfolio. shale chemical portfolio chhoyti ponno byabosa ebong duti antorjatik joutho uddoger upor drishti niboddho korey. err modhye royeche besh koyekti borh akarer karkhana jaa uchcho matrar ponno utpadon korey. shale chemicaler antarbhukta sangosthaguli bishwobyapi pray 8,500 lokke niyog korey. prodhan utpadon sthan. shale chemical kompaniguli saaraa bishwer utpadon kendra theke ponner utso. eyi subidhagulir modhye koyekti shale chemical company dwara porichalito hoy, kichhu shale grouper modhye anyanno byabosa dwara ebong onnoguli joutho uddog dwara porichalito hoy jekhane shale bivinno storer biniyog dharon korey. bortomane, petrochemical bilding blocker jonno shale chemical kompanigulir prodhan utpadon sthanguli holoh

shhale rasaayano shhale chemicals aee shhale plcni petrochemicals shaakha chhe. shhale chemicals" naam shhale maate rasaayanona vyavsayma rokaayelee lagbhag sitter companyono ullekh karey chhe, jeey eksaathe vishvanaa sauthee motaa petrochemical utpadakomani aek chhe. kampani paase utpaadanoni vishaal shrenee chhe jemaa acetone, aeromatics, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, alkins, none, phenol, polyethylene, polyols aneey solvantano samaavesh thaay chhe. itihas. shhale companyoae saupratham 1929maan rasaayanona udhogma pravesh karyo hato, jemaa envi macog tareeke odakhaata netherlandma koninklijke nederlandshe hoogovens aena stalfabricane saatheni bhagidari dwara, jeey ismuidenma steelworkma utpaadit qoqa-vanaayela gasemathi emonia utpaadan karatee hatee. darmiyan, united statesma, shhale chemical kampani (1929nee sthaapnaa) aee 1931maan californiama koodarti gasemathi emonia vishvanu pratham utpaadan sharoo karyoo. tene 1930naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa californiama refinery gasemathi rasayanik draavakonu utpaadan pann sharoo karyoo, jyaare 1942maan, tene krutrim rubber maate mukhya kaacha maal beautadine utpaadan sharoo karyoo. 1941maan, europema petroliyama aadharit carbonic rasaayannu pratham utpaadan, yukemaa stanlo khaate "tipol" pravaahi detergentnu utpaadan sharoo thayu. jaim jaim shhale rasaayanono vyavsaay teela aneey gases vibhag saathe susangat reete vadhe chhe, tema tema vaishvik stare ghanaa plant sthapvama aavyaa hataa. tipol brandnu utpaadan havey vaishvik stare viveedh samkakshoma thaay chhe. temaa grater londonma orpington stheet tipol utpaadno aneey maleshiyama clang stheet tipol maleshiya saamel chhe. tyaanthi teey vishvbharma vechaay chhe. pachhinaa daykaoma, shhale chemicals companyo vaishvik petrochemicals kshetrana vikasma nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajvi chhe aneey tenee ketalik mukhya utpaadan prakriyaao vikasavi chhe. vyavasaayono portfolio. shhale chemicals portfolio chh utpaadan vyavasaayo aneey beey aantarrashtriy sanyukt saahso parr kendrit chhe. temaa sankhyaabandh motaa paaye plantsnee kaamgeereeno samaavesh thaay chhe jeey uchch jaththaana utpadanonu utpaadan karey chhe. shhale chemicalsma samavisht companyo vishvbharma aashre 8,500 lokone rojgaari aape chhe. mukhya utpaadan sthaano. shhale chemicals companyo vishvbharni utpaadan suvidhaomathi utpadanno srot banaave chhe. aamaani ketalik suveedhao shhale chemicals companyo dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe, ketalik shhale juthamaa anya vyavasaayo dwara aneey anya sanyukt saahso dwara jemaa shhale rokaanaa viveedh staro dharaave chhe. haalmaa, petrochemical building blocks maate shhale chemicals companyona mukhya utpaadan sthalo chheh

khol rasayan khol rasayan, khol plc kii petrochemical shakha haye. shale chemicals" naam shale key liye rasayan vyavsaayon mein luggy lagbhag sattar companiyon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe ack saath duniya key sabse badey petrochemical utpadakon mein seey ack hain. company key paas utpaadon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala haye jisamen acetone, sugandhit, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycoles, alkien, none, phenol, polyethylene, polyols aur solvents shamil hain. itihas. shale companiyon ney pahali baar 1929 mein rasayan udyog mein pravesh kiya, neetherland mein nv mekog naamak conincliseke nederlandshey hoogovens aine stalfabricane key saath saajhedaari key madhyam seey, joe ezuiden mein steelwork mein utpaadit cock-boney gais seey amonia kaa nirmaan karati thee. iss beach, sanyukt raajya america mein, shale rasayanik company (1929 kii sthaapana) ney 1931 mein california mein praakritik gais seey amonia kaa duniya kaa pahala utpaadan shuru kiya. isane 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein california mein refinery gasses seey rasayanik solvents kaa utpaadan bhee shuru kiya, jabaki 1942 mein, isane synthetic rubber key liye ack pramukh kachche maal, beautadine key utpaadan kaa beedaa uthaaya. 1941 mein, "tipol" taral detergent kaa utpaadan britten mein stanlo mein shuru huaa, joe europe mein petroleum-adharit javic rasayan kaa pahala nirmaan thaa. varshon seey jaise-jaise khol rasayan vyavasaay tail aur gais khand key saath badhata haye, kaee sanyantra vaishvik star parr sthaapit kiye gaye they. tipol brand abb vishva star parr vibhinn samkakshon mein nirmit haye. unamen seey tipol utpaad britten mein grater landan mein orpington mein sthit hain aur tipol malaysia mein klang mein sthit hain. vahaan seey yeh duniya bhar mein becha jaataa haye. isake baad key dashakon mein, shale rasayan companiyan vaishvik petrochemical kshetra key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati rahee hain aur unhone isaki kuchh pramukh vinirmaan prakriyaon koo vikasit kiya haye. vyavsaayon kaa portfolio. shale chemicals portfolio chhah utpaad vyavsaayon aur dou antarrashtriya sanyukt udyamon parr kendrit haye. isamen kaee badey paimaane key sanyantra shamil hain joe uchch matra vaale utpaadon kaa utpaadan karate hain. khol rasayanon mein shamil companiyaan duniya bhar mein lagbhag 8,500 logon koo rojgar detee hain. pramukh vinirmaan sthaan. shale rasayan companiyaan duniya bhar mein vinirmaan suvidhaon seey utpaad kaa srot hain. inmein seey kuchh suvidhaaen shale rasayan companiyon dwara sanchaalit kii jaati hain, kuchh shale samooh key bheetar anya vyavsaayon dwara aur anya sanyukt udyamon dwara jinamen shale nivesh key vibhinn staron koo dhaaran kartaa haye. vartamaan mein, petrochemical building blocks key liye shale rasayan companiyon key mukhya vinirmaan sthaan hainh

chippu rasayanikagalu chippu rasayanikagalu chippu plc yaya petrochemicals angavagide. shell chemicals" emba hesaru shelgaagi rasayanika vevahaaragalalli todagiruva sumaru eppattu kampanigalannu soochisuttade, ivu ottaagi vishvada atidodda petrochemical utpaadakaralli ondaagide. kampaniyu acetone, aromatics, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycolgalu, aalkeengalu, nanen, feenal, polyethylene, paliyolgalu mattu draavakagalannu olagondiruva vyapaka shreniya utpannagalannu hondide. itihaasa. shell kampanigalu modala baarige 1929 ralli rasayanika udyamavannu praveshisidavu, netherlandsnalli envi mccog endu kareyalpaduva koninklijke netherlandsshe hoogovens enn stallfabricane jotegina paaludaarikeya moolaka, idu izmuidenna ukkina kelasagalli utpattiyaguva coque-neyda aniladinda amoniavannu tayaarisitu. etanmadhye, united statesnalli, shell rasayanika kampaniyu (1929 ralli sthapanegonda) 1931 ralli californiadalli naisargika aniladinda vishvada modala amoniyaada utpaadaneyannu praarambhisitu. idu 1930 rahra dashakada aarambhadalli californiadalli samskarana anilagalinda rasayanika draavakagala utpaadaneyannu praarambhisitu, aadare 1942 ralli, idu samshleshita rabbargalige pramukha kachcha vastuvaada beautadine utpaadaneyannu praarambhisitu. 1941ralli, europinalli petroleum aadhaarita saavayava raasaayanikada modala tayaarikeyaada "teapol" drava marjakada utpaadaneyu yukeya stanlodalli praarambhavaayitu. taila mattu anila vibhagakke anugunavagi chippu rasayanikagala vyaapaaravu beleyuttiruva varsagalalli, jagatikavagi aneka ghatakagalannu sthaapisalaayitu. teapol brand annu eega jagatikavagi vividha sahavartigalalli tayaarisalaaguttade. avugalalli grater london arpington moolada yuke teapol utpannagalu mattu maleshyaada clang moolada teapol maleshya utpannagalu serive. allinda idannu vishvaadyanta marata maadalaaguttade. nantarada dasakagalalli, shell rasayanika kampanigalu jagatika petrochemicals valayada belavanigeyalli gamanarha patra vahisive mattu adara kelavu pramukha utpadana prakriyegalannu abhivraddhipadisive. vevahaaragala bandavaala. shell chemicals portfolio aaru utpanna vyavahaaragalu mattu eradu antararashtriya junty udyamagala mele kendrikrutavagide. idu hecchina pramanada utpannagalannu utpaadisuva halavaaru dodda pramanada ghatakagalannu olagondide. shell rasayanikagalalli serisalaada kampanigalu vishvaadyanta sumaru 8,500 janarige udyoga niiduttave. pramukha utpadana sthalagalu. shell rasayanika kampanigalu prapanchadaadyantada utpadana soulabhyagalinda utpannavannu padeyuttave. ee soulabhyagalalli kelavu shell rasayanika kampanigalinda, kelavu shell gumpinolagina itara vyavahaaragalinda mattu itaravugalu shell vividha mattada hoodikeyannu hondiruva junty udyamagalinda nirvahisalpaduttave. prastuta, shell rasayanika kampanigala petrochemical building blaakgala pramukha utpadana sthalagalu heegiveh

shell rasavasthukkal shell plcyude petrochemical vibhagamaanu shell chemicals. shell chemicals" enna peru shellinu raasavasthukkalude bisinessil earppettirikkunna ezhupatholam kambanikale soochippikkunnu, avaa orumichu lokathile ettavum valia petrochemical uthppaadakaril onnaanu. asettoon, aarometiks, ethylene ooksaid, ethylene glycolukal, alkeenukal, noneen, phenol, polyethileen, polyolukal, layakangal enniva ulppedunna vaividhyamaarnna uthppannangal kambanikkundu. charithram. 1929ll shell kambanikal aadyamaayi raasa vyavasaayathil praveshichathu netherlandsile konkilijke netherlandshe hoogovans enn staalfaabreekkan enna envi mecogumaayulla pankaalithatthiloodeyaanu, ithu ijmuidan steel varkkukalil ulppaadippikkunna kookk-neytha vaathakathil ninnu amonia nirmmikkunnu. athesamayam, amerikkayil, shell kemikkal kambani (1929 ll sthaapithamaayathu) 1931 ll kaaliforniyayil prakrithivaathakathil ninnu lokathile aadyathe amonia uthppaadanam aarambhichu. 1930 kalude thudakkathil kaaliforniyayile refinery vaathakangalil ninnulla raasa laayakangalude uthppaadanavum aarambhichu, athesamayam 1942 ll synthetic rabbarukalude pradhana asamskritha vasthukkalaaya beautadine uthppaadippikkunnathin thudakkamittu. 1941ll europile petroleum adhishtitha jaiva raasavasthukkalude aadya nirmmanamaaya "teapol" draavaka dittarjantinte uthpaadanam yukeyile staanloyil aarambhichu. enna, vathaka vibhaagathin anusrithamaayi shell kemikkal bisinesses valarunna varshangaliludaneelam aagolathalathil niravadhi plaantukal sthaapikkappettu. teapol brand ippol aagolathalathil vividha athiraalikalil nirmmikkappedunnu. grettar landanile oorpingtan aasthaanamaayulla yukeyile teapol uthppannangalum malaysiayile klang aasthaanamaayulla teapol malaysia avayil ulppedunnu. avide ninnu ithu lokamembaadum vilkkunnu. thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil, shell kemikkal kambanikal aagola petrochemical mekhalayude valarchayil pradhana punk vahikkukayum athinte chila pradhana nirmmaana prakriyakal vikasippikkukayum cheythu. bisinasukalude portfolio. shell chemicals portfolio aarr uthppanna bisinasukalilum rund anthaaraashtra samyuktha samrambhangalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. uyarnna alavilulla uthppannangal uthppaadippikkunna niravadhi valia thothilulla plaantukalude pravartthanam ithil ulppedunnu. shell kemikkalukalil ulppedunna kambanikal lokamembaadumaayi ekadesham 8,500 perkku jolie nalkunnu. pradhana nirmmaana sthalangal. shell kemikkal kambanikal lokamembaadumulla nirmmaana kendrangalil ninnu uthppannam uravidamaakkunnu. eee soukaryangalil chilath shell kemikkal kambanikalum chilath shell grouppinullile mattu bisinessukalum mattullava vividha thalatthilulla nikshepam nadathunna samyuktha samrambhangalumaan. nilavil, petrochemical building blokkukalkkaayulla shell kemikkal kambanikalude pradhana nirmmaana sthalangal ivayaanu

khol rasayanharu khol rasayanharu khol plcko petrochemical shakha how. khol rasayan" namle kholka lagi rasayan wyawasayama sanlagna lagbhag 70 companyharulai janaunchha, june milera wishwako sabaibhanda thulo petrochemical utpadakharu madhye ek how. companysanga acetone, aeromatics, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycoles, alkins, none, finol, polyethylene, polyols rar solventharu samawesh garne utpadanharuko wistrit shrinkhala chha. itihas. shale companyharule pahilo patak sann 1929 maa rasayan udyogma prawesh gare, netherlandsko coningcoliske nederlandsche hugovens enn stalfabricancesangko sajhedari marfat enbhi mekog bhaninchha, jasle ismuidenko stilworkma utpadit cock-bone gyansabata amonia utpadan garthyo. yasaibich, sanyukta rajya americama, khol rasayanik company (1929 maa sthapit) ley 1931 maa californiama prakritik gyansabata amoniako wishwako pahilo utpadan suru garyo. yasale 1930 ko dashakko suruma californiama refinery gyansharubata rasayanik wilayakharuko utpadan pani suru garyo, jabki 1942 maa, yasale synthetic rabarharuka lagi pramukh kachcha mall byutadainako utpadanlai agragami banayo. sann 1941 maa, europema petroliumma adharit jaivik rasayanko pahilo utpadan, belayatko stanloma "tipol" taral detergentko utpadan suru bhayo. warshaunsamma khol rasayan wyawasaya tel rar gyaans khandasanga mildojuldo badhdai jaanda, dherai plantharu vishwawyapi rupma sthapana gariyo. tipol brand ahile vishwawyapi rupma vibhinna samakakshaharuma nirman garieko chha. timadhye greater londonko arpingatanma adharit belayatka tipol utpadanharu rar malesiako klangma adharit tipol malesia chhan. tyahanbata yo vishwabhar bikri hunchha. pachhilla dashakharuma, khol rasayan companyharu vishwawyapi petrochemical kshetrako vikasma mahatwapurna kheladiharu hun rar yasaka kehi pramukh utpadan prakriyaharu vikas gareka chhan. wyawasayaharuko portfolio. shale chemicals portfolio chha wata utpadan wyawasaya rar dui antarrashtriya sanyukta udyamharuma kendrit chha. yasama dherai thula-starka plantharu samawesh chhan jasle uccha matrama utpadanharu utpadan gardacha. khol rasayanma samawesh companyharule vishwawyapi rupma lagbhag 8,500 manisharulai rojgari dinchha. pramukh utpadan sthanharu. khol rasayan companyharule vishwabharka utpadan suwidhaharubata utpadanharu srota garchhan. yee madhye kehi suwidhaharu khol rasayan companyharudwara sanchalit chhan, kehi khol samuhabhitraka anya wyawasayaharudwara rar anya sanyukta udyamharudwara jasma kholle vibhinna starko lagani rakhchha. hall, petrochemical nirman blockharuka lagi khol rasayan companyharuko mukhya nirman sthanharu hunh

shale rasajanika shale chemicals heuchhi shale pii. ell. sii. rahr petrochemicals shakha . shale chemicals" namati praiah praiah companyku bujhae, jeunmane shale paain rasajanika byabasajare nijojita achanti, jaahaa milita bhabe biswara sarbabruhata petrochemical utpadakamananka madhyaru anyatama. company pakhare acetone, aromatics, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, alkin, nonin, fennel, polyethylene, polyel ebong drabaka sameth aneka prakarara utpada achhi . itihas. shale companygudika prathame 1929 ray rasajanika shilpare prabesha karithile, netherlander koninkalijke netherlandshe hogovence enn stalfabricane sahita eka bhagidari madhyamare jaahaaku enbhi mekoga kuhajae, jaahaa ismuidenera ispat karjyare utpadita coke-bohn gyasaru amonia utpadana karithila . iti madhyare, juktarastrare, shale chemical company (1929 ray sthapita) 1931 ray kalipharniaare prakrutika gyasaru amonia utpadana arambha karithila. ehaa 1930 dashkar prarambhare californier bisodhanagara gyasaru rasajanika drabaka utpadana madhya arambha karithila, jetebele 1942 ray, ehaa synthetic rabar paain eka pramukh kanchamal butadine utpadanare agrani hoithila . 1941 masihare, yuropara petroleum-aadharita jaibika rasajanika padarthara pratham utpadana, brittener stanlothare "tii-pole" tarala detergenter utpadana arambha hoithila. taila ebong gas bibhaga sahita anuroopa bhabare shale chemical byabasai brudhi paiba sahita barsha barsha dhari biswabyapee aneka plant pratistha karajaithila . tii-pole brand ebe biswara bibhinna samakakhyare nirmita heuchhi. segudika madhyare greater londner arpingatan sthita britenra tii-pole utpada ebong malaysier klangare abasthita tii-pole malesia rahichhi. setharu ehaa saaraa bisware bikri hue . parabarti dashandhigudikare, shale chemical companygudika biswa petrochemical khetrara abhibruddhire gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karichanti ebong ehara keteka pramukh utpadana prakrijaku bikashita karichanti. byabasajara portfolio. shale chemical portfolio chhaati utpada byabasai ebong duiti antarjatija milita udyoga upare dhyana deithae. ethire aneka budd dharanara planter parichalana antarbhukta jaahaa uccha parimanara utpada utpadana kare . shale kemikalre antarbhukta companygudika saaraa bisware praiah 8,500 lokanku nijukti deithae. pramukh utpadana sthana. shale chemical companygudika saaraa biswara utpadana subidhagudikaru utpada utsa karanti . ehi subidha gudika madhyaru keteka shale chemical company dwara parichalita, keteka shale group madhyare thiba anya byabasai dwara ebong anyamane milita udyoga dwara parichalita jeunthire shale bibhinna starar nibesh dhaaran karithae. bartamana, petrochemical building block paain shale chemical companygudikara mukhya utpadana sthana heuchhih

shell rasayan shell rasayan shell pee. aill. see. dee petro chemical shakha haii. shell chemicals" naam lagbhag sattar companyan noon darsaunda haii joe shell laee rasainan dey carobar witch rujhiaan hoiaan hunn, joe mill keey dunia dey sabh toon vadde petro chemical utpadakan vicchon ikk hunn. company cole utpadan dee ikk vishal shreni haii jiss witch acetone, aromatics, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, alkinan, nanin, phenol, polyethylene, polyol atey gholak shamal hunn. itihaas. shell companyan neey pahili vaar 1929 witch rasayan udyog witch pravesh keeta, needarlands witch nv mekog namak conynclegeke nederlandshay hoogovence ainn stelfabricane naal bhaiwali raahin, jiss neey isemuiden witch steel works witch paida hoee cock-bunee hoee gais toon amonia daa nirman keeta. iss dauran, sanyukat raaj amrica witch, shell rasayanak company (1929 dee sathapana) neey 1931 witch california witch kudrati gais toon amonia daa vishav daa pahila utpadan shuru keeta. iss neey 1930 dey dahake dey arambh witch california witch refinery gaisan toon rasayanak gholkan daa utpadan vee shuru keeta, jadon kii 1942 witch, iss neey synthetic rubbed laee ikk pramukh kaccha maal, butadine dey utpadan dee shuruat keeti. 1941 witch, "tipol" taral detergent daa utpadan yuke witch stanlo vikhe shuru hoiaa, joe yoorap witch petroleum adharat jaivik rasayan daa pahila nirman see. tail atey gais hisse dey anusar shell rasainan daa carobar vadhan dey saalan dauran, vishav paddhar 'teey bahut saare plant sathapat keete gaye sunn. tipol brand hunn vishav paddhar 'teey vakkh-vakkh hamrutba witch nirmit keeta jaanda haii. inhan witch greater london witch orpington witch adharat tipol utpaad atey maleshia witch klang witch adharat tipol maleshia shamal hunn. utthon ih dunia bharr witch vechiaa jaanda haii. iss toon baad dey dahakiaan witch, shell rasayanak companyan vishwaviaapi petro chemical khetar dey vikas witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaundiyan rahiaan hunn atey iss deeaan kujh pramukh nirman prakiriaavan vikast keetiaan hunn. karobaran daa portfolio. shell chemicals portfolio chhe utpaad karobaran atey doou antarashtari sanjhe uddman 'teey kendrit haii. iss witch bahut saare vadde paddhar dey plant shamal hunn joe ucch matra witch utpadan daa utpadan karde hunn. shell rasainan witch shamal companyan dunia bharr witch lagbhag 8,500 lokan noon naukari dindiaan hunn. pramukh nirman sathaan. shell rasayan companyan dunia bharr deeaan nirman sahulatan toon utpaad prapat kardiaan hunn. inhan vicchon kujh sahulatan shell rasayanak companyan duaara sanchalit keetiaan jandiaan hunn, kujh shell samooh dey ander horr karobaran duaara atey horr sanjhe uddman duaara jinhan witch shell vakkh-vakkh padhran dey nivesh noon rakkhda haii. varatman witch, petro chemical building blakan laee shell rasayanak companyan dey mukkh nirman sathaan hann

shell-chemicals shell-rasaayanaah shell-pee. ell. see. ityasya petrochemicals-shakha asti. shell chemicals" iti naam, shell-krute rasaayan-vyavasaayeshu samlagnanam praayah saptataree-kampanee-ityetaan soochayati, ye militvaa vishvasya bruhattameshu petrochemical-utpaadakeshu anyatamaani santi. kampanee-samsthaayaam acetone, aromatics, ethylene oxad, ethylene glacals, alkins, noneen, fenaal, polyethylene, paaliyols, draavakaah cha ityadini utpaadaani vistrutaroopena santi. itihaasah. shell-kampenee-samsthah prathamavaaram 1929 tame varshe netherlands-deshasya enn. vi. mekog iti koninklijke nedarlyaandshe hoogovens enn stalfabriken ityanena saha sahabhagitaya rasaayan-udyame pravesham krutavantah, ye ismuiden-nagarasya steel-works-madhye utpaditat cock-oven-vaayunah amonia-utpaadanam krutavantah. etadatirichya, samyuktarajyamerikadesha, shell-chemical-kampanee (1929 tame varshe sthaapitam) 1931 tame varshe california-nagare praakrutika-vaayunah amonia-ityasya vishvasya prathamam utpaadanam aarabdhavatee. 1930 tame dashake california-nagare refannery-vayunam rasayanika-dravakanam utpaadanam api aarabdhavatee, 1942 tame varshe, synthetic-rabbar-krute pramukhasya kacchaa-padarthasya beautadine-ityasya utpadanasya pravartakam akarot. 1941 tame varshe, yoo. key. deshasya stanlo-nagare "teepol"-dravaroopa-detergent ityasya utpaadanam aarabdham, yat europe-deshasya petroleum-aadhaaritasy jaivika-rasayanasya prathamam utpaadanam aasit. varshaantare yadaa taila-vaatak-vibhagena saha saha kosha-rasaayan-vyavasaayah vardhate, tadaa vishvavyaapyena bahavah prakalpaah sthaapitaah. teepol-brand ityasya utpaadanam adhunaa vishvavyaapyena bhinnaih sahavartishu bhavati. teshu greater-landan-nagarasya arpington-nagare sthitaani teepol-utpaadaani yoo. key., malaysia-deshasya klaang-nagare sthitaani teepol-malaysia cha santi. tatah param saa vishve vikreeyate. anuvartane dashakeshu, vaishvika-petrochemicals-kshetrasya vruddhau shell-chemicals-kampenee-ityete mahattvapoornaani paatraani niravahan, teshaam kaanichan pramukhaani utpadanaprakriyam cha vikasitavantah. vyavasaayaanaam soochee. shell-chemicals-portfolio shut utpaada-vyavasaayeshu, dwayoh antarashtriya-samyukta-udyamayoho cha upari kendreekrutah asti. asmin kaarye anekaani bruhad-stara-sasyaani santi ye uccha-parimaana-utpadan utpaadyante. shell-chemicals-madhye antarbhootaah kampenee-samsthah vishve praayah 8500 janaah karyam kurvanti. mukhyaani utpadanasthanani. shell-chemicals-kampenee-ityete vishvasya utpaadana-kendraat utpadan utpaadyante. eteshu kaanichan suvidhaah shell-chemicals-kampaneebhih sanchaalyante, kaanichan shell-samuhasya anyaih vyavasaayaih, anye samyukta-udyamaih cha, yatra shell-samsthaayaah niveshah bhinna-starena bhavati. samprati, petrochemical building-blaak-krute shell-chemicals-kampanee-ityeteshaam mukhyaani nirmanasthanani santi -

shell irasaayanangkal shell irasaayanangkal enbathu shell pii. ell. chii. yinn petro chemicals pirivu aagum. shell rasaayanangal" endra peyar shellukaana irasaayana vanigangkalil eedupattulla kittatthatta ezhupathu niruvanangalaik kurikkirathu, avai ontraaka ulagin migapperiya petro chemical urpaththiyaalargalil ontraakum. acetone, narumanaviyal, ethylene accide, ethylene clycols, aalkeenkal, noneen, binol, polyethylene, polyols mattrum karaippaangal ullitta parantha alavilaana thayaarippukal inththa niruvanaththil ullana. varalaaru. shell niruvanangal muthanmuthalil 1929 aam aandil rasaayanath tholilil nuzhainththana, netherlaandhil ulla enn. vii. megauc endru azhaikkappadum koninglijke netarlandushe hoogovens enn stalbabrican udanaana koottaanmai moolam, idhu ijmuidenil ulla efku vaelaigalil urpaththi seiyappadum kook-neitha vaayuvilirunthu ammoniavai urpaththi seithathu. idharkidaiyil, americavil, shell irasaayana niruvanam (1929 ill niruvappattathu) 1931 aam aandil californiavil iyarkai erivaayuvilirunthu ulagin muthal ammonia urpathtiyaith thodangiyathu. idhu 1930 kalin murpaguthiyil californiavil ulla suthikarippu vaayukkalilirunthu irasaayana karaippaangalin urpathtiyaith thodangiyathu, athae neraththil 1942 aam aandil, seyarkai rapparkalukkaana mukiya moolapporulaana butadine urpaththiyai munneduththathu. 1941 aam aandil, iroappaavil petrooliyam adippadaiyilaana karima rasaayanaththin muthal urpathtiyaana englaanththil ulla stanlovil "debol" thirava soappu urpaththi thodangiyathu. ennei mattrum erivaayu privukku aerpa shell rasaayana vanigam valarnthu varum aandugalil, ulagalavil pala aalaikal amaikappattana. debol brand ippoathu ulagalavil vevvaeru sagaakkalil thayaarikkappadukirathu. avattril crater landanil ulla arbingtonai thalamaagak konda englaandhin debol thayaarippukal mattrum malaysiaavin kilangai thalamaagak konda debol malaysia aagiyavai adangkum. angkirunthu idhu ulagam muzhuvathum virkappadukirathu. aduthaduththa thasaapthankalil, shell rasaayana niruvanangal ulagalaaviya petro chemicals thuraiyin valarchchiyil kurippidatthakka pangaik kondullana, maelum adhan sila mukiya urpaththi seyalmuraigalai uruvaakkiyullana. vanigangkalin portfolio. shell rasaayanath thoguppu aaru thayaarippu vanigangkal mattrum irandu sarvadesa koottu muyarchigalil kavanam seluththukirathu. adhiga alavilaana thayaarippukalai urpaththi seiyum pala periya alavilaana aalaikalin seyalpaadum idhil adangkum. shell rasaayanangkalil serkkappattulla niruvanangal ulagalavil sumar 8,500 paerukku vaelai vazhangkukintrana. mukiya urpaththi idangkal. shell rasaayana niruvanangal ulagengkilum ulla urpaththi vasathigalilirunthu thayaarippukalai moolamaagak kondullana. inththa vasathigalil sila shell rasaayana niruvanangalaalum, sila shell kuzhuvirkul ulla pira vanigangkalaalum, mattravai shell palvaeru alavilaana muthaleettaik konda koottu niruvanangalaalum iyakkappadugindrana. tharpoothu, petro chemical kattumaanath thoguthigalukkaana shell irasaayana niruvanangalin mukiya urpaththi idangkal pinvarumaaru

shell rasayanalu shell chemicals anedi shell plc yokka petrochemicals vibhagam. shell chemicals" anae paeru shell kosam rasaayanaala vyapaaraalalo nimagnamaina daadaapu debbai companylanu suuchistumdi, ivi kalisi prapanchamlooni atipedda petrochemical utpattidaarulalo okatigaa unnaayi. eee samsthalo acetone, sugandha dravyaalu, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycoles, alkeenlu, noneen, final, polyethylene, polyols mariyu draavakaalatoe sahaa vistruta shreni utpattulu unnaayi. charitra. shell companylu modatisaarigaa modatisaarigaa rasaayanaala parisramaloki pravesinchaayi, netherlandsloni envi mccog anie piluvabade koninklijke netherlandshe hoogovens enn stalfabricantho bhagaswamyam dwara, ivi ismuidenloni ukku panulalo utpatti cheyabadina coque-nesina vayuvu nundi ammonianu tayaaru chesaayi. intalo, united stateslo, shell chemical company company sthaapinchabadindi) sthaapinchabadindi) californialo sahaja vayuvu nundi prapanchamlone mottamodati ammonia utpattini praarambhinchindi. idhi 1930la praarambhamlo californialoni refinery vaayuvula nundi rasayana draavakaala utpattini kooda praarambhinchindi, ayithe ayithe, synthetic rabbarlaku keelakamaina mudi padaarthamaina beautadine utpattiki idhi maargadarsakatvam vahinchindi. vahinchindi, euraplo petrolium aadhaarita sendriya rasaayanaala modati tayari ayina "teapol" drava detergent utpatti utpatti stanlo vadda praarambhamaindi. chamuru mariyu gyaas vibhaagaaniki anugunamgaa shell chemicals vyaparam perugutunna samvatsaraallo, prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka karmagaralu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. teapol brand ippudu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vividha pratyardhulalo tayaaru cheyabadutundi. vaatilo grater landanlooni arpingtonlo unna teapol utpattulu mariyu malaysialoni clang vadda unna teapol malaysia unnaayi. akkadi nundi idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa vikrayinchabadutundi. taruvaati dasaabdaalalo, shell chemicals companylu prapancha petrochemicals rangam vruddhiloo mukhyamaina paatra poeshinchaayi mariyu daani konni keelaka tayari prakriyalanu abhivruddhi chesaayi. vyaparala portfolio. shell chemicals portfolio aaru utpatti vyaparalu mariyu rendu antarjaateeya joint venturelapy drushti saarinchindi. indulo adhika parimaanamlo utpattulanu utpatti chese aneka pedda ettuna karmagaralu panicheestaayi. shell chemicalslo cherchabadina companylu prapanchavyaaptamgaa sumaru 8,500 mandiki upaadhi kalpistunnaayi. pradhana tayari pradaesaalu. shell chemicals companylu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna tayari soukaryaala nundi utpattini pondutaayi. eee soukaryaalalo konni shell chemicals companylache nirvahinchabadutunnaayi, konni shell grouploni itara vyaparala dwara mariyu marikonni shell vividha sthaayila pettubadulanu kaligi unna joint venturela dwara nirvahinchabadutunnaayi. prastutam, petrochemical building blackla kosam shell chemicals companyla pradhana tayari pradaesaalu

sheel chemicals sheel chemical sheel pee eel see kaa petro chemical baazo hay. sheel chemicals" kaa naam sheel kay kimiyayi karobar mein masruf taqriba satar companiyon say maraad hay juu mill kirr duniya kay sabb say baday petro chemical prodiosaron mein say eek haine. company kay paas masnuaat kii eek wasee renj hay jiss mein assiton aromatics atheline oxide atheline glycols alkanz naneen fenol pouli theleen polyols aur salvents shaamil haine. tareekh. sheel companiyan pehli baar 1929 mein kimiyayi sanaat mein daakhil hoyein netherlands mein konklejke netherlandshay hogovenz aine stalfabrican kay saath sharakat daari kay zariye jasay aine wee mikog kahaa jaataa hay jiss nay aaijoidan mein steel works mein tayaar coke say banay gees say amoniya tayaar kiyaa. darein asnaa riyasathaye muthadah mein sheel kimiyayi company (1929 mein qayem) nay 1931 mein california mein qadarti gees say amoniya kii duniya kii pehli paidawar sharoo kii. iss nay 1930 kii dahayi kay awail mein california mein refinery geeson say kimiyayi salvents kii paidawar bhee sharoo kii jabkah 1942 mein iss nay masnuyi rabad kay liye eek aham khaam maal beautadine kii paidawar kaa aaghaz kiyaa. 1941 mein bartaniah mein stenlo mein "teepol" maaye detergent kii paidawar sharoo hoyee juu europ mein patroleem parr mubni namiyati kimiyayi kii pehli tayari thee. inn saalon mein jabb sheel chemicals kaa karobar teel aur gees kay hasay kay mutabiq badhta hay tuu behat say plant aalimi satah parr qayem kiye gayey. teepol braand abb aalimi satah parr mukhtalif humm mansibon mein tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay. inn mein bartaniah kay greater landan kay orpington mein qayem teepol masnuaat aur milaishiya kay clang mein waaqa teepol milaishiya shaamil haine. wahaan say yaha duniya bhar mein farokhat hotaa hay. iss kay baad kii dahayiyon mein sheel chemical companiyan aalimi petro chemical sector kii tarqi mein aham kirdaar adaa karti rahee haine aur iss nay iss kay kachh aham menofecturing kay amal kuu tayaar kiyaa hay. karobar kaa port folio. sheel chemicals port folio chh product karobaron aur duu beenn alaqwami mushtarkah mansubon parr markoz hay. iss mein kayee baday paimanay kay plant shaamil haine juu ziyadah maqdar mein masnuaat tayaar kartay haine. sheel chemicals mein shaamil companiyan duniya bhar mein taqriba 8,500 afraad kuu mulazimat deeti haine. menofecturing kay aham maqamat. sheel chemical companiyan duniya bhar mein menofecturing sahuliyaat say masnuaat kaa zariah banaati haine. inn mein say kachh sahuliyaat sheel chemical companiyon kay zariye chalayi jaati haine kachh sheel grop kay andar dosray karobaron kay zariye aur deegar mushtarkah mansubon kay zariye jinn mein sheel mukhtalif satah kii sarmayah kaaree rakhta hay. phee alhaal petro chemical building blocks kay liye sheel chemical companiyon kay aham menofecturing maqamat yaha haine:

00082b1dc9c7be44d37f20629ef1b7a34c1c315a9ef419604bf442ac588e4111

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70871549

Lucius O. Croxton

Lucius O. Croxton American art director Lucius O. Croxton (1908–1978) was an American art director. He designed the film sets on a number of Hollywood productions, working for studios such as RKO and Monogram Pictures. He is sometimes credited simply as Lucius Croxton. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

luchiyas oh. croxton luchiyas oh. croxton (1908-1978) egoraki aamerikan kolaa porisalok aasil. teu aar. key. u. aaru monn "graam pikcharor dore studio" ror baabe kaam kori keibakhonu hollywod projujonar uporot solositror setxomuh design korisil. teuk ketiyaba kewol luchiyas croxton buli krititwo diya hoy.

lucius oo. croxton lucius oo. croxton (1908-1978) ekjon markin shilp porichalok chhilen. tini besh koyekti hollywood projojonai cholochchitrer seeta design korechilen, jemon arco ebong monogram pictureser moto studiote kaaj korechilen. kokhono kokhono taanke lucius croxton hisabe krititto deoa hoy.

lucius oo. croxton lucius oo. croxton (1908-1978) aek american qalaa nirdeshak hataa. temane sankhyaabandh hollywood productions parr filmna setnee rachnaa curry hatee, jemaa temane aar. keey. oo. aneey monogram pictures jevaa studiyo maate kaama karyoo hatoo. tene ketalikvaar fakt lucius croxton tareeke shrey aapvama aave chhe.

lucius oh. croxton lucius oh. croxton (1908-1978) ack americi kalaa nirdeshak they. unhone kaee hollywood prastutiyon parr film sett design kiye, jaise kii aar. key. oh. aur monogram pictures jaise studio key liye kaam karate hue. unhein kabhi-kabhi kewal lucius croxton key roop mein shreya diyaa jaataa haye.

lucius oo. croxton lucius oo. croxton (1908-1978) obba american kalaa nirdeshakaraagiddaru. aata halavaaru hollywood nirmanagalalli chalanachitragala setgalannu vinyaasagolisidaru, aarr. keey. oo mattu monogram picturesnantaha studiyogaligaagi kelasa maadidaru. aatanannu kelavomme saralavagi lucius croxton endu kareyalaaguttade.

lucius oo. croxton lucius oo. croxton (1908-1978) heey eka american qalaa digdarshak hote. tyane anek hollywood nirmitivar chitrapatanchya sanchanchi rachana kelee, aanee aar. keey. oo. aanee monogram picturesarkhya studiosathi kaam kele. tyala kadhikadhi fakt lucius croxton mhanoon shrey dile jaate.

lucious oh. croxton lucious oh. croxton (1908-1978) jane americae kalaa nirdeshaka thile. shay aneka hollywood pradaksanare chalachitra sett design karithile, aarr. kee. oh. ebong monogram picture pari studio paain kaama karithile . tanku belebele kebala lucious croxton bhabare shreya diajae .

lucius ou. crockston lucius ou. crockston (1908-1978) ikk amriki qalaa nirdeshak see. unhan neey kaee hollywod productionan 'teey film sett design keete, jiss witch unhan neey aar. keey. ou. atey monogram pictures varge studio laee kamm keeta. uss noon kaee vaar siraf lucius crockstone vajon sihra ditta jaanda haii.

lucius o. croxton lucius o. croxton (1908-1978) ekaha amerikeeyah kalaa-nirdeshaka aasit. saha anekeshu hollywood-nirmaaneshu chalacchitra-sett-ityetaan parikalpitavaan, aar. key. o. tathaa monograam-pictures ityadinam studios krute karyam krutavaan. saha kadaachit kevalam lucius croxton iti namna khyaatah asti.

lucius ooo. chroxton lucius ooo. croxton (1908-1978) oru america kalai iyakkunar aavaar. aarr. kae. ooo mattrum monogram padangkal poantra studiyoakkalil panipurinthu pala hollywood thayaarippukalil thiraippada setkalai vadivamaithaar. avar sila nerangalil lucius chroxton endru verumanae paaraattappadugiraar.

lucius oo. croxton lucius oo. croxton (1908-1978) oka american art director. athanu aneka hollywood nirmaanaalapai chitra setlanu roopondinchaadu, arco mariyu monogram pictures vanti studiola kosam panicheesaadu. athanu konnisaarlu kevalam lucius croxton gaa ghanata pondaadu.

losees awo. crockston losees awo. crockston (1908-1978) eek americi aart director thaa. inhon nay haali wode kii mutadid productions parr film kay seet design kiyay jiss mein inhon nay studios jeesay aar kay awo aur monogram pakcharz kay liye kaam kiyaa. asay baaz auqaat sarf losees crockston kay toor parr creadt kiyaa jaataa hay.

00082c505e679f5756ebcd55bcdac8a1a3612e198de01bcb37fccb388a005524

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2935164

William Holmes Crosby Jr.

William Holmes Crosby Jr. American physician William Holmes Crosby Jr. (December 1, 1914 – January 15, 2005) is considered by many to be one of the founding fathers of modern hematology. He published more the 450 peer-reviewed papers in the field, as well as those of oncology, gastroenterology, iron metabolism, nutrition and general medical practice. In addition he was an inventor and published translator of poetry. Early life. William Holmes Crosby Jr. was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. Six months later the family moved to Oil City, Pennsylvania. His father was an architect. His mother, Frances Irene Forrester, was a schoolteacher. Crosby was drawn toward medicine at an early age, attaching himself at age 12 to volunteer physicians who worked at the Boy scout camp he attended. In high school he discovered his love of literature from his sophomore English teacher, Dorothy Mann. Crosby attended University of Pennsylvania under a scholarship awarded to him by the Pennsylvania legislature. During this time, he began his life in research as a volunteer in the local hospital hematology lab. Crosby as a soldier and physician. In 1936 Crosby entered the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. During his third year, he left school to spend six months on his back, recovering from tuberculosis. He graduated in 1940 and enlisted in the army, beginning a military internship at Walter Reed Army Hospital. After the outbreak of World War II, Crosby served two years at as an instructor in the Army's Medical Field Service School at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. He then requested overseas duty and, in 1942, joined U.S. 85th Infantry Division. During this time Crosby, always seeking a something to study, studied Russian. He would keep vocabulary cards in his helmet. Crosby's battlefield duties resulted in a Bronze Star with an oak leaf cluster. Another cluster was added for his service in Korea. After the war Crosby returned as an instructor to the Army's Medical Field Service School, now moved to Fort Sam Houston, Texas. From there, he enrolled in an internal medicine residency at Brooke General Hospital where he was put in charge of an over-flow ward. He discovered at that time that there was no hematology support in the state of Texas and thus was forced to engage in an intense self-study course in the field. During a visit by William Dameshek, then a leader in United States hematology, Crosby so impressed Dameshek in his handling of hematologic patients that the latter contacted the then Surgeon General to request that Crosby be formally trained in hematology. Soon after, Crosby was transferred to Pratt Diagnostic Hospital, which later became the New England Medical Center, as a hematology fellow. In 1950 he went on to the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London. Upon his return in 1951, Crosby established both the hematology and oncology specialties at Walter Reed Army Hospital a position he would hold until 1965. It was during this period that he began his long career as medical researcher. He wrote seminal papers in the areas of hematology and iron metabolism. He and his colleagues often served as their own lab rats, voluntarily undergoing such procedures as self-induced iron deficiency anemia, sub-dermal bone transplantation, and consumption of radio-labeled iron. In the winter of 1952-1953, he volunteered to be sent to Korea. There he directed a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital unit. At this time he studied and published on various aspects of blood transfusion following injury. It was also during this period he became aware that some of the soldiers coming through the MASH unit may have suffered from coeliac disease (sprue). In addition he studied methods of blood transfusions and the quality of available blood and concluded that the procedures were safe and effective. Following Korea, he returned to Walter Reed and established a "Sprue Team" in Puerto Rico to study that tropical disease of the small bowel. With his desire to further understand the condition of the intestine, Crosby developed the Crosby Capsule, a biopsy pod which permitted physicians to non-invasively acquire samples of small intestine tissue. The device is still used with young patients. Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia or Crosby’s syndrome was described by Crosby in 1950. As a hematologist he continued in his research in the metabolism of iron, an essential component of red blood cells. This led to the study of the iron-overload disease hemochromatosis. He maintained a lifelong interest in this disease, battling the FDA for years on the advisability of iron-fortification of wheat products as well as increasing medical awareness of the high incidence of what was, until quite recently, thought to be a rare disease. In 1965, after more than 25 years of service, he retired from the Army to succeed William Dameshek at Tufts-New England Medical Center in Boston. Seven years later he moved on to Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in San Diego, Calif., where he established a training program in hematology-oncology. At this time he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the army. In 1979, at the age of 65, he was recalled to active duty by the Secretary of the Army. He served another four years at Walter Reed and retired again into private practice in Joplin, Missouri where he spent the rest of his life, continuing to write papers on a variety of subjects. In 1983, Dr. Crosby was invited by the Veterans Administration to become one of 11 professors in its nationwide Distinguished Physicians Program stationed in V.A. Medical Centers throughout the country. He resigned from that post two years later to take up private practice in Joplin, where he would spend his remaining years. Dr. Crosby authored nearly 500 research papers and served on the editorial boards of 12 medical journals and served on the editorial boards of nine medical journals. He is a laureate of the American College of Physicians. He also served on many committees over the years and was a member of numerous medical organizations. Crosby as translator. In 1974, while he was preparing a chapter on the spleen for a textbook on hematology, he included in it his translation of a stanza from Baudelaire's poem Spleen to introduce the word with its original meaning of "the organ of anger and melancholy". He began translating Baudelaire again in 1978 and for the next fourteen years worked on what would become "The Flowers of Evil & Paris Spleen". These translations were unique in their maintenance of Baudelaire’s original rhythm and rhyme scheme. The collection was published as "Flowers of Evil and Paris Spleen" by Boa Editions in 1991. The publication is augmented by original woodcuts done by Crosby’s son, David. Crosby completed a translation of Catullus however this was never published. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uilium hoh 'mcho kro' sobi juniyor. uilium hoh 'mcho kro' sobi juniyor. (1 disembor, 1914-15 january, 2005) aadhunik hemat "lojir onyotomo protisthapok buli bohute gonyo kore. teu ei khetrot 450taa xomoniya-porzaluchona koraa gowexona potror logote korkot bigyan, gestro "entro" lojee, aairon bipak, pusti aaru xadharon sikitsa onuxilonor gowexona potro prokax korisil. iyar uporiu teu egoraki udbhawok aaru kobitar prokaxito onubadok aasil. prarombhik jiwan. uilium hoh 'mcho kro' sobi juniyor. teur jonmo hoisil west bharjiniyar huilingto. choy maahor pisot poriyaltu pensylvanier tel sohoroloi sthanantorito hoisil. teur pitri ejon sthopotibid aasil. teur maatri france aairen forestar egoraki schoolia xikhyok aasil. krosobi komm boyoxote sikitsar proti aakorxito hoisil, 12 bosor boyoxot teu ongxogrohon koraa boy scout xibirot kaam koraa sessaxewi sikitsokxokolor xoite nijoke xonglogno korisil. haiskulot porhute teu teur dwitiyobaror ingraji xikhyok doruthi menor poraa xahityor proti thoka prem abiskar korisil. krosobiye pensylvania aainxobhar dwara teuk prodan koraa brittir odhinot pensylvania biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. ei xomoisuwat teu sthaniyo sikitsaloyor hemat "lojee lebot sessaxewok hisape gowexonar jiwan aarombho korisil. kro 'sobi ejon xoinik aaru sikitsok hisape. 1936 sonot krosobiye pensylvania biswobidyaloyor skool owo medisinot prowex kore. tritiyo bosorot jokhma rugor poraa xustho hoi uthi teu pithito choy maah kotaboloi bidyaloy erisil. 1940 sonot teu snatok degree laabh kore aaru xenabahinit talikabhukto hoy, aaru walter ridd xena sikitsaloyot xamorik internswip aarombho kore. dwitiyo biswojudho aarombho huwar pisot krosobiye pensylvanier carlicel berekot thoka xenar sikitsa khyetro xewa bidyaloyot proxikhyok hisape dubosor xewa aagborhaisil. taar pisot teu bidexot kortobyor baabe onurudh korisil aaru 1942 sonot iut jugdan korisil.ess. korisil.es. podatik bahini. ei xomoisuwat kro 'sobiye xoday porhiboloi kiba etaa bisari rasian odhyoyon korisil. teu nijor helmetot xobdobhandar card rakhibo. kro 'sobir juddhokhetror dayitwor folot uk paator guschor xoite etaa bronjor tarkar sristi hoisil. kuriyat teur xewar baabe aan etaa gutt jug koraa hoisil. juddhor pisot krosobiye xenar sikitsa khyetro xewa bidyaloyoloi proxikhyok hisape ubhoti aahisil, etiya texaxor pho 'rt chem houstonoloi sthanantorito hoisil. taar poraa teu brook general sikitsaloyot etaa abhyontorin sikitsar residencyt naambhorti korisil zo 'too teuk etaa oti-prowahito wardor dayitwot rokha hoisil. teu xei xomoyot abiskar korisil je texus rajyot kunu hemat "lojee xomorthon naai aaru xeyehe ei khetrot ek tibro aatmo-odhyoyon pathyokromot jorito hoh" boloi badhyo hoisil. tetiya aamerika juktorastror hemat "lojir egoraki netaa uilium demesekor bhromonor xomoyot kro" sobiye hemat "lojik rugeexokolor xoite kaam korat demsekok imaan probhabito korisil je kro" sobik anusthanikbhabe hemat "lojir proxikhyon diyar baabe onurudh koriboloi tetiyar xolyosikitxok generalor xoite jugajug korisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote krosobik praat diagnostic sikitsaloyoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil, ji pisoloi hemat "lojee felu hisape niu england medical centerot porinot hoisil. 1950 sonot teu londonor quin alekjendra xamorik sikitsaloyoloi yaay. 1951 sonot ubhoti ohaar pisot krosobiye walter ridd xena sikitsaloyot hemat "lojee aaru oncology duyuta bixexotwo protistha korisil, jitu teu 1965 sonoloike rakhisil. ei xomoisuwat teu sikitsa gowexok hisape teur digholiya keriyar aarombho korisil. teu hemat "lojee aaru aairon bipakor khetrot mool gowexona potro likhisil. teu aaru teur xohokormixokole praye nijor porikhyagaror muur hisape kaam korisil, swessai swo-prorusito aaironor obhabot roktohinota, upo-saalor haar rupon, aaru readyo '-labeljukto aairon xewonor dore prokriyar maajere paar hoisil. 1952-1953 ror xitkalot teu swessai kuriyaloi pothiyaboloi issuk hoisil. taat teu etaa sol xenar ostrupsar sikitsaloyor gutt nirdex disil. ei xomoyot teu aaghator pisot tez xonsaronor bibhinno dixor uporot odhyoyon aaru prokax korisil. ei xomoisuwat teu xoseton hoisil je mess unitor joriyote ohaa kisuman xoinik hoyotu siliyak rugot (spru) akranto hoisil. iyar uporiu teu tez xonsaronor poddhoti aaru upolobdho tejor gunogoto maan odhyoyon kori ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je ei prokriyabur nirapod aaru pholoproxu aasil. kuriyar pisot teu walter ridoloi ubhoti aahisil aaru xoru ontror xei krantiyo rugtu odhyoyon koriboloi purtu rikut etaa "spru doll" sthapon korisil. ontror owosthatu odhik bujaar issare, krosobiye krosobi kepsul bikoxito korisil, jitu etaa baay 'pchi podd jiye sikitsokxokolok khyudro ontror kolar nomuna oh-akromonatmokbhabe aahoron koriboloi onumoti disil. ei jontrotu etiyau juwo rugeexokolor khetrot byobohar koraa hoy. bongxogot nonosper "saitik hemm" laitik anaemia baa kro "sobis chindrom 1950 sonot kro" sobiye bornona korisil. ejon hemat "lo" jisto hisape teu roktokonikar ek otyawosyokiyo upadan aaironor bipakor uporot gowexona obyahot rakhisil. iyar folot aairon-otirikto buja rug himm "kro" metusisor odhyoyon koraa hoisil. teu ei rugor proti aajiwon aagroh bojai rakhisil, ghehur xamogrir aairon-xoktixalikoronor poramorxor uporot bosor bosor dhori ef. di. e. ror xoite jujisil aaru logote xehotiyakoi ek birol rug buli bhobar uscho ghotonar bixoye sikitsa xojagota briddhi korisil. 1965 sonot 25 bosorotkoiu odhik xomoy xewa korar pisot teu bostonor tufts-niu england sikitsa kendrot uilium demsekor uttoradhikari hoh "boloi xenar poraa owoxor grohon kore. xaat bosoror pisot teu califieror chaan diyegur scrips clinic aaru gowexona foundationoloi yaay.zo 'too teu hemat "lojee-oncologyr proxikhyon karzoxusi protistha korisil. ei xomoyot teuk xenabahinir dwara lijon owo maritt botaa prodan koraa hoisil. 1979 sonot 65 bosor boyoxot teuk xena xosibor dwara xokriyo kortobyor baabe punor aahban koraa hoisil. teu aaru chaari bosor walter ridot xewa aagborhaisil aaru misourir jo 'plinot byoktigoto onuxilonot punor owoxor loisil zo' too teu baaki jiwan otibahito korisil, bibhinno bixoyor uporot gowexona potro likha obyahot rakhisil. 1983 sonot dodd. krosobik prakton proxaxone bhi. too owosthito iyar dexjura bixisto sikitsok karzoxusir 11 john odhyapokor bhitorot ejon hoh 'boloi aamontron jonaisil.e. xomogro dexote sikitsa kendroxomuh. dubosoror pisot teu xei podor poraa podotyag kori jo 'plinot byoktigoto onuxilon korisil, zo' too teu teur baaki bosorbur kotabo. daah. kro 'sobiye pray 500 gowexona potro rosona korisil aaru aaru sikitsa alusonir xompadokiyo porixodot xewa aagborhaisil aaru nokhon sikitsa alusonir xompadokiyo porixodot xewa aagborhaisil. teu aamerikan kolej owo physiciansor bijoyi. teu bosor bosor dhori bohutu xomitit karzonirbah korisil aaru oxongkhyo sikitsa xongsthar xodosyo aasil. onubadok hisape kro 'sobi. 1974 sonot, teu hemat "lojir uporot ekhon pathyoputhir baabe pleehar uporot etaa odhyay prostut kori thokar xomoyot, teu iyat" khong aaru bixonnotar ongo "ror mool orthor xoite xobdotur porisoy koraboloi boudelire kobita pleehar poraa etaa stor onubad ontorbhukto korisil. 1978 sonot teu punor boudelire onubad koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru poroborti souddo bosor dhori "dusto aaru peris pleehar ful" ki hoh "bob taar uporot kaam korisil. ei onubadbur boudelire mool chondo aaru chondo aasonir rokhyonabexonor khetrot ononyo aasil. ei xongrohotu 1991 sonot buwa xongoskoronor dwara "flower owo evil endo peris pleeha" hisape prokax paisil. prokaxtu kro 'sobir putro daviday koraa mool kaathor kotar dwara briddhi koraa hoisil. kro 'sobiye ketulasor etaa onubad xompurno korisil jodiu eitu ketiyau prokax koraa huwa nasil.

uilium homes crossby junior. uilium homes crossby junior. (1laa december, 1914-15ee januari, 2005) adhunik hematologyr onnotomo protisthata hisabe oneker kachhe bibechito hohn. tini eyi khettre arow 450tii piar-review koraa gobeshonapotrer pashapashi oncology, gastroenterology, ayron metabolism, pushti ebong sadharan chikitsa onushiloner gobeshonapotro prakash corren. echhadao tini chhilen ekjon udbhabok ebong kobitar onubadok. prathomik jeebon. uilium homes crossby junior. poschim virgineer huiling-ayee jonmogrohon corren. chhoy maas porr poribarti pensylvanier teela shohore choley aase. taanr baba chhilen ekjon sthopoti. taanr maa, frances airen forrester, ekjon school shikkhika chhilen. crossby alpo boysei chikitsar proti akrishto hoyechilen, 12 bochor boyse swechchasebok chikitsakder sange nijeke jukto korechilen, jaaraa taanr chhele scout shibire kaaj korten. uchcho bidyalaye tini taanr dwitiya shrenir ingrezi shikkhok dorothy myaner kachh theke sahityer proti taanr bhalobasa abishkar corren. crossby pensylvania ainsabha kortrik prodotto brittir adhine pensylvania bishwobidyaloye padashona corren. eyi somoye, tini sthaniya hospitaler hematology lyabe swechchasebok hisabe gobeshonai taanr jeebon shuru korechilen. ekjon sainik ebong chikitsak hisabe crossby. 1936 saale crossby university off pensylvania school off medicine probesh corren. tritiya bochore tini jakshma theke sustho hoye uthhe chhoy maas pitther upor bosey thucker jonno school chhede deena. tini 1940 saale snatok hohn ebong senabahinite talikabhukto hohn, walter rida armi hospitale samrik internship shuru corren. dwitiya bishwojuddho shuru howar porr, crossby pensylvanier carlisol byarake senabahinir medicale field service schoole proshikkhok hisabe dui bochor dayitto palon corren. erpor tini bideshe dayitto paloner anurodh zanan ebong 1942 saale upner sange jog deena.esha. দেন।এস। podatik bibhag. eyi somoye crossby, sabsamoy adhyayaner jonno kichhu khunjte, russian adhyayan korechilen. tini taanr shirostrane shobdobhandar card rakhten. crossbyr juddhokkhetrer dayitter foley ekti oka patar guchcho soho ekti bronzer taaraa toiri hoyechilo. koria taanr sebar jonno arekti gosthi jukto koraa hoyechilo. juddher porr crossby senabahinir medicale field service schoole proshikkhok hisabe firey asen, ekhon texuser phorta syama heustone choley zaan. sekhan theke tini brook general hospitaler ekti abhyantarin medicine residensite bhorti hohn jekhane taanke ekti over-flow oyarda-err dayitte rakha hoy. tini seii somoye abishkar korechilen jey texus rajye konao hematology samarthan nei ebong taai tini eyi khettre ekti teebro swa-adhyayan course jorito hotey badhyo hoyechilen. markin juktorashtrer hematologyr tatkalin neta uilium demesheker poridorshoner somoy, crossby hematologic rogider porichalonai demshekke etotai probhabito korechilen jey, crossbyke anusthanikbhabe hematologyte proshikkhon deoar anurodh janate tatkalin sarjan generaler saathe jogajog korechilen. err porpori, crossbyke pratt diagnostic hospitale sthanantorito koraa hoy, jaa porey hematology fello hisabe neu ingland medicale centere porinoto hoy. 1950 saale tini londoner quin alekjandra samrik hospitale zaan. 1951 saale firey aasaar porr, crossby walter rida armi hospitale hematology ebong oncology ubhoy biseshotto protistha corren, jaa tini 1965 saal porjonto dhorey rakhten. eyi samaykalei tini chikitsa gobeshok hisabe taanr deergho karmajiban shuru corren. tini hematology ebong ayron metabolismer khettre moulik gobeshonapotro likhechilen. tini ebong taanr sahakarmira prayashai taader nijaswa lyaba indur hisabe kaaj korten, swechchai swa-prorochito lohar ghatotijonito raktalpata, saab-dermal haad protisthapon ebong redio-lebeljukto loha grohoner moto poddhotir modhyo diye jachchilen. 1952-1953-err sheete, tini swechchai koria pathano hoyechilo. sekhane tini ekti bhramyoman senabahinir astropachar hospital unit porichalona corren. eyi somoye tini aghater porey rokto sanchalaner bivinno dick niye gobeshona oo prakash corren. eyi somoyei tini jaante perechilen jey, myasha uniter madhyome assa kichhu sainya siliac rogey (spru) bhugte paare. echhadao tini rokto sanchalaner poddhoti ebong upolobdho rokter gunoman adhyayan corren ebong eyi siddhante uponeeto hohn jey poddhotiguli nirapada ebong karjokor. corrier porr, tini walter noll-ayee firey asen ebong chhoto antrer grissomondoliyo rogti adhyayaner jonno puerto rikote ekti "sprey doll" protistha corren. antrer abostha arow bojhar ichchar saathe saathe, crossby crossby capsul toiri korechilen, ekti biopsy podd jaa daktarder chhoto antrer tissure namuna aaa-akromonattokbhabe sangraha korar anumati deyo. jontroti ekhono alpavayasi rogider khettre byabohrito hoy. bongshogoto nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia baa crossby 'shha syndrome 1950 saale crossby dwara bornona koraa hoyechilo. ekjon hematologist hisabe tini lohito raktakanikar ekti aporiharjo upadan lohar bipak niye taanr gobeshona chaliye zaan. err foley ayron-overload roga haemochromatosis niye gobeshona koraa hoy. tini eyi roger proti ajibon agroho bojay rekhechilen, gomm ponner loha-pushtir poramorsher pashapashi samprati porjonto ekti biral roga hisabe bibechito uchcho ghotona somporke chikitsa sachetanata badanor upor bochorer porr bochor dhorey fda-rawr saathe ladai korechilen. 1965 saale, 25 bochorero beshi somoy dhorey chakri korar porr, tini bostoner tufts-neu ingland medicale centere uilium demsheker stholabhishikto howar jonno senabahini theke abosar grohon corren. shaat bochor porr tini californier shaan diegote scrips clinic ebong gobeshona foundatione choley zaan.jekhane tini hematology-oncologyte ekti proshikkhon karmasuchi protistha corren. eyi somoye senabahini taanke ligion off merritt sommane bhushito korey. 1979 saale 65 bochor boyse senabahini sachib taanke sakriya dayitter jonno prottahar korey nene. tini walter reede arow chaar bochor kaaj corren ebong misaurir jopline abar byaktigato onushilone abosar nene, jekhane tini taanr bucky jeebon katiechilen, bivinno bishoye gobeshonapotro lekha abyahoto rekhechilen. 1983 saale, daa. crossby probin proshashon dwara taar deshbyapi bishishto chikitsak karmasuchir 11 john adhyapoker modhye ekjon howar jonno amantrito hoyechilen.ayee. saaraa deshe chikitsa kendra. dui bochor porr tini seii podo theke podotyag corren ebong joplin-ayee byaktigato anushilan shuru corren, jekhane tini taanr aboshishto bochorguli kataben. daa. crossby pray 500tii gobeshona potro rachona korechen ebong 12tii chikitsa journaler sampadakiya boarde kaaj korechen ebong noyti chikitsa journaler sampadakiya boarde kaaj korechen. tini american college off physicianer ekjon vijayi. tini bochorer porr bochor dhorey onek komitite dayitto palon korechen ebong asankhya chikitsa sangosthar sadasya chhilen. onubadok hisebe crossby. 1974 saale, jokhon tini roktototter upor ekti patthyopustoker jonno pleeha niye ekti adhyay prostuto korchilen, tokhon tini etey boudeller kobita pleeha theke ekti stoboker anubad antarbhukta korechilen jaate shobdotir mool ortho "raag ebong bishannatar ongo" diye porichoy koriye deoa yaay. 1978 saale tini abar boudeller anubad shuru corren ebong poroborti chaudda bochor dhorey "ashubh oo parris pleehar phul" hoye othar bishoye kaaj corren. eyi anubadguli boudeller mool chhondo ebong chhora porikolponar rokkhonabekkhone ananya chhilo. 1991 saale boa sangaskarane eyi sangrahati "flowers off evill anned parris pleeha" hisabe prokashito hoy. crossbyr putro devider mool kaatth kaata dwara eyi prokashonati briddhi paay. crossby cataluser ekti anubad somponno korechilen tobey etty kokhonyi prokashito hoyney.

veeliyam homes crossby juniyar. veeliyam homes crossby juniyar. (december 1,1914-january 15,2005) ghanaa loko dwara aadhunik hematologyna sthaapak pitaomana aek manvama aave chhe. temane aaa kshetramaa 450 thee vadhu pier-review karelaa kaagado, temaj oncology, gastroenterology, aayarn metabolism, poshan aneey saamanya tabibi practicenaa kaagado prakashit karyaa. vadhumaa teo aek shodhak hataa aneey kaveetana prakashit anuvaadak hataa. praarambhik jeevan. veeliyam homes crossby juniyar. teno janm wheeling, vesta virginiama thayo hato. chh maheena pachhi parivaar oil ciity, pensylvaniama rahevaa gayo. temnaa pitaa aek architect hataa. temnee maataa, frances iren forrester, aek shaalaana shikshak hataa. crossby naanee ummare davaa taraf aakarshaya hataa, 12 varshnee ummare svayamsevi chikitsako saathe jodai gayaa hataa, jeo temane haajari aapela chhokara skaaut shibirma kaama kartaa hataa. uchch shaalaama temane temnaa dhviteey angreji shikshak, dorothi meena pasethi saahitya pratyenaa temnaa premnee shodh curry. crossby pensylvania vidhansabha dwara temne aapvama aaveli shishyavrutee hethal pensylvania universityma haajari aapee hatee. aaa samay darmiyan, temane sthaaneek hospital hematology lebmaa svayamsevak tareeke sanshodhanmaa temnaa jeevanni sharuaat curry hatee. aek sainik aneey chikitsak tareeke crossby. 1936maan crossby university off pensylvania school off medicinemaa pravesh karyo. temnaa trija varsh darmiyan, temane kshay rogmathi saajaa thaine chh maheena peeth parr beseene pasaar karvaa maate shaala chhodi deedhi hatee. temane 1940maan snatakni padvi melvee aneey sainyamaa bhartee thayaa, aneey voltara reed armie hospitalma lashkari internship sharoo curry. beeja vishvyudhnaa praarambh pachhi, crossby carlisal barrex, pensylvania khaate sainyani tabibi kshetra sevaa shaalaama prashikshak tareeke beey varsh sevaa aapee hatee. tyarbad temane videshma faraj bajavva maate vinanti curry aneey 1942maan teo tamaari saathe jodaya.aesa. 85moow paaydal vibhag. aaa samay darmiyan crossby, hammesha abhyaas karvaa maate kaneek shodhata, russianno abhyaas kartaa hataa. teey potaana helmetmaa shabdbhandolnaa card raakhto hato. crossbyni yuddhbhumi farajonaa parinaame oak parn samooh saathe kansya taaro banyo. koreeyama temnee sevaa maate anya aek samooh umervaamaa aavyo hato. yuddh pachhi crossby sainyani tabibi kshetra sevaa shaalaama prashikshak tareeke parat faryaa, havey taxasna phorta same hustonma rahevaa gayaa. tyaanthi, temane brook general hospitalma aantarik davaa nivassthanma pravesh melvyo jyaan temne over-flow wardno havaalo sonpavama aavyo hato. temane teey samaye shodhyu keey taxas rajyamaa koee hematology support nathee aneey tethee temne aaa kshetramaa teevra swa-abhyasna abhyaskramma jodavani faraj puddy hatee. united states hematologyna teey samaynaa netaa veeliyam demesheknee mulakat darmiyan, crosby demeshekne hematologic dardionaa sanchalanma etalaa prabhaavit karyaa keey pachhinaa sarjan generalno sampark kareene crosbyne hematologyma aupcharik reete taaleem aapvani vinanti curry. tyarbad toonk samayma, crossbyne preta diagnostic hospitalma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey paachhalthi hematology phelo tareeke nyu ingland medical center banyu hatoo. 1950maan teo londonni kween alexandra lashkari hospitalma gayaa hataa. 1951maan parat faryaa baad, crossby voltara reed armie hospitalma hematology aneey oncology banne visheshtaoni sthaapnaa curry hatee, jeey pada teo 1965 sudhee sambhaalshe. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan temane tabibi sanshodhak tareeke temnee laambi karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee. temane hematology aneey aayarn metabolismna kshetroma mauleek kaagado lakhyaa hataa. teo aneey temnaa sathidaro ghanivaar temnaa potaana prayogshalana undaro tareeke sevaa aaptaa hataa, svechchhae swa-prereet ironni unapno anaemia, sub-dermal asthee pratyaropan aneey rediyo-lebalwala aayarnno vapraash jevee prakriyaomathi pasaar thataa hataa. 1952-1953 naa shiyaalaamaa, temane svechchhae koreeya mokalvaa maate swaichchhik reete rajuaat curry hatee. tyaan temane aek gatisheel sainya cergical hospital aekamnu nirdeshan karyoo. aaa samaye temane ijaa baad lohee chadhavvana viveedh paasao parr abhyaas karyo aneey prakashit karyoo. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan jaj temne khabar puddy keey meesha unitmathi aavtaa ketlaak sainiko celiac rooga (spru) thee pidaataa hoi shake chhe. vadhumaa temane rakt tabadilini paddhateeo aneey uplabdh raktnee gunvattaano abhyaas karyo aneey taaran kaadhyu keey prakriyaao salaamat aneey asarkarak hatee. koreeyane pagale, teo voltara reedma paachha faryaa aneey naana aantardana teey ushnkatibandhiy rogno abhyaas karvaa maate puerto rikomaa "spru team" nee sthaapnaa curry. aantardani sthiteene vadhu samjavani temnee ichcha saathe, crossby crossby capsule vikasaavyu, aek biopsy pooad jene chikitsakone naana aantardana pesheeona biin-aakramak namunaao melavani manjuri aapee. aaa upkaran haju pann yuvan dardeeo saathe upyogmaa levaay chhe. vaarsaagat nonsparocytic haemolitic anaemia athavaa crossby syndromenu varnan crossby dwara 1950maan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aek hematologist tareeke temane laal raktakanona aavashyak ghatak aayarnna chayapachayma temnaa sanshodhanmaa chaalu raakhyu hatoo. aanaathi aayarn-overload rooga haemochromatosisno abhyaas thayo. temane aaa rogmaa aajivan rus jaalvi raakhyo hato, ghaunaa utpaadanona aayarn-fortification salah parr varsho sudhee fda saame ladata hataa temaj taajetarma sudhee jene aek durlabh rooga manvama aavto hato tenee unchee ghatanao vishe tabibi jagruti vadhaarti hatee. 1965maan, 25 varshthi vadhuni sevaa pachhi, teo bostanma tufts-nyu ingland medical center khaate veeliyam demsheknaa anugaamee banvaa maate senamathi nivrutt thayaa hataa. saat varsh pachhi teo keliforniyana saana diyegomaa scrips clinic aneey research foundationmaa gayaa.jyaan temane hematology-oncologyma taaleem kaarykramni sthaapnaa curry. aaa samaye temne senaa dwara leason off maritthee sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1979maan 65 varshnee ummare temne senaana sacheev dwara sakreey faraj parr paachha bolavvama aavyaa hataa. temane voltara reed khaate vadhu chaar varsh sevaa aapee aneey misaurina joplinma khangi practicemaa fareethi nivrutt thayaa, jyaan temane temnu baakeenu jeevan vitaavyu, viveedh vishhayo parr kaagado lakhvaanu chaalu raakhyu. 1983maan doow. crossbyne nivrutt vaheevat dwara tenaa rashtravyapi pratishthit chikitsakona karykrama 11 professoromathi aek banvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.aee. deshbharma tabibi kendro. temane beey varsh pachhi joplinma khangi practices karvaa maate teey pada parthee raajinaamu aapyu, jyaan teo temnaa baakinaa varsho pasaar karashe. doow. crossby lagbhag 500 sanshodhan patro lakhyaa hataa aneey 12 tabibi saamyikonaa sampadkiy boardma sevaa aapee hatee aneey nava tabibi saamyikonaa sampadkiy boardma sevaa aapee hatee. teo american college off physicianna vijeta chhe. temane varshothi ghanee sameetioma pann sevaa aapee hatee aneey asankhya tabibi sansthaona sabhy hataa. crossby anuvaadak tareeke. 1974maan, jyaare teo hematology parnaa pathyapustak maate barol parr aek prakaran taiyar curry rahyaa hataa, tyaare temane temaa baudelerni kaveeta barolmathi aek shlokno anuvaad saamel karyo hato, jeno mool arth "gusso aneey udasinu anga" thaay chhe. temane 1978maan fareethi baudelernu bhashantar karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey aagaami chaud varsh sudhee "dusht aneey paris barolnaan phoolo" parr kaama karyoo. aaa anuvaado baudelerni mool lya aneey kaveeta yojnani jalvanima ananya hataa. aaa sangrahne 1991maan boa aavruttio dwara "dusht aneey paris barolnaan phoolo" tareeke prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. crossbyna putra david dwara karvaamaa aavela mool lakadana kaap dwara prakashanma vadhaaro karvaamaa aavyo chhe. crosby ketulasanu bhashantar purn karyoo hatoo, joke teey kyaarey prakashit thayu naa hatoo.

villium homes crossby junier. villium homes crossby junier. (1 disambar, 1914-15 janwari, 2005) koo kaee logon dwara aadhunik hematology key sansthaapak pitaaon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. unhone iss kshetra mein 450 sahakarmi-sameeksha kiye gaye shodh patron key saath-saath oncology, gastroenterology, iron metabolism, poshan aur samanya chikitsa abhyaas key shodh patra bhee prakaashit kiye. isake alawa way ack aavishkaarak aur kavita key prakaashit anuvaadak they. praarambhik jeevan. villium homes crossby junier. wheeling, west virginia mein paida huaa thaa. chhah maheene baad parivaar tail shahar, pensylvania mein chalaa gayaa. unake pitaa ack vastukar they. unaki maan, fraans iren forrester, ack school shikshika theen. crossby cumm umr mein hii chikitsa kii or aakarshit hoe gaye they, 12 saal kii umr mein swayam koo swayamsevi chikitsakon seey jodate hue, jinhone usa ladke scout shivir mein kaam kiya thaa jisamen unhone bhaag liya thaa. hyee school mein unhone apane angreji key dusare shikshak, dorothy maine seey saahitya key prati apane pyaar kii khoj kii. crossby ney pensylvania vidhaayika dwara unhein dee gaee chhatravritti key tahat pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya. iss dauran, unhone sthaaniya aspatal hematology prayogshala mein ack swayamsevak key roop mein shodh mein apana jeevan shuru kiya. ack sanic aur chikitsak key roop mein crossby. 1936 mein crossby ney university off pensylvania school off medicine mein pravesh kiya. apane teesare varsh key dauran, unhone tapedik seey ubarane key liye apani peeth parr chhah maheene bitaane key liye school chhod diyaa. unhone 1940 mein snaatak kiya aur senaa mein bharti hue, aur walter reed senaa aspatal mein sainya internship shuru kii. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key prakop key baad, crossby ney carlisle bairak, pensylvania mein senaa key chikitsa kshetra seva school mein ack prashikshak key roop mein dou saal taka seva kii. isake baad unhone videshi duty kaa anurodh kiya aur 1942 mein yuu mein shamil hoe gaye.aiss. 85 veen paidal senaa prabhaag. iss samay key dauran crossby, hamesha adhyayan karane key liye kuchh dhoondhate hue, russie kaa adhyayan karate they. vaha apane helmate mein shabdawali card rakhta thaa. crossby key yuddh key maidan key kartavyon key parinamswarup ack oak patti samooh key saath ack kansya taaraa banaa. koria mein unaki seva key liye ack aur samooh jodaa gayaa thaa. yuddh key baad crossby senaa key medical feeled service school mein ack prashikshak key roop mein laute, abb fort saim huston, texas chaley gaye. vahaan seey, unhone brook general aspatal mein ack aantarik chikitsa nivaas mein dakhila liya, jahan unhein ack over-flow ward kaa prabhaari banaaya gayaa thaa. unhone usa samay paaya kii texas kii sthiti mein koee hematology samarthan naheen thaa aur iss prakaar unhein kshetra mein ack gahan aatm-adhyayan pathyakram mein sanlagn honey key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein hematology key ack netaa villium demeshek kii yatra key dauran, crossby ney hematologic rogiyon koo sambhaalane mein demeshek koo itna prabhaavit kiya kii baad vaale ney tatkalin sarjan general seey sampark karke anurodh kiya kii crossby koo aupchaarik roop seey hematology mein prashikshit kiya jaae. isake turant baad, crossby koo praat naidaanik aspatal mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, joe baad mein ack hematology saathi key roop mein nyu ingland medical center bunn gayaa. 1950 mein way landan key queen alekjendra sainya aspatal gaye. 1951 mein apani vaapsee parr, crossby ney walter reed armi aspatal mein hematology aur oncology donon kii visheshagyata sthaapit kii, joe vaha 1965 taka sambhaalate they. iss avadhi key dauran unhone chikitsa shodhkarta key roop mein apane lambe currier kii shuruat kii. unhone hematology aur iron metabolism key kshetron mein maulik shodh patra likhe. way aur unake sahayogi aksar apane swayam key prayogshala choohon key roop mein kaam karate they, swechha seey swa-prerit lohe kii kamee seey honey vaale anaemia, upa-twachiya huddy pratyaropan aur radio-label vaale lohe key sevan jaisi prakriyaon seey gujarate they. 1952-1953 kii sardiyon mein, unhone swechha seey koria bheja. vahaan unhone ack chala sainya shalya chikitsa aspatal ikai kaa nirdeshan kiya. iss samay unhone chot key baad rakt aadhaan key vibhinn pahaluon kaa adhyayan kiya aur prakaashit kiya. iss avadhi key dauran unhein yeh bhee pataa chalaa kii maish ikai key madhyam seey aaney vaale kuchh sainikon koo celiac roga (spru) seey peedit hoe sakata haye. isake alawa unhone rakt aadhaan key tarikon aur upalabdh rakt kii gunavatta kaa adhyayan kiya aur nishkarsh nikala kii prakriyaaen surakshit aur prabhaavi theen. koria key baad, vaha walter reed mein laut aae aur chhote aantr kii usa ushnakatibandhiya bimari kaa adhyayan karane key liye puerto rico mein ack "spray team" kii sthaapana kii. aant kii sthiti koo aur samajhane kii apani ichcha key saath, crossby ney crossby capsule vikasit kiya, ack biopsy podd jisane chikitsakon koo chhoti aant key ootak key namoone gair-aakramak roop seey praapt karane kii anumati dee. iss upkaran kaa upayog abhee bhee yuva rogiyon key saath kiya jaataa haye. vanshaanugat gair-vishaanujanit raktalpata yaa crossby syndrome kaa varnan 1950 mein crossby dwara kiya gayaa thaa. ack hematologist key roop mein unhone laal rakt koshikaon key ack aavashyak ghatak, iron key chayapachaya mein apane shodh koo jaari rakhaa. isase iron-overload roga haemochromatosis kaa adhyayan huaa. unhone iss bimari mein aajivan ruchi banaae rakhee, gehuun utpaadon key lauh-sudridhikaran kii salah parr varshon taka fda seey ladate hue saath hii saath uchch ghatnaaon key baare mein chikitsa jagrukta badhaate hue, joe haal hii mein ack durlabh bimari maani jaati thee. 1965 mein, 25 seey adhik varshon kii seva key baad, way boston mein tufts-nyu ingland medical center mein villium demsheck key uttaradhikari banane key liye senaa seey sevaanivritt hue. saat saal baad way saine diago, california mein scrips clinic aur research foundation mein chaley gaye.jahan unhone hematology-oncology mein ack prashikshan karyakram sthaapit kiya. iss samay unhein senaa dwara yogyata key liye sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 1979 mein, 65 varsh kii ayu mein, unhein senaa key sachiv dwara sakriya kartavya parr vaapas bulaa liya gayaa thaa. unhone walter reed mein aur chaar saal seva kii aur phir seey joplin, misauri mein niji abhyaas mein sevaanivritt hue, jahan unhone apana shesh jeevan bitaaya, vibhinn vishayon parr shodh patra likhana jaari rakhaa. 1983 mein dow. crossby koo poorv sainikon key prashaasan dwara apane rashtravyapi pratishthit chikitsak karyakram mein 11 professors mein seey ack banane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa.aeye. desh bhar mein chikitsa kendra. unhone dou saal baad usa pada seey istifa dey diyaa aur joplin mein niji abhyaas shuru kiya, jahan way apane shesh varsh bitaayenge. dow. crossby ney lagbhag 500 shodh patra likhe aur 12 chikitsa patrikaon key sampadakiya boardon mein kaam kiya aur nau chikitsa patrikaon key sampadakiya boardon mein kaam kiya. way american college off physician key vijeta hain. unhone varshon taka kaee samitiyon mein bhee kaary kiya aur kaee chikitsa sangathanon key sadasya they. anuvaadak key roop mein crossby. 1974 mein, jaba way raktavigyaan parr ack paathyapustak key liye pliha parr ack adhyaay taiyar curr rahey they, tou unhone isamen boudelier kii kavita pliha key ack chhand kaa anuvaad shamil kiya, taaki shabd koo "krodh aur avasaad key anga" key mool arth key saath pesh kiya jaa sakey. unhone 1978 mein phir seey baudeler kaa anuvaad karna shuru kiya aur agale chaudah varshon taka iss baat parr kaam kiya kii "burai aur peris pliha key phool" kyaa banenge. yeye anuvaad boudelier kii mool lay aur tukbandi yojana key rakharkhaav mein advitiya they. iss sangrah koo 1991 mein boa sanskaranon dwara "burai aur peris pliha key phool" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. prakaashan koo crossby key bete, david dwara kiye gaye mool lakadi key tukadon dwara badhaaya gayaa haye. crossby ney catulus kaa anuvaad puuraa kiya, halanki yeh kabhi prakaashit naheen huaa.

vilium homes crossby junier. vilium homes crossby junier. (december 1,1914-janavari 15,2005) aadhunika hematology sthapaka pitamaharalli obbaru endu anekaru pariganisiddaare. avaru ee kshetradalli kshetradalli hecchu peer-reviewed pepargalannu prakatisidaru, jotege oncology, gastroenterology, kabbinada chayapachaya, poshane mattu saamaanya vaidyakeeya abhyaasada pepargalannu prakatisidaru. jotege, avaru kaviya avishkaraka mattu prakatita bhaashaantarakaaraagiddaru. arambhika jeevana. vilium homes crossby junier. west varjiniyaada wheelingnalli janisidaru. aaru tingala nantara kutumbavu taila nagaravaada pensylvaniage sthalaantaragonditu. avara tande vaastushilpi aagiddaru. avara taayi, francis aireen forrester, shaala shikshakaraagiddaru. crossby chikka vayassinalliye vaidyakeeyada kadege aakarshitanaagiddanu, 12 neey vayassinalli taanu haajaraagidda baala scout shibiradalli kelasa maadida svayamsevakarondige tannannu taanu jodisikondanu. proudhashaaleyalliddaaga aata saahityada bagegina tanna pritiyannu tanna eradaneya inglish sikshaka dorothy myaanninda kanduhididanu. crossby avaru pensylvania shasakangavu avarige needida vidyaarthivetanadalli pensylvania vishvavidyaalayakke seridaru. ee samayadalli, avaru sthaliya aaspatreya hematology prayogaalayadalli svayamsevakaragi samshoodhaneyalli tamma jivanavannu praarambhisidaru. sainika mattu vaidyaraagi crossby. crossby crossby pensylvania vishvavidyaalayada vaidyakeeya shaalege praveshisidaru. tamma moorane varshadalli, kshayarogadinda chetarisikondu, aaru tingalu tamma bennina mele kaleyalu avaru shaaleyannu toredaru. avaru 1940 ralli padavi padedaru mattu sainyakke serikondaru, walter reed armi aaspatreyalli military internship annu praarambhisidaru. eradane mahayuddha praarambhavaada nantara, crossby pensilveniyaada carlisley byaarakgalallina sainyada vaidyakeeya kshetra sewa shaleyalli bodhakaragi eradu varshagala kaala seve sallisidaru. nantara avaru sagarottara kartavyavannu koridaru mattu 1942 ralli, yuu.ess. 85neey padaatidala vibhaga. ee samayadalli, yavagalu adhyayana maadalu enannaadaroo hudukuttidda crossby, russian bhasheyannu adhyayana maadidanu. aata tanna shirastraanadalli shabdakoshada kaardugalannu ittukolluttiddanu. crossby yuddhabhumiya kartavyagalu ok eleya samoohadondige kanchina nakshatrakke kaaranavaadavu. koriyaadalli avara sevegaagi mattondu samoohavannu serisalaayitu. yuddhada nantara crossby sainyada vaidyakeeya kshetra sewa shaalege bodhakaragi maralidaru, eega texasna fort samm houstenge sthalaantaragondaru. allinda, avaru brook general aaspatreyalli aantarika vaidyakeeya residencyalli daakhalaadaru, allie avarannu ovar-flow wardna ustuvaari vahisalaayitu. aaa samayadalli avaru texas rajyadalli yaavude hematology bembalavilla endu kanduhididaru mattu aaddarinda ee kshetradalli tivravaada swayam-adhyayanada korsnalli todagabekayitu. aagina united statesna hematologyalli naayakanaagidda vilium damesheck avara bhetiya samayadalli, crossby avaru hematologic rogigalannu nirvahisuvalli damesheck avarannu eshtu prabhavitagolisidaru endare, avaru aagina sarjan general avarannu samparkisi crossbige hematologyalli oupachaarika tarabeti niiduvante vinantisidaru. idaada kelave dinagalli, crosbyannu praat diagnostic aaspatrege vargaayisalaayitu, idu nantara nyoo inglend vaidyakeeya kendravaayitu, hematology phelo aagi. aagi avaru london raani alexandra military aaspatrege hodaru. hodaru hindirugida nantara, crossby avaru walter reed armi aaspatreyalli hematology mattu oncology visheshategalannu sthaapisidaru, ee sthaanavannu avaru avaru hondiddaru. ee avadhiyalli avaru vaidyakeeya samshoodhakaraagi tamma sudirgha vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru. avaru hematology mattu kabbinada chayapachaya kshetragalalli moola prabandhagalannu baredaru. avaru mattu avara sahodyogigalu swayam prerita kabbinada korateya raktahinate, upa-charmada moole kasi mattu radeo-label kabbinada sevaneyantaha kaaryavidhaanagalige svayampreraneyinda olagagutta, aagaagge tammade aada prayogaalayada iligalaagi seve sallisidaru. 1952-1953 naa chaligaaladalli, aata svayampreraneyinda koriyage kaluhisalpattaru. allie avaru sanchari seenaa shastrachikitsa aaspatreya ghatakavannu nirdeshisidaru. ee samayadalli avaru gaayada nantara rakta vargaavaneya vividha amshagalannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu prakatisidaru. ee avadhiyalli myash ghatakada moolaka baruva kelavu sainikaru udarada kaayileyinda (spru) balaluttirabahudu endu aatanige tiliyitu. idallade, avaru rakta vargaavaneya vidhaanagalu mattu labhyaviruva raktada gunamattavannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu kaaryavidhaanagalu surakshita mattu parinamakari endu tirmaanisidaru. koriyaada nantara, avaru walter reedge maralidaru mattu sanna karulina ushnavalayada rogavannu adhyayana maadalu porto rikodalli "spru tanda" vannu sthaapisidaru. karulina sthitiyannu mattashtu arthamaadikolluva bayakeyondige, crossby crossby capsul annu abhivraddhipadisidaru, idu biopsy paad aagiddu, idu sanna karulina angaamshada maadarigalannu akramanakariyagi padeyada vaidyarige avakasha maadikottitu. ee saadhanavannu innoo yuva rogigalalli balasalaaguttade. aanuvamshika naan-spherocytic haemolitic raktahinate athawa crossbys syndrome annu 1950 ralli crossby vivarisiddaare. raktashaastragnaraagi avaru kempu rakta kanagala atyagatya amshavaada kabbinada chayapachaya kriyeyalli tamma samshoodhaneyannu munduvaresidaru. idu kabbinada-mitimeerida rogavaada hemochromatosisna adyayanakke kaaranavaayitu. avaru ee rogadalli jeevamaanada aasaktiyannu ulisikondaru, godhi utpannagala kabbina-balawardene salahey mele varshagala kaala fda viruddha horadidaru mattu ittichinavaregu aparoopada rogavendu bhaavisalaada hecchina pramanada bagge vaidyakeeya jagrutiyannu hechchisidaru. hechchisidaru, 25 varshagaligoo hecchu seve sallisida nantara, avaru bostannalliruva tufts-nyoo inglend vaidyakeeya kendradalli vilium damesheck avara uttaraadhikaariyaagalu seeneyinda nivruttaraadaru. elu varshagala nantara avaru californiada syaan diyagodalliruva scrips clinic mattu research foundationge teralidaru.allie avaru hematology-oncology tarabeti kaaryakramavannu sthaapisidaru. ee samayadalli avarige seeneyu legian off merrit prashastiyannu needitu. needitu, 65neey vayassinalli, avarannu seeneya kaaryadarshigalu sakriya kartavyakke karetandaru. avaru walter reednalli innoo naalku varshagala kaala seve sallisidaru mattu missauri joplinnalli khasagi abhyasakke matte nivruttaraadaru, allie avaru tamma ulida jivanavannu kaledaru, vividha vishayagala bagge prabandhagalannu bareyuvudannu munduvaresidaru. munduvaresidaru daa. vii. yalli nelegondiruva tanna rashtravyapi pratishthita vaidyara kaaryakramadalli 11 pradhyapakaralli obbaragalu crosbyannu anubhavi aadalitavu aahvaanisitu.aa. deshadaadyanta vaidyakeeya kendragalu. eradu varshagala nantara avaru aaa huddege rajiname niididaru mattu allie avaru tamma ulida varshagalannu kaleyalu joplinnalli khasagi abhyasavannu kaigondaru. daa. crossby sumaru 500 samshodhanaa prabandhagalannu barediddaare mattu 12 vaidyakeeya niyatakaalikagala sampadakiya mandaligalli seve sallisiddaare mattu ombattu vaidyakeeya niyatakaalikagala sampadakiya mandaligalli seve sallisiddaare. avaru american college off fisiciansna prashasti vijetaraagiddaare. avaru halavu varshagalinda aneka samitigalalli seve sallisiddaare mattu halavaaru vaidyakeeya samsthegala sadasyaraagiddaru. crossby bhashantarakararagi. bhashantarakararagi, avaru raktanaalashaastrada pathyapustakakkagi gulmada mele ondu adhyayavannu siddhapadisuttiddaga, boudelaire avara kavana gulmada ondu charanada bhashantaravannu adaralli serisidaru, ee padavannu adara moola arthavaada "kopa mattu vishaadada anga" dondige parichayisidaru. avaru avaru matte boudelire annu bhashantarisalu praarambhisidaru mattu mundina hadinaalku varshagala kaala "dushta mattu paris gulmada hoovugalu" aguvudara mele kelasa maadidaru. ee anuvaadagalu boudeliren moola laya mattu praasada yojaneyannu nirvahisuvalli vishishtavaagive. ee sangrahavannu sangrahavannu bowa aavruttigalu "flovers off eevil und paris pleeha" endu prakatisidavu. crossby maga david maadida moola maragelasagalinda ee prakataneyu hechchaayitu. crossby catalusna bhashantaravannu poornagolisidaru, aadare idannu endigoo prakatisalaagalilla.

vilyam holms crossby juuniyar. vilyam holms crossby juuniyar. (desember 1,1914-januvari 15,2005) aadhunika hemattolajiyude sthaapaka pithakkanmaaril oralaayi palarum kanakkakkunnu. eee mekhalayile 450 piyar reviewed pepparukalum oongoolaji, gastroentrology, irumbu metabolism, poshakaahaaram, general medical practies ennivayekkurichum addeham kooduthal prasidheekarichu. koodaathe addeham oru kandupiduthakkaaranum kavithayude prasidheekaricha vivarthakanum aayirunnu. aadyakaala jeevitam. vilyam holms crossby juuniyar. vestt virjeeniyayile veelingilaanu addeham janichathu. aarumaasathinusesham kudumbam enna nagaramaya pensylvaniayilekku thamasam maari. addehathinte pithaav oru vaasthushilpiyaayirunnu. addehathinte amma frances airin forester oru school adthyaapikayaayirunnu. cheruppatthil thanne vaidyashaasthrathilekku akarshikkappetta crossby, 12-aamm vayassil thaan pankeduttha booy scout campil jolie cheythirunna sannadha doktarmaarumaayi svayam bandhapettu. haiskoolil padikkumbol thante randaam engleesh adthyaapakanaaya dorothy maan ennavaril ninnaan saahithyathodulla thante sneham addeham kandethiyathu. pensylvania niyamasabha nalkia scholarshippin keezhil crossby pensylvania sarvakalashaalayil chernnu. eee kaalayalavil, praadeshika ashupatri hemattolaji labil sannadhapravarthakanaayi addeham gaveshana jeevitam aarambhichu. oru sainikanenna nilayilum doctor enna nilayilum crossby. 1936ll crossby yooniversitti oof pensylvania school oof medisinil praveshichu. moonnaam varshathil, kshayarogathil ninnu sukham praapichukondu aarr maasam purakil chelavazhikkaan addeham school vittu. 1940ll birudam nediya addeham sainyathil chernnu, walter reed armi ashupathriyil sainika intenshippu aarambhichu. randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathinum, crossby pensylvaniayile carlisil baarakkukalile sainyathinte medical feeld sarvees schoolil rund varsham instructoraayi sevanamanushtichu. thudarnnu addeham videsha duty abhyarthikkukayum 1942ll ningalil cherukayum cheythu.ezz. 85-aamm kaalaalppada division. eee samayat crossby, ellaayppozhum padikkaan enthengilum thedunnu, russian padichu. addeham helmettil padavali cardukal sookshikkum. crossbyude yudhakkala chumathalakal oru ookku ila klasttarulla oru venkala nakshathrathinu kaaranamaayi. koriyayile addehathinte sevanathinaayi mattoru klasttar cherkkapettu. yudhaanantharam crossby sainyathinte medical feeld sarvees schoolil instructoraayi madangiyethiyappol texasile fort saam hoostanilekku maari. avide ninnu addeham brook general hospitalile oru intenal medisin residensiyil chernnu, avide addehathe oru ovar-phloo vaardinte chumatala ealppichu. texes samsthaanathu hemattolaji pinthunayillennu addeham akkaalat kandethi, athinaal eee mekhalayil theevramaaya svayam patana kozhsil earppedaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi. american aikyanaadukalile hematolajiyile annathe neethaavaayirunna vilyam daameshekkinte sandarshana velayil, crossby hematological rogikale kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil dameshekkine aakarshichathinaal crossby hematolajiyil aupachaarikamaayi parisheelippikkanamenn abhyarthikkaan annathe sarjan generalumaayi crossby bandhapettu. taamasiyaathe, crossby praatt diagnostic aashupathriyilekku maatti, athu pinneedu nyoo englandu medical sentaraayi maari, hemattolaji fello aayi. 1950ll addeham landanile kween alexandra milittari ashupathriyil pooyi. 1951ll madangiyethiya crossby 1965 vare thaan vahichirunna walter reed armi ashupathriyil hemattolaji, oongoolaji specialitykal sthaapichu. eee kaalayalavilaanu addeham medical gaveshakanaayi thante neenda currier aarambhichath. hemattolaji, irumbu metabolism ennee mekhalakalil addeham seminal pepparukal ezhuthi. adhehavum sahapravarthakarum palappozhum swantham laab elikal aayi sevanamanushtichu, svayam-preritha irumbinte kuravu anaemiya, sub-dermal asthi transplantation, radio-label cheytha irumbinte upabhogam thudangiya nadapadikramangalkku swamedhayaa vidheyamaayi. 1952-1953-leeii shaithyakaalath addeham koreayilekku ayaykkaan sannadhatha prakadippichu. avide addeham oru mobail armi sarjikkal ashupatri yoonittin neethrthwam nalki. eee samayat addeham parikkinetthudarnnu rakthappakarchayude vividha vashangalekkurich padikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. maash yoonittiloode varunna chila sainikarkk sealiac rogam (spru) undaayekkaamenn eee kaalayalavilaanu addeham manassilaakkiyath. koodaathe, rakthappakarchayude reethikalum labhyamaya rakthathinte gunanilavaaravum addeham padikkukayum nadapadikramangal surakshithavum phalapradavumaanennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. koriaye pinthudarnnu addeham walter readlake madangukayum cheria malavisarjjanathinte aaa ushnamekhalaa rogathekkurichu padikkaan puerto recoyil oru "spru team" sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kudalile avastha kooduthal manasilakkaanulla aagrahathode, crossby crossby capsule vikasippichu, ithu oru biopsy pooad aanu, ithu cherukudal tissuevinte saambilukal aakramanaathmakamallaatha reethiyil nedaan doctormaare anuvadichu. eee upakaranam ippozhum cheruppakkaaraaya rogikalil upayogikkunnu. 1950ll crossby paarambarya nonspherocytic haemolitic anaemiya allengil crossby syndrome vivarichu. oru hemattolajist enna nilayil addeham chuvanna rakthaanukkalude avashya gadakamaaya irumbinte mettabolisathekkurichu thante gaveshanathil thudarnnu. ithu irumbu-overload rogamaaya haemochromatosisinechutu padanatthilekku nayichu. gothamb uthppannangalude irumbu-fortification upadeshikkunnathinekkurikum adutha kaalam vare apoorva rogamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna uyarnna sambhavangalekkurichulla medical avabodham vardhippikkunnathikkum varshangalolam efdaod poraadikkondu addeham eee rogathil aajeevanantha thaalparyam nilanirtthi. 1965ll, 25 varshathilere sevanathinushesham, bosttanile tufts-nyoo englandu medical sentaril vilyam daameshekkinte pingamiyaayi addeham sainyathil ninnu viramichu. ezhu varshathinu sesham addeham kaaliforniyayile saan diegoyile scrips klinikkilekkum research foundeshanilekkum maari.avide addeham hemattolaji-oongolajiyil oru pariseelana paripadi sthaapichu. eee samayat addehathinu sainyam lejian oof merrit nalki aadarichu. 1979ll 65-aamm vayassil karasenayude sekrattari addehathe sajeeva dutyilekku thirichuvilichu. walter reedle naalu varsham koodi sevanamanushticha addeham veendum misouriyile joplinil swakaarya praakteesilekk viramichu, avide addeham thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan chelavazhichu, vividha vishayangalil prabandhangal ezhuthunnathu thudarnnu. 1983ll doow. crossby vettarans bharanakoodam raajyavyaapakamaayi vii. yill nilayurappichirikkunna vishishta doctormaarude paripaadiyile 11 professormaaril oralaakaan kshanichu.eiii. raajyathudaneelamulla medical sentarukal. rund varshathinu sesham addeham aaa sthaanathu ninnu raajivachu joplinil swakaarya practies ettedukkukayum avide addeham thante sheshikkunna varshangal chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. doow. crossby 500 oolam gaveshana prabandhangal rachikkukayum 12 medical jenalukalude edittoriyal bordukalil sevanamanushtikkukayum onpathu medical jenalukalude edittoriyal bordukalil sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. american koleju oof physiciansinte puraskaara jethaavaan addeham. varshangalolam niravadhi kammittikalil sevanamanushticha addeham niravadhi medical oorganaiseshanukalil amgamaayirunnu. crossby vivarthakanaayi. 1974-ll, hematolajiyekkurichulla oru paatapusthakatthinaayi pleehayekkurichu oru adhyayam thayyaaraakkumbol, "kopatthinteyum vishaadathinteyum avayavam" enna vaakkinte yadhaartha ardham parichayappeduthunnathinaayi boudeleyarinte kavita pleehayil ninnulla oru charanatthinte vivarthanam addeham athil ulppeduthi. 1978ll addeham veendum boudeleyar vivarthanam cheyyaan thudangi, adutha pathinaalu varshakkalam "thinmayudeyum paarees pleehayudeyum pookkal" aayi maarunnathil pravarthichu. boudleyarinte yadhaartha thaalavum praasakramavum nilanirthunnathil eee vivarthanangal savisheshamaayirunnu. 1991ll bowa pathippukal "thinmayudeyum paarees pleehayudeyum pookkal" enna peril eee shekharam prasidheekarichu. crossbyude makan david cheytha yadhaartha maram murikal eee prasidheekaranathe vardhippichu. crossby kaattulasinte oru vivarthanam poortthiyaakkiyenkilum ithu orikkalum prasidheekarichirunnil.

william homes crossby junier. william homes crossby junier. (1 december 1914-15 janewari 2005) aadhunik raktaranjit rogshastrachya sansthapakanpaiki eka mhanoon anekjan manatat. tyanni yaa kshetratil 450 samvayaskanni punaravalokan kelele shodhanibandh, tasech oncology, gastroentrology, loh chayapachay, poshan aanee samanya vaidyakeey paddhati yanche sanshodhananibandh prakashit kele. yavyatirikt teey eka shodhak aanee kavitanche prakashit anuvadak hote. prarambhik jeevan. william homes crossby junier. west virginia yetheel wheeling yethe tyancha janm jhaala. sahaa mahinyanantar heey kutumb teel shahar, pensylvaniamadhye rahayala gele. tyanche vadil vastuvisharad hote. tyachi aaee, frances irene forrester, eka shaley shikshika hotee. crossby lahan vayatach aushadhankade aakarshit jhaala aanee tyane vayachya 12 vya varshi upasthit asalelya baal skaut shibirat kaam kaam swayamsevi doctoranshi swatahla jodale. madhyamik shalet asatana tyala tyachya sahityatil premacha shodh tyachya duyyam ingraji shikshak dorothy mann yanchyakadun lagla. crossby yanni pensylvania vidhimandalane tyanna dilelya shishyavruttikhali pensylvania vidyapithat shikshan ghetale. yaa kalat tyanni sthanik rugnalayatil raktarogshastra prayogshalet svayamsevak mhanoon sanshodhanat aaplya jivanachi suruvat kelee. eka sainik aanee doctor mhanoon crossby. 1936 madhye crossbyne university auph pensylvania school auph medicinemadhye pravesh ghetala. tyachya tyachya varshat, kshayarogatun barey houn tyane sahaa mahine pathivar basnyasathi shaala sodali. 1940 madhye tyanni padvi prapt kelee aanee lashkarat bharati houn walter reed lashkari rugnalayat lashkari prashikshan suru kele. dusare mahayuddha suru jhalyanantar, crossbyne pensylvania carlisal barreck yetheel lashkarachya vaidyakeey kshetra seva shalet prashikshak mhanoon done varshe seva dilee. tyanantar tyanni paradeshat kartavya bajavanyachi vinanti kelee aanee 1942 madhye teey tumchyat sameel jhaale.ess. jhaale.ess payadal vibhag. yaa kalat, abhyasasathi nehmi kahitari shodhat asalelya crossbyne russian bhashecha abhyas keela. too tyachya shirastranat shabdasangrah carde thevat asey. crossbychya yuddhbhumivaril kartvyanmule okchya pananchya samoohasah kansya taara tayar jhaala. koriyatil tyachya sevesathi aanakhi eka samooh jodanyat aala. yuddhanantar crossby lashkarachya vaidyakeey kshetra seva shalet prashikshak mhanoon paratala, aata texaschya phorta samm huston yethe gela. tethoon tyanni brook general hospitalmadhil antargat vaidyakeey nivassthani pravesh ghetala, jithe tyanna overflo prabhagacha prabhari mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. texas rajyat raktaranjit rogacha aadhar nahee aanee tyamule tyanna yaa kshetrat tivra aatm-abhyas abhyaskramat sahbhagi honyas bhag padale gele, asey tyanna tyaveli aadhalale. united states hematologymadhil tatkalin nete william demsheck yanchya bhetidarmyan, crossbyne hematologic rugnanna hatalanyat demshekla itake prabhavit kele qee nantarchya shalyachikitsak generalshi sampark sadhun crossbyla hematologymadhye aupcharik prashikshan denyachi vinanti kelee. tyanantar lagechach, crossbyla pratt diagnostic rugnalayat halavanyat aale, jeey nantar nyu ingland medical center banale, hematology phelo mhanoon. 1950 madhye teey londonchya queen alekzandra lashkari rugnalayat gele. 1951 madhye paratalyanantar, crossbyne walter reed armi rugnalayat raktarogshastra aanee karkarogshastra yaa donhi visheshatanchi sthapana kelee, jeey padd teey 1965 paryant bhushavat hote. yach kalat tyanni vaidyakeey sanshodhak mhanoon tyanchya pradirgh karkirdila suruvat kelee. tyanni raktavahinyashastra aanee loh chayapachay yaa kshetranmadhye moolbhut shodhanibandh lihile. teey aanee tyanche sahkari anekada tyanchya swatachya prayogshaletil under mhanoon kaam karat asat, swa-prerit lohachya kamataratemule honara raktakshay, up-tvacharog hadey pratyaropan aanee redio-label kelele loh sevan yasarkhya prakriyanmadhun swechhene jaat asat. 1952-1953 chya hivalyat, tyane swechhene koriyala pathvile. tethe tyanni firatya lashkarachya shastrachikitsa rugnalayachya unitche digdarshan kele. yaveli tyanni dukhapatinantar rakt sankramanachya vividh pailuncha abhyas keela aanee prakashit kele. yaa kalatach tyala heey dekhil kalale qee mash unitmadhun unitmadhun kahee sainikanna seliyak rog (spru) jhaala asava. yavyatirikt tyanni rakt sankramanachya paddhati aanee upalabdh raktachya gunavattecha abhyas keela aanee nishkarsh kadhala qee prakriya surakshit aanee prabhavi aahet. koriyanantar, too walter reed yethe paratala aanee lahan aatadyachya tyaa ushnakatibandhiy rogacha abhyas karnyasathi tyane porto riko yethe eka 'spru team' sthapan kelee. aatadyachi sthitee aanakhi samajoon ghenyachya tyachya ichchhene, crossbyne crossby capsule vikasit kele, eka biopsy podd jyane doctoranna lahan aatadyachya uutinche namune aakramak naan karata midvinyachi parvanagi dilee. heey upkaran ajunahi tarun rugnanmadhye vaparale jaate. aanuvanshik nonsperocytic haemolitic anaemia kinwa crossby syndromeche varnan 1950 madhye crossbyne kele hote. eka raktarandakshastradnya mhanoon tyanni laal raktapesheencha eka aavashyak ghatak asalelya lohachya chayapachayavaril tyanchya sanshodhanat satatya rakhale. yamule loh-adhibharit rog haemochromatosischa abhyas jhaala. gahoo utpadananchya loh-pushtikaranachya sallyanusar tasech agadi alikadeparyant, eka durmil rog mhanoon manalya manalya uchch pradurbhavabaddal vaidyakeey jagrukta vadhavun, tyanni yaa rogamadhye ayushyabhar rus kayam thewala, anek varshe eff. dii. aii. shhee ladha deela. 1965 madhye, 25 varshanhun adhik sevenantar, boston yetheel tufts-nyu ingland vaidyakeey kendrat william demshekchya jaagi yenyasathi teey sainyatoon nivrutt jhaale. saat varshannantar teey californiatil sann diego yetheel scrips clinic aanee research foundationmadhye gele., jithe tyanni raktaranjit rogvidnyan-oncologymadhye prashikshan karyakram suru keela. yaveli tyanna lashkarane 'lijan auph merritt' puraskarane sanmanit kele hote. 1979 madhye vayachya 65 vya varshi lashkarachya sachivanni tyanna sakriy kartvyavar parat bolavale. tyanni aanakhi chaar varshe walter reed yethe kaam kele aanee misaurichya joplin yethe khajgi saravat punha nivrutt jhaale, jithe tyanni tyanche urvarit ayushya vyateet kele aanee vividh vishayanvar shodhanibandh lihine suru thewale. 1983 madhye dow. crossbyla majee prashasanane wii. madhye tainat asalelya tyachya rashtravyapi pratishthit chikitsak karyakramatil 11 pradhyapakanpaiki eka honyasathi aamantrit kele hote.aaa. deshbharatil vaidyakeey kendre. done varshannantar tyanni joplinmadhye khajgi sarav karnyasathi tyaa padacha rajinama deela, jithe teey tyanchi urvarit varshe ghalavatil. dow. crossby yanni sumare 500 sanshodhan lekh lihile aanee 12 vaidyakeey niyatkalikanchya sampadakiy mandalavar kaam kele aanee nauu vaidyakeey niyatkalikanchya sampadakiy mandalavar kaam kele. teey american college auph physicianche vijete aahet. tyanni anek varshant anek samityanvarhi kaam kele aanee anek vaidyakeey sansthanche sadasya hote. anuvadak mhanoon crossby. 1974 madhye, teey raktarogshastravaril pathyapustakachya pleeha vishayavaril eka adhyay tayar karat asatana, tyanni tyat baudelerchya kavita pleeha yaa shabdacha anuvad samavisht keela, jyacha mool arth 'raag aanee udaspanacha avyav' assa aahe. 1978 madhye tyanni punha baudelerche bhashantar karnyas suruvat kelee aanee pudhil chauda varshe 'dusht aanee parris pleehachi phule' kaay hotil yavar kaam kele. hii bhashantare bodelerchya mool taal aanee pras yojanechya dekhbhalisathi adviteey hotee. haah sangrah 1991 madhye boa aavruttyandvare 'white aanee parris pleeha phule' mhanoon prakashit karnyat aala hota. crossbycha mulga david yane kelelya mool lakud kapanidware heey prakashan vadhavale aahe. crossbyne catulusche bhashantar purn kele, matra teey kadhihi prakashit jhaale nahee.

william homes crusby junier. william homes crusby junier. (december 1,1914-janawari 15,2005) dheraile adhunik hematologyka sansthapak pitaharu madhye ek manchan. unle yass kshetrama 450 wata sahakarmi-samiksha garieka kagajatharu, sathai oncology, gastroentrology, falam metabolism, poshan rar samanya chikitsa abhyaska kagajatharu prakashit gare. yasabahek uni ek awishkarak rar kawitaka prakashit anuwadak thie. prarambhik jiwan. william homes crusby junier. unko janma paschim bharjiniyako wheelingma bhaeko thiyo. chha mahinapachhi pariwar tel sahar, pensylvaniama sare. unka buba wastukar thie. unaki amah, francis airen forester, ek schol shikshika thiin. crusby cum umerma nai chikitsaprati akarshit bhaeka thie, 12 warshako umerma afule bhag lieko ketako scout shivirma kaam garne swayamsewak chikitsakharusanga sanlagna bhae. hai schoolma unle afno sofomore angreji shikshak dorothy manbata sahityapratiko afno prem patta lagae. crusbyle pensylvania vidhayika dwara unlai pradan garieko chhatrawritti antargat pensylvania vishwavidyalayama bhag lie. yass samayama, unle sthaniya aspatal hematology prayogshalama swayamsewakko rupma anusandhanma afno jiwan suru gare. ek sipahi rar chikitsakko rupma crusby. sann 1936 maa crusbyle university aff pensylvania schol aff medicinema prawesh gare. afno tesro warshama, unle kshayarogbata niko bhaera afno pithyuma chha mahina bitauna vidyalaya chhode. unle sann 1940 maa snatak gare rar senama bharna bhae, walter ridd armi aspatalma sainya internship suru gare. dosro vishwayudha suru bhaepachi, crusbyle pensylvaniako carlisal barrackma senako medical field sarbhis schoolma prashikshakko rupma dui warsha sewa gare. tyasapachhi unle videshi shulkako anurodh gare rar 1942 maa uni yuma samel bhae.ess. 85 aun paidal sena division. yass samayama crusbyle sadhain adhyayan garna kehi khojda rusi adhyayan gare. unle afno helmetma shabdawali cardharu rakhthe. crusbyko yuddhako maidan kartawyaharuko parinamswarup ok patko clusterko sath kaansaako tara bhayo. koreama unko sewaka lagi arko samuha thapieko thiyo. yuddhapachhi crusby senako medical field sarbhis schoolma prashikshakko rupma farke, ab fort saam hyustan, texasma sareka thie. tyahanbata, unle brook general aspatalma antarik chikitsa niwasma bharna gare jahaan unlai obhar-flo wardko prabhari banaieko thiyo. unle tyas samayama patta lagae kii texas rajyama hematology samarthan thiena rar yasaile kshetrama gahan atma-adhyayan pathyakramma sanlagna huna badhya bhae. sanyukta rajya americako hematologyka tatkalin neta william demesekko bhramanko kramama, crusbyle demeseklai hematologic biramiharuko handling garnama yati prabhawit gare kii pachhillole tatkalin sarjan generallai krasbilai aupacharik rupma hematologyma prashikshit garna anurodh garna samparka gare. tyasko lagattai, krasbilai pryat diagnostic aspatalma sthanantaran gariyo, june pachhi hematology feloko rupma nayan england medical centre banyo. sann 1950 maa uni londonko rani alekjandra sainya aspatalma gae. sann 1951 maa farkiepachhi, crusbyle walter ridd armi aspatalma hematology rar oncology duwai wisheshtaharu sthapana gare june unle sann 1965 samma samhaleka thie. yass awadhima unle chikitsa anusandhankartako rupma afno lamo currier suru gare. unle hematology rar falam metabolismka kshetrama maulik kagajatharu lekhe. uni rar unka sahakarmiharule prayaha afnai prayogshala musaka rupma sewa gare, swechchhale atma-prerit falamko kami anaemia, upa-twachiya haddi pratyaropan, rar radio-lebel garieko falamko sevan jasta prakriyaharubata gujriraheka thie. 1952-1953 ko jadoma, uni koreama pathauna swechchhale ae. tyahan unle mobile armi cergical aspatal unitko nirdeshan die. yass samayama unle chot lagepachhi ragat sthanantaranka vibhinna pakshaharuko adhyayan rar prakashan gare. yahi awadhima unlai thaha bhayo kii myas unitbata aune kehi sipahiharu celiac rog (spru) batt pidit huna sakchhan. yasabahek unle ragat sthanantaranka vidhiharu rar upalabdha ragatko gunastarko adhyayan gare rar prakriyaharu surakshit rar prabhawkari thie bhanne nishkarsh nikale. korealai pachhyaundai, uni walter ridma farkie rar sano andrako tyo ushnakatibandhiya rogko adhyayan garna porto rikoma "spru tolly" sthapana gare. andrako awastha ajha bujhnako lagi afno ichchhaka sath, crusbyle crusby capsule vikas gare, ek biopsy podd jasle chikitsakharulai sano andrako utakko namunaharu gaira-akramanatmak rupma prapta garna anumati diyo. yo upkaran ajhai pani yuwa biramiharusanga prayog garinchha. wanshanugat gaira-throcytic haemolitic anaemia wa crusby cindromelai sann 1950 maa crusbyle warnan gareka thie. ek hematologistko rupma unle rato rakta koshikako awashyak ghatak falamko metabolismma afno anusandhan jaari rakhe. yasale falam-adhibhar rog hemochromatosisko adhyayanma netritwa netritwa. gahun utpadanharuko falam-sudridhikaranko sallahaka sathasathai halsalaisamma durlabh rog manieko uccha ghatanaharuko barema chikitsa chetana badhaundai unle yass rogma ajiwan chaso kayam rakhe. sann 1965 maa, 25 warshabhanda badhi sewa garepachhi, uni bostonko tufts-nyu england medical centrema william demsekko uttaradhikari banna senabata sewaniwritta bhae. saat warshapachhi uni californiako saan diyegoma raheko scrips clinic rar research foundationma gae.jahaan unle hematology-oncologyma prashikshan karyakram sthapana gare. yass samayama unlai senale lijan aff meritbata sammanit gareko thiyo. sann 1979 maa 65 warshako umerma unlai senaka sachible sakriya kartawyama firta bolae. unle walter ridma arko chaar warsha sewa gare rar misauriko joplinma niji abhyasma feri sewaniwritta bhae jahaan unle afno baanki jiwan bitae, vibhinna vishayaharuma kagajatharu lekhna jaari rakhe. sann 1983 maa dah. krasabilai diggaj prashasandwara yasako rashtrawyapi pratishthit chikitsak karyakramma 11 pradhyapakharu madhye ek banna amantrit garieko thiyo.ae. deshbhar chikitsa kendraharu. unle dui warshapachhi joplinma niji abhyas garna tyas padabata rajinama die, jahaan unle afna baanki warshaharu bitaune thie. dah. crusbyle lagbhag 500 anusandhan patraharu lekhe rar 12 wata medical journalharuko sampadakiya boardma sewa gare rar nau medical journalharuko sampadakiya boardma sewa gare. uni american college aff physicianka puraskar vijeta hun. unle warshaunsamma dherai samitiharuma pani sewa gare rar dherai chikitsa sansthaharuko sadasya thie. crosby anuwadakka rupma. sann 1974 maa, jab uni hematologyko pathyapustakka lagi plyhama euta adhyaya tayar gardai thie, unle yasama baudelerako kawita plyhabata euta shlokko afno anuwad samawesh gare jasko muel artha "krodh rar udasiko anga" how. unle sann 1978 maa feri badelerko anuwad garna thale rar arko chaudha warshasamma "dushta rar peris plyhako full" key banne bhanne kurama kaam gare. yee anuwadharu badelerko muel laya rar tukbandi yojanako rakharkhawma adwitiya thie. yo sangraha sann 1991 maa boah sanskaranharudwara "flavours aff avill anned peris pliha" ko rupma prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yo prakashan krasbika chhora devidwara garieko muel kathko katdwara badhaieko chha. crusbyle catalusko anuwad pura gare tara yo kahilyai prakashit bhaena.

william home kraswi juniara william home kraswi juniara (december 1,1914-januari 15,2005) anekanka dwara adhunika hematology pratisthata pitanka madhyaru jane bhabare bibechana karajae . shay ehi khetrare khetrare sahakarmee-samikhya karajaithiba gabeshanapatra, tatha ankoloji, gastroentrology, iron metabolism, pustisadhana ebong sadharana chikitsa abhyasa bishajare adhika prakash karithile. ehaa byatita shay jane udbhabaka ebong kabitara anubadaka thile. prarambhika zeeban. william home kraswi juniara shay paschima bharjiniara huilingre janmagrahana karithile. chhaa maasa parey paribarati taila sahara, pensilabhaniaaku sthanantarita hoithila. taanka pita jane sthapati thile. taanka maaa, frances irene forester, jane skula sikhyaka thile. kraswi alpa bajasare oushadha prati akarshita hoithile, 12 barsha bajasare swechasebee chikitsakanka saha nijaku jodithile jeunmane shay joga deithiba balaka scout shibirare kaama karithile . haiskulare shay taanka dwiteeja ingraji sikhyaka dorothy mankatharu sahitya prati tankara prem abishkara karithile. pensilbhania bidhanasabha dwara tanku pradan karajaithiba eka brutti adheenare kraswi pensilbhania biswabidyalajare joga deithile. ehi samajare, shay sthaniah daktarakhana hematology lyabare jane swechasebee bhabare gabeshana zeeban arambha karithile. jane sainika ebong chikitsaka bhabare kraswi. 1936 masihare kraswi pensilbhania biswabidyalajara skula off medisinare prabesha karithile. tankara truteeja barshare, shay jakhmaru sustha hoi pithi upare chhaa maasa bitaiba paain bidyalaja chadithile. shay 1940 ray snataka hoithile ebong senabahinire talikabhukta hoithile, walter ridd armi daktarakhanare eka samarika internship arambha karithile. dwiteeja biswajudha arambha heba parey, kraswi penasilabhaniara carlisley barreck thaare thiba senara medical field sarbhis schoolre prashikhyaka bhabe dui barsha karjya karithile. ehapare shay bideshare karttabya karibaku anurodha karithile ebong 1942 masihare shay aapananka sahita joga deithile.ess. ଦେଇଥିଲେ।ଏସ୍ padatika divijan. ehi samajare kraswi, sarbada adhyajana paain kichhi khojuthile, rushiah adhyajana karithile. shay niz helametare shabdabhandara card rakhuthile. kraswinka judhakhetra karttabyara phalaswaroopa eka oak patra samooha sahita eka bronz taaraa srusti hoithila . koriaare tankara seba paain aau eka cluster jodajaithila. juddha parey kraswi senara medical field sarbhis skulaku prashikhyaka bhabare pherithile, bartamana texacer fort saama hyustanku sthanantarita hoithile. setharu shay brook general hospitalera eka aabhyantareen medicine residensire naama lekhaithile jeunthare tanku eka ovara-flow warder dajitwa diajaithila. shay sehi samajare abishkara karithile je texas rajyare kaunasi hematology samarthan naahin ebong tenu shay ehi khetrare eka tibra aatma-adhyajana pathyakramare nijojita hebaku badhya hoithile. setebele americara hematology khetrare jane neta thiba william demesheknka gasta samajare, kraswi hematologic rogeenka parichalanare demesheknku ete prabhabita karithile je kraswinku hematology khetrare aanusthanika talim deba paain anurodha kariba paain shay tatkaleena sarjan jeneralanka saha jogajoga karithile. ehara turanta parey, kraswinku prat nidan daktarakhanaku sthanantara karajaithila, jaahaa parey hematology fello bhabare nutan englanda daktari kendrare parinata hoithila . 1950 masihare shay londner raanee alekjandra samarika daktarakhanaku jaithile. ଯାଇଥିଲେ। feriba parey, kraswi walter ridd armi hospitalre ubhaja hematology ebong ankoloji swatantrata pratistha karithile, jaahaa shay 1965 parjyanta dhari rakhithile. ehi samai madhyare shay daktari gabeshaka bhabare tankara dirgha carrier arambha karithile. shay hematology ebong iron metabolism khetrare seminal pepara lekhithile . shay ebong taanka sahakarmeemane prajatah semanankara nijaswa parikhyagara moosha bhabare karjya karithile, swechakruta bhabare swajang-prerita iron abhaba raktahinata, sab-dermal asthi pratiropana, ebong redio-lebel iron seban pari prakriya dei gati karithile . 1952-1953 rahr sheeta ruture, shay koriaaku pathaiba paain swechakruta bhabare jaithile. sethare shay eka chalanta sena sergical hospital unit nirdesh deithile. ehi samajare shay aaghata parey rakta sanchajara bibhinna diga upare adhyajana ebong prakash karithile. ehi samai madhyare shay madhya abgat hoithile je maash unit madhyamare asuthiba kichhi sainika celiac roga (spru) ray peedita hoithaiparanti. ehaa byatita shay rakta sanchajara paddhati ebong upalabdha raktara gunabatta adhyajana karithile ebong ehi prakriya nirapada ebong prabhabasali bolly siddhanta neithile. korea parey, shay walter ridaku pherithile ebong chhot antrara sehi grishmamandalija roga adhyajana karibaku puerto rikore eka "spru team" pratistha karithile. antrara sthitiku ahuri bujhiba paain kraswi kraswi capsule bikashita karithile, eka bajapsy pudd jaahaa chikitsakamananku chhot antra tissure namuna anah-aakramanatmaka bhabare hassel karibaku anumathi deithila . ehi jantrati ebebi juba rogeenka paain byabahara karajauchhi. banshagata anah-throcytic haemolitic raktahinata kimba kraswi cindrome 1950 ray kraswi dwara barnana karajaithila. jane hematologist bhabare shay lohita rakta kanikara eka atyabashyaka upadan iron metabolism upare gabeshana jaari rakhithile. ehaa lauha-atyadhika bhaar roga hemochromatosis adhyajanaku neigala . gaham utpadagudikara lauha-pustikaranara paramarsha upare barsha barsha dhari aif. dii. aii. sahita ladhiba sahita, nikatare eka birala roga bolly bibechana karajauthiba ehara uccha ghatana bishajare daktari sachetanata brudhi curry, shay ehi roga prati ajiban agraha bajaiah rakhithile. 1965 masihare, 25 barsharu adhika seba parey, shay bostner tufts-nyu englanda medical sentarare william damesheknka uttaradhikari heba paain senaru absar neithile. saata barsha parey shay californier shaan dijegore scrips clinic ebong research phaundesanku jaithile.jeunthare shay hematology-ankoloji khetrare eka prasikhyana karjyakram pratistha karithile. ehi samajare tanku sena dwara ligion off merritt pradan karajaithila. 1979 masihare, 65 barsha bajasare, tanku sena sachibanka dwara sakriya karttabya paain ferai niajaithila. shay walter ridare aau chaari barsha karjya karithile ebong misaurira joplin thaare gharoi abhyasare puni absar neithile jeunthare shay tankara abasista zeeban bitaithile, bibhinna bishai upare kagajpatra lekhiba jaari rakhithile. 1983 masihare, dodd. kraswinku veterance prashasana dwara bhi. ray abasthapita ehara deshabyapee bisista chikitsaka karjyakramara 11 john prafesaranka madhyaru jane hebaku nimantran karajaithila.aii. saaraa deshare medical centre. dui barsha parey shay sehi padaru istafa dei joplin ray byaktigata abhyasa karithile, jeunthare shay tankara abasista barshagudika bitaibe . dodd. kraswi praiah 500 gabeshana patra rachna karithile ebong ebong daktari patrikara sampadakiah boardre karjya karithile ebong nauty daktari patrikara sampadakiah boardre karjya karithile. shay americae college off physiciancer jane bijeta. shay aneka barsha dhari aneka kamitire madhya karjya karithile ebong aneka daktari sansthara sadasya thile. kraswi anubadaka bhabe. 1974 masihare, jetebele shay raktatatwa upare eka pathyapustaka paain pleeha upare eka adhyaja prastuta karuthile, setebele shay ethire 'krodha ebong bishadara anga' rahr moola artha sahita ehi shabdar parichai deba paain badalejaranka kabita pleehar eka starar anubada antarbhukta karithile. shay 1978 ray puni badaleyara anubada kariba arambha karithile ebong parabarti chaud barsha parjyanta "dusta ebong paris pleehar phul" ray parinata heba upare karjya karithile. ehi anubadagudika baudeleranka moola taala ebong chhanda yojana rakhyanabekhyanare ananya thila . ehi sangrahaku 1991 masihare boa sanskarana dwara "asubha ebong paris pleehar phul" bhabare prakashita karajaithila. kraswinka pua devidanka dwara karajaithiba moola kaath katiba dwara prakashanaku brudhi karajaichi. kraswi katulsra eka anubada samapta karithile, kintu ehaa kebe prakashita hoinathila.

viliam homes crossby junier viliam homes crossby junier (1 dasambar, 1914-15 janwari, 2005) noon bahut saare lokan duaara aadhunik haematology dey sansthapak pitaa manniaa jaanda haii. unhan neey iss khetar witch 450 peear-reevieddd paper prakashit keete, naal hii oncology, gastroentrology, iron metabolism, poshan atey aam medical abhiaas dey paper vee prakashit keete. iss toon ilava uh ikk khoji atey kavita daa prakashit anuvadak see. mudhla jeevan. viliam homes crossby junier uh pachmi virginia dey wheeling witch paida hoiaa see. chhe mahiniaan baad parivaar aail city, pensylvania chalaa giaa. uss dey pitaa ikk architect sunn. uss dee maan, francis irene forester, ikk school adhiaapak see. crossby chhoti umar witch hii dawai vall khichiaa giaa see, 12 saal dee umar witch aapne aap noon sway-sevi doctor naal jode liaa see joe uss dey munde scout camp witch kamm karde sunn. hyee school witch uss neey aapne sophomore angrezi adhiaapak, dorothy maen toon saahit pratee aapne piaar dee khoj keeti. crossby neey pensylvania vidhan sabha duaara uss noon ditti gaee scholarship dey tehat pensylvania university witch padahi keeti. iss samein dauran, unhan neey sathanak hospital haematology laib witch ikk volunteer vajon khoj witch aapni zindagi dee shuruat keeti. ikk sipahi atey doctor dey roop witch crossby. sann 1936 witch crossby neey university aaf pensylvania school aaf maddison witch dakhla liaa. aapne teeje saal dauran, uss neey tii. bee. toon theek hoow keey chhe maheene aapni pitth utte bitaun laee school chhadd ditta. unhan neey 1940 witch graduation keeti atey fauj witch bharti hoow keey walter reed aarmi hospital witch miltery internship shuru keeti. dooje vishav yuddh dey shuru honn toon baad, crossby neey carlisal bairak, pensylvania vikhe fauj dey medical feeled service school witch ikk instructor vajon doou saal seva nibhai. firr uss neey videshi diooti dee benati keeti atey 1942 witch uh tuhade naal shamal hoow giaa.aiss. 85veen paidal saina division. iss samein dauran crossby, hamesha adhiaen curran laee kujh labhda see, russie daa adhiaen karda see. uh aapne helmut witch shabdawali card rakkhda see. crossby dey jung dey maidaan deeaan zimmevariaan dey natije vajon ikk oak patte dey samooh dey naal ikk kaansi daa taara baniaa. koria witch uss dee seva laee ikk horr samooh jodiaa giaa see. yuddh toon baad crossby fauj dey medical feeled service school witch ikk instructor vajon waps aaiaa, hunn uh fort saim hoston, taxas chalaa giaa. utthon, uss neey brook general hospital witch ikk andruni dawai nivas witch dakhla liaa jitthe uss noon ikk over-flow ward daa incharge rakkhiaa giaa see. uss neey uss samein khoj keeti kii taxas raaj witch koee haematology sahaita naheen see atey iss tarahan uh iss khetar witch ikk teebar sway-adhiaen course witch shamal honn laee majbur see. viliam demeshek dee ikk ferry dauran, joe uss vele sanyukat raaj amrica dey haematology witch ikk neta sunn, crossby neey demeshek noon haematologic mareezan noon sambhalan witch inna prabhavit keeta kii baad vaale neey tatkali sarjan general naal samparak keeta atey benati keeti kii crossby noon rasmi taur 'teey haematology witch sikhlai ditti jaave. iss toon turant baad, karasabi noon prait diagnostic hospital witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa, joe baad witch ikk haematology failo vajon nioo england medical center bann giaa. sann 1950 witch uh london dey raanee alegzandra miltery hospital gaye. sann 1951 witch aapni vaapsee utte, karasabi neey walter reed aarmi hospital witch haematology atey oncology dovan deeaan visheshtavan sathapat keetiaan, ikk ajihi sathiti jiss utte uh 1965 takk rahey sunn. isey samein dauran unhan neey medical khojkarta vajon aapne lambe crear dee shuruat keeti. unhan neey haematology atey iron metabolism dey khetran witch muddhale paper likhe. uh atey uss dey sehyogi aksar aapne khud dey laib chuhe vajon kamm karde sunn, sway-prerit iron dee ghaat anaemia, sabb-dermal haddiaan dee transpentation atey radio-label vaale iron dee khapat vargiaan prakiriaavan toon aapni marzi naal guzarde sunn. 1952-1953 dee sardiaan witch, usne swaiichhat taur utte koria bhejan dee ichha pragtai. utthe unhan neey ikk mobile aarmi cergical hospital unit daa nirdesh ditta. iss samein unhan neey satt laggan toon baad khoon chadhaun dey vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan daa adhiaen keeta atey prakashit keeta. isey arse dauran uss noon ih vee pataa lagg giaa kii maish unit raahin aaunn vaale kujh sipahi celiac bimari (sapru) toon peedat hoow sakde hunn. iss toon ilava unhan neey khoon chadhaun dey tarikiaan atey upalbadh khoon dee gunwatta daa adhiaen keeta atey sitta kaddhiaa kii prakiriaavan surakhiat atey prabhavshali sunn. koria toon baad, uh walter reed waps aaa giaa atey chhoti aandar dee uss khandi bimari daa adhiaen curran laee porto riko witch ikk "sapru team" sathapat keeti. antadiaan dee sathiti noon horr samjhan dee aapni ichha dey naal, crossby neey crossby capsule vikast keeta, ikk biopsy podd jiss neey doctor noon chhoti antadiaan dey tissues dey namune gair-hamlawar taur 'teey prapat curran dee aagiaa ditti. ih yantar ajey vee naujwan mareezan naal vartiaa jaanda haii. vanshavali nonspharocytic haemolitic anaemia jaan karasabi syndrome noon 1950 witch karasabi duaara darsaiaa giaa see. ikk haematologist vajon usne lohe dey paachak witch aapni khoj jaari rakkhi, joe laal khoon dey saillan daa ikk zaruri hissa haii. iss naal iron-overload bimari haemochromatosis daa adhiaen keeta giaa. unhan neey iss bimari witch jeevan bharr dilchaspi banayi rakkhi, kanak dey utpadan dey lohe noon mazboot curran dee salaah dey naal-naal haal hii witch ikk durlabh bimari manne jaanh vaale ucch mamlian baare medical jagrukta vadhaun 'teey saalan takk eff. dee. aii. naal ladade rahey. sann 1965 witch, 25 saalan toon vaddh dee seva toon baad, uh boston dey tufts-nioo england medical center witch viliam demeshek dee thaan lainn laee fauj toon sevamukt hoow gaye. satt saal baad uh sainn digo, california witch scrips clinic atey risarch foundation witch chaley gaye.jitthe unhan neey haematology-oncology witch ikk sikhlai program dee sathapana keeti. iss samein unhan noon fauj duaara leejan aaf marrit naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. sann 1979 witch, 65 saal dee umar witch, uhanan noon fauj dey sakattar duaara sargaram diooti laee waps bulla liaa giaa see. unhan neey walter reed witch chaar saal horr seva keeti atey misauri dey joplin witch nijji abhiaas witch dubara sevamukt hoow gaye jitthe unhan neey aapni baaki dee zindagi bitai atey vakkh-vakkh vishiaan 'teey paper likhna jaari rakkhiaa. 1983 witch daa. crossby noon sabka parshasana duaara aapne deshviaapi vilakkhan doctor program witch 11 professoran vicchon ikk bannan laee sadda ditta giaa see.aii. desh bharr witch medical kendra. uss neey doou saal baad uss ahude toon astifa dey ditta taan joe uh joplin witch private practices qarr sake, jitthe uh aapne baaki saal bitaunge. daa. crossby neey lagbhag 500 khoj pattar likhe atey 12 medical rasaliaan dey sampadaki boardan witch kamm keeta atey naun medical rasaliaan dey sampadaki boardan witch kamm keeta. uh american kaalaj aaf doctors dey puraskar jetu hunn. unhan neey kaee saalan witch kaee kametiaan witch vee kamm keeta atey kaee medical sangathanan dey member vee rahey. crossby anuvadak vajon. sann 1974 witch, jadon uh haematology utte ikk paath pustak laee tilli utte ikk adhiaai tiaar qarr rahey sunn, taan unhan neey iss witch bodelayer dee kavita tilli dey ikk pattar daa aapna anuvad shamal keeta taan joe iss shabad noon "gusse atey udasi dey anga" dey mool arth naal pesh keeta jaa sake. uss neey 1978 witch dubara bodelayer daa anuvad karna shuru keeta atey agle chaudan saalan takk iss gall utte kamm keeta kii "burai atey paris dee tilli dey full" qee bann jaange. ih anuvad bodelayer dee mool taal atey kavita yojna dey rakkh-rakhaa witch vilakkhan sunn. sangrah noon 1991 witch boa sanskarnan duaara "burai atey paris tilli dey full" vajon prakashit keeta giaa see. parkashan noon crossby dey puttar, david duaara keete gaye asal lakkad dey kattan duaara vadhaiaa giaa haii. crossby neey catulus daa anuvad poora keeta parr ih kadey prakashit naheen hoiaa.

vilium homes crossby jey. aar. vilium homes crossby jey. aar. (december 1,1914-janavaree 15,2005) aneke aadhunik-raktarogavidnyaanasya samsthaapakeshu anyatamah iti manyante. saha asmin kshetre 450 samavayaska-samikshita-shodhapatraani, tathaiva ankaalaji, gastroentrology, airan metabolism, nutrition, samanya-chikitsaa-abhyaasam cha prakashitavan. tadatiriktam saha aavishkaarakah, kaavyasya anuvaadakah cha aasit. praarambhikajeevanam. vilium homes crossby jey. aar. tasya janma veeling, west virginia ityatra abhavat. shanmasanantaram parivaarah tailnagaram, pensylvania-nagaram prati gatavaan. tasya pitaa vaastukalaakaarah aasit. tasya maataa fraamses airen forrester ityeshaa vidyaalayashikshakah aasit. crossby alpavayasi eva aushadham prati aakrushtah aasit, 12 vayasi swayamsewakaih vaidyaihi saha samlagnah, ye saha upasthitah baalak-scout-shibiram kaaryam akurvan. ucchavidyaalaye saha swasya dwiteeya-aangl-shikshikaayaah dorothy maan ityatah sahityapriyatam aavishkrutavaan. crossby pensylvania-vidhayika dwara pradattasy shishyavruttyaa pensylvania-vishvavidyaalaye abhyanayt. asmin samaye saha sthaniya-chikitsaalayasy hematology-prayogashalayam svayamsevakaroopena shodhakaryam aarabdhavaan. crosby sainikah vaidyah cha aasit. 1936 tame varshe crossby pensylvania-vishvavidyaalayasya vaidyashaastravidyaalaye pravesham krutavaan. truteeye varshe saha kshayarogaat swasthah bhutva, shut maasaani peetasya upari yaapayitum vidyaalayam parityajyata. saha 1940 tame varshe snaatakapadaveem praptavan, senayam panjeekrutah, valter reed-senaa-chikitsaalaye sainya-prashikshanm prarabhata. dviteeyavishvayuddhasya arambhanantaram, crossby ityayam pensylvania-nagarasya carlisley-byaarak-ityatra sainyasya chikitsaa-kshetra-sevaa-vidyaalaye prashikshakatvena varshadvayam sevat. tatah saha videshe kartavyam kartum prahrayat, 1942 tame varshe cha yu-madhye sammilitah.ess. 85 tamah padaatidalavibhaagah. asmin kaale crossby, sarvadaa adhyayanartham kimapi anvishya, russian-bhasham adhyanayt. saha shirastranam madhye shabdabhandarapatrani sthaapayishyati sma. crossby ityasya yuddhakshetrasya kartavyanam parinaamen ok-patra-samoohayuktah kaamsya-nakshatra abhavat. korea-deshe tasya sewaayaah krute anyah samoohah yojitah. yuddhanantaram crossby, senayaha chikitsaakshetrasevaa-vidyaalaye prashikshakatvena pratyagatavan, adhunaa texas-deshasya fort syaam hyoostan-nagaram prati gatavaan. tatah saha brook-general-chikitsaalaye aantarik-chikitsaa-nivaasasthaane namankanam krutavaan, yatra saha over-flo-wardsya prabhaari abhavat. tasmin samaye saha dnyaatavaan yat texas-raajye hematology-samarthanam naasti, ataha saha asmin kshetre teevra-swa-adhyayan-abhyaase bhaagam graheetum baadhyah abhavat. amerikaadeshasy hematology-vibhaagasya tatkaaleenasy netrutve vilium demeshek ityasya sandarshanakaale, crosby ityayam hematologic-roginaam nirvahanasya vishaye demashek ityenam prabhaavitavaan, yat crosby ityenam hematology-vishaye aupachaarikaroopena prashikshitam bhavet iti anurodham kartum tatkaaleen-shalyachikitsak-general ityanena saha samparkam krutavaan. tadanantaram sheeghramev crossby ityayam praat-nidaana-chikitsaalayam prati sthanantaritaha, yat pashchat nyoo-england-vaidyakeeya-kendram abhavat, hematology-sahacharatvena. 1950 tame varshe saha landan-nagarasya queen aleksandra-sainya-chikitsaalayam gatavaan. 1951 tame varshe pratyaagatya, crossby valter-reed-senaa-chikitsaalaye hematology tathaa oncology visheshataam sthapitavan, yat sthaanam saha 1965 tamavarshaparyantam dhaarayat. asmin eva kaale saha chikitsaa-samshodhakaroopena swasya deergha-vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan. saha hematology, airan metabolism ityaadishu kshetreshu moolapatraani alikhat. saha tathaa tasya sahakarminah swa-prayogashalayaha mooshaah rupena karyam kurvanti sma, swa-prerita-loha-abhaava-raktaalpataa, upa-twak-asthi-pratyaaropanam, radio-label-yukta-lohasya upabhogam ityadini prakriyam swa-icchayaa kurwantah aasan. 1952-1953 ityasya shitakale saha swamedhayaa korea-desham preshayitum swamedhayaa praavartat. tatra saha charasena shalyachikitsaayaah chikitsaalayasy ekakam nirdeshitavaan. asmin samaye saha aaghaatasy anantaram rakta-sanchalanayaha vividha-pakshaanaam vishaye adhyayanam krutvaa prakaashayat cha. asmin eva kaale saha dnyaatavaan yat maash-vibhaagadvaaraa aagacchantah kechan sainikaah celiac-rogena (spro) peeditaah bhaveyuhu iti. tadatiriktam saha raktasancharanapaddhatinam, upalabdharaktasya gunavattaayaah cha adhyayanam krutvaa, prakriyaah surakshitah prabhaawashaalinah cha iti nishkarsham praapnot. koriyaadeshasy anantaram, saha valter-reed-nagaram pratyaagatya, puerto-riko-nagare "spro-dalam" samsthaapayat, yena laghu-aantrasy ushnakatibandheey-rogasya adhyayanam kartum shakyate. antrasya sthitim adhikam graheetum icchayaa, crossby ityayam crossby-capsul iti biopsy-paad iteedam vikasitavaan, yena chikitsakaah laghu-antra-ootakasya pratiroopaani aakramanaatmakaroopen naa graheetum shaknuvanti sma. yuvaroginaam krute api yantrasya upayogah bhavati. vamshaanugata-nanspirosatic haemolitic-raktaalpataa athavaa crossbys-cindrome iti crossby ityanena 1950 tame varshe varnitam aasit. raktarogavidah iti rupena saha raktaraktakananam aawashyak-ghatakasy lohasya chayaapachayasy vishaye swasya samshodhanam nirantayat. anena loha-adhibhaar-rogasya hemochromatosis ityasya adhyayanm abhavat. saha asmin roge aajeevanam ruchim avalambitavaan, godhoom-utpadanam loha-sudrudeekaranasya upadeshasya aadhaaren varshaani yaavat ef. dee. e. ityanena saha yuddham krutavaan, tathaiva samprati yaavat durlabharogah iti manyate tasya uccha-ghatanaah vishaye chikitsaa-avabodham vardhayat. 1965 tame varshe, 25 varshaanaam sevaabhyantare, boston-nagarasya tufts-nyoo-england-chikitsaa-kendre vilium demeshek ityasya uttaraadhikaari bhavitum saha senayaha nivruttah abhavat. saptavarshaanantaram saha califoriadeshasya syaan-diyego-nagare scrips-chikitsaalayam tathaa shodha-pratishtaanam prati gatavaan.yatra saha hematology-oncology ityasmin prashikshanakaryakramam sthapitavan. asmin samaye saha senayaha yogyataayaah sainyadalasya puraskaaren puraskrutah. 1979 tame varshe 65 varsheeyah saha senasachivena sakriya-kartavye punah samaaharat. saha valter-reed ityatra chaturvarshaani yaavat sevaam akarot, punah misauree-nagarasya joplin-nagare nijee-abhyaase nivruttah abhavat, yatra saha swasya sheshajeevanam vyateetavaan, vividhavishayeshu lekhanam lekhanam nirantaram krutavaan. 1983 tame varshe daa. crossby ityayam vi. madhye sthite rashtravyapi-vishishta-vaidya-kaaryakrame 11 pradhyapakanam madhye ekaha bhavitum poorvasainika-prashasanena aamantritah aasit.a. sampoorne deshe chikitsaa-kendraani santi. saha varshadvayaanantaram joplin-nagare nijee-abhyaasam kartum tasya padaat tyaagapatram adadat, yatra saha swasya sheshavarshaani yaapayishyati. daa. crossby praayah 500 shodhapatraani likhitavaan, 12 chikitsaa-niyatakalikanam sampaadakeey-mandaleshu karyam krutavaan, nava chikitsaa-niyatakalikanam sampaadakeey-mandaleshu cha karyam krutavaan. saha american college aaf fisitions ityasya puraskaravijeta asti. saha varshaanuvarsheshu aneka-samitishu api karyam krutavaan, aneka-chikitsaa-samsthanam sadasyah cha aasit. crosby anuvaadakatven. 1974 tame varshe, yadaa saha raktatantuvidnyaanasya paathyapustake plihaa-vishaye ekam adhyaym prastuteeyamaanah aasit, tadaa saha baudelair ityasya kaavya-plihaa-khandasya swasya padasya anuvaadam, "krodhasya vishaadasya cha angam" iti mularthena yukttam padam pravartayitum, tasmin samaaveshayat. saha 1978 tame varshe punah baudelair ityasya anuvaadam aarabdhavaan, agrime chaturdashavarshaani yaavat "dushtanam tathaa pyaris-pleehayaha pushpanam" vishaye karyam krutavaan. etaaha anuvaadaah baudelair ityasya mool-laya-padya-yojanaa-ityasya rakshanarthm ananyaah aasan. 1991 tame varshe bovaa-samskaranaih "flovers aaf eevil and pyaris plihaa" iti namna sangrahah prakaashitah. crossby ityasya putrena david ityanena krutena mool-kaashta-katsadwara asya prakaashanam vardhitam. crossby-varyaha catulus ityasya anuvaadam poornavaan, parantu etat kadaapi naa prakaashitam.

villiyam hoams grospie juuniyar. villiyam hoams grospie juuniyar. (disambar 1,1914-janavari 15,2005) naveena iraththach sithaivin sthaabagath thanthaikalil oruvaraaga palaraal karudhappadugiraar. inthath thuraiyil 450 saga mathippaaivu seiyappatta katturaigalaiyum, puttrunoayiyal, iraippai kudal, irumbu valarsithai maattram, uuttachchaththu mattrum podhu maruththuva payirchi pattriya katturaigalaiyum avar veliyittaar. maelum, avar oru kandupidippaalaraagavum, kavidhaigalin mozhipeyarppaalaraagavum irunthaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. villiyam hoams grospie juuniyar. maerku varjeeniyaavin chakkaraththil piranthaar. aaru maathangkalukkup piragu kudumbam benzylvaniavil ulla ennei nagaraththirku kudipeyarndhadhu. avarathu thanthai oru kattidak kalaignar. avarathu taayaar frances airin forrester oru palli aasiriyaraaga irunthaar. grospie siru vayathilaeyae maruththuvaththin meethu eerkkappattaar, 12 vayathil avar kalandhu konda siruvarkal saaranar mugaamil paniyaattriya thannaarva maruththuvargaludan thannai inaiththuk kondaar. uyarnilaip pallyil avar thanathu irandaam nilai aangkila aasiriyaraana dorathy maenidamirunthu ilakkiyaththin meethaana thanathu anbaik kandupiditthaar. grospie benzylvania palkalaikkazhagaththil benzylvania sattamandraththaal avarukku valangkappatta uthaviththogaiyin keezh payintraar. inththa neraththil, avar ulloor maruthuvamanai iraththap puttrunoai aaivagaththil thannarvath thondaraaga aaraaychchiyil thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. oru sippaayaagavum maruththuvaraagavum grospie. 1936 aam aandil grospie benzylvania palkalaikkazhaga maruththuvap pallyil nuzhainthaar. thanathu moontraavathu aandil, kaasanoayilirunthu meendu, aaru maathangkal mudhugil kalikka palliyai vittu veliyaerinaar. 1940 aam aandil pattam pettru raanuvaththil saerntha avar, walder reed raanuva maruthuvamanaiyil raanuva payirchiyaith thodangkinaar. irandaam ulagap poar thodangiya piragu, benzylvaniavil ulla carlisil mugaamgalil ulla iraanuvaththin maruththuva kazha saevaip pallyil payittruvippaalaraaka grospie irandu aandugal paniyaattrinaar. pinnar avar velinaadugalil kadamaikku vara vaendum endru koorinaar, 1942 aam aandil, uuu.ess. 85vadhu kaalaatpadai pirivu. inththa neraththil grospie, eppoathum padikka aethaavathu thaedum, russia mozhiyaip padiththaar. avar thanathu thalaikkavasaththil sorkalanjchiya attaikalai vaithiruppaar. grospiyin poarkkala kadamaigal oru oak ilai clusterudden oru venkala natchaththiratthai vilaiviththana. koreavil avarathu sevaikkaaga mattroru cluster serkkappattathu. poarukkup piragu grospie iraanuvaththin maruththuva kazha saevaip pallikku payittruvippaalaraakath thirumbinaar, ippoathu texassin fort saam howstenukku kudipeyarnthaar. angkirunthu, avar brook podhu maruthuvamanaiyil oru ull maruththuva vathividaththil saernthaar, angku avar oru ovar-flow wardin poruppil vaikkappattaar. texas maanilaththil iraththap puttrunoaikkaana aatharavu illai enbathai avar antha neraththil kandupiditthaar, ithanaal inthath thuraiyil oru theeviramaana suya-padippu paadaththittaththil eedupada vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. appoathu america hematologyil thalaivaraana villiyam damesheckin varugaiyin poathu, grospie, haematologic noayaaligalaik kaiyaalvathil damesheckai migavum kavarnthaar, pinnar avar appoathaiya aruvai sigichchai jenaralaith thodarbu kondu grospicku muraiyaaga hematologyil payirchi alikka vaendum endru kettukkondaar. athanpiragu, grospie broad noayarithal maruthuvamanaikku maattrappattaar, idhu pinnar puthiya englaanthu maruththuva maiyamaaga maariyathu, idhu oru iraththap puttrunoayiyal saga uuzhiyaraaka irunththathu. 1950 aam aandil avar landanil ulla raani alexandra iraanuva maruthuvamanaikkuch sentraar. 1951 aam aandil thirumbi vantha piragu, grospie walder reed iraanuva maruthuvamanaiyil iraththap puttrunoayiyal mattrum puttrunoayiyal aagiya irandilum sirapputh thirankalai niruvinaar, inththa padhaviyai avar 1965 varai vagiththaar. inthak kaalakattathilthaan avar maruththuva aaraaychchiyaalaraaka thanathu neenda vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. avar iraththap puttrunoai mattrum irumbu valarsithai maattrap pakuthikalil vinthanuk katturaigalai ezhuthinaar. avarum avarathu sagaakkalum perumpaalum thangal sontha aaivaga eligalaaka paniyaattrinar, thaanaaga munvanthu thannaal thoondappatta irumbu kuraipaadu iraththa soagai, thunai-thoal elumbu maattru aruvai sigichchai mattrum radio-lable seiyappatta irumbu nugarvu poantra nadaimuraigalukku utpaduththappattanar. 1952-1953 inn kulirkaalaththil, avar koreavukku anuppappaduvatharku munwandar. angku avar oru nadamaadum iraanuva aruvai sigichchai maruththuvamanaiyai vazhinadaththinaar. inththa neraththil avar kaayatthaith thodarnthu iraththamaettruthalin palvaeru amsangkalaip pattri aaivu seithu veliyittaar. inthak kaalakattathil thaan maash unit vazhiyaaga varum sila veerargal seliac noayaal (spru) paathikkappattirukkalaam enbathaiyum avar arinthaar. koodudhalaaga, iraththamaetrtruthal muraigal mattrum kidaikkakoodiya iraththaththin tharam aagiyavattrai aaivu seitha avar, nadaimuraigal paathukaappaanavai mattrum payanullavai endru mudivu seithaar. koreavaith thodarnthu, avar walder naanalukuth thirumbinaar, maelum siriya kudalin veppamandala noyaip pattri aaivu seiya puerto rigovil oru "spru kuzhuvai" niruvinaar. kudalin nilaiyai maelum purinthukollum viruppaththudan, grospie grospie copsulai uruvaakkinaar, idhu oru biopsy paat aagum, idhu maruththuvargal siru kudal thisukkalin maathirigalai aakiramikkaamal pera anumathiththathu. inththa saathanam innum ilam noayaaligalukku payanpaduththappadukirathu. parambarai allaatha hemolitic iraththa soagai allathu grospies cintrome 1950 aam aandil grospiol vivarikkappattathu. oru iraththa maruththuvaraaga avar sivappu iraththa anukkalin aththiyaavasiya angkamaana irumbu valarsithai maattraththil thanathu aaraaychchiyil thodarnthaar. idhu irumbuchchaththu-athigappadiyaana noai hemochromatosis pattriya aaivukku vazhivaguththathu. koathumai porutkalin irumbu-valuvoottal aaloasanaiyin paeril pala aandugalaaka eff. dii. aee udan poaraadi, inththa noayil vaazhnaal muzhuvathum aarvatthai paraamarittaar, athae poal miga sameepaththil varai, oru ariya noayaaga karudhappatta adhiga nigazhvu kuriththa maruththuva vizhippunarvai adhigariththaar. 1965 aam aandil, 25 aandugalukkum maelaana sevaikkup piragu, poastanil ulla dufts-neu englaanthu maruththuva maiyaththil villiyam daemshekkirkup piragu iraanuvaththilirunthu oaivu pettraar. aezhu aandugalukkup piragu avar californiavin chaan diagovil ulla scrips clinic mattrum aaraaichi arakattalaikku sentraar.angku avar iraththap puttrunoayiyal-puttrunoayiyal payirchith thittatthai niruvinaar. inththa neraththil avarukku raanuvaththaal thaguthi vaaintha padaippirivu vazhangkappattathu. 1979 aam aandil, thanathu 65 vayathil, avar iraanuvach seyalaalaraal seyalil ulla panikku thirumba alaikkappattaar. avar walder reatle maelum naanku aandugal paniyaattrinaar, meendum misouriyin joblinil thaniyar payirchiyil oaivu pettraar, angku avar thanathu vaazhnaal muzhuvathaiyum kaliththaar, palvaeru paadangkalil thodarnthu katturaigalai ezhuthinaar. 1983ill doctor. grospie munnaal nirvaagathaal adhan naadu thaluviya pugazhpettra marutthuvath thittaththil 11 paeraasiriyarkalil oruvaraaga maara alaikkappattaar.auuu. naadu muzhuvathum maruththuva maiyangkal. irandu aandugalukkup piragu avar antha padhaviyai rajinama seithaar, joblinil thaniyar payirchiyai maerkondaar, angku avar thanathu meethamulla aandugalai selaviduvaar. doctor. grospie kittatthatta 500 aaraaychchik katturaigalai ezhuthinaar mattrum 12 maruththuva idhazhgalin aasiriyar kuzhukkalil paniyaattrinaar mattrum onbathu maruththuva idhazhgalin aasiriyar kuzhukkalil paniyaattrinaar. avar america maruththuva kallooriyin parisu pettravar. pala aandugalaaka pala kuzhukkalilum paniyaattriya avar, pala maruththuva amaippugalil uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. mozhipeyarppaalaraaga grospie. 1974 aam aandil, avar iraththach seezh pattriya paadappuththagaththirkaaga manneeral pattriya oru aththiyaayatthaith thayaariththuk kondirunthapoathu, avar athil paadilaer kavithaiyin manneeral irunthu oru saranaththai molipeyarththaar, idhan moolam "koopam mattrum manachoarvu uruppu" endra asal arththaththudan inththa vaarththaiyai arimugapaduththinaar. 1978 aam aandil meendum patler mozhiyai mozhipeyarkkath thodangiya avar, aduththa pathinaanku aandugalukku "theemai mattrum baris manneeralin malarkal" ennavaaga maarum enbathil paniyaattrinaar. inththa mozhipeyarppugal paatlaeyarin asal thaala mattrum raim thittatthai paraamarippathil thanithuvamaanavai. inthath thoguppu 1991 aam aandil bowa pathippukalaal "theemai mattrum baris manneeral malarkal" endru veliyidappattathu. grospiyin magan davit seitha asal marakkattaikalaal inththa veliyeedu athikarikkappattullathu. grospie catulusine mozhipeyarppai muditthaar, iruppinum idhu orupoathum veliyidappadavillai.

vilium homes crossby juuniyar. vilium homes crossby juuniyar. (december 1,1914-janavari 15,2005) aadhunika hematology vyavasthaapaka tandrulalo okarigaa chaalaa mandhi pariganistaaru. ayana eee rangamlo 450 thoti-sameekshinchina patraalanu, alaage oncology, gastroenterology, iron metabolism, nutrition mariyu general medical practies patraalanu prachurinchaaru. adanamgaa ayana kavitva aavishkarta mariyu prachurita anuvaadakudu. prarambha jeevitam. vilium homes crossby juuniyar. west varjeeniyaaloni wheelinglo janminchaaru. aaru nelala taruvaata aaa kutumbam chamuru nagaramaina pensylvaniaku maarindi. ayana tandri vaastusilpi. athani talli frances irene forrester oka paatasaala upadhyayuralu. crossby chinna vayassulone vaidyasaastram vaipu aakarshitudayyaadu, 12 samvatsaraala vayassulo taanu haajaraina baay scout camplo panichesina swachchanda vaidyulatoe tananu taanu anusandhaaninchukunnadu. unnata paatasaalalo athanu thana rendava aangla upadhyayudu dorothy maan nundi saahityam patla thana premanu kanugonnadu. crossby pensylvania saasanasabha aayanaku pradaanam chesina scholarship kinda pensylvania vishwavidhyaalayaaniki hajarayyadu. eee samayamlo, athanu sthaanika aasupatri hematology lablo swachchanda sevakudigaa parisoedhanaloo thana jeevitaanni praarambhinchaadu. sainikudiga mariyu vaidyudigaa crossby. 1936loe crossby pensylvania vishwavidyaalayam school off medisinlo pravesinchaaru. thana moodava samvatsaramlo, kshayavyadhi nundi kolukuni, aaru nelalu thana veepu meeda gadapadaniki paatasaalanu vidichipettadu. athanu 1940loe pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu sainyamlo cheraadu, walter reed armi aasupatrilo sainika internshipnu praarambhinchaadu. rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, crossby pensylvanialoni carlisle byaaraklaloni armi medical feeled servies schoollo bodhakudigaa rendu samvatsaraalu panicheesaaru. aaa tarvaata ayana videshee vidhulanu abhyardhinchi, 1942loe meelo cheraaru.ess. 85va padaatidala vibhagam. eee samayamlo ellappuduu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki edainaa vetukutuu, crossby russian bhashanu abhyasinchaadu. athanu thana sirastraanamlo padajaala kaardulanu unchevaadu. crossby yokka yuddhabhumi vidhula phalitamgaa ook aaku samuuhamtoe kuudina kaamsya nakshatram erpadindi. korealo ayana seva kosam maroe samuuhaanni chaerchaaru. yuddham taruvaata crossby sainyam yokka vaidya kshetra seva paatasaalaku bodhakudigaa tirigi vacchaadu, ippudu texasloni fort saam houstonku maaradu. akkada nundi, athanu brook general aasupatrilo antargata vaidya nivaasamlo cheraadu, akkada atanni ovar-flow vaarduku baadhyata vahinchaadu. texas raashtramlo hematology maddatu ledani, anduvalla eee rangamlo teevramaina sweeya-adhyayana courselo palgonavalasi vachindani ayana aaa samayamlo kanugonnaru. appati united states hematologylo nayakudu ayina vilium dameshek sandarsana samayamlo, crossby hematologic rogulanu nirvahinchadamlo damesheknu enthagaa akattukunnado, crossbeaki hematologylo adhikarikamga sikshana ivvamani abhyardhinchadaaniki appati sarjan generalnu sampradinchaadu. aaa tarvaata ventane, crossbeany praat diagnostic aasupatriki badilee chesaaru, idhi taruvaata nyuu ingland medical centerga maarindi, hematology pheloga. 1950loe ayana landanlooni queen alegzandra military aasupatriki vellaaru. 1951loe tirigi vacchina taruvaata, crossby walter reed armi aasupatrilo hematology mariyu oncology pratyaekatalanu sthaapinchaaru, eee padavini ayana 1965 varaku konasaaginchaaru. eee kaalamlone ayana vaidya parisoedhakudigaa thana sudeergha vruttini praarambhinchaaru. athanu hematology mariyu iron metabolism rangaalalo seminal peparlu raasaadu. athanu mariyu athani sahacharulu tarachugaa tama sonta prayogasaala elukalugaa panicheesaaru, sweeya-prerita inumu lopam raktaheenata, upa-charma emuka marpidi mariyu radeo-label cheyabadina inumu viniyogam vanti vidhaanaalanu swachchandamgaa cheyinchukunnaru. 1952-1953 sheethaakaalamlo, athanu koreaku pampabadataaniki swachchandamgaa munduku vacchaadu. akkada ayana oka chalanaseela armi shastrachikitsa aasupatri vibhaagaaniki darsakatvam vahinchaadu. eee samayamlo athanu gaayam taruvaata rakta marpidi yokka vividha amsaalanu adhyayanam chesi prachurinchaadu. eee kaalamlone maash unit dwara vachhe kontamandi sainikulu udarakuhara vyaadhi (spru) thoo baadhapadutuu undavacchani kooda aayanaku telisindi. adanamgaa ayana rakta marpidi paddhatulu mariyu andubaatulo unna raktam yokka naanhyatanu adhyayanam chesi, eee vidhanalu surakshitamainavi mariyu prabhaavavantamainavani nirdhaarinchaaru. korea taruvaata, athanu walter reedku tirigi vacchi, chinna pregu yokka ushnamandala vyaadhini adhyayanam cheyadaaniki puerto rikolo oka "spru brundam" nuu erpaatu chesaadu. pregu paristhitini marinta ardham chesukovalane thana korikatho, crossby crossby capsulnu abhivruddhi chesaadu, idhi oka biopsy paad, idhi vaidyulu chinna pregu kanajaalam yokka namuunaalanu invasivga pondadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. eee parikaram ippatikee yuva rogulatho upayoginchabadutundi. vamsapaaramparya naan-pherocytic haemolitic raktaheenata ledhaa crossby syndromenu 1950loe crossby varninchaaru. raktaheenata nipunudigaa ayana erra rakta kanaalalo mukhyamaina bhaagam ayina inumu yokka jeevakriyapai thana parisoedhananu konasaaginchaaru. idhi iron-overload vyaadhi haemochromatosis adhyayanaaniki daariteesindi. godhuma utpattula inumu-balapariche salaha meeda, alaage iteevala varaku arudaina vyadhiga bhaavinchina daani yokka adhika sambhaavyata gurinchi vaidya avagahana penchadam meeda samvatsaraalu paatu fdatho poradi, eee vyaadhi patla jeevitakaala aasaktini konasaginchadu. 1965loe, 25 samvatsaraalaku paiga seva chesina taruvaata, athanu bostanloni tufts-nyuu ingland vaidya kendramlo vilium dameshek taruvaata sainyam nundi padavee viramana chesaadu. edu samvatsaraala taruvaata athanu californialoni shaan diagoloni scrips clinic mariyu research foundationku vellaadu.akkada ayana hematology-oncologylo sikshanaa karyakramanni erpaatu chesaaru. eee samayamlo aayanaku sainyam dwara legian off merrit labhinchindi. 1979loe, 65 samvatsaraala vayassulo, aayananu armi karyadarshi kriyaaseela vidhulaku tirigi pilipinchaaru. athanu walter reed loe maroe naalugu samvatsaraalu panichesi, missouriilooni joplinlo private practicelo mallee padavee viramana chesaadu, akkada athanu thana jeevitaantam gadipadu, vividha vishayaalapai patraalu rayadam konasaginchadu. 1983loe daa. crossbeany anubhavagnula paripalana daani desavyaapta vishishta vaidyula kaaryakramamlo 11 mandhi professorlalo okarigaa maaradaaniki aahvaaninchindi.eah. desavyaaptamgaa vaidya kendraalu. athanu rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata joplinlo private practies cheyadaaniki aaa padaviki rajinama chesaadu, akkada athanu thana migilina samvatsaraalu gadipadu. daa. crossby daadaapu 500 parisoedhanaa patraalanu rachinchaaru mariyu 12 vaidya patrikala sampadakiya bordulalo panicheesaaru mariyu tommidi vaidya patrikala sampadakiya bordulalo panicheesaaru. athanu american college off physicians yokka graheeta. ayana aneka samvatsaraalugaa aneka kamiteelalo kooda panicheesaaru mariyu aneka vaidya samsthalalo sabhyudiga unnaaru. anuvaadakudigaa crossby. 1974loe, ayana hematologypy paatyapustakam kosam pleahumpy oka adhyayanni siddham chestunnappudu, boudelaire yokka padyam pleehamu nundi oka charanam yokka thana anuvaadaanni andulo chaerchaaru, eee padaaniki "kopam mariyu vicharam yokka avayavam" anae asalu ardhaanni parichayam chesaaru. athanu 1978loe mallee boudelairnu anuvadinchadam praarambhinchaadu, taruvaati padnaalugu samvatsaraalu "chedu mariyu paris pleehapu puvvulu" gaa maaradaaniki krushi chesaadu. eee anuvaadaalu boudelire yokka asalu laya mariyu padyam yokka nirvahanalo pratyekamainavi. eee sekarananu 1991loe bova sanchikala dwara "flovers off eevil und paris pleehamu" gaa prachurinchaaru. crossby kumarudu david chesina asalu chekkatho eee prachurananu penchaaru. crossby catulus yokka anuvaadaanni puurti chesaadu, ayithe idhi eppuduu prachurinchabadaledu.

waleem homes karasabi juniyar. waleem homes karasabi juniyar. (1 dasambar 1914-15 januri 2005) kuu behat say loag jadeed haematology kay baanee baapon mein say eek samajhte haine. inhon nay iss shobay mein 450 humm martabah jaizah leenay waalay maqalay shaye kiyay saath hyee saath oonkoloji gastro entrology aairan metabolism ghazaiyat aur amumi tabee mashq kay bhee. iss kay elawah wah eek mojad aur shayeri kay shaye shadah mutarjim thay. ibtadayi zindagi. waleem homes karasabi juniyar. wah wahiling vest warjiniya mein paida hawaa thaa. chh maah baad yaha khaandaan aayel stee pensalvania muntaqil how gayaa. inn kay waalid eek mamaar thay. inn kii waldah frances ireen farster eek school teacher thein. karasabi kumm umri mein hyee tabb kii taraf raghib how gayey thay 12 saal kii amar mein khood kuu razakar doctoron say mansalk kirr liyaa jinhon nay ladkay kay scout camp mein kaam kiyaa jiss mein inhon nay sharkat kii thee. hayee school mein inhon nay adab say apnee mohabat kuu apnay sophumor angrezi astaad dorothi meen say driyafat kiyaa. karasabi nay pensalvania kii maqnanah kii taraf say inhein dee gayee scholarship kay tahat pensalvania university mein taleem haasil kii. iss doraan inhon nay maqami hospital haematology leeb mein razakar kay toor parr tehqeeq mein apnee zindagi kaa aaghaz kiyaa. karasabi batoor spahi aur tabib. 1936 mein karasabi nay university aaf pensalvania school aaf medison mein daakhlah liyaa. apnay teesre saal kay doraan inhon nay tapp daq say sehat yaab how kirr chh maah apnee peeth parr guzarnay kay liye school chhod diyaa. inhon nay 1940 mein graduation kiyaa aur foj mein bharti huay walter reed aarmi hospital mein foji intern ship kaa aaghaz kiyaa. dosri jung azeem kay aaghaz kay baad karasabi nay carlicil barrics pensalvania mein foj kay medical feld saros school mein instructor kay toor parr duu saal khidmaat anjaam dain. iss kay baad iss nay berun milk deuty kii darkhwast kii aur 1942 mein aap kay saath shaamil how gayaa.aiss. 85 waan infintry devision. iss doraan karasabi hamishah mutalah kay liye kachh talaash kartay huay rosee zabaan kaa mutalah kartay thay. wah apnay helmat mein alfaz kay card rakhta thaa. karasabi kay medaan jung kay faraiz kay natijay mein baloot kay patoon kay jhand kay saath kaansi kaa satarah paida hawaa. koriya mein inn kii khadmat kay liye eek aur cluster shaamil kiyaa gayaa. jung kay baad karasabi foj kay medical feld saros school mein instructor kay toor parr waps aayey abb wah fort seem hewston taxas muntaqil how gayey. wahaan say inhon nay brok general hospital mein eek androni tabb kii rehaish gaah mein daakhlah liyaa jehaan inhein auvar flow waard kaa incharge banaya gayaa. iss nay iss waqat driyafat kiyaa kahh riyasat taxas mein haematology kii koyee himayat nahein hay aur iss tarah wah medaan mein eek shadeed khood mutalah kors mein mashghul honay parr majbur thaa. waleem demshik kay doray kay doraan juu iss waqat riyasathaye muthadah mein haematology kay rehnuma thay karasabi nay demshik kuu haematology kay mareezon say namatnay mein atnaa mutasir kiyaa kahh baad waalay nay iss waqat kay sarjan general say raabtah kiyaa taakah wah darkhwast karein kahh karasabi kuu haematology mein bazabtah tarbiyat dee jaaye. iss kay foraa baad karasabi kuu praat tashkhisi hospital mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa juu baad mein haematology filo kay toor parr neo england medical center bunn gayaa. 1950 mein wah landan kay koyeen alegzender foji hospital gayey. 1951 mein apnee wapsi parr karasabi nay walter reed aarmi hospital mein haematology aur oonkoloji donon kii khususiyat qayem kein yaha ahdah wah 1965 takk rakhtay rahay. asee arsey kay doraan inhon nay tabee mohqaq kay toor parr apnay taweel carrier kaa aaghaz kiyaa. inhon nay haematology aur aairan metabolism kay shoabon mein bunyadi maqalay likhay. wah aur inn kay saathi aksar apnay leeb choohon kay toor parr kaam kartay thay razakarana toor parr khood say paida honay waali aairan kii kamee say khoon kii kamee zeeli dermal huddy kii nql woo hamal aur redio leebal waalay aairan kii khipat jeesay tariqah kaar say guzar rahay thay. 1952-1953 kay mosam sarma mein inhon nay razakarana toor parr koriya bhejnay kii koshish kii. wahaan inhon nay eek mutharik aarmi jarahi hospital yount kii hidayat kii. iss waqat inhon nay choot kay baad khoon kii muntaqli kay mukhtalif pahluwon kaa mutalah kiyaa aur shaye kiyaa. asee arsey kay doraan inhein yaha bhee malum hawaa kahh meesh yount say aaney waalay kachh foji seliyak bemari (spro) mein mubtala how saktay haine. iss kay elawah inhon nay khoon kii muntaqli kay tareeqon aur dastiyaab khoon kay mayaar kaa mutalah kiyaa aur yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh tariqah kaar mahfuz aur mosar thay. koriya kay baad wah walter reed waps aayaa aur chhoti aanton kii iss ashankatbandi bemari kaa mutalah karnay kay liye porto reco mein eek "spro team" qayem kii. aanton kii haalat kuu mazeed samajhne kii khwahish kay saath karasabi nay karasabi capsule tayaar kiyaa juu eek biopsy podd hay jiss nay doctoron kuu chhoti aanton kay tisho kay namunay ghair hamlah aawar toor parr haasil karnay kii ajazat dee. yaha aalah abb bhee naujawan mareezon kay saath istemaal hotaa hay. maurusi ghair ferocetic haemolatic anaemiya yaa karasabi cendrome kuu 1950 mein karasabi nay biyaan kiyaa thaa. batoor haematologist inhon nay aairan kay metabolism mein apnee tehqeeq jaari rakhee juu sarkh khoon kay khaliyon kaa eek lazmi jazoo hay. iss say aairan overload bemari haemochromatosis kaa mutalah hawaa. inhon nay iss bemari mein zindagi bhar dilchaspi barqarar rakhee gandam kii masnuaat kay aairan fortification kay mashure kay saath saath iss kay ziyadah waaqiaat kay baaray mein tabee bedari badhanay parr barson takk aif ddee aey say ladtay huay juu kahh ubhee kachh arsah pehley takk eek nayaab bemari samjhi jaati thee. 1965 mein 25 saal say ziyadah kii khadmat kay baad wah bostan kay tifts-neo england medical center mein waleem demshik kii jagah leenay kay liye foj say sabkadosh hoay. saat saal baad wah saan diyago california mein scraps cleank aur recerch foundation mein chalay gayey.jehaan inhon nay haematology-oncology mein eek tarbiti prograam qayem kiyaa. iss waqat inhein foj kii taraf say leejan aaf meert say nawaza gayaa. 1979 mein 65 saal kii amar mein inhein foj kay secertry nay faal deuty parr waps blaa liyaa. inhon nay walter reed mein mazeed chaar saal khidmaat anjaam dain aur dobarah joplain mesori mein najee practs mein retire hoay jehaan inhon nay apnee baaqi zindagi guzari mukhtalif mozuaat parr maqalay likhna jaari rakhaa. 1983 mein doctor. karasabi kuu saabiq fojiyon kii intezamiya nay apnay milk gair mamtaz mualjin kay prograam mein 11 professors mein say eek bannay kay liye madau kiyaa thaa.aey. milk bhar mein tabee marakaz. inhon nay duu saal baad joplain mein najee practs karnay kay liye iss ahday say istefi day diyaa jehaan wah apnay baqiyah saal guzartay. doctor. karasabi nay taqriba 500 tehqiqi maqalay likhay aur 12 tabee jarayed kay idaarti bordon mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur noow tabee jarayed kay idaarti bordon mein khidmaat anjaam dain. wah american college aaf physitions kay anaam yaaftah haine. inhon nay kayee saalon mein kayee committiyon mein bhee khidmaat anjaam dain aur mutadid tabee tanzimon kay rakan bhee rahay. karasabi batoor mutarjim. 1974 mein jabb wah haematology parr eek nisaabi kitaab kay liye talee parr eek baab tayaar kirr rahay thay tuu inhon nay iss mein bodlier kii nazam talee kay eek talee kaa tarjumah shaamil kiyaa taakah iss lafz kuu iss kay asl maanee "ghasey aur afsardagi kay aizaa" say mutaarif karaya jaa sakay. inhon nay 1978 mein dobarah bodlier kaa tarjumah karnaa sharoo kiyaa aur aglay chodah saalon takk iss parr kaam kiyaa juu "barayee aur peers talee kay phul" bunn jayein gay. yaha tarjume boudlayer kii asl taal aur nazam kii schem kuu barqarar rakhnay mein manfard thay. iss majmuah kuu 1991 mein buwa edition kay zariye "flowers aaf ayol aind peers talee" kay toor parr shaye kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss ashaat kuu karasabi kay betay dude kay zariye kii gayee asl lakdi kii katayi say badhaya gayaa hay. karasabi nay catolus kaa tarjumah makmal kiyaa tahim yaha kabhi shaye nahein hawaa.

000832379c0ee9286946aa474fa16a2a678c7500c6b5ed0c3f1224fbd594769c

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=9911424

sindrom Marfan

sindrom Marfan Indonesian. Etymology. , who first described the condition in 1896. Malay. Etymology. , who first described the condition in 1896.

chindrom marphan indonesian. byutpotti. , jiye prothombaror baabe 1896 sonot ei owosthatu bornona korisil. maaloy. byutpotti. , jiye prothombaror baabe 1896 sonot ei owosthatu bornona korisil.

syndrom marphan indoneshiyana. byutpatti. jini 1896 saale prothom eyi abosthar bornona deena. maloy. byutpatti. jini 1896 saale prothom eyi abosthar bornona deena.

syndrom marphan indonesian. vyutpatti. jemane saupratham 1896maan aaa sthitinu varnan karyoo hatoo. malay. vyutpatti. jemane saupratham 1896maan aaa sthitinu varnan karyoo hatoo.

sindrom marphan indoneshiyai. vyutpatti. , jinhone pahali baar 1896 mein sthiti kaa varnan kiya. malay. vyutpatti. , jinhone pahali baar 1896 mein sthiti kaa varnan kiya.

syndrome marphan indonesian. vyutpatti. avaru 1896ralli modala baarige ee sthitiyannu vivarisidaru. maleshya. vyutpatti. avaru 1896ralli modala baarige ee sthitiyannu vivarisidaru.

syndrome marphan indoneshyan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. 1896laanu addeham aadyamaayi eee avastha vivarichathu. maleshya. padavyuthpathishaasthram. 1896laanu addeham aadyamaayi eee avastha vivarichathu.

sindrom marphan indonesian. vyutpatti. , jyanni pahilyanda 1896 madhye yaa sthitiche varnan kele. malay. vyutpatti. , jyanni pahilyanda 1896 madhye yaa sthitiche varnan kele.

cindrum marphen indonesiali. wyutpatti. , jasle pahilo patak sann 1896 maa awasthako warnan gare. male. wyutpatti. , jasle pahilo patak sann 1896 maa awasthako warnan gare.

cindrome marphan indonesia. byutpatti. , jie prathame 1896 ray ehi abasthaku barnana karithile. malei. byutpatti. , jie prathame 1896 ray ehi abasthaku barnana karithile.

syndrome marphan indonesian. shabdawali. , jiss neey pahili vaar 1896 witch sathiti daa varnan keeta see. maleshia. shabdawali. , jiss neey pahili vaar 1896 witch sathiti daa varnan keeta see.

cindrome marphan indonesia-deshah. vyutpattih. , yah prathamavaaram 1896 tame varshe asya sthitim varnayat. male. vyutpattih. , yah prathamavaaram 1896 tame varshe asya sthitim varnayat.

cintrome marfan inthoanaesiyan. sorpirappiyal. avar 1896 aam aandil inththa nilaiyai muthanmuthalil vivaritthaar. malaysia. sorpirappiyal. avar 1896 aam aandil inththa nilaiyai muthanmuthalil vivaritthaar.

syndrome marphan indonesia. vyutpatti. 1896loe eee paristhitini modatisaarigaa vivarinchaadu. malaysia. vyutpatti. 1896loe eee paristhitini modatisaarigaa vivarinchaadu.

sandrom maarfan indoneshiyayi. siftiyat. yee jinhon nay pehli baar 1896 mein iss haalat kuu biyaan kiyaa. milly. siftiyat. yee jinhon nay pehli baar 1896 mein iss haalat kuu biyaan kiyaa.

000832b95876f136d1effbf97c4fdbb00bfc988f05632d7b92d911e8c7920709

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=593649

George L. Street III

George L. Street III US Navy Medal of Honor recipient (1913–2000) George Levick Street III (July 27, 1913 – February 26, 2000) was a submariner in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor during World War II. Early life and career. Street was born in Richmond, Virginia. He joined the Naval Reserve in 1931 and was selected for an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1933; he graduated in 1937. After serving in the gunnery and communications departments of and the navigation and engineering departments of , he volunteered for the Submarine School at New London, Connecticut. After graduating, Street served three years in , from her commissioning on April 14, 1941, until February 27, 1944. Street served in this fleet submarine, first as Gunnery and Torpedo Officer, then as First Lieutenant and Torpedo Data Computer Operator and finally as Executive Officer and Navigator. World War II. While serving in "Gar", he made nine war patrols. Street received two Silver Stars for his "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy while serving as Assistant Approach Officer aboard the ... U.S.S. GAR (SS-206)" on "Gar"'s first and tenth patrols. On July 6, 1944, LCDR Street reported to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard to fit out the , his first command. Commissioning the ship in November, the captain took his new boat for shakedown training in Long Island Sound and further training in waters off Panama and Hawaii. The ship's first war patrol, commencing March 3, 1945, was southwest of Kyūshū, Japan's southernmost island. By that point in the war, most of Japan's merchant fleet had already been sunk, but Street went into shallow water close to shore and found several ships. Searching westward of Kyushu, "Tirante" patrolled the approaches to Nagasaki. She had good hunting. She sank the 703-ton tanker "Fuji Maru" on 25 March and followed this success with the sinking of the 1,218-ton freighter "Nase Maru" three days later. After the latter attack, Japanese escorts kept Tirante down for seven hours, before she slipped away from her hunters, unscathed. On 31 March, "Tirante" shelled and sank a 70-ton lugger with 5-inch and 40-millimeter gunfire and, on 1 April, missed an LST-type vessel with a spread of three torpedoes. The submarine soon shifted to waters off the south coast of Korea, near the Strait of Tsushima. At twilight on 6 April, she battle-surfaced and captured a small Japanese fishing vessel and took its three crewmen prisoner before sinking the prize. The following day, "Tirante" torpedoed a 2,800-ton cargo freighter loaded with a deck cargo of oil drums. The submarine surfaced, looked over the debris, and directed nearby Korean fishing craft to pick up two survivors who were clinging to pieces of wreckage. Nevertheless, although observers on the submarine reported witnessing the "maru's" sinking, post-war examination of Japanese records failed to confirm the "kill." Having broken the Japanese codes, American naval intelligence men were able to anticipate Japanese movements. One intercepted enemy message told of an important convoy steaming toward "Tirante's" area. In response to this information, the submarine laid an ambush on 9 April. Picking out two targets, she fired three torpedoes at each. One spread missed, but the other struck the 5,500-ton transport Nikko Maru— carrying homeward-bound Japanese soldiers and sailors from Shanghai. As the important auxiliary slipped beneath the waves, enemy escorts leapt to the offensive. To ward off the counterattack, "Tirante" fired a "cutie" (a small anti-escort homing torpedo) at one of the escorts and heard subsequent "breaking-up noises." But again, post-war accounting failed to confirm the sinking. On 15 April 1945, following a report from Naval Intelligence, Street took into Cheju harbor — on the surface, to avoid shoals and minefields. Using six of his seven remaining torpedoes, he sank a freighter and two of its escorts. For this action, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation (US), Street received the Medal of Honor, and his executive officer, LT Edward L. Beach Jr., received the Navy Cross. Beginning her second patrol, "Tirante" departed from Midway on 20 May 1945 as command ship of the nine-boat "wolfpack" dubbed "Street's Sweepers." They patrolled the Yellow and East China Seas on the lookout for enemy targets—by then dwindling in number. "Tirante" located a four-ship convoy on 11 June, in the first patrol's hunting grounds off Nagasaki. She evaded the three escorts long enough to get a shot at the lone merchantman, an 800-ton cargo freighter, and pressed home a successful attack. Post-war Japanese records, though, do not confirm a "kill." The next day, "Tirante" pulled off nearly a repeat performance of her hit-and-run raid at "Cheju". She crept into "Ha Shima" harbor, some seven miles from Nagasaki and picked out the 2,200-ton "Hakuju Maru" moored alongside a colliery. From a range of 1,000 yards, the submarine fired a "down the throat" shot at the "maru" which exploded with a roar. The second torpedo failed to detonate, but the third completed the destruction begun by the first. As shells from shore guns fell around her, "Tirante" bent on speed and cleared the area. Resuming her roving patrols, "Tirante" and her sister submarines attacked shipping between Korea and Japan, destroying junks carrying supplies from Korea to the Japanese home islands. Boarding parties from the submarine would take off the masters for questioning, put the crew in life boats, and set the craft afire. "Tirante" sank a dozen in this manner and also destroyed two heavily armed picket boats with surface gunfire before returning to Guam on 19 July 1945. For this patrol, LCDR Street was awarded the Navy Cross. That citation reads in part "...For extraordinary heroism ...Tracking his targets relentlessly ...(he) launched his smashing torpedo and gunfire attacks against hostile freighters, junks and picket boats, sinking over 7000 tons of shipping vital to Japanese supply..." "Tirante" departed Guam on 12 August 1945 on what would have been her third war patrol. The end of the war, however, cut this operation short and the submarine put into Midway on 23 August. Eventually sailing for the east coast of the United States, "Tirante" moored at the Washington Navy Yard in October – at which the newly promoted CDR Street received his Medal of Honor at a White House ceremony. World War II summary. <br> <br> <br>  Medal of Honor action. "Tirante's" first war patrol, beginning in March 1945, cost Japan at least six ships. Most notably while patrolling the Yellow Sea between Quelpart Island (Cheju Do) and the mouth of the Yangtze, she received an intelligence report which informed her that an important Japanese transport was at Cheju, the main port on Quelpart Island. Under cover of darkness, Tirante began her approach on the surface. In defiance of possible enemy radar or patrolling planes or ships, she closed the coast and penetrated the mine- and shoal-obstructed waters within the 10-fathom (60-foot) curve line. Prepared to fight her way out, Tirante then entered the harbor where she found three targets: two escort vessels and the 4,000-ton "Juzan Maru". The submarine launched three torpedoes at the "maru", which blew up in a massive explosion."A tremendous, beautiful explosion," Commander Street would write in his report. "A great mushroom of white blinding flame shot 2,000 feet into the air. Not a sound was heard for a moment, but then a tremendous roar flattened our ears against our heads. The jackpot, and no mistake!"The conflagration clearly illuminated Tirante and alerted the "Mikura"-class escort vessels "Nomi" and "Kaibokan No. 31" which immediately got underway toward the invading submersible. While she headed back out to sea at flank speed, Tirante launched a spread of torpedoes which hit and destroyed both pursuers. En route to Midway, the submarine captured two Japanese airmen (bringing her prisoner total to five) and concluded her first war patrol on 25 April. Tirante's stellar performance earned Comdr. Street the Medal of Honor. Lt. Edward L. Beach, the executive officer—and later commander of Triton (SSRN-586) during the submarine's submerged circumnavigation of the globe—received the Navy Cross. The ship, herself, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. His medal of citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of the U.S.S. "Tirante" during the first war patrol of that vessel against enemy Japanese surface forces in the harbor of Cheju, Quelpart Island, off the coast of Korea, on 14 April 1945. With the crew at surface battle stations, Comdr. (then Lt. Comdr.) Street approached the hostile anchorage from the south within 1,200 yards [1100 m] of the coast to complete a reconnoitering circuit of the island. Leaving the 10-fathom [18 m] curve far behind he penetrated the mined and shoal-obstructed waters of the restricted harbor despite numerous patrolling vessels and in defiance of 5 shore-based radar stations and menacing aircraft. Prepared to fight it out on the surface if attacked, Comdr. Street went into action, sending 2 torpedoes with deadly accuracy into a large Japanese ammunition ship and exploding the target in a mountainous and blinding glare of white flames. With the "Tirante" instantly spotted by the enemy as she stood out plainly in the flare of light, he ordered the torpedo data computer set up while retiring and fired his last 2 torpedoes to disintegrate in quick succession the leading frigate and a similar flanking vessel. Clearing the gutted harbor at emergency full speed ahead, he slipped undetected along the shoreline, diving deep as a pursuing patrol dropped a pattern of depth charges at the point of submergence. His illustrious record of combat achievement during the first war patrol of the "Tirante" characterizes Comdr. Street as a daring and skilled leader and reflects the highest credit upon himself, his valiant command, and the U.S. Naval Service. However, Captain Street was most proud of Tirante's Presidential Unit Citation. "As Captain Street put it, 'I really treasure that more than the Medal of Honor because every man was there with us.'" Post-World War II. Street was promoted to Commander in July 1945 and, in January 1946, left to become the Navy's technical adviser for the submarine documentary film "The Silent Service". That summer, he transferred to the Office of Naval Research and assisted in organizing the first Undersea Symposium. His next assignment, as Commanding Officer of , lasted from November 1946 to June 1948. This included operations as a radar picket submarine supporting aircraft carrier task forces. Following instruction at the Armed Forces Staff College at Norfolk, Virginia, in 1949, Commander Street served on its faculty in the Research and Development Division. In 1951, after attending the Fleet Sonar School at Key West, Florida, he assumed command of the , a destroyer modified for anti-submarine purposes. Street commanded Submarine Division Sixty-Two 1952–1953, evaluating the use of several radar picket submarines working as a team. He then returned to the Office of the Chief of the Naval Operations as Assistant for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Armed Forces Policy Council. In July 1955, Street was promoted to Captain. Upon completion of classes at the National War College in Washington, D.C., in July 1956, he served on the Staff to the Commander in Chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Returning to sea in July 1958, he commanded the attack transport . A year later, Captain Street became Commanding Officer and Professor of Naval Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. In October 1961, he took command of Submarine Squadron Five and, the next fall, joined the Staff of the Naval War College. His final assignment, beginning in December 1964, was as Commander Submarine Group, San Francisco Bay Area and Commander Mare Island Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet. Upon his retirement, Captain Street was selected as the Senior Naval Science Instructor for one of the newly authorized Navy JROTC units located at Woburn High School, Woburn Massachusetts. He served in this position until 1977 when retired from the Woburn School system. Retirement and death. Captain Street retired from active duty on 10 August 1966. He resided in Andover, Massachusetts, and was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. George L. Street III died on 26 February 2000 at the Academy Manor Nursing Home in Andover. In keeping with his request, half his cremated remains were dispersed at sea from a submarine, and half were buried at Arlington National Cemetery on 15 March 2000. Popular culture. Edward Beach, "Tirante's" executive officer on her first patrol, modeled his first novel, "Run Silent, Run Deep" (1955), on his wartime experiences. Awards. George L. Street III received the following medals and decorations Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jorjo el. poth III jorjo lebhik street III (27 july, 1913-26 february, 2000) aamerika juktorastror noubahinir egoraki sabmerinar aasil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot teu xonmanor podok laabh korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru keriyar. streetor jonmo hoisil bharjiniyar rismondot. 1931 sonot teu nouxena xongrokhito oncholot jugdan korisil aaru eu. e. too nijuktir baabe nirbasito hoisil.ess. 1933 sonot nouxena academy; 1937 sonot teu snatok degree laabh kore. ganneri aaru jugajug bibhag aaru navigation aaru obhijantrik bibhagoto xewa aagborhuwar pisot, teu niu london, connecticator sabmerin schoolor baabe swessai kaam korisil. snatok degree laabh korar pisot, streete 1941 sonor 14 aprilot commission huwar poraa 1944 sonor 27 februaryloike tini bosor karzonirbah korisil. streete ei bohor dubujahajot prothome ganori aaru torpido bixoya, taar pisot prothom leftenent aaru torpido daata computer operator aaru xexot karzobahi bixoya aaru navigator hisape xewa aagborhaisil. dwitiyo biswojudho. gaar" too xewa aagborhuwar xomoyot teu notaa juddhor tohol disil. streete teur "bimanere xohokari prokriya bixoya hisape xewa aagborhuwar xomoyot xotrur biruddhe karjyonirbahor khetrot sposto birotwo aaru nirbhikotar baabe" dutaa rupali taroka laabh korisil... eu.ess.ess. gaar (ess. ess.-206) "gaaror prothom aaru doxom toholot. 1944 sonor 6 julyte lcdr streete poo 'rtsmouth nevel swipoyardok teur prothom commandtur xoite khaap khuwar baabe protibedon disil. novembor maahot jahajkhonor kaam aarombho korar xomoyot keptene teur notun naukhon long eyeland soundor xekdown proxikhyon aaru panama aaru hawair panir odhik proxikhyonor baabe loisil. 1945 sonor 3 marchor poraa aarombho huwa jahajkhonor prothom juddhor tohol japanor dokhyinotom dip kiusur dokhyin-poschim dixot aasil. juddhor xei xomoyoloike japanor besibhag byowoxayik noubohor itimodhye dubo goisil, kintu rastatu paaror usoror ogobhir paneet porisil aaru keibatau jahaj paisil. kiusur poschim dixot onuxondhan kori "tirante" ye nagaxakir kaxoloi goi tohol disil. taair bhaal sikar aasil. teu 25 marchot 703 tonor tengkar "fuji maaru" dubaisil aaru tini dinor pisot 1,218 tonor malbahi "nes maaru" dubo juwar xoite ei xofolotar onuxoron korisil. pisor aakromonor pisot, japani escourte xaat ghonta dhori tyrantech tolot rakhisil, taar aagote taai nijor sikarixokolor poraa aatori goisil, okhyot hoi. 31 marchot "tirante" ye 5 inchi aaru 40 millimeter gulisalonare 70 tonor etaa lagarok gulaa-maar nikhyep kori dubo disil aaru 1 aprilot tinita torpidur bistarito prothom dhoronor jahajkhon heruwaisil. sabmerinkhon oti xunkalei kuriyar dokhyin upokulor xuxima jolopronalir usoror paniloi sthanantorito hoisil. 6 aprilor gudhulir xomoyot teu juddhor xonmukhin hoisil aaru ekhon xoru japani maach dhora jahaj dokhol korisil aaru puroskartu dubo diyar aagote iyar tinijon nabikok bondi korisil. pisdina, "tirante" ee telor dramor dek kargure bhorti 2,800 tonor kargu malbahi biman ekhon torpido korisil. sabmerinkhon uporoloi ulai aahisil, dhongxawoxexbur saisil, aaru usoror kurian maach dhora jahajok dhongxostupor tukurat laagi thoka dujon jiwito lukok lo "boloi nirdex disil. tothapiu, jodiu sabmerinkhonor porzobekhyokxokole "maaru" ror dubo juwar xakhyi huwar khobor disil, japani obhilekhor juddho-poroborti porikhya "kill" nischito korat byortho hoisil." japani niyom bhongo korar pisot, aamerikar nou-goenda bahiniye japani andulonor purbanuman koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. ejon birudhir bartat "tirante" ror "oncholor faale etaa guruttopurno baahone bhowi furar kotha kuwa hoisil. ei tothyor protikriyat, sabmerine 9 aprilot ek aakosmik aakromon korisil. dutaa lokhyo nirbason kori, teu proityekore faale tinita torpedu nikhyep korisil. etaa spread heruwai goisil, kintu untowe 5,500 tonn poribohon nikku maarut aaghat korisil-swanghair poraa ghoroloi juwa japani xoinyo aaru nabikxokolok loi juwa. guruttopurno xohayoktu dhour tolot pisoli juwar loge loge xotrur escourte aakromonoloi naami aahisil. protirudhor poraa haat xariboloi, "tirante" ye etaa escourtor uporot "kiuti" (etaa xoru anty-escourt homing torpido) nikhyep korisil aaru poroborti "break-aap" xobdo xunisil."kintu punor, juddho-poroborti accountingye dubo juwatu nischito korat byortho hoisil. 1945 sonor 15 aprilot nou-goendar ek protibedonor pisot, pothtuwe seju bondoroloi-pristhot, xul aaru minefield porihar koriboloi. teur baaki thoka xatota torpidur bhitorot soita byobohar kori teu ekhon malbahi jahaj aaru iyar dutaa escourt dubo disil. ei karjyor baabe rastropotir gutor promanpotro (aamerika juktorastro) prodan koraa hoisil, streete xonmanor podok laabh korisil, aaru teur karzobahi bixoya el. edward el. bischo juniyor., nouxenar croch laabh korisil. teur dwitiyo tohol aarombho kori, "tirante" 1945 sonor 20 mey 'too nokhon naur "ulfopek" ror command swip hisape "streets suipers" buli obhihito koraa hoisil."teuluke xotrur lokhyor xondhanot halodhiya aaru pubo cheen xagorot tohol disil-tetiyaloike xongkhya hraax paisil. "tirante" ye 11 junot nagaxakir usoror prothom toholor sikar khelpotharot sarita jahajor doll etaa owosthito korisil. teu tinijon escortok bohu xomoy dhori erai 800 tonor malbahi malbahi ekmatro byowoxayijonok aaghat korisil aaru ghoroloi xofol aakromon korisil. juddho-poroborti japani nothipotroxomuhe obosye "kill" buli nischito nokore." pisdina, "tirante" ye "seju" too teur hitt-endo-raan raidor pray punorabritti prodorxon korisil. teu nagaxakir poraa pray xaat maail durotwot thoka "haa xima" bondorot prowex korisil aaru etaa koyolar kolorir kaxot bondho koraa 2,200 tonor "hakuju maaru" khon uliyaisil. 1, 000 gojor porixoror poraa, sabmerine "maaru" too "dingir poraa" gulee soluwar folot gorjonor xoite bisfuron ghotisil. dwitiyo torpidutu bisfuron korat byortho hoisil, kintu tritiyotuwe prothomtur poraa aarombho huwa dhongxo xompurno korisil. jetiya upokuliyo bondukor gulaa teur sariufale porisil, "tirante" gotire bagori oncholtu poriskar korisil. teur ghuri furaa tohol punor aarombho kori, "tirante" aaru teur bhogni dubujahajxomuhe kuria aaru japanor maajot jahaj solasolot aakromon korisil, kuriyar poraa japanor griho dipxomuholoi xamogri korhiyai niya jongkoxomuh dhongxo korisil. sabmerinor poraa bob "rding dolxomuhe prosnor baabe mastorxokolok loi jaabo, kruxokolok jiwan-jaaponor naut rakhibo, aaru jahajkhonot jui logai dibo. "tirante" ye ei dhorone ek dozon dubo disil aaru 1945 sonor 19 julyte guyamoloi ubhoti ohaar aagote bhupristhot gulisalona kori dutaa bhaari ostro-xostrojukto picket naau dhongxo korisil. ei toholor baabe lcdr streetok nouxenar croch prodan koraa hoisil. xei uddhrititu angxikbhabe porhibo paari. ..oxadharon birotwor baabe...teur lokhyobur nirontorbhabe onuxoron koraa...(teu) xotrubhabe solasol koraa malbahi jahaj, junk aaru picket naur biruddhe teur smaswing torpido aaru bondukor gulisalonar aakromon aarombho korisil, jaar folot japani juganor baabe guruttopurno 7000 tonotkoiu odhik jahaj dubo goisil..." "tirante" 1945 sonor 12 aagostot guwamor poraa teur tritiyo juddhor toholor baabe ulai goisil. juddhor xexot obosye ei obhijantu suti kori 23 aagostot submarintu majbhagot rokha hoisil. owoxexot aamerika juktorastror pubo upokuloloi jatra kori octoborot waswington nebhi yardot "tirante" naamor jahajkhon bondho kori diya hoisil, zo "too notunkoi podunnoti puwa cdr streete ek huwait house onusthanot teur xonmanor podok laabh korisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xarangxo. <bi. aar.> <bi. aar.> <bi. aar.> xonmanmulok karjyor podok. "1945 sonor march maahot aarombho huwa tiranter prothom juddhor toholor baabe japanor komeu soikhon jahajor mulyo porisil. ataitkoi ullekhjugyobhabe cowelpart dip (seju du) aaru yangjir mukhor maajot halodhiya xagorot tohol di thokar xomoyot, teu etaa surangsuwa protibedon laabh korisil jiye teuk obogoto korisil je cowelpart dipor mukhyo bondor sejut ek guruttopurno japani poribohon aasil. ondhokaror aaworonot, tirante pristhot nijor prowex aarombho korisil. xombhabyo xotrur raadar baa tohol biman baa jahajor biruddhe teu upokul bondho kori 10-fathom (60 fut) bokro rekhar bhitorot khoni aaru swul-badhaprapto paneet prowex korisil. taar pisot bahiroloi ulai jaboloi jujiboloi xaju hoi tirante bondorot prowex korisil zo 'too teu tinita lokhyo bisari paisiloh dutaa escourt jahaj aaru 4,000 tonor "jujan maaru". sabmerine "maaru" too tinita torpidu nikhyep korisil, jitu ek brihot bisfuronot bisfuron hoisil."ek bhoyongkor, xundor bisfuron", commander streete teur protibedonot likhisil. "bogaa ondhotar xikhar etaa dangor kathfula 2,000 fut botahot go" lo. ek muhurtor baabe eku xobdo xuna nogol, kintu taar pisot etaa prosondo gorjonoi aamar kanburok aamar murot prolep kori pelaisil. jackpot, aaru kunu bhul naai!"ei bisfurone spostobhabe tyrantech alukito korisil aaru" "mikura" "shrenir escourt jahaj" "numi" "aaru" "kaibukan nong" "koo xotorko korisil. 31 "ji totkhyonat aakromonkari dubujahajor faale aagbarhisil. jetiya teu flank gotire xagoroloi ubhoti goisil, tirante torpidur ek bistarito prosar korisil jiye duyu onuxoronkarik aaghat korisil aaru dhongxo korisil. majbhagot juwar pothot sabmerine dujon japani bayu xenak bondi kore (teur bondir xongkhya muth pasoloi loi aahe) aaru 25 aprilot teur prothom juddhor tohol xomapto kore. tiranter utkristo prodorxonoi commodro orjon korisil. shrenituwe xonmanor podok. el. ti. edward el. xomudrotir, karzobahi bixoya-aaru pisot tritonor commander (ssrn-586) dubujahajtuwe dubo juwar xomoyot prithibir sariufale-nouxenar croch laabh korisil. jahajkhon nijei rastropotir protinidhi potro laabh korisil. teur promanpotror podokot eidore likha aaseh eur commanding officer hisape kortobyor aahbanor uporot aaru taar bahirot teur jiwanor bipodaxongkar khetrot sposto xahoxikota aaru nirbhorxilotar baabe.ess.ess. "1945 sonor 14 aprilot kuriyar upokulor usoror cowelpart dipor seju bondorot xotru japani pristho bahinir biruddhe xei jahajkhonor prothom juddho toholor xomoyot "tirante". pristho juddho kendrot kormosarixokolor xoite, komadro. (taar pisot el. ti.. commodro.) diptur punor nirikhyonor charkit xompurno koriboloi upokulor 1,200 mitaror bhitorot dokhyinor poraa xotrubhabe nungora thair usoroloi goi aasil. 10-fathom bokrontu bohut pisfale eri teu oxongkhyo tohol jahaj aaru 5 taa upokul-bhittik raadar steson aaru bhoyongkor bimanor birudhita korar swotweu ximabodho bondoror khonon aaru swul-oworudhito paneet prowex korisil. aakromon korile iyak pristhot jujiboloi xaju, comder. rastatu karzokori hoisil, etaa dangor japani gulaa-barud jahajoloi maratmok xothikotare 2 taa torpidu pothiyaisil aaru etaa pahariya aaru ondho kori diya bogaa juir puhorot lokhyotu bisfuron korisil. xotruwe "tirante" totkhyonat sinakto korar loge loge taai puhoror jwolot spostobhabe thiyo hoi thokar loge loge, teu owoxor luwar xomoyot torpido daata computer sthapon korar nirdex disil aaru teur xexor dutaa torpido nikhyep korisil jaate aagxarir frigate aaru ekedhoronor etaa faalor jahaj drutogotit bischinno hoy. aguwai thoka xompurno jorurikalin gotit bhosmibhut bondortu poriskar kori, teu upokulrekhar kaxot sinakto nuhuwakoi pisoli goisil, dubo juwar xomoyot gobhirbhabe dubo goisil aaru dubo juwar xomoyot ek onuxoron koraa toholor baabe gobhirotar aarupor etaa aarhi porisil. tirante" ror prothom juddhor toholor xomoyot teur juddhor krititwor bixisto obhilekhtuwe commadrok boixistyojukto kore. ejon xahoxi aaru dokhyo netaa hisape poth aaru nijor uporot, teur xahoxi aadex aaru eur uporot xorbuscho krititwo protipholito kore.ess. nou xewa. obosye, captain street tiranter rastropoti gutor uddhritir baabe ataitkoi gourowanwito aasil. "captain streetor mote, 'moi xosakoiye xonmanor podokotkoi iyak odhik mulyo disu kaaron protijon manuh aamar logot aasil.'" dwitiyo biswojudhor pisor xomoy. 1945 sonor julyte streetok commander hisape podunnoti diya hoisil aaru 1946 sonor januaryt sabmerin tothyositro "dyo silent charbhis" ror baabe noubahinir karikori upodesta hoh 'boloi eri diya hoisil. xei grishmokalot teu nou gowexona karzaloyoloi sthanantorito hoisil aaru prothom xagoror tolor alusonasokro aayujon korat xohay korisil. 1946 sonor novemboror poraa 1948 sonor junoloike teur poroborti dayitwo aasil. iyar bhitorot aasil biman baahok tusk pho "rchok xomorthon koraa raadar picket sabmerin hisape obhijan. 1949 sonot bharjiniyar norphukor xoxostro bahinir kormosari mohabidyaloyor nirdex onuxori commander streete gowexona aaru unnoyon bibhagoto iyar onuxodot xewa aagborhaisil. 1951 sonot flo "ridaar ki westot thoka fleet xunar schoolot porhar pisot teu dubujahaj birudhi uddesyor baabe poribortito etaa dhongxokari jahajor netritwo grohon kore. streete sabmerin bibhagor 62 1952-1953-ror netritwo disil, doll hisape kaam koraa keibatau redar picket sabmerinor byoboharor mulyayon korisil. taar pisot teu jutiya sif owo stuff aaru xoxostro bahini niti porixodor xohokari hisape nouxena obhijanor murobbir karzaloyoloi ubhoti aahisil. 1955 sonor julyte streetok captain hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. waswingtonor nesnel waar collegeot shreni xompurno korar pisot, di.chi.1956 sonor julyte teu eur commander inn sifor kormosari hisape xewa aagborhaisil.ess. aatlantik noubohor. 1958 sonor julyte xagoroloi ubhoti aahi teu aakromonor poribohonor netritwo disil. ebosoror pisot, captain street mesasusetsor kembrijot thoka mesasusets institut owo tekon "lojir commanding officer aaru nouxena bigyanor odhyapok hoisil. 1961 sonor octobor maahot teu sabmerin scowadron fivor command loisil aaru poroborti porzayot nouxenar juddho mohabidyaloyor kormosarixokolor xoite jugdan korisil. 1964 sonor disembor maahot aarombho huwa teur suranto dayitwo aasil chenn francisoku bey eriyar commander sabmerin groop aaru commander meyar eyeland groop, pesiphik reserve fleet hisape. owoxoror pisot, captain streetok wobarno massusetsor wobarno haiskulot owosthito notunkoi onumudit noubahinir jor "tick unitor baabe jyestho nou bigyan proxikhyok hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. 1977 sonot wobarno bidyaloy byowosthar poraa owoxor luwaloike teu ei podot karzonirbah korisil. owoxor aaru mrityu. captain street 1966 sonor 10 aagostot xokriyo kortobyor poraa owoxor grohon kore. teu mesasusetsor andoverot baax korisil aaru mesasusetsor prasin aaru xonmaniyo kaaman companyr xodosyo aasil. jorjo el. 2000 sonor 26 februaryt andoveror academy menor nursing humot tritiyo shrenir lukor mrityu hoy. teur onurudh onuxori, teur daah koraa owoxistor aadha ongxo ekhon sabmerinor poraa xagorot bistarito koraa hoisil, aaru aadha ongxo 2000 sonor 15 marchot arlington rastriyo koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil. jonopriyo xongoskriti. tiranter "prothom toholor karzobahi bixoya" edward beese teur juddhokalin obhigyotar uporot teur prothom uponyax "raan silent, raan dip" (1955) ror aarhi prostut korisil. puroskar. jorjo el. tritiyo pothoi nimnolikhito podok aaru xojja laabh korisil

george ell. tritiya sadak george levic strita III (julai 27,1913-february 26,2000) markin juktorashtrer naubahinir ekjon dubozahaz chhilo. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy tini sommansuchok podok peyechilen. prathomik jeebon ebong karmajiban. streeter jonmo virgineer richmonde. 1931 saale tini nou-sanrakkhan kendre jog deena ebong markin juktorashtre niyoger jonno nirbachito hohn.esha. 1933 saale nou academy; tini 1937 saale snatok hohn. gonerir ebong jogajog bibhag ebong nouporibohon oo prakaushal bibhage kaaj korar porr, tini kanektikater neu londone submarine schoole swechchasebok hisebe kaaj corren. snatok howar porr, strita 1941 saaler 14ee april taar kamishana theke 1944 saaler 27shhey february porjonto tinn bochor kaaj corren. strita eyi bohorer submarine prothome bandukdhari ebong torpedo officer, tarpor prothom leftenant ebong torpedo detta computer operator ebong abosheshe nirbahi kormokorta ebong nabik hisabe kaaj corren. dwitiya bishwojuddho. gaar"-ayee kaaj korar somoy tini noyti juddher tohol diyechilen. strita taar "sposhto sahosikota ebong shatrur biruddhe podokkheper khettre nirbhikatar jonno ebong sahokari jogajog kormokorta hisabe kaaj korar jonno" duti roupyo tarka peyechilo... eu.esha.esha. gaar (esha. esha.-206) "gaarer prothom ebong dasham toholer upor. 1944 saaler 6ee julai, ell. shee. dii. arr strita portsmouth nou jahajer karkhana taar prothom commander saathe maniye neoar jonno report korey. novembore jahajti chaalu korar somoy captain taar notun naukati long iland sounder shakedown proshikkhon ebong panama oo hawaiyer joley arow proshikkhoner jonno niye zaan. jahajtir prothom juddho tohol, 1945 saaler 3raa march theke shuru hoy, japaner dakkhintama dweep kyushur dakkhin-poschime chhilo. juddher seii somoy porjonto japaner beshirbhag bonik bohor itimodhyei dube giechilo, kintu rastati upokuler kachhe agabhir joley choley yaay ebong besh koyekti jahaz khunje paay. kyushur poschim dike anusandhan korey, "tirante" nagasakir dike tohol deyo. taar vall shicker chhilo. tini 25shhey march 703 tonn ojoner tanker "fuji maru" dubiye deena ebong tinn deane porr 1,218 tonn ojoner malbahi "naas maru" dube yawar madhyome eyi safalya orjon corren. porer akromoner porr, japani escortra shaat ghanta dhorey tirantoke niche rekhechilo, taar agey seey taar shikarider kachh theke paliye yaay, okkhoto thaake. 31shhey march, "tirante" 5 inchi ebong 40 millimeter bonduker gulite 70 tonn ojoner ekti lugar nikkhep korey ebong dubiye deyo ebong 1laa april tinti torpedo chhoriye thaka prothom dharaner jahajti miss korey. submarinty shighroi corrier dakkhin upokuler sushima pronalir kachhe joley sthanantorito hoy. 6ee april godhuli nagad tini juddho-pristhe uthhe eshe ekti chhoto japani machh dhorar jahaz dhorey fellen ebong puroskarti dubiye deoar agey taar tinn nabikke bondee korey nene. porer deane, "tirante" teler drumser ekti deeka cargo diye bhora 2,800 tonn malbahi malbahi jahajke torpedo korey. submarinty bhupristhe uthhe eshe dhongshaboshesher dike takay ebong kachakachi corian machh dhorar jahajke dhongshaboshesher tukrote aankde thaka dui benche yawa byaktike tuley neoar nirdesh deyo. taa sotteo, jodio submariner porjobekkhokra "marur" dube yawar sakkhi howar kotha janiechen, tobey juddho-poroborti japani record porikkha korey "kill" nischito koraa yayni." japani kodguli venge, american nou goenda karmira japani andoloner purbabhas ditey sokkhom hoyechilo. ekjon shatrur bartati atkiye rekhechilo jey ekti guruttopurno convoy "tiranter" elakar dike egiye choleche. eyi tothyer protikriyay, submarinty 9ee april ekti otorkito hamla chaalaay. duti lakkhyabastu tuley niye tini protiti lokkhobostute tinti korey torpedo nikkhep corren. ekti chhoriye padeni, kintu onnoti sanghai theke japaner sainya oo nabikder niye assa 5,500 tonn ojoner poribohonkari nikko marute aghat haane. guruttopurno sahayakti ddheuer niche pichle yawar saathe saathe shatru escortra akromonattok dike lafiye porey. palta akraman edate, "tirante" ekti "kiuti" (ekti chhoto anty-escort hoaming torpedo) gully chaalaay ebong poroborti "break-up shobdo" shunte paay."kintu abar, juddho-poroborti hisab-nikash dubonto howar vishayti nischito korte byartho hoy. 1945 saaler 15ee april nou goenda sangosthar ekti reporter porr, rastati chezu bondore probesh korey-bhupristhe, jaate shoal ebong minefield edano yaay. taanr aboshishto satti torpedor modhye chhoyti byabohar korey tini ekti malbahi jahaz ebong taar duti escort dubiye deena. eyi kaajer jonno, rashtrapati unit citation (us) pradan koraa hoy, strita somman podok paay, ebong taar nirbahi kormokorta, ell. edward ell. saikat junior., naubahinir cross peyechilen. taar dwitiya tohol shuru korey, "tirante" 1945 saaler 20shhey meey majhamajhi theke noyti noukar "olfpack"-err command shipa hisabe "strita 'shha suipers" naame abhihito hoy."taaraa shatru lakkhyer sondhane holud ebong purbo chean sagore tohol diyechilo-totodine sankhya hrass peyechilo. "tirante" 11ee june nagasakir kachhe prothom toholer shikarer maathe ekti chaar-jahajer convoy khunje paay. tini tinti escortke etokkhon ediye chollen jey 800 tonn ojoner ekti ponnosombhar malbahi ekok bonikke lakkhya korey gully chalate paren ebong ekti sofol akromoner jonno barite chup deena. juddho-poroborti japani nathiguli jodio ekti "kill"-err vishayti nischito korey naa." porer deane, "tirante" chejute taar hitt-anned-raan reider pray punorabritti korey. tini nagasaki theke pray shaat myle doore "haha shima" bondore probesh corren ebong ekti kolarir paashe 2,200 tonn ojoner "hakuzu maru" berr corren. 1, 000 goj parisima theke, submarinty "maru"-keey lakkhya korey "galla diye gully" chaalaay jaa gorjon soho bishforito hoy. dwitiya torpedoti bishforito hotey byartho hoy, kintu tritiyoti prothomtir dwara shuru haoya dhongso sampurna korey. jokhon teerer banduk theke gola taar charpashe porey, tokhon "tirante" gotite jhunke porey ebong elakati porishkar korey deyo. taar ghurnayman tohol punra shuru korey, "tirante" ebong taar boone dubozahaz koria ebong japaner modhye jahaz chalachal akraman korey, koria theke japaner niz dweeppunje sorborahokari jongks dhongso korey. submarine theke boarding dalguli proshno korar jonno masterder niye jeto, nabikder lifeboate bosat ebong crafttite agun dharat. "tirante" eibhabe eka dozon dubiye deyo ebong 1945 saaler 19 julai guame firey aasaar agey duti bharee soshostro pickett nauka bhupristher bonduker gulite dhongso korey deyo. eyi toholer jonno, ell. shee. dii. arr streetke naubahinir cross pradan koraa hoy. seii uddhrititi angshikbhabe porey...asadharan birotter jonno...abirambhabe taar lakkhyaguli anusaran koraa...(tini) shotrubhabaponno malbahi jahaz, jonks ebong pickett botgulir biruddhe taar smashing torpedo ebong bonduker hamla shuru korey, jaa japani sorboraher jonno guruttopurno 7000 tonero beshi shippingke dubiye deyo..." "tirante" 1945 saaler 12ee august guam tyag corren, jaa taanr tritiya juddher tohol chhilo. juddher sheshe, tobey, eyi abhijanti sangkhipto korey deoa hoy ebong 23shhey august submarinty majhpathe sthapon koraa hoy. abosheshe markin juktorashtrer purbo upokuler uddeshye jatra korey, octobore washington nou earde "tyrante" bandha hoy, jekhane soddo unnito cdr strita ekti hoait house anusthane taanr sommansuchok podok paay. dwitiya bishwojuddher sarsongkhep. <bii arr> <bii arr> <bii arr> sommansuchok kormer podok. "1945 saaler march maase shuru haoya tiranter prothom juddho toholer jonno japane kompokkhe chhoyti jahajer kharach hoyechilo. bishesh korey quelpert dweep (chezu doo) ebong iangjer mukher modhye holud sagore tohol deoar somoy, tini ekti goenda protibedon peyechilen jaa taake janiyechilo jey ekti guruttopurno japani poribohon quelpert dweeper prodhan bondor chejute chhilo. ondhokarer adale, tirante pristher dike egiye jete shuru korey. sombhabbo shatru rudder baa tohol biman baa jahajer birodhita korey, tini upokul bondho korey deena ebong 10-fathom (60 foot) bakrarekhar modhye khoni ebong shoal-aboruddho joley probesh corren. taar upayer saathe ladai korar jonno prostuto, tirante tokhon bondore probesh korey jekhane seey tinti lakkhya khunje payah duti sahachar jahaz ebong 4,000 tonn ojoner "jujan maru". submarinty "maru"-teey tinti torpedo nikkhep korey, jaa ekti bishal bishforone bishforito hoy."ekti asadharan, sundar bishforon", commander strita taar protibedone likhechilen. "saadaa ondho shikha ekti borh mashroom 2,000 foot batase chhunde feley. eka muhurter jonnou konao shobdo shona yayni, kintu tarpor eka prochondo gorjon amader kanke mathar upor chapiye deyo. jackpot, ebong coone bhul nei!"eyi bishforon sposhtobhabe tirantoke alokito korey ebong" "mikura" "shrenir escort jahaz" "nomi" "ebong" "kaibokan nong" "keey sotorko korey. 31 "jaa totkkhonat akramankari dubojahajer dike agrasar hoy. jokhon tini parshwa gotite samudre firey zaan, tokhon tirante torpedor ekti bistar chaalu corren jaa ubhoy anusarike aghat korey ebong dhongso korey deyo. majhpathe yawar pothe, submarinty duijon japani bimanchalokke (taar bondider moat sankhya panch korey) dhorey feley ebong 25shhey april taar prothom juddher tohol shesh korey. tiranter durdanto abhinoy comder orjon korechilo. strita dya medel off onar. ell. tii. edward ell. samudra saikat, nirbahi kormokorta-ebong porey triton-err commander (ssrn-586) dubojahajer dubonto prithibi prodokkhin korar somoy-naubahinir cross grohon korechilen. jahajti nijei rashtrapati uniter proshongshapotro laav korey. taanr proshongshapotrer podoke lekha royeche eu-err commanding officer hisabe kortobyer ahobaner upore ebong taar baire taanr jeeboner jhunkite susposhto sahosikota ebong nirbhikatar jonno.esha.esha. "1945 saaler 14ee april koria upokuler quelpert dweeper chezu bondore shatru japani pristho bahinir biruddhe seii jahajer prothom juddho toholer somoy "tyrante". pristho juddho stationgulite nabikder saathe, comder. (tarpor ell. tii. comdi.) dweeper ekti punoporidorshok chokro sampurna korar jonno upokuler 1100 mitter modhye dakkhin theke protikul nongar kachhe rastati eshe pouchoy. 10-fathom bakrarekhati [18 mitter] onek pichhone rekhe tini asankhya tohol jahaz ebong 5tii upokul-vittik rudder steshana ebong bipojjonok bimaner birodhita sotteo seemaboddho bondorer khonon ebong shoal-aboruddho joley probesh korechilen. akraman koraa holey etty pristher upor ladai korar jonno prostuto, comder. rastati karjokor hoy, ekti borh japani golabarud jahaje marattok nirbhulatar saathe 2 tii torpedo pathay ebong ekti pahadi ebong saadaa aguner ondhokare lakkhyabastuti bishforito korey. alor projwolito abosthai sposhtobhabe dandiye thaka shatrur dwara "tiranto" abilambe chinnito hoye, tini abosar neoar somoy torpedo detta computer sthaponer nirdesh deena ebong taar shesh 2tii torpedo nikkhep corren jaate druto dharabahikbhabe prodhan frigate ebong anurup parshoborti jahajti venge yaay. saamone joruri purno gotite dhongsoprapto bandarti porishkar korey, tini upokulrekha borabor sonakto naa korey pichle zaan, govirbhabe dube diye jokhon ekti anusarankari tohol dube deoar somoye govirotar charjgulir ekti pattern feley deyo. tirante"-err prothom juddho toholer somoy taanr juddho krititter bishishto record comderke chinnito korey. ekjon sahoshi oo dokkho neta hisabe rasta ebong nijer, taanr sahoshi command ebong eu-err upor sorbochcho krititto protifolito korey.esha. naubahini. tobey, captain strita tiranter presidencial uniter uddhriti niye sabcheye beshi gorbito chhilo. "captain strita jemon bolechilen, 'aami sottii sommaner podoker cheye beshi mulyaban kaaron prottekei amader saathe chhilo.'" dwitiya bishwojuddher poroborti somoy. strita 1945 saaler julai maase commander podey unnito hohn ebong 1946 saaler januaryte submarine documentary cholochchitro "dya silent service"-err jonno naubahinir projuktigoto upodeshta howar jonno chhede deoa hoy. seii grisse, tini nou gobeshonar office sthanantorito hohn ebong prothom samudrer tolodesher symposium ayojone sahayata corren. commanding officer hisabe taanr poroborti dayitto 1946 saaler navembar theke 1948 saaler june porjonto sthayi hoy. err modhye biman bahok tusk forceke samarthankari rudder pickett submarine hisabe apareshana antarbhukta chhilo. 1949 saale virgineer norphoker soshostro bahini stuff college nirdesher porr, commander strita gobeshona oo unnayan bibhage taar onushode kaaj corren. 1951 saale floridara qee oyester fleet sonara schoole porar porr tini dubozahaz-birodhi uddeshye poribortito ekti dhongshokari jahajer netritto grohon corren. strita submarine dibhishana shaat-bow 1952-1953-err netritto deyo, ekti doll hisabe kaaj koraa besh koyekti rudder pickett submarine byaboharer mulyayan korey. erpor tini joutho chiefs off stuff ebong soshostro bahinir neeti porishder sahokari hisabe nou abhijaner prodhaner karjalaye firey asen. 1955 saaler julai maase streetke captain podey unnito koraa hoy. washingtoner national oyara college classes shesh korar porr, dii.shee.1956 saaler julai maase tini markin juktorashtrer prodhan senapati podey dayitto palon corren.esha. atlantik naubahar. 1958 saaler julai maase samudre firey tini akraman poribohoner netritto deena. eka bochor porr captain strita massachusetser cambridger massachusets institute off technologyte commanding officer ebong noubigganer adhyapak hohn. 1961 saaler octobore tini submarine squadron fiver netritto grohon corren ebong poroborti shorte nou juddho colleger karmider saathe jog deena. 1964 saaler december theke shuru haoya taanr chudanta dayitto chhilo shaan francisco uposagoriyo anchaler commander submarine group ebong pacific reserve bohorer commander merr iland group. abosar grohoner porr captain strita massachusetser obaron haiskule abosthito notun onumodito naubahinir jortock unitgulir modhye ektir jonno senior nou bigyan proshikkhok hisabe nirbachito hohn. 1977 saale waburn school byabostha theke abosar neoar agey porjonto tini eyi podey dayitto palon corren. abosar ebong mrityu. captain strita 1966 saaler 10ee august sakriya dayitto theke abosar grohon corren. tini massachusetser andover-ayee bosobas korten ebong massachusetser prachin oo sommanjonok artillery companyr sadasya chhilen. george ell. strita III 2000 saaler 26shhey february andover academy manor nursing homey maaraa zaan. taanr anurodh anujayi, taanr sheshkrityer ardhek dehaboshesh ekti dubozahaz theke samudre chhoriye deoa hoy ebong ardhekke 2000 saaler 15 march arlington jatiya koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. janapriya sangaskriti. taar prothom toholer nirbahi kormokorta edward bitch taar juddhokalin obhiggotar upor vitti korey taar prothom uponyas 'raan silent, raan dipa' (1955) toiri korechilen. puraskar. george ell. tritiya sadak nimnolikhito podok ebong sajja peyeche

george aela. sheree III george levik street III (julai 27,1913-februari 26,2000) united states naukadalma submariner hataa. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan temne medala off onara malyo hato. praarambhik jeevan aneey karkirdi. streetno janm richmond, virginiama thayo hato. teo 1931maan naukaadal anaamatmaa jodaya hataa aneey yuu. aesa. maan nimanook maate pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.aesa. 1933maan naukadalni akaadmee; temane 1937maan snatakni padvi melvee. ganneri aneey sanchaar vibhago aneey navigation aneey engineering vibhagoma sevaa aapyaa pachhi, temane nyu london, connecticut khaate submarin school maate swaichchhik sevaa aapee hatee. snaatak thayaa pachhi, streete 14 april, 1941naa roj tenaa commissioningthi 27 februari, 1944 sudhee trana varsh sevaa aapee. streete aaa fleet sabmareenma sevaa aapee, pahelaa gunry aneey torpido adheekari tareeke, pachhi pratham leftnent aneey torpido detaa computer operator tareeke aneey ante executive officer aneey navigator tareeke. beeju vishvyuddh. gaar" maan sevaa aaptee vakhate, temane nava yuddh patrolling karyaa hataa. streetne tenaa "vishisht bahaduri aneey dushman saame karyvahima nirbhayta maate" beey silver staar malyaa hataa, jyaare teey jahaaj parr sahayak sampark adheekari tareeke sevaa aapee hatee... yuu.aesa.aesa. gaar (ss-206) "gaar" naa pratham aneey dasmaa patrolling parr. 6 julai, 1944naa roj, aela. see. dii. aar. streete portsmouth naukadalna shipyardne temnaa pratham aadeshne anuroop karvaanee jaana curry. novemberma jahajne kaaryarat kartaa, keptane laambi taapuna avaajmaa shakedown taaleem aneey panaama aneey havaainaa paanimaa vadhu taaleem maate tenee navee hoady leedhi. 3 march, 1945thee sharoo thayel jahajnu pratham yuddh patrolling japanna sauthee dakshinna taapu kyushuni dakshinpashchim hatoo. yuddhnaa teey tabakka sudhimaa, japanno motaabhaagno vepaari kaafalo pahelethee jaj dooby gayo hato, parantu sheree kinara najik chhichhara paanimaa gaee hatee aneey tene ghanaa jahajo malyaa hataa. kyushuni pashchim taraf shodh kartaa, "tirante" nagasakina abhigamo parr patrolling kartaa hataa. tenee paase saaro shikaar hato. temane 25 marche 703 tunnoo tanker "fuji maaru" dooby gayoo hatoo aneey trana divas pachhi 1,218 tunnoo malvahak "nez maaru" dooby gayoo hatoo. pachhinaa humla pachhi, japanese escorts saat kalaak sudhee tirantene neeche rakhyaa, teey pahelaa teey tenaa shikariothi door lapsee gaee, koee nuksan thayu nahee. 31 maarchnaa roj, "tirante" aee 5 inch aneey 40 millimetres golibaaree saathe 70 tunna lugarne golee maareene dubadi nakhyu aneey 1 aprilnaa roj, trana torpedona felaavaa saathe pratham prakaarnu jahaaj chooki gayoo. submarin toonk samayma koreeyana dakshin keenare, tsushimani saamudradhuni najik paanimaa sthaanaantarit thaee. 6 aprilnaa roj sandhikaalmaa, tenee yuddhmaa sapaati parr aavee aneey aek naanu jaapaani machhimarinu jahaaj kabaje karyoo aneey inam dooby jataa pahelaa tenaa trana crumenne kedee banaavi leedha. beeja divase, "tirante" aee 2,800 tunna malvahak jahajne tarpedo karyoo, jeey telnaa drumnaa deeka kaargothi bharelu hatoo. submarin sapaati parr aavee, kaatmaad parr najar naakhi aneey najiknaa corian machhimari jahajne kaatmaalna tukadaaone valgee rahela beey bachee gayelaa lokone levaa maate nirdesh aapyo. tema chhataa, submarin parnaa nirikshakoae "maaru" naa dubvaanaa sakshi hovaana ahewal aapyaa hovaa chhataa, jaapaani recordsnee yuddh pachhini tapaas "kill" nee pushti karvaamaa nishfal rahee." japanese sanheetaone todyaa pachhi, american naukadalna guptachar maanso japanese hilchaalnee aagaahi karvaamaa saksham hataa. aek atkaavelo dushmanno sandesh "tirante" naa vistaar taraf aek mahatvapurn kaafalo varaalmaan jataa hovaanu kaheto hato. aaa maahitinaa javabma, sabmarinae 9 aprille humalo karyo hato. beey lakshyone pasand kareene, teneeae darek parr trana torpido chhodya. aek felaavo chooki gayo, parantu beejo 5,500 tunna parivahan nikko maaru saathe athadaayo-jeey shanghaithi ghare jataa jaapaani sainiko aneey khalasione laee jataa hataa. jaim jaim mahatvapurn sahayak tarangoni neeche lapsee gayo, dushmanna escorts aakramak taraf koodee padyaa. valato humalo taalvaa maate, "tirante" aee aek escorts parr "cuty" (aek naano anty-escort hoaming torpido) chhodyo aneey pachhinaa "brack-up" avaajo sambhalya."parantu fareethi, yuddh pachhinaa hisabthi dubavaani pushti karvaamaa nishfal rahyaa. 15 april 1945naa roj, naukadalni goopt maahitinaa ahevaalne pagale, sheriae cheju bandarma pravesh karyo-sapaati parr, jethee jameen aneey khankshetro taalee shakaay. tenaa baakinaa saat torpedomathi chhano upyog kareene, tene aek malvahak jahaaj aneey tenaa beey escortsne dubadi deedhaa. aaa kriyaa maate, temne rashtrapati aekamnu prashastipatra (us) enayat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, streetne sanmaannu chandrak malyun hatoo, aneey temnaa kaarykaari adheekari, aela. edward aela. beach juniyar., naukaadal cross praapt karyo. teneeni beejee patrollingni sharuaat karataa, "tirante" 20 meey 1945naa roj nava-booat "wolfpack" naa command shipa tareeke "streetnaa safai kaamdaaro" tareeke odakhaata madhyabhagmathi ravaana thayaa hataa."teoae dushmanna lakshyoni shodhamaa pilaa aneey purv chean samudramaa patrolling karyoo-tyaan sudhimaa sankhyama ghataado thayo. "tirante" aee 11 junanaa roj nagasakina pratham petrolingnaa shikaarnaa medaanmaa chaar jahajono kaafalo stheet karyo hato. teneeae trana escortsne etalaa laambaa samay sudhee taalyaa keey 800 tunna malvahak malvahak, ekmatra vepaari parr golee chalaavi aneey ghare safal humalo karyo. yuddh pachhinaa japanese reqorda, joke, "kill" nee pushti kartaa nathee." beeja divase, "tirante" aee "cheju" khaate tenaa hita-anned-runn reidnun lagbhag punraavartan pradarshan karyoo. tenee nagasakithi lagbhag saat mile door "haa sheema" bandarma praveshi aneey kolsani saathe bandhvama aavel 2,200 tunnoo "hakuju maaru" bahaar kaadhyu. 1, 000 yardnee rangemathi, sabmarinae "maaru" parr "galaamaa neeche" golee chalaavi hatee, jeey garjanaa saathe visfot thayo hato. beejo torpido visfot karvaamaa nishfal gayo, parantu trijaae prathamthi sharoo thayel vinaash purn karyo. jyaare kinara parnee bandukomathi shelo tenee aaspaas padyaa, tyaare "tirante" zadap parr valyaa aneey vistaarne saaf karyo. teneeni faratee patrolling pharii sharoo karataa, "tirante" aneey teneeni bahen submarin koreeya aneey japan vachchena jahajo parr humalo karyo, koreeyathi japanese hooma taapuo sudhee purvatho vahan kartaa junkno naash karyo. sabmarinmathi boarding paksho mastersne puchparachh maate laee jataa, krune life boatma mukataa aneey craftne aag lagaadtaa. "tirante" aaa reete aek dozen dooby gayoo aneey 19 julai 1945naa roj guam parat fartaa pahelaa sapaati parr golibaar kareene beey bhaare sashastr dharanaa boatno pann naash karyo. aaa patrolling maate, aela. see. dii. aar. streetne naukaadal cross enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. teey taankani anshatah vaanche chhe...asadharan veertaa maate...tenaa lakshyone aveeratpane track karoo...(temane) pratikool malvahak jahajo, junk aneey dharanaa booat saame temnaa smashing torpido aneey golibaarnaa humalaao sharoo karyaa, jemaa japanese purvathaa maate mahatvapurn 7000 tunthi vadhu shipping dooby gayoo..." "tirante" 12 august 1945naa roj guaamthee ravaana thaee hatee, jeey teneeni triji yuddh patrolling hashe. joke, yuddhnaa anta pachhi aaa kamgiri tunkee puddy gaee aneey 23 augustna roj sabmareenne madhyamaa mookie devaamaa aavee. aakhare united statesnaa purv keenare javaa maate suffer kartaa, octoberma washington naukadalna yardma "tirante" bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jene navaa badhatee pamela cdr streetne white house samarohma temnu sanmaan chandrak malyun hatoo. beeja vishvyuddhno saransh. <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> sanmaannee kaaryvaahinu chandrak. "march 1945maan sharoo thayela tirantena pratham yuddh patrollingma japanna ochhama ochha chh jahajono kharch thayo hato. sauthee vadhu nondhpaatra quelpart taapu (cheju doow) aneey yangtzna mukh vachche pilaa samudramaa patrolling karatee vakhate, teneene aek goopt maahiteeno ahewal malyo hato, jemaa teneene jaana karvaamaa aavee hatee keey aek mahatvapurn jaapaani parivahan quelpart taapu parnaa mukhya bandar cheju khaate hatoo. andharana aavaran hethal, tirante sapaati parr potaano abhigam sharoo karyo. sambhaveet dushman radaar athavaa patrolling vimaano athavaa jahajoni avgannaa kareene, temane dariyakinaro bundh curry deedho aneey 10-fatham (60 foot) valaank rekhaani andar khaan aneey shhola-avrodhit paanimaa pravesh karyo. bahaar nikalvaano rasto ladvaa maate taiyar, tirante pachhi bandarma pravesh karyo jyaan tene trana lakshyanko malyaah beey escort jahajo aneey 4,000 tunnoo "juzanne maaru". sabmarinae "maaru" parr trana torpido chhodya, jeey aek motaa visfotma visfot thayo."aek jabardast, sunder visfot", commander street temnaa ahevaalmaa lakhshe. "safed andh jyotno aek moto mashroom havaamaa 2,000 foot sudhee gayo. aek kshan maate pann avaaj sambhalaayo nahee, pann pachhi aek jabardast garjanaae amara maatha saame amara qaana sapaat curry deedhaa. jackpot, aneey koee bhool nahee!"aaa aagne kaarane tirante spasht reete prakashit thayu aneey" "mikura" "vargnaa escort jahajo" "nomee" "aneey" "cabocan nann" "neey chetvani aapee". 31 "jeey tarat jaj aakramankari submersible taraf aagad vadhyu. jyaare teey baajuni zadape samudra taraf paachha faratee hatee, tyaare tirante torpedoseno felaavo sharoo karyo hato jene banne pichho karnaaraaone fatkarya aneey naash karyo hato. vachche jataa samaye, submarin beey japanese airmanne pakadi paadyu (tenaa kedeeone coole paanch sudhee laavya) aneey 25 aprilnaa roj tenee pratham yuddh patrolling purn curry. tirantena utkrusht pradarshanthi komdarnee kamaani thaee. street dhaa medala off onara. aela. tii. edward aela. dariyakinare, kaarykaari adheekari-aneey pachhithi tritonnaa commander (ssrn-586) submarinni dubeli vishwani parikramaa darmiyan-naukaadal cross praapt karyo. jahajne pote rashtrapati aekamnu prashastipatra enayat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. temnaa prashastipatramaa lakhelu chheh yunaa commanding officer tareeke faraj bajavva upraant aneey tenaathi aagad temnaa jeevannaa jokhamma spasht bahaduri aneey nirbhayta maate.aesa.aesa. "14 april 1945naa roj koreeyana dariyakanthe quelpart taapuna cheju bandarma dushman jaapaani sapaati dado saame teey jahajna pratham yuddh patrolling darmiyan "tirante". sapaati parnaa yuddh mathako parr cru saathe, commander. (pachhi lii. comder.) taapuni punnirikshan circuit purn karvaa maate sheree dariyakinarana 1,200 yardsnee andar dakshinthi pratikool langarnee najik pahonchi hatee. 10-fatham [18 meater] valaankne paachhal chhodine temane sankhyaabandh patrolling jahajo aneey 5 kinara-aadharit radaar stationo aneey khatarnaak vimaanoni avgannaa kareene pratibandhit bandarnaa khankam aneey shhola-avrodhit paanimaa pravesh karyo. jooe humalo karvaamaa aave too tene sapaati parr ladvaa maate taiyar, comder. sheriae kaaryvaahi sharoo curry, aek motaa japanese darugolana jahajma ghaatak choksai saathe 2 torpido mokalya aneey safed jwalaona parvateey aneey andh zagzagatma lakshyane visfot karyo. tirante" neey tarat jaj dushman dwara jovama aavyu kaaran keey teey prakashni jwalaoma spasht reete bahaar aavee hatee, tene nivrutt thatee vakhate torpido detaa computer sthaapit karvaano aadesh aapyo aneey tenaa chhella 2 torpedone zadapthi vikhervaa maate agranee frigate aneey samaan bajuae jahajne chhodyu. aagad katokatini sampoorn zadape badee gayelaa bandarne saaf kareene, teey kinara parr ajaantaan lapsee gayo, jyaare aek pichho karatee patrolling dooby javaana binduae undanna chargeni patternne neeche paadee tyaare undanma diving karyoo. tirante" naa pratham yuddh patrolling darmiyan ladaai siddhino temno prakhyaat reqorda commanderni lakshanikta darshaave chhe. aek himmatvaan aneey kooshal netaa tareeke sheree aneey potaani jaatne, temnaa bahadur aadesh aneey yuu. aesa. parr sarvoch shrey pratibimbit karey chhe.aesa. naukadalni sevaa. jooe keey, capton streetne tirantena pramukhpadnaa ekamnaa prashastipatra parr sauthee vadhu garv hato. "capton streete kahyoo tema, 'huun kharekhar sanmaannaa chandrak karataa vadhu mulyavaan chhu kaaran keey darek maanas amaari saathe hato.'" beeja vishvyuddh pachhi. julai 1945maan streetne commander tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey january 1946maan submarin dastaveji film "dhaa silent service" maate naukadalna takneeki salaahkaar banvaa maate chhodi devaamaa aavee hatee. teey unalama, temane naukadalna sanshodhan karyalayma badalee curry aneey pratham samudra hethalnaa parisamvaadnaa aayojanma madad curry. temnee aagaami sopani, commanding officer tareeke, november 1946 thee juuna 1948 sudhee chaali hatee. temaa vimanvahak jahaaj task forcene teko aaptee radaar pickett submarin tarikeni kaamgeereeno samaavesh thaay chhe. 1949maan virginia norphoc khaate sashastr dalonaa karmchari mahavidhyalayma soochnaa baad, commander streete sanshodhan aneey vikaas vibhagma tenaa facultyma sevaa aapee hatee. 1951maan, floridana qee vesta khaate fleet sonaar schoolma abhyaas karyaa pachhi, temane submarin veerodhi hetuo maate sudharel vinashakni kamaan sambhaali. sheriae submarin division 62 1952-1953 noon netrutva karyoo, jemaa aek team tareeke kaama karatee ketalik radaar pickett sabmareenna upyognu mulyankan karvaamaa aavyu. tyarbad teo sanyukt chiefs off staff aneey sashastr daloni neetee parishadna sahayak tareeke naukadalna operationnaa vadaana karyalayma parat faryaa hataa. julai 1955maan streetne capton tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. washingtonma national voora collegemaa vargo purn karyaa pachhi, dii.see.julai 1956maan temane yuu. aesa. naa commander ina chifna staff parr sevaa aapee hatee.aesa. atlantic kaafalo. julai 1958maan samudramaa paachha faryaa baad temane humalana parivahanni kamaan sambhaali hatee. aek varsh pachhi, cambridge, mesatusates khaate mesatusates institute off technologyma capton street commanding officer aneey naukaadal vignanna prophesara banyaa. october 1961maan, temane submarin squadran fiveni kamaan sambhaali aneey pachhinaa pankharma, naukaadal yuddh collegena karmchaariomaa jodaya. december 1964maan sharoo thayelee temnee anteem sopani, seena francisco khaadi vistaar aneey commander mair taapu jooth, paciphic reserve fleet tareeke hatee. temnee nivrutti pachhi, woburn haiskool, woburn mesatusates khaate stheet navaa adheekrut naukadalna jrotak ekamomathi aek maate capton streetne varishth naukadalna vigyaan prashikshak tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temane 1977 sudhee aaa pada parr sevaa aapee hatee, jyaare teo woburn shaala pranalimathi nivrutt thayaa hataa. nivrutti aneey mrutyu. capton street 10 august 1966naa roj sakreey farajmathi nivrutt thayaa. teo endover, mesatusatesma raheta hataa aneey mesatusatesnee praachin aneey maanneey topkhaanaa companyna sabhy hataa. george aela. street III noon 26 februari 2000naa roj endovermaa academy menor nursing homamaa avsaan thayu hatoo. temnee vinanteene dhyanma rakheene, temnaa adadhaa anteem sanskaarnaa avshesho sabmarinmathi samudramaa vikhervaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey adadhaa 15 march 2000naa roj arlington raashtriy kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. lokpreey sanskruti. edward beach, "tirantena" temnaa pratham patrolling parnaa kaarykaari adhikaareeae, temnaa yuddh samaynaa anoobhavo parr temnee pratham navalkathaa, "runn silent, runn deep" (1955) noon namunaa banaavyu hatoo. puraskaaro. george aela. street III neey neechena chandrako aneey sajavat praapt thaee

george ell. sadak III george levic street III (27 julaai, 1913-26 farwari, 2000) sanyukt raajya america kii nausena mein ack pandubbi thaa. unhein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran sammaan kaa padak milaa thaa. praarambhik jeevan aur currier. street kaa janm richmond, virginia mein huaa thaa. way 1931 mein nausena reserve mein shamil hue aur unhein yuu. aeye. mein niyukti key liye chunaa gayaa.aiss. 1933 mein nausena akadami; unhone 1937 mein snaatak kiya. topkhana aur sanchaar vibhagon aur nauvahan aur engineering vibhagon mein seva dene key baad, unhone nyu landan, connecticut mein pandubbi school key liye swechha seey kaam kiya. snaatak honey key baad, street ney 14 aprail, 1941 koo apani commission seey 27 farwari, 1944 taka teen saal taka seva kii. street ney iss bede kii pandubbi mein pahale topkhaane aur tarpedo adhikaari key roop mein, phir pahale leftinent aur tarpedo detta computer operator key roop mein aur anta mein karyakari adhikaari aur navik key roop mein seva kii. dwiteeya vishva yuddh. gaar" mein seva karate hue, unhone nau yuddh gashti dall banaae. street koo unake liye dou rajat sitaare mille "dushman key khilaf kaarravaai mein vishisht veerata aur nidarta key liye jabaki jahaaj parr sahayak sampark adhikaari key roop mein kaary curr rahey they... yuu.aiss.aiss. gaar (ss-206) "gaar" key pahale aur dasaven gashti dall parr. 6 julaai, 1944 koo, ell. see. dee. aar. street ney apani pahali kamaan key liye portsmouth nausena shipyard koo soochit kiya. navambar mein jahaaj koo chaalu karate hue, kaptan ney lambi dweep dhwani mein prashikshan aur panama aur havaai key paani mein aage key prashikshan key liye apani naee naav lii. jahaaj kaa pahala yuddh gashti dall, 3 march, 1945 seey shuru huaa, japan key sabse dakshini dweep kyushu key dakshin-paschim mein thaa. yuddh key usa samay taka, japan kaa adhikansh vyaapaari bedaa pahale hii doob chuka thaa, lekin sadak tata key paas uthale paani mein chully gaee aur kaee jahaaj paae gaye. kyushu key paschim kii or khoj karate hue, "tirante" ney nagasaki key raaste parr gasht kii. usake paas achchha shikaar thaa. unhone 25 march koo 703 tunn key tanker "fuji maaroo" koo dubo diyaa aur teen dinn baad 1,218 tunn key malvahak "ness maaroo" key doobane key saath iss safalata kaa anusaran kiya. baad key hamale key baad, japani escorts ney saat ghante taka tirante koo neeche rakhaa, isase pahale kii vaha apane shikariyon seey door chully gaee, binaa kissy nuksan key. 31 march koo, "tirante" ney 5 inch aur 40 millimeter kii goliyon key saath 70 tunn key ack lugger koo golabari key saath dubo diyaa aur 1 aprail koo, teen torpedo key prasaar key saath ack pahale prakaar key jahaaj seey chook gayaa. pandubbi jald hii koria key dakshini tata parr tsushima key jaldamroomadhya key paas paani mein sthanantarit hoe gaee. 6 aprail koo shaam koo, vaha yuddh-satah parr aaa gaee aur ack chhote seey japani machhali pakadane vaale jahaaj koo pakad liya aur puraskar koo dubane seey pahale usake teen chaalak dall key sadasyon koo bandee banaa liya. agale dinn, "tirante" ney tail drum key deck cargo seey bharey 2,800 tunn key malvahak malvahak koo tarpedo seey udaa diyaa. pandubbi ney satah parr dekhaa, malabe koo dekhaa, aur paas key koriyai machhali pakadane vaale jahaaj koo dou jeevit bache logon koo lene kaa nirdesh diyaa joe malabe key tukadon seey chipke hue they. phir bhee, halanki pandubbi parr paryavekshakon ney "maaroo" key doobane koo dekhane kii soochana dee, japani record kii yuddh key baad kii jaanch "hatyaa" kii pushti karane mein whiffle rahee." japani sanhitaon koo todane key baad, americi nausena key khufiya adhikaari japani andolanon kaa anuman lagaane mein saksham they. ack ney dushman key sandesh koo rokaa jisamen bataaya gayaa kii ack mahatvapurna kafila "tirante" key kshetra kii or badh rhaa haye. iss jaankaari key jawab mein, pandubbi ney 9 aprail koo ghaat lagaakar hamla kiya. dou lakshyon koo chunate hue, unhone pratyek parr teen torpedo daage. ack failata naheen rhaa, lekin doosara 5,500 tunn parivahan nikko maaroo seey takaraaya-joe shanghai seey ghar jaane vaale japani sainikon aur naavikon koo leey jaa rhaa thaa. jaise hii mahatvapurna sahayak laharon key neeche fisal gayaa, dushman key escorts ney aakramak roop seey chhalang lagaa dee. jawabi hamale koo rokane key liye, "tirante" ney ack escort parr "cuty" (ack chhota anty-escort hoaming tarpedo) daaga aur baad mein "tootane kii aavaazen suneen."lekin phir seey, yuddh key baad kaa lekha doobane kii pushti karane mein whiffle rhaa. 15 aprail 1945 koo, nausena kii khufiya jaankaari key baad, sadak ney cheju bandargah mein pravesh kiya-satah parr, taaki chattanon aur khadanon seey bachaa jaa sakey. apane shesh saat torpedo mein seey chhah kaa upayog karate hue, unhone ack malvahak aur usake dou escorts koo dubo diyaa. iss kaarravaai key liye, unhein rashtrapati ikai prashasti patra (us) seey sammaanit kiya gayaa, street koo sammaan kaa padak milaa, aur unake karyakari adhikaari, leftinent edward ell. samudra tata junier., nausena cross praapt kiya. apani doosari gasht shuru karate hue, "tirante" 20 maee 1945 koo nau-naav "wolfpack" key kamaand ship key roop mein beach seey ravaana hui, jise "street key safaikarmi" kahaa jaataa haye."unhone dushman key lakshyon kii talash mein peele aur purvi chean samudron mein gasht kii-taba taka sankhya mein kamee aaa gaee. "tirante" ney 11 juuna koo nagasaki key pahale gashti dall key shikaar key maidan mein chaar-jahaazon kaa kafila paaya. usane teen escorts koo itane lambe samay taka taal diyaa kii vaha akele vyaapaari, 800 tunn key malvahak maal parr ack shott leey sakee, aur ghar parr ack safal hamla kiya. yuddh key baad key japani record, halanki, ack "hatyaa" kii pushti naheen karate hain." agale dinn, "tirante" ney "cheju" parr apane hitt-aind-runn redd kaa lagbhag dohra pradarshan kiya. vaha nagasaki seey lagbhag saat meal door "haa shima" bandargah mein ghusi aur ack koyla khadaan key saath 2,200 tunn "hakuju maaroo" koo khadaa kiya. 1, 000 gaj kii doori seey, pandubbi ney "maaroo" parr "galey key neeche" goli chalaai joe garjana key saath visfot hoe gayaa. doosara tarpedo visfot karane mein whiffle rhaa, lekin teesare ney pahale seey shuru hue vinash koo puuraa kiya. jaise hii tata kii bandookon key gole usake chaaron or gire, "tirante" ney gati parr jhukkar kshetra koo khaali curr diyaa. apani ghoomati gasht phir seey shuru karate hue, "tirante" aur usaki bahan pandubbiyon ney koria aur japan key beach shipping parr hamla kiya, jisase koria seey japani grih dweepon taka aapoorti leey jaane vaale junctions koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa. pandubbi seey boarding paartiyan poochtaachh key liye maalikon koo leey jaati theen, chaalak dall koo jeevan naukaaon mein daalati theen, aur shilp mein aag lagaa detee theen. "tirante" ney iss tarah seey ack darjan koo dubo diyaa aur 19 julaai 1945 koo guam lautane seey pahale satah parr golibari key saath dou bhaari hathiyarband pickett naukaaon koo bhee nasht curr diyaa. iss gashti key liye, ell. see. dee. aar. street koo nausena cross seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. vaha uddharan aanshik roop seey padhaa jaataa haye...asadharan veerata key liye...apane lakshyon kaa lagaatar peechha karna...(unhone) shatrutapurna malvahak, junks aur pickett naukaaon key khilaf apane visfotak tarpedo aur goliyon key hamale shuru kiye, jisase japani aapoorti key liye mahatvapurna 7000 tunn seey adhik shipping doob gaee..." "tirante" 12 agast 1945 koo guam seey ravaana hui, joe unaki teesari yuddh gashti hogi. haalaanki, yuddh key anta ney iss abhiyaan koo cumm curr diyaa aur pandubbi koo 23 agast koo beach mein hii daal diyaa gayaa. antatah sanyukt raajya america key purvi tata key liye naukaayan karate hue, octuber mein washington nausena yard mein "tirante" koo baandh diyaa gayaa, jise nae padonnat cdr street koo white house samaroh mein unakaa sammaan padak milaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh kaa saransh. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> sammaan kaarravaai kaa padak. "march 1945 mein shuru hue tirante key pahale yuddh gashti dall mein japan key cumm seey cumm chhah jahaajon kii laagat aaee. vishesh roop seey quelpart dweep (cheju doo) aur yangtzi key muhaane key beach peele samudra mein gasht karate samay, unhein ack khufiya report millie, jisamen unhein soochit kiya gayaa kii ack mahatvapurna japani parivahan quelpart dweep key mukhya bandargah cheju mein thaa. andheron key aavaran mein, tirante ney satah parr apana rukh shuru kiya. sambhaavit dushman radar yaa gasht karane vaale vimaanon yaa jahaajon kii avagya karate hue, usane tata koo bund curr diyaa aur 10-fatham (60-phut) vakr rekha key bheetar khadaan aur shole-baadhit paani mein pravesh kiya. baahar nikalane key liye taiyar hocker, tirante ney bandargah mein pravesh kiya jahan usey teen lakshya mileh dou anurakshak jahaaj aur 4,000 tunn kaa "juzaan maaroo". pandubbi ney "maaroo" parr teen torpedo launch kiye, joe ack badey visfot mein uda gaye."ack jabardast, sunder visfot", commander street apani report mein likhenge. "safed andhee lau kaa ack badaa mashroom 2,000 feat havaa mein chalaa gayaa. ack pull key liye bhee koee aavaaz naheen sunai dee, lekin phir ack jabardast garjana ney hamaare sir parr hamaare kaana dabaa diye. jackpot, aur koee galati naheen!"aag ney spasht roop seey tirante koo rotion kiya aur" "mikura" "shreni key anurakshak jahaajon" "nomi" "aur" "cabocan nam" "koo satark curr diyaa. 31 "joe turant aakramankari pandubbi kii or badh gayaa. jaba vaha paarshv gati seey samudra mein vaapas jaa rahee thee, tou tirante ney torpedo kaa ack prasaar shuru kiya jisane donon peechha karane vaalon koo maaraa aur nasht curr diyaa. beach raaste mein, pandubbi ney dou japani vayu sainikon koo pakad liya (usake kull kaidi koo paanch taka laaya) aur 25 aprail koo apani pahali yuddh gashti samaapt kii. tirante key shandar pradarshan ney commander koo arjit kiya. sadak sammaan kaa padak. ell. tii. edward ell. samudra tata parr, karyakari adhikaari-aur baad mein triton (ssrn-586) key commander ney pandubbi key jalmagn vishva parikrama key dauran-nausena cross praapt kiya. jahaaj koo, swayam, rashtrapati ikai prashasti patra seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. unake prashasti patra mein likhaa haih yuu key commanding officer key roop mein kartavya kii pukaar seey oopar aur baahar apane jeevan key jokhim mein vishisht veerata aur nirbheekta key liye.aiss.aiss. "14 aprail 1945 koo koria key tata seey door quelpart dweep key cheju key bandargah mein dushman japani satah balon key khilaf usa jahaaj key pahale yuddh gashti key dauran "tirante". satah yuddh stations parr chaalak dall key saath, commander. (phir ell. tii. comm.) dweep key ack punah gyaat paripath koo puuraa karane key liye tata key 1,200 meater key bheetar dakshin seey shatrutapurna langargah taka sadak pahunchi. 10-fatham [18 meater] vakr koo bahut peechhe chhodate hue unhone kaee gashti jahaajon aur 5 tata-adharit radar stations aur khatarnak vimaanon kii avagya key bavjood pratibandhit bandargah key khanan aur shole-baadhit paani mein pravesh kiya. hamla honey parr satah parr isase ladane key liye taiyar, commander. sadak ney kaarravaai shuru kii, ack badey japani golaa-barud jahaaj mein ghaatak sateekta key saath 2 torpedo bheje aur safed lapaton kii pahaadi aur andhaa chamak mein lakshya koo visfot curr diyaa. tirante" koo turant dushman dwara dekhaa gayaa kyonki vaha prakaash kii jwala mein spasht roop seey khadee thee, usane sevaanivritt hotey samay tarpedo detta computer sthaapit karane kaa adesh diyaa aur apane antim 2 tarpedo koo pramukh frigate aur ack samaan paarshv pott koo twarit anukram mein vighatit karane key liye daaga. aage aapaatkaaleen poorna gati seey jaley hue bandargah koo saaf karate hue, vaha tatrekha key saath binaa kissy pataa key fisal gayaa, gaharaai mein gotaa lagaate hue ack peechha karane vaale gashti dall ney doobane key bindu parr gaharaai key aaveshon kaa ack pattern giraa diyaa. tirante" key pahale yuddh gashti key dauran yuddh upalabdhi kaa unakaa shandar record commander kii visheshta haye. ack sahsi aur kushal netaa key roop mein sadak aur khud parr, unaki bahadur kamaan aur yuu parr sarvocch shreya koo darshaati haye.aiss. nausena seva. haalaanki, capton street koo tirante key rashtrapati ikai uddharan parr sabse adhik garv thaa. "jaisa kii capton street ney kahaa, 'main vaastav mein ise sammaan key padak seey adhik moolyavaan maanata huun kyonki harr aadami hamaare saath thaa.'" dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad. street koo julaai 1945 mein commander key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa aur janwari 1946 mein, pandubbi vrittachitra film "dha silent service" key liye nausena kaa takniki salaahkaar banane key liye chhod diyaa gayaa. usa garmi mein, unhone nausena anusandhaan karyalaya mein sthanantaran kiya aur pahali samudra key neeche sangoshthi key ayojan mein sahaayata kii. unakaa agala kaary, commanding officer key roop mein, navambar 1946 seey juuna 1948 taka chalaa. isamen vimaan vaahak kaary balon kaa samarthan karane vaali radar pickett pandubbi key roop mein sanchaalan shamil thaa. 1949 mein norphoke, virginia mein sashastr bull karmchari mahavidyalaya mein nirdesh key baad, commander street ney anusandhaan aur vikas vibhaag mein apane sankaay mein seva kii. 1951 mein, florida key kii west mein fleet sonar school mein bhaag lene key baad, unhone pandubbi rodhi uddeshyon key liye sanshodhit ack vidhvansak kii kamaan sambhali. sadak ney pandubbi prabhaag baasath 1952-1953 kii kamaan sambhali, ack team key roop mein kaam karane vaali kaee radar pickett pandubbiyon key upayog kaa mulyankan kiya. isake baad way sanyukt pramukhon key karmchaariyon aur sashastr bull neeti parishad key sahayak key roop mein nausena abhiyaanon key pramukh key karyalaya mein laut aae. julaai 1955 mein, street koo kaptan key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. washington mein rashtriya yuddh mahavidyalaya mein kakshaon key puuraa honey parr, dee.see.julaai 1956 mein, unhone yuu key commander inn cheef key liye karmchari key roop mein kaary kiya.aiss. atlantic bedaa. julaai 1958 mein samudra mein lautate hue, unhone hamale key parivahan kii kamaan sambhali. ack saal baad, capton street cambridge, massachusets mein massachusets praudyogiki sansthaan mein commanding officer aur nausena vigyaan key professor baney. octuber 1961 mein, unhone pandubbi squadron paanch kii kamaan sambhali aur agale patan mein, nausena yuddh mahavidyalaya key karmchaariyon mein shamil hoe gaye. disambar 1964 mein shuru honey vaalaa unakaa antim kaary commander pandubbi samooh, saine francisco khaadi kshetra aur commander ghode dweep samooh, prashant aarakshit bede key roop mein thaa. unaki sevaanivritti key baad, capton street koo woburn hyee school, woburn massachusets mein sthit naee adhikrit nausena jrotak ikaaiyon mein seey ack key liye varishth nausena vigyaan prashikshak key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone 1977 taka iss pada parr kaary kiya jaba way woburn school pranali seey sevaanivritt hue. sevaanivritti aur mrityu. capton street 10 agast 1966 koo sakriya kartavya seey sevaanivritt hue. way endover, massachusets mein rahate they aur massachusets kii pracheen aur sammaanit topkhana company key sadasya they. george ell. street III kii mrityu 26 farwari 2000 koo endover mein akadami manner nursing home mein hui. unake anurodh koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, unake aadhe antim sanskar kiye gaye avasheshon koo ack pandubbi seey samudra mein titar-bitar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur aadhe koo 15 march 2000 koo arlington rashtriya kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. lokpriya sanskriti. edward beach, joe kii tirante key pahale gashti adhikaari they, ney apane yuddh key anubhavon parr apana pahala upanyaas, runn silent, runn deep (1955) taiyar kiya. puraskar. george ell. street III koo nimnalikhit padak aur sajawat praapt hui

georg ell. raste III georg levic streat III (julai 27,1913-phebravari 26,2000) united states naukaapadeya jalaantargaami naukeyagittu. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli avaru gaurava padakavannu padedaru. arambhika jeevana mattu vrattijeevana. streat varjeeniyaada richmandnalli janisidaru. avaru 1931ralli nauka meesalu pradeshakke seridaru mattu yuu. ess. ge nemakaatiya aaykegondaru.ess. 1933ralli nauka academy; avaru 1937ralli padavi padedaru. ganneri mattu samvahana vibhagagalalli mattu navigation mattu engineering vibhagagalalli seve sallisida nantara, avaru kanektikatna nyoo landannalliruva jalaantargaami shaalege svayampreraneyinda seve sallisidaru. padavi padeda nantara, streat avaru 1941rahra april 14randu niyojisidagininda 1944rahra phebravari 27ravarege mooru varshagala kaala seve sallisidaru. streat ee fleet jalaantargaamiyalli modalu ganneri mattu torpido adhikariyagi, nantara modala leftinent mattu torpido dayta computer operator aagi mattu antimavagi karyanirvahaka adhikari mattu navigator aagi seve sallisidaru. eradane mahayuddha. gaar" nalli seve sallisuttiruvaaga, avaru ombattu yuddha gastu tirugidaru. streat hadaginalli sahayaka aproach adhikariyagi seve sallisuttiruvaaga shatruvina viruddha eddukaanuva shaurya mattu nirbhayategaagi eradu belli nakshatragalannu padeyitu... yuu.ess.ess. gaar (ss-206) "gaarna modala mattu hattane gastu. 1944rahra julai 6randu, ell. sii. dii. aarr. streat tanna modala aagneyaada portsmouth nauka hadagu angadige hondikollalu varadi maaditu. novembernalli hadaginannu niyojisida capton, long ailyand soundnalli shake down tarabeti mattu panama mattu havayiya nirinalli hecchina tarabetigaagi tanna hosa dooniyannu tegedukondanu. 1945rahra march 3rinda praarambhavaada hadagina modala yuddhada gastu, japan dakshinada dweepawaada kyushuvina nairtya bhagadallittu. yuddhada aaa hottige, japan bahupalu vyapari naukaapadegalu eegaagale mulugihogiddavu, aadare raste tirada hattira aalavillada neerige hoyitu mattu halavaaru hadagugalannu kandukonditu. kyushuvina paschimakke hudukutta, "tirante" nagasaki maargagalalli gastu tirugitu. aakege olleya beteyittu. aake march 25randu 703 tunn tukada tanker "fuji maaru" annu mulugisidaru mattu mooru dinagala nantara 1,218 tunn tukada saraku sagane "nace maaru" muluguva moolaka ee yashassannu anusarisidaru. nantarada daaliya nantara, japanina bengavalu padegalu elu gantegala kaala tirante annu kelagilisi, aake tanna betegaararinda tappisikolluva modalu, yaavude haaniyaagadante. march 31randu, "tyrante" 5 inchu mattu 40 millimeter gundina daaliyondige 70 tunn tukada laggar annu shell hodedu mulugisitu mattu april 1randu, mooru tarpidogala haraduvikeyondige modala-reetiya hadagu tappisikonditu. jalantargamiyu shighradalle koriyaada daksina karaavaliyalli, tsushima jalsandhiya bully neerige sthalaantaragonditu. april 6randu sanjeya samayadalli, aake yuddhada melmaige bandu japanina ondu sanna meenugaarike hadaginannu vashapadisikondalu mattu bahumaanavannu mulugisuva modalu adara moovaru sibbandiyannu serehididalu. marudina, "tyrante" taila drumgala deck saraku tumbida 2,800 tunn saraku saaganedaaranannu torpido maaditu. jalaantargaami naukeyu melmukhavaagi, avasheshagalannu noditu mattu avasheshagala tunukugalige antikondidda ibbaru badukulidavarannu karedoyyalu hattirada corian meenugaarike naukegalige nirdeshisitu. aadaagyoo, jalaantargaami naukeya melidda vikshakaru "maaru" muluguttiruvudannu nodiddarendu varadi maadidaroo, japanina daakhalegala yuddhaanantarada pariksheyu "kolluvikeyannu" khachitapadisuvalli viphalavaayitu." japanina niyamaavaligalannu ullanghisida nantara, americada nauka guptachara sibbandigalu japanina chalanegalannu nirikshisalu saadhyavaayitu. ondu pramukha bengavalu padeyu "tyrante" pradeshada kadege aaviyaagi saaguttiruva bagge shatruvina sandeshavannu tadehidiyalaayitu. ee maahitiya pratikriyeyagi, jalaantargaami nauke april 9randu honchudaaliyannu haakitu. eradu gurigalannu ettikondu, avaru talaa mooru tarpidogalannu haarisidaru. ondu haraduvikeyu tappitu, aadare innondu 5,500 tunn saganeya nikko maaruge appalisitu-idu shanghaininda manege teraluva japanee sainikaru mattu navikarannu hottoyyuttittu. pramukha sahayaka alegala kelage jaaridaaga, shatrugala bengavalu padegalu akramanakke haaridavu. pratidaaliyannu tadeyalu, "tyrante" ondu escort mele "cuty" (ondu sanna aanti-escort hoaming torpido) annu haarisidaru mattu nantarada "breaking-up shabdagalannu kelidaru."aadare mattomme, yuddhaanantarada lekkapatravu muluguvudannu khachitapadisuvalli viphalavaayitu. 1945rahra april 15randu, nauka guptachara ilaakheya varadiya nantara, raste cheju bandarannu praveshisitu-melmaiyalli, doonigalu mattu ganigaarike kshetragalannu tappisalu. tanna ulida elu tarpidogalalli aarannu balasi, avanu ondu saraku sagane vimaana mattu adara eradu raksakarannu mulugisidanu. ee kramakkagi, adhyakshiya ghatakada ullekhavannu (yuu. ess.) nidalaayitu, streat gaurava padakavannu padedaru mattu avara karyanirvahaka adhikari, leey. edward ell. beach zhe., nauka shilubeyannu padedaru. tanna eradane gastu praarambhisida "tyrante", "streats sweepers" endu kareyalpaduva ombattu dooni "wolfpack" naa command hadagu aagi 1945rahra mayee 20randu madhyadinda horatitu."avaru shatrugala gurigalannu hudukutta haladi mattu purva cheena samudragalalli gastu tirugidaru-ashtaralli avara sankhye kadimeyaguttittu. "tyrante" zoon 11randu nagasaki modala gastu sthaladalli naalku hadagugala bengavalu padeyondannu sthaapisitu. 800 tunn saraku saganedaranada obbane vyapari mele hodetavannu padeyuvashtu uddavaagi avalu mooru escartgalannu tappisikondalu mattu yashasvi daaliyannu manege ottidalu. aadaagyoo, yuddhaanantarada japanina daakhalegalu "kolluva" kramavannu drudhapadisuvudilla." marudina, "tirante" tanna hitt-und-runn daaliya punaraavartaneya pradarshanavannu "cheju" nalli pradarshisitu. aake nagasakiyinda sumaru elu maili dooradalliruva "haa shima" bandarige nuggi kalliddalina karkhaneya pakkadalli kattalaada 2,200 tunn tukada "hakuju maaru" annu ettikondalu. 1, 000 gajagala vyaaptiyinda, jalaantargaami naukeyu "maaru" mele "gantalu kelage" gundu haarisitu, adhu garjaneyondige spotagonditu. eradane torpido spotisalu viphalavaayitu, aadare mooraneyadu modalaneyadaralli praarambhavaada vinaashavannu poornagolisitu. tirada bandookugalinda bandookugalu aakeya suttaloo biddaaga, "tyrante" vegadalli baagitu mattu pradeshavannu teravugolisitu. tanna roving gastu tiruguvudannu punaraarambhisida "tyrante" mattu avala sahodari jalaantargaami naukegalu koria mattu japan naduvina hadagina mele daali maadi, koriyaadinda japanina tavaru dweepagalige sarabarajugalannu saagisuva jankgalannu naashapadisidavu. jalaantargaami naukeyinda boarding pakshagalu gurugalannu vicharanegagi karedoyyuttiddavu, sibbandiyannu jeeva doonigalalli irisuttiddavu mattu karkushala noukege benki hachchuttiddavu. "tyrante" ee reetiyalli ondu dozen mulugitu mattu 1945rahra julai 19randu guwamge hindiruguva modalu eradu bhaaree shastrasajjita picket doonigalannu melmai gundina daaliyinda naashapadisitu. ee gastugaagi, ell. sii. dii. aarr streetge nauka shilubeyannu nidalaayitu. aaa ullekhavu bhagashah oduttade "...asadharana shouryakkaagi...tanna gurigalannu aviratavagi anusarisuttaane...(avanu) shatru saraku saaganedaararu, jankgalu mattu picket doonigala viruddha tanna smashing torpido mattu bandooku daaliyannu praarambhisidanu, japanina pooraikege pramukhavaada 7000 tangalashtu hadagugalannu mulugisidanu..." "tyrante" 1945rahra august 12randu guwamninda tanna moorane yuddhada gastu karyacharaneyalli horatalu. aadaagyoo, yuddhada antyavu ee karyacharaneyannu kadime maaditu mattu august 23randu jalaantargaamiyannu madhyadalli nillisalaayitu. antimavagi united statesna purva karaavalige naukaayaana maadida "tyrante" october nalli washington nauka angaladalli langaru haakitu, hosadaagi badti padeda sii. dii. aarr streat white house samaarambhadalli avara gaurava padakavannu padeyitu. eradane mahayuddhada saramsha. <br> <br> <br> medal off aanar auction. "1945rahra marchnalli praarambhavaada tiranteya modala yuddhada gastu karyacharanege kanishta aaru hadagugalu japanina vechchavannu bharisidavu. mukhyavaagi quelpart dweepa (cheju doow) mattu yangtji mukhada naduve haladi samudradalli gastu tiruguttiruvaga, aakege guptachara varadiyondu sikkitu, adhu quelpart dveepada mukhya bandaraada chejuvinalli japanina pramukha saarigeyide endu tilisitu. kattaleya hodikeyalli, tirante melmaiyalli tanna sameepavannu praarambhisidalu. sambhaavya shatru radar athawa gastu vimaanagalu athawa hadagugalannu dhikkarisi, avaru karaavaliyannu muchchidaru mattu 10-pathada (60-addi) vakrarekheyolage gani mattu shoal-adetadegolagaada neerannu bhedisidaru. tanna daariyannu horaadalu siddharaada tyrante nantara bandarannu praveshisidalu, allie avalu mooru gurigalannu kandukondaluh eradu bengavalu hadagugalu mattu 4,000 tunn tukada "jujan maaru". jalaantargaami naukeyu "maaru" nalli mooru tarpidogalannu udaavane maaditu, adhu brihat spotadalli spotagonditu."ondu adbhutavaada, sundaravaada spota" endu commander streat tanna varadiyalli bareyuttaane. "bili kurudutanada jwaaleya dodda anabeyu 2,000 adigalashtu gaaliyalli haarisitu. ondu kshanavoo ondu shabdavoo kelisalilla, aadare nantara ondu dodda gharjaneyu namma kivigalannu namma taleya mele chappateyaayitu. jackpot, mattu yaavude tappu illa!"ee spotavu tirante annu spashtavagi belagisitu mattu" "mikura" "vargada bengavalu hadagugalaada" "nomi" "mattu" "kaibokan namm" "galannu echcharisitu". 31 "idu takshanave akramanashila muluguvikeya kadege saagitu. avalu paarshvada vegadalli samudrakke hintirugidaaga, tyrante tarpidogala haraduvikeyannu praarambhisidalu, adhu eradoo bennattuvavarannu hodedu naashapadisitu. madhyadalli hoguva daariyalli, jalaantargaami naukeyu ibbaru japanee vayupade sibbandiyannu serehididu (aakeya ottu khaidigalannu aivarige tanditu) mattu april 25 randu tanna modala yuddha gastu karyacharaneyannu muktaayagolisitu. tyrante avara adbhuta pradarshanavu kamdar annu galisitu. gouravada padakavannu beediyalli. ell. tii. edward ell. kadalatirada karyanirvahaka adhikari mattu nantara triton commander (ssrn-586) jalaantargaami naukeyu mulugihoda bhoogoolavannu suttuvaridaaga nauka shilubeyannu padedaru. swatah ee hadagige adhyakshiya ghatakada ullekhavannu nidalaayitu. avara prashasti patravu heegideh yuu. naa commanding adhikariyagi kartavyada kareyannu meeri tanna jeevada apaayadalli eddukaanuva shaurya mattu nirbhayategaagi.ess.ess. "1945rahra april 14randu koriyaada karaavaliyalliruva quelpart dveepada cheju bandarinalli shatru japanina melmai padegala viruddha aaa hadagina modala yuddha gastu samayadalli "tyrante". melmai yuddha kendragalalli sibbandiyondige, commander. (nantara ell. com.) dveepada maruparisheelana vrattavannu poornagolisalu beediyu karavaliya 1100 meater antaradolage dakshinadinda shatrugala langaru haakuva sthalavannu sameepisitu. 10-pathada [18 mea] vakrarekheyannu bahala hinde bittu, halavaaru gastu hadagugala horataagiyoo mattu 5 teera-aadhaarita radar kendragalu mattu apayakari vimaanagalannu dhikkarisi, nirbandhita bandarina ganigaarike mattu shoal-nirbandhita neerannu bhedisidanu. daali maadidare melmaiyalli horaadalu siddaragiri, kamdar. beediyu karyaroopakke bandu, maaranaantika nikharateyondige 2 kshipanigalannu dodda japanese maddugundu hadaginalli kaluhisi, guriyannu parvata mattu bili jwaalegala kurudu holapininda spotisitu. tyrante" annu takshanave shatrugalu gurutisidaaga, avalu belakina jwaaleyalli spashtavagi eddunintaaga, avanu nivruttaraguttiruvaga torpido dayta computer annu sthapisalu aadeshisidanu mattu tanna koneya 2 tarpidogalannu pramukha frigate mattu antahude flanking hadagugalannu tvaritavagi vighatisalu haarisidanu. munde turtu purna vegadalli sutta bandarannu teravugolisida aata, tirada uddakkoo patteyagade jaaridanu, bennattuva gastu aalavaada aalavaada chaarjgala maadariyannu muluguva hantadalli beelisidaaga aalavaagi dhumukidanu. tirante" yaya modala yuddhada gastu samayadalli avara yuddha sadhaneya prasiddha daakhaleyu commander annu niroopisuttade. dhairyashali mattu nurita naayakanaagi beedi tanna mele, tanna shouryada mele mattu yuu. ess. mele atyunnata mannaneyannu pratibimbisuttade.ess. nauka seve. aadaagyoo, capton streetge tiranteya adhyakshiya ghatakada ullekhada bagge atyanta hemme ittu. "capton streat helidante, 'pratiyobbaroo nammondige idda kaarana naanu adannu gouravada padakakkinta hecchu amoolyavaagittukollutte.'" eradane mahayuddhada nantarada. streetge 1945rahra julainalli commander huddege badti nidalaayitu mattu 1946rahra janavariyalli, jalaantargaami sakshyachitra "dhii silent sarvees" gaagi naukaapadeya taantrika salahegararagi horahommidaru. aaa besigeyalli, avaru nauka samshoodhaneya kacherige vargaayisalpattaru mattu modala samudradolagina vichaarasankiranavannu aayojisalu sahaaya maadidaru. commanding adhikariyagi avara mundina niyojaneyu 1946rahra novemberninda 1948rahra zoon varege nadeyitu. idaralli vimanavahaka naukeya kaaryapadegalannu bembalisuva radar picket jalaantargaami naukeyaagi karyacharanegalu seriddavu. 1949ralli varjiniyaada narphoknalliruva sashastra padegala sibbandi colleginalli suchaneya nantara, commander streat samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi vibhagadalli tanna bodhana vibhagadalli seve sallisidaru. 1951ralli, floridada kee west nalliruva fleet sonar shaalege serida nantara, avaru jalaantargaami virodhi uddeshagaligaagi maarpadisalaada vidhvamsaka naukeya adhikaaravannu vahisikondaru. ondu tandavagi kelasa maaduva halavaaru radar picket jalaantargaamigala balakeyannu moulyamaapana maaduva moolaka streat jalaantargaami vibhaga aravatteradu <aii. dii. 1> annu niyantrisitu. nantara avaru junty mukhyasthara sibbandi mattu sashastra padegala neeti mandalige sahayakaragi nauka karyacharanegala mukhyasthara kacherige maralidaru. 1955rahra julainalli, streetge capton huddege badti nidalaayitu. washington national waar colleginalli taragatigalannu poornagolisida nantara, dii.sii.1956rahra julainalli, avaru yuu. ess. naa commander inn cheefge sibbandiyagi seve sallisidaru.ess. atlantic fleet. 1958rahra julainalli samudrakke maralida aata daaliya saganege netrutva vahisidaru. ondu varshada nantara, capton streat avaru masachusetsna cambridgenalliruva mastusets institute off technologyalli commanding officer mattu nauka vignaanada praadhyaapakaraadaru. 1961rahra octobernalli, avaru jalaantargaami squadron five naa naayakatvavannu vahisikondaru mattu mundina sharatkaaladalli, nauka yuddha collegina sibbandiyannu seridaru. 1964rahra decembernalli aarambhavaada avara antima niyojaneyu, sainyaadhipati jalaantargaami gumpu, syaan francisco bay pradesha mattu commander mair ailyand gumpu, peciphic reserve fleet aagittu. avara nivruttiya nantara, capton streat avarannu woburn masachusetsna woburn proudhashaaleyalliruva hosadaagi adhikrutavaada naukaapadeya jratk ghatakagalli wandakke hiriya nauka vignaana bodhakaragi ayke maadalaayitu. 1977ralli woburn shaala vyavastheyinda nivruttaraguvavaregoo avaru ee sthaanadalli seve sallisidaru. nivrutti mattu marana. capton streat 1966rahra august 10randu sakriya kartavyadinda nivruttaraadaru. avaru masachusetsna andovernalli vaasisuttiddaru mattu masachusetsna praachina mattu gouravaanvita firangi kampaniya sadasyaraagiddaru. georg ell. streat III phebravari 26,2000 randu andovarnalliruva academy mainer nursing homnalli nidhanaraadaru. avara korikege anugunavagi, avara ardhadashtu dahana avasheshagalannu jalaantargaami naukeyinda samudradalli chadurisalaayitu mattu ardhavannu 2000rahra march 15randu arlington rashtriya smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. janapriya samskruti. tanna modala gastu tiruguttidda, tyrante avara karyanirvahaka adhikaariyaagidda edward beach, tanna yuddhakaalada anubhavagala mele tanna modala kadambari, "runn silent, runn deep" (1955) annu roopisidaru. prashastigalu. georg ell. streat III ee kelagina padakagalu mattu alankaaragalannu padeyitu.

george ell. tisra rasta george levik street III (julai 27,1913-februwari 26,2000) haah amerikechya naudalatil panbudicha eka sadasya hota. hota.'" mahayuddhadarmyan tyanna sanmanchinh midale. prarambhik jeevan aanee karkird. streetcha janm richmond, virginia yethe jhaala. 1931 madhye teey naudal rakheev dalat ruju jhaale aanee yu. ess. madhye niyuktisathi tyanchi nivad jhaali.ess. 1933 madhye naudal akadami; 1937 madhye tyanni padvi prapt kelee. ganneri aanee dalanvalan vibhag aanee nauvahan aanee abhiyantriki vibhaganmadhye seva dilyanantar, tyanni nyu london, connecticut yetheel panbudi shalesathi swechhene kaam kele. padvi ghetalyanantar, streetne 14 april 1941 roji tichya karyanvit honyapasoon 27 februwari 1944 paryant teen varshe seva kelee. streetne yaa tafyatil panbudit, pratham gunnery aanee torpedo adhikari mhanoon, nantar pratham leftnunt aanee torpedo deta sanganak operator mhanoon aanee shevati karyakari adhikari aanee navik mhanoon kaam kele. dusare mahayuddha. gaar' madhye kaam kartana tyane nauu yuddh gast ghalalya. street' varr sahayyak sampark adhikari mhanoon kaam kartana shatruviruddha karvait thalak shaurya aanee nirbhayata yasathi 'streetla done raupya taare midale... yuu.ess.ess. gaar (ess. ess.-206) "garchya pahilya aanee dahavya gastavar". 6 julai 1944 roji, ell. see. dii. aar. streetne portsmouth naudal shipyardla tyachya pahilya kamandmadhye basnyasathi ahwal deela. novembermadhye jahaj karyanvit kartana, captonne aapali naveen boat lamb bett dhvanitil shekdown prashikshanasathi aanee panama aanee havaichya panyatil pudhil prashikshanasathi ghetali. 3 march 1945 roji suru jhaleli jahajachi pahili yuddh gast japanchya sarvat dakshinekadil bett asalelya kyushuchya nairutyela hotee. yuddhadarmyan, japancha bahutansh vyapari tafa aadhich budala hota, parantu rasta rasta uthal panyat gela aanee tyala anek jahaje sapadali. kyushuchya paschimela shodh ghet, "tirante" neey nagasakichya dishene gast ghatali. teela changli shikar karayachi hotee. tine 25 march roji 703 tunn vajanacha tanker "fuji maroo" budavala aanee tyanantar teen divasanni 1,218 tunn vajanache malavahu jahaj "naas maroo" budavoon yaa yashala anusarale. nantarchya hallyanantar, japani rakshakanni saat taas tirantela khalee thewale, tyapurvi tee tichya shikaripasoon nisatali, konatihi ija jhaali nahee. 31 march roji, "tirante" neey 5 inch aanee 40 millimeterchya golibarasaha 70 tunn vajanacha eka lugger marla aanee budavala aanee 1 april roji, teen torpedochya prasarashi pahila prakar asalele jahaj chukale. panbudi lavkarach koriyachya dakshin keela tsushima samudradhunijaval panyat halavanyat aalee. 6 april roji sandhyela, tee yuddhat samore aalee aanee tine eka lahan japani masemari jahaj pakadale aanee bakshis budnyapurvi tichya teen jayache kaidi banavale. hota.'" divashi, "tirante" neey telachya dholanchya deck malane bharalelya 2,800 tunn malavahu malavahu vimanala torpedo kele. panbudi samore aalee, aalee pahile aanee jawalchya corian masemari jahajala avasheshanchya tukadyanna chikatoon asalelya done vachalelyanna uchalanyache nirdesh dile. taridekhil, panbudivaril nirikshakanni 'maroo' budatana pahilyache sangitale asale taree, japani nondinchya yuddhanantarchya tapasanimadhye 'maar' yachee pushti karnyat ayashasvi tharale." japani sanhita modalyanantar, american naudalache guptachar japani halchalincha andaj lavu shakale. eka vyaktine shatruchya sandeshala adavale, jyat eka mahattvachya tafyachi 'tirante' chya bhagakade waf yet asalyache sangitale gele. yaa mahitichya pratisadat panbudine 9 april roji ghatpat keela. done lakshya kadhoon tine pratyeki teen torpedo fekale. eka pasaru shakala nahee, parantu parantu 5,500 tunn vajanachya nikko maroo vahantalala dhadak dilee-shanghaihun gharee olakhalya japani sainikanna aanee navikanna gheuun. mahattvache sahayak latanchya khalee ghasarale, tevha shatruche rakshak aakramak dishene udee maratat. pratihalla talhanyasathi, "tirante" neey eka escortwer "cuty" (eka lahan anty-escort hoaming torpedo) udavala aanee tyanantar "break-up aavaj" aikoo aala."parantu punha, yuddhanantarche lekhankan budalyachi pushti karnyat ayashasvi tharale. 15 april 1945 roji, naudalachya guptachar vibhagachya ahavalanantar, khadak aanee khaan kshetra talhanyasathi, rastyavarun cheju bandarat-prushthbhagavar-pravesh keela. tyachya urvarit saat torpedopaiki sahaa vaparoon tyane eka malavahu viman aanee tyateel done escorts budavale. yaa krutisathi, tyanna rashtrapati unit prashastipatra (us) pradan karnyat aale, streetla sanmanchinh midale aanee tyanche karyakari adhikari, leftnunt edward ell. samudrakinara junier., navie cross prapt keela. tichi dusari gast suru karat, 'tirante' 20 meey 1945 roji 'street sweepers' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya nauu botinchya 'wolfpack' chey kamand shiip mhanoon madhyabhagin ravana jhaali."tyanni shatruchya lakshyanchya shodhat pivalya aanee purv chean samudravar gast ghatali-toparyant tyanchi sankhya qamee hott gelee. "tirante" laa nagasakichya pahilya gast mohimechya shikarichya maidanavar 11 juuna roji chaar jahajancha tafa sapadala. tine teen rakshakanna barach vel talhale aanee 800 tunn malavahu malavahu asalelya ekmev vyaparivar golee zadali aanee yashasvi hallah karoon gharavar dabale. yuddhanantarchya japani nondi matra 'kill' chee pushti karat naheet." hota.'" divashi, 'tirante' neey 'cheju' yethe tichya hiit-andd-runn redchi jawaljawal punaravrutti keleli kamgiri kelee. tee nagasakipasun sumare saat mail antaravar asalelya "haah shima" bandarat ghusali aanee kolshachya bhandarajaval bandhalele 2,200 tunn vajanache "hakuju maroo" uchalale. panbudine 1,000 yardanchya antaravarun 'maroo' varr 'galyakhali' golibar keela, joou garjanasah sphot jhaala. dusra torpedo sphot karnyat ayashasvi jhaala, parantu parantu torpedone pahilya torpedopasun suru jhalela vidhvans purn keela. keela bandukinche gole tichya bhovati padalyane, "tirante" vegane vakala aanee parisar saaf keela. tichi firati gast punha suru kartana, "tirante" aanee tichya bhagini panbudyanni koria aanee japan darmyanchya jahajanvar hallah keela, koriyahoon japani mool betanna puravatha kaam junkscha naash keela. panbuditun chadhanare lock malikanna chaukashisathi gheuun jayache, jayache jeevan nauka ghaloon jahajala aag lavayache. "tirante" neey asha prakare eka dozen budavale aanee 19 julai 1945 roji guamla paratanyapurvi jaminivaril golibarane done mothya shastrasajj dharane boaty nasht kelya. yaa gastasathi, ell. see. dii. aar. streetla navie cross denyat aala. too sandarbh anshatah vachato "...vilakshan shauryasathi...tyachya lakshyancha aviratpane magova ghya...(tyane) shatruchya malavahu jahajanvar, khambanvar aanee dharane botivar tyache fatkebajiche torpedo aanee bandukiche halle suru kele, jyamule japani purvathyasathi aavashyak asalele 7000 tunhoon adhik jahaj budale..." "tirante" 12 august 1945 roji guamahoon tichi tisari yuddh gast mhanoon ravana jhaali. tathapi, yuddhachya samaptimule hii moheem qamee jhaali aanee panbudi 23 august roji madhyabhagi padali. akheris amerikechya purv purv naukanayan karat, octobermadhye washington naudalachya anganat 'tirante' neey bandhale, jyala navyane padonnati midalelya see. dii. aar. streetla white haus samarambhat tyache sanmanchinh midale. hota.'" mahayuddhacha saransh. <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.> sanman krutiche padak. "march 1945 madhye suru jhalelya tirantechya pahilya yuddh gastela japanchi kiman sahaa jahaje mahag padali. vishesh mhanje quelpart bett (cheju doow) aanee yangtzechya mukhamadhalya pivalya samudrat gast ghalat asatana, teela eka guptachar ahwal midala jyane teela kalavale qee eka mahattvachi japani vahtook quelpart betavaril mukhya bandar cheju yethe aahe. andharachya aachchhadanakhali, tirantene tichya prushthbhagakade valanyas suruvat kelee. sambhavya shatru radar kinwa gast ghalanari vimane kinwa jahajanna virodh karat tine kinara bund keela aanee 10-fatham (60 phoot) vakr reshechya aat khaan aanee shoal-avarodhit panyat pravesh keela. baher padnyachya tichya margaviruddha ladhanyasathi tayar jhalelya tirantene nantar bandarat pravesh keela jithe teela teen lakshya sapadaleh done escort jahaje aanee 4,000 tunn vajanachi "juzanne maroo". panbudine "maroo" varr teen torpedo sodale, jeey eka mothya sphotat udale."eka prachand, sunder sphot", commander street tyachya ahavalat lihito. lihito andhatvachya jwalache eka mothe mashroom 2,000 phoot havet udale. eka kshanasathihi ekahi aavajane aavaj keela nahee, pann nantar eka prachand garjanane aamche qaan aamchya dokyavar khilkhile kele. jackpot, aanee chook nahee!"yaa sphotane tirantevar spashtapane prakash takala aanee" "mikura" "shrenichya escort jahajanna" "nomi" "aanee" "kaibokan kra. 31 "jeey lagech aakramankari panbudichya dishene nighale. tee parshva gatine parat samudrat jaat asatana, tirantene torpedocha prasar keela jyane donhi pathlag pathlag dhadak dilee aanee nasht kele. madhyabhagi jaatana panbudine done japani havai sainikanna pakadale (tichya kaidyanchi ekoon sankhya paach jhaali) aanee 25 april roji tichi pahili yuddh gast sampavali. tirantechya utkrusht kamgirine comderchi kamai kelee. street daad medal auph aunar. ell. tii. edward ell. panbudichya panbudichya panbudichya jaagtik pradakshina darmyan, karyakari adhikari aanee nantar tritoncha commander (ess. ess. aar. aine.-586) samudrakinaryala naudalacha cross midala. jahajala, swatah, rashtrapati unitcha prashastipatrak denyat aala. tyanche prashastipatra asey aaheh yuu. aii. chey commanding officer mhanoon kartvyachya aavahanapeksha aanee tyapalikade tyachya jiwala dhoka nirman kaam thalak shaurya aanee nirbhayata.ess.ess. "14 april 1945 roji koriyachya koriyachya quelpart betavaril cheju bandarat shatru japani prushthbhagavaril sainyachya virodhat tyaa jahajachya pahilya yuddh gastadarmyan "tirante". yuddh kendranvarchya kendranvarchya, commander. (mug ell. com.) betache punha shodh ghenare vartul purn karnyasathi karnyasathi 1100 meterchya aat dakshinekadun rastyavar shatruchya langarchya jawal gela. anek gast ghalanari jahaje asoonahi aanee aanee 5 radar kendre aanee dhokadayak vimananna virodh karoon tyane 10-fatham [18 meater] vakr khoop mage sodoon pratibandhit bandarachya khaan aanee shoal-avarodhit panyat pravesh keela. hallah jhalyas too prushthbhagavar ladhanyasathi tayar aahe, commander. rastyavar karvai suru jhaali, eka mothya japani darugola jahajavar pranghatak achookatesah 2 torpedo pathavale aanee aanee jwalanchya dongral aanee andhatvachya chamkat lakshya udavale. prakashachya jwala madhye tee spashtapane ubhi asatana shatrula 'tirante' lagech disalyane, tyane nivrutt hott asatana torpedo deta sanganak sthapit karnyache aadesh dile aanee aaghadiche yuddhanauka aanee tatsam bajuche jahaj twarit vighatit karnyasathi tyachya shevatchya 2 torpedo fekale. pudhe aapatkalin purn vegane jalalele bandar saaf kartana, too too naan shodhata ghasarala, pudhe gast gast gastine budnyachya tappyavar khol daracha namuna padat asatana kholvar dubki marley. tirante" chya pahilya yuddh gastadarmyanchya ladhau kamgirichi tyanchi ullekhaneey nond commanderche vaishishtya darshavate. eka dhadsi aanee kushal neta mhanoon rasta aanee swatahvar, tyachya parakrami aadeshavar aanee yuu varr sarvoch shrey pratibimbit karato.ess. naudal seva. tathapi, capton streetla tirantechya adhyakshiy unitchya prashastipatracha sarvat jaast abhiman hota. "capton streetne mhatalyapramane,' mea teey sanmanchinhapeksha adhik japoon thevato kaaran pratyek manus aamchyasobat hota.'" hota.'" mahayuddhanantar. julai 1945 madhye streetla commander mhanoon padonnati denyat aalee aanee janewari 1946 madhye, panbudivaril mahitipat 'daad silent service' sathee naudalache tantrik sallagar honyasathi sodoon denyat aale. tyaa unhalyat, tyanchi naudal sanshodhan karyalayat badali jhaali aanee tyanni pahilya samudrakhalil parisanvadache aayojan karnyat madat kelee. tyanche pudhil kaam, commanding officer mhanoon, november 1946 teey juuna 1948 paryant chalale. yaat vimanvahu jahajanchya krutee dalanna pathimba denari radar pickett panbudi mhanoon operationcha samavesh hota. 1949 madhye virginia yetheel norphoke yetheel sashastr dall karmchari mahavidhyalayat dilelya nirdeshanantar, commander streetne sanshodhan aanee vikas vibhagat tyachya pradhyapkanmadhye kaam kele. 1951 madhye, floridachya qee west yetheel fleet sonar shalet shikshan ghetalyanantar, tyanni panbudivirodhi uddeshansathi sudharit vidhvansak jahajavar taba midavala. pathane panbudi vibhag 62 1952-1953 chey netrutva kele, eka sangh mhanoon kaam kaam anek radar pickett panbudyanchya vaparache moolyankan kele. tyanantar teey sanyukt karmchari pramukh aanee sashastr dall dhoran parishadeche sahayyak mhanoon naudal mohimanchya pramukhanchya karyalayat paratale. julai 1955 madhye streetla capton mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. washington yetheel national warr collegemadhye varg purn kelyanantar, dii.see.julai 1956 madhye tyanni yuu. aii. chya pramukh senapatikade karmchari mhanoon kaam kele.ess. atlantic tafa. julai 1958 madhye samudrat paratalyanantar tyanni hallyachya vahatukiche netrutva kele. eka varshanantar, caption street massatucets cambridge yetheel massatusates institute auph technologymadhe commanding officer aanee nevel scienceche pradhyapak jhaale. aktoobar 1961 madhye tyanni panbudi squadran pachchi kamaan sweekarli aanee pudhchya sharad rutumadhye teey naudal yuddh mahavidhyalayachya mahavidhyalayachya sameel jhaale. december 1964 pasoon suru jhaleli tyanchi shevatchi nemanook, commander panbudi gut, sann francisco beey eriya aanee commander meer eyeland gut, paisiphik rakheev tafa mhanoon hotee. tyachya nivruttinantar, capton streetchi nivad waburn massatusates yetheel waburn hyschool yetheel navyane adhikrut jhalelya naudalachya jrotak unitpaiki ekasathi varishtha naudal vidnyan prashikshak mhanoon karnyat aalee. 1977 madhye wabarn shaala vyavasthetun nivrutt hoiparyant tyanni yaa padavar kaam kele. nivrutti aanee mrutyu. capton street 10 august 1966 roji sakriy kartvyatoon nivrutt jhaala. too massatucets andover yethe rahat hota aanee massatucets pracheen aanee sanmananiy tofkhana companyche sadasya hote. george ell. street III chey 26 februwari 2000 roji andovermadhil akadami manner nursing hommadhye nidhan jhaale. tyachya vinantinusar, tyache ardhe antyasanskar kelele avashesh panbuditun samudrat vikhurale gele aanee ardhe 15 march 2000 roji arlington rashtriy smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. lokpriy sanskruti. tirantechya pahilya gast gast karyakari karyakari, edward beechane, tyachya yuddhakalin anubhavanvar aadharit, 'runn silent, runn deep' (1955) hii tyachi pahili kadambari tayar kelee. puraskar. george ell. street III laa khaleel padake aanee sajavat midali

george ell. sadak III george lebhik street III (july 27,1913-february 26,2000) sanyukta rajya americako nausenama euta panadubbi thiyo. unle dosro wishwayuddhako samayama medal aff unner prapta gare. prarambhik jiwan rar currier. streetko janma bharjiniyako richmondma bhaeko thiyo. uni sann 1931 maa nebhal rijarbhama samel bhae rar yuma niyuktika lagi chunie.ess. sann 1933 maa nausena ekedemy; unle sann 1937 maa snatak gare. ganneri rar sanchar vibhag rar navigation rar engineering vibhagharuma sewa garepachhi, unle nyu london, connecticutko panadubbi schoolka lagi swayamsewa gare. snatak garepachhi, stritle april 14,1941 maa afno commissiondekhi february 27,1944 samma tinn warsha sewa गऱ्यो।. stritle yass fleet panadubbima pahile gunnery rar turpedo officerko rupma, tyasapachhi pahilo leftinent rar turpedo data computer aparetarko rupma rar antatah karyakari adhikari rar navigatorko rupma sewa गऱ्यो।. dosro vishwayudha. gaar" maa sewa garda, unle nau yuddha gasti gare. stritle unko "wishishta virta rar shatru wiruddhako karbahima nirbhiktaka lagi sahayak samparka officerko rupma sewa garda" unka lagi dui rajat tara prapta garyo... yu.ess.ess. gaar (ss-206) "garko pahilo rar dashaun gastima. july 6,1944 maa, lcdr stritle portsmouth nebhal shipyardlai afno pahilo command fitt garna report garyo. novemberma jahajlai sanchalan gardai, kaptanle lamo tapuko dhwaniko prashikshan rar panama rar hawaiko panima thap prashikshanka lagi afno nayan dunga lie. jahajko pahilo yuddha gasti, march 3,1945 dekhi, japanko dakshini tapu kyusuko dakshinapashchimma thiyo. yuddhako tyas samaya sammama, japanko adhikansh wyaparik fleet pahile nai dubieko thiyo, tara sadak kinarko najikko uthalo panima gayo rar dherai jahajharu fela parey. kyusuko paschimatira khojda, "tirante" ley nagasakiko najikma gasti gare. unisanga ramro sikar thiyo. unle 25 marchma 703 tanko tanker "fuji maru" dubaeki thiin rar tinn dinpachhi 1,218 tanko malwahak "nass maru" dubdai yass safaltako anusaran garin. pachhillo akramanpachi, japani escortharule saat ghantasamma tirantelai tall rakhe, uni afna shikariharubata niskepachhi, surakshit. 31 marchma, "tirante" ley 5 inch rar 40 millimeter goli hanera 70 tanko lugarlai golabari gari dubaeko thiyo rar 1 aprilma, tinawata torpidoharu failieko pahilo prakarko jahaz chhuteko thiyo. panadubbi chaandai koreako dakshini tatako panima susima jaladmarumadhya najikai sarieko thiyo. april 6 ko godhulima, uni yuddha-satahama puge rar euta sano japani machha marney jahaz kabja garin rar puraskar dubnu aghi yasaka tinjana chalak dalka sadasyaharulai bandi banae. bholipalta, "tirante" ley tel drumko deck cargole bharieko 2,800 tunn cargo malwahaklai tarpido garyo. panadubbi satahama ayo, bhagnawasheshlai hereko thiyo, rar najikaiko corian machha marney jahajlai bhagnawasheshka tukraharuma tansieka dui jiwit wyaktiharu lyne nirdeshan diyo. jey hose, panadubbima raheka paryawekshakharule "maruko" dubdai gaeko dekheko report gare tapani, japani recordharuko yuddhapachhiko parikshanle "kill" pushti garna asafal bhayo." japani kodharu todepachhi, americi nausenaka guptacharharule japani gatiwidhiko anuman garna saksham bhae. ekle shatru sandeshlai roke jasma euta mahatwapurna kafila "tiranteko" kshetratir ufriraheko bhanieko thiyo. yass jankariko jawafma panadubbile 9 aprilma akraman gareko thiyo. duiwata lakshyaharu nikaldai unle pratyekma tinawata torpidoharu prahar garin. euta failin sakena, tara arkole 5,500 tanko yatayat nikko marulai hirkae-sanghaibata ghar-bahira jaane japani sainikharu rar nawikharu bokeko thiyo. mahatwapurna sahayak laharharu muni khasepachhi, shatru escortharu akramanma ufrera gae. jawabi akramanlai roknaka lagi, "tirante" ley euta escortma "cuty" (euta sano anty-escort homing turpedo) fire गऱ्यो। rar tyasapachhiko "break-up awazharu" sune."tara feri, yuddhapachhiko lekha dubne pushti garna asafal bhayo. 15 april 1945 maa, nausena guptacharko reportpachhi, sadakle cheju bandargahma prawesh gyoa.-satahama, sill rar minefieldharubata bachna. afno baanki saat tarpadoharu madhye chha wata prayog garera, unle euta malwahak rar yasaka dui escortharu dubae. yass karyaka lagi, rashtrapati ekai prashasti patra (yues) pradan gariyo, stritle sammanko padak prapta garyo, rar unko karyakari adhikari, left edward ell. samudra tata junier., nausena cruss prapta gare. afno dosro gasti suru gardai, "tirante" 20 mey 1945 maa nau-dunga "wolfpack" ko command jahajko rupma "street swiparharu" bhanera chininchha."uniharule pahenlo rar purvi chean sagarma shatru lakshyaharuko khojima gasti gare-tyatinjel sankhyama ghatyo. "tirante" ley 11 junema nagasakiko pahilo gastiko sikar maidanma chaar-jahajko kafila patta lagayo. unle tinn escortharulai lamo samayasamma eklai wyapari, 800 tunn cargo malwahakma goli hanera gharlai safal akraman garnabata jogin. yuddhapachhiko japani recordharule, yadyapi, "kill" ko pushti gardaina." bholipalta, "tirante" ley "cheju" maa unko heat-anned-runn redko lagbhag dohouyaune pradarshanlai tanchha. uni nagasakibata karib saat mile tadha raheko "hah sima" bandargahma puge rar koliyariko chheuma rakhieko 2,200 tanko "hakuju maru" nikale. 1, 000 gajko dayarabata, panadubbile "maru" maa "ghantibata tall" goli hane june garjansanga wisfot bhayo. dosro turpedo wisfot garna asafal bhayo, tara tesrole pahilobata suru bhaeko vinash pura garyo. kinarko bandukbata goliharu unko waripari khasyo, "tirante" gatima jhuke rar khetra khali gare. afno ghumante gasti punah suru gardai, "tirante" rar unko bahini panadubbiharule korea rar japan bichko dhuwanima akraman gare, koreabata japani griha tapuharuma apurti garne junkharu nashta gare. panadubbibata boarding dalharule malikharulai sodhapuchhaka lagi nikalchhan, chalak dallai jiwan dungaharuma rakhchhan, rar shilpma ago lagaunchhan. "tirante" yass tarikale ek darjan dubaio rar 19 july 1945 maa guam farkanu aghi satahama goli hanera dui bhari sashastra pickett dungaharu pani nashta गऱ्यो।. yass gastika lagi, lcdr stritlai nausena cruss pradan garieko thiyo. tyo uddharan anshama padhchha. ..asadharan virta...afno lakshyalai nirantar pachhyaundai...(unle) japani apurtika lagi mahatwapurna 7000 tunn bhanda badhi dhuwani dubaundai shatrutapurna malwahak jahajharu, junkharu rar pickett dungaharu viruddha afno smassing turpedo rar gunfire akramanharu suru gare..." "tirante" 12 august 1945 maa guambata prasthan garin june unko tesro yuddha gasti hune thiyo. yuddhako antyale, tathapi, yo aparesanlai chhoto banayo rar panadubbilai 23 augustma bichma lagayo. antatah sanyukta rajya americako purvi tataka lagi yatra gardai, octoberma wassington nausena yardma "tirante" bandhiyo june nayan padonnati garieko cdr stritle white house samarohma unko sammanko padak prapta garyo. dosro wishwayuddhako saransh. <br> <br> <br> samman karyako padak. "march 1945 maa suru bhaeko tiranteko pahilo yuddha gastima japanle kamtima chhawata jahajharu kharcha गऱ्यो।. vishesh gari quelpart tapu (cheju do) rar yangjeko mukhko bichma pahenlo samudrama gasti garda, unle ek khufiya report prapta garin jasle unlai quelpart tapuko mukhya bandargah chejuma euta mahatwapurna japani yatayat bhaeko jankari diyo. andhyaroko awaranma, tirantele satahama afno pahunch suru garin. sambhawit shatru radar wa gasti garne viman wa jahajharuko awahelanama, unle tata banda garin rar 10-fatham (60-fitt) wakra rekhabhitra khani rar sole-awaruddha panima prawesh garin. afno bato bahira nikalna tayar, tirante tyasapachhi bandargahma prawesh garin jahaan unle tinwata lakshyaharu fela pareh dui escort jahajharu rar 4,000 tunn "jujan maru". panadubbile "maru" maa tinawata torpidoharu prakshepan गऱ्यो।, june thulo wisfotma wisfot bhayo."euta thulo, sunder wisfot", commander stritle afno reportma lekhnechhan. "seto andho jwala bhaeko euta thulo chyauko chhalale 2,000 fitt hawama prahar गऱ्यो।. ek kshanka lagi pani kunai awaz suniena, tara tyasapachhi euta thulo garjanle hamro taukoma caan chapata गऱ्यो।. jackpot, rar kunai galti chhaina!"agole spashta rupma tirantelai ujyalo banayo rar" "mikura" "-warga escort jahajharu" "nomi" "rar" "kybokan nan. 31 "jo turuntai akramankari dubantira aghi badhyo. uni flank gatima samudrama farkindai garda, tirantele tarpadoharuko failawata suru gare jasle duwai pachhyauneharulai hirkae rar nashta gare. bichma jaanda, panadubbile dui japani airmanharu (unko kaidilai kull panchma lyaundai) samate rar 25 aprilma unko pahilo yuddha gasti samapta गऱ्यो।. tiranteko utkrishta pradarshanle commander kamaeko thiyo. street da medal aff unner. lt. edward ell. samudra tata, karyakari adhikari-rar pachhi tritonka commander (ssrn-586) panadubbiko dubne kramama wishwako parikrama garda-nausena cruss prapta gare. jahajlai, afailai, rashtrapati ekai prashasti patra pradan garieko thiyo. unko prashasti patrama lekhieko chhah yu ko commanding officerko rupma kartawyako ahwanbhanda mathi rar bahira afno jiwanko jokhimma wishishta virta rar nirbhiktaka lagi.ess.ess. "14 april 1945 maa koreako tatama raheko quelpart tapuko cheju bandargahma shatru japani sataha balharu viruddha tyo jahajko pahilo yuddha gastiko kramama "tirante". sataha yuddha stationharuma chalak dalsanga, commander. (tyasapachhi lt. comder.) tapuko punah nirikshan circuit pura garna sadak tatako 1,200 gaj [1100 mitter] bhitra dakshinbata shatrutapurna langarma pugyo. 10-fatham [18 mitter] vakralai dherai pachhadi chhodera unle dherai gasti jahajharu rar 5 wata kinarma adharit radar stationharu rar khatarnak wimanharuko awahelana gare tapani pratibandhit bandargahko khanan rar sole-awaruddha panima prawesh gare. yadi akraman bhayo bhane yasalai satahama ladna tayar chha, comder. sadak karyama gayo, ghatak shuddhataka sath 2 torpidoharu thulo japani gola barud jahajma pathae rar seto agoko pahadi rar andho chamakma lakshya wisfot gare. tirante" lai turuntai dushmanle dekhe jab uni prakashko jwala maa spashta rupma ubhieki thiin, unle sewaniwritta hunda turpedo deta computer sett up garna adesh die rar afna antim 2 tarpedoharu druta anukramma pramukh frigate rar yastai flanking jahajlai wighatit garna fire gare. agole bharieko bandargahlai apatkalin purna gatima agadi safa gardai, uni tatarekhama patta nalagaera, gahiro dubaundai, pachhi hatne gastile dubne binduma gahirai chargeko dhancha khasalyo. tirante" ko pahilo yuddha gastiko samayama yuddha upalabdhiko unko prakhyat recordle kamadarko visheshta bataunchha. ek sahasi rar kushal netako rupma sadak rar afaima, unko bahadur command, rar yu maa uchchatam shreya pratibimbit gardacha.ess. nausena sewa. yadyapi, captain stritlai tiranteko rashtrapati ekaiko uddharanma sabaibhanda garva thiyo. "captain stritle bhanejhain, 'mahm sanchchai tyo sammanko padakbhanda badhi bahumulya rakhdachhu kinbhane tyahan sabai manisharu hamisanga thie.'" dosro wishwayuddhapachhiko. stritlai july 1945 maa commanderko rupma padonnati garieko thiyo rar janawari 1946 maa, panadubbi writtachitra film "da silent sarbhis" kaa lagi nausenako prawidhik sallahakar banna chhodiyo. tyas garmima, uni nausena anusandhanko karyalayama sthanantaran bhae rar pahilo samudraantar symposium ayojana garna sahayog gare. commanding officerko rupma unko arko karyabhar november 1946 dekhi june 1948 samma chalyo. yasama viman wahak karya ballai samarthan garne radar pickett panadubbiko rupma aparesanharu samawesh thie. sann 1949 maa bharjiniyako norafoksthit sashastra sena staff kalejma nirdeshanpachhi, commander stritle anusandhan rar vikas vibhagma yasako sankayama sewa gare. sann 1951 maa floridako key westma raheko fleet sonar schoolma padhepachi unle panadubbi virodhi uddeshyaka lagi parimarjan garieko widhwansakko kaman grahan gare. euta toliko rupma kaam garne dheraiwata radar pickett panadubbiharuko prayogko mulyankan gardai, sadakle panadubbi division 62 1952-1953 ko command garyo. tyasapachhi uni sanyukta chief aff staff rar sashastra ball niti parishadka sahayakka rupma nausena aparesanka pramukhko karyalayama farkie. july 1955 maa, stritlai kaptanko rupma padonnati gariyo. wassingtonko national warr kalejma kakshaharu pura garepachhi, dee.see.july 1956 maa, unle yu ko commander inn chifko stafma sewa gare.ess. atlantic fleet. july 1958 maa samudrama farkiepachhi unle akraman yatayatko netritwa gare. ek warshapachhi captain street massachusetsko cambridgema raheko massachusets institute aff technologyma commanding officer rar nebhal scienceka pradhyapak bane. october 1961 maa, unle panadubbi squadron paanchko command lie rar arko sharad rituma, nebhal warr collegeko karmacharima samel bhae. december 1964 maa suru bhaeko unko antim karya, saan francisco khadi khetra rar commander merr tapu samuha, pasific rijarbha fleetka rupma raheko thiyo. unko sewaniwrittipachhi, captain stritlai woburn hai schol, woburn massachusetsma awasthit nayan adhikrit nausena jrotok ekaiharu madhye ekka lagi warishtha nausena vigyan prashikshakko rupma chayan garieko thiyo. unle 1977 samma yass padama sewa gare jab uni woburn vidyalaya pranalibata sewaniwritta bhae. sewaniwritti rar mrityu. captain street 10 august 1966 maa sakriya kartawyabata sewaniwritta bhae. uni endover, massachusetsma baschhan, rar massachusetsko prachin rar sammanit topkhana companyka sadasya thie. george ell. street III ko 26 february 2000 maa endoverko ekedemy manore nursing homema mrityu bhayo. unko anurodhlai dhyanma rakhdai, unko adha dahasanskar garieko awasheshharu panadubbibata samudrama chharieko thiyo, rar adha 15 march 2000 maa arlington rashtriya kabristanma gadiyo. lokpriya sanskriti. edward bitch, "tiranteko" unko pahilo gastima karyakari adhikarile, afno yuddhakalin anubhawharuma afno pahilo upanyas, "runn silent, runn deep" (1955) ko model banae. puraskar. george ell. street III ley nimna padak rar sajawatharu prapta garyo

george ell. truteeja sadaka george lebhik street III (july 27,1913-februari 26,2000) america nausenara jane budajahaja thile. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare shay ehi sammana padaka paithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong kyariyara. britt bharjiniara richmondre janmagrahana karithile. shay 1931 ray nausena rijarbhare joga deithile ebong jayu. aii. ray nijukti paain manoneet hoithile.ess. 1933 ray nausena ekademy; shay 1937 ray snataka hoithile . ganneri ebong jogajoga bibhaga ebong nauchalana ebong injinijaring bibhagare karjya kariba parey, shay nyu londner connectra budajahaja bidyalaja paain swechakruta bhabare karjya karithile. snataka heba parey, street 1941 masiha april 14 tarikhare karjyakhyama heba thaaru 1944 masiha februari 27 tarikh parjyanta tini barsha karjya karithile. street ehi flit budajahajare prathame ganneri ebong torpedo officer, parey pratham leftnant ebong torpedo data computer operator ebong sheshare karjyanirbahee adhikari ebong navigetara bhabare karjya karithile. dwiteeja biswajudha. gaara" ray karjya karuthibabele, shay nauty juddha patrolling karithile. street' jahajare sahakaree aproch officer bhabe karjya karuthiba samajare shatrunka birodhare karjyanusthanare spust sahasikata ebong nirbheekata paain tanku duiti roupya tarka milithila..... jayu.ess.ess. gaar (ess. ess.-206) "gaar" rahr pratham ebong dasham patrolling upare. 1944 masiha july 6 tarikhare, ell. sii. dii. aarr. street portsmouth nausena jahaz nirmanaku taanka pratham nirdeshaku purana kariba paain suchana deithila. nabhembarare jahajaku karjyakhyama karai, captain taanka nutan dangaku lamba dwepa dhwanira prasikhyana ebong panama ebong hawairu panire adhika talim paain neithile. 1945 masiha march 3 tarikhare jahajar pratham juddha patrolling japanara dakhinatama dwepa kyushur dakhina-paschima digare arambha hoithila. juddhara sehi samai suddha, japanara adhikansha banijyika naubahini purbaru budisarithila, kintu rasta koola nikatare agabhira panire chaligala ebong aneka jahaz paila . kyushur paschima digaku anusandhana curry, "tirante" nagasaki aadaku gatikarithile. shay bhal shikara karuthile. shay march 25 ray 703 tone tyankara "fuji maaru" budaithile ebong tini deane parey 1,218 tone malbahi "ness maaru" budijiba sahita ehi saphalata anusarana karithile. parabarti aakraman parey, japani escortmane saata ghanta dhari tirantenku tale rakhithile, ehaa purbaru shay taanka shikareenkatharu khasi jaithile, akhyata thile. march 31 ray, "tyrante" 5 inch ebong 40 millimeter guli chalana sahita 70 tone ozner eka lugarku guli curry budai deithila ebong april 1 ray, tinoti turpedo bistara sahita eka pratham-type jahajaku haraila . budajahajati khub shighra koriara dakhina upakoolare, tsushima jalaprabaha nikatare jalaku sthanantarita hoithila. april 6 tarikh deane godhuli samajare, shay juddha-prusthare uthi eka chhot japani machadhara jahajaku dharithile ebong puraskaraku budaiba purbaru ehara tini john nabikanku bandi karithile. pardin, "tyrante" taila drummer eka deck kargore bhartti 2,800 tone malbahi malbahi bimanaku turpedo karithila. budajahajati bhuprusthare pahanchithila, bhagnabasesha upare nazar rakhithila, ebong nikatasta korea machadhara jahajaku dui john jeebita byaktinku uthai nebaku nirdesh deithila jeunmane bhagnabasesha khandare chaapi hoi rahithile. tathapi, jadio budajahajare parjyabekhyakamane "maaru" rahr budibara sakhi bolly suchana deithile, japani recorder juddha parabarti parikhya "hatya" ku nischita karibare biphal hoithila ." japani niam bhanga kariba parey, americae nausena guinda adhikarimane japani gatibidhi purbanumana karibare sakhyama hoithile. jane shatrunka barta atakaideithila, jeunthire kuhajaithila je eka gurutwapurna gaadi "tiranta" anchala aadaku gati karuchhi. ehi suchanara jabaabare, budajahajati april 9 tarikhare eka akasmika aakraman karithila. duiti lakhyaku uthai shay pratyeka upare tinoti curry turpedo nikhyepa karithile. gotie bistara hatachada kallah, kintu anyati 5,500 tone paribahana nicco maruku dhakka delah-jaahaa sangahairu gharaku jauthiba japani sainika ebong nabikamananku nei jauthila . gurutwapurna sahajaka taranga tale khasijibaru, shatru escort aakramanaku dein padithile. pratiaakramanaku pratihata kariba paain, "tyrante" gotie escort upare eka "cuty" (eka chhot anty-escort hominga torpedo) guli chalaithile ebong parabarti "bhangiba sabda" sunithile."kintu puni, juddha parabarti aakaunting budijiba nischita karibare biphal hoithila . 1945 masiha april 15 tarikhare, nausena guinda bibhagara eka report parey, rasta cheju bandaraku prabesha karithila-bhuprusthare, shole ebong minefieldku edaiba paain. tankara abasista satati turpedo madhyaru chhaati byabahara curry shay eka malbahi biman ebong ehara duiti eskartaku budai deithile. ehi karjya paain, rastrapati unit citation (us) pradan karajaithila, street medal off unner grahan karithile, ebong taanka karjyanirbahee adhikari, leftnant edward ell. belabhumi juniara., nausena cross grahan karithile. tankara dwiteeja patrolling arambha curry, "tyrante" 20 meey 1945 ray naaa-boat "wolfpack" rahr command jahaz bhabare "street 'shh swippers" bhabare doub karajaithila."semane shatru lakhya khojiba paain haladia ebong purba chean sagarare patrolling karithile-setebelaku sankhya hrass paithila . "tyrante" june 11 ray nagasakira pratham patrolling shikara padiaare eka chaari-jahaz kanabhajaku thaab karithila . shay tini john eskartanku yathesta samai parjyanta edai jaithile, jaahaa ekaki byabasajee, 800 tone malbahi malbahi upare eka guli chalaithile ebong eka saphala aakramanaku ghare chapuda karithile. juddha parabarti japani record, jadio, eka "hatya" ku nischita kare naahin ." pardin, "tirante" chejure taanka heat-anded-runn redra praiah punarabrutti pradarshan karithile. shay nagasaki thaaru praiah saata mile doorare thiba "haa shima" bandara prabesha karithile ebong eka koila bhandara sahita bandhaka thiba 2,200 tone "hakuju maaru" bahara karithile. 1, 000 gaja durataru, budajahajati "maaru" upare "galare guli" karithila, jaahaa garjan sahita bisphorana hoithila. dwiteeja turpedo bisphorana karibare biphal hoithila, kintu truteejati prathamati dwara arambha hoithiba binashaku sampurna karithila . koola bandukaru guli taanka charipakhare padibaru, "tiranta" begare jhuki sehi anchalaku sapha karidela . taanka ghoori buluthiba patrolingku punah arambha curry, "tyrante" ebong taanka bhaunee budajahaja korea ebong japan madhyare jahaz upare aakraman karithile, jaahaa koriaaru japanara gharoi dwepapunjaku jogaana karuthiba jankaku nust karideithila. budajahajaru boarding dalamane prashna pachara uchura paain malikamananku bahara karidebe, nabikamananku life dangare rakhibe ebong jahajare niaan lagaibe. "tyrante" ehi dhangare eka dozen budai deithila ebong 19 july 1945 ray guam feriba purbaru bhuprusthare guli chalana curry duiti bhaari sashastra picket dangaku madhya nust karideithila. ehi patrolling paain, ell. sii. dii. aarr. street ku nausena cross pradan karajaithila . sehi uddhrutiti aanshika bhabe paath hue.....asadharana beeratwa paain.....nijara lakhyaku nirantara anusarana karantu.....(shay) shatrutapurna malbahi jahaz, janka ebong picket danga biruddhare nijara dhwansakaree torpedo ebong guli chalana aakraman arambha karithile, jaahaa japani jogaana paain gurutwapurna 7000 tunru adhika jahajaku budai deithila....." "tirante" 1945 august 12 tarikhare guamaru prasthana karithile, jaahaa tankara truteeja juddha patrolling hoithanta. tebe juddhara samapti ehi aparesanaku sankhipta karideithila ebong august 23 tarikhare budajahajaku madhyabhagare rakhajaithila. sheshare americara purba upakula abhimukhe jatra curry, octoberre washington nausena jardare "tyrante" ruddha hoithila, jaahaaku naba padonnati paithiba cdr street eka white house samarohare tankara sammana padaka grahan karithila. dwiteeja biswajudhara saransha. <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.> sammana karjyara padaka. "1945 masiha march masaru arambha hoithiba tirantera pratham juddha patrolingre japanara atikamre chhaati jahaz kharcha hoithila. bisesh curry quelpart dwepa (cheju doo) ebong jangaji mukh madhyare haladia samudrare patrolling karuthibabele, shay eka guinda report paithile jaahaa tanku suchana deithila je eka gurutwapurna japani paribahana quelpart dwepara mukhya bandara chejure thila . andharara aachadanare, tirante prusthare nijara abhimukhya arambha kale . sambhabya shatru radara kimba patrolling biman kimba jahajar abmanana curry, shay upakula banda curry 10-fatham (60 phuta) bakrarekha madhyare khani ebong shole-abarudha jala bhitaraku prabesha karithile. taa 'parey, niz baatare ladhiba paain prastuta hoi, tirante bandara prabesha karithile, jeunthare shay tinoti lakhya paithileh duiti escort jahaz ebong 4,000 tone ozner "jujan maaru". budajahajati "maaru" thaare tinoti torpedo utkhyepana karithila, jaahaa eka bishala bisphoranare bisphorana hoithila."eka bhajankara, sunder bisphorana", commander street taanka reportare lekhibe. "dhalaa andha jwalara eka budd chhatu 2,000 phuta pabanare guli chalaithila . kichhi samai paain gotie bii sabda sunagala naahin, kintu taa 'parey eka prachanda garjan aama mundaku aambhamananka kaanare chapuda delah. jackpat, ebong kaunasi bhul naahin!"ehi agnikanda spust bhabe tirantaku alokita karithila ebong" "mikura" "shrenira escort jahaz" "nomi" "ebong" "kybocan nong" "ku satarka karithila. 31 "jaahaa turanta aakramanakaree budajahaja aadaku agrasara helah. jetebele shay parswa begare samudraku pherile, tirante turpedo bistara karithile jaahaa ubhaja anusaranakareenku aaghata karithila ebong nust karideithila . madhyabhagaku jiba baatare, budajahajati dui john japani bajusenaku dharithila (taanka kaedeenku mote pancha janaku aanithila) ebong april 25 ray tankara pratham juddha patrolling samapta karithila . tirantenka chamatkara pradarshan kamandaranku arjan karithila. street-medal off unner. ell. tii. edward ell. belabhumire, karjyanirbahee adhikari-ebong parey triton commander (ess. ess. aarr. enn-586) budajahajara jalmagna pruthibee parikrama samajare-nausena cross grahan karithile. jahajatiku nije rastrapati unit citation pradan karajaithila. taanka prashansapatrare lekha rahichhih jayu. aii. rahr kamanding officer bhabare karttabyara aahwana thaaru adhika ebong bahare taanka jeebner bipadare spust sahasikata ebong nirbheekata paain.ess.ess. "1945 masiha april 14 tarikhare korea upakoolare thiba quelpart dwepa cheju bandara shatru japani bhuprustha bahini biruddhare sehi jahajar pratham juddha gasti samajare "tyrante". bhuprustha juddha stationre nabikamananka sahita, commander. (taa 'parey ly. comder.) dwepara eka punahparichalana paripath sampurna kariba paain dakhinaru upakulara 1,200 mitter madhyare thiba shatrutapurna nongara nikatare rasta pahanchithila. 10-fathom [18 mea.] bakrarekhaku bahuta pachare chhadi shay aneka patrolling jahaz ebong 5tii upakula-aadharita radara station ebong bhajankara bimanara abmanana satwe seemita bandar khanan ebong shole-abarudha jala bhitaraku prabesha karithile. aakraman hele bhuprusthare ehara mukabila karibaku prastuta, commander. rasta karjya arambha kallah, eka budd japani guligola jahajare maratmaka sathikata sahita 2 turpedo pathaithila ebong eka parbatya ebong dhalaa jwalara andha ujjwalatare lakhyaku bisphorana karithila . tyrante" ku shatru turanta chinhat kallah jetebele shay alokar jwarare spust bhabare chhida hoithile, shay absar neba samajare turpedo data computer sthapana karibaku nirdesh deithile ebong tankara shesh 2 turpedo nikhyepa karithile jaahaa druta gatire agrani frigate ebong samaana parsware thiba jahajaku bhangiba paain . aagaku jarureekaleena purna begare podihoithiba bandaraku sapha curry, shay upakula rekha sahita chinhat nahoi khasijaithile, gabhira bhabare daiving karuthile jetebele eka anusarana patrolling budibara bindure gabhiratara charger eka dhancha khasaithila . tirante" rahr pratham juddha patrolling samajare juddha saphalatara tankara ullekhaneeah record kamandaranku chinhita kare . jane sahasi ebong kushali neta bhabare rasta ebong taanka upare, taanka biratapurna nirdesh ebong jayu upare sarbocha shreya pratiphalita kare .ess. nausena seba. tebe, captain street tirantanka presidencial unit citation paain sabutharu garbita thile. "captain street kahiba anujai, 'mun prakrutare sammanara padaka thaaru adhika mulya rakhe kaaran pratyeka byakti aama sahita thile.'" dwiteeja biswajudha parabarti samai. 1945 masiha july maasare stritnku commander bhabe padonnati diajaithila ebong 1946 masiha januari maasare, budajahajare nirmita documentary chalachitra 'daa silent sarbhis "paain nausenara baishajika paramarshadata heba paain chhadi diajaithila. sehi grishma ruture, shay nausena gabeshana karjyalajaku badali hoithile ebong pratham samudra tala alochanachakra ayojan karibare sahajya karithile. tankara parabarti karjya, kamanding officer bhabare, navember 1946 ru june 1948 parjyanta chalithila. ethire biman bahaka task phorsaku samarthan karuthiba radara picket budajahaja bhabare operation antarbhukta thila . 1949 masihare bharjiniara narphokasthita sashastra bahini staff kalejare nirdesh parey, commander street gabeshana ebong bikash bibhagare ehara sikhyaka bhabare karjya karithile. 1951 masihare, floridara kii westare flit sonara schoolre padhiba parey, shay budajahaja birodhi uddeshyare paribartita eka binashakaree jahajar netrutwa grahan karithile. eka dala bhabe karjya karuthiba aneka radara picket budajahajara byabaharara mulyankana curry, rasta dwara budajahaja bibhaga shatt-bub1 <aai. dii. 1.> ku nirdesh diajaithila. ehapare shay yugma mukhya karmachari ebong sashastra bahini neeti parisadara sahajaka bhabe nausena aparesanara mukhyanka karjyalajaku pherithile. july 1955 ray, street captain bhabare padonnati paithile . washington, dii. rahr jatiah juddha kalejare class samapta kariba parey.sii.1956 masiha july maasare shay jayu. aii. rahr commander inn chiphnka paain karmachari bhabe karjya karithile.ess. atlantic naubahara. 1958 masiha july maasare samudraku feriba parey shay aakraman paribahanaku nirdesh deithile. eka barsha parey, captain street masachusetsara cambridge thaare massachuset institute off teknolojire kamanding officer ebong nausena bigyanara professor hoithile. october 1961 ray, shay budajahaja squadron five rahr command neithile ebong parabarti sharatare, nausena juddha colleger karmacharinka sahita joga deithile. december 1964ru arambha hoi tankara shesh karjya thila saana francisco bay anchalara commander budajahaja gosthi ebong commander meera dwepa gosthi, prashanta mahasagariya rijarbha flit. absar grahan kariba parey, captain stritnku woburn masachusetsara woburn haiskulare abasthita nutan adhikruta nausena jrotsy unit madhyaru gotie paain baristha nausena bigyana prashikhyaka bhabare chayan karajaithila. 1977 masihare woburn skula byabastharu absar neba parjyanta shay ehi padabeere rahithile. absar ebong mrutyu. captain street 1966 august 10 tarikhare sakriya karttabyaru absar neithile. shay masachusetsara aandobharare rahuthile ebong masachusetsara pracheen ebong sammanajanaka artilary companyra sadasya thile. george ell. street III 26 februari 2000 ray andobharara ekademy mainer nursing home ray mrutyubarana karithile. taanka anurodhaku drustire rakhi, tankara adhaa dahakruta abasheshaku eka budajahajaru samudrare bikhipta karajaithila ebong adhaa 2000 masiha march 15 tarikhare arlington jatiah kabarasthanare poti diajaithila. lokpriya sanskruti. taara pratham patrol ray thiba edward belabhumi, taanka judhakaleena abhigyata upare tankara pratham upenyas, runn silent, runn dip (1955) model karithile. puraskara. george ell. street III nimnalikhita padaka ebong sajja grahan karithila

jaaraj aill. sadak III jaaraj levik street III (27 julai, 1913-26 farvari, 2000) sanyukat raaj dee jall saina witch ikk pandubbi see. unhan noon dooje vishav yuddh dauran sanman daa tamga miliaa see. shuruati jeevan atey carrier. street daa janam richmond, virginia witch hoiaa see. uh 1931 witch jall saina reserve witch shamal hoye atey yuu. aiss. witch niyukti laee chunhe gaye.aiss. 1933 witch jall saina academy; usne 1937 witch graduation keeti. ganniri atey sanchar vibhagan atey navigation atey engineering vibhagan witch seva curran toon baad, usne nioo london, connect vikhe pandubbi school laee swaiichhukta naal kamm keeta. graduate honn toon baad, street neey 14 aprail, 1941 noon aapni commission toon lae keey 27 farvari, 1944 takk tinn saal seva nibhai. street neey iss fleet pandubbi witch pahilan ganeri atey tarpedo adhikari, firr pahile leftinent atey tarpedo daata computer appretor atey ant witch karajkari adhikari atey navigator vajon seva nibhai. dooja vishav yuddh. gaar" witch seva karde hoye, usne naun jangi gashti keete. street noon uss dee "spasht bahadari atey dushman virudh karvai witch nidarta laee doou chaandi dey sitare mille jadon kii jahaz witch sahaik pahunch adhikari vajon seva nibhai... yuu.aiss.aiss. gaar (ss-206) "gaar dey pahile atey dasven gashti dall utte. 6 julai, 1944 noon, ail. see. dee. aar. street neey portsmouth jall saina dey shipyard noon aapni pahili command noon poora curran laee report keeta. navambar witch jahaz noon chalu karde hoye, kaptan neey aapni naveen kishti noon lambe tapu dee aavaaz witch sikhlai atey panama atey havaai dey paanee witch horr sikhlai laee liaa. jahaz dee pahili jangi gashti, 3 march, 1945 noon shuru hoee, japaan dey dakkhni tapu kiushu dey dakkhan-pachham witch see. yuddh dey uss bindu takk, japaan daa ziaadaatar vaparak bedaa pahilan hii dubb chukka see, parr sadak kinare dey nede ghatt paanee witch chalee gaee atey kaee jahaz mille. kiushu dey pachham vall khoj karde hoye, "tirante" neey nagasaki dey pahunch vaale sathanan utte gashat keeti. uss cole changa shikar see. uss neey 25 march noon 703 tunn dey tanker "fuji maaroo" noon dubo ditta atey iss safalta toon baad tinn dinan baad 1,218 tunn dey malvahak "naas maaroo" noon dubo ditta. baad dey hamle toon baad, japani escorts neey satt ghante takk tirante noon hethan rakkhiaa, iss toon pahilan kii uh aapne shikariaan toon binan kise nuksan dey door chalee gaee. 31 march noon, "tirante" neey 5 inch atey 40 millimeter dee golibari naal 70 tunn bhaar daa ikk laggar suttiaa atey dubb giaa atey 1 aprail noon, tinn tarpedo dey failaa naal ikk pahili kisam daa jahaz khunjh giaa. pandubbi jaldi hii koria dey dakkhni tatt toon sushima dey jaldamroomadh dey nede paanee witch tabdil hoow gaee. 6 aprail noon sandhu vele, uh ladai dey sahmane aaee atey ikk chhote jihe japani machhi fadan vaale jahaz noon fadd liaa atey inam noon dubban toon pahilan iss dey tinn chaalak dall dey memberan noon qaid qarr liaa. agle dinn, "tirante" neey tail dey dholan dey ikk deck maal naal bharey 2,800 tunn dey malvahak jahaz noon tarpedo keeta. pandubbi neey malbe noon vekhiaa atey nedley koriaai machhi fadan vaale jahaz noon doou bache hoye lokan noon chukkan daa nirdesh ditta joe malbe dey tukdiaan naal jude hoye sunn. firr vee, halanki pandubbi utte nirikhakan neey "maaroo" dey dubban dey gawah honn dee report ditti, parr jung toon baad japani recordan dee jaanch "katal" dee pushti curran witch asfal rahee." japani code noon todan toon baad, amriki jall saina dey khufia adhikari japani andolanan daa andaza lagaun dey yog sunn. ikk neey ikk mahattavpuran kaafle dey "tirante dey" khetar vall vaddh rahey honn baare dassiaa. iss jankari dey jawab witch, pandubbi neey 9 aprail noon ghaat lagaa keey hamla keeta. doou teechiaan noon chukkde hoye, usne harek 'teey tinn tarpedo daage. ikk failaa khunjh giaa, parr dooja 5,500 tunn dey aavajai nikko maaroo naal takra giaa-shanghai toon gharr jaanh vaale japani sainikan atey malahan noon lae keey. jiven hii mahattavpuran sahaik lahiran dey hethan khisak giaa, dushman dey escorts hamlawar vall chhaal maar gaye. jawabi hamle noon rokann laee, "tirante" neey ikk escort utte ikk "kiooti" (ikk chhota ainti-escort hoaming tarpedo) chalai atey baad witch "tuttan deeaan aavazan suniaan."parr firr, yuddh toon baad daa lekha dubban dee pushti curran witch asfal riha. 15 aprail 1945 noon, jall saina dee khufia agency dee ikk report toon baad, sadak neey cheju bandargah witch pravesh keeta-satah utte, taan joe shole atey minefieldan toon bachiaa jaa sake. aapne baaki bache satt tarpedo vicchon chhe dee varton kardiaan, usne ikk malvahak jahaz atey iss dey doou escorts noon dubo ditta. iss karvai laee, rashtarpati ikai parshansa pattar (yuu. aiss.) naal sanmanit keeta giaa, street noon sanman daa tamga miliaa, atey uss dey karajkari adhikari, lae. aitt. edward aill. beach junier, neey nevi karaas prapat keeta. aapni duji gashti dee shuruat kardiaan, "tirante" 20 maee 1945 noon nau-kishti "wolfpack" dey command jahaz vajon "street dey safai curran vaale" vajon ravana hoee."unhan neey dushman dey teechiaan dee bhaal witch peele atey purbi cheen samundaran witch gashat keeti-udon takk ginti witch qamee aaa rahee see. "tirante" neey 11 juun noon nagasaki dey pahile gashti dey shikar dey maidaan witch chaar jahazan daa kafila labhiaa. uss neey tinnan escortan noon lambe samein takk taaliaa atey 800 tunn dey malvahak jahaz, ikalle vapari 'teey goli chalaa ditti atey gharr' teey ikk safal hamla keeta. yuddh toon baad dey japani ricard, halanki, ikk "katal" dee pushti naheen karde." agle dinn, "tirante" neey "cheju" utte aapne hitt-aind-runn chhape daa lagbhag duhraun vaala pardarshan keeta. uh nagasaki toon lagbhag satt meal door "haa shima" bandargah witch dakhal hoee atey ikk colla bhandar dey naal 2,200 tunn "hakuju maaroo" noon chukkiaa. 1, 000 gaz dee doori toon, pandubbi neey "maaroo" utte "galey dey hethan" goli chalai joe ikk garaj naal fatt gaee. dooja tarpedo dhamaka curran witch asfal riha, parr teeje neey pahile duaara shuru keeti tabahi noon poora keeta. jiven hii kinare deeaan bandukan dey gole uss dey duaale digg paye, "tirante" neey gatee 'teey jhukiaa atey khetar noon saaf qarr ditta. aapni ghumdi gashat noon mudd shuru karde hoye, "tirante" atey uss deeaan bhainn pandubbiaan neey koria atey japaan dey vichkaar samundari jahazan utte hamla keeta, jiss naal koria toon japani gharelu tapuan takk saplai curran vaale junkan noon nasht qarr ditta giaa. pandubbi vicchon boarding partiaan masteran noon puchgich laee utardiaan sunn, chaalak dall noon life kishtiaan witch rakhdiaan sunn atey shilpkari noon agg lagaa dindiaan sunn. "tirante" neey iss tarike naal ikk darjan dubb ditta atey 19 julai 1945 noon guam waps aaunn toon pahilan doou bhaari hathiaarband pickett kishtiaan noon satah 'teey golibari naal nasht qarr ditta. iss gashti laee, ail. see. dee. aar. street noon nevi karaas naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. ih havala hisse witch padhiaa jaanda haii...asadharan bahadari laee...aapne teechiaan daa nirantar pataa lagauna...(usne) aapne bhiaanak tarpedo atey banduk hamle virodhi malvahak jahazan, junkan atey pickett kishtiaan dey virudh shuru keete, jiss naal japani saplai laee mahattavpuran 7000 tunn toon vaddh shipping dubb gaee..." "tirante" 12 agast 1945 noon guam toon ravana hoee joe uss dee tiji jangi gashti hovegi. yuddh dey ant neey, halanki, iss karvai noon chhota qarr ditta atey pandubbi noon 23 agast noon vichkaar hii paa ditta giaa. akheer witch sanyukat raaj dey purbi tatt laee samundari jahaz witch, aktubar witch washington nevi yard witch "tirante" noon bnnh ditta giaa jiss noon navein tarakki prapat see. dee. aar. street neey ikk white haaoos samaroh witch aapna sanman daa tamga prapat keeta. dooje vishav yuddh daa sankhep. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> sanman karvai daa maddle. "march 1945 witch shuru hoye tirante dey pahile yuddh gashti jahaz witch ghatto ghatt chhe jahazan dee keemat paee. sabh toon khaas covelopart tapu (cheju doow) atey yangtzi dey moonh dey vichkaar peele samunder witch gashat karde hoye, uss noon ikk khufia report millie jiss witch uss noon soochit keeta giaa kii ikk mahattavpuran japani aavajai covelopart tapu dee mukkh bandargah cheju vikhe see. hanere dey ghere witch, tirante neey satah utte aapna pahunch shuru qarr ditta. sambhavit dushman radar jaan gashat curran vaale jahazan jaan jahazan dee ulanghna witch, usne tatt noon bnd qarr ditta atey 10-fatham (60 futt) karav line dey ander khanan atey shole-rukawat vaale panian witch dakhal hoow gaee. bahr jaanh daa aapna raah labbhan laee tiaar, tirante firr bandargah witch dakhal hoee jitthe uss noon tinn nishana mileau doou escort jahaz atey 4,000 tunn "juzanne maaroo". pandubbi neey "maaroo" utte tinn tarpedo lanch keete, joe ikk vishal dhamake witch fatt gaye."commander street neey aapni report witch likhiaa, "ikk zabardast, sunder dhamaka. "chitty anneh dee laat daa ikk vadda mashroom 2,000 futt havaa witch chalaa giaa. ikk pall laee vee koee aavaaz naheen sunee gaee, parr firr ikk zabardast garaj neey saade sir dey naal saade qann hilla ditte. jackpot, atey koee galti naheen!"dhamake neey sapshat taur 'teey tirante noon roshan qarr ditta atey" "mikura" "-class dey escart jahazan" "nomi" "atey" "cabocan nann." "noon chetavani ditti. 31 "joe turant hamlawar dubban vaale paase vadhiaa. jadon uh frank speed naal samunder vall waps jaa rahee see, taan tirante neey tarpedo daa vistaar keeta jiss neey dovan pichha curran valiaan noon maariaa atey nasht qarr ditta. vichkarle raste witch, pandubbi neey doou japani havaai sainikan (uss dey kaidi noon kull panj takk liaunde hoye) noon fadd liaa atey 25 aprail noon aapni pahili jangi gashat puurii keeti. tirante dee shandar karguzari neey comder noon prapat keeta. sadak sanman daa tamga. aill. tii. edward aill. samundari kandhe, karajkari adhikari-atey baad witch pandubbi dey dubbe hoye samundari chakkar dauran triton (aiss. aiss. aar. ainn.-586) dey commander-neey jall saina daa karaas prapat keeta. jahaz noon khud rashtarpati ikai daa parshansa pattar ditta giaa see. uss daa parshansa pattar iss tarahan haiyav yuu dey commanding afsar vajon aapni zindagi dey jokham toon uppar atey iss toon parey aapni shandar bahadari atey nidarta laee.aiss.aiss. "14 aprail 1945 noon koria dey tatt toon door, quelpart tapu dey cheju dee bandargah witch dushman japani satah deeaan faujan dey virudh uss jahaz dey pahile yuddh gashti dauran "tirante". satah dey yuddh stationan, commander vikhe chaalak dall dey naal. (firr aill. commoder.) tapu dey mudd-nirikhan circut noon poora curran laee glee tatt dey 1100 meeter dey ander dakkhan toon virodhi langar takk pahunchi. 10-faitham [18 meeter] karav noon bahut pichhe chhadd keey usne kaee gashat curran vaale jahazan atey 5 tatt-adharat radar stationan atey khatarnak jahazan dee ulanghna curran dey bavjood pabandishuda bandargah dey khannan atey shole-rukawat vaale panian witch pravesh keeta. jey hamla keeta jaanda haii taan iss noon satah 'teey luddon laee tiaar, commander. sadak neey karvai keeti, ikk vadde japani gola barud jahaz witch ghatak shudhta naal 2 tarpedo bheje atey chitte agg deeaan pahadi atey anneh chamak witch teeche noon visfot keeta. tirante" noon turant dushman duaara dekhiaa giaa jadon uh parkash dee bhadak witch spasht taur 'teey bahr aaa gaee, usne retire hunde samein tarpedo daata computer sathapat curran daa adesh ditta atey aapne aakhri 2 tarpedo noon pramukh freegate atey ikk samaan franking samundari jahaz noon tezi naal tuttan laee daagiaa. agge emergency puurii gatee naal shudd chukki bandargah noon saaf karde hoye, uh samundari kandhe dey naal binan labbhe khisak giaa, dunghi gota lagaunde hoye ikk pichha curran vaale gashti dall neey dubban dey bindu 'teey dunghai dey chaaraj daa ikk pattern sutt ditta. tirante" dey pahile yuddh gashti dauran ladai dee prapati daa uss daa shandar ricard commander dee visheshta haii. ikk daler atey kushal neta dey roop witch sadak atey aapne aap utte, uss dee bahadar command atey yuu utte sabh toon vaddh credit noon darsaundi haii.aiss. jall saina seva. halanki, kaptan street noon tirante dee rashtarpati ikai dey parshansa pattar utte sabh toon vaddh maann see. "jiven kii kaptan street neey kiha, 'main sachmuch iss noon sanman dey tamge toon vee vaddh keemati mannada haan kiunki harr aadmi saade naal see.'" dooje vishav yuddh toon baad street noon julai 1945 witch commander vajon tarakki ditti gaee see atey janwari 1946 witch, pandubbi dastavezi film "dha silent service" laee jall saina daa takniki salahkar bannan laee chhadd ditta giaa see. uss garmiaan witch, uh jall saina khoj dey daftar witch tabdil hoow gaye atey pahile undersey symposium dey ayojan witch sahaita keeti. unhan dee agli niyukti, commanding afsar vajon, navambar 1946 toon juun 1948 takk challi. iss witch havaai jahaz carrier task forces daa samarthan curran vaali radar pickett pandubbi vajon karvai shamal see. sann 1949 witch virginia dey norphok vikhe hathiaarband saina staff kaalaj witch nirdesh toon baad, commander street neey khoj atey vikas vibhag witch aapne faculty witch seva nibhai. 1951 witch, florida dey qee pachham witch fleet sonar school witch padhan toon baad, usne pandubbi virodhi udeshan laee sodhiaa giaa ikk vinashkari jahaz dee command sambhali. street neey pandubbi division sathh-doou 1952-1953 dee command ditti, ikk team vajon kamm curran valiaan kaee radar pickett pandubbiaan dee varton daa mulankan keeta. firr uh jall saina dey mukhi dey daftar witch sanyukat mukhiaan dey staff atey hathiaarband saina neeti consul dey sahaik vajon waps aaa gaye. julai 1955 witch, street noon kaptan vajon tarakki ditti gaee see. washington dey national vaar kaalaj witch classes puriaan curran toon baad, dee.see.julai 1956 witch, uhanan neey yuu. aii. dey commander inn cheef dey staff witch seva nibhai.aiss. atlantic bedaa. julai 1958 witch samunder witch waps aaa keey, usne hamle dee aavajai dee command sambhali. ikk saal baad, capitan street cambridge, massachusets vikhe massachusets institute aaf technology witch commanding afsar atey jall saina vigiaan daa professor bann giaa. aktubar 1961 witch, unhan neey pandubbi squadern panj dee command sambhali atey agle patjhad witch, neval vaar kaalaj dey staff witch shamal hoow gaye. dasambar 1964 witch shuru hoee uss dee antim zimmevari commander pandubbi samooh, sainn francisco beey khetar atey commander maiyar tapu samooh, parshant reserve bede vajon see. aapni retirement toon baad, kaptan street noon vobern hyee school, vobern massachusets vikhe sathit naveen adhikarat nevi jarotak ikaiaan vicchon ikk laee senior jall saina vigiaan instructor vajon chunhiaa giaa see. unhan neey 1977 takk iss ahude utte seva nibhai jadon uh vobern school pranali toon sevamukt hoye. retirement atey maut. 10 agast 1966 noon kaptan street sargaram diooti toon sevamukt hoow giaa. uh endover, massachusets witch rahinda see atey massachusets dee prachin atey manyog topkhane company daa member see. jaaraj aill. street III dee maut 26 farvari 2000 noon academy mainar nursing home witch hoee. uss dee benati noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, uss dey addhe antim sanskar dey avsheshan noon ikk pandubbi toon samunder witch khinda ditta giaa see, atey addhe noon 15 march 2000 noon arlington rashtari kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa see. prasidh sabheyachar. tirante dey" "karajkari adhikari neey aapne pahile gashti" "'runn silent, runn deep" (1955) nawal noon aapne yuddh dey tazarbiaan' teey tiaar keeta. puraskar. jaaraj aill. street III neey heth likhe tagme atey sajawat prapat keete

jaarj ell. maargah III jaarj levik street III (julai 27,1913-februvari 26,2000) samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya nausenaayaah jalasena aasit. dviteeyavishvayuddhe saha sammanapadakam praptavan. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa vruttijeevanam cha. veethihi virginia-deshasya richmond-nagare ajayata. saha 1931 tame varshe nausenaa-aarakshane sammilitah, yoo. e.-madhye niyukteh krute chinot.ess. 1933 tame varshe nausenaa-akadami-madhye snaatakapadaveem praptavan. ganneri tathaa sanchaaravibhaageshu tathaa nauparivahana-abhiyantrikeevibhageshu sevaam akarot anantaram, saha nyoo-landan, connecticut ityatra jalaantargaami-vidyaalayasya krute swamedhayaa karyam krutavaan. snaatakapadaveem praptva, street-samsthaa 1941 april 14 dinaanke karyarambhat 1944 februvari 27 paryantam varshatrayam yaavat karyam krutavatee. street-samsthaa asmin naukaadalena nirmitasya jala-naukayam prathame ganneri tathaa tarpedo-adhikaarih, tatah prathamena leftinent tathaa tarapedo-deta-computer-nirwaahakah, ante karyakari-adhikaarinah tathaa nauchaalakaroopena cha karyam krutavatee. dviteeyavishvayuddham. gaar" ityasmin sevaayaam saha nava yuddha-gasteem akarot. veethihi tasya "vishishta-veerataa, shatroho viruddham kaarye nirbhikata cha krute, vimaane sahaayak-abhigama-adhikaarinah rupena karyam kurvan," krute rajat-nakshatradwayam praapnot... yu.ess.ess. gaar (ess. ess.-206) "gaar" ityasya prathama-dashamam cha gastee-kaarye. 1944 julai 6 dinaanke, ell. see. dee. aar. veethihi portsmout-nausainika-shipyaard-ityatra swasya prathama-aadnyaayaah krute soochitavaan. november-maase naukaayaanasy kaaryaarambhah, capton deerghadweepasya dhwanyaah shaik-down prashikshanartham, panama-havaayi-jalakshetre cha prashikshanartham cha swasya nootanam naukaayaanam gruheetavaan. 1945 maarch 3 dinaankaat aarabhy, japaan-deshasya dakshinatamadweepasya kyushoo-ityasya nairutyadishi, asya naukaayaah prathamam yuddha-gastee-kaaryam aasit. yuddhasya tasmin samaye, japaan-deshasya adhikaamshah vaanijya-nau-yaanah poorvamev nimajjitah aasit, parantu veethihi tatasya sameepe agacchaadalasya madhye gatvaa anekaani naukaah drushtavantah. cushu-nagarasya paschimadishi anvishya "tiraante" iti nagasaki-nagaram prati gacchan gasteem akarot. saa uttamaa shikaaram karoti sma. saa maarch 25 dinaanke 703 tunn-bharakam "fujee maaru" iti tanker nimajjayat, tadanantaram dinatrayananantaram 1,218 tunn-bharakam maalavaahakam "ness maaru" iti nimajjayat. uttaravartee akramananantaram, japani-rakshak-dalaani saptaghantaam yaavat tirante-nagaram nivruttehe, tatah poorvam saa swa-shikaribhyaha apasrutavatee, akshat. maarch 31 dinaanke, "tiraante" ityanena golikaaprahaarah krutah, 5-inch, 40-millimeter cha golikapraharaihi 70-tunn-bhaarayuktam laggar-yaanam nimajjitam, april 1 dinaanke, tribhihi tarpedo-yukttam prathama-prakarakam naukam cha naa vilambitam. jalaantargaamih sheeghramev korea-deshasya dakshinatate sushimaa-jalasandhyaah sameepe jalakshetre sthanantarita. april-masasya 6 dinaanke sandhyaakaale saa yuddha-prushtam agruhnaat, japaan-deshasya laghu-matsya-naukaam agruhnaat, puraskaarasy nimajjanaat poorvam tasya trayah navikan bandeeroopen gruheetavatee. aparadine "tiraante" ityanena 2,800 tunn bhaarayuktam maalavaahakam tarapido-dwara ayujyat, yasmin taila-drum ityasya charaha pooritah aasit. jalaantargaamih oordhvagaamee abhavat, bhagnavasheshan drushtavatee, sameepastham corian-matsyapaalanam nirdeshm cha dattavatee yat bhagnaawashesh-khandaih baddhau dwau jeevitau praaptum. tathaapi, yadyapi jalaantargaami-naukaayaah nireekshakaah "maaru" ityasya dubantasya sakshyam dattavantah, tathaapi yuddhanantaram japani-abhilekhanam parikshanam "kill" ityasya drudeekaranam kartum asaphalam abhavat." japanese-sanketaan bhangam krutvaa, american-nausenaa-guptachar-janaah japanese-chalanani poorvamev nireekshayitum samarthaah abhavan. ekaha avarodhitah shatru-sandesha "tirante-ityasya" kshetram prati vashpena pravahamaanasya mahattvapoornasya vaahan-yanasya vishaye avadat. asya suchanayaha pratikriyaaroopen april-masasya 9 dinaanke jalaantargaamih ghaatah akarot. lakshyadwayam utkshepaya saa pratyekam trishu tarpedo-yaanayoh praharam krutavatee. ekaha prasaarah naa abhavat, parantu anyah 5,500 tunn-bhaarayuktam parivahanam nikko maaru-yaanam aprushtayat-yat sanghay-nagaraat gruhapravesham kurwantah japani-sainikaah navikan cha vahat. yadaa mahattwapoornah sahaayakah taranganam adhah patitah, shatru-rakshaka akramanartham udvelayat. pratiakramanaat nivaarayitum, "tiraante" ityanena ekasmin escart-ityatra "cuty" (ekam laghu-anty-escart homing tarpido) prakshepitam, tadanantaram "breaking-up-shabdam cha shrutam."parantu punah, yuddhanantaram lekhalekhaha, nimajjanasy drudheekarane asaphalaani abhavan. 1945 april 15 dinaanke, nausainika-guptasoochanaah prativedanam anusrutya, shole-khanikshetraan cha nivaarayitum, maargah cheju-naukaashrayam prati-prushtatah-gruheetavaan. swasya shesheshu saptashu tarpedo-naukaasu shut prayogaan krutvaa saha ekaha maalavaahakah, tasya dwau rakshakau cha nimajjayat. asya karyasya krute, raashtrapati-ekakam prashasti-patram (yu. ess.) dattam, street-nagaram sammaan-padakam, tasya karyakari-adhikaarinah ell. edward ell. cha praaptavantah. samudratatasya jey. aar., nausenaa-cross praptavan. tasyaah dwiteeya-gasteem aarabhat, "tiraante" iti "streets sweepers" iti namna khyatasya nava-naukaayaah "wolfpack" ityasya kamaand-shiparupena 1945 mey 20 dinaanke madhyabhagat prasthaanam akarot."te shatru-lakshyan anvishya peeta-poorva-cheena-samudre cha gasteem akurvan-tadaa yaavat sankhyaa nyooneebhavati sma. "tiraante" iti "nagasaki" ityasya sameepe, joon 11 dinaanke, prathama-gastee-kshetre, chaturshonah yaana-yaana-yaana-yaanam asthaapayat. saa tribhihi rakshakaah dirghakalam yaavat aprucchat yena 800 tunn bhaarayuktam maalavaahakam, ekamaatrah vyaapaarinah, tasya upari prahaarah krutah, gruham safal-akramanartham nibaddhavatee. yuddhanantaram japani-abhilekhaah, tathaapi, "kill" iti naa nirdhaarayanti." agrime dine "tiraante" ityeshaa "cheju" ityatra swasya hitt-end-runn-raid ityasya praayah punaraavartanam krutavatee. saa nagasaki-nagaraat praayah sapta mail-doore "haa shimaa" naukaashrayam pravishtvaa, colliery-ityanena saha bandhitam 2,200 tunn-bharakam "hakuju maaru" iteedam chaalayat. 1, 000 gajaparimitaat, jalaantargaamih "maaru" ityatra "kanthasya adhah" golipraharayat, yat garjane visphotayat. dwiteeyam tarpido visphotane asaphalam abhavat, parantu truteeyena prathamena aarabhy vinaasham poornam. yadaa samudratatasya bandukanam golikaah tasyaah paritah patitaah, "tiraante" iti drutagatyaa visi, kshetram niraakrutavaan. tasyaah paribhramana-gasteem punah aarabhy, "tiraante" tathaa tasyaah bhaginee-jala-naukaah cha korea-japaan-deshayoho madhye naukaayaanam aakramy, korea-deshaat japaan-desha-dvipan prati aapoortayah vahayan jank-sthanani nashtavantah. jalaantargaami-naukaayaah aarohan-dalaani gurun prashnartham bahishkarishyanti, jeevan-naukaasu nausainikaan sthaapayanti, naukaayaah agnihi cha kurvanti sma. "tiraante" iteedam vidham dajanam nimajjayat, 1945 julai 19 dinaanke guaam-nagaram pratyaagantum poorvam prushtabhaagasya golikapraharena bharayuta-shastrasajja-pickett-naukaadwayam api dhvamsam akarot. asya gastikaranartham ell. see. dee. aar. veethihi nausenaa-cross-puraskaram avaapnot. tatt uddharanam amshatah pathati "...asadharanam veeratvam...swalakshyaan aviratatayaa anusrutya...(saha) shatru-maalavaahinaam, jank-naukaanaam, pickett-boat-ityetayoho viruddham swasya smyaashing-tarpido-golikapraharan cha prarabhata, yena japani-aapurtyartham mahattvapoornam 7000 tunn-taha adhikaah naukayanani nimajjitaah..." "tiraante" ityeshaa 1945 august 12 dinaanke guaam-nagaram gatvaa tasyaah truteeya-yuddha-gastee-kaaryam akarot. yuddhasya ante, tathaapi, etat kaaryam alpam krutvaa, august 23 dinaanke jalaantargaamih madhyabhaage sthaapitah. ante samyuktarajyamerikadesha poorvatate prati naukaayaanam kurvan, october-maase washington-nausenaa-praamgane "tirante" iti naukaayaanam krutam, yatra navapravartitah see. dee. aar. veethihi shvetabhavanasya samaarohe swasya sammanapadakam praapnot. dviteeyavishvayuddhasya saaraamshaha. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.> sammaan-karyasya padakam. "1945 maarch-maase aarabhy, tiraante ityasya prathamasya yuddha-gastee-kaarye, japan-deshasya nyunatinyoonam shut naukaah vyayah abhavan. visheshatayaa quelpart-dweepe (cheju doo) tathaa yangzi-mukhasya madhye peetasamudrasy gastikale saa guptasuchana-prativedanam praapnot, yasmin tasyaah suchitam yat quelpart-dweepe mukhya-naukaashraye cheju-nagare mahattvapoornam japani-parivahanam vartate iti. andhakaare, tiraante prushtabhaage svapravesham prarabhata. sambhaavitasya shatru-radar ityasya vaa gastee-vimananam vaa naukaanaam vaa avajnaam krutvaa saa tate sthagitaa, 10-faathom (60-foot) vakrarekhaaroopena khani-shole-avarodhitajalasya cha antah pravesham akarot. tatah nirantaranaartham sajjaha tiraante, naukaashrayam pravishtavatee yatra saa trayah lakshyani praapnot-dwau anurakshak-naukau, 4,000 tunn-bhaarayutau "jujaan maaru" cha. jalaantargaamih "maaru" ityatra treeni tarpedo-yaanaani prakshepayt, ye bruhad visphotane visphotitaah abhavan."ekaha prachandah, sundarah visphotah" iti commander-street ityeshah swasya reporte likhati sma. "shveta-andha-jwaalaayaah ekaha mahaan mashroom 2000 padan vaayum praavartat. kshanamaatram kimapi shabdam naa shrutam, parantu tadaa prachandah garjanaah asmaakam shirasi karnaan chaptavaan. jackpot, naa cha doshah!"agnijwalaya spashtatayaa tiraante prajjwalitah," mikuraa "-vargasya escart-naukaasu" nomee "," cabocan nam "cha vidnyaapayat. 31 "tatkshanameva aakramanasheelasy jalamagnasya prati agre gataa. yadaa saa paarshva-gatyaa samudram prati pratyaagatavatee, tadaa tirante, tarpedo-yananam prasaram praarabdhavatee, ye cha ubhayaan anucharaan praharya nashtaah cha. madhyabhaage gacchantee jalaantargaamih japani-vaayusenaam dwau (tasyaah kulam panchajanan bandee-rupena aanayat) gruheetvaa april 25 dinaanke tasyaah prathamam yuddha-gasteem samaapayat. tiraante ityasya utkrushtam pradarshanm comder ityenam arjitam. veethihi sammanasya padakam. law. edward ell. samudratatasya karyakari-adhikaarinah, pashchat tratton-ityasya senaapatih (ess. ess. aar. enn-586) cha jala-yanasya jalamagnasya bhoogolam paribhramane nausenaa-shilugdaanam praptavan. swatah tasya naukaayaah raashtrapati-ghatakasy prashasti-patram avaapnot. tasya prashasti-patram vaachayati - yoo-ityasya commanding-adhikaarinah iti kartavyasya ahvanat upari tasya jeevanasya apayasya vishaye vishishta-veerataa, nirbhayata cha.ess.ess. "1945 april 14 dinaanke korea-deshasya tataat doore quelpart-dweepasya cheju-naukaashraye shatru-japani-prushta-balanam viruddham tasya naukaayaah prathama-yuddha-gastee-samaye "tirante" iti padam prayuktam. (tatah ell. tii. kaamdar.) dweepasya punah parichayah paripooranam kartum dakshinatah tatasya 1,200 gajaparimitam [1100 mee.] doore shatrutapurnam nankooram prati veethihi sameepam aagacchat. 10-faathom [18 mee.] vakram sudurat parityajy, saha anekaani gastee-naukaani, 5 tateeyaroopen sthitanam radar-kendranam, bhayapradanam vimananam cha avajnaam krutvaa, pratibandhita-naukaashrayasya khananm, shole-avarodhitam jalam cha pravishat. yadi aakramitah tarhi prushtabhaage tasya viruddham yuddham kartum sajjaha, comder. maargah kaaryam aarabhat, bruhad jaapanees-golabarud-naukayam pranaghataka-yatharthataya 2 tarpedo-yaanaani preshitavaan, tathaa cha parvateshu, shvetajvaalaanaam andha-prakashasya cha lakshyam visphotayat. yadaa saa prakaashajwaale spashtatayaa udvignavatee tadaa shatrunaa tatkshanameva "tirante" iti drushtaa, saha nivruttau tarpedo-dattaamsha-sanganakasya sthapanam kartum aadishat, swasya antimam 2 tarpedo-yaanaani cha nishkaasayat yena pramukham yuddhanaukam tathaa tatsadrusham paarshveeya-naukam sheeghram vighatitam bhavet. aagacchantau aapatkaaleen-poorna-gatyaa, kshipta-naukaashrayam nishkaasy, saha samudratatasya paarshve adnyaatah patitah, gabheeram duban, yadaa anugacchati gasteeh, jalamagnasya sthaane gabheer-aavegasya pratiroopam pataat. tiraante" ityasya prathama-yuddha-gastee-samaye tasya yuddha-upalabdheeh prasidhah abhilekhah commader ityasya lakshanam asti. maargah saahasee kushala cha netaa asti, tathaa cha tasya, tasya veer-aadnyaayaah, yu. ess. ityasya cha sarvochcham shreyam pratiphalishyati.ess. nausenaayaah. parantu, capton street ityayam tirante ityasya raashtrapati-ghatakasy prashasti-patrasya krute atyantam garwitah aasit. "capton street ityanena yathaa kathitam," aham sammanapadakena apekshayaa tatt bahumoolyam dharaami, yatah pratyekam purushah asmaabhih saha tatra aasit.'" dwiteeyawishwayuddhaanar. 1945 julai-maase street-nagaram senaapateh rupena padonnatee praapnot, 1946 janavaree-maase "da sailent service" iti jalaantargaami-vruttachitrasya nausenaa-ityasya takaniki-sallahakaraha bhavitum cha prasthanam krutavaan. tasmin grishmakaale saha nausainika-shodhakaryalayam prati sthanantaritaha, prathamasya samudratate-symposium aayojayitum cha sahayyam krutavaan. tasya agrimam kaaryam, commanding-adhikaarinah rupena, 1946 tamavarshasya november-masat 1948 tamasya varshasya joon-maasaparyantam yaavat aasit. asmin vimaanavaahakam karyadalan samarthayantah radar-pickett-jalaantargaamih iti karyani antarbhavanti sma. 1949 tame varshe virginia-nagarasya narphok-nagare sthitasya sashastrasenaa-karmachaari-mahaavidyaalaye nirdeshaat param, commander-street ityayam anusandhaana-vikasa-vibhaagasya adhyaapake karyam krutavaan. 1951 tame varshe floridaadeshasya kee-vest-nagare sthitasya fleet-sonar-vidyaalaye adhyetum, saha jala-vidhvamsaka-samsthaayaah adhipatihi abhavat, yat jala-virodhee-prayojanartham parivartitam aasit. veethihi dalarupena karyam kurvataam bahunam radar-pickett-jalantargaminam upayogasya mulyamkanam krutvaa, jalaantargaami-vibhaagasya shashta-dwitayam 1952-1953 ityasya aajnaapayat. tatah saha samyuktasenapramukhanam, sashastrasenaa-neeti-parishadasya cha sahayakatvena nausenaa-abhiyanasya pramukhasya karyalayam pratyagatavan. 1955 julai-maase street ityasya capton-rupena padonnatih abhavat. washington-nagarasya rashtriya-yuddha-mahaavidyaalaye, dee.sii.1956 julai-maase saha yoo-deshasya senaapatinaay karmachaareeroopen karyam krutavaan.ess. atlaantik-naukaayaanam. 1958 julai-maase samudram prati pratyaagatya saha aakramanasy parivahanasya netrutvam krutavaan. ekavarshaanantaram, capton street ityeshah kembridge, masaachusets-nagarasya masaachusets-institute aaf-technology-madhye commanding-adhikaarinah, nausenaa-vidnyaanasya pradhyapakaha cha abhavat. 1961 october-maase saha pancha-panadubbi-squadron ityasya netrutvam sveekrutavaan, tadanantaram patanasamaye nausenaa-yuddha-mahaavidyaalayasya karmachaari-rupena sammilitah. 1964 december-maase aarabhy tasya antimam kaaryam, saina-francisco-bey-eria ityasya commander-submarine-group, tathaa peciphic-reserve-fleet ityasya commander-merr-ailand-group iti aasit. nivruttyaa pashchat, woburn-masaachusets-nagarasya woburn-hascool-madhye sthitasya nava-adhikrutasya nausenaa-jraatk-ekakebhyah varishta-nausenaa-vijnaana-prashikshakatvena capton-street-ityasya chayanam krutam. 1977 tame varshe woburn-vidyaalayavyavasthaayaah nivruttyaabhyantare saha asmin pade karyam krutavaan. nivruttihi mrutyuhu cha. kepton street 1966 august 10 dinaanke sakriya-kartavyaat nivruttah abhavat. saha masaachusets-nagarasya endover-nagare nivasati sma, masaachusets-nagarasya prachinasya sammaananeeyasy cha artillery-kampenee ityasya sadasyah aasit. jaarj ell. street III, 2000 februvari 26 dinaanke endover-nagarasya akadami-mainer-narsing-home ityatra mrutah. tasya anurodhasya anuroopam tasya ardha-daaha-avasheshaah jala-naukaayaah samudre vikshiptaani, ardha-avasheshaah cha 2000 maarch 15 dinaanke arlington-rashtriya-shmashaane samadhitaha. lokapriyasamskrutih. tirante ityasya" prathama-gasteekaaryakaari-adhikarina "edward-beech ityayam swasya yuddhakaalasy anubhavaan aadhaaren" runn-sailent, runn-deep "(1955) iti prathamam upanyasam pratiroopam krutavaan. puraskaaraah. jaarj ell. truteeya-maargah nimnalikhitaan padakam alankaranm cha praapnot.

jaarj ell. theru III jaarj levik street III (juulai 27,1913-pipravari 26,2000) america kadarpadaiyil neermoozhkik kappal aagum. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu avar kavuravap pathakkam pettraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. street varjeeniyaavin richmandil piranthaar. avar 1931 aam aandil kadarpadai kaappagaththil saernthaar, maelum yuu. ess. kku niyamanaththirku thernthedukkappattaar.ess. 1933 ill kadarpadai akaadami; avar 1937 ill pattam pettraar. thuppakki suduthal mattrum thagaval thodarbu thuraikalilum, kappal poakkuvaraththu mattrum poriiyal thuraikalilum paniyaattriya piragu, avar neu lundon, kanektikattil ulla neermoozhkik kappal pallikku thannarvath thondu seithaar. pattam pettra piragu, street aepral 14,1941 andru avar paniyil amarththappattathilirunthu pipravari 27,1944 varai moontru aandugal paniyaattrinaar. theru inththa kadarpadai neermoozhkik kappalil paniyaattrinaar, muthalil thuppakki mattrum darbido athikaariyaagavum, pinnar muthal leptinent mattrum darbido tharavu kanini aaparaettaraakavum, iruthiyaaka nirvaaga athikaariyaagavum, vazhiseluththupavaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. irandaam ulagap poar. kaarr" ill panipuriyum poathu, avar onbathu poar roanththup panikalai maerkondaar. ethirikku ethiraana nadavadikkaiyil velippadaiyaana veeram mattrum thairiyaminmaikkaaga" street irandu velli natchaththiranggalaip pettrathu, athae neraththil vimanaththil udhavi anugumurai athikaariyaaga paniyaattrinaar... yuu.ess.ess. kaarr (ss-206) "kaarr" inn muthal mattrum paththaavathu roanththup paniyil. juulai 6,1944 andru, ell. chii. dii. aarr theru thanathu muthal kattalaiyai poruththa poartsmavuth kadarpadai kappal kattidam thagaval aliththathu. navambar maatham kappalai iyakkath thodangiya capton, neenda theevu oliyil shake down payirchikkaakavum, panama mattrum havaai pakuthikalil ulla neeril maelum payirchikkaakavum thanathu puthiya padagai alaiththuch sentraar. 1945 maarch 3 aam thaethi thodangi kappalin muthal poar roanthu, jappan thenkoadiyaana theevaana kyushuvin thenmaerkil irunththathu. poarin antha kattaththil, jappan vanigak kapparpadaiyin perumbaguthi aerkanavae moozhkiyirunththathu, aanaal theru kadarkaraikku arugil aazhamattra neeril sendru pala kappalkalaik kandadhu. kyushuvukku maerkae thaedi, "trande" naagaasaakikku anugumuraigalil roanthu sentraar. avalukku nalla vaettai irunththathu. avar maarch 25 andru 703 dunn danker "buji maaru" aii moozhkadiththaar, maelum moontru naatkalukkup piragu 1,218 dunn sarakku "naes maaru" moozhkiyathan moolam inththa vetrtriyaip pinthodarnthaar. pinththaiya thaakkuthalukkup piragu, japanian paathukaavalarkal aezhu manii neram trandevai keezhae vaiththanar, adharku munbu avar thanathu vaettaikkaararkalidamirunthu thappinar, kaayam aerpadavillai. maarch 31 andru, "trande" 5 angkulam mattrum 40 millimeter thuppaakkich soottil 70 dunn lucker ontrai shell adiththu moozhkadiththaar, aepral 1 aam thaethi, moontru darbidokkal paraviya muthal vagai kappalaith thavaravittaar. neermoozhkik kappal viraivil koreavin therku kadarkaraiyil, sushima neerinaikku arugil ulla thanneerukku maattrappattathu. aepral 6 aam thaethi anthi neraththil, avar poar-maerparappil oru siriya japanian meenpidik kappalaip pidiththuk kondaar, maelum parisai moozhkadippatharku munbu adhan moontru paniyaalarkalai kaithiyaaga alaiththuch sentraar. aduththa naall, "trande" 2,800 dunn sarakku sarakku kappalai ennei trumkalin teck sarakkudan darbido seithathu. neermoozhkik kappal maerparappil vandhu, kuppaikalai aaraaynthu, arugilulla koriya meenpidik kappalukku idipaadugalil ottikkondiruntha irandu uyir pizhaiththavargalai alaiththuch sella uttaravittathu. iruppinum, neermoozhkik kappalil ulla paarvaiyaalarkal "maaru" moozhkuvathaik kandathaaga theriviththaalum, poarukkup pinththaiya japanian pathivukal aaivu seithathil "kolai" enbathai uruthippaduththa mudiyavillai." japanian kuriyeedugalai meeriya piragu, america kadarpadai ulavuththurai veerargalaal japanian iyakkangkalai ethirpaarkka mudinthathu. oru mukkiyamaana kaanvaai "trande" paguthiyai noakki aaviyil selvathaip pattri oru idaimarikkappatta ethiri seithi koorappattathu. inthath thagavalkalukku pathilalikkum vithamaaga, neermoozhkik kappal aepral 9 andru pathungkiyirunthu thaakkuthal nadaththiyathu. irandu ilakkugalai eduththa avar, ovvondrum moontru darbidokkalai veechinaar. ondru paravaamal poanathu, aanaal mattrondru 5,500 dunn poakkuvaraththu nico maaru-veettirkuch sellum japanian veerargal mattrum shankail irunthu maalumigalai aetrtrich sentrathu. mukkiyamaana thunai alaikalukku keezhae nazhuviyathaal, ethiri paathukaavalarkal thaakkuthalukku kuthiththanar. ethir thaakkuthalaith thaduka, "trande" oru "cuty" (oru siriya ethirppu-escord hoaming darbido) aii oru escortin meethu veechinaar, adhaith thodarnthu "udaikkum saththam" kaettathu."aanaal meendum, poarukkup pinththaiya kanakkiyal moozhkuvathai uruthippaduththath thavarivittathu. 1945 aepral 15 andru, kadarpadai ulavuththuraiyin arikkaiyaith thodarnthu, theru seju thuraimugaththirkul sentrathu-maerparappil, paaraikal mattrum surangath thazhangalaith thavirppatharkaaga. thanathu meethamulla aezhu darbidokkalil aaraip payanpaduththi, avar oru sarakku mattrum adhan irandu paathukaavalarkalai moozhkadiththaar. inththa nadavadikkaikkaaga, janathipathi pirivu maerkoal (yuu. ess) vazhangkappattathu, theru kavurava pathakkam pettrathu, mattrum avarathu nirvaaga adhigaari, lett edward ell. kadarkarai juuniyar., kadarpadai siluvaiyaip pettraar. thanathu irandaavathu roanththup paniyaith thodangiya "trande", 1945 mae 20 andru "theru thuppuravaalarkal" endru azhaikkappadum onbathu padagu "wolf paek" inn kattalaik kappalaaga paathiyil irunthu purappattathu."avarkal manjal mattrum kilakku seenak kadalgalil ethirigalin ilakkugalaith thaedi roanthu sendranar-atharkul ennikkai kuraindhu kondirundhadhu. "trande" juun 11 andru naagaasaagiyil ulla muthal roanthu vaettaiyaadum maithaanaththil naanku kappal vaaganaththai amaiththathu. 800 dunn sarakku sarakku aetrtrich sendra oray vanigarai sudum alavukku moontru paathukaavalarkalaith thavirtthuvittu, vetrtrikaramaana thaakkuthalai veettirkul nadaththinaar. poarukkup pinththaiya japanian pathivukal, iruppinum, oru "kolai" aii urudhippaduthavillai." aduththa naall, "trande" thanathu hiid-andd-ruun soathanaiyin kittatthatta meendum meendum seyalthiranai "seju" ill iluththaar. avar naagaasaagiyil irunthu aezhu mile tholaivil ulla "haa shima" thuraimugaththirkul nuzhainthu, oru kaalariyudan inaikappatta 2,200 dunn "haguju maaru" aii eduththaar. 1, 000 kejam thooraththilirunthu, neermoozhkik kappal "maaru" meethu "thondaikku keezhae" thuppaakkich soodu nadaththiyathu, idhu oru karjanaiyudan vediththathu. irandaavathu darbido vedikkath thavarivittathu, aanaal moontraavathu muthal thaakkuthalil thodangiya azhivai niraivu seithathu. kadarkarai thuppaakkikalilirunthu kundugal avalaich suttri vilunththathaal, "trande" vaekaththil valainththu appaguthiyai agattrinaar. thanathu roving roanththup paniyai meendum thodangiya "trande" mattrum avarathu chakoothari neermoozhkik kappalkal koria mattrum jappanukku idaiyilaana kappal pokkuvaraththaith thaakki, koriyaavilirunthu japanian sontha theevugalukku porutkalai eduththuch sellum santhippukalai azhiththana. neermoozhkik kappalil irunthu aerupavarkal ejamaanargalai visaaranaikkaaga alaiththuch selvaargal, kuzhuvinarai uyirkaakkum padagugalil aetrtri, kappalukku thee vaippaargal. "trande" inththa muraiyil oru dajan moozhgiyathu mattrum 19 juulai 1945 andru kuvaamukuth thirumbuvatharku munbu irandu palaththa aayutham aenththiya muttrukaip padagugalai maerparappu thuppaakkich soottil azhiththathu. inththa roanththup panigalukkaaga, ell. chii. dii. aarr theruvukku kadarpadaich siluvaiyai vazhangkappattathu. antha maerkoal oralavu vaachikkappadukirathu "...asaathaarana veeraththirkaaga...thanathu ilakkugalai idaividaamal kankaanikkiraar...(avar) thanathu vedikkum darbido mattrum thuppaakkich soodu thaakkuthalkalai viroatha sarakku, santhippukal mattrum muttrukaip padagugalukku ethiraagath thodangkinaar, japanian viniyoagaththirku mukkiyamaana 7000 dangalukkum athigamaana kappal kappalkalai moozhkadiththaar..." "trande" august 12,1945 andru kuwamil irunthu purapattaar, idhu avarathu moontraavathu poar roanththup payanamaaka irunththirukkum. iruppinum, poarin mudivu, inththa nadavadikkaiyai kuraiththathu mattrum august 23 andru neermoozhkik kappal paathiyil niruththappattathu. iruthiyil americavin kilakku kadarkaraikku payanam seitha "trande" october maatham washington kadarpadai muttraththil niruththappattathu, puthithaaga padhavi uyarvu pettra chii. dii. aarr theru oru vellai maaligai vizhaavil avarathu kavuravap pathakkaththai pettrathu. irandaam ulagap poarin surukkam. <pr> <pr> <pr> kavurava nadavadikkaiyin pathakkam. "1945 maarch maatham thodangiya trandevin muthal poar roanthu paniyil, jappanukku kurainthathu aaru kappalkal selavaagiyirunthana. kurippaaga gwelbard theevu (seju doow) mattrum yangsaeyin mugaththuvaaraththirku idaiyil manjal kadalil roanthu sellum poathu, oru mukkiyamaana japanian poakkuvaraththu gwelbard theevin mukiya thuraimugamaana sejuvil iruppathaaka avarukkuth theriviththa oru ulavuththurai arikkaiyaip pettraar. irulin maraippin keezh, trande maerparappil thanathu anugumuraiyaith thodangkinaar. saathiyamaana ethiri radar allathu roanthu vimaanangkal allathu kappalkalai meeri, avar kadarkaraiyai moodi, 10-fadham (60 addii) valaivuk koattaikkul surangam mattrum shoal-thadaiseiyappatta neeril ooduruvinaar. veliyaerum vazhiyil poaraadath tayaaraagi, trande thuraimugaththirkul nuzhainthaar, angku avar moontru ilakkugalaik kandar irandu paathukaappuk kappalkal mattrum 4,000 dunn "jusanne maaru". neermoozhkik kappal "maaru" ill moontru darbidokkalai aeviyathu, idhu oru periya vedippil vediththathu."oru migapperiya, azhagaana vedippu" endru thalapathi theru thanathu arikaiyil ezhuthuvaar. "vellai kuruttu sudarin oru periya kaalaan 2,000 addii kaattril paranthathu. oru kanam kooda oru saththam kooda ketkavillai, aanaal oru periya karjanai engkal thalaikku ethiraaga engkal kaathukalaith thattukirathu. jagbad, mattrum endha thavarum illai!"thee vibaththu trandevai thelivaaga olirach seithu," "mikura" "vaguppu paathukaappuk kappalkal" "noami" "mattrum" "kaipogan enn" "aagiyavattrai echchariththathu". 31 "idhu udanadiyaaga padaiyedukkum neermoozhkik kappalai noakki munnaeriyathu. aval pakkavaattu vaekaththil kadalukkuth thirumbiyapoathu, trande darbidokkalaith thodangkinaar, avai iruvaraiyum thaakki azhiththana. paathiyil sellum vazhiyil, neermoozhkik kappal irandu japanian vimaana veerargalaik kaippattri (avarathu kaithigalai moththam aivaraagak kondu vanthathu) aepral 25 andru thanathu muthal poar roanththup paniyai mudiththathu. trandevin natchatthira seyalthiran kamaandar sambaathiththathu. theru gowravap pathakkam. ell. dii. edward ell. kadarkarai, nirvaaga adhigaari-pinnar triton thalapathi (ssrn-586) neermoozhkik kappal neeril moozhkiyapoathu ulagaich suttrinaar-kadarpadai siluvaiyaip pettraar. inthak kappalukkuth thaanae janathipathi alaguch saantrithazh vazhangkappattathu. avarathu maerkoal pathakkam pinvarumaaru yuu. ess. inn commanding athikaariyaaga kadamaiyin alaippukku appaalum adharku appaalum avarathu uyirukku aapaththil velippadaiyaana veeram mattrum thairiyaminmaikkaaga.ess.ess. "1945 aepral 14 andru koria kadarkaraiyil ulla seju thuraimugaththil ethiri japanian maerparappup padaikalukku ethiraaga antha kappalin muthal poar roanththup paniyin poathu "trande". maerparappu poar nilaiyangalil ulla kuzhuvinarudan, kamaandar. (pinnar lii. kamaandar.) theevin marupariseelanaich suttruvattaththai mudikka kadarkaraiyilirundhu 1100 meterukkul therkil irunthu ethirththup poaraadum nangooraththai theru anugiyadhu. 10-fadham [18 mee] valaivai vegu pinnaal vittu, aeraalamaana roanthuk kappalkal irunththapoathilum, 5 kadarkarai adippadaiyilaana radar nilaiyangkal mattrum achchuruththum vimaanangkalai meeri, thadaiseiyappatta thuraimugaththin suranga mattrum shoal-thadaiseiyappatta neeril ooduruvinaar. thaakkapattaal adhai maerparappil ethirththup poaraadath thayaaraaga ullathu, kamaandar. theru seyalpaattirku vanthathu, oru periya japanian vedimarunthu kappalukkul 2 darbidokkalai kodiya thulliyaththudan anuppiyathu mattrum vellai theeppizhambugalin malaippaangkaana mattrum kuruttu oliyil ilakkai vedikkach seithathu. oliyin vedippil aval thelivaaga thaniththu nirkumpoathu ethiriyaal udanadiyaagak kandariyapatta "trande" udan, avar oaivu perum poathu darbido tharavuk kaneneyai amaikka uttaravittaar, maelum thanathu kadaisi 2 darbidokkalai munnani poarkkappal mattrum idhaepoandra oru pakkavaattu kappalai viraivaaga sithaikkach seithaar. avasarakaala muzhu vaekaththil sethamadaintha thuraimugaththai agattri, avar kadarkaraiyil kandupidikkappadaamal naluvinaar, oru roanthu thuraththumpoathu aazhamaaga moozhgum kattaththil aalamaana kattanangalin vadivaththai veechinaar. trande" inn muthal poar roanththup paniyin poathu avar pettra pugazhpettra poar saathanai kamaandar enbavaraik kurikkirathu. oru thunichalaana mattrum tiramaiyaana thalaivaraaga theru mattrum avar, avarathu thunichalaana kattalai mattrum yuu meethu miga uyarnththa parattai pirathipalikkirathu.ess. kadarpadai saevai. iruppinum, capton street trandevin janathipathi pirivu maerkoal kuritthu migavum perumitham kondaar. "capton street kooriyadhu poal, 'ovvoru manitharum engkaludan irunthathaal, kavuravap pathakkaththai vida naan adhai migavum pudhaiyal endru karudhugiraen.'" irandaam ulagap poarukkup pinththaiya kaalam. juulai 1945 ill theru thalapathiyaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar, janavari 1946 ill, neermoozhkik kappal aavanappadamaana "thii silent sarvees" kkaana kadarpadaiyin thozhilnutpa aaloachakaraaka aanaar. antha koadaiyil, avar kadarpadai aaraaichi aluvalagaththirku maattrappattaar mattrum muthal kadalkadal karuththarangai aerpaadu seiya udhavinaar. avarathu aduththa panii, 1946 navambar muthal 1948 juun varai neediththathu. idhil vimanandangi panikkuzhukkalai aatharikkum radar muttrukai neermoozhkik kappalaaga seyalpaadugal adangkum. 1949 aam aandil varjeeniyaavin noarpoakkil ulla aayuthappadai paniyaalar kallooriyil arivurutthalaith thodarnthu, kamaandar street aaraaichi mattrum maempaattup pirivil adhan aasiriyargalil paniyaattrinaar. 1951 aam aandil, ploaridaavin qee maerkil ulla fleed soanaar pallyil padiththa piragu, neermoozhki ethirppu nokkangkalukkaaga maattriyamaikkappatta oru azhikkum karuviyin kattalaiyai avar aetrtraar. theru neermoozhkik kappal pirivu arupaththirandu 1952-1953 aii kattalaiyittathu, oru kuzhuvaaga seyalpadum pala radar muttrukai neermoozhkik kappalkalin payanpaattai mathippeedu seithathu. pinnar avar koottuth thalaivarkal mattrum aayuthappadai kolgai councilin uthaviyaalaraaka kadarpadai nadavadikkaigalin thalaivarin aluvalagaththirkuth thirumbinaar. juulai 1955 ill, street kaeptanaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar. washingtonil ulla thaesiya poar kallooriyil vaguppugal mudintha piragu, dii.chii.1956 juulai maatham avar amerikkath thalaimaith thalapathiyidam paniyaattrinaar.ess. adlandic kadarpadai. juulai 1958 ill kadalukkuth thirumbiya avar, thaakkuthal poakkuvaratthukku thalaimai thaangkinaar. oru varudam kaliththu, capton street massusetsin cambridgil ulla massusets institute off technology commanding athikaariyaagavum kadarpadai ariviyalin paeraasiriyaraagavum aanaar. october 1961 ill, avar neermoozhkik kappal padaippirivu ainththin kattalaiyai aetrtraar, aduththa ilaiyuthirkaalaththil, kadarpadai poar kallooriyin oozhiyargalil saernthaar. 1964 disambaril thodangi, avarathu iruthi panii, kamaandar neermoozhkik kuzhu, chaan francisco viriguda pakuthi mattrum kamaandar maer theevu kuzhu, pasipik recerve kadarpadai aagum. avar oaivu pettra piragu, capton street woburn maasoosetsil ulla woburn uyarnilaip pallyil amainthulla puthithaaga angkeekarikkappatta kadarpadai jradk pirivugalil ontrin mooththa kadarpadai ariviyal payittruvippaalaraaka thernthedukkappattaar. 1977 aam aandu wabarn palli amaippilirunthu oaivu perum varai avar inththa pathaviyil paniyaattrinaar. oaivu mattrum irappu. capton street 1966 august 10 andru seyalil irunthu oaivu pettraar. avar maasoosetsil ulla andover nagaril vasiththu vanthaar, maelum maasoosetsil ulla pandaiya mattrum mariyaathaikkuriya beerangi niruvanaththil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. jaarj ell. theru III pipravari 26,2000 andru andoveril ulla akaadami maenar nursingh hoam ill iranthaar. avarathu vaendukoalukku inangka, avarathu thaganam seiyappatta echchangkalil paathi neermoozhkik kappalil irunthu kadalil sitharadikkappattana, maelum paathi maarch 15,2000 andru arlington thaesiya kallaraiyil puthaikkappattana. pirabalamaana kalacharam. trandevin "avarathu muthal roanththup paniyil irunththa nirvaaga adhigaari" edward beach, avarathu muthal navalaana "ruun silent, ruun deep" (1955) aii avarathu poarkkaala anubavangkalin adippadaiyil vadivamaithaar. viruthugal. jaarj ell. theru III pinvarum pathakkangkal mattrum alangaarangkalaip pettrathu

georg ell. veedhi III georg levic streat III (juulai 27,1913-fibravari 26,2000) united states naavikaadalamloo oka jalaantargaami. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo ayana medal off hohner andukunnaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vrutti. veedhi varjeeniyaaloni richmandlo janminchindi. ayana 1931loe navika reservelo cheraaru mariyu yuu. ess. kuu niyamakam kosam empikayyaaru.ess. 1933loe navika academy; 1937loe pattabhadrudayyaadu. ganneri mariyu communications vibhagalalo mariyu navigation mariyu injaneering vibhagalalo panichesina taruvaata, athanu connecticut looni nyuu landanlooni jalaantargaami paatasaalaku swachchandamgaa panicheesaadu. graduation puurti chesina taruvaata, streat 1941 april 14naa thana commission nundi 1944 fibravari 27 varaku moodu samvatsaraalu panichesindi. veedhi eee naukaadala jalaantargaamilo panichesindi, modata ganneri mariyu torpedo adhikariga, taruvaata modati leftinent mariyu torpedo dayta computer operatorga mariyu chivaraku executive officer mariyu navikudiga panichesindi. rendava prapancha yuddham. gaar" loe panichestunnappudu, athanu tommidi yuddha gasteelu chesaadu. veedhiloo sahayaka aproach adhikariga panichestunnappudu satruvuku vyatiraekamgaa charyalo spashtamaina shouryam mariyu nirbhayata kosam veedhi rendu vendi nakshatraalanu andukundi... yuu.ess.ess. gaar (ss-206) "gaar yokka modati mariyu padava gasteepai". juulai 6,1944naa, ell. sii. dii. aarr. streat thana modati command ayina portsmouth navika naukaadalaaniki saripoyela nivedinchindi. navambarulo oodanu praarambhinchi, kepten thana kotta padavanu long iland soundloo shake down sikshana kosam mariyu panama mariyu hawai nundi neetilo marinta sikshana kosam teesukunnadu. 1945 marchi 3naa praarambhamaina ooda yokka modati yuddha gastee japan yokka dakshinaana unna dveepamaina kyushuku nairuti disalo undhi. yuddhamlo aaa samayaniki, japan yokka vaanijya naukaadalamloo ekkuva bhaagam appatike munigipoyindi, conny veedhi tiiraaniki daggaragaa nissara neetilo munigi aneka noukalanu kanugondi. kyushuku paschimaana vetukutuu, "tirante" nagasakiki velle margallo gastee chesaadu. aame baga vaeta chesindi. aame marchi 25naa 703 tannula tanker "fuji maaru" nuu munchivesindi, moodu rojula taruvaata 1,218 tannula saruku ravana "naase maaru" munigipovadamto eee vijayam saadhinchindi. taruvaati daadi taruvaata, japanese escartlu edu gantala paatu tirantenu unchaaru, aame thana vetagaalla nundi tappinchukune mundu, etuvanti haani lekunda. marchi 31naa, "tyrante" 5 angulaalu mariyu 40 millimetres tupaki kaalpulatoe 70 tannula lagarnu pelchivesi munchivesindi mariyu april 1naa, moodu torpedola vyaaptitoe modati rakam oodanu kolpoyindi. jalaantargaami tvaralo korea dakshina teeramlo sushima jalasandhi sameepamlo jalaalloki maarindi. april 6naa sandhya samayamlo, aame yuddhamlo talakindulai, oka chinna japanese matsyakaara noukanu swaadheenam chesukuni, bahumatini munche mundu daani mugguru sibbandini khaidiigaa teesukundi. marusati roeju, "tyrante" ayil drums yokka deck cargotho nindina 2,800 tannula cargo saruku ravana yantraanni torpedo chesindi. jalaantargaami uparitalampaiki vacchi, sidhilaalanu pariseelinchi, sidhilaalaku atukkupoyina iddaru praanaalatoe bayatapadinavaarini teesukellamani sameepamloni corian fishing craftnu aadesinchindi. edemaina, jalaantargaami meeda unna pariseelakulu "maaru" munigipovadaanni chusinatlu nivedinchinappatiki, japan recordula yuddhaanantara pareeksha "hatya" nii nirdhaarinchadamlo viphalamaindi." japanese sankethaalanu ullanghinchina taruvaata, american navika nigha sibbandi japanese kadalikalanu oohinchagaligaaru. oka mukhyamaina convoy "tyrante" praantam vaipu aavirilo velutunnatlu satruvu sandesaanni addaginchindi. eee samaachaaraaniki pratispandanagaa, jalaantargaami april 9naa aakasmika daadi chesindi. rendu lakshyalanu chhedinchi, aame okkokkati moodu tarpedolanu prayoginchindi. okati vyaapti tappipoyindi, conny marokati 5,500 tannula ravana nikko maarunu taakindi-shanghai nundi intiki velle japanese sainikulu mariyu naavikulanu teesukuvelutondi. mukhyamaina sahayaka alala kinda jaaripovadamto, satruvu escartlu daadiki dookindi. edurudaadini nivaarinchadaaniki, "tyrante" oka escortpy "cuty" (oka chinna anty-escort hoaming torpedo) nii prayoginchaadu mariyu tadupari "vidipoye sabdaalu" vinnadu."conny mallii, yuddhaanantara ganana munigipovadaanni nirdhaarinchadamlo viphalamaindi. 1945 april 15naa, navika nigha nundi vacchina nivedika taruvaata, veedhi cheju naukaasrayamloki pravesinchindi-uparitalampai, neelalu mariyu ganula kshetraalanu nivaarinchadaaniki. thana migilina edu torpedolalo aarunu upayoginchi, athanu oka saruku ravana noukanu mariyu daani rendu escartlanu munchivesadu. eee charyaku, president unit citation (us) labhinchindi, streat medal off hohner andukundi, mariyu athani executive officer, leftinent edward ell. beach juuniyar., naukaadala siluvanu andukunnaru. thana rendava gasteeni praarambhinchina "tyrante", "streat sweepers" anie piluvabade tommidi padavala "wolfpack" yokka command shipga 1945 mae 20naa madhyalo nundi bayaluderindi."vaaru satruvula lakshyaala kosam vetukutuu pasupu mariyu thoorpu chaina samudraalalo gastee chesaaru-appatiki sankhya taggutondi. "tyrante" juun 11naa nagasakiki sameepamlo modati gastee vaeta maidaanamlo naalugu naukala kanvaynu kanugonnaru. aame 800 tannula saruku ravana chese ekaika vyapari meeda kaalpulu jarapadaniki taginanta kaalam mugguru escartlanu tappinchukundi mariyu vijayavantamaina daadini intiki nokkindi. ayithe, yuddhaanantara japanese recordulu "kill" nuu dhruvikarinchaledu." marusati roeju, "tirante" "cheju" vadda thana hitt-und-runn raid yokka daadaapu punaraavruta pradarsananu pradarsinchindi. aame nagasakiki edu mailla dhooramlo unna "haa shima" naukaasrayamloki pravesinchi, boggu karmaagaaramto paatu 2,200 tannula "hakuju maaru" nuu teesindi. 1, 000 gajaala paridhi nundi, jalaantargaami "maaru" paie "gonthu kinda" kaalpulu jaripindi, idhi garjanatho pelindi. rendava torpedo paeludu cheyadamlo viphalamaindi, conny moodavadi modati daanitoe praarambhamaina vidhvamsamnu puurti chesindi. theera tupaakula nundi shellu aame chuttoo padadamtho, "tyrante" vegamtho vangi aaa praantaanni khaalii chesindi. aame tirige gasteeni tirigi praarambhinchi, "tyrante" mariyu aame sodari jalaantargaamulu korea mariyu japan madhya naukaayaanampai daadi chesi, korea nundi japan sonta dveepaalaku saamaagrini teesukuvelutunna janklanu naasanam chesaayi. jalaantargaami nundi boarding paarteelu mastersnu prashninchadaaniki teesukuvelataayi, sibbandini life botlalo unchi, craftku nippu pedataaru. "tyrante" eee paddhatiloo dozenu munigipoyindi mariyu 1945 juulai 19naa guwamku tirigi raakamundu uparitala tupaki kaalpulatoe rendu bhaareega saayudha picket padavalanu kooda dhvamsam chesindi. eee gastee kosam, lcdr veedhiki naevii cross labhinchindi. aaa ullekhanam paakshikamgaa chaduvutundi "...asaadhaaranamaina veerochitata kosam...thana lakshyalanu avisraantamgaa track cheyandi...(athanu) shatru saruku ravana, junklu mariyu picket botlapai thana smashing torpedo mariyu tupaki daadulanu praarambhinchaadu, japan sarafaraaku mukhyamaina 7000 tannulaku paiga shippingnu munchivesaadu..." "tyrante" 1945 augustu 12naa guwam nundi bayaluderindi, idhi aame moodava yuddha gasteegaa undedi. ayithe, yuddham mugise samayaniki, eee operation tagginchabadindi mariyu augustu 23naa jalaantargaami madhyalo unchabadindi. chivariki united states yokka thoorpu tiiraaniki prayaanistuu, octoberlo washington naevii yard vadda "tyrante" moor cheyabadindi, kottagaa padoonnati pondina cdr streat white house vedukalo athani medal off hohner andukundi. rendava prapancha yuddham saaraamsam. <br> <br> <br> medal off hohner action. "1945 maarchilo praarambhamaina tyrante yokka modati yuddha gastee, japanku kaneesam aaru noukalanu kharchu chesindi. mukhyamgaa quelpart dveepam (cheju doow) mariyu angtji mukhadwaram madhya pasupu samudramlo petrolling chestunnappudu, aameku oka guudachaara nivedika andindi, idhi quelpart dveepamlooni pradhana naukaasrayam cheju vadda oka mukhyamaina japanese ravana undani aameku teliyajesindi. cheekati musugulo, tyrante uparitalampai thana vidhananni praarambhinchindi. satruvu radar ledhaa petrolling vimanalu ledhaa noukalanu dhikkaristuu, aame tiiraanni moosivesi, 10-fatham (60-adugula) vakrarekha lopala gani mariyu shoal-addukunna jalaalloki chochukupoyindi. thana maargamtho pooraadataaniki siddhamaina tyrante, appudu naukaasrayamloki pravesinchindi, akkada aame moodu lakshyalanu kanugondih rendu escort noukalu mariyu 4,000 tannula "juzanne maaru". jalaantargaami "maaru" vadda moodu tarpedolanu prayoginchindi, idhi bhaarii paeluduloe pelipoyindi."oka adbhutamaina, andamaina paeludu" anie commander streat thana nivedikalo vrasadu. "tellani andhatva jwaala yokka goppa puttagodugu 2,000 adugula gaaliloki doosukellindi. okka kshanam kooda sabdam vinabadaledu, conny appudu oka adbhutamaina garjana maa talalapai chevulanu chadunainadi. jackpot, mariyu yea tappu ledhu!"eee paeludu spashtamgaa tirantenu prakasimpajesindi mariyu" "mikura" "-taragati escort noukalu" "nomi" "mariyu" "kaibokan nem" "nuu apramattam chesindi". 31 "idhi ventane daadi chese munigipoye vaipu payaninchindi. aame parshwa vegamtho tirigi samudramloki vellinappudu, tyrante tarpedolanu prayoginchindi, ivi vembadinche iddarinee kotti naasanam chesaayi. madhyalo vellae maargamlo, jalaantargaami iddaru japanese vaimanikulanu bandhinchindi (aame khaideelanu mottam aiduguriki teesukuvacchindi) mariyu april 25naa thana modati yuddha gasteeni muginchindi. tyrante yokka adbhutamaina pradarsana kaamdarnu sampaadinchindi. veedhi gourava patakam. elti. edward ell. samudra teeram, karyanirvahaka adhikari-mariyu taruvaata triton commander (ssrn-586) jalaantargaami munigipoyinappudu bhoogolam chuttoo paribhraminchinappudu-naavikaadala siluvanu andukunnaru. oodaku, swayamgaa, presidential unit citation labhinchindi. ayana prasamsaapatram ilaa undih yuu yokka commanding adhikariga vidhi yokka pilupuku minchi mariyu antaku minchi thana praanaanni panamgaa petti spashtamaina shouryam mariyu nirbhayata kosam.ess.ess. "1945 april 14naa korea teeramlo unna quelpart dveepamlooni cheju naukaasrayamloo satruvu japanese uparitala dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa aaa nauka yokka modati yuddha gastee samayamlo "tyrante". uparitala yuddha kendraala vadda sibbandito, commander. (appudu Lt. com.) dveepam yokka punahpariseelanaa circuitnu puurti cheyadaaniki veedhi tiiraaniki 1100 meterla lopala dakshinam nundi shatru langarunu sameepinchindi. aneka petrolling noukalu unnappatikee, teeram aadhaarita 5 radar stationlu, pramaadakaramaina vimanalanu dhikkaristuu, 10-fatham [18 mea] vakrarekhanu chaalaa venuka vadili, nirbandha naukaasrayam yokka tavvakaalu, shoal-addamkulu unna jalaalloki chochukellaadu. daadi chesthe uparitalampai pooraadataaniki siddhamgaa undandi, commander. veedhi charyaloki velli, ghoramaina khachitatvamto 2 tarpedolanu oka pedda japanese mandugundu samagri odaloki pampi, lakshyanni tellani jwaalala parvata mariyu andhatvamtho kuudina merupu loe pelchivesindi. kaanti mantalo spashtamgaa nilabadinapudu satruvu "tyrante" nii ventane gurtinchadamtho, athanu padavee viramana chestunnappudu torpedo dayta computernu erpaatu cheyaalani aadesinchaadu mariyu thana chivari 2 tarpedolanu pramukha yuddhanauka mariyu ilanti parshwa noukanu twaragaa vichchinnam cheyadaaniki prayoginchaadu. munchesina atyavasara puurti vegamtho debbatinna naukaasrayaanni tolaginchi, athanu teerapraantam venta gurtinchabadakunda jaaripoyaadu, oka vembadinche gastee munigipoye samayamlo lothaina chaarjeela namuunaanu padagottadamtho lothugaa diving chesaadu. tirante" yokka modati yuddha gastee samayamlo athani poraata sadhana yokka prasiddha rikaardu commander lakshanaanni kaligi undhi. saahasopetamaina mariyu naipunhyam kaligina nayakudiga veedhi, thana meeda, thana dhairyamaina aadesam meeda, mariyu yuu paie unna atyunnata ghanatanu pratibimbistumdi.ess. naukaadala seva. ayithe, kepten streat tyrante yokka presidential unit citation gurinchi chaalaa garvapadindi. "kepten streat cheppinatlugaa, 'prati vyakti maatho unnanduna gourava patakam kante neenu daanini nijamgaa viluvainadigaa bhaavistaanu.'" rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata. juulai 1945loe veedhi commanderga padoonnati pondindi, 1946 janavarilo, jalaantargaami documentary chitram "dhi sailent servies" kosam naavikaadalam yokka saanketika salahadaruga maarindi. aaa vesavilo, ayana naukaadala parisoedhana kaaryaalayaaniki badilee ayyaru mariyu modati samudragarbha sadassu nirvahinchadamlo sahayapaddaru. commanding officerga ayana tadupari niyamakam 1946 november nundi 1948 juun varaku konasaagindi. indulo vimaana vaahaka task forslaku maddatu ichhe radar picket jalantargamiga karyakalapalu unnaayi. 1949loe varjiniyaaloni norphoke vadda saayudha dalaala sibbandi kalasalalo bodhana taruvaata, commander streat parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi vibhaagamlo daani adhyaapakulalo panicheesaaru. 1951loe, floridaloni kii west looni fleet sonar paatasaalalo chadivina taruvaata, athanu jalaantargaami vyatiraeka prayojanaala kosam savarinchina distroyer yokka kamaandnu sweekarinchaadu. oka brundamgaa panichestunna aneka radar picket jalaantargaamula vadakanni anchanaa vaestuu, streat jalaantargaami vibhaagaaniki aravai rendu 1952-1953 command chesindi. aaa taruvaata ayana samyukta sibbandi adhipatulu mariyu saayudha dalaala vidhana mandaliki sahayakudiga naukaadala karyakalapala adhipati kaaryaalayaaniki tirigi vacchaaru. 1955 joolailo, veedhi keptenga padoonnati pondindi. washingtonloni national waar collegelo taragatulu puurti chesina taruvaata, dii.sii.1956 joolailo ayana yuu. ess. commander inn cheef sibbandilo panicheesaaru.ess. atlantic naukaadalam. 1958 joolailo samudramloki tirigi vacchina ayana daadi ravaanaaku naayakatvam vahinchaaru. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, kepten streat masaachusetslooni cambridgeloni masachusets institute off technologylo commanding officer mariyu navika shaastra professor ayyadu. 1961 octoberulo, athanu jalaantargaami squadron five command teesukunnadu, taruvaati patanam, navika yuddha kalaasaala sibbandilo cheraadu. 1964 december loe praarambhamaina athani chivari niyamakam, sainyaadhipati jalaantargaami samuuham, shaan francisco bay praantam mariyu commander mair iland group, pasiphik reserve fleet. ayana padavee viramana chesina taruvaata, masaachusetslooni voburn haiskoollo unna kottagaa adhikaram pondina naevii jratk unitlalo okadaaniki senior navika shaastra bodhakudigaa kepten streat empikayyaaru. 1977loe voburn paatasaala vyavastha nundi padavee viramana chese varaku ayana eee padaviloe panicheesaaru. padavee viramana mariyu maranam. kepten streat 1966 augustu 10naa kriyaaseela vidhi nundi padavee viramana chesaaru. athanu masaachusetslooni andoverlo nivasinchaadu mariyu masaachusetslooni puraatana mariyu gouravapradamaina phirangi samsthalo sabhyudu. georg ell. streat III 2000 fibravari 26naa andovarloni academy mainer nursing homelo maraninchaadu. ayana abhyardhanaku anugunamgaa, ayana dahanam chesina avasheshaalalo sagam jalaantargaami nundi samudramlo chedaragottabaddaayi, mariyu sagam 2000 marchi 15naa arlington jaateeya smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaayi. prajaadarana pondina samskruti. thana modati gasteelo unna etward beach, thana modati navala, "runn sailent, runn deep" (1955) nuu thana yuddhakaala anubhavaalapai roopondinchaaru. avaardulu. georg ell. streat III krindi patakaalu mariyu alankaranalanu andukundi.

jaarj eel. strait III jaarj leok strait III (27 jolayi 1913-26 faroori 2000) riyasathaye muthadah kii bahriyah mein eek aabdoshi thaa. inhein dosri jung azeem kay doraan medal aaf aanar milaa. ibtadayi zindagi aur carrier. strait kii paidaish richmond warjiniya mein hoyee thee. inhon nay 1931 mein neol reserve mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur inhein yuu aey mein taqriri kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa.aiss. 1933 mein neol academy vovo inhon nay 1937 mein graduation kiyaa. ganeri aur mawasilat kay mahkamon aur navigation aur engineering kay mahkamon mein khidmaat anjaam deenay kay baad inhon nay neo landan kanektikt mein sabb mirian school kay liye razakarana toor parr kaam kiyaa. graduation kay baad strait nay 14 apreel 1941 kuu apnay commission say lay kirr 27 faroori 1944 takk teen saal takk khidmaat anjaam dain. strait nay iss beday kii aabdozein mein pehley gunri aur tarpedo afsar kay toor parr phir pehley leftinent aur tarpedo ddita computer operator kay toor parr aur aakhir kaar execto officer aur navigator kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. dosri jung azeem. gaar" mein khidmaat anjaam deetay huay iss nay noow jangi gasht kiye. strait kuu iss kay liye duu chaandi kay sataray milay "iss parr sawaar assistent aproch officer kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deetay hoay dashman kay khalaaf kararwai mein numayan bahadari aur bay dalee kay liye... yuu.aiss.aiss. gaar (aiss aiss-206) "gaar" kay pehley aur daswein gasht parr. 6 jolayi 1944 cow eel see ddee aar strait nay apnee pehli command port mouth neol ship yaard kuu fitt karnay kay liye atlaa dee. nomber mein jehaaz kuu sharoo kartay huay kaptaan nay apnee nayee kashti kuu laang aayee lend sound mein sheek ddaun training aur panamah aur hawai kay paaniyon mein mazeed tarbiyat kay liye lay liyaa. jehaaz kii pehli jangi gasht 3 maarch 1945 kuu sharoo hoyee japaan kay janubi tareen jazeeray cusho kay janub maghrab mein thee. jung kay iss waqat takk japaan kaa ziyadah tarr tajarti beeda pehley hyee dob chakaa thaa leakin sadak saahil kay qareeb atlee paani mein chalee gayee aur asay kayee jehaaz milay. cusho kay maghrab kii taraf talaash kartay huay "terante" nagasaki kay qareeb gasht kartay thay. iss kay paas achhaa shikaar thaa. iss nay 25 maarch kuu 703 tunn kaa tanker "foji maaru" doba aur iss kamiyabi kay baad teen dunn baad 1,218 tunn kaa maal bardaar "nees maaru" doba. moakhar alzikar kay hamlay kay baad japani muhafizon nay saat ghantay takk terrentay kuu neechey rakhaa iss say pehley kahh wah apnay shikariyon say baghair kasee nqsan kay faraar how gayee. 31 maarch cow "terrentay" nay golah baari kii aur 5 inch aur 40 milly metter kii goliyon say 70 tunn kaa lagar doba aur yakam apreel cow teen tarpedoz kay phailao kay saath pehli qasm kaa jehaaz chhot gayaa. aabdozein jald hyee koriya kay janubi saahil say door aabnaye soshima kay qareeb paaniyon mein muntaqil how gayein. 6 apreel kuu gharub aaftaab kay waqat wah jung kay saamney aaa gayee aur eek chhotay say japani maahi geeri kay jehaaz kuu pakad liyaa aur anaam kuu dobnay say pehley iss kay teen amley kay afraad kuu qaid kirr liyaa. aglay dunn "terrentay" nay teel kay daholon kay deek kargo say laday 2,800 tunn kay kargo maal bardaar jehaaz kuu tarpedo kiyaa. aabdozein saamney aayen malbay kuu dekhaa aur qareebi koriyayi maahi geeri kay jehaaz kuu duu zindah bach jaanay waalon kuu leenay kii hidayat kii juu malbay kay takadon say laptay hoay thay. iss kay bawajood agarcha aabdozein parr mojud mubsareen nay "maaru" kay dobnay kay mashahide kii atlaa dee leakin jung kay baad japani record kaa muainah "qatal" kii tasdiq karnay mein nakaam rehaa." japani zabiton kuu todnay kay baad americi bahriyah kay intelli jans ahalkaar japani nql woo harkat kaa andazah laganay mein kamiyab how gayey. eek nay dashman kay paigham kuu rooka jiss mein eek aham dastay kay baaray mein bataya gayaa thaa juu "terrentay kay" elaqay kii taraf bhaap mein chull rehaa thaa. iss malumat kay jawaab mein aabdozein 9 apreel kuu gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah kirr gayein. duu ahdaaf kuu chantay huay iss nay harr eek parr teen tarpedo fayer kiye. eek failnay say bach gayaa leakin dosra 5,500 tunn transport nakoo maaru say takra gayaa-juu gahar jaanay waalay japani fojiyon aur bahri jehazon kuu lay kirr shanghayi say thaa. jeesay hyee aham maawan lehron kay neechey phisal gayaa dashman kay muhafiz hamlah aawar kii taraf achhal paray. jawabi hamlay kuu roknay kay liyay "terrentay" nay eek escarts parr "cuty" (eek chhota ainti escart homing tarpedo) fayer kiyaa aur iss kay baad "tootnay kii aawazein sunain."leakin eek baar pahar jung kay baad kaa hasaab kitaab dobnay kii tasdiq karnay mein nakaam rehaa. 15 apreel 1945 cow bahri intelli jans kii eek report kay baad sadak nay chajo bandargah mein daakhil how gayee-satah parr taakah shoul aur maain felds say bachaa jaa sakay. apnay baaqi saat tarpedoz mein say chh kaa istemaal kartay huay iss nay eek maal bardaar jehaaz aur iss kay duu maawan jehazon kuu dob diyaa. iss kararwai kay liyay sadarati yount kaa hawalah (yuu aiss) diyaa gayaa strait kuu medal aaf aanar aur inn kay execto officer leftinent edward eel. beach juniyar.yee neevi karaas haasil kii. apnee dosri gasht kaa aaghaz kartay huay "terrentay" 20 mayee 1945 kuu noow kashti "walaf peek" kay command jehaaz kay toor parr "strait swepers" kay naam say rawanah hoyee."inhon nay dashman kay ahdaaf kii talaash mein zard aur mashriqi cheen kay samandaron mein gasht kiyaa-tubb takk taadad mein kamee aaa gayee thee. "terante" nay 11 joone kuu nagasaki kay qareeb pehley gasht kay shikaar kay medaan mein chaar jehazon kaa eek dastah paaya. iss nay teen escarts say kaafi deer takk bach kirr 800 tunn kay kargo maal bardaar waahid taajir parr golee chalaa dee aur gahar parr eek kamiyab hamlah kiyaa. jung kay baad kay japani record tahim "kill" kii tasdiq nahein kartay haine." aglay dunn "terrentay" nay "cheejo" parr apnay hutt aind runn chhapay kii taqriba eek baar baar kii gayee karkardgi kuu khainch liyaa. wah nagasaki say taqriba saat meel kay fasilay parr "haa sheema" bandargah mein daakhil hoyee aur eek koyale kii baadi kay saath 2,200 tunn "hakuju maaru" kuu kheencha. 1, 000 guz kii hadd say aabdozi nay "maaru" parr "gulay say neechey" golee chalayi juu girajtay hoay phatt gayee. dosra tarpedo dhamakah karnay mein nakaam rehaa leakin teesre nay pehley say sharoo honay waali tabahi kuu makmal kiyaa. jeesay hyee saahil kii bandoqon kay golay iss kay gird gray "terrentay" raftaar parr jhakaa aur elaqay kuu saaf kirr diyaa. apnee ghomti gasht kuu dobarah sharoo kartay huay "terrentay" aur iss kii behan aabdozein koriya aur japaan kay darmiyan jehaaz raani parr hamlah kirr gayein jiss say koriya say japani aabayi jazair takk saamaan lay jaanay waalay junk tabaah how gayey. aabdozein sawaar honay waali jamaatein masters kuu pooch gachh kay liye lay jaati thein amley kuu life boats mein bathati thein aur jehaaz kuu aag lagaa deeti thein. "terrentay" nay iss andaaz mein eek darjan kuu doba diyaa aur 19 jolayi 1945 kuu gawam waps aaney say pehley satah parr goliyon say bhaari maslah duu pakeet kashtiyon kuu bhee tabaah kirr diyaa. iss gasht kay liyay eel see ddee aar strait kuu neevi karaas say nawaza gayaa. yaha hawalah jazwi toor parr padhta hay. ..ghair mamuli bahadari kay liye...apnay ahdaaf kaa muslisil saraag lagaana...(iss) nay dashman maal bardaar jehazon junk aur pakat kashtiyon kay khalaaf apnay tabaah kunn tarpedo aur goliyon kay hamlay sharoo kiyay jiss say japani supplie kay liye aham 7000 tunn say ziyadah shipping dob gayee..." "terrentay" 12 agast 1945 kuu gawam say rawanah hoyee juu iss kii teesri jangi gasht hoti. tahim jung kay ikhtatam nay iss operation kuu mukhtasir kirr diyaa aur aabdozein 23 agast kuu beach mein ddaal dee gayein. balaakhir riyasathaye muthadah kay mashriqi saahil kii taraf safar kartay huay aktobar mein washington neevi yaard mein "terrentay" kuu morr kiyaa gayaa jasay nayey tarqi yaaftah see ddee aar strait nay waait house kii taqrib mein apnaa medal aaf aanar haasil kiyaa. dosri jung azeem kaa khalasah. <bee aar> <bee aar> <bee aar> medal aaf aanar action. "maarch 1945 mein sharoo honay waali terrentay kii pehli jangi gasht japaan kay kumm az kumm chh jehazon kii qeemat thee. khaas toor parr kwelpart jazeeray (cheejo duu) aur yangtzi kay manah kay darmiyan pailay samandar mein gasht kartay huay asay eek intelli jans report mosul hoyee jiss mein asay bataya gayaa kahh eek aham japani nql woo hamal kwelpart jazeeray kii markazi bandargah cheejo mein hay. andheray kay dahkan mein tarantay nay satah parr apnaa naqtah nazar sharoo kiyaa. mamkanah dashman redar yaa gasht karnay waalay tayaron yaa jehazon kii khalaaf warzi kartay huay iss nay saahil kuu bund kirr diyaa aur 10-faitham (60 fitt) wakar line kay andar kaan aur shoul say rakay hoay paaniyon mein ghas gayee. baahir nikalnay kay liye ladnay kay liye tayaar terrentay phir bandargah mein daakhil hoyee jehaan asay teen ahdaaf milay: duu takhrikashak jehaaz aur 4,000 tunn "jozaan maaru". aabdozein "maaru" parr teen tarpedoz daghti haine juu eek baday dhamakay mein phatt gayee."eek zabardast khubsurat dhamakah" commander strait apnee report mein likhay gaa. "safed andhay sholay kaa eek badaa mashroom 2,000 fitt hawaa mein chalaa gayaa. eek lamhay kay liye bhee koyee aawaz nahein sunee gayee leakin phir eek zabardast garjanay nay hamaray kaanon kuu hamaray saroon say takra diyaa. jeek paatt aur koyee ghalti nahein!"aatish zadgi nay waazah toor parr terrentay kuu roshan kiyaa aur" "mikora" "klaas kay takhrikashak jehazon" "nomi" "aur" "kibokan number" "kuu alrat kirr diyaa. 31 "juu foraa hamlah aawar aabdoshi kii taraf badh gayaa. jabb wah pluck kii raftaar say samandar kii taraf waps jaarahi thee tubb terrentay nay tarpedoz kaa phailao sharoo kiyaa jiss nay donon taaqib karnay waalon kuu maaraa aur tabaah kirr diyaa. beach mein jaatay huay aabdozein duu japani fazaiya kay ahalkaron kuu pakad kirr 25 apreel kuu apnee pehli jangi gasht kaa ikhtatam karti haine (jiss say iss kay kill qaidi kii taadad paanch how jaati hay). terrentay kii shandar karkardgi nay comder kuu haasil kiyaa. strait dee medal aaf aanar. eel tye. edward eel. saahil samandar execto officer-aur baad mein triatan kay commander (aiss aiss aar aine-586) nay aabdoz kay zeer aab aab duniya kay chakar kay doraan-neevi karaas haasil kiyaa. jehaaz cow khood sadarati yount kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa. inn kaa medal aaf citation padhta hay: yuu kay commanding officer kii haisiyat say deuty kii kaal say oopar aur iss say aagay apnee jaan kay khatray mein numayan bahadari aur bay dalee kay liye.aiss.aiss. "14 apreel 1945 kuu koriya kay saahil say door jazeeray kwelpart kay cheejo kii bandargah mein dashman japani satah kii afwaj kay khalaaf iss jehaaz kii pehli jangi gasht kay doraan "terrentay". satah kay jangi stationon parr amley kay saath commander. (phir eel tye. comder.) strait jazeeray kay dobarah nigrani circuit kuu makmal karnay kay liye saahil kay 1,200 guz [1100 metter] kay andar janub say dashman langar gaah takk pahunchi. 10-faitham [18 metter] manhani khatut kuu behat peeche chhod kirr iss nay mutadid gasht karnay waalay jehazon aur saahil parr mubni 5 redar stationon aur khatarnaak tayaron kii khalaaf warzi kay bawajood mahdud bandargah kay kaan kanee aur shoul say rakay hoay paaniyon mein ghas gayaa. hamlah honay parr satah parr iss say ladnay kay liye tayaar comder. sadak parr amal sharoo hawaa eek baday japani golah barood kay jehaaz mein mahlak darastagi kay saath 2 tarpedoz bhejay gayey aur safed sholon kii pahaadi aur andhay chamak mein hadaf kuu phaad diyaa. terrentay" kuu dashman nay fouri toor parr dekha jabb wah roshni kii sholah mein waazah toor parr khadaa thaa iss nay retire hotay hoay tarpedo ddita computer kuu qayem karnay kaa hakam diyaa aur apnay aakhri 2 tarpedoz kuu fayer kiyaa taakah wah teezi say aagay badhtay hoay maruf frigate aur asee tarah kay eek dosray kay saath mill kirr takra jaaye. aag say larzah khaa kirr tabaah shadah bandargah kuu hungami makmal raftaar say aagay hatatay huay wah saahil kay saath baghair kasee patah kay phisal gayaa jabb eek taaqib karnay waalay gasht nay dobnay kay maqaam parr gahrayi kay chaarij kaa eek namunah giraa diyaa tuu wah gahrayi mein ghotah lagaa. terrentay" kay pehley jangi gasht kay doraan jangi kamiyabi kaa inn kaa shandar record commander kii khususiyat rakhta hay. eek bahadar aur hunner mund rehnuma kay toor parr glee aur khood parr iss kii bahadar command aur yuu parr sabb say ziyadah creadt kii akaasi kartaa hay.aiss. bahri khadmat. tahim captin strait kuu trantay kii sadarati akayee kay hawalah parr sabb say ziyadah fakhar thaa. "jaisa kahh captin strait nay kahaa 'mein waaqee mein asay aizaz kay tamghe say ziyadah qeemati samajhta hoan keunkah harr aadmi hamaray saath thaa.'" dosri jung azeem kay baad. strait kuu jolayi 1945 mein commander kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee aur januri 1946 mein aabdoz dastawezi film "dee sylent saros" kay liye bahriyah kaa takniki masheer bannay kay liye chhod diyaa gayaa. iss mosam garma mein inhon nay bahri tehqeeq kay daftar mein muntaqli kii aur pehli zeer samandar symposium kay anaqad mein madad kii. commanding officer kii haisiyat say inn kii agli zamah daari nomber 1946 say joone 1948 takk jaari rahee. iss mein redar pakat aabdwaj kay toor parr operation shaamil thay juu tayarah bardaar taask forces kii himayat kartay thay. 1949 mein norphok warjiniya mein maslah afwaj kay staaf college mein taleem kay baad commander strait nay recerch aind development devision mein apnee faculty mein khidmaat anjaam dain. 1951 mein fluoreda kay kaleedi maghrab mein beday kay sonaar school mein taleem haasil karnay kay baad inhon nay aabdoshi mukhalif maqasid kay liye tarmim shadah eek tabaah kunn kii kamaan sanbhali. strait nay sabb mirian devision bayasath 1952-1953 kii kamaan kii jiss mein eek team kay toor parr kaam karnay waali kayee redar pakat aabdozein istemaal kii gayein. iss kay baad wah joaint cheefs aaf staaf aur maslah afwaj kii palisi konsal kay maawan kay toor parr cheef aaf dee neol operations kay daftar waps aayey. jolayi 1955 mein strait kuu kaptaan kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. washington kay national waar college mein classes makmal karnay parr ddee.see.jolayi 1956 mein inhon nay yuu kay commander inn cheef kay amley mein khidmaat anjaam dain.aiss. atlantik beeda. jolayi 1958 mein samandar mein waps aakar inhon nay hamlah aawar transport kii kamaan sanbhali. eek saal baad captin strait camberge misachosts mein misachosts insity teut aaf technology mein commanding officer aur neol science kay professor bunn gayey. aktobar 1961 mein inhon nay sabb mirian schwadern faiyo kii kamaan sanbhali aur aglay mosam khazaan mein neol waar college kay amley mein shaamil how gayey. inn kii aakhri tafveez dasambar 1964 mein sharoo hoyee commander sabb mirian group saan francesco bay airiya aur commander meer aayee lend group paisifik reserve beday kii haisiyat say thee. inn kii retirement kay baad captin strait kuu wobarn hayee school wobarn misachosts mein waaqa neevi kay nayey majaz jaratak younton mein say eek kay liye seniyar neol science instructor kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. inhon nay 1977 takk iss ahday parr khidmaat anjaam dain jabb wah wobarn school system say sabkadosh hoay. retirement aur moth. captin strait 10 agast 1966 kuu faal deuty say sabkadosh hoay. wah andor misachosts mein maqeem thay aur misachosts kii qadeem aur muaziz toop khaaney kii company kay rakan thay. jaarj eel. strait III kaa inteqal 26 faroori 2000 kuu andover mein academy menar narsing hoam mein hawaa. inn kii darkhwast kuu madnazar rakhtay huay inn kii aadhi aakhri rasumaat kuu aabdoz say samandar mein muntashir kirr diyaa gayaa aur aadhi kuu 15 maarch 2000 kuu arlington qomi qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. maqbool saqafat. edward beach juu kahh terrentay kay "execto officer inn kay pehley gasht parr thay nay apnay jangi tajarbaat parr apnaa pehla naawal" runn silent runn deep "(1955) tayaar kiyaa. ewards. jaarj eel. strait III nay darj zeel tamghe aur sajawat haasil kein

00083747c75366746bc0b8b2f2aeaa5d72b98338b23a1d6ce5d9ee7d04eb51b0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30718930

Stockholm–DeKalb–Hart Historic District

Stockholm–DeKalb–Hart Historic District Historic district in New York, United States Stockholm–DeKalb–Hart Historic District is a national historic district in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. It includes 79 contributing buildings built between 1900 and 1915. They consist mainly of brick two-story row houses with one apartment per floor. Some buildings feature three bay wide wood porches with Tuscan columns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

stockholm-dekalbo-heart oitihaxik jilaa stockholm-dekalbo-heart oitihaxik jilaa neworkor rejoud, quinsor ekhon rastriyo oitihaxik jilaa. iyat 1900 sonor poraa 1915 sonor bhitorot nirmito 79taa obodankari ottalika ontorbhukto aase. xeiburot protitu moholat etaa apartmentor xoite mulotoh itaar du-moholiya xarir ghor aase. kisuman ottalikat taskan stombhor xoite tinita upoxagoriyo bohol kaathor purch aase. 1983 sonot iyak oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyonot talikabhukto koraa hoisil.

stockholm-decalb-heart oitihasik zela stockholm-decalb-heart oitihasik zela neu iyarker rejoud, quinser ekti jatiya oitihasik zela. err modhye 1900 theke 1915 saaler modhye nirmito 79tii abodankari bhobon royeche. eguli mulat iter dwitol sarir baadi niye gothito ebong proti tolay ekti korey apartment royeche. kichhu kichhu bhobone tusker stambha soho tinti uposagoriyo proshosto kaather porch royeche. 1983 saale etty oitihasik sthangulir jatiya registere talikabhukto hoyechilo.

stockholm-decalb-haart aitihasik jeello stockholm-decalb-haart aitihasik jeello aee reasewood, quins, newyorkma aavelo raashtriy aitihasik jeello chhe. temaa 1900 aneey 1915nee vachche bandhvama aaveli 79 yogdaan aaptee imaaratono samaavesh thaay chhe. temaa mukhyatve intanaa beey maalnaa harolvaadaa makaano chhe, jemaa darek maal parr aek apartment chhe. ketalik imaaratomaa tuscan stambho saathe trana khaadi paholaa lakadana porch chhe. tene 1983maan aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhanimaa soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

stockholm-decalb-haart aitihaasik jilaa stockholm-decalb-haart aitihaasik jilaa rizwood, queens, newyork mein ack rashtriya aitihaasik jilaa haye. isamen 1900 aur 1915 key beach nirmit 79 imaaraten shamil hain. inmein mukhya roop seey eenton seey baney dou manjila panktibaddh ghar hain jinamen prati manjil ack apartment haye. kuchh imaraton mein teen khaadi chaude lakadi key baramade hain jinamen tuscan stambh hain. ise 1983 mein aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.

stockholm-decalb-haart aitihaasika jille stockholm-decalb-haart aitihaasika jilleyu newyorkna queensna ridjvudnalliruva rashtriya aitihaasika jilleyaagide. idu 1900 mattu 1915rahra naduve nirmisalaada 79 kattadagalannu olagondide. avu mukhyavaagi ittigegalinda koodida eradu antastina saalu manegalannu hondiddu, prati mahadige ondu apartment ide. kelavu kattadagalu tuscan kambagalannu hondiruva mooru bay agalada marada randhragalannu hondive. idannu 1983ralli aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya daakhaleyalli serisalaayitu.

stockholm-decalb-hart charitraparamaaya jilla newyorkkile kweensile ridjwoodile oru deseeya charitra jillayaan stockholm-decalb-hart charitraparamaaya jilla. jilla 1900num idayil nirmmicha 79 kettidangal ithil ulppedunnu. avayil pradhaanamaayum oru nilaykk oru appartmentulla ishtikayulla rund nilakalulla varii veedukal ulppedunnu. chila kettidangalil tuscan nirakalulla moonnu bay veethiyulla thadi porchukal undu. 1983ll charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttaril ithu ulppeduthi.

stockholm-decalb-haart aitihasik jilha stockholm-decalb-haart aitihasik jilha haah newyorkmadheel queens yetheel rijwood yetheel eka rashtriy aitihasik jilha aahe. tyat 1900 teey 1915 darmyan bandhanyat aalelya 79 yogdan yogdan imaratincha samavesh aahe. tyat pramukhyane pratyek majalyavar eka sadnika asaleli done majali vitanchi pankti ghare aahet. kahee imaratinmadhye teen khadee rund lakadi porch aahet jyat tuscan stambh aahet. 1983 madhye aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanimadhye tyachi nond karnyat aalee hotee.

stockholm-decalb-hart aitihasik zilla stockholm-decalb-hart aitihasik zilla rizwod, queens, nyu yorkako rashtriya aitihasik zilla how. yasama sann 1900 rar 1915 ko bichma nirman garieka 79 wata yogdan garne bhawanharu samawesh chhan. tiniharu mukhyataya prati talla euta apartmentko sath intako dui tale pankti gharharu samawesh chhan. kehi bhawanharuma tuscan stambhaharu bhaeka tinawata khadi chauda kathka porchharu chhan. yasalai sann 1983 maa aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya registerma suchibadha garieko thiyo.

stockholm-decalb-hart aitihasika zillah stockholm-decalb-hart aitihasika zillah heuchhi rizud, quins, nyujarkare thiba eka jatiah aitihasika zillah . ethire 1900 ru 1915 madhyare nirmita 79 tii jogadanakari attalika antarbhukta . segudika mukhyatah ita dwitala dhadi ghara nei gathita ebong prati mahla gotie apartment sahita . keteka attalikare tuscan stambha sahita tinoti upasagara prasasta kaath porcha achhi . 1983 masihare ehaa aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjikare talikabhukta hoithila.

stockholm-decalb-haart itihasak zilha stockholm-decalb-haart itihasak zilha rijwod, queens, newyork witch ikk rashtari itihasak zilha haii. iss witch 1900 atey 1915 dey vichkaar baniaan 79 yogdan paunh valiaan imaratan shamal hunn. inhan witch mukkh taur utte ittaan dey doou manzila qataar vaale gharr hunn jinhan witch pratee manzal ikk apartment haii. kujh imaratan witch tuscan kalman dey naal tinn beey chaude lakkad dey porch hunn. iss noon 1983 witch itihasak sathanan dey rashtari register witch suchibadh keeta giaa see.

stockholm-decalb-haart aitihaasikam mandalam stockholm-decalb-haart iti aitihaasikam mandalam ridjwod, queens, nyuyaark-nagare sthitah raashtriyah aitihaasikah mandalam asti. asmin 1900 taha 1915 paryantam nirmitaani 79 yogadanani dattaani bhavanaani santi. teshu mukhyataya itica-dvitala-panktayah santi, yatra pratistare ekaha apartment asti. keshuchit bhavaneshu tribhihi upasagaravyapishu tuscan-stambhaihi yukttaah kaashta-porcha-khandaah santi. 1983 tame varshe aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjikaayaam etat soocheebaddham aasit.

stockholm-tecaulp-haard varalaattru maavattam stockholm-tecaulp-haard varalaattru maavattam enbathu newyorkin raani, ridjewoodle ulla oru thaesiya varalaattru maavattamaagum. idhil 1900 mattrum 1915 kku idaiyil kattapatta 79 pankalippu kattidangal adangkum. avai mukkiyamaaga sengal irandu maadi varisai veedugalaik kondullana, oru maadikku oru adukumadi kudiyiruppu ullathu. sila kattidangalil moontru viriguda agala maraa poarsugal tuscan neduvarisaigaludan ullana. idhu 1983 aam aandil varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettil pattiyalidappattathu.

stockholm-decalb-haart chaaritraka jilla stockholm-decalb-haart chaaritraka jilla newyorkloni queens looni ridgewoodlo unna jaateeya chaaritraka jilla. indulo 1900 mariyu 1915 madhya nirminchina 79 bhavanalu unnaayi. vaatilo pradhanamgaa oka antastuku oka apartmentto rendu antastula ituka varusa illu unnaayi. konni bhavanaalalo tuscan stambhaalato kuudina moodu bay vedalpu gala kalapa porchlu unnaayi. idhi 1983loe chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya registerlo jabita cheyabadindi.

stock hoam-declub-haart tarikhi zalaa stock hoam-declub-haart tarikhi zalaa rudg woad queenz neoyork mein eek qomi tarikhi zalaa hay. iss mein 1900 aur 1915 kay darmiyan tameer kii gayee 79 maawan emaratein shaamil haine. wah bunyadi toor parr ainton kay duu manzilah qataar waalay gharoon parr mushtamil haine jinn mein phee manzal eek apartment hay. kachh emaraton mein tiscane kalimon kay saath teen khaleej choday lakdi kay porch hotay haine. asay 1983 mein tarikhi maqamat kay qomi register mein darj kiyaa gayaa thaa.

00083aa63eb2efec03407a87ff13400231f2aa1d64c8936d9169b4dd2f9b8b46

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24327820

Bokrači

Bokrači Bokrači (; in older sources also "Bokreči", ) is a village in the Municipality of Puconci in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia. It is divided into Spodnji Bokrači (or Spodnja Ves, ) with the Fartel, Mlinar, Vukon, and Žagar farms, Zgornji Bokrači (or Zgornja Ves, ) with the hamlets of Talaberov Breg and Žgonjarov Breg, and the hamlets of Duge Gomile and Malačičevi. Name. Bokrači was attested in written sources in 1355 as "Volkarach" (and as "Bolrah" in 1359 and "Wolcrach" in 1370). The medieval transcriptions indicate that the name is derived from *"Bolkrači", presumably a plural form of the personal name *"Bolkrač", which is believed to be a hypocorism of a German name with the root *"folc-" (from which the German name "Volker" and Slovene name "Volkar" are derived). The name would thus refer to an early inhabitant of the place. A less likely possibility is that the name is derived from the Slavic hypocorism *"Vьlkoračь". In the local dialect, the village is known as "Bokreči." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bukrasi bokrasi (; puroni utxotu "bokresi") hoise slovenier prekmurje oncholor pukunchi pouroxobhar ekhon gaau. iyak fartel, mlinner, bhukon, aaru jaagor firmor xoite spo 'donji bob' crussy (baa spo 'donja bhes), talaberov bregg aaru jo' nojarov bregor bostixomuhor xoite jo 'rnoji bob' crussy (baa jo 'noja bhes), aaru duge gumail aaru malaxivir bostixomuhot bibhokto koraa hoise. naam. bokrasik 1355 sonot likhito utxoxomuhot "bhulkaras" (aaru 1359 sonot "bulrah" aaru 1370 sonot "ulkaras") hisape promanito koraa hoisil. modhyojugiyo protilipiye xusay je naamtu * "bulcracy" ror poraa udbhob hoise, xombhobotoh byoktigoto naam * "bulcruss" ror ek bohuboson rup, jitu mool * "pho" lko-"(jaar poraa german naam" volker "aaru sloven naam" volker "udbhob hoise) thoka german naamor ek bhondami buli biswax koraa hoy. xeyehe naamtuwe thaikhonor ejon prarombhik baxindak bujay. komm xombhawona hoh 'lo je naamtu slavic hypocorism * "vlocora" ror poraa udbhob hoise. sthaniyo upobhaxat, gaukhonok "bokresi" buli jonaa yaay."

bokrasi bokrasi (; purano sutre "bokrechi") slovenier prikmurje anchaler puconcy pourosobhar ekti grama. etty spodongy bokrasi (baa spodonja vesha), fartel, mlinner, bhukan ebong jugger khamar, jorgornoji bokrasi (baa jorgornoja vesha), talaberov bregg ebong jangajarabh bregger gramgulir saathe ebong duge gomail ebong malasisevir gramgulite bivokto. naam. 1355 khristabde likhito sutre bokraki "volkarak" (ebong 1359 khristabde "bolrah" ebong 1370 khristabde "olcrutch") hisabe pratyayita koraa hoy. madhyayugiya protilipiguli ingito korey jey namti * bolcrachi theke udbhuto hoyeche, sombhoboto byaktigato naam * bolcrutcher ekti bahubachan roop, jaa * "folk-" mool soho ekti german naamer bhandami boley money koraa hoy (jaa theke german naam "volker" ebong sloven naam "bholkar" udbhuto hoyeche). eyi namti eyi sthaner ekjon prathomik basindake bojhai. ekti qama sombhabona holl jey namti slavic bhandami * "vlocorus" theke udbhuto hoyeche. sthaniya upobhashai, gramti "bokrechi" naame porichito."

bokrasi bokrasi (; junaa strotomaa pann "bokrechi") aee sloveniyana prekurje pradeshmaa puconcy nagarpalikanu aek gaam chhe. teey spodanji bokrasi (athavaa spodnja vesa) maan vibhajit chhe, jemaa fartel, mlinar, wookon aneey zagar pharma, zgornji bokrasi (athavaa zgornja vesa) saathe talaberov bregg aneey zgonzarov bregnaa gaamadao aneey dugg gomail aneey malasivina gaamadao chhe. naam. bokrasine bokrasine lekheet strotomaa "volkrach" (aneey (aneey "bolrah" aneey aneey "volcratch" tareeke) tareeke pramanit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. madhyayugin anulekhan soochave chhe keey aaa naam * bolcrassy parthee utaree aavyu chhe, jeey sambhavatah vyaktigat naam * bolcracknu bahuvachan swaroop chhe, jeey mool * "folk-" (jemathi german naam "volkar" aneey sloven naam "volkar" utaree aavyu chhe) saathe german naamnu dhhongipanu manvama aave chhe. aama aaa naam teey sthalnaa praarambhik rahevasino sandarbh aapshe. ochhi sambhavna aee chhe keey naam slavic dhhongipanu * "vwhlkoračh" parthee utaree aavyu chhe. sthaaneek boleemaa, aaa gaam "bokrechi" tareeke odakhaay chhe."

bokrasi bokrasi (; puraane sroton mein bhee "bokresi") slovenia key precurge kshetra mein puconcy kii nagarpalika kaa ack gaanv haye. ise spodanji bokrasi (yaa spodenza wess,) mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen fartel, linar, wukon aur zaagar farm, zagornji bokrasi (yaa zagornaza wess) key saath talabrov bregg aur zagonzarov bregg key bastiyaan, aur duge gomail aur malasivi key bastiyaan hain. naam. bokrasi koo 1355 mein likhit sroton mein "volkarach" (aur 1359 mein "bolra" aur 1370 mein "volcratch") key roop mein satyaapit kiya gayaa thaa. madhyayugeen pratilekhon seey sanket milata haye kii naam * "bolcrossy" seey liya gayaa haye, sambhavatah vyaktigat naam * "bolcrock" kaa ack bahuvachan roop haye, jise mool * "folk-" (jisase german naam "volkar" aur sloven naam "volkar" liya gayaa haye) key saath ack german naam kaa pakhand maanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar naam usa sthaan key ack praarambhik nivasi koo sandarbhit karega. ack cumm sambhavana haye kii naam slavic pakhand * "vhlkoračh" seey liya gayaa haye. sthaaniya bolly mein, gaanv koo "bokresi" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."

bokrachi bokrasi (haleya mulagalalli bokresi endoo saha kareyalaaguttade) sloveniyaada prikmurje pradeshada puconcy purasabheya ondu graamavaagide. idannu spodenzi bokrachi (athawa spodenza wess), fortel, mlinar, wookon mattu jagar faarmgalu, jhgarnji bokrachi (athawa jhgarnja wess), talaberov bregg mattu jhgonjarov breggala gramagalu mattu dues gomail mattu malasisevigala gramagalu endu vingadisalaagide. hesaru. bokrachiyannu 1355ralli likhita mulagalalli "volkarach" (mattu 1359ralli "bolra" mattu 1370ralli "volcratch") endu drudhikarisalaagide. madhyakaalina pratilekhanagalu ee hesarannu * bolcrossy "yinda padeyalaagide endu soochisuttave, idu bahushah vaiyaktika hesaru * bolcrockn bahuvachana roopavaagide, idu *" folca-"moolavannu hondiruva german hesarina kapatate endu nambalaagide (idarinda german hesaru" volkar "mattu sloveen hesaru" volkar "annu padeyalaagide). heegaagi ee hesaru aaa sthalada arambhika nivaasiyannu soochisuttade. ee hesaru slavic kapatavaada * "vlcorach" ninda bandide embudu kadime saadhyateyaagide. sthaliya upabhasheyalli, ee graamavannu "bokresi" endu kareyalaaguttade."

bokrasi sloveniayile preekurje mekhalayile pukonchi munisippalittiyile oru graamamaan bokrasi (; pazhaya srothassukalil "bokresi"). ithu spadenji bokrasi (allengil spodenja vess), fartle, mlinar, vukon, sagger faamukal, sgornji bokrasi (allengil sgornja vess), talaberov bregg, sgonjarov bregg ennivayude kugramangal, dugue gomili, malasisivi ennivayude kugramangal enningane thirichirikkunnu. peru. 1355-ll likhitha srothassukalil bokrachi "wolkerack" (1359-ll "bolra" ennum 1370-ll "volcrack" ennum saakshyappeduthi). madhyakala traanscriptionukal soochippikkunnathu eee peru uruthirinjathu * bolcrachi enna peril ninnaanennu, orupakshe bolcrack enna vyakthiparamaaya perinte bahuvachana roopamaaya folk-(athil ninnaan "wolker" enna jarmman perum "wolker" enna sloveen perum uruthirinjathu) enna verulla oru jarmman perinte kaapatyamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. athinaal eee peru eee sthalathe aadyakaala nivasi soochippikkum. slavik hypocorism * "vlcoras" ennathil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathennathinu saadhyatha kuravaanu. praadeshika bhashayil eee graamam "bokresi" ennaanu ariyappedunnathu."

bokrasi bokrasi (; junya strotanmadhye dekhil "bokrechi") heey slovinia prekurje pradeshatil puconcy nagarpaliketil eka gaav aahe. heey spodanji bokrasi (kinwa spodenza ways), fertel, mlinar, wookon aanee zagar shetansah, zgornji bokrasi (kinwa zgornja ways), talaberov bregg aanee zgonzarov bregchya vastyansah aanee dues gomail aanee malasivevichya vastyanmadhye vibhagale gele aahe. naav. bokrasila 1355 madhye likhit strotanmadhye 'volkarach' (aanee 1359 madhye 'bolra' aanee 1370 madhye 'volcrach' mhanoon pramanit kele gele). madhyayugeen pratilekhanvarun asey soochit hote qee heey naav * bolcracy 'varoon aale aahe, bahudha vaiyaktik naav * bolcrackche bahuvachan roop, jeey mool *' folk-'(jyatoon german naav' volkar 'aanee slovin naav' volkar 'aale aahet) asalelya german navacha dhongipana asalyache manale jaate. tyamule heey naav tyaa thikanchya suruvatichya rahivashala soochit karel. heey naav slavic dhongipana * "vlcoratch" pasoon aale asanyachi shakyata qamee aahe. sthanik bolibhashet heey gaav "bokrechi" mhanoon olakhale jaate."

bokrasi bokrasi (; purano srotharuma pani "bokressy") sloveniako prekurje kshetrako puconcy nagarpalikako euta gaaun how. yasalai spodenji bokrasi (wa spodnja wess,) maa vibhajit garieko chha jasma fartel, mlinar, bhukon, rar jagar farmharu, jhgornji bokrasi (wa jhgornja wess,) talaberobh bregg rar jhgonjarobh bregka bastiharu, rar duge gomail rar malasisivika bastiharu chhan. naam. bokrasilai likhit srotharuma 1355 maa "volkarach" (rar 1359 maa "bolra" rar 1370 maa "wolkrach") ko rupma pramanit garieko thiyo. madhyayugin pratilipiharule sanket gardacha kii naam * "bolcracy" batt aeko how, sambhawatah wyaktigat naam * "bolcrack" ko bahuwachan roop how, june muel * "folk-" (jasbata german naam "bholkar" rar sloven naam "bholkar" wyutpanna bhaeko chha) bhaeko german namko pakhanda how bhanne vishwas garinchha. yasari namle tyas thaaunko prarambhik basindalai janaunchha. yo naam slevik pakhanda * "vwhlkoračh" batt liieko how bhanne sambhawana cum chha. sthaniya bolima, gaunlai "bokrechi" bhaninchha."

bokrasi bokrasi (; puruna sootrare madhya "bokresi",) sloveniaara prikmurje anchalara puconcy pourapalikara eka gramm . ehaa spodanji bokrasi (kimba spodanja bhes) ray bibhakta, jeunthire fortel, mlinara, bhukon ebong jagar farm, jhgarnaji bokrasi (kimba jhgarnaja bhes) sahita talaberov bregg ebong jhgonajarov bregg rahr bastibasi ebong duz gomil ebong malasisivi rahr bastibasi. naama. 1355 masihare likhita sootrare bokrasinku "volcarac" (ebong 1359 masihare "bolra" ebong 1370 masihare "olcrack") bhabe pramanita karajaithila. madhyajugeeja pratilipigudika suchita kare je ehi namati * bolcracy "ru aasichhi, sambhabatah byaktigata naama * bolkrakra eka bahubachan roop, jaahaa moola *" folk-"(jeunthiru german naama" bholkar "ebong slobhen naama" bholkar "utpanna hoichhi) sahita eka german namara bhandami bolly biswasa karajae . tenu ehi namati sehi sthanara jane prarambhika adhibasinku suchita kariba. eka comm sambhabana heuchhi je ehi namati slebhik bhandami * "vlcorach" ru aasichhi . sthaniah bhasare, ehi gramati "bokresi" naamare janashuna."

bokrasi bokrasi (purane sarotan witch "bokresi" vee) slovenia dey prekmurje khetar witch pookonsi dee nagarpalika daa ikk pind haii. iss noon spodenji bokrasi (jaan spodenja weiss,) witch fartel, malinar, wookon atey zagar farman, zagoranji bokrasi (jaan zagoranja weiss,) naal talabrov bregg atey zagonzarov bregg dey pindan atey dues gomile atey malasivi dey pindan witch vandiaa giaa haii. naam. bokrasi noon 1355 witch likhti sarotan witch "volcrach" (atey 1359 witch "bolrah" atey 1370 witch "volcrach") vajon pramanit keeta giaa see. madhkali link toon pataa chalda haii kii ih naam * bolkarachi toon liaa giaa haii, sambhav taur 'teey nijji naam * bolkrach daa ikk bahuvachan roop haii, jiss noon mool * "folk-" (jiss toon german naam "volkar" atey sloven naam "volkar" liaa giaa haii) dey naal ikk german naam daa pakhand manniaa jaanda haii. iss tarahan ih naam iss sathaan dey ikk shuruati vasneek noon darsaunda haii. ikk ghatt sambhavna ih haii kii naam slavic pakhand * "vwhlkoračh" toon liaa giaa haii. sathanak bollie witch, pind noon "bokrechi" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii."

bokrasi bokrasi (; puraataneshu sroteshu "bokresi" iti api) slovenia-deshasya preekurje-pradeshasya puconcy-nagarasya nagarapalika asti. etat spodenji bokrasi (athavaa spodnjaa ves) iti, fartel, mlinar, vukon, zaagar-farms ityetaih saha, zgornjee bokrasi (athavaa zgornjaa ves) iti taalaabarov-bregg tathaa zgaanjaarov-bregg ityetayoho graamaih saha, duge-gomile tathaa malasisevi ityetayoho graamaih cha vibhaktam asti. naam. bokrasi 1355 tame varshe likhitasroteshu "volkaraach" iti (1359 tame varshe "bolra" iti, 1370 tame varshe "volcraach" iti cha) pramaaneekrutah aasit. madhyayugeen-pratilipyaani soochayanti yat naam * "bolcracy" ityatah vyutpannam asti, sambhawatah vyaktigatasya naam * "bolcrock" ityasya bahuvachanaroopam, yat german-namasya mulasya "folk-" iti paakhandam iti manyate (yasmaat german-naam "volkar", sloveen-naam "volkar" cha vyutpannaani). evam asya naam asya sthanasya praarambhikavaasinah soochayati. asya namasya sambhavana nyoonah asti yat etat naam slaavik-hapocorisam * "volcoraach" ityatah nishpannam asti iti. sthaniyabhashayam ayam graamah "bokrechee" iti namna prasidhah asti."

pokhrasi bograssi (Bokrači) (pazhaiya aathaarangkalil poakrasi endrum azhaikkappadukirathu) enbathu sloveniavin pregurmerje piraanthiyaththil ulla bugonsi nagaraatchiyil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. idhu fordell, millinaar, wugon mattrum jaagar pannaikaludan spotnji bograssi (allathu spotnja vess), talaperov break mattrum jonjarov break aagiya kiraamangaludan jkornji bograssi (allathu jcornja vess), mattrum took koamil mattrum malasiyevi aagiya kiraamangalaaga pirikkappattullathu. peyar. pokhrasi 1355 aam aandil ezhuthappatta aathaarangkalil "volkarag" (mattrum 1359 ill "bolra" mattrum 1370 ill "volcrock") endru saantralikkappattaar. idaikkaalap pathivukal inththa peyar * bolgrassy enbathilirunthu perappattathaaka suttikkaattukintrana, idhu thanipatta peyaraana * bolcrockin panmai vadivamaaga irukkalaam, idhu * pholka-moolaththudan oru jerman peyarin basanguddanam endru nambappadugirathu (idhilirunththu jerman peyar "volkar" mattrum sloveen peyar "volkar" perapattana). enavae inththa peyar antha idaththil oru aarambagaala kudiyiruppaalaraik kurikkum. inththa peyar slavik paasaangkuththanaththilirunthu perappattathaaka iruppatharkaana saaththiyam kuraivaaga ullathu * "vwhlkoračh". ulloor paechchuvazhakkil, inththa gramam "bogresi" endru azhaikkappadukirathu."

bokrachi bokrasi (; paatha moolaalalo kooda "bokresi") anedi slovenialoni prekurje praantamlooni pukomsi munisipaalitiilooni oka graamam. idhi spodanji bokrasi (ledhaa spodanja wess) gaa, fortel, mlinar, wookon mariyu jagger polaalu, zgornji bokrasi (ledhaa zgornza wess) gaa, talaberov bregg mariyu jgonjarov bregg graamaalato, mariyu dues gomile mariyu malasisevi gramaluga vibhajinchabadindi. paeru. bokrachi 1355loe likhita moolaalalo "volkarach" (mariyu 1359loe "bolra" mariyu 1370loe "volcratch") gaa dhruvikarinchabadindi. madhyayuga pratilaekhanaalu eee paeru * bolkrasi nundi udbhavinchindani suuchistunnaayi, bahusha vyaktigata paeru * bolcrock yokka bahuvachana roopam, idhi * "folka-" muulamtoe german paeru yokka kapatatvam anie nammutaaru (dheeni nundi german paeru "volkar" mariyu sloven paeru "volkar" udbhavinchaayi). aaa vidhamgaa eee paeru aaa pradaesamloe prarambha nivaasini suuchistumdi. eee paeru slavic hypochorism * "vulkorach" nundi udbhavinchi undataaniki takkuva avakaasam undhi. sthaanika maandalikamlo, eee gramanni "bokresi" anie pilustaaru."

bokarchi bokarasi (bokarchi) (paraaney zaraye mein "bokarchi" bhee) slovenia kay parikorje elaqay mein pokoni kii baldiyah kaa eek gaaon hay. asay spodni bokarchi (yaa spodneja wees) mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein fartle milnaar wokoon aur zigar faarm zagorneji bokarchi (yaa zagorneja wees) kay saath talabirof braig aur zagonjarof braig kay bastiyon aur dij gomeel aur malachivi kay bastiyon kay saath. naam. bokarachi kii tehriri zaraye mein 1355 mein "wolkarch" (aur 1359 mein "bolra" aur 1370 mein "wolkrach") kay toor parr tasdiq kii gayee thee. qaroon wastee kay nql woo hamal say patah chalta hay kahh yaha naam * "bolkarachi" say makhuz hay juu mamkanah toor parr zaati naam * "bolkrach" kii eek jamaa shakal hay jiss kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha eek german naam kii munafiqat hay jiss kii judd * "folk-" hay (jiss say german naam "wolkar" aur sloveen naam "wolkar" makhuz haine). iss tarah yaha naam iss jagah kay ibtadayi baashinde kaa hawalah day gaa. iss baath kaa kumm amkaan hay kahh yaha naam salok munafiqat * "walkora" say makhuz hay. maqami boli mein gaaon kuu "bokarechi" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay."

00083f39fc2b61e036a716a095b848b008109419a74b9b24f38a83124e0d3d70

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=585544

RSS (politics)

RSS (politics)

aar. aesa. aesa. (raajkaaran)

aar. aiss. aiss. (rajneeti)

aar. ess. ess. (rajkaran)

aarr. ess. ess. (rajneeti)

aar. aiss. aiss. (rajneeti)

aar. ess. ess. (rajaniti)

000840cf6ab015c65a4b2c8cf169a70a0db62fff21df8c006f9dd8961edc1ea8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62549131

Yoga in Italy

Yoga in Italy Yoga in Italy is the practice of yoga, whether for exercise, therapy, or other reasons, in Italy. History. A pioneer of modern yoga as exercise in Italy was Vanda Scaravelli (1908-1999), author of the "classic" 1991 book "Awakening the spine". Another pioneer, Carlo Patrian (1930-2008), began studying yoga in 1950 and founded the yoga institute that still bears his name in Milan in 1965. In the 21st century, yoga is growing steadily in Italy, and the International Day of Yoga (21 June) is celebrated across the country each summer. By 2017 there were some 830 recognised yoga schools in the country. The 2018 Coop report (compiled by Nielsen in 2017) stated that 11% of the women of Italy and 3% of the men practiced yoga or Pilates; 32% of those consulted said they intended to practice in future. Among the forms of yoga in Italy are hybrids such as aerial yoga, Acroyoga, and Mindful Yoga. Italy is a popular destination for yoga tourism, with yoga retreats and holidays taught in various languages. Regulation. By 2019, yoga teacher training was still not regulated in Italy despite the country's 3 million yoga practitioners, resulting, according to Bianca Carati writing in "La Stampa", in excessively "accelerated" courses, some taking as little as 2 months to deliver 150 hours of training at a cost between €1500 and €3000. Carati reported that the "Associazione Italiana Iyengar yoga" considered this inadequate; it required at least 3 years of training. It, along with the "Associazione Italiana Insegnanti Yoga" and the "Associazione Yoga Satyananda", has created a set of proposed standards for yoga teacher training in Italy, requiring at least 500 hours of training over a period of at least four years, and to have taught for at least four years. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

italyt jug italyt jug hoise jugor onuxilon, xeya byayam, sikitsa baa onyanyo karonor baabe houk. itihax. italyt byayam hisape aadhunik jugor pothoprodorxok aasil bhanda scaravally (1908-1999), ji 1991 sonor "shrestho" grontho "owekening dyo rajhar" ror lekhok aasil. aan ejon pothoprodorxok, carlo petorian (1930-2008)-e 1950 sonot jug odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru 1965 sonot jug protisthan protistha korisil ji etiyau milanot teur naam bohon kore. ekbingxo xotikat, jug italyt kromanwoye briddhi paise, aaru proityek grishmokalot xomogro dexote antohrastriyo jug dibox (21 june) udjapon koraa hoy. 2017 sonoloike dexot pray 830taa swikrito jug bidyaloy aasil. 2018 sonor koo "poo protibedonot (2017 sonot nilsene xongkolit koraa) kuwa hoisil je italyr 11 xotangxo mohila aaru 3 xotangxo puruxe jug baa pilate onuxilon korisil; poramorxo luwa 32 xotangxo luke koichil je teuluke bhobisyote onuxilon korar issa rakhise. italyt jugor rupxomuhor bhitorot aase aakax jug aaru ekoryugar dore xongmisro. porbotaruhi aaru jug xikhyok henz grille jug aaru dhyanor joriyote adhyatmik aaru xamajik bikaxor ek poddhoti bikoxito korise. jug porjotonor baabe italy ek jonopriyo gontobyo, zo 'too jugor poschadpoxoron aaru bibhinno bhaxat xikuwa bondhor dinxomuh aase. niyomawoli. 2019 sonoloike, dexor 3 nijut jug onuxilonkari thokar pisotu italyt jug xikhyokor proxikhyon etiyau niyontrito huwa nasil, jaar pholsworupe, "laa stumpa" too likha biyanka karatir mote, otiriktobhabe "tworanwito" pathyokrom, kisumane 1500 euru aaru 3000 eurur maajot 150 ghontar proxikhyon prodan koriboloi 2 maahor dore komm xomoy loy. ee "ess" siyajiyon italiana injegnanti jug "aaru" ess "siyajiyon jug xotyanondo" ror xoite italyt jug xikhyok proxikhyonor baabe prostawito mandondor ek xonghoti sristi korise, jaar baabe komeu chaari bosoror xomoisuwat komeu 500 ghonta proxikhyonor proyujon hoy, aaru komeu chaari bosor dhori xikuwa hoh 'bob laage.

italite jog yogbayam holl yogbayam anushilan, taa seey byayam, therapy baa anyanno karone hoke naa keena. itihas. italite anushilan hisabe adhunik joger agraduta chhilen bhanda scaravelli (1908-1999), jini 1991 saaler "classic" boi "ackening dya spine"-err lekhok. arekjon aggragami, carlo patrian (1930-2008), 1950 saale jog adhyayan shuru corren ebong 1965 saale jog institute protistha corren jaa ekhono milane taanr naam bohon korey. ekbingsho shotabdite, yogbayam italite kromagoto briddhi pachche ebong proti grisse saaraa deshe antorjatik jog dibos (21 june) udjapito hoy. 2017 saaler modhye deshe pray 830tii swikrito jog vidyalaya chhilo. 2018 saaler somobai protibedone (2017 saale nilsen dwara sangkalita) bolla hoyeche jey italir 11 shotangsho mohila ebong 3 shotangsho purush jog baa pilate anushilan corren; poramorsho neoa 32 shotangsho bolechen jey taaraa bhabishyate anushilan korte chaan. italite joger rupgulir modhye royeche bayaviya jog ebong acroyogar moto sankar. porbotarohi ebong jog shikkhok heinz grill jog ebong dhyaner madhyome adhyattik oo samajik bikasher ekti poddhoti toiri korchen. joger jonno itali ekti janapriya gontobbo, jekhane bivinno bhasay joger anushilan ebong chhutir dinguli shekhano hoy. niyamavali. 2019 saaler modhye, desher 30 lokkho jog anushilankari thaka sotteo italite jog shikkhok proshikkhon ekhono niyantrita hoyney, jaar foley, "laa stampa"-teey bayanka karatir lekha onusare, atirikto "twarannito" coursegulite, keu keu 1500 theke 3000 euror modhye 150 ghanta proshikkhon ditey 2 maaser moto qama somoy neyo. karatir motey, "associagion italiana ayengar jog" etike aporjapto boley money korey; err jonno kompokkhe 3 bochorer proshikkhoner prayojan chhilo. etty, "associagion italiana injegnanti jog" ebong "associagion jog satyananda"-err saathe, italite jog shikkhok proshikkhoner jonno prostabito mangulir ekti seeta toiri koreche, jaar jonno kompokkhe chaar bochorer samaykale kompokkhe 500 ghanta proshikkhoner prayojan hoy ebong kompokkhe chaar bochor dhorey shekhano hoy.

italyma yog italyma yog aee yognee prathaa chhe, pachhi bhale teey kasrat, upchaar athavaa anya kaaranosar hoya. itihas. italyma kasrat tareeke aadhunik yognaa praneta vandaa scaravelli (1908-1999) hataa, jeo jeo "classic" pustak "awackening dhaa spine" naa lekhak hataa. anya aek agranee, carlo patrian (1930-2008) aee aee yogno abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey aneey yog sansthaani sthaapnaa curry jeey haju pann meelanma temnu naam dharaave chhe. chhe sadimaa, italyma yog satat vadhee rahyo chhe, aneey darr unalama samagr deshmaa yogno aantarrashtriy divas (21 juuna) ujavvama aave chhe. 2017 sudhimaa deshmaa lagbhag 830 maanyata praapt yog shaalao hatee. hatee sahakaari ahewal ahewal nielson dwara sankaleet) maan janavama aavyu chhe keey italyni 11 takaa maheelao aneey 3 takaa purusho yog athavaa pilletsno abhyaas karey chhe; 32 takaa salah lenar lokoae kahyoo keey teo bhavishyamaa abhyaas karvaano irado dharaave chhe. italyma yognaa svarupomaa havaai yog aneey acroyog jevaa sankar chhe. parvataarohi aneey yog shikshak henz grill dwara yog aneey dhyaan dwara aadhyatmik aneey saamaajik vikasno abhigam vikasavvama aavee rahyo chhe. yog pravaasan maate itali aek lokpreey sthal chhe, jemaa yog retreat aneey rajaao viveedh bhashaoma shikhvavama aave chhe. niyaman. 2019 sudhimaa, deshnaa 30 laakh yog practitionero hovaa chhataa italyma yog shikshak taalimnu niyaman karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo, parinaame, "laa stampa" maan lakhela bianca kaaraatina janaavya anusaar, vadhu padata "tvareet" abhyaskramoma, ketalaakne 1500 thee 3000 yuro vachchena kharche 150 kalaaknee taaleem aapvaa maate 2 maheena jetalo ochho samay laage chhe. kaaraatiae ahewal aapyo keey "associagion italiana ayangar yog" neey aaa apuratu manvama aave chhe; tene ochhama ochhi 3 varshnee taalimni jaroor hatee. tene "associagion italiana injegnanti yog" aneey "associagion yog satyanand" saathe italyma yog shikshak taaleem maate soochit dhoranono samooh banaavyo chhe, jemaa ochhama ochha chaar varshnaa samaygalama ochhama ochhi 500 kalaaknee taalimni jaroor padey chhe, aneey ochhama ochha chaar varsh sudhee shikhvyu hoya chhe.

itali mein yog itali mein yog kaa abhyaas, chaahe vaha vyayam, chikitsa yaa anya karanon seey hoe. itihas. itali mein vyayam key roop mein aadhunik yog key agrani vandaa scaravelli (1908-1999) they, joe "classic" 1991 kii pustak "awakening dha spine" key lekhak they. ack anya agrani, carlo patrian (1930-2008) ney 1950 mein yog kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya aur 1965 mein yog sansthaan kii sthaapana kii joe abhee bhee milan mein unakaa naam rakhta haye. 21veen sadee mein, itali mein yog lagaatar badh rhaa haye, aur pratyek garmi mein desh bhar mein yog kaa antarrashtriya divas (21 juuna) manaaya jaataa haye. 2017 taka desh mein lagbhag 830 maanyata praapt yog vidyalaya they. 2018 kii sahakaari report (2017 mein nielson dwara sankalit) mein kahaa gayaa haye kii itali kii 11 pratishat mahilaaon aur 3 pratishat purushon ney yog yaa pillets kaa abhyaas kiya; 32 pratishat ney kahaa kii way bhavishya mein abhyaas karane kaa irada rakhate hain. itali mein yog key roopon mein havaai yog aur acroyog jaise sankar hain. parvatarohi aur yog shikshak henz grill dwara yog aur dhyaan key madhyam seey aadhyatmik aur samajik vikas key liye ack drishtikon vikasit kiya jaa rhaa haye. itali yog paryatan key liye ack lokpriya gantavya haye, jisamen yog retreat aur chhuttiyaan vibhinn bhaashaon mein padhaai jaati hain. viniyaman. 2019 taka, desh key 30 laakh yog abhyasiyon key bavjood itali mein yog shikshak prashikshan abhee bhee viniyamit naheen thaa, jisake parinamswarup, "laa stampa" mein likhane vaale bianca kaaraati key anusaar, atyadhik "twarit" pathyakramon mein, kuchh koo 1500 aur 3000 euro key beach kii laagat seey 150 ghante kaa prashikshan dene mein 2 maheene taka kaa samay lagata haye. isane, "associagion italiana injegnanti yog" aur "associagion yog satyanand" key saath, itali mein yog shikshak prashikshan key liye prastaavit manakon kaa ack samooh banaaya haye, jisamen cumm seey cumm chaar varshon kii avadhi mein cumm seey cumm 500 ghante key prashikshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur cumm seey cumm chaar varshon taka padhaaya jaanaa chaahiye.

italyalli yoga italyalli yogavu, adhu vyayama, chikitse athawa itara karanagaligagi irali, yogada abhyaasavaagide. itihaasa. italyalli aadhunika yogada pravartakanagidda vanda scaravelli (1908-1999), 1991rahra "classic" pustaka "awakening dhii bennelubu" yaya lekhakaraagiddaru. mattobba pravartaka, carlo patrian (1930-2008), 1950ralli yogavannu adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidaru mattu 1965ralli yoga samstheyannu sthaapisidaru, adhu egaloo milannalli avara hesarannu hondide. 21neey shatamaanadalli, yogavu italyalli sthiravaagi beleyuttide mattu prati besigeyalli deshadaadyanta antaaraashtriya yoga dinavannu (zoon 21) aacharisalaaguttade. 2017rahra velege deshadalli sumaru 830 maanyate padeda yoga shalegalu iddavu. 2018rahra cope varadiyu (2017ralli nielsen sangrahisida) italiya shekada 11rashtu mahileyaru mattu shekada 3rashtu purusharu yoga athawa pilates abhyasa maadiddaare endu helide; salahe padedavaralli shekada 32rashtu janaru bhavishyadalli abhyasa maadalu uddeshisiddare endu helidaru. italyalli yogada rupagalalli vaimanika yoga mattu akroyogadantaha mishrataligalive. yoga mattu dhyanada moolaka aadhyaatmika mattu samajika belavanigege ondu vidhaanavannu parvatarohi mattu yoga sikshaka henz grill abhivraddhipadisuttiddaar. yogada himmettuvike mattu rajadinagalannu vividha bhasegalalli kalisuva moolaka italy yoga pravasodyamakke janapriya taanavaagide. niyantrana. 2019 rahra hottige, deshada 3 million yoga abhyasigala horataagiyoo yoga sikshakara tarabetiyannu italyalli innoo niyantrisalaagilla, idara parinaamavaagi, "laa stampa" nalli bareyuva bianca kaaratiya prakara, atiyaada "vegavardhita" korsgalalli, kelavaru € 1500 mattu € 3000 rahra naduve 150 gantegala tarabetiyannu needalu 2 tingalugalashtu kadime tegedukolluttaare. idu, "associagione italiana injegnanti yoga" mattu "associagione yoga satyananda" dondige, kanishta naalku varshagala avadhiyalli kanishta 500 gantegala tarabetiya agatyaviruva mattu kanishta naalku varshagala kaala kalisida yoga sikshakara tarabetigaagi prastaavita manadandagala gumpannu rachiside.

italitil yog italimadhye yog haah yogacha sarav aahe, mug too vyayamasathi asso, upcharansathi asso kinwa itar karanansathi. itihas. 1991 saalee 'wakening daad spine' yaa 'abhijat' pustakache lekhak vanda scaravelli (1908-1999) heey italitil vyayam mhanoon aadhunik yogache pranete hote. aanakhi eka agraganya, carlo patrian (1930-2008) yane 1950 madhye yogacha abhyas karnyas suruvat kelee aanee 1965 madhye milanmadhye tyache naav asalelya yog sansthechi sthapana kelee. kelee shatkat, italimadhye yog satatyane vadhat aahe aanee darvarshi unhalyat deshbharat aantarrashtriy yog deane (21 juuna) sajra keela jaato. 2017 paryant deshat sumare 830 manyataprapt yog shaala hotya. 2018 chya sahkari ahavalat (2017 madhye nilsanane sankalit kelelya) asey mhatale aahe qee italichya 11 takke mahila aanee 3 takke purush yog kinwa pilatescha sarav karatat; sallah ghetalelya 32 takke lokanni sangitale qee bhavishyat tyancha sarav karnyacha tyancha hetu aahe. italitil yogachya prakaranmadhye havai yog aanee acroyoga yasarkhe sankarit prakar aahet. parvatarohi aanee yog shikshak heinz grill yanni yog aanee dhyandharanedware aadhyatmik aanee samajik vikasacha drushtikon vikasit keela aahe. yog vishramgruhe aanee suttya vividh bhashanmadhye shikavalya jaat asalyane itali heey yog paryatanasathi eka lokpriy thikan aahe. niyam. 2019 paryant, deshatil 30 laakh yog sadhak asoonahi italimadhye yog shikshakanche prashikshan ajunahi niyantrit kele gele navhate, parinami, 'laa stampa' madhye lihilelya bianca caratichya matey, atee 'vegwan' abhyaskramanmadhye, kahinna 1500 teey 3000 eurochya darmyan kharchoon 150 tasanche prashikshan denyasathi 2 mahinyanitake qamee vel lagato. caratine nondavale qee 'associazione italiana iyenger yog' neey heey apurate manale; tyasathi kiman 3 varshanche prashikshan aavashyak hote. associazione italiana injegnanti yog' aanee 'associazione yog satyanand' yaa tattvansah, tyane italimadhye yog shikshak prashikshanasathi prastavit manakancha eka sanch tayar keela aahe, jyamadhye kiman chaar varshanchya kalavadhit kiman 500 tasanche prashikshan aavashyak aahe aanee kiman chaar varshe shikavale gele asave.

italyma yog italyma yog bhaneko yogko abhyas how, chahe wyayam, therapy, wa anya karanharuka lagi, italyma. itihas. italyma wyayamko rupma adhunik yogko agragami bhanda scaravelli (1908-1999) thie, jo "classic" 1991 pustak "awakening da spine" kaa lekhak thie. arka agragami, carlo petrian (1930-2008) ley sann 1950 maa yogko adhyayan garna thale rar sann 1965 maa milanma unko naam raheko yog sansthanko sthapana gare. 21 aun shatabdima, yog italyma nirantar badhdai gaeko chha, rar antarrashtriya yog diwas (21 june) pratyek garmima deshbhari manaincha. sann 2017 sammama deshma lagbhag 830 manyata prapta yog vidyalayaharu thie. sann 2018 ko cope report (sann 2017 maa nilsendwara sankalit) ley italyka 11 pratishat mahila rar 3 pratishat purushharule yog wa pillets abhyas gareko bataeko chha; paramarsha lineharu madhye 32 pratishatle bhavishyama abhyas garne iccha raheko batae. italyma yogka rupharu madhye hawai yog rar ekroyogajasta sankarharu chhan. parwatarohi tatha yog shikshak heinz grille yog rar dhyanko madhyambata adhyatmik tatha samajik wikasko drishtikon vikas gariraheka chhan. yog retreat rar vibhinna bhashaharuma sikaieka bidaharuka sath italy yog paryatanka lagi lokpriya gantawya how. niyam. sann 2019 samma, deshka 30 lakh yog abhyaskartaharu bhae tapani italyma yog shikshak prashikshan ajhai pani winiyamit bhaena, jasko parinamswarup, "lah stampa" maa lekheki bianca karatika anusar, atyadhik "twarit" pathyakramharuma, kehile € 1500 rar € 3000 ko bichma 150 ghanta prashikshan dina 2 mahina jati thorai samaya linchhan. karatile report gare kii "associagion italiana ayangar yog" ley yasalai aparyapta manyo; yasalai kamtima 3 warshako prashikshan chahinchha. yasale "associagion italiana injegnanti yog" rar "associagion yog satyananda" sangasangai italyma yog shikshak prashikshanka lagi prastawit mapdandharuko sett sirjana gareko chha, jasma kamtima chaar warshako awadhima kamtima 500 ghanta prashikshan chahinchha, rar kamtima chaar warshasamma sikaunu parchha.

italyre joga joga heuchhi jogara abhyasa, taaha byayam heu, chikitsa heu kimba anya kaaran paain, italyre. itihas. italyre byayam bhabare adhunika jogara jane agradoota thile bhanda skaraveli (1908-1999), "classic" 1991 pustaka "merudandaku jagrata kariba" rahr lekhaka . anya jane agragami, carlo patrian (1930-2008), 1950 ray joga adhyajana arambha karithile ebong joga anusthana pratistha karithile jaahaa 1965 ray milanare taanka naama bahn kare . ekabingsha shatabdire, joga italyre kramagata bhabare brudhi pauchhi, ebong antarjatija joga dibasa (21 june) saaraa deshare prati grishma ruture palana karajae . 2017 masiha suddha deshare praiah praiah sweekrutiprapta joga bidyalaja thila. 2018 rahr samabai report (2017 ray nilsen dwara sankalita) kahichhi je italyra 11 pratishata mahila ebong 3 pratishata purush joga kimba pilate abhyasa karithile; paramarsha diajaithiba 32 pratishata kahichanti je semane bhabishyatare abhyasa karibaku chahunchhanti. italyre jogara rupagudika madhyare aakash joga ebong akrajoga pari sankara achhi . parbatarohi tatha joga sikhyaka henz grilnka dwara joga ebong dhyana madhyamare adhyatmika ebong samajika bikash paain eka abhimukhya bikashita karajauchhi. joga parjyatan paain italy eka lokpriya gantabyastala, jeunthire joga absar ebong chutidina bibhinna bhasare padhajae . nijamabali. 2019 suddha, deshar 3 nijuta joga abhyasakaree satwe italyre joga sikhyaka talimaku nijantrana karajai nathila, phalaswaroopa, "laa stampa" ray lekha bijanka karatinka anujai, atyadhika "twaranwita" pathyakramare, kichhi € 1500 ru € 3000 madhyare 150 ghanta talim pradan karibaku 2 maasa parjyanta comm samai neithae. karati report karithile je "associagion italiana aajengara joga" ehaaku aparjapta bolly bibechana karithila; ethipain ati kamare 3 barshar prasikhyana aabasyaka thila . ehaa, "associagion italiana injegananti joga" ebong "associagion joga satyananda" sahita, italyre joga sikhyaka talim paain prastabita manakgudikar eka sett srusti karichhi, jaahaa ati kamare chaari barsha abadhi paain ati kamare 500 ghanta talim aabasyaka kare, ebong ati kamare chaari barsha paain sikhya deichi .

itali witch yoga itali witch yog daa abhiaas, bhaven kasrat, ilaaj jaan horr kaarnan karke, itali witch yog daa abhiaas haii. itihaas. itali witch abhiaas dey roop witch aadhunik yog dee ikk mohri vanda scaravelli (1908-1999) see, joe "classic" 1991 dee kitaab "reedh dee haddi noon jagaun" dee lekhak see. ikk horr pioneer, carlo patrian (1930-2008) neey 1950 witch yog daa adhiaen karna shuru keeta atey yog sanstha dee sathapana keeti joe ajey vee 1965 witch milan witch uss daa naam rakkhdi haii. 21veen sadee witch, itali witch yog nirantar vadh riha haii, atey harr garmiaan witch desh bharr witch antarashtari yog divas (21 juun) manaiaa jaanda haii. saal 2017 takk desh witch lagbhag 830 maanta prapat yog school sunn. saal 2018 dee koop report (2017 witch nielson duaara sanklit) witch kiha giaa haii kii itali deeaan 11 pratishat aurtan atey 3 pratishat purshan neey yoga jaan pilates daa abhiaas keeta; salaah lainn valiaan vicchon 32 pratishat neey kiha kii uh bhavikh witch abhiaas curran daa irada rakkhde hunn. itali witch yog dey roopan witch hybrid jiven kii areal yoga atey acroyoga hunn. parbatarohi atey yog adhiaapak heinz grill duaara yog atey dhiaan duaara adhiaatmak atey smajik vikas dee pahunch viksit keeti jaa rahee haii. itali yog sair-spaate laee ikk prasidh manzil haii, jiss witch yoga retreat atey chhuttiaan vakkh-vakkh bhashavan witch padaiaan jandiaan hunn. niyam. 2019 takk, desh dey 30 lakkh yog practitioneran dey bavjood itali witch yog adhiaapak sikhlai noon ajey vee niyantrit naheen keeta giaa see, natije vajon, "laa stampa" witch likhan vaale bianka kairati dey anusar, bahut ziaada "tez" courses witch, kujh noon 1500 toon 3000 euro dey vichkaar 150 ghante dee sikhlai denh witch 2 maheene laggde hunn. kairati neey dassiaa kii "associazione italiana ayyangar yoga" neey iss noon nakafi manniaa; iss laee ghatto ghatt 3 saal dee sikhlai dee zaroorat see. iss neey "associazione italiana injegnanti yoga" atey "associazione yoga satyanand" dey naal itali witch yog adhiaapak sikhlai laee prastavit mapdandan daa ikk samooh banaiaa haii, jiss laee ghatto ghatt chaar saalan dee miaad witch ghatto ghatt 500 ghante dee sikhlai dee zaroorat haii, atey ghatto ghatt chaar saalan laee padhaun dee zaroorat haii.

italeedeshe yogah italee-deshe yogah yogasya abhyaasah asti, chaahe vyaayaamasya, chikitsayaha, anyasya vaa karanartham, italee-deshe. itihaasah. italian-deshe aadhunik-yogasya vyaayaamasya pravartakah, 1991 tame varshe "avekening da spain" iti "classic" pustakasya lekhakah vandaa scaravelli (1908-1999) aasit. anyah pravartakah carlo petrian (1930-2008) 1950 tame varshe yogasya adhyayanm aarabdhavaan, 1965 tame varshe yoga-samsthaam cha sthapitavan, yasya naam adyaapi milan iti asti. 21 shataabdyaam italian-deshe yogah nirantaram vardhamaanah asti, tathaa cha deshe sarvatra prativarsham grishmakaale antarashtriya-yogadivasah (21 joon) aacharyate. 2017 tamavarshaparyantam deshe praayah 830 manyataprapta-yoga-vidyaalayaah aasan. 2018 tame varshe cope-prativedanam (2017 tame varshe nielson ityanena sangruhitam) avadat yat italee-deshasya 11 pratishatam mahilaah, 3 pratishatam purushaah cha yogam athavaa pillets ityasya abhyaasam kurvanti; paramarshitanam 32 pratishatam janaah bhavishye abhyaasam kartum icchanti iti avadat. itaali-deshe yogasya prakaareshu vaayu-yogah, akroyogaa ityadini mishra-yogaani santi. yogasya dhyanasya cha madhyamena aadhyaatmikasy saamaajikasy cha vikaasasya upaayah parwataarohaken yogashikshaken cha heinz grill ityanena vikasitah asti. yoga-paryatanasy krute italee-raajyam lokapriyam gantavyam asti, yatra yoga-vishramasthanani, viraamadinaani cha vividhabhaashaasu shikshyante. niyamah. 2019 tamavarshaparyantam, deshasya 30 lakshaah yoga-abhyaasinah satsu api italyam yoga-shikshak-prashikshanm naa viniyamitam aasit, yasya parinaamatah, "laa stampa" ityasmin biyankaa-karati ityasya lekhanasy anusaaram, atyadhikam "tvarita" paatyakrameshu, kechan 1500 taha 3000 yooro-paryantam vyayena 150 ghantaah prashikshanm daatum 2 maasaparyantam nyoonam samayam agruhnan. karati ityanena soochitam yat "associagion-italiana-ayyangaar-yogah" etat aparyaaptam iti manyate sma; tasya krute nyunatinyoonam 3 varshaani prashikshanm aavashyakam aasit. associagion italiana injegnanti yoga" tathaa "associagion yoga satyaanand" ityetaih saha, italian-deshe yoga-shikshak-prashikshanartham prastaawit-manakanam samucchayam nirmitam, yasya krute nyunatinyoonam chaturvarsheshu 500 ghantanam prashikshanasy aavashyakataa asti, tathaa cha nyunatinyoonam chaturvarshaani yaavat shikshanm dattam.

itaaliyil yoga itaaliyil yoga enbathu udarpayirchi, sigichchai allathu pira kaaranangalukkaaga yoga payirchi aagum. varalaaru. itaaliyil udarpayirchiyaaga naveena yogavin munnoadiyaana vanda scaravelli (1908-1999), "classic" puththagamaana "muthukelumbai ezhupputhal" endra puththagaththin aasiriyar aavaar. mattroru munnoadiyaana carlo patrian (1930-2008), 1950 aam aandil yoga padikkath thodangkinaar, maelum 1965 aam aandil milanil avarathu peyaraik konda yoga niruvanatthai niruvinaar. 21 aam noottraandil, itaaliyil yoga seeraaga valarnthu varukirathu, maelum ovvoru koadaiyilum naadu muzhuvathum sarvadesa yoga thinam (juun 21) kondaadappadugiradhu. kondaadappadugiradhu aandukkul naattil sumar 830 angkeekarikkappatta yoga palligal irunththana. 2018 kootturavu arikkaiyin (2017 ill neelson thoguththa) puddy, itaaliyin penkalil 11 sathaveetham paerum, aangalil 3 sathaveetham paerum yoga allathu bilates payirchi seithanar; aaloasikkappattavargalil 32 sathaveetham paer ethirkaalaththil payirchi seiya virumbuvathaagak koorinar. itaaliyil ulla yogavin vadivangkalil vaanvali yoga mattrum akroayoaga poantra kalappinangkal ullana. yoga mattrum thiyaanam moolam aanmeega mattrum samooga valarcchikkaana anugumurai malaiyaerupavarum yoga aasiriyarumaana heynes kirillaal uruvaakkappadugirathu. yoga oaivu mattrum vidumurai naatkal palvaeru mozhigalil karpikkappaduvadhaal, itali yoga suttrulaavukkaana pirabalamaana idamaagum. ozhungkumurai. 2019 aam aandalavil, naattin 3 million yoga payirchiyaalarkal irunththapoathilum, itaaliyil yoga aasiriyar payirchi innum kattuppadutthappadavillai, idhan vilaivaaga, "laa stamba" ill ezhuthappatta bianga karatti puddy, athigappadiyaana "thurithappaduthappatta" padippugalil, silar 1500 euro mattrum 3000 eurokkal selavil 150 maninaera payirchiyai vazhangka 2 maathangkal varai eduththukkolkiraargal. idhu, "associajion italiana insechnandi yoga" mattrum "associajion yoga satyananda" aagiyavattrudan saernthu, itaaliyil yoga aasiriyar payirchikku munmoliyappatta tharanilaigalin thoguppai uruvaakkiyullathu, kurainthathu naanku aandugal kaalaththirku kurainthathu 500 maninaera payirchi thaevaippadukirathu, maelum kurainthathu naanku aandugal karpitthirukka vaendum.

italeelo yoga italeelo yoga anedi yoga sadhana, adhi vyayamam, chikitsa ledhaa itara kaaranaala kosam ayina. charitra. italianlo aadhunika yogaku margadarsakuraliga vandaa scaravelli (1908-1999), "classic" 1991 pustakam "vennemukanu melkolpadam" rachayita. maroe maargadarsakudu, kaarlo patrian (1930-2008), 1950loe yoga adhyayanam cheyadam praarambhinchi, 1965loe milan loe ippatikee thana paerunu kaligi unna yoga institutenu sthaapinchaadu. 21va sataabdamloo, italeelo yoga kramamga perugutondi, mariyu prati vesavilo desavyaaptamgaa antarjaateeya yoga dinotsavaanni (juun 21) jarupukuntaaru. 2017 natiki desamlo daadaapu 830 gurtimpu pondina yoga paatasaalalu unnaayi. 2018 cope nivedika (2017loe nielsen sankalanam chesina) prakaram italeelooni 11 saatam mandhi mahilalu mariyu 3 saatam mandhi purushulu yoga ledhaa pilates sadhana chesaarani, sampradinchina vaarilo 32 saatam mandhi bhavishyattulo sadhana cheyaalani bhaavistunnatlu chepparu. italeelo yoga roopaalalo vaimanika yoga mariyu akroyoga vanti sankara yogalu unnaayi. yoga mariyu dhyanam dwara aadhyaatmika mariyu saamaajika vruddhiki oka vidhananni parvataaroohakudu mariyu yoga guruvu hange grill abhivruddhi chestunnaru. yoga retreatlu mariyu selavulu vividha bhaashalalo bodhinchabadutunnanduna italii yoga paryaatakaaniki oka prasiddha gamyasthanam. niyantrana. 2019 natiki, desamloni 3 millionla yoga abhyaasakulu unnappatikee italeelo yoga upaadhyaayula sikshana inca niyantrinchabadaledu, phalitamgaa, "laa stampa" loe bianca karati vraasina prakaram, adhika "vegavantamaina" courselalo, kontamandi € 1500 mariyu € 3000 madhya kharchutho 150 gantala sikshananu andinchadaaniki 2 nelala varaku takkuva samayam teesukuntaaru. karati "associagione italiana ayyangar yoga" idhi saripodani bhaavinchindi; dheeniki kaneesam 3 samvatsaraala sikshana avasaram. idhi, "isociageone italiana injegnanti yoga" mariyu "associagione yoga satyananda" latho paatu, italeelo yoga upaadhyaayula sikshana kosam pratipaadita pramaanaala samitini srushtinchindi, kaneesam naalugu samvatsaraala vyavadhilo kaneesam 500 gantala sikshana avasaram, mariyu kaneesam naalugu samvatsaraalu bodhinchaali.

atlee mein yuga atlee mein yuga yuga kii mashq hay chahay wah warzish tharaapi yaa deegar wajuhaat kay liye how. tareekh. atlee mein warzish kay toor parr jadeed yuga kii alambardar wandaa scaraveli (1908-1999) thein juu 1991 kii "classic" kitaab "vackining dee reedh" kii masnaf thein. eek aur alambardar carlo patriyan (1930-2008) nay 1950 mein yuga kaa mutalah karnaa sharoo kiyaa aur yuga insity teut kii bunyaad rakhee juu abb bhee 1965 mein milan mein inn kaa naam rakhta hay. akiswein sadee mein atlee mein yuga muslisil badh rehaa hay aur yuga kaa beenn alaqwami dunn (21 joone) harr mosam garma mein milk bhar mein manaya jaataa hay. 2017 takk milk mein taqriba 830 tasleem shadah yuga school thay. 2018 kii kawaap report (2017 mein neelson kay zariye martab kardah) mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh atlee kii 11 faisad khwatin aur 3 faisad mard yuga yaa pellates kii mashq kartay haine. mashure leenay waalon mein say 32 faisad nay kahaa kahh wah mustaqabil mein mashq karnay kaa aradah rakhtay haine. atlee mein yuga kii shaklon mein hibard jeesay fazayi yuga aur acroyoga shaamil haine. koah paima aur yuga kay astaad heinz garal kay zariye yuga aur maraqabah kay zariye rohani aur samaji tarqi kaa eek naqtah nazar tayaar kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. atlee yuga seyahat kay liye eek maqbool maqaam hay jehaan yuga kii tafrih aur chhatiyan mukhtalif zabanon mein padhayi jaati haine. zabtah. 2019 takk milk kay 30 laakh yuga practitioners kay bawajood atlee mein yuga teacher kii tarbiyat kuu ubhee takk manzam nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay natijay mein "laa stampa" mein likhnay waali benka kaaraati kay mutabiq zarurat say ziyadah "teez" courses mein kachh kuu 1500 aur 3000 yuro kay darmiyan 150 ghantay kii tarbiyat farahim karnay mein 2 maah takk kaa waqat lagtaa hay. kaaraati nay atlaa dee kahh "associzion ataliyana ayanagar yuga" nay asay nakafi samjha vovo iss kay liye kumm az kumm 3 saal kii tarbiyat kii zarurat thee. iss nay "associazion ataliyana injegnanti yuga" aur "associazion yuga satyanand" kay saath mill kirr atlee mein yuga teacher kii tarbiyat kay liye majuzah mayaraat kaa eek majmuah banaya hay jiss kay liye kumm az kumm chaar saal kii madat mein kumm az kumm 500 ghantay kii tarbiyat kii zarurat hoti hay aur kumm az kumm chaar saal takk padhaya honaa chahiye.

0008416353b6b2d728c0ce69d56601232156c3c4c400b2dc8e08eb2edb55a42a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31308054

International Literacy Foundation

International Literacy Foundation The International Literacy Foundation (ILF) is an independent, international nonprofit organisation, founded in 2010 with the aim of tackling illiteracy globally and therefore improving living standards around the world. Overview. The organisation has a mandate of alleviating illiteracy throughout the world. The core belief of the organisation and its affiliates is that literacy is the 'quintessential cornerstone of education', key to reducing poverty and therefore raising living standards around the world. It maintains a dedicated focus on individual causes, with the potential to make a positive impact on underprivileged groups and their quality of life. The ILF seeks to meet these objectives through "the administration of literacy-based projects", which is achieved through several methods: Mission statement. The mission of the ILF is based on its commitment to invest in initiatives encouraging and supporting literacy and education, with a primary focus on literacy, as well as making grants to other organisations supporting similar educational causes, including those in which members and volunteers are engaged. As the organisation has its roots in education, however, it has a firm belief in the power of volunteers to collaborate, creating human opportunity and exerting a positive impact on the quality of life of those who are less fortunate. Funding provided will therefore target selected initiatives and activities that promote education through literacy. A Global Literacy Primer can also be found on the website, highlighting additional information Individuals. Further information can be found on the website. Volunteers. Below are a list of countries in which volunteers for the ILF are working: Projects. "On the map above, completed projects are shaded in black while pipeline projects are shaded in green" Pipeline projects. As well as the two projects already completed thus far (as of March 27, 2011), the organisation has already highlighted several new locations in its tireless efforts to tackle the serious problem of illiteracy; these include: Corporate sponsors. The ILF has collaborated with corporate sponsors, who help facilitate its international literacy projects. These organisations include the following, among others: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

antohrastriyo xakhyorota foundation antohrastriyo xakhyorota foundation (aai. el. ef.) hoise ek swotontro, antohrastriyo olabhjonok xongstha, jitu 2010 sonot biswobyapi nirokhyorotar mukabila korar lokhyore aaru xeyehe biswojuri jiwan dharonor mandondo unnot korar lokhyore protistha koraa hoisil. xongkhipto biboron. xomogro biswote nirokhyorota dur korar baabe ei xongsthar ek aadex aase. ei xongstha aaru iyar xohojugi xongsthaxomuhor mool biswax hoh "lo je xakhyorota hoise 'xikhyar mool aadharxila", ji doridrota hraax korar mool sabikathi aaru xeyehe xomogro biswote jiwan dharonor mandondo briddhi kore. ee byoktigoto karonxomuhor uporot ek nirbhorxil monujug bojai raakhe, jaar folot xubidhabonchito gutxomuh aaru teulukor jiwanor mandondor uporot itibasok probhab peluwar xombhawona thaake. ilf-e "xakhyorota-bhittik prokolpoxomuhor proxaxon" ror joriyote ei uddesyoxomuh puron koriboloi chesta kore, jitu keibatau poddhotir joriyote prapto koraa hoyoh obhijanor bibriti. ilfor obhijan xakhyorota aaru xikhyak utxahito aaru xomorthon koraa podokhyepxomuhot biniyug korar protisrutir uporot aadharito, xakhyorotar uporot prathomik gurutwo diyar logote ekedhoronor xoikhyik karzok xomorthon koraa onyanyo xongsthaxomuhok onudan diya, jaar bhitorot xodosyo aaru sessaxewokxokol jorito. jihetu ei xongsthar xikor xikhyar uporot aase, tothapiu iyar sessaxewokxokolor xohojugita korar xokti, manobiyo xujug sristi koraa aaru komm bhagyowan lukoxokolor jiwan dharonor mandondot itibasok probhab peluwar uporot drirho biswax aase. xeyehe prodan koraa pujir joriyote xakhyorotar joriyote xikhyar proxar koraa nirbasito podokhyep aaru karzokolapxomuh lokhyo koraa hoh "bob. otirikto tothyor uporot alukpat kori websitetut etaa biswobyapi xakhyorota praimaru puwa jaabo. byoktixokole. odhik tothyo websiteot paab paari. sessaxewokxokol. tolot xei dexxomuhor ekhon talika diya hoise zo 'too ilfor baabe sessaxewokxokole kaam kori aaseh prokolpoxomuh. "uporor manchitrot, xompurno huwa prokolpobur koo 'laa rongor sayajukto aaru pipeline prokolpobur xeujiya rongor." pipeline prokolpoxomuh. itimodhye xompurno huwa dutaa prokolpor logote (27 march, 2011 sonoloike), xongothone itimodhye nirokhyorotar gurutor xomosyar mukabila korar baabe oklanto prochestat keibatau notun sthanor uporot alukpat korise; iyar bhitorot aaseh korpo "rett pristhopuxokol. ilf-e korpo "rett pristhopuxokolor xoite xohojugita korise, jixokole iyar antohrastriyo xakhyorota prokolpoxomuh xohoj kori tulat xohay kore. ei xongsthaxomuhor bhitorot onyanyo xongothonxomuhor bhitorot tolot ullekh koraa bixoixomuh ontorbhukto aaseh

antorjatik sakkhorota phaundeshana antorjatik sakkhorota phaundeshana (aaee. ell. eff) ekti swadhin, antorjatik olabhjonok sangostha, jaa bishwobyapi nirokkhorota mokabela korar lakkhye ebong taai vishwajude jeebonjatrar maan unnoto korar lakkhye 2010 saale protisthito hoyechilo. sangkhipto biboron. saaraa bishwe nirokkhorota durikaraner jonno eyi sangosthar ekti adesh royeche. sangosthati ebong err sahojogi sangosthagulir mool biswas holl jey sakkhorota holl 'shikkhar sarbottama vitti', jaa daridro hrass ebong taai vishwajude jeebonjatrar maan unnoyoner chabikathi. etty subidhabanchito gosthi ebong taader jeebonjatrar maaner upor itibachak prabhab feller sombhabona soho prithak karongulir upor nibedito monojog bojay rakhe. aaee. ell. eff "sakkhorota-vittik prokolpogulir proshashoner" madhyome eyi uddeshyoguli puron korte chaay, jaa bivinno poddhotir madhyome orjon koraa hayah mission bibriti. aaee. ell. eff-err lakkhya holl sakkhorota oo shikkhake utsahito oo samarthankari uddoggulite biniyoger protishrutir upor vitti korey, sakkhorotar upor prathomik focus soho, pashapashi anurup shikkhamulak karongulike samarthankari anyanno sangosthagulike anudan deoar pashapashi, jaar modhye sadasya ebong swechchasebokra nijukto royechen. jehetu eyi sangosthar shikad shikkhar modhye royeche, taai swechchasebokder sahojogita korar, manusher sujog toiri korar ebong jaaraa qama bhagyoban taader jeebonjatrar maaner upor itibachak prabhab feller khomotar upor err dridha biswas royeche. prodotto arthayan taai sakkhorotar madhyome shikkhar procharer jonno nirbachito uddog oo karjokromke lakkhya korbe. atirikto tothyo tuley dhorey website ekti baishwik sakkhorota primero pawa jaabe. byaktibishesh. website arow tothyo pawa jaabe. swechchasebok. niche seii deshgulir ekti talika deoa holl jekhane ilf-err swechchasebokra kaaj korchenoh prokolpo. "uporer manchitre, somponno prokolpoguli kaalo ronge chhayayukta ebong pipeline prokolpoguli sobuj ronge chhayayukta." pipeline prokolpo. itimadhye somponno haoya duti prokolper pashapashi (27shhey march, 2011 porjonto), sangathanti nirokkhorotar gurutoro samasya mokabela aklanta prochestai itimadhye besh koyekti notun abosthaner kotha tuley dhoreche; err modhye royeche corporate sponsor. ilf corporate sponsorder saathe sahojogita koreche, jaaraa err antorjatik sakkhorota prokolpogulike sahajtara korte sahayata korey. eyi sangathangulir modhye anyanno sangathanguli antarbhukta royeche

aantarrashtriy saksharta foundation international literacy foundation (aaee. aela. aef.) aek swatantra, aantarrashtriy binanfakarak sanstha chhe, jenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa vaishvik stare nirakshartaane pahonchi vadvaa aneey tethee vishvbharma jivandhoranmaa sudhaaro karvaanaa hetuthi karvaamaa aavee hatee. zankhi. aaa sanstha paase samagr vishvamaa niraksharta door karvaano aadesh chhe. sanstha aneey tenaa aanushangikoni mukhya maanyata aee chhe keey saksharta aee 'shikshanno payano aadhaar' chhe, jeey garibi ghatadva aneey tethee vishvbharma jivandhoranne unchu karvaanee chaavee chhe. teey vancheet jutho aneey temnaa jeevanni gunvattaa parr sakaratmak assar karvaanee kshamata saathe vyaktigat kaarano parr samarpeet dhyaan jaalvi raakhe chhe. ilf "saksharta aadharit pariyojanaona vaheevat" dwara aaa udeshone purn karvaa maange chhe, jeey ghanee paddhateeo dwara praapt thaay chheh mission nivedan. ilfnu mission saksharta parr praathmeek dhyaan kendrit kareene saksharta aneey shikshanne protsaahan aaptee pahelomaa rokaan karvaanee tenee pratibaddhtaa parr aadharit chhe, temaj samaan shaikshanik kaaranone teko aaptee anya sansthaaone anudaan aape chhe, jemaa sabhyo aneey svayamsevako sankalaayela chhe. aaa sansthaana mool shikshanma hovathi, joke, teey svayamsevakoni sahyog karvaanee shaktee, manav taknoo sarjan aneey ochha naseebdar lokonaa jeevanni gunvattaa parr sakaratmak assar karvaamaa dradh vishvaas dharaave chhe. tethee pradaan karvaamaa aavel bhandol saksharta dwara shikshanne protsaahan aaptee pasandagini pahel aneey pravruttione lakshya banaavshe. vadhaaraani maahiteene prakashit karatee website parr vaishvik saksharta primer pann malee shake chhe. vyakteeo. vadhu maahitee website parr malee shake chhe. svayamsevako. neeche aevaa deshoni yaadee chhe jemaa ilf maate svayamsevako kaama curry rahyaa chheh yojnaao. "uparnaa naksha parr, purn thayela project kaalaa rangmaa chhayankit chhe jyaare pipeline project leela rangmaa chhayankit chhe". "" pipeline project. temaj atyaar sudhimaa purn thayela beey project (27 march, 2011 sudhimaa), sansthaae nirakshartani gambhir samsyaano saamno karvaa maate tenaa athaak prayasoma ghanaa navaa sthalo parr prakaash paadyo chhe; temaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh corporate prayojako. ilfa corporate prayojako saathe sahyog karyo chhe, jeo tenaa aantarrashtriy saksharta projectsne saral banavvama madad karey chhe. aaa sansthaoma anya sansthao vachche nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

antarrashtriya saksharta foundation antarrashtriya saksharta foundation (aaee. ell. aff.) ack swatantra, antarrashtriya gair-laabhkaari sangathan haye, jisaki sthaapana 2010 mein vishva star parr niraksharta seey nipatane aur isaliye duniya bhar mein jeevan star mein sudhaar key uddeshya seey kii gaee thee. avalokan. sangathan key paas duniya bhar mein niraksharta koo cumm karane kaa janadesh haye. sangathan aur isake sahyogiyon kaa mool vishvaas yeh haye kii saksharta 'shiksha kii sarvotkrisht adharshila' haye, joe garibi koo cumm karane aur isaliye duniya bhar mein jeevan star koo badhaane kii kunji haye. yeh vanchit samoohon aur unake jeevan kii gunavatta parr sakaratmak prabhaav daalane kii kshamata key saath vyaktigat karanon parr ack samarpit dhyaan banaae rakhta haye. aaee. ell. aff. "saksharta-adharit pariyojanaon key prashaasan" key madhyam seey inn uddeshyon koo puuraa karna chaahata haye, jise kaee tarikon seey praapt kiya jaataa haih mission kathan. aaee. ell. aff. kaa mission saksharta aur shiksha koo protsaahit karane aur samarthan dene vaali pahalon mein nivesh karane kii apani pratibaddhata parr adharit haye, jisamen saksharta parr praathamik dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye, saath hii saath samaan shaikshik karanon kaa samarthan karane vaale anya sangathanon koo anudan diyaa gayaa haye, jisamen way bhee shamil hain jinamen sadasya aur swayamsevak lagey hue hain. choonki sangathan kii jadein shiksha mein hain, haalaanki, yeh swayamsevakon kii sahyog karane kii shakti mein dridh vishvaas rakhta haye, maanav avsar paida kartaa haye aur una logon key jeevan kii gunavatta parr sakaratmak prabhaav daaltaa haye joe cumm bhagyashali hain. isaliye pradaan kii gaee nidhi saksharta key madhyam seey shiksha koo badhaava dene vaali chayanit pahalon aur gatividhiyon koo lakshit karegi. website parr ack vaishvik saksharta primer bhee paaya jaa sakata haye, joe atirikt jaankaari koo ujagar kartaa haye. vyaktiyon. website parr aur jaankaari mill sakati haye. swayamsevakon. neeche una deshon kii soochi dee gaee haye jinamen swayamsevi ilf key liye kaam curr rahey hainh pariyojanaaen. "uparokt maanchitra parr, poori kii gaee pariyojanaon koo kaale rung mein chhaaya dee gaee haye jabaki pipeline pariyojanaon koo harey rung mein chhaaya dee gaee haye" pipeline pariyojanaaen. saath hii abb taka poori kii jaa chuki dou pariyojanaon (27 march, 2011 taka) key saath, sangathan ney niraksharta kii gambhir samasya seey nipatane key apane athak prayason mein pahale hii kaee nae sthaanon parr prakaash daala haye; inmein shamil hainh corporate praayojak. ilf ney corporate prayojakon key saath sahyog kiya haye, joe isaki antarrashtriya saksharta pariyojanaon koo suvidhajanak banaane mein madad karate hain. inn sangathanon mein anya key alawa nimnalikhit shamil hainh

antaaraashtriya saksharata pratishtaana antaaraashtriya saksharata pratishthaanavu (ilf) ondu swatantra, antaaraashtriya laabharahita samstheyaagiddu, jagatikavagi anaksharateyannu nibhaayisuva mattu aaddarinda vishvadaadyanta jeevana mattavannu sudhaarisuva uddeshadinda uddeshadinda sthaapaneyaagide. avalokana. ee samstheyu vishvadaadyanta anaksharateyannu nivaarisuva aadeshavannu hondide. saaksharate 'shikshanada atyagatya mulaadhaara' vagiddu, badatanavannu kadime maadalu mattu aaddarinda vishvadaadyanta jeevana mattavannu hechhisalu pramukhavaagide embudu samsthe mattu adara angasamsthegala pramukha nambikeyagide. idu pratyeka karanagala mele meesalaada gamanavannu kendrikarisuttade, deenadalita gumpugala mele mattu avara jeevanada gunamattada mele sakaaraatmaka parinama beeruva saamarthyavannu hondide. ilf ee uddeshagalannu "saksharata aadhaarita yojanegala aadalita" dha moolaka sadhisalu prayatnisuttade, idannu halavaaru vidhaanagala moolaka sadhisalaguttadeh mission helike. ilf naa dhyeyavu saaksharate mattu shikshanavannu uttejisuva mattu bembalisuva upakramagalalli hoodike maaduva baddhateyannu aadhariside, saaksharateya mele praathamika gamanavannu kendrikarisuttade, jotege sadasyaru mattu svayamsevakaru todagiruvantaha idhe reetiya shaikshanika kaaranagalannu bembalisuva itara samsthegalige anudaanavannu niiduttade. ee samstheyu sikshanadalli tanna berugalannu hondiruvudarinda, aadaagyoo, svayamsevakaru sahakarisuva, manava avakaashagalannu srushtisuva mattu kadime adrushtavantara jeevanada gunamattada mele sakaaraatmaka parinama beeruva shaktiya bagge drudhavaada nambikeyannu hondide. aaddarinda odagisalaada nidhiyu saaksharateya moolaka shikshanavannu uttejisuva aayda upakramagalu mattu chatuvatikegalannu guriyagirisikollutte. hechchuvari maahitiyannu highlite maaduva jagatika saaksharateya primer annu saha jaalataanadalli kaanabahudu. vyaktigalu. hecchina maahitiyannu jaalataanadalli kaanabahudu. svayamsevakaru. ilfgagi svayamsevakaru kelasa maaduttiruva deshagala patti ee kelaginantideh yojanegalu. "melina naksheyalli, purnagonda yojanegalannu kappu bannadalli mabbu haakalaagiddare, pipeline yojanegalannu hasiru bannadalli mabbu haakalaagide". "" pipeline yojanegalu. eegaagale purnagonda eradu yojanegala jotege (march 27,2011 rante), samstheyu eegaagale anaksharateya gambhira samasyeyannu nibhayisalu tanna danivariyada prayatnagalalli halavaaru hosa sthalagalannu etti toriside; ivugalu heegiveh corporate prayojakaru. ilf tanna antaaraashtriya saksharata yojanegalige anukulavaguvante sahaaya maaduva corporate prayojakarondige sahakariside. ee samsthegalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh

aantarrashtriy saksharta sanstha aantarrashtriy saksharta sanstha (aay. ell. eff.) hii eka swatantra, aantarrashtriy naa-napha sanstha aahe, jichi sthapana 2010 madhye jaagtik staravar niraksharatecha samna karnyachya aanee tyamule jagbharatil jivanman sudharnyachya uddeshane karnyat aalee hotee. vihangavalokan. yaa sansthela jagbharat niraksharta door karnyacha aadesh aahe. saksharta haah 'shikshanacha moolbhut paya' aahe, joou garibi qamee karnyasathi aanee tyamule jagbharatil jivanman unchavanyasathi mahattvacha aahe, assa sanghatana aanee tichya sanlagn sansthancha mukhya vishvas aahe. vanchit gatanvar aanee tyanchya jivanachya gunavattevar sakaratmak parinam karnyachya kshamtesah, vaiyaktik karananvar teey samarpit laksh kendrit karate. aay. ell. eff. hii uddishte "saksharta-aadharit prakalpanchya prashasanadvare" purn karnyacha prayatna karate, jee anek paddhatindware sadhya kelee jaateh mission statement. saksharta aanee shikshanala protsahan denanya aanee samarthan denanya upkramanmadhye guntavanuk karnyachya tyachya vachanbaddhatevar aadharit, sakshartevar prathamik laksh kendrit karane, tasech sadasya aanee svayamsevak jyaa shaikshanik karanansathi karyarat aahet tyasah samaan shaikshanik karananna samarthan denanya itar sansthanna anudan dene, heey aay. ell. eff. chey dhyey aahe. sansthechi mule shikshanat asalyane, tathapi, svayamsevakanchya sahkarya karnyachya samarthyavar, manvi sandhee nirman karnyachya aanee qamee bhagyavan lokanchya jivanachya gunavattevar sakaratmak parinam karnyachya samarthyavar ticha drudh vishvas aahe. tyamule pradan kelelya nidhimule saksharatechya madhyamatoon shikshanala chalana denanya nivadak upkram aanee upkramanche lakshya asel. atirikt mahitee adhorekhit karnara jaagtik saksharta prathamik lekh dekhil sanketsthalavar aadhalu shakato. vyakti. adhik mahitee sanketsthalavar miloo shakate. svayamsevak. jyaa deshanmadhye aay. ell. eff. sathee svayamsevak kaam karat aahet tyanchi yadee khalee dilee aaheh prakalp. "vareel nakashavar, purn jhalele prakalp kalya rangat tarr pipeline prakalp hiravya rangat chhayankit aahet"." pipeline prakalp. tasech aataparyant purn jhalelya done prakalpansah (27 march 2011 paryant), niraksharatechya gambhir samasyevar maat karnyasathichya athak prayatnanmadhye sansthene aadhich anek naveen thikane adhorekhit kelee aahet; yamadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh corporate prayojak. aay. ell. eff. neey corporate prayojkanshi sahkarya kele aahe, jeey tyache aantarrashtriy saksharta prakalp sulabh karnyat madat karatat. yaa sansthanmadhye itar sanghatanansah khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh

antarrashtriya saksharta pratishthan antarrashtriya saksharta foundation (ilf) ek swatantra, antarrashtriya gaira nafamulak sanstha how, june 2010 maa vishwawyapi rupma nirakshartalai sambodhan garne rar yasaile wishwabharko jiwanstar sudhar garne uddeshyaka sath sthapana garieko thiyo. awalokan. yass sangathansanga vishwabhar niraksharta unmulan garne janadesh chha. saksharta 'shikshako utkrishta adharshila' how, garibi ghatauna rar tyasaile vishwabhar jiwanstar badhaune kunji how bhanne sanstha rar yasaka sambadhaharuko muel vishwas how. yasale wyaktigat karanharuma samarpit dhyan rakhchha, wanchit samuhaharu rar tiniharuko jiwanko gunastarma sakaratmak prabhawa parney sambhawanako sath. ilfle "sakshartama adharit pariyojanaharuko prashasana" marfat yee uddeshyaharu pura garna khojchha, june dherai vidhiharu marfat prapta garinchhah missionko kathan. ilfko mission saksharta rar shikshalai protsahit garne rar samarthan garne pahalharuma lagani garne afno pratibadhatama adharit chha, sakshartama prathamik dhyan kendrit gardai, sathai sadasya rar swayamsewakharu sanlagna bhaeka saman shaikshik karanharulai samarthan garne anya sansthaharulai anudan dine kurama adharit chha. yadyapi yass sansthako shikshama jara bhaekale, yasale swayamsewakharuko sahakarya garne shakti, manav awasar sirjana garne rar cum bhagyashaliharuko jiwanko gunastarma sakaratmak prabhawa parney kurama dridha vishwas rakhchha. yasaile pradan garieko koshle sakshartako madhyambata shikshalai prawardhan garne chayan garieka pahalharu rar gatiwidhiharulai laxit garnechha. thap jankarilai highlite gardai websitema vishwawyapi saksharta primer pani fela parne sakinchha. wyaktiharu. thap jankari websitema pauna sakinchha. swayamsewakharu. nimna deshharuko suchi how jasma ilfka lagi swayamsewakharule kaam gariraheka chhanh pariyojanaharu. "mathiko naksama, sampanna pariyojanaharu callo rangma chhayangkan garieka chhan jabki pipeline pariyojanaharu hariyo rangma chhayangkan garieka chhan." pipeline pariyojanaharu. sathai ahilesamma sampanna bhaeka dui pariyojanaharu (march 27,2011 samma), sangathanle nirakshartako gambhir samasya samadhan garna athak prayasma dherai nayan sthanharu highlite garisakeko chha; yee samawesh chhanh corporate prayojakharu. ilfle corporate prayojakharusanga sahakarya gareko chha, jasle yasako antarrashtriya saksharta pariyojanaharulai sahaj banauna maddat gardacha. yee sansthaharuma nimna samawesh chhan, anya madhyeh

antarjatija sakhyarata pratisthana antarjatija sakhyarata foundation (aai. ell. aif.) heuchhi eka swadheena, antarjatija analabhakari sangathana, jaahaa 2010 ray biswabyapee nirakhyarataara mukabila kariba ebong tenu biswabyapee jibanadharana maanare unnati aaniba uddeshyare sthapita hoithila . samikhya karantu. saaraa bisware nirakhyarata durikarana paain ehi sangathanara eka adesh rahichhi. ehi sangathana ebong ehara sahajogee sansthagudikara moola biswasa heuchhi je sakhyarata heuchhi 'sikhyara sarbottama aadharashila', jaahaa daridrya hrass kariba ebong tenu saaraa bisware jibanadharana maana brudhi karibara chabikathi . ehaa byaktigata kaaran upare eka utsargeekruta dhyana bajaiah rakhichhi, jeunthire subidhabanchita gosthi ebong semananka jeebanadharanara gunabatta upare sakaratmaka prabhaba pakaibara sambhabana rahichhi. aai. ell. aif. "sakhyarata aadharita prakalpagudikara prashasana" madhyamare ehi uddeshyagudiku purana karibaku chesta karithae, jaahaa bibhinna paddhati madhyamare hassel karajaithaeh mission bibruti. sakhyarata upare prathamika dhyana deba sahita sakhyarata ebong sikhyaku prostahita ebong samarthan karuthiba padakhyepare nibesh kariba paain ehara pratibaddhata upare aai. ell. aif. rahr mission aadharita, ebong samaana sikhyagata uddeshyaku samarthan karuthiba anya sansthagudiku anudan pradan kariba sahita, jeunthire sadasya ebong swechasebeemane nijojita achanti . jehetu ehi sangathanara moola sikhya khetrare rahichhi, tathapi, swechasebeemananka sahjog, manabika sujoga srusti ebong jeunmane comm bhagyasali semananka jeebanasailee upare sakaratmaka prabhaba pakaiba shakti upare ehara drudha biswasa rahichhi. tenu pradan karajaithiba panthi sakhyarata madhyamare sikhyaku prostahita karuthiba manoneet padakhyepa ebong karjyakalapaku lakhya kariba. atirikta suchana upare alokapata curry webasaitare eka biswa sakhyarata primer madhya milipariba . byakti bisesh. adhika suchana webasaitare milipariba. swechasebeemane. nimnare sehi desagudikara eka talika diajaichhi jeunthare aai. ell. aif. paain swechasebeemane karjya karuchantih prakalpa. "uparokta manachitrare, sampurna hoithiba prakalpagudika kalaa rangare chhajajukta hoithibabele pipeline prakalpagudika sabuja rangare chhajajukta ." pipeline prakalpa. eparjyanta sampurna hoithiba duiti prakalpa sahita (march 27,2011 suddha), nirakhyarataara gambhira samasyara mukabila paain ehara aklanta prajasare sangathana purbaru aneka nutan sthana upare alokapata karichhi; segudika madhyare antarbhuktah corporate prajojaka. aai. ell. aif. corporate prajojakamananka saha sahjog karichhi, jeunmane ehara antarjatija sakhyarata prakalpagudiku sugama karibare sahajya karanti. ehi sangathanagudika madhyare nimnalikhitagudika antarbhukta, anyamananka madhyareh

antarashtari sakharta foundation antarashtari sakharta foundation (aaee. aill. eff.) ikk sutantar, antarashtari gair-labhkari sangathan haii, jiss dee sathapana 2010 witch vishav paddhar 'teey anpadhta naal najithan atey iss laee dunia bharr witch jeevan paddhar witch sudhar dey udesh naal keeti gaee see. sankhep jankari. sangathan cole dunia bharr witch anpadhta noon door curran daa adesh haii. sangathan atey iss naal sabandhat sangathanan daa mukkh vishwas ih haii kii sakharta 'sikkhiaa dee surbouch neenh' haii, joe garibi noon ghataun atey iss laee dunia bharr witch jeevan paddhar noon uccha chukkan dee kunji haii. ih vanchit samoohan atey unhan dey jeevan dee gunwatta utte skaratmak prabhav paunh dee samratha dey naal viaktigat kaarnan utte samarpit dhiaan kendrit karda haii. aaee. aill. eff. "sakharta adharat projectan dey parshasana" raahin inhan udeshan noon poora karna chahunda haii, joe kaee tarikiaan naal prapat keeta jaanda haiyav mission biaan. aaee. aill. eff. daa mission sakharta atey sikkhiaa noon utshahit curran atey samarthan denh valiaan pahilkadmiaan witch nivesh curran dee aapni pratibadhta 'teey adharat haii, jiss witch sakharta' teey muddhala dhiaan ditta giaa haii, naal hii samaan viddiak kaarnan daa samarthan curran valiaan horr sansthavan noon grant ditti gaee haii, jiss witch uh vee shamal hunn jinhan witch member atey volunteer shamal hunn. kiunki sangathan deeaan jadahn sikkhiaa witch hunn, parr iss noon sway-sevakan dee sahiyog curran, manukkhi mauke paida curran atey ghatt khushkismat lokan dey jeevan dee gunwatta utte skaratmak prabhav paunh dee shakti witch pakka vishwas haii. iss laee ditte gaye fund sakharta raahin sikkhiaa noon utshahit curran valiaan chunhiaan gaeeaan pahilkadmiaan atey gatividhiaan noon nishana banaunge. website utte ikk vishwaviaapi sakharta primer vee paaiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss witch vadhu jankari noon ujagar keeta giaa haii. viaktiaan. horr jankari website 'teey mill sakadi haii. volunteeran. hethan uhanan deshan dee suchi ditti gaee haii jinhan witch aaee. aill. eff. laee volunteer kamm qarr rahey hann project. "uppar ditte nakshe utte, mukammal hoye projectan noon kaale rung witch rangiaa giaa haii jadon kii pipeline projectan noon harey rung witch rangiaa giaa haii." pipeline project. hunn takk (27 march, 2011 takk) mukammal hoow chukke doou projectan dey naal-naal, sangathan neey anpadhta dee gambhir samassiaa naal najithan laee aapne anthakk yatnan witch pahilan hii kaee navein sathanan noon ujagar keeta haii; inhan witch shamal hann corporate spancer. aaee. aill. eff. neey corporate spanceran naal sahiyog keeta haii, joe iss dey antarashtari sakharta projectan noon suvidhajanak banaun witch sahaita karde hunn. inhan sangathanan witch heth likhe shamal hann

antarashtriya-saksharata-pratishtaanam antarashtriya-saksharata-pratishtaanam (aii. ell. ef.) ekaa swatantrah antarashtriya-laabharahit-samsthaa asti, yaa 2010 tame varshe vishvavyaapyena niraksharataayaah nivaarane, ataha vishve jeevanastarasya sudhaarane cha samsthaapitaa. avalokanam karotu. sampoorne vishve niraksharatam nivaarayitum asya samsthaayaah adeshah asti. saksharata 'shikshayaha sarvotkrushtam adharashila' asti iti samsthaa tathaa tasya sambadhaanaam moolawishwaasah asti, yat daridryam nyooneekartum tathaa cha sampoorne vishve jeevanastaram vardhayitum cha pramukhah asti. etat vyaktigatakaaryeshu samarpitam dhyanam sthaapayati, deenadasyaguneshu tathaa teshaam jeevan-gunavattayam cha sakaaraatmakaprabhaavam kartum sambhaavyate. saksharata-aadhaarit-pariyojananam prashasanasya" madhyamena, ye anekaih vidhaanaih sadhitaha santi, aii. ell. ef. iti samsthaa eteshaam uddeshyan saadhayitum prayatate. mission vaktavya. aii. ell. ef. ityasya dhyeyah saksharata-shikshaam protsaahayitum, samarthayitum cha upakrameshu nivesham kartum pratibadhataam prati avalambayati, saksharatayam prathamikam dhyanam dadati, tathaiva samaan-shaikshanik-karyan samarthayantah anya-samsthanam krute anudaanam cha pradadaati, yeshu sadasyaah svayamsevakaaha cha samlagnaah santi. yato hii asya samsthaayaah mulani shikshaayaam santi, tathaapi, svayamsevakaanaam sahayogasya shaktau drudhawishwaasah asti, maanav-avasarasya nirmaanam, alpa-bhagyashalinam jeevan-gunavattayam sakaaraatmakaprabhaavam cha praavartayati. ataha pradattam vittaposhanam saaksharataayaah madhyamena shikshayaha protsaahanam kurvataam chayanitaan upakramaan karyani cha lakshyeekaroti. atiriktasuchanaah prakaashayan, jaalapute vaishvika-saksharata-praathamik-lekhah api drashtum shakyate. vyaktivisheshaah. website para adhika janakari. svayamsevakaaha. adhah deshanam suchim dattam yatra aii. ell. ef. krute svayamsevakaha karyam kurvanti. pariyojanaayaah. "upari maanachitre, poornaani prakalpaani krushnavarnaani santi, tathaa cha paplane-prakalpaah haritavarnaani santi"." pipeline pariyojanaa. etaavatparyantam samaaptau prakalpadwayam api (maarch 27,2011 paryantam), niraksharataayaah gambhirayaha samasyaayaah nivaaranaartham athakaprayaaseshu samsthaa anekeshu nutanasthanani adhokshayat; teshu antarbhawantih nigama-praayojakah. aii. ell. ef. samsthayaa corporate-praayojakaih saha sahayogah krutah asti, ye tasya antarashtriya-saksharata-pariyojananam sulabhatayam sahayyam kurvanti. eteshu samsthaasu anyeshu antarbhavanti.

sarvadesa kalviyarivu arakkattalai sarvadesa kalviyarivu arakkattalai (ilf) enbathu oru suyaatheenamaana, sarvadesa ilaaba noakkattra amaippaagum, idhu ulagalavil kalviyarivillaath thanmaiyai samaalippathaiyum, enavae ulagengkilum ulla vaazhkkaith tharatthai maempaduththuvathaiyum nokkamaagak kondu 2010 ill niruvappattathu. kannoattam. inththa amaippu ulagam muzhuvathum kalviyarivillaath thanmaiyai ozhippatharkaana aanaiyaik kondullathu. kalviyarivu 'kalviyin migachchirantha moolakkallaaga' ullathu, idhu varumaiyaik kuraippatharkum, enavae ulagengkilum vaazhkkaith tharatthai uyarththuvatharkum mukkiyamaagum enbathu amaippu mattrum adhan thunai niruvanangalin mukiya nambikkaiyaagum. idhu thanipatta kaaranangalil arppanippudan kavanam seluththukirathu, pinthangkiya kuzhukkal mattrum avarkalin vaazhkkaith tharaththil saathagamaana thaakkatthai aerpaduththum thiran kondadhu. kalviyarivu adippadaiyilaana thittangalin nirvaagaththin" moolam inththa nokkangkalai adaiya ilf muyalkirathu, idhu pala muraigal moolam adaiyappadugiradhu panii arikkai. kalviyarivu mattrum kalviyai ookkuvikkum mattrum aatharikkum munmuyarchigalil muthaleedu seivatharkaana adhan uruthippaattai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, kalviyarivu meethu muthanmai kavanam seluththukirathu, aththudan uruppinarkal mattrum thannaarvalargal eedupadum kalvi kaaranangalai aatharikkum pira amaippugalukku maaniyangkalai valangkukirathu. kalvi saarntha vaelaigalil inththa amaippu vaerkalaik kondiruppathaal, thannaarvalargal inainthu seyalpaduvatharkum, manitha vaaippugalai uruvaakkuvatharkum, athirshtam illaathavarkalin vaazhkkaith tharaththil saathagamaana thaakkatthai aerpaduththuvatharkum ulla sakthi meethu adhu uruthiyaana nambikkaiyaik kondullathu. enavae vazhangkappadum nidhi kalviyarivu moolam kalviyai maempaduththum thernthedukkappatta munmuyarchigal mattrum seyalpaadugalai ilakkaakak kondirukkum. koodudhal thagavalkalai munnilaipaduththum vagaiyil ulagalaaviya kalviyarivu muthanmaiyaana inaiyathalaththaiyum kanalaam. thaninabarkal. maelum thagavalkalai inaiyathalaththil kanalaam. thannaarvalargal. aielp thannaarvalargal panipuriyum naadugalin pattiyal keezhae kodukkappattullathu thittangal. "maelae ulla varaipadaththil, mudikappatta thittangal karuppu niraththil nizhalidappattullana, athae neraththil kuzhaai thittangal pacchai niraththil nizhalidappattullana". "" kuzhaai thittangal. aerkanavae mudikappatta irandu thittangaludanum (maarch 27,2011 nilavarappadi), kalviyarivinmai endra kadumaiyaana prachchanaiyaich samaalippatharkaana ayaraatha muyarchigalil pala puthiya idangkalai inththa amaippu aerkanavae munnilaippaduththiyullathu; avattril pinvaruvana adangum peruniruvana spaancharkal. ilb adhan sarvadesa kalviyarivu thittangalai elithaakka udhavum peruniruvana spaancharkaludan oththulaiththullathu. inththa amaippugalil pinvaruvana adangkum, mattravattrudan

antarjaateeya aksharaasyata foundation antarjaateeya aksharaasyata foundation (ilf) anedi oka swatantra, antarjaateeya laabhaapekshaleni samstha, idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa niraksharaasyatanu parishkarinchadam mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa jeevana pramaanaalanu meruguparachadam lakshyamtho 2010loe sthaapinchabadindi. sameeksha. prapanchavyaaptamgaa niraksharaasyatanu tagginche aadesam eee samsthaku undhi. paedarikaanni tagginchadaaniki, tadwara prapanchavyaaptamgaa jeevana pramaanaalanu penchadaaniki aksharaasyata 'vidyaku atyuttamaina moolastambham' anie samstha mariyu daani anubandha samsthala pradhana nammakam. idhi nirupeda samuuhaalapai mariyu vaari jeevana naanhyatapai saanukuula prabhavam choope saamardhyamtho vyaktigata kaaranaalapai ankitamaina drushtini kendrikaristundi. aneka paddhatula dwara saadhinche "aksharaasyata aadhaarita prajectula nirvahana" dwara eee lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki ilf prayatnistundih mission statement. aksharaasyatapai praadhamika drushti saarinchi, alaage sabhyulu mariyu swachchanda sevakulu nimagnamaina vaatitho sahaa ilanti vidya kaaranaalaku maddatu ichhe itara samsthalaku grantlu ivvadam dwara aksharaasyata mariyu vidyanu prothsahinche mariyu maddatu ichhe karyakramalalo pettubadulu pettadaniki daani nibaddhatapai ilf yokka lakshyam aadharapadi untundi. eee samstha vidyalo daani muulaalanu kaligi unnanduna, swachchanda sevakulu sahakarinche shakti, maanava avakaasaalanu srushtinchadam mariyu takkuva adrushtavantula jeevana naanhyatapai saanukuula prabhavanni chuupadam vanti vaatipai dheeniki drudamaina nammakam undhi. anduvalla andinchina nidhulu aksharaasyata dwara vidyanu prothsahinche empika chesina karyakramalu mariyu karyakalapalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuntaayi. adanapu samacharanni highlight chestu prapancha aksharaasyata primer kooda websitelo chudavachu. vyaktulu. marinta samacharam websitelo chudavachu. swachchanda sevakulu. ilf kosam swachchanda sevakulu panichestunna deshaala jabita krinda ivvabadindi prajectulu. "paie maplo, puurtayina prajectulu nalupu rangulo masakabaraga, pipeline prajectulu aakupaccha rangulo masakabaarutaayi"." pipeline prajectulu. ippatike puurtayina rendu prajectulatho paatu (marchi 27,2011 natiki), niraksharaasyata yokka teevramaina samasyanu parishkarinchadaaniki samstha ippatike aneka kotta pradaesaalanu highlight chesindi; veetilo corporate spaansarlu. ilf thana antarjaateeya aksharaasyata prajectulanu sulabhataram cheyadamlo sahayapade corporate spaansarlatoe sahakarinchindi. eee samsthalalo eee krindivi unnaayi, vaatilo itaravih

international latreesi foundation international latreesi foundation (aayee eel aif) eek aazaad beenn alaqwami ghair munafa bakhash tanzim hay jiss kii bunyaad 2010 mein aalimi satah parr nakhwandgi say namatnay aur iss wajah say duniya bhar mein mayaar zindagi kuu behatar bananay kay maqsad say rakhee gayee thee. jaizah. iss tanzim kuu duniya bhar mein nakhwandgi kuu khatam karnay kaa mendate haasil hay. tanzim aur iss say waabistah idaaron kaa bunyadi aqeedah yaha hay kahh khwandagi 'taleem kii bunyadi bunyaad' hay juu gharbat kuu kumm karnay aur iss wajah say duniya bhar mein mayaar zindagi kuu buland karnay kii kaleed hay. yaha infiradi wajuhaat parr waqaf taujah barqarar rakhta hay jiss mein pasmandah grohon aur inn kay mayaar zindagi parr masbat asar daalnay kii salahiyat hay. aayee eel aif inn maqasid kuu "khwandagi parr mubni mansubon kay intezam" kay zariye poraa karnaa chahta hay juu kayee tareeqon say haasil kiyaa jaataa hay: mission kaa biyaan. aayee eel aif kaa mission khwandagi aur taleem kii huslah afzayi aur himayat karnay waalay iqdamat mein sarmayah kaaree karnay kay apnay azam parr mubni hay jiss mein bunyadi taujah khwandagi parr markoz hay saath hyee asee tarah kay taleemi maqasid kii himayat karnay waali deegar tanzimon kuu grant deena hay bashmol wah tanzimein jinn mein mumbaran aur razakar masruf haine. chonkah tanzim kii jadein taleem mein haine tahim asay razakaron kii taawan karnay insani mawaqa paida karnay aur kumm khush qasmat logon kay mayaar zindagi parr masbat asar daalnay kii taaqat parr pakhtah yaqeen hay. iss liye farahim kardah funding inn muntakhib iqdamat aur sargarmiyon kuu nishanah banaye gee juu khwandagi kay zariye taleem kuu farogh deeti haine. waib saait parr eek aalimi khwandagi kaa primer bhee paaya jaa saktaa hay jiss mein izaafi malumat kuu ajagar kiyaa gayaa hay. afraad. mazeed malumat waib saait parr mill sakti haine. razakar. zeel mein inn mamalik kii fehrist dee gayee hay jinn mein aayee eel aif kay razakar kaam kirr rahay haine: mansubay. "oopar diye gayey naqshe parr makmal shadah mansubon kuu seeyah rung mein saayah diyaa gayaa hay jabkah pipe line mansubon kuu sabz rung mein saayah diyaa gayaa hay." pipe line mansubay. iss kay saath saath abb takk makmal honay waalay duu mansubon (27 maarch 2011 takk) kay saath tanzim nakhwandgi kay sangeen masilay say namatnay kay liye apnee anthak koshishon mein pehley hyee kayee nayey maqamat kuu ajagar kirr chaki hay vovo inn mein shaamil haine: corporate sponsors. aayee eel aif nay corporate sponsors kay saath taawan kiyaa hay juu iss kay beenn alaqwami khwandagi kay mansubon kuu aasaan bananay mein madad kartay haine. inn tanzimon mein darj zeel shaamil haine deegar kay elawah: